Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume V: Creeping Herbs, Water Herbs, Herbs Growing on Stones, Mosses, Cereals 9780520385061

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Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume V: Creeping Herbs, Water Herbs, Herbs Growing on Stones, Mosses, Cereals by Li Shizhen

The Ben Cao Gang Mu Series The complete Chinese text translated and annotated by Paul U. Unschuld Vol. I.

Ch. 1 – 4. Introduction, History, Pharmacology, Diseases and Suitable Pharmaceutical Drugs

Vol. II.

Ch. 5 – 11. Waters, Fires, Soils, Metals, Jades, Stones, Minerals, Salts

Vol. III.

Ch. 12 – 14. Mountain Herbs, Fragrant Herbs

Vol. IV.

Ch. 15 – 17. Marshland Herbs, Poisonous Herbs

Vol. V.

Ch. 18 – 25. Creeping Herbs, Water Herbs, Herbs Growing on Stones, Mosses, Cereals

Vol. VI.

Ch. 26 – 33. Vegetables, Fruits

Vol. VII.

Ch. 34 – 37. Woods

Vol. VIII. Ch. 38 – 46. Clothes, Utensils, Worms, Insects, Amphibians, Animals with Scales, Animals with Shells Vol. IX.

Ch. 47 – 52. Fowls, Domestic & Wild Animals, Human Substances Tools

The Dictionary of the Ben Cao Gang Mu Vol. I.

Chinese Historical Illness Terminology

Vol. II.

Geographical and Administrative Designations

Vol. III.

Persons and Literary Sources

Vol. IV.

Substance Identification

Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume V: Creeping Herbs, Water Herbs, Herbs Growing on Stones, Mosses, Cereals by Li Shizhen

16th Century Chinese Encyclopedia of Materia Medica and Natural History

The complete Chinese text translated and annotated by Paul U. Unschuld

university of california press

The generous financial support of the Ben cao gang mu translation project and of the publication of the resulting volumes by Mr. Rong Yumin 荣裕民 is gratefully acknowledged.

University of California Press Oakland, California © 2022 by Paul U. Unschuld Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file at the Library of Congress. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020946743 ISBN 978-0-520-38505-4 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-520-38506-1 (ebook) Manufactured in the United States of America 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22

CONTENTS 1.

Prolegomena

1.2

Structure and contents of the Ben cao gang mu

1.1

1.3 2. 3.

4.

/

7

History of Chinese materia medica literature

/

Biographical sketch of Li Shizhen (1518 – 1593) Notes on the Translation

/

Wang Shizhen’s preface of 1590

23

/

/

7 /

21

27

Translation of the Ben Cao Gang Mu , ch. 18 through Herbs VII, Creeping Herbs, Chapter 18 Contents / 31 Entries / 36 Herbs VIII, Water Herbs, Chapter 19 Contents / 359 Entries / 360

/

/

25

/

31

359

Herbs IX, Herbs growing on Stones, Chapter 20 Contents / 443 Entries / 445 Herbs X, Mosses, Chapter 21 / 491 Contents Mosses, Various Herbs / Entries [Mosses] / 498

11

/

443

491

Herbs XI, Various Herbs / 526 Entries [Various Herbs] / 526 Cereals I, Sesame, Wheat, Rice Group, Chapter 22 Contents / 583 Entries / 585

/

580

31

6

The Ben Cao Gang Mu Cereals II, Millet Group, Chapter 23 Contents / 691 Entries / 693

/

691

Cereals III, Bean Group, Chapter 24 Contents / 759 Entries / 761

/

759

Cereals IV, Prepared and Brewed [Items] Group, Chapter 25 Contents / 827 Entries / 831

5.

Weights and measures

5.1 Measures of capacity 5.2 Measures of weight

/

/

Appendix / 960

272

960

960

960

5.3 Measures of length

/

961

6.

/

962

5.4 Measures of the size of pills Lists of Substances

/

/

/

961

6.1 Identification of pharmaceutical substances of plant origin mentioned in BCGM ch. 18 - 25 in passing. Herbs with an entry of their own are marked with their entry number / 962 6.2 Substances discussed in chapters 18 - 25 in a separate entry. Listed in alphabetical order of their proper pin yin names with their popular English names and references to their entry. / 986

6.3 Currently accepted scientific identification of substances discussed in BCGM ch. 18 – 25 in a separate entry. Listed in alphabetical order, with reference to their entry. / 995

1. Prolegomena This book offers, together with the original Chinese text, the first complete philological and annotated English translation of chapters 18 through 25 of the Ben cao gang mu 本草綱目, the 16th century Chinese Encyclopedia of Materia Medica and Natural History by Li Shizhen 李時珍 (1518 – 1593), devoted to the natural history and pharmaceutical application of what were considered at the time “Creeping Herbs, Water Herbs, Herbs Growing on Stones, Mosses, and Cereals.” It opens up an almost two-millennia-long panorama of wide-ranging observations and sophisticated interpretations, ingenious manipulations and practical applications of natural substances for the benefit of human health. As Prof. Zheng Jinsheng 郑金 生, the pre-eminent Ben cao gang mu expert of present day China, has characterized it: “Some of the pharmaceutical substances gathered in this book have already left the platform of their clinical application. However, the data associated with them offer abundant material to study the customs of the people and the culture of the past. While he gathered data related to pharmaceutical substances, Li Shizhen never hesitated to extend his investigations and collection to all possible realms. That is, while [the Ben cao gang mu] appears to be a book on materia medica, it is in fact an encyclopedia of natural science and has become a treasure house for today’s researchers of many fields of science.” 1 1.1 History of Chinese materia medica literature The Ben cao gang mu is the culmination of a 1600-year history of Chinese materia medica literature. This history began at some time during the Han dynasties when, between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE, two hitherto in China undocumented genres of medical-therapeutic works apppeared. Stimulated by impulses whose origin and nature remain enigmatic today, the new therapeutic approach of 1 Zheng Jinsheng 郑金生 and Zhang Zhibin 张志斌, Ben cao gang mu dao du 本草綱目 导读, “Guide to Reading the Ben cao gang mu,” Beijing, Ke xue chu ban she 科學出版社, 2016, 35.

8

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

needling 365 “holes” spread over the human body, on the one hand; and a first detailed description of 365 individual pharmaceutical substances on the other, marked the onset of two traditions of health care. They conceptually remained separate for one thousand years. Why the number of days in a solar year, 365 – rather unusual in the history of Chinese categorization of natural phenomena – was chosen as a starting point of both traditions is unclear. Needling therapy, or so-called acupuncture, remained an isolated facet of Chinese medical culture until the 11th/12th century. Its seminal texts, the Yellow Thearch classics,2 were either lost during the first millennium or survived only through a rather tenuous tradition, supported by a few members of the social elite.3 Apparently, the Yinyang and Five Phases doctrines of systematic correspondences, which legitimated and guided needle therapy from its beginning, failed to achieve the status of a world view widely acknowledged by broad segments of the population. In contrast, pharmaceutical therapy, as evidenced by published recipe collections and works focusing on the description of individual substances, constituted the mainstay of medical practice from the first millennium to the present day. Since the early 1970s, recipe manuscripts with data on the therapeutic properties of combinations of herbal, mineral and animal substances have been recovered from late Zhou and early Han era tombs.4 The list of therapeutic indications and a highly developed pharmaceutical technology outlined in these texts evidence a long development of pharmaceutical therapy prior to the compilation of works with descriptions of the properties of individual substances. The earliest of these works known is the Shen nong ben cao 神農本草, “Shen nong’s materia medica.” Historians agree that it was written at some time between the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE.5 2 Including the Huang Di nei jing su wen 黄帝內經素問, Huang di nei jing ling shu 黄帝 內經靈樞, and a late sequel, the Nan jing 難經. For philological translations of these classics, see Paul U. Unschuld and Hermann Tessenow, Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen. An Annotated Translation of Huang Di’s Inner Classic, 2 vols. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2011. Paul U. Unschuld, Huang Di Nei Jing Ling Shu. The Ancient Classic on Needle Therapy. University of California Press, Oakland, 2016. Paul U. Unschuld, Nan jing. The Classic of Difficult Issues. Oakland 2016. 3 Paul U. Unschuld, 2016, 1 – 4. 4 Donald Harper, Early Chinese Medical Literature. The Mawangdui Medical Manuscripts. Kegan Paul International, London and New York, 1997. 5 For details on the Sheng non ben cao and the subsequent history of Chinese materia medica literature, see Paul U. Unschuld, Medicine in China. A History of Pharmaceutics. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1986.



Prolegomena

9

Even though at that time Chinese civilization recognized and documented in bibliographies and catalogues individual authorship of literary works, the authors of the seminal texts of both the needling and the pharmaceutical traditions remained anonymous. Their origins were traced to legendary culture heros, that is, Huang Di 黃帝, the Yellow Thearch, and Shen Nong 神農, the divine husbandman. Shen Nong, also known as Yan Di 炎帝, the Fiery Thearch, was said in the Huai nan zi 淮南子 to have pitied the suffering of mankind. Hence he tasted all kinds of herbs and “discovered 100 with poison per day.” From the very beginning, for a natural substance “to have poison” (you du 有毒) or “to be nonpoisonous” (wu du 無毒) was seen as an important criterion for assessing its acute or long-term therapeutic potential. The Shen nong ben cao, closely associated with the tripartite world view of Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒 (179 – 104) and a political structure antagonistic to the hierarchy of the young empire, distinguished among three “ranks” (pin 品) of pharmaceutical substances. The upper rank, associated with heaven, included substances identified as jun 君, “rulers.” These were considered nonpoisonous and capable of helping extend life. A lower rank, associated with the earth, was assigned to substances “with poison.” These were given the status of zuo 佐and shi 使, that is, “helpers” and “agents,” and they helped eliminate the disease. A middle rank of chen 臣, “officials,” associated with mankind, was positioned between the upper and lower ranks. Some of these “officials” were considered “nonpoisonous,” while others were known to “have poison.” They acted as intermediaries between the rulers above and their helpers and agents below. The substances described, arranged according to a preface into groups of 120, 120 and 125 respectively,6 were mostly herbal. This may be the reason behind the naming of the first materia medica work and henceforth the entire literature genre ben cao 本草, which possibly meant “based on herbs.” Tao Hongjing 陶弘景 (452-536), a Daoist naturalist, was the first author to revise and expand the “original classic,” Ben jing 本經, as he called the Shen nong ben cao. In a first work, titled Shen nong ben cao jing 神農本草經, “Shen nong’s classic on materia medica,” he retained the original division into three chapters, but added 365 “additional records [on pharmaceutical substances recorded earlier] by renowned physicians,” ming yi bie lu 明醫別錄. In a second work shortly thereafter, the Shen nong ben cao jing ji zhu 神農本草經集注, “Various annotations to Shen nong’s classic on materia medica,” Tao Hongjing significantly expanded his annotations to the 730 substances listed and divided the text into seven chapters. 6 The Shen nong ben cao versions accessible today are based on reconstructions by Chinese and Japanese researchers since the 17th century. They have identified 141 substances as “upper rank,” 111 substances as “middle rank,” and 103 substances as “lower rank,” totaling 365.

10

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

Tao Hongjing initiated a “main tradition” of ben cao works, which would be continued by subsequent authors until the early 13th century. This tradition was characterized by an expansion of the “original classic” with ever more data on the nature, origin, therapeutic effects and pharmaceutical processing of natural and man-made substances. This data was often adopted from an increasing number of materia medica works published outside of the main tradition whose authors did not feel committed to the structure and contents of the Ben jing. They focused on regional knowledge, their own experience, substances used as both medication and food, substances enabling survival in times of famine, pharmaceutical processing and other such special aspects of pharmaceutical lore. In the middle of the seventh century, an official named Su Jing 蘇敬 (fl. 657) suggested that the emperor support a new edition of the “original classic” to correct older data regarded since as erroneous, and include more recent knowledge of the therapeutic potential of natural substances. The result, the Xin xiu ben cao 新修本草, “Newly revised materia medica,” of 659, combining 850 substance entries in 54 chapters, was the first government-sponsored and illustrated ben cao work in China. The main tradition came to a halt in the 13th century for at least two reasons. The lengthy title of one of the final works of this tradition, published in 1249 and describing 1746 substances in 30 chapters, offers a clear indication of one of these reasons: Chong xiu zheng he jing shi zheng lei bei yong ben cao 重修正和經史證類 備用本草, “Newly revised materia medica of the zheng he reign period, based on data from the classics and historical annals, based on evidence and ordered on the basis of groups, prepared for clinical application.” The main tradition was stifled by the abundance of its data and the perpetuation of its claim to be merely extending the original classic. The last works were extremely unwieldy. More recent data was added to previous statements, without comments on contradictions or earlier errors. Readers were left abandoned with ever longer sequences of quotes from a wide range of sources of varying quality. We see a second reason for the end of the main tradition in a completely new genre of materia medica texts initiated by Kou Zongshi’s 寇宗奭 Ben cao yan yi 本 草衍意, “Extended ideas on materia medica,” in 1119 and exemplified by Wang Haogu’s 王好古 Tang ye ben cao 湯液本草, “Materia medica of decoctions” in the mid 13th century. With the rise of Song Neo-Confucianism, the more than one-millennium-old schism was bridged between the therapeutic approaches of needling and pharmaceutical therapy. Needling, i.e. acupuncture, was based on the Yinyang and Five Phases doctrines of systematic correspondences. Ben cao literature and recipe collections were based on empirical knowledge and magic correspondences. The convergence of these two separate approaches resulted in a



Prolegomena

11

first pharmacology of systematic correspondences. Authors committed to this new perspective categorized each pharmaceutical substance according to its presumed association with certain kinds of flavor and qi. As these kinds of flavor and qi were associated, in turn, with certain yin and yang qualities, as well as with the Five Phases, a link appeared possible to pathologies also defined in terms of yin and yang and the Five Phases. The main tradition was unable to integrate the ideas published by the various authors of the so-called Song-Jin-Yuan epoch of ben cao literature. As a result, the publication of comprehensive materia medica texts ended. Each of these works claimed to offer all available pharmaceutical knowledge, old and new. It was only three centuries later, in the 16th century, that two authors introduced a new structure to the contents of comprehensive materia medica works, leading to a brief revival of the tradition. The first result was the Yu zhi ben cao pin hui jing yao 御製 本草品彙精要, “Materia medica, written on imperial order, containing essential data arranged in systematic order,” in 1505. The second and more successful of these newer ben cao works was the Ben cao gang mu 本草綱目 of 1593 compiled by Li Shizhen 李時珍 (1518-1593). 1.2 Structure and contents of the Ben cao gang mu It is not known whether Li Shizhen saw the Yu zhi ben cao pin hui jing yao before he set out to compile the Ben cao gang mu. In his own personal interest, Qiu Jun 邱 濬 (1420 – 1495), a scholar official, had devised a scheme to overcome the unwieldy nature of the final texts of the main tradition of ben cao literature. By restructuring the individual substance monographs, he removed the decisive obstacle to practical use of the ben cao texts. He dismissed the idea that newer ben cao works were mere emendations of the “original classic,” with whatever new knowledge had become available being added to the substance of earlier works. Qiu Jun divided each monograph in accordance with 13 characteristics of individual substances that he extracted from former texts.7 As a result, a reader interested in the origin, the pharmaceutical processing or the therapeutic indications of a particular substance found relevant data collected under a respective heading. To find the information they sought, users of the new text were no longer required to read through all the historical layers that had accrued among the texts of the main tradition of ben cao works. Qiu Jun died when he had finished writing only one chapter. After hectic intrigue and conflicts of interest, 7 Paul U. Unschuld, 1986, 140-141.

12

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

Liu Wentai 劉文泰 (fl. 1503), an official in the Imperial Medical Office, and a team of collaborators were ordered by Emperor Xiao zong 孝宗 (1470 – 1505) in 1503 “to prepare a new ben cao edition, to simplify the consultation of these works.” They took over the structural proposals of Qiu Jun but expanded the number of subheadings of each substance monograph from 13 to 24. The new work was completed only two years later. Pleased, the emperor personally gave it the title “The Essentials of Materia medica with the Data on Items Arranged According to their Similar Nature, compiled on Imperial Order.” Soon afterward, the emperor died. The manuscript was never published, possibly because of the exquisite color illustrations added to each entry. No technology was available in the 16th century to print such a work. Several manuscript copies were prepared and a few have ended up in libraries in Japan, Rome and Berlin. In 1701 a revised and amended version without the illustrations was prepared, by order of Emperor Kang xi 康熙. It was published by Shanghai Commercial Press in 1937.8 Li Shizhen chose a structure for his Ben cao gang mu entries similar to that of the Yu zhi ben cao pin hui jing yao substance monographs. However, rather than separating the data of each entry into 24 categories, he decided to limit their subheadings, where required, to the following ten: 1. xiao zheng 校正: Editorial Correction 2.

shi ming 釋名: Explanation of Names

4.

xiu zhi 脩治:

3. 5.

6. 7.

8.

9.

10.

ji jie 集解:

bian yi 辯疑:

Collected Explanations

Pharmaceutical Preparation

Discussion of Uncertain Issues

zheng wu 正誤: Correction of Errors qi wei 氣味:

zhu zhi 主治:

fa ming 發明: fu fang 附方:

Qi and Flavor

Therapeutic Control

Explication

Added Recipes

Li Shizhen also conceptualized a new order of the entries. The “original classic,” within the three groups of “upper,” “middle,” and “lower rank,” had listed substances following their identification as mineral, herbal, and animal-human – i.e. proceeding from dead and immobile to living and immobile, and on to living and mobile substances. A fourth and final group consisted of victuals. Later works of the main tradition omitted the “upper,” “middle,” and “lower rank” divisions, but retained the mineral, herbal, and animal-human classifications. 8 Ibid., 142-143.



Prolegomena

13

Li Shizhen introduced a different order. Based on the sequence of the Five Phases, he began, after four introductory chapters, the subsequent 48 chapters with a list of waters, followed by fires, soils, and metals, which included salts and minerals (chapters 5-11) and then herbal substancs (chapters 12 through 37). Separated by chapter 38, listing “fabrics and utensils,” he then devoted chapters 39 through 50 to animals, ranging from “tiny” to “large,” that is, from worms/bugs through fowl to four-legged creatures. Again separated by a chapter on “strange items,” he eventually reached the pinnacle of his scale, human substances suitable for a medicinal application. In all, Li Shizhen wrote down ca. 1.6 million characters to describe 1892 pharmaceutical substances. The entries in the final 48 chapters were divided into 16 sections, for 13 of which Li Shizhen identified subsections. These serve to point out related items within broader groups such as waters, herbs and worms/bugs. For example, the section on worms/bugs is subdivided into those born from eggs, those generated through transformation, and those originating from moisture. Each section is introduced by a general statement explicating the special nature of the substances grouped in it. Each individual substance is given a heading stating its earliest name documented in pharmaceutical literature and, if this was the “original classic,” the upper, middle or lower rank it had been assigned to. Where required, Li Shizhen began an entry by pointing out a formerly erroneous listing of the substance in question. Whenever he found identical substances listed in previous ben cao works twice under different names, he justified the combination of these names in one entry. The length of documented Chinese pharmaceutical history, the sheer size of the country with its many regional cultures and languages, and the different kinds of sources quoted by Li Shizhen led him to list and discuss the names of the substances he described. Not infrequently, Li Shizhen saw a need to explain different names in the North and South of China assigned to an identical substance. For example, in chapter 09, he went into an extensive discussion to end an apparently millennia-old confusion concerning the substance gypsum. It was known as shi gao 石膏, “stone fat,” xi li shi 細理石, “finely structured stone/mineral,” and han shui shi 寒水石, “cold water stone/mineral.” Some authors identified it as fang jie shi 方解石, “stone/mineral that splits into rectangular pieces,” and as chang shi 長石, “lengthy stone/mineral.” But these names had also been applied to other minerals. Li Shizhen brought all relevant quotes together and eventually offered his conclusion. Li Shizhen titled the relevant subheading shi ming 釋名, “Explanation of Names,” because he went beyond simply enumerating alternative names. Wher-

14

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

ever possible he added philological explanations taking into account, for example, local dialects and the composition of characters. Substances imported from foreign countries often were given names in China transcribing the pronunciation of their original foreign pronunciation. Wherever feasible, Li Shizhen included information on the origin of such names, for example, reflecting a Sanskrit term. Furthermore, many names were written with characters possibly unfamiliar to the Ben cao gang mu’s readers. Hence Li Shizhen explained their pronunciation by either adducing homophones or resorting to the split-reading approach. And when he felt at his wits’ end, he freely acknowledged his inability to explain a certain name. While this explanation of names suggests an awareness of certain limits of understanding among future readers and users of the Ben cao gang mu, Li Shizhen rarely explained a central feature of each substance described: its therapeutic indications. The quotes on the ability of substances to “control” disease are taken from sources spanning more than 1500 years. The Ben cao gang mu lists more than 4500 key disease terms; by the time of Li Shizhen, perhaps most of them were still self-explanatory or could be understood by experts from their context. In today’s China, many of the disease names referred to in these quotes are no longer easily understood. Similarly, for readers of the Ben cao gang mu outside China, the therapeutic indications are often given with rather enigmatic disease names written in single, unfamiliar characters or using metaphors that are no longer easily grasped. The first volume of the Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu traces each of the 4500 disease terms to its earliest appearance. It identifies its meaning in that early context and, where applicable, at the time of Li Shizhen. 9 Another central feature of descriptions of pharmaceutical substances is their place of origin. From early on it was known among Chinese experts that one and the same herb was endowed with different therapeutic powers depending on where it grew in the country. The climate and the nature of the soil varied from North to South and from East to West, and so did the “qi” a plant was exposed to. Hence where considered necessary, substance entries of the Ben cao gang mu include related information. This is mostly comparative, that is, Li Shizhen provided a ranking of the substances from different regions in accordance with the presumed strength of their therapeutic effects. All the dynasties that followed each other during the imperial age regularly rearranged administrative structures. As a consequence, place names and the names of administrative structures were assigned new names. Hardly any location kept one and the same name throughout history. Li Shizhen regularly explained the location in his time of places mentioned in an ancient quote 9 See Zhang Zhibin and Paul U. Unschuld, Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu. Vol. I: Chinese Historical Illness Terminology. University of California Press, Oakland, 2015.



Prolegomena

15

under a name no longer in use. Today, the current location of even more places can no longer be easily identified by their ancient names. The second volume of the Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu traces each of the place names and those of administrative structures mentioned in the Ben cao gang mu to their current location. More importantly, the Dictionary offers the history of each name and each administrative structure so that a quote from a specific time period may be compared to the existence of a name and administrative structure at that time. This is of particular relevance if one identical name was given to different locations in the course of history, or if the borders of an administrative structure were moved to a degree that may have had a significant impact on the climate or nature of soil suggested by its name.10 No materia medica text prior to the Ben cao gang mu was based on a comparable range of literary and non-literary material. It should come as no surprise that Li Shizhen exploited the Zheng he ben cao 正和本草of 1249, the final work of the former main tradition of ben cao works, as his major source. Apparently, Li Shizhen intended to continue this tradition, but he went far beyond it. In a bibliography at the very beginning of the Ben cao gang mu, he listed more than 868 titles he had consulted. The number of titles quoted or mentioned in passing in the main text by far exceeds these 868 texts. Li Shizhen may not have held all of them in original editions in his hands. Many texts were quoted second- or third-hand from quotes in later encyclopedias. In addition to drawing his data from all kinds of literary genres, Li Shizhen personally travelled to places all over the country where he expected to access data available nowhere else. This way, he also was able to record valuable data on substances not mentioned in ben cao literature or publicly documented elsewhere before. For example, san qi 三七, identified today as Gynura segetum (Lour.) Merr., is one of the most common herbs in Chinese medicine. Li Shizhen was the first to learn of its therapeutic potential from “locals,” and introduced it with the following lines: “This medication was discovered for the first time only recently. The people in the South use it in their military as an important medication for wounds caused by metal objects/weapons. It is said to have an extraordinary [therapeutic] potential. It is also said: For all injuries resulting from flogging and blows, when stagnant blood is set free, it should be chewed until it is pulpy. Once this is applied [to the affected region, the bleeding] ends. Greenish swelling is dis10 See Hua Linfu, Paul D. Buell and Paul U. Unschuld, Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu. Vol. II: Geographical and Administrative Designations. University of California Press, Oakland, 2017.

16

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

solved. If one is to be flogged, let him ingest beforehand one or two qian and his blood will not rush to his heart. After a flogging it is even more advisable to ingest it. To ingest it after a birth is good, too. Generally speaking, this medication has warm qi and a sweet and slightly bitter flavor. Hence it is a medication for the blood section of the yang brilliance and ceasing yin [conduits] and can serve to cure all kinds of blood diseases, similar to qi lin jie (Daemonorops draco Bl.) and shellac.”11 In this manner the Ben cao gang mu refers to hundreds of texts and their authors, in addition to individuals (including Li Shizhen’s own extended family) unassociated with any literary genre. Many of the persons quoted or referred to as authors, patients, healers or actors in some anecdote have remained nameless to posterity. In bibliographical and biographical reference works today’s readers of the Ben cao gang mu may easily find the more prominent book titles, authors and historical personalities encountered in the Ben cao gang mu. But an identification of numerous titles and many more persons requires extensive research. It is here that one wonders how many collaborators Li Shizhen may have had. Wang Shizhen, the author of a preface to the first edition of the Ben cao gang mu, quotes Li Shizhen verbatim with a statement that he had rewritten the entire manuscript three times.12 A question arises here whether he had failed to notice numerous inconsistencies in the references to book titles and authors quoted. Not infrequently, one book is quoted with either its complete title or several different abbreviations. Similarly, one identical author is quoted by his full name, by his first or last name, by his style, or other possible designations. Such diversity appears plausible if one imagines a larger team around Li Shizhen supplying him with data without prior agreement on how to quote a text or refer to a person. If this diversity makes it difficult enough for readers to immediately identify a text or author quoted, the hardship is further aggravated by numerous quotes misleadingly ascribed to source texts they were never part of. Not much later, Zhao Xuemin 趙學敏 (ca. 1730 – 1805), author of the Ben cao gang mu shi yi 本草綱目拾遺, suggested with the title of his book “to make up for omissions in the Ben cao gang mu” not only his intention to list pharmaceutically useful substances Li Shizhen had failed to include. He was also the first to point out 30 substantial errors in the description of substances recorded. In recent years, with a steep rise in Ben cao gang mu research, many more such errors and mislead11 Ben cao gang mu, chapter 09, entry 09. See also, Zheng Jinsheng 郑金生 and Zhang Zhibin 张志斌, Ben cao gang mu dao du 本草綱目导读, 2016, 175 - 177. 12 See below p. 27



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ing data have been identified, as for instance in Mei Quanxi’s 梅全喜(1962 - ) Ben cao gang mu bu zheng 本草綱目補正, “Supplementing omissions and correcting errors of the Ben cao gang mu.”13 A comparison of numerous quotes in the Ben cao gang mu with their original sources often enough shows significant divergence. It is not always clear whether these are intentional modifications, perhaps adapting an ancient wording to usages preferred at the time of Li Shizhen, or errors due to careless copying. The third volume of the Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu, devoted to “Persons and Literary Sources,” offers biographical and bibliographical data on all the texts and persons encountered in Li Shizhen’s encyclopedia, with a few exceptions for sources and people that appear undocumented elsewhere. This volume of the Dictionary includes the different versions of titles and names assigned by Li Shizhen or his collaborators to quotes and anecdotes. It also points out where quotes ascribed in the Ben cao gang mu to a specific text or author originated, in fact, elsewhere. 14 Ever since Tao Hongjing’s Shen nong ben cao jing ji zhu of 500 CE and throughout the history of the main tradition, authors introduced their materia medica works not only with at least one preface to inform readers of their motives, aims and (where relevant) the history of their texts. They also offered more general information associated with the origin, gathering, pharmaceutical processing, contra-indications, synergies and applications of pharmaceutical substances. Here, too, Li Shizhen extended the introductory sections to four voluminous chapters occupying one eighth of the entire text. In chapter one he enumerated 40 earlier ben cao works with brief commentaries by other authors and himself. This list is followed by another, already mentioned above, of all the literary sources he had taken into account, divided into two groups: 277 older and more recently published medical and pharmaceutical works, and 591 classics, historical annals and others. Next, Li Shizhen went into more detail informing readers of all earlier ben cao works he had taken drug descriptions from. Li Shizhen paid homage to the beginning of the main tradition by quoting the preliminary sections of the “original classic, ” including commentaries by Tao Hongjing and others. He eventually switched to the Song-Jin-Yuan understanding of health and pharmaceutical therapy by first quoting a passage from the Huang Di nei jing su wen 黃 帝內經素問concerning the influence of climatic factors on drugs. This is followed by a section on “The seven ways of compiling a recipe,” with commentaries by the 13 Zheng Jinsheng and Zhang Zhibin, 2016, 70. 14 Zheng Jinsheng, Nalini Kirk, Paul D. Buell and Paul U. Unschuld, Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu, Vol. III: Persons and Literary Sources, University of California Press, Oakland, 2018.

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legendary Qi Bo 岐伯, the 8th century commentator of the Su wen Wang Bing 王 冰, and various Song-Jin-Yuan authors. Next is a section on “The effects of the ten kinds of recipes, ” with commentaries by Xu Zhicai 徐之才 (ca. 510 – 590), several Song-Jin-Yuan authors again and Li Shizhen himself. The first chapter ends with ten treatises on the medical-theoretical teachings of the Song-Jin-Yuan period. Chapter 2 begins with an enumeration of pharmaceutical substances known by up to five alternative names. It continues with an enumeration of pharmaceutical substances according to their reciprocal, synergistic effects when ingested together, an enumeration of foods whose consumption is forbidden during an ingestion of specific pharmaceutical substances, an enumeration of substances that must not be taken by pregnant women, and an enumeration of beverages and foods that must not be consumed together. Also in chapter 2, Li Shizhen quoted from Li Gao 李杲 (1180 – 1251), one of the main authors and theoreticians of the Song-Jin-Yuan era, whose treatise acknowledged that the treatment of certain illnesses escaped theorization. Hence he simply listed certain pathological signs and the pharmaceutical substances suitable for their treatment – without reference to the Yin-Yang and Five Phases doctrines of systematic correspondences. Similarly, the next treatise is an “enumeration of all pharmaceutical substances that, according to Chen Cangqi 陳藏器 (8th century), are used in the treatment of depletions.” From another core theoretician of the Song-Jin-Yuan era, Zhang Zihe 張子和 (1156-1228), Li Shizhen took over the treatise “The three processes of sweating, vomiting and purging.” Chapter 2 ends with a section from a Yao dui 藥 對, a work allegedly predating the “original classic,” and the tables of contents of the Ben jing and the Jing shi zheng lei bei ji ben cao 經史證類備急本草 by Tang Shenwei 唐慎微 (fl.1082), one of the final works of the main tradition, written between 1080 and 1107. Chapters 3 and 4 of the Ben cao gang mu include lists of all diseases, and where necessary a detailed description of their pathological conditions, with the appropriate pharmaceutical substances and information concerning their pharmacological function, preparation and administration. Despite their prominence in chapter 2, the references to the Song-Jin-Yuan doctrines of pharmacology appear isolated. Further hints at their relevance for pharmaceutical therapy are rarely encountered in the Ben cao gang mu. Li Shizhen may have felt it suitable to pay lip service to a development that had lost its creative momentum prior to his lifetime. By the end of the Song-Jin-Yuan era, several authors had suggested combinations of empirical pharmaceutical knowledge with the Yinyang doctrines of systematic correspondences without reaching an agreement on one pharmacology accepted by all. Too many contradictions remained



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between the assessment of the properties in terms of yin and yang qualities on the one hand and their assumed and observed effects on the human body on the other. Eventually, this development found no further creative naturalists. By the time of Li Shizhen, carrying through to the very present, a status quo had emerged within which any author interested in a theoretical foundation of pharmaceutical treatment was free to pick from any of the Song-Jin-Yuan authors, whomever he felt or feels appropriate. Li Shizhen’s attitude toward a theoretical legitimation of pharmaceutical therapies may be called fragmented. Only in very few instances did he feel compelled to refer to the preference of a specific substance to enter one or more of the yin and yang conduits. Li Shizhen did not neglect magic argumentation, and he seems to have had a special inclination toward the number seven. It dominates suggestions for the length of periods and number of frequencies of ingestions as well as quantities in which pharmaceutical substances are to be taken. Categorizations of items according to their yin or yang status, or their affiliation with one of the Five Phases, are rarely seen in the Ben cao gang mu. Occasionally Li Shizhen resorts to a concept of cong qi lei 從其類, “group correspondence” to explain correspondences between items and their properties that appear to exist outside the realm of Yinyang and Five Phases correspondences. For example, in chapter 41, entry 16, “cicadas,” he writes: Generally speaking, to cure [diseases affecting] the long-term depots and short-term repositories, the bodies of cicadas are to be used. To cure dermal sores and ulcers, wind and heat, the nymph shells of cicadas are to be used. This is always based on their group correspondences. Similarly, in chapter 43, entry 19-02, “breficaude pit viper”: When poisonous items are used to attack poison diseases, then this is always based on their group correspondences. Perhaps Li Shizhen’s reluctance to support his therapeutic advice with theoretical reasoning may be traced back to a perception of himself as primarily being a practitioner not interested in burdening other practitioners with a request to indulge in the complicated doctrines of systematic correspondences as a precondition of pharmaceutical therapy. If we are right to assume that a central motivation underlying Li Shizhen’s compilation of the Ben cao gang mu was to offer a handy work to a wide public of healers, we then also grasp two more of his encyclopedia’s great innovations.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

Li Shizhen’s Ben cao gang mu is the first truly inclusive encyclopedia of natural history and pharmacotherapy in China. Nothing comparable existed in the medical literature elsewhere. Ben cao literature had hitherto been dedicated to the description of individual substances. Li Shizhen integrated medical case histories. These are meant to illustrate, more vividly than would have been possible with theoretical statements, the therapeutic potential of certain substances. Medical case histories have been published in China ever since Sima Qian 司馬遷 included examples of treatments performed by Chunyu Yi 淳於意 (205 – 150 BCE) in the biography of this physician in his Shi ji 史記 of 90 BCE. Beginning with the Yuan dynasty, an increasing number of physicians chose to publish characteristic (and successful) examples of their treatments to propagate their own understanding of medicine and health care.15 Li Shizhen included case histories from his own medical practice and others quoted from earlier collections. In this way, he certainly prevented any suspicion of promoting only his personal interpretation of generally accepted theoretical premises. A common feature of his case histories is the emphasis on flexibility. That is, the flexibility required to sometimes abandon seemingly irrefutable principles and adapt a substance’s application to the specific challenge confronting the healer. An example is his own treatment, recorded in chapter 35, of “an old woman over 60 years old” who had suffered from viscous outflow, i. e., some form of diarrhea, for an extended period of time. No established therapy had been able to end her suffering. Li Shizhen followed a recommendation by the Tang physician Wang Bing 王冰 who had traced viscous outflow to an excessive accumulation of cold. He resorted to croton seeds, known in China as ba dou 巴豆, to counteract the cold responsible for that particular patient’s illness. Since antiquity, though, ba dou had been described in Chinese ben cao literature not only as an extremely “hot” substance but also as one of the most violent purgatives. Li Shizhen had also read the Yuan era author Wang Haogu 王好古, who had pointed out, for the first time, that given an appropriate pharmaceutical processing croton seeds can also be applied to stop diarrhea. Hence Li Shizhen counted on the extreme heat of croton seeds to attack the accumulated cold in the old woman. He treated her with pills prepared with croton seeds and coated with beeswax, and achieved a cure.16 Li Shizhen not only offered examples of his own reading of a patient’s specific needs but also provided details of earlier physicians’ creative ap15 Christopher Cullen, “Yi’an (case statements): the origins of a genre of Chinese medical literature,” in Elisabeth Hsü (ed.), Innovation in Chinese Medicine. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001, 297-323. 16 Zheng Jinsheng and Zhang Zhibin, 2016, 202 – 206.



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proaches to difficult therapeutic situations. The implicit message underlying most such case histories was to promote flexibility rather than stubborn adherence to superficial principles. Hence he praised previous healers for their ingeniously individualized therapies. Li Shizhen was also the first author in the tradition of comprehensive works to combine the genres of ben cao and recipe literature. With very few exceptions, he added to every substance a list of recipes with the information he may have considered essential for its application in actual clinical practice. One or more therapeutic indications, mostly down-to-earth without theoretical embellishment or legitimation, are followed by the recipe’s ingredients with brief data on their raw or processed states. The recipes further include concise data on their preparation, on the external or internal mode of their application and on the number and required time span of their applications. A source is given for each recipe. For each list of recipes added to the entry of a specific substance, Li Shizhen also specifies how many of them were recorded in previous recipe collections and how many he recorded for the first time. The perhaps most notable innovation introduced by Li Shizhen was a transition from earlier ben cao works that had merely propagated alleged facts as statements to an encyclopedia based on argumentation. Li Shizhen was the first to collect in a materia medica work the statements of earlier authors and systematically discuss them in search of what he considered as facts and truth. Earlier writers had contradicted views they failed to agree with. But Li Shizhen made this approach his basic principle. Also, simply contradicting earlier views and statements is not identical to Li Shizhen’s approach of presenting several points of view. He discussed their origins and shortcomings, and eventually decided who is right and who is wrong, or presented his own dissenting perception. This is a ubiquitous principle followed throughout the Ben cao gang mu. It is not the least because of this feature of the Ben cao gang mu that Li Shizhen deserves a most prominent place in the history of Chinese natural science. 1.3 Biographical sketch of Li Shizhen (1518 – 1593) Li Shizhen, style Dongbi 東璧, assumed name Binhu 濒湖, was born in Qi zhou 蕲州, today’s Qi chun county 蘄春縣, province Hu bei 湖北, to a family of physicians. His grandfather is known to have practiced as an itinerant healer. His father, Li Yanwen 李言聞, rose to a more respected class of physicians and was engaged for a while as medical secretary, li mu 吏目, in the Imperial Medical Office. For his

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therapeutic skills he was praised as Li xian 李仙, “immortal Li.” He is remembered as author of monographs on ginseng [root] and mugwort, a plant used for moxibustion. He also wrote texts on smallpox and pulse diagnosis. Li Shizhen was supposed to rise even higher on the social scale. He was trained to be an official and entered the sequence of government exams. At the age of 14, having studied the Confucian and other classical texts, he passed the county level exams and was granted the degree of xiu cai 秀才, “outstanding talent.” However, even though he continued his studies for the next ten years, he failed to pass exams on the next higher level and eventually turned to the occupation of his father and grandfather. Over time, based on experience and knowledge learned from his father and his own literate knowledge and dedication to understand the principles underlying natural processes, Li Shizhen became widely known as a competent practitioner. He was invited to noble and other high ranking families and his successful cures in 1543 eventually led to an invitation by the King of Chu 楚, Zhu Xianrong 朱顯 榕,1506 – 1545, a regional prince, to manage his palace medical office. Details of the following years are unclear. We know that Li Shizhen was offered a position in the Imperial Medical Office but returned to his hometown after only a year. The date of this journey to Beijing and the reasons why he left so soon are not known. From the contents of the Ben cao gang mu, though, it is obvious that he returned from the North having accumulated much new knowledge. In Beijing he also encountered practices he considered highly objectionable. Among the elite, a practice was widespread to “cure human ills with human substances,” yi ren bu ren 以人補人. Based on a notion that a reverse flow of menstrual blood left the body as breast milk, practitioners advocated to knead the breasts of child girls until they released some liquid. This liquid was termed pan tao jiu 蟠桃 酒, “flat peach wine,” allegedly an elixir granting immortality. Li Shizhen recorded this practice in chapter 52, entry 15, on “human milk,” clearly condemning it as “deceitful rhetoric to make a profit, aimed at those who are ignorant. It is voiced by fraudulent persons, and punished by royal law. The gentleman is to denounce it.” In Beijing he also learned of the use of opium as an aphrodisiac and considered this as a therapy not to be applied by a proper healer. Back home, in 1552, at the age of 34, Li Shizhen began to compile the Ben cao gang mu. 27 years later, in 1578, he concluded his manuscript. To compile a work of 1.6 million characters, based not only on extensive reading of earlier literature but also on the results of repeated short and long distance travelling, is an enormous achievement. Li Shizhen mentions family members and disciples as assistants, but the size of his team is not known. His achievement is even more astonishing given



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that during these 27 years he wrote and published several books. Two of these, the Binhu mai xue 濒湖脉學, “[Li] Binhu’s study of vessel movements,” a book on pulse diagnosis, and the Qi jing ba mai kao 奇經八脉考, “Research of the eight extraordinary conduit vessels,” survive to this day. Others, like a collection of his medical cases, Binhu yi an 濒湖醫案, a “collection of [Li] Binhu’s simple to use recipes,” Binhu ji jian fang 濒湖集簡方, and an “illustrated study of the five longterm depots,” Wu zang tu lun 五藏圖論, have been lost as individual texts. None of these books became as influential as the Ben cao gang mu. Initially, the completed manuscript of the Ben cao gang mu did not meet enthusiasm either. It took Li Shizhen ten years, knocking at doors here and there, until eventually Hu Chenglong 胡承龍 in Jinling 金陵, today’s Nanjing 南京, Jiangsu province, agreed to print the text. It was published in 1593 with a preface by the famous scholar Wang Shizhen 王世貞 (1526 – 1590) and supplemented by two chapters of 1109 illustrations rather hastily made by his sons Li Jianyuan 李建元 and Li Jianmu 李 建木. Whether Li Shizhen ever saw this “Jinling edition” is not known. He died that same year.17 Today eight complete copies of the first edition and four fragments are known to exist in China, in Japan and in the USA. A second edition, supported by a local government office, was published by Xia Liangxin 夏良心 and Zhang Dingsi 张 鼎思 in neighboring Jiangxi 江西 province in 1603. Even though some errors crept into the text, the print and the illustrations were executed excellently. The widespread dissemination and the fame of the Ben cao gang mu began with this “Jiangxi edition.”18 In 2011, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) certified the inscription of the Ben cao gang mu on the Memory of the World International Register.

2. Notes on the translation This translation of chapters 18 - 25 of the Ben cao gang mu is based on a most remarkable critical edition of the text prepared and published by Zheng Jinsheng 郑 金生and Zhang Zhibin 张志斌. Zheng Jinsheng and Zhang Zhibin have traced all 17 Ibid., 3 – 7. 18 Ibid. 230. For a most detailed scholarly account of Li Shizhen’s life and the further history of the Ben cao gang mu, see Wang Jian 王剑梅全喜and Mei Quanxi 梅全喜, Li Shizhen Ben cao gang mu, 500 nian da shi nian pu 李时珍本草纲目500年大事年谱, “Li Shizhen’s Ben cao gang mu – a chronicle of related major events of the past 500 years,” Ren min wei sheng chu ban she 人民衛生出版社, Beijing, 2018.



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that during these 27 years he wrote and published several books. Two of these, the Binhu mai xue 濒湖脉學, “[Li] Binhu’s study of vessel movements,” a book on pulse diagnosis, and the Qi jing ba mai kao 奇經八脉考, “Research of the eight extraordinary conduit vessels,” survive to this day. Others, like a collection of his medical cases, Binhu yi an 濒湖醫案, a “collection of [Li] Binhu’s simple to use recipes,” Binhu ji jian fang 濒湖集簡方, and an “illustrated study of the five longterm depots,” Wu zang tu lun 五藏圖論, have been lost as individual texts. None of these books became as influential as the Ben cao gang mu. Initially, the completed manuscript of the Ben cao gang mu did not meet enthusiasm either. It took Li Shizhen ten years, knocking at doors here and there, until eventually Hu Chenglong 胡承龍 in Jinling 金陵, today’s Nanjing 南京, Jiangsu province, agreed to print the text. It was published in 1593 with a preface by the famous scholar Wang Shizhen 王世貞 (1526 – 1590) and supplemented by two chapters of 1109 illustrations rather hastily made by his sons Li Jianyuan 李建元 and Li Jianmu 李 建木. Whether Li Shizhen ever saw this “Jinling edition” is not known. He died that same year.17 Today eight complete copies of the first edition and four fragments are known to exist in China, in Japan and in the USA. A second edition, supported by a local government office, was published by Xia Liangxin 夏良心 and Zhang Dingsi 张 鼎思 in neighboring Jiangxi 江西 province in 1603. Even though some errors crept into the text, the print and the illustrations were executed excellently. The widespread dissemination and the fame of the Ben cao gang mu began with this “Jiangxi edition.”18 In 2011, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) certified the inscription of the Ben cao gang mu on the Memory of the World International Register.

2. Notes on the translation This translation of chapters 18 - 25 of the Ben cao gang mu is based on a most remarkable critical edition of the text prepared and published by Zheng Jinsheng 郑 金生and Zhang Zhibin 张志斌. Zheng Jinsheng and Zhang Zhibin have traced all 17 Ibid., 3 – 7. 18 Ibid. 230. For a most detailed scholarly account of Li Shizhen’s life and the further history of the Ben cao gang mu, see Wang Jian 王剑梅全喜and Mei Quanxi 梅全喜, Li Shizhen Ben cao gang mu, 500 nian da shi nian pu 李时珍本草纲目500年大事年谱, “Li Shizhen’s Ben cao gang mu – a chronicle of related major events of the past 500 years,” Ren min wei sheng chu ban she 人民衛生出版社, Beijing, 2018.

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quotes to their original source text. Wherever the first 1593 Jinling print of the Ben cao gang mu differed from the original texts because of intentional abbreviations, they have added a note with the original wording. Divergences interpreted as unintended errors, such as omissions or mistakenly written single characters, as well as erroneous ascriptions of quotes to original texts and authors, were corrected in the main text with a note added to explain such modifications. The complete text of chapters 18 - 25 presented here together with its translation includes these corrections. Readers interested in all the details, both of the errors corrected and the original wordings that were abbreviated or otherwise modified by Li Shizhen and his collaborators, are advised to consult the text critical edition by Zheng Jinsheng and Zhang Zhibin.19 I am most grateful to both of them for supplying me with a pre-publication version of their work. I wish to especially express my thanks to Prof. Zheng Jinsheng for helping me to understand passages and single characters my own research had been unable to clarify. Almost all philological notes accompanying my translation are based on the text edition prepared by Zheng Jinsheng and Zhang Zhibin. I have also greatly benefitted from consulting the Japanese translation of the Ben cao gang mu published in 1965.20 In particular, secondary quotes within primary quotes have been marked based on the Japanese edition. In 2003, Foreign Language Press in Beijing published a first complete English version of the Ben cao gang mu. The approach chosen differed significantly from the one adopted here. This is most obvious in the translation of historical Chinese illness terms. Luo Xiwen and his collaborators have attempted to identify as many diseases, ailments and signs of illness as possible encountered in the Ben cao gang mu in terms of modern Western medical concepts.21 The Ben cao gang mu is an encyclopedia compiled in the 16th century based on literary and non-literary data of the preceding 1800 years. It quotes authors of varying expertise and offers today’s readers an incomparable view of almost two millennia of the development of pharmaceutical science and related realms of knowledge and 19 Zheng Jinsheng 郑金生 and Zhang Zhibin 张志斌, Ben cao gang mu yin wen ni yuan, yi, “Tracing the quotations in the Ben cao gang mu to their sources.” A volume of the Ben cao gang mu yan jiu ji cheng 本草綱目研究集成, “Collection of research on the Ben cao gang mu,” edited by Zhang Zhibin and Zheng Jinsheng, Ke xue chu ban she 科学出版 社, Beijing, 2019. 20 Kimura Kouichi 木村康 (ed.), Suzuki Shinkai 鈴木真海 (transl.), Shinchu Koutei Kokuyaku Honzou Koumoku 新註校定國本草綱目譯, , “A translation of the Ben cao gang mu. Newly annotated and checked against the original text.” Shunyoudou Shoten 春陽 堂書店, Tokyo 1965. 21 Compendium of Materia Medica. (Bencao Gangmu). Compiled by Li Shizhen. Translated and Annotated by Luo Xiwen.Foreign Language Press, Beijing, 2003. This edition does not include the original Chinese text.



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more general aspects of culture. The translation of chapters 18 through 25 of the Chinese text honors the authors of bygone days not by telling them what they should have said if they had had the knowledge of the 20th and 21st century, but rather by illuminating as clearly as possible their thoughts and their wisdom as formed by the conceptual, social, economic and natural environment of their time. The translation offered here has resisted a temptation to make ancient views appear modern and agreeable with today’s biomedical reality. Such an approach, not infrequently met in recent renderings of ancient Chinese medical texts in Western languages, is not only a sign of disrespect for the intellectual integrity of ancient experts. It is also an obstacle blocking a recognition and appreciation of the never ending historical process of understanding nature and the management of human life as part of nature in China, since antiquity. Hence I have pursued here the same approach that has guided my translations of the ancient Chinese medical classics Huang Di nei jing su wen, Huang Di nei jing ling shu and Nan jing. Authors from previous centuries and millennia relied on metaphors and allegories to elucidate their understandings of human physiology and pathology. Modern pathology and physiology are no different. Such fields of science need to draw on metaphors and allegories to illustrate their findings.22 Disease names are a case in point. The Ben cao gang mu includes quotes with about 4500 core terms to specify all kinds of pathological conditions. Prior to the translation presented here, Prof. Zhang Zhibin and I traced them to their first appearance. Vol. I of the Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu lists all of them with an explanation of their original meaning. The translation of chapters 18 through 25 provides, where appropriate, the literal meaning of disease terms. Occasionally, ancient single characters keep their meaning secret; in such cases, they are given in pinyin transcription. Notes are added to all occurrences of historical disease terms that are not self-explanatory, and readers are led to the relevant pages of Vol. I of the Dictionary. The heading of each entry repeats the numbers assigned to it in the table of contents, followed by the name, in Chinese characters and pinyin, of the substance discussed and the title of the earliest work on materia medica identified as its FE, i. e., “first evidence.” The translation of the names offers English colloquial names wherever available, a literal translation where meaningful, and scientific identifications where possible. Place names, designations of administrative structures, names of persons and book titles appear in the translation without additional notes. Readers interested 22 Cynthia Taylor and Bryan M. Dewsbury, On the Problem and Promise of Metaphor Use in Science and Science Communication. J Microbiol Biol Educ. 2018; 19(1): 19.1.46.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

in further details should consult volumes II and III of the Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu, which respectively provide information on the geographic and adminstrative designations and on the persons and literary sources mentioned. A challenging feature of translating an ancient text on materia medica is the identification of natural substances recommended for medicinal use. European scientists have been eager to identify herbal and mineral substances they have encountered in China since the 17th century. From the beginning, this has turned out to be a difficult endeavor. Different names were used for identical substances in different parts of the country; different pronunciations of an identical name in the dialects of different regions led to different writings. One and the same substance has been recorded with varying names in the course of history. An herb listed in an eighth century materia medica text might not have been available at a later time and was substituted by another herb sold under the same name. The marketing of fakes as substitutes was sufficiently widespread at any time for Li Shizhen to caution his readers in the first chapter of the Ben cao gang mu. In his descriptions of individual substances he devoted much space to such issues. The fact is, despite all the many attempts published over the past three centuries, an uncertainty remains as to the true identity of quite a few of the herbs and minerals recorded in historical Chinese materia medica works. This translation offers – with a caveat – identifications of the substances recorded in chapters 18 through 25 of the Ben cao gang mu based on the most reliable reference works available today. They include: Editing commission for Materia Medica of China, bian wei hui 中华本草编委会, National Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy Administration, Guo jia zhong yi yao guan li ju 国家医药管理中局, Materia Medica of China, Zhong hua ben cao 中华本草, 10 vols. Shanghai 1999. Fèvre, Francine, and Georges Métailié, Dictionnaire RICCI des plantes de Chine. Association Ricci – Les Éditions du Cerf, Paris 2005.

Hu Shiu-ying, An Enumeration of Chinese Materia Medica, The Chinese University Press, Hongkong 1980.  Needham, Joseph and Lu Gwei-Djen, Science and Civilisation in China, Vol 5, part 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1972. 

Read, Bernard E., Chinese Medicinal Plants from the Pen Ts’ao Kang Mu, 3rd edition. Peking Natural History Bulletin 1936, repr. Taipei 1977. Smith, F. Porter, Chinese Materia Medica - Vegetable Kingdom, rev. by G. A. Stuart, Shanghai 1911. 2nd revised edition Ku T’ing Book House, Taipei 1969.



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Note: Chinese names of worms/bugs/insects, animals and plants may refer to different species and substances in different geographical regions of China. Also, a species or substance indicated by a name centuries ago may no longer be the species or substance identified today. The translation offered here provides only the most likely equations. Readers interested in more detailed information are advised to consult the literature listed above. Wherever a commonly known English name was available, such as “ginger” and “ginseng [root],” it was used in the translation. All other translations refer to the Latin name of a substance. For a tentative botanical identification of herbs mentioned in recipes and elsewhere in passing, see the list at the end of this volume.

3. Wang Shizhen’s preface of 1590 本草綱目原序 紀稱望龍光知古劍，覘寳氣辨明珠。故萍實商羊，非天明莫洞。厥後博 物稱華，辯字稱康，析寳玉稱倚頓，亦僅僅晨星耳。楚蘄陽李君東璧， 一日過予弇山園謁予，留飲數日。予窺其人，晬然貌也，癯然身也，津津 然譚議也，真北斗以南一人。解其装無長物，有《本草綱目》數十卷。 謂予曰：時珍，荊楚鄙人也。幼多羸疾，質成鈍椎。長耽典籍，若啖蔗 飴。遂漁獵羣書，摉羅百氏。凡子史經傳，聲韻農圃，醫卜星相，樂府 諸家，稍有得處，輒著數言。古有《本草》一書，自炎、皇及漢、梁、 唐、宋，下迨國朝，註解羣氏舊矣。第其中舛繆差譌遺漏，不可枚數，廼 敢奮編摩之志，僭纂述之權。歲歷三十稔，書考八百餘家，稿凡三易。 複者芟之，闕者緝之，譌者繩之。舊本一千五百一十八種，今增藥三百七 十四種，分爲一十六部，著成五十二卷。雖非集成，亦麤大備，僭名曰 《本草綱目》，願乞一言，以託不朽。予開卷細玩，毎藥標正名爲綱，附 釋名爲目，正始也。次以集解、辯疑、正誤，詳其土産形状也。次以氣 味、主治、附方，著其體用也。上自墳典，下及傳奇，凡有相關，靡不備 採。如入金谷之園，種色奪目；如登龍君之宫，寳藏悉陳；如對冰壺玉 鑑，毛髮可指數也。博而不繁，詳而有要，綜核究竟，直窺淵海。茲豈僅 以醫書覯哉，實性理之精微，格物之通典，帝王之秘籙，臣民之重寳也。 李君用心加惠何勤哉。噫！碔玉莫剖，朱紫相傾，弊也久矣。故辯專車之 骨，必竢魯儒；博支機之石，必訪賣卜。予方著《弇州巵言》，恚博古如 《丹鉛》、《巵言》後乏人也，何幸覩茲集哉。茲集也，藏之深山石室無



Prolegomena

27

Note: Chinese names of worms/bugs/insects, animals and plants may refer to different species and substances in different geographical regions of China. Also, a species or substance indicated by a name centuries ago may no longer be the species or substance identified today. The translation offered here provides only the most likely equations. Readers interested in more detailed information are advised to consult the literature listed above. Wherever a commonly known English name was available, such as “ginger” and “ginseng [root],” it was used in the translation. All other translations refer to the Latin name of a substance. For a tentative botanical identification of herbs mentioned in recipes and elsewhere in passing, see the list at the end of this volume.

3. Wang Shizhen’s preface of 1590 本草綱目原序 紀稱望龍光知古劍，覘寳氣辨明珠。故萍實商羊，非天明莫洞。厥後博 物稱華，辯字稱康，析寳玉稱倚頓，亦僅僅晨星耳。楚蘄陽李君東璧， 一日過予弇山園謁予，留飲數日。予窺其人，晬然貌也，癯然身也，津津 然譚議也，真北斗以南一人。解其装無長物，有《本草綱目》數十卷。 謂予曰：時珍，荊楚鄙人也。幼多羸疾，質成鈍椎。長耽典籍，若啖蔗 飴。遂漁獵羣書，摉羅百氏。凡子史經傳，聲韻農圃，醫卜星相，樂府 諸家，稍有得處，輒著數言。古有《本草》一書，自炎、皇及漢、梁、 唐、宋，下迨國朝，註解羣氏舊矣。第其中舛繆差譌遺漏，不可枚數，廼 敢奮編摩之志，僭纂述之權。歲歷三十稔，書考八百餘家，稿凡三易。 複者芟之，闕者緝之，譌者繩之。舊本一千五百一十八種，今增藥三百七 十四種，分爲一十六部，著成五十二卷。雖非集成，亦麤大備，僭名曰 《本草綱目》，願乞一言，以託不朽。予開卷細玩，毎藥標正名爲綱，附 釋名爲目，正始也。次以集解、辯疑、正誤，詳其土産形状也。次以氣 味、主治、附方，著其體用也。上自墳典，下及傳奇，凡有相關，靡不備 採。如入金谷之園，種色奪目；如登龍君之宫，寳藏悉陳；如對冰壺玉 鑑，毛髮可指數也。博而不繁，詳而有要，綜核究竟，直窺淵海。茲豈僅 以醫書覯哉，實性理之精微，格物之通典，帝王之秘籙，臣民之重寳也。 李君用心加惠何勤哉。噫！碔玉莫剖，朱紫相傾，弊也久矣。故辯專車之 骨，必竢魯儒；博支機之石，必訪賣卜。予方著《弇州巵言》，恚博古如 《丹鉛》、《巵言》後乏人也，何幸覩茲集哉。茲集也，藏之深山石室無

28

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

當，盍鍥之以共天下後世味《太玄》如子雲者。 時萬曆歲庚寅春上元日，弇州山人鳳洲王世貞拜撰。 Original Preface to the Ben cao gang mu by Wang Shizhen. Historical annals speak of an ancient double-edged sword that was identified for its “dragon luster,” and of a shiny pearl that was discovered for its precious radiance. That is, [the delicious and auspicious nature of ] the fruit ping [seen growing on a river by the ruler of Chu] and [the significance of the appearance in the court of the Duke of Qi of ] the [one-legged bird] shang yang [as an omen of imminent rain] could not have been recognized [by Confucius] without an enlightenment bestowed on him by heaven. In later times, [Zhang] Hua (232-300), who was known for [compiling the encyclopedia] Bo wu [zhi], [ Ji] Kang (223-262), [the poet] who is recorded to have carefully chosen the characters he wrote down, and Yi Dun (of the Warring States period), who [was wealthier than his king and] knew how to distinguish [genuine and fake] precious stones, they were as rare as stars in the morning sky. One day, Mr. Li Dongbi from Qi [zhou] in Chu came to see me in my seclusion in Shan yuan, and he stayed with me as a guest for several days. I saw a man of gentle disposition with an excessively thin body. What he said was interesting and meaningful. He truly was a unique person south of the dipper! When he opened his bag, it contained nothing valuable, but tens of volumes of the Ben cao gang mu. He said to me: “[I am Li] Shizhen, a man from Jing chu. In my youth I often suffered from a wasting disease. Despite a modest intelligence, I was fascinated by reading the ancient canons and various kinds of literature, as if I were eating the sweetness of sugarcane. Hence I went fishing and hunting for all kinds of books, and I collected the works of hundreds of authors. Wherever among all the experts for philosophy and history, the classics and biographies, in music and poetry, agriculture and gardening, medicine, divination, astronomy and physiognomy, and collections of tunes I found something even of only slight value, I wrote it down in many words. In ancient times there was a ben cao work [on materia medica]. From the times of Yan [di, i.e., Shen nong] and Huang [di] through the Han, the Liang, the Tang, and the Song [dynasty] down to our present dynasty, it has long been commented upon and provided with explanations. However, it was stained by innumerable errors, inconsistencies, contradictions and omissions. I felt encouraged to take the will to study [this field] and edit [this work], and I exceeded my legitimate limits when I engaged in a compilation based on a new narrative. For more than 30 years I have examined the books of more than 800 authors. I have rewritten the manuscript three times. Where there were repetitions, I eradicated them. Where



Prolegomena

29

there were omissions, I filled them up. Where there were mistakes, I corrected them. The old editions included 1518 kinds [of pharmaceutical substances]; here now 374 kinds are added. [The entries] are divided into 16 sections, written up in 52 volumes. Even though [my work] may not be complete, it is quite comprehensive and hence I dared to give it the title Ben cao gang mu.23 It is my deepest desire to entrust it to you so that it will not be lost.” When I opened the volumes I was pleased to see that they were written in a meticulous manner. Each pharmaceutical substance is given a name as its label, that is, as its gang, to which are added explanations of [this and additional] names as mu. This is a proper beginning. Next follow “collected explanations,” “discussions of ambiguities,” “corrections of errors,” and detailed accounts of the places of origin and physical appearances. This is followed by [data on] “qi and flavors,” “control and therapy,” and “added recipes,” indicating the concrete usage [of the substances named]. Whether [these data] had been gathered from ancient landmark and later canonical texts above, and from legends and unusual sources below, all were relevant and nothing was chosen without thinking. [Reading these volumes] was like entering the Golden Valley Garden where all kinds of colors dazzle one’s eyes. It was like entering the palace of the Dragon Sovereign where all kinds of treasures are displayed. It was like standing in front of a crystal flask and a jade mirror clearly showing each [detail like an individual] hair. [The contents] are broadly arranged but not overabundant. They are detailed with a focus on what is important. They have summed up the results of careful studies. They allow a view into the depth of the sea. How could anyone consider this as a work dedicated exclusively to medicine! In fact, it offers the essential subtleties of natural principles. It is an encyclopedia based on an investigation of things. It is a work kept secret by emperors and kings. It is a treasure highly valued by officials and the people. The diligence and the passion devoted to it by Mr. Li are extraordinary! The failure to distinguish common stones and jade, and the confusion of red and purple colors, such malpractice has lasted for long. Hence to debate the reason for the carts loaded with one bone, one had to wait for the scholar [Confucius] from Lu.24 To recognize the stone from below the loom,25 it was essential to enquire with a fortune teller. I myself have written the Yan zhou zhi yan. What a pity that in future only a few 23 Li Shizhen may have considered this title daring because he seemed to put his encyclopedia on a par with the, Tong jian gang mu 通鑑綱目, which was compiled by the wellknown song philosopher Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130 – 1200)

24 During the Warring States period, when Wu invaded Yue, they took home from the city of Kuai ji a collection of huge bones, with one of them filling one cart. Back home they enquired with Confucius about the origin of these bones and the “scholar from Lu” explained their origin. 25 A traveller once brought back a stone he had been given by a woman he had met when he tried to reach the source of a certain river. He approached the famous fortune-teller

30

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

people will be able to write a broadly based works such as the ancient Dan qian and Zhi yan. So, I am all the more happy to see this collection! This collection must not be stored deep in the mountains in a stone chamber! It must be carved/printed to make it available for later generations all over the world like the work Tai xuan [jing] by Ziyun [(i. e., Yang Xiong) on the Yi jing]. Date: Wan li reign period. Year: Geng yin. On New Year’s Day. Respectfully written by Yan zhou shan ren Wang Shizhen in Feng zhou.

Yan Junping who told him that this was the stone forming the foundation of the loom of a celestial fairy.

4.本草綱目 Ben Cao Gang Mu Chapters 18 - 25 Translation

本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 草部 Section Herbs 第十八卷 Chapter 18 草之七 Herbs VII 蔓草類七十三種 Creeping Herbs Group, 73 kinds 附十九種 Appendix, 19 kinds 18-01 Tu si zi 兔絲子,26 dodder. FE Ben jing 本經 18-01-A01 Nan huo lan 難火蘭, unidentified. 18-02 Wu wei zi 五味子, schisandra. FE Ben jing 本經 18-03 Peng lei 蓬櫐27, rubus buergeri. FE Ben jing 本經 18-04 Fu pen zi 覆盆子, Korean bramble. FE Bie lu 别録 18-05 Xuan gou zi 懸鉤子, rubus corchorifolius. FE Shi yi 拾遺 18-06 She mei 蛇苺, Indian strawberry. FE Bie lu 别録 18-07 Shi jun zi 使君子, Rangoon creeper. FE Kai bao 開寶 26 Entry 18-01 writes as name tu 菟 instead of tu si zi 兔絲子 27 Entry 18-03 writes as name lei 蘽 instead of peng lei 蓬櫐.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

18-08 Mu bie zi 木鼈子, Chinese bitter cucumber. FE Kai bao 開寶 18-09 Fan mu bie 番木鼈, strychnine tree. FE Gang mu 綱目 18-10 Ma dou ling 馬兜鈴, northern pipevine. FE Kai bao 開寶, i. e., tu qing mu xiang 土青木香 18-11 Ke teng zi 榼藤子, gilla nut. FE Kai bao 開寶 18-11-A01 he zi cao 合子草, unidentified. FE Shi yi 拾遺 18-12 Yu zhi zi 預知子, Japanese snake gourd. FE Kai bao 開寶 18-13 Qian niu zi 牽牛子, pharbitis nil. FE Bie lu 别録 18-14 Xuan hua 旋花, hedge bindweed. FE Ben jing 本經, i. e., gu zi hua 鼓子 花 18-15 Zi wei 紫葳, trumpet flower. FE Ben jing 本經, i. e., ling xiao hua 凌霄花 18-15-A01 Gu lu zhi 骨路支,28 unidentified. 18-16 Ying shi, qiang mi 營實牆蘼, rambling rose. FE Ben jing 本經 18-17 Yue ji hua 月季花, monthly rose. FE Gang mu 綱目 18-18 Gua lou 栝樓, trichosanthes kirilowii. FE Ben jing 本經, i. e., tian hua fen 天花粉 18-19 Wang gua 王瓜, Japanese snake gourd. FE Ben jing 本經, i. e., tu gua 土瓜 18-20 Ge 葛, pueraria lobata. FE Ben jing 本經 18-20-A01 Tie ge 鐵葛, unidentified. FE Shi yi 拾遺 18-21 Huang huan 黄環, possibly: wisteria chinensis. FE Ben jing 本經, i. e., lang ba zi 狼跋子29 18-22 Tian men dong 天門冬, Chinese asparagus. FE Ben jing 本經 18-23 Bai bu 百部, stemona sessilifolia. FE Bie lu 别録 18-23-A01 Bai bing 白并, unidentified. 18-24 He shou wu 何首烏, polygonum multiflorum. FE Bie lu 别録 18-25 Bi xie 萆薢, dioscorea collettii. FE Bie lu 别録 18-26 Ba qi 菝葜, Chinese sarsaparilla. FE Bie lu 别録 18-27 Tu fu ling 土伏30苓, glabrious greenbrier. FE Gang mu 綱目 18-28 Bai lian 白蘞31, ampelopsis japonica. FE Ben jing 本經 18-29 Nü wei 女萎, October clematis. FE Li Dangzi 李當之 18-30 Zhe kui 赭魁, dioscorea cirrhosa. FE Ben jing 本經 28 The main text does not have an entry gu lu zhi 骨路支 as an appendix to entry 18-15, zi wei 紫葳. It is found at the very end of the chapter. 29 The main text mentions lang ba zi 狼跋子 as this substance’s proper name, equal to huang huan 黄環. 30 Instead of fu 伏, the main text writes the proper name of this substance as fu 茯. 31 Instead of lian 蘞, the main text writes the proper name of this substance as lian 斂.



Chapter 18

33

18-31 E bao 鵝抱, unidentified. FE Tu jing 圖經 18-32 Fu ji zi 伏雞子,32 unidentified. FE Shi yi 拾遺 18-32-A01 Yang pen 仰盆, unidentified. 18-32-A02 Ren gan teng 人肝藤, unidentified. 18-33 Qian jin teng 千金藤, snake vine. FE Kai bao 開寶 18-33-A01 Chen si ji 陳思岌, unidentified. 18-34 Jiu xian zi 九仙子, unidentified. FE Gang mu 綱目 18-35 Shan dou gen 山豆根, bushy sophora. FE Kai bao 開寶 18-36 Huang yao zi 黄藥子, yam leaved clematis. FE Kai bao 開寶 18-37 Jie du zi 解毒子, stephania epigaea. FE Tang ben 唐本, i. e., ku yao zi 苦 藥子。 18-37-A01 Nu hui zi 奴會子, unidentified. 18-37-A02 Yao shi gen 藥實根附, unidentified. 18-38 Bai yao zi 白藥子, stephania cepharantha. FE Tang ben 唐本 18-38-A01 Chen jia bai yao 陳家白藥,33 unidentified. 18-38-A02 Hui zhou bai yao 會州白藥, unidentified. 18-38-A03 Chong dong gen 衝洞根, unidentified. 18-38-A04 Tu jue bai 突厥白, unidentified. 18-39 Wei ling xian 威靈仙, Chinese clematis. FE Kai bao 開寶 18-40 Qian cao 茜草, madder. FE Ben jing 本經 18-40-A01 Xue teng 血藤, sargentodoxa cuneate. 18-41 Jian cao 剪草, fortune’s chloranthus. FE Rihua 日華 18-42 Fang ji 防己, stephania tetrandra. FE Ben jing 本經 18-43 Tong cao 通草, rice paper plant. FE Ben jing 本經 18-44 Tong tuo mu 通脱木, rice paper plant. FE Faxiang 法象 18-44-A01 Tian shou gen 天壽根, unidentified. 18-45 Diao teng 釣藤, gambir vine. FE Bie lu 别録 18-45-A01 Dao gua teng 倒掛藤, unidentified. 18-46 Huang teng 黄藤, fibraurea cisa. FE Gang mu 綱目 18-47 Bai tu huo 白兔藿, cynanchum auriculatum. FE Ben jing 本經 18-48 Bai hua teng 白花藤, trachelospermum jasminoides. FE Tang ben 唐本 18-49 Bai ying 白英, climbing nightshade. FE Ben jing 本經, i.e. gui mu 鬼目, pai feng zi 排風子 18-50 Luo mo 蘿藦, metaplexis japonica. FE Tang ben 唐本 18-51 Chi di li 赤地利, hill buckwheat. FE Tang ben 唐本 32 The main text writes the name of this substance as fu ji zi gen 伏雞子根. 33 Following the entry Chen jia bai yao 陳家白藥, the main text has an appendix: gan jia bai yao 甘家白藥”一藥.

34

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

18-52 Zi ge 紫葛, ampelopsis delavayana. FE Tang ben 唐本 18-53 Wu lian mei 烏蘞苺, Japanese cayratia. FE Tang ben 唐本, i. e., wu ye teng 五葉藤 18-54 Lü cao 葎草, wild hop. FE Tang ben 唐本 18-55 Yang tao 羊桃, carambola. FE Ben jing 本經 18-56 Luo shi 絡石, star jasmine. FE Ben jing 本經 18-57 Mu lian 木蓮, climbing fig. FE Shi yi 拾遺 18-57-A01 Di jin 地錦, unidentified. 18-58 Fu fang teng 扶芳藤, wintercreeper. FE Shi yi 拾遺 18-59 Chang chun teng 常春藤, common ivy. FE Shi yi 拾遺 18-60 Qian sui lei 千歲櫐,34 vitis flexuosa. FE Bie lu 别録 18-61 Ren dong 忍冬, honeysuckle. FE Bie lu 别録, i. e., jin yin hua 金銀花 18-62 Gan teng 甘藤, unidentified. FE Jia you 嘉祐 18-62-A01 Tian teng 甜藤, unidentified. 18-62-A02 Gan lu 甘露,35 unidentified. 18-63 Han shui teng 含水藤,36 gnetum parvifolium. FE Hai yao 海藥 18-64 Tian xian teng 天仙藤, dutchman’s pipe. FE Tu jing 圖經 18-65 Zi jin teng 紫金藤, Chinese kadsura vine. FE Tu jing 圖經 18-66 Nan teng 南藤, piper wallichii. FE Kai bao 開寶 18-66-A01 Lie jie 烈節, unidentified. 18-67 Qing feng teng 清風藤, sabia japonica. FE Tu jing 圖經 18-68 Bai leng teng 百稜藤, unidentified. FE Tu jing 圖經 18-69 Sheng teng 省藤, dragon blood palm. FE Shi yi 拾遺 18-70 Zi teng 紫藤, Chinese wisteria. FE Kai bao 開寶 18-71 Luo yan mu 落雁木, unidentified. FE Tang ben 唐本 18-71-A01 Zhe shang mu 折傷木, unidentified. 18-71-A02 Feng yan mu 風延母,37 unidentified. 18-71-A03 Mei shi wang mu 每始王木, unidentified. 18-72 Qian li ji 千里及, climbing groundsel. FE Shi yi 拾遺, i.e., qian li guang 千里光 18-73 Teng huang 藤黄, gamboge. FE Shi yi 拾遺 34 Entry 18-60 writes lei 蘽 instead of lei 櫐 35 Instead of tian teng 甜藤, gan lu 甘露, the main text writes gan lu teng 甘露藤, tian teng 甜藤. 36 Following entry 18-63, han shui teng 含水藤, the main text has an appendix: shu teng 鼠 藤. 37 In the main text, the sequence of the two appendixes feng yan mu 風延母 and mei shi wang mu 每始王木 is reversed.



Chapter 18 右附方舊一百三十七，新三百二十八。 Recipes added to the entries above: 137 of old. 328 newly [recorded]. 【附録】諸藤一十九種。 Appendix. All types of creepers, 19 kinds. 18-A01 18-A02 18-A03 18-A04 18-A05 18-A06 18-A07 18-A08 18-A09 18-A10 18-A11 18-A12 18-A13 18-A14 18-A15 18-A16 18-A17 18-A18 18-A19

Di long teng 地龍藤, ground dragon vine. Long shou teng 龍手藤, dragon claw vine. Niu ling teng 牛領藤, ox neck vine. Niu nai teng 牛奶藤, cow milk vine. Gui bo teng 鬼膊藤, a demon’s arm vine. Ban zhu teng 斑珠藤, speckled pearls vine. Xi wang teng 息王藤, resting king vine. Wan yi 萬一藤, the highly unlikely vine. Man you teng 曼遊藤, gracefully travelling vine. Bai zhang qing 百丈青, the 100 zhang long greenish [vine]. Wen teng 温藤, warm(ing) vine. Lan teng 藍藤, blue vine. Gua teng 瓜藤, melon vine. Jin ling teng 金稜藤, golden edged vine. Han chun teng 含春藤, vine that embodies spring. Du yong teng 獨用藤, the vine that is used alone. Qi po teng 祁婆藤, praying old woman vine. Ye zhu wei 野猪尾, wild boar tail. Shi he cao 石合草, a vine that connects with stones.

35

36

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 草部第十八卷 Section Herbs, Chapter 18 草之七 Herbs VII 蔓草類七十三種 Creeping Herbs Group, 73 kinds 附一十九種 Appendix, 19 kinds 18-01 菟絲子本經上品 Tu si zi, FE Ben jing, upper rank. Cuscuta chinensis, Lam. Dodder. 【釋名】菟縷别録、菟虆别録、菟蘆本經、兔丘廣雅、赤網别録、玉女 爾雅、唐蒙爾雅、火焰草綱目、野狐絲綱目、金線草。【禹錫曰】按吕 氏春秋云：或謂菟絲，無根也。其根不屬地，伏苓是也。抱朴子云：菟絲 之草，下有伏菟之根。無此菟，則絲不得生于上，然實不屬也。伏菟抽 則兔絲死。又云：菟絲初生之根，其形似兔。掘取割其血以和丹服，立能 變化。則菟絲之名因此也。【弘景曰】舊言下有伏苓，上有菟絲，不必爾 也。【頌曰】抱朴所説今未見，豈别一類乎？孫炎釋爾雅云：唐也，蒙 也，女蘿也，兔絲也。一物四名，而本草唐蒙爲一名。詩云：蔦與女蘿。 毛萇云：女蘿，兔絲也。而本草兔絲無女蘿之名，惟松蘿一名女蘿。豈二 物皆是寄生同名，而本草脱漏乎？【震亨曰】兔絲未嘗與伏苓共類，女蘿 附松而生，不相關涉，皆承訛而言也。【時珍曰】毛詩注女蘿即兔絲。吴 普本草兔絲一名松蘿。陸佃言在木爲女蘿，在草爲兔絲。二物殊别，皆由 爾雅釋詩誤以爲一物故也。張揖廣雅云：兔丘，兔絲也。女蘿，松蘿也。 陸機詩疏言兔絲蔓草上，黄赤如金；松蘿蔓松上，生枝正青，無雜蔓者， 皆得之。詳見木部“松蘿”下。又兔絲伏苓説，見“伏苓”下。



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Explanation of Names. Tu lü 菟縷, Bie lu. Tu lei 菟虆, Bie lu. Tu lu 菟蘆, Ben jing. Tu qiu 兔丘, Guang ya. Chi wang 赤網, “red web,” Bie lu. Yu nü 玉女, “jade girl,” Er ya. Tang meng 唐蒙, Er ya. Huo yan cao 火焰草, “flaming herb,” Gang mu. Ye hu si 野 狐絲, “wild fox’s silk threads,” Gang mu. Jin xian cao 金線草, “golden threads herb.” [Zhang] Yuxi: According to the Lü shi chun qiu, “it is also called tu si 菟絲, [an herb] without root. The root does not touch the ground. It is fu ling 伏苓, poria.” The Bao­ pu zi states: “Below the herb tu si 菟絲 is fu tu 伏菟 as its root. If there is no such [fu 伏] tu 菟, [tu 菟] si 絲 cannot grow above it. However, fact is that they are not linked to each other. When the fu tu 伏菟 is removed, the tu si 兔絲 dies.” It is also said: “The root of tu si 菟絲 in an early stage of its growth is shaped like a rabbit, tu 兔. When it is dug out and its ‘blood’ is ingested mixed with an elixir, an immediate change or transformation [to an immortal] is possible.” That is why tu si 菟絲 was given its name. [Tao] Hongjing: In former times it was said: “Below is fu ling 伏 苓, above is tu si 菟絲.” But this is not necessarily so. [Su] Song: What the Baopu zi describes is no longer seen today. Perhaps this is something different. Sun Yan in his comments on the Er ya states: “It is tang 唐, it is meng 蒙, it is nü luo 女蘿, it is tu si 兔絲 – one item, four names.” But the Ben cao mentions tang meng 唐蒙 as an alternative name. The Shi 詩 states: “Niao 蔦 with nü luo 女蘿.” Mao Chang states [in his commentary]: “Nü luo 女蘿 is tu si 兔絲.” But the Ben cao does not mention nü luo 女蘿 as a name of tu si 兔絲. Only song luo 松蘿 is said to be also named nü luo 女蘿. How can it be that there are two [different] items that are both parasites and have the same name, but this is overlooked by the Ben cao? [Zhu] Zhenheng: Tu si 兔絲 is in no way related to fu ling 伏苓, poria. Nü luo 女蘿 grows attached to pines. They have nothing in common. These are erroneous sayings that have been transmitted for long. [Li] Shizhen: Mao [Chang’s] commentary on the Shi says: “Nü luo 女蘿 is tu si 兔絲.” The Wu Pu ben cao [says]: “Tu si 兔絲 is also named song luo 松蘿.” Lu Dian says: “When it is a tree, it is nü luo 女蘿; when it is an herb, it is tu si 兔絲.” These are two entirely different items. They are identified as one and the same item since that erroneous commentary to the Er ya.” Zhang Yi in his Guang ya states: “Tu qiu 兔丘 is tu si 兔絲. Nü luo 女蘿 is song luo 松蘿.” When Lu Ji in his Shi shu says: “Tu si 兔絲 is a creeper on herbs. It is yellow-red, similar to gold. Song luo 松蘿 is a creeper on pines, song 松. It has twigs that are really greenish, unlike other vines,” then everything should be clear. For details see the entry song luo 松蘿 (37-07), in the section “trees.” As to what is said about tu si 兔絲 and fu ling 伏苓, see the entry fu ling 伏苓 (37-01). 【集解】【别録曰】兔絲子生朝鮮川澤田野，蔓延草木之上。九月采實， 暴乾 。 色黄而細者爲赤網 ， 色淺而大者爲菟虆 。 功用並同 。 【弘景曰】 田野墟落中甚多 ， 皆浮生藍 、 紵 、 麻 、 蒿上 。 其實仙經 、 俗方並以爲

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

補藥 ， 須酒浸一宿用 ， 宜丸不宜煮 。 【大明曰】苗莖似黄絲 ， 無根株 ， 多附田中 ， 草被纏死 ， 或生一葉 ， 開花結子不分明 ， 子如碎黍米粒 ， 八 月 、 九月以前采之 。 【頌曰】今近道亦有之 ， 以冤句者爲勝 。 夏生苗 ， 初如細絲 ， 遍地不能自起 。 得他草梗則纏繞而生 ， 其根漸絶於地而寄空 中 ， 或云無根 ， 假氣而生 ， 信然 。 【時珍曰】按寧獻王庚辛玉册云 ： 火 焰草即兔絲子 ， 陽草也 。 多生荒園古道 。 其子入地 ， 初生有根 ， 及長延 草物， 其根自斷。 無葉有花， 白色微紅， 香亦襲人。 結實如粃豆而細， 色黄，生于梗上尤佳，惟懷孟林中多有之，入藥更良。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Tu si zi grows at rivers and in the marshlands of the wild in Chao xian. It is a creeper spreading over herbs and trees. Its fruits are collected in the ninth month; they are dried in the sun. [Fruits] that are yellow and fine are chi wang 赤網. Those that are of pale color and big, they are tu lei 菟 虆. Their [therapeutic] potentials and usages are identical. [Tao] Hongjing: Much [tu si zi] can be found in the wild, in ruins and at deserted places. It always covers indigo plants, ramie, hemp and wormwood. In the classics of the hermits/immortals and also in commonly used recipes it is considered a supplementing pharmaceutical drug. Before using it it should be soaked in wine for one night. It is suitable for an ingestion as pills, not as decoction. Da Ming: The stem of the seedling resembles yellow silk threads.38 It has no root stalk. It mostly clings to the fields; herbs strangled by it die. Sometimes it produces one leaf.39 The flowers it opens and the seeds it forms can hardly be distinguished. The seeds are similar to broken millet. They are collected prior to the eighth or ninth month. [Su] Song: Today it can also be found nearby. That from Yuan ju is best. In summer it produces seedlings. In the beginning they are similar to fine silk threads. They cover the ground and are unable to rise by themselves. Once they find other herbs with a stalk they wind around them and grow further. Their roots gradually separate and depend on themselves. Some say that they do not have roots in the first place and that they depend on qi for their growth. That is quite believable. [Li] Shizhen: According to Prince Ning Xian wang’s Geng xin yu ce, “huo yan cao 火焰草 is tu si zi 兔絲子. It is a yang herb. It often grows in deserted gardens and on old roads. Its seeds enter the ground. When [tu si zi] begins to grow it has a root. When it gets longer and reaches for other herbs, the root will separate. [Tu si zi] has no leaves, but it has flowers. They are white, with some red, in color. Their fragrance is surprising. They form fruits similar to the empty husks of soybeans, but they are finer and yellow in color. Those grow38 Instead of si 絲, “silk thread,”Zheng lei ch. 6, tu si zi 菟絲子, quoting Da Ming writes ma xian 麻線, “hemp/linen thread.” 39 Instead of ye 葉, “leaf,” Zheng lei ch. 6, tu si zi 菟絲子, quoting Da Ming writes: cong ru xi kuo 叢如席闊, “in thickets as wide as mats.”。



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ing on the stalk are escpecially good. Large numbers are found only in the Huai meng forest; they are even better suited for medicinal applications than others.” 18-01-01 子 Zi

Seeds [of tu si zi].

【修治】【斅曰】凡使勿用天碧草子 。 真相似 ， 只是味酸濇并粘也 。 兔 絲采得， 去殼了， 用苦酒浸二日。 漉出， 以黄精自然汁相對， 浸一宿。 至明， 用微火煎至乾。 入臼中， 燒熱鐵杵， 一去三千餘杵， 成粉用之。 【時珍曰】凡用以温水淘去沙泥 ， 酒浸一宿 ， 曝乾搗之 。 不盡者 ， 再浸 曝搗， 須臾悉細。 又法： 酒浸四五日， 蒸曝四五次， 研作餅， 焙乾再研 末。或云：曝乾時，入紙條數枚同搗，即刻成粉，且省力也。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: For all applications, do not use the seeds of tian bi cao.40 They are truly similar, but their flavor is sour and astringent, and also sticky. After tu si [seeds] are collected, remove their shell, soak them in bitter wine for two days and strain the liquid to recover [the seeds]. Let them soak in the natural juice of solomon’s seal for one night. The next morning boil the liquid over a mild fire until it dries. Then put [the seeds] into a mortar, heat an iron pestle and pound them three thousand times in a row until eventually a powder results that is ready for [therapeutic] applications. [Li] Shizhen: For all applications wash them in a pan/basket to remove sand and mud. Soak them in wine for one night, dry them in the sun and pound them [into powder]. Those that are not [ground into powder] entirely, are soaked, dried in the sun, and ground again. [The powder] must be very fine. Another method: Soak [the seeds] in wine for four or five days. Then steam and dry them in the sun four or five times. Grind them to prepare a cake. Bake it over a slow fire and grind it into powder. Some say: When [the seeds] have dried in the sun, give them [into the mortar] together with several stripes of paper and pound [the seeds and the paper]. 【氣味】辛、甘，平，無毒。【之才曰】得酒良。薯蕷、松脂爲之使。惡 雚菌。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Xu] Zhicai: Combined with wine they give good results. Chinese yam and pine resin/colophonium serve as their guiding substances. [Ingested together,] they abhor “badger fungi.”41

40 Tian bi cao 天碧草, lit: “the herb as jade-bluish as the sky.” An unidentified plant. 41 For guan jun 獾菌, lit.: “badger fungi,” see BCGM 28-30.

40

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

【主治】續絶傷，補不足，益氣力，肥健人。本經。養肌强陰，堅筋骨， 主莖中寒，精自出，溺有餘瀝，口苦躁渴，寒血爲積。久服明目，輕身延 年。别録。治男女虚冷，添精益髓，去腰疼膝冷，消渴熱中。久服去面 䵟，悦顔色。甄權。補五勞七傷，治鬼交泄精，尿血，潤心肺。大明。補 肝臟風虚。好古。 Control. They recombine severed [body parts]. They supplement insufficiency. They boost the strength of qi. They let one become fat and strong. Ben jing. They nourish the muscles and strengthen yin [qi, (i. e., male sexual potential)]. They harden sinews and bones. They control a sensation of cold in the stem (i. e., penis), and an uncontrolled loss of essence/sperm, dripping remains of urine, a bitter taste in the mouth with restlessness and thirst, and accumulations of cold blood. Ingested over a long time they clear the eyes, relieve the body of its weight and extend the years of life. Bie lu. They serve to cure depletion cold of males and females, add to essence/sperm and boost the marrow. They eliminate lower back pain and cold in the knees, melting with thirst42 and central heat. Ingested over a long time they remove facial dark spots and brighten one’s complexion. Zhen Quan. They supplement [qi] in the case of any of the five types of exhaustion and seven types of harm. They serve to cure uncontrolled outflow of essence/sperm following an intercourse with demons and urination with blood. They moisten heart and lung. Da Ming. They supplement [qi in the] liver long-term depot in the case of depletion with wind [intrusion]. [Wang] Haogu. 【發明】【斅曰】兔絲子禀中和凝正陽之氣，一莖從樹感枝而成，從中春 上陽結實，故偏補人衛氣，助人筋脉。【頌曰】抱朴子仙方單服法：取實 一斗，酒一斗浸，暴乾再浸，又暴，令酒盡乃止，搗篩。每酒服二錢，日 二服。此藥治腰膝去風，兼能明目。久服令人光澤，老變爲少。十日外， 飲啖如湯沃雪也。 Explication. [Lei] Xiao: Tu si seeds are endowed with neutralizing [qi]; they are coagulated proper yang qi. The stem grows stimulated by the branches of trees. Fruits form beginning in mid-spring when yang qi rise. Hence they are particularly inclined to supplement one’s guardian qi and to support sinews and vessels. [Su] Song: The method to ingest [tu si zi] as a single substance related by Baopu zi in his recipes of hermits/immortals. “Soak one dou of [tu si zi] fruits in one dou of wine, dry them in the sun and soak them again. Then dry them again and continue this until all the wine is used up. Then pound [the fruits] and pass [the powder] through a sieve. Each time ingest with wine two qian [of the powder], to be ingested twice a day. This pharmaceutical drug serves to cure lower back and knees in that it removes 42 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.



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wind. At the same time, it clears the eyes. Ingested over a long time it lets one appear glossy and changes old to young. After ten days beverages and food have [as visibly] an effect as hot water poured on snow.” 【附方】舊六。新五。 Added Recipes. Six of old. Five newly [recorded]. 消渴不止。兔絲子煎汁，任意飲之，以止爲度。事林廣記。 Unending melting with thirst. Boil tu si zi to obtain a juice and drink it at will until [the disease] ends. Shi lin guang ji. 陽氣虚損。簡便方用兔絲子、熟地黄等分，爲末，酒糊丸梧子大。每服五 十丸。氣虚，人參湯下。氣逆，沈香湯下。 Depletion and [other] harm related to yang qi. The Jian bian fang [recommends to grind] equal amounts of tu si zi and prepared Chinese foxglove [rhizome] into powder and with wine and [wheat flour] form a paste to make pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 50 pills. In the case of qi depletion, send them down with a ginseng [root] decoction. In the case of qi counterflow, send them down with an aloes wood decoction. 經驗後方用兔絲子二兩，酒浸十日，水淘，杜仲焙研蜜炙一兩，以薯蕷末 酒煮糊丸梧子大。每空心酒下五十丸。 The Jing yan hou fang [recommends to] soak two liang of tu si zi in wine for ten days, wash them with water in a pan/basket, 43 and boil them with one liang of eucommia [bark], baked over a slow fire, ground and roasted with honey, and some Chinese yam powder in wine. With [wheat flour] prepare a paste and form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send down with wine 50 pills on an empty stomach. 白濁遺精。伏兔丸：治思慮太過，心腎虚損，真陽不固，漸有遺瀝，小便 白濁，夢寐頻泄。兔絲子五兩，白伏苓三兩，石蓮肉二兩，爲末，酒糊丸 梧子大。每服三五十丸，空心鹽湯下。和劑局方。 Uncontrolled loss of white, turbid essence/sperm. The “pills with fu tu.” They serve to cure excessive pensiveness, resulting in depletion harm of heart and kidneys. The true yang [qi] are no longer stable, with a gradual development toward an uncontrolled loss [of essence/sperm] and urinary dripping. The urine is white and turbid. Dreams are often accompanied by outflow. [Grind] five liang of tu si zi, three liang 43 Zheng lei ch. 6, tu si zi 菟絲子, quoting Jing yan hou fang, writes tao bei gan wei mo 淘焙乾 爲末, “wash them in a pan/basket, bake them over a slow fire, dry them and [grind them into] powder.”

42

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

of white poria and two liang of Indian lotus seed germs into powder. With wine and [wheat flour] form a paste and prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 30 to 50 pills, to be sent down with hot salt water on an empty stomach. He ji ju fang. 小便淋瀝。兔絲子煮汁飲。范汪方。 Urinary dripping. Boil tu si zi in water and drink the resulting juice. Fan Wang fang. 小便赤濁，心腎不足，精少血燥，口乾煩熱，頭運怔忡。兔絲子、麥門冬 等分，爲末，蜜丸梧子大。鹽湯每下七十丸。 Red, turbid urine, with an insufficiency in heart and kidneys, deficient essence/sperm and dryness of blood. The mouth is dry with a vexing heat. Vertigo with panic uneasiness. [Grind] equal amounts of tu si zi and ophiopogon [tuber] into powder and form with honey pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send 70 pills down with hot salt water. 腰膝疼痛，或頑麻無力。兔絲子洗一兩，牛膝一兩，同入銀器内。酒浸過 一寸，五日，暴，爲末。將原酒煮糊丸梧子大。每空心酒服三二十丸。經 驗後方。 Painful lower back and knees, in some cases accompanied by stubborn [hemp-like] numbness and loss of strength. Give one liang of tu si zi, washed clean, and one liang of achyranthes [leaves] into a silver vessel. Soak them in wine, reaching at least one cun higher [than the items soaked], for five days, then dry [the items] in the sun and [grind them into] powder. Boil it in the original wine and with [wheat flour] prepare a paste to form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest on an empty stomach with wine 30 or 20 pills. Jing yan hou fang. 肝傷目暗。兔絲子三兩，酒浸三日，暴乾爲末，雞子白和丸梧子大。空心 温酒下三十丸。聖惠方。 Harmed liver with dim vision. Soak three liang of tu si zi in wine for three days, dry them in the sun and [grind them into] powder to be formed with egg white to pills the size of wu seeds. Send 30 pills down with warm wine on an empty stomach. Sheng hui fang. 身面卒腫洪大。用兔絲子一升，酒五升，漬二三宿。每飲一升，日三服。 不消再造。肘後方。 Sudden extremely vast swelling of body and face. Soak one sheng of tu si zi in five sheng of wine for two or three days. Each time drink one sheng; to be ingested three times a day. If [the swelling] fails to dissolve, prepare [the medication] a second time. Zhou hou fang. 婦人横生。兔絲子末，酒服二錢。一加車前子等分。聖惠方。



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Women with transverse birth. [Let the woman] ingest two qian of tu si zi powder in wine. Some add an equal amount of Asiatic plantain seeds. Sheng hui fang. 眉鍊癬瘡。兔絲子炒研，油調傅之。山居四要。 Eyebrows with xuan-illness44 sores. Fry tu si zi and grind [them into powder]. Mix it with oil and apply this [to the affected region]. Shan ju si yao. 穀道赤痛。兔絲子熬黄黑，爲末，雞子白和塗之。肘後方。 Red and painful anus.45 Simmer tu si zi until they assume a yellow-black color and [grind them into] powder. Mix it with chicken egg white and apply this [to the affected region]. Zhou hou fang. 痔如蟲咬。方同上。 Piles with a feeling similar to being bitten by worms/bugs. Recipe identical with the one above. 18-01-02 苗 Miao

Seedling [of tu si zi]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。玉册云：汁伏三黄、硫、汞，結草砂。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. The Yu ce states: It suppresses [the effects of ] the three [items with the character 黄,] “huang”,46 sulphur and mercury. They serve to bind herbs and sand.47 【主治】研汁塗面，去面䵟。本經。挼碎煎湯，浴小兒，療熱痱。弘景。 Control. Ground and the juice applied to the face, [tu si zi seedlings] serve to remove facial dark spots. Ben jing. Rubbed into pieces and boiled, the resulting decoction serves to wash children and heal seething rash related to heat. [Tao] Hongjing. 44 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness,” a condition of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 592. 45 Gu dao 穀道, lit.: “the path taken by the grain.” 46 Usually, the three [items named “yellow”,] huang 黄, include sulphur, liu huang 硫黃, realgar, xiong huang 雄黃, and orpiment, ci huang 雌黃. As sulphur is mentioned separately, other substances may be referred to here: da huang 大黄, rhubarb root, huang qin 黄芩, scutellaria root, and huang lian 黄連, coptis rhizome. 47 Jie cao sha 結草砂 refers to the chemical method of adding an herbal, cao 草, substance to mercury to bind, jie 結, it to sulphur and generate cinnabar, dan sha 丹砂.

44

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】舊二，新一。 Added Recipes. Two of old. One newly [recorded].

面瘡粉刺。兔絲子苗絞汁塗之，不過三上。肘後方。 Flour thorns/acne with facial sores. Squeeze the seedlings of tu si zi and apply the resulting juice [to the affected region]. Do not [apply this] more than three times. Zhou hou fang. 小兒頭瘡。兔絲苗煮湯頻洗之。子母秘録。 Head sores of children. Boil tu si seedlings and repeatedly wash [the affected region] with the resulting decoction. Zi mu mi lu. 目中赤痛。野狐漿草搗汁點之。聖惠方。 Red, painful eyes. Pound ye hu jiang cao and drip the resulting juice [into the affected eyes]. Sheng hui fang. 【附録】 Appendix 18-01-A01 難火蘭拾遺 Nan huo lan, FE Shi yi Unidentified.

【藏器曰】味酸，温，無毒。主冷氣風痺，開胃下食，去腹脹。久服明 目。生巴西胡國。狀似兔絲子而微長。 [Chen] Cangqi: Flavor sour, warm, nonpoisonous. It cures blockage related to cold qi and wind [intrusion]. It opens the stomach to send down food. It removes abdominal bloating. Ingested over a long time it clears the eyes. It grows in Ba xi in the country of the Hu. Its shape resembles that of tu si zi, but it is a little longer. 18-02 五味子本經上品 Wu wei zi, FE Ben jing, upper rank. Schisandra chinensis Turcz. Baill. 【釋名】荎藸爾雅音知除、玄及别録、會及。【恭曰】五味，皮肉甘、 酸，核中辛、苦，都有鹹味，此則五味具也。本經但云味酸，當以木爲五 行之先也。



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Explanation of Names. Zhi chu 荎藸, Er ya, read zhi chu 知除. Xuan ji 玄及, Bie lu. Hui ji 會及. [Su] Gong: The skin and the meat of wu wei [seeds] are sweet and sour. The contents of the kernels are acrid and bitter. All of them [skin, meat and kernels] have a salty flavor. That is, all five flavors are combined here. The Ben jing mentions only the sour flavor, probably because in the sequence of the Five Phases, [sour flavor] is the first. 【集解】【别録曰】五味子生齊山山谷及代郡。八月采實，陰乾。【弘景 曰】今第一出高麗，多肉而酸甜。次出青州、冀州，味過酸。其核並似豬 腎。又有建平者，少肉，核形不相似，味苦，亦良。此藥多膏潤，烈日暴 之，乃可搗篩。【恭曰】蔓生木上。其葉似杏而大。子作房如落葵。大如 蘡子。出蒲州及藍田山中，今河中府歲貢之。【保昇曰】蔓生。莖赤色， 花黄白，子生青熟紫，亦具五色。味甘者佳。【頌曰】今河東、陝西州郡 尤多，杭、越間亦有之。春初生苗，引赤蔓於高木，其長六七尺。葉尖圓 似杏葉。三四月開黄白花，類蓮花狀。七月成實，叢生莖端，如豌豆許 大，生青熟紅紫，入藥生曝，不去子。今有數種，大抵相近。雷斅言小顆 皮皺泡者，有白撲鹽霜一重，其味酸鹹苦辛甘皆全者爲真也。【時珍曰】 五味今有南北之分，南産者色紅，北産者色黑，入滋補藥必用北産者乃 良。亦可取根種之，當年就旺。若二月種了，次年乃旺，須以架引之。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Wu wei zi grows in the mountain valleys of Mount Qi shan and in Dai jun. The fruits are collected in the eighth month; they are dried in the yin (i. e., shade). [Tao] Hongjing: Today, the number one quality comes from Gao li. [Wu wei seeds from Gao li] have much meat and are sour-sweet. Next in quality are those from Qing zhou and Ji zhou. Their flavor is overly sour. Their kernels resemble the kidneys of pigs. There are also those from Jian ping. They have little meat, and their kernels are shaped differently. Their flavor is bitter, and they are good, too. This is a pharmaceutical drug with much paste and moisture. Hence the seeds are dried in the blazing sun. Only then it is possible to pound them [and pass the powder] through a sieve. [Su] Gong: [Wu wei zi] grows as a creeper on trees. The leaves resemble those of apricots, but are bigger. The seeds form “housing” similar to those of Malabar nightshade. They are as big as wild grapes. They come from Pu zhou and the mountains of Lan tian. Today, He zhong fu sends them to the Court as a tribute every year. [Han] Baosheng: It grows as a creeper. The stem is red in color; the flowers are yellow-white. The seeds are green as long as they are fresh; they turn purple when they are heat prepared. Some have all five colors. Those of sweet flavor are best. [Su] Song: Today, especially many can be found in the zhou and prefectures of He dong and Shaan xi, and they are present also in the region of Hang and Yue. In spring seedlings begin to grow, pulling red creepers

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high up on the trees. They reach a length of six to seven chi. The leaves are round with a pointed tip, similar to apricot leaves. Yellow-white flowers open in the third and fourth month. Their shape is related to that of lotus flowers. They form fruits in the seventh month, growing as clusters at the top of the stem. They are similar to garden peas, just a bit bigger. They are greenish as long as they are unripe; they are red-purple once they are ripe. They are added to medication fresh and dried in the sun. The seeds are not removed. Today, many kinds exist. Basically they are all quite similar. Lei Xiao says: “Small fruits with their skin wrinkled and covered by a layer of white salt frost, and those that are complete and have a sour, salty, bitter, acrid and sweet flavor, they are genuine.” [Li] Shizhen. Today one distinguishes between a northern and a sourthern kind of wu wei. Those produced in the South are red in color. Those produced in the North are black. For medication intended to nourish and supplement, those must be used as suitable that are produced in the North. [Wu wei] can also be planted by means of its roots, and it will flourish in the same year. If the seed48 is planted in the second month, [the plant] will flourish the next year. A frame is required to guide its growth. 【修治】【斅曰】凡用以銅刀劈作兩片，用蜜浸蒸，從巳至申，却以漿浸 一宿，焙乾用。【時珍曰】入補藥熟用，入嗽藥生用。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: For all [medicinal] applications cut [a fruit] with a copper knife into two pieces. Soak them in honey and steam them from si hours (9 – 11) to shen hours (15 – 17). Soak them in fermented water of foxtail millet for one night and bake them over a slow fire until they are dry. Then they can be used. [Li] Shizhen: For supplementing medication, use them heat prepared. For cough medication use them fresh. 【氣味】酸，温，無毒。【好古曰】味酸，微苦、鹹。味厚氣輕，陰中微 陽，入手太陰血分、足少陰氣分。【時珍曰】酸鹹入肝而補腎，辛苦入心 而補肺，甘入中宫益脾胃。【之才曰】蓯蓉爲之使。惡萎蕤。勝烏頭。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, warm, nonpoisonous. [Wang] Haogu: Flavor sour, slightly bitter, salty. Flavor strongly pronounced. Qi slightly pronounced. A slight yang in yin [substance]. It enters the blood section of the hand major yin and the qi section of the foot minor yin [conduits]. [Li] Shizhen: Sour and salty [flavors] enter the liver and supplement kidney [qi]. Acrid and bitter [flavors] enter the heart and supplement lung [qi]. Sweet [flavor] enters the central mansion49 and boosts spleen 48 Instead of liao 了, the Jiang xi edition writes zi 子, “seed.” This maybe the meaning intended here. 49 Zhong gong 中宫, “central mansion,” refers to the cinnabar field, dan tian 丹田, or to the central section of the Triple Burner.



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and stomach [qi]. [Xu] Zhicai: Desert broomrape serves as its guiding substance. [Ingested together,] it abhors polygonatum odoratum [root]. It overcomes [the effects of ] aconitum [main tuber]. 【主治】益氣，欬逆上氣，勞傷羸瘦，補不足，强陰，益男子精。本經。 養五臟，除熱，生陰中肌。别録。治中下氣，止嘔逆，補虚勞，令人體悦 澤。甄權。明目，暖水臟，壯筋骨，治風消食，反胃，霍亂轉筋，痃癖， 奔豚冷氣，消水腫心腹氣脹，止渴，除煩熱，解酒毒。大明。生津止渴， 治瀉痢，補元氣不足，收耗散之氣，瞳子散大。李杲。治喘欬燥嗽，壯水 鎮陽。好古。 Control. It boosts the qi. [It controls] cough with [qi] counterflow, [that is,] rising qi, exhaustion harm and emaciation. It supplements insufficient [qi], strengthens the yin [qi (i. e., male sexual potency)] and boosts the essence/sperm of males. Ben jing. It nourishes the five long-term depots, eliminates heat and stimulates the growth of muscles in the yin region. Bie lu. It serves to cure the center and to discharge [evil] qi. It ends vomiting with [qi] counterflow. It supplements in the case of depletion exhaustion. It lets the body appear happy and moist. Zhen Quan. It brightens the eyes, warms the water long-term depot (i. e., the kidneys) and strengthens sinews and bones. It serves to cure wind [intrusion] and to dissolve food, turned over stomach, cholera with contorted sinews, string-illness50 and aggregation-illness,51 and running piglet52 as well as cold qi. It dissolves water swelling and qi distension of the central and abdominal region. It ends thirst, eliminates vexing heat and resolves the poison of wine. Da Ming. It generates body fluid and ends thirst. It serves to cure outflow and free-flux illness, supplements insufficient original qi, collects dispersed qi, and [shrinks] an enlarged pupil. Li Gao. It serves to cure panting, cough and dry cough. It strengthens [the phase] water to suppress yang [qi]. [Wang] Haogu. 【發明】【成無己曰】肺欲收，急食酸以收之，以酸補之。芍藥、五味之 酸，以收逆氣而安肺。【杲曰】收肺氣，補氣不足，升也。酸以收逆氣， 肺寒氣逆，則宜此與乾薑同治之。又五味子收肺氣，乃火熱必用之藥，故 治嗽以之爲君。但有外邪者不可驟用，恐閉其邪氣，必先發散而後用之乃 良。有痰者以半夏爲佐，喘者阿膠爲佐，但分兩少不同耳。【宗奭曰】今 50 Xuan 痃, “string-illness,” a condition of acute pain located in the abdomen to the left and right of the umbilicus. BCGM Dict I, 591. 51 Pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” of painful lumps emerging from time to time in both flanks. BCGM Dict I, 371. 52 Ben tun 賁豚, “running piglet,” a condition of an accumulation in the kidneys assuming the shape of a piglet moving up and down at irregular intervals. BCGM Dict I, 57.

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華州以西至秦州多産之。方紅熟時，彼人采得，蒸爛，研濾汁，熬成稀 膏，量酸甘入蜜煉匀，待冷收器中。肺虚寒人，作湯時時飲之。作果可以 寄遠。本經言其性温，今食之多致虚熱，小兒益甚。藥性論謂其除熱氣， 日華子謂其暖水臟，除煩熱，後學至此多惑。今既用治肺虚寒，則更不取 其除熱之説。【震亨曰】五味大能收肺氣，宜其有補腎之功。收肺氣，非 除熱乎？補腎，非暖水臟乎？乃火熱嗽必用之藥。寇氏所謂食之多致虚熱 者，蓋收補之驟也，何惑之有？又黄昏嗽乃火氣浮入肺中，不宜用凉藥， 宜五味子、五倍子歛而降之。【思邈曰】五六月宜常服五味子湯，以益肺 金之氣，在上則滋源，在下則補腎。其法：以五味子一大合，木臼搗細， 瓷瓶中以百沸湯投之，入少蜜，封置火邊良久，湯成任飲。【元素曰】孫 真人言：五月常服五味，以補五臟之氣。遇夏月季夏之間，困乏無力，無 氣以動，與黄芪、門冬，少加黄蘗，煎湯服之。使人精神頓加，兩足筋力 涌出也。蓋五味子之酸，輔人參，能瀉丙火而補庚金，收歛耗散之氣。 【好古曰】張仲景八味丸用此補腎，亦兼述類象形也。【機曰】五味治喘 嗽，須分南北。生津止渴，潤肺補腎，勞嗽，宜用北者；風寒在肺，宜用 南者。【慎微曰】抱朴子云：五味者，五行之精，其子有五味。淮南公 羡 門子服之十六年，面色如玉女，入水不霑，入火不灼。 Explication. Cheng Wuji: The lung prefers collection [of qi]. Quickly eat sour [items] to collect [dispersed lung qi], and with sour [items] supplement its [proper qi]. The sour [flavor] of paeonia [root] and wu wei serve to collect counterflow qi and to calm the lung. [Li] Gao: It collects [dispersed] lung qi, and supplements qi insufficiency. It rises [in the body]. Sour [flavor] serves to collect counterflow qi. In the case of lung cold with qi counterflow, it is appropriate to cure this with [wu wei] combined with dried ginger. Also, wu wei seeds serve to collect [dispersed] lung qi. Hence it is a pharmaceutical drug that must be resorted to in the case of a fiery heat. Therefore it is the ruler [ingredient in recipes designed] to cure cough. However, if evil [qi intrusion] from outside is involved, it must not be used right away, as this might enclose the evil qi. They must be dispersed first, and when [wu wei] is used afterward, that is good. When phlegm is present, pinellia [root] serves as its helper. In the case of panting, donkey-hide glue serves as its helper. However, the amounts given should differ. [Kou] Zongshi: Today much of it is produced in the region west of Hua zhou up to Qin zhou. When [fruits] have just turned red and are ripe, people there collect them. They steam them to generate a pulpy mass, grind it and strain it to obtain a juice. This is simmered to prepare a paste which is then refined with honey, [the amount of honey added] depending on its sour or sweet flavor. When it has cooled, it is stored in a vessel. Persons with a lung depletion cold prepare it to a decoction and regularly drink it. Prepared as a tidbit it can be sent over long distances. The Ben jing explains its nature as warm. When it is eaten today



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it often causes depletion heat, especially so in children. The Yao xing lun says: “It eliminates heat qi.” Rihua zi says that “it warms the water long-term depot (i. e., the kidneys) and eliminates vexing heat.” Scholars often questioned this in later times. Today it is used to cure lung depletion cold. That is, what was said about its ability to eliminate heat is no longer taken into account. [Zhu] Zhenheng: Wu wei is very capable of collecting [dispersed] lung qi. It makes sense to tap into its potential to supplement kidney [qi]. When it collects [dispersed] lung qi, is this not an elimination of heat? When it supplements kidney [qi], is this not a warming of the water long-term depot? Well, it is a pharmaceutical drug that must be used for fiery heat cough. When Mr. Kou [Zongshi] says that eating it often results in depletion heat, the fact is, this is the result of a rash application of its collecting and supplementing [potential]. Who could question this? Also, cough at dusk is a sign of fire qi floating into the lung. In such a case it is not appropriate to use cooling medication; it is suitable to combine wu wei seeds and Chinese sumac gallnuts. They cause [the fire qi] to descend. [Sun] Simiao: In the fifth and sixth month it is appropriate to regularly ingest a wu wei seed decoction to boost the lung qi of [the phase] metal. Above, this nourishes the source; below, this serves to supplement the kidneys. The method is as follows. Pound one generous ge of wu wei seeds in a mortar to fine [powder], give it into a porcelain jar and pour hot water boiled to bubbling one hundred times on it. Add a little honey, seal [the jar] and place it next to a fire for a long time. The ready-to-use decoction is drunk at will. [Zhang] Yuansu: Sun zhenren in his Qian jin yue ling says: “During the fifth month regularly ingest wu wei to supplement the qi of the five long-term depots. During the summer months and late summer, when one is tired and lacks strength, with insufficient qi to move, add astragalus [root], ophiopogon [tuber] and a little phellodendron [bark], boil them to obtain a decoction and ingest it. This serves to reinforce the essence spirit, and strength pours into the sinews of both feet.” The fact is, the sour [flavor] of wu wei seeds, supporting [the effects of ] ginseng [root], is capable of draining ding 丙53 fire and of supplementing geng 庚54 metal, by collecting dispersed qi. [Wang] Haogu: Zhang Zhongjing in his “pills with eight items” uses it to supplement kidney [qi], and he also refers to the similarities in their physical shapes. [Wang] Ji: When wu wei is used to cure panting and cough, it is essential to distinguish between [wu wei] from the South and that from the North. To generate body fluid, end thirst, moisten the lung and supplement the kidney [qi], and also for exhaustion cough, it is appropriate to resort to [wu wei] from the North. In the case of wind [intrusion] and cold in the lung, it is appropriate to use [wu wei] from the South. [Tang] Shenwei: The 53 Bing 丙, the third of the ten heavenly stems, associated with the phase fire. 54 Geng 庚, the seventh of the ten heavenly stems, associated with the phase metal.

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Baopu zi states: “Wu wei is the essence of the Five Phases. Its seeds have five flavors. Huai nan gong Yimen zi ingested it for 16 years. His complexion remained that of the jade girl. When he entered a water, he was not moistened. When he entered a fire, he was not burned.” 【附方】新一十一。 Added Recipes. 11 newly [ recorded]. 久欬肺脹。五味二兩，粟殼白餳炒過半兩，爲末，白餳丸彈子大。每服一 丸，水煎服。衛生家寶方。 Long-lasting cough with lung distension. [Grind] two liang of wu wei and half a liang of refined white sugar into powder, and with refined white sugar form pills the size of a bullet. Each time ingest one pill. To be ingested boiled in water. Wei sheng jia bao fang. 久欬不止。丹溪方用五味子五錢，甘草一錢半，五倍子、風化硝各二錢， 爲末，乾噙。 Unending, long-lasting cough. [Zhu] Danxi in a recipe [recommends to grind] five qian of wu wei zi, one and a half qian of glycyrrhiza [root], two qian each of Chinese sumac gallnuts and wind transformed mirabilite into powder and to hold it in the mouth without liquid. 攝生方用五味子一兩，真茶四錢，晒研爲末。以甘草五錢煎膏，丸緑豆 大。每服三十丸，沸湯下，數日即愈也。 The She sheng fang [recommends to] dry, in the sun, one liang of wu wei zi and four liang of genuine tea [leaves] and grind them into powder. This is then boiled with five qian of glycyrrhiza [root] into a paste to be formed to pills the size of mung beans. Each time ingest 30 pills, to be sent down with hot water boiled to bubbling. A cure is achieved after several days. 痰嗽并喘。五味子、白礬等分，爲末。每服三錢，以生猪肺炙熟，蘸末細 嚼，白湯下。漢陽庫兵 黄六病此，百藥不效。於岳陽遇一道人傳此，兩 服，病遂不發。普濟方。 Phlegm cough with panting. [Grind] equal amounts of wu wei zi and alum into powder. Each time ingest three qian. Roast a fresh pig lung until done, dip it into the powder, chew it to a fine mass and send it down with clear, boiled water. Huang Liu, a soldier from the Han yang barracks, suffered from this disease. Hundreds of medications remained without success. In Yue yang he met a Daoist who gave him this [recipe]. He ingested it twice, and the disease never broke out again. Pu ji fang.



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陽事不起。新五味子一斤，爲末。酒服方寸匕，日三服。忌猪、魚、蒜、 醋。盡一劑，即得力。百日以上，可御十女。四時勿絶，藥功能知。千金 方。 Failure of the yang affair (i. e., penis) to rise. [Grind] one pound of new wu wei zi into powder and with wine ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon. To be ingested three times a day. [During this therapy] pork, fish, garlic and vinegar are to be avoided. When one dose is ingested for full, [the patient] will gain strength. After [ingesting it] for one hundred days or more, he can copulate55 with ten girls. If [the ingestion of this medication] is not stopped at any time during the four seasons, the function of this pharmaceutical drug will be apparent. Qian jin fang. 腎虚遺精。北五味子一斤洗净，水浸，挼去核。再以水洗核，取盡餘味。 通置砂鍋中，布濾過，入好冬蜜二斤，炭火慢熬成膏，瓶收五日，出火 性。每空心服一二茶匙，百滚湯下。劉松石保壽堂方。 Kidney depletion with an uncontrolled loss of essence/sperm. Wash one jin of northern wu wei seeds clean, soak them in water, rub them to remove the kernels and wash the kernels again to obtain all their remaining flavor. Give [the liquid] into an earthenware pot and strain it through a piece of cloth. Add two jin of winter honey and simmer this above a slow charcoal fire to generate a paste. This is stored in a jar for five days to allow its fire nature to leave. Each time ingest on an empty stomach the amount held by one or two tea spoons, to be sent down with hot water boiled [to bubbling] one hundred times. Liu Songshi, Bao shou tang fang. 腎虚白濁，及兩脅并背脊穿痛。五味子一兩，炒赤爲末，醋糊丸梧子大。 每醋湯下三十丸。經驗良方。 Kidney depletion with a passage of white, turbid [urine], also a piercing pain in the two flanks and in the back. Fry one liang of wu wei seeds until they have turned red and [grind them into] powder. With vinegar and [wheat flour] prepare a paste to form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send down with a vinegar decoction 30 pills. Jing yan liang fang. 五更腎泄。凡人每至五更即溏泄一二次。經年不止者，名曰腎泄，蓋陰盛 而然。脾惡濕，濕則濡而困，困則不能治水。水性下流，則腎水不足。用 五味子以强腎水，養五臟；吴茱萸以除脾濕，則泄自止矣。五味去梗二 兩，茱萸湯泡七次五錢，同炒香，爲末。每旦陳米飲服二錢。許叔微本事 方。

55 The term yu 御, “to drve a chariot,” is a euphemism for sexual intercourse by the emperor or members of the nobility.

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Kidney outflow in the early morning hours. Whenever someone every day by the time of the fifth night watch has one or two semi-liquid outflows, that do not end for an entire year, this is called “kidney outflow.” The fact is, this is caused by a yin [qi] overabundance. The spleen abhors moisture. When it is affected by moisture, this moisture tires its function. When its function is tired it is unable to regulate the [body’s] water. The nature of water is to flow downward, and as a result the kidneys do not get enough water. With wu wei zi the kidney water is strengthened, and the five long-term depots are nourished. With zanthoxylum [fruits] the moisture is eliminated from the spleen, and as a result the outflow ends. Stir-fry two liang of wu wei, with the stalks removed, and five qian of zanthoxylum [fruits], seven times steeped into boiling water, together until they have turned fragrant and [grind them into] powder. Every early morning ingest with a long stored rice beverage two qian. Xu Shuwei, Ben shi fang. 女人陰冷。五味子四兩爲末，以口中玉泉和丸兔矢大，頻納陰中，取效。 近效方。 A sensation of cold in the yin [(i. e., genital) region] of females. [Grind] four liang of wu wei seeds into powder, mix it with human saliva and form pills the size of rabbit droppings. Repeatedly insert them into the vagina until an effect shows. Jin xiao fang. 爛弦風眼。五味子、蔓荆子煎湯，頻洗之。談野翁種子方。 Festering [eyelid] rim wind eye. Boil wu wei seeds and simpleleaf chastetree [seeds] and use the resulting decoction to repeatedly wash [the affected region]. Tan Yeweng, Zhong zi fang. 赤遊風丹：漸漸腫大。五味子焙研，熱酒调服一錢自消，神效。保幼大全。 Red, roaming wind cinnabar,56 with a gradual swelling. Bake wu wei seeds over a slow fire and grind [them into powder]. Ingest, mixed with hot wine, one qian and the swelling will dissolve. Divinely effective. Bao you da quan.

56 Chi you feng dan 赤遊風丹, “red, roaming wind cinnabar,” a condition of you feng 游風, “roaming wind,” characterised by a roaming and erupting nature, sometimes with itching, sometimes with pain, and skin papules and swelling of either red or white color. BCGM Dict I, 83, 89.



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18-03 蓬蘽音累本經上品 Peng lei, read lei. FE Ben jing, upper rank. Rubus buergeri, Miq. Bramble. 【校正】自果部移入此。 Editorial Correction. Moved here from the section “fruits.” 【釋名】覆盆别録、陵蘽别録、陰蘽别録、寒苺會編、割田藨音苞。【時 珍曰】蓬蘽與覆盆同類，故别録謂一名覆盆。此種生于丘陵之間，藤葉繁 衍，蓬蓬累累，異於覆盆，故曰蓬蘽、陵蘽，即藤也。其實八月始熟，俚 人名割田藨。 Explanation of Names. Fu pen 覆盆, “upturned pot,” Bie lu. Ling lei 陵蘽, Bie lu. Yin lei 陰蘽, Bie lu. Han mei 寒苺, Hui bian. Ge tian bao 割田藨, “bao fruits [of the time] when the [rice is] cut in the fields,” read bao 苞. [Li] Shizhen: Peng lei 蓬蘽 and fu pen 覆盆 are of one group. Hence the Bie lu lists fu pen 覆盆 as an alternative name. This kind (i. e., peng lei) grows in hilly regions. Its vines and leaves gradually increase. Their clusters, peng peng 蓬蓬, are innumerable, lei lei 累累. This is different from fu pen 覆盆. Hence it is said that peng lei 蓬蘽 and ling lei 陵蘽 are vines. Their fruits begin to ripen in the eighth month. Ordinary people call them ge tian bao 割 田藨, “bao fruits [of the time] when the [rice is] cut in the fields.” 【集解】【别録曰】蓬蘽生荆山平澤及冤句。【弘景曰】蓬蘽是根名，方 家不用，乃昌容所服以易顔者也。覆盆是實名。李當之云：是人所食苺 子。以津汁爲味，其核微細。今藥中用覆盆小異，未詳孰是。【恭曰】覆 盆、蓬蘽，乃一物異名，本謂實，非根也。李云苺子者，近之矣。然生處 不同，沃地則子大而甘，瘠地則子細而酸。此乃子有酸味，根無酸味。陶 以根酸、子甘，列入果部，重出二條，殊爲孟浪。【志曰】蓬蘽乃覆盆之 苗莖，覆盆乃蓬蘽之子也。按切韻：苺，音茂，其子覆盆也。蘽者，藤 也。則蓬蘽明是藤蔓矣。陶言蓬蘽是根，蘇言是子，一物異名，皆非矣。 【頌曰】蓬蘽是覆盆苗，處處有之，秦、吴尤多。苗短不過尺，莖葉皆有 刺，花白，子赤黄，如半彈丸大，而下有蒂承之，如柿蒂，小兒多食之。 五月采實，其苗葉采無時。江南謂之苺，然其地所生差晚，三月始有苗， 八九月花開，十月實，用則同。【士良曰】今觀采取之家説，蓬蘽似蠶苺 子，紅色而大，其味酸甘，葉似野薔薇，有刺。覆盆子小，其苗各别。諸 家本草不識，故皆説蓬蘽是覆盆子之根。【大明曰】苺子是蓬蘽子也。樹 苺是覆盆子也。【宗奭曰】蓬蘽非覆盆也，别是一種，雖枯敗而枝梗不 散，今人不見用此。【藏器曰】其類有三種，惟四月熟，狀如覆盆而味甘 美者，爲是覆盆子。餘不堪入藥。【機曰】蓬蘽，徽人謂之寒苺。沿塹作 叢蔓生，莖小葉密多刺。其實四五十顆作一朶，一朶大如盞面，霜後始

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紅。蘇頌圖經以此注覆盆，誤矣。江南覆盆亦四五月熟，何嘗差晚耶？覆 盆莖粗葉疏，結實大而疏散。不似寒苺，莖細葉密，結實小而成朶。一 則夏熟，一則秋熟。豈得同哉！【時珍曰】此類凡五種。予嘗親采，以 爾雅所列者校之，始得其的。諸家所説，皆未可信也。一種藤蔓繁衍，莖 有倒刺，逐節生葉，葉大如掌，狀類小葵葉，面青背白，厚而有毛，六七 月開小白花，就蒂結實，三四十顆成簇，生則青黄，熟則紫黯，微有黑 毛，狀如熟椹而扁，冬月苗葉不凋者，俗名割田藨，即本草所謂蓬蘽也。 一種蔓小於蓬蘽，亦有鉤刺，一枝五葉，葉小而面背皆青，光薄而無毛， 開白花，四五月實成，子亦小於蓬蘽稀疏，生則青黄，熟則烏赤，冬月苗 凋者，俗名插田藨，即本草所謂覆盆子。爾雅所謂茥，缺盆也。此二者俱 可入藥。一種蔓小於蓬蘽，一枝三葉，葉面青，背淡白而微有毛，開小白 花，四月實熟，其色紅如櫻桃者，俗名𧂭田藨，即爾雅所謂藨者也。故郭 璞註云：藨即苺也。子似覆盆而大，赤色，酢甜可食。此種不入藥用。一 種樹生者，樹高四五尺，葉似櫻桃葉而狹長，四月開小白花，結實與覆盆 子一樣，但色紅爲異，俗亦名藨，即爾雅所謂山苺，陳藏器本草所謂懸鉤 子者也。詳見本條。一種就地生蔓，長數寸，開黄花，結實如覆盆而鮮 紅，不可食者，本草所謂蛇苺也。見本條。如此辨析，則蓬蘽、覆盆自定 矣。李當之、陳士良、陳藏器、寇宗奭、汪機五説近是，而欠明悉。陶弘 景以蓬蘽爲根，覆盆爲子；馬志、蘇頌以蓬蘽爲苗，覆盆爲子；蘇恭以爲 一物；大明以樹生者爲覆盆，皆臆説，不可據。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Peng lei grows in the marshlands of the plains of Mount Jing shan and in Yuan ju. [Tao] Hongjing: Peng lei is the name of a root. Recipe experts do not make use of it. It is ingested for cosmetic reasons to change the complexion. Fu pen is the name of the fruits. Li Dangzhi states: “These are the mei 苺 seeds eaten by the people. Their flavor originates from their juice. The kernels are quite fine.” They are a little different from the fu pen used in pharmaceutical [therapy] today. It is not clear what they actually are. [Su] Gong: Fu pen and peng lei are two names of the same item. They are the fruits, not the root. Li [Dangzhi] states that they are mei zi, “mei seeds.” That is close to [reality]. However, the places where they grow differ. On fertile ground the seeds are big and sweet. On barren land they are fine and sour. Of this [item], the seeds have a sour flavor. The root has no sour flavor. Tao [Hongjing] identified the root as sour and the seeds as sweet, and he added them to the section “fruits.” He assigned them two separate entries, and that was very rash. [Ma] Zhi: Peng lei is the seedling of the stem of fu pen. Fu pen are the seeds of peng lei. According to the Qie yun, “mei 苺 is read 茂 mao. Its seeds are fu pen. Lei 蘽 is ‘vine’.” Hence it is obvious that peng lei is a vine, a creeper. Tao [Hongjing] says: “Peng lei is a root.” Su [Gong] says: “These are the seeds.” [Fu pen and peng lei] are two different names for one identical item. They are all wrong.



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[Su] Song: Peng lei is the seedling of fu pen. It can be found everywhere. It is present in particularly large numbers in Qin and Wu. The seedling is short; no longer than one chi. The stem and the leaves have thorns. The flowers are white; the seeds are red-yellow, and their size is that of half a bullet pill. Underneath them is a fruit base holding them, similar to the calyx of persimmon fruits. Children often eat them. The fruits are collected in the fifth month. Their seedling and leaves are collected at all times. In Jiang nan, [peng lei] is called mei 苺. However, the ground it grows on is poor and [the growth is] delayed. The seedlings begin to grow in the third month; flowers open in the eighth and ninth month. Fruits form in the tenth month. Their [therapeutic] application is identical [to that of peng lei in other regions]. [Chen] Shiliang: According to sayings by those who collect them, peng lei [fruits] resemble Indian strawberries. They are red and big, with a sour-sweet flavor. The leaves resemble those of wild rambling roses. They have thorns. Fu pen zi is small, and its seedlings are different. This has remained unknown to all the Ben cao authors. Hence, they all say: “Peng lei is the root of fu pen zi.” Da Ming: Mei seeds are peng lei seeds. Shu mei 樹苺 is fu pen zi. [Kou] Zongshi: Peng lei is not fu pen. It is a different kind. Even when it withers, the branches and the stalk fail to disperse. Today, nobody is seen to resort to it. [Chen] Cangqi: There are three kinds of it. Only those that ripen in the fourth month and are shaped like an upturned pot, with a sweet, delicious flavor are fu pen zi/seeds. The other [two kinds] are not worth to be added to medication. [Wang] Ji: Peng lei is called han mei 寒苺, “cold mei,” by people in Hui. It grows as a creeper in clusters at the bank of moats/ditches. The stem is small, and the leaves are dense and have thorns. The fruits form clusters with 40 to 50 pieces. One such cluster is as big as a cup. They turn red after the first frost. Su Song in his Tu jing identifies [peng lei] as fu pen. That is wrong. The fu pen in Jiang nan, too, ripens in the fourth and fifth month. Is this not as late [as the one described by Su Song]? The stem of fu pen is crude and the leaves are sparse. It forms big fruits that are scattered. This is different from han mei 寒苺 with its fine stem and densely packed leaves. It forms small fruits that are situated in clusters. One of them ripens in summer. The other ripens in autumn. How could they be identical! [Li] Shizhen: This is a group comprising five kinds. I have collected them myself and have compared them to the records in the Er ya. Here is what I found. Whatever all the authors have said, it cannot be trusted. There is one kind that is a gradually extending vine and creeper. The stem has inverted thorns. Leaves grow from each of the nodes; with the leaves being of the size of a palm. Their shape is similar to that of small Chinese mallow leaves. They are greenish on their front and white on their back side. They are thick and have hair. Small white flowers open in the sixth and seventh month. They develop a calyx in which fruits form. 30 to 40 pieces form

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one cluster. When they are unripe, they are greenish-yellow. Once they are ripe, they are purple-dark. They are shaped like mulberry fruits, but they are flat. Those with a stem and leaves that do not wither in winter are commonly called ge tian bao 割 田藨, “bao fruits [of the time] when the [rice is] cut in the fields.” [This kind] is the one called peng lei in the Ben cao. Another kind is a creeper smaller than peng lei. It, too, has hook-like thorns. One branch has five leaves. The leaves are small and both their front and back side are greenish. They are shiny, thin and have no hair. [This kind] opens white flowers; fruits are formed in the fourth and fifth month. Its seeds, too, are smaller than those of peng lei, and they are few and sparse. When they are unripe, they are greenish-yellow. When they are ripe, they are black-red. When in winter the seedlings wither, they are commonly called cha tian bao 插田藨, “bao fruits [of the time] when the [rice seedlings] are transplanted in the fields.” [This kind] is the one called fu pen zi in the Ben cao. It is the one called kui 茥, i. e., que pen 缺盆, in the Er ya. These two kinds can both be added to medication. Yet another kind is a creeper smaller than peng lei. One branch has three leaves. The leaves are greenish on their front and pale-white on their back, and they are sparsely covered by hair. It opens small, white flowers and its fruits ripen in the fourth month. They are red, similar to cherries. [This kind] is commonly called ru tian bao 𧂭田藨. This is the one called bao 藨 in the Er ya. Hence Guo Pu in his commentary states: “Bao 藨 is mei 苺.” The seeds resemble those of fu pen, but are bigger. They are red, vinegar sweet and edible. This kind is not used as a medication. Yet another kind grows on trees. The trees are four to five chi tall. The leaves resemble cherry leaves, but are narrow and lengthy. Small, white flowers open in the fourth month. The fruits they form are identical with the seeds of fu pen. But they are colored red for a difference. [This kind,] too, is commonly called bao 藨. The Er ya calls it shan mei 山苺. It is the one called xuan gou zi 懸鉤子, “hanging hook seeds,” in the Chen Cangqi ben cao. For details, see the respective entry (18-03). Yet another kind is a creeper growing on the ground. It reaches a length of several cun and opens yellow flowers. It forms fruits similar to fu pen, but they are of a fresh red color. They are not edible. This is [the kind] called she mei 蛇苺 in the Ben cao. See the respective entry (18-06). With this differentiation, peng lei 蓬蘽 and fu pen 覆盆 are identified. The sayings of Li Dangzhi, Chen Shiliang, Chen Cangqi, Kou Zongshi and Wang Ji come close to it but lack final clarity. Tao Hongjing regards peng lei as a root and fu pen as seeds. Ma Zhi and Su Song consider peng lei to be the seedling and fu pen to be the seeds. Su Gong assumes them to be one and the same item. Da Ming considers those growing on trees to be fu pen. All these are statements based on a personal view; they should not be relied on.



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【氣味】酸，平，無毒。【别録曰】鹹。【士良曰】甘、酸，微熱。 Qi and flavor. Sour, balanced, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Salty. [Chen] Shiliang: Sweet, sour, slightly hot. 【主治】安五臟，益精氣，長陰令人堅，强志倍力，有子。久服輕身不 老。本經。療暴中風，身熱大驚。别録。益顔色，長髮，耐寒濕。恭。 Control. It calms the five long-term depots, boosts essence qi, lengthens the yin [member (i. e., penis)] and provides one with hardness. It strengthens the mind and doubles strength. It lets one have children. Ingested over a long time it relieves the body of its weight and prevents aging. Ben jing. It heals sudden wind stroke, body heat and massive fright. Bie lu. It boosts complexion, stimulates hair growth and helps to endure cold and moisture. [Su] Gong. 【發明】見覆盆子下。 Explication. See under [the entry] “fu pen zi.” (18-04) 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 長髮不落。蓬蘽子榨油，日塗之。聖惠方。 It stimulates hair growth and prevents hair loss. Press peng lei seeds to obtain their oil and apply it [to the hair] daily. 18-03-01 苗﹑葉 Miao, ye 同覆盆

Seedlings, leaves [of peng lei]. Identical with fu pen, Korean bramble. 18-04 覆盆子别録上品 Fu pen zi, FE Bie lu, upper rank. Rubus coreanus Miq. Korean bramble. 【校正】自果部移入此。 Editorial correction. Moved here from the section “fruits.” 【釋名】茥爾雅。音奎、缺盆爾雅、西國草圖經、畢楞伽圖經、大麥苺音 母、插田藨音苞、烏藨子綱目。【當之曰】子似覆盆之形，故名之。【宗 奭曰】益腎臟，縮小便，服之當覆其溺器，如此取名也。【時珍曰】五月

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子熟，其色烏赤，故俗名烏藨、大麥苺、插田藨，亦曰栽秧藨。甄權本草 一名馬瘻，一名陸荆，殊無義意。 Explanation of Names. Kui 茥, Er ya, read kui 奎. Que pen 缺盆, “empty pot,” Er ya. Xi guo cao 西國草, “herb from the western countries,” Tu jing. Bi leng jia 畢楞伽, Tu jing. Da mai mu 大麥苺, read mu 母. Cha tian bao 插田藨, read bao 苞. Wu bao zi 烏藨子, Gang mu. [Li] Dangzhi: The seeds, zi 子, are shaped like an upturned pot, fu pen 覆盆. Hence the name. [Kou] Zongshi: [The seeds] boost the [qi of the] kidney long-term depot. They restrain urination. When they are ingested, the chamber pot can be upturned, fu 覆. This is where they got their name from. [Li] Shizhen: The seeds ripen in the fifth month; they are black-red in color. Hence their common names wu bao 烏藨, “black bao [fruits],” da mai mu 大麥苺, “barley mu [fruits],” and cha tian bao 插田藨,”bao [fruits of the time] when the [rice seedlings] are transplanted in the fields.” They are also called zai yang bao 栽秧藨. The Zhen Quan ben cao lists as alternative names ma lou 馬瘻 and Lu jing 陸荆. Their meaning is not known. 【集解】【别録曰】五月采。【藏器曰】佛説蘇密那花點燈，正言此花 也。其類有三種，以四月熟，狀如覆盆，味甘美者爲是，餘不堪入藥。 今人取茅苺當覆盆，誤矣。【宗奭曰】處處有之，秦州、永興、華州尤 多。長條，四五月紅熟，山中人及時采來賣。其味酸甘，外如荔枝，大如 櫻桃，軟紅可愛。失時則就枝生蛆，食之多熱。收時五六分熟便可采，烈 日曝乾。今人取汁作煎爲果。采時着水則不堪煎。【時珍曰】蓬蘽子以八 九月熟，故謂之割田藨。覆盆以四五月熟，故謂之插田藨，正與别録五月 采相合。二藨熟時色皆烏赤，故能補腎。其四五月熟而色紅者，乃𧂭田藨 也，不入藥用。陳氏所謂以茅苺當覆盆者，蓋指此也。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: They are collected in the fifth month. [Chen] Cangqi: In a Buddhist sutra it is said: “Light the lamp with a sumina flower.” This is exactly the flower [discussed] here. This is a group of three kinds. They ripen in the fourth month and are shaped like an upturned pot. Those with a sweet, delicious flavor are the right ones; the others are not suited for medicinal use. Today, people take mao mei 茅苺 as fu pen. That is wrong. [Kou] Zongshi: They can be found everywhere. They are found in particularly large numbers in Qin zhou, Yong xing and Hua zhou. [The plants develop a] long bough. [The fruits on it] turn red and ripen in the fourth and fifth month. People in the mountains collect them at the right time and sell them. Their flavor is sour-sweet. On the outside they are similar to lychees, but they are as big as cherries. They are soft, red and amiable. When the right time is missed, the branches develop maggots. When [such fruits] are eaten, they cause much heat. [The fruits] can be collected at a time when they are 50 to



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60% ripened. They are dried under the blazing sun. Today, people fry their juice to prepare tidbits. When [the fruits] are exposed to water at the time when they are collected, they are no longer suitable to be fried. [Li] Shizhen: Peng lei zi, brambles, ripen in the eighth and ninth month. Hence they are called ge tian bao 割田藨, “bao [fruits of the time] when the [rice is] cut in the fields.” Fu pen [fruits] ripen in the fourth and fifth month. Hence they are called cha tian bao 插田藨,”bao [fruits of the time] when the [rice seedlings] are transplanted in the fields.” This is in perfect agreement with the statement in the Bie lu that “they are collected in the fifth month.” Both these bao [fruits] are black-red when they have ripened. Hence they can supplement kidney [qi]. Those that ripen in the fourth and fifth month and are red in color, they are the ru tian bao 𧂭田藨. They are not suitable for medicinal application. The mao mei 茅苺 mentioned by Mr. Chen [Cangqi] as a substitute for fu pen is in fact [the substance] discussed here. 【正誤】【詵曰】覆盆江東名懸鉤子，大小形狀氣味功力同。北土無懸 鉤，南地無覆盆，是土地有前後生，非兩種物也。【時珍曰】南土覆盆極 多。懸鉤是樹生，覆盆是藤生，子狀雖同，而覆盆色烏赤，懸鉤色紅赤， 功亦不同，今正之。 Correction of Errors. [Meng] Shen: Fu pen in Jiang dong is called xuan gou zi 懸鉤子. The size, the shape, the qi, the flavor and the [therapeutic] potential are identical. There is no xuan gou in the North, and there is no fu pen in the South. It is because of the location that they grow earlier or later; these are not two different kinds. [Li] Shizhen: Fu pen is present in the South in abundance. Xuan gou grows on trees, while fu pen is a creeper. The shape of the seeds may be identical, but fu pen [seeds] are black-red, while xuan gou [seeds] are red. Also, their [therapeutic] potentials differ. This is corrected here now. 【修治】【詵曰】覆盆子五月采之。烈日暴乾，不爾易爛。【雷曰】凡使 用東流水淘去黄葉并皮蒂，取子以酒拌蒸一宿，以東流水淘兩遍，又晒乾 方用。【時珍曰】采得搗作薄餅，晒乾密貯，臨時以酒拌蒸尤妙。 Pharmaceutical Preparation.[Meng] Shen: Fu pen seeds are collected in the fifth month. They are dried in the blazing sun. If this is not done they easily rot. [Lei] Xiao: For all applications, wash them with water flowing east, remove the yellow leaves and also the skin and the fruit base/calyx. Mix the seeds with wine and steam them for one night. Then wash them twice with water flowing east. Then dry them again in the sun, and they are ready to be used [for therapeutic ends]. [Li] Shizhen: After collecting them, pound them into a thin cake, dry it in the sun and store it tightly closed. When the time [of its application] has come, mix it with wine and steam it. Then its [effects] will be particularly wondrous.

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【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【權曰】甘、辛，微熱。 Qi and flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Zhen] Quan: Sweet, acrid, slightly hot. 【主治】益氣輕身，令髮不白。别録。補虚續絶，强陰健陽，悦澤肌膚， 安和五臟，温中益力，療勞損風虚，補肝明目。並宜擣篩，每旦水服三 錢。馬志。男子腎精虚竭陰痿，能令堅長。女子食之有子。權。食之令人 好顔色，榨汁塗髮不白。藏器。益腎臟，縮小便，取汁同少蜜煎爲稀膏， 點服，治肺氣虚寒。宗奭。 Control. [The seeds] boost the qi and relieve the body of its weight. They prevent hair from turning white. Bie lu. They supplement depletions and re-connect what is severed. They strengthen yin [qi] and reinforce yang [qi]. They let muscles and skin appear happy and moist. They calm and harmonize the five long-term depots. They warm the center and increase strength. They heal exhaustion injury and depletion with wind [intrusion]. They supplement liver [qi] and clear the eyes. For all these [purposes] pound them and pass [the resulting powder] through a sieve. Every morning ingest three qian. Ma Zhi. When males have a kidney essence depletion with their sperm being used up and a yin (i. e., penis) dysfunction, they can harden and lengthen it again. When women eat them, they have children. [Zhen] Quan. To eat them provides one with a good complexion. Rub them to obtain a juice and apply it to the hair to prevent it from turning white. To restrain urination, fry their juice with a little honey to generate a thin paste and ingest it in small amounts. This serves to cure lung qi depletion with cold. [Kou] Zongshi. 【發明】【時珍曰】覆盆、蓬蘽，功用大抵相近，雖是二物，其實一類而 二種也。一早熟，一晚熟，兼用無妨，其補益與桑椹同功。若樹苺則不可 混采者也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The [therapeutic] potentials and usages of fu pen and peng lei, bramble, are largely very similar. Even though these are two different items, the fact is, they are two kinds of one group. One ripens early; the other ripens late. Both can be used without hesitation. Their potential to supplement and boost is identical with that of mulberry fruits. Shu mei (see also 18-05), though, must not be confused [with peng lei and fu pen] when they are collected. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 陽事不起。覆盆子，酒浸焙研爲末，每旦酒服三錢。集簡方。



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When the yang affair (i. e., the penis) fails to rise. Soak fu pen seeds in wine, bake them over a slow fire, and grind them into powder. Every morning ingest with wine three qian. Ji jian fang. 18-04-01 葉 Ye

Leaf [of fu pen zi]. 【氣味】微酸、鹹，平，無毒。 Qi and flavor. Slightly sour, salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】挼絞取汁，滴目中，去膚赤，出蟲如絲線。藏器。明目止淚，收 濕氣。時珍。 Control. Rub it and squeeze it to obtain a juice. Drip it in the eyes to remove a skin and redness. Worms/bugs similar to silk threads will come out [of the eyes]. [Chen] Cangqi: It clears the eyes and ends tearflow. It collects moisture qi. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【頌曰】按崔元亮海上集驗方：治目暗不見物，冷淚浸淫不止， 及青盲、天行目暗等疾。取西國草，一名畢楞伽，一名覆盆子，日暴乾， 搗極細，以薄綿裹之，用飲男乳汁浸，如人行八九里久。用點目中，即仰 卧。不過二四日，視物如少年。禁酒、麫、油物。【時珍曰】按洪邁夷堅 志云：潭州 趙太尉家乳母病爛弦疳眼二十年。有老媪云：此中有蟲，吾當 除之。入山取草蔓葉，咀嚼，留汁入筒中。還以皂紗蒙眼，滴汁漬下弦。 轉盼間蟲從紗上出，數日下弦乾。復如法滴上弦，又得蟲數十而愈。後以 治人多驗，乃覆盆子葉也，蓋治眼妙品。 Explication. [Su] Song: According to Cui Yuanliang’s Hai shang ji yan fang, [fu pen zi leaves] serve to cure loss of vision with an inability to see items, profuse cold tearflow, and also illnesses such as green blindness and epidemic dim vision. Take xi guo cao 西國草 [leaves], also called bi leng jia 畢楞伽, and fu pen zi 覆盆子, dry them in the sun and pound them to a very fine [powder]. Fill it into a pouch made of thin silk and soak it in a nursing mother’s milk sap for a boy for as long as it takes one to walk eight or nine li. Then drip it in the eyes, with [the patient] lying down facing up. After no longer than two or four days, [patients] will see items [as clearly] as they did in their youth. [During this therapy], wine, wheat flour and oily items are to be avoided. [Li] Shizhen: According to Hong Mai’s Yi jian zhi, “in Tan zhou, in the household of Governor Zhao, a nursing mother had suffered from a gan-illness57 of her eyes with festering [eyelid] rims. An old woman said: ‘There are worms/bugs 57 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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inside. I am able to remove them.’ She went into the mountains and brought back leaves of an herbal creeper. She chewed them and gave the resulting juice into a tube. Then she covered the [patient’s] eyes with a black fabric and dripped the juice on the lower [eyelid] rim. After a short while worms/bugs appeared on the fabric. Within a few days, the lower rim was dry. Then she applied the same method again and dripped [the liquid] on the upper [eyelid] rim. Again, tens of worms/bugs appeared, and [the woman] was cured. Later on this was applied to cure people, often with success. These were the leaves of fu pen zi. The fact is, they are a wondrous item to cure [afflictions of ] the eyes.” 【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded]. 牙疼點眼。用覆盆子嫩葉搗汁，點目眦三四次，有蟲隨眵淚出成塊也。無 新葉，乾者煎濃汁亦可。即大麥苺也。摘玄方。 Toothache [cured with] eye drops. Pound tender leaves of fu pen zi to obtain a juice. Drip it in the canthi, three or four times. Worms/bugs will leave with the tears and form lumps. If no fresh leaves are available, fry dry [leaves in water] to generate a thick juice. This will do, too. These [are the leaves of ] da mai mei. Zhai xuan fang. 臁瘡潰爛。覆盆葉爲末。用酸漿水洗後摻之，日一次，以愈爲度。直指方。 Festering ulcers of the shanks. [Grind] fu pen leaves into powder. Wash [the affected region] with fermented water of foxtail millet and then apply [the powder]. Once a day until a cure is achieved. Zhi zhi fang. 18-04-02 根 Gen

Root [of fu pen zi]. 【主治】痘後目瞖，取根洗擣，澄粉日乾，蜜和少許，點於瞖丁上，日二 三次，自散。百日内治之，久即難療。時珍。活幼口議。 Control. A film covering the eyes after a smallpox illness. Wash the root and pound it. [Give the powder into water and wait for] the liquid to clear. Remove the dregs and dry them in the sun. Mix them with a little honey, drip this on the film at the pin[-like protuberance],58 two or three times a day, and [the film] will disperse. This is to be cured within 100 days. After a longer time it is difficult to heal. [Li] Shizhen. [Quoted from the] Huo you kou yi. 58 Instead of yi ding 瞖丁, “film with a pin[-like protuberance],” the Huo you kou yi writes bai ding 白丁, “white pin[-like protuberance].”



Rubus corchorifolius L.

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18-05 懸鉤子拾遺 Xuan gou zi, FE Shiyi.

【校正】自果部移入此。 Editorial correction. Moved here from the section “fruits.” 【釋名】沿鉤子日用、葥爾雅音箭、山苺爾雅、木苺郭璞、樹苺日華。【 藏器曰】莖上有刺如懸鉤，故名。 Explanation of Names. Yan gou zi 沿鉤子, Ri yong. Jian 葥, Er ya, read jian 箭. Shan mei 山苺, Er ya. Mu mei 木苺, Guo Pu. Shu mei 樹苺, Rihua. [Chen] Cangqi: It has thorns on the stem similar to a “hanging hook,” xuan gou 懸鉤. Hence the name. 【集解】【藏器曰】生江淮林澤間。莖上有刺。其子如梅子酸美，人多食 之。【機曰】樹苺枝梗柔軟有刺，頗類金櫻。四五月結實如覆盆子，采之 擎蒂而中實，味酸。覆盆則蒂脱而中虚，味甘爲異。【時珍曰】懸鉤樹 生，高四五尺。其莖白色，有倒刺。其葉有細齒，青色無毛，背後淡青， 頗似櫻桃葉而狹長，又似地棠花葉。四月開小白花。結實色紅，今人亦通 呼爲藨子。爾雅云：葥，山苺也。郭璞注云：今之木苺也。實似藨、苺而 大，可食。孟詵、大明並以此爲覆盆，誤矣。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in the forests and marshlands of the Jiang Huai region. The stem has thorns. The seeds are similar to plum seeds; they are sour and delicious. People often eat them. [Wang] Ji: The branches and the stalk of shu mei are soft and pliable, and they have thorns. They are quite similar to Cherokee roses. In the fourth and fifth month they form fruits similar to Korean brambles, fu pen zi 覆盆子. When they are collected, they are still held up by the fruit base and they are solid inside, with a sour flavor. In contrast, when fu pen zi are collected, the fruit base is separated and they are hollow inside, with a sweet flavor. [Li] Shizhen: Xuan gou grow on trees reaching a height of four to five chi. The stem is white and has inverted thorns. The leaves have small teeth; they are greenish in color and have no hair. The back is pale greenish. They are quite similar to cherry leaves, but they are narrow and lengthy. They also resemble the leaves of di tang 地 棠.59 Small, white flowers open in the fourth month. They form red fruits that are commonly called bao zi 藨子 today. The Er ya states: “Jian 葥 is shan mei 山苺.” Guo Pu comments: “This is today’s mu mei 木苺. The fruits resemble those of bao 藨 and mei 苺, but they are bigger. They are edible.” Meng Shen and Da Ming believe [xuan gou zi 懸鉤子] to be fu pen 覆盆. That is wrong. 59 Di tang 地棠, an unidentified herb.

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【氣味】酸，平，無毒。 Qi and flavor. Sour, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】醒酒止渴，除痰，去酒毒。藏器。搗汁服，解射工、沙虱毒。時 珍。 Control. They let one wake up from wine [intoxication] and end thirst. They eliminate phlegm and remove the poison of wine. [Chen] Cangqi: Pounded and the resulting juice ingested, they resolve the poison of archers60 and sand lice. [Li] Shizhen. 18-05-01 莖 Jing

Stalk [ of xuan gou zi]. 【主治】燒研水服，主喉中塞。藏器。 Control. Burned, ground [into powder] and ingested with water, it controls a blocked throat. [Chen] Cangqi. 18-05-02 根、皮 Gen, pi

Root bark [of xuan gou zi]. 【氣味】苦，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】子死腹中不下，破血，婦人赤帶下，久患赤白痢膿血，腹痛，殺 蠱61毒，卒下血。並濃煮汁飲之。藏器。 Control. When a child has died in the abdomen and is not discharged. It breaks through blood [accumulation]. [It serves to cure] red discharge of women from below the belt, long-lasting suffering from red and white free-flux illness with pus and blood, abdominal pain. It kills gu-poison.62 [It serves to cure] sudden discharge of blood. For all these [condition] boil it to obtain a thick juice and drink it. [Chen] Cangqi. 60 She gong 射工, “archer,” 1.) a small bug in ancient times believed to live in water and be capable of “shooting” poison from its mouth at people, thereby causing disease; 2.) a condition caused by the archer’s poison. BCGM Dict. I, 432. See 42-15. 61 Instead of gu 蠱, Zheng lei ch. 23, xian gou 懸鉤, writes chong 蟲, “worms/bugs.” 62 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” 1.) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. 2.) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.



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【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded]. 血崩不止。木苺根四兩，酒一盌，煎七分。空心温服。臞仙乾坤生意。 Unending blood collapse.63 Boil four liang of mu mei root in one bowl of wine down to 70% and [let the woman] ingest this warm on an empty stomach. Quxian, Qian kun sheng yi. 崩中痢下。治婦人崩中及下痢，日夜數十起欲死者，以此入腹即活。懸鉤 根、薔薇根、柿根、菝葜各一斛，剉，入釜中，水淹上四五寸，煮减三之 一，去滓取汁，煎至可丸，丸梧子大。每温酒服十丸，日三服。千金翼。 Collapsing center64 and free-flux illness discharge. This serves to cure women with collapsing center and free-flux illness discharge, with tens of episodes during day and night, making [the woman] wish to die. When this [medication] enters her abdomen, she will survive. Cut one hu of xuan gou roots, rambling rose roots, persimmon roots, and Chinese sarsaparilla to pieces, give them into a cauldron and submerge them in water with the surface four to five cun above them. Boil this down to two thirds, remove the dregs and keep the juice. Heat it to obtain a consistency suitable to form pills. The pills are of the size of wu seeds. Each time [let the woman] ingest with warm wine 10 pills. To be ingested three times a day. Qian jin yi. 18-06 蛇苺别録下品 She mei, FE Bie lu, lower rank. Duchesnea indica , Focke. Indian strawberry. 【釋名】蛇藨音苞、地苺會編、蠶苺。【機曰】近地而生，故曰地苺。 【瑞曰】蠶老時熟紅于地，其中空者爲蠶苺；中實極紅者爲蛇殘苺，人不噉 之，恐有蛇殘也。 Explanation of Names. She bao 蛇藨, read bao 苞, di mei 地苺, Hui bian. Can mei 蠶苺. [Wang] Ji: [She mei] grows nearby. Hence it is called di mei 地苺, “local mei.” [Wu] Rui: When silkworms, can 蠶, are old, ripen, turn red, lie on the ground, and are hollow, then this is can mei 蠶苺, “silkworm mei [fruit].” Those that are solid inside and extremely red, they are she can mei 蛇殘苺, “snake remain mei [fruits].” People do not eat them; they fear they might contain the remains of snakes. 63 Xue beng 血崩, blood collapse. Excessive vaginal bleeding, identical to beng zhong 崩中, collapsing center. BCGM Dict I, 594; 58. 64 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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【集解】【弘景曰】蛇苺園野多有之。子赤色極似苺子而不堪啖，亦無以 此爲藥者。【保昇曰】所在有之，生下濕地。莖頭三葉，花黄子赤，儼若 覆盆子，根似敗醬。四月、五月采子，二月、八月采根。【宗奭曰】田野 道旁處處有之。附地生葉，如覆盆子，但光潔而小，微有皺紋。花黄，比 蒺䔧花差大。春末夏初，結紅子如荔枝色。【機曰】蛇苺莖長不盈尺， 莖端惟結實一顆，小而光潔，誤食脹人。非若覆盆，苗長大而結實數顆， 微有黑毛也。【時珍曰】此物就地引細蔓，節節生根。每枝三葉，葉有齒 刻。四五月開小黄花，五出。結實鮮紅，狀似覆盆而面與蒂則不同也。 其根甚細，本草用汁，當是取其莖葉并根也。仇遠稗史訛作繆草，言有五 葉、七葉者。又言俗傳食之能殺人，亦不然，止發冷涎耳。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: She mei is present in abundance in gardens and in the wild. The red seeds are very similar to bramble, mei 苺, seeds, but they are not edible and, unlike them, are not suitable for medicinal application. [Han] Baosheng: It is found everywhere. It grows in low-lying marshland. It has three leaves at the tip of the stem. The flowers are yellow; the seeds are red – quite similar to Korean bramble. The root resembles that of dahurian patrinia. The seeds are collected in the fourth and fifth month. The root is collected in the second and eighth month. [Kou] Zongshi: It is found everywhere in the wild and along roads. Its leaves grow attached to the ground; similar to those of Korean bramble. However, they are shiny-clean and smaller, with some slight wrinkling. The flowers are yellow, but not as big as calthrop [flowers]. At the end of spring and the beginning of summer, red seeds form, with a color similar to that of lychees. [Wang] Ji: The stem of she mei is not quite one chi long. At the tip of the stem only one fruit develops. It is small and shiny-clean. If it is eaten by mistake, it causes [abdominal] bloating. It is not similar to Korean brambles. The stem is long and big and it forms numerous fruits, with only a little black hair. [Li] Shizhen: This item covers the ground with fine creepers. Roots grow from all its nodes. Each branch has three leaves. The leaves have tooth-like indentations. Small, yellow flowers develop in the fourth and fifth month, with five petals. They form fruits with a fresh, red color. They resemble Korean brambles but the front side and the fruit base are not identical. The root is very fine. For the juice [recommended for medicinal] use in the Ben cao, the stem, the leaves and also the roots must be obtained. Qiu Yuan in his Bei shi erroneously recorded it as miao cao 繆草, saying that “it has five leaves or seven leaves.” He also said that a common tradition has it that eating it kills one. This, too, is not the case. All it does is create cold saliva.



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Juice [of she mei]. 【氣味】甘、酸、大寒，有毒 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, Sour, very cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】胸腹大熱不止。别録。傷寒大熱，及溪毒、射工毒，甚良。弘 景。通月經，熁瘡腫，傅蛇傷。大明。主孩子口噤，以汁灌之。孟詵。傅 湯火傷，痛即止。時珍。 Control. Unending strong heat in the chest and abdomen. Bie lu. Strong heat related to harm caused by cold. Also, it is very good for [resolving] rivulet poison65 and the archer’s poison.66 [Tao] Hongjing. It frees menstruation. [It serves to cure] sores with swelling in the flanks. It is applied to [the place of ] harm caused by snakes. Da Ming. To control lockjaw/clenched jaws of children, force-feed them with the juice. Meng Shen. It is applied to harm caused by scalding and fire. This ends the pain. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】舊二，新一。 Added Recipes. Two of old, one newly [recorded]. 口中生瘡，天行熱甚者。蛇苺自然汁半升，稍稍嚥之。傷寒類要。 Sores developing in the mouth, those related to extreme epidemic heat. Swallow small amounts of the natural juice of she mei. Shang han lei yao. 傷寒下䘌，生瘡。以蛇苺汁服二合，日三服。仍水漬烏梅令濃，入崖蜜飲 之。肘後方。 To discharge hidden worms responsible for the growth of sores, related to harm caused by cold, ingest two ge of she mei juice. To be ingested three times a day. Also, soak smoked plums in water to generate a thick fluid, add some cliff honey and drink this. Zhou hou fang.

65 Xi du 溪毒, “rivulet poison,” 1.) A tiny bug assumed to live in bodies of water and supposedly capable of striking humans when they enter the water, thereby causing disease. 2.) A condition resulting from being struck by rivulet poison. BCGM Dict I, 548. 66 She gong 射工, “archer,” 1.) a small bug in ancient times believed to live in water and be capable of “shooting” poison from its mouth at people, thereby causing disease; 2.) a condition caused by the archer’s poison. BCGM Dict. I, 432. See 42-15.

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水中毒病。蛇苺根搗末服之，并導下部。亦可飲汁一二升。夏月欲入水， 先以少末投中流，更無所畏。又辟射工。家中以器貯水、浴身亦宜投少 許。肘後。 Disease caused by poison in a water. Pound she mei root into powder and ingest it. Also, lead it out from the lower body part [by means of an enema/suppository]. It is also possible to drink one or two sheng of its juice. In summer, when you intend to enter a water, throw in a small amount of the powder to let it flow and you don‘t have to worry anymore. It also repels the archer. It is also advisable to add a small amount to the water kept in a household container for bathing the body. Zhou hou. 18-07 使君子宋開寶 Shi jun zi, FE Song Kaibao, Quisqualis indica L. Rangoon creeper. 【釋名】留求子。【志曰】俗傳潘州 郭使君療小兒多是獨用此物，後醫 家因號爲使君子也。【時珍曰】按嵇含南方草木狀謂之留求子，療嬰孺之 疾。則自魏 晉已用，但名異耳。 Explanation of Names. Liu qiu zi 留求子. [Ma] Zhi: Tradition has it that in Pan zhou Guo shi jun 郭使君 healed many children by means of only this item. Therefore physicians in later times named it shi jun zi 使君子. [Li] Shizhen: According to Ji Han’s Nan fang cao mu zhuang, liu qiu zi serves to heal illnesses of infants and children. That is, [shi jun zi] has been used since the Wei and Jin dynasties, but under a different name. 【集解】【志曰】生交、廣等州。形如巵子，稜瓣深而兩頭尖，似訶梨勒 而輕。【頌曰】今嶺南州郡皆有之，生山野中及水岸。其莖作藤，如手指 大。其葉如兩指頭，長二寸。三月生花淡紅色，久乃深紅，有五瓣。七八 月結子如拇指大，長一寸許，大類巵子而有五稜，其殼青黑色，内有仁白 色，七月采之。【宗奭曰】其仁味如椰子。醫家亦兼用殼。【時珍曰】原 出海南、交阯。今閩之紹武，蜀之眉州皆栽種之，亦易生。其藤如葛，繞 樹而上。葉青如五加葉。五月開花，一族一二十葩，紅色輕盈如海棠。其 實長寸許，五瓣合成，有稜，先時半黄，老則紫黑。其中仁長如榧仁，色 味如栗。久則油黑，不可用。 Collected Explanations. [Ma] Zhi: It grows in Jiao and Guang zhou. [The seeds] are shaped like gardenia seeds. The petals have a deep indentation and two pointed ends. They resemble terminalia fruits, but are lighter. [Su] Song: Today it is found in all the zhou and prefectures of Ling nan. It grows in the mountain wild and at the banks of waters. The stem is a vine, the size of a finger. The leaves are similar to fin-



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ger tips with a length of two cun. Flowers of pale red color open in the third month. After a long time they become deep red. They have five petals and form seeds in the seventh and eighth month about the size of a thumb, and more than one cun long. They very much resemble gardenia seeds but have five edges. The [seed] shells are greenish-black in color. The kernel inside is white-greenish. They are collected in the seventh month. [Kou] Zongshi: The flavor of the kernels is similar to that of coconuts. Physicians also use the [seed] shells. [Li] Shizhen: Originally it came from Hai nan and Jiao zhi. Today it is planted both in Shao wu67 and in Mei zhou of Shu. It is easy to grow it. The creeping plant is similar to pueraria; it rises by winding itself around trees. The leaves are greenish, similar to acanthopanax leaves. Flowers open in the fifth month. They form clusters68 of ten to twenty flowers. They are red, slim and graceful, similar to those of Kaido crab apples. Their fruits are about one cun long, held by five petals with edges. In the beginning they are half yellow. When they are older, they turn purple-black. The kernel inside is as long as that of kaya nuts. Color and flavor resemble those of Chinese chestnuts. After a long time they turn oily black. They cannot be used [for medicinal purposes]. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】小兒五疳，小便白濁，殺蟲，療瀉痢。開寶。健脾胃，除虚熱， 治小兒百病瘡癬。時珍。 Control. The five types of gan-illness69 of children. White, turbid urination. [The seeds] kill worms/bugs. They heal outflow and free-flux illness. Kaibao. They strengthen spleen and stomach, eliminate depletion heat and serve to cure the hundreds of diseases of children, as well as sores and xuan-illness.70 [Li] Shizhen.

67 A place name Shao wu 紹武 is not recorded anywhere in historical China. It may be an erroneous writing of Shao wu 邵武 in present Fu jian. 68 Zu 族 is written cu 簇, “cluster,” in the Jiang xi edition of the BCGM. 69 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 70 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness.” Conditions of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, a designation of local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591.

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【發明】【時珍曰】凡殺蟲藥多是苦辛，惟使君子、榧子甘而殺蟲，亦異 也。凡大人小兒有蟲病，但每月上旬侵晨空腹食使君子仁數枚，或以殼煎 湯嚥下，次日蟲皆死而出也。或云：七生七煨食亦良。忌飲熱茶，犯之即 瀉。此物味甘氣温，既能殺蟲，又益脾胃，所以能歛虚熱而止瀉痢，爲小 兒諸病要藥。俗醫乃謂殺蟲至盡，無以消食，鄙俚之言也。樹有蠹，屋有 蟻，國有盗，福耶禍耶？修養者先去三尸，可類推矣。 Explication: [Li] Shizhen: Pharmaceutical drugs that kill worms/bugs are often bitter and acrid. Only shi jun zi and kaya nuts are sweet and kill worms/bugs. This way they differ. Whenever adults or children have a disease related to worms/bugs, they only need to eat several shi jun zi kernels in the first ten-day period of a month toward dawn on an empty stomach. Or the shells are boiled to prepare a decoction and this is swallowed. The next day all the worms/bugs are dead and will come out. It is also said: To eat seven fresh and seven simmered [seed kernels] is good, too. [During this therapy] one must avoid drinking hot tea. To offend this [prohibition] results in outflow. This item has a sweet flavor and warm qi. Hence it can kill worms/bugs and it also boosts spleen and liver [qi]. Therefore, it is capable of diminishing depletion heat and of ending outflow and free-flux illness. It is an important pharmaceutical drug for all diseases of children. Common physicians say: “When all worms/bugs are killed, there is nothing to support the dissolution of food.” This is utter nonsense. When there are moths on trees, ants in a house, or robbers in a country, is this to their advantage or does it bring disaster? Those who are concerned with nourishment [of life], the first thing they do is get rid of the three types of corpse [worms/bugs]. This may serve as analogy. 【附方】新六。 Added Recipes. Six newly [recorded]. 小兒脾疳。使君子、盧會等分，爲末。米飲每服一錢。儒門事親。 Spleen gan-illness71 of children. [Grind] equal amounts of shi jun zi and aloe [leaves] into powder and each time let [the child] ingest with a rice beverage one qian. Ru men shi qin. 小兒痞塊，腹大，肌瘦面黄，漸成疳疾。使君子仁三錢，木鼈子仁五錢， 爲末，水丸龍眼大。每以一丸，用雞子一箇破頂，入藥在内，飯上蒸熟， 空心食之。楊起簡便單方。 71 Pi gan 脾疳, “spleen gan-illness,” a condition gan 疳, gan-illness, with abdominal bloating resulting from too little food, with yellow complexion, emaciation, a desire to eat strange things, and a free-flux illness with a sour stench. BCGM Dict I, 372.



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Obstacle-illness72 with lumps of children, with abdominal bloating, emaciated muscles, and a gradual development toward a gan-illness. [Grind] three qian of shi jun zi seed kernels and five qian of momordica seed kernels into powder and with water form pills the size of “dragon eyes.” Each time [let the child] ingest one pill. Break the top of a chicken egg, put the pharmaceutical drug in it, and steam it above cooked rice until done. Then [let the child] eat this on an empty stomach. Yang Qi, Jian bian dan fang. 小兒蛔痛，口流涎沫。使君子仁爲末，米飲五更調服一錢。全幼心鑑。 Children with roundworms causing pain, and saliva and foam flowing from their mouth. [Grind] shi jun zi into powder and [let the child] ingest it mixed with a rice beverage in the early morning hours. Quan you xin jian. 小兒虚腫，頭面陰囊俱浮。用使君子一兩，去殼，蜜五錢炙盡，爲末。每 食後米湯服一錢。簡便方。 Children with a hollow swelling, covering the head, the face and the scrotum. Remove the shells of one liang of shi jun seeds, roast them in five qian of honey until [all the honey] is used up, and [grind them into] powder. Each time [let an affected child] ingest with a rice decoction one qian after a meal. Jian bian fang. 鼻㾴面瘡。使君子仁，以香油少許，浸三五個。臨卧時細嚼，香油送下， 久久自愈。普濟方。 Nose sediments and facial sores. Soak three to five shi jun seed kernels in a small amount of sesame oil. At bedtime chew them to a fine mass and send it down with sesame oil. After a rather long time healing is achieved. Pu ji fang. 蟲牙疼痛。使君子煎湯頻漱。集簡方。 Toothache related to the presence of worms/bugs. Boil shi jun zi and with the resulting decoction repeatedly rinse [the affected region]. Ji jian fang. 18-08 木鼈子宋開寶 Mu bie zi, FE Song Kaibao. Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. Chinese bitter cucumber. 【校正】自木部移入此。 Editorial Correction. Moved here from section “trees.” 72 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” a condition of an uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I. 371.

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【釋名】木蟹。【志曰】其核似鼈、蟹狀，故以爲名。 Explanation of Names. Mu xie 木蟹: [Ma] Zhi: The shape of the kernels resembles that of fresh water turtles, bie 鼈, and crabs, xie 蟹. Hence their name. 【集解】【志曰】出朗州及南中，七八月采實。【頌曰】今湖、廣諸州及 杭、越、全、岳州皆有之。春生苗，作籐生。葉有五椏，狀如山藥，青色 面光。四月生黄花，六月結實，似栝樓而極大，生青，熟紅黄色，肉上有 軟刺。每一實有核三四十枚，其狀扁而如鼈，八九月采之。嶺南人取嫩實 及苗葉作茹蒸食。【宗奭曰】木鼈子蔓歲一枯，但根不死，春旋生苗。葉 如蒲萄。其子一頭尖者爲雄。凡植時須雌雄相合，麻纏定。及其生也，則 去雄者方結實。【時珍曰】木鼈核形扁礧砢，大如圍棋子。其仁青緑色， 入藥去油者。 Collected Explanations. It comes from Lang zhou and Nan zhong. The fruits are collected in the seventh and eighth month. [Su] Song: Today it is present in all the zhou of Hu and Guang, and also in Hang, Yue, Quan and Yue zhou. It produces a seedling in spring that grows as a creeper. The leaves are forked five times; their shape is similar to that of Chinese yam [leaves]. They are greenish in color, with a shiny front side. Yellow flowers open in the fourth month; they form fruits in the sixth month. They are similar to Japanese snake gourd [fruits], but they are very big. Unripe they are greenish; when they are ripe they assume a red-yellow color. On the surface of their meat they have soft thorns. Each fruit includes 30 to 40 seed kernels. They are flat and resemble a fresh water turtle. They are collected in the eighth and ninth month. People in Ling nan collect the tender fruits and the seedlings and leaves and prepare the steamed vegetables that they eat. [Kou] Zongshi: Mu bie zi is a creeper that withers after one year. But its roots do not die. In spring they let a seedling grow. The leaves are similar to those of grapes. The seeds with one pointed end are males. When they are planted, males and females must be combined by binding them together with hemp strings. When [the seedling] has grown, remove the male [seeds] to allow [the female seedling] to form fruits. [Li] Shizhen: Mu bie fruits are flat like stones heaped on top of each other. They have the size of Go game pieces. Their kernels are greenish-green in color. When they are added to medication, their oil is to be removed [first]. 18-08-01 仁 Ren

Seed kernels [of mu bie zi]. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【時珍曰】苦、微甘，有小毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: Bitter, slightly sweet, slightly poisonous.



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【主治】折傷，消結腫惡瘡，生肌，止腰痛，除粉刺䵟𪒟，婦人乳癰，肛 門腫痛。開寶。醋摩，消腫毒。大明。治疳積痞塊，利大腸瀉痢，痔瘤瘰 癧。時珍。 Control. Fracture harm. They dissolve swelling of bound [qi] with malign sores. They stimulate the growth of sinews, end lower back pain, and serve to remove flour thorns/acne,73 dermal dark spots, breast obstruction-illness74 of women, and painful swelling in the anus. Kai bao. Rubbed with vinegar they dissolve swelling75 with poison. Da Ming. They serve to cure gan-illness accumulation76 and obstacle-illness77 lumps. They benefit the large intestine and [end] outflow and free-flux illness, piles, tumors, and scrofula pervasion-illness.78 [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【機曰】按劉績霏雪録云：木鼈子有毒，不可食。昔薊門有人生 二子，恣食成痞。其父得一方，以木鼈子煮豬肉食之。其幼子當夜、長子 明日死。友人馬文誠方書亦載此方。因著此爲戒。【時珍曰】南人取其苗 及嫩實食之無恙，則其毒未應至此。或者與豬肉不相得，或犯他物而然， 不可盡咎木鼈也。 Explication. [Wang] Ji: According to Liu Ji’s Fei xue lu, “mu bie zi is poisonous and cannot be eaten. In former times in Ji men someone had two children. They ate without restraint and developed an obstacle-illness.79 Their father obtained a recipe to boil mu bie zi with pork and gave it [to his children] to eat. The younger one died that same night, the elder the next morning. A friend, Ma Wencheng, records this recipe, too, in his recipe book. Hence this is documented here as a warning.” [Li] 73 Fen ci 粉刺, “flour thorns; acne,” a condition of papules rising in the face like thorns. If squeezed they release a white powder resembling rice flour. BCGM Dict I, 157. 74 Ru yong 乳癰, “breast obstruction-illness,” a condition of acute putrefication of a woman’s breast. Often encountered if a woman, following delivery, experiences chui nai 吹奶, “inflated breast,” or du ru 妒乳, “jealousy breast.” BCGM Dict I, 412. 75 Instead of zhong 腫, “swelling,” Zheng lei ch. 14, mu bie zi 木鼈子, quoting Rihua zi writes jiu 酒, wine. 76 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 77 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” a condition of an uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I. 371. 78 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 79 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” a condition of an uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I. 371.

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Shizhen: Southerners eat the seedlings and tender fruits without falling ill. That is, their poison is not as [violent as described]. Perhaps [the deaths recorded] result from an incompatibility with pork, or because some other item was offended. Not all the blame must be laid on mu bie. 【附方】舊一，新十九。 Added Recipes. One of old. 19 newly [recorded]. 酒疸脾黄。木鼈子磨醋，服一二盞，見利效。劉長春濟急方。 Wine dan-illness80 affecting the spleen, with a yellow [complexion]. Rub mu bie zi in vinegar and ingest one or two cups [of the liquid]. The positive effects are visible when a free flow occurs. Liu Changchun, Ji ji fang. 脚氣腫痛。木鼈子仁，每個作兩邊，麩炒過，切碎再炒，去油盡爲度。每 兩入厚桂半兩，爲末。熱酒服二錢，令醉，得汗愈。夢秘授方也。永類方。 Leg qi81 with painful swelling. Cut mu bie seeds into two pieces and fry them with wheat bran. Then cut them into small pieces and fry them again until all their oil has left. For each liang [of mu bie zi] add half a liang of thick cassia bark and [grind this into] powder. Two qian are ingested with hot wine to reach an intoxication. When [the patient] sweats, healing is achieved. This is a recipe mysteriously obtained in a dream. Yong lei fang. 濕瘡脚腫，行履難者。木鼈子四兩去皮，甘遂半兩，爲末。以豬腰子一 個，去膜切片，用藥四錢在中，濕紙包，煨熟，空心米飲送下，服後便申 兩脚。如大便行者，只喫白粥二三日爲妙。楊拱醫方摘要。 Leg swelling related to the presence of moisture and sores, making it difficult to walk. Remove the skin of four liang of mu bie seeds and [grind them with] half a liang of kansui [root] into powder. Remove the membranes of a pig kidney and cut it into pieces. Add four qian of the powder of the [two] pharmaceutical drugs to them, wrap this in moist paper and simmer this until done. Send it down with a rice beverage on an empty stomach. When this is ingested the two legs can be easily stretched. If this is associated with a bowel movement, [the patient] only needs to eat a white gruel for two or three days and a wondrous [effect is achieved]. Yang Gong, Yi fang zhai yao. 80 Jiu dan 酒疸, “dan-illness [caused by] wine,” a condition of huang dan 黃疸, “yellow dan-illness,” resulting from an excessive consumption of wine/alcoholic beverages. BCGM Dict I, 271. 81 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.



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陰疝偏墜，痛甚者。木鼈子一箇磨醋，調黄蘗、芙蓉末傅之，即止。壽域 神方。 Elevation-illness82 in the yin [(i. e., genital) region] with a unilateral drop83 [of testicles] and extreme pain. Rub one mu bie seed in vinegar, mix it with phellodendron [bark] and Indian lotus flower powder, and apply this [to the affected region]. This ends [the illness]. Shou yu shen fang. 久瘧有母。木鼈子、穿山甲炮等分，爲末。每服三錢，空心温酒下。醫方 摘要。 A lump has developed in the course of a long-lasting malaria.84 [Grind] equal amounts of mu bie zi and pangolin scales, roasted in a pan, into powder. Each time ingest three qian. To be sent down with warm wine on an empty stomach. Yi fang zhai yao. 腹中痞塊。木鼈子仁五兩，用豶豬腰子二付，批開入在内，簽定，煨熟， 同搗爛，入黄連三錢，末，蒸餅和丸緑豆大。每白湯下三十丸。醫方集成。 Abdominal obstacle-illness85 lumps. Insert five liang of mu bie seed kernels into a pig kidney cut into two halves and fix them with bamboo slips. Simmer this until done and pound all of it together into a pulpy mass. Add three qian of coptis [rhizome, grind it into] powder and with steamed cakes form pills the size of mung beans. Each time send down with clear, hot water 30 pills. Yi fang ji cheng. 小兒疳疾。木鼈子仁、使君子仁等分，搗泥，米飲丸芥子大。每服五分， 米飲下，一日二服。孫天仁集效方。 Gan-illness86 of children. Pound equal amounts of mu bie seed kernels and rangoon creeper seed kernels to a mud and with a rice beverage form pills the size of mustard seeds. Each time [let the child] ingest five fen, to be sent down with a rice beverage. To be ingested twice a day. Sun Tianren, Ji xiao fang.

82 Shan 疝, “elevation-illness,” a group of conditions characterized by violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 417. 83 Pian zhui 偏墜, “hemilaterial drop,” a condition of a yin shan 陰疝, “yin elevation-disease,” characterized by a unilateral swelling of the scrotum. BCGM Dict I, 378. 84 Possibly a reference to an enlarged spleen. 85 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” a condition of an uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I. 371. 86 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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疳病目矇，不見物。用木鼈子仁二錢，胡黄連一錢，爲末，米糊丸龍眼 大，入雞子内蒸熟，連雞子食之爲妙。同上。 Gan-illness with blind eyes, when [patients] see nothing. [Grind] two qian of mu bie seed kernels and one qian of picrorhiza [rhizomes] into powder and with a rice paste form pills the size of “dragon eyes.” Insert them into a chicken egg and steam it until done. [Let the patient] eat this with the chicken egg to achieve a wondrous [effect]. [Source of this recipe] identical to the one above. 倒睫拳毛。因風入脾經，致使風痒，不住手擦，日久赤爛，拳毛入内。將 木鼈子仁搥爛，以絲帛包作條，左患塞右鼻，右患塞左鼻，其毛自分上 下，次服蟬蜕藥爲妙。孫天仁集效方。 Inverted eyelashes, with the hair contracted like a fist. Because wind has entered the spleen conduits, [the eyes] itch following wind [intrusion]. When they are continuously rubbed with the hands, within days they turn red and fester, and the contracted hair penetrates [the eyes]. Pound mu bie seed kernels into a pulpy mass, wrap it in silk fabric to form a stick and insert it into the right nostril when the suffering is on the left, and into the left nostril when the suffering is on the right. This causes the hair to separate. Then ingest cicada sloughs as a pharmaceutical drug to achieve a wondrous [effect]. Sun Tianren, Ji xiao fang. 肺虚久嗽。木鼈子、款冬花各一兩，爲末。每用三錢，焚之吸煙。良久吐 涎，以茶潤喉。如此五六次，後服補肺藥。一方：用木鼈子一箇，雄黄一 錢。聖濟録。 Lung depletion with long-lasting cough. [Grind] one liang each of mu bie zi and coltsfoot into powder. Burn it and [let the patient] inhale the smoke. After quite some time when he spits out saliva let him drink tea to moisten his throat. Continue this five or six times and then let him ingest pharmaceutical drugs supplementing lung [qi]. Another recipe: Use [a mixture of ] one mu bie seed and one qian of realgar. Sheng ji lu. 小兒鹹鼻孝。大木鼈子三四箇，磨水飲，以雪糕壓下，即吐出痰。重者三服 效。摘玄方。 Salt roaring of children.87 Rub three or four big mu bie zi [kernels] in water and [let the child] drink [the liquid]. Then press it down with a cake. This will let it vomit phlegm. In severe cases three ingestions show an effect. Zhai xuan fang. 87 Xian xiao 鹹鼻孝, identical with yan hou 鹽齁, “salt roaring.” A condition of xiao chuan 哮 喘, “roaring panting,” brought forth by a consumption of excessively salty beverages and food. BCGM Dict I, 556, 609.



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水瀉不止。木鼈仁五個，母丁香五個，麝香一分，研末，米湯調作膏，納 臍中貼之，外以膏藥護住。吴旻扶壽精方。 Unending watery outflow. Grind five mu bie kernels, five clove fruits, and one fen of musk into powder. Mix it with a rice decoction to prepare a paste and attach it to the navel. Shield it from the outside with an application of a medicinal paste. Wu Min, Fu shou jing fang. 痢疾禁口。木鼈仁六箇研泥，分作二分。用麫燒餅一箇，切作兩半，只用 半餅作一竅，納藥在内，乘熱覆在病人臍上，一時，再换半箇熱餅。其痢 即止，遂思飲食。邵真人經驗方。 Free-flux illness with lockjaw. Grind six mu bie kernels to a mud and divide it into two portions. Cut a baked wheat flour cake into two halves. Carve a hole into one of the halves and insert the medicinal [mud]. Then turn it over and place it, while it is still hot, on the patient’s navel. After some time replace it with the other half of the hot cake. This ends the free-flux illness instantly and [the patient] may drink and eat at will. Shao zhenren, Jing yan fang. 腸風瀉血。木鼈子以桑柴燒存性，候冷爲末。每服一錢，煨葱白酒空心服 之。名烏金散。普濟方。 Intestinal wind with outflow with blood. Burn mu bie seeds with a mulberry fire, with their nature retained. Wait until they have cooled. Each time ingest one qian. Ingest it on an empty stomach in wine in which an onion was simmered. [This recipe] is called “black gold powder.” Pu ji fang. 肛門痔痛。孫用和秘寶方用木鼈仁三枚，砂盆擂如泥，入百沸湯一盌，乘 熱先熏後洗，日用三次，仍塗少許。 Painful piles in the anus. Sun Yonghe in his Mi bao fang [recommends to] pound three mu bie kernels in an earthenware basin to a mud, and add one bowl of water boiled a hundred times to bubbling. [Let the patient sit above the basin] and use the hot [liquid] to first steam and then wash the [affected region]. Three times a day. Then apply a small amount [to the affected region]. 瀕湖集簡方用木鼈仁帶潤者，雌雄各五箇，乳細作七丸，盌覆濕處，勿令 乾。每以一丸，唾化開，貼痔上，其痛即止，一夜一丸自消也。江夏 鐵佛 寺 蔡和尚病此，痛不可忍，有人傳此而愈。用治數人皆有效。 [Li] Binhu‘s Ji jian fang [recommends to] mix five female and five male mu bie kernels, still moist, with a nursing mother’s milk and prepare seven pills. Cover them with an upside-down bowl at a damp place to prevent them from drying. Each time open one pill by dissolving it with saliva and attach it to piles. This ends the pain.

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One pill dissolves [the piles] in the course of one night. In Jiang xi, in the “Temple of the Iron Buddha,” monk Cai suffered from this disease. The pain was unbearable. Someone gave him this [recipe] and he was healed. He then used it to cure numerous persons, and it always turned out to be effective. 瘰癧經年。木鼈人二箇，去油研，以雞子白和，入瓶内，安甑中蒸熟。食 後食之，每日一服，半月效。小兒丹瘤。 Scrofula pervasion-illness88 lasting years. Remove the oil of two mu bie kernels and grind them. Mix [the powder] with chicken egg white and give it into a jar. Steam it in the jar until done and eat it after a meal. To be ingested once a day. An effect is achieved within half a month. Xiao er dan liu. 木鼈子仁研如泥，醋調傅之，一日三五上效。外科精義。 Grind mu bie seed kernels to a mud, mix it with vinegar and apply this [to the affected region]. Three to five applications per day will show an effect. Wai ke jing yi. 耳卒熱腫。木鼈子仁一兩，赤小豆、大黄各半兩，爲末。每以少許生油調 塗之。聖惠方。 Sudden swelling of an ear with heat. [Grind] one liang of mu bie seed kernels and one half liang each of red mung beans and rhubarb root into powder. Each time mix it with a little fresh oil and apply this [to the affected region]. Sheng hui fang. 風牙腫痛。木鼈子仁磨醋搽之。普濟方。 Painful swelling of teeth related to wind [intrusion]. Rub mu bie seed kernels in vinegar and apply [the liquid to the affected region]. Pu ji fang. 18-09 番木鼈綱目 Fan mu bie, FE Gang mu. Strychnos nux vomica L. Strychnine tree. 【釋名】馬錢子綱目、苦實把豆綱目、火失刻把都。【時珍曰】狀似馬之 連錢，故名馬錢。 Explanation of Names. Ma qian zi 馬錢子, Gang mu. Ku shi ba dou 苦實把豆, Gang mu. Huo shi ke ba du 火失刻把都. [Li] Shizhen: It is shaped like [the curled hair on the back of ] horses, ma 馬, resembling a series of coins, qian 錢. Hence the name ma qian 馬錢. 88 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329.



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【集解】【時珍曰】番木鼈生回回國，今西土邛州諸處皆有之。蔓生，夏 開黄花。七八月結實如栝樓，生青熟赤，亦如木鼈。其核小於木鼈而色 白。彼人言治一百二十種病，每證各有湯引。或云以豆腐制過用之良。或 云能毒狗至死。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Fan mu bie grows in Muslim countries. Today it is present everywhere in Qiong zhou in the western region. It grows as a creeper and opens yellow flowers in summer. Fruits similar to those of Japanese snake gourd open in the seventh and eighth month. Unripe they are greenish; when they are ripe they are red. They are similar to those of Chinese bitter cucumber. The fruits are smaller than those of Chinese bitter cucumber, and they are white. People there say that they serve to cure 120 kinds of diseases. For each illness sign a specific decoction serves to guide them [to the place of the respective disease]. It is also said that it is good when it is used after being processed together with bean curd. Still others say that it can poison dogs to death. 18-09-01 仁 Ren

Seeds [of fan mu bie]. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】傷寒熱病，咽喉痺痛，消痞塊。並含之嚥汁，或磨水噙嚥。時珍。 Control. Harm caused by cold with a heat disease, and painful throat blockage. They dissolve obstacle-illness89 lumbs. For all these, hold them in the mouth and swallow the resulting juice. Or, rub them in water, hold it in the mouth and swallow it. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新四。 Added Recipes. Four newly [recorded]. 喉痺作痛。番木鼈、青木香、山豆根等分，爲末吹之。楊拱醫方摘要。 Painful throat. [Grind] equal amounts of fan mu bie, inula [root] and bushy sophora root into powder and blow it [into the patient’s throat]. Yang Gong, Yi fang zhai yao. 纏喉風腫。番木鼈仁一箇，木香三分，同磨水，調熊膽三分，膽礬五分。 以雞毛掃患處，取效。唐瑶經驗方。 89 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” a condition of an uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I. 371.

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Throat constricting wind90 with swelling. Rub one fan mu bie [seed] kernel and three fen of costus [root] in water. Mix it with three fen of bear bile and five fen of chalcanthite, and apply this with a chicken feather to the location of the suffering until an effect shows. Tang Yao, Jing yan fang. 癍瘡入目。苦實把豆兒即馬錢子半箇，輕粉、水花、銀朱各五分，片腦、 麝香、枯礬少許爲末。左目吹右耳，右目吹左耳，日二次。田日華飛鴻集。 Macule-illness sores that enter the eyes. [Grind] half a [kernel] of ku shi ba dou er, i. e., ma qian zi, five fen each of calomel, pumice/porous lava and vermilion, and small amounts of borneol, musk and prepared alum into powder. If the left eye is affected, blow it into the right ear. If the right eye is affected, blow it into the left ear. Twice a day. Tian Rihua, Fei hong ji. 病欲去胎。苦實把豆兒研膏，納入牝户三四寸。集簡方。 If because of a disease one intends to abort the fetus. Grind ku shi ba dou er into a paste and insert it three to four cun deep into the vagina. Ji jian fang. 18-10 馬兜鈴宋開寶 Ma dou ling, FE Song, Kai bao Aristolochia contorta, Bunge. Northern pipevine. 【校正】併入唐本草 獨行根。 Editorial Correction. Du xing gen 獨行根, [listed separately] in the Tang ben cao, is included here. 【釋名】都淋藤肘後、獨行根唐本、土青木香唐本、雲南根綱目、三百兩 銀藥。【宗奭曰】蔓生，附木而上，葉脱時其實尚垂，狀如馬項之鈴，故 得名也。【時珍曰】其根吐利人，微有香氣，故有獨行、木香之名。嶺南 人用治蠱，隱其名爲三百兩銀藥。肘後方作都淋，蓋誤傳也。 Explanation of Names. Du lin teng 都淋藤, Zhou hou. Du xing gen 獨行根, Tang ben. Tu qing mu xiang 土青木香, Tang ben. Yun nan gen 雲南根, “Yun nan root,” Gang mu. San bai liang yin yao 三百兩銀藥. [Kou] Zongshi: It grows as a creeper and rises attached to trees. When the leaves fall off, the fruits still hang like a bell, ling 鈴, at the neck of a horse, ma 馬. Hence the name. [Li] Shizhen: The root causes vomiting and free flow. It has slightly fragrant qi. Hence names such as du xing 獨行, “moving alone,” and mu xiang 木香, “tree fragrance.” People in Ling nan use 90 Chan hou feng 纏喉風, “throat-constricting wind,” a condition of hou bi 喉痹, “throat blockage,” with a rapid onset, a swelling of throat and cheeks, and a closure of the throat that makes it impossible to ingest even a liquid. BCGM Dict I, 74.



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it to cure gu [poisoning]. 91 They camouflage it with the name “pharmaceutical drug worth three hundred liang of silver,” san bai liang yin yao 三百兩銀藥. The Zhou hou fang writes du lin 都淋. The fact is, this is an erroneous transmission. 【集解】【志曰】獨行根生古堤城旁，所在平澤叢林中皆有之。山南名爲 土青木香，一名兜鈴根。蔓生，葉似蘿藦而圓且澀，花青白色。其子大如 桃、李而長，十月以後枯，則頭開四系若囊，其中實薄扁似榆莢。其根扁 而長尺許，作葛根氣，亦似漢防己。二月、八月采根。【頌曰】馬兜鈴今 關中、河東、河北、江、淮、夔、浙州郡皆有之。春生苗作蔓，繞樹而 生。葉如山蕷葉而厚大背白。六月開黄紫花，頗類枸杞花。七月結實如棗 大，狀似鈴，作四五瓣。其根名雲南根，微似木香，大如小指，赤黄色。 七八月采實，暴乾。 Collected Explanations. Du xing gen grows on old dikes and near city walls. It can be found everywhere on the plains, in the marshlands, and in dense forests. In Shan nan it is called tu qing mu xiang 土青木香, with an alternative name dou ling gen 兜鈴根. It grows as a creeper. The leaves resemble those of metaplexis herbs, but are round and rough. The flowers are greenish-white in color. Their seeds are as big as those of peaches and plums, but longer. [The plant] withers beginning with the tenth month and at the top a pouch-like entity develops with four compartments. The fruits inside are thin and flat, similar to Siberian elm pods. The root is flat and about one chi long. It emits the same qi as pueraria roots, and it also resembles that of stephania tetrandra. The root is collected in the second and eighth month. [Su] Song: Ma dou ling can be found today in all the zhou and prefectures of Guan zhong, He dong, He bei, Jiang, Huai, Kui and Zhe. In spring it produces a stem as a creeper; it grows winding around trees. The leaves are similar to those of Chinese yam, but they are thick, big and have a white back. Yellow-purple flowers open in the sixth month, quite similar to lycium flowers. In the seventh month they form fruits the size of Chinese dates. They are shaped like bells with four or five petals. The root is named yun nan gen, it is a bit reminiscent of costus [roots]. It has the size of a small finger, and is red-yellow in color. The fruits are collected in the seventh and eighth month. They are dried in the sun.

91 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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18-10-01 實 Shi

Fruit [of ma dou ling]. 【修治】【斅曰】凡采得實，去葉及蔓，以生絹袋盛於東屋角畔，待乾劈 開，去革膜，只取净子焙用。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: When the fruits are collected, remove the leaves and the creeper. Put them in a tough silk pouch and and suspend it at the eastern corner of the house. Wait until they are dry and cut them open. Remove the internal membrane separating [the compartments] and pick out only clean seeds. They are baked in a pan and can be used [for therapeutic purposes]. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。【權曰】平。【時珍曰】微苦、辛。【杲曰】味 厚氣薄，陰中微陽，入手太陰經。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. [Zhen] Quan: Balanced. [Li] Shizhen: Slightly bitter, acrid. [Li] Gao: The flavor is strongly pronounced. The qi are weakly pronounced. It is a slight yang in yin substance that enters the hand major yin conduits. 【主治】肺熱欬嗽，痰結喘促，血痔瘻瘡。開寶。肺氣上急，坐息不得， 欬逆連連不止。甄權。清肺氣，補肺，去肺中濕熱。元素。 Control. Lung heat with cough. Phlegm collections with hectic panting. Bleeding piles and scrofula sores. Kai bao. Hectic rise of lung qi, making it impossible to sit or rest. Continuous, unending cough with [qi] counterflow. Zhen Quan. They clear lung qi, supplement lung [qi], and remove from within the lung moisture and heat. [Zhang] Yuansu. 【發明】【時珍曰】馬兜鈴體輕而虚，熟則懸而四開，有肺之象，故能入 肺。氣寒味苦微辛，寒能清肺熱，苦辛能降肺氣。錢乙補肺阿膠散用之， 非取其補肺，乃取其清熱降氣也，邪去則肺安矣。其中所用阿膠、糯米， 則正補肺之藥也。湯劑中用多亦作吐，故崔氏方用以吐蠱。其不能補肺， 又可推矣。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Ma dou ling has a light and hollow body. When [the fruits are ripe] they remain suspended and open on four sides, resembling the image of a lung. Hence they are capable of entering the lung. Its qi are cold; the flavor is bitter and slightly acrid. The cold [qi] can cool the lung heat; the bitter-acrid flavor can cause lung qi to descend. Qian Yi in his “powder with donkey hide glue to supplement lung [qi]” uses it. He does use it to supplement qi but relies on its ability to cool heat and let qi descend. Once the evil [qi] are eliminated, the lung is in peace. The donkey hide glue and the glutinous rice resorted to are the pharmaceutical



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drugs genuinely supplementing lung [qi]. When [ma dou ling] is used in decoctions and other preparations, this is often intended to stimulate vomiting. Hence the Cui shi fang uses it to make [patients] spit out gu.92 From this it can be deduced that [ma dou ling] is unable to supplement lung [qi]. 【附方】舊三，新二。 Added Recipes. Three of old, two newly [recorded]. 水腫腹大，喘急。馬兜鈴煎湯，日服之。千金方。 Abdominal bloating with a water swelling, and hectic panting. Boil ma dou ling to obtain a decoction and ingest it daily. Qian jin fang. 肺氣喘急。馬兜鈴二兩，去殼及膜，酥半兩，入盌内拌匀，慢火炒乾，甘 草炙一兩，爲末。每服一錢，水一盞，煎六分，温呷或噙之。簡要濟衆。 Lung qi [disorder] with hectic panting. Remove the shell and the membrane of two liang of ma dou ling [fruits] and give them with half a liang of butter into a bowl where they are evenly mixed. Stir-fry them over a slow fire until they are dry and [grind them] with one liang of roasted glycyrrhiza [roots] into powder. Each time ingest one qian, boiled in one cup of water down to 60%. Sip it warm or hold it in the mouth. Jian yao ji zhong. 一切心痛，不拘大小男女。大馬兜鈴一箇，燈上燒存性，爲末。温酒服， 立效。摘玄方。 All types of heart pain, regardless of whether adults or children, males or females are concerned. Burn one ma dou ling [fruit] over a lamp while maintaining its nature, and [grind it into] powder. Ingest it with warm wine. Instantly effective. Zhai xuan fang. 解蛇蠱毒。飲食中得之，咽中如有物，嚥不下，吐不出，心下熱悶。兜鈴 一兩，煎水服，即吐出。崔行功纂要方。 To dissolve snake and gu-poison, 93 acquired through beverages and food. There is a feeling in the throat as if something has got stuck in there, and cannot be swal92 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu[-poisoning].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 93 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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lowed to pass it down, or vomited to throw it up. With heat below the heart and heart-pressure. Boil one liang of [ma] dou ling in water and ingest it. The [item] is spat out. Cui Xinggong, Zuan yao fang. 痔瘻腫痛。以馬兜鈴於瓶中燒煙，熏病處，良。日華本草。 Painful swelling related to piles and fistula. Heat ma dou ling in a jar to generate fumes and steam the location of the disease. Good. Rihua ben cao. 18-10-2 獨行根 Du xing gen Root of du xing.

【氣味】辛、苦，冷，有毒。【大明曰】無毒。【志曰】有毒。不可多 服，吐利不止。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, bitter, cold, poisonous. Da Ming: Nonpoisonous. [Ma] Zhi: Poisonous. It must not be ingested in large quantities, lest it cause unending vomiting and free flow. 【主治】鬼疰積聚，諸毒熱腫，蛇毒。水磨爲泥封之，日三四次，立瘥。 水煮一二兩，取汁服，吐蠱毒。又搗末水調，塗丁腫，大效。唐本。治血 氣。大明。利大腸，治頭風瘙痒秃瘡。時珍。出精義。 Control. Demon attachment-illness with accumulations and collections. All types of swelling related to poison and heat. Snake poison. Rub it in water to obtain a mud and seal [the affected region] with it. Three to four times a day. Immediately effective. Boil one or two liang in water, ingest the resulting juice and gu-poison94 is spat out. Also, pound it to obtain a powder, mix it with water and apply it to pin[-illness] swelling. Tang ben. It serves to cure blood and qi [disorders]. Da Ming. It frees the passage through the large intestine. It serves to cure head wind,95 itch and baldness sores. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Jing yi.

94 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 95 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509.



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【附方】舊一，新四。 Attached Recipes. One of old. Four newly [recorded]. 五種蠱毒。肘後方云：席辨刺史言，嶺南俚人，多於食中毒，人漸不能 食，胸背漸脹，先寒似瘴。用都淋藤十兩，水一斗，酒二升，煮三升，分 三服。毒逐小便出。十日慎食毒物。不瘥更服。土人呼爲三百兩銀藥。 The five types of gu-poisoning. The Zhou hou fang states: Prefectural Governor Xi Bian says: “In Ling nan, ordinary people are often hit by poison in their food. They are increasingly unable to eat, and their chest and back are increasingly bloated. First they have sensations of cold, resembling miasmatic [qi]. They boil ten liang of dou lin teng in one dou of water and two sheng of wine down to three sheng and ingest this divided into three portions. The poison is released through urination. They then take care not to eat poisonous objects for ten days. If no healing is achieved, they ingest [the decoction] a second time. The locals call [ma dou ling] ‘a pharmaceutical drug worth 300 liang of silver’.” 又支太醫云：兜鈴根一兩爲末，水煎頓服，當吐蠱出，未盡再服。或爲 末，水調服，亦驗。 Also, the Imperial Physician Zhi states: [Grind] one liang of [ma] dou ling roots into powder, boil it in water, ingest it all at once and the gu is spat out. If it is not completely [spat out], ingest [the decoction] a second time. Or [grind the roots into] powder and ingest it mixed with water. This, too, is effective. 中草蠱毒。此術在西凉之西及嶺南。人中此毒，入咽欲死者。用兜鈴苗一 兩，爲末。温水調服一錢，即消化蠱出，神效。聖惠方。 Struck by herbal gu-poison.96 This is a method [to poison humans] practiced in the West of Xi liang and also in Ling nan. When someone is struck by this poison, as soon as it enters his throat he comes close to dying. [Grind] one liang of [ma] dou ling seedlings into powder and ingest, mixed with warm water, one qian. The gu [poison] is dissolved and excreted. Divinely effective. Sheng hui fang. 腸風漏血。馬兜铃藤、穀精草、荆三稜，用烏頭炒過，三味各等分，煎 水，先熏後洗之。普濟方。 Intestinal wind and leaking blood. Boil equal amounts of the following three substances in water: ma dou ling creeper, eriocaulon herb and river bulrush tuber, fried 96 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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together with aconitum [main tuber]. First steam and then wash the [affected region with the liquid]. Pu ji fang. 丁腫復發。馬兜鈴根搗爛，用蜘蛛網裹傅，少時根出。肘後方。 Pin[-illness]97 swelling developing again. Pound ma dou ling roots into a pulpy mass, wrap it in a spider web and apply this [to the affected region]. After a short time, the root [of the pin-illness] will come out. Zhou hou fang. 惡蛇所傷。青木香半兩，煎湯飲之。袖珍方。 Harm caused by a malign snake. Boil half a liang of qing mu xiang in water and drink the decoction. Xiu zhen fang. 18-11 榼藤子宋開寶 Ke teng zi, FE Song, Kaibao, Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. Gilla nut. 【校正】自木部移入此。 Editorial Corrections. Moved here from section “trees.” 【釋名】象豆開寶、榼子日華、合子拾遺。【時珍曰】其子象榼形，故名 之。 Explanation of Names. Xiang dou 象豆, Kai bao. Ke zi 榼子, Rihua. He zi 合子, Shi yi. [Li] Shizhen: The seeds are shaped like a wine-jar, ke 榼. Hence the name. 【集解】【藏器曰】按廣州記云：榼藤子生廣南山林間。作藤着樹，如通 草藤。其實三年方熟，角如弓袋，子若雞卵，其外紫黑色。其殼用貯丹 藥，經年不壞。取其中仁入藥，炙用。【時珍曰】子紫黑色，微光，大一 二寸，圓而褊。人多剔去肉作藥瓢，垂于腰間也。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: According to the Guang zhou ji, “ke teng zi grows in the mountain forests in Guang nan. It is a creeper attached to trees, similar to rice paper plants. Its fruits ripen in the third year. The pods resemble a quiver; the seeds resemble chicken eggs. They are colored purple-black on the outside. Elixirs and medicines are stored in the [seed] pods so that they do not deteriorate over several years. The kernels inside are added to medication; they are roasted before an application.” [Li] Shizhen: The seeds are purple-black in color, and a little shiny. They are one to two cun big; they are round and flat. People often 97 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],” also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129.



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cut out the meat and use [the shells] as a gourd to keep medication. 18-11-01 仁 Ren

Kernels [of ke teng zi]. 【氣味】濇，甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】五痔蠱毒，飛尸喉痺。以仁爲粉，微熬，水服一二匕。亦和大豆 澡面，去䵟𪒟。藏器。治小兒脱肛，血痢瀉血，並燒灰服。或以一枚割瓤 熬研，空腹熱酒服二錢。不過三服，必效。開寶。解諸藥毒。時珍。草木 狀。 Control. The five types of piles and gu-poisoning.98 Flying corpse [qi]99 and throat closure. [Grind] the kernels into powder, slightly simmer them and ingest with water the amount held by one or two spoons. It is also mixed with soybeans to wash the face to remove dermal dark spots. [Chen] Cangqi. They serve to cure anal prolapse of children, blood free-flux illness, and outflow with blood. For all these, burn them and ingest the ashes. Or cut the meat out of one [seed], simmer it and grind it [into powder]. Ingest two qian with hot wine on an empty stomach. After no more than three ingestions an effect is guaranteed. Kai bao. [The seeds] resolve all types of medicinal poisonings. [Li] Shizhen, [quoted from the] Cao mu zhuang. 【附方】舊三，新一。 Added Recipes. Three of old. One newly [recorded]. 喉痺腫痛。榼藤子燒研，酒服一錢。聖惠方。 Painful throat swelling. Burn ke teng zi and grind [the residue into powder]. Ingest with wine one qian. Sheng hui fang. 五痔下血。榼藤子燒存性。米飲服二錢，有功。寇氏衍義。 The five types of bleeding piles. Burn ke teng zi while maintaining its nature and ingest with a rice beverage two qian. Effective. Mr. Kou [Zongshi], Yan yi. 98 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 99 Fei shi 飛屍, “flying corpse [qi].” A condition with sudden outbreaks and frequently changing appearances that do not show a regular pattern. BCGM Dict I, 156.

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腸風下血。華佗中藏經用榼藤子二箇，不蛀皂莢子四十九箇。燒存性，爲 末，每服二錢。温酒下，少頃再飲酒一盞，趁口服，極效。100 Intestinal wind with blood discharge. The Hua Tuo zhong zang jing [recommends to] burn, with their nature retained, two ke teng zi [kernels] and 49 gleditsia seeds that are not moth-infested, and [grind them into] powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with warm wine. After a short while drink one cup of wine. Later ingest it again. Very successful. 聖惠方用榼藤子三枚厚重者，濕紙七重包，煨熟去殼，取肉爲末。每服一 錢，食前黄芪湯下，日一服。 The Sheng hui fang [recommends to] wrap three thick and heavy ke teng zi [kernels] in seven layers of moist paper, slowly roast this until done, remove the [seed] shells, take the meat [out of the seed kernels] and [grind it into] powder. Each time ingest one qian, to be sent down before a meal with an astragalus [root] decoction. To be ingested once a day. 【附録】 Appendix 18-11-A01 He zi cao 合子草, FE Shi yi 拾遺。 Unidentified.

【藏器曰】子及葉有小毒。主蠱毒及蛇咬，搗傅瘡上。蔓生岸旁，葉尖花 白，子中有兩片如合子。 [Chen] Cangqi: The seeds and leaves are slightly poisonous. They control gu-poisoning101 and snake bites. Pound them [to a pulp] and apply this to the sores. It grows as a creeper on river banks. The leaves are pointed and the flowers are white. Inside the seeds are two pieces, similar to gilla nuts.

100 The meaning of chen kou 趁口 is obvious only in the original wording of the Zhong zang jing: 温酒下。如人行五里再飲以溫酒一杯趁之.日三服，極效,”…with warm wine. After the time required by someone to walk five miles drink again a cup with warm wine, and ‘make use of it.’ Very effective.” Li Shizhen shortened this phrase. 101 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.



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18-12 預知子宋開寶 Yu zhi zi, FE Song Kaibao, Trichosanthes cucumeroides (Ser.) Maxim. Japanese snake gourd. 【釋名】聖知子日華、聖先子日華、盍合子日華、仙沼子日華。【志曰】 相傳取子二枚綴衣領上，遇有蠱毒，則聞其有聲，當預知之，故有諸名。 【時珍曰】仙沼，疑是仙棗之訛耳。 Explanation of Names. Sheng zhi zi 聖知子, Rihua. Sheng xian zi 聖先子, Rihua. He he zi 盍合子, Rihua. Xian zhao zi 仙沼子, Rihua. [Ma] Zhi: Tradition has it that when two trichosanthes seeds are stitched to the collar and one encounters gu-poison, its sound is heard and this serves to know of it “in advance,” yu zhi 預 知. Hence its name. [Li] Shizhen: Xian zhao 仙沼 may be an erroneous writing of xian zhao 仙棗. 【集解】【志曰】預知子有皮殼，其實如皂莢子。【頌曰】舊不著所出州 土，今淮、蜀、黔、壁諸州皆有之。作蔓生，依大木上。葉緑，有三角， 面深背淺。七月、八月有實作房，生青，熟深紅色，每房有子五七枚，如 皂莢子，斑褐色，光潤如飛蛾。今蜀人極貴重之，云亦難得。采無時。其 根冬月采之，陰乾。治蠱，其功勝於子也。山民目爲聖無憂。 Collected Explanations. [Ma] Zhi: Yu zhi has a skin serving as its [seed] shell. It fruits are similar to gleditsia seeds. [Su] Song: In former times the zhou and regions where it comes from were not recorded. Today, it can be found everywhere in the zhou of Huai, Shu, Qian and Bi. It grows as a creeper and rises attached to tall trees. The leaves are green. They have three “horns.” The front is deeply [colored]; the back is pale. Fruits with a “housing” form in the seventh and eighth month. Unripe they are greenish. When they are ripe they are deep red. Each “housing” includes five to seven seeds, similar to gleditsia seeds, with brown dots. They are shiny and moist like a flying moth. Today people in Shu extremely appreciate them. Allegedly, they are difficult to obtain. They are collected anytime. The roots are collected in the winter months. They are dried in the yin (i. e., shade). They serve to cure gu[-poisoning]102 and their potential exceeds that of the seeds. Mountain people call [the herb] sheng wu ai 聖無憂, “sage without grief.“

102 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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18-12-01 子仁 Zi ren

Seed kernel [of yu zhi zi]. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。【大明曰】温。雙仁者可帶。 Qi and Flavor. Cold, bitter, nonpoisonous. Da Ming: Warm. Those with two kernels can be worn on the clothes. 【主治】殺蟲療蠱，治諸毒。去皮研服，有效。開寶。治一切風，補五勞 七傷，其功不可備述。治痃癖氣塊，消宿食，止煩悶，利小便，催生，中 惡失音，髮落，天行温疾。塗一切蛇蟲蠶咬，治一切病，每日吞二七粒， 不過三千粒，永瘥。大明。 Control. They kill worms/bugs and heal gu [poisoning]. They serve to cure all types of poison. Remove the skin, grind [them into powder] and ingest them. This is effective. Kai bao. They serve to cure all types of wind [intrusion]. They supplement the five types of exhaustion and seven types of harm. Their [therapeutic] potential is beyond words. They serve to cure string-illness103 and aggregation-illness104 with qi lumps. They dissolve food remaining [in the body overnight]. They end vexing heart-pressure, free the flow of urine, hasten birth, and [serve to cure] being struck by the malign with loss of voice, loss of hair, and epidemic warmth illness. Apply them to all types of snake, worm/bug and silkworm bites. They serve to cure all types of disease. Every day swallow two times seven grains. After no more than 3000 grains an eternal healing is achieved. Da Ming. 【附方】新三。 Added Recipes. Three newly [recorded]. 預知子丸。治心氣不足，精神恍惚，語言錯妄，忪悸煩鬱，憂愁慘戚，喜 怒多恐，健忘少睡，夜多異夢，寤即驚魘，或發狂眩暴不知人，並宜服 此。預知子去皮、白伏苓、枸杞子、石菖蒲、伏神、柏子仁、人參、地骨 皮、遠志、山藥、黄精蒸熟、朱砂水飛，等分，爲末。煉蜜丸芡子大。每 嚼一丸，人參湯下。和劑局方。 The “pills with yu zhi zi.” They serve to cure heart qi insufficiency, absent-mindedness, erroneous and absurd talking, agitated palpitation, vexing pent-up [qi], worrying and grief, excessive joy and anger, as well as fear, forgetfulness and sleeplessness, 103 Xuan 痃, “string-illness,” a condition of acute pain located in the abdomen to the left and right of the umbilicus. BCGM Dict I, 591. 104 Pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” of painful lumps emerging from time to time in both flanks. BCGM Dict I, 371.



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many strange dreams during the night, and waking up with nightmare fright, or madness with dizziness and a sudden inability to recognize other persons. For all these issues it is appropriate to ingest this [medication]. [Grind] equal amounts to powder: Yu zhi zi, with the skin removed, white poria, lycium seeds, acorus [root], poria, arborvitae kernels, ginseng [root], lycium root bark, polygala [root], Chinese yam, Solomon’s seal [root], steamed until done, and cinnabar, water sublimed. With heat refined honey form pills the size of qian seeds. Each time chew one pill and send it down with a ginseng [root] decoction. He ji ju fang. 耳卒聾閉。八九月取石榴開一孔，留蓋，入米醋滿中，蓋定，麪裹煻火中 煨熟取出，入少仙沼子、黑李子末，取水滴耳中，腦痛勿驚。如此二夜， 又點一耳。聖惠方。 Sudden closure of the ears with deafness. Get one pomegranate in the eighth or ninth month and open a hole but keep the [removed piece of peel as a] cover. Fill [the pomegranate] with rice vinegar and firmly cover [the opening of the hole with the peel]. Wrap it in wheat flour and over a slow fire roast it until done. Then take it away from the fire and insert xian zhao zi and black plum powder. Drip it with water into one of the [affected] ears. When the brain aches, this is of no concern. Do this twice at night. Then drip [the water] into the other ear. Sheng hui fang. 癘風有蟲，眉落聲變。預知子膏：用預知子、雄黄各二兩，爲末。以乳香 二兩，同水一斗，銀鍋煮至五升。入二末熬成膏，瓶盛之。每服一匙，温 酒調下。有蟲如馬尾，隨大便而出。聖惠方。 Epidemic wind105 with the presence of worms/bugs. The eyebrows fall off, and the sound of one’s voice changes. The “paste with yu zhi zi.” [Grind] two liang each of yu zhi zi and realgar into powder. Boil two liang of frankincense in one dou of water in a silver pot down to five sheng, add the two powders and simmer this to generate a paste. Keep it in a jar. Each time ingest one spoon, to be sent down mixed with warm wine. Worms/bugs similar to a horse’s tail hair are released with defecation. Sheng hui fang. 18-12-02 根 Gen

Root [of yu zhi zi]. 【氣味】苦，冷，無毒 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. 105 Li feng 癘風, “epidemic wind,” identical with da feng, “massive wind,” presumably including cases of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111, 313.

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【主治】解蠱毒。石臼搗篩，每用三錢，温水服，立已。蘇頌。 Control. It resolves gu-poison.106 Pound [a root] in a stone mortar and pass [the powder] through a sieve. Each time ingest with warm wine three qian. [The poisoning] ends instantly. Su Song. 18-13 牽牛子别録下品 Qian niu zi, FE Bie lu, lower rank. Pharbitis nil (L.) Choisy. 【釋名】黑丑綱目、草金鈴炮炙論、盆甑草綱目、狗耳草救荒。【弘景 曰】此藥始出田野人牽牛謝藥，故以名之。【時珍曰】近人隱其名爲黑 丑，白者爲白丑，蓋以丑屬牛也。金鈴象子形，盆甑、狗耳象葉形。段成 式酉陽雜俎云，盆甑草蔓如薯蕷，結實後斷之，狀如盆甑是矣。 [Explanation of Names. Hei chou 黑丑, Gang mu. Cao jin ling 草金鈴, Pao zhi lun. Pen zeng cao 盆甑草, Gang mu. Gou er cao 狗耳草, Jiu huang. [Tao] Hongjing: This pharmaceutical drug was first [named qian niu zi 牽牛子,“the one to lead forward an ox”] when a person from the wild lead forward, qian 牽, an ox, niu 牛, to express his gratitude, xie 謝,107 for [obtaining] this pharmaceutical drug. Hence the name. [Li] Shizhen: Today people avoid its name and call it hei chou 黑丑, “black chou,” instead. White ones are called bai chou 白丑. The fact is, [the earthly branch] chou 丑 is associated with oxen [as its emblematic animal]. Jin ling 金鈴, “golden bell,” refers to the shape of the seeds. Pen zeng 盆甑, “basin,” “jar,” and gou er 狗耳, “dog’s ear,” refer to the shape of the leaves. Duan Chengshi in his You yang za zu states: “Pen ceng herb is a creeper similar to Chinese yam. When its fruits are formed and broken off, they are shaped like a basin or jar.” 【集解】【弘景曰】牽牛作藤生花，狀如藊豆，黄色。子作小房，實黑 色，形如梂子核。【恭曰】此花似旋花，作碧色，不黄，亦不似藊豆。 【頌曰】處處有之。二月種子，三月生苗，作藤蔓繞籬墻，高者或二三 丈。其葉青，有三尖角。七月生花，微紅帶碧色，似鼓子花而大。八月結 實，外有白皮裹作毬。每毬内有子四五枚，大如蕎麥，有三稜，有黑白二 種，九月後收之。【宗奭曰】花朶如鼓子花，但碧色，日出開，日西萎。 106 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 107 Instead of xie 謝, “to express gratitude,” Zheng lei ch. 11, qian niu zi 牽牛子, writes yi 易, “to give in exchange for.”



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其核如木猴梨子而色黑，謂子似蕎麥非也。【時珍曰】牽牛有黑白二種。 黑者處處野生尤多，其蔓有白毛，斷之有白汁。葉有三尖如楓葉。花不作 瓣，如旋花而大。其實有蒂裹之，生青枯白。其核與棠梂子核一樣，但色 深黑爾。白者人多種之。其蔓微紅，無毛有柔刺，斷之有濃汁。葉團有斜 尖，並如山藥莖葉。其花小于黑牽牛花，淺碧帶紅色。其實蒂長寸許，生 青枯白。其核白色，稍粗。人亦采嫩實蜜煎爲果食，呼爲天茄，因其蒂似 茄也。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: Qian niu is a creeper with flowers. It is shaped like Egyptian kidney bean [herbs] and is yellow in color. The seeds form small “housings.” The fruits are black; they are shaped like qiu seed kernels.108 [Su] Gong: This flower resembles hedge bindweed. It is jade-bluish in color, not yellow, and it does not resemble Egyptian kidney bean [herbs]. [Su] Song: It can be found everywhere. Its seeds are planted in the second month; it produces seedlings in the third month that wind as vines or creepers around fences and along walls, reaching a height of two or three zhang. Its leaves are greenish and have three pointed edges. It forms flowers in the seventh month. They are slightly red with some jade-bluish in color. They resemble hedge bindweed flowers, but are bigger. They form fruits in the eighth month. An outer white skin encloses a ball. Inside each ball are four to five seeds, shaped like those of buckwheat. They have three corners and occur in two kinds, one black, one white. They are collected beginning with the ninth month. [Kou] Zongshi: The flowers form clusters similar to Egyptian kidney bean [flowers], but of jade-bluish color. At sunrise they open; when the sun is in the West, they wither. The [seed] kernels are similar to mu hou li seeds109, but are black in color. When it is said that the seeds resemble those of buckwheat, this is wrong. [Li] Shizhen: Qian niu has two kinds, black and white. Black ones grow everywhere in especially large numbers. These are creepers with white hair. When they are broken they release a white juice. The leaves have three pointed ends, similar to those of Chinese sweet gum. The flowers do not generate petals. They resemble Egyptian kidney bean [flowers], but are bigger. The fruits are enclosed by a calyx; they are greenish when they are unripe and white when withered. The [seed] kernels are identical to hawthorn seed kernels, but of a deep black color. The white [kind of qian niu] is often planted by people; its creeper is slightly red. It has no hair, only soft thorns. When it is broken it releases a thick juice. The leaves are round but have a pointed tip. Both [the creeper and the leaves of the white kind of qian niu] 108 Seed kernels of an unidentified plant qiu 梂. 109 Mu hou li zi 木猴梨子, lit.: “tree monkey pear seeds,” an unidentified plant. These could be the seeds of mi hou li 猕猴梨, lit: “macaque pear,” Actinidia chinensis Planch.; Kiwi fruit.

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resemble the stem and the leaves of Chinese yam. Its flowers are smaller than those of black qian niu. They are pale jade-bluish with some red in color. The fruit calyx reaches a length of about one cun; it is greenish as long as it is fresh and white when withered. The [seed] kernels are white, and a little coarse. People collect the tender fruits, boil them with honey and eat them as [preserved] fruit, called “heaven’s eggplant” because the calyx/fruit base resembles that of eggplants. 18-13-01 子 Zi

Seeds [of qian niu zi]. 【修治】【斅曰】凡采得子，晒乾，水淘去浮者，再晒，拌酒蒸，從巳至 未，晒乾收之。臨用舂去黑皮。【時珍曰】今多只碾取頭末，去皮麩不 用。亦有半生半熟用者。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: Whenever they are collected, dry them in the sun, wash them in a pan and remove those floating at the surface, dry them in the sun again, and steam them, mixed with wine, from si 巳 hours (9 – 11) to wei 未 hours (13 – 15). Then dry them in the sun once more and store them. When they are about to be used, [husk them] in a mortar to remove the black skin. [Li] Shizhen: Today they often simply husk [the seeds] and take the powder prepared from their tips. They discard the skin and the bran and do not use them [for therapeutic ends]. They are also used half fresh, half heat prepared. 【氣味】苦，寒，有毒。【權曰】甘，有小毒。【詵曰】多食稍冷。【杲 曰】辛熱雄烈，泄人元氣。【大明曰】味薟。得青木香、乾薑良。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, poisonous. [Zhen] Quan: Sweet, slightly poisonous. [Meng] Shen: Eaten in large quantities they cause some cold. [Li] Gao: They are acrid, hot and violently heroic, causing a drainage of one’s original qi. Da Ming: Astringent flavor. Combined with inula [root] and dried ginger they yield good results. 【主治】下氣，療脚滿水腫，除風毒，利小便。别録。治痃癖氣塊，利大 小便，除虚腫，落胎。甄權。取腰痛，下冷膿，瀉蠱毒藥，并一切氣壅 滯。大明。和山茱萸服，去水病。孟詵。除氣分濕熱，三焦壅結。李杲。 逐痰消飲，通大腸氣秘風秘，殺蟲，達命門。時珍。 Control. They cause qi to descend. They heal swollen legs that are filled with water. They remove wind poison and free urination. Bie lu. They serve to cure string-ill-



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ness110 and aggregation-illness111 with qi lumps, free urination, remove depletion swelling and cause abortion. Zhen Quan. They eliminate lower back pain. They let cold pus descend. They purge gu [poison]112 and poisonous medication, and also all types of obstruction caused by sluggish qi. Da Ming. Ingested together with Asiatic cornelian cherry they eliminate water diseases. Meng Shen. They eliminate moisture and heat from the qi section, and obstruction related to bound [qi] in the Triple Burner. Li Gao. They dispel and dissolve phlegm rheums, open the large intestine in the case of blockages caused by qi and blockages caused by wind [intrusion], kill worms/bugs and reach the Gate of Life. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【宗奭曰】牽牛丸服，治大腸風秘壅結。不可久服，亦行脾腎氣 故也。【好古曰】牽牛以氣藥引則入氣，以大黄引則入血。利大腸，下水 積。色白者瀉氣分濕熱上攻喘滿，破血中之氣。【震亨曰】牽牛屬火善 走。黑者屬水，白者屬金。若非病形與證俱實，不脹滿、不大便秘者，不 可輕用。驅逐致虚，先哲深戒。【杲曰】牽牛非神農藥也。名醫續注云： 味苦寒，能除濕氣，利小便，治下注脚氣。此説氣味主治俱誤矣。何也？ 凡用牽牛，少則動大便，多則泄下如水，乃瀉氣之藥。其味辛辣，久嚼猛 烈雄壯，所謂苦寒安在哉？夫濕者，水之别稱，有形者也。若肺先受濕， 濕氣不得施化，致大小便不通，則宜用之。蓋牽牛感南方熱火之化所生， 火能平金而泄肺，濕去則氣得周流。所謂五臟有邪更相平也。今不問有濕 無濕，但傷食或有熱證，俱用牽牛尅化之藥，豈不誤哉？况牽牛止能泄氣 中之濕熱，不能除血中之濕熱。濕從下受之，下焦主血，血中之濕，宜苦 寒之味，反以辛藥泄之，傷人元氣。且牽牛辛烈，比之諸辛藥泄氣尤甚， 其傷人必矣。經云：辛泄氣，辛走氣，辛泄肺，氣病者無多食辛。况飲食 失節，勞役所傷，是胃氣不行，心火乘之。腸胃受火邪，名曰熱中。脾胃 主血，當血中泄火。以黄芩之苦寒泄火，當歸身之辛温和血，生地黄之苦 寒凉血益血，少加紅花之辛温以泄血絡，桃仁之辛温除燥潤腸。仍不可專 用，須于補中益氣泄陰火之藥内加而用之。何則？上焦元氣已自虚弱，若 反用牽牛大辛熱氣味俱陽之藥，以泄水泄元氣，利其小便，竭其津液，是 謂重虚。重則必死，輕則夭人。故張文懿云：牽牛不可耽嗜，脱人元氣。 見人有酒食病痞者，多服牽牛丸散，取快一時。藥過仍痞，隨服隨效，效 110 Xuan 痃, “string-illness,” a condition of acute pain located in the abdomen to the left and right of the umbilicus. BCGM Dict I, 591. 111 Pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” of painful lumps emerging from time to time in both flanks. BCGM Dict I, 371. 112 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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後復痞。以致久服脱人元氣，猶不知悔也。張仲景治七種濕熱，小便不 利，無一藥犯牽牛者。仲景豈不知牽牛能泄濕利小便乎。爲濕病之根在下 焦，是血分中氣病，不可用辛辣之藥，泄上焦太陰之氣。是血病瀉氣，使 氣血俱損也。經云：毋盛盛，毋虚虚，毋絶人長命。此之謂也，用者戒 之。白牽牛亦同。【時珍曰】牽牛自宋以後，北人常用取快。及劉守真、 張子和出，又倡爲通用下藥。李明之目擊其事，故著此説極力闢之。然東 漢時此藥未入本草，故仲景不知。假使知之，必有用法，不應捐棄。况仲 景未用之藥亦多矣。執此而論，蓋矯枉過中矣。牽牛治水氣在肺，喘滿腫 脹，下焦鬱遏，腰背脹重，及大腸風秘氣秘，卓有殊功。但病在血分，及 脾胃虚弱而痞滿者，則不可取快一時及常服，暗傷元氣也。一宗室夫人， 年幾六十。平生苦腸結病，旬日一行，甚於生産。服養血潤燥藥則泥膈不 快，服硝、黄通利藥則若罔知，如此三十餘年矣。時珍胗其人體肥膏粱而 多憂鬱，日吐酸痰盌許乃寬，又多火病。此乃三焦之氣壅滯，有升無降， 津液皆化爲痰飲，不能下滋腸腑，非血燥比也。潤劑留滯，硝、黄徒入血 分，不能通氣，俱爲痰阻，故無效也。乃用牽牛末、皂莢膏丸與服，即便 通利。自是但覺腸結，一服就順，亦不妨食，且復精爽。蓋牽牛能走氣 分，通三焦。氣順則痰逐飲消，上下通快矣。外甥柳喬，素多酒色。病下 極脹痛，二便不通，不能坐卧，立哭呻吟者七晝夜。醫用通利藥不效。遣 人叩予。予思此乃濕熱之邪在精道，壅脹隧路，病在二陰之間，故前阻小 便，後阻大便，病不在大腸、膀胱也。乃用楝實、茴香、穿山甲諸藥，入 牽牛加倍，水煎服。一服而减，三服而平。牽牛能達右腎命門，走精隧。 人所不知，惟東垣 李明之知之。故明之治下焦陽虚天真丹，用牽牛以鹽水 炒黑，入佐沉香、杜仲、破故紙、官桂諸藥，深得補瀉兼施之妙。方見醫 學發明。又東垣治脾濕太過，通身浮腫，喘不得卧，腹如鼓，海金沙散， 亦以牽牛爲君。則東垣未盡棄牽牛不用，但貴施之得道耳。 Explication. [Kou] Zongshi: To ingest pills with qian niu serves to cure blockages of the large intestine caused by wind [intrusion] and bound [qi]. They cannot be ingested for long because they also stimulate the movement of spleen and kidney qi. [Wang] Haogu: Qian niu guide medication directed at qi [disorders] into the qi [section], and they guide rhubarb root to enter the blood [section]. They open the large intestine and discharge accumulated water. White [seeds] drain moisture and heat in the qi section that rise to attack above and cause panting and a feeling of fullness. They break open qi [accumulation] in the blood [section]. [Zhu] Zhenheng: Qian niu is associated with fire and tends to run. Black [seeds] are associated with water; white ones are associated with metal. If the physical appearance and the illness signs associated with a disease fail to show a repletion and are not associated with distension and a feeling of fullness, as well as constipation, [qian niu] must not be used carelessly. As [its application to achieve] dispersion and elimination [of evil



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qi] may result in a depletion, ancient experts have warned against it. [Li] Gao: Qian niu is not among the pharmaceutical drugs recorded by Shen nong. The Ming yi xu zhu113 states: “Flavor bitter, cold. It can dispel moisture qi, free urination and serves to cure leg qi114 related to a downward influx.” What is said here on [qian niu’s] qi, flavor, and therapeutic control is all wrong. Why? When qian niu is applied in small amounts it stimulates bowel movement; in large quantities it causes a downflow as if it were water. That is, it is a pharmaceutical drug that drains qi. Its flavor is acrid-peppery. Chewed over a long time it has a most violent effect. Where are the “bitter [flavor] and cold [qi]” attributed [to qian niu by the Ming yi xu zhu]? Now, “moisture” is just another designation of water, that is, something with a physical appearance. When the lung first receives moisture and the moisture qi are not transformed, resulting in a blocked major (i. e., defecation) and minor (i. e., urination) relief, then an application [of qian niu] is appropriate. The fact is, qian niu grows as a result of a transformation of southern heat and fire. Fire can balance metal and drains [moisture in] the lung. Once the moisture is eliminated, the [lung] qi resume their circulation. That is the so-called mutual balancing among the five long-term depots in the case of their being affected by evil [qi]. Today no one asks whether moisture is present or not. It only needs to be a harm caused by food or a sign of heat and qian niu is always resorted to as a pharmaceutical drug capable of destroying and transforming. How could that not be wrong? Also, qian niu is capable only of draining moisture and heat present in the qi [section]. It is not capable of draining moisture and heat present in the blood [section]. Moisture is received from below. The lower [section of the Triple] Burner controls blood. For moisture in the blood [section an application of ] bitter [flavor] and cold [qi] is appropriate. If, on the contrary, acrid pharmaceutical drugs are used to drain [the moisture], this harms that person’s original qi. Furthermore, qian niu is violently acrid. Its potential to drain qi is stronger than that of all other acrid pharmaceutical drugs and it is for sure that it will harm one. The Classic states: “Acrid [flavor] drains qi.” “Acrid [flavor] stimulates qi to run.” “Acrid [flavor] drains the lung.” “In the case of a qi [disorder] disease, acrid food must not be consumed in large quantities.” Also, in the case of unrestrained drinking and eating, and harm caused by exhaustion resulting from hard labor, the passage of stomach qi is blocked and the fire of the heart avails itself [of the depletion]. When the intestines and the stomach receive the evil [qi of ] fire, this is called “struck by heat.” The spleen and the stomach control blood, and it is necessary to drain the fire [qi] in the blood. The bitter [flavor] and cold [qi] 113 Ming yi xu zhu 名醫續注, a text of this title is not documented in Chinese bibliographies. 114 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

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of astragalus [root] drain fire. The acrid [flavor] and warm [qi] of Chinese angelica [root] harmonize blood. The bitter [flavor] and cold [qi] of fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] cool blood and boost blood. If a small amount of safflower with its acrid [flavor] and warm [qi] is added, this drains the blood network [vessels]. The acrid [flavor] and warm [qi] of peach [seed] kernels eliminate dryness and moisten the intestines. However, [these substances] must not be applied individually. They must be used as ingredients of medication aimed at supplementing the center, boosting qi and draining a yin fire. Why is this so? If in a situation when the original qi in the upper [section of the Triple] Burner are already depleted or weak, contrary to [the requirements] one uses the massively acrid flavor and hot qi of an entirely yang natured pharmaceutical drug as is qian niu, resulting in a drainage of water and a drainage of original qi, in freeing urination and in exhausting body liquids, this is called doubling a depletion. In severe cases immediate death is inevitable. In light cases such persons will at least die later a premature death. Hence Zhang Wenyi states: “One must not indulge in or be addicted to [ingesting] qian niu. It serves to waste original qi.” [I] have seen someone suffering from an obstacle-illness115 caused by wine or food. He often ingested qian niu pills and powders. For a while he was happy. The overdose of his medication caused another obstacle-illness. Hence he ingested it again and it was effective again. But after these effects an obstacle-illness appeared again. With this long-term ingestion, he eventually wasted his original qi and still saw no reason to regret. Zhang Zhongjing cured seven kinds of moisture with heat and blocked urination. But not a single of his medications included qian niu. How could [Zhang] Zhongjing not know that qian niu is capable of draining moisture and freeing urination? Well, the root of a moisture disease lies in the lower [section of the Triple] Burner. It is a qi disease in the blood section and acrid-peppery pharmaceutical drugs must not be applied here as they drain the major yin qi in the upper [section of the Triple] Burner. That is, if in the case of a blood disease one drains its qi, this will damage both qi and blood. When the Classic states: “Do not fill what is filled. Do not deplete what is depleted. Do not cut short one’s long life,” then this is meant here. An application [of black qian niu seeds] must be cautious, and the same applies to white qian niu [seeds]. [Li] Shizhen: Ever since Song times people in the North have regularly resorted to qian niu with a quick effect. And with the writings of Liu Shouzhen and Zhang Zihe, [qian niu] in particular was promoted as a commonly used discharging pharmaceutical drug. Li Mingzhi witnessed this with his own eyes and this is why he wrote his emphatic rejection of such a practice. However, during the Eastern Han dynasty, this pharma115 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” a condition of an uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I. 371.



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ceutical drug had not yet entered ben cao [writings]. Hence [Zhang] Zhongjing did not know of it. If he had known of it, he would have devised methods of its application. [Simply because he did not know it,] it must not be abandoned [today]. Also, there are quite a few pharmaceutical drugs [in use today] that [Zhang] Zhongjing has not yet used. The fact is, when [Li Mingzhi] discussed this particular [substance], he exaggerated its risks. Qian niu has an extraordinary potential for curing the presence of water qi in the lung, with panting, a feeling of fullness, swelling and distension, pent-up [qi] with containment, distension and a feeling of heaviness in the lower back and the back, as well as blockage of the large intestine related to wind [intrusion] or qi [disorder]. However, if a disease is in the blood section and also in the case of spleen and stomach depletion and weakness, as well as in the case of obstacle-illness and a feeling of fullness, it will not have quick effects when taken once, and when ingested regularly it harms the original qi. A woman of the imperial clan, almost 60 years old, had suffered from constipation all her life. She had one bowel movement every ten days, and this was even more [painful] than giving birth to a child. When she ingested medication to nourish her blood and moisten dryness, this only closed her diaphragm and remained without effect. When she ingested medication to open passages, such as mirabilite and rhubarb root, they, too, remained without noticeable effect. This had continued for more than 30 years when [I, Li] Shizhen examined her. She was fat, ate rich, oily food and was often grieved. Every day she spat out more than a bowl full of sour phlegm, and then felt a little better. In addition, she often had a fire disease.116 This was a case of pent-up, sluggish qi in the Triple Burner. [The qi] ascended but failed to descend. All the body fluids transformed to phlegm rheum; they were unable to move down to nourish the intestinal short-term repositories. This was not just a dryness of blood. Preparations aimed at moistening retained the sluggish [qi]. Mirabilite and rhubarb root entered the blood section but were unable to clear the passage of qi. They were confronted by a phlegm barrier and, therefore, remained without effect. Then [I] resorted to pills with qian niu powder and gleditsia [pods/ seeds] paste and let her ingest them. They freed the passage of [defecation and urination] relief. From this time on, when she noticed bound [qi] in her intestines, she would ingest [these pills] once and the passage [of stools and urine] was normalized. Also, she could eat safely and regained her essence. The fact is, qian niu rapidly enters the qi section and penetrates the Triple Burner. Once the [movement of ] qi is normalized, the phlegm is eliminated and [phlegm] rheums are dissolved. My nephew Liu Qiao was addicted to wine and sex. He suffered from an extremely 116 Huo bing 火病, “fire disease.” A condition of exuberant yang qi manifesting itself as dryness, heat, shock, sores, redness and swelling. BCGM Dict I, 231.

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painful distension in his lower body part, and the passage of both [defecation and urination] relief was blocked. He could neither sit nor lie down. He groaned and cried for seven days and nights. Physicians resorted to medication aimed at freeing the passage [of defecation and urination], but this remained without effect. Then he sent someone to call me. I imagined that this was a case of evil [qi] of moisture and heat in his essence/sperm duct causing an obstruction of passage ways with distension. The disease was located between the two yin [(i. e., anus and scrotum) regions]. Hence, in front urination was blocked, and behind defecation was blocked. This disease was not located in the large intestine or in the bladder. Based on this, I resorted to pharmaceutical drugs such as Persian lilac fruit, fennel and pangolin scales plus a doubled dose of qian niu. This was boiled in water and given to him to ingest. With one ingestion [his problems] subsided. After three ingestions he was cured. Qian niu is able to enter the right kidney, (i. e.,) the Gate of Life, and to enter the essence/sperm duct. What people do not know was known only to Dongyuan Li Mingzhi. Hence [Li] Mingzhi cured yang [qi] depletion in the lower [section of the Triple] Burner with the “elixir of heaven’s true [qi]” [prepared according to the following recipe]. Stir-fry qian niu in brine until it has turned black, and add aloes wood, eucommia [bark], scurfy peas and cassia bark as assistants. The wondrous effects [of this recipe] are based on a joint application of supplementing and draining effects. The recipe is recorded in the Yi xue fa ming. Also, [Li] Dongyuan cured excessive moisture in the spleen with a surface swelling covering the entire body, panting and an inability to lie down, and a drum-like abdominal swelling with the “powder with Japanese climbing fern” with qian niu as its ruler [substance]. That is, [Li] Dongyuan did not entirely reject the application of qian niu. It is just that its use must be based on the correct principles. 【附方】舊八，新三十。 Added Recipes. Eight of old. 30 newly [revised]. 搜風通滯。風氣所攻，臟腑積滯。用牽牛子以童尿浸一宿，長流水上洗半 日，生絹袋盛，掛風處令乾。每日鹽湯下三十粒。極能搜風，亦消虚腫。 久服令人體清瘦。斗門方。 To remove wind and let sluggish [qi] pass. When wind qi cause accumulation of sluggish [qi] in the long-term depots and short-term repositories. Soak qian niu seeds in boys’ urine for one night and wash them with water that has flowed a long distance for half a day. Fill them into a pouch made of new, tough silk and hang it at a windy location to let [the seeds] dry. Every day send down 30 grains with a salt



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decoction. This is extremely capable of removing wind, and it dissolves depletion swelling. Ingested over a long period of time it makes the body slim. Dou men fang. 三焦壅塞。胸膈不快，頭昏目眩，涕唾痰涎，精神不爽。利膈丸：用牽牛 子四兩，半生半炒，不蛀皂莢酥炙二兩，爲末，生薑自然汁煮糊，丸梧子 大。每服二十丸，荆芥湯下。王衮博濟方。 Blocked Triple Burner. A feeling of discomfort in the chest and diaphragm region, dizziness and dimmed vision, with nasal mucus and slimy saliva and the essence-spirit not feeling well. The “pills to clear the passage through the diaphragm.” [Grind] four liang of qian niu seeds, one half fresh, one half fried, and two liang of gleditsia [pods/seeds], uninfested by moths and roasted in butter, into powder, boil it with the natural juice of fresh ginger and prepare [with wheat flour] a paste to be formed to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 20 pills, to be sent down with a schizonepeta [spike] decoction. Wang Gun, Bo ji fang. 一切積氣，宿食不消。黑牽牛頭爲末四兩，用蘿蔔剜空，安末蓋定，紙封 蒸熟取出，入白荳蔻末一錢，搗丸梧子大。每服一二十丸，白湯下。名順 氣丸。普濟方。 All types of qi accumulation, with food staying [in the body] overnight and no digestion. [Grind] four liang of black qian niu [seed] tips to powder. Carve a hole in a radish, insert the powder and firmly close it. Wrap it in paper and steam it until done. Then remove [the radish with the powder from the paper], add one qian of white Chinese cardamom powder, pound this and prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest ten to 20 pills, to be sent down with clear, boiled water. [This recipe] is called “pills to normalize qi [flow].” Pu ji fang. 男婦五積。五般積氣成聚。用黑牽牛一斤，生搗末八兩，餘滓以新瓦炒 香，再搗取四兩，煉蜜丸梧子大。至重者三十五丸，陳橘皮、生薑煎湯， 卧時服。半夜未動，再服三十丸，當下積聚之物。尋常行氣，每服十丸甚 妙。博濟方。 Men and women affected by the five types of accumulation. When any of the five types of qi accumulation form a “collection.” Take one jin of black qian niu [seeds]. Pound the fresh [seeds] to obtain a powder of eight liang. [Pass the powder through a sieve] and fry the remaining dregs on a new tile until they develop a fragrance. Then pound [the fried dregs] again to obtain [a powder of ] four liang. [Mix the two powders and] with heat prepared honey form pills the size of wu seeds. Very seriously ill [patients take] 35 pills, to be ingested at bedtime with a decoction of long-stored tangerine peels and fresh ginger. If no [bowel] movement has occurred by midnight, [let the patient] ingest another 30 pills. This will let him discharge the

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items accumulated and collected. To normalize qi flow, he is to ingest ten pills every time. Bo ji fang. 胸膈食積。牽牛末一兩，巴豆霜三箇，研末，水丸梧子大。每服二三十 丸，食後隨所傷物湯下。儒門事親。 Food accumulation in the region of chest and diaphragm. [Grind] one liang of qian niu [seed] powder and three ge of croton seed frost to powder and with water form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 20 to 30 pills after a meal, to be sent down with a decoction of the items responsible for the harm [evident as food accumulation]. Ru men shi qin. 氣築奔衝不可忍。牛郎丸：用黑牽牛半兩炒，檳榔二錢半，爲末。每服一 錢，紫蘇湯下。普濟方。 Unbearably [painful] qi rushing against and pounding [in the abdomen]. The “cowherd’s pills.” [Grind] half a liang of black qian niu [seeds], stir-fried, and two and a half qian of areca nuts into powder. Each time ingest one qian, to be sent down with a perilla decoction. Pu ji fang. 追蟲取積。方同上，用酒下。亦消水腫。 To pursue worms/bugs and remove an accumulation. Recipe identical with the one above, but to be sent down with wine. It also serves to dissolve water accumulation. 腎氣作痛。黑白牽牛等分，炒，爲末。每服三錢，用豬腰子切，縫入茴香 百粒，川椒五十粒，摻牽牛末入内扎定，紙包煨熟。空心食之，酒下。取 出惡物效。楊仁齋直指方。 Painful kidney qi [disorder]. Stir-fry equal amounts of black and white qian niu [seeds] and [grind them into] powder. Each time ingest three qian. Cut a pig’s kidney open, insert 100 fennel grains and 50 Chinese pepper grains mixed with the [three qian of ] qian niu [seed] powder and firmly bind it. Wrap it in paper and slowly roast it until done. Eat it on an empty stomach, sent down with wine. When malign items are discharged, this is the effect. Yang Renzhai, Zhi zhi fang. 傷寒結胸，心腹硬痛。用牽牛頭末一錢，白糖化湯調下。鄭氏家傳方。 Bound chest following harm caused by cold.117 Painful hardening in the central and abdominal region. Ingest one qian of qian niu [seed] tip powder dissolved in a white sugar decoction. Zheng shi jia chuan fang. 117 Shang han jie xiong 傷寒結胸, “bound chest following harm caused by cold,” identical with jie xiong 結胸, “bound chest.” A condition brought forth by internal evil qi “binding” the chest, with the chest and abdomen experiencing distension, hardening and pain to a degree that one does not wish to apply pressure. As this disease often occurs following



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大便不通。簡要方用牽牛子半生半熟，爲末。每服二錢，薑湯下。未通， 再以茶服。 Constipation. The Jian yao fang [recommends to grind] qian niu seeds, one half fresh, one half heat prepared, into powder and to each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with a ginger decoction. If this does not open the passage [of defecation], ingest [the powder] again, this time with tea. 一方：加大黄等分。 Another recipe. Add an equal amount of rhubarb root. 一方：加生檳榔等分。 Another recipe. Add an equal amount of fresh areca nuts. 大腸風秘結濇。牽牛子微炒，搗頭末一兩，桃仁去皮尖麩炒半兩，爲末， 熟蜜丸梧子大。每湯服三十丸。寇氏衍義。 Blocked large intestine related to wind [intrusion] and rough [passage through the large intestine] because of bound [qi]. [Grind] one liang of qian niu seeds, slightly stir-fried and the tips ground into powder, and half a liang of peach seed kernels, with their skin and tips removed and stir-fried with bran, into powder and with heat prepared honey form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest with hot water 30 pills. Kou shi yan yi. 水蠱脹滿。白牽牛、黑牽牛各取頭末二錢，大麥麪四兩，和作燒餅，卧時 烙熟食之，以茶下。降氣爲驗。河間宣明方。 Distension and a feeling of fullness caused by water gu.118 Mix two qian each of a powder of the tips of white qian niu [seeds] and black qian niu [seeds] with four liang of barley flour and prepare, with heat, a cake. At bedtime bake it in a pan until done and eat it, sent down with tea. When it sends down qi this is the effect. [Liu] Hejian, Xuan ming fang. 諸水飲病。張子和云：病水之人。如長川泛溢，非盃杓可取，必以神禹决 水之法治之，故名禹功散。用黑牽牛頭末四兩，茴香一兩，炒，爲末。每 服一二錢，以生薑自然汁調下，當轉下氣也。儒門事親。 All types of diseases related to water rheum. Zhang Zihe states: When people have a water disease, this is similar to a flooding caused by a big river. It cannot be elimharm caused by cold, it is also called shang han jie xiong 傷寒結胸, “bound chest following harm caused by cold.” BCGM Dict I, 252, 422. 118 Shui gu 水蠱, “water gu,” identical with gu zhang 鼓脹, “drum-like distension,” a condition of an abdominal distension and big upswell brought forth by stagnant water qi accumulating in the abdomen. BCGM Dict I, 196, 469.

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inated with bowls or spoons. This can be rectified only by the methods employed by the divine Yu when the dikes breached. Hence [this recipe] is called the “powder to repeat the achievements of Yu.” [Grind] four liang of black qian niu [seed] tip powder and one liang of fennel, stir-fried, into powder. Each time ingest one or two qian, to be sent down mixed with the natural juice of fresh ginger. Thereby the [water rheum] can be discharged as qi. Ru men shi qin. 陰水陽水。黑牽牛頭末三兩，大黄末三兩，陳米飯鍋糕一兩，爲末，糊丸 梧子大。每服五十丸，薑湯下。欲利服百丸。醫方捷徑。 Yin water,119 yang water.120 [Grind] three liang of black qian niu [seed] tip powder, three liang of rhubarb root powder and one liang of long-stored rice cooked in a cauldron ito powder and with [wheat flour] prepare a paste to form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 50 pills, to be sent down with a ginger decoction. If a free flow is intended, ingest 100 pills. Yi fang jie jing. 水腫尿濇。牽牛末，每服方寸匕，以小便利爲度。千金方。 Water swelling with a rough passage of urine. Each time ingest as much qian niu [seed] powder as is held by a square cun spoon until the passage of urine is free. Qian jin fang. 濕氣中滿，足脛微腫，小便不利，氣急欬嗽。黑牽牛末一兩，厚朴制半 兩，爲末。每服二錢，薑湯下。或臨時水丸，每棗湯下三十丸。普濟方。 A feeling of fullness in the center related to [the presence of ] moisture qi, with a slight swelling of feet and shins, blocked urination, hectic [breath] qi and cough. [Grind] one liang of black qian niu [seeds] and half a liang of prepared magnolia bark into powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with a ginger decoction. Or when the time [for an application] has come prepare [the powder] with water to pills and each time send down with a Chinese date decoction 30 pills. Pu ji fang. 水氣浮腫，氣促，坐卧不得。用牽牛子二兩，微炒搗末。以烏牛尿浸一 宿，平旦入葱白一握，煎十餘沸。空心分二服，水從小便中出。聖惠方。 Surface swelling caused by water qi, with hectic [breath] qi making it impossible to sit or lie down. Slightly stir-fry two liang of qian niu seeds and grind them into 119 Yin shui 陰水, “yin water,” a condition of shui zhong 水腫, “water swelling,” disease with swelling of the entire body accompanied by viscous stools, scant but not difficult urination, most often associated with physical depletion and cold. BCGM Dict I, 636. 120 Yang shui 陽水, “yang water” a condition of shui zhong 水腫, “water swelling,” disease with swelling of the entire body, vexation, constipation and difficult urination. BCGM Dict I, 619.



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powder. Soak it in a black ox’s urine for one night and add a pinch of onion white the next morning at dawn. Boil this in water ten times or more to bubbling and ingest it on an empty stomach divided into two portions. The water is released by urination. Sheng hui fang. 脾濕腫滿。方見海金沙下。 Swelling and a feeling of fullness related to the presence of moisture in the spleen. For a recipe, see under the entry “hai jin sha 海金沙, climbing fern.” (16-63) 風毒脚氣，捻之没指者。牽牛子搗末，蜜丸小豆大。每服五丸，生薑湯 下，取小便利乃止。亦可吞之。其子黑色，正如梂小核。肘後方。 Leg qi121 related to wind poison [intrusion]; a dent remains where a finger presses. Grind qian niu seeds to powder and with honey form pills the size of mung beans. Each time ingest five pills, to be sent down with a fresh ginger decoction. End this when a free flow of urine is achieved. [The pills] can also be swallowed [without the decoction]. The seeds are black, quite similar to hawthorn [seed] kernels. Zhou hou fang. 小兒腫病，大小便不利。黑牽牛、白牽牛各二兩，炒取頭末，井華水和丸 緑豆大。每服二十丸，蘿蔔子煎湯下。聖濟總録。 A swelling disease of children, with the flow of the major (i. e., defecation) and minor (i. e., urination) relief blocked. Stir-fry two liang each of black qian niu [seeds] and white qian niu [seeds], take their tips and [grind them into] powder. Mix it with well splendor water122 and form pills the size of mung beans. Each time [let the child] ingest 20 pills, to be sent down with a radish seed decoction. Sheng ji zong lu. 小兒腹脹，水氣流腫，膀胱實熱，小便赤濇。牽牛生研一錢，青皮湯空心 下。一加木香减半，丸服。鄭氏小兒方。 Abdominal bloating of children, with a flowing swelling123 caused by water qi, repletion heat in the gall bladder and a rough passage of red urine. Grind fresh qian niu [seeds] and send [the powder] down with a greenish tangerine peel decoction on an empty stomach. Another [recipe recommends to] add less than half [of the 121 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248. 122 Jing hua shui 井華水, “well splendor water,” i. e., the first water drawn from a well in the morning. BCGM Vol. II, 05-15-01. 123 Zhu bing yuan hou lun ch. 31: “Heat swelling: …In severe cases all [limbs] are hot as fire. The entire body glows. There is vexing heat in the five centers; the lips and mouth are dry, as if [their liquid] had been poured out. All such cases result from wind evil striking the blood. The places it turns to are not determined. Hence one speaks of a ‘flowing swelling ’ ” BCGM Dict I, 545.

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amount of qian niu powder] of costus [root] and ingest this formed to pills. Zheng shi xiao er fang. 疳氣浮腫。常服自消。黑牽牛、白牽牛各半生半炒，取末，陳皮、青皮等 分，爲末，糊丸緑豆大。每服，三歲兒服二十丸，米湯下。鄭氏小兒方。 Surface swelling related to gan-illness124 qi. If this is regularly ingested [the swelling] dissolves as a result. [Grind] black qian niu [seeds] and white qian niu [seeds], both kinds half fresh, half stir-fried, into powder and [grind it] together with equal amounts of tangerine peels and walnut peels into powder. With [wheat flour] prepare a paste and form pills the size of mung beans. Each time let children aged three years ingest 20 pills, to be sent down with a rice decoction. Zheng shi xiao er fang. 疳氣耳聾。疳氣攻腎，耳聾陰腫。牽牛末一錢，豬腰子半箇，去膜薄切， 摻入内，加少鹽，濕紙包煨，空心食。鄭氏方。 Deafness related to gan-illness qi. When gan-illness qi attack the kidneys this results in deafness and swelling in the yin [(i. e., genital) region]. Remove the membrane of half a pig’s kidney, cut it into thin slices and insert one qian of qian niu [seed] powder [between the slices]. Add a little salt, wrap it in moist paper and slowly roast this. Then eat it on an empty stomach. Zheng shi fang. 小兒雀目。牽牛子末，每以一錢用羊肝一片，同麫作角子二箇，炙熟食， 米飲下。普濟方。 Sparrow eye125 of children. Use one qian of qian niu seed powder and one slice of sheep liver to prepare with wheat flour [dough] two dumplings. Roast them until done and [let the child] eat them, to be sent down with a rice beverage. Pu ji fang. 風熱赤眼。白牽牛末，以葱白煮研丸緑豆大。每服五丸，葱湯下。服訖睡 半時。衛生家寶方。 Red eyes related to wind [intrusion] and heat. Boil white qian niu [seed] powder with onion white, grind this and form pills the size of mung beans. Each time ingest five pills, to be sent down with an onion decoction. After ingesting [this medication, patients] sleep for an hour. Wei sheng jia bao fang.

124 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 125 Que mu 雀目, “sparrow eye,” condition with unimpaired vision during daylight and significantly decreased vision after nightfall. BCGM Dict I, 394.



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面上風刺。黑牽牛酒浸三宿，爲末。先以薑汁擦面，後用藥塗之。摘玄方。 Facial wind thorns.126 Soak black qian niu [seeds] in wine for three nights and [grind them into] powder. First wash the face with ginger juice, then apply the medication to it. Zhai xuan fang. 面上粉刺，㿔子如米粉。黑牽牛末對入面脂藥中，日日洗之。聖惠方。 Facial flour thorns.127 Cluster-illness seeds128 similar to rice powder. Add black qian niu [seed] powder to a facial lotion and wash [the affected region] every day. Sheng hui fang. 面上雀斑。黑牽牛末，雞子清調，夜傅旦洗。摘玄方。 Sparrow speckles.129 Mix black qian niu [seed] powder with egg white, apply this [to the affected region] at night and wash it off at dawn. Zhai xuan fang. 馬脾風病。小兒急驚，肺脹喘滿，胸高氣急，脅縮鼻張。悶亂欬嗽，煩 渴，痰潮聲嗄，俗名馬脾風，不急治，死在旦夕。白牽牛半生半炒，黑牽 牛半生半炒，大黄煨，檳榔，各取末一錢。每用五分，蜜湯調下。痰盛加 輕粉一字。名牛黄奪命散。全幼心鑑。 Horse spleen wind130 disease. Acute fright of children, lung distension, panting and a feeling of fullness, elevated chest and hectic [breath] qi, shrunken flanks and dilated nose, heart-pressure with [qi] disorder and cough, vexing thirst, a wave of phlegm and an exclamatory voice. This is commonly called “horse spleen wind.” If this is not cured immediately, [patients] die in the evening when [the disease is noticed] in the morning. [Prepare a mixture of ] one qian each of the powder of white qian niu [seeds], one half fresh, one half stir-fried, black qian niu [seeds], one half fresh, one half stir-fried, rhubarb root, slowly roasted, and areca nuts. Each time use five fen, to be sent down mixed with hot honey water. In the case of phlegm abundance add one zi of calomel. This [recipe] is called “powder with [qian] niu and [da] huang/rhubarb root to snatch life from fate.” Quan you xin jian. 126 Feng ci 風刺, “wind thorns,” identical with fen ci 粉刺, “flour thorns,” acne. A condition of papules rising in the face like thorns. If squeezed they release a white powder resembling rice flour. BCGM Dict I, 157. 127 See previous note. 128 Lei zi 㿔子, “cluster-illness seeds,” an illness sign of small pimple-like swellings rising from the skin, without the latter changing its color. BCGM Dict I, 303. 129 Que ban 雀斑, “sparrow speckles,” identical with gan zeng 䵟𪒟, “dermal dark spots, a condition of numerous dark spots appearing on one’s face. BCGM Dict I, 188. 130 Ma pi feng 馬脾風, “horse spleen wind,” a condition of qi rising with rapid panting brought about by an overabundance of heat in the lung. BCGM Dict I, 333.

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小兒夜啼。黑牽牛末一錢，水調，傅臍上，即止。生生編。 Children wailing during the night. Mix one qian of black qian niu [seed] powder with water and apply this to the [child’s] navel. This ends [the wailing]. Sheng sheng bian. 臨月滑胎。牽牛子一兩，赤土少許，研末。覺胎轉痛時，白榆皮煎湯下一 錢。王衮博濟方。 To smoothen fetal passage in the last month prior to [birth]. Grind one liang of qian niu seeds and a little red soil into powder. When [the pregnant woman] feels a painful movement of the fetus, let her send down one qian with a white Siberian elm bark decoction. Wang Gun, Bo ji fang. 小便血淋。牽牛子二兩，半生半炒，爲末。每服二錢，薑湯下。良久，熱 茶服之。經驗良方。 Urinary dripping with blood. [Grind] two liang of qian niu seeds, one half fresh, one half stir-fried, into powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with a ginger decoction. After quite some time ingest it [again, this time] with hot tea. Jing yan liang fang. 腸風瀉血。牽牛五兩，牙皂三兩，水浸三日，去皂，以酒一升煮乾，焙， 研末，蜜丸梧子大。每服七丸，空心酒下，日三服。下出黄物，不妨。病 减後，日服五丸，米飲下。本事方。 Outflow with blood related to wind [intrusion] in the intestine. Soak five liang of qian niu [seeds] and three liang of gleditsia [pods/seeds] in water for three days. Remove the gleditsia [pods/seeds] and boil [the qian niu seeds] in one sheng of wine until [the liquid] has dried. Bake [the seeds] in a pan, grind them into powder and with honey form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest seven pills, to be sent down on an empty stomach with wine. To be ingested three times a day. If this results in a discharge of yellow items, this is of no concern. When the disease begins to subside, ingest five pills a day, sent down with a rice beverage. Ben shi fang. 痔漏有蟲：黑白牽牛各一兩，炒，爲末，以豬肉四兩，切碎炒熟，蘸末食 盡，以白米飯三匙壓之。取下白蟲爲效。 Leaking piles with the presence of worms/bugs. Stir-fry one liang each of black and white qian niu [seeds] and [grind them into] powder. Cut four liang of pork into slices, stir-fry them until done, dip them into the powder and eat all of them. [Also, eat] as much white cooked rice as is held by three spoons to pess [the pork] down. When white worms/bugs are discharged, this shows the effect.



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又方：白牽牛頭末四兩，没藥一錢，爲細末。欲服藥時，先日勿夜飯。次 早空心，將豬肉四兩炙切片，蘸末細細嚼食。取下膿血爲效。量人加减 用。忌酒色油膩三日。儒門事親。 Another recipe. [Grind] four liang of white qian niu [seed] tip powder and one qian of myrrh into a fine powder. When the time has come to ingest the medication, do not eat cooked rice the night before. The next day cut four liang of roasted pork into slices, dip them into the powder, chew them very carefully and eat them. When pus and blood are discharged, this shows the effect. Modify the amount ingested in accordance with the weight of that person. [During this therapy] wine, sex, oily and fat items are to be avoided for three days. Ru men shi qin. 漏瘡水溢，乃腎虚也。牽牛末二錢半，入切開豬腎中，竹葉包定煨熟。空 心食，温酒送下。借腎入腎，一縱一横，兩得其便。惡水既泄，不復淋 瀝。直指方。 Leaking sores with water spill.131 This is a kidney depletion. Insert two and a half qian of qian niu [seed] powder into a pig kidney that is cut open, bind it with bamboo leaves and roast this until done. Eat this on an empty stomach and send it down with warm wine. [The qian niu seeds] enter the [patient’s] kidneys tied to the [pig’s] kidney. One is situated lengthwise, one is situated crosswise. This way the two fit each other. The malign water flows out and the dripping will not resume. Zhi zhi fang. 一切癰疽發背，無名腫毒，年少氣壯者。用黑白牽牛各一合，布包搥碎， 以好醋一盌，熬至八分，露一夜，次日五更温服。以大便出膿血爲妙。名 濟世散。張三丰仙方。 All types of obstruction-illness and impediment-illness132 with an effusion on the back. A nameless swelling with poison of [persons] young of age with strong qi. Wrap one ge each of black and white qian niu [seeds] in a piece of cloth and pound them to pieces. Boil them in one bowl of good wine down to 80%, expose this to dew for one night and the next day ingest it warm in the early morning. When defecating, pus and blood are excreted as a wondrous [effect]. [This recipe] is named “powder to save the world.” Zhang Sanfeng xian fang. 131 Shui yi 水溢, “water spill,” identical with chu zhi 出汁, “discharge of liquid,” an illness sign of a discharge of liquid from local sores resulting from pathological changes. A variant of chu shui 出水, “discharge of water.” BCGM Dict I, 96. 132 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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濕熱頭痛。黑牽牛七粒，砂仁一粒，研末，井華水調汁，仰灌鼻中，待涎 出即愈。聖濟録。 Headache caused by moisture and heat. Grind seven black qian niu [seed] grains and one bastard cardamom [seed] grain into powder, mix it with well splendor water133 to generate a juice and force-feed it into the [patient’s] nose while he lies down face up. Wait until saliva is excreted, and this is the cure. Sheng ji lu. 氣滯腰痛。牽牛不拘多少，以新瓦燒赤，安于上，自然一半生一半熟，不 得撥動。取末一兩，入硫黄末二錢半，同研匀，分作三分。每分用白麪三 匙，水和捍開，切作棋子。五更初以水一盞煮熟，連湯温下，痛即已。未 住，隔日再作。予常有此疾，每發一服，痛即止。許學士本事方。 Lower back pain caused by sluggish qi. Heat a new tile until it turns red and place any amount of qian niu [seeds] on [the hot tile]. One half remains fresh, one half is heat processed. Do not stir them. Remove [them from the tile, and grind them to obtain] one liang of a powder. Add two and a half qian of sulphur and grind this to obtain an even mixture. Divide it into three portions. To each portion add three spoons of white wheat flour, mix it with water and cut it into pieces the size of chess pieces. In the early morning boil them in a cup of water until done and send them down together with the warm decoction. This ends the pain. If it has not ended, two days later repeat [the therapy]. I often had this illness myself. Whenever it developed, the pain ended after one ingestion. Xu xueshi, Ben shi fang. 18-14 旋花本經上品 Xuan hua, FE Ben Jing, upper rank. Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. Hedge bindweed. 【釋名】旋葍蘇恭、筋根本經、續筋根圖經、鼓子花圖經、㹠腸草圖經、 美草别録、天劍草綱目、纏枝牡丹。【恭曰】旋花即平澤旋葍也。其根似 筋，故一名筋根。【炳曰】旋葍當作葍旋，音福鏇，用根入藥。别有旋 覆，音璇伏，用花入藥。今云旋葍，誤矣。【頌曰】别録言其根主續筋， 故南人呼爲續筋根。一名㹠腸草，象形也。【宗奭曰】世俗謂之鼓子花， 言其花形肖也。【時珍曰】其花不作瓣狀，如軍中所吹鼓子，故有旋花、 鼓子之名。一種千葉者，色似粉紅牡丹，俗呼爲纏枝牡丹。 Explanation of Names. Xuan fu 旋葍, Su Gong. Jin gen 筋根, Ben jing. Xu jin gen 續筋根, Tu jing. Gu zi hua 鼓子花, Tu jing. Tun chang cao 㹠腸草, Tu jing. Mei cao 美草, “beautiful herb,” Bie lu. Tian jian cao 天劍草, “heaven’s sabre herb,” Gang 133 Jing hua shui 井華水, “well splendor water,” i. e., the first water drawn from a well in the morning. BCGM Vol. II, 05-15-01.



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mu. Chan zhi mu dan 纏枝牡丹. [Su] Gong: Xuan hua 旋花 is the xuan fu 旋葍 of the marshlands in the plains. Its roots resemble sinews, jin 筋, this is why it is also called “sinew root,” jin gen 筋根. [Xiao] Bing: Xuan fu 旋葍 should be written fu xuan 葍旋, read fu xuan 福鏇. The root is added to medication. There is also a xuan fu 旋覆, read xuan fu 璇伏; its flowers are added to medication. Today, it is called xuan fu 旋葍, but that is wrong. [Su] Song: The Bie lu says that the root controls the reconnecting of sinews. Hence people in the South call it the “root to reconnect sinews,” xu jin gen 續筋根. Another name is tun chang cao 㹠腸草, “piglet intestine herb,” a reference to its shape. [Kou] Zongshi: It is commonly called “bugle flower,” gu zi hua 鼓子花, because its flowers resemble [bugles]. [Li] Shizhen: The flowers do not have petals. They look like bugles, gu 鼓, blown in the military. Hence it has names such as xuan hua 旋花, “whirling flower,” and gu zi 鼓子. There is one kind with a thousand leaves. Its color resembles that of a pink paeonia. It is commonly called “intertwined branches paeonia,” chan zhi mu dan 纏枝牡丹. 【集解】【别録曰】旋花生豫州平澤。五月采，陰乾。【保昇曰】此旋葍 花也。所在川澤皆有。蔓生，葉似薯蕷而狹長。花紅色。根無毛節，蒸煮 堪啖，味甘美，名筋根。二月、八月采根，日乾。【宗奭曰】今河北、汴 西、關陝田野中甚多，最難鋤艾，治之又生。四五月開花。其根寸截，置 土灌溉，涉旬苗生。韓保昇説是矣。【時珍曰】旋花田野堘塹皆生，逐節 延蔓，葉如波菜葉而小。至秋開花，如白牽牛之花，粉紅色，亦有千葉 者。其根白色，大如筋。不結子。【頌曰】黔南 施州出一種旋花，粗莖大 葉無花，不作蔓，恐别是一物也。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Xuan hua grows in the marshlands of the plains of Yu zhou. It is collected in the fifth month; it is dried in the yin (i. e., shade). [Han] Baosheng: This is xuan fu hua 旋葍花. It can be found everywhere at rivers and in the marshlands. It grows as a creeper; the leaves resemble those of Chinese yam, but are narrow and lengthy. The flowers are red in color. The root has neither hair nor nodes. Steamed or boiled it is edible with a sweet, delicious flavor. It is called “sinew root.” The root is collected in the second and eighth month. It is dried in the sun. [Kou] Zongshi: Today it is present in abundance in the wild in He bei, Bian xi and Guan shaan. It is very difficult to weed it. When it seems removed, it grows again. In the fourth and fifth month it opens flowers. Cut a cun long segment of the root, put it into soil and water it. A seedling grows within ten days. What Han Baosheng says is correct. [Li] Shizhen: Xuan hua grows in the wild and also on dikes of ditches. Node by node it creeps along. The leaves are similar to spinach, but they are smaller. In early autumn flowers open, similar to the flowers of white qian niu/pharbitis. They are pink in color. There are also specimens with a thousand leaves. The

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root is white in color and has the size of sinews. [The flowers] do not form seeds. [Su] Song: From Shi zhou in Qian nan a kind of xuan hua comes with a coarse stem, large leaves and no flower. It does not creep. Presumably it is a different item. 【正誤】【别録曰】花，一名金沸。【弘景曰】旋花東人呼爲山薑，南人 呼爲美草。根似杜若，亦似高良薑。腹中冷痛，煮服甚效。作丸散服，辟 穀止飢。近有人從江南還，用此術與人斷穀，皆得半百日不飢不瘦。但志 淺嗜深，不能久服爾。其葉似薑。花赤色，味辛，狀如豆蔻，此旋花即其 花也。今山東甚多。又註旋覆花曰：别有旋葍根，出河南來，北國亦有， 形似芎藭，惟合旋葍膏用之，餘無所入。【恭曰】旋花乃旋葍花也，陶説 乃山薑爾。山薑味辛，都非此類。又因旋覆花名金沸，遂作此花别名，皆 誤矣。又云從北國來者根似芎藭，與高良薑全無仿佛，亦誤也。 Correction of Errors. Bie lu: [Xuan] hua, alternative name: jin fei 金沸. [Tao] Hongjing: Xuan hua is called by people in the East shan jiang 山薑, “wild (lit.: mountain) ginger.” People in the South call it mei cao 美草, “delicious herb.” The root resembles that of pollia japonica. It also resembles that of lesser galangal. For cold and pain in the abdomen, boiled in water and ingested it is very effective. Ingested prepared to pills and powders it helps to avoid [eating] grain and stops hunger. Recently someone returned from Jiang nan and gave it to others to stop [eating] grain. They all managed to have no hunger for half [a period of ] 100 days and did not look emaciated. However, those with a weak determination and who are very fond [of eating], they will not be able to ingest [such pills or powders] for long. The leaves resemble those of ginger. The flowers are red in color, with an acrid flavor. They are shaped like those of cardamom. The xuan hua 旋花 [discussed] here is the flower. Today, it is present in Shan dong in abundance. Also, a commentary on xuan fu hua 旋覆 花 says: “There is further a xuan fu 旋葍 root. It comes from He nan, and it is also present in the North of our country. It is shaped like ligusticum root. It is resorted to only for preparing a xuan fu 旋葍 paste. It is not part of any other medication.” [Su] Gong: Xuan hua 旋花 is the flower of xuan fu 旋葍. The one described by Tao [Hongjing] is wild ginger. The flavor of wild ginger is acrid. None of them is related to [the substance discussed] here. Also, because xuan fu hua 旋覆花 is called jin fei 金沸, it is assumed that this is an alternative name of [the substance discussed] here. This is all wrong. It is also stated that the roots of specimens coming from the North of our country are similar to ligusticum [roots] and have nothing in common with lesser galangal whatsoever. This, too, is wrong.



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【氣味】花：甘。根：辛，温，無毒。【時珍曰】花、根、莖、葉並甘滑 微苦，能制雄黄。 Qi and Flavor. Flower: Sweet, warm nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: Flower, root, stalk and leaves all alike are sweet, smooth[ing] and a little bitter. They can check [the effects of ] realgar. 【主治】面皯黑色，媚好益氣。根：主腹中寒熱邪氣。本經。利小便，久 服不飢輕身。續筋骨，合金瘡。别録。搗汁服，主丹毒熱。藏器。補勞 損，益精氣。時珍。 Control. Black facial gloom. It beautifies and it boosts the qi. The root: It controls alternating sensations of cold and heat related to evil qi in the abdomen. Ben jing. It frees the passage of urine. Ingested for a long time it prevents hunger and relieves the body of its weight. It reconnects [severed] sinews and bones, and it closes wounds caused by metal objects/weapons. Bie lu. Pounded and the [resulting] juice ingested it serves to control cinnabar poisoning134 with heat. [Chen] Cangqi. It supplements [qi required by] conditions of exhaustion and injury, and boosts essence qi. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】凡藤蔓之屬，象人之筋，所以多治筋病。旋花根細如 筋可啖，故别録言其久服不飢。時珍自京師還，見北土車夫每載之。云暮 歸煎湯飲，可補損傷。則益氣續筋之説尤可徵矣。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen. All [plants] that are vines and creepers resemble human sinews. Hence they often serve to cure sinew diseases. The roots of xuan hua are as fine as sinews, and they are edible. Hence the Bie lu says that “ingested for a long time they prevent hunger.” When [I, Li] Shizhen returned from the Capital, I witnessed charioteers with every one of their vehicles loaded with them. [When asked] they stated that “after returning home in the evening they prepare a decoction that can supplement [qi in the case of ] conditions of injury and other harm.” This serves as evidence for the claim that it boosts the qi and reconnects sinews. 【附方】舊一。新一。 Added Recipes. One of old. One newly [recorded]. 被斫斷筋。旋葍根搗汁，瀝瘡中，仍以滓傅之。日三易，半月即斷筋便 續。此方出蘇景中療奴有效者。王燾外臺秘要。 134 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118.

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For severed sinews. Pound a xuan fu135 root to obtain a juice. Trickle it into the wound and apply the dregs to it. Replace them three times a day. Within half a month the severed sinews reconnect. This recipe proved effective when used by Su Jingzhong to heal a servant.136 Wang Dao, Wai tai mi yao. 秘精益髓。太乙金锁丹：用五色龍骨五兩，覆盆子五兩，蓮花蕊四兩，未 開者，陰乾，鼓子花三兩，五月五日采之，雞頭子仁一百顆，並爲末。以 金櫻子二百枚，去毛，木臼搗爛，水七升，煎濃汁一升，去渣。和藥，杵 二千下，丸梧子大。每空心温鹽酒下三十丸。服之至百日，永不泄。如要 泄，以冷水調車前末半合服之。忌葵菜。薩謙齋瑞竹堂方。 To hold back essence/sperm and boost the marrow. The “elixir of Tai yi’s golden lock.” [Grind] five liang of dragon bones in five colors, five liang of Korean bramble, four liang of lotus anther holding filaments, not opened yet and dried in the yin (i. e., shade), three liang of gu zi hua, collected on the fifth day of the fifth month, and 100 fox nut seed kernels into powder. Also, remove the hair of 200 Cherokee rose [fruits], grind them in a wooden mortar into a pulpy mass, boil it in seven sheng of water down to a thick juice of one sheng, remove the dregs and add the [powder of the] pharmaceutical drugs. Pound this two thousand times and prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send down on an empty stomach 30 pills with a warm, salted wine. If this is ingested for 100 days, there will never be an [uncontrolled] outflow [of essence/sperm] again. If an outflow is intended [for sexual intercourse], ingest half a ge of Asiatic plantain [seed] powder mixed with cold water. [During such a therapy] Chinese mallows are to be avoided. Sa Qianzhai, Rui zhu tang fang. 18-15 紫葳本經中品 Zi wei, FE Ben Jing, middle rank. Campsis grandiflora (Thunb.) Loisel ex K. Schum. Trumpet flower. 137 【校正】自木部移入此。 Editorial Correction. Moved here from the section “trees.” 135 Instead of fu 葍, Zheng lei ch. 10, xuan fu hua 旋覆花, quoting Wai tai writes fu 復. 136 Instead of liao nu you xiao 療奴有效, Wai tai ch. 29, jin chuang xu jin gu fang 金瘡續筋 骨方, “recipes to reconnect severed sinews and bones in wounds caused by metal objects/ weapons,” writes jia liao nu yong xiao 家獠奴用效, “it has been used effectively by a Liao servant in the household.” 137 According to the table of contents, this entry should be followed by an appendix gu lu zhi 骨路支. It is placed at the end of the present chapter.



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【釋名】凌霄蘇恭、陵苕本經、陵時郭璞、女葳甄權、茇華本經、武威吴 普、瞿陵吴普、鬼目吴氏。【時珍曰】俗謂赤艷曰紫葳葳，此花赤艷，故 名。附木而上，高數丈，故曰凌霄。 Explanation of Names. Ling xiao 凌霄, Su Gong. Ling zhao 陵苕, Ben jing. Ling shi 陵時, Guo Pu. Nü wei 女葳, Zhen Quan. Ba hua 茇華, Ben jing. Wu wei 武威, Wu Pu. Qu ling 瞿陵, Wu Pu. Gui mu 鬼目, “a demon’s eyes,” Mr. Wu [Pu]. [Li] Shizhen: [Plants of a] beautiful red color are commonly called zi wei wei 紫葳葳. The flowers of the [plant discussed] here are beautifully red. Hence its name. It rises attached to trees, reaching heights of several zhang. Hence its name ling xiao 凌霄, “rising high into the clouds.” 【正誤】【弘景曰】是瞿麥根，方用至少。博物志云：郝晦行太行山北， 得紫葳華。必當奇異。今瞿麥處處有之，不應乃在太行山。【恭曰】紫 葳、瞿麥皆本經藥，體性既乖，生處亦不相關。爾雅云：苕，一名陵苕。 郭璞注云：一名陵時，又名陵霄。此爲真也。【頌曰】孔穎達詩疏亦云： 苕，一名陵時。今本草無陵時之名，惟鼠尾草有之。豈所傳不同，抑陶、 蘇之誤耶？【時珍曰】按吴氏本草：紫葳一名瞿陵，陶弘景誤作瞿麥字 爾。鼠尾止名陵翹，無陵時，蘇頌亦誤矣。並正之。 Correction of Errors. [Tao] Hongjing: This is the root of fringed pink. It is seldom used in recipes. The Bo wu zhi states: “When Hao Hui travelled north of Mount Tai hang shan, he obtained zi wei hua 紫葳華 and he thoutht it was a strange item to encounter there.” Today, fringed pink can be found everywhere, not just at Mount Tai hang shan. [Su] Gong: Zi wei and fringed pink are both pharmaceutical drugs listed in the Ben jing. Their physical body and their nature differ, and the places where they grow are unrelated, too. The Er ya states: “Zhao 苕 is also called ling zhao 陵苕.” Guo Pu comments: “An alternative name is ling shi 陵時 and yet another name is ling xiao 陵霄.” This is the genuine [item]. [Su] Song: Kong Yingda in his Shi shu, too, states: “Zhao 苕 is also called ling shi 陵時.” Today, the name ling shi 陵 時 is not recorded in ben cao literature. It is only present in the entry shu wei cao 鼠 尾草, “Japanese salvia.” (16-35). How can it be that these records differ? Are both Tao [Hongjing] and Su [Gong] wrong? [Li] Shizhen: According to the Wu shi ben cao, zi wei 紫葳 is also named qu ling 瞿陵. Tao Hongjing erroneously wrote this qu mai 瞿麥, fringed pink. Japanese salvia has only ling qiao 陵翹 as an [alternative] name, not ling shi 陵時. Su Song is wrong, too. All this is corrected here. 【集解】【别録曰】紫葳生西海川谷及山陽。【恭曰】此凌霄花也，連莖 葉用。詩云有苕之華，云其黄矣。爾雅云：陵苕，黄華蔈，白華茇，山中 亦有白花者。【頌曰】今處處皆有，多生山中，人家園圃亦或栽之。初作 蔓生，依大木，久延至巔。其花黄赤，夏中乃盈。今醫家多采花乾之，入

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女科藥用。【時珍曰】凌霄野生，蔓纔數尺，得木而上，即高數丈，年久 者藤大如杯。春初生枝，一枝數葉，尖長有齒，深青色。自夏至秋開花， 一枝十餘朶，大如牽牛花，而頭開五瓣，赭黄色，有細點，秋深更赤。八 月結莢如豆莢，長三寸許，其子輕薄如榆仁、馬兜鈴仁。其根長亦如兜鈴 根狀，秋後采之，陰乾。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Zi wei grows in river valleys of Xi hai and in Shan yang. [Su] Gong: These are the flowers of ling xiao 凌霄. They are used together with the stem and the leaves. The Shi states: “There are the flowers of zhao 苕.” And it states: “They are yellow.”138 The Er ya states: “Ling zhao 陵苕: With yellow flowers [it is called] biao 蔈, with white flowers [it is called] ba 茇.” In the mountains one can also find specimens with white flowers. [Su] Song: Today it can be found everywhere. It often grows in the mountains, but people also plant it in their gardens. In the beginning it grows as a creeper and then attaches itself to trees. After a long time it reaches their top. Its flowers are yellow-red; they bloom in summer. Today, physicians often collect the flowers and dry them for pharmaceutical applications in the specialty of women’s [diseases]. [Li] Shizhen: Ling xiao grows in the wild. It creeps several chi away until it reaches a tree and climbs up. In the course of a year, the vine grows to the size of a cup. It produces branches in the beginning of spring, and each branch has numerous leaves. They are pointed, lengthy and have teeth. They are deep greenish in color. From summer until autumn flowers open, with ten or more blooming at each branch. They are as big as pharbitis flowers and when their top opens it has five petals. They are of a brown-yellow color, with fine dots. Their color turns deep red in autumn. In the eighth month pods form resembling bean pods. They are about three cun long, with light, small seeds similar to those of Siberian elms and aristolochia [fruit] kernels. They are collected beginning in autumn, and they are dried in the yin (i. e., shade). 18-15-01 花、根同 Hua, Gen Flower and root [of zi wei]. [Their qualities are] identical. 【氣味】酸，微寒，無毒。【普曰】神農、雷公、岐伯：辛。扁鵲：苦、 鹹。黄帝：甘，無毒。【權曰】畏鹵鹹。【時珍曰】花不可近鼻聞，傷 腦。花上露入目，令人昏矇。 Qi and Flavor. Sour. Slightly cold, nonpoisonous. [Wu] Pu: Shen nong, Lei gong, Qi Bo: Acrid. Bian Que: Bitter, salty. Huang Di: Sweet, nonpoisonous. [Zhen] Quan: [Ingested together,] they fear bittern salt. [Li] Shizhen: The flowers cannot 138 The original wording in Shi jing, Part II, Book VIII, Ode IX, is: zhao zhi hua yun qi huang yi 苕之華芸其黄矣.



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be brought close to one’s nose to smell their scent; it harms the brain. When the dew on the flowers enters the eyes it causes dim vision and blindness. 【主治】婦人産乳餘疾，崩中，癥瘕血閉，寒熱羸瘦，養胎。本經。産後 奔血不定，淋瀝，主熱風風癇，大小便不利，腸中結實。甄權。酒齇，熱 毒風，刺風，婦人血膈遊風，崩中帶下。大明。 Control. Illnesses of women related to birth and nursing. Collapsing center.139 Concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness,140 blocked menstruation. Alternating sensations of cold and heat with emaciation. They nourish the fetus. Ben jing. Blood hastening and remaining restless following birth.141 Urinary dripping. They control heat with wind [intrusion], epilepsy caused by wind [evil qi], blocked major (i. e., defecation) and minor (i. e., urination) relief, and bound [qi] repletion in the intestines. Zhen Quan. Wine sediments.142 Heat poison and wind [disorder]. Piercing wind.143 Women with blocked blood and roaming wind,144 collapsing center and [other diseases] below the belt. Da Ming. 18-15-02 莖、葉 Jing, Ye

Stem and leaves [of zi wei]. 【氣味】苦，平，無毒. Qi and Flavor. Bitter, balanced, nonpoisonous. 139 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58. 140 Zheng jia 癥瘕, “concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness.” The two terms are often used interchangeably and do not signify two distinctly different conditions. Concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness result from a disharmony of cold and warmth resulting in a failure to transform beverages and food. Nodes form when the clash with the qi of the long-term depots. BCGM Dict I, 677. 141 Chan hou ben xue bu ding 產後奔血不定, “blood hastening and remaining restless following delivery,” identical with chan hou yu xue 產後余血, “residual blood following delivery,” referring to all types of diseases caused by stagnant blood following delivery. BCGM Dict I, 73, 77. 142 Jiu zha 酒齇, “wine sediments,” a condition with major signs of a swollen, red nose with papules that may, when squeezed, release white sediments. The condition flares up again and again until eventually the nose has increased in size and has assumed a red color. BCGM Dict I, 275. 143 Ci feng 刺風, “piercing wind,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by wind evil and associated with itching or pain or numbness. BCGM Dict I, 103. 144 You feng 游風, “roaming wind,” a condition of roaming and sudden pain and itching brought about by feng xie 風 邪, “wind evil.” BCGM Dict I, 645.

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【主治】痿躄，益氣。别録。熱風身痒，遊風風𤺋，瘀血帶下。花及根功 同。大明。治喉痺熱痛，凉血生肌。時珍。 Control. Dysfunction with an inability to walk.145 They boost the qi. Bie lu. Body itch related to heat and wind [intrusion]. Roaming wind146 and wind papules.147 Stagnant blood, [diseases] below the belt. The [therapeutic] potential is identical with that of flowers and root. Da Ming. They serve to cure painful throat blockage with heat. They cool the blood and stimulate the growth of muscles. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】凌霄花及根，甘酸而寒，莖葉帶苦，手、足厥陰經藥 也。行血分，能去血中伏火。故主産乳崩漏諸疾，及血熱生風之證也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Ling xiao flowers and roots are sweet, sour and cold. The stem and the leaves have some bitter [flavor]. It is a pharmaceutical drug for the hand and foot ceasing yin conduits. It enters the blood section, and is capable of eliminating hidden fire in the blood. Hence it controls all illnesses related to birth and nursing, [blood] collapse and leaking, as well as signs of wind [disorder] caused by blood heat. 【附方】舊二。新十一。 Added Recipes. Two of old. Eleven newly [recorded]. 婦人血崩。凌霄花爲末。每酒服二錢，後服四物湯。丹溪纂要。 Blood collapse148 of women. [Grind] ling xiao flowers into powder. Each time [let the woman] ingest two qian, then let her ingest the “decoction with four items.”149 Danxi zuan yao. 糞後下血。凌霄花浸酒頻飲之。普濟方。

145 Wei bi 痿躄, “dysfunction with an inability to walk,” a condition of atrophy and weakness of the lower legs with an inability to stand or walk. In severe cases the muscle tissue will shrink. BCGM Dict I, 526. 146 You feng 游風, “roaming wind,” a condition of roaming and sudden pain and itching brought about by feng xie 風 邪, “wind evil.” BCGM Dict I, 645. 147 Feng zhen 風疹, “wind papules,” a condition, brought forth by wind evil, of eruptive skin papules of different sizes, accompanied by unbearable itching. If scratched they rise further. BCGM Dict I, 172. 148 Xue beng 血崩, blood collapse. Excessive vaginal bleeding, identical to beng zhong 崩中, collapsing center. BCGM Dict I, 594; 58. 149 Ingredients include paeonia root skin, Chinese foxglove rhizome, Chinese angelica root and ligusticum root.



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Blood discharge after defecation. Soak ling xiao flowers in wine and drink it repeatedly. Pu ji fang. 消渴飲水。凌霄花一兩，搗碎，水一盞半，煎一盞，分二服。聖濟録。 Melting with thirst150 and [an urge to] drink water. Pound one liang of ling xiao flowers to pieces, boil them in one and a half cups of water down to one cup and ingest it divided into two portions. Sheng ji lu. 嬰兒不乳。百日内，小兒無故口青不飲乳。用凌霄花、大藍葉、芒硝、大 黄等分，爲末，以羊髓和丸梧子大。每研一丸，以乳送下，便可喫乳。熱 者可服，寒者勿服。昔有人休官後雲遊湖 湘，修合此方，救危甚多。普濟 方。 A newborn child fails to accept nursing milk. When a child within the first 100 days has a greenish mouth and fails to drink milk without recognizable reason. [Grind] equal amounts of ling xiao flowers, eupatorium leaves, mirabilite and rhubarb root into powder and with sheep marrow form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time grind one pill and [let the chil] send it down with its nursing mother’s milk. Then it will drink milk without any problems. If [the child] is hot, it can ingest [this medication]; if it is cold, it cannot. In ancient times, someone who had resigned from office travelled through Hu and Xiang. He composed this recipe and many [people] were saved in critical situations. Pu ji fang. 久近風癇。凌霄花或根葉爲末。每服三錢，温酒下。服畢，解髮不住手 梳，口噙冷水，温則吐去，再噙再梳，至二十口乃止。如此四十九日絶 根。百無所忌。方賢奇效方。 Chronic or acute wind epilepsy. [Grind] ling xiao flowers, or root and leaves, into powder. Each time ingest three qian, to be sent down with warm wine. Following an ingestion, loosen the hair and continuously comb it with the hands. Hold cold water in the mouth and spit it out when it warms up. Alternately hold [cold water] in the mouth and comb the hair. Continue until a 20th mouthful [of cold water] and then stop. If this is done for 49 days, the root [of the disease] is severed. [During this therapy] no [food or behavioral] restrictions are to be observed. Fan Xian, Qi xiao fang. 通身風痒。凌霄花爲末，酒服一錢。醫學正傳。 Wind itch all over the body. [Grind] ling xiao flowers into powder and ingest with wine one qian. Yi xue zheng chuan. 150 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

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大風癘疾。潔古家珍用凌霄花五錢，地龍焙、僵蠶炒、全蠍炒，各七個， 爲末。每服二錢，温酒下。先以藥湯浴過，服此出臭汗爲效。 Massive wind151 epidemic. The Jiegu jia zhen [recommends to grind] five qian of ling xiao flowers, and seven specimens each of earthworms, stiff silkworms and complete scorpions into powder. Each time [let the patient] ingest two qian, to be sent down with warm wine. Before this [let the patient] take a medicinal bath. If after taking this [powder the patient] releases a foul-smelling sweat, this shows its effect. 儒門事親加蟬蜕，五品各九個，作一服。 The Ru men shi qin adds cicada sloughs [to the four items listed in the previous recipe]. Nine specimens of each of these five items constitute one dose. 鼻上酒皶。王璆百一選方用凌霄花、山巵子等分，爲末。每茶服二錢，日 二服，數日除根。臨川 曾子仁用之有效。 Wine sediments on the nose.152 Wang Qiu in his Bai yi xuan fang [recommends to grind] equal amounts of ling xiao flowers and mountain gardenia seeds into powder. Each time ingest with tea two qian, to be ingested twice a day. After several days the root [of the sediments] is removed. Zeng Ziren from Lin chuan used this [medication] and it was effective. 楊氏家藏方用凌霄花半兩，硫黄一兩，胡桃四個，膩粉一錢，研膏，生絹 包揩。 The Yang shi jia cang fang [recommends to grind] half a liang of ling xiao flowers, one liang of sulphur, four walnut [kernels] and one qian of calomel into a paste, wrap it with tough silk and rub [the affected region] with it. 走皮趨瘡。滿頰滿頂，浸淫濕爛，延及兩耳，痒而出水，發歇不定，田野 名悲羊瘡。用凌霄花并葉煎湯，日日洗之。楊仁齋直指方。 Sores running through the skin,153 with the cheeks and the top of the head filled with moisture and assuming a pulpy consistency, eventually reaching both ears. [The affected region] itches and releases water, with irregular periods of activity and dormancy. [People] in the wild call this “grieved sheep sores.” Prepare a decoction with ling xiao flowers and leaves and wash [the affected region] every day. Yang Renzhai, Zhi zhi fang. 151 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” may refer to sores caused by a massive intrusion of wind evil and also to conditions of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111. 152 Jiu zha 酒皶, “wine sediments,” a condition identical with jiu zha 酒齇. BCGM Dict I, 275. 153 Zou pi qu chuang 走皮趨瘡, “sores running through the skin.” BCGM Dict I, 704.



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婦人陰瘡。紫葳爲末，用鯉魚腦或膽調搽。摘玄方。 Sores in the yin [(i. e., genital) region] of women. [Grind] zi wei into powder, mix it with the brain or bile of carps and apply this [to the affected region]. Zhai xuan fang. 耳卒聾閉。凌霄葉，杵取自然汁，滴之。斗門方。 Sudden deafness because of blocked ears. Pound ling xiao leaves and drip the resulting natural juice [into the affected ears]. Dou men fang. 女經不行：凌霄花爲末，每服二錢，食前温酒下。徐氏胎産方。 Blocked menstruation. [Grind] ling xiao flowers into powder. Each time [let the woman] ingest two qian, to be sent down with warm wine prior to a meal. Xu shi tai chan fang. 18-16 營實 墻蘼音眉本經上品 Ying shi. Qiang mei, read mei , FE Ben jing, upper rank. Rosa multiflora Thunb. Rambling rose.

[釋名】薔薇别録、山棘别録、牛棘本經、牛勒别録、剌花綱目。【時珍 曰】此草蔓柔靡，依墻援而生，故名墻蘼。其莖多棘刺勒人，牛喜食之， 故有山剌、牛勒諸名。其子成簇而生，如營星然，故謂之營實。 Explanation of Names. Qiang wei 薔薇, Bie lu. Shan ji 山棘, Bie lu. Niu ji 牛棘, Ben jing. Niu le 牛勒, Bie lu. Ci hua 剌花, “thorny flower,” Gang mu. [Li] Shizhen: This herb is a creeper; it is soft and scattered, mei 蘼. It grows attached to walls, qiang 墻. Hence its name qiang mei 墻蘼. Its stem has many thorns piercing and bothering, le 勒, humans. Oxen, niu 牛, love to eat them. Hence the names shan ci 山剌, “mountain thorns,” and niu le 牛勒. The seeds grow as clusters, similar to “barrack stars, ying xing, 營星.154 Hence they are called “barrack fruits,” ying shi 營實. 【集解】【别録曰】營實生零陵川谷及蜀郡。八月、九月采，陰乾。【弘 景曰】營實即薔薇子也，以白花者爲良。莖葉可煮作飲，其根亦可煮釀 酒。【保昇曰】所在有之。蔓生，莖間多刺。其花有百葉，八出六出，或 赤或白。子若杜棠子。【時珍曰】薔薇野生林塹間。春抽嫩蕻，小兒掐 去皮刺食之。既長則成叢似蔓，而莖硬多刺。小葉尖薄有細齒。四五月 開花，四出，黄心，有白色、粉紅二者。結子成族，生青熟紅。其核有白 毛，如金櫻子核，八月采之。根采無時。人家栽玩者，莖粗葉大，延長 154 Ying xing 營星, lit. “barrack star,” is an abbreviation of ying tou xing, 營頭 星, lit. “battallion head star.” It was said to shine above an army like a bataillion head, ying tou 營頭, watches over his soldiers.

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數丈。花亦厚大，有白、黄、紅、紫數色。花最大者名佛見笑，小者名木 香，皆香艷可人，不入藥用。南番有薔薇露，云是此花之露水，香馥異常。 Collected Explanations. Ying shi grow in the river valleys of Ling ling and in Shu jun. They are collected in the eighth and ninth month. They are dried in the yin (i. e., shade). [Tao] Hongjing: Ying shi are the seeds of qiang wei 薔薇. Those with white flowers are good. The stem and the leaves can be boiled to prepare beverages; the roots are also boiled to make wine. [Han] Baosheng: They can be found everywhere. [The plant] grows as a creeper; the stem is covered with thorns. The flowers have one hundred leaves with either eight or six petals. Some are red, others are white. The seeds resemble pyrus seeds. [Li] Shizhen: Qiang wei grows in the wild in forests or along ditches. In spring tender buds rise. Children remove the skin and the thorns and eat them. When they grow further they form clusters similar to creepers, and the stem produces even more thorns. The leaves are pointed and small, and they have fine teeth. Flowers open in the fourth and fifth month, with four petals and a yellow core. They may be white or pink. The seeds form groups; unripe they are greenish, ripe they are red. Their kernels have white hair, similar to Cherokee rose seeds. They are collected in the eighth month. The roots are collected at all times. People plant them to enjoy themselves. The stems are crude and the leaves are big. They reach a length of several zhang. The flowers, too, are thick and big; they appear in several colors, white, yellow, red and purple. The biggest flowers are called fo jian xiao 佛見笑, “smiling Buddha.” Small ones are called mu xiang 木香, “wood fragrance.” All of them are fragrant and beautiful, but they are not added to medication. In Nan fang they have a “qiang wei dew.” It is a “dew water” [distilled] from these flowers. Its fragrance is extraordinary. 18-16-01 營實 Ying shi

Seeds [of qiang wei]. 【氣味】酸，温，無毒。【别録曰】微寒。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, warm, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Slightly cold. 【主治】癰疽惡瘡，結肉跌筋，敗瘡熱氣，陰蝕不瘳，利關節。本經。久 服輕身益氣。别録。治上焦有熱，好瞑。時珍。 Control. Obstruction-illness, impediment-illness155 and malign sores. Bound flesh and sinews injured from a fall. Decaying sores with heat qi. Yin [(i. e. genital) region] erosion that is not healed. They free the passage through the joints. Ben jing. 155 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.



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Ingested over a long time, they relieve the body of its weight and boost the qi. Bie lu. They serve to cure heat in the upper [section of the Triple] Burner and sleepiness. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes One newly [recorded]. 眼熱昏暗。營實、枸杞子、地膚子各二兩，爲末。每服三錢，温酒下。聖 惠方。 Heat in the eyes with dim vision. [Grind] two liang each of ying shi, lycium seeds and broom plant seeds into powder. Each time ingest three qian; to be sent down with warm wine. Sheng hui fang. 18-16-02 根 Gen

Root [of qiang wei]. 【氣味】苦，濇，冷，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Cold, astringent, nonpoisonous. 【主治】止洩痢腹痛，五臟客熱，除邪逆氣，疽癩諸惡瘡，金瘡傷撻，生 肉復肌。别録。治熱毒風，除邪氣，止赤白痢，腸風瀉血，通結血，治牙 齒痛，小兒疳蟲肚痛，癰疽疥癬。大明。頭瘡白秃。甄權。除風熱濕熱， 縮小便，止消渴。時珍。 Control. It ends outflow and free-flux illness with abdominal pain. Visiting heat in the five long-term depots. It eliminates evil counterflow qi, all types of malign sores related to impediment-illness and repudiation-illness.156 Wounds caused by metal objects/weapons and harm caused by flogging. It stimulates the growth of flesh and restores muscles. Bie lu. It serves to cure heat with poison wind,157 removes evil qi and ends red and white free-flux illness, as well as intestinal wind with an outflow of blood. It penetrates bound blood and serves to cure toothache, gan-illness158 with the presence of worms/bugs and abdominal pain of children, obstruction-illness, 156 Lai 癩, “lai-illness,” “repudiation-illness,” including cases of leprosy/Aussatz.” BCGM Dict I, 293. 157 Du feng 毒風, “poison wind,” identical with feng du 風毒, “wind poison,” a combined designation of feng 風, “wind,” and du 毒, “poison,” resulting in pathogenic evil qi including the characteristics of both. BCGM Dict I, 160. 158 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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impediment-illness,159 jie-illness160 and xuan-illness.161 Da Ming. Sores on the head and white baldness. Zhen Quan. It dispels wind heat and moisture heat, restricts [a free flow of ] urine and ends melting with thirst.162 [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】營實、薔薇根，能入陽明經，除風熱濕熱，生肌殺 蟲，故癰疽瘡癬古方常用，而洩痢、消渴、遺尿、好瞑，亦皆陽明病也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Ying shi (i. e., the seeds) and the roots of qiang wei are capable of entering the yang brilliance conduits. They eliminate wind heat and moisture heat, stimulate the growth of muscles and kill worms/bugs. Hence they are often resorted to in ancient recipes for obstruction-illness, impediment-illness and xuan-illness. Also, outflow and free-flux illness, melting with thirst, uncontrolled loss of urine and sleepiness, all these are diseases of the yang brilliance [section]. 【附方】舊七，新五。 Added Recipes. Seven of old. Five newly [recorded]. 消渴尿多。薔薇根一把，水煎，日服之。千金方。 Melting with thirst and copious urination. Boil one handful of qiang wei roots in water and ingest [the decoction] daily. Qian jin fang. 小便失禁。薔薇根煮汁飲，或爲末酒服。野生白花者更良。聖惠方。 Uncontrolled urination. Boil qiang wei roots and drink the [resulting] juice. Or [grind them into] powder and ingest it with wine. [Roots of qiang wei] with white flowers growing in the wild yield especially good results. Sheng hui fang. 少小尿床。薔薇根五錢，煎酒夜飲。外臺秘要。 Bedwetting of children. Boil five qian of qiang wei roots in wine and [let the child] drink it at night. Wai tai mi yao. 159 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277. 160 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 161 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness.” Conditions of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, a designation of local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591. 162 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.



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小兒疳痢頻數。用生薔薇根洗切，煎濃汁，細飲，以愈爲度。千金方。 Gan-illness163 of children with repeated incidents of free-flux illness. Wash fresh qiang wei roots and cut them into pieces, boil them to obtain a thick juice and [let the child] drink it in small portions until a cure is achieved. Qian jin fang. 屍咽痛痒，語聲不出。薔薇根皮、射干各一兩，甘草炙半兩，每服二錢， 水煎服之。普濟方。 Corpse [worms/bugs] throat164 with pain and itch and loss of voice. [Mix] one liang each of qiang wei roots and bark and blackberry lily [roots] with half a liang of roasted glycyrrhiza [roots]. Each time ingest two qian. Boil them in water and ingest the [decoction]. Pu ji fang. 口舌糜爛。薔薇根，避風打去土，煮濃汁，温含冷吐。冬用根皮，夏用枝 葉。口瘡日久，延及胸中生瘡，三年已上不瘥者皆效。千金方。 Erosion of mouth and tongue into a pulpy mass. Remove the soil from a qiang wei root without exposing it to wind, boil it to obtain a thick juice, hold it warm in the mouth and spit it out when it has cooled. In winter use the root bark; in summer use the leaves of the branches. This is always effective for long-lasting oral sores that have extended to the chest and generated sores there without being healed for more than 30 years. Qian jin fang. 小兒月蝕。薔薇根四兩，地榆二錢，爲末。先以鹽湯洗過，傅之。全幼心 鑑。 Lunar eclipse165 of children. [Grind] four liang of qiang wei roots and two qian of sanguisorba [roots] into powder. First wash [the affected region] with a salt decoction and then apply [the powder]. Quan you xin jian. 癰腫癤毒，潰爛疼痛。用薔薇皮更炙熨之。千金方。 Swelling related to an obstruction-illness166 and pimples with poison; painful erosion into a pulpy mass. Roast qiang wei [root] bark and press it hot [on the affected region]. Qian jin fang. 163 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 164 Shi yan 屍咽, “corpse [bugs/worms] throat,” a condition of a disease affecting the throat with pain and itching and loss of voice. BCGM Dict I, 458. 165 Yue shi 月蝕, “lunar eclipse,” a condition of chuang 瘡, ”sores” developing on the ears, nose, face, and to the side of the orifices in the anal and genital region. BCGM Dict I, 65. 166 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break

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筋骨毒痛。因患楊梅瘡服輕粉毒藥成者。野薔薇根白皮洗三斤，水酒十 斤，煮一炷香。每日任飲，以愈爲度。 Painful poisoning of sinews and bones caused by poisonous calomel medication ingested for a suffering from red bayberry/syphilitic sores. Wash three jin of the white bark of wild qiang wei roots and boil them in ten jin of a water and wine mixture for as long as it takes an incense stick to burn down. Drink [the liquid] every day at will until a cure is achieved. 鄧筆峰雜興方用刺薔薇根三錢，五加皮、木瓜、當歸、伏苓各二錢。以酒 二盞，煎一盞，日服一次。 Deng Bifeng in his Za xing fang [recommends to] boil three qian of thorny qiang wei roots with two qian each of acanthopanax [root] bark, quince, Chinese angelica [root] and poria in two cups of wine down to one cup and ingest it once a day. 金瘡腫痛。薔薇根燒灰，每白湯服方寸匕，一日三服。抱朴子。 Wounds caused by metal objects/weapons with painful swelling. Burn qiang wei roots to ashes. Each time ingest with clear, boiled water the amount held by a square cun spoon. To be ingested three times a day. Baopu zi. 箭刺入肉，膿囊不出。以薔薇根末摻之服。鼠撲167十日即穿皮出也。外臺秘 要。 An arrowhead has pierced the flesh and is stuck there with a cyst of pus. Ingest qiang wei root powder.168 Within ten days [the arrowhead] will penetrate the skin and come out through a [swelling shaped like a] mouse that has bent over. Wai tai mi cao. 骨哽不出。薔薇根末，水服方匕，日三。同上。 Choking on a bone that does not come out. Ingest with water the amount of qiang wei powder held by a square [cun] spoon. Three times a day. [Source of this recipe] identical with the one above.

through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 167 For comments on the earliest known reference to a swelling shaped like “a mouse bent over”, shu pu 鼠撲, see Su wen ch. 52. Paul U. Unschuld and Hermann Tessenow, Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen. An Annotated Translation of Huang Di’s Inner Classic, vol. 1. 746-747. 168 The character chan 摻, “to mix,” is not part of the original text in the Wai tai mi yao.



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Leaves [of ying shi]. 【主治】下疳瘡。焙研，洗傅之。黄花者更良。攝生方。 Control. Lower region gan-illness169 sores. Dry [the leaves] over a fire in a pan, grind them and apply them to [the affected region] after having washed it first. Yellow flowers yield even better results. She sheng fang. 18-17 月季花綱目 Yue ji hua, FE Gang mu. Rosa chinensis Jacq. Monthly rose. 【釋名】月月紅見下、勝春、瘦客、鬬雪紅。 Explanation of Names. Yue yue hong 月月紅, see below. Sheng chun 勝春, “superior to spring,” Shou ke 瘦客, “lean visitor,” dou xue hong 鬬雪紅, “red snow after a battle.“ 【集解】【時珍曰】處處人家多栽插之，亦薔薇類也。青莖長蔓硬刺，葉 小於薔薇而花深紅，千葉厚瓣，逐月開放，不結子也。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Everywhere people plant many of them. They belong to the group of the rambling rose (18-16). The greenish stem is a long, hard creeper with thorns. The leaves are smaller than those of rambling roses and the flowers are deep red. They have a thousand leaves and thick petals. They open and come into bloom month after month. They do not form seeds. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】活血，消腫，傅毒。時珍。 Control. It quickens the blood and dissolves swelling, It is applied to [the location of ] poison. [Li] Shizhen.

169 Xia gan 下疳, “lower-region gan-illness,” a condition of festering ulcers developing in the external genital region of adult males and females, often developing into chronic, difficult to cure ailments. By some authors traced to unhygienic practice of sexual intercourse. BCGM Dict I, 550.

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瘰癧未破。用月季花頭二錢，沉香五錢，芫花炒三錢，碎剉，入大鯽魚腹 中，就以魚腸封固，酒、水各一盞，煮熟食之，即愈。魚須安糞水内遊死 者方效。此是家傳方，活人多矣。談埜翁試驗方。 Scrofula pervasion-illness170 that has not broken open yet. Pound two qian of the tips of yue ji flowers, five qian of aloes wood and three qian of stir-fried daphne flowers into small pieces and insert them into the abdomen of a big crucian carp. Bind and seal it with the carp’s intestine and boil it in one cup each of wine and water until done. Eat this and a cure is achieved. The fish needs to be placed into fecal water where it swims around until it dies. Then it is an effective [medication]. This is recipe transmitted in a family. It has saved the lives of many. Tan Yeweng, Shi yan fang. 18-18 栝樓本經中品 Gua lou, FE Ben jing, middle rank. Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. 【校正】併入圖經 天花粉。 Editorial Correction. Tian hua fen (powder of old trichosanthes kirilowii roots), listed [separately] in the Tu jing, is included here. 【釋名】果臝音裸、瓜蔞綱目、天瓜别録、黄瓜别録、地樓本經、澤姑别 録。根名白藥圖經、天花粉圖經、瑞雪。【時珍曰】臝與蓏同。許慎云： 木上曰果，地下曰蓏。此物蔓生附木，故得兼名。詩云“果臝之實，亦施于 宇”，是矣。栝樓即果臝二字音轉也，亦作𦸈𧁾，後人又轉爲瓜蔞，愈轉愈 失其真矣。古者瓜、姑同音，故有澤姑之名。齊人謂之天瓜，象形也。雷 斅炮炙論“以圓者爲栝，長者爲樓”，亦出牽强，但分雌雄可也。其根作粉， 潔白如雪，故謂之天花粉。蘇頌圖經重出天花粉，謬矣。今削之。 Explanation of Names. Guo luo 果臝, read luo 裸, gua lou 瓜蔞, Gang mu. Tian gua 天瓜, “heavenly gourd,” Bie lu. Huang gua 黄瓜, “yellow gourd,” Bie lu. Di lou 地樓, Ben jing. Ze gu 澤姑, Bie lu. The root is called bai yao 白藥, “white pharmaceutical drug,” Tu jing. Tian hua fen 天花粉, Tu jing. Rui xue 瑞雪, “auspicious snow.” [Li] Shizhen: Luo 臝 is identical with luo 蓏. Xu Shen states: “[Fruits] up in trees are 170 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329.



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called guo 果; those below on the ground are called luo 蓏.” This item grows as a creeper attached to trees. Hence its name combines both [guo 果 and luo 臝]. When the Shi states: “The fruit of the snake gourd would be hanging about our eaves,”171 that is [the item discussed here]. Gua lou 栝樓 is a modified reading of the two characters guo luo 果臝, also written guo lou 𦸈𧁾. Later people modified it to gua lou 瓜蔞. The more it was modified the more its original meaning was lost. In antiquity, gua 瓜 and gu 姑 were read identically. Hence the name ze gu 澤姑. People in Qi call it tian gua 天瓜 reflecting its shape. When Lei Xiao in his Pao zhi lun [states]: “Round ones are called gua 栝, lengthy ones are lou 樓,” that is farfetched. However, it is possible to differentiate between female and male specimens. When the root is ground into powder it is as clean and white as snow. Hence it is called tian hua fen 天花粉,“powder of heavenly flowers.” With a separate entry tian hua fen 天花粉, Su Song in the Tu jing listed it twice. That was wrong. It is deleted here. 【集解】【别録曰】栝樓生弘農川谷及山陰地。根入土深者良。生鹵地者 有毒。二月、八月采根，曝乾，三十日成。【弘景曰】出近道。藤生，狀 如土瓜而葉有叉。入土六七尺，大二三圍者，服食亦用之。實入摩膏用。 【恭曰】出陝州者白實，最佳。【頌曰】所在有之。三四月生苗引藤蔓。 葉如甜瓜葉而窄，作叉，有細毛。七月開花，似壺蘆花，淺黄色。結實在 花下，大如拳，生青，至九月熟，赤黄色。其形有正圓者，有鋭而長者， 功用皆同。根亦名白藥，皮黄肉白。【時珍曰】其根直下生，年久者長數 尺。秋後掘者結實有粉，夏月掘者有筋無粉，不堪用。其實圓長，青時如 瓜，黄時如熟柿，山家小兒亦食之。内有扁子，大如絲瓜子，殼色褐，仁 色緑，多脂，作青氣。炒乾搗爛，水熬取油，可點燈。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Gua lou grows in the river valleys and on the yin (i. e., shady) side of mountains in Hong nong. Those are good that have roots that go deep into the soil. Those growing on salty ground are poisonous. The root is collected in the second and eighth month; it is dried in the sun. It takes 30 days until it is ready [for therapeutic application]. [Tao] Hongjing: It comes from nearby and grows as vines. It is shaped like Japanese snake gourd, but the leaves are forked. [The root] enters the soil six to seven chi deep. Big specimens with a circumference two or three times [more than normal] are also used [by elixir specialists] for an ingestion instead of food. The fruits are grated to be used as an ointment. [Su] Gong: Those coming from Shaan zhou have white fruits; they are the very best. [Su] Song: It can be found everywhere. It produces a seedling in the third and fourth month that is a creeping vine. The leaves are similar to musk melon leaves, but they are narrow, forked and have fine hair. Flowers open in the seventh month, similar to calabash 171 Shi jing Part I, Book XV, Ode III, Verse 2.

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flowers. They are pale yellow in color. Fruits form below the flowers; they are as big as a fist. As long as they are unripe they are greenish. By the ninth month they ripen and assume a red-yellow color. Some are shaped perfectly round; others are pointed and lengthy. Their [therapeutic] potentials are the same. The root is also called “white pharmaceutical drug.” Its bark is yellow; the meat is white. [Li] Shizhen: The root grows straight down. In the course of a year it reaches a length of several chi. Those dug up after autumn have formed fruits with a powder. Those dug up in summer have sinews but no powder. They are not suitable for [therapeutic] application. Their fruits are round and long. As long as they are greenish they resemble melons. When they are yellow, they are similar to ripe persimmon [fruits]. The children of families living in the mountains eat them, too. Inside they have flat seeds, the size of loofah [seeds]. The peel is brown in color; the [seed] kernels are green. They contain much fat and release fresh qi. Stir-fried until they are dry and ground into a pulpy mass, they are boiled in water to obtain their oil which can be used to light a lamp. 18-18-01 實 Shi

[Gua lou] fruit. 【修治】【斅曰】凡使皮、子、莖、根，其效各别。其栝圓黄皮厚蒂小， 樓則形長赤皮蒂粗。陰人服樓，陽人服栝，並去殼皮革膜及油。用根亦取 大二三圍者，去皮搗爛，以水澄粉用。【時珍曰】栝樓古方全用，後世乃 分子瓤各用。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: When the bark, the seeds, the stem and the root are used [for therapeutic applications], their effects are all different. The gua 栝 kind is round and yellow, with a thick bark and a tiny fruit base. The lou 樓 variety is lengthy and red with a coarse bark and fruit base. Persons with a yin constitution ingest the lou 樓 variety. Persons with a yang constitution ingest the gua 栝 kind. [For therapeutic applications] remove the peel, the bark and the membranes from both varieties, as well as the oil. When the root is used, those with a circumference twice or three times [more than normal] are selected. Their bark is discarded and they are ground into a pulpy mass. This is given into water where it is allowed to settle to eventually obtain a powder for [therapeutic] use. [Li] Shizhen: In ancient recipes gua lou is used complete. Later on they used the seeds and the pulp separately. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。【時珍曰】味甘，不苦。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: Flavor sweet, not bitter.



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【主治】胸痺，悦澤人面。别録。潤肺燥，降火，治欬嗽，滌痰結，利咽 喉，止消渴，利大腸，消癰腫瘡毒。時珍。子：炒用，補虚勞口乾，潤心 肺，治吐血，腸風瀉血，赤白痢，手面皺。大明。 Control. Blocked chest. It lets one’s complexion appear happy and glossy. Bie lu. It moistens dryness in the lung, lets fire descend, serves to cure cough, washes out phlegm nodes, frees the passage through the throat, ends melting with thirst,172 frees the passage through the large intestine and dissolves swelling related to obstruction-illness173 and sores with poison. [Li] Shizhen: The seeds: Used stir-fried, they serve to supplement depletion exhaustion with a dry mouth. They moisten heart and lung. They serve to cure blood spitting, intestinal wind and blood outflow, as well as red and white free-flux illness and wrinkled hands and face. Da Ming. 【發明】【震亨曰】栝樓實治胸痺者，以其味甘性潤。甘能補肺，潤能降 氣。胸中有痰者，乃肺受火逼，失其降下之令。今得甘緩潤下之助則痰自 降，宜其爲治嗽之要藥也。且又能洗滌胸膈中垢膩鬱熱，爲治消渴之神 藥。【時珍曰】張仲景治胸痺痛引心背，欬唾喘息，及結胸滿痛，皆用栝 樓實。乃取其甘寒不犯胃氣，能降上焦之火，使痰氣下降也。成無己不知 此意，乃云苦寒以瀉熱。蓋不嘗其味原不苦，而隨文傅會爾。 Explication. [Zhu] Zhenheng: When blocked chest is cured with gua lou fruits, this relies on their sweet flavor and moistening nature. Sweet [flavor] is capable of supplementing lung [qi]. Moisture can cause qi to descend. When there is phlegm in the lung, the lung has received a pressing fire and its order requesting it to descend is neglected. However, if now it is assisted in sending [the fire] down by a sweet [flavor] and a nature that revives and moistens [the lung], then the phlegm descends as a result. [Therefore, gua lou fruits] are an important pharmaceutical drug that is useful for curing coughs. Also, it is capable of washing out from the chest and diaphragm region filthy and greasy items and pent-up heat. It is a divinely effective pharmaceutical drug for melting with thirst. [Li] Shizhen: When Zhang Zhongjing cured blocked chest with pain involving heart and back, cough, spitting and gasping for breath, and also for bound chest174 with a painful feeling of fullness, he always resorted to gua lou fruits. He relied on their sweet [flavor] and cold [qi] 172 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567. 173 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 174 Jie xiong 結胸, “bound chest,” a condition brought forth by internal evil qi “binding” the chest, with the chest and abdomen experiencing distension, hardening and pain to a degree that one does not wish to apply pressure. BCGM Dict I, 252.

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that do not offend stomach qi and are capable of letting fire descend from the upper [section of the Triple] Burner which in turn lets phlegm qi descend, too. Cheng Wuji was unaware of this underlying rationale when he stated that bitter [flavor] and cold [qi of gua lou] serve to drain heat. The fact is, he did not try/apply it. Its flavor is not bitter at all. His understanding was based merely on literary sources. 【附方】舊十二，新二十八。 Added Recipes. 12 of old. 28 newly [recorded]. 痰欬不止。瓜蔞仁一兩，文蛤七分爲末，以薑汁澄濃脚 丸彈子大，噙之。 摘玄方。 Unending coughing up of phlegm. [Grind] one liang of gua lou [seed] kernels and seven fen of venus shells into powder. [Mix it with] ginger juice, let the liquid clear and with the thick [ginger juice forming a] sediment at the bottom form pills the size of a bullet. Hold them in the mouth. Zhai xuan fang. 乾欬無痰。熟瓜蔞搗爛絞汁，入蜜等分，加白礬一錢，熬膏。頻含嚥汁。 楊起簡便方。 Dry cough without phlegm. Pound heat prepared gua lou to a pulp and squeeze it to obtain a juice. Add the same amount of honey and one qian of alum. Boil this to obtain a paste. Repeatedly hold it in the mouth and swallow the resulting juice. Yang Qi, Jian bian fang. 欬嗽有痰。熟瓜蔞十個，明礬二兩，搗和餅陰乾，研末，糊丸梧子大。每 薑湯下五七十丸。醫方摘要。 Cough with phlegm. Pound a mixture of ten heat prepared gua lou [fruits] and two liang of alum, prepare a cake and dry it in the yin (i. e., shade). Then grind it into powder and [with wheat flower and water] prepare a paste to form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send down with a ginger decoction 50 to 70 pills. Yi fang zhai yao. 痰喘氣急。𦸈𧁾二個，明礬一棗大，同燒存性研末。以熟蘿蔔蘸食，藥盡 病除。普濟方。 Panting and hectic [breath] qi with phlegm. Burn two gua lou [fruits] and one piece of alum, the size of a Chinese date, with their nature retained and grind this into powder. Dip a heat prepared radish [root into the powder] and eat it. As soon as the pharmaceutical drugs are used up, the disease is healed. Pu ji fang.



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熱欬不止。用濃茶湯一鍾，蜜一鍾，大熟瓜蔞一個去皮，將瓤入茶蜜湯洗 去子，以盌盛于飯上蒸，至飯熟取出。時時挑三四匙嚥之。摘玄方。 Unending cough. Prepare a mixture of one zhong of a thick tea decoction and one zhong of honey. Then take one big gua lou [fruit], remove its skin, give the pulp into the tea-honey decoction and wash away the seeds. Fill [the rest] into a bowl and steam it above rice. Remove it when the rice is cooked. Take three or four spoons repeatedly and swallow them. Zhai xuan fang. 肺熱痰欬，胸膈塞滿。用瓜蔞仁，半夏湯泡七次焙研，各一兩，薑汁打麪 糊丸梧子大。每服五十丸，食後薑湯下。嚴用和濟生方。 Cough with phlegm related to the presence of heat in the lung. Blockage of chest and diaphragm with a sensation of fullness. Prepare one liang each of gua lou [seed] kernels and pinellia [root], steeped in hot water seven times, dried over a fire in a pan and ground [into powder], and with ginger juice form a wheat flour paste to make pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 50 pills, to be sent down with a ginger decoction after a meal. Yan Yonghe, Ji sheng fang. 肺痿欬血不止。用栝樓五十個連瓤瓦焙，烏梅肉五十個焙，杏仁去皮尖炒 二十一個，爲末。每用一捻，以豬肺一片切薄，摻末入内炙熟，冷嚼嚥 之，日二服。聖濟録。 Lung dysfunction with an unending cough with blood. [Grind] fifty gua lou [fruits], dried with their pulp over a fire on a tile, 50 smoked plums, dried over a fire in a pan, and 21 apricot kernels, stir-fried and with their skin and pointed ends removed, into powder. Each time pick up a pinch, cut one piece of a pig’s lung into thin slices, mix them with the powder and roast them until done. When they have cooled, chew and swallow them. To be ingested twice a day. Sheng ji lu. 酒痰欬嗽。用此救肺。瓜蔞仁、青黛等分，研末，薑汁、蜜丸芡子大。每 噙一丸。丹溪心法。 Cough with phlegm related to wine [abuse]. An application of this [medication] saves the lung. Grind equal amounts of gua lou [seed] kernels and natural indigo into powder and with ginger juice and honey form pills the size of qian seeds. Each time hold one pill in the mouth [and swallow the resulting juice]. Danxi xin fa. 飲酒發熱。即上方研膏，日食數匙。一男子年二十病此，服之而愈。摘玄 方。 Drinking of wine followed by an effusion of heat. Grind the [pills described in the] preceding recipe into a paste and eat several spoons every day. A male had suffered from this for 20 years. He ingested [the paste] and was cured. Zhai xuan fang.

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飲酒痰澼。兩脅脹滿，時復嘔吐，腹中如水聲。栝樓實去殼焙一兩，神麴 炒半兩，爲末。每服二錢，葱白湯下。聖惠方。 Drinking of wine followed by phlegm flush,175 a distension of both flanks with a sensation of fullness, repeated vomiting and a sound like there is water in the abdomen. [Grind] one liang of gua lou [fruits], with the peel removed and dried over a fire in a pan, and half a liang of stir-fried divine yeast/ferment into powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with an onion white decoction. Sheng hui fang. 小兒痰喘，欬嗽，膈熱久不瘥。瓜蔞實一枚，去子爲末，以寒食麪和作餅 子，炙黄再研末。每服一錢，温水化下，日三服，效乃止。劉河間宣明方。 Panting with phlegm and cough of children, with heat in the diaphragm [region] that has not been cured for a long time. Remove the seeds of one gua lou fruit and [grind it into] powder. Mix it with flour [to be consumed] during the Cold Food [festival],176 prepare a cake, roast it until it has turned yellow and once again grind it into powder. Each time ingest one qian, to be sent down dissolved in warm water. To be ingested three times a day. Stop [the therapy] when an effect shows. Liu Hejian, Xuan ming fang. 婦人夜熱，痰嗽，月經不調，形瘦者。用瓜蔞仁一兩，青黛、香附童尿浸 晒一兩五錢，爲末。蜜調，噙化之。丹溪心法。 Women with heat [effusion] during the night, cough with phlegm, irregular menstruation and emaciation. [Grind] one liang of gua lou [seed] kernels, natural indigo,177 and one liang and five qian of cyperus [roots], soaked in boys’ urine and dried in the sun, into powder, mix it with honey and [let the patient] hold it in the mouth where it dissolves. Danxi xin fa. 胸痺痰嗽，胸痛徹背，心腹痞滿，氣不得通，及治痰嗽。大瓜蔞去瓤取子 炒熟，和殼研末，麪糊丸梧子大。每米飲下二三十丸，日二服。杜壬方。 175 Tan pi 痰澼, “phlegm flush,” a condition identical to tan pi 痰癖, “phlegm aggregation-illness.” BCGM Dict I, 494. 176 This is the festival honoring Jie Zitui 介子推 who had served King Wen of the State of Jin, 5th c. BCE. Eventually he withdrew with his mother to the forests. King Wen summoned him to his court to show his gratitude. When Jie Zitui refused to appear, the king had the forest set on fi re to force him to leave his abode. Jie and his mother died in the fi re in 476 BCE. The king ordered that no fi res were allowed on that day in future, and food was to be consumed cold. Hence the name of that day, han shi 寒食, “cold food.” It is April 5. BCGM Dict III, 224-225. 177 The Danxi xin fa ch. 2, ke sou 欬嗽, “cough,” does not provide amounts of the three ingredients. Li Shizhen added amounts of gua lou seed kernels and cyperus grass, but not of natural indigo.



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A blocked chest and cough with phlegm. The pain in the chest reaches into the back, with an obstacle-illness178 and a sensation of fullness in the central and abdominal region, and the passage of qi blocked. It also serves to cure cough with phlegm [alone]. Remove the pulp of a big gua lou [fruit], keep the seeds and stir-fry them until done. Mix them with the peel and grind this into powder. With a wheat flour paste form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send down with a rice beverage 20 to 30 pills. To be ingested twice a day. Du Ren fang. 胸中痺痛引背，喘息欬唾，短氣，寸脉沉遲，關上緊數。用大栝樓實一枚 切，薤白半斤，以白酒七斤，煮二升，分再服。加半夏四兩更善。仲景金 匱方。 Blocked chest with pain pulling on the back, pant breathing, cough, spitting of saliva, shortness of [breath] qi, a deep and slowed down [movement in the] vessels in the inch section and a tight and accelerated [movement] above the gate section [at the wrists]. Cut one big gua lou fruit, boil it together with half a jin of Chinese chives in seven jin of white wine down to two sheng and ingest this divided into two portions. If four liang of pinellia [root] are added, the effects achieved are even better. [Zhang] Zongjing, Jin kui fang. 清痰利膈，治欬嗽。用肥大栝樓洗取子切焙，半夏四十九個湯洗十次搥 焙，等分爲末，用洗栝樓水并瓤同熬成膏，和丸梧子大。每薑湯下三五十 丸，良。楊文蔚方。 By clearing [the chest of ] phlegm and freeing the [passage of qi through the] diaphragm, this serves to cure cough with phlegm. Wash a fat, big gua lou [fruit], take out its seeds, cut it into slices and dry it over a fire in a pan. Wash 49 pinellia [roots] in hot water ten times, pound them and dry [the pulp] over a fire in a pan. Grind equal amounts [of the gua lou fruit and pinellia roots] into powder. Boil the water used to wash the gua lou [fruit] together with the pulp to generate a paste, mix it [with the powder] and form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send down with a ginger decoction 30 to 50 pills. Good. Yang Wenwei fang. 中風喎斜。用瓜蔞絞汁，和大麥麪作餅，炙熱熨之。正便止，勿令太過。 聖惠方。 Struck by wind with a wry mouth. Squeeze a gua lou [fruit] to obtain a juice and mix it with barley flour to prepare a cake. Roast it and press it hot [on the affected region]. As soon as [the mouth] is back in its straight position end [the treatment]. Do not exceed this limit. Sheng hui fang. 178 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” a condition of an uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I. 371.

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熱病頭痛，發熱進退。用大栝樓一枚，取瓤細剉，置瓷盌中，用熱湯一盞 沃之，蓋定良久，去滓服。聖惠方。 A heat disease with headache. The effusion of heat alternately develops and withdraws. Take one big gua lou [fruit], remove the pulp and cut it into fine pieces. Place them into a porcelain bowl and pour one cup of hot water on them. Keep this tightly closed for a long time. Then remove the dregs and ingest [the liquid]. Sheng hui fang. 時疾發黄，狂悶煩熱，不識人者。大瓜蔞實黄者一枚，以新汲水九合浸淘 取汁，入蜜半合，朴消八分，合攪令消盡。分再服，便瘥。蘇頌圖經本草。 Seasonal [epidemic] illness with a development of a yellow [complexion], madness, heart-pressure, vexing heat and an inability to recognize other people. Soak one big gua lou fruit with yellow [pulp] in nine ge of newly drawn water. Take the juice, add half a ge of honey and eight fen of mirabilite, and stir this until [all the substances] are dissolved. Then ingest this divided into two portions. That leads to a cure. Su Song, Tu jing ben cao. 小兒黄疸，眼黄脾熱。用青瓜蔞焙研。每服一錢，水半盞，煎七分，卧時 服。五更瀉下黄物，立可。名逐黄散。普濟方。 Yellow dan-illness/jaundice of children. The eyes are red with heat in the spleen. Dry a greenish gua lou [fruit] over a fire in a pan and grind it [into powder]. Each time ingest one qian. Boil it in half a cup of water down to 70%, to be ingested at bedtime. This will cause an outflow discharge of yellow items in the early hours of the next day, and that is the intended cure. [This recipe] is called “powder to expel the yellow.” Pu ji fang. 酒黄疸疾。方同上。 Yellow dan-illness related to wine [abuse]. Recipe identical with the one above. 小便不通，腹脹。用瓜蔞焙研。每服二錢，熱酒下。頻服，以通爲度。紹 興 刘驻云：魏明州病此，御醫用此方治之，得效。聖惠方。 Blocked urination, with abdominal bloating. Dry a gua lou [fruit] over a fire in a pan and grind [it into powder]. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with hot wine. Ingest this repeatedly until the passage [of urine] is clear. Liu Zhu of Shao xing states: “Wei Mingzhou had this disease. Imperial physicians used this recipe to cure him, and it turned out to be effective.” Sheng hui fang. 消渴煩亂。黄栝樓一個，酒一盞，洗去皮子，取瓤煎成膏，入白礬末一 兩，丸梧子大。每米飲下十丸。聖惠方。 Melting with thirst and a vexing confusion. Wash one yellow gua lou [fruit] in one cup of wine and remove the peel and the seeds. Boil the pulp in water to generate



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a paste. Add one liang of alum and form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send down with a rice beverage ten pills. Sheng hui fang. 燥渴腸秘。九月、十月熟𦸈𧁾實，取瓤拌乾葛粉，銀石器中慢火炒熟，爲 末。食後、夜卧各以沸湯點服二錢。寇宗奭衍義。 Blocked intestine with dryness [in the mouth] and thirst. Take the pulp of a gua lou fruit that has ripened in the ninth or tenth month, mix it with pueraria root powder, stir-fry this in a silver or stone vessel until done and [grind it into] powder. Drip two qian of the powder into boiling hot water and ingest this after a meal and at bedtime at night. Kou Zongshi, Yan yi. 吐血不止。栝樓泥固煅存性研三錢，糯米飲服，日再服。聖濟録。 Unending spitting of blood. Ingest three qian of gua lou pulp, calcined while maintaining its nature and ground [into powder], with a glutinous rice beverage. To be ingested twice a day. Sheng ji lu. 腸風下血。栝樓一個燒灰，赤小豆半兩，爲末。每空心酒服一錢。普濟方。 Intestinal wind with a discharge of blood. [Grind] one gua lou [fruit], burned to ashes, and half a liang of red mung beans into powder and ingest mixed with wine one qian on an empty stomach. Pu ji fang. 久痢五色。大熟瓜蔞一個，煅存性，出火毒，爲末，作一服，温酒服之。 胡大卿一僕患痢半年，杭州一道人傳此而愈。本事方。 Long-lasting free-flux illness in all five colors. Calcine one big, ripe gua lou [fruit] by retaining its nature and then allow the fire poison to leave again. [Grind the calcined fruit] into powder and ingest it all at once. To be ingested with warm wine. A servant of Hu Daqing suffered from free-flux illness for half a year. A Daoist from Hang zhou gave him this recipe and he was cured. Ben shi fang. 大腸脱肛。生栝樓搗汁，温服之。以猪肉汁洗手挼之令暖，自入。葛洪肘 後方。 Anal prolapse from the large intestine. Pound a fresh gua lou [fruit] and ingest the resulting juice warm. With pork juice wash the hands and rub the [prolapsed intestine] until it has warmed and enters [the abdomen again] as a result. Ge Hong, Zhou hou fang. 小兒脱肛。唇白齒焦，久則兩頰光，眉赤唇焦，啼哭。黄瓜蔞一個，入白 礬五錢在内，固濟煅存性，爲末，糊丸梧子大。每米飲下二十丸。摘玄方。 Anal prolapse of children, with white lips and parched teeth. When this lasts for a long time, both cheeks turn shiny, the eyebrows assume a red color, the lips are

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parched and [the child] cries. Fill five qian of alum into a yellow gua lou [fruit], seal it tightly and calcine it while maintaining its nature. Then [grind it] into powder and with [wheat flour] paste form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time [let the child] send down with a rice beverage 20 pills. Zhai xuan fang. 牙齒疼痛。瓜蔞皮、露蜂房燒灰擦牙，以烏桕根、荆柴根、葱根煎湯嗽 之。危氏得效方。 Toothache. Burn gua lou [fruit] peel and a hornet/wasp nest to ashes and rub the [affected] teeth with them. Boil tallow tree roots, vitex roots179 and onion roots and rinse [the affected region]. Wei shi de xiao fang. 咽喉腫痛，語聲不出。經進方用栝樓皮、白殭蠶炒、甘草炒各二錢半，爲 末。每服三錢半，薑湯下。或以綿裹半錢，含嚥。一日二服。名發聲散。 御藥院方。 Painful throat swelling, with an inability to speak. The Jing jin fang180 [recommends to grind] two and a half qian each of gua lou peel, white, stiff silkworms, stir-fried, and glycyrrhiza [root], stir-fried, into powder. Each time ingest three and a half qian, to be sent down with a ginger decoction. Or wrap half a qian with silk fabric, hold it in the mouth and swallow [the resulting juice]. To be ingested twice a day. [This recipe] is called “powder to release the voice.” Yu yao yuan fang. 堅齒烏鬚。大栝樓一個，開頂，入青鹽二兩、杏仁去皮尖三七粒，原頂合 扎定，蚯蚓泥和鹽固濟，炭火煅存性，研末。每日揩牙三次，令熱，百日 有驗。如先有白鬚，拔去以藥投之，即生黑者。其治口齒之功，未易具 陳。普濟方。 To harden teeth and blacken beards. Open the top section of a big gua lou [fruit] and insert two liang of greenish salt and three times seven apricot seeds with their peel removed. Close [the opening] with the original top, fasten it and firmly cover this with earthworm excrements and salt. Calcine this over a charcoal fire while maintaining its nature and grind [the residue] into powder. Every day rub the teeth three times until they are hot. An effect shows within 100 days. If there is a white beard before [its time], pull it out and apply this medication. This lets a black [beard] grow again. As for its potential for curing mouth and tooth [ailments], this has not yet been outlined in detail. Pu ji fang. 179 Jing chai 荆柴, lit.: “vitex firewood,” an alternative name of huang jing 黄荆. 180 The Yu yao yuan fang does not have the three characters jing jin fang 經進方. Their meaning is unclear. A text of this title is recorded nowhere else. Perhaps it is the incorrect writing of another book title.



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面黑令白。栝樓瓤三兩，杏仁一兩，猪𦚟一具，同研如膏。每夜塗之，令 人光潤，冬月不皴。聖濟録。 To whiten a black face. Grind the pulp of three gua lou [fruits], one liang of apricot kernels and one pig pancreas into a paste and each time apply it [to the face]. This will let [the face] become shiny and glossy again, and it prevents creases in winter. Sheng ji lu. 胞衣不下。栝樓實一箇，取子細研，以酒與童子小便各半琖，煎七分，温 服。無實，用根亦可。陳良甫婦人良方。 The placenta is not discharged. Remove the seeds from one gua lou fruit and grind them into a fine [powder]. Boil them in a mixture of half a wine cup each of wine and boys’ urine down to 70% and [let the woman] ingest this warm. If no fruit is at hand, the root will do, too. Chen Liangfu, Fu ren liang fang. 乳汁不下。瓜蔞子淘洗，控乾炒香，瓦上㩉令白色，爲末，酒服一錢匕， 合面卧一夜，流出。姚僧坦集驗方。 Failure of a nursing mother to let down milk. Wash gua lou seeds [in a bowl] and pour the water out. Dry [the seeds], stir-fry them until they develop a fragrancy, collect them on a tile until they have assumed a white color and [grind them into] powder. [Let] the woman ingest with wine the amount held by a one qian spoon. Let her lie with [the child] facing her for one night and [the milk] will flow. Yao Sengtan, Ji yan fang. 乳癰初發。大熟栝樓一枚熟搗，以白酒一斗，煮取四升，去滓温服一升， 日三服。子母秘録。 Breast obstruction-illness181 in its initial phase. Heat a big, ripe gua lou [fruit] and pound it. Boil it in one dou of white wine down to four sheng. Discard the dregs and [let the woman] ingest one sheng warm. To be ingested three times a day. Zi mu mi lu. 諸癰發背，初起微赤。栝樓搗末，井華水服方寸匕。梅師方。 All types of obstruction-illness effusing on the back, when they just begin to emerge slightly red in color. Pound a gua lou [fruit] into powder and ingest with well splendor water182 the amount held by a square cun spoon. Mei shi fang. 181 Ru yong 乳癰, “breast obstruction-illness,” a condition of acute putrefication of a woman’s breast. Often encountered if a woman, following delivery, experiences chui nai 吹奶, “inflated breast,” or du ru 妒乳, “jealousy breast.” BCGM Dict I, 412. 182 Jing hua shui 井華水, “well splendor water,” i. e., the first water drawn from a well in the morning. BCGM Vol. II, 05-15-01.

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便毒初發。黄瓜蔞一個，黄連五錢，水煎，連服效。李仲南永類方。 Poison [in the region of ] relief183 that has just begun to rise. Boil one yellow gua lou [fruit] and five qian of coptis [rhizome] in water and ingest [the liquid] continuously for an effect. Li Zhongnan, Yong lei fang. 風瘡疥癩。生栝樓一二個打碎，酒浸一日夜。熱飲。臞仙乾坤秘韞。 Wind sores, jie-illness184 and repudiation-illness.185 Pound one or two fresh gua lou [fruits] to pieces, soak them in wine for one day and one night and drink the heated [liquid]. Qu Xian, Qian kun mi yun. 熱遊丹腫。栝樓子仁末二大兩，釅醋調塗。楊氏産乳集驗方。 Roaming cinnabar swelling186 related to the presence of heat. Mix two generous liang of gua lou seed kernel powder with strong vinegar and apply [this to the affected region]. Yang shi, Chan ru ji yan fang. 楊梅瘡痘，小如指頂，遍身者。先服敗毒散，後用此解皮膚風熱，不過十 服愈。用栝樓皮爲末，每服三錢，燒酒下，日三服。集簡方。 Red bayberry/syphilitic sores and pox that are as small as the tip of a finger and cover the entire body. First ingest a “powder to destroy poison.” Then use [the recipe listed] here to resolve wind and heat in the skin. A healing is achieved with no more than ten ingestions. [Grind] gua lou [fruit] peels into powder and each time ingest three qian, to be sent down with burnt wine. To be ingested three times a day. Ji jian fang. 18-18-02 根 Gen

[Gua lou] root. 【修治】天花粉。【周憲王曰】秋冬采根，去皮寸切，水浸，逐日换水， 四五日取出，搗泥，以絹袋濾汁澄粉，晒乾用。

183 Bian du 便毒, “poison [in the region] of relief,” a condition of swelling with poison developing in the body region associated with functions of ‘minor relief ’, i.e. urination, and ‘major relief ’, i.e. defecation. BCGM Dict I, 65. 184 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 185 Lai 癩, “lai-illness,” “repudiation-illness,” including cases of leprosy/Aussatz.” BCGM Dict I, 293. 186 Huo yan dan zhong 火焰丹腫, “flaming cinnabar swelling,” a condition of dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar red poison,” starting from the head and generating a dark red complexion. BCGM Dict I, 235.



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Pharmaceutical Preparation. Tian hua fen 天花粉. Zhou Xian wang: In autumn and winter collect the root. Remove the bark and cut it into one cun long pieces. Soak them in water, with the water exchanged every day. After four or five days take them [out of the water] and pound them to a pulp. Strain [the liquid] through a tough silk fabric. Wait for a powder to have settled, dry it in the sun and use it [for therapeutic purposes]. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。【時珍曰】甘、微苦、酸，微寒。【之才曰】枸 杞爲之使。惡乾薑。畏牛膝、乾漆。反烏頭。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: Sweet, slightly bitter, sour, slightly cold. [Xu] Zhicai: Lycium [seeds] serve as its messenger substance. [Ingested together,] it abhors dried ginger. It fears achyranthes [leaves] and dried lacquer. It is opposed to aconitum [main tuber]. 【主治】消渴身熱，煩滿大熱，補虚安中，續絶傷。本經。除腸胃中痼 熱，八疸身面黄，唇乾口燥短氣，止小便利，通月水。别録。治熱狂時 疾，通小腸，消腫毒，乳癰發背，痔瘻瘡癤，排膿生肌長肉，消撲損瘀 血。大明。 Control. Melting with thirst and body heat. A sensation of vexing fullness with massive heat. It supplements states of depleted [qi] and calms the center. It serves to reconnect ruptures. Ben jing. It removes stubborn heat from within the intestines and the stomach, the eight types of dan-illness187 with yellow body and face, dry lips, parched mouth and short [breath] qi. It ends free flow of urine and clears the passage of menstruation. Bie lu. It serves to cure seasonal [epidemic] illnesses with heat and madness, clears the passage through the small intestine, and dissolves swelling with poison, breast obstruction-illness188 and effusions on the back189, as well as piles, fistula, sores and pimples. It dispels pus, stimulates the generation of muscles and the growth of flesh, and dissolves stagnant blood resulting from a fall or injury. Da Ming. 187 A definition of ba dan 八疸, “the eight types of dan-illness,” is found nowhere in medical literature. BCGM Dict I, 44. 188 Ru yong 乳癰, “breast obstruction-illness,” a condition of acute putrefication of a woman’s breast. Often encountered if a woman, following delivery, experiences chui nai 吹奶, “inflated breast,” or du ru 妒乳, “jealousy breast.” BCGM Dict I, 412. 189 Fa bei 發背, “effusion of the back,” a condition of yong 癰, “obstruction-illnesses,” and ju 疽, impediment-illnesses, developing on one’s back. As it was believed that the transporter holes of the five depots and six palaces are located on the back, conditions of obstruction-illnesses and impediment-illnesses there, often apparent as abscesses, were considered threatening. BCGM Dict I, 148.

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【發明】【恭曰】用根作粉，潔白美好，食之大宜虚熱人。【杲曰】栝樓 根純陰，解煩渴，行津液。心中枯涸者，非此不能除。與辛酸同用，導腫 氣。【成無己曰】津液不足則爲渴。栝樓根味苦微寒，潤枯燥而通行津 液，是爲渴所宜也。【時珍曰】栝樓根味甘微苦酸。其莖葉味酸。酸能生 津，感召之理，故能止渴潤枯。微苦降火，甘不傷胃。昔人只言其苦寒， 似未深察。 Explication. [Su] Gong: Prepare a clean, white and beautiful powder from the roots. To eat it is appropriate for persons with a depletion and heat. [Li] Gao: Gua lou [roots] are a pure yin [item]. They stimulate the passage of body fluids. Conditions of withering and drying up in the heart can be eliminated only with this [pharmaceutical drug]. Used together with [items of ] acrid and sour [flavor, gua lou roots] lead off qi responsible for swelling. Cheng Wuji: When the body’s fluids are insufficient, this results in thirst. The flavor of gua lou roots is bitter, and [its qi are] slightly cold. They moisten withering and dryness and clear the passage of body fluids. Hence they are suitable for thirst. [Li] Shizhen: The flavor of gua lou roots is sweet and slightly bitter and sour. The flavor of the stem and the leaves is sour. Sour [flavor] is capable of generating liquid, based on the principle of reacting to a demand. Hence [gua lou roots] are capable of ending thirst and moistening what has withered. A slightly bitter [flavor] lets fire descend. Sweet [flavor] does not harm the stomach. The ancients mentioned only the bitter [flavor] and cold [qi of gua lou roots]. Apparently they have not examined them thoroughly. 【附方】舊十二，新十二。 Added Recipes. 12 of old. 12 newly [recorded]. 消渴飲水。千金方作粉法：取大栝樓根去皮寸切，水浸五日，逐日易水， 取出搗研，濾過澄粉，晒乾。每服方寸匕，水化下，日三服。亦可入粥及 乳酪中食之。 Melting with thirst190 and [an urge to] drink water. The method of preparing a [gua lou root] powder recorded in the Qian jin fang. Remove the peel of a big gua lou root and cut it into one cun long pieces. Soak them in water for five days and replace the [absorbed] water every day. Then remove them, pound them [to release the liquid absorbed] and grind them [with the liquid]. Strain [the liquid and let the dregs] settle to obtain a powder. Dry it in the sun. Each time ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon. To be sent down dissolved in water. To be ingested three times a day. It can also be eaten added to a gruel or junket. 190 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.



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肘後方用栝樓根薄切炙，取五兩，水五升，煮四升，隨意飲之。 The Zhou hou fang [recommends to] cut a gua lou [root] into thin slices, roast them and boil five liang in five sheng of water down to four sheng. Drink this as you like. 外臺秘要用生栝樓根三十斤，以水一碩，煮取一斗半，去滓，以牛脂五 合，煎至水盡。用暖酒先食服如雞子大，日三服，最妙。 The Wai tai mi yao [recommends to] boil 30 jin of fresh gua lou roots in one dan of water down to one and a half dou, remove the dregs and add five ge of ox fat [to the liquid]. Boil it until all the water is gone, and ingest with warm wine prior to a meal a piece the size of an egg. To be ingested three times a day. Very wondrous. 聖惠方用栝樓根、黄連三兩，爲末蜜丸梧子大。每服三十丸，日二。 The Sheng hui fang [recommends to grind] three liang191 [each] of gua lou roots and coptis [rhizomes] into powder and form with honey pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 30 pills, twice a day. 又玉壺丸：用栝樓根、人參等分，爲末，蜜丸梧子大。每服三十丸，麥門 冬湯下。 Also, the “jade kettle pills.” [Grind] equal amounts of gua lou roots and ginseng [roots] into powder and form with honey pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 30 pills. To be sent down with an ophiopogon [tuber] decoction. 傷寒煩渴引飲。栝樓根三兩，水五升，煮一升，分二服。先以淡竹瀝一 斗，水二升，煮好銀二兩半，冷飲汁，然後服此。外臺秘要。 Harm caused by cold with vexing thirst and an urge to drink. Boil three liang of gua lou [roots] in five sheng of water down to one sheng and ingest this divided into two portions. Before this boil two and a half liang of good silver in a mixture of one dou of bamboo stem juice and two sheng of water. Let the liquid cool and drink it. After this ingest the [gua lou decoction]. Wai tai mi yao.

191 As to san liang 三兩, “three liang,” the Sheng hui fang ch. 53 lists two recipes similar to the one given here. Where it says “all recipes to cure heat and thirst,” zhi re ke zhu fang 治熱渴諸方, it writes “equal amounts of each [ingredient],” ge deng fen 各等分. Then it says “boil ophiopogon [tuber] until done, and grind the pulpy mass to form pills”. Where it says “all types of recipes to cure melting with thirst,” zhi xiao ke zhu fang 治痟渴諸方, it writes “three liang, with honey form pills.” Later on instead of gua lou gen 栝樓根, “gua lou root,” it writes huang gua gen 黃瓜根, “huang gua root,” which is wang gua root, wang gua gen 王瓜根, a plant of the same genus as gua lou 栝樓.

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百合病渴。栝樓根、牡蠣熬等分，爲散。飲服方寸匕。永類方。 Disease of a hundred convergences192 with thirst. [Grind] equal amounts of gua lou roots and oyster [shells] into powder and with a beverage ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon. Yong lei fang. 黑疸危疾。瓜蔞根一斤，搗汁六合，頓服。隨有黄水從小便出。如不出， 再服。楊起簡便方。 Black dan-illness,193 a critical illness. Pound one jin of gua lou roots to obtain six ge of juice and ingest it all at once. As a result yellow water is discharged with the urine. If it fails to be released, ingest [the juice] a second time. Yang Qi, Jian bian fang. 小兒發黄。皮肉面目皆黄。用生栝樓根搗取汁二合，蜜二大匙和匀。暖 服，日一服。廣利方。 Jaundice of children. Skin, flesh, face and eyes are all yellow. Pound fresh gua lou roots to obtain two ge of juice. Mix it with two big spoons of honey and [let the child] ingest this warm. To be ingested once a day. Guang li fang. 小兒熱病，壯熱頭痛。用栝樓根末，乳汁調服半錢。聖惠方。 Heat disease of children, with a strong heat and headache. Mix gua lou root powder with the nursing mother’s milk and [let the child] ingest half a qian. Sheng hui fang. 虚熱欬嗽。天花粉一兩，人參三錢，爲末。每服一錢，米湯下。集簡方。 Depletion heat and cough. [Grind] one liang of tian hua fen and three qian of ginseng [roots] into powder. Each time ingest one qian, to be sent down with a rice decoction. Ji jian fang. 偏疝痛極。刼之立住。用綿袋包暖陰囊。取天花粉五錢，以醇酒一盌浸 之，自卯至午，微煎滚，露一夜。次早低凳坐定，兩手按膝，飲下即愈， 未效再一服。本草蒙筌。

192 Bai he bing 百合病, “disease of a hundred convergences,” a condition of a mental disease that may appear in many different combinations of symptoms but includes absent-minded expression, depressed mood, and general dissatisfaction with movement, lying down, drinking and eating. Possibly because the name of this disease was identical with the name of Brown’s lily, bai he 百合, this herb was used for treatment. Hence the name of the disease is usually translated as “lily disease” in English. BCGM Dict I, 46. 193 Hei dan 黑疸, “black dan-illness,” a condition of a long-lasting huang dan 黃疸, “yellow dan-illness,” where the proper qi have weakened, and the yellow complexion has darkened. BCGM Dict I, 214.



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Extremely painful unilateral elevation-illness.194 If this is attacked [using the following approach] it ends immediately. Wrap the scrotum warm with silk fabric. Soak five qian of tian hua fen in one bowl of pure wine from mao 卯 hours (5 – 7) to wu 午hours (11 – 13). Briefly boil it and leave it in the open for one night. The next morning [let the patient] sit on a low bench and hold his knees with his hands. [In this position] he should drink [the decoction] and he will be healed. If this remains without effect, he is to ingest [the decoction] a second time. Ben cao meng quan. 小兒囊腫。天花粉一兩，炙甘草一錢半，水煎，入酒服。全幼心鑑。 Swollen scrotum of a child. Boil in water one liang of tian hua fen and one and a half qian of roasted glycyrrhiza [roots]. Add some wine and [let the child] ingest this. Quan you xin jian. 耳卒烘烘。栝樓根削尖，以臘豬脂煎三沸，取塞耳，三日即愈。肘後方。 A sudden feeling of heat in the ears. Carve a gua lou root to shape a pointed end, boil it in lard obtained in the 12th month three times to bubbling and insert it into the [affected] ear. A cure is achieved within three days. Zhou hou fang. 耳聾未久。栝樓根三十斤細切，以水煮汁，如常釀酒，久服甚良。肘後方。 Deafness with a recent onset. Cut 30 jin of gua lou roots into fine slices, boil them in water to obtain a juice and proceed to the usual method of brewing wine. Ingested over a long time it gives good results. Zhou hou fang. 産後吹乳，腫硬疼痛，輕則爲妬乳，重則爲乳癰。用栝樓根末一兩，乳香 一錢，爲末。温酒每服二錢。李仲南永類方。 Inflated breast195 following delivery. A painful swelling and hardening. In mild cases this is “jealousy breast.”196 In serious cases this is “breast obstruction-illness.” 197 [Grind] one liang of gua lou root powder and one qian of frankincense into powder and each time [let the woman] ingest with warm wine two qian. Li Zhongnan, Yong lei fang. 194 Shan 疝, “elevation-illness,” a group of conditions characterized by violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 417. 195 Chui nai 吹奶, “inflated breast,” also called chui ru 吹乳. A condition with milk blocked after delivery and the breasts turning red and swelling.BCGM Dict I, 101 196 Du ru 妬乳, “jealousy breast,” a condition with milk blocked after delivery and the breasts turning red and swelling, being hot and painful, accompanied by fever. BCGM Dict I, 135. 197 Ru yong 乳癰, “breast obstruction-illness,” a condition of acute putrefication of a woman’s breast. Often encountered if a woman, following delivery, experiences chui nai 吹奶, “inflated breast,” or du ru 妒乳, “jealousy breast.” BCGM Dict I, 412.

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乳汁不下。栝樓根燒存性，研末，飲服方寸匕。或以五錢，酒水煎服。楊 氏産乳。 Failure to let down nursing milk. Burn a gua lou root while maintaining its nature and grind it into powder. [Let the woman] ingest with a beverage the amount held by a square cun spoon. Or boil five qian in wine and water and [let the woman] ingest this. Yang shi chan ru. 癰腫初起。孟詵食療用栝樓根苦酒熬燥。搗篩，以苦酒和，塗紙上，貼之。 An obstruction-illness with a swelling that has just begun to rise. Meng Shen in his Shi liao [recommends to] cook a gua lou root in bitter wine until [the liquid] has dried. Then pound [the root into powder] and pass it through a sieve. Mix [the powder] with bitter wine, spread it on paper and apply this [to the affected region]. 楊文蔚方：用栝樓根、赤小豆等分，爲末，醋調塗之。 A recipe by Yang Wenwei: [Grind] equal amounts of gua lou roots and red mung beans into powder and apply it mixed with vinegar [to the affected region]. 天泡濕瘡。天花粉、滑石等分，爲末，水調搽之。普濟方。 Celestial blister sores198 with moisture. [Grind] equal amounts of tian hua fen and talcum into powder, mix it with water and apply this [to the affected region]. Pu ji fang. 楊梅天泡。天花粉、川芎藭各二兩，槐花一兩，爲末，米糊丸梧子大。每 空心淡薑湯下七八十丸。簡便方。 Red bayberry/syphilitic celestial blisters. [Grind] two liang each of tian hua fen and [Si] chuan ligusticum [root], and one liang of sophora japonica [flowers] into powder and form with a rice paste pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send down on an empty stomach with a bland ginger decoction 70 to 80 pills. Jian bian fang. 折傷腫痛。栝樓根搗塗，重布裹之。熱除，痛即止。葛洪肘後方。 Fracture harm with a painful swelling. Pound gua lou roots [to obtain a paste], apply this [to the affected region] and wrap it with several layers of fabric. When the heat has left, the pain ends. Ge Hong, Zhou hou fang. 箭鏃不出。栝樓根搗傅之，日三易，自出。崔元亮海上方。 An arrowhead [stuck in the flesh] that does not come out. Pound gua lou roots [to a pulp] and apply it [to the wound]. Replace it three times a day and [the arrowhead] will come out. Cui Yuanliang, Hai shang fang. 198 Tian pao chuang 天泡瘡, “celestial blister sores.” Sores with the appearance of blisters filled with water or pus, especially in children. BCGM Dict I, 503.



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鍼刺入肉。方同上。 A needle stuck in the flesh. Recipe identical with the one above. 痘後目障。天花粉、蛇蜕洗焙，等分，爲末。羊子肝批開，入藥在内，米 泔水煮熟，切食。次女病此，服之旬餘而愈。周密齊東野語。 An eye screen following a smallpox disease. [Grind] equal amounts of tian hua fen and snake sloughs, washed and dried over a fire in a pan, into powder. Open a sheep liver and insert the medicinal [powder]. Boil it in water that has been used to wash rice until done, cut it and eat it. My second daughter had this disease. She ingested [this medication] for a little longer than ten days and was healed. Zhou Mi, Qi dong ye yu. 18-18-03 莖、葉 Jing, ye

Stem, leaf [of gua lou]. 【氣味】酸，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】中熱傷暑。别録。 Control. Heat stroke, harm caused by summer heat. Bie lu. 18-19 王瓜本經中品 Wang gua, FE Ben jing, middle rank. Trichosanthes cucumeroides (Ser.) Maxim. Japanese snake gourd. 【釋名】土瓜本經、鉤𧁾郭璞、老鴉瓜圖經、馬瓟瓜瓟音雹、赤雹子衍 義、野甜瓜綱目、師姑草土宿、公公鬚。【頌曰】月令四月王瓜生，即 此也。均、房間人呼爲老鴉瓜，亦曰菟瓜。按爾雅云：蔩，菟瓜。郭璞 注云：似土瓜。而土瓜自謂之藈姑，又名鉤𧁾，則菟瓜别是一物也。又 曰：芴，菲，亦謂之土瓜。别是一物，非此土瓜也。異類同名甚多，不可 不辨。【時珍曰】土瓜其根作土氣，其實似瓜也。或云根味如瓜，故名土 瓜。王字不知何義。瓜似雹子，熟則色赤，鴉喜食之，故俗名赤雹、老鴉 瓜。一葉之下一鬚，故俚人呼爲公公鬚。與地黄苗名婆婆奶，可爲屬對。 Explanation of Names. Tu gua 土瓜, Ben jing. Gou lou 鉤𧁾, Guo Pu. Lao ya gua 老鴉瓜, Tu jing. Ma bao gua 馬瓟瓜, with 瓟 read bao 雹; chi bao zi 赤雹子, “red hailstones,” Yan yi. Ye tian gua 野甜瓜, “sweet gourd/melon from the wild,” Gang mu. Shi gu cao 師姑草, Tu su. Gong gong xu 公公鬚. [Su] Song: The Yue ling [says]: “In the fourth month wang gua 王瓜 grows.” That is [the item discussed] here.

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People in the regions of Jun and Fang call it lao ya gua 老鴉瓜, “old crow gourd,” also called tu gua 菟瓜, “dotter gourd.” According to the Er ya, “Yin 蔩 is tu gua 菟 瓜,” Guo Pu comments: “It resembles tu gua 土瓜, and tu gua 土瓜 in turn is called kui gu 藈姑 and gou lou 鉤𧁾. That is, tu gua 菟瓜 is a different item.” It is also [called] hu 芴 and fei 菲. And it is also called tu gua 土瓜. It is a different item; it is not the tu gua 土瓜 [discussed] here. That different groups have identical names is quite common; one must differentiate them. [Li] Shizhen: The root of tu gua 土瓜 emits the qi of soil, tu 土. Its fruits resemble gourds/melons, gua 瓜. Some say: The flavor of the root is identical to that of gourds/melons. Hence the name “soil gourd/ melon,” tu gua 土瓜. The meaning underlying the character wang 王 [in wang gua 王瓜] is not known. Gourds/melons, gua 瓜, resemble hailstones, bao zi 雹子; when they are ripe they are red, chi 赤, in color. Crows, ya 鴉, love to eat them. Hence the names chi bao 赤雹 and lao ya gua 老鴉瓜. Underneath each leaf is a “beard,” xu 鬚. Hence common people name them “grandfather’s beard,” gong gong xu 公公鬚. This may be compared to the seedling of Chinese foxglove. It is called po po nai 婆婆奶, “grandmother’s breasts.” 【集解】【别録曰】生魯地平澤田野，及人家垣墻間。三月采根，陰乾。 【弘景曰】今土瓜生籬院間。子熟時赤如彈丸。其根不入大方，正單行小 小爾。鄭玄注月令四月王瓜生，以爲菝葜，殊謬矣。【恭曰】四月生苗延 蔓，葉似栝樓葉，但無叉缺，有毛刺。五月開黄花。花下結子如彈丸，生 青熟赤。根似葛而細多糝，謂之土瓜根。北間者，其實纍纍相連，大如 棗，皮黄肉白。苗子相似，根狀不同。若療黄疸破血，南者大勝也。【宗 奭曰】王瓜其殼徑寸，長二寸許，上微圓，下尖長，七八月熟，紅赤色。 殼中子如螳螂頭者，今人又謂之赤雹子。其根即土瓜根也。於細根上又生 淡黄根，三五相連，如大指許。根與子兩用。【時珍曰】王瓜三月生苗， 其蔓多鬚，嫩時可茹。其葉圓如馬蹄而有尖，面青背淡，澀而不光。六 七月開五出小黄花成簇。結子纍纍，熟時有紅黄二色，皮亦粗澀。根不似 葛，但如栝樓根之小者，澄粉甚白膩，須深掘二三尺乃得正根。江西人栽 之沃土，取根作蔬食，味如山藥。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: It grows in the marshland and in the wild of Lu, and also on the walls of people’s housing. The root is collected in the third month; it is dried in the yin (i. e., shade). [Tao] Hongjing: Today tu gua grows on garden fences. When the seeds are ripe they are red [and shaped] like bullets. The root is not used as an ingredient of complex recipes. It is occasionally resorted to as an individual item. Zheng Xuan in his comments on the Yue ling [states] that “wang gua 王瓜 grows in the fourth month,” and he identifies it as “Chinese sarsaparilla.” That is completely wrong. [Su] Gong: In the fourth month it produces a seedling



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as a creeper. The leaves resemble the leaves of trichosanthes kirilowii (18-18), but they are not forked and have hair and thorns. It has yellow flowers in the fifth month. Underneath the flowers seeds form similar to bullets. Unripe they are greenish; ripe they are red. The root resembles pueraria [roots], but is fine with many scattered [branches]. They are called “soil gourd/melon roots.” Specimens growing in the North have fruits clinging to each other. They are as big as Chinese dates, with a yellow skin and white meat. The seedling and the seeds [of northern specimens] are similar [to those from the South]. The roots are shaped differently. When it comes to healing yellow dan-illness/jaundice and to break through blood [accumulations], those from the South are definitely superior. [Kou] Zongshi: The [fruit] shell of wang gua measures one cun in diameter and is more than two cun long. Above it is slightly round; below it has a lengthy pointed end. It ripens in the seventh and eighth month and it is red in color. The seeds inside the shell are similar to the heads of mantis larvae. People today also call them “red hailstones,” chi bao zi 赤雹子. The root is the tu gua 土瓜 root. On this fine root further roots of a bland yellow color grow, with three to five of them mutually connected. They are as big as a thumb. Both the root and the seeds are used [for therapeutic purposes]. [Li] Shizhen: Wang gua develops a seedling in the third month. This is a creeper with much beard hair. As long as it is tender it is edible. The leaves are round, similar to a horse’s hoof, but with a pointed tip. They are greenish on their front and pale on their back. They are rough, without shine. In the sixth month five petals open of small, yellow flowers forming clusters. They form innumerable seeds assuming a red or yellow color when they ripen. Their skin, too, is coarse and rough. The root does not resemble pueraria [roots]. It is rather similar to small trichosanthes kirilowii roots. [When the root is ground in water and] a powder is obtained by letting it settle; it is extremely white and oily. One has to dig two or three chi deep into the ground to obtain the real roots. People in Jiang xi plant [wang gua] in fertile land. They collect the roots and prepare them into vegetables that they eat. The flavor is similar to that of Chinese yam. 18-19-01 根 Gen

Root [of wang gua]. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。【權曰】平。【藏器曰】有小毒，能吐下人。取 汁制雄、汞。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. [Zhen] Quan: Balanced. [Chen] Cangqi: Slightly poisonous. It can make one vomit and have a discharge. The juice is obtained to check [the effects of ] realgar and mercury.

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【主治】消渴内痺，瘀血月閉，寒熱酸疼，益氣愈聾。本經。療諸邪氣， 熱結鼠瘻，散癰腫留血，婦人帶下不通，下乳汁，止小便數不禁，逐四肢 骨節中水，治馬骨刺人瘡。别録。天行熱疾，酒黄病，壯熱心煩悶，熱 勞，排膿，消撲損瘀血，破癥癖，落胎。大明。主蠱毒，小兒閃癖，痞 滿痰瘧。并取根及葉搗汁，少少服，當吐下。藏器。利大小便，治面黑面 瘡。時珍。 Control. Melting with thirst and internal blockage, stagnant blood and blocked menstruation, alternative sensations of cold and heat and painful soreness. It boosts the qi and cures deafness. Ben jing. It heals all types of evil qi [conditions], heat nodes and mouse fistula.199 It disperses stagnant blood and swelling related to obstruction-illness.200 [It serves to cure diseases] below the belt of women and blocked [menstruation]. It lets down nursing milk. It ends frequent, uncontrollable urination. It eliminates water from the bone joints of the four limbs. It serves to cure sores when a horse bone has pierced someone. Bie lu. Epidemic heat illness. Jaundice caused by wine [abuse]. Strong heat and vexing heart-pressure. Heat with exhaustion. It drives out pus. It dissolves stagnant blood caused by falls and injuries. It breaks through concretion-illness and aggregation-illness, and induces abortion. Da Ming. It controls gu-poisoning,201 sprain and aggregation-illness202 of children, obstacle-illness203 and a sensation of fullness, as well as phlegm malaria.204 For all these [ailments] pound the roots and leaves [of wang gua] to obtain a juice and ingest it in small portions. This induces vomiting and discharge. [Chen] Cangqi. It frees the 199 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical to luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.” 200 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 201 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 202 Shan pi 閃癖, “sprain with aggregation-illness,” a condition of children with swelling below the flanks, loss of appetite, no digestion, yellow complexion, emaciation and desiccation of the hair. This is often accompanied by bone steaming, scrofula, and pervasion-illness. BCGM Dict I, 419. 203 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” a condition of an uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I. 371. 204 Tan nüe 痰瘧, “phlegm malaria.” A condition of nüe ji 瘧疾, “malaria ailment,” associated with phlegm. The clinical appearance, in addition to regularly recurring alternating sensations of cold and heat, includes a feeling of distension and fullness in chest and abdomen, and vomiting with counterflow of phlegm-like saliva. BCGM Dict I, 494.



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passage of major (i. e., defecation) and minor (i. e., urination) relief. It serves to cure a blackened face and facial sores. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】舊五，新七。 Added Recipes. Five of old. Seven newly [recorded]. 小兒發黄。土瓜根生搗汁三合與服，不過三次。蘇頌圖經。 Children developing jaundice. Pound fresh tu gua roots to obtain three ge of a juice and [let the child] ingest this. No more than three times. Su Song, Tu jing. 黄疸變黑，醫所不能治。用土瓜根汁，平旦温服一小升，午刻黄水當從小 便出。不出再服。肘後方。 Yellow dan-illness changing to a black [complexion], with physicians unable to cure this. In the morning ingest a modest sheng of tu gua root juice. At noon a yellow water is released with the urine. If it is not released ingest [the juice] a second time. Zhou hou fang. 小便如泔。乃腎虚也。王瓜散：用王瓜根一兩，白石脂二兩，兔絲子酒浸 二兩，桂心一兩，牡蠣粉一兩，爲末。每服二錢，大麥粥飲下。衛生寶鑑。 Urine similar to slop from rinsing rice. This is a condition of kidney depletion. The “powder with wang gua.” [Grind] one liang of wang gua root, two liang of white halloysite, two liang of cuscuta seeds, soaked in wine, one liang of shaved cinnamom bark, and one liang of oyster shell powder into powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with a barley porridge. Wei sheng bao jian. 小便不通。土瓜根搗汁，入少水解之，筒吹入下部。肘後方。 Blocked urination. Pound tu gua roots to obtain a juice, dissolve it in a small amount of water and through a tube blow it into the lower [body] section (i. e., the penis). Zhou hou fang. 大便不通。上方吹入肛門内。二便不通，前後吹之，取通。肘後。 Blocked defecation. Blow the previous recipe into the anus. If both [urination and defecation] relief are blocked, blow [the dissolved powder] into both the front and the back [orifices]. This will free the passage. Zhou hou. 乳汁不下。土瓜根爲末。酒服一錢，一日二服。楊氏産乳方。 Failure to let down nursing milk. [Grind] tu gua roots into powder and with wine [let the woman] ingest one qian. To be ingested twice a day. Yang shi chan ru fang.

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經水不利，帶下，少腹滿，或經一月再見者，土瓜根散主之。土瓜根、芍 藥、桂枝、䗪蟲各三兩，爲末。酒服方寸匕，日三服。仲景金匱方。 Blocked menstruation, [diseases] below the belt, with a sensation of abdominal fullness. Or when menstruation occurs twice a month. This is controlled by the “powder with tu gua root.” [Grind] three liang each of tu gua roots, paeonia [roots], cassia twigs and wingless cockroaches into powder and [let the woman] ingest with wine the amount held by a square cun spoon. To be ingested three times a day. [Zhang] Zhongjing, Jin kui fang. 婦人陰㿗。方同上。 Yin breakdown-illness205 of women. Recipe identical with the one above. 一切漏疾。土瓜根搗傅之，燥則易。千金方。 All types of leakage illnesses. Pound tu gua roots [to a paste] and apply this [to the affected region]. When it dries, replace it. Qian jin fang. 中諸蠱毒。土瓜根大如指，長三寸，切，以酒半升，漬一宿，服，當吐 下。外臺秘要。 Being struck by all types of gu-poison. Cut a tu gua root, the size of a finger and three cun long, into slices, soak them in half a sheng of wine for one night and ingest this. The [poison] will be discharged. Wai tai mi yao. 面上痱㾦。土瓜根搗末，漿水和匀。入夜别以漿水洗面塗藥，旦復洗之。 百日光彩射人，夫妻不相識也。曾用有效。肘後方。 Seething rash and clustered [seeds] illness206 on the face. Pound tu gua roots into a powder and mix it with fermented water of foxtail millet. At night, wash the face with fermented water of foxtail millet and apply the medication. The next morning wash it again. Within one hundred days [the face] will have assumed a striking glossiness; a husband will no longer recognize his wife, and vice versa. It has been applied and is effective. Zhou hou fang. 耳聾灸法。濕土瓜根，削半寸塞耳内，以艾灸七壯，每旬一灸，愈乃止。 聖濟録。 A cauterization method for deaf ears. Cut a half a cun long piece from a moist tu gua root and insert it into the [affected] ears. Cauterize with common mugwort [leaf ] 205 Yin tui 陰㿗, “yin breakdown illness,” identical with yin tuo 陰脫, “yin prolapse,” a condition of prolapse of the uterus or the vaginal mucous membrane, in severe cases resulting in a protrusion out of the vagina.BCGM Dict I, 638. 206 Pei [lei] 㾦[㿔], “clustered [seeds]-illness,” a condition with small pimples or knots on the skin as its major sign. BCGM Dict I, 370.



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cones. Perform the cauterization once every ten days. End [the treatment] when a cure is achieved. Sheng ji lu. 18-19-02 子 Zi

Seeds [of wang gua]. 【氣味】酸、苦，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】生用：潤心肺，治黄病。炒用：治肺痿吐血，腸風瀉血，赤白 痢。大明。主蠱毒。甄權。反胃吐食。時珍。 Control. Used fresh: They moisten heart and lung, and serve to cure jaundice. Used stir-fried, they serve to cure lung dysfunction with spitting of blood, intestinal wind with an outflow of blood, and red and white free-flux illness. Da Ming. They control gu-poisoning.207 Zhen Quan. Turned over stomach and vomiting of food. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新八。 Added Recipes. Eight newly [recorded]. 消渴飲水。雹瓜去皮。每食後嚼二三兩，五七度瘥。聖惠方。 Melting with thirst208 and [an urge to] drink water. Remove the peel of bao gua [fruits] and chew two or three liang after each meal. After five to seven times a healing is achieved. Sheng hui fang. 傳尸勞瘵。赤雹兒，俗名王瓜，焙爲末。每酒服一錢。十藥神書。 Corpse [evil] transmission209 and exhaustion consumption. Dry “red hailstones,” commonly called wang gua, over a fire in a pan and [grind them into] powder. Each time ingest with wine one qian. Shi yao shen shu.

207 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 208 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567. 209 Chuan shi 傳屍, “corpse [evil] transmission,” a condition of an infectious consumptive disease. BCGM Dict I, 97.

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反胃吐食。馬雹兒燈上燒存性一錢，入好棗肉、平胃散末二錢，酒服，食 即可下。即野甜瓜，北方多有之。丹溪纂要。 Turned over stomach and vomiting of food. Burn one qian of ma bao er over a lamp while maintaining their nature. Add good Chinese date meat and two qian of the “powder to balance the stomach,”210 and ingest this with wine. This lets the food move down. [Ma bao er] is ye tian gua; it can often be found in the North. Danxi zuan yao. 痰熱頭風 。 懸栝樓一個 ， 赤雹兒七個焙 ， 大力子即牛蒡子焙四兩 ， 爲 末。每食後茶或酒服三錢。忌動風發熱之物。 Head wind211 with phlegm and heat. [Grind] one suspended trichosanthes kirilowii [root], seven chi bao er [fruits], dried over a fire in a pan, and four liang of “seeds with massive strength,” i. e., great burdock seeds, into powder. Each time ingest after a meal three qian with tea or wine. [During this therapy] items exciting wind and effusing heat are to be avoided. 筋骨痛攣。馬雹兒子炒開口，爲末。酒服一錢，日二服。集簡方。 Painful contraction of sinews and bones. Stir-fry ma bao er [fruits] until they open and [grind them into] powder. Ingest with wine one qian. To be ingested twice a day. Ji jian fang. 赤目痛濇不可忍 。 小圓瓜𧁾 ， 籬上大如彈丸 、 紅色 、 皮上有刺者 ， 九 月、十月采，日乾，槐花炒、赤芍藥等分，爲末。每服二錢，臨卧温酒 下。衛生家寶方。 Red eyes with an unbearably painful roughness. In the ninth or tenth month collect small, round gua lou212 [fruits] growing on fences, as big as bullets and red in color. Dry them in the sun and [grind them] together with equal amounts of sophora japonica [tree] flowers, stir-fried, and red paeonia [roots] into powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with warm wine at bedtime. Wei sheng jia bao fang. 瘀血作痛。赤雹兒燒存性，研末。無灰酒空心服二錢。集簡方。 Stagnant blood that causes pain. Burn chi bao er [fruits] while maintaining their nature and grind them into powder. Ingest with ash-free wine two qian on an empty stomach. Ji jian fang. 210 Ping wei san 平胃散, “the powder to balance the stomach,” with the following ingredients: magnolia bark, ginger juice, tangerine peels, glycyrrhiza root, atractylodes lancea rhizome, fresh ginger, Chinese dates. 211 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509. 212 That is the only use of the term gua lou 瓜𧁾 instead of wang gua.



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大腸下血。王瓜一兩燒存性，地黄二兩，黄連半兩，爲末，蜜丸梧子大。 米飲下三十丸。指南方。 Bloody discharge from the large intestine. Burn one liang of wang gua [fruits] while maintaining their nature, and [grind] them together with two liang of Chinese foxglove [rhizomes] and half a liang of coptis [rhizomes] into powder to be formed with honey to pills the size of wu seeds. With a rice beverage send down 30 pills. Zhi nan fang. 18-20 葛本經中品 Ge, FE Ben jing, middle rank. Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi. 【校正】併入開寶 葛粉。 Editorial Correction. Ge fen, [listed separately] in the Kai bao, is inserted here. 【釋名】雞齊本經、鹿藿别録、黄斤别録。【時珍曰】葛從曷，諧聲也。 鹿食九草，此其一種，故曰鹿藿。黄斤未詳。 Explanation of Names. Ji qi 雞齊, Ben jing. Lu huo 鹿藿, Bie lu. Huang jin 黄斤, Bie lu. [Li] Shizhen: [The character] ge 葛 is derived from [the character] he 曷, with one element indicating meaning and the other sound. Deer eat nine herbs. This is one of them. Hence it is called lu huo 鹿藿, the “legumes of deer.” The meaning of huang jin 黄斤 is not clear. 【集解】【别録曰】葛根生汶山山谷，五月采根，暴乾。【弘景曰】即今 之葛根 ， 人皆蒸食之 。 當取入土深大者 ， 破而日乾之 。 南康 、 廬陵間最 勝 ， 多肉而少筋 ， 甘美 ， 但爲藥不及耳 。 【恭曰】葛雖除毒 ， 其根入土 五六寸已上者 ， 名葛脰 ， 脰者頸也 。 服之令人吐 ， 以有微毒也 。 本經葛 穀，即是其實也。【頌曰】今處處有之，江 浙尤多。春生苗，引藤蔓， 長一二丈， 紫色。 葉頗似楸葉而小， 色青。 七月着花， 粉紫色， 似豌豆 花， 不結實。 根形大如手臂， 紫黑色， 五月五日午時采根， 暴乾， 以入 土深者爲佳 ， 今人多作粉食 。 【宗奭曰】澧 、 鼎之間 ， 冬月取生葛 ， 搗 爛入水中， 揉出粉， 澄成垜， 入沸湯中良久， 色如膠， 其體甚靭， 以蜜 拌食 ， 扌柰入生薑少許尤妙 。 又切入茶中待賓 ， 雖甘而無益 。 又將生葛根 煮熟， 作果實賣。 吉州、 南安亦然。 【時珍曰】葛有野生， 有家種。 其 蔓延長 ， 取治可作絺綌 。 其根外紫内白 ， 長者七八尺 。 其葉有三尖 ， 如 楓葉而長， 面青背淡。 其花成穗， 紅紫色。 其莢如小黄豆莢， 亦有毛。 其子緑色 ， 扁扁如鹽梅子核 ， 生嚼腥氣 ， 八九月采之 。 本經所謂葛穀是

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也。唐 蘇恭亦言葛穀是實，而宋 蘇頌謂葛花不結實，誤矣。其花晒乾亦 可煠食。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Ge roots grow in the mountain valleys of Mount Wen shan. The roots are collected in the fifth month; they are dried in the sun. [Tao] Hongjing: Today, all ge roots are steamed and eaten by people. Those should be gathered that are large and go deep into the soil. They are broken and dried in the sun. Very many of them can be found in the region of Nan kang and Lu ling. They have much meat and few sinews. They are sweet and delicious, but they are not sufficiently [endowed with therapeutic strength to be resorted to] as pharmaceutical drugs. [Su] Gong: Ge [roots] may be able to eliminate poison. Still, the segment of the root above those segments that have entered the soil five to six cun deep is called ge duan 葛脰, the “ge [root’s] neck.” Duan 脰 is jing 頸, “neck.” When it is ingested it induces vomiting because it is slightly poisonous. The ge gu 葛穀, “ge grains,” in the Ben jing are its fruits. [Su] Song: Today it can be found everywhere, and in Jiang and Zhe it is present in especially large numbers. It produces a seedling in spring, forming creeping vines reaching a length of one or two zhang. They are purple in color. The leaves are very similar to catalpa [tree] leaves, but they are smaller and greenish in color. In the seventh month flowers develop that are pink in color. They are similar to garden pea flowers, but they do not form fruits. The root is big and shaped like a human arm; it is purple-black in color. The roots are collected on the fifth day of the fifth month at noon; they are dried in the sun. Those that go deep into the soil are excellent. Today, people often prepare them into a powder that they eat. [Kou] Zongshi: In the region of Li and Ding, during the winter months they gather fresh ge. They pound it into a pulpy mass, give it into water, and rub it to obtain a powder. When [the liquid has been left] to clear, [the powder] has settled on the ground. It is then [removed and] given into boiling water for quite a long time until it assumes the color of glue. Now it has a very pliable body that is mixed with honey and eaten. When a small amount of fresh ginger is added213 this is especially wondrous. [The glue-like substance] is also cut and given into tea to entertain guests. It sweetens [the tea] but this is of no [therapeutic] benefit. Also, fresh ge roots are boiled until done and made into preserved food that is sold. This also applies to specimens in Ji zhou and Nan an. [Li] Shizhen: Ge grows in the wild, and it is planted by households. Its creepers extend over long distances and can be processed into fine hemp fiber cloth. The roots are purple outside and white inside. Long ones reach a length 213 The character 扌柰 is an alternative version of the character na 捺. The Yen yi ch. 9, ge gen 葛根, writes 攃. When 攃 is read ca 擦, its meaning is identical with that of ca 擦 in the sense of mo ca 摩擦, “to rub.” It is also read sa 撒 and then has the same meaning as sa 撒 in the sense of sa bu 撒布, “to spread.” This latter meaning makes sense here.



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of seven to eight chi. Its leaves have three pointed tips. They are similar to liquidambar tree leaves, but they are lengthy. Their front is greenish; their back is pale. The flowers form spikes; many of them forming dense clusters of a red-purple color. The pods are similar to small yellow bean/soybean pods, and they have hair. The seeds are green in color; they are completely flat similar to the seed kernels of salted plums. When they are chewed as long as they are fresh, they release fishy qi. They are collected in the eighth and ninth month. They are the ge gu 葛穀, “ge grains,” listed in the Ben jing. Su Gong of the Tang era also refers to ge gu 葛穀 as its fruits. When Su Song of the Song era says that the flowers of ge do not form fruits, he is wrong. The flowers are dried in the sun and can be eaten fried in oil. 18-20-01 葛根 Ge gen Root of ge.

【氣味】甘、辛，平，無毒。【别録曰】生根汁：大寒。【好古曰】氣平 味甘，升也，陽也，陽明經行經的藥也。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, acrid, balanced, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Fresh juice of the root: Very cold. [Wang] Haogu: The qi are balanced; the flavor is sweet. It rises [in the body]. It is a yang [substance]. It is a conduit guiding pharmaceutical drug passing through the yang brilliance conduits. 【主治】消渴，身大熱，嘔吐，諸痺，起陰氣，解諸毒。本經。療傷寒中 風頭痛，解肌發表出汗，開腠理，療金瘡，止脇風痛。别録。治天行上氣 嘔逆，開胃下食，解酒毒。甄權。治胸膈煩熱發狂，止血痢，通小腸，排 膿破血。傅蛇蟲齧，罯毒箭傷。大明。殺野葛、巴豆、百藥毒。之才。生 者：墮胎。蒸食：消酒毒，可斷穀不飢。作粉尤妙。藏器。作粉：止渴， 利大小便，解酒，去煩熱，壓丹石，傅小兒熱瘡。搗汁飲，治小兒熱痞。 開寶。猘狗傷，搗汁飲，并末傅之。蘇恭。散鬱火。時珍。 Control. Melting with thirst.214 Severe body heat. Vomiting. All types of blockage. It stimulates the rise of yin qi and resolves all types of poison. Ben jing. It heals headache related to harm caused by cold and wind stroke. It relaxes the muscles, opens the external [parts of the body] and releases sweat. It opens the interstitial structures, heals wounds caused by metal objects/weapons, and ends wind pain in the flanks. Bie lu: It serves to cure epidemic rise of qi and vomiting with [qi] counterflow. It opens the stomach and serves to discharge food. It resolves the poison of wine. Zhen Quan: It serves to cure vexing heat in the chest and diaphragm region with an 214 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

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outbreak of madness. It ends bloody free-flux illness, clears the passage through the small intestine, eliminates pus and breaks through blood [accumulations]. It is applied to snake and worm/bug bites, and serves to cover [locations of ] harm caused by poisoned arrowheads. Da Ming. It kills the poison of gelsemium [herb], croton seeds and all types of medication. [Xu] Zhicai: Fresh specimens induce abortion. Eaten steamed, [the root] dissolves wine poison. It enables one to cut back on grain [consumption] without feeling hungry. [Ingested] ground into powder, [the effects are] especially wondrous. [Chen] Cangqi: Prepared into a powder, it ends thirst and frees the passage of major (i. e. defecation) and minor (i. e., urination) relief. It resolves [the poison of ] wine, removes vexing heat, and is applied to heat sores of children. Ground and the resulting juice drunk, it serves to cure obstacle-illness215 associated with heat of children. Kai bao. For harm caused by furious dogs, pound it, drink the juice and at the same time apply the powder [to the affected region]. Su Gong: It disperses pent-up fire [qi]. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【弘景曰】生葛搗汁飲，解温病發熱。五月五日日中時，取根爲 屑，療金瘡斷血爲要藥，亦療瘧及瘡，至良。【頌曰】張仲景治傷寒有葛 根湯，以其主大熱，解肌、發腠理故也。【元素曰】升陽生津，脾虚作渴 者，非此不除。勿多用，恐傷胃氣。張仲景治太陽陽明合病，桂枝湯内加 麻黄、葛根，又有葛根黄芩黄連解肌湯，是用此以斷太陽入陽明之路， 非即太陽藥也。頭顱痛如破，乃陽明中風，可用葛根葱白湯，爲陽明仙 藥。若太陽初病，未入陽明而頭痛者，不可便服升麻、葛根發之，是反引 邪氣入陽明，爲引賊破家也。【震亨曰】凡癍痘已見紅點，不可用葛根升 麻湯，恐表虚反增斑爛也。【杲曰】乾葛其氣輕浮，鼓舞胃氣上行，生津 液，又解肌熱，治脾胃虚弱泄瀉聖藥也。【徐用誠曰】葛根氣味俱薄，輕 而上行，浮而微降，陽中陰也。其用有四：止渴一也，解酒二也，發散表 邪三也，發瘡疹難出四也。【時珍曰】本草十劑云：輕可去實，麻黄、葛 根之屬。蓋麻黄乃太陽經藥，兼入肺經，肺主皮毛；葛根乃陽明經藥，兼 入脾經，脾主肌肉。所以二味藥皆輕揚發散，而所入迥然不同也。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: When fresh ge [roots] are pounded and the resulting juice is drunk, this serves to resolve warmth diseases and to effuse heat. Gather the roots on the fifth day of the fifth month at noon and cut them into small pieces. They are an important pharmaceutical drug to heal wounds caused by metal objects/weapons and end bleeding. They also serve to heal malaria and sores. Very good. [Su] Song: When Zhang Zhongjing [recommends] to cure harm caused by cold with the “decoction with ge roots” to control the massive heat [associated with 215 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” a condition of an uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I. 371.



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harm caused by cold], this is based on [the ability of ge roots] to release [heat from] the muscles and open the interstitial structures. [Zhang] Yuansu: [Ge roots] stimulate yang [qi] to rise and generate body liquids. This is the only possibility to end thirst related to a spleen depletion. They must not be used excessively lest they harm the stomach qi. When Zhang Zhongjing cures diseases jointly affecting the major yang and yang brilliance [conduits] with a cassia twig decoction to which are added ephedra [herb] and ge roots, and he also [recommends to use] the “decoction with ge root, scutellaria [root] and coptis [rhizome] to release [heat from] the muscles,” then he makes use of [ge roots] to block the path from the major yang [region] into the yang brilliance [region]. That is, [ge roots] are not a pharmaceutical drug for the major yang [conduits]. Headache as if the head were about to burst is a condition of wind in the yang brilliance [conduits/region, and for its cure] one can resort to a decoction of ge roots and onion white as an hermit/immortal’s pharmaceutical drug for the yang brilliance [conduits/region]. In the beginning of a disease in the major yang [conduits/region], when it has not yet entered the yang brilliance [conduits/region] but has already caused headache, it is not appropriate to simply ingest cimicifuga [rhizomes] and ge roots to release [the disease]. This would, contrary to one’s therapeutic intentions, draw evil qi into the yang brilliance [conduits/region], as if one were to invite a robber to break into one’s own home. [Zhu] Zhenheng: When a macula-illness with smallpox has already manifested itself with red dots, one must not use the “decoction with ge roots and cimicifuga [rhizomes].” It might cause a depletion in the outer region [of the body], and contrary [to one’s intentions] the festering of the macules would be further increased. [Li] Gao: The qi of ge roots are light and they float at the surface. They induce stomach qi to rise and they generate body liquids. Also, they dissolve muscle heat and are a sage-like pharmaceutical drug to cure spleen and stomach depletion weakness with outflow. Xu Yongcheng: The qi and the flavor of ge roots are weakly pronounced. They are light and they rise. They float and slightly descend. They are a yin in yang substance. They have four usages. They end thirst. That is the first. They resolve wine [poison]. That is the second. They effuse and disperse evil [qi] in the outer [sections of the body]. That is the third. They serve to let sores and papules develop that do not break oupen easily. That is the fourth. [Li] Shizhen: In the section “Ten Preparations” of the Ben cao it is stated: “With light [substances] it is possible to end a repletion. Ephedra [herb] and ge roots belong to that group.” The fact is, ephedra [herb] is a pharmaceutical drug for the major yang [region]; it enters the lung conduits. The lung controls the skin and the hair. Ge [roots] are a pharmaceutical drug for the yang brilliance [region]; they enter the spleen conduits. The spleen controls the

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muscles and the flesh. That is, these two pharmaceutical drugs are both light and serve to disperse. But [the conduits/regions] they enter are very different. 【附方】舊十五，新八。 Added Recipes. 15 of old. Eight newly [recorded]. 數種傷寒。庸人不能分别，今取一藥兼治。天行時氣，初覺頭痛，内熱脉 洪者。葛根四兩，水二升，入豉一升，煮取半升服。擣生根汁尤佳。傷寒 類要。 Several kinds of harm caused by cold. Common people are unable to further distinguish among them. Today they resort to only one medication to cure them all alike. For epidemic, seasonal qi with a beginning headache, internal heat and a vast [movement in the] vessels, boil four liang of ge roots in two sheng of water, add one sheng of [soybean] relish, boil this down to half a sheng and ingest it. With the juice obtained by pounding fresh [ge] roots, [this therapy] is especially good. Shang han lei yao. 時氣頭痛，壯熱。生葛根洗净，搗汁一大盞，豉一合，煎六分，去滓分 服，汗出即瘥。未汗再服。若心熱，加巵子仁十枚。聖惠方。 Headache caused by seasonal [epidemic] qi with strong heat. Wash fresh ge roots clean and pound them to obtain one big cup of juice. Boil it down to 60% with one ge of [soybean] relish, discard the dregs and ingest [the liquid] divided [into several portions]. When [the patient] sweats, a cure is achieved. If he does not sweat, he should ingest [the liquid] again. In the case of heat in the [region of the] heart, add ten gardenia seed kernels. Sheng hui fang. 傷寒頭痛，二三日發熱者。葛根五兩，香豉一升，以童子小便八升，煎取 二升，分三服。食葱粥取汗。梅師方。 Headache related to harm caused by cold. With heat developing on the second or third day. Boil five liang of ge roots and one sheng of fragrant [soybean] relish in boys’ urine down to two sheng and ingest this divided into three portions. Eat an onion congree to induce sweating. Mei shi fang. 妊娠熱病。葛根汁二升，分三服。傷寒類要。 Heat disease during pregnancy. [Let the woman] ingest two sheng of ge root juice divided into three portions. Shang han lei yao. 預防熱病、急黄、賊風。葛粉二升，生地黄一升，香豉半升，爲散。每食 後米飲服方寸匕，日三服。有病五服。龐安常傷寒論。



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To prevent a heat disease, acute jaundice and robber wind.216 [Grind] two sheng of ge [root] powder, one sheng of fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] and half a sheng of fragrant [soybean] relish into powder. Each time ingest after a meal with a rice beverage the amount held by a square cun spoon. To be ingested three times a day. If [any of these] diseases is present, ingest it five times. Pang Anchang, Shang han lun. 辟瘴不染。生葛搗汁一小盞服，去熱毒氣也。聖惠方。 To prevent an infection with miasma. Pound fresh ge [roots] to obtain a small cup of juice and ingest it. This serves to eliminate the qi of heat poison. Sheng hui fang. 煩躁熱渴。葛粉四兩，先以水浸粟米半升，一夜漉出，拌匀，煮熟，以糜 飲和食。食醫心鏡。 Vexing restlessness, heat and thirst. First soak half a sheng of millet in wine for one night. Then pass [the liquid] through a sieve to remove [the millet]. Add four liang of ge [root] powder [to the liquid], stir it to obtain an even mixture, boil it until done and consume it mixed with a rice gruel. Shi yi xin jian. 小兒熱渴久不止。葛根半兩，水煎服。聖惠方。 Long-lasting, unending heat and thirst of children. Boil half a liang of ge root in water and [let the child] ingest this. Sheng hui fang. 乾嘔不息。葛根搗汁服一升，瘥。肘後方。 Incessant dry retching. Pound ge roots to obtain a juice and ingest one sheng. That leads to a cure. Zhou hou fang. 小兒嘔吐，壯熱食癇。葛粉二錢，水二合，調匀。傾入錫鑼中，重湯煮 熟，以糜飲和食。昝殷食醫心鏡。 Vomiting of children, with strong heat and food [induced] epilepsy. Mix two qian of ge [root] powder with two ge of water, pour this into a tin pot and heat it in a water bath until done. Mix [the liquid] with a rice gruel and [let the child] eat it. Zan Yin, Shi yi xin jing. 心熱吐血，不止。生葛搗汁半升，頓服，立瘥。廣利方。 Unending heart heat217 and blood spitting. Pound fresh ge [roots] to obtain half a sheng of juice and ingest this all at once. A cure is achieved immediately. Guang li fang. 216 Zei feng 賊風, “robber wind,” a condition caused by qi that appear in a season they do not belong to. More at BCGM Dict I, 667. 217 Xin re 心熱, “heat in the heart,” “heart heat.” A condition of heat-type diseases affecting the heart, described for the first time in Su wen ch. 32. BCGM Dict I, 578

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衄血不止。生葛搗汁服，三服即止。聖惠方。 Unending nosebleed. Pound fresh ge [roots] and ingest the juice. Ingest it three times and [the nosebleed] ends. Sheng hui fang. 熱毒下血，因食熱物發者。生葛根二斤，搗汁一升，入藕汁一升，和服。 梅師方。 Discharge of blood related to the presence of heat poison. This [disease] has developed because of a consumption of hot items. Pound two jin of fresh ge roots to obtain one sheng of juice. Add one ge of Indian lotus [rhizome] juice and ingest the mixture. Mei shi fang. 傷筋出血。葛根搗汁飲。乾者煎服。仍熬屑傅之。外臺秘要 Bleeding because of harmed sinews. Pound ge roots and drink the juice. If only dry [roots are available], boil them [in water] and ingest [the liquid]. Also, apply the dregs from the boiling [to the affected region]. Wai tai mi yao. 䐴腰疼痛。生葛根嚼之嚥汁，取效乃止。肘後方。 Lower back pain. Chew fresh ge roots and swallow the resulting juice. End this when an effect is achieved. Zhou hou fang. 金創中風，痙强欲死。生葛根四大兩，以水三升，煮取一升，去滓分服。 口噤者灌之。若乾者，搗末調三指撮。仍以此及竹瀝多服，取效。貞元廣 利方。 Wounds caused by metal objects/weapons and struck by wind, with spasms and stiffness that bring one close to dying. Boil four generous liang of fresh ge roots in three sheng of water down to one sheng. Discard the dregs and ingest [the liquid] divided into several portions. In the case of lockjaw, force-feed it [to the patient]. If only dry [roots are available], pound them into powder, pick up three pinches and ingest them mixed with much bamboo stem juice to achieve an effect. Zhen yuan guang li fang. 服藥過劑，苦煩。生葛汁飲之。乾者煎汁服。肘後方。 Suffering from vexation caused by an overdose of medication. Drink the juice of fresh ge [roots]. If only dry [roots are available], boil them [in water] and ingest [the liquid]. Zhou hou fang. 酒醉不醒。生葛汁，飲二升便愈。千金方。 Drunkennes from wine without coming to one’s senses again. Drink two sheng of fresh ge [root] juice and an immediate healing will be achieved. Qian jin fang.



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諸藥中毒，發狂煩悶，吐下欲死。葛根煮汁服。肘後方。 Poisoning by all types of medication, with madness, vexing heart-pressure, vomiting and discharge bringing one close to dying. Boil ge roots and ingest the resulting juice. Zhou hou fang. 解中鴆毒，氣欲絶者。葛粉三合，水三盞，調服。口噤者灌之。聖惠方。 To resolve being struck by poisoned wine, with the qi [flow] close to being interrupted. Boil three ge of ge [root] powder in three cups of water and ingest this. [Patients with] lockjaw should be force-fed. Sheng hui fang. 虎傷人瘡。生葛煮濃汁洗之。仍搗末，水服方寸匕，日夜五六服。梅師方。 Wounds resulting from harm caused by a tiger. Boil fresh ge [roots] to obtain a thick juice and wash [the affected region]. Also, pound [ge roots] to obtain a powder and ingest with water the amount held by a square cun spoon. To be ingested five to six times during day and night. Mei shi fang. 18-20-02 葛穀 Ge gu

Grains/seeds of ge. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】下痢十歲已上。本經。解酒毒。時珍。 Control. Discharge with free-flux illness lasting ten years or more. Ben jing. They resolve wine poison. [Li] Shizhen. 18-20-03 葛花 Ge hua

Flower of ge. 【氣味】同穀。 Qi and Flavor: Identical with those of [ge] gu. 【主治】消酒。别録。【弘景曰】同小豆花乾末酒服，飲酒不醉也。腸風 下血。時珍。 Control. Dissolves wine [poison]. Bie lu. [Tao] Hongjing: [Grind ge flowers] together with mung beans into a dry powder and ingest it with wine. This prevents drunkenness resulting from drinking wine. [They serve to cure] intestinal wind with a discharge of blood. [Li] Shizhen.

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18-20-04 葉 Ye

Leaf [of ge]. 【主治】金瘡止血，挼傅之。别録。 Control: To end bleeding from wounds caused by metal objects/weapons, rub them with the hands and apply [the powder to the affected region]. Bie lu. 18-20-05 蔓 Man.

Creeping vine [of ge]. 【主治】卒喉痺。燒研，水服方寸匕。蘇恭。消癰腫。時珍。 Control. Sudden throat closure. Burn [the creeper to ashes], grind [them into powder] and with water ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon. Su Gong. It dissolves swelling related to an obstruction-illness.218 [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新三。 Added Recipes. Three newly [ recorded]. 婦人吹乳。葛蔓燒灰，酒服二錢，三服效。衛生易簡方。 Inflated breast219 of women. Burn ge creepers to ashes and [let the woman] ingest with wine two qian. Three ingestions show an effect. Wei sheng yi jian fang. 癤子初起。葛蔓燒灰，水調傅之，即消。千金方。 Pimples that have just begun to rise. Burn ge creepers to ashes and apply them mixed with water to [the affected region]. This will dissolve [the pimples]. Qian jin fang. 小兒口噤，病在咽中，如麻豆許，令兒吐沫，不能乳食。葛蔓燒灰一字， 和乳汁點之，即瘥。聖惠方。 Lockjaw of children. The disease is in the throat, about the size of a soybean, causing the child to spit foam and making it impossible to consume nursing milk. Burn ge creepers to obtain one zi of ashes, mix them with nursing milk sap and drip this [into the child’s throat]. That leads to a cure. Sheng hui fang. 218 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 219 Chui nai 吹奶, “inflated breast,” also called chui ru 吹乳. A condition with milk blocked after delivery and the breasts turning red and swelling.BCGM Dict I, 101



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【附録】 Appendix 18-20-A01 鐵葛拾遺 Tie ge, FE Shi yi. Unidentified.

【藏器曰】根：味甘，温，無毒。主一切風，血氣羸弱，令人性健。久 服，治風緩偏風。生山南峽中。葉似枸杞，根如葛，黑色。 Chen Cangqi: The root: Flavor sweet, [qi] warm, nonpoisonous. It controls all types of wind [intrusion] and weakness of blood and qi, and strengthens one’s nature. Ingested over a long time it serves to cure wind sluggishness220 and hemilateral wind.221 It grows in the gorges of Shan nan. The leaves resemble those of lycium. The root is similar to pueraria [roots]; they are black in color. 18-21 黄環本經下品 狼跋子别録下品 Huang huan, FE Ben jing, lower rank. Lang ba zi, Bie lu, lower rank. A leguminous plant, possibly:Wisteria chinensis, DC 【釋名】凌泉本經、大就本經、就葛唐本、生芻吴普、根韭吴普。實名狼 跋子别録、度穀唐本。【時珍曰】此物葉黄而圓，故名黄環，如蘿藦呼白 環之義。亦是葛類，故名就葛。跋乃狼足名，其莢似之，故曰狼跋子。 Explanation of Names. Ling quan 凌泉, Ben jing. Da jiu 大就, Ben jing. Jiu ge 就葛, Tang ben. Sheng chu 生芻, “fresh fodder,” Wu Pu. Gen jiu 根韭, Wu Pu. The fruits are named lang ba zi 狼跋子, Bie lu. Du gu 度穀, Tang ben. [Li] Shizhen: The leaves of this item are yellow, huang 黄, and round. Hence the name huang huan 黄環, “yellow ring.” This is the same idea as the one underlying the designation of metaplexis [leaves] as bai huan 白環, “white ring.” [Huang huan] is in one group with pueraria. Hence the name jiu ge 就葛, “approaching/close to pueraria.” Ba 跋 is the name given to the feet of wolves, lang 狼. The pods [of huang huan] resemble them. Hence the name lang ba zi 狼跋子, “wolf foot seeds.“

220 Feng huan 風緩, “wind sluggishness.” A condition of legs without strength, in severe cases not moving according to one’s will. BCGM Dict I, 162. 221 Pian feng 偏風, “hemilateral wind,” a condition of unilateral loss of function and inability to move at one’s will. Often an aftereffect of wind stroke.BCGM Dict I, 376

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【集解】【别録曰】黄環生蜀郡山谷。三月采根，陰乾。【普曰】蜀黄環 一名生芻。二月生苗，正赤，高二尺。葉黄圓端大，經日葉有汁黄白。五 月實圓。三月采根，黄色從理，如車輻解。【弘景曰】似防己，亦作車輻 理解。蜀都賦云青珠黄環，即此。或云是大戟花，定非矣。用甚稀，市人 尠有識者。又曰：狼跋子出交廣，形扁扁。制搗以雜米投水中，魚無大小 皆浮出而死。【恭曰】黄環惟襄陽大有，餘處雖有亦稀。巴西人謂之就 葛，今園庭亦種之。作藤生，大者莖徑六七寸。根亦葛類，陶云似防己者 近之。取葛根誤食之，吐利不止，土漿解之。此真黄環也。今太常收劍南 來者，乃雞屎葛根，非黄環也。其花紫色，其子名狼跋子，角生似皂莢。 交廣送入太常者，正是黄環子也。花實與葛同時。【時珍曰】吴普所説甚 詳，而唐 宋本草不收，何也？范子計然云：黄環出魏郡，以黄色者爲善。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Huang huan grows in the mountain valleys of Shu jun. The root is collected in the third month; it is dried in the yin (i. e., shade). [Wu] Pu: Huang huan from Shu is also named “fresh fodder,” sheng chu 生芻. A seedling grows in the second month. It is really red and reaches a height of two chi. The leaves are yellow. They have round ends and are big. Following exposure to the sun, the leaves contain a yellow-white juice. The fruits [form] in the fifth month and are round. The roots are collected in the third month; they are yellow. They are separated inside by structures resembling the spokes of a wheel. [Tao] Hongjing: The [roots] resemble stephania tetrandra [roots]; they, too, are separated inside by structures resembling the spokes of a wheel. The Shu du fu states: “Greenish pearls and yellow ring.” That is [the item discussed] here. Some say “it is Peking spurge flower,” but that is definitely wrong. It is used very seldom; people on the market rarely know of it. It is also said: Lang ba seeds come from Jiao guang. They are flat shaped. Processed, pounded, mixed with rice and tossed into water, all fish there, regardless of whether they are big are small, will float on the suface and die. [Su] Gong: Huang huan is present in abundance only in Xiang yang. It is also present elsewhere but very little. People in Ba xi call it jiu ge 就葛. Today it is also cultivated in gardens. It grows as vines. Big ones have a diameter or six to seven cun. The root is in one group with pueraria [roots]. When Tao [Hongjing] says that “it resembles Peking spurge,” that comes close to it. If it is mistakenly eaten instead of pueraria roots, resulting in unending vomiting and free flow, this is resolved with earth broth.222 This is the real huang huan. The specimens submitted from Jian nan today and received by the Chamberlain for Ceremonials are “chicken droppings pueraria roots.”223 They are not huang huan. The flowers [of huang huan] are purple in color, and the seeds are called “wolf foot seeds,” lang ba zi. They form pods similar to gle222 For earth broth, di jiang 土漿, see BCGM 05-29. 223 Ji shi ge gen 雞屎葛根, lit: “chicken droppings pueraria root,” an unidentified herbal item.



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ditsia pods. Specimens sent to the Chamberlain for Ceremonials are in fact huang huan seeds. The flowers and the fruits appear at the same time as those of pueraria. [Li] Shizhen: Wu Pu’s statement is very detailed, but it was not accepted by the ben cao works of the Tang and Song. Why? The Fan zi Jiran states: “Huang huan comes from Wei jun. Specimens white in color are good.” 18-21-01 黄環 Huang huan . 根也 This is the root. 【氣味】苦，平，有毒。【普曰】神農、黄帝：有毒。桐君、扁鵲：苦。 【權曰】大寒，有小毒。【之才曰】鳶尾爲之使。惡伏苓、防己、乾薑。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, balanced, poisonous. [Wu] Pu: Shen nong, Huang Di: Poisonous. Tong jun, Bian Que: Bitter. [Zhen] Quan: Very cold, slightly poisonous. [Xu] Zhicai: Kite’s tail iris serves as its messenger substance. [Ingested together,] it abhors poria, stephania tetrandra and dried ginger. 【主治】蠱毒鬼疰鬼魅，邪氣在臟中，除欬逆寒熱。本經。治上氣急及百 邪。甄權。治痰嗽，消水腫，利小便。時珍。 Control. Gu-poison,224 demon attachment-illness, demonic seduction-specters, evil qi in the long-term depots. It eliminates cough with [qi] counterflow and alternating sensations of cold and heat. Ben jing. It serves to cure rising, hectic qi and the one hundred evil [qi conditions]. Zhen Quan. It serves to cure phlegm cough, dissolves water swelling and frees the flow of urine. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 水腫。黄環根晒乾。每服五錢，水煎服，小便利爲效。儒門事親。 Water swelling. Dry huang huan roots in the sun. Each time ingest five qian. To be ingested boiled in water. When the urine flows freely, this is the [intended] effect. Ru men shi qin.

224 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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18-21-02 狼跋子 Lang ba zi

Seeds [of huang huan]. 【氣味】苦，寒，有小毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, slightly poisonous. 【主治】惡瘡蝸疥。殺蟲魚。别録。苦酒摩，塗瘡疥效。弘景。 Control. Malign sores, lair-illness,225 jie-illness.226 They kill worms/bugs and fish. Bie lu. Rub them in bitter wine and apply this to the sores and the [area affected by the] jie-illness. Effective. [Tao] Hongjing. 18-22 天門冬本經上品 Tian men dong, FE Ben jing, upper rank. Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. Chinese asparagus. 【釋名】虋冬音門、顛勒本經、顛棘爾雅、天棘綱目、萬歲藤。【禹錫 曰】按爾雅云：蘠蘼，虋冬。注云：門冬也，一名滿冬。抱朴子云：一名 顛棘，或名地門冬，或名筵門冬。在東岳名淫羊藿，在中岳名天門冬，在 西岳名管松，在北岳名無不愈，在南岳名百部，在京陆山阜名顛勒，在 越人名浣草。雖處處有之，其名不同，其實一也。别有百部草，其根有百 許如一而苗小異，其苗似菝葜，惟可治欬，不中服食，須分别之。【時珍 曰】草之茂者爲虋，俗作門。此草蔓茂，而功同麥門冬，故曰天門冬，或 曰天棘。爾雅云：髦，顛棘也。因其細葉如髦，有細棘也。顛、天，音相 近也。按救荒本草云：俗名萬歲藤，又名婆蘿樹。其形與治肺之功頗同百 部，故亦名百部也。蘠蘼乃營實苗，而爾雅指爲門冬，蓋古書錯簡也。 Explanation of Names. Men dong 虋冬, [虋] read men 門, dian le 顛勒, Ben jing. Dian ji 顛棘, Er ya. Tian ji 天棘, Gang mu. Wan sui teng 萬歲藤, “vine of a myriad years.” [Zhang] Yuxi: According to the Er ya, “qiang mi 蘠蘼 is men dong 虋冬.” The commentary states: “This is men dong 門冬, also called man dong 滿冬.” Baopu zi states: “Alternative name dian ji 顛棘, also called di men dong 地門冬, or yan men dong 筵門冬. In Dong yue it is called yin yang huo 淫羊藿, ‘horny goat weed.’ In Zhong yue it is called tian men dong 天門冬. In Xi yue it is called guan song 管松. In Bei yue it is called wu bu yu 無不愈, ‘panacea.’ In Nan yue it is called bai bu 百 225 Wo 蝸 is a writing error of guo [chuang] 瘑[瘡], lair-illness [sores]. A condition of sores affecting both hands and feet, with pain and itching and gradual extension. In some cases crumbs are shed off. BCGM Dict I, 203. 226 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.



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部. In the mountains and hills of Jing lu,227 they name it dian le 顛勒.228 People in Yue call it huan cao 浣草. The names differ wherever it can be found. But the fact is, it is always the same. In addition, there is a bai bu cao 百部草. It has more than a hundred roots that are all alike, but the seedling differs [from that of tian men dong]. The seedling resembles that of Chinese sarsaparilla. Its only usage is to cure cough. It is not added [to medication to be] ingested or consumed as food. [These items] must be differentiated.” [Li] Shizhen: When herbs grow abundantly they are men 虋, commonly written men 門. This herb grows abundantly as a creeper, and its [therapeutic] potential is identical to that of mai men dong 麥門冬, ophiopogon [tuber]. Hence it is called tian men dong 天門冬, or tian ji 天棘. The Er ya states: “Mao 髦 is dian ji 顛棘.” This is because its has fine leaves similar to a mane, mao 髦, and it has fine thorns, ji 棘. Dian 顛 and tian 天 are read similarly. According to the Jiu huang ben cao, “it is commonly called wan sui teng 萬歲藤, a ‘vine of a myriad years,’ and also po luo shu 婆蘿樹.” Its physical appearance and its potential for healing the lung are very similar to those of stemona [root], bai bu 百部. Hence it, too, is called bai bu 百部. Qiang mi 蘠蘼 is the seedling of rambling roses, ying shi 營實, but the Er ya identifies it as men dong 門冬. The fact is, that is a mistake found in an ancient text. 【集解】【别録曰】天門冬生奉高山谷。二月、三月、七月、八月采根， 暴乾。【弘景曰】奉高，泰山下縣名也。今處處有之，以高地大根味甘者 爲好。桐君藥録云：蔓生，葉有刺，五月花白，十月實黑，根數十枚。張 華博物志云：天門冬莖間有逆刺。若葉滑者，名絺體，一名顛棘。挼根入 湯，可以浣縑，素白如䋐，紵類也。今越人名爲浣草，勝於用灰。此非門 冬，乃相似爾。按此説與桐君之説相亂。今人所采皆是有刺者，本名顛 勒，亦粗相似，用此浣衣則净，不復更有門冬。恐門冬自一種，或即是浣 草耶？又有百部，根亦相類，但苗異爾。【恭曰】此有二種，一種苗有刺 而濇，一種無刺而滑，皆是門冬。俗云顛棘、浣草者，形貌詺之。雖作數 名，終是一物。二根浣垢俱净，門冬、浣草，互名也。詺，音命，目之 也。【頌曰】處處有之。春生藤蔓，大如釵股，高至丈餘。葉如茴香，極 尖細而疏滑，有逆刺。亦有澀而無刺者，其葉如絲杉而細散，皆名天門 冬。夏生細白花，亦有黄色及紫色者。秋結黑子，在其根枝旁。入伏後無 花，暗結子。其根白或黄紫色，大如手指，圓實而長二三寸，大者爲勝， 一科一二十枚同撮，頗與百部根相類。洛中出者，大葉粗幹，殊不相類。 嶺南者無花，餘無他異。【禹錫曰】抱朴子言：生高地，根短味甜氣香者 爲上。生水側下地，葉似細藴而微黄，根長而味多苦氣臭者次之，若以服 227 Jing lu 京陆, a place of unknown location. 228 Instead of le 勒, Zheng lei ch. 6, tian men dong 天門冬, quoting the Tu jing writes ji 棘.

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食，令人下氣，爲益又遲也。入山便可蒸煮，啖之斷穀。或爲散，仍取汁 作酒服散尤佳。【時珍曰】生苗時，亦可以沃地栽種。子亦堪種，但晚成 耳。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Tian men dong grows in the mountain valleys of Feng gao. The root is collected in the second, third, seventh and eighth month; it is dried in the sun. [Tao] Hongjing: Feng gao is the name of a county at the foot of Mount Tai shan. Today it can be found everywhere. Specimens from a high altitude with big roots and a sweet flavor are good. The Tong jun yao lu states: “It grows as a creeper. The leaves have thorns. A white flower appears in the fifth month. Black fruits appear in the tenth month. The root has tens [of stalks].” Zhang Hua in his Bo wu zhi states: “The stem of tian men dong has inverted thorns. Those with smooth leaves are called xi ti 絺體229 and also dian ji 顛棘. The root is rubbed [into small pieces] and given into hot water. This can be used to wash fine silk. It lets it appear perfectly white like yue-fabric, a kind of ramie. Today people in Yue call it ‘herb for washing.’ Used [for washing] it is superior to ashes. This is not men dong, but something similar.” [Zhang Hua’s] statement is not identical with that of the Tong jun [yao lu]. All specimens collected by people today have thorns. The original name is dian le 顛勒; it is quite similar [to tian men dong 天門冬/dian ji 顛棘]. But when it is used to clean garments, it cannot be men dong 門冬. Perhaps it is a kind of men dong 門冬, or [men dong 門冬] is huan cao 浣草, an herb for washing? There is also bai bu 百部. Its roots are similar [to those of tian men dong 天門冬], but the seedlings differ. [Su] Gong: There are two kinds of this [herb]. One kind has a rough seedling with thorns. The other kind has no thorns and a smooth surface. Both are men dong 門冬. Those commonly called dian ji 顛棘 and huan cao 浣草 are named [ming 詺] so because of their physical appearance. Despite the many names, what they refer to is one single item. The roots of all of them can be used to clean dirt. Men dong 門冬 and huan cao 浣草 are mutually exchangeable names. Ming 詺 is read ming 命. [That is, they are named for] their appearance. [Su] Song: It can be found everywhere. In spring it produces a vine as a creeper, the size of a hairpin. It climbs to a height of more than a zhang. The leaves are similar to those of fennel; they are extremely pointed and fine, and they are scattered with a smooth surface and inverted thorns. There are also specimens with a rough [surface] and no thorns. The leaves are similar to arborvitae [leaves], but they are fine and scattered. All are called tian men dong. In summer they develop fine, white flowers. There are also those that are yellow or purple in color. In autumn they develop black seeds, adja229 Li Shizhen following the Zheng he zheng lei writes xi ti 絺體. The Yuan edition of the Zheng lei, ch. 6, tian men dong 天門冬, writes xi xiu 絺休. Yu lan ch.989, tian men dong 天 門冬, quoting the Bo wu zhi writes xi xiu 郄休.



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cent to the branches of the roots. When the hottest period in summer is reached, they no longer have flowers and the seeds are hidden. The roots are white or yellow-purple in color. They have the size of a finger, are round and solid and reach a length of two to three cun. Big ones are considered best. Ten to 20 form one cluster, quite similar to stemona roots. Those coming from Luo have big leaves and a coarse trunk. They are very different. Those from Ling nan have no flowers; in all other respects they are not different. [Zhang] Yuxi: Baopu zi says: “Those growing at great heights with a short root, sweet flavor and fragrant qi are best. They are followed by those growing near waters on low-lying land, with slightly yellow leaves resembling fine heaps, with long roots, a flavor that is often bitter and malodorous qi. If they are ingested as food, they cause one to discharge [flatus] qi. Their boosting facility is slower. When [people] go into the mountains they can steam or boil them, and when they eat them, they can cut back on eating grain. Or they grind them into powder. It is also possible to use the juice to make wine and ingest the powder with it, and this is especially excellent.” [Li] Shizhen: When the seedlings grow, they can be planted in fertile land. It is also possible to plant the seeds, but they take longer to fully develop. 18-22-01 根 Gen

Root [of tian men dong]. 【修治】【弘景曰】門冬采得蒸，剥去皮食之，甚甘美，止飢。雖暴乾， 猶脂潤難搗，必須暴於日中或火烘之。今人呼苗爲棘刺，煮作飲宜人，而 終非真棘刺也。【頌曰】二、三、七、八月采根，蒸，剥去皮，四破去 心，暴乾用。【斅曰】采得去皮心，用柳木甑及柳木柴蒸一伏時，洒酒令 遍，更添火蒸。作小架去地二尺，攤于上，暴乾用。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Tao] Hongjing: When men dong is collected and steamed, the bark is removed, and it is eaten. It is very sweet and delicious and stops hunger. Despite being dried in the sun it remains fatty and moist and is difficult to pound. It must be dried in the sun at noon or over a fire. Today people call the seedlings ji ci 棘刺, jujube. They boil them to prepare a beverage that is good for people, but this is not the real jujube [fruit]. [Su] Song: The root is collected in the second, third, seventh and eighth month. It is steamed, the bark is removed and it is broken into four parts to remove the core, which is then dried in the sun to be used [for therapeutic purposes]. [Lei] Xiao: When [the root] is collected, remove the [hard] skin and the [woody] core. Steam [the remaining soft part] in a steamer made of willow wood with willow fire wood for a full day. Spread wine all over it and then steam it above a stronger fire. Prepare a small wooden frame two chi above

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the ground and place [the root] on it to be dried in the sun. Then it may be used [for therapeutic purposes]. 【氣味】苦，平，無毒。【别録曰】甘，大寒。【好古曰】氣寒，味微苦 而辛。氣薄味厚，陽中之陰。入手太陰、足少陰經氣分之藥。【之才曰】 垣衣、地黄、貝母爲之使。畏曾青。【損之曰】服天門冬，禁食鯉魚。誤 食中毒者，浮萍汁解之。搗汁，制雄黄、硇砂。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, balanced, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Sweet, very cold. [Wang] Haogu: Qi: Cold. Flavor: Slightly bitter and acrid. The qi are weakly pronounced, the flavor is strongly pronounced. It is a yin in yang [substance]. It is a pharmaceutical drug that enters the qi section of the hand major yin and foot minor yin conduits. [Xu] Zhicai: Pigtail moss, Chinese foxglove [rhizome] and fritillaria [root] serve as its messenger substances. [Ingested together,] it fears malachite. [Yang] Sunzhi: When tian men dong is ingested, a consumption of carp should be avoided. If one is poisoned because [a carp] is mistakenly eaten, this is resolved with ducks­ meat juice. The juice obtained by pounding [tian men dong] serves to check the effects of realgar and sal ammoniac. 【主治】諸暴風濕偏痺，强骨髓，殺三蟲，去伏尸。久服輕身益氣，延年 不飢。本經。保定肺氣，去寒熱，養肌膚，利小便，冷而能補。别録。肺 氣欬逆，喘息促急，肺痿生癰吐膿，除熱，通腎氣，止消渴，去熱中風， 治濕疥，宜久服。煮食之，令人肌體滑澤白净，除身上一切惡氣不潔之 疾。甄權。鎮心，潤五臟，補五勞七傷，吐血，治嗽消痰，去風熱煩悶。 大明。主心病，嗌乾心痛，渴而欲飲，痿蹷嗜卧，足下熱而痛。好古。潤 燥滋陰，清金降火。時珍。陽事不起，宜常服之。思邈。 Control. All types of semilateral blockages related to violent wind and the presence of moisture. It strengthens bones and marrow. It kills the three types of worms/ bugs. It removes hidden corpse [qi].230 Ingested over a long time it relieves the body of its weight, boosts the qi, extends the years [of life] and prevents hunger. Ben jing. It protects and stabilizes lung qi, removes alternating sensations of cold and heat, nourishes the skin and frees the passage of urine. It is cold and can supplement. Bie lu. Lung qi cough with [qi] counterflow. Panting and hectic breathing. Lung dysfunction generating obstruction-illness231 with spitting of pus. It removes heat, 230 Fu shi 伏屍, “hidden corpse [qi].” A condition of a heart pain and hectic panting that cannot be healed over many years with the patient oscillating between periods of wellbeing and recurring breakouts. BCGM Dict I, 177. 231 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.



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frees the passage of kidney qi, ends melting with thirst,232 removes wind stroke with heat, and serves to cure jie-illness233 related to the presence of moisture. It is appropriate for a long-term ingestion. Eaten boiled it lets one’s muscles and body become moist and white. It removes all types of illnesses related to malign and unclean qi. Zhen Quan. It calms the heart, moistens the five long-term depots, supplements [depleted qi related to] the five types of exhaustion and the seven types of harm. It serves to cure blood spitting and cough and dissolves phlegm. It removes wind [intrusion] with heat and vexing heart-pressure. Da Ming. It controls heart diseases, a dry throat and heart pain, thirst with an urge to drink, falls because of dysfunctional [legs], an inclination to lie down, and painful heat in the soles of the feet. [Wang] Haogu. It moistens dryness and nourishes yin [qi]. It clears the [long-term depot associated with the phase] metal (i. e., the lung) and brings down fire. [Li] Shizhen. In the case of a failure of the yang affair (i. e., the penis) to rise, it is appropriate to ingest it continuously. [Sun] Simiao. 【發明】【權曰】天門冬冷而能補，患人五虚而熱者，宜加用之。和地黄 爲使，服之耐老頭不白。【宗奭曰】治肺熱之功爲多。其味苦，專泄而不 專收，寒多人禁服之。【元素曰】苦以泄滯血，甘以助元氣，及治血妄 行，此天門冬之功也。保定肺氣，治血熱侵肺，上氣喘促，宜加人參、 黄芪爲主，用之神效。【嘉謨曰】天、麥門冬並入手太陰，驅煩解渴，止 欬消痰。而麥門冬兼行手少陰，清心降火，使肺不犯邪，故止欬立效。天 門冬復走足少陰，滋腎助元，全其母氣，故清痰殊功。蓋腎主津液，燥則 凝而爲痰，得潤劑則化，所謂治痰之本也。【好古曰】入手太陰、足少陰 經。營衛枯涸，宜以濕劑潤之。天門冬、人參、五味、枸杞子同爲生脉之 劑，此上焦獨取寸口之意。【趙繼宗曰】五藥雖爲生脉之劑，然生地黄、 貝母爲天門冬之使，地黄、車前爲麥門冬之使，茯苓爲人參之使。若有君 無使，是獨行無功也。故張三丰與胡濙尚書長生不老方，用天門冬三斤， 地黄一斤，乃有君而有使也。【禹錫曰】抱朴子言：入山便可以天門冬蒸 煮啖之，取足以斷穀。若有力可餌之。或作散，酒服。或搗汁作液，膏 服。至百日丁壯兼倍，駃于术及黄精也。二百日强筋髓，駐顔色。與煉成 松脂同蜜丸服，尤善。杜紫微服之，御八十妾，一百四十歲，日行三百 里。【慎微曰】列仙傳云：赤須子食天門冬，齒落更生，細髮復出。太 原 甘始服天門冬，在人間三百餘年。聖化經云：以天門冬、茯苓等分，爲 末，日服方寸匕。則不畏寒，大寒時單衣汗出也。【時珍曰】天門冬清金

232 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567. 233 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

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降火，益水之上源，故能下通腎氣，入滋補方合群藥用之有效。若脾胃虚 寒人，單餌既久，必病腸滑，反成痼疾。此物性寒而潤，能利大腸故也。 Explication. Tian men dong is cold and can supplement [qi]. Persons suffering from any of the five kinds of depletion and heat should resort to it and add it [to their medication]. Ingested together with Chinese foxglove [rhizome] as its guiding substance it makes aging bearable and keeps the head from turning white. [Kou] Zongshi: Most of all it has a potential to cure heat in the lung. Its flavor is bitter. It is especially able to drain, not hold. Persons with much cold must not ingest it. [Zhang] Yuansu: Bitter [flavor] serves to drain sluggish blood. Sweet [flavor] is resorted to to assist the original qi. To cure an uncontrolled movement of blood, that is the function of tian men dong. When it comes to protecting and stabilizing lung qi, to cure an invasion of blood heat into the lung, with rising qi and panting, this is controlled by adding ginseng [root] and astragalus [root], with a divine effect. [Chen] Jiamo: Both tian [men dong] and mai men dong, ophiopogon [tuber], enter the hand major yin [conduits]. They eliminate vexation and resolve thirst, they end cough and dissolve phlegm. Now, mai men dong also moves through the hand minor yin [conduits] to clear the heart by bringing down [its] fire. It manages to protect the lung from invasion by evil [qi]. Hence it is effective immediately when used to stop the cough. Tian men dong in addition [to entering the hand major yin conduits] runs through the foot minor yin [conduits]. It nourishes the kidneys and assists the original [qi]. Hence its special potential for eliminating phlegm. The fact is, the kidneys control the liquids. When they dry out, they coagulate and turn into phlegm. When they are treated with moistening preparations, [the phlegm] is transformed. That is the so-called cure directed at the root of the phlegm. [Wang] Haogu: [Tian men dong] enters the hand major yin and the foot minor yin conduits. When both the camp [qi] and the guardian [qi] are dried up, it is appropriate to resort to moistening preparations to moisten them. Tian men dong, ginseng [root], schisandra [seeds] and lycium seeds serve as preparations to generate [movements in the] vessels. That is the idea underlying the [examination of the movement in the vessels] only at the inch opening [at the wrists to explore the condition in the] upper [section of the Triple] Burner. Zhao Jizong: These five pharmaceutical drugs may serve as preparations to generate [movements in the vessels], but fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] and fritillaria [root] serve tian men dong as guiding substances; Chinese foxglove [rhizome] and Asiatic plantain [seeds] serve mai men dong as guiding substances. Poria serves ginseng [root] as guiding substance. If [a recipe] has a ruler substance but no messenger substance, [the ruler substance] moves by itself and has no potential. Therefore, when Zhang Sanfeng gave Hu Ying, Minister [of Rites], a recipe to extend life and prevent aging, it made use of three jin of tian



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men dong and one jin of Chinese foxglove [rhizome], that is, it included a ruler substance and a messenger substance. [Zhang] Yuxi: Baopu zi says: “Those who enter the mountains [to live there] can simply steam or boil tian men dong and eat it, and this is sufficient to stop eating grain. Strong persons may consume it for their pleasure. Or it is prepared into powder and ingested with wine. Or it is pounded and the resulting juice is prepared to a liquid that is ingested as a paste. After 100 days one’s strength will have doubled, and this occurs even faster than following [an ingestion of ] atractylodes [rhizome] or Solomon’s seal [root]. Within 200 days it strengthens sinews and marrow, preserves [a youthful] complexion, and ingested prepared with heat refined pine resin and honey to pills, it is especially good. Du Ziwei ingested them and copulated with 80 concubines. At the age of 140 years he walked 300 li a day.” [Tang] Shenwei: The Lie xian zhuan states: “Master Chixu ate tian men dong. Where his teeth had fallen out, they grew again, and fine hair reappeared. Gan Shi from Tai yuan ingested tian men dong, and stayed among people for more than 300 years.”234 The Sheng hua jing states: “[Grind] equal amounts of tian men dong and poria into powder. Ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon every day and you do not have to be afraid of cold. Even at a time of severe cold, you will sweat while wearing a thin garment.” [Li] Shizhen: Tian men dong clears [the long-term depot associated with the phase] metal (i. e., the lung) and brings [its] fire down. It boosts the upper source of water. Hence it can descend to free the movement of kidney qi. It is effective when it is added to numerous other pharmaceutical drugs in recipes aimed at nourishing and supplementing, When persons with spleen and stomach depletion cold eat [tian men dong] as a single substance for a long time, they will definitely suffer from a smoothened [passage through the] intestines that, contrary to their intentions, results in an obstinacy-illness. The reason is, this item is of cold and moistening nature and is able to free the passage through the large intestine. 【附方】舊三，新十四。 Added Recipes. Three of old. 14 newly [recorded]. 服食法。孫真人枕中記云：八九月采天門冬根，暴乾爲末。每服方寸匕， 日三服。無問山中人間，久服補中益氣，治虚勞絶傷，年老衰損，偏枯不 隨，風濕不仁，冷痺，惡瘡癰疽。癩疾鼻柱敗爛者，服之皮脱蟲出。釀酒 服，去癥病積聚，風痰顛狂，三蟲伏尸，除濕痺，輕身益氣，令人不飢。 百日，還年耐老。釀酒初熟微酸，久停則香美，諸酒不及也。忌鯉魚。 The method to ingest [tian men dong] as food. Sun zhenren in his Zhen zhong ji states: “Collect tian men dong roots in the eighth or ninth month, dry them in the 234 A Master Chixu and a Mr. Gan Shi are not recorded in historical material.

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sun and [grind them into] powder. Each time ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon. To be ingested three times a day. Even when people living in the mountains ingest it for a long time, it supplements their central [qi] and boosts their qi. It serves to cure depletion exhaustion and harm [resulting in an] interrupted [qi flow], as well as weakening and injuries related to old age, hemilateral paralysis [with body parts] no longer responding [to one’s will], numbness related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of moisture, blockage related to cold, malign sores and obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.235 When it is ingested [by patients suffering from] repudiation- illness236 with a decayed nasal column, their skin will fall off and worms/bugs come out. Ingested brewed into wine it removes concretion-illness, accumulations and collections, madness related to wind [intrusion] and phlegm, the three types of worms/bugs and hidden corpse [qi].237 It eliminates blockage related to the presence of moisture, relieves the body of its weight and boosts the qi. It prevents hunger. Within one hundred days it returns one to [younger] years [of life] and makes aging bearable. When it is brewed into wine, in the beginning it is a bit sour. When left to stand for some time it is fragrant and delicious, incomparable to any other wine. [A simultaneous consumption of ] carp should be avoided.” 臞仙神隱云：用乾天門冬十斤，杏仁一斤，搗末，蜜漬。每服方寸匕。名 仙人粮。 Quxian in his Shen yin states: “Pound ten jin of dried tian men dong and one jin of apricot kernels into powder and soak it in honey. Each time ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon. This is called ‘the immortal’s/hermit’s provisions’.” 辟穀不飢。天門冬二斤，熟地黄一斤，爲末，煉蜜丸彈子大。每温酒化三 丸，日三服。居山遠行，辟穀良。服至十日，身輕目明。二十日，百病 愈，顔色如花。三十日，髮白更黑，齒落重生。五十日，行及奔馬。百 日，延年。 To abstain from eating cereals without getting hungry. [Grind] two jin of tian men dong and one jin of prepared Chinese foxglove [rhizome] into powder and with heat refined honey form pills the size of a bullet. Each time dissolve in warm wine 235 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 236 Lai 癩, “lai-illness,” “repudiation-illness,” including cases of leprosy/Aussatz.” BCGM Dict I, 293. 237 Fu shi 伏屍, “hidden corpse [qi].” A condition of a heart pain and hectic panting that cannot be healed over many years with the patient oscillating between periods of wellbeing and recurring breakouts. BCGM Dict I, 177.



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three pills, to be ingested three times a day. This is good when one lives in the mountains or walks a long distance and abstains from eating cereals. Ingested for as long as ten days it relieves the body of its weight and clears the eyes. After 20 days, the hundred diseases are cured and the complexion blooms like a flower. After 30 days, white hair turns black, where teeth have fallen out they grow again. After 50 days, one walks fast enough to catch up with a horse. After 100 days, life is extended. 又法：天門冬搗汁，微火煎取五斗，入白蜜一斗，胡麻炒末二升，合煎至 可丸，即止火。下大豆黄末，和作餅，徑三寸，厚半寸。一服一餅，一日 三服，百日已上有益。 Another method. Pound tian men dong to obtain a juice and boil five dou on a mild fire. Add one dou of white honey and two sheng of sesame [seeds], fried and [ground into] powder, and boil all this together in water until a consistency is achieved that enables one to form pills. Then end the fire and add soybean powder. With this mixture form cakes three cun in diameter and half a cun thick. Ingest one cake at a time; to be ingested three times a day. A benefit will result after 100 days. 又法：天門冬末一升，松脂末一升，蠟蜜一升和煎，丸如梧子大。每日早 午晚各服三十丸。 Another method. Mix one sheng of tian men dong powder, one sheng of pine resin/ colophonium and one sheng of beeswax, boil this in water and form pills the size of wu seeds. Every day ingest 30 pills in the early morning, at noon and in the evening. 天門冬酒。補五臟、調六腑，令人無病。天門冬三十斤，去心搗碎，以水 二石，煮汁一石，糯米一斗，細麴十斤，如常炊釀，酒熟，日飲三盃。 Tian men dong wine. It supplements [qi in] the five long-term depots, regulates the [functions of the] six short-term repositories and keeps one disease free. Remove the [woody] center of 30 jin of tian men dong and pound [the remaining parts] to pieces. Boil them in two dan of water down to obtain a juice of one dan. [Add] one dou of glutinous rice and ten jin of fine yeast/ferment and make this into wine as usual. Drink three cups a day. 天門冬膏。去積聚風痰，補肺，療欬嗽失血，潤五臟，殺三蟲伏尸，除瘟 疫。輕身益氣，令人不飢。以天門冬流水泡過，去皮心，搗爛取汁，砂鍋 文武炭火煮，勿令大沸。以十斤爲率，熬至三斤，却入蜜四兩，熬至滴水 不散。瓶盛，埋土中一七，去火毒。每日早晚白湯調服一匙。若動大便， 以酒服之。醫方摘要。

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Tian men dong paste. It eliminates accumulations and collections of wind phlegm,238 supplements lung [qi], heals cough with bleeding, moistens the five long-term depots, kills the three types of worms/bugs and hidden corpse [qi],239 removes warmth epidemics, relieves the body of its weight and boosts qi, and does not let one get hungry. Steep tian men dong into running water, remove the [outer, hard] peel and the [woody] core, pound [the remaining meat] into a pulpy mass to obtain a juice, and boil it in a stone-ware pot with a mild charcoal fire first and a stronger fire afterwards, but avoiding a strong bubbling. Begin with ten jin and boil them down to three jin. Add four liang of honey and boil it again until it has reached a consistency where water dripped on it no longer disperses. Fill it into a jar and bury it in the soil for seven [days] to eliminate the fire poison. Every day early in the morning, at noon and in the evening ingest mixed with clear, boiled water the amount held by one spoon. If [it is intended to stimulate] a bowel movement, ingest it with wine. Yi fang zhai yao. 肺痿欬嗽，吐涎沫，心中温温，咽燥而不渴。生天門冬搗汁一斗，酒一 斗，飴一升，紫苑四合，銅器煎至可丸。每服杏仁大一丸，日三服。肘後 方。 Cough related to lung dysfunction, spitting of saliva foam, a sensation of warmth in the heart and dryness in the lung without thirst. Pound fresh tian men dong to obtain one dou of juice and boil this together with one dou of wine, one sheng of maltose and four ge of purple aster [root] in a copper vessel into a consistency that allows the forming of pills. Each time ingest one pill the size of an apricot kernel. To be ingested three times a day. Zhou hou fang. 陰虚火動，有痰，不堪用燥劑者。天門冬一斤，水浸洗，去心，取肉十二 兩，石臼搗爛，五味子水洗，去核，取肉四兩，晒乾，不見火，共搗丸梧 子大。每服二十丸，茶下。日三服。簡便方。 Yin [qi] depletion and [uncontrolled] movement of fire, with the presence of phlegm, when the use of drying preparations is not appropriate. Soak one jin of tian men dong [roots] in water, wash them clean and remove their [woody] core. Pound 12 liang of the meat in a stone mortar into a pulpy mass. Wash schisandra seeds in water, remove the kernels and dry four liang of the meat in the sun; they must not 238 Feng tan 風痰, “wind phlegm,” are pathogenic qi resulting from a combination of feng 風, “wind,” and tan 痰, “phlegm,” with the latter being brought about by the former. BCGM Dict I, 169. 239 Fu shi 伏屍, “hidden corpse [qi].” A condition of a heart pain and hectic panting that cannot be healed over many years with the patient oscillating between periods of wellbeing and recurring breakouts. BCGM Dict I, 177.



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be exposed to fire. Pound all this together and form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 20 pills, to be sent down with tea. To be ingested three times a day. Jian bian fang. 滋陰養血，温補下元。三才丸：用天門冬去心，生地黄各二兩，二味用柳 甑箄，以酒洒之，九蒸九晒，待乾秤之。人參一兩，共爲末，蒸棗肉搗和 丸梧子大。每服三十丸，食前温酒下，日三服。潔古活法機要。 To nourish yin [qi] and blood, and to supplement with warmth the original [qi] in the lower [part of the body]. The “pills with three talents.” Place two liang each of tian men dong, with the [woody] center removed, and fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] into a willow [wood] steamer, spray them with wine and alternatingly steam them and dry them in the sun nine times. When they have dried, weigh them. Add one liang of ginseng [root] and [grind] all this into powder to be formed with steamed Chinese date meat to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 30 pills, to be sent down with warm wine prior to meals. To be ingested three times a day. [Zhang] Jiegu, Huo fa ji yao. 虚勞體痛。天門冬末，酒服方寸匕，日三。忌鯉魚。千金方。 Body pain related to depletion exhaustion. Ingest as much tian men dong powder as is held by a square cun spoon with wine, three times a day. [During this therapy] avoid [a consumption of ] carp. Qian jin fang. 肺勞風熱。止渴去熱。天門冬去皮心，煮食。或暴乾爲末，蜜丸服，尤 佳。亦可洗面。孟詵食療。 Lung exhaustion.240 To end thirst and remove heat. Remove the [outer, hard] peel and [the woody] center of tian men dong, boil [the remaining meat] and eat it. Or dry it in the sun and [grind it into] powder, with honey form pills and ingest them. This is especially excellent. It can also be made [into a lotion] to wash the face. Meng Shen, Shi liao. 婦人骨蒸，煩熱寢汗，口乾引飲，氣喘。天門冬十兩，麥門冬八兩，並去 心爲末，以生地黄三斤，取汁熬膏，和丸梧子大。每服五十丸，以逍遥散 去甘草，煎湯下。活法機要。 Bone steaming241 of women, with vexing heat, sweating during sleep, a dry mouth with an urge to drink, and qi panting. Remove the [woody] center of ten liang of 240 Fei lao 肺勞, “lung exhaustion,” a condition of a depletion exhaustion brought forth by exhaustion detrimentally affecting the lung. BCGM Dict I, 154. 241 Gu zheng 骨蒸, “bone steaming,” 1.) a condition of an infectious consumptive disease with a development of vexing heat in the afternoon. 2.) An illness sign of heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197.

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tian men dong and eight liang of mai men dong, ophiopogon [tube] and grind [the remaining parts] into powder. [Pound] three jin of fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] to obtain a juice and boil it to obtain a paste. Mix [the paste with the powder and] form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time [let the woman] ingest 50 pills, to be sent down with a decoction of the “free and easy powder,”242 with glycyrrhiza [root] omitted. Huo fa ji yao. 風顛發作則吐，耳如蟬鳴，引脇牽痛。天門冬去心皮，暴搗爲末。酒服方 寸匕，日三服，久服食。外臺秘要。 An outbreak of a wind peak [illness]243 followed by vomiting, with a sound of cicadas chirping in the ears and a pain pulling on the flanks. Remove the [woody] center and the [outer, hard] peel of tian men dong [roots], dry [the remaining meat] in the sun and pound them into powder. Ingest with wine the amount held by a square cun spoon. To be ingested three times a day. It is ingested as food for a long time. Wai tai mi yao. 小腸偏墜。天門冬三錢，烏藥五錢，以水煎服。吴球活人心統。 Unilateral drop244 of the small intestine. Ingest three qian of tian men dong and five qian of lindera [root] boiled in water. Wu Qiu, Huo ren xin tong. 面黑令白。天門冬暴乾，同蜜搗作丸，日用洗面。聖濟總録。 To whiten a black face. Pound tian men dong, dried in the sun, with honey and form pills. [Prepare a lotion with these pills and] use it to wash the face every day. Sheng ji zong lu. 口瘡連年不愈者。天門冬、麥門冬並去心，玄參等分，爲末，煉蜜丸彈子 大。每噙一丸。乃僧居寮所傳方也。齊德之外科精義。 Oral sores that have not been healed for several years. [Grind] equal amounts of tian men dong and mai men dong, ophiopogon [tuber], both with the [woody] center removed, and scrophularia [root] into powder and with heat refined honey form pills the size of a bullet. Each time hold in the mouth one pill. This is a recipe transmitted by Seng Juliao. Qi Dezhi, Wai ke jing yi. 242 Xiao yao san 逍遥散, “free and easy powder,” with the ingredients: Bupleurum root, Chinese angelica root, paeonia root, atractylodes macrocephala rhizome, poria, and prepared glycyrrhiza root. 243 Feng dian 風顛, “wind peak [illness],” identical with dian ji 癲疾,peak ailment.” A condition of a mental disturbance of depression and unhappiness, with a calm attitude and little incentive to speak 244 Pian zhui 偏墜, “hemilaterial drop,” a condition of a yin shan 陰疝, “yin elevation-disease,” usually characterized by a unilateral swelling of the scrotum. BCGM Dict I, 378.



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諸般癰腫。新掘天門冬三五兩，洗净，沙盆擂細，以好酒濾汁，頓服。未 效再服，必愈。此祖傳經驗方也。虞摶醫學正傳。 All kinds of swelling related to obstruction-illness.245 Wash three to five liang of newly unearthed tian men dong and pound them in a pottery pot into a fine [powder]. [Soak the powder in] good wine, and filter this to obtain the juice. Ingest it in one draft. If this shows no effect, ingest it a second time and a cure is guaranteed. This is a recipe based on experience passed down from the ancestors. Yu Tuan, Yi xue zheng chuan. 18-23 百部别録中品 Bai bu, FE Bie lu, middle rank. Stemona sessilifolia (Miq.) Franch. et Sav. 【釋名】婆婦草日華、野天門冬綱目。【時珍曰】其根多者百十連屬，如 部伍然，故以名之。 Explanation of Names. Po fu cao 婆婦草, “old woman herb,” Rihua. Ye tian men dong 野天門冬, “wild Chinese asparagus,” [Li] Shizhen: Its root consists of tens, even a hundred [small ones] linked together as if they formed a military contingent, bu wu 部伍. Hence the name [bai bu 百部, “contingent of a hundred (individuals)“]. 【集解】【弘景曰】山野處處有之。其根數十相連，似天門冬而苦强，但 苗異爾。博物志云：九真一種草似百部，但長大爾。懸火上令乾，夜取四 五寸切短，含嚥汁，主暴嗽甚良，名爲嗽藥。疑此即百部也。其土肥潤， 是以長大也。【藏器曰】天門冬根有十餘莖，圓短實潤，味甘。百部多者 五六十莖，長尖内虚，味苦不同，苗蔓亦别。今人以門冬當百部，説不明 也。【頌曰】今江、湖、淮、陝、齊、魯州郡皆有之。春生苗，作藤蔓。 葉大而尖長，頗似竹葉，面青色而光。根下一撮十五六枚，黄白色，二、 三、八月采，暴乾用。【時珍曰】百部亦有細葉如茴香者，其莖青，肥嫩 時亦可煮食。其根長者近尺，新時亦肥實，但乾則虚瘦無脂潤爾。生時擘 開，去心暴之。鄭樵通志言葉如薯蕷者，謬矣。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: It can be found everywhere in the wild of the mountains. Its root is a cluster formed by tens [of individual roots], similar to Chinese asparagus [roots], but with a rather bitter [flavor]. Nevertheless, the seedling differs [from that of Chinese asparagus]. The Bo wu zhi states: ”In Jiu zhen is an herb similar to bai bu. But it has longer and bigger [roots]. When it is hung above 245 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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a fire to dry, and then at night cut into segments four to five cun short that are held in the mouth, the resulting juice swallowed controls cough with very good results. It is called ‘cough medication’.” This may be bai bu. The soil [in Jiu zhen] is fat and moist. Hence [the roots] are longer and bigger. [Chen] Cangqi: The root of Chinese asparagus has more than ten stems; they are round, short, solid and moist, with a sweet flavor. Bai bu may have up to 50 or 60 stems; they are long, pointed and hollow. They differ [from tian men dong] in that their flavor is bitter, and the seedling and vines [of the two] differ, too. Today, people assume [tian] men dong to be bai bu. But their explanations are not clear. [Su] Song: Today it is present everywhere in the zhou and prefectures of Jiang, Hu, Huai, Shaan, Qi and Lu. It produces a seedling in spring that forms creeping vines. Its leaves are big, pointed and lengthy, quite similar to bamboo leaves. Their front is greenish in color and shiny. The root is formed as a cluster of 15 or 16 segments, yellow-white in color. They are collected in the second, third and eighth month. For [therapeutic] application they are dried in the sun. [Li] Shizhen: Bai bu, too, has fine leaves like fennel and its stem is greenish. As long as it is fat and tender it can be boiled and is edible. Long roots reach a length of close to a chi. At first they, too, are fat and solid. But when they have dried, they are hollow, lean and have neither fat nor moisture. They are broken open as long as they are fresh. Their [woody] center is removed and [the meat] is dried in the sun. Zheng Qiao in his Tong zhi says that “the leaves are similar to those of Chinese yam.” That is wrong. 18-23-01 根 Gen

Root [of bai bu].

【修治】【斅曰】凡采得以竹刀劈，去心皮, 花作數十條，懸簷下風乾。 却用酒浸一宿 ， 漉出焙乾 ， 剉用 。 或一窠八十三條者 ， 號曰地仙苗 。 若 脩事餌之，可千歲也。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: When it is collected cut it with a bamboo knife to remove the [woody] center and the [outer, hard] peel. Tie up a bunch246 of several tens of them and hang them under the eaves of the house to dry in the wind. Cut them and soak [the pieces] in wine for one night. Filter [the liquid] to remove them and dry them over a fire in a pan. File them [into even smaller pieces] and use them [for therapeutic ends]. If [the root] is a conglomerate of 83 stalks, this is called “ground hermit’s/immortal’s seedling.” Processed and eaten it can extend [life] to 1000 years. 246 Hua 花 is used here in as a verb: “to bundle up,” “to tie up.”



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【氣味】甘，微温，無毒。【權曰】甘，無毒。【大明曰】苦，無毒。 【恭曰】微寒，有小毒。【時珍曰】苦、微甘，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly warm, nonpoisonous. [Zhen] Quan: Sweet, nonpoisonous. Da Ming: Bitter, nonpoisonous. [Su] Gong: Slightly cold, slightly poisonous. [Li] Shizhen: Bitter, slightly sweet, nonpoisonous. 【主治】欬嗽上氣，火炙酒漬飲之。别録。治肺熱，潤肺。甄權。治傳尸 骨蒸勞，治疳，殺蚘蟲、寸白、蟯蟲，及一切樹木蛀蟲，燼之即死。殺虱 及蠅蠓。大明。【弘景曰】作湯洗牛犬，去虱。火炙酒浸空腹飲，治疥 癬，去蟲蠶蛟毒。藏器。 Control. For cough with rising qi, roast it over a fire, soak it in wine and drink the [liquid]. Bie lu. It serves to cure lung heat and moistens the lung. Zhen Quan. It serves to cure corpse [evil] transmission,247 [also known as] bone steaming with exhaustion. It serves to cure gan-illness248 and kills roundworms, tapeworms and pinworms, as well as all types of wood borer bugs/worms. Burn [the root to expose the worms/bugs to its fumes] and they die. It kills lice, flies and gadflies. Da Ming. [Tao] Hongjing: Prepare a decoction and wash oxen and dogs to remove lice. Roasted over fire, soaked in wine and [the liquid ] ingested on an empty stomach serves to cure jie-illness249 and xuan-illness250 and to eliminate the poison [that gets into the body] through the bites of worms/bugs and silkworms. [Chen] Cangqi. 【發明】【時珍曰】百部亦天門冬之類，故皆治肺病殺蟲。但百部氣温而 不寒，寒嗽宜之；天門冬性寒而不熱，熱嗽宜之。此爲異耳。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Bai bu is in one group with Chinese asparagus. Hence both of them serve to cure lung diseases and kill worms/bugs. However, the qi of bai bu are warm, not cold, and they are appropriate [to heal] cough related to cold. The nature of Chinese asparagus is cold, not hot, and it is appropriate [to heal] cough related to heat. That is how they differ. 247 Chuan shi 傳屍, “corpse [evil] transmission,” a condition of an infectious consumptive disease. BCGM Dict I, 97. 248 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 249 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 250 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness.” Conditions of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, a designation of local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】舊五，新五。 Added Recipes. Five of old. Five newly [recorded].

暴欬嗽。張文仲方：用百部根漬酒。每温服一升，日三服。 Sudden onset of cough. Zhang Wenzhong’s recipe: Soak bai bu root in wine. Each time ingest one sheng, to be ingested three times a day. 葛洪方：用百部、生薑各搗汁等分，煎服二合。 Ge Hong’s recipe: Pound equal amounts of bai bu and fresh ginger to obtain a juice. Boil it and each time ingest two ge. 續十全方用百部藤根搗自然汁，和蜜等分，沸湯煎膏噙嚥。 The Xu shi quan fang [recommends to] pound the roots of bai bu vines to obtain their natural juice, mix it with an equal amount of honey, boil this in water to bubbling until a paste has formed, hold it in the mouth and swallow [the resulting juice]. 普濟方治卒欬不止，用百部根懸火上炙乾，每含嚥汁，勿令人知。 To cure a sudden onset of unending cough the Pu ji fang [recommends to] hang a bai bu root above a fire to roast it until it is dry. Each time hold it in the mouth and swallow the resulting juice. Do not let others know. 小兒寒嗽。百部丸：用百部炒，麻黄去節，各七錢半，爲末。杏仁去皮尖 炒，仍以水略煮三五沸，研泥。入熟蜜和丸皂子大。每服二三丸，温水 下。錢乙小兒方。 Cough of children related to cold. The “pills with bai bu.” [Grind] seven and a half qian each of bai bu, stir-fried, and ephedra [herb], the nodes removed, into powder. Slightly boil stir-fried apricot kernels, their peel and pointed ends discarded, in water, three to five times to bubbling, and grind them into a mud. Add heat processed honey [to the powder and the mud] and form pills the size of gleditsia seeds. Each time ingest two or three pills, to be sent down with warm wine. Qian Yin, Xiao er fang. 三十年嗽。百部根二十斤，搗取汁，煎如飴。服方寸匕，日三服。深師加 蜜二斤。外臺加飴一斤。千金方。 A cough lasting for 30 years. Pound 20 jin of bai bu roots and boil the juice to a consistency similar to maltose. Ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon. To be ingested three times a day. The Shen shi adds two jin of honey. The Wai tai adds one jin of maltose. Qian jin fang.



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遍身黄腫。掘新鮮百條根，洗搗，罨臍上。以糯米飯半升，拌水酒半合， 揉軟蓋在藥上，以帛包住。待一二日後，口内作酒氣，則水從小便中出， 腫自消也。百條根一名野天門冬，一名百奶，狀如葱頭，其苗葉柔細，一 根下有百餘個數。楊氏經驗方。 The entire body is yellow and swollen. Wash a newly unearthed, fresh bai tiao 百條 root, pound it [into a paste] and place it on the [patient’s] navel. Then prepare a mixture of half a sheng of cooked glutinous rice and half a ge of wine and water, knead this to generate a soft [mass] and cover the medicinal [paste] with it. Bandage this with silk fabric. After one or two days wine qi are released in the [patient’s] mouth and the water leaves [the body] with the urine. The swelling dissolves as a result. Bai tiao 百條 root is also called ye tian men dong 野天門冬, “wild Chinese asparagus,” and bai nai 百奶, “a hundred breasts.” It is shaped like the tip of onions. Its seedling and leaves are soft and fine. Under one root are more than 100 [individual roots]. Yang shi jing yan fang. 誤吞銅錢。百部根四兩，酒一升，漬一宿，温服一升，日再服。外臺秘要。 Mistakenly having swallowed a copper coin. Soak four liang of bai bu roots in one sheng of wine for one night and ingest one sheng of the warm [liquid]. To be ingested twice a day. Wai tai mi yao. 百蟲入耳。百部炒研，生油調一字于耳門上。聖濟録。 When one of the hundred worms/bugs got into an ear. Grind stir-fried bai bu, mix it with fresh oil and place one zi of this above the opening of the ear. Sheng ji lu. 熏衣去虱。百部、秦艽爲末，入竹籠燒烟熏之，自落。亦可煮湯洗衣。經 驗方。 To fumigate garments to remove lice. [Grind] bai bu and large gentiana [roots] into powder, place it into a bamboo box, heat it to generate fumes and fumigate the [garments. The lice] will fall down as a result. It is also possible to boil [the roots] and wash the garments with the decoction. Jing yan fang.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附録】 Appendix

18-23-A01 白并 Bai bing

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味苦，無毒。主肺欬上氣，行五藏，令百病不起。一名王富， 一名箭簳。生山陵。葉如小竹，根黄皮白。三月、四月采根，暴乾。【時 珍曰】此物氣味主治俱近百部，故附之。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter, nonpoisonous. It controls lung cough with rising qi, passes through the five long-term depots, and prevents the rise of hundreds of diseases. It is also called wang fu 王富251 and jian gan 箭簳. It grows on hills. The leaves are similar to small bamboo [leaves]. The root is yellow with a white bark. The root is collected in the third and fourth month; it is dried in the sun. [Li] Shizhen: The qi, the flavor, and the therapeutic controls of this item are similar to those of stemona [root]. Hence it is attached here. 18-24 何首烏宋開寶 He shou wu, FE Song Kaibao. Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. 【釋名】交藤本傳、夜合本傳、地精本傳、陳知白開寶、馬肝石綱目、桃 柳藤日華、九真藤綱目、赤葛斗門、瘡帚綱目、紅内消。【大明曰】其藥 本草無名，因何首烏見藤夜交，便即采食有功，因以采人爲名爾。【時珍 曰】漢武時，有馬肝石能烏人髮，故後人隱此名，亦曰馬肝石。赤者能消 腫毒，外科呼爲瘡帚、紅内消。斗門方云：取根若獲九數者，服之乃仙。 故名九真藤。 Explanation of Names. Jiao teng, 交藤, [mentioned first in] its own monograph. Ye he 夜合, [mentioned first in] its own monograph. Di jing 地精, [mentioned first in] its own monograph. Chen bai zhi 陳知白, Kai bao. Ma gan shi 馬肝石, Gang mu. Tao liu teng 桃柳藤, Rihua. Jiu zhen teng 九真藤, Gang mu. Chi ge 赤葛, Dou men. Chuang zhou 瘡帚, Gang mu. Hong nei xiao 紅内消. Da Ming: This pharmaceutical drug is not listed under a name of its own in the Ben cao. The reason is, one night He Shouwu saw vines meeting each other. He collected them, ate them and they showed an effect. Hence they were named after the person who had collected them. 251 Instead of Wang fu 王富, Zheng lei ch. 30, section You ming wei yong cao mu lei 有名未 用草木類, “known by name but not in use, herbs and trees group,” bai bing 白并 writes yu qiao 玉蕭.



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[Li] Shizhen: At the time of [Emperor] Wu of the Han [dynasty], an [item named] “horse liver stone,” ma gan shi 馬肝石, was able to blacken one’s hair. Hence in later times people hid the name [He Shouwu] and also named it ma gan shi. Red specimens are able to dissolve swelling with poison. In the discipline concerned with external medicine they call it “broom to sweep away sores,” chuang zhou 瘡帚 and “the red [herb] that is an internal solvent,” hong nei xiao 紅内消. The Dou men fang states: “If one happens to obtain one with nine [segments] when collecting the root, to ingest it turns one into an immortal. Hence its name ‘vine with nine [segments of ] real [qi],’ jiu zhen teng 九真藤.“ 【集解】【頌曰】何首烏本出順州 南河縣，今在處有之，嶺外、江南諸州 皆有，以西洛、嵩山及河南 柘城縣者爲勝。春生苗，蔓延竹木墻壁間，莖 紫色。葉葉相對如薯蕷而不光澤。夏秋開黄白花如葛勒花。結子有稜，似 蕎麥而雜小，纔如粟大。秋冬取根，大者如拳，各有五稜瓣，似小甜瓜。 有赤白二種：赤者雄，白者雌。一云：春采根，秋采花。九蒸九暴乃可 服。此藥本名交藤，因何首烏服而得名也。唐 元和七年，僧文象遇茅山 老人，遂傳此事。李翱乃著何首烏傳。云：何首烏者，順州 南河縣人。 祖名能嗣，父名延秀。能嗣本名田兒，生而閹弱，年五十八，無妻子，常 慕道術，隨師在山。一日醉卧山野，忽見有藤二株，相去三尺餘，苗蔓相 交，久而方解，解了又交。田兒驚訝其異，至旦遂掘其根歸。問諸人，無 識者。後有山老忽來，示之，荅曰：子既無嗣，其藤乃異，此恐是神仙之 藥，何不服之？遂杵爲末，空心酒服一錢。七日而思人道，數月似强健。 因此常服，又加至二錢。經年舊疾皆痊，髮烏容少。十年之内，即生數 男，乃改名能嗣。又與其子延秀服，皆壽百六十歲。延秀生首烏。首烏服 藥，亦生數子，年百三十歲，髮猶黑。有李安期者，與首烏鄉里親善，竊 得方服，其壽亦長，遂叙其事傳之云。何首烏，味甘，性温，無毒。茯苓 爲使。治五痔腰膝之病，冷氣心痛，積年勞瘦痰癖，風虚敗劣，長筋力， 益精髓，壯氣駐顔，黑髮延年。婦人惡血痿黄，産後諸疾，赤白帶下，毒 氣入腹，久痢不止，其功不可具述。一名野苗，二名交藤，三名夜合，四 名地精，五名何首烏。本出處州，江南諸道皆有。苗如木藁，葉有光澤， 形如桃柳，其背偏，皆單生不相對。有雌雄。雄者苗色黄白，雌者黄赤。 根遠不過三尺，夜則苗蔓相交，或隱化不見。春末、夏中、秋初三時， 候晴明日兼雌雄采之。乘潤以布帛拭去泥土，勿損皮，烈日暴乾，密器貯 之，每月再暴。用時去皮爲末，酒下最良。遇有疾，即用茯苓湯下爲使。 凡服用偶日，二、四、六、八日，服訖，以衣覆汗出，導引尤良。忌猪肉 血、羊血、無鱗魚，觸藥無力。其根形大如拳連珠，其有形如鳥獸山岳之 狀者，珍也。掘得去皮生喫，得味甘甜，可休粮。讚曰：神效助道，著在 仙書。雌雄相交，夜合晝疏。服之去穀，日居月諸。返老還少，變安病 軀。有緣者遇，最爾自如。明州刺史李遠附録云：何首烏以出南河縣及嶺

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南 恩州、韶州、潮州、賀州、廣州、潘州、四會縣者爲上。邕州、桂州、 康州、春州、高州、勤州、循州、晉興縣出者次之。真仙草也。五十年者 如拳大，號山奴，服之一年，髮髭青黑。一百年者如盌大，號山哥，服之 一年，顔色紅悦。一百五十年者如盆大，號山伯，服之一年，齒落更生。 二百年者如斗栲栳大，號山翁，服之一年，顔如童子，行及奔馬。三百年 者如三斗栲栳大，號山精，純陽之體，久服成地仙也。【時珍曰】凡諸名 山、深山産者，即大而佳也。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: He shou wu originally came from Nan he county in Shun zhou. Today it can be found everywhere. It is present in all the zhou of Ling wai and Jiang nan, with those from Xi luo, Song shan and Zhe cheng county in He nan being superior. It develops a seedling in spring and creeps along bamboo, trees and walls. The stem is purple in color. The leaves face each other, similar to those of Chinese yam, but they are neither shiny nor moist. Yellow-white flowers open in summer and autumn, similar to wild hop. They form seeds with edges, similar to those of buckwheat, but smaller, similar in size to millet. The root is collected in autum and winter. Big ones have the size of a fist. Each [root] is a section of its own with five edges, similar to small musk melons. There are two kinds, red ones and white ones. The red ones are males; the white ones are females. It is also said: In spring collect the root. In autumn collect the flowers. When they are steamed nine times and dried in the sun nine times they can be ingested. This pharmaceutical drug originally was named jiao teng 交藤, “interacting vines.” It received its [present] name [he shou wu] because it was ingested by He Shouwu. In the seventh year of the yuan he 元和 reign period (624) of the Tang dynasty, Seng Wenxiang met the Old Man of Mount Mao shan who informed him of this story. Li Ao wrote the He Shouwu zhuan. It states: He Shouwu was a man of Nan he xian in Shun zhou. His grandfather was named [He] Nengsi 能嗣; his father was named [He] Yanxiu. Earlier, [He] Nengsi was named [He] Tian’er 田兒. He was impotent and weak all his life. He had no wife. He found pleasure in Daoist techniques and followed his teacher into the mountains. One day he was drunk and lay down in the wilderness of the mountains. Suddenly he saw two vines growing separate from each other in a distance of more than three chi. Their creeping seedlings interacted with each other and separated again after some time. Eventually they interacted again. Tian’er was amazed by this strange behavior. The next morning he unearthed the roots [of the vines] and returned home. He asked all sorts of people, but nobody knew what it was. Later the Old [Man of the] Mountain happened to come by and [Tian’er] showed him [the roots. [The Old Man] responded: “You have no offspring, wu si 無 嗣. This vine is strange. Perhaps it is a pharmaceutical drug of spirits and hermits/ immortals. Why don’t you ingest it?” So he ground it into powder and ingested one



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qian on an empty stomach with wine. After seven days he understood the Dao of humankind. After several months he was strong and healthy. Hence, he ingested it regularly and increased the dosage to two qian. Over the years all his former illnesses were healed. His hair remained black and he kept a youthful appearance. Within ten years he fathered several sons and changed his name to Nengsi 能嗣, “able to have offspring.” Also, he gave [the substance] to his son Yanxiu to ingest it. Both reached a long life of 160 years. Yanxiu is the father of Shouwu. When Shouwu ingested this pharmaceutical drug, he, too, fathered several sons. At an age of 130 years, his hair was still black. There was a Mr. Li Anqi who lived in the same village and was on good terms with Shouwu. He stole the recipe, ingested it, and he, too, achieved a long life. Eventually, he spread the message and made it widely known. He shou wu, flavor sweet, nature warm, nonpoisonous. Poria serves as its messenger substance. It serves to cure the five types of piles, diseases of the lower back and knees, heart pain related to the presence of cold qi, exhaustion, emaciation and phlegm aggregation-illness252 lasting several years, as well as wind [intruding into a state of ] depletion with destruction and degradation. It stimulates the growth of sinews and [increases their] strength, boosts essence/sperm and marrow, strengthens qi and maintains [a youthful] complexion, blackens hair and extends the years [of life]. [It serves to cure] women affected by malign blood, dysfunction and jaundice, and all sorts of illnesses following delivery, red and white discharge from below the belt, poison qi that have entered the abdomen, long-lasting, unending free-flux illness – its [therapeutic] potential cannot be listed in all details. It is also named ye miao 野苗, “wild seedling,” jiao teng 交藤, “interacting vines,” ye he 夜合, “finding together at night,” di jing 地精, “ground essence/sperm,” and he shou wu 何首烏. Originally it came from Chu zhou.253 [Today,] it can be found everywhere in Jiang nan. The seedling is similar to that of Chinese ligusticum. The leaves are shiny and moist. They are shaped like peach and willow tree [leaves], with a slanting back side. They all grow individually; not in pairs facing each other. There are females and males. The males have a yellow-white seedling; females have a yellow-red seedling. The roots are no more than three chi distant from each other. At night, the creeping seedlings interact. It also happens that they transform and are invisible. In late spring, mid-summer and early autumn, wait for a clear day and collect both the female and the male specimens. Rub them, as long as they are moist, with a piece of cotton or silk to remove the soil and see to it that the peel is not hurt. Dry them 252 Tan pi 痰癖, “phlegm aggregation-illness.” A condition of pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” a disease brought forth by stagnant phlegm rheum. BCGM Dict I, 495. 253 Instead of Chu zhou 處州, Zheng lei ch. 11, he shou wu 何首烏, quoting Bo ji fang writes Qian zhou 虔州.

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under a blazing sun and store them tightly sealed. Dry them again every month. When it is time to use them, remove the peel and [grind them into] powder. To send it down with wine gives the best results. In the case of an illness, send [the powder] down with a poria decoction as its guide. It is always ingested on an even numbered day, on the second, fourth, sixth or eighth. [Patients who have] ingested it are covered with garments to induce sweating. If they [practice techniques to] guide [qi in their body], this is especially good. [During this therapy,] pork, the blood of pigs and sheep and fish without scales should be avoided. Pharmaceutical drugs coming into contact with them lose their strength. The roots are shaped as big as fists, with several “pearls” linked to each other. Those shaped like birds, animals or hills are precious. When [the root] is unearthed and eaten fresh, with the peel removed, one senses its sweet flavor and can stop eating grain. A eulogy says: “Divinely effective it assists the Dao [of humankind]. It is recorded in the books of the hermits/immortals. Females and males interact. During the night they unite; during the day they separate. To ingest them and leave grain behind for days and months allows old age to return to youth and heals a diseased body. Those who are led by fate to encounter it, they enjoy the best of it.” An appendix added by Li Yuan, Appointed Prefect of Ming zhou, states: He shou wu is best when it comes from Nan he xian and also from En zhou, Shao zhou, Chao zhou, He zhou, Guang zhou, Pan zhou and Si hui xian in Ling nan. [He shou wu] coming from Yong zhou, Gui zhou, Kang zhou, Chun zhou, Gao zhou, Qin zhou, Xun zhou and Jin xing xian is second. It is really an herb of hermits/immortals. Specimens that are 50 years old are as big as fists; they are called shan nu 山奴, “slave/servant from the mountains.” When they are eaten for one year, hair and beard turn black. Those 100 years old reach the size of a cup. They are called shan ge 山哥, “elder brother from the mountains.” [Persons] who eat them for one year, have a red and joyous complexion. Those 150 years old reach the size of a tub. They are called shan bo 山伯, “uncle from the mountains.” When they are eaten for one year, new teeth grow where teeth have fallen out. Those 200 years old reach the size of a basket holding one dou. They are called shan weng 山翁, “old man from the mountains.” [Persons] who eat them for one year have a complexion like a boy, and when they move, they catch up with horses. Those 300 years old reach the size of a basket holding three dou. They are called shan jing 山精, “essence of the mountains.” They are an embodiment of pure yang. Those who eat them over a long time become immortals on earth. [Li] Shizhen: All [he shou wu] from famous mountains and grown in the depth of mountains are big and excellent.



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18-24-01 根 Gen

Root [of he shou wu]. 【修治】【志曰】春夏秋采其根，雌雄並用。乘濕以布拭去土，暴乾。臨 時以苦竹刀切，米泔浸經宿，暴乾，木杵臼擣之。忌鐵器。【慎微曰】方 用新采者，去皮，銅刀切薄片，入甑内，以瓷鍋蒸之。旋以熱水從上淋 下，勿令滿溢，直候無氣息，乃取出暴乾用。【時珍曰】近時治法：用何 首烏赤白各一斤，竹刀刮去粗皮，米泔浸一夜，切片。用黑豆三斗，每次 用三升三合三勺，以水泡過。砂鍋内鋪豆一層，首烏一層，重重鋪盡，蒸 之。豆熟，取出去豆，將何首烏晒乾，再以豆蒸。如此九蒸九晒乃用。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Ma] Zhi: The roots are collected in spring, summer and winter; both female and male specimens are used. While they are still moist they are rubbed with a piece of cloth to remove the soil. Then they are dried in the sun. When the time has come, they are cut into slices with a bamboo knife and soaked, for one night, in water that was used to wash rice. Then they are dried in the sun and ground, with a wooden pestle, in a mortar. Iron utensils must be avoided. [Tang] Shenwei: For an application as a recipe ingredient, use newly collected ones. Remove the skin and with a copper knife cut them into thin slices. Put them into a jar and steam them in a porcelain pot. Then treat them with hot water, dripping over them from top to bottom, making sure that [the pot] is not filled to overflow. Continue this until their qi can no longer be smelled. Then take them out [of the pot], dry them in the sun and use [them for therapeutic purposes]. [Li] Shizhen: A modern method to process them: Take one jin each of red and white he shou wu and with a bamboo knife remove the coarse peel. Soak them, for one night, in water that has been used to wash rice, and cut them into slices. Prepare three dou of black soybeans. Each time steep three sheng, three ge and three spoons into water and place one layer of these beans into an earthenware pot. Then add one layer of the [he] shou wu slices], and so on, layer after layer, until all [the beans and he shou wu slices] are used up. This is steamed. When the beans are done take [all of it out of the pot] and discard the beans. Dry the he shou wu [slices] in the sun and steam them with the beans again. Steamed nine times and dried in the sun nine times like this [the he shou wu] can be used. 【氣味】苦、濇，微温，無毒。【時珍曰】茯苓爲之使。忌諸血、無鱗 魚、蘿蔔、蒜、葱、鐵器，同于地黄。能伏硃砂。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, astringent, slightly warm, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: Poria serves as its guiding substance. [While ingesting he shou wu,] avoid all types of blood, fish without scales, radish [root], garlic, onions, and iron utensils. This is

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identical with [restrictions observed when taking] Chinese foxglove [rhizome]. [He shou wu] can minimize [the effects of ] cinnabar. 【主治】瘰癧，消癰腫，療頭面風瘡，治五痔，止心痛，益血氣，黑髭 髮，悦顔色。久服長筋骨，益精髓，延年不老。亦治婦人産後及帶下諸 疾。開寶。久服令人有子，治腹臟一切宿疾，冷氣腸風。大明。瀉肝風。 好古。 Control. Scrofula pervasion-illness.254 It dissolves swelling related to obstruction-illness.255 It heals wind [intrusion] sores on the head and on the face. It serves to cure the five types of piles, ends heart pain, boosts blood and qi, blackens hair and beard, brightens the complexion, and ingested for a long time it stimulates the growth of sinews and bones, extends the years [of life] and prevents aging. In addition, it serves to cure all types of illness of women following delivery and others below the belt. Kai bao. Ingested over a long time it lets one have children and serves to cure all types of abiding illnesses in the abdomen and the five long-term depots, as well as the presence of cold qi and intestinal wind. Da Ming. It drains liver wind. [Wang] Haogu. 【發明】【時珍曰】何首烏，足厥陰、少陰藥也。白者入氣分，赤者入血 分。腎主閉藏，肝主疏泄。此物氣温，味苦濇。苦補腎，温補肝，能收歛 精氣。所以能養血益肝，固精益腎，健筋骨，烏髭髮，爲滋補良藥。不寒 不燥，功在地黄、天門冬諸藥之上。氣血太和，則風虚癰腫瘰癧諸疾可知 矣。此藥流傳雖久，服者尚寡。嘉靖初，邵應節真人以七寶美髯丹方上 進。世宗 肅皇帝服餌有效，連生皇嗣。於是何首烏之方天下大行矣。宋 懷 州知州李治與一武臣同官。怪其年七十餘而輕健，面如渥丹，能飲食。叩 其術，則服何首烏丸也。乃傳其方。後治得病，盛暑中半體無汗已二年， 竊自憂之。造丸服至年餘，汗遂浹體。其活血治風之功，大有補益。其方 用赤白何首烏各半斤，米泔浸三夜，竹刀刮去皮，切焙，石臼爲末，煉蜜 丸梧子大。每空心温酒下五十丸。亦可末服。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: He shou wu is a pharmaceutical drug for the foot ceasing yin and minor yin [conduits]. White specimens enter the qi section; red ones enter the blood section. The kidneys control closure and storage. The liver controls dispersion and drainage. The qi of this item are warm; its flavor is bitter and astringent. 254 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 255 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.



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Bitter [flavor] serves to supplement kidney [qi]; warmth supplements liver [qi]. [He shou wu] collects essence qi. Therefore, it is able to nourish blood and boost liver [qi], to stabilize essence/sperm and to boost kidney [qi], to strengthen sinews and bones, and to blacken hair and beard. It is a good pharmaceutical drug for nourishment. It is neither cold nor dry, and its [therapeutic] potential is superior to all pharmaceutical drugs such as Chinese foxglove [rhizome] and Chinese asparagus. When qi and blood have reached utmost harmony, depletion with wind [intrusion], swelling related to obstruction-illness, scrofula pervasion-illness – all such illnesses can be healed. Although [knowledge of ] this pharmaceutical drug has been transmitted for a long time, those who ingest it are few. At the beginning of the jia jing 嘉靖 reign period (1522 – 1566), Shao Yingjie, the “perfected one,” submitted an “elixir with seven gems to beautify beards” to the throne. Emperor Shi zong ingested it, and it was effective. He fathered several descendants, one after another. As a consequence, recipes with he shou wu were widely distributed in the empire. Li Zhi, governor of Huai zhou during the Song era, served together with a military official. He wondered why at the age of more than 70 [this official] was still healthy, with a moist and red face, and he could drink and eat [at will]. He begged him to reveal the technique applied, and [was told] that he ingested he shou wu pills. [The military official] gave him the recipe. Later, [Li] Zhi succumbed to a disease. During a hot summer period one half of his body would not sweat, and this continued for two years. He was deeply worried. He prepared the [he shou wu] pills and after ingesting them for more than a year sweat flooded his entire body. Such is [he shou wu’s] potential to quicken blood and cure wind [intrusion]; it has a great [potential] to supplement and boost. The recipe [given to Li Zhi recommended to] soak half a jin each of red and white he shou wu for three nights in water that has been used to wash rice and with a bamboo knife remove the peel. Then cut [the he shou wu into slices], dry them over a fire in a pan, [grind them into] powder in a stone mortar, and with heat refined honey form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send down with warm wine 50 pills on an empty stomach. [The he shou wu] can also be ingested as a powder.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】舊四，新十二。 Added Recipes. Four of old. Twelve newly [recorded].

七寶美髯丹。烏鬚髮，壯筋骨，固精氣，續嗣延年。用赤白何首烏各一 斤，米泔水浸三四日，瓷片刮去皮，用淘净黑豆二升，以砂鍋木甑，鋪 豆及首烏，重重鋪盡蒸之。豆熟，取出去豆，暴乾，换豆再蒸，如此九 次，暴乾爲末。赤白茯苓各一斤，去皮研末，以水淘去筋膜及浮者，取沉 者捻塊，以人乳十盌浸匀，晒乾研末。牛膝八兩去苗，酒浸一日，同何首 烏第七次蒸之，至第九次止，晒乾。當歸八兩，酒浸晒。枸杞子八兩，酒 浸晒。兔絲子八兩，酒浸生芽，研爛晒。補骨脂四兩，以黑脂麻炒香。並 忌鐵器，石臼爲末，煉蜜和丸彈子大，一百五十丸。每日三丸。侵晨温酒 下，午時薑湯下，卧時鹽湯下。其餘並丸梧子大，每日空心酒服一百丸， 久服極驗。忌見前。積善堂方。 The “elixir with seven gems to beautify beards.” It blackens hair and beard, strengthens sinews and bones, stabilizes essence qi, enables a succession of offspring and extends the years [of life]. Soak one jin each of red and white he shou wu for three or four days in water that was used to wash rice. Cut off the peel with a porcelain shard. Wash two sheng of black soybeans clean. Spread into a wooden steamer placed above an earthenware pot alternately put one layer of the soybeans and one layer of the [he] shou wu above each other until all [the soybeans and the he shou wu] are used up and steam this. When the beans are done, remove all of it [from the earthenware pot] and discard the beans. Dry [the he shou wu] in the sun. Return the beans [to add, once again, layer above layer] and steam this again. Perform this nine times. Eventually dry [the he shou wu] in the sun and [grind it into] powder. Remove the peel of one jin each of red and white poria and grind it into powder. Wash it with water in a pan and remove all sinews, membranes and those elements that float at the surface. Remove [the powder that has collected in] the depth and twist it to lumps. Soak them in ten bowls of human milk until they are evenly [penetrated by the liquid], dry them in the sun and grind them into powder. Soak for one day in wine eight liang of achyranthes [roots] with the seedlings removed and steam them with the he shou wu from the seventh [steaming] to the ninth steaming. Then dry them in the sun. Soak eight liang of Chinese angelica [root] in wine and dry them in the sun. Soak eight liang of lycium seeds in wine and dry them in the sun. Soak eight liang of cuscuta seeds in wine until they develop a shoot, grind them into a pulpy mass and dry them in the sun. Stir-fry four liang of scurfy peas with black sesame seeds until they develop a fragrance. During the entire process, iron utensils should be avoided. [Grind all the items listed] in a stone mortar into powder, and with heat refined honey prepare pills the size of a bullet, altogether 150 pills. Every



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day towards dawn send down three pills with warm wine. At noon send them down with a ginger decoction. At bedtime send them down with a salt decoction. The remaining [powder] is prepared to pills the size of wu seeds, with 100 pills to be ingested every day with wine on an empty stomach. Ingested over a long time, this is extremely effective. For restrictions, see the earlier [paragraph]. Ji shan tang fang. 服食滋補。和劑局方何首烏丸：專壯筋骨，長精髓，補血氣。久服黑鬚 髮，堅陽道，令人多子，輕身延年。月計不足，歲計有餘。用何首烏三 斤，銅刀切片，乾者以米泔水浸軟切之。牛膝去苗一斤，切。以黑豆一 斗，淘净。用木甑鋪豆一層，鋪藥一層，重重鋪盡，瓦鍋蒸至豆熟。取出 去豆暴乾，换豆又蒸，如此三次。爲末，蒸棗肉和丸梧子大。每服三五十 丸，空心温酒下。忌見前。 To ingest [he shou wu] as food for nourishment and supplementation. The “pills with he shou wu” of the He ji ju fang. They are especially appropriate to strengthen sinews and bones, to stimulate the growth of essence and marrow, and to supplement blood and qi. Ingested over a long time, they blacken hair and beard, harden the yang path (i. e., the penis) and let one have many children. They relieve the body of its weight and extend the years [of life]. To count [the ingestion] in days is not enough; it may be counted extending beyond a year. Cut three jin of he shou wu with a copper knife into slices. When the [roots] are dry, soak them in rice that was used to wash rice until they are soft and then cut them [into slices]. Cut one jin of achyranthes [roots], with the seedlings removed, [into slices]. Prepare one dou of black soybeans, washed clean. Spread one layer of the beans in a wooden steamer, and add one layer of the pharmaceutical drugs. Place layer above layer until all [beans and pharmaceutical drugs] are used up. Steam this in a pottery pot until the beans are done. Remove all of it from the pot, discard the beans and dry [the pharmaceutical drugs] in the sun. Then return the beans [with the pharmaceutical drugs into the steamer] and steam this again. Do this three times. Then [grind the pharmaceutical drugs] into powder and with steamed Chinese date meat form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 30 to 50 pills, to be sent down on an empty stomach with warm wine. For restrictions, see the earlier [paragraph]. 鄭巖山中丞方：只作赤白何首烏各半斤，去粗皮陰乾，石臼杵末。每旦無 灰酒服二錢。 A recipe of Zheng Yan, Aide in the Mountains.256 It requires only half a jin each of red and white he shou wu, with the coarse peel removed, dried in the yin (i. e., 256 A person of this name and with this title is not recorded in ancient biographical works. He is mentioned only once in the Wan shi ji shan tang, section Mi yan zi bu zhu fang 秘 驗滋補諸方, “all secret and effective recipes for nourishment and supplementation.“

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shade) and ground in a stone mortar into powder. Every early morning ingest with ash-free wine two qian. 積善堂方用赤白何首烏各半，極大者，八月采，以竹刀削去皮，切片，用 米泔水浸一宿，晒乾。以壯婦男兒乳汁拌晒三度，候乾，木臼舂爲末。以 密雲棗肉和杵，爲丸如梧子大。每服二十丸，每十日加十丸，至百丸止， 空心温酒、鹽湯任下。一方不用人乳。 The Ji shang tang fang [recommends to] remove from he shou wu [roots], one half red, one half white, that are very big and were collected in the eighth month, with a bamboo knife the peel and cut them into slices. Soak them in water that was used to wash rice for one night, and dry them in the sun. Mix them with milk sap let by a robust woman for a male child and dry this in the sun three times. Then [pound] the dry [slices] in a wooden mortar into powder, pound it together with Chinese date meat from Mi yun and form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 20 pills. Add ten pills every ten days and end this when 100 pills are reached. Send them down either with warm wine or with a salt decoction, whichever is preferred. Another recipe does not use the milk sap. 筆峰雜興方用何首烏雌雄各半斤，分作四分。一分用當歸汁浸，一分生地 黄汁浸，一分旱蓮汁浸，一分人乳浸。三日取出，各暴乾，瓦焙，石臼爲 末，蒸棗肉和丸梧子大。每服四十丸，空心百沸湯下。禁忌見前。 Bifeng’s Za xing fang [recommends to] divide half a jin each of female and male he shou wu specimens into four portions. Soak one portion in Chinese angelica juice. Soak one portion in fresh Chinese foxglove juice. Soak one portion in ink plant juice. Soak one portion in human milk. Remove all [portions from the liquids] on the third day and dry them in the sun, then dry them over a fire on a tile and [grind them] in a stone mortar into powder that is then formed with steamed Chinese date meat to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 40 pills, to be sent down on an empty stomach with hot water boiled to 100 bubblings. For restrictions, see the earlier [paragraph]. 骨軟風疾，腰膝疼，行步不得，遍身瘙痒。用何首烏大而有花紋者，同牛 膝各一斤，以好酒一升，浸七宿，暴乾，木臼杵末，棗肉和丸梧子大。每 一服三五十丸，空心酒下。經驗方。 Soft bones and wind [intrusion] illness, with painful lower back and knees, difficult walking and itching all over the body. Soak one jin each of big he shou wu [roots] with a floral line design and achyranthes [roots] in one sheng of good wine for seven nights, dry this in the sun, grind it in a wooden mortar into powder and form with



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Chinese date meat pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 30 to 50 pills, to be sent down with wine on an empty stomach. Jing yan fang. 寬筋治損。何首烏十斤，生黑豆半斤，同煎熟，皂莢一斤燒存性，牽牛十 兩炒取頭末，薄荷十兩，木香、牛膝各五兩，川烏頭炮二兩，爲末，酒糊 丸梧子大。每服三十丸，茶湯下。永類方。 To relax sinews and cure injuries.Boil ten jin of he shou wu and half a jin of fresh, black soybeans in water until done. [Grind them together with] one jin of gleditsia [pods/seeds], burned with their nature retained, ten liang of pharbitis [seeds], stirfried and only their tips [ground into] powder, ten liang of mint, five liang each of costus [root] and achyranthes [root], and two liang of aconitum [main tubers] into powder and form with wine and [wheat flour] a paste to make pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 30 pills, to be sent down with a tea decoction. Yong lei fang. 皮裏作痛，不問何處。用何首烏末，薑汁調成膏塗之，以帛裹住，火炙鞋 底熨之。經驗方。 Pain inside the skin, regardless of where it is. Prepare with he shou wu powder and ginger juice a paste and apply it [to the affected region]. Fix it with a silk bandage. Roast the soles of a shoe and press it hot [on the bandage]. Jing yan fang. 自汗不止。何首烏末，津調，封臍中。集簡方。 Unending, spontaneous sweating. Mix he shou wu powder with [the patient’s saliva, i.e., body] liquid and seal the navel with it. Ji jian fang. 腸風臟毒，下血不止。何首烏二兩，爲末。食前米飲服二錢。聖惠方。 Intestinal wind [intrusion] with poison in the long-term depots and an unending discharge of blood. [Grind] two liang of he shou wu into powder and ingest prior to meals two qian with water that was used to wash rice. Sheng hui fang. 小兒龜背。龜尿調紅内消，點背上骨節，久久自安。 Turtle back257 of children. Mix turtle urine with hong nei xiao (i. e., he shou wu) and drip this on the [child’s] vertebral joints. After a very long time, [the problem] will be alleviated. 破傷血出。何首烏末，傅之，即止，神效。筆峰雜興方。 Bleeding from an open wound. Apply he shou wu powder to it and [the bleeding] will end. Divinely effective. Bifeng, Za xing fang. 257 Gui bei 龜背, ,turtle back,” a condition of children with a congenital convex bend in their spinal column giving their back an elevated appearance like that of a turtle. BCGM Dict I, 198.

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瘰癧結核，或破或不破，下至胸前者皆治之。用九真藤，一名赤葛，即何 首烏。其葉如杏，其根如雞卵，亦類癧子。取根洗净，日日生嚼，并取葉 搗塗之，數服即止。其藥久服，延年黑髮，用之神效。斗門方。 Kernels formed in connection with scrofula pervasion-illness,258 that may or may not have broken open, and that may have reached the front side of the chest - [this recipe] serves to cure all this. Take jiu zhen teng, also named chi ge, that is he shou wu, with leaves resembling those of apricot [trees] and roots similar to chicken eggs, also resembling pervasion-illness “seeds.” Wash the root clean and chew it fresh every day. Also, take the leaves, pound them and apply the [resulting pulp to the affected region]. After several ingestions [the ailment] ends. When this pharmaceutical drug is ingested over a long time, it extends the years [of life] and blackens hair. Its application is divinely effective. Dou men fang. 癰疽毒瘡。紅内消不限多少，瓶中文武火熬煎，臨熟入好無灰酒相等，再 煎數沸，時時飲之。其滓焙研爲末，酒煮麪糊丸梧子大。空心温酒下三十 丸，疾退宜常服之。即赤何首烏也，建昌産者良。陳自明外科精要。 Poison sores related to obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.259 Boil in water any amount of hong nei xiao in a jar above a mild fire first and a strong fire later. When it is done add an equal amount of good ash-free wine and boil this again to bubbling several times. Drink this again and again. Dry the dregs over a fire in a pan and grind them into powder, boil it in wine and with a wheat flour paste form pills the size of wu seeds. Send down on an empty stomach 40 pills with warm wine. Even after the illness is gone, [the pills] should be ingested regularly. [Hong nei xiao] is red he shou wu. That produced in Jian chang is good. Chen Ziming, Wai ke jing yao. 大風癘疾。何首烏大而有花文者一斤，米泔浸一七，九蒸九晒，胡麻四 兩，九蒸九晒，爲末。每酒服二錢，日二。聖惠。 Epidemic illness of massive wind.260 Grind one jin of big he shou wu [roots] with a floral line design, soaked in water that was used to wash rice for seven days, and 258 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 259 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 260 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” identical with feng lai 風癩, “wind repudiation-illness,” a condition of a chronic, infectious skin disease with insensitive skin, red macules, fester-



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then steamed nine times and dried in the sun nine times, and four liang of sesame seeds, steamed nine times and dried nine times, into powder. Each time ingest with wine two qian. Twice a day. Sheng hui. 疥癬滿身，不可治者。何首烏、艾葉等分，水煎濃湯洗浴。甚能解痛，生 肌肉。王衮博濟方。 Jie-illness261 and xuan-illness262 covering the entire body that have not yet been healed. Boil equal amounts of he shou wu and common mugwort leaves in water to generate a thick decoction and use it to wash [the affected region]. This [treatment] is very much able to resolve pain and stimulate the growth of muscles and flesh. Wang Gun, Bo ji fang. 18-24-02 莖、葉 Jing, ye

Stem, leaves [of he shou wu]. 【主治】風瘡疥癬作痒，煎湯洗浴，甚效。時珍。 Control. For wind [intrusion] sores, itching jie-illness and xuan-illness, boil them to obtain a decoction and use it to wash [the affected region]. [Li] Shizhen. 18-25 萆薢别録中品 Bi xie, FE Bie lu, middle rank. Dioscorea collettii Hook f. var. hypoglauca (Palibin) Péi et Ting 【釋名】赤節别録、百枝吴普、竹木炮炙論、白菝葜。【時珍曰】萆薢名 義未詳。日華本草言時人呼爲白菝葜，象形也。赤節、百枝，與狗脊同名。 Explanation of Names. Chi jie 赤節, Bie lu. Bai zhi 百枝, Wu Pu. Zhu mu 竹木, Pao zhi lun. Bai ba qi 白菝葜. [Li] Shizhen: The meaning of the name bi xie 萆薢 is not clear. The Rihua ben cao says that at its time people called it bai ba qi 白菝葜, “white Chinese sarsaparilla,” a reference to its resemblance [to ba qi 菝葜, Chinese sarsaing swelling, and, in severe cases, loss of eyebrows, harm to the eyes, and collapse of the patient’s nose. Possibly including cases of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111. 261 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 262 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness.” Conditions of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, a designation of local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591.

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parilla]. Chi jie 赤節, “red nodes,” and bai zhi 百枝, “a hundred twigs,” are [names based on] the same [idea] as gou ji 狗脊, “dog spine,” (for golden chicken fern root). 【集解】【别録曰】萆薢生真定山谷。二月、八月采根，暴乾。【弘景 曰】今處處有之。根似菝葜而小異，根大，不甚有角節，色小淺。【恭 曰】此有二種，莖有刺者根白實，無刺者根虚軟，軟者爲勝。蔓生，葉似 薯蕷。【頌曰】今河、陜、汴東、荆、蜀諸郡皆有之。作蔓生，苗葉俱 青。葉作三叉，似山薯，又似緑豆葉。花有黄、紅、白數種，亦有無花結 白子者。根黄白色，多節，三指許大。春秋采根，暴乾。今成德軍所産 者，根亦如山薯而體硬。其苗引蔓，葉似蕎麥，子三稜，不拘時月采根， 利刀切片，暴乾用。【時珍曰】萆薢蔓生，葉似菝葜而大如盌，其根長 硬，大者如商陸而堅。今人皆以土茯苓爲萆薢，誤矣。莖、葉、根、苗皆 不同。吴普本草又以萆薢爲狗脊，亦誤矣。詳“狗脊”下。宋史以懷慶萆薢充 貢。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Bi xie grows in the mountain valleys of Zhen ding. The root is collected in the second and eighth month. It is dried in the sun. [Tao] Hongjing: Today it can be found everywhere. The root resembles that of Chinese sarsaparilla, but there is a minor difference. The root [of bi xie] is big and does not have as many edges and nodes. The color is very pale. [Su] Gong: There are two kinds [of bi xie]. Those with a thorny stem have a white and solid root. Those without thorns have a hollow and soft root. Those with soft [roots] are superior. [Bi xie] grows as a creeper; the leaves resemble those of Chinese yam. [Su] Song: Today it is present in all the prefectures of He, Shaan, Bian dong, Jing and Shu. It grows as a creeper; its seedling and leaves are greenish. The leaves are forked three times, similar to those of Chinese yam. They are also similar to the leaves of mung beans. The flowers appear in several colors, yellow, red and white. There are some that do not have flowers and form white seeds nevertheless. The root is yellow-white in color, with many knots, about the size of three fingers. The root is collected in spring and autumn; it is dried in the sun. [Bi xie] produced in Cheng de jun today, it, too has a root similar to that of Chinese yam but with a hard body. The seedling is a creeper; the leaves resemble those of buckwheat. The seeds have three edges. The root is collected at all times. It is cut into slices with a knife and dried in the sun before being used [for therapeutic purposes]. [Li] Shizhen: Bi xie grows as a creeper. The leaves resemble those of Chinese sarsaparilla but are as big as a cup. The root is long and hard. Big ones are similar to Indian pokewee [roots] but they are harder. Today everyone considers smilax glabra [roots] to be bi xie [roots]. That is wrong. Their stems, leaves, roots and seedlings differ. Also, the Wu Pu ben cao identifies bi xie [root] as golden chicken fern, cibotium [root]. That is wrong, too. For details see



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under [the entry] gou ji 狗脊 (12-16). According to the Song shi, “Huai qing sent bi xie to the Court as tribute.” 18-25-01 根 Gen

Root [of bi xie]. 【氣味】苦，平，無毒。【别録曰】甘。【之才曰】薏苡爲之使。畏葵 根、大黄、柴胡、前胡。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, balanced, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Sweet. [Xu] Zhicai: Job’s tears serves as its messenger substance. [Ingested together,] it fears Chinese mallow root, rhubarb root, bupleurum [root], and hog fennel. 【主治】腰脊痛强，骨節風寒濕周痺，惡瘡不瘳，熱氣。本經。傷中恚 怒，陰痿失溺，老人五緩，關節老血。别録。冷風𤸷痺，腰脚癱緩不遂， 手足驚掣，男子䐴腰痛，久冷，腎間有膀胱宿水。甄權。頭旋癇疾，補水 臟，堅筋骨，益精明目，中風失音。大明。補肝虚。好古。治白濁莖中 痛，痔瘻壞瘡。時珍。 Control. Painful and stiff lower back and spine. Comprehensive blockage of bone joints related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of cold and moisture. Malign sores that have not healed. Heat qi. Ben jing. Rage that has harmed the center. Yin (i. e., erectile) dysfunction and uncontrolled loss of urine. The five types of slackening of old persons. Old blood stagnating in the joints. Bie lu. Blockage related to cold and wind [intrusion]. Paralysis of the lower back and legs that do no longer follow one’s will. Contracted hands and feet. Painful lower back of males. Long-lasting cold. Abiding water in the urinary bladder between the kidneys. Zhen Quan. Spinning head/vertigo with epilepsy. It supplements [qi in] the water longterm depot (i. e., the kidneys), strengthens sinews and bones, boosts essence/sperm and clears the eyes. [It serves to cure] wind stroke with a loss of voice. Da Ming. It supplements [qi in the case of ] liver depletion. [Wang] Haogu: It serves to cure white, turbid [urine released] from a painful stalk (i. e., penis). Piles and fistula263 with malign sores. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】萆薢，足陽明、厥陰經藥也。厥陰主筋屬風，陽明主 肉屬濕。萆薢之功，長于去風濕。所以能治緩弱𤸷痺、遺濁惡瘡諸病之屬 風濕者。萆薢、菝葜、土茯苓三物，形雖不同，而主治之功不相遠，豈亦 一類數種乎？雷斅炮炙論 序云：囊皺漩多，夜煎竹木。竹木，萆薢也。漩 263 Zhi lou 痔瘺, “piles fistula,” “piles and fistula.” A condition in the vicinity of the anus with the muscles and flesh being pierced with holes, the sores failing to close and at times releasing pus and blood. BCGM Dict I, 679.

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多白濁，皆是濕氣下流。萆薢能除陽明之濕而固下焦，故能去濁分清。楊 倓家藏方治真元不足，下焦虚寒，小便頻數，白濁如膏，有萆薢分清飲， 正此意也。又楊子建萬全護命方云：凡人小便頻數，不計度數，便時莖 内痛不可忍者，此疾必先大腑秘熱不通，水液只就小腸，大腑愈加乾竭， 甚則渾身熱，心躁思凉水，如此即重證也。此疾本因貪酒色，積有熱毒腐 物瘀血之類，隨虚水入于小腸，故便時作痛也。不飲酒者，必平生過食 辛熱葷膩之物，又因色傷而然。此乃小便頻數而痛，與淋證澀而痛者不同 也。宜用萆薢一兩，水浸少時，以鹽半兩同炒，去鹽爲末。每服二錢，水 一盞，煎八分，和滓服之，使水道轉入大腸。仍以葱湯頻洗穀道，令氣得 通，則小便數及痛自减也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Bi xie is a pharmaceutical drug for the foot yang brilliance and ceasing yin conduits. The ceasing yin [conduits] control sinews affected by wind [intrusion]. The yang brilliance [conduits] control flesh affected by [the presence of ] moisture. The [therapeutic] potential of bi xie is strongest in its ability to dispel wind and moisture. Hence it is able to cure slackening, weakness and blockage, uncontrolled [loss of ] turbid [urine] and malign sores, that is, all types of diseases related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of moisture. Bi xie [root], Chinese sarsaparilla [root], and smilax glabra [root] are three items with a different physical appearance. But their therapeutic potentials are not far apart. Perhaps they are different kinds within one group? Lei Xiao in his preface to the Pao zhi lun states: “[To cure] a wrinkled scrotum with frequent urination, at night boil zhu mu 竹木 in water.” Zhu mu 竹木 is [another name of ] bi xie. Frequent urination and white, turbid [urine] are conditions of a downward flow of moisture qi. Bi xie can eliminate moisture from the yang brilliance [realm] and stabilize the lower [section of the Triple] Burner. Hence it is able to remove the turbid [parts of urine] and separate the clear [parts]. When Yang Tan in his Jia can fang [recommends to] resort to the “powder with bi xie to separate the clear [parts]” to cure insufficient true and original [qi], depletion with cold in the lower [section of the Triple] Burner, and frequent urination with white and turbid [urine] as if it were a paste, then this is exactly based on this idea. Also, Yang Zijian in his Wan quan hu ming fang states: “Whenever someone experiences frequent urination, too often to be counted, and feels an unbearable pain in his stalk (i. e., penis) while urinating, prior to such an illness the large short-term repository (i. e., large intestine) must have been blocked by heat first. Water and other liquids have no other way than to enter the small intestine. The large short-term depot will turn increasingly dry and exhausted, until eventually the body is hot from head to foot. The heart is restless and yearns for cold water. This is a sign of a serious disease. The illness is the result of a craving for wine and sex, leading to accumulations of heat poison, decayed items and stagnant blood.



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The water follows the depletion and enters the small intestine. Hence urination is painful. Those who [have this illness] without drinking wine, they must have excessively eaten acrid, hot and oily food their entire life and eventually were harmed by sex. This type of frequent and painful urination is not the same as rough and painful urinary dripping. [To cure it] it is appropriate to soak one liang of bi xie in water for a short time and stir-fry it together with half a liang of salt. Then remove the salt and [grind the bi xie] into powder. Each time ingest two qian. Boil them in one small cup of water down to 80% and ingest [the liquid] with the dregs. This will redirect the passage way of water into the large intestine. Also with an onion decoction repeatedly wash the pathway of grain (i. e., the anus) to allow the qi to pass. This will diminish the frequency of urination and the pain will end by itself.” 【附方】舊二，新三。 Added Recipes. Two of old. Three newly [recorded]. 腰脚痺軟，行履不隱者。萆薢二十四分，杜仲八分，搗篩。每旦温酒服三 錢匕，禁牛肉。唐德宗貞元廣利方。 Blockage/numbness and a feeling of softness in the lower back and legs, with a loss of carefree walking. Pound 24 fen of bi xie and eight fen of eucommia [bark into powder] and pass it through a sieve. Every morning at dawn ingest with warm wine the amount held by three qian spoons. [During this therapy] beef should be avoided. Tang Dezong, Zhen yuan guang li fang. 小便頻數。川萆薢一斤，爲末，酒糊丸梧子大。每鹽酒下七十丸。集玄方。 Frequent urination. [Grind] one jin of bi xie from [Si] chuan into powder and with wine and [wheat flour] prepare a paste to form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send down with salted wine 70 pills. Ji xuan fang. 白濁頻數，漩面如油，澄下如膏，乃真元不足，下焦虚寒。萆薢分清飲： 用萆薢、石菖蒲、益智仁、烏藥等分。每服四錢，水一盞，入鹽一捻，煎 七分，食前温服，日一服，效乃止。 Frequent release of white, turbid [urine]. When it is stirred, it has a surface like oil. When it is left to settle, it resembles a paste. This is a condition of insufficient real and original [qi], with a depletion, with the presence of cold, in the lower [section of the Triple] Burner. The “beverage with bi xie to separate the clear [parts of urine].” Prepare equal amounts of bi xie, stone acorus [root], cardamom kernels and lindera [root]. For each ingestion boil four qian [of this mixture] in one small cup of water

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with salt down to 70% and ingest it warm prior to a meal. To be ingested once a day. End [the treatment] when an effect shows. 腸風痔漏。如聖散：用萆薢、貫衆去土，等分爲末。每服二錢，温酒空心 服之。孫尚藥傳家秘寶方。 Intestinal wind and leaking piles. The “sage-like powder.” [Grind] equal amounts of bi xie and dryopteris [root], with the soil removed, into powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be ingested on an empty stomach with warm wine. Sun Shangyao, Chuan jia mi bao fang. 頭痛發汗。萆薢、旋覆花、虎頭骨酥炙，等分爲散。欲發時，以温酒服二 錢，暖卧取汗，立瘥。聖濟録。 To stimulate sweating for [curing] headache. [Grind] equal amounts of bi xie, horseheal flowers and tiger skull bones, roasted with butter, into powder. When the [headache] is about to break out, ingest with warm wine two qian and lie down warmly covered to induce sweating. A cure is achieved immediately. Sheng ji lu. 18-26 菝葜上蒲八切，下棄八切别録中品 Ba qi, the first [character] split read bu ba. the second [character] split read qi ba, FE Bie lu, middle rank. Smilax china L. Chinese sarsaparilla.

【釋名】菝𦸉同葜、金剛根日華、鐵菱角綱目、王瓜草日華。【時珍曰】 菝𦸉猶[矢+拔-扌]䂒也。[矢+拔-扌]䂒，短也。此草莖蔓强堅短小。故名 菝𦸉。而江 浙人謂之菝葜根，亦曰金剛根，楚人謂之鐵菱角，皆狀其堅 而有尖刺也。鄭樵通志云：其葉頗近王瓜，故名王瓜草。 Explication of Names. Ba qi 菝𦸉, identical with qi 葜; jin gang gen 金剛根, Rihua. Tie ling jiao 鐵菱角, Gang mu. Wang gua cao 王瓜草, Rihua. [Li] Shizhen: Ba qi 菝 𦸉 is the same as 𥎱䂒. 𥎱䂒 is “short.” This herb has a creeping stem that is stiff, hard and short. Hence the name ba qi 菝𦸉. People in Jiang and Zhe call it ba qi 菝 葜 root; it is also called jin gang gen 金剛根, “roots hard as metal.” People in Chu call it tie ling jiao 鐵菱角, “iron water chestnuts.” All these are references to their hardness and pointed thorns. Zheng Qiao in his Tong zhi states: “The leaves are quite similar to those of Japanese snake gourds, wang gua 王瓜. Hence the name wang gua cao 王瓜草, “Japanese snake gourd herb.” 【集解】【别録曰】生山野。二月、八月采根，暴乾。【弘景曰】此有三 種，大略根苗並相類。菝葜莖紫而短小，多刺，小减萆薢而色深，人用作 飲。【恭曰】陶云三種，乃狗脊、菝葜、萆薢相類，非也。萆薢有刺者，



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葉粗相類，根不相類。萆薢細長而白色，菝葜根作塊結，黄赤色，殊非狗 脊之流。【頌曰】今近道及江 浙州郡多有之。苗莖成蔓，長二三尺，有 刺。其葉如冬青、烏藥葉而差大。秋生黄花，結黑子如櫻桃大。其根作 塊，人呼金剛根。【時珍曰】菝葜山野中甚多。其莖似蔓而堅强，植生有 刺。其葉團大，狀如馬蹄，光澤似柿葉，不類冬青。秋開黄花，結紅子。 其根甚硬，有硬鬚如刺。其葉煎飲酸濇。野人采其根葉，入染家用，名鐵 菱角。吴普本草以菝葜爲狗脊，非矣。詳見“狗脊”下。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: It grows in the wild of the mountains. The root is collected in the second and eighth month. It is dried in the sun. [Tao] Hongjing: This [item] has three kinds. Generally speaking, their roots and seedlings are quite similar. The stem of ba qi is purple, short and small. It has many thorns. It is smaller than dioscorea, and the color is darker. People use it to make beverages. [Su] Gong: Tao [Hongjing] states that the three kinds golden chicken fern, ba qi and dioscorea are of one group. That is not the case. Dioscorea with thorns is of one group [with ba qi] in view of its coarse leaves. But the roots are not of one group. Dioscorea [roots] are fine, lengthy and white. The roots of ba qi are formed as lumps. They are yellow-red and they are not at all like those of golden chicken fern. [Su] Song: Today it is present in large numbers nearby and in the zhou and prefectures of Jiang and Zhe. Seedling and stem are vines reaching a length of two to three chi. They have thorns. The leaves resemble ilex and lindera leaves. In autumn it produces yellow flowers that form black seeds the size of cherries. The roots are formed as lumps. People call them “roots hard as metal.” [Li] Shizhen: Ba qi is present in very large numbers in the wild of the mountains. The stems resemble creepers but are hard, stiff and covered with thorns. The leaves are round and big; shaped like a horse hoof. They are shiny and moist, similar to persimmon leaves. They are not similar to ilex leaves. [Ba qi] opens yellow flowers in autumn; they form red seeds. The root is very hard and has hard hair similar to thorns. A beverage prepared from the leaves is sour and astringent. People in the wild collect the roots and the leaves and pass them on to specialists who use them for dyeing. They are named “iron water chestnuts.” The Wu Pu ben cao assumes ba qi to be golden chicken fern. That is wrong. For details see under [the entry] gou ji 狗脊 (12-16). 18-26-01 根 Gen

Root [of ba qi]. 【氣味】甘、酸，平、温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, sour, balanced, warm, nonpoisonous.

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【主治】腰背寒痛，風痺，益血氣，止小便利。别録。治時疾瘟瘴。大 明。補肝經風虚。好古。治消渴，血崩，下痢。時珍。 Control. Painful lower back and back related to the presence of cold. Blockage caused by wind [intrusion]. It boosts blood and qi and ends the free flow of urine. Bie lu. It serves to cure seasonal illness and warmth miasma. Da Ming. It supplements [qi] in the liver conduits in the case of depletion with wind [intrusion]. [Wang] Haogu. It serves to cure melting with thirst,264 blood collapse265 and discharge with free-flux illness. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】菝葜，足厥陰、少陰藥。氣温味酸，性嗇而收，與萆 薢仿佛。孫真人元旦所飲辟邪屠蘇酒中亦用之。【頌曰】取根浸赤汁，煮 粉食，辟瘴。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Ba qi is a pharmaceutical drug for the foot ceasing yin and minor yin [conduits]. Its qi are warm; its flavor is sour; its nature is astringent and contracting, similar to dioscorea [root]. Sun zhenren resorted to it as an ingredient of tu su wine266 drunk on New Year’s Day to ward off evil. [Su] Song: Soak the root to obtain a red juice. Cook it along with the preparation of noodles and eat them. This serves to ward off miasma. 【附方】新五。 Added Recipes. Five newly [recorded]. 小便滑數。金剛骨爲末。每服三錢，温酒下，睡時。儒門事親方。 Frequent, smooth flow of urine. [Grind] jin gang gu 金剛骨267 into powder. Each time ingest three qian, to be sent down with warm wine, at bedtime. A recipe in the Ru men shi qin. 沙石淋疾，重者，取去根本。用菝葜二兩，爲末。每米飲服二錢，後以地 椒煎湯浴腰腹，須臾即通也。聖濟録。

264 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567. 265 Xue beng 血崩, blood collapse. Excessive vaginal bleeding, identical to beng zhong 崩中, collapsing center. BCGM Dict I, 594; 58. 266 Tu su jiu 屠蘇酒: Tu su 屠蘇 is an ancient designation of a building in which this wine, jiu 酒, was brewed. 267 Jin gang gu 金剛骨, “bone as hard as metal,” is not listed in the BCGM as an alternative name of ba qi. It is attested only in the Ru men shi qin.



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Urinary dripping illness with sand/stones. [Even] in severe cases, [this recipe] removes the root [of this problem] once and for all. [Grind] two liang of ba qi into powder and ingest with a rice beverage two qian. Then prepare a thyme decoction and use it to wash the [patient’s] lower back and abdomen. After a short while [the passage of urine] is freed. Sheng ji lu. 消渴不止。拔穀即菝葜，㕮咀半兩，水三盞，烏梅一個，煎一盞，温服。 普濟方。 Unending melting with thirst. Pound half a liang of ba gu 拔穀, i. e., ba qi 菝葜, boil [the resulting pulp] with one salted plum in three cups of water down to one cup, and ingest this warm. Pu ji fang. 下痢赤白。金剛根、蠟茶等分，爲末。白梅肉搗丸芡子大。每服五七丸， 小兒三丸，白痢甘草湯下，赤痢烏梅湯下。衛生易簡方。 Red and white discharge with free-flux illness. [Grind] equal amounts of jin gang gen and la tea268 into powder and form with white plum meat pills the size of qian seeds. Each time ingest five to seven pills, children three pills, to be sent down with the “decoction with glycyrrhiza [root] for white free-flux illness” or with the “decoction with salted plums for red free-flux illness.” Wei sheng yi jian fang. 風毒脚弱，痺滿上氣，田舍貧家用此最良。菝葜洗剉一斛，以水三斛，煮 取九斗，漬麴去滓，取一斛漬飯，如常釀酒。任意日飲之。肘後方。 Weak legs related to wind [intrusion] and poison. Blockage, a feeling of fullness and rising qi. It is the best [therapy available] for poor households dwelling in the countryside. Boil one hu of ba qi, washed and filed, in three hu of water down to nine dou. Soak yeast/ferment in the liquid and then remove the dregs. Take one hu [of the liquid], soak cooked rice in it and proceed as usual to make wine. Drink this at will every day. Zhou hou fang. 18-27 土茯苓綱目 Tu fu ling, FE Gang mu. Smilax glabra Roxb. Glabrious greenbrier. 【校正】併入拾遺 草禹餘粮。 Editorial Correction. Cao Yu yu liang 草禹餘粮, listed separately in the Shi yi, is included here. 268 La tea, la cha 臘茶, lit: “tea of the 12th month,” mentioned by Ouyang Xiu and Shen Kua during the Song era. As it is colored like melted wax it is also called la cha 蠟茶, “wax tea.”

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【釋名】土萆薢綱目、刺猪苓圖經、山猪糞綱目、草禹餘粮拾遺、仙遺粮 綱目、冷飯糰綱目、硬飯綱目、山地栗綱目。【時珍曰】按陶弘景注石部“ 禹餘粮”云：南中平澤有一種藤生，葉如菝葜，根作塊有節，似菝葜而色 赤，味如薯蕷，亦名禹餘粮。言昔禹行山乏食，采此充粮而棄其餘，故有 此名。觀陶氏此説，即今土茯苓也。故今尚有仙遺粮、冷飯團之名，亦其 遺意。陳藏器本草草禹餘粮，蘇頌圖經 猪苓下刺猪苓，皆此物也，今皆併 之。茯苓、猪苓、山地栗，皆象形也。俗又名過岡龍，謬稱也。 Explanation of Names. Tu bi xie 土萆薢, “local dioscorea [root],” Gang mu. Ci zhu ling 刺猪苓, “thorny polyporus sclerotium,” Tu jing. Shan zhu fen 山猪糞, “excrements of mountain pigs,” cao Yu yu liang 草禹餘粮, “herbal leftover provisions of Yu,” Shi yi. Xian yi liang 仙遺粮, “provisions left over by hermits/immortals,” Gang mu. Leng fan tuan 冷飯糰, “cold rice balls,” Gang mu. Ying fan 硬飯, “hardened cooked rice,” Gang mu. Shan di li 山地栗, “mountain ground chestnuts,” Gang mu. [Li] Shizhen: According to Tao Hongjing’s comment on Yu yu liang 禹餘粮 in the section “stones,” “in the South, in the marshlands of the plains, grows a kind of vine with leaves resembling those of smilax. Its roots are lumps with nodular intersections, resembling those of smilax [roots], but of red color. The flavor269 is similar to that of Chinese yam/dioscorea root. It is also called Yu’s leftover provisions, Yu yu liang 禹餘粮.” It is said further: “Once Yu walked through the mountains and had nothing to eat. He picked [this item] for provisions and threw the leftovers away. Hence it was given this name.” According to Mr. [Tao] Hongjing’s statement, it is today’s tu fu ling 土茯苓, smilax glabra [root]. Hence, when it still has names such as xian yi liang 遺粮, “provisions left over by hermits/immortals,” and leng fan tuan 冷 飯團, “cold rice balls,” then they continue the idea of “leftovers.” The cao Yu yu liang 草禹餘粮 in Chen Cangqi’s Ben cao, and the ci zhu ling 刺猪苓 in the entry zhu ling 猪苓 of Su Song’s Tu jing, are this item. Here now all [these names] are brought together. Names such as fu ling 茯苓, poria, zhu ling 猪苓, polyporus sclerotium, and shan di li 山地栗 are references to the physical appearance [of the respective plants. Tu fu ling] is also commonly called guo wang long 過岡龍, but that is an erroneous designation. 【集解】【藏器曰】草禹餘粮生海畔山谷。根如盞連綴，半在土上，皮如 茯苓，肉赤味澀。人取以當穀食，不飢。【頌曰】施州一種刺猪苓，蔓 生。春夏采根，削皮焙乾。彼土人用傅瘡毒，殊效。【時珍曰】土茯苓， 楚、蜀山箐中甚多，蔓生如蓴，莖有細點。其葉不對，狀頗類大竹葉而質 厚滑，如瑞香葉而長五六寸。其根狀如菝葜而圓，其大若雞鴨子，連綴而 生，遠者離尺許，近或數寸，其肉軟，可生啖。有赤白二種，入藥用白者 269 Instead of wei 味, “flavor,” Zheng lei ch. 3, Yu yu liang 禹餘粮, writes xing 形, “physical appearance.” See also, BCGM 10-05.



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良。按東山經云：鼓證之山有草焉，名曰榮莫，其葉如柳，其本如雞卵， 食之已風。恐即此也。昔人不知用此。近時弘治、正德間，因楊梅瘡盛 行，率用輕粉藥取效，毒留筋骨，漬爛終身，至人用此，遂爲要藥。諸醫 無從考證，往往指爲萆薢及菝葜。然其根苗迥然不同，宜參考之。但其功 用亦頗相近，蓋亦萆薢、菝葜之類也。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Cao Yu yu liang grows close to the sea in mountain valleys. The root is similar to cups put together, with one half of it being above the soil. The skin is similar to fu ling zi, poria [sclerotium]. The meat is red with an astringent flavor. People collect [the roots] to eat them as food; this prevents hunger. [Su] Song: In Shi zhou is a ci zhu ling 刺猪苓. It grows as a creeper. The roots are collected in spring and summer. Their skin is removed and they are dried over a fire in a pan. The locals use them [as a medication] that is applied to sores with poison. They are very effective. [Li] Shizhen. Tu fu ling grows in great numbers in the bamboo groves in the mountains of Chu and Shu. It grows as a creeper similar to water mallow. The stem has fine dots. The leaves are not situated facing each other; their appearance is quite similar to that of bamboo leaves, but they are hard and smooth, similar to the leaves of winter daphne, but five to six cun long. The roots are shaped like those of Chinese sarsaparilla, but they are round. They are as big as chicken or duck eggs. They grow connected to each other, with some of them extending longer than a chi. Short ones reach a length of several cun. Their meat is soft and can be eaten fresh/raw. There are two kinds, red and white. For medicinal applications, the white ones are good. According to the Dong shan jing, “in the Gu deng270 mountains is an herb called rong mo 榮莫.271 Its leaves resemble those of willows; the root is similar to chicken eggs. To eat it heals wind [intrusion].” Perhaps that is the [item discussed] here. The ancients did not know how to use it. In recent times, during the hong zhi 弘治 (1488 – 1505) and zheng de 正德 (1506 – 1521) reign periods, red bayberry/syphilitic sores were widely spread, and calomel was used as an effective pharmaceutical drug. But the poison remained in the sinews and the bones, and eventually penetrated and destroyed the entire body. Highly competent persons resorted to [the item discussed] here and henceforth it became an important pharmaceutical drug. Physicians who are unable to carefully study the texts regularly identify it as dioscorea [root] and Chinese sarsaparilla [root], although their roots and seedlings are not the same. That must be carefully examined. Still, their [therapeutic] potentials and applications are very similar. The fact is, [tu fu ling root] belongs to a group with dioscorea [root] and Chinese sarsaparilla [root]. 270 Instead of zheng 證, Shan hai jing, Zhong shan jing 中山經, writes deng 鐙. 271 Instead of mo 莫, Shan hai jing, Zhong shan jing 中山經, writes ca 草.

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18-27-01 根 Gen

Root [of tu fu ling]. 【氣味】甘、淡，平，無毒。【時珍曰】忌茶茗。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: [During a therapy with tu fu ling root] one should not drink tea. 【主治】食之當穀不飢，調中止洩，健行不睡。藏器。健脾胃，强筋骨， 去風濕，利關節，止泄瀉，治拘攣骨痛，惡瘡癰腫。解汞粉、銀朱毒。時 珍。 Control. When eaten as food, it eliminates hunger. It regulates the center and ends outflow; it strengthens one’s movements and prevents sleepiness. [Chen] Cangqi. It invigorates spleen and stomach, strengthens sinews and bones, removes wind and moisture, frees the movement of/through the joints, ends outflow and serves to cure cramps and contractions with painful bones, as well as malign sores and swelling related to obstruction-illness.272 It resolves the poison of calomel and vermilion. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【機曰】近有好淫之人，多病楊梅毒瘡，藥用輕粉，愈而復發， 久則肢體拘攣，變爲癰漏，延綿歲月，竟致廢篤。惟剉土萆薢三兩，或加 皂莢、牽牛各一錢，水六盌，煎三盌，分三服，不數劑，多瘥。蓋此疾始 由毒氣干於陽明而發，加以輕粉燥烈，久而水衰，肝挾相火來凌脾土。土 屬濕，主肌肉，濕熱鬱蓄于肌腠，故發爲癰腫，甚則拘攣，内經所謂濕 氣害人皮肉筋骨是也。土萆薢甘淡而平，能去脾濕，濕去則營衞從而筋脉 柔，肌肉實而拘攣癰漏愈矣。初病服之不效者，火盛而濕未鬱也。此藥長 于去濕，不能去熱，病久則熱衰氣耗而濕鬱爲多故也。【時珍曰】楊梅瘡 古方不載，亦無病者。近時起于嶺表，傳及四方。蓋嶺表風土卑炎，嵐瘴 熏蒸，飲啖辛熱，男女淫猥。濕熱之邪積畜既深，發爲毒瘡，遂致互相 傳染，自南而北，遍及海宇，然皆淫邪之人病之。其類有數種，治之則一 也。其證多屬厥陰、陽明二經而兼乎他經。邪之所在，則先發出。如兼少 陰、太陰則發于咽喉，兼太陽、少陽則發于頭耳之類。蓋相火寄于厥陰， 肌肉屬于陽明故也。醫用輕粉、銀朱刼劑，五七日即愈。蓋水銀性走而不 守，加以鹽、礬升爲輕粉、銀朱，其性燥烈，善逐痰涎。涎乃脾之液，此 物入胃，氣歸陽明，故涎被刼，隨火上升，從喉縫而出，故瘡即乾痿而 愈。若服之過劑，及用不得法，則毒氣竄入經絡筋骨之間，莫之能出。痰 涎既去，血液耗涸，筋失所養，營衞不從，變爲筋骨攣痛，發爲癰毒疳 272 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.



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漏。久則生蟲爲癬，手足皴裂，遂成廢痼。惟土茯苓氣平味甘而淡，爲陽 明本藥。能健脾胃，去風濕。脾胃健則營衞從，風濕去則筋骨利，故諸 證多愈，此亦得古人未言之妙也。今醫家有搜風解毒湯治楊梅瘡，不犯輕 粉。病深者月餘，淺者半月即愈。服輕粉藥筋骨攣痛、癱痪不能動履者， 服之亦效。其方用土茯苓一兩，薏苡仁、金銀花、防風、木瓜、木通、白 鮮皮各五分，皂莢子四分，氣虚加人參七分，血虚加當歸七分，水二大盌 煎飲，一日三服。惟忌飲茶及牛、羊、雞、鵝、魚肉、燒酒、法麫、房 勞。蓋秘方也。 Explication. [Wang] Ji: Recently, people fond of sex often fell ill with red bayberry/syphilitic poison sores. They used calomel as pharmaceutical drug and were cured, but [the disease] broke out again. After a long time, their limbs and the body suffered from cramp and contraction, and eventually this changed to a leaking obstruction-illness. This continued for months and years, until they perished. The only [suitable treatment is as follows]. File three liang of tu bi xie [into small pieces], and boil them, possibly with gleditsia [pods/seeds] and pharbitis [seeds], in six bowls of water down to three bowls, to be ingested divided into three portions. A cure is often achieved after [ingesting] only a few such preparations. The fact is, this illness has its beginning in an effusion of poison qi accumulated in the yang brilliance [realm]. When this is treated with the extreme dryness of calomel, after a long time all the water [in the yang brilliance realm] will have waned. The minister fire of the liver attacks the soil (i. e., the phase associated with) the spleen. [The phase] soil is associated with moisture and controls muscles and flesh. Here now, moisture and heat are pent-up and collected in the muscles and the intersticial [structures]. Hence they effuse as swelling related to obstruction-illness. In severe cases this results in cramp and contraction. That is called in the Nei jing “damage to one’s skin, flesh, sinews and bones caused by moisture qi.”273 Tu bi xie is sweet, bland and balanced. It can eliminate moisture from the spleen. When the moisture is removed, the camp and guardian [qi] return and sinews and vessels become soft again. Muscles and flesh are solid, and cramp and contraction, as well as a leaking obstruction-illness are healed. In the beginning of the disease, to ingest [tu bi xie] may not be effective. The reason is, at that time, the fire is strong and the moisture has not yet pent up. This pharmaceutical drug is good at eliminating moisture, but it is unable to eliminate heat. When the disease has lasted for a long time, the heat weakens, the qi are diminished, and a lot of moisture has pent up. [Li] Shizhen: 273 A reference to a phrase in Su wen ch. 5: di zhi shi qi gan ze hai pi rou jin mai 地之濕氣， 感則害皮肉筋脈, “If one is affected by the moisture qi of the earth, then this harms the skin, the flesh, the sinews and the vessels.” Paul U. Unschuld and Hermann Tessenow, Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen. An Annotated Translation of Huang Di’s Inner Classic. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2011. Vol. I, 120.

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Red bayberry/syphilitic sores are not recorded in ancient recipes; and there were no patients affected by them. In recent times, they emerged in Ling biao and from there spread into all directions. The fact is, Ling biao is a region with inferior natural conditions and extreme heat, and with stifling vapors and miasma. [People] drink and eat acrid, hot [items]. Males and females engage in licentious behavor. When the evil [qi of ] moisture and heat have accumulated to an extreme, they will effuse as poison sores. This, then, is transmitted from one to another, from the South to the North, extending everywhere. Still, only people committed to the evil of licentiousness get this disease. It may appear in numerous varieties, but there is only one way to cure them. The signs of this illness are mostly associated with the two ceasing yin and yang brilliance conduits, but they involve other conduits, too. They break out first where the evil [qi] are located. For example, when [the evil] involves the minor yin and major yin [conduits] it will effuse in the throat. When it involves the major yang and minor yang [conduits] it effuses on the head, in the ears. When physicians use “plundering” preparations with calomel or vermilion [to treat this], a cure is achieved within five to seven days. The fact is, the nature of mercury is to run, not to hold. Sublimed with salt and alum added it is made to calomel and vermilion. These are [items] of an extreme dryness, and they are perfectly suitable to eliminate phlegm and saliva. Saliva is the liquid associated with the spleen. When these items [calomel and vermilion] enter the stomach, their qi turn into the yang brilliance [realm]. Hence, the saliva is plundered and the fire rises to leave above from the throat, the cheeks and the seams of the teeth. The sores will dry and be dysfunctional, and [the disease is] cured. If [calomel and vermilion] are overdosed and if this is an application not legitimated as a proper approach, the poison qi will rush into the region between conduits, network [vessels], sinews and bones, and cannot leave from there. Once phlegm and saliva are removed, the blood and [other] liquids are diminished and dry. The sinews lose their nourishment, and camp and guardian [qi] no longer follow [their course]. Sinews and bones are affected by painful contraction. The [poison qi] effuse as obstruction-illness poison and leaking gan-illness.274 After a long time, worms/bugs are generated and they cause a xuan-illness275 associ274 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 275 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness.” Conditions of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, a designation of local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591.



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ated with cracks and fissures on hands and feet, eventually resulting in disability and obstinacy-illness. The only [way to cure this] is with tu fu ling. Its qi are balanced, its flavor is sweet and bland. It is the basic pharmaceutical drug of the yang brilliance [conduits]. It can invigorate spleen and stomach and remove wind and moisture. When spleen and stomach are invigorated, camp and guardian [qi] follow [their regular course]. When wind and moisture are removed, sinews and bones move freely. Therefore, in many cases all signs of this disease are cured. This is a wondrous item the ancients had not yet discussed. Today, physicians have the “decoction to brush away the wind and resolve the poison” to cure red bayberry/syphilitic sores; it is not able to attack [the poison of ] calomel. When the disease has deeply entered [the body] for more than a month, a cure is achieved within half a month. To ingest it is also effective when an ingestion of calomel as a pharmaceutical drug has caused painful contraction of sinews and bones and a paralysis making it impossible to walk. This recipe [recommends to] boil in two large bowls of water one liang of tu fu ling, five fen each of Job’s tears, honeysuckle flowers, saposhnikovia [root], quince, akebia [herb] and dictamnus root bark, as well as four fen of gleditsia seeds – in the case of qi depletion add seven fen of ginseng [root], in the case of blood depletion add seven fen of Chinese angelica [root] – to generate a beverage and ingest it three times a day. [During this therapy] drinking tea and consuming beef, mutton, chicken, goose and fish meat, burnt wine, and pasta and having sex should be avoided. The fact is, this is a secret recipe. 【附方】新六。 Added Recipes. Six newly [recorded]. 楊梅毒瘡。鄧筆峰雜興方用冷飯團四兩，皂角子七個，水煎代茶飲。淺者 二七，深者四七，見效。 Red bayberry/syphilitic poison sores. Deng Bifeng in his Za xing fang [recommends to] boil four liang of leng fan tuan and seven gleditsia seeds in water and drink it instead of tea. In mild cases, [drink it] for two times seven [days], in severe cases for four times seven [days], and an effect will show. 一方：冷飯團一兩，五加皮、皂角子、苦參各三錢，金銀花一錢，用好酒 煎。日一服。 Another recipe. Boil one liang of leng fan tuan, three qian each of acanthopanax root bark, gleditsia pod seeds and sophora [root], and one qian of honeysuckle flowers in good wine and ingest it once a day.

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小兒楊梅。瘡起于口内，延及遍身。以土萆薢末，乳汁調服。月餘自愈。 外科發揮。 Red bayberry/syphilitic [sores] of children. The sores emerge in the mouth and spread all over the body. [Let the child] ingest tu bi xie powder mixed with human milk sap. A cure is achieved after a little more than a month. Wai ke fa hui. 骨攣癰漏。薛己外科發揮云：服輕粉致傷脾胃氣血，筋骨疼痛，久而潰爛 成癰，連年累月，至于終身成廢疾者。土萆薢一兩，有熱加芩、連，氣虚 加四君子湯，血虚加四物湯，水煎代茶。月餘即安。 Bone contraction and leaking obstruction-illness.276 Xue Ji in his Wai ke fa hui states: “When an ingestion of calomel has resulted in harmed spleen and stomach, qi and blood, painful sinews and bones, developing, after a long time, into a festering obstruction-illness, and after months and years in a disability of the entire body, boil one liang of tu bi xie in water and drink this instead of tea. For [patients with] heat, add scutellaria [root] and coptis [rhizome]. For [patients with] qi depletion, add the ‘decoction with four rulers.’277 For [patients with] blood depletion, add the ‘decoction with four items.’278 [The disease] is healed within a little more than a month.” 朱氏集驗方用過山龍四兩即硬飯，加四物湯一兩，皂角子七個，川椒四十 九粒，燈心七根，水煎日飲。 The Zhu shi ji yan fang [recommends to] boil four liang of guo shan long 過山龍,279 i. e., ying fan 硬飯, one liang of the “decoction with four items,” seven gleditsia pod seeds, 49 Chinese pepper grains from [Si] chuan and seven roots of common rush in water and drink it daily. 瘰癧漬爛。冷飯團切片或爲末，水煎服或入粥内食之。須多食爲妙。江西 所出色白者良。忌鐵器、發物。陸氏積德堂方。

276 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 277 Constituents of the “decoction with four rulers” include ginseng root, poria, atractylodes rhizome and glycyrrhiza root. 278 Constituents of the “decoction with four items” include paeonia root skin, Chinese foxglove rhizome, Chinese angelica root and ligusticum root. 279 Guo shan long 過山龍, lit.: “dragon that overcomes mountains,” is not listed as an alternative name of ying fan 硬飯, i, e., tu fu ling in the initial list of alternative names. It is listed as an alternative name of madder, 18-40.



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Scrofula pervasion illness280 with a festering decay. Cut leng fan tuan into slices and [grind them into] powder. Ingest it boiled in water, or eat it inserted into a congee. It is essential to eat large quantities to obtain a wondrous effect. [Leng fan tuan] of white color from Jiang xi is good. [During the preparation and ingestion of this medication] iron utensils and stimulating items should be avoided. 18-28 白歛本經下品 Bai lian, FE Ben jing, lower rank. Ampelopsis japonica (Thunb.) Makino. Japanese ampelopsis. 【釋名】白草本經、白根别録、兔核别録、貓兒卵綱目、崑崙别録。【宗 奭曰】白歛，服餌方少用，惟歛瘡方多用之，故名白歛。【時珍曰】兔 核、貓兒卵，皆象形也。崑崙，言其皮黑也。 Explanation of Names. Bai cao 白草, “white herb,” Ben jing. Bai gen 白根, “white root,” Bie lu. Tu he 兔核, Bie lu. Mao er luan 貓兒卵, Gang mu. Kun lun 崑崙, Bie lu. [Kou] Zongshi: Bai lian is seldom used in recipes [recommending to] ingest [pharmaceutical drugs] as food. It is resorted to often only in recipes for “contracting”, lian 歛, sores. Hence the name “white [item] to contract,” bai lian 白歛. [Li] Shizhen: Tu he 兔核, a “hare’s/rabbit’s stones,” and mao er luan 貓兒卵, a “kitten’s eggs,” refer to the physical appearance [of bai lian]. Kun lun 崑崙 refers to its black skin.281 【集解】【别録曰】白歛生衡山山谷。二月、八月采根，暴乾。【弘景 曰】近道處處有之。作藤生，根如白芷，破片竹穿，日乾。【恭曰】根似 天門冬，一株下有十許根，皮赤黑，肉白如芍藥，不似白芷。蔓生，枝端 有五葉，所在有之。【頌曰】今江淮及荆、襄、懷、孟、商、齊諸州皆有 之。二月生苗，多在林中作蔓，赤莖，葉如小桑。五月開花，七月結實。 根如雞鴨卵而長，三五枚同一窠，皮黑肉白。一種赤歛，花實功用皆同， 但表裏俱赤爾。 Collected Explications. Bie lu: Bai lian grows in the mountain valleys of Mount Heng shan. The root is collected in the second and eighth month. It is dried in the sun. [Tao] Hongjing: It can be found anywhere nearby. It grows as a vine. The root is similar to angelica dahurica [root]. It is cut into slices that are pierced through and threaded with bamboo strips to be dried in the sun. [Su] Gong: The root resembles 280 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 281 Kun lun 崑崙 is a term used in the Jin shu for people with a black skin.

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that of Chinese asparagus. Below one plant are ten or more roots. Their skin is redblack. Their meat is white, similar to that of paeonia [roots], not to that of angelica dahurica [root]. It grows as a creeper with five leaves at the end of its twigs. It is present everywhere. [Su] Song: Today it is present in Jiang huai and in all the zhou of Jing, Xiang, Huai, Meng, Shang and Qi. It produces seedlings in the second month. Often these are creepers in a forest. The stem is red, and the leaves are similar to mulberry [leaves]. It opens flowers in the fifth month and forms fruits in the seventh month. The root is similar to chicken or duck eggs, but it is lengthy. Three to five roots form one “nest.” Their skin is black; their meat is white. There is one kind of chi lian 赤歛, “red contractor.”282 The [therapeutic] potential of its flowers and fruits is identical [with those of bai lian], but it is red, chi 赤, outside and inside. 18-28-01 根 Gen

Root [of bai lian]. 【氣味】苦，平，無毒。【别録曰】甘，微寒。【權曰】有毒。【之才 曰】代赭爲之使。反烏頭。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, balanced, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Sweet, slightly cold. [Zhen] Quan: Poisonous. [Xu] Zhicai: Iron oxide serves as its messenger substance. [Ingested together,] it abhors aconitum [main tuber]. 【主治】癰腫疽瘡，散結氣，止痛除熱，目中赤，小兒驚癇，温瘧，女子 陰中腫痛，帶下赤白。本經。殺火毒。别録。治發背瘰癧，面上疱瘡，腸 風痔漏，血痢，刀箭瘡，撲損，生肌止痛。大明。解狼毒毒。時珍。 Control. Obstruction-illness swelling, impediment-illness sores.283 It disperses bound qi, ends pain, eliminates heat and redness in the eyes, fright epilepsy of children, warmth malaria, painful swelling in the yin [(i. e., genital) region] of females, red and white discharge from below the belt. Ben jing. It kills fire poison. Bie lu. It serves to cure scrofula pervasion-illness with an effusion on the back, blister sores in the face, intestinal wind and leaking piles, free-flux illness with blood, wounds caused by a knife or an arrow, injuries resulting from a fall. It stimulates the growth of muscles and ends pain. Da Ming. It resolves the poison of wolfsbane. [Li] Shizhen.

282 Chi lian 赤歛, “red contractor,” an unidentified herb. 283 Yong and ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness,” and “impediment-illness.” refer to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.



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【發明】【弘景曰】 生取根搗，傅癰腫，有效。【頌曰】今醫治風及金 瘡、面藥方多用之。往往與白及相須而用。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: To pound a fresh root and apply [the resulting mass] to obstruction-illness swelling is [an] effective [therapy]. [Su] Song: Today, physicians often resort to it when they cure wind [intrusion] and wounds caused by metal objects/weapons, and also as an ingredient of recipes with pharmaceutical drugs for facial [ailments]. It is often used together with common bletilla [root] in a combination of mutual assistance. 【附方】舊三，新十。 Added Recipes. Three of old. Ten newly[recorded]. 發背初起。水調白歛末，塗之。肘後方。 An effusion on the back284 that has just begun to emerge. Mix bai lian powder with water and apply this [to the affected region]. Zhou hou fang. 丁瘡初起。方同上。聖惠方。 Pin[-illness]285 sores that have just begun to emerge. Recipe identical with the one above. Sheng hui fang. 一切癰腫。權曰：白歛、赤小豆、䒽草爲末，雞子白調塗之。 All types of swelling related to obstruction-illness.286 [Zhen] Quan: [Grind] bai lian, red mung beans and illiceum [leaves] into powder, and apply it mixed with chicken egg white [to the affected region]. 陶隱居方用白歛二分，藜蘆一分，爲末。酒和貼之，日三上。 A recipe of Tao Yinju [recommends to grind] two fen of bai lian and one fen of veratrum [root] into powder and apply it mixed with wine [to the affected region], three times a day. 284 Fa bei 發背, “effusion of the back,” a condition of yong 癰, “obstruction-illnesses,” and ju 疽, “impediment-illnesses,” developing on one’s back. As it was believed that the transporter holes of the five depots and six palaces are located on the back, conditions of obstruction-illnesses and impediment-illnesses there, often apparent as abscesses, were considered threatening. BCGM Dict I, 148. 285 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],” also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129. 286 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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面鼻酒皶。白歛、白石脂、杏仁各半兩，爲末，雞子清調塗，旦洗。御藥 院方。 Wine sediments in the face, on the nose.287 [Grind] half a liang each of bai lian, white halloysite and apricot kernels into powder and apply it mixed with chicken egg white [to the affected region]. Wash it off the next morning. Yu yao yuan fang. 面生粉刺。白歛二分，杏仁半分，雞屎白一分，爲末，蜜和雜水拭面。肘 後方。 Facial acne.288 [Grind] two fen of bai lian, half a fen of apricot kernels and one fen of the white parts in chicken droppings into powder. Mix it with honey and water and apply this to the face. Zhou hou fang. 凍耳成瘡。白歛、黄蘗等分，爲末，生油調搽。談埜翁方。 Sores developed on a frozen ear. [Grind] equal amounts of bai lian and phellodendron [bark] into powder, mix it with fresh oil and apply this [to the affected region]. Tan Yeweng fang. 湯火灼爛。白歛末傅之。外臺。 Festering scalds and burns from hot water and fire. Apply bai lian powder [to the affected region]. Wai tai. 諸物哽咽。白歛、白芷等分，爲末。水服二錢。聖惠方。 Any object stuck in the throat. [Grind] equal amounts of bai lian and angelica dahurica [root] into powder and ingest with water two qian. Sheng hui fang. 鐵刺諸哽及竹木哽在咽中。白歛、半夏泡，等分爲末。酒服半錢，日二 服。聖惠方。 Choking on an iron needle or on a bamboo or wood [splinter] in the throat. [Grind] equal amounts of bai lian and pinellia [root] into powder and ingest with wine half a qian. To be ingested twice a day. Sheng hui fang. 刺在肉中。方同上。 A thorn in the flesh. Recipe identical with the one above.

287 Jiu zha 酒皶, “wine sediments, a condition identical with jiu zha 酒齇. BCGM Dict I, 275. 288 Fen ci 粉刺, “flour thorns,” identical with feng ci 風刺, “wind thorns,” acne. A condition of papules rising in the face like thorns. If squeezed they release a white powder resembling rice flour. BCGM Dict I, 157.



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胎孕不下。白歛、生半夏等分爲末，滴水丸梧子大。每榆皮湯下五十丸。 保命集。 Failure of a fetus to move down. [Grind] equal amounts of bai lian and fresh pinellia [root] into powder, drip water on it and form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time [let the woman] send down 50 pills with a decoction of Siberian elm bark. Bao ming ji. 風痺筋急，腫痛，展轉易常處。白歛二分，熟附子一分，爲末。每酒服半 刀圭，日二服。以身中熱行爲候，十日便覺。忌猪肉、冷水。千金。 Blockage and tight sinews related to wind [intrusion], with a painful swelling changing from one place to another. [Grind] two fen of bai lian and one fen of heat processed aconitum [accessory tuber] into powder, and with wine ingest half the amount held on the blade of a knife. To be ingested twice a day. When a heat is felt moving in the body, that is a sign [that the treatment is effective]. It will be felt within ten days. [During this therapy] pork and cold water should be avoided. Qian jin. 諸瘡不歛。白歛、赤歛、黄蘗各三錢炒研，輕粉一錢，用葱白、漿水洗 净，傅之。瑞竹堂方。 All wounds that do not contract. Stir-fry three qian each of bai lian, chi lian and phellodendron bark, grind [them into powder], and add one qian of calomel. Wash [the affected region] clean with [a decoction] of onion white in fermented water of foxtail millet. Then apply [the powder]. Rui zhu tang fang. 18-29 女萎李當之本草 Nü wei, FE Li Dangzhi ben cao. Clematis apiifolia DC. October clematis. 【集解】【恭曰】女萎葉似白歛，蔓生，花白子細。荆 襄之間名爲女萎， 亦名蔓楚。用苗不用根。與萎蕤全别，今太常謬以爲白頭翁者是也。【時 珍曰】諸家誤以女萎解葳蕤，正誤見“葳蕤”下。 Collected Explications. [Su] Gong: The leaves of nü wei resemble those of [ Japanese] ampelopsis. It grows as a creeper. The flowers are white, the seeds are fine. It is called nü wei 女萎 in the region of Jing and Xiang. It is also called man chu 蔓 楚. Only the seedling is used [for therapeutic purposes]; the root is not used. It is completely different from wei rui 萎蕤, polygonatum odoratum. It is [the item] that is generally misidentified as pulsatilla herb today. [Li] Shizhen: All experts mistakenly assume nü wei to be polygonatum odoratum. For a correction of this error, see under the entry wei rui (12-09).

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【修治】【斅曰】凡采得陰乾。去頭并白蕊，於槐砧上剉，拌豆淋酒蒸 之。從巳至未出，曬乾。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: When [the seedling] is collected it is dried in the yin (i. e., shade). Remove its tip and the white anther holding filaments. Then cut it on a sophora japonica tree block into small pieces, and steam them mixed with wine prepared from black soybeans, from si 巳 hours (9 – 11) to wei 未 hours (13 – 15), and dry them in the basking sun. 【氣味】辛，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】止下痢，消食。當之。風寒洒洒，霍亂洩痢腸鳴，遊氣上下無 常，驚癇，寒熱百病，出汗。唐本。 Control. It ends discharge with free-flux illness and dissolves food. [Li] Dangzhi. Shivering related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of cold. Cholera with outflow, free-flux illness and intestinal noises, qi roaming up and down without a permanent location, fright epilepsy, the hundreds of diseases associated with alternating sensations of cold and heat. Sweating. Tang ben. 【附方】新三。 Added Recipes. Three newly [recorded]. 久痢脱肛。女萎切一升，燒熏之。楊氏産乳方。 Long-lasting free-flux illness and anal prolapse. Cut one sheng of nü wei into pieces, burn them and fumigate the [affected region]. Yang shi chan ru fang. 䘌下不止。女萎、雲實各一兩，川烏頭二兩，桂心五錢，爲末，蜜丸梧子 大。每服五丸，水下，一日三服。肘後方。 Unending hidden worms/bugs discharge.289 [Grind] one liang each of nü wei and mysore thorn [seeds], two liang of [Si] chuan aconitum [main tuber] and five qian of shaved cinnamom bark into powder and form with honey pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest five pills, to be sent down with water. To be ingested three times a day. Zhou hou fang. 身體癧瘍斑駁。女葳膏：用魯國女葳、白芷各一分，附子一枚，雞舌香、 木香各二分，爲末，臘猪脂七合，和煎，入麝香一錢。以浮石磨破，日擦 之。古今録驗。 289 Ni xia 䘌下, “hidden worms discharge,” a condition of chong ni 蟲䘌, “hidden worm infestation,” with various illness signs resulting from worms gnawing on different body parts. BCGM Dict I, 355.



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Pervasion-illness with ulcers290 and macule variegations. The “paste with nü wei.” [Grind] one fen each of nü wei from Lu guo and angelica dahurica [root], one aconitum [accessory tuber], and two fen each of cloves and costus [root] into powder. Boil it together with seven ge of lard obtained in the 12th month. Add one qian of musk. Rub pumice into [this paste] and apply it [to the affected region] every day. Gu jin lu yan.

Dioscorea cirrhosa Lour.

18-30 赭魁本經下品 Zhe kui, FE Ben jing, lower rank.

【釋名】【時珍曰】其根如魁，有汁如赭，故名。魁乃酒器名。 Explanation of Name. [Li] Shizhen: The root is similar to taro, [yu] kui [芋]魁. The juice is similar to that of iron oxide, zhe [shi] 赭[石]. Hence the name. Kui 魁 is the name of a wine vessel. 【集解】【别録曰】生山谷中。二月采。【弘景曰】狀如小芋，肉白皮 黄，近道亦有。【恭曰】赭魁大者如斗，小者如升。蔓生草木上，葉似 杜衡。陶所説乃土卵也。土卵不堪藥用，梁漢人蒸食之，名黄獨，非赭魁 也。【保昇曰】苗蔓延生，葉似蘿藦，根若菝葜，皮紫黑，肉黄赤，大者 輪囷如升，小者如拳，所在有之。【時珍曰】赭魁，閩人用入染青缸中， 云易上色。沈括筆談云：本草所謂赭魁，皆未詳審。今南中極多，膚黑肌 赤，似何首烏。切破中有赤理如檳榔，有汁赤如赭，彼人以染皮製靴。閩 人謂之餘粮。本草石部禹餘粮陶氏所引，乃此物也。謹按：沈氏所説赭魁 甚明，但謂是禹餘粮者，非矣。禹餘粮乃今之土茯苓，可食，故得粮名。 赭魁不可食，豈得稱粮耶？土卵即土芋也，見菜部。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: It grows in mountain valleys and is collected in the second month. [Tao] Hongjing: It is shaped like small taro [tubers]. The meat is white, the skin is yellow. It can also be found in the vicinity. [Su] Gong: Big zhe kui [specimens] are of the size of a dou. Small ones are of the size of a sheng. It grows as a creeper on herbs and trees. The leaves resemble those of asarum caulescens. What Tao [Hongjing] describes is yam, tu luan 土卵. Yam is not suitable for pharmaceutical application. People in the Liang and Han region steam and eat it. It is named huang du 黄獨, yam, not zhe kui 赭魁. [Han] Baosheng: The seedling extends as a creeper. The leaves are similar to metaplexis [leaves]. The root resembles that of Chi290 Li yang feng 癧瘍[風], “pervasion-illness with ulcer [wind],” a condition of white macules and dots appearing on the skin in the neck, on the chest, and below the armpits, without itching or pain. BCGM Dict I, 315.

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nese sarsaparilla. The skin is purple-black; the meat is yellow-red. Big specimens are round like a wheel and have the size of a sheng. Small ones have the size of a fist. It can be found everywhere. [Li] Shizhen: People in Min use zhe kui as an additive in vats used for greenish dyeing; they say it makes it easier to apply the color. Shen Gua in his Bi tan states: “The zhe kui referred to in the Ben cao has never been carefully studied. Today, it is present in the South in very large numbers. With its black skin and red muscles, it resembles polygonum multiflorum [root]. When the center is broken open, it shows red structures similar to areca [nuts], and it has a juice that is as red as iron oxide. People there use it to dye skins and make boots. People in Min call it ‘leftover provisions,’ yu liang 餘粮. That is the item referred to as Yu yu liang 禹餘粮, ‘leftover provisions of Yu,’ by Mr. Tao [Hongjing] in the section ‘stones’ of the Ben cao.” [My] comment: What Mr. Shen [Gua] says about zhe kui is quite clear. But when he says that it is Yu yu liang, then he is wrong. Yu yu liang is today’s tu fu ling 土茯苓, smilax glabra [root]. It is edible and therefore was named liang 粮, “provisions.” Zhe kui is not edible. How could it be called liang 粮, “provisions”? Tu luan 土卵 is tu yu 土芋. See the section “vegetables.“ 18-30-01 根 Gen

Root [of zhe kui]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【恭曰】有小毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Su] Gong: Slightly poisonous. 【主治】心腹積聚，除三蟲。本經。 Control. Accumulations and collections in the central and abdominal region. It eliminates the three types of worms/bugs. Ben jing.

Unidentified.

18-31 鵝抱宋圖經 E bao, FE Song Tu jing.

【集解】【頌曰】生宜州山林下，附石而生，作蔓，葉似大豆。其根形似 萊菔，大者如三升器，小者如拳。二月、八月采根，切片陰乾用。 Collected Explications. [Su] Song: It grows in the mountain forests of Yi zhou. It grows as a creeper attached to stones. The leaves resemble those of black soybean [plants]. The root is shaped like radish roots. Big ones reach the size of a vessel holding three sheng; small ones are of the size of a fist. The root is collected in the



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second and eighth month. It is cut into slices, dried in the yin (i. e., shade) and then used [for therapeutic purposes]. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】風熱上壅，咽喉腫痛，及解蠻箭藥毒，搗末酒服有效。亦消風熱 結毒，酒摩塗之，立愈。蘇頌。 Control. When wind and heat rise causing an obstruction with painful throat swelling. Also, to resolve the poison of arrows medicated by the Man people, pound it into powder and ingest it with wine. This is effective. Also, to dissolve bound poison related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of heat, rub it in wine and apply this [to the affected region]. A cure is achieved immediately. Su Song.

Unidentified.291

18-32 伏雞子根拾遺 Fu ji zi gen, FE Shi yi.

【釋名】承露仙。 Explanation of Names. Cheng lu xian 承露仙, “Hermit/immortal holding dew.“ 【集解】【藏器曰】生四明 良。

天台山。蔓延生，葉圓薄似錢，根似鳥形者

Collected Explications. [Chen] Cangqi: It grows on Mount Tian tai shan in Si ming. It extends as a creeper. The leaves are round and thin, resembling coins. Roots resembling the shape of birds are good. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】解百藥毒，諸熱煩悶，急黄，天行黄疸，瘧瘴中惡，寒熱頭痛， 疽瘡。馬黄牛瘡。水磨服之，新者尤佳。亦傅癰腫，與陳家白藥同功。藏 器。 Control. It resolves the poison of hundreds of pharmaceutical drugs, all types of heat and vexing heart-pressure, sudden jaundice, epidemic yellow dan-illness/jaundice, malaria, miasma, being struck by the malign, alternating sensations of cold and

291 Fu ji zi gen 伏雞子根, lit.: “crouching chicken root.”

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heat, headache, impediment-illness292 sores, jaundice of horses, sores of oxen. Rub it in wine and ingest this. Fresh specimens yield especially excellent results. It is also applied to obstruction-illness swelling; its [therapeutic] potential is identical to that of the “white medication prepared by expert Chen.” [Chen] Cangqi. 【附録】 Appendix 18-32-A01 仰盆拾遺 Yang pen. FE Shi yi Unidentified.

【藏器曰】味辛，温，有小毒。水磨服少許，治蠱，飛尸喉痺，亦磨傅皮 膚惡腫。生東陽山谷。苗似承露仙，根圓如仰盆狀，大如雞卵。 [Chen] Cangqi: Flavor acrid, [qi] warm, slightly poisonous. Rubbed in water and a small amount ingested, it serves to cure gu [poison]293 and flying corpse [qi]294 with throat blockage. Also, rubbed it is applied to malign skin swelling. It grows in the mountain valleys of Dong yang. The seedling resembles that of cheng lu xian. The root is round like a “basin,” pen 盆, with its opening “facing upward,” yang 仰. It has the size of a chicken egg. 18-32-A02 人肝藤拾遺 Ren gan teng, FE Shi yi Unidentified.295

【藏器曰】主解諸藥毒，遊風，手脚軟痺。並生研服之，塗之。生嶺南山 石間。引蔓而生，葉有三椏，花紫色。與伏雞子同名承露仙，而伏雞子葉 圓。【時珍曰】以根三兩，磨汁或煎濃汁服。並解蠱毒。

292 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277. 293 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 294 Fei shi 飛屍, “flying corpse [qi].” A condition with sudden outbreaks and frequently changing appearances that do not show a regular pattern. BCGM Dict I, 156. 295 Ren gan teng 人肝藤, lit.: “human liver vine.”



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[Chen] Cangqi: It controls resolving all types of medicinal poison, roaming wind,296 softening and blockage/numbness of hands and legs. For all these alike, grind [ren gan teng into powder] and ingest it, or apply it [to the affected region]. It grows between mountain rocks in Ling nan. It grows as a creeper. Its leaves have three forks; the flowers are purple in color. Similar to fu ji zi it is called cheng lu xian, but the leaves of fu ji zi are round. [Li] Shizhen: Rub three liang of the root to obtain a juice, or boil it to obtain a thick juice, and ingest it. Both serve to resolve gu-poison.297 18-33 千金藤宋開寶 Qian jin teng, FE Song Kai bao Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers. Snake vine. 298 【校正】自木部移入此。 Editorial Correction. Moved here from the section “trees.” 【集解】【藏器曰】千金藤有數種，南北名模不同，大略主療相似，或是 皆近于藤也。生北地者，根大如指，色似漆。生南土者，黄赤如細辛。 舒、廬間有一種藤似木蓼，又有烏虎藤，繞樹生，冬青，亦名千金藤。江 西林間有草生葉，頭有癭子，似鶴膝，葉如柳，亦名千金藤。又一種似荷 葉，只大如錢許，亦呼爲千金藤，又名古藤，主痢及小兒大腹。千金者， 以貴爲名。豈俱一物，亦狀異而名同耶？若取的稱，未知孰是。又嶺南有 陳思岌，亦名千金藤。 Collected Explications. [Chen] Cangqi: There are several kinds of qian jin teng. They differ in the South and North in terms of name and shape. In general, though, their [potentials] to control and heal are similar, or at least are close to those of this vine. Those growing in the North have roots as big as a finger; their color is that of black lacquer. Those growing on southern soil [have roots] yellow-red [in color] similar to asarum heteropoides [roots]. In the region of Su and Lu is a kind of vine similar to red knotweed, and there is a “black tiger vine,” wu hu teng 烏虎藤, winding around trees, that is greenish in winter. It is also named qian jin teng 千金藤. 296 You feng 游風, “roaming wind,” a condition of roaming and sudden pain and itching brought about by feng xie 風 邪, “wind evil.” BCGM Dict I, 645. 297 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 298 Qian jin teng 千金藤, lit.: “a vine worth thousands in gold.“

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There is an herb [vine] with leaves in the forests of Jiang xi. At its tip is has a “goiter” similar to the knees of red crowned cranes. Its leaves are similar to willow [leaves]. It, too, is called qian jin teng. Yet another kind resembles lotus leaves; it is only as big as a coin. It, too, is called qian jin teng, and also gu teng 古藤, “old vine.” It controls free-flux illness and an enlarged abdomen of children. Their designation as qian jin 千金, “thousands in gold,” refers to their value. How could all [these vines] be one and the same item, especially so if, while they have the same name, their shapes differ? If one relies on their names, it remains unclear which is which. Furthermore, there is a chen si ji 陳思岌 in Ling nan; it, too, is called qian jin teng 千金藤. 【氣味】缺。 Qi and Flavor. Missing. 【主治】一切血毒諸氣 ， 霍亂中惡 ， 天行虚勞瘧瘴 ， 痰嗽不利 ， 癰腫大 毒，藥石發，癲癇，悉主之。藏器。 Control. All types of blood poison and all qi [disorders]. Cholera and being struck by the malign. Epidemic depletion exhaustion, malaria and miasma. Cough with phlegm and blocked [breathing]. Obstruction-illness299 swelling with massive poison. [Unwanted] effects of pharmaceutical drugs and minerals. Peak-illness and epilepsy. All these [health problems] are controlled [by qian jin teng]. [Chen] Cangqi. 【附録】 Appendix 18-33-A01 陳思岌拾遺 Chen si ji, FE Shi yi Unidentified.

【藏器曰】出嶺南山野 。 蔓生如小豆 ， 根及葉辛香 。 一名石黄香 ， 一名 千金藤。其根味辛，平，無毒。解諸藥毒熱毒，丹毒癰腫，天行壯熱， 喉痺蠱毒， 並磨汁服之。 亦磨塗瘡腫。 【珣曰】味苦， 平。 浸酒服， 治 風，補益輕身。 [Chen] Cangqi: It comes from the wild in the mountains of Ling nan. It grows as a creeper similar to mung beans. The root and the leaves are acrid and fragrant. It is also named shi huang xiang 石黄香 and qian jin teng 千金藤. The root has an acrid flavor. [Its qi are] balanced; it is nonpoisonous. It resolves the poison of all medica299 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.



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tions and heat poison, cinnabar poisoning300 and obstruction-illness swelling, epidemic massive heat, throat blockage and gu-poison.301 For all these [ailments] rub [it in water] and ingest the resulting juice. It is also rubbed and [the resulting juice] is applied to sores and swelling. [Li] Xun: Its flavor is bitter; [its qi are] balanced. Soaked in wine and [the wine] ingested it serves to cure wind [intrusion], supplements and boosts [qi] and relieves the body of its weight.

Unidentified.302

18-34 九仙子綱目 Jiu Xian zi, FE Gang mu.

【釋名】仙女嬌。 Explanation of Name. Xian nü jiao 仙女嬌, “a fairy maiden’s tenderness.” 【集解】【時珍曰】九仙子，出均州 太和山。一根連綴九枚，大者如雞 子，小者如半夏，白色。二月生苗，蔓高六七尺，莖細而光。葉如烏桕葉 而短扁不團。每葉椏生子枝，或一或二，裊裊下垂。六七月開碎青黄色 花，隨即結實。碎子叢簇，如穀精草子狀。九月采根。 Collected Explications. [Li] Shizhen: Jiu xian zi comes from Mount Tai he shan in Jun zhou. The root of one [herb] is formed by nine separate [roots] closely connected to each other. Big ones have the size of a chicken egg; small ones are similar to pinellia tubers. They are white in color. [Jiu xian zi] produces a seedling in the second month. It is a creeper reaching a height of six to seven chi. The stem is fine and shiny: The leaves are similar to tallow tree leaves, but they are shorter, flat and not round. Every leaf forks to bring forth further twigs; these may be just one or two. They curl upward and hang down. In the six and seventh month flowers open that are greenish-yellow in color. Soon afterwards they form fruits. Their seeds form clusters similar to eriocolon seeds, The root is collected in the ninth month. 【氣味】苦，凉，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cool, nonpoisonous. 300 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118. 301 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 302 Jiu xian zi 九仙子, lit.: “nine hermits/immortals.”

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【主治】咽痛喉痺，散血。以新汲水或醋磨汁含嚥，甚良。時珍。 Control. Painful swallowing and blocked throat. It disperses blood [accumulations]. Rubbed in newly drawn water or vinegar and the juice held in the mouth and swallowed, [it gives] very good [results]. [Li] Shizhen. 18-35 山豆根宋開寶 Shan dou gen, Song Kaibao. Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep. Bushy sophora. 【釋名】解毒綱目、黄結綱目、中藥。【頌曰】其蔓如大豆，因以爲名。 Explanation of Names. Jie du 解毒, “to resolve poison,” Gang mu. Huang jie 黄結, “yellow knots,” Gang mu. Zhong yao 中藥. [Su] Song: Its creepers are similar to those of soybeans, da dou 大豆. Hence the name [shan dou gen 山豆根, “mountain bean root”]. 【集解】【頌曰】山豆根，生劍南及宜州、果州山谷，今廣西亦有，以忠 州、萬州者爲佳。苗蔓如豆，葉青，經冬不凋，八月采根。廣南者如小 槐，高尺餘，石鼠食其根。故嶺南人捕鼠，取腸胃暴乾，解毒攻熱，甚效。 Collected Explanations. Shan dou gen grows in Jian nan and in the mountain valleys of Yi zhou and Guo zhou. Today, it can also be found in Guang xi, with those from Zhong zhou and Wen zhou being excellent. The seedling is a creeper similar to that of beans. The leaves are greenish; they persist throughout winter without withering. The root is collected in the eighth month. [Shan dou gen] from Guang nan is similar to small sophora japonica. It is more than a chi tall. Stone mice eat its roots. Hence people in Ling nan catch these mice, remove their intestines and stomach and dry them in the sun. [They resort to them] to resolve poison and attack heat. This is very effective. 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。【時珍曰】按沈括筆談云：山豆根味極苦，本草 言味甘，大誤矣。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: According to Shen Gua in his Bi tan, “The flavor of shan dou gen is extremely bitter. The Ben cao says: ‘Its flavor is sweet.’ That is a big mistake.” 【主治】解諸藥毒，止痛，消瘡腫毒，發熱欬嗽，治人及馬急黄，殺小 蟲。開寶。含之嚥汁，解咽喉腫毒，極妙。蘇頌。研末湯服五分，治腹脹 喘滿。酒服三錢，治女人血氣腹脹，又下寸白諸蟲。丸服，止下痢。磨汁



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服，止卒患熱厥，心腹痛，五種痔痛。研汁塗諸熱腫秃瘡，蛇狗蜘蛛傷。 時珍。 Control. It resolves all poisons of medications, ends pain, and dissolves the poison in swellings related to wounds/sores. [It serves to cure] heat effusion and cough, and acute jaundice of humans and horses. It kills small worms/bugs. Kai bao. Holding it in the mouth and swallowing the juice serves to resolve the poison of throat swelling. Extremely wondrous. Su Song. Ground into powder and five fen of its decoction ingested, it serves to cure abdominal distension with panting and a sensation of fullness. Three qian ingested with wine, it serves to cure abdominal distension of women related to blood and qi [disorders]. Also, it serves to discharge tapeworms and all other types of worms/bugs. Ingested as pills, it ends discharge with free-flux illness. Rubbed [in water] and the juice ingested, it ends sudden suffering from heat and [qi] recession, pain in the central and abdominal region, and the five types of piles swelling. Ground [in a liquid], the resulting juice is applied to all types of swelling with heat and baldness sores, as well as harm caused by snake, dog and spider [bites]. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】舊十，新三。 Added Recipes. Ten of old. Three newly [recorded]. 解中蠱毒。密取山豆根和水研服少許，未定再服。已禁聲者亦愈。 To resolve gu-poison.303 Secretly gather shan dou gen, grind it in water and ingest a small amount. If this fails to fix [the problem] ingest it a second time. If [the patient] has already lost his voice, this will cure [him] nevertheless. 五般急黄。山豆根末，水服二錢。若帶蠱氣，以酒下。 Five types of acute jaundice. Ingest two qian of shan dou gen powder with water. If this involves gu qi, send it down with wine. 霍亂吐利。山豆根末，橘皮湯下三錢。 Cholera with vomiting and free flow. Send three qian of shan dou gen powder down with a tangerine peel decoction. 赤白下痢。山豆根末，蜜丸梧子大。每服二十丸，空腹白湯下，三服自 止。已上並備急方。 303 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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Red and white discharge with free-flux illness. Form shan dou gen powder with honey to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 20 pills, to be sent down with clear, boiled water on an empty abdomen. [The discharge] will be ended by three ingestions. This [recipe and the recipes listed] above: Bei ji fang. 水蠱腹大有聲而皮色黑者。山豆根末，酒服二錢。聖惠方。 Water gu[-poisoning]304 with abdominal distension and noises, and the skin assuming a black color. Ingest two qian of shan dou gen powder with wine. Sheng hui fang. 卒患腹痛。山豆根，水研半盞服，入口即定。 Sudden suffering from abdominal pain. Grind shan dou gen in water and ingest half a cup. The moment it enters the mouth, the [illness] is cured. 頭風熱痛。山豆根末，油調，塗兩太陽。 Head wind305 with heat and pain. Mix shan dou gen powder with oil and apply this to the two tai yang [needle insertion] holes (i. e., the temples). 頭上白屑。山豆根末，浸油，日塗之。 White scaling306 on the head. Soak shan dou gen powder in oil and apply this [to the affected region] daily. 牙齦腫痛。山豆根一片，含于痛所。已上並備急方。 Painful swelling of the gums. Hold one slice of shan dou gen in the mouth at the place of the pain. This [recipe and the recipes listed] above: Bei ji fang. 喉中發癰。山豆根磨醋噙之，追涎即愈。勢重不能言者，頻以雞翎掃入喉 中，引涎出，就能言語。永類方。 Obstruction-illness307 effusing in the throat. Rub shan dou gen in vinegar and hold [the liquid] in the mouth. This will create saliva and that is the cure. In serious cases, when [the patient] cannot speak, use a chicken father to repeatedly brush [the

304 Shui gu 水蠱, “water gu.” A condition of an abdominal distension and big upswell brought forth by stagnant water qi accumulating in the abdomen. BCGM Dict I, 469, 196. 305 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509. 306 Bai xie 白屑, “white scaling,” fine, small scaling or secretions shed by the skin in locations affected by pathological change.BCGM Dict I, 59. 307 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.



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powder] into the throat to stimulate the release of saliva. This will return his ability to speak. Yong lei fang. 麩豆諸瘡，煩熱甚者。水研山豆根汁，服少許。經驗方。 All types of bran bean sores.308 Serious conditions with vexing heat. Grind shan dou gen in water and [let the patient] ingest a small amount of the resulting juice. Jing yan fang. 疥癬蟲瘡。山豆根末，臘猪脂調塗。備急方。 Jie-illness309 and xuan-illness.310 Mix shan dou gen powder with lard obtained in the 12th month and apply this [to the affected region]. Bei ji fang. 喉風急證 ， 牙關緊閉 ， 水穀不下 。 山豆根 、 白藥等分 ， 水煎噙之 ， 嚥 下，二三口即愈。楊清叟外科。 Acute signs of throat wind,311 with lockjaw. [Patients] are unable to ingest liquid and solid food. Boil equal amounts of shan dou gen and paeonia [root] in water and hold it in the mouth. Then swallow it. After two or three sips, [the illness] is cured. Yang Qingsou, Wai ke. 18-36 黄藥子宋開寶 Huang yao zi, FE Song Kai bao. Clematis terniflora DC. Yam leaved clematis. 【校正】自木部移入此。

Editorial Correction. Moved here from the section “trees.” 【釋名】木藥子綱目、大苦綱目、赤藥圖經、紅藥子。【時珍曰】按沈括 筆談云：本草甘草注，引郭璞注爾雅云“蘦，大苦者”，云即甘草也。蔓生，

308 BCGM Dict I, 564, 174. 309 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 310 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness.” Conditions of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, a designation of local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591. 311 Hou feng 喉風, “throat wind.” Conditions with mouth, tongue, and throat swelling and pain. BCGM Dict I, 217.

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葉似薄荷而色青黄，莖赤有節，節有枝相當。此乃黄藥也，其味極苦，故 曰大苦，非甘草也。 Explanation of Names. Mu yao zi 木藥子, “woody pharmaceutical drug,” Gang mu. Da ku 大苦, Gang mu. Chi yao 赤藥, “red pharmaceutical drug,” Tu jing. Hong yao zi 紅藥子, “red pharmaceutical drug.” [Li] Shizhen: According to Shen Gua’s Bi tan: “In a commentary to glycyrrhiza [root] in the Ben cao, a commentary by Guo Pu on the Er ya states: ‘Ling 蘦, a very bitter [item], is glycyrrhiza [root]. It is a creeper; the leaves resemble those of mint, but are greenish-yellow in color. The stem is red and has nodes. Twigs facing each other grow from the nodes.’ This is huang yao 黄藥. Its flavor is extremely bitter, ji ku 極苦. Hence it is called da ku 大苦, ‘very bitter.’ It is not glycyrrhiza [root].” 【集解】【頌曰】黄藥原出嶺南，今夔、峽州郡及明、越、秦、隴山中亦 有之，以忠州、萬州者爲勝。藤生，高三四尺，根及莖似小桑，十月采 根。秦州出者謂之紅藥子，施州謂之赤藥，葉似蕎麥，枝梗赤色，七月開 白花，其根濕時紅赤色，暴乾即黄。本經有藥實根，云生蜀郡山谷。蘇恭 云：即藥子也，用其核仁。疑即黄藥之實。但言葉似杏，其花紅白色，子 肉味酸，此爲不同。【時珍曰】黄藥子今處處人栽之。其莖高二三尺，柔 而有節，似藤實非藤也。葉大如拳，長三寸許，亦不似桑。其根長者尺 許，大者圍二三寸，外褐内黄，亦有黄赤色者，肉色頗似羊蹄根。人皆擣 其根入染藍缸中，云易變色也。唐 蘇恭言藥實根即藥子，宋 蘇頌遂以爲 黄藥之實。然今黄藥冬枯春生，開碎花無實。蘇恭所謂藥子，亦不專指黄 藥。則蘇頌所以言，亦未可憑信也。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: Huang yao originally came from Ling nan. Today it is also present in the zhou and prefectures of Kui and Shaan, and in the mountains of Ming, Yue, Qin and Long. Those from Zhong zhou and Wen zhou are superior. It grows as a vine and reaches a height of three to four chi. The root and the stem resemble those of mulberry [trees]. The root is collected in the tenth month. Those coming from Qin zhu are called hong yao zi 紅藥子. In Shi zhou they call it chi yao 赤藥. The leaves resemble those of buckwheat. Branches and stalk are red in color. White flowers open in the seventh month. As long as the root is moist it is red in color; when it is dry it is yellow. The Ben jing lists a yao shi gen 藥實根, stating that “it grows in the mountain valleys of Shu jun.” Su Gong says: “That is yao zi 藥子. Its kernels are used [for therapeutic purposes].” These may be the fruits of huang yao 黄藥. But when it is said that “the leaves resemble apricot [leaves], the flowers are red-white and the flesh of the seeds has a sour flavor,” then this is different. [Li] Shizhen: Today, huang yao zi is planted everywhere. Its stem is two to three chi tall. It is soft and has nodes. It looks like a vine, but it is not a vine. The leaves are



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as big as a fist, with a length of more than three cun. They are not similar to those of mulberry [trees]. The root reaches a length of more than a chi. Big ones have a circumference of two to three cun. They are brown outside and yellow inside. Some are yellow-red in color. The color of the meat is quite similar to that of Japanese dock roots. The people always pound it and give it into vats used for indigo dyeing, claiming that it facilitates the change of colors. During the Tang era, Su Gong said: “Yao shi gen 藥實根 is yao zi 藥子.” Then, during the Song, Su Song followed him and assumed it to be the fruits of huang yao 黄藥. However, today’s huang yao withers in winter and comes to life in spring. It opens small flowers without fruits. Su Gong’s description of yao zi 藥子 is not a specific description of huang yao 黄藥. That said, Su Song’s description is not reliable either. 18-36-01 根 Gen

Root [of huang yao zi]. 【氣味】苦，平，無毒。【大明曰】凉。治馬心肺熱疾。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, balanced, nonpoisonous. Da Ming: Cool. It serves to cure heat illnesses of horses affecting their heart and lung. 【主治】諸惡腫瘡瘻，喉痺，蛇犬咬毒。研水服之，亦含亦塗。開寶。凉 血降火，消癭解毒。時珍。 Control. All types of malign swelling, sores and fistulas. Throat blockage. Poisonous bites of snakes and dogs. Grind it in water and ingest this. Or hold it in the mouth, or apply it [to the affected region]. Kai bao. It cools the blood and brings down fire. It dissolves goiters and resolves poison. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【頌曰】孫思邈千金月令方：療忽生癭疾一二年者，以萬州黄藥 子半斤，須緊重者爲上。如輕虚，即是他州者，力慢，須用加倍。取無灰 酒一斗，投藥入中，固濟瓶口。以糠火燒一復時，待酒冷乃開。時時飲一 盃，不令絶酒氣。經三五日後，常把鏡自照，覺消即停飲，不爾便令人項 細也。劉禹錫傳信方亦著其效，云得之邕州從事張岧。岧目擊有效，復試 其驗如神。其方並同，惟小有異處，是燒酒候香出外，瓶頭有津出即止， 不待一宿，火不得太猛耳。 Explication. [Su] Song: A recipe of Sun Simiao’s Qian jin yue ling. “To heal goiter illnesses that started all of a sudden and have lasted for one or two years, use half a jin of huang yao zi from Wen zhou. It should be hard and heavy to be good. If it is light and hollow, it comes from another zhou. In this case, its strength is slow and it must be doubled. Give the pharmaceutical drug into one dou of ash-free wine and firmly seal the opening of the bottle. Then heat it with a rice husk fire

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for one full day, wait until the wine has cooled and open [the bottle]. Repeatedly [let the patient] drink one cup, never allowing the effects of the qi of the wine [on the goiter] to be interrupted. After three to five days, [the patient should] regularly look at himself in a mirror. If [the patient] realizes that [the goiter] is dissolved, he must end drinking [the wine]. Otherwise his neck will be too slim.” Liu Yuxi in his Chuan xin fang, too, describes these effects. He states that he “got [this recipe] from Zhang Zhao in Yong zhou. [Zhang] Zhao had seen the effects with his own eyes. Hence he tried it repeatedly, with a divine success. The recipes are identical, with only minor differences. That is, the [bottle] is heated until it emits a fragrance and a liquid leaves from the top of the bottle. It is not necessary to continue [the heating] for a full day; the fire must not be too strong.” 【附方】舊三，新三。 Added Recipes. Three of old. Three newly [recorded]. 項下癭氣。黄藥子一斤洗剉，酒一斗浸之。每日早晚常服一盞。忌一切毒 物，及戒怒。仍以線逐日度之，乃知其效也。斗門方。 Goiter qi below the neck. Wash one jin of huang yao zi and cut it into pieces. Soak them in one dou of wine. Every day in the morning and in the evening regularly ingest one cup. [During this therapy] avoid all poisonous items, and beware of anger. Also, measure [the size of the goiter] with a thread every day. This helps to know when an effect shows. Dou men fang. 吐血不止。藥子一兩，水煎服。聖惠方。 Unending blood spitting. Boil one liang of yao zi in water and ingest it. Sheng hui fang. 咯血吐血。百一選方用蒲黄、黄藥子等分，爲末，掌中舐之。 Coughing up of blood; blood spitting. The Bai yi xuan fang [recommends to grind] equal amounts of cattail pollen and huang yao zi into powder and lick it off the palm of your hand. 王衮博濟方用黄藥子、漢防己各一兩，爲末。每服一錢，小麥湯食後調 服，一日二服。 Wang Gun in his Bo ji fang [recommends to grind] one liang each of huang yao zi and stephania tetandra [root] into powder. Each time ingest one qian, to be ingested mixed with a wheat decoction after a meal. To be ingested twice a day.



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鼻衄不止。黄藥子爲末。每服二錢，煎淡膠湯下。良久，以新水調麫一匙 頭服之。兵部手集方只以新汲水磨汁一盌，頓服。簡要濟衆方。 Unending nosebleed. [Grind] huang yao zi into powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down boiled in a donkey hide glue decoction. After quite some time, mix [the powder] with as much wheat flour as is held by the tip of a spoon and ingest this. The Bing bu shou ji [recommends to] only rub [huang yao zi] in newly drawn water to obtain one bowl of juice and ingest this at one draft. Jian yao ji zhong fang. 産後血運。惡物冲心，四肢冰冷，唇青腹脹，昏迷。紅藥子一兩，頭紅花 一錢，水二盞，婦人油釵二隻，同煎一盞服。大小便俱利，血自下也。禹 講師經驗方。 Blood [induced brain] movement/vertigo after delivery. When malign items clash with the heart. The four limbs are ice cold, the lips are greenish, the abdomen is swollen. [Patients are] comatose. Give one liang of hong yao zi and one qian of best quality safflower into two cups of water. Add two oily hairpins of a woman, boil all this and [let the patient] ingest one cup. As soon as major (i. e., defection) and minor (i. e., urination) relief pass freely, the blood will be discharged as a result. Yu Jiangshi jing yan fang. 天泡水瘡。黄藥子末，搽之。集簡方。 Celestial blister sores312 filled with water. Rub [the affected region] with huang yao zi powder. Ji jian fang. 18-37 解毒子唐本草313 Jie du zi, FE Tang ben cao.

Stephania epigaea H.S. Lo.314

【釋名】地不容唐本、苦藥子圖經。 Explanation of Names. Di bu rong 地不容, Tang ben. Ku yao zi 苦藥子, Tu jing. 【集解】【恭曰】地不容生川西山谷，采無時，鄉人呼爲解毒子也。【頌 曰】出戎州。蔓生，葉青如杏葉而大，厚硬，凌冬不凋，無花實。根黄白 312 Tian pao chuang 天泡瘡, “celestial blister sores,” a condition of sores with the appearance of blisters filled with water or pus, especially in children.BCGM Dict I, 503. 313 This medication appears in Zheng lei ch. 7, Wu zhong Tang ben yu 五種唐本餘, “five additions to the Tang ben.” The Tang ben yu 唐本餘 is not identical with the Tang ben cao 唐 本草. 314 Jie du zi 解毒子, lit.: “that which resolves poison.“

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色，外皮微粗褐，纍纍相連，如藥實而圓大，采無時。又開州 興元府出苦 藥子，大抵與黄藥相類，春采根，暴乾，亦入馬藥用。【時珍曰】四川志 云：苦藥子出忠州。性寒，解一切毒。川蜀諸處皆有。即解毒子也。或云 邛州苦藥子即黄藥子，方言稱呼不同耳，理亦近之。 Collected Explanations. Di bu rong grows in the mountain valleys of Chuan xi. It is collected anytime. The locals call it jie du zi 解毒子. [Su] Song: It comes from Rong zhou. It grows as a creeper. The leaves are greenish, similar to apricot leaves, but bigger. They are thick and hard; even during a cold winter they do not wither. [Jie du zi] has neither flowers nor fruits. The root is yellow-white in color. The outer skin is a bit coarse and brown. Many [small roots] are connected to each other, similar to yao shi 藥實,315 but they are round and bigger. [The root] is collected anytime. Also, Xing yuan fu in Kai zhou produces a ku yao zi 苦藥子. It is more or less in one group with yam leaved clematis. The root is collected in spring. It is dried in the sun, and it, too, is used as a medication for horses. [Li] Shizhen: The Si chuan zhi states: “Ku yao zi 苦藥子 comes from Zhong zhou. Its nature is cold. It resolves all types of poison. It can be found everywhere in Chuan shu. That is jie du zi 解毒子.” Some say: “Ku yao zi 苦藥子 from Qiong zhou is huang yao zi 黄藥子 because these are different pronunciations [of the same name] in local dialects.” That makes sense. 18-37-01 根 Gen

Root [of jie du zi]. 【氣味】苦，大寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, very cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】解蠱毒，止煩熱，辟瘴癘，利喉閉及痰毒。唐本。治五臟邪氣， 清肺壓熱。蘇頌。消痰降火，利咽喉，退目赤。時珍。 Control. It resolves gu-poison. 316 It ends vexing heat. It wards off miasma epidemics. It frees a blocked throat and [resolves] phlegm poison. Tang ben. It serves to cure evil qi in the five long-term depots. It cools the lung and pushes down heat. Su Song. It dissolves phlegm and brings down fire. It frees the [passage through the] throat. It repels redness in the eyes. [Li] Shizhen.

315 Yao shi 藥實, unidentified. Possibly the plant listed as BCGM 18-37-A01. 316 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.



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【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [ recorded]. 咽喉腫痛 ， 水漿不下 。 苦藥 、 山豆根 、 甘草 、 消石各一分 ， 射干 、 柑 皮、升麻各半兩，爲末，蜜丸，噙之。聖惠方。 Painful throat swelling, when water and thick liquids cannot be sent down. [Grind] one fen each of ku yao, bushy sophora [root], glycyrrhiza [root] and nitrokalite, with half a liang each of blackberry lily [root], mandarin orange peel and cimicifuga [rhizome] into powder. With honey form pills and hold them in the mouth. Sheng hui fang. 眉棱骨痛， 熱毒攻眼， 頭痛眉痛， 壯熱不止。 解毒子、 木香、 川大黄各 三分，爲末，漿水調膏攤貼，乾即易之。普濟方。 Painful bones behind the eyebrows, with heat poison attacking the eyes, headache and painful eyebrows, and a strong heat that does not end. [Grind] three fen each of jie du zi, costus [root] and [Si] chuan rhubarb root into powder. Mix it with fermented water of foxtail millet to make a paste, and apply it [to the affected region]. When it has dried, replace it. Pu ji fang. 【附録】 Appendix 18-37-A01 奴會子海藥 Nu hui zi, FE Hai yao Unidentified.

【珣曰】味辛， 平， 無毒。 主小兒無辜冷疳， 虚渴脱肛， 骨立瘦損， 脾 胃不磨。刘五娘方用爲煎服。生西國諸戎，大小如苦藥子。 [Li] Xun: Flavor acrid, balanced, nonpoisonous. It controls innocence317 and cold gan-illness318 of children. Depletion with thirst. Anal prolapse. Injuries with an emaciation to the bone. Failure of spleen and stomach to digest [food]. A recipe of Liu Wuniang [recommends to] ingest [this item] as a decoction. It grows in all the western countries. It is more or less similar to stephania epigaea, ku yao zi 苦藥子. 317 Wu gu 無辜, “innocence,” a type of gan-illness accompanied by scrofula affecting the head and neck. BCGM Dict I, 537. 318 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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18-37-A02 藥實根 Yao shi gen Unidentified.

【本經曰】味辛，温，無毒。主邪氣，諸痺疼酸，續絶傷，補骨髓。一名 連木。【别録曰】生蜀郡山谷。采無時。【恭曰】此藥子也，當今盛用， 胡名那疏，出通州、渝州。其子味辛，平，無毒。主破血止痢消腫，除蠱 疰蛇毒。樹生，葉似杏，花紅白色，子肉味酸，止用其仁。本經誤載根 字。【時珍曰】此藥子雖似黄藥、苦藥子，而稍有不同。二藥子不結子， 此則樹之子也。葛洪肘後方云：婆羅門名那疏樹子，中國人名藥子。去皮 取中仁，細研服，治諸病也。 Ben jing: Flavor acrid, [qi] warm, nonpoisonous. It controls evil qi, all types of blockage and soreness. It reconnects fractures and supplements bone marrow. Another name is lian mu 連木. Bie lu: It grows in the mountain valleys of Shu jun; it is collected anytime. [Su] Gong: This is yao zi 藥子. It is widely used today. The Hu call it nashu 那疏319. It comes from Tong zhou and Yu zhou. Its seeds have an acrid flavor. [Their qi are] balanced. [Yao shi gen] is nonpoisonous. It breaks open blood [accumulations], ends free-flux illness and dissolves swelling. It eliminates gu attachment-illness320 and snake poison. It grows on trees. The leaves resemble apricot [leaves]. The flowers are red-white in color. The meat of the seeds has a sour flavor. Only the kernels are used [for therapeutic ends]. The Ben cao mistakenly writes the character “root” [instead of “kernel”]. [Li] Shizhen: The yao zi 藥子 [discussed] here may resemble huang yao 黄藥 and ku yao zi 苦藥子, but there are some slight differences. The two [items named] yao zi 藥子 do not form seeds. [The item discussed] here are seeds of a tree. Ge Hong in his Zhou hou fang states: “The Brahman name is ‘nashu tree seeds.’ The Chinese name is yao zi 藥子. Remove the skin, take the central kernels, grind them into a fine [powder] and ingest this to cure all types of diseases.”

319 Instead of nashu 那疏, all Zheng lei editions write nazhan 那綻 or nayue 那約. Further down here Ge Hong’s Zhou hou fang is quoted as writing nashu 那疏. The Zhou hou fang extent today in ch. 8, zhi bai bing bei ji wan san gao zhu yao fang 治百病備急丸散膏諸 要方, “all important recipes for pills, powders and ointments to cure the hundreds of diseases and be prepared for urgent cases,” writes chuanshu 船疏. 320 Gu zhu 蠱疰, “gu-attachment-illness,” identical with gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 193. See BCGM 42-22.



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18-38 白藥子唐本草 Bai yao-zi, FE Tang ben cao. Stephania cepharantha Hayata. 【集解】【恭曰】白藥子出原州。三月生苗，葉似苦苣。四月抽赤莖，長 似壺盧蔓。六月開白花。八月結子，亦名瓜蔞。九月葉落枝折，采根洗 切，日乾。根皮黄色，名白藥子。【頌曰】今夔、施、合州、江西、嶺南 亦有之。江西出者，葉似烏桕，子如緑豆，至六月變成赤色，治馬熱方用 之。 Collected Explications. [Su] Gong: Bai yao zi comes from Yuan zhou. A seedling grows in the third month; the leaves resemble those of Chinese ixeris. A red stem emerges in the fourth month. Its length is similar to that of calabash creepers. White flowers open in the sixth month; they form seeds in the eighth month. They are also called gua lou 瓜蔞. In the ninth month, when the leaves fall and the twigs break, collect the root, wash it, cut it [into pieces] and dry it in the sun. The skin of the root is yellow in color; it is named “white pharmaceutical drug,” bai yao zi 白藥 子. [Su] Song: Today it can also be found in Kui, Shi, He zhou, Jiang xi and Ling nan. The leaves of [bai yao zi] coming from Jiang xi resemble those of tallow trees; the seeds are similar to mung beans. By the sixth month they assume a red color. They are used in recipes to heal horses’ heat. 18-38-01 根 Gen

Root [of bai yao zi]. 【氣味】辛，温，無毒。【權曰】苦，冷。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, warm, nonpoisonous. [Zhen] Quan: Bitter, cold. 【主治】金瘡生肌。唐本。消腫毒喉痺，消痰止嗽，治渴并吐血。大明。 治喉中熱塞不通，咽中常痛腫。甄權。解野葛、生金、巴豆藥毒。刀斧折 傷，乾末傅之。能止血、痛。馬志。散血降火，消痰解毒。時珍。 Control. Wounds caused by metal objects/weapons; it stimulates the growth of muscles. Tang ben. It dissolves swellings with poison and throat blockage. It dissolves phlegm and ends cough. It serves to cure thirst and ends blood spitting. Da Ming. It serves to cure heat in the throat blocking the passage, and continuing painful swelling in the throat. Zhen Quan. It resolves the poison of the pharmaceutical drugs gelsemium herb, native gold and croton seeds. For fractures and other harm caused by a knife/sword or hatchet, apply the dry powder [to the affected region].

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It can stop bleeding and pain. Ma Zhi. It disperses blood and brings down fire. It dissolves phlegm and resolves poison. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】舊四，新八。 Added Recipes. Four of old. Eight newly [recorded]. 天行熱病 。 白藥爲末 ， 漿水一盞 ， 冷調二錢服 ， 仰卧少頃 ， 心悶或腹鳴 㽲痛，當吐利數行。如不止，喫冷粥一盌止之。聖濟録。 Epidemic heat disease. [Grind] bai yao into powder, mix it with one cup of cold fermented water of foxtail millet and ingest two qian. Then lie down, face upward, for a short moment. This results in heart-pressure and occasionally in abdominal noises and pain, with several episodes of vomiting and free flow. If this does not end, eat one bowl of cold congee to stop it. Sheng ji lu. 心痛解熱。白藥根、野猪尾二味，洗去粗皮焙乾等分，搗篩。酒服一錢， 甚效。黔人用之。蘇頌圖經。 To resolve heat accompanied by heart pain. Wash equal amounts of bai yao [zi] root and ye zhu wei,321 remove the coarse skin, dry them over a fire in a pan, grind them [into powder] and pass it through a sieve. Ingest with wine one qian. Very effective. People in Qian322 often resort to [this recipe]. Su Song, Tu jing. 風熱上壅，咽喉不利。白藥三兩，黑牽牛半兩，同炒香，去牽牛一半，爲 末，防風末三兩，和匀。每茶服一錢。聖惠方。 Heat related to wind [intrusion] rises and causes an obstruction blocking the throat. Stir-fry three liang of bai yao and half a liang of black pharbitis [seeds] until they develop a fragrance. Remove one half of the pharbitis [seeds], grind [the rest] into powder and mix it evenly with three liang of saposhnikovia [root] powder. Each time ingest with tea one qian. Sheng hui fang. 喉中熱塞，腫痛，散血消痰。白藥、朴消等分，爲末。吹之，日四五次。 直指方。 A painful swelling related to heat blocking the throat. This disperses blood and dissolves phlegm. [Grind] equal amounts of bai yao and mirabilite into powder and blow it [into the patient’s] throat, four to five times a day. Zhi zhi fang. 321 Ye zhu wei 野猪尾, lit.: “tail of wild pigs.” Unidentified. One of many herbal pharmaceutical drugs with an animal name. See BCGM 18-A18. 322 Instead of qian 黔, Zheng lei ch. 9, bai yao 白藥, quoting the Tu jing writes Shi zhou 施 州.



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咽喉腫痛。白藥末一兩，龍腦一分，蜜和丸芡子大。每含嚥一丸。聖惠方。 Painful throat swelling. Mix one liang of bai yao powder and one fen of borneol with honey and form pills the size of qian seeds. Each time hold in the mouth and then swallow one pill. Sheng hui fang. 吐血不止。白藥燒存性，糯米飲服三錢。聖惠方。 Unending blood spitting. Heat bai yao with its nature retained and ingest mixed with a glutinous rice beverage three qian. Sheng hui fang. 衄血不止。紅棗、白藥各燒存性，等分爲末，糯米飲服。或煎湯洗鼻，頻 頻縮藥令入。經驗良方。 Unending nosebleed. Heat equal amounts of Chinese dates and bai yao with their nature retained and [grind them] into powder. Ingest it with a glutinous rice beverage. Or boil it in water and with the decoction wash the nose by repeatedly sucking up the medication to get it into [the nose]. Jing yan liang fang. 胎熱不安。鐵罩散：用白藥子一兩，白芷半兩，爲末。每服二錢，紫蘇湯 下。心煩熱，入砂糖少許。聖惠方。 Fetal heat and restlessness. The “iron hood powder.” [Grind] one liang of bai yao zi and half a liang of angelica dahurica [root] into powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with a perilla decoction. In the case of heart vexation and heat, add a small amount of sugar. Sheng hui fang. 一切疳眼，赤爛生瞖。白藥子一兩，甘草半兩，爲末。猪肝一具，批開摻 末五錢，煮熟食之。直指方。 All types of gan-illness eyes,323 with redness, festering and a film [dimming vision. Grind] one liang of bai yao zi and half a liang of glycyrrhiza [root] into powder. Cut open one pig liver and insert five qian of the powder. Boil it until done and eat it. Zhi zhi fang. 小兒疳瀉，吐利。方同上。 Gan-illness324 and outflow of children, with vomiting and free flow. Recipe identical with the one above. 323 Gan yan 疳眼, “gan-illness eye,” a condition of gan-illness, together with itching eyes that are red, fester and develop ulcers, or sometimes grow a shade, with harm inflicted to the eyes. BCGM Dict I, 187. 324 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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諸骨哽咽。白藥煎米醋細嚥。在上即吐出，在下即下出。普濟方。 All types of choking on a bone. Boil bai yao in rice vinegar and swallow small amounts. [The bone] may be released from above by vomiting or from below by discharge. Pu ji fang. 癰腫不散。生白藥根搗貼，乾則易之。無生者，研末水和貼。圖經。 An obstruction-illness325 swelling that fails to disperse. Pound a fresh bai yao root [into a pulp] and attach it [to the affected region]. When it has dried, replace it. If no fresh [root] is available, grind [the dry root] into powder, mix it with water and apply [this to the affected region]. Tu jing. 【附録】 Appendix 18-38-A01 陳家白藥 拾遺 Chen jia bai yao, FE Shi yi. Unidentified.

【藏器曰】味苦，寒，無毒。主解諸藥毒，水研服之。入腹與毒相攻，必 吐出。未盡更服。亦去心胸煩熱，天行瘟瘴。出蒼梧 陳家，故有陳家之 號。明山有之。蔓及根並似土瓜，葉如錢，根似防己，緊小者良，人亦采 食之。與婆羅門白藥及赤藥，功用並相似。【時珍曰】按劉恂嶺表録云： 陳家白藥善解毒，諸藥皆不及之，救人甚多。封州、康州有種之者。廣府 每歲充土貢。按此藥當時充貢，今無復有。或有之，古今名謂不同耳。 [Chen] Cangqi: Flavor bitter, [qi] cold, nonpoisonous. To resolve all types of pharmaceutical drug poison, grind it in water and ingest this. When it enters the abdomen and attacks the poison, [the poison] will be thrown up. If it is not fully emitted, ingest [the medication] a second time. It also serves to remove vexing heat from the central region and the chest, as well as epidemic warmth-illness and miasma. [The knowledge of this item] comes from the Chen family in Cang wu. Therefore it is called “Chen family’s [bai yao].” It is present on Mount Ming shan. Both its creeper and root resemble those of Japanese snake gourd. The leaves are similar to coins. The root resembles that of stephania tetrandra. Hard and small specimens are good. People also collect them to eat them. Their [therapeutic] potential and usage are similar to those of Brahman bai yao 白藥 and chi yao 赤藥,326 clematis ternifolia. [Li] 325 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 326 Brahman bai yao 白藥 and chi yao 赤藥, two unidentified herbs.



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Shizhen: According to Liu Xun’s Ling biao lu, “Chen jia bai yao is good at resolving poison. It is not equalled by any other pharmaceutical drug and has saved [the life] of many people. It is planted in Feng zhou and Kang zhou. Guang fu submits it as a local contribution [to the court] every year.” That is, this pharmaceutical drug was submitted as a tribute at that time, but this is no longer the case. It may still be found somewhere but the name has changed over time. 18-38-A02 甘家白藥拾遺 Gan jia bai yao, FE Ben cao shi yi. Unidentified.

【藏器曰】味苦，大寒，有小毒。解諸藥毒，水研服，即吐出。未盡再 吐。與陳家白藥功相似。二物性冷，與霍亂下利人相反。出龔州以南，生 陰處，葉似車前，根如半夏，其汁飲之如蜜，因人而名。嶺南多毒物，亦 多解毒物，豈天資之乎？ [Chen] Cangqi: Flavor bitter, [qi] very cold, slightly poisonous. It resolves all types of pharmaceutical drug poison. Ground in water and ingested, [the poison] is thrown up. If it is not fully emitted, [it serves to stimulate] vomiting a second time. The [therapeutic] potential is similar to that of Chen jia bai yao. Both items are of cold nature; they are used to oppose a suffering of people from free flow discharge related to cholera. [Gan jia bai yao] comes from Gong zhou; it grows in shady places. The leaves resemble those of Asiatic plantain [herbs]. The root is similar to pinellia [root].327 When its juice is drunk it resembles honey. It is named after a person [of the Gan family, Gan jia 甘家]. In Ling nan are many poisonous items, and there are also many items to resolve poison. Maybe this is something offered by Heaven? 18-38-A03 會州白藥拾遺 Hui zhou bai yao, FE Ben cao shi yi. Unidentified.

【藏器曰】主金瘡，生膚止血，碎末傅之。出會州，葉如白歛。 [Chen] Cangqi: It controls wounds caused by metal objects/weapons. It stimulates the growth of skin and ends bleeding. Grind it into powder and apply it [to the affected region]. It comes from Hui zhou. The leaves are similar to ampelopsis [leaves].

327 Following ban xia 半夏, the original edition of Zheng lei in ch. 6, gan jia bai yao 甘家白 藥, does not have the six characters qi zhi yin zhi ru mi 其汁飲之如蜜, “when its juice is drunk it resembles honey.”

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18-38-A04 衝洞根拾遺 Chong dong gen, FE Ben cao shi yi. Unidentified.

【藏器曰】味苦，平，無毒。主熱毒，蛇犬蟲癰瘡等毒。出嶺南 恩州。取 根，陰乾。功用同陳家白藥，而苗蔓不相似。【珣曰】苗蔓如土瓜，根亦 相似。味辛，温。主一切毒氣及蛇傷，取根磨水服之，諸毒悉皆吐出也。 [Chen] Cangqi: Flavor bitter, [qi] balanced, nonpoisonous. It controls heat poison, and the poison of snakes, dogs, worms/bugs and obstruction-illness sores.328 It comes from En zhou in Ling nan. Gather the root and dry it in the yin (i. e., shade). The [therapeutic] potential and usage are identical with that of Chen jia bai yao, but their seedlings and creepers differ. [Li] Xun: Its seedling and creeper are similar to those of Japanese snake gourd. Their roots are similar, too. It has an acrid flavor and warm [qi]. It controls all types of poisonous qi and harm caused by snakes. Gather the root, rub it in water and ingest this. All poisons are released through vomiting. 18-38-A05 突厥白宋開寶 Tu jue bai, FE Song kai bao. Unidentified.

【藏器曰】味苦。主金瘡，生血止血，補腰續筋。出突厥國。色白如灰， 乃云石灰共諸藥合成者。【志曰】今所用者，出潞州。其根黄白色，狀似 伏苓而虚軟。苗高三四尺，春夏葉如薄荷，花似牽牛而紫，上有白稜。二 月、八月采根，暴乾。 [Chen] Cangqi: Flavor bitter. It controls wounds caused by metal objects/weapons. It stimulates the generation of blood and ends bleeding. It supplements lower back [qi] and reconnects [severed] sinews. It comes from the country Tu jue. It is white in color similar to ashes. It is said that it is a product of a combination of lime with all other pharmaceutical drugs. [Ma] Zhi: That used today comes from Lu zhou. The root is yellow-white in color. Its shape resembles that of poria, but it is soft and hollow. The seedling is three to four chi tall. In spring and summer it has leaves similar to mint. The flowers resemble those of pharbitis [herbs], but are purple. Above they have white edges. The root is collected in the second and eighth month. It is dried in the sun.

328 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.



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18-39 威靈仙宋開寶 Wei ling xian, FE Song kai bao Clematis chinensis Osbeck. Chinese clematis. 【釋名】【時珍曰】威，言其性猛也。靈仙，言其功神也。 Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen:: Wei 威, “awsome,” is to say: its nature is awsome. Ling xian 靈仙, “magic/numinous hermit/immortal,” refers to its divine [therapeutic] potential. 【集解】【志曰】出商州 上洛山及華山并平澤，以不聞水聲者良。生先 于衆草，方莖，數葉相對。冬月丙丁戊己日采根用。【恭曰】九月末至十 二月，采根陰乾。餘月並不堪采。【頌曰】今陝西及河東、河北、汴東、 江、湖州郡皆有之。初生作蔓，莖如釵股，四稜。葉如柳葉，作層，每層 六七葉，如車輪，有六層至七層者。七月内生花六出，淺紫或碧白色，作 穗似莆臺子，亦有似菊花頭者。實青色。根稠密多鬚似穀，每年朽敗。九 月采根。【時珍曰】其根每年旁引，年深轉茂。一根叢鬚數百條，長者二 尺許。初時黄黑色，乾則深黑，俗稱鐵脚威靈仙以此。别有數種，根鬚一 樣，但色或黄或白，皆不可用。 Collected Explanations. [Ma] Zhi: It comes from Mount Shang luo shan in Shang zhou, from Mount Hua shan and from the marshlands in the plains. Those are good ones that come from regions where no water noise can be heard. [Wei ling xian] grows prior to all other herbs. The stem is square. Many leaves face each other. Roots for [therapeutic] application are collected in winter on bing 丙, ding 丁, wu 戊 and ji 己 days. [Su] Gong: From the end of the ninth month to the twelfth month the root is collected and dried in the yin (i. e., shade). It should not be collected in all the other months. [Su] Song: Today it is present in Shaan xi and in all the zhou and prefectures of He dong, He bei, Bian dong, Jiang and Hu. At the beginning it grows as a creeper with a stem similar to a hairpin. It has four edges. The leaves are similar to willow leaves. They form layers, with each layer formed by six or seven leaves, similar to a car wheel. Some have six or even seven such layers. From within them flowers with six petals grow in the seventh month. They are pale purple or jade-bluish-white in color. They form spikes similar to pu tai zi 莆臺子.329 There are also some resembling the tips of chrysanthemum flowers. Their fruits are greenish in color. Many fine roots form dense clusters similar to grain. They rot every year. The root is collected in the ninth month. [Li] Shizhen: The root extends each year anew sideward, with an exuberant growth in the course of the year. Eventually one root has several hundred of hair-like stalks forming a cluster reaching a length of 329 Pu tai zi 莆臺子, an unidentified plant.

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more than two chi. In the beginning it is yellow-black in color. When dried it is deep black. Hence it is commonly called “iron leg wei ling xian.” There are many other kinds, but the hair-like roots are the same. However, those that are yellow or white in color must not be used [for therapeutic ends]. 18-39-01 根 Gen

Root [of wei ling xian]. 【氣味】苦，温，無毒。【元素曰】味甘純陽，入太陽經。【杲曰】可升 可降，陰中陽也。【時珍曰】味微辛、鹹、不苦。忌茗、麪湯。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, warm, nonpoisonous. [Zhang] Yuansu: Flavor sweet, pure yang. It enters the major yang conduits. [Li] Gao: It can rise, it can descend. It is a yang in yin [substance]. [Li] Shizhen: Flavor slightly acrid, salty, not bitter. [During a therapy with wei ling xian root] tea and noodle water should be avoided. 【主治】諸風，宣通五臟，去腹内冷滯，心膈痰水，久積癥瘕，痃癖氣 塊，膀胱宿膿惡水，腰膝冷疼，療折傷。久服無有温疾瘧。開寶。推新舊 積滯，消胸中痰唾，散皮膚大腸風邪。李杲。 Control. All types of wind [intrusion]. It penetrates the five long-term depots. It removes stagnating cold from within the abdomen, phlegm and water from the heart and the diaphragm region, long-lasting accumulation, concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness,330 string-illness331 and aggregation-illness332 with qi lumps, pus and malign water staying in the urinary bladder overnight, and painful cold in the lower back and knees. It heals fracture harm. Ingested over a long time, it keeps one free of warmth illness and malaria. Kai bao. It pushes away new and old accumulations and sluggish [qi], dissolves phlegm and saliva in the chest and disperses wind evil in the skin and the large intestine. Li Gao. 【發明】【頌曰】唐 貞元中，嵩陽子 周君巢作威靈仙傳云：威靈仙去衆 風，通十二經脉，朝服暮效。疏宣五臟冷膿宿水變病，微利，不瀉人。 服此四肢輕健，手足微暖，並得清凉。先時，商州有人病手足不遂，不 330 Zheng jia 癥瘕, “concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness.” The two terms are often used interchangeably and do not signify two distinctly different conditions. Concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness result from a disharmony of cold and warmth resulting in a failure to transform beverages and food. Nodes form when the clash with the qi of the long-term depots. BCGM Dict I, 677. 331 Xuan 痃, “string-illness,” a condition of acute pain located in the abdomen to the left and right of the umbilicus. BCGM Dict I, 591. 332 Pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” of painful lumps emerging from time to time in both flanks. BCGM Dict I, 371.



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履地者數十年。良醫殫技莫能療。所親置之道旁以求救者。遇一新羅僧見 之，告曰：此疾一藥可活，但不知此土有否？因爲之入山求索，果得，乃 威靈仙也。使服之，數日能步履。其後山人鄧思齊知之，遂傳其事。此藥 治丈夫婦人中風不語，手足不遂，口眼喎斜，言語蹇滯，筋骨節風，繞臍 風，胎風，頭風，暗風，心風，風狂，大風，皮膚風痒，白癜風，熱毒風 瘡，頭旋目眩，手足頑痺，腰膝疼痛，久立不得，曾經損墜，䐴腰痛，腎 臟風壅，傷寒瘴氣，憎寒壯熱，頭痛流涕，黄疸黑疸，頭面浮腫，腹内宿 滯，心頭痰水，膀胱宿膿，口中涎水，冷熱氣壅，肚腹脹滿，好喫茶滓， 心痛，注氣，膈氣，冷氣攻衝，脾肺諸氣，痰熱欬嗽，氣急，坐卧不安， 氣衝眼赤，攻耳成膿，陰汗盗汗，大小腸秘，服此立通，氣痢痔疾，瘰癧 疥癬，婦人月水不來，動經多日，氣血衝心，産後秘塞，孩子無辜，並皆 治之。其法：采得根，陰乾月餘，擣末。温酒調一錢匕，空腹服之。如人 本性殺藥，可加及六錢。利過兩行則减之，病除乃停服。其性甚善，不觸 諸藥，但惡茶及麪湯，以甘草、巵子代飲可也。又以一味洗，焙爲末，以 好酒和令微濕，入在竹筒内緊塞，九蒸九暴。如乾，添酒洒之。以白蜜和 丸梧子大。每服二十至三十丸，温酒下。崔元亮海上集驗方著其詳如此。 【恭曰】腰腎脚膝積聚，腸内諸冷病，積年不瘥者，服之無不立效。【宗 奭曰】其性快，多服疏人五臟真氣。【震亨曰】威靈仙屬木，治痛風之要 藥也，在上下者皆宜，服之尤效。其性好走，亦可横行，故崔元亮言其去 衆風，通十二經脉，朝服暮效。凡采得聞流水聲者，知其性好走也，須不 聞水聲者乃佳。【時珍曰】威靈仙氣温，味微辛鹹。辛泄氣，鹹泄水。故 風濕痰飲之病，氣壯者服之有捷效。其性大抵疏利，久服恐損真氣，氣弱 者亦不可服之。 Explication. [Su] Song: During the zhen yuan 貞元 reign period (785 – 805), Zhao Junchao, Master of Song yang, wrote a Wei ling xian zhuan stating: “Wei ling xian removes all types of wind [intrusion]. It penetrates the twelve conduit vessels. Ingested in the morning, its effects are obvious in the evening. It disperses from the five long-term depots cold pus and water remaining there overnight eventually changing into disease, causing a mild free flow without draining that person. To ingest it makes the four limbs light and healthy, slightly warms hands and feet, and at the same time lets one feel cool. Formerly, a person in Shang zhou suffered from a paralysis of hands and feet. For tens of years he was unable to walk on the ground. Good physicians had exhausted their skills but could not heal him. His relatives positioned him at the roadside to find help. Then a monk from Xin luo saw him and told him: ‘With this illness, there is one pharmaceutical drug that can return life to you. But I do not know whether it is available here.’ Hence they urged him to go into the mountains and search for it. Eventually he got hold of it, and that was wei ling xian. They let [the patient] ingest it and after several days

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he was able to walk. Later, Deng Siqi, a man living in the mountains, learnt of this and spread the message. This pharmaceutical drug serves to cure husbands and wives struck by wind with a loss of voice, hands and feet not following their wishes, slanted mouth and eyes, and impeded language. Wind [intrusion] in the sinews and bone joints. Wind [intrusion] encircling the navel. Fetal wind.333 Head wind.334 Dim-vision wind.335 Heart wind.336 Wind madness.337 Massive wind.338 Wind itch in the skin. White patches wind.339 Sores related to heat poison and wind [intrusion]. Vertigo and visual dizziness.340 Stubborn blockage/numbness of hands and feet. Painful lower back and knees. Inability to stand for a long time. A one time injury or fall. Painful lower back. The kidney long-term depot obstructed by wind [intrusion]. Harm caused by cold and miasma qi. Aversion to cold with massive heat. Headache and sniveling. Yellow dan-illness/jaundice and black dan-illness.341 Head and face affected by superficial swelling. Sluggish [food] remaining in the abdomen overnight. Phlegm water at the upper stomach end. Pus remaining in the urinary bladder overnight. Saliva water in the mouth. Obstruction caused by cold or hot qi. Distension of the abdomen with a feeling of fullness. A love of consuming 333 Tai feng 胎風, “fetal wind,” a condition of jing feng 驚風, “fright wind,” developed by children within 100 days following delivery. BCGM Dict I, 485. 334 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509. 335 An feng 暗風, “dim-vision wind,” a condition of sudden dizziness or transient unconsciousness. BCGM Dict I, 43. 336 Xin feng 心風, “heart wind,” a condition of a heart affection by wind evil. BCGM Dict I, 575. See also Xin xian 心癇, “heart epilepsy” and dian xian 癲癇, “peak-illness with epilepsy,” which, at the time of its outbreaks, causes the patient’s four limbs to twitch, with a red face, heat below the heart, shortness of qi and a breathing that is weak and fast. BCGM Dict I, 580. 337 Feng kuang 風狂, “wind madness,” a condition of psychic derangement manifesting itself as senseless movements and irregular outbursts of joy and anger. BCGM Dict I, 163. 338 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” identical with feng lai 風癩, “wind repudiation-illness,” a condition of a chronic, infectious skin disease with insensitive skin, red macules, festering swelling, and, in severe cases, loss of eyebrows, harm to the eyes, and collapse of the patient’s nose. Possibly including cases of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111. 339 Bai dian feng 白癜風, “white patches wind,” a condition of white skin patches without pain and itching. BCGM Dict I, 46. 340 Mu xuan 目眩, “visual dizziness,” an illness sign of dim vision, with darkness in front of the eyes. BCGM Dict I, 345. 341 Hei dan 黑疸, “dark dan-illness,” a condition of a long-lasting huang dan 黃疸, “yellow dan-illness,” where the proper qi have weakened, and the yellow complexion has darkened. BCGM Dict I, 215.



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the dregs of tea. Heart pain. Influx qi.342 Occlusion qi.343 Cold qi rushing [up] to attack [above]. All types of qi [disorder in] spleen and lung. Cough with phlegm and heat. Rapid qi [movement]. Inability to sit or lie down calmly. Qi rushing into the eyes and causing redness, attacking the ears and generating pus. Sweat in the yin [(i. e. genital) region], robber sweating.344 Blocked large and small intestine with the passage cleared immediately after an ingestion of this [medication]. Qi free-flux illness and piles illness. Scrofula pervasion-illness,345 jie-illness346 and xuan-illness.347 Blocked menstruation of women. Menstruation excited for many days. Qi and blood rushing against the heart. Blocked [urination and defecation] following delivery. Innocence348 of children. [This medication] serves to cure all this. The method [to prepare it is as follows]. Collect the root [of wei ling xian]. Dry it in the yin (i. e., shade) for more than one month. Grind it into powder. Mix the amount held by a one qian spoon with warm wine. Ingest this on an empty stomach. If the patient’s nature kills the medication, increase the dose to six qian and reduce it again after he had two free flow episodes. When the disease is eliminated, end the ingestion. The nature of this [pharmaceutical drug] is very benevolent. It does not come into conflict with any other pharmaceutical drug. It only abhors tea and noodle water. They can be substituted by beverages made from glycyrrhiza [root] and gardenia [fruits]. Another [method of preparation] is to wash [the root 342 Zhu qi 注氣, “influx qi,” a condition identical with gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness.” BCGM Dict I, 693. 343 Ge qi 膈氣, “occlusion qi,” a condition of a ye ge 噎膈, “gullet occlusion,” a disease situated in the chest and diaphragm region with a sensation of an obstacle in the chest, heart-pressure, and pain, and a failure of beverages and food to move through a blocked esophagus. BCGM Dict I, 189. 344 Dao han 盗汗, “robber sweating,” (1) an illness sign of a profuse sweating during sleep that ends when one wakes up. (2) A pathological condition with robber sweating as major sign. BCGM Dict I, 122. 345 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 346 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 347 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness.” Conditions of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, a designation of local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591. 348 Wu gu 無辜, “innocence,” a type of gan-illness accompanied by scrofula affecting the head and neck. BCGM Dict I, 537.

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of wei ling xian] as an individual substance, dry it over a fire in a pan and [grind it into] powder. Then mix it with good wine to give it some moisture, insert it into a bamboo tube and firmly close it. Steam this nine times and dry it in the sun nine times. When it is dry, sprinkle wine on it. Then form with white honey pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 20 to 30 pills, to be sent down with warm wine. This is described in detail by Cui Yuanliang in his Hai shang ji yan fang.” [Su] Gong: If this [item] is ingested [to heal] accumulations and collections in the lower back, the kidneys, the legs and the knees, and all types of cold disease in the intestines, that have not been healed for several years, it is always effective. [Kou] Zongshi: It has a fast acting nature. If ingested in large quantities it drains the real qi of the five long-term depots. [Zhu] Zhenheng: Wei ling xian is associated with [the phase] wood. It is an important pharmaceutical drug to cure pain and wind [intrusion]. It is suitable for all types [of such ailments] in the upper and lower [body parts]. To ingest it is extraordinarily effective. By its nature it loves to run and it is also able to move horizontally. Therefore, Cui Yuanliang says that “it removes all types of wind [intrusion], penetrates the twelve conduit vessels and when ingested in the morning it is effective in the evening.” All [wei liang xian roots] collected in places where the sounds of running water are heard love to run by nature. To be excellent, they should be [collected in places] where the sounds of water are not heard. [Li] Shizhen: The qi of wei ling xian are warm; its flavor is slightly acrid and salty. Acrid [flavor] drains qi. Salty [flavor] drains water. Therefore, when persons of a strong qi [condition] with wind [intrusion] and the presence of moisture and phlegm rheum ingest it, [wei ling xian] is rapidly effective. Basically, its qi are dredging and free [passages]. When ingested for a long time, it may harm the true qi. Persons with a weak qi must not ingest it. 【附方】舊四，新一十六。 Added Recipes. Four of old, 16 newly [recorded]. 脚氣入腹，脹悶喘急。用威靈仙末，每服二錢，酒下。痛减一分，則藥亦 减一分。簡便方。 Leg qi349 that enter the abdomen, with [abdominal] bloating, heart-pressure and hectic panting. Each time ingest two qian of wei ling xian powder, to be sent down with wine. With each degree that the pain decreases, the medication is to be decreased by the same degree. Jian bian fang.

349 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.



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腰脚諸痛。千金方用威靈仙末空心温酒服一錢。逐日以微利爲度。 All types of lower back and leg pain. The Qian jin fang [recommends to] ingest, on an empty stomach, one qian of wei ling xian powder with warm wine. Continue this day after day until a slight free flow occurs. 經驗方用威靈仙一斤，洗乾，好酒浸七日，爲末，麪糊丸梧子大。以浸藥 酒，每服二十丸。 The Jing yan fang [recommends to] wash one jin of wei ling xian [roots] clean and dry them. Then soak them in good wine for seven days and [grind them into] powder. With wheat flour paste form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 20 pills with the wine in which the pharmaceutical drug was soaked. 腎臟風壅，腰膝沉重。威靈仙末，蜜丸梧子大。温酒服八十丸。平明微利 惡物如青膿膠，即是風毒積滯。如未利，再服一百丸。取下後，食粥補 之。一月仍常服温補藥。孫兆方名放杖丸。集驗方。 Kidney long-term depot obstruction by wind [intrusion], with a feeling of massive heaviness in the lower back and the knees. Form wei ling xian powder with honey to pills the size of wu seeds and ingest with warm wine 80 pills. When at dawn [of the next day] a slight free flow of malign items, similar to greenish pus or glue, occurs, this is the accumulated, stagnating wind poison. If no such free flow happens, ingest an additional 100 pills. When this results in a discharge, eat a congee to supplement [lost qi] and for one month regularly ingest warming, supplementing medication. In the Sun Zhao fang [this recipe] is called “pills to release the flogging stick.” Ji yan fang. 筋骨毒痛。因患楊梅瘡，服輕粉毒藥，年久不愈者。威靈仙三斤，水酒十 瓶，封煮一炷香，出火毒。逐日飲之，以愈爲度。集簡方。 Painful poison in sinews and bones. This is a [side effect when patients] suffering from red bayberry/syphilitic sores ingest the poisonous pharmaceutical drug calomel for years without being healed. Heat three jin of wei ling xian, in a sealed container, in as much water and wine as is held in ten bottles for as long as it takes an incence stick to burn. Then [wait] until the fire poison has left [the liquid] and drink it every day until a cure is achieved. Ji jian fang. 破傷風病。威靈仙半兩，獨頭蒜一個，香油一錢，同搗爛，熱酒衝服。汗 出即愈。衛生易簡方。

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Wound wind350 disease. Pound half a liang of wei ling xian, one single clove garlic and one qian of sesame oil into a pulpy mass and quickly ingest it with hot wine. When [the patient starts to] sweat, [the disease is] healed. Wei sheng yi jian fang. 手足麻痺，時發疼痛，或打撲傷損，痛不可忍，或癱痪等證。威靈仙炒五 兩，生川烏頭、五靈脂各四兩，爲末，醋糊丸梧子大。每服七丸，用鹽湯 下。忌茶。普濟方。 Numbness of hands and feet, with an occasional pain. Or harm and injuries caused by a blow or fall with unbearable pain. Or paralysis. [Grind] five liang of wei ling xian, stir-fried, and four liang each of fresh [Si] chuan aconitum [main tuber] and flying squirrel droppings into powder and form with vinegar [and wheat flour] a paste to make pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest seven pills, to be sent down with a salt decoction. [During this therapy,] tea should be avoided. Pu ji fang. 男婦氣痛，不拘久近。威靈仙五兩，生韭根二錢半，烏藥五分，好酒一 盞，雞子一個，灰火煨一宿，五更視雞子殼軟爲度。去渣温服，以乾物壓 之，側睡向塊邊。渣再煎，次日服。覺塊刺痛，是其驗也。摘玄方。 Painful qi [disorder] of males and women, regardless of how long this has lasted. Simmer for one night five liang of wei ling xian, two and a half qian of fresh Chinese leek roots and five fen of lindera [roots] in one cup of good wine with one chicken egg on an ash fire. The next day in the early morning hours inspect the egg shell. The goal is reached when it has softened. Remove the dregs and ingest [the liquid] warm. Press [the affected region] with some dry item and sleep on the side where the lump is felt. The next day, boil the dregs again and ingest [the decoction]. When the lump causes a piercing pain, then this is the effect [of this therapy]. Zhai xuan fang. 噎塞膈氣。威靈仙一把，醋、蜜各半盌，煎五分，服之。吐出宿痰，愈。 唐瑶經驗方。 Gullet occlusion/occlusion qi.351 Boil one handful of wei ling xian in half a bowl each of vinegar and honey down to 50% and [let the patient] ingest this. When he vomits to release abiding phlegm, this is the cure. Tang Yao jing yan fang.

350 Po shang feng 破傷風, “wound wind,” a condition of lockjaw, arched back rigidity and convulsions, resulting from wounds struck by wind. BCGM Dict I, 379. 351 Ge qi 膈氣, “occlusion qi,” a condition of a ye ge 噎膈, “gullet occlusion,” a disease situated in the chest and diaphragm region with a sensation of an obstacle in the chest, heart-pressure, and pain, and a failure of beverages and food to move through a blocked esophagus. BCGM Dict I, 189.



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停痰宿飲。喘欬嘔逆，全不入食。威靈仙焙，半夏薑汁浸焙，爲末，用皂 角水熬膏，丸緑豆大。每服七丸至十丸，薑湯下，一日三服，一月爲驗。 忌茶、麫。 Halting phlegm and abiding rheum, with panting, cough, vomiting and [qi] counterflow, and an absolute impossibility of sending food down. [Grind] wei ling xian, baked over a slow fire, and pinellia [root], soaked in ginger juice and baked over a slow fire, into powder. Simmer it in gleditsia pod water into a paste and form pills the size of mung beans. Each time ingest seven to ten pills, to be sent down with a ginger decoction. To be ingested three times a day. A positive effect will be achieved within one month. [During this therapy] tea and noodles should be avoided. 腹中痞積。威靈仙、楮桃兒各一兩，爲末。每温酒服三錢。名化鐵丸。普 濟。 Obstacle-illness accumulation352 in the abdomen. [Grind] one liang each of wei ling xian and paper mulberry fruits into powder. Each time ingest with warm wine three qian. [This recipe] is called “pills to transform iron.” Pu ji. 大腸冷積。威靈仙末，蜜丸梧子大。一更時生薑湯下十丸至二十丸。經驗 良方。 Cold accumulation in the large intestine. Form wei ling xian powder with honey to pills the size of wu seeds and send down, in the evening, with a fresh ginger decoction ten to 20 pills. Jing yan liang fang. 腸風瀉血久者。威靈仙、雞冠花各二兩，米醋二升，煮乾，炒爲末，以雞 子白和作小餅，炙乾再研。每服二錢，陳米飲下，日二服。聖濟。 Long-lasting intestinal wind and blood outflow. Boil two liang each of wei ling xian and cockscomb flowers with two sheng of rice vinegar until [the liquid] has dried. Stir-fry [the residue and grind it into] powder. With egg white form a small cake. Roast it until it is dry and grind it again. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with a long-stored rice beverage. To be ingested twice a day. Sheng ji. 痔瘡腫痛。威靈仙三兩，水一斗，煎湯，先熏後洗，冷再温之。外科精義。 Piles sores with a painful swelling. Boil three liang of wei ling xian in one dou of water to obtain a decoction. First steam and then wash [the affected region]. When [the liquid] has cooled, warm it again. Wai ke jing yi. 352 Pi ji 痞積,” obstacle-illness accumulation,” a condition of an impeded flow of qi in the abdomen, resulting from immoderate eating and drinking, or from an intrusion of an external cold or heat evil. The resulting qi accumulation causes abdominal pain and abdominal swelling as major conditions. BCGM Dict I, 372.

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諸骨哽咽。威靈仙一兩二錢，砂仁一兩，沙糖一盞，水二鍾，煎一鍾。温 服。 All types of choking on a bone. Boil one liang, two qian of wei ling xian, one liang of bastard cardamom kernels and one cup of sugar in two zhong of water down to one zhong and [let the patient] ingest this warm. 乾坤生意用威靈仙米醋浸二日，晒，研末，醋糊丸梧子大。每服二三丸， 半茶半湯下。如欲吐，以銅青末半匙，入油一二點，茶服，探吐。 The Qian kun sheng yi [recommends to] soak wei ling xian in rice vinegar for two days, dry it in the sun and grind it into powder. With vinegar and [wheat flour] prepare a paste to form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest two or three pills, to be sent down with [a mixture of ] one half tea and one half boiled water. If it is intended [that the patient] vomits, [let him] ingest with tea half a spoon of verdigris powder to which one or two drops of oil are added. That induces vomiting. 聖濟録治雞鵝骨哽，赤莖威靈仙五錢，井華水煎服，即軟如綿吞下也，甚 效。 The Sheng ji lu [recommends to] cure choking on a chicken or goose bone [as follows]. Boil five qian of red stem wei ling xian in well splendor water353 and [let the patient] ingest this. This softens [the bones] like silk that can be swallowed. Very effective. 飛絲纏陰，腫痛欲斷。以威靈仙搗汁，浸洗。一人病此得效。李樓怪證方。 Flying silk threads winding around the yin (i. e., male genital), with a painful swelling that makes one want to cut [the penis]. Pound a wei ling xian [root into] powder, soak it and [use the liquid to] wash [the affected region]. Someone had this disease and [this therapy] was effective. Li Lou, Guai zheng fang. 痘瘡黑陷。鐵脚威靈仙炒研一錢，腦子一分，温水調服，取下瘡痂爲效。 意同百祥丸。儒門事親。 Pox sores that are black and sunken. Mix one qian of stir fried iron leg wei ling xian and one fen of camphor with warm water and ingest this. When the crust on the sores falls off, this is the effect [of this therapy]. The underlying idea is the same as that underlying the use of the “one hundred times auspicious pills.” Ru men shi qin.

353 Jing hua shui 井華水, “well splendor water,” i. e., the first water drawn from a well in the morning. BCGM Vol. II, 05-15-01.



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18-40 茜草本經上品 Qian cao, FE Ben jing, upper rank. Rubia cordifolia L. Madder. 【校正】併入有名未用 别録 苗根。 Editorial Correction. Miao gen 苗根, from the section “known by name but out of use” in the Bie lu is included here. 【釋名】蒨音茜、茅蒐音搜、茹藘音如閭、地血别録、染緋草蜀本、血 見愁土宿、風車草土宿、過山龍補遺、牛蔓。【時珍曰】按陸佃云：許 氏説文言蒐乃人血所化，則草鬼爲蒐，以此也。陶隱居本草言東方有而 少，不如西方多，則西草爲茜，又以此也。陸機云：齊人謂之茜，徐人謂 之牛蔓。又草之盛者爲蒨，牽引爲茹，連覆爲藘，則蒨、茹藘之名，又取 此義也。人血所化之説，恐亦俗傳耳。土宿真君本草云：四補草，其根茜 草也。一名西天王草，一名四岳近陽草，一名鐵塔草、風車兒草。【藏器 曰】有名未用苗根即茜根也。茜、苗二字相似，傳寫之誤爾。宜併之。 Explanation of Names. Qian 蒨, read qian 茜, mao sou 茅蒐, read sou 搜, ru lü 茹藘, read ru lü 如閭, di xue 地血, “the earth’s blood,” Bie lu. Ran fei cao 染緋草, “red dyeing herb,” Shu ben. Xue jian chou 血見愁, “worried at the sight of blood,” Tu su. Feng che cao 風車草, Tu su. Guo shan long 過山龍, “dragon that overcomes mountains,” Bu yi. Niu man 牛蔓. [Li] Shizhen: According to Lu Dian, “Mr. Xu [Shen] in his Shuo wen says: ‘Sou 蒐 is transformed human blood. That is, [the character] sou 蒐 is a combination of cao 草, ‘herb,’ and gui 鬼, ‘demon,’ based on this [assumption]. The Tao yinju ben cao says that ‘[qian cao] is present in the East in small numbers only, not in numbers as large as in the West.’ That is, [the character] qian 茜 is a combination of xi 西, ‘west,’ and cao 草, ‘herb,’ also based on this [assumption].” Lu Ji states: “People in Qi call it qian 茜. People in Xu call it niu man 牛蔓.” “Lush herbs are qian 蒨, which is shortened to ru 茹, and this, in turn, is connected with lü 藘.” That is, the names qian 蒨 and ru lü 茹藘 are also based on this [assumption]. The saying that it is a transformation of human blood may be a tradition of lay persons. The Tu su zhen jun ben cao states: “The root of si bu cao 四補草 is qian cao 茜草, also called xi tian wang cao 西天王草, si yue jin yang cao 四岳近陽草, tie ta cao 鐵塔草 and feng che er cao 風車兒草.” [Chen] Cangqi: The miao gen 苗根 listed as “known by name but not in use” [in the Bie lu] is qian gen 茜根, the “root of qian.” The two characters qian 茜 and miao 苗 are similar. This may be a copying error. Therefore miao gen [苗根] is included here. 【集解】【别録曰】茜根生喬山山谷。二月、三月采根，暴乾。又曰：苗 根生山陰谷中，蔓草木上，莖有刺，實如椒。【弘景曰】此即今染絳茜草

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也。東間諸處乃有而少，不如西多。詩云茹藘在阪者，是也。【保昇曰】 染緋草，葉似棗葉，頭尖下闊，莖葉俱濇，四五葉對生節間，蔓延草木 上。根紫赤色，所在皆有，八月采。【頌曰】今圃人亦作畦種蒔。故史記 云千畝巵、茜，其人與千户侯等，言其利厚也。【時珍曰】茜草十二月生 苗，蔓延數尺。方莖中空有筋，外有細刺，數寸一節。每節五葉，葉如烏 藥葉而糙澀，面青背緑。七八月開花，結實如小椒大，中有細子。 Collected Explications. [Tao] Hongjing: Bie lu: Qian gen grows in the mountain valleys of Qiao shan. The root is collected in the second and third month; it is dried in the sun. It is also said: Miao gen grows in shady mountain values. It is an herb that creeps up trees. The stem has thorns. The fruits are similar to pepper [grains]. [Tao] Hongjing: This is today’s ran jiang qian cao 染絳茜草, “crimson dyeing madder.” It is only present in the East at a few places; not in such large numbers as in the West. It is the item referred to in the Shi as “ru lü 茹藘 on the bank.”354 [Han] Baosheng: The leaves of ran fei cao resemble the leaves of Chinese dates. They are pointed at the tip and broaden further down. Stem and leaves are rough. Four or five leaves grow facing each other at the nodes. The creeper extends upward on trees. The root is purple-red in color. It is present everywhere. It is collected in the eighth month. [Su] Song: Today, gardeners cultivate it in beds. Therefore, when the Shi ji states: “People with a 1000 mu of gardenia [fruits] and qian [roots] are compared to a thousand families of noble men,” then this is to emphasize the benefits and value [of qian cao]. [Li] Shizhen: Qian cao produces a seedling in the 12th month. It is a creeper reaching out several chi. The stem is hollow and has nodes; on the outside it has fine thorns. Every few cun is a node, and at each node are five leaves. The leaves are similar to lindera leaves, but they are coarse, unsmooth. They are greenish on the front and green on the back. Flowers open in the seventh and eighth month. They form fruits similar in size to small pepper grains. Inside are fine seeds. 18-40-01 根 Gen

Root [of qian cao]. 【脩治】【斅曰】凡使，用銅刀於槐砧上剉，日乾，勿犯鉛、鐵器。勿用 赤柳草根，真相似，只是味酸濇。誤服令人患内障眼，速服甘草水解之， 即毒氣散。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: For all applications [as a pharmaceutical drug] cut [the root] with a copper knife on a chopping block made of sophora japonica tree wood. Dry it in the sun. It must not be offended by lead or iron utensils. 354 Shi jing Part I, Book VII, Ode XV, 1. Legge translates: “the madder plant on the bank.”



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Do not use it together with chi liu cao root.355 They look really similar, but the flavor [of the latter] is sour-astringent. When mistakenly ingested it lets one suffer from a screen inside the eyes. In such a situation, quickly ingest glycyrrhiza [root] water to resolve [the screen]. It disperses the poison qi. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。【權曰】甘。【大明曰】酸。入藥炒用。【震亨 曰】熱。【元素曰】微酸、鹹，温。陰中之陰。【别録曰】苗根：鹹， 平，無毒。【之才曰】畏鼠姑。汁，制雄黄。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. [Zhen] Quan: Sweet. Da Ming: Sour. It is stir-fried when used as a medication. [Zhu] Zhenheng: Hot. [Zhang] Yuansu: Slightly sour, salty, warm. A yin in yin [substance]. Bie lu: Miao gen: Salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Xu] Zhicai: [Ingested together,] it fears “mouse/rat aunts.”356 The juice serves to check the effects of realgar. 【主治】寒濕風痺，黄疸，補中。本經。止血，内崩下血，膀胱不足，踒 跌，蠱毒。久服益精氣，輕身。可以染絳。又苗根：主痺及熱中，傷跌 折。别録。治六極傷心肺，吐血瀉血。甄權。止鼻洪尿血，産後血運，月 經不止，帶下，撲損淤血，泄精，痔瘻瘡癤，排膿。酒煎服。大明。通經 脉，治骨節風痛，活血行血。時珍。 Control. Blockage related to the presence of cold, moisture and wind. Yellow dan-illness/jaundice. It supplements the [qi in the] center. Ben jing. It ends bleeding, internal collapse with blood discharge, insufficient [qi] in the urinary bladder, sprained limbs following a slip or fall. Gu-poisoning.357 Ingested over a long time it boosts the essence qi and relieves the body of its weight. It can be used to dye crimson. Also, miao gen 苗根: It controls blockage, heat in the center and fractures and sprains. Bie lu. It serves to cure the six types of harmed heart and lung resulting in blood spitting and blood outflow. Zhen Quan. To end profuse nosebleed and urination with blood, blood [induced brain] movement following delivery, unending menstruation, [diseases] below the belt, stagnant blood after a blow or injury, outflow of essence/sperm, piles fistula, sores and pimples, and to push out pus, ingest it boiled in wine. Da Ming. It frees the passage through conduits and vessels, serves to cure painful wind [intrusion] in bones and joints, and speeds up the passage of blood. [Li] Shizhen. 355 Chi liu cao 赤柳草, lit.: “red willow herb,” unidentified. 356 Shu gu 鼠姑, lit.: “mouse/rat aunt,” unidentified. 357 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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【發明】【藏器曰】茜草主蠱毒，煮汁服。周禮：庶氏掌除蠱毒，以嘉草 攻之。嘉草者，蘘荷與茜也，主蠱爲最。【震亨曰】俗人治痛風，用草藥 取速效。如石絲爲君，過山龍等佐之。皆性熱而燥，不能養陰，却能燥濕 病之淺者。濕痰得燥而開，淤血得熱而行，故亦暫效。若病深而血少者， 則愈劫愈虚而病愈深矣。【時珍曰】茜根赤色而氣温，味微酸而帶鹹。色 赤入營，氣温行滯，味酸入肝而鹹走血，手足厥陰血分之藥也，專于行血 活血。俗方用治女子經水不通，以一兩煎酒服之，一日即通，甚效。名醫 别録言其久服益精氣輕身，日華子言其泄精358，殊不相合，恐未可憑。 Explication. [Chen] Cangqi: To control gu-poison with qian cao, boil it and ingest the juice. Zhou li: “Mr. Shu, in charge of eliminating gu-poison, resorted to jia cao 嘉草 to attack it.” Jia cao is Japanese ginger and qian [cao]. It is the best [remedy available] to control gu [poison]. [Zhu] Zhenheng: When common people cure painful wind [intrusion], they use herbal pharmaceutical drugs to obtain quick effects. For instance, shi si 石絲359 as ruler [ingredient] and guo shan long to assist it. All these are items of hot and drying nature; they cannot nourish yin [qi]. They can dry superficial moisture diseases. When moisture and phlegm are dried and [such accumulations] are opened, the stagnant blood is moved by the heat. Hence a temporary effect is achieved. However, when the disease has proceeded deeper and blood is diminished, the more [such a disease] is cured, the more a depletion develops and the deeper the disease proceeds. [Li] Shizhen: Qian gen is red in color; its qi are warm. The flavor is slightly sour and has some traces of a salty [flavor]. [Items that are] red in color enter the camp [qi, (i. e., the blood)]; warm qi stimulate the movement of stagnating [blood]. A sour flavor enters the lung and salty [flavor] makes the blood run. A pharmaceutical drug for the blood section of the hand and foot ceasing yin [conduits] especially serves to stimulate blood movement and to quicken blood. In common recipes it is resorted to to cure blocked menstruation of girls. They ingest one liang boiled in wine. Within one day [the passage of menstruation] is freed. Very effective. The Ming yi bie lu says: “Ingested over a long time it boosts essence qi and relieves the body of its weight.” Rihua zi says: “It drains essence.” These [two statements] do not agree. Perhaps [one of these statements] is unreliable.

358 It is not clear whether Li Shizhen is right when he reads xie jing 泄精 in the statement quoted from the Rihua zi/Da Ming above as meant to say “it drains essence.” Rather, the original statement may be read as “[cures uncontrolled] outflow of essence.” This would agree with the idea conveyed by the Ming yi bie lu. 359 Shi si 石絲, lit. “stone threads,” unidentified.



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【附方】舊三，新八。 Added Recipes. Three of old, eight newly [recorded]. 吐血不定。茜根一兩搗末。每服二錢，水煎冷服。亦可水和二錢服。周應 簡要濟衆方。 Blood spitting at indefinite intervals. Pound one liang of qian [cao] roots into powder. Each time ingest two qian. Boil it in water and ingest it cold. It is also possible to ingest two qian mixed with water. Zhou Ying, Jian yao ji zhong fang. 吐血躁渴及解毒。用茜根、雄黑豆去皮、甘草炙，等分爲末，井水丸彈子 大。每温水化服一丸。聖濟録。 Blood spitting with restlessness, and thirst. Also, to resolve poison. [Grind] equal amounts of qian [cao] roots, male black soybeans, their skin removed, and glycyrrhiza [roots], roasted, into powder and form with well water pills the size of a bullet. Each time ingest one pill dissolved in warm water. Sheng ji lu. 鼻血不止。茜根、艾葉各一兩，烏梅肉二錢半，爲末，煉蜜丸梧子大。每 烏梅湯下五十丸。本事方。 Unending nosebleed. [Grind] one liang each of qian [cao] roots and common mugwort leaves with two and a half qian of smoked plum meat into powder and with honey form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send down with a smoked plum decoction 50 pills. Ben shi fang. 五旬行經。婦人五十後，經水不止者，作敗血論。用茜根一名過山薑一 兩，阿膠、側柏葉、炙黄芩各五錢，生地黄一兩，小兒胎髮一枚燒灰，分 作六帖。每帖水一盞半，煎七分，入髮灰服之。唐瑶經驗方。 Menstruation continuing at the age of 50 years. When menstruation does not stop in women over 50 years of age. This is described as “decayed blood.” Prepare a mixture of one liang of qian [cao] root, also called guo shan jiang 過山薑,360 five qian each of donkey hide glue, arborvitae leaves and roasted scutellaria [root] and one liang of fresh Chinese angelica [root], as well as one roll of a newborn child’s hair, burned to ashes, and divide it into six portions. Boil each portion (without the ashes of the hair) in one and a half cups of water down to 70%, add the ashes of the hair and [let the woman] ingest this. Tang Yao jing yan fang. 女子經閉。方見前“發明”。 Blocked menstruation. For a recipe, see under “Explication.” 360 Guo shan jiang 過山薑 may be a coying error of guo shan long 過山龍. The name is not attested anywhere else. The original Tang Yao jing yan fang is lost and cannot be examined.

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心痺心煩内熱。茜根煮汁服。傷寒類要。 Heart blockage,361 heart vexation, internal heat. Boil qian [cao] roots and ingest the juice. Shang han lei yao. 解中蠱毒，吐下血如猪肝。茜草根、蘘荷葉各三分，水四升，煮二升，服 即愈。自當呼蠱主姓名也。陳延之小品方。 To resolve being struck by gu-poison. With vomiting and a discharge of blood similar to pig liver. Boil three fen each of qian cao roots and Japanese ginger leaves in four sheng of water down to two sheng. Ingest this and [the disease is] healed. It is essential to call the name of the person acting as host of the gu [spirit].362 Chen Yanzhi, Xiao pin fang. 黑髭烏髮。茜草一斤，生地黄三斤，取汁。以水五大盌，煎茜絞汁，將滓 再煎三度。以汁同地黄汁，微火煎如膏，以瓶盛之。每日空心温酒服半 匙，一月髭髮如漆也。忌蘿蔔、五辛。聖濟録。 To blacken a beard and to blacken hair. [Pound] one jin of qian cao [root] and three jin of fresh Chinese angelica [root] to obtain their juice. [First] boil the qian [roots] in five large bowls of water and squeeze them to obtain a juice. Then boil the dregs again, altogether three times. Mix the juice with the Chinese angelica juice and boil it over a mild fire until it has reached a paste-like consistency. Fill it into a jar. Ingest half a spoon every day with warm wine. Within one month beard and hair will appear like black lacquer. [During this therapy] radish and the five items with an acrid flavor should be avoided. Sheng ji lu. 螻蛄漏瘡。茜根燒灰、千年石灰等分爲末。油調傅之。儒門事親方。 Leaking mole cricket sores.363 Burn qian [cao] roots to ashes and grind them together with an equal amount of lime of a thousand years into powder. Mix it with oil and apply it [to the affected region]. A Ru men shi qin recipe. 361 Instead of bi 痺, “blockage,” “numbness,” Zheng lei ch. 7, qian gen 茜根, quoting Shang han lei yao writes dan 癉, “dan-illness.”。 362 Gu 蠱 is an ancient conceptualization of diseases traced to a magic pathogenic agent. Originally it was assumed to be a most poisonous bug, the only creature in a closed jar surviving competition with hundreds of other poisonous bugs. Th is bug was believed to be instrumentalized by greedy persons to appropriate the belongings of others. The resulting disease was termed gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison(ing).” Gu-poisoning is believed to be an intentional act as the gu is a spirit entity promising to transfer to its primary “host” the belongings of the person poisoned if the primary host manages to find a secondary host where the gu can proliferate. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42 - 22. 363 Lou gu lou 螻蛄漏, “mole-cricket leakage,” a condition of mole-cricket-shaped sores that constitute one of the jiu lou 九漏, “nine types of leakage.” BCGM Dict I, 326.



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脱肛不收。茜根、石榴皮各一握，酒一盞，煎七分，温服。聖惠方。 Anal prolapse that is not drawn in again. Boil one handful each of qian [cao] roots and pomegranate peels in one cup of wine down to 70% and ingest this warm. Sheng hui fang. 預解瘡疹。時行瘡疹正發，服此則可無患。茜根煎汁，入少酒飲之。奇效 良方。 To prevent the development of sore papules. When epidemic sore papules have just begun to develop, ingest this and there will be no suffering. Boil qian [cao] roots to obtain a juice, add a little wine and drink this. Qi xiao liang fang. 【附録】 Appendix 18-40-A01 血藤宋圖經。Xue teng. FE Song, Tu jing

Sargentodoxa cuneata (Oliv.) Rehd. et Wils.364 【頌曰】生信州。葉如蔢𦽅葉，根如大拇指，其色黄。彼人五月采用，攻 血治氣塊。【時珍曰】按虞摶云，血藤即過山龍，理亦相近，未知的否。 姑附之。 [Su] Song: It grows in Xin zhou. The leaves resemble po he 蔢𦽅365 leaves. The root is as big as a thumb. It is yellow in color. The locals collect them for [therapeutic] applications in the fifth month. They serve to attack blood [accumulation] and to cure qi lumps. [Li] Shizhen: According to Yu Tuan, “xue teng is madder.” This makes some sense but nobody knows whether that is the case. Hence it is appended here. 18-41 剪草日華 Jian cao, FE Rihua ben cao Chloranthus fortunei (A. Gray) Solms-Lamb. Fortune’s chloranthus. 【集解】【藏器曰】剪草生山澤間，葉如茗而細，江東用之。【頌曰】生 潤州。二月、三月采，暴乾用。【時珍曰】按許叔微本事方言：剪草狀如 茜草，又如細辛。婺、台二州皆有之，惟婺州者可用。其説殊詳，今遍詢 訪無識者。或云即茜草也，未有的據。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Jian cao grows in mountains and marshland. The leaves are similar to tea [leaves], but they are finer. They are used in Jiang 364 Xue teng 血藤, lit.: “blood vine.” 365 Po he 蔢𦽅 may be an unusual, alternative writing of bo he 薄荷, mint.

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dong [for therapeutic purposes]. [Su] Song: It grows in Run zhou. It is collected in the second and third month, and dried in the sun for [therapeutic] use. [Li] Shizhen: According to Xu Shuwei’s Ben shi fang, “Jian cao is shaped like madder, and also similar to asarum heteropoides. It is present in Wu and Tai zhou, but only that from Wu zhou can be used [for therapeutic applications].” The description [of jian cao in the Ben shi fang] is remarkably detailed but wherever one enquires about it, nobody knows it. Some say: “It is madder.” There is no evidence of this. 18-41-01 根 Gen

Root [of jian cao]. 【氣味】苦，凉，無毒。【頌曰】平。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cool, nonpoisonous. [Su] Song: Balanced. 【主治】諸惡瘡，疥癬風瘙，瘻蝕有蟲，浸酒服。大明。主一切失血。時 珍。 Control. For all malign sores, jie-illness366 and xuan-illness,367 wind itching,368 fistulas and erosions with the presence of worms/bugs, soak it in wine and ingest it. Da Ming. It controls all types of blood loss. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【元素曰】上部血，須用剪草、牡丹皮、天門冬、麥門冬。【時 珍曰】許學士本事方云：剪草治勞瘵吐血損肺及血妄行，名曰神傳膏。其 法：每用一斤净洗，晒爲末，入生蜜二斤和爲膏，以器盛之，不得犯鐵 器，一日一蒸，九蒸九暴乃止。病人五更起，面東坐，不得語言，以匙抄 藥四匙食之。良久，以稀粟米飲壓之。藥只冷服，米飲亦勿大熱，或吐或 下不妨。如久病肺損咯血，只一服愈。尋常嗽血妄行，每服一匙可也。有 一貴婦病瘵，得此方，九日藥成。前一夕，病者夢人戒令翌日勿亂服藥。 次日將服藥，屋上土墜器中，不可用。再合成，將服，爲籍覆器，又不得 食。再合未就，而夫人卒矣。此藥之異有如此。若小小血妄行，只一啜而 愈也。此藥絶妙若此而世失傳，惜哉。 366 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 367 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness.” Conditions of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, a designation of local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591. 368 Feng sao 風瘙, “wind itching,” a condition of wind evil or wind cold entering the skin, with the skin itching, or the emergence of skin papules, as major signs. BCGM Dict I, 315.



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Explication. [Zhang] Yuansu: For blood [disorders] in the upper [body] section one must use jian cao, paeonia [root] bark, asparagus [root] and ophiopogon [tuber]. [Li] Shizhen: Xu Xueshi in his Ben shi fang states: “Jian cao serves to cure exhaustion consumption with blood spitting and injured lung, and wild blood movement. [This is treated with] the ‘paste transmitted by spirits.’ The method [is as follows]: Each time clean one jin, dry it in the sun and [grind it into] powder. Add two jin of fresh honey, prepare a paste and fill it into a vessel. It must not be offended by iron vessels. Steam this once per day. End it after nine times steaming and nine times drying in the sun. The patient rises in the early morning hours and sits down facing East. He must not speak. Take the pharmaceutical drug with a spoon and [let the patient] eat four spoons. After a long time [the ointment] is pressed down with a thin millet or rice beverage. The pharmaceutical drug must only be ingested cold. The rice beverage must not be too hot, either. If this results in vomiting or discharge, this is of no concern. In the case of a long-lasting disease with a lung injury and blood spitting, a cure is achieved after only one ingestion. In the case of continuing cough with a wild movement of blood, it is appropriate to ingest one spoon each time. There was a noble woman who suffered from consumption. It took nine days to prepare this medication. The night before [the medication was supposed to be taken for the first time], the patient had a dream. Some person warned her of an imminent chaos and that she should not ingest the medication. The next day when she was just ready to ingest the medication, soil from the roof fell into the vessel and [the medication] was no longer usable. It was prepared again and when she was ready to ingest it the vessel was overturned by a book369 and once again she could not eat [the paste]. When it was prepared anew, the woman had died. This medication is associated with such strange occurrences. If the blood moves only a little wildly, just one sip is enough to cause healing.” This pharmaceutical drug is so wondrous, but its transmission in the world is lost. What a pity! 【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded]. 風蟲牙痛。剪草、細辛、藁本等分，煎水熱漱，少頃自止。中藏經。 Toothache releated to wind [intrusion] and the presence of worms/bugs. Boil equal amounts of jian cao, asarum heteropoides and Chinese ligusticum [root] in water and 369 Instead of ji 籍, “book,” Ben shi fang ch. 5, nü xue lao zhai tu xue ka xue 衄血癆瘵吐血咯 血, “nosebleed, exhaustion consumption, vomiting of blood, spitting of blood,” section recipe shen chuan gao 神傳膏, “past transmitted by spirits,” writes mao 貓, “cat.”

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rinse [the teeth] with the hot [liquid]. After a short while [the toothache] ends. Zhong zang jing. 風瘡瘙痒。滑肌散：治風邪客于肌中，渾身瘙痒，致生瘡疥，及脾肺風毒 攻衝，生瘡乾濕，日久不瘥。用剪草七兩不見火，輕粉一錢，爲末，摻 之。乾者麻油調摻。和劑局方。 Wind [intrusion] sores with itch. The “powder to soften the muscles.” It serves to cure wind evil that has settled in the muscles causing itch all over the body eventually generating sores and jie-illness, 370 with the wind poison attacking the spleen and the lung. The dry or moist sores created do not heal for days. [Grind] seven liang of jian cao, it must not be exposed to fire, and one qian of calomel into powder and apply it [to the affected region]. In the case of dry [sores] apply it mixed with sesame oil. He ji ju fang. 18-42 防己本經中品 Fang ji, FE Ben jing, middle rank. Stephania tetrandra Moore 【釋名】解離本經、石解。【時珍曰】按東垣 李杲云：防己如險健之人， 幸灾樂禍，能首爲亂階，若善用之，亦可禦敵。其名或取此義。解離，因 其紋解也。 Explanation of Names. Jie li 解離, Ben jing. Shi jie 石解. [Li] Shizhen: According to Dongyuan, Li Gao, “Fang ji equals a person that is both vicious and tough, that may find pleasure in catastrophic situations and enjoys calamities. He may be the head of a rebel force, but if used competently, he can control the emperor’s armed enemy. The name [fang ji 防己, ‘to guard against oneself,’] reflects this meaning.” Jie li 解離, “to separate and depart from,” reflects the fractured line design [of the root]. 【集解】【别録曰】防己生漢中川谷。二月、八月采根，陰乾。【當之 曰】其莖如葛蔓延。其根外白内黄如桔梗，内有黑紋如車輻解者良。【弘 景曰】今出宜都、建平。大而青白色、虚軟者好，黑點冰强者不佳。服食 亦須之。【頌曰】今黔中亦有之。但漢中出者，破之文作車輻解，黄實而 香，莖梗甚嫩，苗葉小類牽牛。折其莖，一頭吹之，氣從中貫，如木通 然。他處者青白虚軟，又有腥氣，皮皺，上有丁足子，名木防己。蘇恭言 木防己不任用。而古方張仲景治傷寒有增减木防己湯，及防己地黄湯、五 物防己湯、黄芪六物等湯。孫思邈治遺尿小便澀，亦有三物木防己湯。【 藏器曰】如陶所説，漢、木二防己，即是根苗爲名。 370 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.



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Collected Explications. Fang ji grows in the mountain valleys of Han zhong. The root is collected in the second and eighth month; it is dried in the yin (i. e., shade). [Li] Dangzhi: The stem extends like a pueraria creeper. The root is white outside and yellow inside, similar to platycodon [roots]. Those are good that have a lign design inside similar to the spokes of a wheel. [Tao] Hongjing: Today it comes from Yi du and Jian ping. Big specimens that are greenish-white in color, hollow and soft are good. Those with black dots that are stiff like ice are not excellent. It is also suitable to be ingested as food. [Su] Song: Today it can also be found in Qian zhong. But [only the roots] from Han zhong when broken open have a lign design of separate wheel spokes. They are yellow, solid and fragrant. The stem is very tender. The seedling and the leaves are a bit similar to those of pharbitis. When the stem is broken into segments and one blows into one of them from one end, the [breath] qi passes through it similar to akebia [stems]. [Fang ji roots] from other regions are greenish-white, hollow and soft. There are also some with fishy [smelling] qi and a wrinkled skin with [small warts similar to] pin heads. They are called mu fang ji 木 防己, “tree/wooden fang ji.” Su Gong says: “Mu fang ji is not suitable for [therapeutic] applications.” However, among ancient recipes are “decoctions with more or less mu fang ji included” recommended by Zhang Zhongjing for curing harm caused by cold, and also the “decoction with fang ji and Chinese floxglove [rhizome],” the “decoction with five items and fang ji,” and the “decoction with six items and astragalus [root].” To cure uncontrolled loss of urine and rough urination, Sun Simiao, too, [recommends] the “decoction with three items including mu fang ji.” [Chen] Cangqi: As said by Tao [Hongjing], han [fang ji] and mu fang ji are names referring to their root and seedling. 【修治】【斅曰】凡使勿用木條，色黄，腥，皮皺，上有丁足子，不堪 用。惟要心有花文黄色者，細剉，以車前草根相對蒸半日，晒乾取用。 【時珍曰】今人多去皮剉，酒洗，晒乾用。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: For all applications [of fang ji], do not use those [fang ji specimens] that have a wooden stalk, are [outside] yellow in color, have a fishy odor, and a wrinkled skin with a knob-shaped surface.371 They are not appropriate for [therapeutic] applications. Only those with a yellow core and a floral lign design are cut into fine pieces, steamed with Asiatic plantain root and dried in the sun for [therapeutic] use. [Li] Shizhen: Today, people mostly remove the skin, cut [the root into fine pieces], wash them in wine and dry them in the sun before making use of them. 371 A phrase ding zu zi 丁足子 is attested nowhere else in Chinese literature. Its interpretation here as “knob-shaped” may be preliminary.

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【氣味】辛，平，無毒。【别録曰】苦，温。【普曰】神農：辛。黄帝、 岐伯、桐君：苦，無毒。李當之：大寒。【權曰】苦，有小毒。【元素 曰】大苦、辛，寒。陰也，泄也。【之才曰】殷孽爲之使。殺雄黄毒。惡 細辛。畏萆薢、女菀、鹵鹹。伏消石。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, balanced, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Bitter, warm. [Wu] Pu: Shen nong: Acrid. Huang Di, Qi Bo, Tong jun: Bitter, nonpoisonous. Li Dangzhi: Very cold. [Zhen] Quan: Bitter, slightly poisonous. [Zhang] Yuansu: Very bitter, acrid, cold. A yin [substance]. It drains. [Xu] Zhicai: Stalactites serve as its messenger [substance]. It kills the poison of realgar. [Ingested together,] it abhors asarum heteropoides [root], and fears dioscorea [root], turczaninowia [root] and bittern salt. It suppresses [the effects of ] nitrokalite. 【主治】風寒温瘧，熱氣諸癇，除邪，利大小便。本經。療水腫風腫，去 膀胱熱，傷寒熱邪氣，中風手脚攣急，通腠理，利九竅，止洩，散癰腫惡 結，諸瘑疥癬蟲瘡。别録。治濕風，口面喎斜，手足拘痛，散留痰，肺氣 喘嗽。甄權。治中下濕熱腫，洩脚氣，行十二經。元素。木防己主治男子 肢節中風，毒風不語，散結氣擁腫，温瘧，風水腫，去膀胱熱。甄權。 Control. Warmth malaria with wind [intrusion] and the presence of cold. All types of epilepsy related to heat qi. It removes evil [qi], frees the passage of major (i. e., defecation) and minor (i. e., urination) relief. Ben jing. It heals water swelling and swelling related to wind [intrusion]. It removes heat from the urinary bladder and evil heat qi related to harm caused by cold. [It serves to cure] contracted, tense hands and legs following wind stroke, frees the passage through the intersticial structures, opens the nine orifices, ends outflow, disperses malign nodes related to obstruction-illness372 swelling, as well as all types of lair-illness,373 jie-illness,374 xuan-illness375 and sores with the presence of worms/bugs. Bie lu. It serves to cure the presence of moisture and wind [intrusion]. Slanted/wry mouth and face. Painful 372 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 373 Wo 蝸 is a writing error of guo [chuang] 瘑[瘡], lair-illness [sores]. A condition of sores affecting both hands and feet, with pain and itching and gradual extension. In some cases crumbs are shed off. BCGM Dict I, 203. 374 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 375 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness,” a condition of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 592.



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cramp in the hands and feet. It dispels abiding phlegm. [It serves to cure] lung qi causing panting and cough. Zhen Quan. It serves to cure swelling of the central and lower body part related to the presence of moisture and heat. It drains leg qi and moves through the 12 conduits. [Zhang] Yuansu. Mu fang ji controls the limbs and joints of males struck by wind, with a loss of voice caused by poisonous wind. It disperses bound qi with obstruction and swelling, warmth malaria, swelling related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of water. It removes heat from the urinary bladder. Zhen Quan. 【發明】【弘景曰】防己是療風水要藥。【藏器曰】治風用木防己，治水 用漢防己。【元素曰】去下焦濕腫及痛，并泄膀胱火邪，必用漢防己、草 龍膽爲君，黄蘗、知母、甘草佐之。防己乃太陽本經藥也。【杲曰】本草 十劑云：通可去滯，通草、防己之屬是也。夫防己大苦寒，能瀉血中濕 熱，通其滯塞，亦能瀉大便，補陰瀉陽，助秋冬、瀉春夏之藥也。比之於 人，則險而健者也。幸灾樂禍，能首爲亂階。然善用之，亦可敵兇突險。 此瞑眩之藥也，故聖人存而不廢。大抵聞其臭則可惡，下咽則令人身心煩 亂，飲食减少。至于十二經有濕熱壅塞不通，及下注脚氣，除膀胱積熱而 庇其基本，非此藥不可，真行經之仙藥，無可代之者。若夫飲食勞倦，陰 虚生内熱，元氣穀食已虧，以防己泄大便，則重亡其血，此不可用一也。 如人大渴引飲，是熱在上焦肺經氣分，宜滲泄，而防己乃下焦血分藥，此 不可用二也。外傷風寒，邪傳肺經，氣分濕熱，而小便黄赤，乃至不通， 此上焦氣病，禁用血藥，此不可用三也。大抵上焦濕熱者皆不可用。下焦 濕熱流入十二經，致二陰不通者，然後審而用之。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: Fang ji is an important pharmaceutical drug to heal wind [intrusion] and water [swelling]. [Chen] Cangqi: To cure wind [intrusion] use mu fang ji; to cure water [swelling] use han fang ji. [Zhang] Yuansu: To remove moisture swelling and pain in the lower [section of the Triple] Burner and to drain fire evil from the urinary bladder, use han fang ji and gentiana [herb] as ruler [substances], and phellodendron bark, anemorrhena [root] and glycyrrhiza [root] as assistants. Fang ji is a pharmaceutical drug for the major yang conduits. [Li] Gao: The Ben cao, section “Ten Preparations,” states: “For opening [a passage] to remove stagnant [water], rice paper plant and fang ji are appropriate.” Now, fang ji is very bitter and cold. It is able to drain moisture and heat from within blood, free the blocked passage of stagnant [water/qi] and also cause an outflow of defecation. It supplements yin [qi] and drains yang [qi]. It is a pharmaceutical drug that supports [qi] in autumn and winter and drains [qi] in spring and summer. It is analogous to a human who is both vicious and tough, and who may find pleasure in catastrophic situations and enjoys calamities. He may be the head of a rebel force, but if used

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competently, he can be a match for ferocious [enemies] and dash forward through a narrow pass. It is a nauseating pharmaceutical drug. For this reason the sages kept it and did not abandon it. In general, one can abhor it when one smells its malodorous stench. When it passes down the throat it lets one’s body and heart experience a vexing disorder, diminishing what one drinks and eats. But when it comes to a blocked passage in the twelve conduits because of moisture and heat, and when they pour down to cause leg qi, and when it is required to remove heat accumulated in the urinary bladder and protect the basis, that is impossible without this pharmaceutical drug. It really is a pharmaceutical drug of hermits/immortals that moves through the conduits and that cannot be replaced by any other [item]. However, when patients because of [inadequate] beverages and food, exhaustion and weariness have a yin [qi] depletion and internal heat, when the original qi and eating of food are diminished, if in such a situation fang ji is applied to cause an outflow of defecation, then this will add to a loss of blood. This is the first condition under which it should not be used. When a person is very thirsty and wishes to drink, this is a condition of heat in the qi section of the lung conduits in the upper [section of the Triple] Burner and requires to drain [the heat]. But fang ji is a pharmaceutical drug of the blood section in the lower [section of the Triple] Burner, and that is the second condition under which it should not be used. In the case of a harm caused by wind and cold, with the evil [qi] transmitted into the lung conduits, and moisture and heat present in the qi section and the urine being yellow and red, eventually reaching a complete blockage, this is a qi disease in the upper [section of the Triple] Burner and it is strictly forbidden to use pharmaceutical drugs directed at blood. This is the third condition under which it should not be used. In general, [fang ji] must not be used for moisture and heat present in the upper [section of the Triple] Burner. When moisture and heat in the lower [section of the Triple] Burner flow into the twelve conduits, eventually blocking the two yin [orifices of urination and defecation], then this must be carefully examined first and [fang ji] can be resorted to then. 【附方】舊三，新九。 Added Recipes. Three of old. Nine newly [recorded]. 皮水胕腫，按之没指，不惡風，水氣在皮膚中，四肢聶聶動者，防己伏苓 湯主之。防己、黄芪、桂枝各三兩，伏苓六兩，甘草二兩，每服一兩，水 一升，煎半升服，日二服。張仲景方。



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Skin water376 and fu-swelling.377 When pressed, the finger sinks [into the skin]. No aversion to wind. The water qi are in the skin. When the four limbs move without strength, this is controlled by the “decoction with fang ji and poria.” Prepare three liang each of fang ji, astragalus [root] and cassia twigs, six liang of poria and two liang of glycyrrhiza [root]. For each dose boil one liang [of this mixture] in one sheng of water down to half a sheng and ingest it. To be ingested twice a day. A recipe of Zhang Zhongjing. 風水惡風，汗出身重，脉浮，防己黄芪湯主之。防己一兩，黄芪二兩二錢 半，白术七錢半，炙甘草半兩，剉散。每服五錢，生薑四片，棗一枚，水 一盞半，煎八分，温服。良久再服。腹痛加芍藥。仲景方。 Wind [intrusion] and water [swelling] with an aversion to wind. Sweating and a feeling of bodily heaviness. [The movement in the] vessels is at the surface. This is controlled by the “decoction with fang ji and astragalus [root].” Prepare [a mixture of ] one liang of fang ji, two liang and two and a half qian of astragalus [root], seven and a half qian of atractylodes macrocephala [rhizome] and half a liang of roasted glycyrrhiza [root]. File [this mixture into small pieces and grind them into] powder. Boil [the powder] together with four slices of fresh ginger and one Chinese date in one and a half cups of water down to 80% and ingest this warm. After quite some time, ingest it a second time. In the case of abdominal pain, add paeonia [root]. A recipe of [Zhang] Zhongjing. 風濕相搏，關節沉痛，微腫惡風。方同上。 Wind and moisture striking at each other. A deep-seated pain in the joints, with a slight swelling and an aversion to wind. Recipe identical with the one above. 小便淋濇。三物木防己湯：用木防 升，煮二升半，分三服。千金方。

己、防風、葵子各二兩，㕮咀，水五

Urinary dripping and rough [urination]. The “decoction with three items including mu fang ji.” Pound two liang each of mu fang ji, saposhnikovia [root] and mallow seeds and boil [the pulp] in five sheng of water down to two and a half sheng, to be ingested divided into three portions. Qian jin fang. 膈間支飲，其人喘滿，心下痞堅，面黎黑，其脉沉緊，得之數十日，醫吐 下之不愈，木防己湯主之。虚者即愈，實者三日復發，復與之不愈，去石 376 Pi shui 皮水, “skin water,” a disease with water/moisture flowing into the skin and causing a swollen surface there. If pressed, the finger sinks deep. Patients do not sweat. They are thirsty and have no aversion to cold. BCGM Dict I, 374. 377 Fu zhong 胕腫, “fu-swelling,” an illness sign of shui zhong 水腫, “edematose swelling,” with surface swelling of the entire body. BCGM Dict I, 179.

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膏，加伏苓、芒消主之。用木防己三兩，人參四兩，桂枝二兩，石膏雞子 大十二枚，水六升，煮一升，分服。張仲景方。 Propping rheum in the diaphragm region. The person pants and has a feeling of fullness. Below his heart is an obstacle-illness378 hardening. The face is black. The [movement in the] vessels is in the depth and tight. [The patient] has had this for several tens of days. Physicians have stimulated vomiting and discharge, but [the disease] was not cured. The “decoction with mu fang ji” controls this. [When the patient has a condition of ] depletion, this leads to a cure. In the case of repletion [the disease] is active again after three days. If an additional dose remains unable to cure [the disease], omit the gypsum and add poria and mirabilite to control it. [The recipe is as follows.] Boil three liang of mu fang ji, four liang of ginseng [root], two liang of cassia twigs and twelve pieces of gypsum the size of a chicken egg in six sheng of water down to one sheng and ingest this divided into several portions. A recipe of Zhang Zhongjing. 傷寒喘急。防己、人參等分，爲末。桑白湯服二錢，不拘老小。 Harm caused by cold with hectic panting. [Grind] equal amounts of fang ji and ginseng [root] into powder and ingest with a mulberry [fruit] decoction two qian. [This medication may be ingested] by old and young [patients alike]. 肺痿喘嗽。漢防己末二錢，漿水一琖，煎七分，細呷。儒門事親。 Lung dysfunction with panting and cough. Boil two qian of han fang ji powder in one cup of fermented water of foxtail millet down to 70% and sip this in small amounts. Ru men shi qin. 肺痿咯血，多痰者。漢防己、葶藶等分，爲末。糯米飲每服一錢。古今録 驗。 Lung dysfunction with spitting of blood and much phlegm. [Grind] equal amounts of han fang ji and wood whitlow-grass into powder and ingest with a glutinous rice beverage one qian. Gu jin lu yan. 鼻衄不止。生防己末，新汲水服二錢，仍以少許㗜之。聖惠。 Unending nosebleed. Ingest two qian of fresh fang ji powder with newly drawn water and inhale a small amount of it through the nose. Sheng hui. 霍亂吐利。防己、白芷等分，爲末。新汲水服二錢。聖惠。 Cholera with vomiting and free flow. [Grind] equal amounts of fang ji and angelica dahurica [root] into powder and ingest with newly drawn water two qian. Sheng hui. 378 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” a condition of an uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I. 371.



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目睛暴痛。防己酒浸三次，爲末。每一服二錢，温酒下。摘玄方。 Sudden pain in the eyeballs. Steep fang ji [roots] three times in wine and [grind them] into powder. Each time ingest one dose of two qian, to be sent down with warm wine. Zhai xuan fang. 解雄黄毒。防己煎汁服之。肘後方。 To resolve realgar poison. Boil fang ji and ingest the resulting juice. Zhou hou fang. 18-42-01 實 Shi

Fruit [of fang ji]. 【主治】脱肛。焙，研，煎飲代茶。肘後。 Control. For anal prolapse, bake it over a slow fire, grind [it into powder], boil it and drink [the liquid] instead of tea. Zhou hou. 18-43 通草本經中品 Tong cao, FE Ben jing, middle rank. Tetrapanax papyriferus (Hook.) K. Koch. Rice paper plant. 【釋名】木通士良、附支本經、丁翁吴普、萬年藤甄權。子名燕覆。【時 珍曰】有細細孔，兩頭皆通。故名通草，即今所謂木通也。今之通草，乃 古之通脱木也。宋本草混注爲一，名實相亂，今分出之。 Explanation of Names. Mu tong 木通, [Chen] Shiliang. Fu zhi 附支, Ben jing. Ding weng 丁翁, Wu Pu. Wan nian teng 萬年藤, “vine of a myriad years,” Zhen Quan. The seeds are called yan fu 燕覆. [Li] Shizhen: [The stem] has very fine holes and it is permeable from both ends. Hence the name “permeable herb,” tong cao 通草. This is today’s so called mu tong 木通. Today’s tong cao 通草 is the ancient tong tuo mu 通脱木. The Song ben cao erroneously identifies them as one and the same item, confusing their names and fruits. Here they are discussed separately. 【集解】【别録曰】通草生石城山谷及山陽。正月、二月采枝，陰乾。 【弘景曰】今出近道。繞樹藤生，汁白。莖有細孔，兩頭皆通。含一頭吹 之，則氣出彼頭者良。或云即葍藤莖也。【恭曰】此物大者徑三寸，每節 有二三枝，枝頭有五葉。子長三四寸，核黑瓤白，食之甘美，南人謂爲 燕覆子。或名烏覆子。遇七八月采之。【藏器曰】江東人呼爲畜葍子，江 西人呼爲拏子，如筭袋。瓤黄子黑，食之去皮。蘇云色白者，乃猴葍也。 【頌曰】今澤、潞、漢中、江淮、湖南州郡亦有之。藤生，蔓大如指， 其莖幹大者徑三寸。一枝五葉，頗類石韋，又似芍藥。三葉相對。夏秋開

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紫花，亦有白花者。結實如小木瓜，食之甘美，即陳士良本草所謂桴棪子 也。其枝今人謂之木通，而俗間所謂通草乃通脱木也。古方所用通草，皆 今之木通，其通脱木稀有用者。或以木通爲葡萄苗者，非矣。按張氏燕吴 行紀載：揚州 甘泉東院兩廊前有通草，其形如椿，少葉，子垂梢際，如苦 楝。與今所説不同，或别一物也。【時珍曰】今之木通，有紫、白二色， 紫者皮厚味辛，白者皮薄味淡。本經言味辛，别録言味甘，是二者皆能通 利也。 Collected Explications. Bie lu: Tong cao grows in the mountain valleys of Shi cheng and in Shan yang. The branches are collected in the first and second month; they are dried in the yin (i. e., shade). [Tao] Hongjing: Today it comes from nearby. It grows as vines winding around trees. It has a white juice. The stem has fine holes. Both ends are open. If one holds one end in the mouth, blows into it and the qi comes out at the other end, it is a good [specimen]. It is also said that it is the vine or stem of hedge bindweed. [Su] Gong: Large specimens of this item are three cun in diameter, with two or three branches leaving from every node. At the end of the branches are five leaves. The seeds are three to four cun long. The kernels are black, the pulp is white. They taste sweet and delicious. People in the South call them yan fu zi 燕覆 子 or wu fu zi 烏覆子. They are collected in the seventh and eighth month. [Chen] Cangqi: People in Jiang dong call them xu fu zi 畜葍子. People in Jiang xi call them na zi 拏子. They are similar to an abacus bag. The pulp is yellow; the seeds are black. They are eaten without the skin. Those said by Su [Gong] to be white in color, they are hou fu 猴葍.379 [Su] Song: Today it can also be found in the zhou and prefectures of Ze, Lu, Han zhong, Jiang huai and Hu nan. It grows as a vine; the creepers are as big as a finger. Large stems are three cun in diameter. One branch has five leaves, quite similar to pyrrosia and also to paeonia. Three leaves face each other. Purple flowers open in summer and autumn. Some have white flowers. They form fruits similar to small quince [fruits]. They taste sweet and delicious. These are the fu yan 桴棪 seeds referred to in the Chen Shiliang ben cao. The branches are called mu tong 木通 today. The item commonly called tong cao 通草 is tong tuo mu 通脱木. The tong cao 通草 used in ancient recipes is always today’s mu tong 木通. Tong tuo mu 通脱 木 is seldom used. Some assume mu tong 木通 to be grape vine seedlings. That is wrong. According to Mr. Zhang’s Yan Wu xing ji, “tong cao 通草 is present in Yang zhou, in front of the two verandas of the eastern courtyard of the Gan quan park. It is shaped like ailanthus trees, with small leaves and fruits hanging at the tip [of the branches] similar to Persian lilac fruits.” This [description] does not agree with today’s [tong cao 通草]. Maybe it is another item. [Li] Shizhen: Today’s mu tong 木 通 may be purple or white in color. Purple ones have a thick skin and an acrid flavor. 379 Hou fu 猴葍, unclear. Possibly an alternative name of xuan fu 旋葍, hedge bindweed.



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White ones have a thin skin and a bland flavor. The Ben jing assigns to it an acrid flavor. The Bie lu assigns to it a sweet flavor. Both kinds are able to open [blocked] passages. 【氣味】辛，平，無毒。【别録曰】甘。【權曰】微寒。【普曰】神農、 黄帝：辛。雷公：苦。【杲曰】味甘而淡，氣平味薄。降也，陽中陰也。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, balanced, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Sweet. [Zhen] Quan: Slightly cold. [Wu] Pu: Shen nong, Huang Di: Acrid. Lei gong: Bitter. [Li] Gao: The flavor is sweet and bland. The qi are balanced and the flavor is weakly pronounced. It descends [in the body]. It is a yin in yang [substance]. 【主治】除脾胃寒熱，通利九竅、血脉、關節，令人不忘。去惡蟲。本 經。療脾疸，常欲眠，心煩，噦出音聲，治耳聾，散癰腫諸結不消，及金 瘡惡瘡，鼠瘻踒折。齆鼻瘜肉，墮胎，去三蟲。别録。治五淋，利小便， 開關格，治人多睡，主水腫浮大。甄權。利諸經脉寒熱不通之氣。詵。理 風熱，小便數急疼，小腹虚滿，宜煎湯并葱飲之有效。士良。安心除煩， 止渴退熱，明耳目，治鼻塞，通小腸，下水，破積聚血塊，排膿，治瘡 癤，止痛，催生下胞，女人血閉，月候不匀，天行時疾，頭痛目眩，羸劣 乳結，及下乳。大明。利大小便，令人心寬，下氣。藏器。主諸瘻瘡，喉 痺咽痛，濃煎含嚥。珣。通經利竅，導小腸火。杲。 Control. It removes cold and heat from spleen and stomach. It opens the nine orifices, blood vessels and joints. It prevents memory loss and removes malign worms/ bugs. Ben jing. It heals spleen dan-illness,380 continuing desire to sleep, heart vexation and noisy retching. It serves to cure deafness and disperses all types of bound [qi] related to obstruction-illness381 swelling that fail to dissolve. Also, [it serves to cure] wounds caused by metal objects/weapons and malign sores, mouse fistula, sprains and fractures, and stuffed nose because of tumorous flesh growth. It stimulates abortion and removes the three types of worms/bugs. Bie lu. It serves to cure the five types of urinary dripping, frees urination, opens closures and [ends] much sleepiness. It controls massive surface water swelling. Zhen Quan. It frees the passage of conduit vessels where the passage of qi is blocked because of cold or heat. [Meng] Shen. To heal frequent, urgent, painful urination related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of heat, with a lower abdominal depletion and a sensation of 380 Pi dan 脾疸, “spleen dan-illness,” a condition of huang dan 黃疸, “yellow dan-illness,” accompanied by illness signs such as heart vexation, a desire to sleep, and retching. BCGM Dict I, 371. 381 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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fullness, it is appropriate to boil it in water and to drink the decoction with onions. That is effective. [Chen] Shiliang. It calms the heart and removes vexation. It ends thirst and pushes out heat. It clears ears and eyes, serves to cure a stuffed nose, frees the passage through the small intestine, discharges water, breaks through accumulations and collections with blood lumps, removes pus, cures sores and pimples, ends pain, speeds up birth and the discharge of the placenta, [ends] blocked female menstruation, irregular menstruation, epidemic, seasonal illness, headache and dimmed vision, emaciation and weakness, as well as bound [qi] in the breast, and stimulates lactation. Da Ming. It frees the passage of major (i. e., defecation) and minor (i. e., urination) relief, relaxes one’s heart, and serves to discharge qi. [Chen] Cangqi: To control all types of fistula and sores, throat blockage and painful swallowing, boil it to a thick decoction, hold it in the mouth [for a while and then] swallow it. [Li] Xun: It penetrates the conduits and opens the orifices. It leads out fire from the small intestine. [Li] Gao. 【發明】【杲曰】本草十劑，通可去滯，通草、防己之屬是也。夫防己大 苦寒，能瀉血中濕熱之滯，又通大便。通草甘淡，能助西方秋氣下降，利 小便，專瀉氣滯也。肺受熱邪，津液氣化之原絶，則寒水斷流。膀胱受濕 熱，癃閉約縮，小便不通，宜此治之。其症胸中煩熱，口燥舌乾，咽乾， 大渴引飲，小便淋瀝，或閉塞不通，脛痠脚熱，並宜通草主之。凡氣味與 之同者，伏苓、澤瀉、燈草、猪苓、琥珀、瞿麥、車前子之類，皆可以滲 濕利小便，泄其滯氣也。又曰：木通下行，泄小腸火，利小便，與琥珀同 功，無他藥可比。【時珍曰】木通，手厥陰心包絡、手足太陽小腸膀胱之 藥也。故上能通心清肺，治頭痛，利九竅；下能泄濕熱，利小便，通大 腸，治遍身拘痛。本經及别録皆不言及利小便治淋之功，甄權、日華子輩 始發揚之。蓋其能泄丙丁之火，則肺不受邪，能通水道。水源既清，則津 液自化，而諸經之濕與熱，皆由小便泄去。故古方導赤散用之，亦瀉南補 北、扶西抑東之意。楊仁齋直指方言：人遍身胸腹隱熱，疼痛拘急，足 冷，皆是伏熱傷血。血屬于心，宜木通以通心竅，則經絡流行也。 Explication. [Li] Gao: In the section “Ten Preparations” in the Ben cao, tong cao and stephania tetrandra [are said to] be able to remove stagnating [blood/qi]. Now, stephania tetrandra is very bitter and cold. It is able to drain stagnating moisture and heat from within blood. Also, it frees defecation. Tong cao is sweet-bland. It can help to bring down the autumn qi of/in the West. It frees urination and in particular drains stagnating qi. When the lung receives heat evil, the source of a transformation of qi to body fluids is cut off. The flow of cold water is interrupted and the urinary bladder receives moisture and heat. When this results in protu-



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berance-illness blockage382 and blocked urination, [tong cao] is appropriate to cure this. For conditions such as vexing heat in the chest, dryness in the mouth and dry tongue, dry throat, severe thirst and a desire to drink, urinary dripping, or even complete closure, soreness of shins and heat in the legs, for all these issues tong cao is an appropriate [pharmaceutical drug]. All [items] with qi and flavor identical [to those of tong cao], including poria, alisma [root], common rush, polyporus sclerotium, amber, fringed pink and Asiatic plantain, are able to let moisture flow off and stimulate urination, that is, to drain stagnating qi. It is also said: Mu tong 木通 moves down [in the human body], drains the fire of the small intestine and frees urination. Its [therapeutic] potential is identical with that of amber. No other pharmaceutical drug has comparable [effects]. [Li] Shizhen: Mu tong is a pharmaceutical drug for the hand ceasing yin heart enclosing network and hand and foot major yang small intestine and urinary bladder [conduits]. Therefore it is able to penetrate the heart and cool the lung above, to cure headache and open the nine orifices. Below it is able to drain moisture and heat, to stimulate urination, to penetrate the large intestine, and to cure painful contractions all over the body. The records in the Ben jing and the Bie lu do not include its [therapeutic] potential of stimulating urination and curing [urinary] dripping. Zhen Quan and Rihua zi were the first to emphasize it. The fact is, as it is able to drain the fire of bing ding 丙丁 (i.e, the heart), the lung does not receive evil [qi] and [its proper qi] can penetrate the water pathways. When the source of water is cleared, the body fluids transform and the moisture and heat of all the conduits can be drained and leave [the body] through urination. Hence [tong cao] was used in the “powder to lead off the red”383 in ancient recipes. This is also based on the idea of “draining in the South and supplementing in the North, supporting the West and curbing the East.”384 Yang Renzhai in his Zhi zhi fang says: “When someone’s entire body, the chest and the abdomen have a hidden heat, with painful contraction and tension, as well as cold feet, all these are signs of hidden heat having harmed the blood. The blood is associated with the heart. Mu tong is appropriate to open the orifices of the heart and as a result to free the flow in the conduit and network [vessels].”

382 Long bi 癃閉, “protuberance-illness blockage.” Passing of urine in small amounts; in serious cases the passage of urine is completely inhibited. BCGM Dict I, 323. 383 Dao chi san 導赤散, the “powder to lead off the red,” has three ingredients: Tong cao, fresh Chinese foxglove rhizome and glycyrrhiza root. 384 An allegory referring to the heart as South, the kidneys/water as North, the lung as West and the liver as East.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】舊二，新一。 Added Recipes. Two of old, one newly [recorded].

心熱尿赤，面赤唇乾，咬牙口渴。導赤散：用木通、生地黄、炙甘草等 分，入水竹葉七片，水煎服。錢氏方。 Heat in the heart and red urine, a red face and dry lips. Biting the teeth385 and a thirsty mouth. The “powder to lead off the red.” [Grind] equal amounts of mu tong, fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] and roasted glycyrrhiza [root into powder], give it with seven pieces of bamboo leaves in water, boil this and ingest [the liquid]. Qian shi fang. 婦人血氣。木通濃煎三五盞，飲之即通。孟詵本草。 Blood and qi [disorders] of women. Boil mu tong to obtain a thick [juice] of three to five cups. Drink it and the passage [of blood and qi] is free again. Meng Shen ben cao. 金瘡踒折。通草煮汁，釀酒，日飲。 Wounds caused by metal objects/weapons, sprain and fractures. Boil tong cao and with the resulting juice brew wine. Drink it daily. 鼠瘻不消。方同上。 Mouse fistula that fail to dissolve. Recipe identical with the one above. 18-43-01 根 Gen

Root [of tong cao]. 【主治】項下癭瘤。甄權。 Control. Goiter tumor below the neck. Zhen Quan. 18-43-02 子 Zi

Seeds [of tong cao]. 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。【詵曰】平。南人多食之，北人不知其功。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: Balanced. People in the South often eat them; people in the North are unaware of their [therapeutic] potential.

385 Yao ya 咬牙, “biting the teeth,” an illness sign of involuntary, uncontrolled and noisy mutual grinding of the upper and lower teeth. BCGM Dict I, 622.



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【主治】厚腸胃，令人能食，下三焦惡氣，續五臟斷絶氣，使語聲足氣， 通十二經脉。和核食之。孟詵。除三焦客熱，胃口熱閉，反胃不下食。士 良。止渴，利小便。時珍。 Control. They solidify the intestines and the stomach, enable eating, serve to discharge malign qi from the Triple Burner, reestablish the interrupted movement of qi through the five long-term depots, provide one’s voice with sufficient qi, penetrate the twelve conduit vessels and stimulate urination. [Li] Shizhen. 18-44 通脱木法象 Tong tuo mu, Yong yao fa xiang. Tetrapanax papyriferus ( Hook.) K. Koch. Rice paper plant. 【釋名】通草綱目、活莌音奪、離南。【頌曰】爾雅：離南，活莌，即通 脱也。山海經名寇脱。又名倚商。【杲曰】陰竅濇而不利，水腫閉而不 行，用之立通，因有通草之名。與木通同功。【嘉謨曰】白瓤中藏，脱木 得之，故名通脱。 Explanations of Names. Tong cao 通草, Gang mu. Huo duo 活莌, read duo 奪; li nan 離南. [Su] Song: Er ya: “Li nan 離南 [is] huo duo 活莌.” This is tong tuo 通脱. In the Shan hai jing it is named kou tuo 寇脱. Another name is yi shang 倚商. [Li] Gao: When the yin orifices [of urination and defecation] are rough and the passage is not free, and in the case of a blocked passage because of water swelling, its application opens, tong 通, them right away. Hence the name tong cao 通草, “herb that opens passages.” It has the same [therapeutic] potential as mu tong 木通. [Chen] Jiamo: It stores a white pulp in the center. When the wooden [mu 木] part is removed [tuo 脱], [the pulp] is obtained. Hence the name tong tuo 通脱. 【集解】【藏器曰】通脱木生山側。葉似蓖麻。其莖空心，中有白瓤，輕 白可愛，女人取以飾物，俗名通草。【頌曰】郭璞言：生江南，高丈許， 大葉似荷而肥，莖中瓤正白。今園圃亦有種蒔者，或作蜜煎充果，食之甘 美。【時珍曰】蔓生山中，莖大者圍數寸。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Tong tuo mu grows on mountain slopes. The leaves resemble those of castor oil plants. The stem is hollow. Inside it has a white pulp. It is light and amiably white. Females use it to decorate things. It is commonly called tong cao 通草. [Su] Song: Guo Pu says: “It grows in Jiang nan and reaches a height of more than one zhang. Its big leaves resemble lotus [leaves], but are fat. Inside the stem is a perfectly white pulp.” Today it is also planted in gardens as a vegetable and some boil it with honey to make preserved fruits. They taste sweet

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and delicious. [Li] Shizhen: It grows as a creeper in the mountains. Large stems have a circumference of several cun. 【氣味】甘、淡，寒，無毒。【杲曰】甘，平。降也，陽中陰也。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, bland, cold, nonpoisonous. [Li] Gao: Sweet, balanced. It descends [in the human body]. It is a yin in yang [substance]. 【主治】利陰竅，治五淋，除水腫癃閉，瀉肺。李杲。解諸毒蟲痛。蘇 頌。明目退熱，下乳催生。汪機。 Control. It opens the yin orifices [of urination and defecation]. It serves to cure the five types of urinary dripping. It removes protuberance-illness blockage386 related to a water swelling. It drains the lung. Li Gao. It resolves all types of pain related to the presence of poisonous worms/bugs. Su Song. It clears the eyes and repels heat. It stimulates lactation and speeds up birth. Wang Ji. 【發明】【杲曰】通草瀉肺利小便，甘平以緩陰血也。與燈草同功。宜生 用之。【時珍曰】通草色白而氣寒，味淡而體輕，故入太陰肺經，引熱下 降而利小便；入陽明胃經，通氣上達而下乳汁。其氣寒，降也；其味淡， 升也。 Explication. [Li] Gao: Tong cao drains the lung and stimulates urination. [Its flavor is] sweet and [its qi are] balanced, and this serves to slow down yin blood. Its [therapeutic] potential is identical with that of common rush. It leads heat downward and stimulates urination. It enters the yang brilliance stomach conduits, allows its qi to rise upward and human milk sap to move downward. Its qi are cold; they descend [in the body]. Its flavor is bland; it rises [in the body]. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 洗頭風痛。新通草瓦上燒存性，研末二錢，熱酒下。牙關緊者，斡口灌 之。王璆百一選方。 To wash the head [to heal] painful wind [intrusion]. Heat fresh tong cao on a tile with its nature retained. Grind it into powder and with hot wine send two qian down. In the case of lockjaw, force the mouth open and force-feed [the medication to the patient]. Wang Qiu, Bai yi xuan fang.

386 Long bi 癃閉, “protuberance-illness blockage.” Passing of urine in small amounts; in serious cases the passage of urine is completely inhibited. BCGM Dict I, 323.



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18-44-01 花上粉 Hua shang fen

Pollen [of tong tuo mu]. 【主治】諸蟲瘻惡瘡痔疾，納之。藏器。療瘰癧，及胸中伏氣攻胃咽。蘇 頌。 Control. For all types of worm/bug fistula, malign sores and piles illnesses, insert it [into the affected region]. [Chen] Cangqi. It heals scrofula pervasion-illness, 387 and [conditions] of qi hidden in the chest attacking the stomach and the throat. Su Song. 【附録】 Appendix 18-44-A01 天壽根圖經 Tian shou gen, FE Tu jing388 Unidentified.

【頌曰】出台州，每歲土貢。其性凉，治胸膈煩熱，土人常用有效。 [Su] Song: It comes from Tai zhou. It is sent to the Court as a local tribute every year. Its nature is cool; it serves to cure vexing heat in the chest and diaphragm region. The locals often use it with success. 18-45 釣藤别録下品 Diao teng, FE Bie lu, lower rank. Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil. Gambir vine. 【校正】自木部移入此。 Editorial Correction. Moved here from section “trees.” 【釋名】【弘景曰】出建平。亦作弔藤。療小兒，不入餘方。【時珍曰】 其刺曲如釣鉤，故名。或作弔，從簡耳。 Explanation of Names.[Tao] Hongjing: It comes from Jian ping. It is also written diao teng 弔藤. It is used to heal children; it does not appear in other recipes. [Li] 387 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 388 Tian shou gen 天壽根, lit.: a “root granting heaven’s longevity.”

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Shizhen: It has thorns bent similar to “fishhooks,” diao gou 釣鉤. Hence the name diao teng 釣藤, “fishhook vine.” [Diao 釣 is] sometimes written diao 弔, a shortening [of diao 釣]. 【集解】【恭曰】釣藤出梁州。葉細長，其莖間有刺若釣鉤。【頌曰】今 秦中興元府有之。三月采。【宗奭曰】湖南、湖北、江南、江西山中皆有 之。藤長八九尺或一二丈，大如拇指，其中空。小人用致酒甕中，盗取 酒，以氣吸之，涓涓不斷。【時珍曰】狀如葡萄藤而有鉤，紫色。古方多 用皮，後世多用鉤，取其力鋭爾。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Gong: Diao teng comes from Liang zhou. Its leaves are fine and lengthy. Its stem is covered with thorns resembling hooks. [Su] Song: Today it is present in Xing yuan fu in Qin zhong. It is collected in the third month. [Kou] Zongshi: It is present in all the mountains of Hu nan, Hu bei, Jiang nan and Jiang xi. The vine may be eight or nine chi long, or even one or two zhang. It is as big as a thumb, and it is hollow. Villains put it into a wine jar to steal wine. They suck it up with their [breath] qi and obtain a continuous thin stream. [Li] Shizhen: It is shaped like grape vine, but has [thorns resembling] hooks. It is purple in color. Ancient recipes often used its skin; in later times the hooks were mostly resorted to to make use of their sharp [nature]. 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。【保昇曰】苦。【權曰】甘，平。【時珍曰】 初微甘，後微苦，平。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. [Han] Baosheng: Bitter. [Zhen] Quan: Sweet, balanced. [Li] Shizhen: In the beginning it is a little sweet; later it is a little bitter. [The qi are] balanced. 【主治】小兒寒熱，十二驚癇。别録。小兒驚啼，瘈瘲熱擁，客忤胎風。 權。大人頭旋目眩，平肝風，除心熱，小兒内釣腹痛，發班疹。時珍。 Control. Alternating sensations of cold and heat of children. The twelve types of fright epilepsy. Bie lu. Wailing of children because of fright. Clonic spasms389 and heat congestion. Fetal wind390 related to a visitor’s hostility.391 [Zhen] Quan. Spin389 Chi zong 瘈瘲, “clonic spasms,” an illness sign of the body sinews alternatingly contracting and relaxing, with uncontrollable spastic movements of hands and feet. BCGM Dict I, 90. 390 Tai feng 胎風, “fetal wind,” a condition of jing feng 驚風, “fright wind,” developed by children within 100 days following delivery. BCGM Dict I, 485. 391 Ke wu 客忤, “visitor‘s hostility,” a condition of a sudden twisting pain, encountered while outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen, with heart-pressure and shortness of qi, in severe cases leading to loss of consciousness, explained as resulting from the hostile acts of demons “visiting” the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282.



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ning head/vertigo with dim vision. It levels [excessive] liver wind, and removes heat from the heart, and also abdominal pain of children as if they were being pulled on a hook from within. It stimulates the effusion of [pox] macules and papules. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】釣藤，手足厥陰藥也。足厥陰主風，手厥陰主火。驚 癇眩運，皆肝風相火之病。釣藤通心包，平肝木，風静火息則諸證自除。 或云：入數寸于小麥中蒸熟，喂馬易肥。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Diao teng is a pharmaceutical drug for the hand and foot ceasing yin [conduits]. The foot ceasing yin [conduits] control wind [intrusion]. The hand ceasing yin [conduits] control fire. Fright epilepsy and vertigo/dizziness are always diseases related to wind [intrusion] in the liver and the minister fire. Diao teng penetrates the heart enclosure and levels the [qi of the] liver, (i. e., of the phase) wood. When the wind has subsided and the fire is extinguished, all the illness signs vanish as a result. It is also said: Mix several cun [of the vine] with wheat and steam this until done. When this is fed to horses they easily gain weight. 【附方】新三。 Added Recipes. Three newly [recorded]. 小兒驚熱。 釣藤一兩， 消石半兩， 甘草炙一分， 爲散。 每服半錢， 温水 服，日三服。名延齡散。聖濟録。 Fright heat of children. [Grind] one liang of diao teng, half a liang of nitrokalite and one fen of roasted glycyrrhiza [root] into powder. Each time ingest half a qian, to be ingested with warm water. To be ingested three times a day. [This recipe] is called “powder to prolong life.” Sheng ji lu. 卒得癇疾。釣藤、甘草炙各二錢。水五合，煎二合。每服棗許，日五、 夜三度。聖惠方。 Sudden suffering from an epilepsy illness. Boil two qian each of diao teng and roasted glycyrrhiza [root] in five ge of water down to two ge. Each time ingest as much as the size of a Chinese date. Five times during the day, three times at night. Sheng hui fang. 斑疹不快。 釣藤鉤子、 紫草茸等分， 爲末。 每服一字或半錢， 温酒服。 錢氏方。 Macules and papules that fail to [effuse] quickly. [Grind] equal amounts of the hook[-like thorns] of diao teng and arnebia sprouts into powder. Each time ingest one zi or half a qian, to be ingested with warm wine. Qian shi fang.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附録】 Appendix

18-45-A01 倒掛藤拾遺 Dao gua teng, FE Shi yi. Unidentified.392

【藏器曰】味苦，無毒。主一切老血及産後諸疾，結痛，血上欲死，煮汁 服之。生深山，有逆刺如懸鉤，倒掛于樹，葉尖而長。 [Chen] Cangqi: Flavor bitter, nonpoisonous. To control all types of [stagnating] old blood and all kinds of illnesses following delivery, painful bound [qi], and blood rising [into the upper body part] bringing one close to dying, boil it and ingest the resulting juice. It grows deep in the mountains. It has inverted thorns similar to hanging hooks. It hangs down from trees. The leaves are pointed and lengthy.

Fibraurea cisa Pierre. 393

18-46 黄藤綱目 Huang teng, FE Ben cao gang mu.

【集解】【時珍曰】黄藤生嶺南，狀若防己。俚人常服此藤，縱飲食有 毒，亦自然不發，席辨刺史云甚有效。 Collected Explications. [Li] Shizhen: Huang teng grows in Ling nan. It is shaped like stephania tetrandra. Common people regularly eat this vine. Although served as beverage and food it is poisonous, a [poisoning] never results. Prefect Xi Bian states: “It is very effective.” 【氣味】甘、苦，平，無毒 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, bitter, nonpoisonous. 【主治】飲食中毒，利小便，煮汁頻服即解。時珍。 Control. Poisoning by beverages and food. It stimulates urination. Boiled and the juice frequently ingested it resolves [poison]. [Li] Shizhen.

392 Dao gua teng 倒掛藤, lit.: “the vine hanging upside down.“ 393 Huang teng 黄藤, lit.: “yellow vine.”



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18-47 白兔藿本經上品 Bai tu huo, FE Ben jing, upper rank. Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight 【釋名】白葛普。 Explanation of Names. Bai ge 白葛, [Wu] Pu. 【集解】【别録曰】生交州山谷。【弘景曰】此藥解毒，莫之與敵，而人 不復用，不聞識者。【恭曰】荆襄山谷大有之。蔓生，山南人謂之白葛。 苗似蘿藦，葉圓厚，莖有白毛，與衆草異，用藿療毒有效。而交廣又有白 花藤，亦解毒，用根不用苗。【保昇曰】蔓生，葉圓若蓴。今襄州北、汝 州南岡上有。五月、六月采苗，日乾。 Collected Explications. Bie lu: It grows in the mountain valleys of Jiao zhou. [Tao] Hongjing: This pharmaceutical drug resolves poison and there is nothing that comes close to it. People no longer use it and nobody is familiar with it. [Su] Gong: It is present in abundance in the mountain valleys of Jing and Xiang. It grows as a creeper. People in Shan nan call it bai ge 白葛. The seedlings resemble those of metaplexis [plants]. The leaves are round and thick. The stem has white hairs, and this is different from all other herbs. Its application to heal poisoning is effective. In Jiao guang is also a bai hua teng 白花藤, “white flower vine.” It, too, resolves poison. They use the root; they do not use the seedling. [Han] Baosheng: It grows as a creeper. The leaves are as round as those of water mallow. Today it is present on the hill ridges north of Xiang zhou and south of Ru zhou. The seedling is collected in the fifth and sixth month. It is dried in the sun. 【氣味】苦，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】蛇虺、蜂蠆、猘狗、菜肉、蠱毒，鬼疰風疰，諸大毒不可入口 者，皆消除之。又去血，可末着痛上，立消。毒入腹者，煮汁飲即解。本 經。風邪熱極，煮汁飲。搗末，傅諸毒妙。李珣。 Control. It dissolves and eliminates the poison of snakes and venomous vipers, bees/wasps and scorpions, frenzied dogs, vegetables, meat and gu,394 demon attach-

394 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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ment-illness, wind attachment-illness395 and all the major poisons that should never enter one’s mouth. Also, to remove [stagnant blood], apply its powder to the painful [region. The stagnation] is dissolved immediately.When poison has entered the abdomen, boil it and drink the resulting juice. This will resolve it. Ben jing. For wind evil [intrusion] with extreme heat, boil it and drink the juice. Ground into powder and applied to [regions affected by] all kinds of poison it gives wondrous results. Li Xun. 18-48 白花藤唐本草 Bai hua teng, Tang ben cao. Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem.396 【集解】【恭曰】生嶺南 交州、廣州平澤。苗似野葛，葉似女貞，莖葉 俱無毛而白花。其根似葛，而骨柔皮厚肉白，大療毒，用根不用苗。【保 昇曰】蔓生，白花，葉有細毛，根似牡丹，骨柔皮白而厚，凌冬不凋。【 斅曰】凡使勿用菜花藤，真相似，只是味酸濇。白花藤味甘。采得去根細 剉，陰乾用。 Collected Explications. [Su] Gong: It grows in the marshlands of the plains of Jiao zhou and Guang zhou in Ling nan. The seedlings resemble those of gelsemium herbs. The leaves resemble those of privet. The stem and the leaves have nor hair; the flowers are white. The root resembles that of pueraria, but it is a soft “bone” with a thick skin and white meat. It very effectively heals poisoning. Only the root is used for this, not the seedling. [Han] Baosheng: It grows as a creeper with white flowers. The leaves have fine hair. The root resembles paeonia [roots]. It is a soft “bone” with a white and thick skin. Even in cold winter it does not wither. [Lei] Xiao: For all [therapeutic] applications, do not [mistakenly] use cai hua teng 菜花藤.397 They are really similar. The only difference is, the latter’s flavor is sour and astringent, while the flavor of bai hua teng is sweet. When it is collected, separate the root, file it into fine pieces and dry it in the yin (i. e. shade) before using it [for therapeutic purposes]. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. 395 Feng zhu 風疰, “wind attachment-illness,” a condition of a pain erratically moving through the body and skin for an extended period of time without healing. BCGM Dict I, 173. 396 Bai hua teng 白花藤, lit.: “white flower vine.” 397 Cai hua teng 菜花藤, lit.: “vegetable flower vine,” unidentified.



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【主治】解諸藥、菜、肉中毒。漬酒，主虚勞風熱。唐本。 Control. It resolves all types of poison in pharmaceutical drugs, vegetables and meat. Soaked in wine it controls wind [intrusion] and heat related to depletion exhaustion. Tang ben. 【發明】【時珍曰】蘇言用根，雷言用苗，都可用爾。按葛洪肘後方云： 席辨刺史在嶺南日久，言俚人皆因飲食入毒，多不即覺，漸不能食，或心 中漸脹，先寒似瘴。急含白銀，一宿變色者即是也。銀青是藍藥，銀黄赤 是𦵣藥。𦵣,音混，草名也。但取白花藤四兩，出巂州者爲上，不得取近野 葛生者，洗切，同乾藍實四兩，水七升，煮取半，空腹頓服。少悶勿怪， 其毒即解。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Su [Gong] says one should use the root. Lei [Xiao] says one should use the seedling. Both can be used. According to Ge Hong’s Zhou hou fang, “Xi Bian who served as Prefect in Ling nan for a long time said that the common people there ingest poison with their beverages and food but mostly do not notice it. They are increasingly unable to eat, or they may experience a gradual bloating in their central region. In the beginning they may feel cold as if affected by a miasma-illness. Then they quickly hold white silver in their mouth. When in the course of one night it changes its color, then it really is [poisoning]. When the silver has assumed a greenish color, [the poisoning results from] a medication with lan 藍 398 . When it has turned yellow-red, [the poisoning results from] a medication with hun 𦵣. 𦵣 is read hun 混; it is the name of an herb.399 [In such a situation] there is no other way than to acquire four liang of bai hua teng, that from Gui zhou is best and do not [mistakenly] acquire gelsemium herb growing nearby, wash it and cut it into pieces. Boil them together with four liang of dried lan 藍 fruits in seven sheng of water down to half [a sheng] and ingest this all at once. Do not worry if this results in a little heart-pressure. The poison is resolved.” 18-49 白英本經上品 Bai ying, FE Ben jjing, upper rank. Solanum lyratum Thunb. Climbing nightshade.400 【校正】併入别録 鬼目。 Editorial Correction. Gui mu 鬼目, [listed separately in the] Bie lu, is included here. 398 Lan 藍 is a non-specific reference herbs used to dye blue. These may be polygonum tinctorian Ait. or isatis indigofera Fortune. 399 Hun 𦵣, unidentified. 400 Bai yin 白英, lit.: “white bloom.”

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【釋名】縠菜别録、白草同上、白幕拾遺、排風同上。子名鬼目。【時珍 曰】白英謂其花色，縠菜象其葉文，排風言其功用，鬼目象其子形。别録 有名未用復出鬼目，雖苗子不同，實一物也。故併之。 Explanation of Names. Hu cai 縠菜, “crepe vegetable,” Bie lu. Bai cao 白草, identical with the previous [source]. Bai mu 白幕, Shi yi. Pai feng 排風, identical with the previous [source]. The seeds are called gui mu 鬼目, “a demon’s eyes.” [Li] Shizhen: Bai ying 白英, “white bloom,” refers to the color of its flowers. Hu cai 縠菜, “crepe vegetable,” reflects the line design on the leaves. Pai feng 排風, “dispels wind,” reflects its [therapeutic] potential. Gui mu 鬼目, “a demon’s eyes,” reflects the shape of the seeds. The Bie lu, section “known by name but not in use,” has a separate entry gui mu 鬼目. The seedlings [of bai ying and gui mu] differ, but they are really one item. Hence they are combined here. 【集解】【别録曰】白英生益州山谷。春采葉，夏采莖，秋采花，冬采 根。【又曰】鬼目一名來甘。實赤如五味，十月采。【弘景曰】鬼目俗人 呼爲白草子是矣。又曰白英方藥不復用。此有斛菜，生水中，可蒸食，非 是此類。有白草，作羹飲，甚療勞，而不用根花。益州乃有苦菜，土人 專食之，充健無病，疑或是此。【恭曰】白英，鬼目草也。蔓生，葉似王 瓜，小長而五椏，實圓，若龍葵子，生青，熟紫黑。東人謂之白草。陶云 白草，似識之，而不力辨。【藏器曰】白英，鬼目菜也。蔓生，三月延 長。爾雅名苻。郭璞云：似葛，葉有毛，子赤色如耳璫珠。若云子熟黑， 誤矣。江東夏月取其莖葉煮粥食，極解熱毒。【時珍曰】此俗名排風子是 也。正月生苗，白色，可食。秋開小白花。子如龍葵子，熟時紫赤色。吴 志云：孫皓時有鬼目菜，緣棗樹，長丈餘，葉廣四寸，厚三分，人皆異 之。即此物也。又羊蹄草一名鬼目。嶺南有木果亦名鬼目，葉似楮，子大 如鴨子，七八月熟，黄色，味酸可食。皆與此同名異物也。 Collected Explications. Bie lu: Bai ying grows in the mountain valleys of Yi zhou. The leaves are collected in spring; the stem is collected in summer; the flowers are collected in autumn; the root is collected in winter. It is also said: Gui mu is also named lai gan 來甘. Its fruits are red, similar to schisandra [seeds]. They are collected in the tenth month. [Tao] Hongjing: Gui mu is the item called bai cao zi 白草子, “white herb seeds,” by common people. It is also said that bai ying is no longer used as a pharmaceutical drug in recipes. There is a hu cai 斛菜, pickelerel weed. It grows in bodies of water and can be steamed to be eaten. It is not related to [the bai ying discussed] here. There is a bai cao 白草, “white herb,” that is prepared as a thick soup. It heals exhaustion very well. But its root and flowers are not used [for therapeutic ends]. In Yi zhou is a ku cai 苦菜, “bitter vegetable.” The locals eat it. They pretend it to be able to strengthen and prevent disease. Perhaps it is the [item discussed] here. [Su] Gong:



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Bai ying 白英 is gui mu cao 鬼目草, the “demon’s eyes herb.” It grows as a creeper. The leaves resemble those of Japanese snake gourd. They are small, lengthy and have five forks. The fruits are round, similar to those of common nightshade. When they are fresh, they are greenish. When they are heat processed, they are purple-black. People in the East call [bai ying] bai cao 白草, “white herb.” Tao [Hongjing] says: “Bai cao 白 草.” Apparently, he knew of it, but he did not take great pains to differentiate them. [Chen] Cangqi: Bai ying is gui mu cai 鬼目菜. It grows as a creeper and extends to its full length in the third month. The Er ya names it fu 苻. Guo Pu states: “It resembles pueraria. The leaves have hairs. The seeds are red in color, similar to pearls in an earring.” When it is said that the heat processed seeds are black, that is wrong. When in Jiang dong in summer they gather the stems and leaves and eat them boiled as a congee, that is very much able to resolve heat poison. [Li] Shizhen: That is the item commonly called pai feng zi 排風子. It produces a seedling in the first month. It is white in color and edible. Small, white flowers open in autumn. The seeds are similar to common nightshade seeds. When they are ripe, they assume a purple-red color. Wu Zhi states: “At the time of Sun Hao there was a gui mu cai growing along a jujube tree. It was more than one zhang long; its leaves were four cun wide and three fen thick. All the people wondered what it might be.” It was the [item discussed] here. Also, yang ti cao 羊蹄草, “sheep hoof herb,” is also named gui mu 鬼目. In Ling nan a certain tree is called gui mu. Its leaves resemble those of paper mulberry trees. The seeds have the size of duck eggs. They are ripe in the seventh, eighth month. They are yellow in color with a sour flavor and can be eaten. That is, [various items] have the same name [as bai ying discussed] here, but they are different items. 18-49-01 根、苗 Gen, miao

Root, seedling [of bai ying]. 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】寒熱八疸，消渴，補中益氣。久服輕身延年。本經。葉：作羹 飲，甚療勞。弘景。煩熱，風𤺋丹毒，瘴瘧寒熱，小兒結熱，煮汁飲之。 藏器。 Control. Alternating sensations of cold and heat and the eight types of dan-illness.401 Melting with thirst.402 They supplement the center and boost the qi. Ingested 401 Dan 疸, “dan-illness,” “jaundice.” Identical with huang dan 黃疸, “yellow dan-illness.” BCGM Dict I, 118, 225. 402 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

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over a long time, they relieve the body of its weight and extend the years of life. Ben jing. The leaves: Consumed as a thick soup, they very much heal exhaustion. [Tao] Hongjing. Vexing heat, wind papules,403 cinnabar poisoning,404 miasmatic malaria and alternating sensations of cold and heat. Bound heat [qi] of children. Boil them and drink the juice. [Chen] Cangqi. 18-49-02 鬼目子也 Gui mu zi

Dragon eyes. These are the seeds [of bai ying]. 【氣味】酸，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】明目。别録。 Control. They brighten the eyes. Bie lu. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 目赤頭旋 ， 眼花面腫 ， 風熱上攻 。 用排風子焙 、 甘草炙 、 菊花焙各一 兩，爲末。每服二錢，卧時温水下。聖濟録。 Red eyes and spinning head/vertigo, blurred vision405 and facial swelling caused by wind [intrusion] and heat rising to attack above. [Grind] one liang each of pai feng zi, baked over a slow fire, glycyrrhiza [root], roasted, and chrysanthemum flowers, baked over a slow fire, into powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with warm wine at bedtime. Sheng ji lu.

403 Feng zhen 風疹, “wind papules,” a condition, brought forth by wind evil, of eruptive skin papules of different sizes, accompanied by unbearable itching. If scratched they rise further. BCGM Dict I, 172. 404 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118. 405 Yan hua 眼花, “blurred vision.” An illness sign of unclear vision, or of a perception of things such as stars or flowers fluttering in front of the eyes. BCGM Dict I, 611.



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18-50 蘿藦唐本草 Luo mo, FE Tang ben cao. Metaplexis japonica (Thunb.) Makino 【校正】併入拾遺 斫合子。 Editorial Correction. Zhuo he zi 斫合子, [listed separately] in the Shi yi, is included here. 【釋名】雚音貫、芄蘭詩疏、白環藤拾遺。實名雀瓢陸機、斫合子拾遺、 羊婆奶綱目、婆婆鍼線包。【藏器曰】漢高帝用子傅軍士金瘡，故名斫合 子。【時珍曰】白環，即芄字之訛也。其實嫩時有漿，裂時如瓢。故有雀 瓢、羊婆奶之稱。其中一子有一條白絨，長二寸許，故俗呼婆婆鍼線包， 又名婆婆鍼袋兒也。 Explanation of Names. Guan 雚, read guan 貫; wan lan 芄蘭, Shi shu. Bai huan teng 白環藤, Shi yi. The fruits are called que piao 雀瓢. Lu Ji. Zhuo he zi 斫合子, Shi yi. Yang po nai 羊婆奶, Gang mu. Po po zhen xian bao 婆婆鍼線包. [Chen] Cangqi: Han [Emperor] Gao Di applied the seed to wounds of his soldiers caused by weapons. Hence the name zhuo he zi 斫合子, “the seeds to reunite what an axe had separated.” [Li] Shizhen: Bai huan 白環 is an erroneous modification of the character wan 芄. The tender fruits have a thick juice; when they crack open, they look like a gourd [ladle], piao 瓢. Hence their names que piao 雀瓢, “a sparrow’s gourd,” and yang po nai 羊婆奶, “grandmother Yang’s breast.” They include one seed with one string of white hair, more than two cun long. Hence they are commonly called po po zhen xian bao 婆婆鍼線包, “grandmothers needle thread bag.” It is also named po po zhen dai er 婆婆鍼袋兒, “grandmothers needle pouch.“ 【集解】【弘景曰】蘿藦作藤生，摘之有白乳汁，人家多種之，葉厚而 大。可生啖，亦蒸煮食之。諺云：去家千里，勿食蘿藦、枸杞。言其補益 精氣，强盛陰道，與枸杞葉同也。【恭曰】按陸機詩疏云：蘿藦，一名芄 蘭，幽州謂之雀瓢。然雀瓢是女青别名也。蘿藦葉似女青，故亦名雀瓢。 女青葉似蘿藦，兩葉相對。子似瓢形，大如棗許，故名雀瓢。根似白薇， 莖葉並臭。生平澤。别録云：葉嫩時似蘿藦，圓端，大莖，實黑。【藏器 曰】蘿藦，東人呼爲白環，藤生籬落間，折之有白汁，一名雀瓢。其女青 終非白環，二物相似，不能分别。【又曰】斫合子作藤生，蔓延籬落間。 至秋霜合，子如柳絮。一名雞腸，一名薰桑。【時珍曰】斫合子即蘿藦子 也。三月生苗，蔓延籬垣，極易繁衍。其根白軟。其葉長而後大前尖。根 與莖葉斷之皆有白乳如構汁。六七月開小長花，如鈴狀，紫白色。結實長 二三寸，大如馬兜鈴，一頭尖。其殼青軟，中有白絨及漿。霜後枯裂則子 飛，其子輕薄，亦如兜鈴子。商人取其絨作坐褥代綿，云甚輕暖。詩云：

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芄蘭之支，童子佩觿。芄蘭之葉，童子佩韘。觿，音畦，解結角錐也。此 物實尖，垂于支間似之。韘，音涉，張弓指彄也。此葉後彎似之，故以比 興也。一種莖葉及花皆似蘿藦，但氣臭根紫，結子圓大如豆，生青熟赤爲 異，此則蘇恭所謂女青似蘿藦，陳藏器所謂二物相似者也。蘇恭言其根似 白微，子似瓢形，則誤矣。當從陳説。此乃藤生女青，與蛇衘根之女青， 名同物異，宜互攷之。 Collected Explications. [Tao] Hongjing: Luo mo grows as a vine. When it is plucked, a white milk sap appears. People often plant it. It has thick, large leaves. It can be eaten raw, and it is steamed or cooked to be consumed. A saying goes: “When travelling 1000 li away from home, do not eat luo mo and lycium [leaves].” That is to say, [luo mo] supplements and boosts essence/sperm qi and strengthens the yin path (i. e., male sexual potency) similar to lycium leaves. [Su] Gong: According to Lu Ji’s Shi shu, luo mo is also called wan lan 芄蘭. In You zhou they call it que piao 雀瓢. But que piao 雀瓢 is also an alternative name of cynanchum thesinides. The leaves of luo mo resemble those of cynanchum thesinides. Hence [the latter], too, is called que piao. The leaves of cynanchum thesinides resemble those of luo mo, with two leaves facing each other. The seeds are shaped like gourds, piao 瓢, about the size of Chinese dates. Hence they are named que piao 雀瓢, “sparrow gourd.” The root is similar to that of cynanchum atratum. Stem and leaves are malodorous. [Luo mo] grows in the marshlands in the plains. The Bie lu states: “The tender leaves [of nü qing/cynanchum thesinides] resemble those of luo mo. They have a round end, a big stem and black fruits.” [Chen] Cangqi. People in the East call luo mo 蘿藦 bai huan 白環. The vine grows on fences. When it is broken, it shows a white sap. Another name is que piao 雀瓢. Cynanchum thesinides/nü qing 女青 is definitely not bai huan 白環. These two items are so similar that one cannot tell them apart. It is also said: Zhuo he zi 斫合 子 grows as a vine. It is a creeper extending on fences. By the time of frost in autumn, it has seeds similar to catkins. Other names of it are ji chang 雞腸, a “chicken’s intestine,” and xun sang 薰桑, “fragrant mulberry.” [Li] Shizhen: Zhuo he zi 斫合 子 are the seeds of luo mo 蘿藦. It grows a seedling in the third month, extending as a vine on fences. It multiplies most easily. The root is white and soft. The leaves are long, with a broad basis and a pointed end. When the root, the stem and the leaves are broken, they all show a white milk similar to the juice of paper mulberry trees. [Luo mo] opens small, lengthy flowers in the sixth and seventh month, similar to bells. They are purple-white in color and they form fruits two or three cun long, the size of aristolochia fruits, but with a pointed tip. Their shell is greenish and soft. Inside is white down and a thick juice. After frost they wither and crack open, and the seeds fly away. These seeds are light and thin. They, too, are similar to those of aristolochia. Merchants collect the down and use it to make padded mattresses, re-



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placing the cotton [with the luo mo down]. They say it is very light and warm. The Shi states: “There are the branches of the sparrow gourd; there is a lad with the spike at his girdle. … There are the leaves of the sparrow gourd; there is that lad with the archer’s thimble at his girdle.”406 觿 is read qi 畦. It is a horn shaped bodkin to open knots. The fruits of the item [discussed here (i. e. luo mo)] are extremely pointed, and as they hang amidst the branches they are similar [to bodkins]. 韘 is read she 涉. It is the ringlet on an [archer’s] finger used to stretch a bow. The leaves [of luo mo] are crooked at their base [like a ringlet]. Hence this comparison. There is one kind with stem, leaves and flowers resembling luo mo, but with malodorous qi and purple roots. The seeds are round and big like those of soybeans. They are greenish as long as they are fresh, and they are red when they are heat processed. That is the difference. It is the nü qing 女青/cynanchum thesinides said by Su Gong to resemble luo mo, and which Chen Cangqi describes as being two items similar to each other. When Su Gong says that “the root resembles that of cynanchum atratum, with seeds shaped like a gourd,” he is wrong. Chen [Cangqi’s] statement is to be followed as accurate. This is the nü qing that grows as a vine. It has the same name as the kleinian cinquefoil roots that are also named nü qing 女青, but the items are different. A close examination is required [to tell which is which]. 18-50-01 子、葉同 Zi, ye

Seeds [of luo mo]. The leaves have identical [qualities]. 【氣味】甘、辛，温，無毒。【時珍曰】甘、微辛。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, acrid, warm, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: Sweet, slightly acrid. 【主治】虚勞，補益精氣，强陰道。葉煮食，功同子。唐本。擣子，傅金 瘡，生膚止血。搗葉，傅腫毒。藏器。取汁，傅丹毒赤腫，及蛇蟲毒，即 消。蜘蛛傷，頻治不愈者，搗封二三度，能爛絲毒，即化作膿也。時珍。 Control. Depletion exhaustion. They supplement and boost essence/sperm qi and strengthen the yin path (i. e., male sexual potency). The leaves are cooked to be eaten. Their [therapeutic] potential is identical to that of the seeds. Tang ben. Pound the seeds and apply [the pulp] to wounds caused by metal objects/weapons to generate new skin and end bleeding. Pound the leaves and apply [the pulp] to a swelling with poison. [Chen] Cangqi. Take the juice and apply it to red swelling related to 406 Shi jing, Part I, Bk. V, Ode VI. I am happy to reproduce here the translation of James Legge, to honor the unsurpassed translator of ancient Chinese classical texts. “Sparrow gourd” is que piao 雀瓢.

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cinnabar poisoning407 and also to [regions affected by] the poison of snakes and worms/bugs. It will dissolve. For harm caused by spiders that has not been cured despite repeated therapies pound it and seal [the affected region with the pulp] two or three times. This will dissolve the poison of [spider] threads and eventually transform it to pus. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded]. 補益虚損， 極益房勞。 用蘿藦四兩。 枸杞根皮、 五味子、 柏子仁、 酸棗 仁、乾地黄各三兩，爲末。每服方寸匕，酒下，日三服。千金方。 To supplement and boost [the qi] in the case of depletion and injury. It greatly boosts [the qi] in the case of exhaustion through sexual intercourse. [Grind] four liang of luo mo and three liang each of lycium root skin, schisandra seeds, arborvitae seed kernels, jujube kernels and dried Chinese foxglove [roots] into powder. Each time ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon and send it down with wine. To be ingested three times a day. Qian jin fang. 損傷血出， 痛不可忍。 用籬上婆婆鍼袋兒， 擂水服， 渣罨瘡口， 立效。 袖珍。 Injury with bleeding and unbearable pain. Pound po po zhen dai er from a fence in water and ingest [the liquid]. Apply the dregs to the wound opening. Immediately effective. Xiu zhen. 18-51 赤地利唐本草 Chi di li, FE Tang ben cao. Fagopyrum dibotrys (D.Don) Hara. Hill buckwheat. 【校正】併入拾遺 五毒草。 Editorial Correction. Wu du cao 五毒草, [listed separately in the] Shi yi, is included here. 【釋名】赤薜荔綱目、五毒草拾遺、五蕺拾遺、蛇䒽拾遺、山蕎麥圖經。 【時珍曰】並未詳。 Explanation of Names. Chi pi li 赤薜荔, Gang mu. Wu du cao 五毒草, “herb for five types of poison,” Shi yi. Wu ji 五蕺, Shi yi. She wang 蛇䒽, Shi yi. Shan qiao mai 山 407 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118.



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蕎麥, “mountain buckwheat,” Tu jing. [Li] Shizhen: All [names] with an unclear [meaning]. 【集解】【恭曰】所在山谷有之。蔓生，葉似蘿藦。根皮赤黑，肉黄赤。 二月、八月采根，日乾。【頌曰】所在皆有，今惟華山出之。春夏生苗， 作蔓繞草木上，莖赤。葉青，似蕎麥葉。七月開白花，亦如蕎麥。結子青 色。根若菝葜，皮紫赤，肉黄赤。八月采根，晒乾收。【藏器曰】五毒草 生江東平地。花葉並如蕎麥。根緊硬似狗脊。亦名蛇䒽，名同物異。【時 珍曰】五毒草即赤地利，今併爲一。 Collected Explications. [Su] Gong: It is found everywhere in mountain valleys. It grows as a creeper. The leaves resemble those of metaplexis japonica/luo mo 蘿藦. The skin of the root is red-black; the meat is yellow-red. The root is collected in the second and eighth month. It is dried in the sun. [Su] Song: It is found everywhere. Today it comes only from Mount Hua shan. In spring and summer it produces a seedling that winds up as a creeper on herbs and trees. The stem is red. The leaves are greenish, resembling buckwheat leaves. White flowers open in the seventh month. They, too, are similar to those of buckwheat. They form seeds greenish in color. The root is similar to that of Chinese sarsaparilla. Its skin is purple-red; the meat is yellow-red. The root is collected in the eighth month; it is dried in the sun and stored. [Chen] Cangqi: Wu du cao grows in the plains of Jiang dong. Its flowers and leaves are similar to those of buckwheat. The root is hard, resembling golden chicken fern [roots]. It is also called she wang 蛇䒽. The names are identical, but the items are not the same. [Li] Shizhen: Wu du cao 五毒草 is chi di li 赤地利. Here they are combined in one entry. 18-51-01 根 Gen

Root [of chi di li].

【修治】【斅曰】凡采得細剉 ， 用藍葉并根 ， 同入生絹袋盛之 ， 蒸一伏 時，去藍晒用。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: When it is collected it is cut into fine pieces. Put it together with eupatorium leaves and roots in a new pouch made of tough silk and steam this for a full day. Discard the eupatorium [leaves and roots], dry [the rest] in the sun and use it [for therapeutic purposes]. 【氣味】苦，平，無毒。【藏器曰】酸，平。伏丹砂。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Chen] Cangqi: Sour, balanced. It suppresses [the effects of ] cinnabar.

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【主治】赤白冷熱諸痢，斷血破血，帶下赤白，生肌肉。唐本。主癰疽惡 瘡毒腫，赤白遊𤺋，蟲蠶蛇犬咬，並醋摩傅之。亦擣莖葉傅之。恐毒入 腹，煮汁飲。藏器。 Control. All types of red and white free-flux illness related to cold and heat. It stops bleeding and breaks through blood [accumulations]. [It serves to cure] red and white [outflow from] below the belt, and stimulates the growth of muscles and flesh. Tang ben. To control obstruction-illness and impediment-illness408 with malign sores and poison swelling, red and white roaming papules, as well as bites by worms/bugs, silkworms, snakes and dogs, rub it in vinegar and apply [the liquid to the affected region]. Also, pound the stem and the leaves and apply [the resulting mass to the affected region]. When the poison threatens to enter the abdomen, boil it and drink the juice. [Chen] Cangqi. 【發明】【時珍曰】唐 張文仲備急方，治青赤黄白等痢，鹿茸丸方中用 之。則其功長于凉血解毒，可知矣。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Zhang Wenzhong of the Tang era in his Bei ji fang resorts to it as an ingredient of the “pills with a stag’s pilose antler” that serve to cure all types of free-flux illness, be they greenish, red, yellow or white. From this one can see that its [therapeutic] potential is especially directed at cooling blood and resolving poison. 【附方】舊二。 Added Recipes. Two of old. 小兒熱瘡。身面皆有，如火燒者。赤地利末，粉之。外臺秘要。 Heat sores of children covering the entire body as if burned by fire. Cover [the affected regions] with chi di li powder. Wai tai mi yao. 火瘡滅瘢。赤地利末，油調塗。聖惠。 To diminish scars of wounds caused by fire. Mix chi di li powder with oil and apply it [to the affected region]. Sheng hui.

408 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.



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18-52 紫葛唐本草 Zi ge, FE Tang ben cao. Ampelopsis delavayana (Franch.) Planch. 【集解】【恭曰】生山谷中。苗似葡萄，長丈許。根紫色，大者徑二三 寸。【保昇曰】所在皆有，今出雍州。葉似蘡薁，其根皮肉俱紫色。三、 八月采根皮，日乾。【大明曰】紫葛有二種，此是藤生者。【頌曰】今惟 江寧府及台州上之。春生冬枯，似葡萄而紫色。 Collected Explications. It grows in mountain valleys. The seedling resembles grape vine; it reaches a length of more than one zhang. The root is purple in color. Large ones have a diameter of two or three cun. [Han] Baosheng: It is found everywhere. Today it comes from Yong zhou. The leaves resemble those of wild grapes. The skin and the meat of its root are all purple in color. The skin of the root is collected in the third and eighth month. It is dried in the sun. Da Ming: There are two kinds of zi ge. The one [discussed] here is the one growing as a creeper. [Su] Song: Today only those from Jiang ning and Tai zhou are submitted.409 They resemble grape vine but are purple in color. 18-52-01 根皮 Gen pi

Root bark [of zi ge]. 【氣味】甘、苦，寒，無毒。【大明曰】苦、滑，冷。燒灰，制消石。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, bitter, nonpoisonous. Da Ming: Bitter, soft(ening), cold. Burned to ashes it checks [the effects of ] nitrokalite. 【主治】癰腫惡瘡，擣末醋和封之。恭。主癱緩攣急，并熱毒風，通小 腸。大明。生肌散血。時珍。 Control. For obstruction-illness and impediment-illness410 with malign sores pound it into powder, mix it with vinegar and cover [the affected region] with it. [Su] Gong. It controls paralysis with contraction and tension and also the presence of heat poison related to wind [intrusion]. It penetrates the small intestine. Da Ming. It stimulates the growth of muscles and disperses [stagnating] blood. [Li] Shizhen. 409 Instead of shang zhi 上之, “submit them,” Zheng lei ch. 11, zi ge 紫葛, writes you zhi 有之, “have them.“ 410 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】舊二。 Added Recipes. Two of old.

産後煩渴。血氣上冲也。紫葛三兩，水二升，煎一升，去滓呷之。 Vexing thirst following delivery, with blood and qi rushing upwards. Boil three liang of zi ge in two sheng of water down to one sheng. Discard the dregs and sip [the liquid]. 金瘡傷損。 生肌破血。 用紫葛二兩， 順流水三盞， 煎一盞半， 分三服。 酒煎亦妙。並經效方。 Wounds caused by metal objects/weapons and injury harm. To stimulate the growth of muscles and break through blood [accumulations]. Boil two liang of zi ge in three cups of orderly flowing water down to one and a half cups and ingest this divided into three portions. Boiled in water it gives wondrous results, too. Both [recipes recorded in the] Jing xiao fang. 18-53 烏蘞苺唐本草 Wu lian mei, FE Tang ben cao. Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep. Japanese cayratia. 【釋名】五葉苺弘景、蘢草同、拔爾雅、龍葛同、赤葛綱目、五爪龍同、 赤潑藤。【時珍曰】五葉如白蘞，故曰烏蘞，俗名五爪龍。江東呼龍尾， 亦曰虎葛。曰龍、曰葛，並取蔓形。赤潑與赤葛及拔音相近。 Explanation of Names. Wu ye mei 五葉苺, [Tao] Hongjing. Long cao 蘢草, identical [source]. Ba 拔, Er ya. Long ge 龍葛, identical [source]. Chi ge 赤葛, Gang mu. Wu zhao long 五爪龍, “five claws dragon,” identical [source]. Chi po teng 赤潑藤, “red sprinkling vine.” [Li] Shizhen: It has five leaves similar to bai lian 白蘞, ampelopsis japonica. Hence it is called wu lian 烏蘞. A commonly used name is wu zhao long 五爪龍, “five claws dragon.” In Jiang dong they call it long wei 龍尾, “dragon’s tail.” It is also called hu ge 虎葛. Names such as long 龍 and ge 葛 reflect the shape of the creeper. The pronunciations of chi po 赤潑 and chi ge 赤葛 and also ba 拔 are similar. 【集解】【弘景曰】五葉苺生籬墻間，作藤。擣根傅癰癤有效。【恭曰】 蔓生平澤，葉似白蘞，四月、五月采之。【保昇曰】莖端五葉，開花青白 色，所在有之，夏采苗用。【時珍曰】堘塹間甚多。其藤柔而有棱，一枝 一鬚，凡五葉。葉長而光，有疏齒，面青背淡。七八月結苞成簇，青白 色。花大如粟，黄色四出。結實大如龍葵子，生青熟紫，内有細子。其根 白色，大者如指，長一二尺，擣之多涎滑。傅滋醫學集成謂即紫葛，楊起 簡便方謂即老鴉眼睛草，斗門方謂即何首烏，並誤矣。



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Collected Explications. [Tao] Hongjing: Wu ye mei grows on hedges and walls. It forms vines. To pound the root and apply [the resulting pulp] to obstruction-illness411 and pimples is effective. [Su] Gong: The creeper grows in the marshlands of the plains. The leaves resemble those of ampelopsis japonica. They are collected in the fourth and fifth month. [Han] Baosheng: The stem has five leaves at its end and opens flowers that are greenish-white in color. It is found everywhwere. In summer the seedling is collected for [therapeutic] use. [Li] Shizhen: It is present in abundance on raised paths between ditches. The vines are soft and have edges. Each branch has its own “beard” and five leaves. The leaves are long and shiny. They have many indentations. They are greenish on the front and bland on the back. In the seventh and eighth month “envelops” form and build clusters of greenish-white color. The flowers have the size of millet. They are yellow with four petals. They form fruits the size of common nightshade seeds. Fresh they are greenish; heat processed they are purple. Inside they have fine seeds. The root is white in color. Large specimens are similar to fingers, with a length of one or two chi. When [a root] is pounded, a lot of “saliva” appears and makes it slippery. Fu Zi in his Yi xue ji cheng says it is ampelopsis delavayana, zi ge 紫葛. Yang Qi in his Jian bian fang says it is common nightshade, lao ya yan jing cao 老鴉眼睛草. The Dou men fang says it is polygonum multiflorum, he shou wu 何首烏. They are all wrong. 【氣味】酸、苦，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, bitter, nonpoisonous. 【主治】癰癤瘡腫，蟲咬，擣根傅之。弘景。風毒熱腫遊丹，擣傅并飲 汁。恭。凉血解毒，利小便。根擂酒服，消癤腫，神效。時珍。 Control. For swelling related to obstruction-illness, pimples, and other sores, and worm/bug bites, pound the root and apply the [resulting pulp to the affected region]. [Tao] Hongjing. For wind poison, heat swelling and roaming cinnabar,412 pound it, apply [the resulting pulp to the affected region] and also drink the juice. [Su] Gong. It cools the blood, resolves poison and stimulates urination. Crush the root and ingest it with wine to dissolve a pimple swelling. Divinely effective. [Li] Shizhen.

411 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 412 You dan 遊丹, “roaming cinnabar,” identical with re dan du 熱丹毒, “heat cinnabar poison.” A condition of dan du 丹毒, cinnabar poison, with massive heat poison and red skin rash. BCGM Dict I, 85.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】新五。 Added Recipes. Five newly [recorded].

小便尿血。五葉藤陰乾爲末。每服二錢，白湯下。衛生易簡方。 Urination with blood. Dry wu ye [mei] vine in the shade and [grind it into] powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with clear, boiled water. Wei sheng yi jian fang. 喉痺腫痛。五爪龍草、車前草、馬蘭菊各一握，擣汁，徐嚥。祖傳方也。 醫學正傳。 Throat blockage with a painful swelling. Pound one handful each of wu zhao long herb, Asiatic plantain herb, and purple chrysanthemum to obtain a juice and swallow it in small amounts. A recipe transmitted from the forefathers. Yi xue ji cheng. 項下熱腫。俗名蝦蟆瘟。五葉藤擣，傅之。丹溪纂要。 A heat swelling below the neck, commonly called frog warmth illness/mumps. Pound wu ye [mei] vine and apply [the resulting pulp to the affected region]. Danxi zuan yao. 一切腫毒，發背乳癰，便毒惡瘡初起者。並用五葉藤或根一握，生薑一 塊，擣爛，入好酒一盌，絞汁，熱服取汗。以渣傅之，即散。一用大蒜代 薑，亦可。壽域神方。 For all types of swelling with poison, effusion on the back, breast obstruction-illness,413 poison [in the region of ] relief,414 and malign sores that have just begun to rise, pound one handful of wu ye vines or roots and one piece of fresh ginger into a pulpy mass, give it in one bowl of good wine and squeeze it to obtain a juice. Ingest it to stimulate sweating, and apply the dregs [to the affected region]. This will disperse [the swelling]. Another [recipe recommends to] replace the ginger with garlic. That is possible, too. Shou yu shen fang. 跌撲損傷。五爪龍擣汁，和童尿、熱酒服之。取汗。簡便方。 Injured by a fall. Pound wu zhao long to obtain a juice and ingest it mixed with boys‘ urine and hot wine to stimulate sweating. Jian bian fang. 413 Ru yong 乳癰, “breast obstruction-illness,” a condition of acute putrefication of a woman’s breast. Often encountered if a woman, following delivery, experiences chui nai 吹奶, “inflated breast,” or du ru 妒乳, “jealousy breast.” BCGM Dict I, 412. 414 Bian du 便毒, “poison [in the region] of relief,” a condition of swelling with poison developing in the body region associated with functions of ‘minor relief ’, i.e. urination, and ‘major relief ’, i.e. defecation. BCGM Dict I, 65.



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18-54 葎草唐本草 Lü cao, Tang ben cao. Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr. Wild hop. 【校正】併入有名未用 勒草。 Editorial Correction. Le cao 勒草, listed in the section “known by name but not in use,” is included here. 【釋名】勒草别録、葛勒蔓蜀圖經、來苺草别本。【時珍曰】此草莖有細 刺，善勒人膚，故名勒草。訛爲葎草，又訛爲來苺，皆方音也。别録 勒草 即此。今併爲一。 Explanation of Names. Le cao 勒草, Bie lu. Ge le man 葛勒蔓, Shu tu jing. Lai mei cao 來苺草, Bie ben. [Li] Shizhen: The seedling of this herb has fine thorns that easily scratch, le 勒, one’s skin. Hence the name le cao 勒草, “scratching herb.” That was modified to lü cao 葎草, also to lai mei 來苺. All these are local readings. It is the le cao 勒草 recorded in the Bie lu. Here they are combined in one entry. 【集解】【恭曰】葎草生故墟道旁。葉似蓖麻而小且薄，蔓生，有細刺。 亦名葛葎蔓。古方亦時用之。【保昇曰】野處多有之。葉似大麻，花黄白 色，子若大麻子。俗名葛勒蔓。夏采莖葉，暴乾用。【别録曰】勒草生山 谷，如栝樓。【時珍曰】二月生苗，莖有細刺勒人。葉對節生，一葉五 尖。微似蓖麻而有細齒。八九月開細紫花成簇。結子狀如黄麻子。 Collected Explications. [Su] Gong: Lü cao grows in old ruins and on the roadside. The leaves resemble those of castor oil plants, but they are smaller and also thinner. [Lü cao] grows as a creeper and has fine thorns. It is also called ge lü man 葛葎蔓. In ancient recipes it is occasionally resorted to, too. [Han] Baosheng: It is found in abundance in the wild. The leaves resemble those of hemp. The flowers are yellow-white in color. The seeds are similar to hemp seeds. [Lü cao] is commonly called ge le man 葛勒蔓. The stem and the leaves are collected in summer. They are dried in the sun for [therapeutic] use. Bie lu: Le cao grows in mountain valleys, similar to trichosanthes kirilowii. [Li] Shizhen: It produces a seedling in the second month. The stem has fine thorns that may scratch one. The leaves grow facing each other at the nodes. One leaf has five pointed ends. [The leaves] slightly resemble those of castor oil plants, but they have fine teeth. Fine, purple flowers open in clusters in the eighth and ninth month. They form seeds shaped like hemp seeds. 【氣味】甘、苦，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, bitter, nonpoisonous.

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【主治】勒草：主瘀血，止精溢盛氣。别録。葎草：主五淋，利小便， 止水痢，除瘧虚熱渴。煮汁或生擣汁服。恭。生汁一合服，治傷寒汗後 虚熱。宗奭。療膏淋，久痢，疥癩。頌。潤三焦，消五穀，益五臟，除九 蟲，辟温疫，傅蛇蠍傷。時珍。 Control. Le cao: It controls stagnant blood. It ends uncontrolled outflow of essence/ sperm related to abounding qi. Bie lu. Lü cao: It controls the five types of urinary dripping, stimulates urination, ends watery free-flux illness, and removes heat and thirst related to malaria and depletion. It is boiled to obtain a juice, or pounded fresh to obtain a juice, that is to be ingested. [Su] Gong: To ingest one ge of fresh juice serves to cure depletion heat following a sweating related to harm caused by cold. [Kou] Zongshi. It heals paste-like urinary dripping, long-lasting free-flux illness, jie-illness415 and repudiation-illness.416 [Su] Song. It moistens the Triple Burner, dissolves the five types of grain/solid food, boosts the [qi in the] five long-term depots, eliminates the nine types of worms/bugs, repels warmth epidemics and is applied to [regions] harmed by snake and scorpion [bites/stings]. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】舊三，新六。 Added Recipes. Three of old, six newly [recorded]. 小便石淋。葛葎掘出根，挽斷，以盃于坎中承取汁。服一升，石當出。不 出更服。范汪方。 Urinary dripping because of stones. Undig a ge lü root and cut it. Place a cup in the pit [dug around the root] underneath the root to collect the juice. Ingest one sheng [of the liquid] and the stones will come out. If they do not come out ingest [the liquid] again. Fan Wang fang. 小便膏淋。葎草擣生汁三升，酢二合，合和頓服，當尿下白汁。 Pasty urinary dripping. Pound lü cao to obtain three sheng of fresh juice. Mix it with two ge of vinegar and ingest this all at once. A white juice will be discharged through urination. 尿血淋瀝。同上。 Urination with blood and urinary dripping. [Recipe] identical with the one above.

415 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 416 Lai 癩, “lai-illness,” “repudiation-illness,” including cases of leprosy/Aussatz.” BCGM Dict I, 293.



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産婦汗血，污衣赤色。方同上。 Sweating of blood of a woman giving birth, with her clothes turned red. Recipe identical with the one above. 久痢成疳。葛勒蔓末以管吹入肛門中，不過數次，如神。 Long-lasting free-flux illness eventually generating a gan-illness.417 Blow ge le man powder with a tube into the [patient’s] anus. After only a few times [the effects are] divine. 新久瘧疾。用葛葎草一握，一名勒蔓，去兩頭，秋冬用乾者，恒山末等 分，以淡漿水二大盞，浸藥，星月下露一宿，五更煎一盞，分二服。當吐 痰愈。 Recent and long-lasting malaria illness. Steep one handful of ge lü cao, also named le man 勒蔓, with the two ends removed, in autumn and winter use dry specimens, and an equal amount of dichroa [root] powder in two large cups of bland fermented water of foxtail millet and leave it in the open under the stars and the moon exposed to dew for one night. Early in the next morning boil it down to one cup and ingest it divided into two portions. This will cause a vomiting of phlegm, and [the disease] is cured. 遍體癩瘡。葎草一擔，以水二石，煮取一石，漬之。不過三作愈。並韋宙 獨行方。 Repudiation-illness418 sores covering the entire body. Boil one load of lü cao in two dan of water down to one dan and soak [the patient] in the [liquid]. A cure is achieved after no more than three [applications]. All [four recipes recorded] in Wei Zhou’s Du xing fang. 烏癩風瘡。葛葎草三秤切洗，益母草一秤切，以水二石五斗，煮取一石五 斗，去滓。入瓮中浸浴，一時方出，坐密室中。又暖湯浴一時，乃出。暖 卧取汗，勿令見風。明日又浴。如浴時瘙痒不可忍，切勿搔動，少頃漸 定。後隔三日一作，以愈爲度。聖濟録。 Black repudiation-illness wind sores. Boil three cheng of ge lü cao, cut to pieces and washed, and one cheng of leonurus herbs in two dan and five dou of water down to one dan and five dou, and discard the dregs. Give [the liquid] into a big tub and [let 417 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 418 Lai 癩, “lai-illness,” “repudiation-illness,” including cases of leprosy/Aussatz.” BCGM Dict I, 293.

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the patient] bathe in it for two hours. Then he is to leave [the tub] and sit in a tightly closed room. There he is to bathe again in warm boiled water for two hours, and then leave it. He is to lie down covered warmly to induce sweating. He must not be exposed to wind. The next morning he is to bathe again. When during the bathing an unbearable itch develops, he must not scratch. It will decrease and subside within a short time. Repeat this once every three days until a healing is achieved. Sheng ji lu. 18-55 羊桃本經下品 Yang tao, FE Ben jing, lower rank. Averrhoa carambola L. Carambola.419 【釋名】鬼桃本經、羊腸同、萇楚爾雅、銚芅音姚弋，或作御弋、細子。 並未詳。 Explanation of Names. Gui tao 鬼桃, a “demon’s peach,” Ben jing. Yang chang 羊腸, a “sheep’s intestine,” identical [source]. Chang chu 萇楚, Er ya. Yao yi 銚芅, read yao yi 姚弋, also written yu yi 御弋, xi zi 細子. [The meaning of ] all [these names is] not clear. 【集解】【别録曰】羊桃生山林川谷及田野。二月采，陰乾。【弘景曰】 山野多有。甚似家桃，又非山桃。花甚赤。子小細而苦，不堪食。詩云隰 有萇楚，即此。方藥不復用。【保昇曰】生平澤中，處處有之。苗長而 弱，不能爲樹。葉花皆似桃，子細如棗核，今人呼爲細子。其根似牡丹。 郭璞云：羊桃葉似桃，其花白色，子如小麥，亦似桃形。陸機詩疏云：葉 長而狹，花紫赤色，其枝莖弱，過一尺引蔓于草上。今人以爲汲灌，重而 善没，不如楊柳也。近下根刀切，其皮着熱灰中脱之，可韜筆管也。【時 珍曰】羊桃莖大如指，似樹而弱如蔓，春長嫩條柔軟。葉大如掌，上緑下 白，有毛，狀似苧麻而團。其條浸水有涎滑。 Collected Explications. Yang tao grows in mountain forests, mountain valleys and in the open country. It is collected in the second month and dried in the yin (i. e., shade). [Tao] Hongjing: It is found in abundance in the wild of mountains. It very much resembles cultivated peach [fruits], but it is not shan tao 山桃, “mountain peach.” The flowers are extremely red. The seeds are small and fine, and they are bitter. They cannot be eaten. The Shi states: “In the marshlands is chang chu 萇楚.”420 That is the [item discussed] here. It is no longer used in recipes as a pharmaceutical drug. [Han] Baosheng: It grows in the marshlands of the plains; it is found every419 Yang tao 羊桃, lit.: a “sheep’s peach.” 420 Shi jing Part I, Bk. XIII, Ode III.



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where. The seedling is long and weak; it cannot stand up as a tree. The leaves and the flowers, they all resemble those of peaches, tao 桃. The seeds are as fine as date pits. Today, people call them “fine seeds.” The root resembles that of paeonia. Guo Pu states: “The leaves of yang tao resemble those of peaches. The flowers are white in color. The seeds are similar to wheat, and they also resemble the shape of peaches.” Lu Ji in his Shi shu states: “The leaves are long and narrow. The flowers are purple-red in color. The twigs and the stem are weak. When they are longer than one chi, they creep upwards on herbs.” People today irrigate them. They are heavy and tend to drop. They are not [as sturdy] as weeping willows. In recent times, [people] follow the root down and cut it with a knife. Then they expose the skin to the heat in ashes where it comes off. Then it can be made to sheaths of the tubes of writing pens. [Li] Shizhen: The stem of yang tao has the size of a finger. It resembles a tree but is a weak creeper. In spring long, tender, soft stalks develop. The leaves are as big as a palm. They are green above and white underneath. They have hair. They are shaped like those of ramie plants, but they are round. When the stalk is soaked in water, a slippery saliva develops. 18-55-01 莖、根 Jing, gen

Stem, root [of yang tao]. 【氣味】苦，寒，有毒。【藏器曰】甘，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, poisonous. [Chen] Cangqi: Sweet, nonpoisonous. 【主治】熛熱，身暴赤色，除小兒熱，風水積聚，惡瘍。本經。去五臟五 水，大腹，利小便，益氣，可作浴湯。别録。煮汁，洗風痒及諸瘡腫，極 效。恭。根：浸酒服，治風熱羸老。藏器。 Control. Flaming heat with the body suddenly assuming a red color. It removes the heat of children, accumulations and collections of wind and water, as well as malign sores. Ben jing. It removes the five types of water from the five long-term depots, [serves to cure] an enlarged abdomen, stimulates urination, and boosts the qi. It can be used to prepare a decoction for bathing. Bie lu. Boil it to obtain a juice and use it to wash wind [intrusion] itch and all types of sores with swelling. Very effective. [Su] Gong. The root: Soaked in wine and [the liquid] ingested, it serves to cure emaciation and aging related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of heat. [Chen] Cangqi.

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傷寒變䘌，四支煩疼，不食多睡。羊桃十斤擣熟，浸熱湯三斗，日正午 時，入坐一炊久。不過三次愈。千金。 Harm caused by cold eventually changing to hidden worms,421 with a vexing pain in the four limbs, loss of appetite and much sleepiness. Thoroughly pound ten jin of yang tao and soak it in three dou of hot, boiled water. At noon, [let the patient] sit in it for as long as it takes to cook a meal. A cure is achieved after no more than three times. Qian jin. 傷寒毒攻，手足腫痛。羊桃煮汁，入少鹽豉漬之。肘後。 Harm caused by a cold attack with a painful swelling of hands and feet. Boil yang tao to obtain a juice, add a little salt and [soybean] relish and soak [the hands and feet in the liquid]. Zhou hou. 水氣鼓脹，大小便濇。羊桃根、桑白皮、木通、大戟炒各半斤剉，水一 斗，煮五升，熬如稀餳。每空心茶服一匙。二便利，食粥補之。聖惠。 Drum-like distension422 caused by water qi. With a rough passage of the minor (i. e., urination) and major (i. e., defecation) relief. Boil one jin each of yang tao root, white mulberry tree bark, akebia herb and stir-fried Japanese thistle, all cut to pieces, in one dou of water down to five sheng. Simmer [the liquid] until it has assumed a watery consistency of malt-sugar. Each time ingest on an empty stomach with tea the amount held by a spoon. When the passage of both [the minor and the major] relief are freed, eat a congee to supplement [the qi]. Sheng hui. 蜘蛛咬毒。羊桃葉擣，傅之，立愈。備急方。 Spider bite poison. Pound yang tao leaves and apply [the resulting pulp to the affected region]. A cure is achieved immediately. Bei ji fang.

421 Ni 䘌, “hidden worms,” a condition of worm infestation, with various illness signs resulting from worms gnawing on different body parts. BCGM Dict I, 355. 422 Gu zhang 鼓脹, “drum[-like] distension,” also named shui zhang 水脹, !water distension,” a condition of an abdominal distension and big upswell brought forth by stagnant water qi accumulating in the abdomen. BCGM Dict I, 196.



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18-56 絡石本經上品 Luo shi, FE Ben jing, upper rank. Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem. Star jasmine. 【釋名】石鯪吴普作鯪石、石龍藤别録、懸石同、耐冬恭、雲花普、雲英 普、雲丹普、石血恭、雲珠别録。又名略石、領石、明石、石磋。【恭 曰】俗名耐冬。以其包絡石木而生，故名絡石。山南人謂之石血，療産後 血結，大良也。 Explanation of Names. Shi ling 石鯪 - Wu Pu writes Ling shi 鯪石, shi long teng 石 龍藤, “stone dragon vine,” Bie lu. Xuan shi 懸石, “suspended stone,” identical source. Nai dong 耐冬, “withstands winter,” [Su] Gong. Yun hua 雲花, “cloud flower,” [Wu] Pu. Yun ying 雲英, “cloud bloom,” [Wu] Pu. Yun dan 雲丹, “cloud cinnabar,” [Wu] Pu. Shi xue 石血, “snow blood,” [Su] Gong. Yun zhu 雲珠, “cloud pearl,” Bie lu. It is also named lue shi 略石, ling shi 領石, ming shi 明石, shi cuo 石磋. [Su] Gong: It is commonly called nai dong 耐冬, “withstands winter.” Because it grows covering stones and trees, it is called luo shi 絡石, “enclosing stones.” People in Shan nan call it shi xue 石血, “stone blood.” It heals blood knots generated after delivery and is very good. 【集解】【别録曰】絡石生太山川谷，或石山之陰，或高山巖石上。或生 人間。正月采。【弘景曰】不識此藥，方法無用者。或云是石類，既生人 間，則非石，猶如石斛，繫石爲名耳。【恭曰】此物生陰濕處。冬夏常 青，實黑而圓，其莖蔓延繞樹石側，若在石間者，葉細厚而圓短。繞樹生 者，葉大而薄。人家亦種之爲飾。【保昇曰】所在有之，生木石間，凌冬 不凋，葉似細橘葉。莖節着處，即生根鬚，包絡石旁。花白子黑。六月、 七月采莖葉，日乾。【藏器曰】在石者良，在木者隨木性有功，與薜荔相 似。更有石血、地錦等十餘種藤，並是其類。大略皆主風血，暖腰脚，變 白不老。蘇恭言石血即絡石，殊誤矣。絡石葉圓正青。石血葉尖，一頭赤 色。【時珍曰】絡石貼石而生。其蔓折之有白汁。其葉小于指頭，厚實木 强，面青背淡，濇而不光。有尖葉、圓葉二種，功用相同，蓋一物也。蘇 恭所説不誤，但欠詳耳。 Collected Explications. Bie lu: Luo shi grows in the mountain valleys of Mount Tai shan. These may be the yin (i. e., shady) sides of rocky mountains, or the cliff rocks of high mountains, and it also grows among people. It is collected in the first month. [Tao] Hongjing. It is not known as a pharmaceutical drug, and there is no method known how to use it. Some say it belongs to the stones, but if it “grows among people,” it cannot be a stone. It may be similar to dendrobium, shi hu 石斛, which is so named because of its proximity to stones. [Su] Gong: This item grows in shady,

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moist places. In winter and in summer, it is always greenish. The fruits are black and round. The stem is a creeper winding around trees and along stones. Those between stones have fine, thick leaves that are round and short. Those winding around trees have large, thin leaves. People also plant them for decoration. [Han] Baosheng: It can be found everywhere. It grows on/between trees and stones and does not wither even in cold winter. The leaves resemble fine tangerine leaves. At the nodes of the stem root “beards” grow. They enclose the rocks at their side. The flowers are white; the seeds are black. Stem and leaves are collected in the sixth and seventh month. They are dried in the sun. [Chen] Cangqi: Those on stones are good. The [therapeutic] potential of those on trees depends on the nature of the respective tree. This is similar to climbing figs. There are more than ten other kinds of vines, such as shi xue 石血, “stone blood” and di jin 地錦 (18-57-A01). They are all related. Generally speaking, they all control wind [intrusion] and blood [accumulation]. They warm the lower back and the legs. They change white [hair to black hair] and prevent aging. When Su Gong says that shi xue 石血is luo shi 絡石, that is a grave mistake. The leaves of luo shi are round and perfectly greenish. The leaves of shi xue are pointed, and at one end they are red in color. [Li] Shizhen: Luo shi grows attached to stones/ rocks. When the creeper is broken apart, a white juice appears. The leaves are smaller than a finger tip, but they are thick, solid and stiff like wood. They are greenish on their front side and pale on the back, with a rough surface that is not shiny. There are two kinds, one with pointed leaves, one with round leaves. Their [therapeutic] potential and application are identical. The fact is, they are one and the same item. What Su Gong says is not wrong, but it is not sufficiently detailed. 18-56-01 莖、葉 Jing, ye

Stem, leaf [of luo shi]. 【修治】【雷曰】凡采得，用粗布揩去毛了，以熟甘草水浸一伏時，切晒 用。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: When they are collected, rub them with a coarse cloth to remove the hair. Then soak them in heat processed glycyrrhiza water for one full day, cut them into pieces, dry them in the sun and use them [for therapeutic purposes]. 【氣味】苦，温，無毒。【别録曰】微寒。【普曰】神農：苦，小温。雷 公：苦，平，無毒。扁鵲、桐君：甘，無毒。【當之曰】大寒。藥中君 也。采無時。【時珍曰】味甘、微酸，不苦。【之才曰】杜仲、牡丹爲之 使。惡鐵落。畏貝母、昌蒲。殺殷孽毒。



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Qi and Flavor. Bitter, warm, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Slightly cold. [Wu] Pu: Shen nong: Cold, slightly warm. Lei gong: Bitter, balanced, nonpoisonous. Bian Que, Tong jun: Sweet, nonpoisonous. [Li] Dangzhi: Very cold. They are ruler [ingredients] in a medication. They are collected at all times. [Li] Shizhen: Flavor sweet, slightly sour, not bitter. [Xu] Zhicai: Eucommia [bark] and paeonia [root bark] serve as their messenger substances. [Ingested together,] they abhor iron fragments and fear fritillaria [root] and acorus [root]. They kill the poison of stalactites. 【主治】風熱死肌癰傷，口乾舌焦，癰腫不消，喉舌腫閉，水漿不下。本 經。大驚入腹，除邪氣，養腎，主腰髖痛，堅筋骨，利關節。久服輕身明 目，潤澤好顔色，不老延年，通神。别録。主一切風，變白宜老。藏器。 蝮蛇瘡毒，心悶，服汁并洗之。刀斧傷瘡，傅之立瘥。恭。 Control. Dead muscles and obstruction-illness423 harm related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of heat, with a dry mouth and a parched tongue. The obstruction-illness swelling fails to dissolve; the throat is blocked and the tongue is swollen. Neither water nor a thick soup can be sent down. Ben jing. When a massive fright has entered the abdomen, they remove the evil qi, nourish the kidneys, control painful lower back and hips, harden sinews and bones and free the movement of/ through the joints. Ingested over a long time, they relieve the body of its weight and clear the eyes, they moisturize and make the complexion look great. They prevent aging and extend the years of life. They enable the spirit to penetrate [the affairs of the world]. When they are applied to wounds caused by a knife or an axe, a cure is achieved immediately. [Su] Gong. 【發明】【時珍曰】絡石性質耐久，氣味平和。神農列之上品，李當之稱 爲藥中之君。其功主筋骨關節風熱癰腫，變白耐老。而醫家鮮知用者，豈 以其近賤而忽之耶？服之當浸酒耳。仁存堂方云：小便白濁，緣心腎不 濟，或由酒色，遂至已甚，謂之上淫。蓋有虚熱而腎不足，故土邪干水。 史載之言夏則土燥水濁，冬則土堅水清，即此理也。醫者往往峻補，其疾 反甚。惟服博金散，則水火既濟，源潔而流清矣。用絡石、人參、伏苓各 二兩，龍骨煅一兩，爲末。每服二錢，空心米飲下，日二服。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Luo shi has a long-lasting nature, material consistency and resistance [to winter]. Its qi and flavor are balanced and harmonious. Shen nong lists [this item] as “upper rank.” Li Dangzhi calls it a ruler [ingredient] in medications. Its [therapeutic] potential and control extend to obstruction-illness swelling related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of heat in sinews, bones and 423 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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joints. It turns white [hair into black hair] and lets one endure aging, but there are only a few physicians who know of it and use it; how can it be neglected because it is considered something low? For an ingestion, it must be soaked in wine. The Ren cun tang fang states: “White, turbid urination results from an inbalance between heart and kidneys, or from [excessive] wine and sex. This may reach a very critical state; it is called ‘rising excess’. The fact is, this is a condition of insufficient kidney qi with a depletion heat. Hence the evil [qi of the spleen/stomach, i. e., the phase] soil attack [the kidneys, i. e., the phase] water. Shi Zaizhi says: ‘In summer, the soil is dry and the water is turbid. In winter, the soil is hard and the water is clean.’ That is the principle that applies here. [Confronted with such cases,] physicians again and again apply a heroic supplementation, but the illness, contrary to their intention, increases in severity. The only way out is to resort to the ‘powder enriching [the phase] metal.’ It serves to balance the relationship between water and fire (i. e., kidneys and heart), thereby cleaning the source and clearing the flow [of urine]. [Grind] two liang each of luo shi, ginseng [root] and poria, and one liang of calcined dragon bones into powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down on an empty stomach with a rice beverage. To be ingested twice a day.” 【附方】舊二，新二。 Added Recipes. Two of old, two newly [recorded].424 小便白濁：方見上。 White, turbid urination. For a recipe, see above. 喉痺腫塞，喘息不通，須臾欲絶，神驗。方用絡石草一兩，水一升，煎一 大盞，細細呷之。少頃即通。外臺秘要。 Throat blockage, closed by a swelling. Panting and breathing are blocked, and [the movement of qi] will be interrupted soon. Divinely effective. For a recipe, boil one liang of luo shi herb in one sheng of water down to one big cup and [let the patient] sip [the liquid] in small amounts. After a short while [the throat] opens again. Wai tai mi yao. 癰疽焮痛。止痛靈寶散：用鬼繫腰，生竹籬陰濕石岸間，絡石而生者好， 絡木者無用，其藤柔細，兩葉相對，形生三角，用莖葉一兩，洗晒，勿見 火，皂莢刺一兩，新瓦炒黄，甘草節半兩，大瓜蔞一個，取仁炒香，乳 香、没藥各三錢。每服二錢，水一盞，酒半盞，慢火煎至一盞，温服。外 科精要。 424 Despite the number of four recipes announced here, only three recipes are listed.



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Obstruction-illness, impediment-illness425 with a radiating pain. The “miraculous jewel powder to end pain.” [Prepare a mixture of ] one liang of gui xi yao 鬼繫腰 [vine]426 that have grown on bamboo fences at a shady, moist place and on rock cliffs. Those growing enclosing stones are good. Those enclosing trees must not be used. The vine is soft and fine. Always two leaves face each other. Their physical appearance develops three “horns.” Wash them and dry them in the sun. They must not be exposed to fire. One liang of gleditsia pod thorns, stir-fried on a new tile until they turn yellow. Half a liang of glycyrrhiza nodes. One big trichosanthes kirilowii [fruit], with the kernel stirfried until it turns fragrant, and three qian each of frankincense and myrrh. Each time ingest two qian [of this mixture], boiled in one cup of water plus half a cup of wine over a slow fire down to one cup. To be ingested warm. Wai ke jing yao. 18-57 木蓮拾遺 Mu lian, FE Ben cao shi yi. Ficus pumila L. Climbing fig. 【釋名】薜荔拾遺、木饅頭綱目、鬼饅頭。【時珍曰】木蓮、饅頭，象其 實形也。薜荔音壁利，未詳。山海經作草荔。 Explanation of Names. Bi li 薜荔, Shi yi. Mu man tou 木饅頭, “wooden steamed bun,” Gang mu. Gui man tou 鬼饅頭, a “demons’s steamed bun.” [Li] Shizhen: Mu lian 木蓮, “wooden lotus,” and man tou 饅頭, “steamed bun,” reflect the shape of its fruits. Bi li 薜荔 is read bi li 壁利, the meaning is unclear. The Shan hai jing writes cao li 草荔. 【集解】【藏器曰】薜荔夤緣樹木，三五十年漸大，枝葉繁茂。葉圓長二 三寸，厚若石韋。生子似蓮房，打破有白汁，停久如漆。中有細子，一年 一熟。子亦入藥，采無時。【頌曰】薜荔、絡石極相類，莖葉粗大如藤 狀。木蓮更大于絡石，其實若蓮房。【時珍曰】木蓮延樹木垣墻而生，四 時不凋，厚葉堅强，大于絡石。不花而實，實大如盃，微似蓮蓬而稍長， 正如無花果之生者。六七月實内空而紅。八月後則滿腹細子，大如稗子， 一子一鬚。其味微濇，其殼虚輕，烏鳥童兒皆食之。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Bi li creeps leaning on trees, slowly growing in size in the course of 30 to 50 years. Its branches and leaves are luxurious. The 425 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 426 Gui xi yao 鬼繫腰 [vine], lit.: “used by demons to tie the waist,” presumably an alternative name of star jasmine, not recorded in the initial list of alternative names of luo shi 絡石.

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leaves are round and reach a length of two to three cun. They are as thick as pyrrosia [leaves]. [Mu lian] develops seeds similar to lotus seed pods. When broken open they show a white juice. Having remained [in the open] for a long time it assumes a consistency of lacquer. Inside are fine seeds; they ripen once a year. The seeds, too, are used as medication. They are collected at all times. [Su] Song: Bi li and star jasmine are closely related. The stem and the leaves [of bi li] are coarse and big, with a shape similar to vines. Mu lian is even bigger than star jasmine; it has fruits similar to locus pods. [Li] Shizhen: Mu lian grows attached to trees and walls. It does not wither during all four seasons. Its thick leaves are hard and stiff; they are bigger than those of star jasmine. [Mu lian] has no flowers but develops fruits. The fruits are as big as a cup. They are a bit reminiscent of lotus fruits but a little longer. They grow exactly like common figs. In the second and seventh month the fruits are hollow inside and red. Beginning with the eighth month their “abdomen” is filled with fine seeds, the size of barnyard grass seeds. Each seed has a “beard.” Their flavor is slightly astringent. The shell is hollow and light. Crows, [other] birds and boys eat them. 18-57-01 葉 Ye

Leaf [of mu lian]. 【氣味】酸，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】背癰，乾末服之，下利即愈。頌。主風血，暖腰脚，變白不衰。 器。治血淋痛濇。藤葉一握，甘草炙一分，日煎服之。時珍。 Control. For an effusion on the back of an obstruction-illness427 ingest the dry powder. A discharge with free flow results, and that is the cure. [Su] Song. It controls wind [intrusion] and blood [accumulation], warms the lower back and the legs, turns white [hair into black hair] and prevents weakening. [Chen Cang]qi. To cure painful and rough urinary dripping with blood, Boil one handful of the vines with their leaves together with one fen of stir-fried glycyrrhiza [root] and ingest the decoction] daily. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【慎微曰】圖經言薜荔治背瘡。近見宜興縣一老舉人，年七十 餘，患發背。村中無醫藥。急取薜荔葉爛研絞汁，和蜜飲數升，以滓傅 之。後用他藥傅帖遂愈。其功實在薜荔，乃知圖經之言不妄。

427 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.



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Explication. [Tang] Shenwei:428 The Tu jing says: “Bi li serves to cure sores on the back.” Recently, in Yi xing xian [I] met an old man who had been a successful candidate in the imperial examinations on the provincial level. He was more than 70 years old and suffered from an effusion on the back. There was no physician or medication available in his village. He quickly collected bi li leaves, ground them into a pulpy mass and squeezed it to obtain a juice. He mixed it with honey and drank several sheng. Then he applied the dregs [to the affected region]. Later he applied further medication and was cured. The therapeutic effect really resulted from the bi li. From that it is clear that the statement in the Tu jing is not meaningless. 18-57-02 藤汁 Teng zhi

Juice of vine [of mu lian]. 【主治】白癜風，癧瘍風，惡瘡疥癬，塗之。大明。 Control. White patches wind.429 Pervasion-illness with ulcer wind.430 Malign sores, jie-illness431 and xuan-illness.432 Apply [the juice to the affected region]. Da Ming. 18-57-03 木蓮 Mu lian

[Fruit of ] mu lian. 【氣味】甘，平，濇，無毒。【時珍曰】嶺南人言：食之發瘴。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, astringent, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: People in Ling nan say: “To eat it induces miasma.” 428 Originally the following passage by the Song author Ai Sheng 艾晟 was introduced by the two characters bei yong 背癰, “obstruction-illness on the back,” not by the name of [Tang] Shenwei 慎微. Apparently, Li Shizhen was unaware of Ai Sheng’s authorship of this passage and mistakenly attributed it to Tang Shenwei. 429 Bai dian feng 白癜風, “white patches wind,” a condition of white skin patches without pain and itching. BCGM Dict I, 46. 430 Li yang feng 癧瘍風, “pervasion-illness with ulcer wind,” a condition of white macules and dots appearing on the skin in the neck, on the chest, and below the armpits, without itching or pain. BCGM Dict I, 315. 431 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 432 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness.” Conditions of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, a designation of local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591.

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【主治】壯陽道，尤勝。頌。固精消腫，散毒止血，下乳，治久痢，腸 痔，心痛，陰㿗。時珍。 Control. It envigorates the yang path (i. e., male sexual potency) with outstanding success. [Su] Song. It stabilizes essence/sperm and dissolves swelling. It disperses poison and ends bleeding. It stimulates lactation, and serves to cure long-lasting free-flux illness, intestinal piles, heart pain and yin breakdown-illness.433 [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新八。 Collected Recipes. Eight newly [recorded]. 驚悸遺精。木饅頭炒、白牽牛等分，爲末。每服二錢，用米飲調下。乾坤 秘韞。 Uncontrolled loss of essence/sperm related to fright palpitation. [Grind] equal amounts of mu man tou, stir-fried, and white pharbitis [seeds] into powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down mixed with a rice beverage. Qian kun mi yun. 陰㿉囊腫。木蓮即木饅頭，燒研，酒服二錢。 Yin prominence-illness434 with scrotal swelling. Burn mu lian, i. e., mu man tou, and grind [the ashes into powder]. Ingest with wine two qian. 又方：木饅頭子、小茴香等分，爲末。每空心酒服二錢，取效。集簡。 Another recipe. [Grind] mu man tou seeds and fennel [seeds] into powder. Each time ingest on an empty stomach with wine two qian until an effect is reached. Ji jian. 酒痢腸風。黑散子：治風入臟，或食毒積熱，大便鮮血，疼痛肛出，或久 患酒痢。木饅頭燒存性、椶櫚皮燒存性、烏梅去核、粉草炙等分，爲末。 每服二錢，水一盞，煎服。惠民和劑局方。 Free-flux illness related to [an excessive consumption of ] wine, and intestinal wind. The “black powder.” It serves to cure wind intrusion into the long-term depots, and also accumulated heat resulting from food poisoning, with defecation with fresh blood and a painful anal prolapse. Also, long-lasting suffering from free-flux illness related to [an excessive consumption of ] wine. [Grind] equal amounts of mu man 433 Yin tui 陰㿗, “yin breakdown illness,” identical with yin tuo 陰脫, “yin prolapse,” a condition of prolapse of the uterus or the vaginal mucous membrane, in severe cases resulting in a protrusion out of the vagina.BCGM Dict I, 638. 434 Yin tui 陰㿉, “yin (i.e. scrotal) prominence-illness,” a condition of local swelling and pain affecting a male’s private parts. BCGM Dict I, 637.



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tou, burned with its nature retained, trachycarpus [palm], burned with its nature retained, smoked plums, with the kernels discarded, and glycyrrhiza [root], stir-fried, into powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be ingested boiled in one cup of water. Hui min ju he ji ju fang. 腸風血下，大便更濇。木饅頭燒、枳殼炒，等分爲末。每服二錢，槐花酒 下。楊倓家藏方。 Intestinal wind and blood discharge, with rough defecation. [Grind] equal amounts of mu man tou, burned, and unripe oranges, stir-fried, into powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with a sophora flower wine. Yang Tan, Jia cang fang. 大腸脱下。木饅頭連皮子切炒、茯苓、猪苓等分，爲末。每服二錢，米飲 下。亦治夢遺，名鎖陽丹。普濟方。 Prolapse of the large intestine. [Grind] equal amounts of mu man tou, cut with the skin and stir-fried, poria, and polyporus sclerotium into powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with a rice beverage. It also serves to cure [uncontrolled] loss [of sperm] in dreams. It is called the “elixir to lock up the yang [path].” Pu ji fang. 一切癰疽初起，不問發於何處。用木蓮四十九個，揩去毛，研細，酒解 開，温服。功與忍冬草相上下。陳自明外科精要。 All types of obstruction-illness and impediment-illness435 when they have just begun to rise, regardless of where the effusion occurs. Take 49 mu lian [fruits], rub off the hair and grind them into fine [powder]. Dissolve it in wine and ingest this warm. The therapeutic effect is more or less similar to that of honeysuckle herbs. Chen Ziming, Wai ke jing yao. 乳汁不通。木蓮二個，猪前蹄一個，爛煮食之，并飲汁盡，一日即通。無 子婦人食之亦有乳也。集簡方。 Blocked passage of a nursing mother’s milk. [Pound] two mu lian [fruits] and one front trotter of a pig into a pulpy mass, boil it and [let the woman] eat it. Also, let her drink all the juice. [The passage of her milk] will be freed within one day. Even women who have had no children will let milk when they eat it. Ji jian fang.

435 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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18-57-A01 地錦拾遺 Di jin, FE Shi yi. Unidentified.436

【藏器曰】味甘，温，無毒。主破老血，産後血結，婦人瘦損，不能飲 食，腹中有塊，淋瀝不盡，赤白帶下，天行心悶。並煎服之，亦浸酒。生 淮南林下，葉如鴨掌，藤蔓着地，節處有根，亦緣樹石，冬月不死。山人 産後用之。一名地噤。【時珍曰】别有地錦草，與此不同。見草之六。 [Chen] Cangqi: Flavor sweet, [qi] warm, nonpoisonous. It controls the destruction of old blood [accumulation], blood knots formed after delivery, emaciation injury of women, when they can neither drink nor eat, with lumps in the abdomen, incomplete urinary dripping, red and white discharge from below the belt, epidemic heart-pressure. For all these, boil it and ingest the [decoction]. It is also soaked in wine. It grows in the forests of Huai nan. The leaves resemble a duck’s feet. The vines creep along the ground. At their nodes they have roots. They also grow attached to trees and stones/rocks and do not die in winter. People in the mountains use them [for ailments] after delivery. They are also called di jin 地噤. [Li] Shizhen: There is also a di jin herb, di jin cao 地錦草. It differs from the [item discussed] here. See the sixth entry of “herbs.” (20-13) 18-58 扶芳藤拾遺 Fu fang teng, FE Shi yi. Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. Wintercreeper. 【釋名】滂藤。 Explanation of Name. Pang teng 滂藤, “rushing vine.” 【集解】【藏器曰】生吴郡。藤苗小時如絡石，蔓延樹木。山人取楓樹上 者用，亦如桑上寄生之意。忌采塚墓間者。隋朝 稠禪師作青飲進煬帝止渴 者，即此。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in Wu jun. When the vine and the seedling are young they resemble star jasmine creeping along trees. Mountain people gather them from Chinese sweet gum trees for [therapeutic] use. That is based on the same idea as [the use of ] mulberry tree epiphytes. Those growing on burial grounds must not be collected. When during the Sui dynasty, Chou chanshi 436 Di jin 地錦, lit.: “ground brocade.”



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prepared a “greenish drink” and presented it to Emperor Yang to quench his thirst, it was made from this [herb]. 18-58-01 莖、葉 Jing, ye

Stem, leaves [of fu fang teng]. 【氣味】苦，小温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, slightly warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】一切血，一切氣，一切冷，大主風血腰脚，去百病。久服延年， 變白不老。剉細，浸酒飲。藏器。 Control. All types of blood [disorder], all types of qi [disorder], all types of cold. It is very good at controlling wind [intrusion] and blood [accumulation] in the lower back and legs. It removes the hundreds of diseases. Ingested over a long time it extends the years of life. It turns white [hair into black hair] and prevents aging. Cut it into fine pieces, soak them in wine and drink [the liquid]. [Chen] Cangqi. 18-59 常春藤拾遺 Chang chun teng, FE Shi yi. Hedera nepalensis K. Koch var. sinensis (Tobl.) Rehd. Common ivy. 【釋名】土鼓藤拾遺、龍鱗薜荔日華。【藏器曰】小兒取其藤於地打作鼓 聲，故名土鼓。李邕改爲常春藤。 Explanation of Names. Tu gu teng 土鼓藤, “vine for the ground drum,” Shi yi. Long lin bi li 龍鱗薜荔, “dragon scale climbing fig,” Rihua. [Chen] Cangqi: Children use the vine to hit the ground and make drumming noises. Hence the name tu gu 土鼓, “ground drum.” Li Yong changed [the name] to chang chun teng 常春藤, a “vine for a long-lasting spring/health.” 【集解】【藏器曰】生林薄間，作蔓繞草木上。其葉頭尖。結子正圓，熟 時如珠，碧色。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in forests as a creeper that winds up around trees. The leaves have pointed tips. It forms perfectly round seeds. When they are ripe they are similar to pearls of a jade-bluish color. 【氣味】莖、葉：苦。子：甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Stem, leaf: Bitter. Seeds: Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous.

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【主治】風血羸老，腹内諸冷血閉，强腰脚，變白。煮服、浸酒皆宜。藏 器。凡一切癰疽腫毒初起，取莖葉一握，研汁和酒温服，利下惡物，去其 根本。時珍。外科精要。 Control. Wind [intrusion] blood [disorder], emaciation, aging. All types of cold in the abdomen and blocked blood. It strengthens the lower back and the legs. It turns white [hair into black hair]. It may be ingested boiled in water or soaked in wine. [Chen] Cangqi. For any type of swelling with poison related to obstruction-illness and impediment-illness437 that have just begun to rise, gather a handful of its stems and leaves, grind them to obtain a juice, and ingest it warm mixed with wine. Malign items will be discharged as a free flow, and this eliminates the root [of the disease]. [Li] Shizhen [quoted from the] Wai ke jing yao. 【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded]. 丁瘡黑凹。用髮繩劄住。將尖葉薜荔搗汁，和蜜一盞服之。外以葱、蜜搗 傅四圍。聖惠方。 Black, sunken pin[-illness]438 sores. Pierce [the pin] with a hair thread to fasten it. Pound pointed leaf bi li to obtain a juice and ingest one cup mixed with honey. Also, pound it with onions and honey and apply it externally around [the affected region]. Sheng hui fang. 衄血不止. 龍鱗薜荔研水飲之。聖濟録。 Unending nosebleed. Grind long lin bi li in water and drink it. Sheng ji lu.

Vitis flexuosa Thunb.

18-60 千歲蘽别録上品 Qian sui lei, FE Bie lu, upper rank.

【校正】併入有名未用 别録 櫐根。 Editorial Correction. Lei gen 櫐根, [listed separately] in the section “known by name but not in use” in the Bie lu, is included here. 437 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 438 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],” also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129.



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【釋名】蘽蕪别録、苣瓜拾遺。【藏器曰】此藤冬只凋葉，大者盤薄，故 曰千歲蘽。 Explanation of Names. Lei wu 蘽蕪, Bie lu. Ju gua 苣瓜, Shi yi. [Chen] Cangqi: Only the leaves of this vine wither in winter. They may be as big as a thin plate. It is called qian sui lei 千歲蘽, “creeper surviving a thousand years.“ 【集解】【别録曰】千歲蘽生太山山谷。【弘景曰】藤生，如葡萄，葉似 鬼桃，蔓延木上，汁白。今俗人方藥都不識用，仙經數處須之。【藏器 曰】蔓似葛，葉下白，其子赤，條中有白汁。陸機草木疏云：一名苣瓜。 連蔓而生，蔓白，子赤可食，酢而不美。幽州人謂之推蘽。毛詩云葛蘽， 注云似葛之草。蘇恭謂爲蘡薁，深是妄言。【頌曰】處處有之。藤生，蔓 延木上，葉如葡萄而小。四月摘其莖。汁白而味甘。五月開花。七月結 實。八月采子，青黑微赤。冬惟凋葉。春夏間取汁用。陶、陳二氏所説得 之。【宗奭曰】唐 開元末，訪隱民姜撫，年幾百歲。召至集賢院，言服常 春藤使白髮還黑，長生可致。藤生太湖 終南。帝遣使多取，以賜老臣。詔 天下使自求之。擢撫銀青光禄大夫，號冲和先生。又言終南山有旱藕，餌 之延年，狀類葛粉。帝取之作湯餅，賜大臣。右驍騎將軍甘守誠云：常春 藤乃千歲蘽也。旱藕乃牡蒙也。方家久不用，故撫易名以神之。民以酒漬 藤飲之，多暴死，乃止。撫内慙，乃請求藥牢山，遂逃去。今書此以備世 疑。【時珍曰】按千歲蘽，原無常春之名。惟陳藏器本草 土鼓藤下言：李 邕名爲常春藤，浸酒服，羸老變白。則撫所用乃土鼓藤也。其葉與千歲蘽 不同，或名同耳。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Qian sui lei grows in the mountain valleys of Mount Tai shan. [Tao] Hongjing: It grows as a vine, similar to grape vine. The leaves resemble those of carambola. It extends creeping up on trees. It has a white juice. Today, common people do not know how to use it as a recipe pharmaceutical drug. In the classics of the hermits/immortals it is required many times. [Chen] Cangqi: The vines resemble pueraria. The leaves are white on the bottom. The seeds are red. The stalk is filled with a white juice. Lu Ji in his Cao mu shu states: “Alternative name ju gua 苣瓜. It grows as several interconnected creepers. The creeper is white. The seeds are red and edible. They are sour, not delicious. You zhou people call it tui lei 推蘽.” The Mao shi states: “Ge lei 葛蘽.” A comment states: “It resembles pueraria herbs.” When Su Gong says it is ying yu 蘡薁, wild grapes, that is utter nonsense. [Su] Song: It is found everywhere. It grows as a vine, extending creeping up on trees. The leaves are similar to those of grape vine, but they are smaller. The stem is picked in the fourth month. It has a white juice with a sweet flavor. It opens flowers in the fifth month. In the seventh month it forms fruits. The seeds are collected in the eighth month. They are greenish-black with a little red. In winter only the

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leaves wither. In spring and summer the juice is gathered for [therapeutic] use. Tao [Hongjing] and Chen [Cangqi] describe it adequately. [Kou] Zongshi: During the Tang era, at the end of the kai yuan reign period (713 – 741), Jiang Fu, an hermit, several hundred years of age, was invited to the Academy of Scholarly Worthies. He said “to ingest chang chun teng lets white hair turn black again, and enables a long life. The vine grows at Lake Tai hu and on Mount Zhong nan.” The Emperor sent someone there to gather large quantities and gave them to his older officials. He also ordered that everyone should search for it for his personal use. He promoted [ Jiang] Fu to “Glorious Grand Master Yin Qing,” and gave him the alternative name “Mr. Decoction Mixer.” [ Jiang Fu] also said that “on Mount Zhong nan shan there was a ‘drought lotus,’ han ou 旱藕, that, when eaten, extends the years of life. It is shaped similar to pueraria.” The Emperor had it gathered, ordered to prepare cakes and distributed them to his senior officials. Valiant Cavalry General of the Right Gan Shoucheng stated: “Chang chun teng 常春藤 is qian sui lei 千歲蘽. Han ou 旱藕 is paris [root]. They have not been used by recipe experts for a long time already. Hence [ Jiang] Fu changed their name and declared them to be divine.” [Following the suggestion by the Emperor,] the people soaked the vine in wine and drank it, and many died a sudden death. Then this [suggestion] was stopped. [ Jiang] Fu lost the Court’s favor and requested to search for pharmaceutical drugs on Mount Lao shan. Then he fled. This is recorded here to make everybody suspicious [of such claims]. [Li] Shizhen: Now, qian sui lei 千歲蘽 originally was not a name of chang chun 常春. But the Chen Cangqi ben cao in the entry tu gu teng 土鼓藤 says: “Li Yong named it chang chun teng 常春藤. It is soaked in wine and [the liquid] is ingested. [It controls] emaciation and aging, and turns white [hair into black hair].” That is, [the item] used by [ Jiang] Fu is tu gu teng 土鼓藤. Its leaves do not resemble those of qian sui lei. Maybe they just have the same name. 【正誤】見果部蘡薁下。 Correction of Errors. See in the section “fruits” under the entry ying yu 蘡薁 (33-04). 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】補五臟，益氣，續筋骨，長肌肉，去諸痺。久服輕身不飢，耐 老，通神明。别録。 Control. It supplements the [qi of the] five long-term depots, boosts the qi, reconnects [severed] sinews and bones, [stimulates] the growth of muscles and flesh and removes all types of blockages. Ingested over a long time, it relieves the body of its



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weight and prevents hunger. It helps to endure aging and enables one’s spirit brilliance to penetrate [the affairs of the world]. Bie lu. 18-60-01 蘽根 Lei gen

Root of [qian sui] lei. 【主治】緩筋，令不痛。别録。 Control. It relaxes the sinews and frees them from pain. Bie lu. 18-61 忍冬别録上品 Ren dong, FE Bie lu, upper rank. Lonicera japonica Thunb. Honeysuckle. 【釋名】金銀藤綱目、鴛鴦藤綱目、鷺鷥藤綱目、老翁鬚綱目、左纏藤綱 目、金釵股綱目、通靈草土宿、蜜桶藤。【弘景曰】處處有之。藤生，凌 冬不凋，故名忍冬。【時珍曰】其花長瓣垂鬚，黄白相半，而藤左纏，故 有金銀、鴛鴦以下諸名。金釵股，貴其功也。土宿真君云：蜜桶藤，陰草 也。取汁能伏硫制汞，故有通靈之稱。 Explanation of Names. Jin yin teng 金銀藤, “gold and silver vine,” Gang mu. Yuan yang teng 鴛鴦藤, “mandarin duck vine,” Gang mu. Lu si teng 鷺鷥藤, “little egret vine,” Gang mu. Lao weng xu 老翁鬚, “old man’s beard,” Gang mu. Zuo chan teng 左 纏藤, “left winding vine,” Gang mu. Jin chai gu 金釵股, “golden hairpin,” Gang mu. Tong ling cao 通靈草, “herb enabling communication with the numinous,” Tu su. Mi tong teng 蜜桶藤, “honey pail vine.” [Tao] Hongjing: It is found everywhere. It grows as a vine and does not wither even in winter, dong 冬. Hence its name ren dong 忍冬, “endures winter.” [Li] Shizhen: The flower has long petals with hanging “beards” (i.e., anther holding filaments.). They are half yellow, half white, and the vine winds leftward. Hence its names jin yin 金銀, “gold and silver,” and yuan yang 鴛鴦, “mandarin duck.” Jin chai gu 金釵股, golden hairpin,” reflects the high value assigned to its [therapeutic] potential. Tu su zhen jun states: “Mi tong teng 蜜桶藤 is a yin herb. With its juice one can suppress [the effects of ] sulphur and check [the effects of ] mercury. Hence the designation tong ling 通靈, ‘communication with the numinous’.” 【集解】【别録曰】忍冬，十二月采，陰乾。【恭曰】藤生，繞覆草木 上。莖苗紫赤色，宿蔓有薄皮膜之，其嫩蔓有毛。葉似胡豆，亦上下有 毛。花白蕊紫。今人或以絡石當之，非矣。【時珍曰】忍冬在處有之。附 樹延蔓，莖微紫色，對節生葉。葉似薜荔而青，有濇毛。三四月開花，長

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寸許，一蒂兩花二瓣，一大一小，如半邊狀，長蕊。花初開者，蕊瓣俱色 白，經二三日，則色變黄。新舊相參，黄白相映，故呼金銀花，氣甚芬 芳。四月采花，陰乾。藤葉不拘時采，陰乾。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Ren dong is collected in the twelfth month; it is dried in the yin (i. e., shade). [Su] Gong: It grows as a vine and winds around and covers herbs and trees. The stem and the seedling are purple-red in color. The perennial creeper is covered by a thin skin membrance. The tender creeper has hair. The leaves resemble those of garden peas. They have hair on both their upper and lower side. The flowers are white, the stamen holding filaments are purple. Today, some people substitute them with star jasmine. That is wrong. [Li] Shizhen: Ren dong is found everywhere. It extends creeping attached to trees. The stem is slightly purple in color. The leaves grow facing each other at the nodes. The leaves resemble those of climbing figs, but they are greenish and have rough hair. Flowers open in the third and fourth month, reaching a length of more than one cun. One calyx bears two flowers with two petals. One is big, one is small, as if these were two halves, with long anther holding filaments. When the flowers have just begun to open, the filaments and the petals are all white. Within the next two or three months their color turns into yellow. Old ones are joined by new ones; yellow and white shine at each other. Hence the name “gold and silver flower.” Their qi are extremely fragrant. The flowers are collected in the fourth month; they are dried in the yin (i. e., shade). The vine and the leaves are collected at all times. They are dried in the yin (i. e., shade). 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【權曰】辛。【藏器曰】小寒。云温者非也。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. [Zhen] Quan: Acrid. [Chen] Cangqi: Slightly cold. When it is said that it is warm, that is wrong. 【主治】寒熱身腫。久服輕身，長年益壽。别録。治腹脹滿，能止氣下 澼。甄權。熱毒血痢水痢，濃煎服。藏器。治飛尸遁尸，風尸沉尸，尸注 鬼擊，一切風濕氣，及諸腫毒癰疽，疥癬，楊梅諸惡瘡，散熱解毒。時珍。 Control. Alternating sensations of cold and heat, and a swollen body. Ingested over a long time it relieves the body of its weight, extends the years of life and boosts longevity [qi]. Bie lu. It serves to cure abdominal distension with a sensation of fullness, and ends [intestinal] flush with [flatus] qi discharge. Zhen Quan. For heat poison, blood free-flux illness and water free-flux illness, boil it to prepare a thick decoction and ingest it. [Chen] Cangqi: It serves to cure flying corpse [qi] ,439 run-away corpse

439 Fei shi 飛屍, “flying corpse [qi].” A condition with sudden outbreaks and frequently changing appearances that do not show a regular pattern. BCGM Dict I, 156.



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[qi],440 wind [type] corpse [qi],441 sunken corpse [qi],442 corpse [qi] attachment[-illness]443 and demon assault,444 all types of wind [intrusion] and moisture qi [disorder], and furthermore all kinds of obstruction-illness and impediment-illness445 with poison swelling. Jie-illness446 and xuan-illness.447 Red bayberry/syphilitic and all other malign sores. It disperses heat and resolves poison. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【弘景曰】忍冬，煮汁釀酒飲，補虚療風。此既長年益壽，可常 采服，而仙經少用。凡易得之草，人多不肯爲之，更求難得者，貴遠賤 近，庸人之情也。【時珍曰】忍冬莖葉及花，功用皆同。昔人稱其治風除 脹，解痢逐尸爲要藥，而後世不復知用。後世稱其消腫散毒治瘡爲要藥， 而昔人並未言及。乃知古今之理，萬變不同，未可一轍論也。按陳自明外 科精要云：忍冬酒治癰疽發背，初發便當服此，其效甚奇，勝于紅内消。 洪内翰 邁、沈内翰 括諸方，所載甚詳。如瘍醫丹陽僧、江西 僧鑒清、金陵 王琪、王尉 子駿、海州 劉秀才 純臣等，所載療癰疽發背經效奇方，皆是此 物。故張相公云，誰知至賤之中，乃有殊常之效。正此類也。

440 Dun shi 遁屍, “run-away corpse [qi],” a condition with recurrent heart pain and acute panting. BCGM Dict I, 137. 441 Feng shi 風屍, “wind[-type] corpse [qi],” a condition whereby a patient has a feeling of a heavy and numb body, brought forth by being affected by wind cold. BCGM Dict I, 167. 442 Chen shi 沉屍, “sunken corpse,” a condition of a twisting pain in the heart and abdomen that recurs repeatedly and cannot be healed for an extended period of time. BCGM Dict I, 81. 443 Shi zhu 屍疰, “corpse [qi] attachment-illness,” identical with gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness.” A condition of a slowly developing infectious weakness. The Song dynasty physician Chen Yan 陳言 and others believed that this is lao zhai 勞瘵, “exhaustion consumption.” BCGM Dict I, 202. 444 Gui ji 鬼擊, “demonic assault,” A condition with sudden twisting pain in the heart and abdomen, sometimes associated with bleeding, sometimes with sudden unconsciousness. BCGM Dict I, 199. 445 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 446 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 447 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness.” Conditions of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, a designation of local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591.

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Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: Ren dong boiled, brewed into wine and [the liquid] drunk supplements depletion and heals wind [intrusion]. As this [item] extends the years of life and boosts longevity [qi], it can be collected and ingested permanently. Still, it is rarely used in the classics of hermits/immortals. All herbs that are easily obtainable are often neglected by people. They care more about those that are hard to come by; they appreciate what comes from afar and despise what is near. That is the attitude of common people. [Li] Shizhen: The [therapeutic] potential and usage of the stem, the leaves and the flowers of ren dong are identical. The ancients regarded it as an important pharmaceutical drugs for its ability to cure wind [intrusion] and eliminate [abdominal] distension, to resolve free-flux illness, and repel corpse [qi]. But in later times it was no longer known how to use it [for these ailments]. People in later times regarded it as an important pharmaceutical drug for its ability to dissolve swelling, disperse poison and cure sores. But the ancients had never mentioned such [therapeutic indications]. From this it is clear that the principles underlying ancient and contemporary [therapies] differ as they have undergone a myriad changes. They cannot be subsumed under one idea! According to Chen Ziming in his Wai ke jing yao, “ren dong wine serves to cure obstruction-illness and impediment-illness with an effusion on the back. When they have just begun to emerge, this item must be ingested. Its effects are extraordinary, even superior to those of polygonum multiflorum. In the recipe [books compiled] by Han lin academician Hong Mai and Han lin academician Shen Gua, this is recorded in great detail. The recipes that have shown to be extraordinarily effective in healing obstruction-illness and impediment illness with an effusion on the back, recorded by ulcer physicians such as a monk from Dan yang, Jianqing, a monk from Jiang xi, Wang Qi, and Commandant Wang Zijun448 from Jin ling, as well as Cultivated Talent Liu Chunchen of Hai zhou, they all have used this item. Hence, when Minister Duke Zhang states: ‘Who knows that in the midst of the most despised items there are those that have the most unusual effects,’ that is applicable here.”

448 Instead of Zijun 子駿, Su Shen liang fang ch. 7, zhi yong ju fang 治癰疽方, “recipes to cure obstruction-illness and impediment-illness,” writes Zibo 子駁.



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【附方】舊一，新十七。 Added Recipes. One of old. 17 newly [recorded]. 忍冬酒。治癰疽發背，不問發在何處，發眉發頤，或頭或項，或背或腰， 或脇或乳，或手足，皆有奇效。鄉落之間，僻陋之所，貧乏之中，藥材難 得，但虔心服之，俟其疽破，仍以神異膏貼之，其效甚妙。用忍冬藤生取 一把，以葉入砂盆研爛，入生餅子酒少許，稀稠得所，塗于四圍，中留一 口洩氣。其藤只用五兩，木槌槌損，不可犯鐵，大甘草節生用一兩，同入 沙瓶内，以水二盌，文武火慢煎至一盌，入無灰好酒一大盌，再煎十數 沸，去滓分爲三服，一日一夜喫盡。病勢重者，一日二劑。服至大小腸通 利則藥力到。沈内翰云：如無生者，只用乾者，然力終不及生者效速。陳 自明外科精要。 Ren dong wine. It serves to cure obstruction-illness and impediment-illness449 with an effusion on the back and is always extraordinarly effective regardless of where an effusion occurs, as may be at the eybrows, or on the cheeks, on the head or in the neck, on the back or at the lower back, in the flanks or on the breast, or at the hands and feet. In the backward countryside, in remote regions, and in destitute places, where pharmaceutical substances are difficult to come by, they wait until an impediment-illness has broken open and apply this divinely extraordinary paste to it. The effects are most wondrous. Gather one handful of fresh ren dong vine, put the leaves into an earthenware pot and grind them into a pulpy mass. Add a little fresh bing zi wine450 to generate a [paste] that is neither thin nor thick and apply it around the [affected region]. In the center leave an opening free for the qi to escape. Also, pound five liang of the vine with a wooden pestle; it must not be offended by iron. Put it with one liang of big glycyrrhiza [root] nodes into a pottery jar and boil it with two bowls of water over a mild fire first and a strong fire later down to one bowl. Add one bowl of ash-free, good wine and boil this again, this time more than ten times to bubbling. Remove the dregs and a serious disease, ingest two preparations within one day. When the ingestion results in a free flow through the large and the small intestine, this shows that the strength of the medication has reached its destiny. Han lin academician Shen [Gua] states: “If no fresh [ren dong] is at hand, and only dry specimens are used, their strength to achieve a quick effect by far does not reach that of fresh specimens.” Chen Ziming, Wai ke jing yao. 449 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 450 Sheng bing zi jiu 生餅子酒, “fresh cake wine,” a beverage not attested elsewhere.

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忍冬圓。治消渴愈後，預防發癰疽，先宜服此。用忍冬草根莖花葉皆可， 不拘多少，入瓶内，以無灰好酒浸，以糠火煨一宿，取出晒乾，入甘草少 許，碾爲細末。以浸藥酒打麪糊丸梧子大。每服五十丸至百丸，湯酒任 下。此藥不特治癰疽，大能止渴。外科精要。 Ren dong pills. When a melting with thirst is cured,451 to avoid an effusion of an obstruction-illness or impediment-illness, these [pills] should be ingested first. Give any amount of ren dong root, stem, flowers or leaves, all are equally suitable, into a jar and soak them with ash-free, good wine. Then simmer this with a fire nourished by rice chaff for one night, remove [the ren dong] and dry it in the sun. Add a little glycyrrhiza [root] and grind this into fine powder. Prepare [the powder] with the wine that was used to soak the pharmaceutical drug and wheat flour to a paste and form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 50 to 100 pills, to be sent down with either boiled water or wine, as preferred. This medication is not only good at curing obstruction-illness and impediment-illness; it is also very capable of quenching thirst. Wai ke jing yao. 五痔諸瘻。方同上。 The five types of piles, and all types of fistula. Recipe identical with the one above. 一切腫毒，不問已潰未潰，或初起發熱。用金銀花俗名甜藤，采花連莖葉 自然汁半盌，煎八分，服之，以渣傅上。敗毒托裏，散氣和血，其功獨 勝。萬表積善堂方。 All types of swelling with poison, regardless of whether they have already begun to fester or not. Also, when they have just begun to rise, with an effusion of heat. Collect the flowers with the stem and the leaves of jin yin hua 金銀花, commonly called “sweet vine,” and [squeeze them to obtain] half a bowl of their natural juice. Boil it down to 80% and ingest it. Apply the dregs [to the affected region]. [It serves to control] the poison of decay that has entered the interior. It disperses [evil] qi and harmonizes blood. Its [therapeutic] potential is unique. Wan Biao, Ji shan tang fang. 丁瘡便毒。方同上。 Pin[-illness]452 sores and poison [in the region of ] relief.453 Recipe identical with the one above. 451 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567. 452 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],” also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129. 453 Bian du 便毒, “poison [in the region] of relief,” a condition of swelling with poison developing in the body region associated with functions of ‘minor relief ’, i.e. urination, and



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喉痺乳蛾。方同上。 Throat closure and nipple moths.454 Recipe identical with the one above. 敷腫拔毒。金銀藤大者燒存性、葉焙乾爲末各三錢，大黄焙爲末四錢。凡 腫毒初發，以水酒調搽四圍，留心洩氣。楊誠經驗方。 To draw out poison by applying [a paste] to the swelling. Grind three qian each of large jin yin vines, burned with their nature retained, and [jin yin] leaves, baked over a slow fire until they are dry, into powder, and grind four qian of glycyrrhiza [root], baked over a slow fire, into powder. Whenever a swelling with poison has just begun to emerge, mix [the two powders] with water and wine and apply them around [the affected region]. Leave the center open for the [evil] qi to escape. Yang Cheng, Jing yan fang. 癰疽托裏。治癰疽發背，腸癰奶癰，無名腫毒，焮痛實熱，狀類傷寒，不 問老幼虚實服之，未成者内消，已成者即潰。忍冬葉、黄芪各五兩，當歸 一兩，甘草八錢。爲細末，每服二錢，酒一盞半，煎一盞，隨病上下服， 日再服，以渣傅之。和劑局方。 Obstruction-illness and impediment-illness455 with [the poison of decay] having entered the interior. It serves to cure obstruction-illness and impediment-illness with an effusion on the back, intestinal obstruction-illness,456 breast obstruction-illness,457 and nameless swelling with poison, with radiating pain and repletion heat,458 similar to harm caused by cold. Regardless of whether an old or a young person, ‘major relief ’, i.e. defecation. BCGM Dict I, 65. 454 Ru e 乳蛾, “nipple moth,” acute tonsillitis. A condition with red swelling and pain on both sides of the throat, in severe cases including the generation of pus forming white dots, as a major sign. BCGM Dict I, 410. 455 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 456 Chang yong 腸癰, “intestinal obstruction-illness,” a yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,” developing in the abdominal cavity at the site of the intestines. In general, this is accompanied by fever and spastic pain on the right side of the lower abdomen, where a lump can be felt. BCGM Dict I, 80. 457 Ru yong 乳癰, “breast obstruction-illness,” a condition of acute putrefication of a woman’s breast. Often encountered if a woman, following delivery, experiences chui nai 吹奶, “inflated breast,” or du ru 妒乳, “jealousy breast.” BCGM Dict I, 412. 458 Shi re 實熱, “repletion heat,” a condition of a.) an overabundance of yang heat without a weakening yet of proper qi, and b.) an overabundance of internal heat with blocked passage of stools and urine. BCGM Dict I, 454.

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with a status of depletion or repletion, ingests it, it dissolves [these obstructions and impediments] internally when they have not yet formed, and it stimulates festering when they have already formed. [Grind] five liang each of ren dong leaves and astragalus [root], one liang of Chinese angelica [root] and eight qian of glycyrrhiza [root] into fine powder. Each time ingest two qian, boiled in one and a half cups of wine down to one cup. Depending on whether the disease is in the upper or lower part [of the body], ingest [the liquid after or prior to a meal], and apply the dregs [to the affected region]. He ji ju fang. 惡瘡不愈。左纏藤一把搗爛，入雄黄五分，水二升，瓦礶煎之。以紙封七 重，穿一孔，待氣出，以瘡對孔熏之三時久，大出黄水後，用生肌藥取 效。選奇方。 Malign sores that have not been cured. Pound one handful of zuo chan teng into a pulpy mass, add five fen of realgar, and boil this in two sheng of water in a clay pot. Wrap [the pot] with seven layers of paper, and pierce a hole for the qi to escape. Steam [the sore] with the hole facing the sore for as long as six hours. After a massive release of yellow water [from the sore], use a medication that stimulates muscle growth to complete the cure. Xuan qi fang. 輕粉毒癰。方同上。 Obstruction-illness resulting from the poison of calomel. Recipe identical with the one above. 瘡久成漏。忍冬草浸酒，日日常飲之。戴原禮要訣。 A sore that after a long time begins to leak. Soak ren dong herbs in wine and drink it regularly every day. Dai Yuanli, Yao jue. 熱毒血痢。忍冬藤濃煎飲。聖惠方。 Free-flux illness with blood, associated with heat poison. Boil ren dong vines to a thick liquid and drink it. Sheng hui fang. 五種尸注。飛尸者，遊走皮膚，洞穿臟腑，每發刺痛，變動不常也。遁尸 者，附骨入肉，攻鑿血脉，每發不可見死尸，聞哀哭便作也。風尸者，淫 躍四末，不知痛之所在，每發恍惚，得風雪便作也。沉尸者，纏結臟腑， 冲引心脇，每發絞切，遇寒冷便作也。尸注者，舉身沉重，精神錯雜，常 覺昏廢，每節氣至則大作也。並是身中尸鬼，引接外邪。宜用忍冬莖葉剉 數斛，煮取濃汁煎稠。每服雞子大許，温酒化下，一日二三服。肘後方。



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The five types of corpse [qi] influx.459 Flying corpse [qi].460 They race through the skin, and penetrate the long-term depots and short-term repositories. Each outbreak is accompanied by a piercing pain, with movements occurring at irregular intervals. Run-away corpse [qi].461 They are attached to the bones and have entered the flesh. They attack the blood vessels. Each outbreak is initiated by an invisible corpse whose wailing sounds can be heard. Wind [type] corpse [qi].462 They jump around in the four limbs making it impossible to exactly locate the pain. Each outbreak results in absent-mindedness [of the patient] and is initiated by an exposure to wind and snow. Sunken corpse [qi].463 They entangle the long-term depots and short-term repositories, with each outbreak initiated by an exposure to cold and accompanied by a twisting and cutting [pain] pulling on the heart and the flanks. Corpse [qi] attachment[-illness].464 The body feels very heavy, with a jumbled essence spirit465 and frequent loss of consciousness. Every exposure to seasonal qi results in a massive outbreak. All these are conditions of external evil [qi] drawn in by corpse demons residing in the body. [For a therapy] it is appropriate to cut several hu of ren dong stems and leaves [into fine pieces], boil them to obtain a thick juice and boil [the juice again] to obtain a paste. Each time ingest a piece as big as a chicken egg, to be sent down dissolved in warm wine. To be ingested two or three times a day. Zhou hou fang.

459 Shi zhu 屍注, “corpse [qi] influx,” a condition identical with shi zhu 屍疰, “corpse [qi] attachment-illness.” BCGM Dict I, 461. 460 Fei shi 飛屍, “flying corpse [qi].” A condition with sudden outbreaks and frequently changing appearances that do not show a regular pattern. BCGM Dict I, 156. 461 Dun shi 遁屍, “run-away corpse [qi],” a condition with recurrent heart pain and acute panting. BCGM Dict I, 137. 462 Feng shi 風屍, “wind[-type] corpse [qi],” a condition whereby a patient has a feeling of a heavy and numb body, brought forth by being affected by wind cold. BCGM Dict I, 167. 463 Chen shi 沉屍, “sunken corpse,” a condition of a twisting pain in the heart and abdomen that recurs repeatedly and cannot be healed for an extended period of time. BCGM Dict I, 81. 464 Shi zhu 屍疰, “corpse [qi] attachment-illness,” identical with gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness.” A condition of a slowly developing infectious weakness. The Song dynasty physician Chen Yan 陳言 and others believed that this is lao zhai 勞瘵, “exhaustion consumption.” BCGM Dict I, 202. 465 Jing shen cuo za 精神錯雜, “jumbled essence spirit,” an illness sign of mental derangement. BCGM Dict I, 266.

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鬼擊身青，作痛。用金銀花一兩，水煎飲之。李樓怪病奇方。 A greenish body following a demon attack. Painful. Boil one liang of jin yin hua in water and drink it. Li Lou, Guai bing qi fang. 脚氣作痛，筋骨引痛。鷺鷥藤即金銀花爲末。每服二錢，熱酒調下。衞生 易簡方。 Painful leg qi.466 With the pain pulling on sinews and bones. [Grind] yuan yu teng, i. e., jin yin hua, into powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down mixed with hot wine. Wei sheng yi jian fang. 中野菌毒。急采鴛鴦藤啖之，即今忍冬草也。洪邁夷堅志。 Poisoning by wild mushrooms. Quickly collect yuan yu teng and eat it. This is today’s ren dong herb. Hong Mai, Yi jian zhi. 口舌生瘡。赤梗蜜桶藤、高脚地銅盤、馬蹄香等分，以酒搗汁，雞毛刷 上，取涎出即愈。普濟方。 Sores in the mouth and on the tongue. Pound equal amounts of mi tong teng with a red stalk, gao jiao di tong pan467 and asarum caulescens [herb] with wine to obtain a juice. Apply it with a chicken feather [to the affected region]. When saliva is released, a healing is achieved. Pu ji fang. 忍冬膏。治諸般腫痛，金刃傷瘡，惡瘡。用金銀藤四兩，吸鐵石三錢，香 油一斤，熬枯去滓，入黄丹八兩，待熬至滴水不散，如常攤用。乾坤秘韞。 The “ointment with ren dong.” It serves to cure all types of painful swelling, wounds caused by metal objects such as a sword, and malign sores. Simmer four liang of jin yin teng, three qian of magnetite, and one jin of sesame oil until [the oil] has dried. Remove the dregs, add eight fen of minium and continue to simmer it until water dripped on it no longer disperses. Then apply it [to the affected region] as usual. Qian kun mi yun.

466 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248. 467 Gao jiao di tong pan 高脚地銅盤, lit.: “earth copper plate with tall legs,” an unidentified (herbal?) substance.



Unidentified.468

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18-62 甘藤宋嘉祐 Gan teng, FE Song Kai bao ben cao.

【校正】自木部移入此。 Editorial Correction. Moved here from the section “trees.” 【釋名】甜藤嘉祐、感藤。【時珍曰】甘、感音相近也。又有甜藤、甘露 藤，皆此類，並附之。忍冬一名甜藤，與此不同。 Explanation of Names. Tian teng 甜藤, “sweet vine,” Jia you. Gan teng 感藤. [Li] Shizhen: Gan 甘, “sweet,” and gan 感, “feeling,” are pronounced very similarly. Tian teng 甜藤 and gan lu teng 甘露藤, “sweet dew vine,” belong to the same group. All of them are attached here. Honeysuckle, too, is named tian teng 甜藤, but that is not the same [item as the one discussed] here. 【集解】【藏器曰】生江南山谷。其藤大如雞卵，狀如木防己。斫斷吹 之，氣出一頭。其汁甘美如蜜。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in the mountain valleys of Jiang nan. Its vines are as big as chicken eggs, and they are shaped like queen coralbead [vines]. When they are cut into segments and blown in, the qi come out at the other end. Its juice is sweet and delicious similar to honey. 18-62-01 汁 Zhi

Juice [of gan teng]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】調中益氣，通血氣，解諸熱，止渴。藏器。除煩悶，利五臟，治 腎釣氣。其葉研傅蛇蟲咬。大明。解熱痢及膝腫。時珍。 Control. It regulates the center and boosts the qi. It frees the flow of blood and qi, dissolves all types of heat and quenches thirst. [Chen] Cangqi: It eliminates vexing heart-pressure, frees the passage through the five long-term depots, and serves to cure kidneys pulled upward by a hook469 qi. The leaves are ground and applied to 468 Gan teng 甘藤, lit.: “sweet vine.“ 469 Shen diao 腎釣, “kidneys pulled upward by a hook,” a condition with a pulling pain felt in the scrotum and the lumbar and abdominal region. One of various types of shan qi 疝氣, “elevation-illness qi.” BCGM Dict I, 439, 419.

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snake and worm/bug bites. Da Ming. It resolves heat associated with free-flux illness and knee swelling. [Li] Shizhen. 【附録】 Appendix 18-62-A01 甘露藤嘉祐。Gan lu teng, FE Jia you. Unidentified.470

【藏器曰】生嶺南。藤蔓如筯。人服之得肥，一名肥藤。味甘，温，無 毒。主風血氣諸病。久服，調中温補，令人肥健，好顔色。【大明曰】止 消渴，潤五臟，除腹内諸冷。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in Ling nan. The vines are creepers, similar to chopsticks. When humans ingest it, they turn fat. Another name is fei teng 肥藤, “fattening vine.” Flavor sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. It controls all types of diseases related to wind [intrusion], blood and qi [disorder]. Ingested over a long time, it regulates the center, warms and supplements [qi]. It lets one become fat and healthy and provides one with a good complexion. Da Ming: It ends melting with thirst,471 moisturizes the five long-term depots, and removes all types of cold from the abdomen. 18-62-A02 甜藤拾遺。Tian teng, FE Shi yi. Unidentified.472

【藏器曰】生江南山林下。蔓如葛。味甘，寒，無毒。主熱煩，解毒，調 中氣，令人肥健。搗汁和米粉作糗餌食，甜美，止洩。又治剥馬血毒入 肉，及狂犬，牛馬熱黄。傅蛇咬瘡。又有小葉尖長，氣辛臭者，搗傅小兒 腹中閃癖。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in the mountain forests of Jiang nan. It is a creeper similar to pueraria. Flavor sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. It controls heat and vexation, resolves poison, regulates the qi in the center and lets one turn fat and strong. Pounded to obtain a juice and with rice flour prepared to dry cakes, it tastes sweet and delicious, and quenches thirst. Also, it serves to cure horse blood poison that has entered the flesh, and also mad dog [bites], and oxen and horses affected by jaundice with heat. 470 Gan lu teng 甘露藤, lit.: “sweet dew vine.” 471 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567. 472 Tian teng 甜藤, lit.: “sweet vine.”



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Apply it to sores resulting from snake bites. There is also a kind [of tian teng] with small, pointed, long leaves and acrid, malodorous qi. It is pounded to be applied to abdominal sprain and aggregation-illness of children. 18-63 含水藤海藥 Han shui teng, FE Hai yao ben cao. Gnetum parvifolium (Warb.) C.Y. Cheng ex Chun.473 【校正】自木部移入此。併入拾遺 大瓠藤。 Editorial Correction. Moved here from the section “trees.” Also included here is da hu teng, [separately recorded] in the Shi yi. 【釋名】大瓠藤。 Explanation of Name. Da hu teng 大瓠藤, “big calabash vine.“ 【集解】【珣曰】按劉欣期交州記云：含水藤生嶺南及北海邊山谷。狀若 葛，葉似枸杞。多在路旁，行人乏水處便喫此藤，故以爲名。【藏器曰】 越南、朱厓、儋耳無水處，皆種大瓠藤，取汁用之。藤狀如瓠，斷之水 出，飲之清美。【時珍曰】顧微廣州記云：水藤去地一丈，斷之更生，根 至地水不絶。山行口渴，斷取汁飲之。陳氏所謂大瓠藤，蓋即此物也。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Xun: According to Li Xinqi in his Jiao zhou ji, han shui teng grows in Ling nan and in the mountain valleys close to Bei hai. It is shaped like pueraria, and the leaves resemble those of lycium. They are often found at the roadside. When travelers are at places without water, they eat this vine. Hence the name [han shui teng 含水藤, “vine that holds water”]. [Chen] Cangqi: In Yue nan, Zhu ya and Dan er, places without water, they plant da hu teng 大瓠藤 to use its juice. The vine is formed like calabash [vines]; it releases water when cut into segments. When drunk, it tastes cool and delicious. [Li] Shizhen: Gu Wei in his Guang zhou ji states: “When [han] shui teng is cut one zhang above the ground, it will grow again. The root reaches into the ground where water is always present. When one walks in the mountains and develops thirst, he cuts them into segments and drinks the juice.” The da hu teng 大瓠藤 mentioned by Mr. Chen [Cangqi] is the item [discussed] here.

473 Han shui teng 含水藤, lit.: “vine holding water.”

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18-63 01 藤中水 Teng zhong shui

Water inside [han shui] teng. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【藏器曰】寒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Chen] Cangqi: Cold. 【主治】解煩渴心躁。瘴癘，丹石發動，亦宜服之。李珣。止渴，潤五 臟，去濕痺，天行時氣，利小便。其葉搗傅中水爛瘡皮皸。藏器。治人體 有損痛，沐髮令長。時珍。廣州記。 Control. To resolve vexing thirst and restlessness of the heart, miasmatic epidemics and effects caused by elixir minerals, it is advisable to ingest it. Li Xun: It quenches thirst, moisturizes the five long-term depots and removes blockage/numbness caused by the presence of moisture, as well as epidemic, seasonal qi. It stimulates urination. Pound the leaves and apply the water contained in them to festering sores and chapped skin. [Chen] Cangqi. It serves to cure painful bodily injuries. Use it to wash the hair to stimulate [hair] growth. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Guang zhou ji. 【附録】 Appendix 18-63-A01 鼠藤474拾遺。Shu teng, FE Shi yi. Unidentified.

【珣曰】顧微廣州記云：鼠愛食此藤，故名。其咬處人取爲藥。【藏器 曰】生南海海畔山谷。作藤繞樹，莖葉滑净似枸杞，花白，有節心虚，苗 頭有毛。彼人食之如甘蔗。味甘，温，無毒。主丈夫五勞七傷，陰痿，益 陽道，小便數白，腰脚痛冷，除風氣，壯筋骨，補衰老，好顔色。濃煮服 之，取微汗。亦浸酒服。性温，稍令人悶，無苦也。 [Li] Xun: Gu Wei in his Guang zhou ji states: “Mice/rats love to eat this vine. Hence the name. People use it as a medication that is applied to the site of bites.” [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in the mountain valleys close to the sea in Nan hai. It forms vines winding around trees. The stem and the leaves are smooth and clean, similar to those of lycium. The flowers are white. [The stem] has nodes and is hollow inside. At the tip of the seedling is hair. People there eat them similar to sugar canes. Flavor sweet, [qi] warm, nonpoisonous. To control the five types of exhaustion and seven types of harm, as well as yin (i. e., penis) dysfunction of husbands, boost the yang path (i. e., male sexual potency), [cure] frequent urination of white color and pain474 Shu teng 鼠藤, lit.: “mouse/rat vine.“



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ful cold in the lower back and legs, dispel wind qi, strengthen sinews and bones, supplement [qi] in the case of weakness and aging, and acquire a good complexion, boil it to a thick juice and ingest it until a mild sweating begins. It is also soaked in wine and [the liquid] is ingested. Its nature is warm and it causes some slight heart-pressure, which is of no concern. 18-64 天仙藤宋圖經 Tian xian teng, FE Song Tu jing Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc. Dutchman’s pipe.475 【集解】【頌曰】生江淮及浙東山中。春生苗，蔓延作藤，葉似葛葉，圓 而小，有白毛，四時不凋。根有鬚。夏月采取根苗。南人多用之。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: It grows in Jiang huai and in the mountains of Zhe dong. In spring it develops a seedling. It extends as a creeper that forms vines. The leaves resemble pueraria leaves. They are round and small, and they have white hair. Throughout the four seasons they do not wither. The root has a “beard.” The root and the seedling are gathered during the summer months. People in the South often use them. 【氣味】苦，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】解風勞。同麻黄，治傷寒，發汗。同大黄，墮胎氣。蘇頌。流氣 活血，治心腹痛。時珍。 Control. It controls wind [intrusion] and exhaustion. Combined with ephedra [herb] it serves to cure harm caused by cold and stimulates sweating. Combined with glycyrrhiza [root] it causes abortion. Su Song. It stimulates the flow of qi and quickens blood. It serves to cure pain in the central and abdominal region. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新六。 Collected Recipes. Six newly [recorded]. 疝氣作痛。天仙藤一兩，好酒一盌，煮至半盌，服之神效。孫天仁集效方。 Painful elevation-illness qi.476 Boil one liang of tian xian teng in one bowl of good wine down to half a bowl. To ingest it gives divine effects. Sun Tianren Ji xiao fang. 475 Tian xian teng 天仙藤, lit.: “a celestial hermit/immortal’s vine.” 476 Shan qi 疝氣, “elevation-illness qi,” a.) a condition of an item having entered the scrotum, with pain, sometimes ascending, sometimes descending, and b.) a condition affecting the

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痰注臂痛。天仙藤、白术、羌活、白芷稍各三錢，片子薑黄六錢，半夏制 五錢。每服五錢，薑五片，水煎服。仍間服千金五套丸。楊仁齋直指方。 Painful arms related to phlegm influx.477 [Prepare a mixture of ] three qian each of tian xian teng, atractylodes macrocephala [rhizome], notopterygium [root] and angelica dahurica [root], six qian of turmeric and five qian of prepared pinellia [root]. For each ingestion take five qian [of this mixture] and boil them together with five ginger slices in water, and ingest it. In between, ingest the “pills worth a thousand pieces of gold in five cases.”478 Yang Renzhai, Zi zhi fang. 妊娠水腫。始自兩足，漸至喘悶似水，足趾出水，謂之子氣。乃婦人素有 風氣，或衝任有血風，不可作水妄投湯藥，宜天仙藤散主之。天仙藤洗微 炒、香附子炒、陳皮、甘草、烏藥等分爲末。每服三錢，水一大盞，薑三 片，木瓜三片，紫蘇三葉，煎至七分，空心服，一日三服。小便利，氣脉 通，腫漸消，不須多服。此乃淮南名醫陳景初秘方也，得于李伯時家。陳 自明婦人良方。 Water swelling during pregnancy. It begins from the two feet and gradually reaches upward until it causes panting and heart-pressure, similar to water. Water comes out of the toes. This is called “child qi.” It is related to a long-lasting presence of wind qi in the pregnant woman, or to a blood and wind [intrusion] in the throughway and controller [vessels]. In such a situation decoctions for water [disorder] must not be given indiscriminately. The “powder with tian xian teng” is appropriate. [Grind] equal amounts of tian xian teng, washed and slightly stir-fried, nutgrass, stir-fried, tangerine peels, glycyrrhiza [root] and lindera [root] into powder. Each time [let the patient] ingest three qian. Boil [one such dose] in one large cup of water with three ginger slices, three quince slices, and three perilla leaves down to 70% and [let the patient] ingest this on an empty stomach. To be ingested three times a day. When the urine flows freely, the movement of qi in the vessels is unimpeded, and the swelling gradually decreases, do not ingest much more. This is a secret recipe of Chen Jingchu, a renowned physician in Huai nan. It was obtained from Li Boshi’s family. Chen Ziming, Fu ren liang fang. scrotum or a testicle. BCGM Dict I, 419. 477 Tan zhu 痰注, “phlegm influx,” a condition of extremities that are painful and difficult to move, brought forth by an intrusion of phlegm and humidity into the conduits and network vessels, and bone joints. BCGM Dict I, 499. 478 Qian jin wu tao wan 千金五套丸, “pills worth a thousand pieces of gold in five cases.” The ingredients include: Arisaema [root] processed with pinellia root and alum, pinellia root, prepared ginger, atractylodes macrocephala rhizome, lesser galangal root, poria, clove, costus root, greenish tangerine peels, tangerine peels, divine yeast/ferment and malted barley.



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産後腹痛，兒枕痛。天仙藤五兩，炒焦爲末。每服二錢，用炒生薑汁、童 子小便和細酒調服。經驗婦人方。 Abdominal pain after delivery; an infant’s-headrest pain.479 Stir-fry five liang of tian xian teng until scorched and [grind it into] powder. Each time [let the woman] ingest two qian. To be ingested with a mixture of stir-fried fresh ginger juice, boys’ urine and fine wine. Jing yan fu ren fang. 一切血氣，腹痛。即上方，用温酒調服。 All types of blood and qi [disorder], with abdominal pain. Ingest the recipe outlined above mixed with warm wine. 肺熱鼻㾴。桐油入黄連末，用天仙藤燒熱油傅之。摘玄方。 Lung heat and nose sediments.480 Add coptis [rhizome] powder to vernicia tree oil. Burn tian xian teng and apply it with the hot oil [to the affected region]. Zhai xuan fang. 18-65 紫金藤宋圖經 Zi jin teng, FE Song, Tu jing. Kadsura longipedunculata Finet et Gagnep. Chinese kadsura vine.481 【釋名】山甘草。 Explanation of Name. Shan gan cao 山甘草, “mountain sweet herb.” 【集解】【頌曰】生福州山中。春初單生葉青色，至冬凋落。其藤似枯 條，采皮晒乾。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: It grows in the mountains of Fu zhou. At the beginning of spring a single, greenish leaf grows. When winter comes it withers and falls down. Its vine looks like a withered stalk. The skin is collected and dried in the sun.

479 Er zhen tong 兒枕痛, “an infant’s-headrest pain,” a condition following delivery with swelling and lumps caused by stagnant blood (the “infant’s headrest”) in the abdominal region, accompanied by pain. BCGM Dict I, 147. 480 Bi zha 鼻㾴, “nose sediments,” identical with jiu zha bi 酒齇鼻, “wine sediments nose.” A condition with major signs of a swollen, red nose with papules that may, when squeezed, release white sediments. The condition flares up again and again until eventually the nose has increased in size and has assumed a red color. BCGM Dict I, 275. 481 Zi jin teng 紫金藤, lit.: “purple gold vine.”

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【氣味】缺。 Qi and Flavor. Missing. 【主治】丈夫腎氣。蘇頌。消損傷淤血。搗傅惡瘡腫毒。時珍。 Control. A husband’s kidney qi [depletion]. It dissolves stagnant blood resulting from injuries. Pound it and apply [the pulp] to malign sores and swelling with poison. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded]. 紫金藤丸。補腎臟，暖丹田，興陽道，减小便，填精髓，駐顔色，潤肌 肉，治元氣虚，面目黎黑，口乾舌濇，夢想虚驚，耳鳴目淚，腰胯沉重， 百節酸疼，項筋緊急，背胛勞倦，陰汗盗汗，及婦人子宫久冷，月水不 調，或多或少，赤白帶下，並宜服之。用紫金藤十六兩，巴戟天去心三 兩，吴茱萸、高良薑、肉桂、青鹽各二兩，爲末，酒糊丸梧子大。每温酒 下二十丸，日三服。和劑方。 Pills with zi jin teng. They supplement the kidney long-term depot [qi], warm the cinnabar field, raise the yang path (i. e., male sexual potency), diminish urination, fill up essence/sperm and marrow, maintain complexion, moisturize sinews and flesh, serve to cure a depletion of original qi, black face and eyes, dry mouth and rough tongue, dreams with depletion fright , noises in the ears and tearflow, a feeling of deep-seated heaviness in the lower back and hips, soreness in the hundreds of joints, hardened, tense sinews in the neck, exhaustion fatigue in the back and shoulder blades, sweating in the yin [(i. e., genital) region] and robber sweat,482 as well as long-lasting cold in a woman’s uterus, irregular menstruation, this may be excessive or diminished [menstruation], red and white outflow from below the belt – for all these [ailments these pills] are appropriate. [Grind] 16 liang of zi jin teng, three liang of morinda [roots], with the core removed, and two liang each of zanthoxylum [fruits], lesser galangal [root], unscraped bark of cinnamom trees and halite into powder, and form with wine and [wheat flour] a paste to make pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest with warm wine 20 pills. To be ingested three times a day. He ji fang.

482 Dao han 盗汗, “robber sweating,” (1) an illness sign of a profuse sweating during sleep that ends when one wakes up. (2) A pathological condition with robber sweating as major sign. BCGM Dict I, 122.



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死胎不下。紫金藤、葵根各七錢，土牛膝三兩，土當歸四錢，肉桂二錢， 麝香三分，爲末。米糊丸梧子大，硃砂爲衣。每服五十丸，乳香湯下。極 驗。葛静觀方。 A dead fetus is not discharged. [Grind] seven qian each of zi jin teng and Chinese mallow roots, three liang of achyranthes [leaves], four qian of aralia [roots], two qian of unscraped bark of cinnamom trees and three fen of musk into powder, and with a rice paste form pills the size of wu seeds, coated with cinnabar. Each time [let the woman] ingest 50 pills, to be sent down with a frankincense decoction. Extremely effective. Ge Jingguan fang. 18-66 南藤宋開寶 Nan teng, FE Song, Kai bao. Piper wallichii (Miq.) Hand.-Mazz. var. hupehense (C. DC.) Hand.-Mazz. 【校正】自木部移入此。併入有名未用 别録 丁公寄、圖經 石南藤。 Editorial Correction. Moved here from the section “trees.” Included here are ding gong ji 丁公寄, [formerly listed] in the section “known by name but not in use,” and shi nan teng 石南藤, listed separately] in the Tu jing. 【釋名】石南藤圖經、丁公藤開寶、丁公寄别録、丁父别録、風藤。【志 曰】生依南樹，故號南藤。【藏器曰】丁公寄即丁公藤也。始因丁公用有 效，因以得名。 Explanation of Names. Shi nan teng 石南藤, “vine on the southern side of stones/ rocks,” Tu jing. Ding gong teng 丁公藤, “Ding gong’s vine,” Kai bao. Ding gong ji 丁公寄, “conveyed by Ding gong,” Bie lu. Ding fu 丁父, “father Ding,” Bie lu. Feng teng 風藤, “wind vine.” [Ma] Zhi: It grows attached to the southern side of trees. Hence it is called nan teng 南藤, “southern vine.” [Chen] Cangqi: Ding gong ji 丁公 寄 is ding gong teng 丁公藤. Mr. Ding, Ding gong 丁公, was the first to use it with success. Hence the name. 【集解】【别録曰】丁公寄生石間，蔓延木上，葉細，大枝赤莖，母大如 磧黄，有汁，七月七日采。【頌曰】南藤，即丁公藤也。生南山山谷，今 泉州、榮州有之。生依南木，莖如馬鞭，有節紫褐色，葉如杏葉而尖。采 無時。又曰：天台石南藤，四時不凋。土人采葉治腰痛。【時珍曰】今江 南、湖南諸大山有之，細藤圓膩，紫緑色，一節一葉。葉深緑色，似杏葉 而微短厚。其莖貼樹處，有小紫瘤疣，中有小孔。四時不凋，莖葉皆臭而 極辣。白花蛇食其葉。

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Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Ding gong ji 丁公寄 grows amidst stones/rocks and creeps up on trees. It has fine leaves, big branches and a red stem. It is the size of a thumb and desert yellow in color. It has juice. It is collected on the seventh day in the seventh month. [Su] Song: Nan teng 南藤 is ding gong teng 丁公藤. It grows in the mountain valleys of Mount Nan shan. Today it is present in Quan zhou and Rong zhou. It grows attached to the southern side of trees. The stem is similar to a horsewhip. It has nodes and is of purple-brown color. The leaves are similar to apricot leaves, but they are pointed. They are collected at all times. It is also said: Shi nan teng 石南藤 from Tian tai does not wither in all four seasons. Local people collect the leaves to cure lower back pain. [Li] Shizhen: Today it can be found on all the great mountains of Jiang nan and Hu nan. The fine vines are round and greasy, and purple-green in color. One leaf grows from one node; the leaves are deep green in color, similar to apricot leaves, but a little shorter and thicker. The stem clings to trees. It has small, purple tumorous warts with small holes in the middle. It does not wither in all four seasons. The stem and the leaves are all malodorous and extremely pungent. Embroidered pit vipers eat the leaves. 【氣味】辛，温，無毒。【别録曰】甘。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, warm, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: sweet. 【主治】金瘡痛。延年。别録。主風血，補衰老，起陽，强腰脚，除痺， 變白，逐冷氣，排風邪。煮汁服，冬月浸酒服。藏器。煮汁服，治上氣欬 嗽。時珍。 Control. Painful wounds caused by metal objects/weapons. It extends the years of life. Bie lu. It controls wind [intrusion] and blood [disorder]. It supplements [qi of ] the weak and the aged. It raises the yang [member (i. e., male sexual potency)], strengthens the lower back and the legs, removes blockage/numbness, turns white [hair into black hair], removes cold qi and eliminates wind evil. Boil it and ingest the juice. During winter months, soak it in wine and ingest [the liquid]. [Chen] Cangqi. Boiled [in water and the liquid] ingested, it serves to cure ascending qi with cough. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【志曰】按南史云：解叔謙，雁門人。母有疾，夜禱，聞空中語 云：得丁公藤治之即瘥。訪醫及本草皆無此藥。至宜都山中，見一翁伐 木，云是丁公藤，療風。乃拜泣求。翁并示以漬酒法。受畢，失翁所在。 母服之遂愈也。【時珍曰】近俗醫治諸風，以南藤和諸藥熬膏市之，號南 藤膏。白花蛇喜食其葉，故治諸風猶捷。 Explication. [Ma] Zhi: According to the Nan shi, Xie Shuqian, a man from Yan men, one night prayed for his sick mother. He heard a voice from the void stating:



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“Get ding gong teng to treat her and she will be healed.” He consulted physicians and the ben cao literature, but found nothing about this pharmaceutical drug. In the Yi du mountains he saw an old man who felled a tree. He stated: “This is ding gong teng; it heals wind [intrusion].” With tears [Xie Shuqian] politely asked him to give it to him. The old man also showed him how to soak it in wine. When [Xie Shuqian] had acquired [the herb and the method to process it], the old man was no longer present. [Xie Shuqian’s] mother ingested it and was healed. [Li] Shizhen: In recent times common physicians simmer nan teng and all types of further pharmaceutical drugs to prepare an ointment to cure all types of wind [intrusion] and market it. It is called “nan teng ointment.” Embroidered pit vipers love to eat its leaves. Hence it offers a shortcut to cure all types of wind [intrusion]. 【附録】 Appendix 18-66-A01 烈節宋圖經 Lie jie, FE Song, Tu jing. Unidentified.

【頌曰】生榮州，多在林箐中。春生蔓苗，莖葉俱似丁公藤而纎細，無花 實。九月采莖，暴乾。味辛，温，無毒。主肢節風冷，筋脉急痛。作湯浴 之佳。【時珍曰】楊倓家藏經驗方有烈節酒，治歷節風痛。用烈節、松 節、牛膝、熟地黄、當歸各一兩，爲粗末，絹袋盛之，以無灰酒二百盞， 浸三日。每用一盞，入生酒一盞，温服。表弟武東叔，年二十餘，患此痛 不可忍。涪城 馬東之，以此治之而安。 [Su] Song: It grows in Rong zhou and is often found in tree and bamboo forests. In spring it develops a creeping seedling. The stem and the leaves resemble those of piper wallichii, but are more graceful and finer. It has neither flowers nor fruits. The stem is collected in the ninth month; it is dried in the sun. Flavor acrid, [qi] warm, nonpoisonous. It controls limbs and joints affected by wind [intrusion] and cold, as well as painful tension of sinews and vessels. It is an excellent item for hot baths. [Li] Shizhen: Yang Tan in his Jia cang jing yan fang lists a “lie jie wine.” It serves to cure painful pervading joints wind.483 [Grind] one liang each of lie jie, pine twig joints, achyranthes [leaves], prepared Chinese foxglove [rhizome] and Chinese angelica [root] into coarse powder. Fill a tough silk pouch with it and soak it in 200 cups of ash-free wine for three days. Each time add to one cup one cup of fresh wine 483 Li jie feng 歷節風, “pervading joints wind,” a condition characterized by spontaneous sweating, shortness of qi/breath, aching joints, and difficulties in bending and stretching. BCGM Dict I, 314.

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and ingest it warm. My younger male cousin Wu Dongshu, 20 years old, suffered from this with an unbearable pain. Ma Dongzhi of Fu cheng cured him with this [medication] and he was healed. 18-67 清風藤宋圖經 Qing feng teng. FE Song Tu jing.

Sabia japonica Maxim.484

【釋名】青藤綱目、尋風藤綱目。 Explanation of Names. Qing teng 青藤, “greenish vine,” Gang mu. Xun feng teng 尋 風藤, a “vine looking for wind,” Gang mu. 【集解】【頌曰】生台州 天台山中。其苗蔓延木上，四時常青。土人采莖 用。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: It grows on Mount Tian tai shan in Tai zhou. Its seedling extends creeping up on trees. It is greenish throughout the four seasons. Local people collect the stem for [therapeutic] application. 【氣味】缺。 Qi and Flavor. Missing. 【主治】風疾。蘇頌。治風濕流注，歷節鶴膝，麻痺瘙痒，損傷瘡腫，入 酒藥中用。時珍。 Control. Wind [intrusion] illness. Su Song. It serves to cure wind [intrusion] and moisture influx, pervasion joints [wind] and crane knee [wind],485 numbness and itch, and wounds with swelling related to an injury. Add it as an ingredient to a medicinal wine for [therapeutic] application. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded]. 風濕痺痛。青藤根三兩，防己一兩，㕮咀，入酒一瓶，煮飲。普濟方。

484 Qing feng teng 清風藤, lit.: “refreshing breeze vine.” 485 He xi feng 鶴膝風, “crane knee wind,” a condition of swelling and pain of the knee, and shrinking of the lower leg, with difficulties in bending and stretching, and a lack of strength to walk. BCGM Dict I, 214.



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Painful blockage related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of moisture. Pound three liang of qing teng roots and one liang of stephania tetrandra [root], give [the pulpy mass] with wine into a bottle, heat it and drink [the liquid]. Pu ji fang. 一切諸風。青藤膏：用青藤，出太平荻港上者，二三月采之。不拘多少， 入釜内，微火熬七日夜成膏，收入瓷器内。用時先備梳三五把，量人虚 實，以酒服一茶匙畢，將患人身上拍一掌，其後遍身發痒，不可當，急以 梳梳之。要痒止，即飲冷水一口便解，風病皆愈也。避風數日良。集簡方。 All types of wind [intrusion]. The “qing teng ointment.” Collect any quantity of qing teng, those from Tai ping di harbor are top, in the second or third month and put it into a cauldron. Simmer it over a mild fire for seven days to generate a paste. Put it into a porcelain container. Prior to its application prepare three to five combs. Depending on the respective person’s condition of [qi] depletion or repletion, let him ingest with wine the amount held by a tea spoon. Then strike his body with your palm and this will cause his entire body to itch. If he cannot stand it, quickly use the combs to scratch it. If it is wished to end the itch, let him drink one mouthful of cold water, and it will be resolved. All wind [intrusion] diseases are healed this way. It is good to avoid exposure to wind for several days. Ji jian fang.

Unidentified.486

18-68 百稜藤宋圖經 Bai leng teng, Song Tu jing.

【釋名】百靈藤綱目。 Explanation of Name. Bai ling teng 百靈藤, “the hundredfold numinous vine,” Gang mu. 【集解】【頌曰】生台州山中。春生苗蔓，延木上，無花葉。冬采皮入 藥，土人用。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: It grows in the mountains of Tai zhou. In spring it develops a seedling that extends creeping up on trees. It has neither flowers nor leaves. In winter the skin is collected for applications as a pharmaceutical drug. Local people use it. 【氣味】缺 Qi and flavor. Missing.

486 Bai ling teng 百稜藤, lit.: “the hundred-edged vine.”

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【主治】盗汗。蘇頌。治一切風痛風瘡。以五斤剉，水三斗，煮汁五升， 熬膏。每酒服一匙，日三服。時珍。 Control. Robber wind.487 Su Song. It serves to cure all types of painful wind [intrusion] and wind sores.488 Boil five jin, cut to small pieces, in three dou of water down to five sheng. Simmer [the liquid] to a paste and each time ingest with wine the amount held by a spoon. To be ingested three times a day. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新三。 Added Recipes. Three newly [recorded]. 頭風腦痛。百靈藤十斤，水一石，煎汁三斗，入糯米三斗作飯。候冷，拌 神麴炒末九兩，同入甕中，如常釀酒。經三五日，更炊一斗糯米飯，冷投 之，待熟澄清。每温飲一小盞，服後渾身汗出爲效。聖惠方。 Head wind489 with brain pain. Boil ten jin of bai ling teng in one dan of water down to obtain three dou of juice. Add three dou of glutinous rice and prepare a cooked rice dish. Wait until it has cooled, add nine liang of divine yeast/ferment, stir-fried and [ground into] powder, and brew this in a jar the usual way to make wine. After three to five days prepare another three dou of glutinous rice to a cooked rice dish, add it, after it has cooled, [to the wine and heat it] until done. Wait until the liquid has cleared. Each time drink a small cup of the warm [liquid]. When following an ingestion sweat leaves from the entire body, this shows the effect [of this therapy]. Sheng hui fang. 一切風痺，不拘久近。百靈藤五斤，水三斗，煎一斗，濾汁再煎至三升。 入牛膝、附子、仙靈脾、赤箭、何首烏、乳香、鹿角膠各二兩爲末同煎。 别入白蜜五合，熬如餳狀，瓷瓶收之。每服一匙，温酒下，一日二服。忌 毒物、滑物。聖惠方。 All types of blockage/numbness related to wind [intrusion], regardless of whether this has lasted for a longer or a short time. Boil five jin of bai ling teng in three dou of water down to one dou. Add two liang each of achyranthes [leaves], aconitum [accessory tuber], epimedium [herb], gastrodia [root], polygonum multiflorum [root], frankincense and deer horn glue into powders and boil all of them together. Add five ge 487 Zei feng 賊風, “robber wind,” a condition caused by qi that appear in a season they do not belong to. More at BCGM Dict I, 667. 488 Feng chuang 風瘡, “wind sores,” a condition of festering and oozing, aching and/or itching skin papules brought forth by wind evil, moisture and heat. BCGM Dict I, 160. 489 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509.



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of white honey and simmer this until it has assumed the consistency of malt-sugar. Store it in a porcelain jar. Each time ingest the amount held by one spoon, to be sent down with warm wine. To be ingested twice a day. [During this therapy,] poisonous items and smoothing items should be avoided. Sheng hui fang. 大風瘡疾。百靈藤四兩，水一斗，煮三升，去滓，入粳米四合煮粥。於密 室中浴畢乃食，暖卧取汗。汗後，皮膚起如麩片。每隔日一作，五六十日 後漸愈，毛髮即生。聖惠方。 Massive wind490 sores ailment. Boil four liang of bai ling teng in one dou of water down to three sheng, remove the dregs, add four ge of glutinous rice and boil this to generate a congee. Wash [the patient] in a closely sealed room and then let him eat [the congee]. Then let him lie down, covered warm, to sweat. When the sweating has ended, on his skin something will rise similar to wheat bran flakes. Apply this [therapy] once every second day. After 50 to 60 days [the ailment] subsides and is finally cured. Hair will grow again. Sheng hui fang. 18-69 省藤拾遺 Sheng teng, FE Shi yi. Daemonorops margaritae (Hance) Becc. Dragon blood palm. 【校正】自木部移入此。 Editorial Correction. Moved here from the section “trees.” 【釋名】赤藤綱目、紅藤綱目。 Explanation of Names. Chi teng 赤藤, “red vine,” Gang mu. Hong teng 紅藤, “red vine,” Gang mu. 【集解】【藏器曰】生南地深山。皮赤，大如指，堪縛物，片片自解也。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: It grows deep in the mountains in the South. It has a red skin. It is the size of a finger and can be used to bind items. It breaks up into pieces by itself. 【氣味】苦，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, balanced, nonpoisonous.

490 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” may refer to sores caused by a massive intrusion of wind evil and also to conditions of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111.

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【主治】蚘蟲，煮汁服之。齒痛，打碎含之。煮粥飼狗，去瘑。藏器。治 諸風，通五淋，殺蟲。時珍。 Control. For roundworms, boil it and ingest the juice. For toothache, pound it to pieces and hold them in the mouth. Cooked to a congee and fed to dogs it eliminates lair-illness.491 It serves to cure all types of wind [intrusion], clears the passage in the case of any of the five kinds of urinary dripping, and kills worms/bugs. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】赤藤善殺蟲，利小便，洪邁夷堅志云：趙子山苦寸白 蟲病。醫令戒酒而素性耽之。一日寓居邵武天王寺，夜半醉歸，口渴甚， 見廡間甕水，映月瑩然，即連酌飲之，其甘如飴。迨曉蟲出盈席，心腹頓 寬，宿疾遂愈。皆驚異之，視所飲水，乃寺僕織草履，浸紅藤根水也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Chi teng is good at killing worms/bugs and stimulating urination. Hong Mai in his Yi jian zhi states: “Zhao Zishan suffered from a tapeworm disease. A physician suggested to him to give up wine drinking, but he was addicted to it. One day he stayed in the Tian wang temple in Shao wu. At midnight he returned drunk and felt very thirsty. On the veranda he saw a jar with water that glittered in the moonlight. He drank all of it and it tasted as sweet as maltose. The next morning worms had left him and covered his mat. He felt better in his central and abdominal region and his old illness was cured. Everybody marveled at this and they inspected the water he had drunk. It was the water in which the temple servants had soaked the hong teng roots that were used to weave straw sandals.” 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 五淋濇痛。赤藤即做草鞋者、白伏苓、苧麻根等分，爲末。百沸湯下，每 服一錢，如神。究原方。 Five types of painful, rough urinary dripping. [Grind] equal amounts of chi teng, that is the item used to make straw sandals, white poria and ramie plant roots into powder, to be sent down with water boiled to bubbling one hundred times. Each time ingest one qian. Divinely [effective]. Jiu yuan fang.

491 Guo [chuang] 瘑[瘡], lair-illness [sores]. A condition of sores affecting both hands and feet, with pain and itching and gradual extension. In some cases crumbs are shed off. BCGM Dict I, 203.



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18-70 紫藤宋開寶 Zi teng, FE Song Kai bao. Wisteria sinensis Sweet. Chinese wisteria.492 【集解】【藏器曰】藤皮着樹，從心重重有皮。四月生紫花可愛，長安人 亦種飾庭池，江東呼爲招豆藤。其子作角，角中仁熬香着酒中，令酒不 敗。敗酒中用之亦正。其花挼碎，拭酒、醋白腐壞。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The vine is attached with its skin to trees. From its core ever new levels of skin develop. In the fourth month it develops lovely purple flowers. People in Chang an plant them to decorate their garden ponds. In Jiang dong it is called zhao dou teng 招豆藤, “vine that summons beans.” The seeds form horns/pods. The kernels in these horns are simmered until they are fragrant and then they are placed in wine. This prevents the wine from spoiling. If it is added to wine that is already spoiled, it will normalize it. The flowers are rubbed in the hands and the resulting mass is used to remove the white spoiled segments in wine and vinegar. 【氣味】甘，微温，有小毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly warm, slightly poisonous. 【主治】作煎如糖服，下水癊病。藏器。 Control. When cooked it is ingested like sugar and serves to discharge a water hidden-illness493 disease.

Unidentified.494

18-71 落雁木海藥 Luo yan mu, FE Hai yao ben cao.

【校正】自木部移入此。 Editorial Correction. Moved here from the section “trees.” 【釋名】【珣曰】藤蘿高丈餘，雁過皆綴其中，或云雁衘至代州 生，以此爲名。

雁門而

Explanation of Names. [Li] Xun: Its vines reach more than one zhang tall. When wild geese, yan 雁, come by they gather in them. Some say that wild geese, yan 雁, held it in their beak and brought it to Yan 雁 men where it grew. Hence the name. 492 Zi teng 紫藤, lit.: “purple vine.“ 493 Shui yin 水癊, “water hidden-illness,” a condition identical with shui zhong 水腫, “water swelling,” edema. BCGM Dict I, 474. 494 Luo yan mu 落雁木, lit.: “wood/tree dropped by wild geese.“

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【集解】【珣曰】按徐表南州記云：落雁木生南海山野中。蔓生，四邊如 刀削。代州 雁門亦有之，蜀中 雅州亦有。【頌曰】雅州出者，苗作蔓，纏 繞大木，苗葉形色大都似茶，無花實。彼人四月采苗，入藥用。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Xun: According to Xu Biao in his Nan zhou ji, “luo yan mu grows in the wild of the Nan hai mountains. It grows as a creeper that appears to be cut with a knife on all four sides. It is also found in Yan men in Dai zhou, and also in Ya zhou in Shu zhong.” [Su] Song: Those coming from Ya zhou have a creeping seedling winding around big trees. The shape and the color of the seedling and the leaves resemble those of tea; it has neither flowers nor fruits. People there collect the seedling in the fourth month and use it as a pharmaceutical drug. 18-71-01 莖、葉 Jing, ye

Stem, leaf [of luo yan mu]. 【氣味】甘，平、温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】風痛傷折，脚氣腫，腹滿虚脹。以枌木皮同煮汁洗之，立效。又 婦人陰瘡浮泡，以椿木皮同煮汁洗之。李珣。産後血氣痛，并折傷内損諸 疾，煮汁服。蘇頌。 Control. Painful wind [intrusion], fracture harm, leg qi495 swelling, abdominal fullness and depletion bloating. Boil it together with fen mu496 skin/bark and wash [the affected region] with the juice. Immediately effective. Also, for women with sores in the yin [(i. e., genital) region] and surface blisters boil it together with ailanthus tree bark and wash [the affected region] with the juice. Li Xun. For painful blood and qi [disorder] following delivery, and also for all types of illnesses related to fracture harm and internal injury, boil it and ingest the resulting juice. Su Song. 【附録】 Appendix 18-71-A01 折傷木唐本草 Zhe shang mu, FE Tang ben cao. Unidentified.497

495 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248. 496 Fen mu 枌木, unidentified plant. Possibly a kind of elm, yu 榆. 497 Zhe shang mu 折傷木, lit.: “wood used to stabilize fracture harm.“



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【恭曰】生資州山谷。藤繞樹木上，葉似莽草葉而光厚。八月、九月采 莖，日乾。味甘、鹹，平，無毒。主傷折，筋骨疼痛，散血補血，産後血 悶，止痛。酒水各半，煮濃汁飲。 Su Gong: It grows in the mountain valleys of Zi zhou. It is a vine winding up around trees. The leaves resemble illiceum leaves, but are shiny and thick. The stem is collected in the eighth and ninth month; it is dried in the sun. Flavor sweet, salty, [qi] balanced, nonpoisonous. It controls fracture harm with painful sinews and bones, disperses blood [accumulations], supplements blood, and [serves to cure] blood [disorder] with heart-pressure following delivery. It ends the pain. Boil it in a mixture of one half each of wine and water to a thick juice and drink it. 18-71-A02 每始王木唐本草。Mei shi wang mu, FE Tang ben cao. Unidentified.

【恭曰】生資州。藤繞樹木上，葉似蘿藦葉。二月、八月采莖，陰乾。味 苦，平，無毒。主傷折跌筋骨，生肌破血止痛。以酒水各半，煮濃汁飲之。 [Su] Gong. It grows in Zi zhou. It is a vine winding up around trees. The leaves resemble metaplexis leaves. The stem is collected in the second and eighth month; it is dried in the yin (i. e., shade). Flavor bitter, [qi] balanced, nonpoisonous. It controls harmed and fractured sinews and bones following a fall. It stimulates the growth of muscles, breaks through blood [accumulation] and ends pain. Boil it in a mixture of one half each of wine and water to a thick juice and drink it. 18-71-A03 風延苺498拾遺。Feng yan mei, FE Shi yi

Unidentified.

【藏器曰】生南海山野中，他處無有也。蔓繞草木上，細葉。南都賦云風 衍蔓延于衡皋，是也。味苦，寒，無毒。主小兒發熱發强，驚癇寒熱，熱 淋，利小便，解煩明目，並煮服之。【珣曰】主三消五淋，下痰，小兒赤 白毒痢，蛇毒瘴溪毒，一切瘡腫，並宜煎服。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in the wild of the Nan hai mountains, and is not found anywhere else. It is a creeper winding up around trees. It has fine leaves. The Nan du fu states: “The wind allows the creeper to stretch over the swamps.” That is [the item discussed] here. Flavor bitter, [qi] cold, nonpoisonous. It cures heat effusion and stiffening of children, fright epilepsy and alternating sensations of cold and heat. It stimulates urination, resolves vexation and clears the eyes. For all these [tasks] alike 498 Instead of mei 苺, the initial list of contents of this chapter writes mu 母. Zheng lei ch. 8, feng yan mu 風延母, also writes mu 母.

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it is boiled to be ingested [as a decoction]. [Li] Xun: It controls the three types of melting499 and the five types of urinary dripping. It discharges phlegm and [serves to cure] red and white poison free-flux illness of children, snake poison, as well as miasmatic and rivulet poison.500 18-72 千里及拾遺 Qian li ji. FE Shi yi. Senecio scandens Ham. (Ch.HC.). Climbing groundsel.501 【校正】併入圖經 千里光。 Editorial Correction. Qian li guang 千里光, “light reaching over 1000 li,’” [listed separately] in the Tu jing, is included here. 【集解】【藏器曰】千里及，藤生道旁籬落間，葉細而厚。宣、湖間有 之。【頌曰】千里急，生天台山中。春生苗，秋有花。土人采花、葉入眼 藥。又筠州有千里光，生淺山及路旁。葉似菊而長，背有毛。枝幹圓而 青。春生苗，秋有黄花，不結實。采莖葉入眼藥，名黄花演。蓋一物也。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Qian li ji 千里及 is a vine that grows hanging down from fences at the roadside. The leaves are fine and thick. It can be found in the region of the Xuan and Hu. [Su] Song: Qian li ji 千里急 grows in the mountains of Tian tai. In spring it develops a seedling; in autumn it has flowers. Local people collect the flowers and the leaves for use as medication for the eyes. Also, in Yun zhou is a qian li guang 千里光. It grows at the foot of mountains and at the roadside. The leaves are similar to those of chrysanthemum, but they are lengthy and have hair on their back. The branches and the stalk are round and greenish. In spring it develops a seedling. In autumn it has yellow flowers. It does not form fruits. They collect the stem and the leaves for use as medication for the eyes. It is called huang hua yan 黄花演, “yellow flower display.” The fact is, they are one and the same item. 【氣味】苦，平，有小毒。【頌曰】苦、甘，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, balanced, slightly poisonous. [Su] Song: Bitter, sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. 499 San xiao 三消, “three types of melting,” a condition of three types of the disease xiao ke 渴病, “melting with thirst.” BCGM Dict I, 415. 500 Xi du 溪毒, “rivulet poison,” 1.) A tiny bug assumed to live in bodies of water and supposedly capable of striking humans when they enter the water, thereby causing disease. 2. A condition resulting from being struck by rivulet poison. BCGM Dict I, 548. 501 Qian li ji 千里及, lit.: “a range over 1000 li.”



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【主治】天下疫氣結黄，瘴瘧蠱毒，煮汁服，取吐下。亦搗傅蛇犬咬。藏 器。同甘草煮汁飲，退熱明目，不入衆藥。蘇頌。同小青煎服，治赤痢腹 痛。時珍。 Control. For epidemic qi that collect [in the body and let it appear] yellow, miasmatic malaria and gu-poison,502 boil it in water and ingest the resulting juice to induce vomiting and free flow. Also, pound it and apply [the pulp] to snake and dog bites. [Chen] Cangqi: Boiled together with glycyrrhiza [root] and the juice drunk serves to push back heat and clear the eyes. It cannot be added to any other pharmaceutical drug. Su Song. [Qian li ji] is boiled together with coralberry and [the decoction] is ingested to cure red free-flux illness with abdominal pain. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 爛弦風眼。九里光草，以笋殼葉包，煨熟，捻汁滴入目中。經驗良方。 Festering eyelid rim wind eyes.503 Wrap jiu li guang504 herb in the leaves of bamboo shoots and simmer this until done. Squeeze it to obtain a juice and drop it into the eyes. Jing yan liang fang. 18-73 藤黄海藥 Teng huang, FE Hai yao. Garcinia morella Desv.(M.J.). Gamboge. 【校正】自木部移入此。 Editorial Correction. Moved here from the section “trees.” 【釋名】樹名海藤。【珣曰】按郭義恭廣志云：出岳、鄂等州諸山崖。樹 名海藤。花有蕊，散落石上，彼人收之，謂之沙黄。就樹采者輕妙，謂之 臘黄。今人訛爲銅黄，銅、藤音謬也。此與石淚采之無異。畫家及丹竈家 時用之。【時珍曰】今畫家所用藤黄皆經煎煉成者，舐之麻人。按周達觀 502 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 503 Lan xian feng yan 爛弦風眼, “festering [eyelid] rim with wind eye,” a condition of a feng yan 風眼, “wind eye,” with apparent festering of the eyelids. BCGM Dict I, 295. 504 Instead of jiu li guang 九里光, the Qian edition of the BCGM of 1640 writes qian li guang 千里光.

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真臘記云：國有畫黄，乃樹脂，番人以刀斫樹枝滴下，次年收之。似與郭 氏説微不同，不知即一物否也。 Explanation of Names. The tree is called hai teng 海藤, “sea vine.” [Li] Xun: According to Guo Yigong in his Guang zhi, it comes from all the mountain cliffs of Yue and E zhou. The tree is called “sea vine.” The anther holding filaments fall down and spread on the rocks. Local people gather them and call them “sand yellow,” sha huang 沙黄. When they are collected directly from the trees, they are light and wondrous, and they are called “yellow from the 12th month,” la huang 臘黄. Today people modify [the name teng huang] to tong huang 銅黄, “copper yellow.” Tong 銅, “copper,” is an erroenous reading of teng 藤, “vine.” It is collected in the same way as “stone tears.”505 Painters and the experts who prepare elixirs in furnaces use it from time to time. [Li] Shizhen: All the teng huang 藤黄 resorted to by painters today is produced by means of heat processing. When it is licked, it has an anaesthezing effect. According to Zhou Daguan in his Zhen la ji, “the country has a hua huang 畫黄, ‘paint yellow,’ that is a tree resin. Foreigners cut the branches of the trees to let [the resin] drop down. The next year they gather it.” Apparently, this is different from what is described by Mr. Guo [Yigong]. It remains unknown whether [both descriptions refer to] one and the same item. 【氣味】酸、濇，有毒。 Qi and Flavor: Sour, astringent, poisonous. 【主治】蚛牙蛀齒，點之便落。李珣。 Control. Worm-borer teeth506 and worm-attachment teeth.507 Drip it [on the affected region and the teeth] will fall out easily. Li Xun.

505 Shi lei 石淚, “stone tears,” is hu tong lei 胡桐泪, the resin of populous euphratica Oliv., found in the soil below the trees. Over the years drops of this resin have become hard as stones. 506 Zhu ya 蛀牙, worm-borer teeth,” identical with qu chi 齲齒, “decayed teeth.” A condition with decaying teeth developing holes, turning black and emitting a bad odor. In severe cases hollow teeth may crack. Also, the decay may enter the gums resulting in swelling, pain and festering. BCGM Dict I, 94, 392. 507 Zhu chi 蛀齒, “worm-attachment teeth,” identical with qu chi 齲齒, “decayed teeth.” BCGM Dict I, 689.



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附録諸藤一十九種 Appendix. All vines. 19 kinds. 18-A01 地龍藤拾遺 Di long teng, SE Shi yi Unidentified.508

【藏器曰】生天目山。繞樹蟠屈如龍，故名。吴中亦有而小異。味苦，無 毒。主風血羸老，腹内腰脚諸冷，食不調，不作肌膚。浸酒服之。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows on Mount Tian mu shan, winding around trees like a dragon. Hence the name. It is also found in Wu, with minor differences only. Flavor bitter, nonpoisonous. It controls wind [intrusion], blood [disorder], emaciation and aging, all types of cold in the abdomen, affecting lower back and legs. If inadequate food fails to generate muscles and skin. Soak it in wine and ingest [the liquid]. 18-A02 龍手藤 Long shou teng Unidentified.509

【藏器曰】出安荔浦石上向陽者。葉如龍手。采無時。味甘，温，無毒。 主偏風口喎，手足癱緩，補虚益陽，去冷氣風痺，以醇酒浸，近火令温， 空心服之，取微汗。 [Chen] Cangqi: It comes from An li pu where it grows on the yang (i. e., sunny) side of rocks. The leaves resemble the claws of dragons. It is collected at all times. Flavor sweet, [qi] warm, nonpoisonous. It controls hemilateral wind510 with wryness of the mouth.511 Paralysis with contraction of hands and feet. It supplements depleted [qi] and boosts yang [qi]. It removes blockages related to the presence of cold qi and wind [intrusion]. Soak it in pure wine and warm it close to a fire. Ingest [the liquid] on an empty stomach to induce a slight sweating.

508 Di long teng 地龍藤, lit.: “ground dragon vine.” 509 Long shou teng 龍手藤, lit.: “dragon claw vine.” 510 Pian feng 偏風, “hemilateral wind,” a condition of unilateral loss of function and inability to move at one’s will. Often an aftereffect of wind stroke. BCGM Dict I, 376. 511 Kou wai 口喎, “wryness of the mouth,” an illness sign of the edges of the mouth being slanted on one side. BCGM Dict I, 287.

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18-A03 牛領藤512 Niu ling teng Unidentified.

【藏器曰】生嶺南高山。形褊如牛領。取之陰乾。味甘，温，無毒。主腹 内冷，腰膝痛弱，小便白數，陽道乏，煮汁或浸酒服。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows on high mountains in Ling nan. It has a narrow shape like the neck of an ox. After collecting, it is dried in the yin (i. e., shade). Flavor sweet, [qi] warm, nonpoisonous. It controls abdominal cold, pain and weakness of lower back and knees, frequent whitish urination, yang path (i. e., male sexual potency) exhaustion. Boil it in water to obtain a juice, or soak it in wine and ingest [the liquid]. 18-A04 牛奶藤 Niu nai teng Unidentified.513

【藏器曰】生深山，大如樹，牛好食之，其中有粉。味甘，温，無毒，主 救荒，令人不飢。其根食之，令人髮落。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows deep in the mountains and is the size of trees. Oxen love to eat it. Inside it has a powder. Flavor sweet, [qi] warm, nonpoisonous. It offers rescue in times of famine and prevents people from starving. To eat its root causes hair loss. 18-A05 鬼膊藤 Gui bo teng Unidentified.514

【藏器曰】生江南林澗邊。葉如梨葉，子如樝子。藤：味苦，温，無毒。 浸酒服，去風血。同葉搗，傅癰腫。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in the forests of Jiang nan, at the side of ravines. The leaves are similar to pear leaves; the seeds are similar to chaenomeles seeds. The vine: Flavor bitter, [qi] warm, nonpoisonous. Soaked in wine and [the liquid] ingested, it serves to remove blood [disorder] related to wind [intrusion]. Pounded together with the leaves, [the pulp] is applied to obstruction-illness515 swelling. 512 Niu ling teng 牛領藤, lit.: “ox neck vine.” 513 Niu nai teng 牛奶藤, lit.: “cow milk vine.“ 514 Gui bo teng 鬼膊藤, lit.: “a demon’s arm vine.” 515 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.



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18-A06 斑珠藤 Ban zhu teng Unidentified.516

【藏器曰】生山谷中，不凋。子如珠而斑，冬月取之。味甘，温，無毒。 浸酒服，主風血羸瘦，婦人諸疾。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in mountain valleys. It does not wither. The seeds are similar to speckled pearls. They are gathered in winter. Flavor sweet, [qi] warm, nonpoisonous. Soaked in wine and [the liquid] ingested, it controls blood [disorder] and emaciation related to wind [intrusion], as well as all illnesses of women. 18-A07 息王藤 Xi wang teng Unidentified.517

【藏器曰】生嶺南山谷。冬月不凋。味苦，温，無毒。主産後腹痛，血露 不盡。濃煮汁服。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in the mountain valleys of Ling nan. It does not wither in winter. Flavor bitter, [qi] warm, nonpoisonous. It controls abdominal pain after delivery and an incomplete release of blood, (i. e.,) lochia. Boil it in water to obtain a thick juice and [let the woman] ingest it. 18-A08 萬一藤 Wan yi

Unidentified.518 【藏器曰】生嶺南。蔓如小豆。一名萬吉。主蛇咬。杵末，水和傅之。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in Ling nan. It creeps like mung beans. It is also called wan ji 萬吉, “a myriad times auspicious.” It controls snake bites. Pound it into powder, mix it with water and apply it [to the affected region]. 18-A09 曼遊藤 Man you teng Unidentified.519

【藏器曰】生犍为 牙門山谷。狀如寄生着大樹。葉如柳，春花色紫，蜀人 謂之沉蘤藤。味甘，温，無毒。久服長生延年，去久嗽，治癬。 516 Ban zhu teng 斑珠藤, lit.: “speckled pearls vine.“ 517 Xi wang teng 息王藤, lit.: “resting king vine.“ 518 Wan yi 萬一藤, lit.: “the highly unlikely vine.” 519 Man you teng 曼遊藤, “gracefully traveling vine.“

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[Chen] Cangqi: It grows in the mountain valleys of Ya men in Jian wei. It is shaped like an epiphyte attached to big trees. The leaves are similar to willow [leaves]. In spring it has purple flowers. People in Shu call it Chen hua teng 沉蘤藤, “heavy flower vine.” Flavor sweet, [qi] warm, nonpoisonous. Ingested over a long time it grants longevity and extends the years of life. It eliminates long-lasting cough and serves to cure xuan-illness.520 18-A10 百丈青 Bai zhang qing Unidentified.521

【藏器曰】生江南林澤。藤蔓緊硬。葉如薯蕷，對生。味苦，平，無毒， 解諸毒物，天行瘴瘧疫毒。並煮汁服，亦生搗汁服。其根令人下痢。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in the forests and marshlands of Jiang nan. The vine is a hard creeper. The leaves are similar to those of Chinese yam. They grow facing each other. Flavor bitter, [qi] balanced, nonpoisonous. It resolves the poison of all types of items, and the poison of epidemic miasma and malaria. For all these issues, boil it and ingest the resulting juice. It is also possible to pound it fresh and ingest the juice. The root causes discharge with free-flux illness. 18-A11 温藤 Wen teng

Unidentified.522 【藏器曰】生江南山谷，着樹不凋。莖葉味甘，温，無毒。浸酒服，主風 血積冷。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in the mountain valleys of Jiang nan. It is attached to trees and never withers. The stem and the leaves have a sweet flavor, warm [qi] and are nonpoisonous. Soaked in wine and [the liquid] ingested, it controls blood [disorder] related to wind [intrusion] and accumulations of cold [qi].

520 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness,” a condition of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 592. 521 Bai zhang qing 百丈青, lit.: “the 100 zhang long greenish [vine].” 522 Wen teng 温藤, lit.: “warm(ing) vine.“



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18-A12 藍藤 Lan teng

Unidentified.523 【藏器曰】生新羅國。根如細辛。味辛，温，無毒。主冷氣咳欬嗽。煮汁 服。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in Xin luo guo. The root is similar to that of asarum heteropoides [roots]. Flavor acrid, [qi] warm, nonpoisonous. It controls cough related to the presence of cold qi. Boil it in water and ingest the resulting juice. 18-A13 瓜藤宋圖經 Gua teng. FE Song, Tu jing. Unidentified.524

【頌曰】生施州。四時有葉無花。采皮無時。味甘，凉，無毒。主諸熱毒 惡瘡。同刺猪苓洗，去粗皮，焙乾，等分，搗羅，用甘草水調貼之。 [Su] Song: It grows in Shi zhou. It has leaves throughout the four seasons, but no flowers. The skin is collected at all times. Flavor sweet, [qi] cool, nonpoisonous. It controls all types of heat poison and malign sores. Pound it together with an equal amount of thorny polyporus sclerotium, washed, the coarse skin removed and dried over a fire in a pan, [into powder] and pass it through a sieve. Mix it with glycyrrhiza [root] water and apply this [to the affected region]. 18-A14 金稜藤 Jin ling teng Unidentified.525

【頌曰】生施州。四時有葉無花，采無時。味辛，温，無毒。主筋骨疼 痛。與續筋根、馬接脚同洗，去粗皮，焙乾，等分爲末。酒服二錢。無所 忌。 [Su] Song: It grows in Shi zhou. It has leaves throughout the four seasons, but no flowers. It is collected at all times. Flavor acrid, [qi] warm, nonpoisonous. It controls pain in the sinews and bones. [Grind] it with equal amounts of hedge bindweed roots and ma jie jiao 馬接脚,526 both washed, their coarse skin removed, dried over a 523 Lan teng 藍藤, lit.: “blue vine.“ 524 Gua teng 瓜藤, lit.: “melon vine.” 525 Jin ling teng 金稜藤, lit.: “golden edged vine.” 526 Ma jie jiao 馬接脚, lit.: “horse legs bound together,” an unidentified item.

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fire in a pan, into powder and ingest with wine two qian. Nothing is to be avoided [during this therapy]. 18-A15 含春藤 Han chun teng Unidentified.527

【頌曰】生台州。其苗延木，冬夏常青。采葉，治諸風有效。 [Su] Song: It grows in Tai zhou. The seedling creeps along trees. It is an evergreen, in winter and in summer. Collect the leaves. They serve to effectively cure all types of wind [intrusion]. 18-A16 獨用藤 Du yong teng Unidentified.528

【頌曰】生施州。四時有葉無花，葉上有倒刺。采皮無時。味苦、辛， 熱，無毒。主心氣痛。和小赤藥頭葉焙，等分，研末。酒服一錢。 [Su] Song: It grows in Shi zhou. It has leaves throughout the four seasons, but no flowers. It has inverted thorns on its leaves. The skin is collected at all times. Flavor bitter, acrid, [qi] hot, nonpoisonous. It controls painful heart qi. Grind it with an equal amount of leaves from the tip of small clematis ternifolia, dried over a fire in a pan, into powder and ingest with wine one qian. 18-A17 祁婆藤 Qi po teng Unidentified.

【頌曰】生天台山中。蔓延木上。四時常有。土人采葉，治諸風，有效。 [Su] Song: It grows on Mount Tian tai shan. It extends creeping up on trees. It is present in all four seasons. Local people collect the leaves. They serve to effectively cure all types of wind [intrusion].

527 Han chun teng 含春藤, “the vine that embodies spring.” 528 Du yong teng 獨用藤, lit.: “the vine that is used alone.”



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18-A18 野猪尾 Ye zhu wei Unidentified.529

【頌曰】生施州。藤纏大木，四時有葉無花。味苦，濇，凉，無毒。主心 氣痛，解熱毒。同百藥頭等分，焙研爲末。每酒服二錢。 [Su] Song: It grows in Shi zhou as a vine winding around trees. It has leaves throughout the four seasons, but no flowers. Flavor bitter, astringent, [qi] cool, nonpoisonous. It controls painful heart qi and resolves heat poison. Dry it together with an equal amount of bai yao tou530 over a fire in a pan and grind them into powder. Each time ingest with wine two qian. 18-A19 石合草 Shi he cao Unidentified.531

【頌曰】生施州。藤纏木上，四時有葉無花。土人采葉。味甘，凉，無 毒。主一切惡瘡，歛瘡口。焙研，温水調貼。 [Su] Song: : It grows in Shi zhou as a vine winding up around trees. It has leaves throughout the four seasons, but no flowers. Local people collect the leaves. Flavor sweet, [qi] cool, nonpoisonous. It controls all types of malign sores, and closes open wounds. Dry it over a fire in a pan, grind [it into powder] and apply it mixed with warm water [to the affected region]. 18-74 骨路支拾遺 Gu lu zhi, FE Shi yi. Unidentified. 【藏器曰】味辛，平，無毒。主上氣浮腫，水氣嘔逆，婦人崩中，餘血癥 瘕，殺三蟲。生崑崙國。苗似凌霄藤，根如青木香。安南亦有之，名飛藤。 [Chen] Cangqi: Flavor acrid, [qi] balanced, nonpoisonous. It controls surface swelling related to ascending qi. Water and qi counterflow with vomiting. Collapsing 529 Ye zhu wei 野猪尾, lit.: “wild boar tail.“ 530 Instead of bai 百, “one hundred,” Da guan zheng lei, ch. 31, ye zhu wei 野豬尾, writes bai 白, “white.” Also, Zheng lei ch. 9, bai yao 白藥, quoting Tu jing refers to an identical recipe with bai yao 白藥 and ye zhu wei 野豬尾. Hence, the character bai 白 may make more sense here than bai 百. 531 Shi he cao 石合草, lit.: “a vine that connects with stones.”

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center532 of women. Concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness533 of leftover blood. It kills the three types of worms/bugs. It grows in the Kun lun country. The seedling resembles that of the trumpet flower vine. The root is similar to inula [roots]. It is also found in An nan, where it is called fei teng 飛藤, “flying vine.“ 此條原附録紫葳之後，鈔書遺落，附于此也。 Earlier, this entry was inserted following the entry zi wei 紫葳, trumpet flower (18-15).

532 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58. 533 Zheng jia 癥瘕, “concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness.” The two terms are often used interchangeably and do not signify two distinctly different conditions. Concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness result from a disharmony of cold and warmth resulting in a failure to transform beverages and food. Nodes form when the clash with the qi of the long-term depots. BCGM Dict I, 677.

本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 草部 Section Herbs 第十九卷 Chapter 19 草之八 Herbs VIII 水草類二十二種 Water Herbs Group, 22 kinds 19-01 Ze xie 澤瀉, Asian water plantain. FE Ben jing 本經 19-01-A01 Suan e 酸惡. Unidentified. 19-02 Hu cao 蔛草, pickerel weed. FE Tang ben 唐本 19-03 Yang ti 羊蹄, Japanese dock, FE Ben jing 本經 19-04 Suan mo 酸模, garden sorrel. FE Rihua 日華 19-04-A01 Niu she 牛舌,534 unidentified. 19-04-A02 Jun she 麕舌, unidentified. 19-04-A03 She she 蛇舌,535 unidentified. 19-05 Long she cao 龍舌草, duck lettuce. FE Gang mu 綱目 19-06 Chang pu 菖蒲, Japanese sweetflag. FE Ben jing 本經 19-07 Bai chang 白菖,536 acorus spp. FE Bie lu 别録 19-08 Xiang pu 香蒲, common cattail. Pu huang 蒲黄, typha pollen. FE Ben jing 本經 19-09 Gu 菰, Indian rice. FE Bie lu 别録 19-10 Ku cao 苦草, water celery. FE Gang mu 綱目 19-11 Shui ping 水萍, ducksmeat. FE Ben jing 本經 19-12 Pin 蘋, pepperwort. FE Wu Pu 吴普 19-13 Ping peng cao 萍蓬草, least water-lily. FE Shi yi 拾遺, i. e., shui su 水粟 19-14 Xing 莕,537 fringed water-lily. FE Tang ben 唐本 534 Entry 19-01 writes the name niu she shi 牛舌實 535 Entry 19-04 has no such appendix 19-04-A03.

536 Entry 19-07 instead of chang 菖 writes chang 昌. 537 Entry 19-14 writes this name ku cai 莕菜.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

19-15 Chun 蓴, water mallow. FE Bie lu 别録 19-16 Shui zao 水藻, water milfoil. FE Gang mu 綱目 19-17 Hai zao 海藻, sargassum herb/brown algae., FE Ben jing 本經 19-18 Hai yun 海藴, green algae. FE Shi yi 拾遺 19-19 Hai dai 海帶, common eelgrass. FE Jia you 嘉祐 19-20 Kun bu 昆布, sea tangle. FE Bie lu 别録 19-21 Yue wang yu suan 越王餘算538, red sea whip. FE Bie lu 拾遺 19-22 Shi fan 石帆, unidentified. FE Rihua 日華 19-23 Shui song 水松, green sea fingers. FE Gang mu 綱目 19-01 澤瀉本經上品 Ze xie, FE Ben jing, upper rank.. Alisma orientalis (Sam.) Juz. Asian water plantain. 【釋名】水瀉本經、鵠瀉本經、及瀉别録、蕍音俞、芒芋本經、禹孫。 【珍曰】去水曰瀉，如澤水之瀉也。禹能治水，故曰禹孫。餘未詳。 Explanation of Names. Shui xie 水瀉, “water drainage,” Ben jing. Gu/hu xie 鵠瀉, Ben jing. Ji xie 及瀉, Bie lu. Yu 蕍, read yu 俞, man yu 芒芋, Ben jing. Yu sun 禹孫. [Li] Shizhen: To drain water, shui 水, is xie 瀉. Like the drainage, xie 瀉, of water from marshland, ze 澤. Yu 禹 was able to control the waters; hence [those that are able to control water] are called “grandchildren of Yu,” Yu sun 禹孫. [The meaning of ] the others is not clear. 【集解】【别録曰】澤瀉生汝南池澤。五月采葉，八月采根，九月采實， 陰乾。【弘景曰】汝南郡屬豫州。今近道亦有，不堪用。惟用漢中、南 鄭、青州、代州者，形大而長，尾間必有兩岐爲好。此物易朽蠹，常須密 藏之。叢生淺水中，葉狹而長。【恭曰】今汝南不復采，惟以涇州、華州 者爲善。【頌曰】今山東、河、陝、江淮亦有之，漢中者爲佳。春生苗， 多在淺水中。葉似牛舌，獨莖而長。秋時開白花，作叢似穀精草。秋末采 根暴乾。 Collected Explanations. Ze xie grows in ponds and on marshlands in Ru nan. The leaves are collected in the fifth month. The root is collected in the eighth month. The fruits are collected in the ninth month. They are dried in the yin (i. e., shade). [Tao] Hongjing: Ru nan jun belongs to Yu zhou. That also found nearby today is not appropriate for [therapeutic] applications. Only those are good that come from Han zhong, Nan zheng, Qing zhou and Dai zhou, that are big and long, and are forked twice at their end. This item rots easily. It must be stored tightly closed. It grows as clusters in shallow water; its leaves are narrow and long. [Su] Gong: Today 538 Entry 19-21 has entry sha zhu 沙箸 as an appendix 19-21-A01.



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it is no longer collected in Ru nan. Only those from Jing zhou and Hua zhou are good. [Su] Song: Today it is also found in Shan dong, He, Shaan and Jiang Huai. That from Han zhong is considered excellent. In spring it develops a seedling, mostly in shallow waters. The leaves resemble an ox tongue.539 It has one single, long stem. In autumn it opens white flowers; they form clusters similar to eriocaulon [flowers]. At the end of autumn collect the root and dry it with fierce [heat]. 19-01-01 根 Gen

Root [of ze xie].

【修治】【斅曰】不計多少，細剉，酒浸一宿，取出暴乾，任用。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Lei] Xiao. Cut any amount into fine pieces, soak them in wine for one night, remove them [from the liquid] and dry them in the sun. Use them whenever deemed appropriate. 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。【别録曰】鹹。【權曰】苦。【元素曰】甘， 平，沉而降，陰也。【杲曰】甘、鹹，寒，降，陰也。【好古曰】陰中微 陽。入足太陽、少陰經。【扁鵲曰】多服，病人眼。【之才曰】畏海蛤、 文蛤。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Salty. [Zhen] Quan: Bitter. [Zhang] Yuansu: Sweet, balanced, sinks. A yin [substance]. [Li] Gao: Sweet, salty, cold, descends, a yin [substance]. [Wang] Haogu: A slightly yang in yin [substance]. It enters the foot major yang and minor yin conduits. Bian Que: “Ingested in large quantities, it causes eye afflictions.” [Xu] Zhicai: “[Ingested together,] it fears sea shells and venus shells.” 【主治】風寒濕痺，乳難，養五臟，益氣力，肥健，消水。久服耳目聰 明，不饑延年，輕身面生光，起陰氣，止洩精，消渴，淋瀝，逐膀胱三膲 停水。别録。主腎虚精自出，治五淋，宣通水道。甄權。主頭旋耳虚鳴， 筋骨攣縮，通小腸，止尿血，主難産，補女人血海，令人有子。大明。 入腎經，去舊水，養新水，利小便，消腫脹，滲洩止渴。元素。去脬中留 垢，心下水痞。李杲。滲濕熱，行痰飲，止嘔吐瀉痢，疝痛脚氣。時珍。 Control. Blockage/numbness related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of cold and moisture. Difficulties to let milk. It nourishes the five long-term depots, boosts the strength of qi, lets one turn fat and strong, and dissolves water [accumulation]. Ingested over a long time it clears the ears and the eyes, prevents hunger and extends the years of life. It relieves the body of its weight and lets the face shine. It 539 At least two plants are also called niu she 牛舌, “ox tongue“: Plantago asiatica L. and rumex japonicus Houtt.

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raises the yin qi, ends uncontrolled outflow of essence/sperm, and [serves to cure] melting with thirst, 540 as well as [urinary] dripping. It eliminates stagnant water from the urinary bladder and the Triple Burner. Bie lu. It controls kidney depletion with a spontaneous release of essence/sperm. It serves to cure the five types of urinary dripping. It frees the passage through the pathways of water. Zhen Quan. It controls spinning head/vertigo and depletion noises in the ears, cramps and contraction of sinews and bones. It frees the passage through the small intestine, ends urination with blood, controls difficult birth, supplements the “sea of blood”/uterus [qi] of females, and lets one have children. Da Ming. It enters the kidney conduits, removes old water, nourishes new water, stimulates urination, dissolves swelling and distension, and ends leaking outflow and thirst. [Zhang] Yuansu: It removes abiding dirt from the urinary bladder and water obstacle-illness541 from below the heart. Li Gao. It drains moisture with heat and stimulates a movement of phlegm rheum.542 It ends vomiting and outflow with free-flux illness, painful elevation-illness543 and leg qi.544 [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【頌曰】素問治酒風身熱汗出用澤瀉、术，深師方治支飲亦用澤 瀉、术，但煮法小别爾。張仲景治雜病，心下有支飲苦冒，有澤瀉湯，治 傷寒有大小澤瀉湯、五苓散輩，皆用澤瀉，行利停水，爲最要藥。【元素 曰】澤瀉乃除濕之聖藥，入腎經，治小便淋瀝，去陰間汗。無此疾服之， 令人目盲。【宗奭曰】澤瀉之功長於行水。張仲景治水蓄渴煩，小便不 利，或吐或瀉，五苓散主之，方用澤瀉，故知其長於行水。本草引扁鵲云 多服病人眼。誠爲行去其水也。凡服澤瀉散人，未有不小便多者。小便既 多，腎氣焉得復實？今人止洩精，多不敢用之。仲景八味丸用之者，亦不 過引接桂、附等，歸就腎經，别無他意。【好古曰】本經云久服明目，扁 鵲云多服昏目，何也？易老云：去脬中留垢，以其味鹹能瀉伏水故也。瀉 伏水，去留垢，故明目；小便利，腎氣虚，故昏目。【王履曰】寇宗奭之 説，王好古韙之。切謂八味丸以地黄爲君，餘藥佐之，非止補血，兼補氣 540 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567. 541 Shui pi 水痞, “water obstacle-illness,” a condition of a feeling of blockage and fullness below the heart brought forth by stagnant water/moisture accumulating there. BCGM Dict I, 471.

542 Zhi yin 支飲, “propping rheum,” a condition of yin 飲, “rheum,” disease brought forth by rheum flowing into the lung with panting, cough, alternating sensations of cold and heat, vomiting of foam, and a feeling of cold in the back. BCGM Dict I, 681.

543 Shan qi 疝氣, “elevation-illness qi,” a.) a condition of an item having entered the scrotum, with pain, sometimes ascending, sometimes descending, and b.) a condition affecting the scrotum or a testicle. BCGM Dict I, 419. 544 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.



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也，所謂陽旺則能生陰血也。地黄、山茱萸、伏苓、牡丹皮皆腎經之藥， 附子、官桂乃右腎命門之藥，皆不待澤瀉之接引而後至也。則八味丸之用 此，蓋取其瀉腎邪，養五臟，益氣力，起陰氣，補虚損五勞之功而已。雖 能瀉腎，從于諸補藥群衆之中，則亦不能瀉矣。【時珍曰】澤瀉氣平，味 甘而淡。淡能滲洩，氣味俱薄，所以利水而洩下。脾胃有濕熱，則頭重而 目昏耳鳴。澤瀉滲去其濕，則熱亦隨去，而土氣得令，清氣上行，天氣明 爽，故澤瀉有養五臟、益氣力、治頭旋、聰明耳目之功。若久服，則降令 太過，清氣不升，真陰潜耗，安得不目昏耶？仲景地黄丸用伏苓、澤瀉 者，乃取其瀉膀胱之邪氣，非引接也。古人用補藥必兼瀉邪，邪去則補藥 得力，一闢一闔，此乃玄妙。後世不知此理，專一于補，所以久服必致偏 勝之害也。 Explication. [Su] Song: The Su wen [recommends to] cure “wine wind” with body heat and sweating with ze xie and atractylodes [rhizome].545 The Shen shi fang, too, [recommends to] cure propping rheum with ze xie and actractylodes [rhizome]. But the method to boil [the herbs] is slightly different. Zhang Zhongjing has a “decoction with ze xie” to cure various diseases, including a suffering from propping rheum below the heart. To cure harm caused by cold he has the “major and minor ze xie decoctions” and the “powder with five [ingredients including] poria.”546 They all resort to ze xie as a most important pharmaceutical drug to promote the movement and free flow of stagnant water. [Zhang] Yuansu: Ze xie is a pharmaceutical drug of sages to eliminate moisture. It enters the kidney conduits and serves to cure urinary dripping. It removes sweat from the yin [(i. e., genital) region]. [Patients who] do not have such ailments must not ingest it lest it turn their eyes blind. [Kou] Zongshi: The [therapeutic] potential of ze xie reaches far beyond stimulating the movement of water. When Zhang Zhongjing cured water amassment with thirst and vexation, blocked urination and at times vomiting, at times outflow, [he recommended] the “powder with five [ingredients including] poria” to master it. This recipe includes ze xie. Hence its specific ability to move water is obvious. The Ben cao quotes Bian Que as stating “ingested in large quantities it causes ailments of the eyes.” Indeed, that is a result of its ability to eliminate water. Whenever someone ingests a ze xie powder, his urination is increased. In the case of much urination, how could the kidney qi return to a state of repletion? Today, people mostly do not dare to resort to [ze xie] to stop an uncontrolled outflow of essence/sperm. When [Zhang] Zhongjing in his “pills with eight ingredients” used [ze xie], it was meant only to guide cassia 545 Su wen ch. 46. Paul U. Unschuld and Hermann Tessenow, Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen. An Annotated Translation of Huang Di’s Inner Classic, vol. 1. 685.

546 Wu ling san 五苓散, the “powder with the five ingredients including poria,” has the following ingredients: Polyporus sclerotium, poria, ze xie, cassia twigs, and atractylodes macrocephala rhizome.

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bark and aconitum [accessory tuber] to reach the kidney conduits. [Wang] Haogu: The Ben jing states: “Ingested over a long time it clears the eyes.” Bian Que states: “Ingested in large quantities it dims the eyes.” Why? Yi lao [Zhang Yuansu] states: “[Ze xie] removes abiding dirt from the bladder because its salty flavor is able to drain hidden water.” As it drains hidden water and removes abiding dirt, it is able to clear the eyes. When urination is stimulated so much that it depletes kidney qi, the eyes are dimmed. Wang Lu: Wang Haogu corrects Kou Zongshi’s statement. In my own view I dare to say: The “pills with the eight ingredients” have Chinese foxglove [root] as their ruler [ingredient]. All the other pharmaceutical drugs serve to assist it. They not only supplement blood, they also supplement qi. This is an example of “when yang [qi] abound they can generate yin blood.” Chinese foxglove [root], Asian cornelian cherry, poria and paeonia root bark are pharmaceutical drugs for the kidney conduits. Aconitum [accessory tuber] and cassia are pharmaceutical drugs for the right kidney, the Gate of Life. None of them requires ze xie as its guide to reach its destination. When [ze xie] is resorted to [as one of the ingredients] in the “pills with eight substances,” this is simply meant to use its ability to drain evil [qi] from the kidneys, to nourish the five long-term depots, to boost the strength of their qi, to raise the level of yin qi, and to supplement [qi] in the case of depletion, injury and any of the five types of exhaustion. Even though it could drain the kidneys, amidst all the other pharmaceutical drugs that supplement [kidney qi, ze xie] is unable to drain them. [Li] Shizhen: The qi of ze xie are balanced. Its flavor is sweet and bland. Bland [flavor] can drain; the qi and the flavor are both weakly pronounced. Hence [ze xie] frees the passage of water and causes an outflow below. In the case of a presence of moisture and heat in the spleen and the stomach, the head feels heavy, the eyesight is dimmed and there are sounds in the ears. When ze xie has drained the moisture, the heat, as a consequence, leaves, too. The qi of the [spleen/stomach, i. e., the phase] soil will be in command. Clear qi move up and the qi of heaven are brilliant. Hence, ze xie has a potential of nourishing the five long-term depots and boosting the strength of their qi. It serves to cure vertigo, and clears the ears and the eyes. When it is ingested over a long time, the command of sending [water] down is excessive and clear qi cannot rise. The true yin [qi] are diminished. How could it be that the eyesight is not dimmed as a result? When [Zhang] Zhongjing in his “pills with Chinese foxglove [root]” uses poria and ze xie, he avails himself of [ze xie’s] ability to drain evil qi from the urinary bladder. It is not resorted to as a guiding [substance]. When the ancients used supplementing pharmaceutical substances, they at the same time employed [substances able to] drain evil [qi]. Once the evil [qi] are eliminated, supplementing pharmaceutical drugs are enabled to show their



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strength. To open on one side and to close on another side,547 that is a mysterious and wondrous [strategy]. In later times this principle was no longer known. They focused on supplementation. Therefore, when [ze xie] is ingested for a long time, this results in a harm of a one-sided dominance. 【正誤】【弘景曰】仙經服食斷穀皆用之。亦云身輕，能步行水上。【頌 曰】仙方亦單服澤瀉一物，擣篩取末，水調，日分服六兩，百日體輕而健 行。【時珍曰】神農書列澤瀉于上品，復云久服輕身，面生光，能行水 上。典術云：澤瀉久服，令人身輕，日行五百里，走水上。一名澤芝。 陶、蘇皆以爲信然。愚切疑之。澤瀉行水瀉腎，久服且不可，又安有此神 功耶？其謬可知。 Correction of Errors. [Tao] Hongjing: To those who ingest [pharmaceutical drugs] as food in order to cut down on the consumption of grain, all the classics of the hermits/immortals recommend to resort to [ze xie]. It is also said: “It relieves the body of its weight, and enables one to walk on water.” [Su] Song: The recipes of the hermits/immortals also suggest to ingest ze xie as an individual item. Pound it and pass it through a sieve to obtain a powder, mix it with water and ingest six liang over an entire day. Within 100 days the body is relieved of its weight and walking is strengthened. [Li] Shizhen: In Shen nong’s writings, ze xie is categorized as “upper rank.” It says further, ingested over a long time it relieves the body of its weight, provides the face with shine, and enables one to walk on water. The Dian shu states: “Ze xie ingested over a long time relieves the body of its weight and [enables one] to walk 500 li per day and run on water.” How could it have such a divine potential? That this is absurd is obvious! 【附方】舊一，新五。 Added Recipes. One of old, five newly [recorded]. 酒風汗出：方見麋衘下。 Wine wind548 with sweating. For a recipe, see under the entry mi xian 麋衘 (15-19). 水濕腫脹。白术、澤瀉各一兩，爲末，或爲丸。每服三錢，伏苓湯下。保 命集。 Swelling and distension related to the presence of water and moisture. [Grind] one liang each of atractylodes macrocephala [rhizome] and ze xie into powder, or make 547 A quote found in Yi jing, section Xi ci 系辭, first part.

548 Jiu feng 酒風, “wine wind,” a condition of a hot and sluggish body with heavy perspiration, an aversion to wind and short breath, brought forth by excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages. BCGM Dict I, 271.

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pills. Each time ingest three qian, to be sent down with a poria decoction. Bao ming ji. 冒暑霍亂。小便不利，頭運引飲。三白散：用澤瀉、白术、白伏苓各三 錢，水一盞，薑五片，燈心十莖，煎八分，温服。局方。 Cholera related to malicious summer heat. Blocked urination, [blood induced] brain movement/vertigo and an urge to drink. The “powder with the three ‘whites’.” Boil three qian each of ze xie, actractylodes macrocephala [rhizome] and white poria in one cup of water together with five ginger slices and ten common rush stalks down to 80% and ingest [the liquid] warm. Ju fang. 支飲苦冒。仲景澤瀉湯：用澤瀉五兩，术二兩，水二升，煮一升，分二服。 Propping rheum and suffering from the malicious. [Zhang] Zhongjing’s “decoction with ze xie.” Boil five liang of ze xie and two liang of atractylodes macrocephala [rhizome] in two sheng of water down to one sheng and ingest this divided into two portions. 深師方：先以水二升，煮二物，取一升，又以水一升煮澤瀉取五合，合此 二汁分再服。病甚欲眩者，服之必瘥。 The Shen shi fang [recommends to] boil these two items in two sheng of water down to one sheng first, then to boil ze xie in one sheng of water down to five ge, combine the two juices and ingest them divided into two portions. Even if the disease is so severe that it threatens to end with dizziness, ingesting [the two portions] will definitely cure it. 腎臟風瘡。澤瀉，皂莢水煮爛，焙研，煉蜜丸如梧子大。空心温酒下十五 丸至二十丸。經驗方。 Sores caused by wind [intrusion into the] kidney long-term depots. Boil ze xie and gleditsia [seeds/pods] in water until they turn into a pulpy mass, dry it over a fire in a pan, grind it [into powder] and with heat processed honey form pills the size of wu seeds. On an empty stomach send down with warm wine 15 to 20 pills. Jing yan fang. 瘧後怪症，口鼻中氣出，盤旋不散，凝如黑蓋色，過十日漸至肩，與肉相 連，堅勝金石，無由飲食。煎澤瀉湯，日飲三盞，連服五日愈。夏子益奇 疾方。 A strange disease sign following malaria. Qi leaving from nose and mouth lingers [in front of the patient] without dissipating. It congeals and assumes the black color of shells. Within ten days it spreads to the arms and clings to the flesh; it is harder than metal and stones. Neither beverages nor food can be identified as causal



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agents. Boil ze xie and drink three cups of the decoction every day. Ingest this for five consecutive days and [the disease] will be cured. Xia Ziyi, Qi ji fang. 19-01-02 葉 Ye

Leaf [of ze xie]. 【氣味】鹹，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】大風，乳汁不出，産難，强陰氣。久服輕身。别録。壯水臟，通 血脉。大明。 Control. Massive wind.549 Nursing milk sap is not released. Difficult delivery. It strengthens yin qi. Ingested over a long time it relieves the body of its weight. Bie lu. It invigorates the water long-term depot (i. e., the kidneys) and frees the passage through the blood vessels. Da Ming. 19-01-03 實 Shi

Fruit [of ze xie]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor: Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】風痺消渴，益腎氣，强陰，補不足，除邪濕。久服面生光，令人 無子。别録。 Control. Blockage related to wind [intrusion]; melting with thirst.550 It boosts the kidney qi, and strengthens the yin [qi]. It supplements insufficient [qi], and removes evil moisture. Ingested over a long time it provides the face with shine and lets one have no children. Bie lu. 【發明】【時珍曰】别録言澤瀉葉及實，强陰氣，久服令人無子。而日華 子言澤瀉催生，補女人血海，令人有子，似有不同。既云强陰，何以令人 無子？既能催生，何以令人有子？蓋澤瀉同補藥能逐下焦濕熱邪垢，邪氣 既去，陰强海浄，謂之有子可也。若久服則腎氣大洩，血海反寒，謂之無 子可也。所以讀書不可執一。

549 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” may refer to sores caused by a massive intrusion of wind evil and also to conditions of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111. 550 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

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Explication. [Li]Shizhen: Bie lu says: “The leaves and the fruits of ze xie strengthen yin qi. Ingested over a long time it lets one have no children.” But Rihua zi says: “Ze xie expedites childbirth and supplements a female’s sea of blood (i. e., uterus). It lets you have children.” Obviously, [these two statements] differ. When it says “it strengthens the yin [qi],” why would it let one have no children? When it can expedite childbirth, why is it that it lets one have children? The fact is, when ze xie is combined with supplementing pharmaceutical drugs it eliminates from the lower [section of the Triple] Burner moisture, heat and evil dirt. Once the evil qi have left, the yin [qi] are strengthened and the sea [of blood (i. e., the uterus)] is cleaned. Therefore it is said “it lets one have children.” If it is ingested over a long time, a massive outflow of kidney qi results and the [heat in the] sea of blood is turned into cold. Therefore it is said “it lets one have no children.” Hence, when reading literature one must not cling to only one view. 【附録】 Appendix 19-01-A01 酸惡 Suan e.

Unidentified.551 【别録 有名未用曰】主惡瘡，去白蟲。生水旁，狀如澤瀉。 Bie lu, section “known by name but not in use“: It controls malign sores and eliminates white worms/bugs. It grows at the banks of waters; it is shaped like Asian water plantain. 19-02 蔛草唐本草 Hu cao, FE Tang ben cao Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Presl. Pickerel weed. 【釋名】蔛菜恭、蔛榮。 Explanation of Names. Hu cai 蔛菜, [Su] Gong. Hu rong 蔛榮. 【集解】【恭曰】蔛菜所在有之，生水旁。葉似澤瀉而小。花青白色。亦 堪蒸啖，江南人用蒸魚食甚美。五六月采莖葉，暴乾用。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Gong: Hu cai is present everywhere. It grows at the banks of waters. The leaves resemble those of Asian water plantain, but they are 551 Suan e 酸惡, lit.: “sour and malign.“



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smaller. The flowers are greenish-white in color. It is also appropriate for being consumed as a steamed [vegetable]. People in Jiang nan use it when they steam fish to prepare a very delicious meal. The stem and the leaves are collected in the fifth and sixth month; they are dried in the sun for [therapeutic] application. 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。 Qi and flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】暴熱喘息，小兒丹腫。恭。 Control. Sudden/violent heat with pant breathing. Cinnabar [poisoning]552 swelling of children. [Su] Gong. 19-03 羊蹄本經下品 Yang ti, FE Ben jing, lower rank.. Rumex crispus L. var. japonicus Houtt. Japanese dock. 【釋名】蓄别録、秃菜弘景、敗毒菜綱目、牛舌菜同、羊蹄大黄庚辛玉 册、鬼目本經、東方宿同、連蟲陸同、水黄芹俗。子名金蕎麥。【弘景 曰】今人呼爲秃菜，即蓄字音訛也。【時珍曰】羊蹄以根名，牛舌以葉 形，名秃菜以治秃瘡名也。詩 小雅云：言采其蓫。陸機注云：蓫即蓄字， 今之羊蹄也。幽州人謂之蓫。根似長蘆菔而莖赤。亦可汋爲茹，滑美。鄭 樵通志指蓫爲爾雅之菲及蕢者，誤矣。金蕎麥以相似名。 Explanation of Names. Xu 蓄, Bie lu. Tu cai 秃菜, [Tao] Hongjing. Bai du cai 敗毒 菜, “vegetable that lets poison rot,” Gang mu. Niu she cai 牛舌菜, “ox tongue vegetable,” identical [source]. Yang ti da huang 羊蹄大黄, “sheep hoof big yellow [root],” Geng xin yu ce. Gui mu 鬼目, “demon’s eye,” Ben jing. Dong fang su 東方宿, “eastern lodge,” identical [source]. Lian chong lu 連蟲陸, “land of connecting worms/bugs,” identical [source]. Shui huang qin 水黄芹, “yellow celery in bodies of water,” commonly [used name]. The seeds are called jin qiao mai 金蕎麥, “golden buckwheat.” [Tao] Hongjing: Today, people call it tu cai 秃菜, “baldness vegetable.” That is an erroneous modification of the character xu 蓄. [Li] Shizhen: Yang ti 羊蹄 , “a sheep’s hoof,” is named so because of its root. The name niu she 牛舌, “an ox’s tongue,” refers to the shape of its leaves. It is named tu cai 秃菜, “baldness vegetable,” because it serves to cure baldness, tu 秃, sores. The Shi, in its section Xiao ya 小雅, states:

552 Dan [du] 丹[毒], “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118.

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“[I] collected dock.”553 Lu Ji in his comment states: “Chu 蓫 is xu 蓄. It is today’s yang ti 羊蹄.” People in You zhou call it chu 蓫. The root resembles long trigonella fenugreek [roots], but the stem is red. It can also be prepared to a soft and delicious beverage. Zheng Qiao in his Tong zhi pointed out that chu 蓫 is the fei 菲 and fen 蕢 mentioned in the Er ya. That is wrong. It is called jin qiao mai 金蕎麥, golden buckwheat, because of its similarity [with qiao mai 蕎麥, buckwheat]. 【集解】【别録曰】羊蹄生陳留川澤。【保昇曰】所在有之，生下濕地。 春生苗，高者三四尺。葉狹長，頗似萵苣而色深。莖節間紫赤。開青白花 成穗，結子三棱，夏中即枯。根似牛蒡而堅實。【宗奭曰】葉如菜中波 棱，但無岐而色差青白，葉厚，花與子亦相似。葉可潔擦䃋石。子名金蕎 麥，燒煉家用以制鉛、汞。【時珍曰】近水及濕地極多。葉長尺餘，似牛 舌之形，不似波棱。入夏起薹，開花結子，花葉一色。夏至即枯，秋深即 生，凌冬不死。根長近尺，赤黄色，如大黄、胡蘿蔔形。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Yang ti grows in the river marshlands of Chen liu. [Han] Baosheng: It can be found everywhere; it grows in low-lying marshlands. In spring it develops a seedling reaching a height of three to four chi. The leaves are narrow and long. They very much resemble those of garden lettuce, but their color is more intense. The stem is purple-red between the nodes. It opens greenish-white flowers with spikes. They form seeds with three edges that wither in the midst of summer. The root resembles that of great burdock, but it is hard and solid. [Kou] Zongshi: The leaves are similar to those of spinach vegetables, but they are not forked and they are slightly greenish-white, and the leaves are thick. Flowers and seeds, too, are similar [to those of spinach]. The leaves can be used to wipe brass clean. The seeds are named “golden buckwheat.” Alchemists use them to check [the effects of ] lead and mercury. [Li] Shizhen: Much [yang ti] can be found near waters and in the marshlands. The leaves are more than one chi long; they are shaped like the tongue of oxen, not like those of spinach. At the beginning of summer, a “bolt” rises; it opens flowers and forms seeds. Flowers and seeds are of the same color. At Summer Solstice ( June 21) they wither. Deep in autumn they come to life again and even during cold winter they do not die. The root is almost one chi long; it is red-yellow in color, similar to a rhubarb root or carrot.

553 Shi jing, Part II, Book IV, Ode IV, 2. “To collect dock” is a sign of poverty when ordinary provisons are no longer in reach and the herb [yellow] dock is collected in the wild to fight starvation.



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19-03-01 根 Gen

Root [of yang ti]. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。【恭曰】辛、苦，有小毒。【時珍曰】能制三 黄、砒石、丹砂、水銀。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. [Su] Gong: Acrid, bitter, slightly poisonous. [Li] Shizhen: It can check the effects of the three [substances named] “yellow,” 554 arsenic, cinnabar and mercury. 【主治】頭秃疥瘙，除熱，女子陰蝕。本經。浸淫疽痔，殺蟲。别録。療 蠱毒。恭。治癬，殺一切蟲。醋磨，貼腫毒。大明。擣汁二三匙，入水半 盞煎之，空腹温服，治産後風秘殊驗。宗奭。 Control. Baldness, jie-illness555 and itch. It removes heat and erosions in the yin [(i. e., genital) region]556 of females. Ben jing. Impediment-illness557 and piles soaked with [pus or other liquid]. It kills worms/bugs. Bie lu. It heals gu-poisoning.558 [Su] Gong. It serves to cure xuan-illness559 and kills all types of worms/bugs. Rub it in vinegar and apply [the liquid] to a swelling with poison. Da Ming. Pound it and give two or three spoons into half a cup of water. Boil this and ingest the warm [liquid] on an empty stomach. This very effectively serves to cure wind closure560 following delivery. [Kou] Zongshi. 554 The three [items named “yellow”,] huang 黄, include sulphur, liu huang 硫黃, realgar, xiong huang 雄黃, and orpiment, ci huang 雌黃. 555 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

556 Yin shi 陰蝕, “yin erosion,” a condition of yin chuang 陰瘡, “yin sore,” forming a festering indentation in the genital region. BCGM Dict I, 636.

557 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277. 558 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

559 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness,” a condition of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 592. 560 Feng bi 風秘, “wind closure,” a condition of bian pi 便秘”constipation,” brought about by intestinal and stomach dryness and a depletion of body liquids. The notion of wind causing intestinal dryness is associated with the observation that wind in nature disperses moisture. BCGM Dict I, 158.

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【發明】【震亨曰】羊蹄根屬水，走血分。【頌曰】新采者，磨醋塗癬速 效。亦煎作丸服。采根不限多少，擣絞汁一大升，白蜜半升，同熬如稠 餳，更用防風末六兩，搜和令可丸，丸如梧子大。用栝樓、甘草煎酒下三 二十丸，日二三服。 Explication. [Zhu] Zhenheng: The root of yang ti is associated with [the phase] water and runs into the blood section. [Su] Song: After it has just been collected, rub [the root] in vinegar and apply [the liquid] to a xuan-illness.561 That is effective immediately. It can also be boiled to prepare pills that are ingested. Collect any amount of [yang ti] roots. Pound them and squeeze [the pulpy mass] to obtain three sheng of juice. Simmer it together with half a sheng of white honey until it has assumed a consistency of thick malt-sugar. Then take six liang of saposhnikovia [root] powder and mix it with [the powder to a mass] that can be made to pills the size of wu seeds. Send down with a trichosanthes [root] and glycyrrhiza [root] decoction 20 to 30 pills. To be ingested twice or three times a day. 【附方】舊六，新七。 Added Recipes. Six of old, seven newly [recorded]. 大便卒結。羊蹄根一兩，水一大盞，煎六分，温服。聖惠方。 Sudden constipation. Boil one liang of yang ti root in one large cup of water down to 60% and ingest the warm [liquid]. Sheng hui fang. 腸風下血。敗毒菜根洗切，用連皮老薑各半盞，同炒赤，以無灰酒淬之， 盌蓋少頃，去滓，任意飲。永類方。 Intestinal wind562 with a discharge of blood. Wash bai du cai roots clean and cut them into pieces. Stir-fry them together with half a cup each of old ginger, with its peel kept, until they assume a red color. Dip them into ash-fry wine and keep the bowl closed for a short while. Then remove the dregs and drink [the liquid] at will. Yong lei fang. 喉痺不語。羊蹄獨根者，勿見風日及婦人雞犬，以三年醋研如泥，生布拭 喉外令赤，塗之。千金方。 561 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness,” a condition of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 592. 562 Chang feng 腸風, “intestinal wind,” a condition of bloody stools with the blood being fresh and red. BCGM Dict I, 79.



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Throat blockage with an inability to speak. Rub yang ti with a single root, it must not be exposed to wind or the sun, and to women, chicken and dogs, in three year old vinegar to obtain a mass like mud. Then rub the throat from outside until it turns red and apply [the mud there]. Qian jin fang. 面上紫塊如錢大，或滿面俱有。野大黄四兩取汁，穿山甲十片燒存性，川 椒末五錢，生薑四兩取汁和研，生絹包擦。如乾，入醋潤濕。數次如初， 累效。陸氏積德堂方。 Purple chunks on the face, the size of a coin. Or: the entire face is covered. Prepare the juice of four liang of ye da huang,563 ten pangolin scales, burned with their nature retained, five qian of Chinese pepper and the juice of four liang of fresh ginger. Mix all these [items] and grind them. Wrap [the resulting mass] with new, thin silk and rub [the affected facial region]. When [the mass] has dried, steep [the silk pouch] in vinegar to provide it with moisture again. If this is repeated several times, [the face will be] as before. [This therapy has] repeatedly proved to be effective. Lu shi, Ji de tang fang. 癧瘍風駁。羊蹄草根，于生鐵上磨好醋，旋旋刮塗。入流黄少許，更妙。 日日用之。聖惠。 Pervasion-illness with ulcer wind564 and various [patches]. Rub a yang ti herb root on pig iron in good vinegar. Repeatedly turn [the root] and eventually apply [the resulting liquid mass to the affected region]. If a small amount of sulphur is added, the effects are even more wondrous. To be used every day. Sheng hui. 汗斑癜風。羊蹄根二兩，獨科掃帚頭一兩，枯礬五錢，輕粉一錢，生薑半 兩，同杵如泥。以湯澡浴，用手抓患處起粗皮。以布包藥，著力擦之。暖 卧取汗，即愈也。乃鹽山 劉氏方，比用流黄者更妙。藺氏經驗方。 Sweat macules565 and patches wind.566 Prepare two liang of yang ti roots, one liang of broom plant [seedling] tips, five qian of prepared alum, one qian of calomel and half a liang of fresh ginger. Pound all of them to a mud. Bathe [the patient] in hot water and scratch with your fingers the affected region to lift the coarse skin. Wrap 563 Ye da huang 野大黄, lit.: “wild big yellow [root],”possibly used here as an alternative name of yang ti da huang 羊蹄大黄, i.e., yang ti 羊蹄. 564 Li yang feng 癧瘍風, “pervasion-illness with ulcer wind,” a condition of white macules and dots appearing on the skin in the neck, on the chest and below the armpits, without itching or pain. BCGM Dict I, 315.

565 Han ban 汗斑, “sweat macule.” Identical with li yang feng 癧瘍風, “pervasion-illness with ulcers wind.” BCGM Dict I, 205. 566 Dian feng 癜風, “patches wind.” Identical with zi bai dian feng 紫白癜風, “purple and white patches wind.” BCGM Dict I, 124, 699.

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the pharmaceutical drug [mud] with cloth and rub [the affected region] forcefully. Let [the patient] lie warm and covered to induce sweating, and that is the cure. This is a recipe of Mr. Liu from Mount Yan shan. The effects achieved are even more wondrous than those achieved with sulphur. Lan shi jing yan fang. 頭風白屑。羊蹄草根杵，同羊膽汁塗之，永除。聖惠方。 Head wind567 and white scaling.568 Pound yang ti herb roots and apply [the resulting mass] mixed with sheep bile juice [to the affected region]. [The underlying ailment] will be eliminated forever. Sheng hui fang. 頭上白秃。獨根羊蹄，勿見婦女、雞犬、風日，以陳醋研如泥，生布擦赤 傅之，日一次。肘後方。 White baldness on the head. Rub yang ti with a single root, it must not be exposed to wind or the sun, and to women, chicken and dogs, in long-stored vinegar to obtain a mass like mud. Rub the [bald region] with a piece of cloth until it has turned red and apply [the mud there]. Once a day. Zhou hou fang. 癬久不瘥。簡要濟衆方用羊蹄根杵，絞汁，入輕粉少許，和如膏，塗之。 三五次即愈。 Long-lasting xuan-illness569 that is not cured. The Jian yao ji chong fang [recommends to] pound yang ti roots [to a mud] and squeeze it to obtain a juice. Add a little calomel and mix it to generate a paste. Apply it [to the affected region]. After three to five times a cure is achieved. 永類方治癬經年者，敗毒菜根獨生者，即羊蹄根，擣三錢，入川百藥煎二 錢，白梅肉擂匀，以井華水一盞，濾汁澄清。天明空心服之。不宜食熱 物。其滓抓破擦之。三次即愈。 The Yong lei fang [recommends to] cure xuan-illness that has lasted for years [as follows]. Pound three qian of a bai du cai root that has grown alone, i. e., a yang ti root, add two qian of ferment prepared from Chinese nutgalls and tea leaves, pound this with salted plums to an even mixture, give it into one cup of well splendor wa567 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509. 568 Bai xie 白屑, “white scaling.” Fine, small scaling or secretions shed by the skin in locations affected by pathological change. BCGM Dict I, 48.

569 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness,” a condition of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 592.



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ter,570 strain it to obtain a juice and wait for the liquid to clear. Ingest it on an empty stomach at dawn. [During this therapy] do not consume hot items. Scratch [the affected region] until it opens and apply the dregs there. A cure is achieved after three applications. 千金方治細癬，用羊蹄根五升，桑柴灰汁煮三五沸，取汁洗之。仍以羊蹄 汁和礬末塗之。 The Qian jin fang [recommends to] cure fine xuan-illness [as follows]. Boil five sheng of yang ti roots in juice prepared with mulberry firewood ashes three to five times to bubbling and wash [the affected region] with the juice. In addition, apply a mixture of yang ti juice and alum [to the affected region]. 漏瘤濕癬。浸淫日廣，痒不可忍，愈後復發，出黄水。羊蹄根擣，和大 醋，洗净，塗上一時，以冷水洗之，日一次。千金翼。 Leaking tumor, with moisture and xuan-illness. A damp softening that expands daily, with an unbearable itch. When it was cured it develops again, with a release of yellow water. Pound a yang ti root and mix [the pulp] with much vinegar. Wash [the affected region] clean and apply [the vinegar-pulp mixture] for two hours. Then wash it off with cold water. Once a day. Qian jin yi. 疥瘡有蟲。羊蹄根擣，和猪脂，入鹽少許，日塗之。外臺秘要。 Jie-illness571 sores with the presence of worms/bugs. Pound a yang ti root and mix it with lard. Add a little salt and apply this [to the affected region] every day. Wai tai mi yao. 19-03-02 葉 Ye

Leaf [of yang ti]. 【氣味】甘，滑，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, smoothing, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】小兒疳蟲，殺胡夷魚、鮭魚、檀胡魚毒。作菜多食，滑大腑。大 明。【時珍曰】胡夷、鮭魚皆河豚名。檀胡未詳。作菜，止痒。不宜多 食，令人下氣。詵。連根爛蒸一盌食，治腸痔瀉血甚效。時珍。

570 Jing hua shui 井華水, “well splendor water,” i. e., the first water drawn from a well in the morning. BCGM Vol. II, 05-15-01. 571 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

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Control. Gan-illness572 with worms/bugs of children. It kills the poison of hu yi fish, gui fish and tan hu fish. If it is often eaten as a vegetable it softens the large intestine. Da Ming. [Li] Shizhen: Hu yi and gui fish are alternative names of globefish. The identity of tan hu [fish] is unclear. Prepared as a vegetable it ends itch. It is not advisable to eat it in large quantities as it lets one discharge qi. [Pounded] with the root into a pulpy mass, steamed and one cup eaten very effectively serves to cure intestinal piles with blood outflow. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】舊一。 Added Recipes. One of old. 縣癰舌腫，咽生息肉。羊蹄草煮汁，熱含，冷即吐之。聖惠。 Suspended obstruction-illness573 and swollen tongue. A tumorous flesh growth in the throat. Boil yang ti herbs to obtain a juice. Hold the hot liquid in the mouth. When it has cooled, spit it out. Sheng hui. 19-03-02 實 Shi

Fruit [of yang ti]. 【氣味】苦，濇，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, astringent, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】赤白雜痢。恭。婦人血氣。時珍。 Control. Mixed red and white free-flux illness. [Su] Gong. Blood and qi [disorders] of women. [Li] Shizhen. 19-04 酸模日華 Suan mo, FE Rihua. Rumex acetosa L. Garden sorrel. 【釋名】山羊蹄綱目、山大黄拾遺、薞蕪爾雅、酸母綱目、蓚同、當藥。 【時珍曰】薞蕪乃酸模之音轉，酸模又酸母之轉，皆以味而名，與三葉酸 母草同名。掌禹錫以薞蕪爲蔓菁菜，誤矣。 572 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

573 Xuan yong 懸癰, “suspended obstruction-illness,” a condition of yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,” developing either in the perineum or in the bend between the jaws and pharynx. BCGM Dict I, 593.



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Explanation of Names. Shan yang di 山羊蹄, “mountain sheep hoof,” Gang mu. Shan da huang 山大黄, “mountain rhubarb,” Shi yi. Sun wu 薞蕪, Er ya. Suan mu 酸 母, Gang mu. Tiao 蓚, identical [source]. Dang yao 當藥. [Li] Shizhen: Sun wu 薞蕪 is based on a distorted reading of suan mo 酸模, and suan mo 酸模 is a distortion of suan mu 酸母. All these names refer to the [sour, suan 酸,] flavor [of suan mo]. The name is identical with that of san ye suan mu 三葉酸母 herb. Zhang Yuxi identifies sun wu 薞蕪 as rape turnip. That is wrong. 【集解】【弘景曰】一種極似羊蹄而味醋，呼爲酸模，亦療疥也。【大明 曰】所在有之，生山岡上。狀似羊蹄葉而小黄。莖葉俱細。節間生子，若 茺蔚子。【藏器曰】即是山大黄，一名當藥。其葉酸美，人亦采食其英。 爾雅：須，薞蕪。郭璞注云：似羊蹄而稍細，味酸可食。一名蓚也。【時 珍曰】平地亦有。根葉花形並同羊蹄，但葉小味酸爲異。其根赤黄色。連 根葉取汁煉霜，可制雄、汞。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: This [herb] is very similar to Japanese dock, but it is sour (suan 酸) and hence is called suan mo 酸模. It, too, heals jie-illness.574 Da Ming: It is present everywhere. It grows on low hills. [Its leaves are] shaped similar to the leaves of Japanese dock, but they are smaller and yellow. The stem and the leaves are fine; the seeds develop between the nodes, similar to leonurus seeds. [Chen] Cangqi: This is shan da huang 山大黄, also named dang yao 當藥. The leaves are sour and delicious; people also collect and eat its flowers. Er ya: “Xu 須 is sun wu 薞蕪.” Guo Pu in his comment states: “It resembles Japanese dock but is a little finer. It is sour and edible. It is also named tiao 蓚.” [Li] Shizhen: It can also be found in the plains. Its root, leaves and flowers, they all are identical with those of Japanese dock. Only the leaves are a little sour for a difference. The root is red-yellow in color. The juice obtained from [the entire herb] including root and leaves is heat processed to a “frost.” It can check [the effects of ] realgar and mercury. 【氣味】酸，寒，無毒。【時珍曰】葉酸，根微苦。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, cold, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: The leaves are sour; the root is slightly bitter. 【主治】暴熱腹脹，生擣汁服，當下利。殺皮膚小蟲。藏器。治疥。弘 景。療痢乃佳。保昇。去汗斑，同紫萍擣擦，數日即没。時珍。 Control. Abdominal distension related to sudden heat. Pound fresh [suan mo] to obtain a juice and ingest it. This causes a discharge with free flow. It kills small worms/ bugs in the skin. [Chen] Cangqi. It serves to cure jie-illness. [Tao] Hongjing. Used to heal free-flux illness, the effects are excellent. [Han] Baosheng. To remove sweat 574 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

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macules, pound it together with purple ducksmeat and apply [the resulting pulp to the affected region]. They will have vanished within a few days. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 瘭疽毒瘡。肉中忽生黯子如粟豆，大者如梅李，或赤或黑，或青或白，其 中有核，核有深根應心。腫泡紫黑色，能爛筋骨，毒入臟腑殺人。宜灸黯 上百壯。以酸模葉薄其四面，防其長也。内服葵根汁，其毒自愈。千金方。 Flaming heat-illness with impediment-illness.575 Dark seeds, similar to millet or beans, suddenly grow in the flesh. They may reach the size of plums. They are either red or black, greenish or white. Inside are kernels, and these kernels have a deep-reaching root connecting with the heart. The swelling is soft and purple-black in color. It can transform sinews and bones into a pulpy mass. When the poison enters the long-term depots and short-term repositories it kills that person. [For a therapy] it is appropriate to conduct 100 cauterizations on the dark [seeds] and to apply a thin coating with suan mo leaves on all four sides [of the swelling] to prevent its further expansion. For internal use ingest Chinese mallow juice, and the poisoning will be healed as a result. Qian jin fang. 【附録】 Appendix 19-04-A01 牛舌實576 Niu she shi Unidentified.

【别録 有名未用曰】味鹹，温，無毒。主輕身益氣。生水中澤旁。實大葉 長尺，五月采實。一名豕首。【器曰】今東土人呼田水中大葉如牛耳者， 爲牛耳菜。【時珍曰】今人呼羊蹄爲牛舌菜，恐羊蹄是根，此是其實。否 則是羊蹄之生水中者也。

575 Biao ju 瘭疽, “flaming-heat-illness with impediment-illness,” a condition of ju 疽, “impediment-illnesses,” initially emerging like a bean kernel from which a root reaches into the depth of the tissue. This is associated with extreme pain. It slowly increases in size and generates several tips filled with pus that look like clusters of rice grains. The surface of the sores is purple-black, and the pus does not come out unimpeded. They often develop on the back of hands and feet. BCGM Dict I, 67. 576 Niu she shi 牛舌實, lit.: “ox tongue fruit.”



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Bie lu, section “known by name but not in use“: Flavor salty, warm, nonpoisonous. Control: It relieves the body of its weight and boosts the qi. It grows in bodies of water and adjacent to marshland. The fruits are big and the leaves are one chi long. The fruits are collected in the fifth month. They are also called zhu shou 豕首, “pig head.” [Chen Cang]qi: Today, people in the East call [plants] growing in bodies of waters in the fields with leaves as big as the ears of oxen: niu er cai 牛耳菜, “ox ear vegetable.” [Li] Shizhen: Today, people call Japanese dock niu she cai 牛舌菜, “ox tongue vegetable.” But this [name] refers to its fruits. It may also refer to Japanese dock growing in bodies of water. 19-04-A02 麕舌 Jun she

Unidentified.577 【别録曰】味辛，微温，無毒。主霍亂腹痛，吐逆心煩。生水中，五月采 之。【弘景曰】生小小水中。今人五月五日采，乾，以治霍亂，甚良578。 Bie lu: Flavor acrid, slightly warm, nonpoisonous. Control: Cholera with abdominal pain. Vomiting with [qi] counterflow and heat vexation. It grows in bodies of water. It is collected in the fifth month. [Tao] Hongjng: It grows in very small waters. Today, people collect it on the fifth day of the fifth month, and dry it. It serves to cure cholera, and is very good. 19-05 龍舌草綱目 Long she cao, FE Gang mu Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. Duck lettuce.579 【集解】【時珍曰】龍舌生南方池澤湖泊中。葉如大葉菘菜及芣苢狀。根 生水底，抽莖出水，開白花。根似胡蘿蔔根而香，杵汁能耎鵝鴨卵，方家 用煮丹砂，煅白礬，制三黄。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Long she grows in the South in ponds, on marshland and in lakes. The leaves are shaped like those of big leaf celery cabbage and Asiatic plantain. The root grows in the bottom of waters, from where its seedling rises out of the water. It opens white flowers. The root resembles carrot roots and is fragrant. It is pounded to obtain a juice that can soften goose and duck eggs. 577 Jun she 麕舌, lit.: “roebuck tongue.”

578 According to this chapter’se table of contents, an entry she she 蛇舌, “snake tongue,” should follow here. It is missing. 579 Long she cao 龍舌草, lit.: “dragon tongue herb.”

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The recipe experts use it to boil cinnabar, calcine alum and check the effect of the three [substances named] “yellow.” 580 【氣味】甘，鹹，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】癰疽，湯火灼傷，擣塗之。時珍。 Control. Obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.581 For burns and other harm caused by hot water and fire, pound it and apply [the pulp to the affected region]. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 乳癰腫毒。龍舌草、忍冬藤研爛，蜜和傅之。多能鄙事。 Swelling with poison related to breast obstruction-illness.582 Grind long she cao and honeysuckle vines into a pulpy mass, mix it with honey and apply this [to the affected region]. Duo neng bi shi. 19-06 菖蒲本經上品 Chang pu, FE Ben jing, upper rank. Acorus gramineus Ait. (M. Br.). Japanese sweet flag. 【釋名】昌陽别録、堯韭普、水劍草。【時珍曰】菖蒲，乃蒲類之昌盛 者，故曰菖蒲。又吕氏春秋云：冬至後五十七日，菖始生。菖者，百草之 先生者，於是始耕。則菖蒲、昌陽又取此義也。典術云：堯時天降精于庭 爲韭，感百陰之氣爲菖蒲，故曰堯韭。方士隱爲水劍，因葉形也。 Explanation of Names. Chang yang 昌陽, Bie lu. Yao jiu 堯韭, [Wu] Pu. Shui jian cao 水劍草, “water sword herb.” [Li] Shizhen: Chang pu 菖蒲 is a prospering, chang sheng 昌盛, kind of cattail, pu 蒲. Hence it is called chang pu 菖蒲. Also, the Lü shi 580 The three [items named “yellow”,] huang 黄, include sulphur, liu huang 硫黃, realgar, xiong huang 雄黃, and orpiment, ci huang 雌黃. 581 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

582 Ru yong 乳癰, “breast obstruction-illness,” a condition of acute putrefication of a woman’s breast. Often encountered if a woman, following delivery, experiences chui nai 吹奶, “inflated breast,” or du ru 妒乳, “jealousy breast.” BCGM Dict I, 412.



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chun qiu states: “57 days after Winter Solstice chang 菖 begins to grow. Chang 菖 is the very first of all the hundreds of herbs that grows [in spring]. It is the time to begin tilling the land.” This idea is reflected in [the names] chang pu 菖蒲 and chang yang 昌陽, “prosperous yang [qi].” The Dian shu states: “At the time of [Emperor] Yao 堯, heavenly essence descended into his courtyard and turned into Chinese leek, jiu 韭. It was endowed there with the hundreds of yin qi and became chang pu 菖蒲.” Hence it is called Yao jiu 堯韭, “Yao’s leek.” The recipe masters hide it under the name shui jian 水劍, “water sword,” a reference to the shape of its leaves. 【集解】【别録曰】菖蒲生上洛池澤及蜀郡 嚴道。 一寸九節者良，露根不 可用。五月、十二月采根，陰乾。【弘景曰】上洛郡屬梁州，嚴道縣在蜀 郡，今乃處處有。生石磧上，穊節爲好。在下濕地，大根者名昌陽，不堪 服食。真菖蒲葉有脊，一如劍刃，四月、五月亦作小釐花也。東間溪澤又 有名溪蓀者，根形氣色極似石上菖蒲，而葉正如蒲，無脊。俗人多呼此爲 石上菖蒲者，謬矣。此止主欬逆，斷蚤虱，不入服食用。詩詠多云蘭蓀， 正謂此也。【大明曰】菖蒲，石澗所生堅小，一寸九節者上，出宣州。二 月、八月采。【頌曰】處處有之，而池州、戎州者佳。春生青葉，長一二 尺許，其莖中心有脊，狀如劍。無花實。今以五月五日收之。其根盤屈有 節，狀如馬鞭大。一根旁引三四根，旁根節尤密，亦有一寸十二節者。采 之初虚軟，曝乾方堅實。折之中心色微赤，嚼之辛香少滓。人多植於乾燥 沙石土中，臘月移之尤易活。黔、蜀蠻人常將隨行，以治卒患心痛。其生 蠻谷中者尤佳。人家移種者亦堪用，但乾後辛香堅實不及蠻人持來者。此 皆醫方所用石菖蒲也。又有水菖蒲，生溪澗水澤中，不堪入藥。今藥肆所 貨，多以二種相雜，尤難辨也。【承曰】今陽羡山中水石間者，其葉逆水 而生，根鬚絡石，略無少泥土，根葉極緊細，一寸不啻九節，入藥極佳。 二浙人家以瓦石器種之，旦暮易水則茂，水濁及有泥滓則萎。近方多用 石菖蒲，必此類也。其池澤所生，肥大節疏粗慢，恐不可入藥。唯可作果 盤，氣味不烈而和淡爾。【時珍曰】菖蒲凡五種。生於池澤，蒲葉肥， 根高二三尺者，泥菖蒲，白菖也。生於溪澗，蒲葉瘦，根高二三尺者，水 菖蒲，溪蓀也。生於水石之間，葉有劍脊，瘦根密節，高尺餘者，石菖蒲 也。人家以砂栽之一年，至春剪洗，愈剪愈細，高四五寸，葉如韭，根如 匙柄粗者，亦石菖蒲也。甚則根長二三分，葉長寸許，謂之錢蒲是矣。服 食入藥須用二種石菖蒲，餘皆不堪。此草新舊相代，四時常青。羅浮山記 言：山中菖蒲一寸二十節。抱朴子言：服食以一寸九節紫花者尤善。蘇頌 言：無花實。然今菖蒲，二三月間抽莖開細黄花成穗，而昔人言菖蒲難得 見花，非無花也。應劭風俗通云：菖蒲放花，人得食之長年。是矣。 Collected Explanations. Chang pu grows in ponds and in the marshland of Shang luo and also in Yan dao in Shu jun. Specimens with nine nodes per cun are good.

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Roots exposed to the open air must not be used. The roots are collected in the fifth and twelfth month. They are dried in the yin (i. e., shade). [Tao] Hongjing: Shang luo jun belongs to Liang zhou; Yan dao xian is in Shu jun. Today it can be found everywhere. It grows on stone moraines. Those with many nodes are good. The big roots of specimens in low-lying moist regions are called chang yang 昌陽. They are not suitable for being ingested as food. True chang pu leaves have a spine, similar to the blades of swords. In the fourth and fifth month [chang pu] opens extremely small flowers. In the rivulets and marshlands in the East are specimens called xi sun 溪蓀. The shape, the qi and the color of their root is extremely similar to those of chang pu growing on stones, but the leaves are truly like those of cattail; they have no spine. When common people often speak of them as “chang pu on stones,” that is a mistake. They only control cough with [qi] counterflow, and they stop fleas and lice. They are not resorted to to be ingested as food. In poems orchids and fragrant grass, sun 蓀, are often mentioned. [The latter] is exactly the item discussed here. Da Ming: The chang pu that grows in stony ravines is hard and small. Those with nine nodes per cun are best. It comes from Yi zhou. It is collected in the second and eighth month. [Su] Song: It can be found everywhere, but specimens from Chi zhou and Rong zhou are excellent. In spring it produces greenish leaves of a length of about one to two chi. In the center of the stem is a spine, similar to a sword. It has no flowers and fruits. Today, it is collected on the fifth day of the fifth month. The root is bent and has nodes; it is the size of a riding whip. Each root has on its side three or four more roots, and the nodes on these lateral roots are especially close to each other, with some having twelve nodes per cun. When they are collected, in the beginning they are hollow and soft. Once they are dried in the sun they are hard and solid. When they are broken apart, their center is slightly red in color. When they are chewed, they are acrid and fragrant, with only few dregs remaining. People often plant them on dry, sandy soil, and they grow especially well when they are transplanted in the 12th month. The Man people in Qian and Shu often take them along on their travels to cure sudden heart pain. Specimens growing in the valleys of the Man regions are particularly good. Those transplanted by households are also suitable for [therapeutic] use. But after they have been dried their acrid [flavor] and fragrance do not come close to those brought here by Man people. All these are the chang pu resorted to in medicinal recipes. There is also a “water chang pu.” It grows in rivulets and marshlands. It is not appropriate for use as a pharmaceutical drug. Those sold by apothecary shops today are mostly mixtures of the two kinds, and they are very difficult to tell apart. [Chen] Cheng: Those found today amidst the stones in bodies of water of the mountains of Yang xian, they grow with their leaves pointing against the flow of the water. The “beards” of the roots enclose the stones



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and neither sand nor muddy soil rests on them.The roots and the leaves are very tight and fine, and they have at least nine nodes per cun. They are most appropriate to be used as pharmaceutical drugs. In Er zhe, households cultivate them in earthen or stone containers, renewing the water in the early morning and in the evening. If the water were turbid or had muddy dregs, [the plants] would wither. The “stone chang pu” often used in recipes today must be of this type. Those growing in ponds and on marshland, that are fat, big and with the nodes scattered distant from each other, they may not be appropriate for a use as pharmaceutical drugs. Presumably, they should only be made into fruit treats served on a plate. Their qi and flavor are weak, balanced and bland. [Li] Shizhen: There are five kinds of chang pu. Those growing in ponds and on marshland, with fat cattail leaves and roots as tall as two to three chi, they are “mud chang pu,” ni chang pu 泥菖蒲, or “white chang,” bai chang 白菖. Those growing in rivulets in ravines, with lean cattail leaves and roots two to three chi tall, they are “water chang pu,” shui chang pu 水菖蒲, or “rivulet fragrant grass,” xi sun 溪蓀. Those growing between stones in bodies of water, with leaves forming a sword-like spine, a lean root and nodes situated densely next to each other, reaching a height of about a chi, they are “stone chang pu,” shi chang pu 石菖蒲. There are those cultivated by households on sand. At the beginning of spring they are cut and washed. The more they are cut, the finer they are. They are four to five cun tall, with leaves similar to Chinese leek. The root is crude, similar to the handle of a spoon. This, too, is “stone chang pu.” When the root reaches a length of only two or three fen, with leaves about one cun long, they are the ones called “coin pu,” qian pu 錢蒲. For an ingestion as food and for use as pharmaceutical drugs only the two “stone chang pu” kinds are appropriate. All the others are not suitable. Of this herb new ones replace old ones; it is greenish throughout the four seasons. The Luo fu shan ji says: “Chang pu in the mountains has twelve nodes per cun.” The Baopu zi says: “For ingestion as food those with nine nodes per cun and purple flowers are especially good.” Su Song says: “It has neither flowers nor fruits.” But today’s chang pu in the second and third month has a stem that opens fine, yellow flowers forming spikes. The ancients said that the flowers of chang pu are hardly visible, not that they have no flowers. Ying Shao in his Feng su tong states: “When humans manage to get a hold of and eat the flowers of chang pu, they extend their years [of life].” That is correct.

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19-06-01 根 Gen

Root [of chang pu]. 【修治】【斅曰】凡使，勿用泥菖、夏菖二件，如竹根鞭，形黑氣穢味 腥。惟石上生者，根條嫩黄，緊硬節稠，一寸九節者，是真也。采得以銅 刀刮去黄黑硬節皮一重，以嫩桑枝條相拌蒸熟，暴乾剉用。【時珍曰】服 食須如上法制。若常用，但去毛微炒耳。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: For all [therapeutic applications], be sure not to use “mud pu,” ni pu 泥菖, or “summer pu,” xia pu 夏菖. They are similar to bamboo root whips. Their physical appearance is black, their qi are bad and their flavor is fishy. Only those are true [chang pu roots] that grow on stones and have a tender, yellow root stalk, that is hard with densely situated nodes, [that is,] nine nodes per cun. When they are collected, one layer of the yellow-black bark of the nodes is cut off with a copper knife, and the remainder is steamed until done together with tender mulberry twigs. Then it is dried in the sun and cut into pieces that are used [for therapeutic ends]. 【氣味】辛，温，無毒。【權曰】苦、辛，平。【之才曰】秦皮、秦艽爲 之使。惡地膽、麻黄。【大明曰】忌𥹋糖、羊肉。勿犯鐵器，令人吐逆。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, warm, nonpoisonous. [Zhen] Quan: Bitter, acrid, balanced. [Xu] Zhicai: Fraxinus bark and large gentiana [root] serve as its guiding substances. [Ingested together,] it abhors oil beetles and ephedra herb. Da Ming: [During a therapy with chang pu roots] malt sugar and mutton should be avoided. It must not be offended by iron utensils lest it cause vomiting with [qi] counterflow. 【主治】風寒濕痺，欬逆上氣，開心孔，補五臟，通九竅，明耳目，出音 聲。主耳聾癰瘡，温腸胃，止小便利。久服輕身，不忘不迷惑，延年。益 心智，高志不老。本經。四肢濕痺，不得屈伸，小兒温瘧，身積熱不解， 可作浴湯。别録。治耳鳴，頭風淚下，鬼氣，殺諸蟲，惡瘡疥瘙。甄權。 除風下氣，丈夫水臟、女人血海冷敗，多忘，除煩悶，止心腹痛。霍亂 轉筋，及耳痛者，作末炒，乘熱裹罯甚驗。大明。心積伏梁。好古。治中 惡卒死，客忤癲癇，下血崩中，安胎漏，散癰腫。擣汁服，解巴豆、大戟 毒。時珍。 Control. Blockage related to wind [intrusion] with cold and the presence of moisture. Cough with [qi] counterflow, [i. e.,] rising qi. It opens the orifices of the heart. It supplements [the qi of ] the five long-term depots. It penetrates the nine orifices, clears ears and eyes and [strengthens] the voice. It controls deafness with obstruc-



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tion-illness583 sores, warms the intestines and the stomach, and ends the free flow of urine. Ingested over a long time, it relieves the body of its weight, prevents forgetfulness and absent-mindedness and extends the years [of life]. It boosts the wisdom of the heart, raises the mind and prevents aging. Ben jing. Blockage related to moisture in the four limbs making it impossible to bend or stretch them. Warmth malaria of children. Heat accumulation in the body that fails to disperse. It can be made to decoctions for hot baths. Bie lu. It serves to cure noises in the ears, head wind584 with tearflow. Demon qi. It kills all types of worms/bugs, and [serves to cure] malign sores and jie-illness585 with itch. Zhen Quan. It removes wind and sends down qi. The presence of cold in and failure of a husband’s water long-term depot (i. e., the kidneys) and the sea of blood (i. e., the uterus) of females. Much forgetfulness. It removes vexing heart-pressure and ends pain in the central and abdominal region. For cholera with contorted sinews and painful ears [grind it into] powder, stir-fry it and insert it [into the affected ears] while it is still hot. Very effective. Da Ming. Heart accumulation, (i. e.,) hidden beam.586 [Wang] Haogu. To cure sudden death following a strike by the malign, visitor’s hostility,587 peak-illness and epilepsy, blood discharge and collapsing center,588 to end fetal leakage and disperse swelling associated with obstruction-illness,589 pound it and ingest the resulting juice. It resolves the poison of croton seeds and Peking spurge [roots]. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【頌曰】古方有單服菖蒲法。蜀人治心腹冷氣搊痛者，取一二寸 搥碎，同吴茱萸煎湯飲之。亦將隨行，卒患心痛，嚼一二寸，熱湯或酒送 583 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

584 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509. 585 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

586 Fu liang 伏梁, “hidden beam,” identical with xin ji 心積, “heart accumulation.” A condition of ji 積, “accumulation,” associated with the heart. It is shaped like a lower arm. Below it rises from the navel; above it reaches to below the heart. It is accompanied by vexation. In serious cases patients spit blood. They cannot be cured for an extended period of time. BCGM Dict I, 175. 587 Ke wu 客忤, “visitor‘s hostility,” a condition of a sudden twisting pain, encountered while outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen, with heart-pressure and shortness of qi, in severe cases leading to loss of consciousness, explained as resulting from the hostile acts of demons “visiting” the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282. 588 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58. 589 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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下，亦效。【時珍曰】國初周顛仙對太祖高皇帝常嚼菖蒲飲水。問其故， 云服之無腹痛之疾。高皇御製碑中載之。菖蒲氣温味辛，乃手少陰、足厥 陰之藥。心氣不足者用之，虚則補其母也。肝苦急以辛補之是矣。道藏經 有菖蒲傳一卷，其語粗陋。今略節其要云：菖蒲者，水草之精英，神仙之 靈藥也。其法采緊小似魚鱗者一斤，以水及米泔浸各一宿，刮去皮切，暴 乾擣篩，以糯米粥和匀，更入熟蜜搜和，丸如梧子大，稀葛袋盛，置當風 處令乾。每旦酒、飲任下三十丸，臨卧更服三十丸。服至一月，消食。二 月，痰除。服至五年，骨髓充，顔色澤，白髮黑，落齒更生。其藥以五德 配五行：葉青，花赤，節白，心黄，根黑。能治一切諸風，手足頑痺，癱 緩不遂，五勞七傷，填血補腦，堅骨髓，長精神，潤五臟，裨六腑，開胃 口，和血脉，益口齒，明耳目，澤皮膚，去寒熱，除三尸九蟲，天行時 疾，瘴疫瘦病，瀉痢痔漏，婦人帶下，産後血運。並以酒服。河内 葉敬母 中風，服之一年而百病愈。寇天師服之得道，至今廟前猶生菖蒲。鄭魚、 曾原等皆以服此得道也。又按葛洪抱朴子云：韓衆服菖蒲十三年，身上生 毛，冬袒不寒，日記萬言。商丘子不娶，惟食菖蒲根，不飢不老，不知所 終。神仙傳云：咸陽 王典食菖蒲得長生。安期生采一寸九節菖蒲服，仙 去。又按臞仙神隱書云：石菖蒲置一盆於几上，夜間觀書則收烟無害目之 患。或置星露之下，至旦取葉尖露水洗目，大能明視，久則白晝見星。端 午日以酒服，尤妙。蘇東坡云：凡草生石上，必須微土以附其根。惟石菖 蒲濯去泥土，漬以清水，置盆中，可数十年不枯。節葉堅瘦，根鬚連絡， 蒼然於几案間，久更可喜。其延年輕身之功，既非昌陽可比。至於忍寒淡 泊，不待泥土而生，又豈昌陽所能仿佛哉！【楊士瀛曰】下痢禁口，雖是 脾虚，亦熱氣閉隔心胸所致。俗用木香失之温，用山藥失之閉。惟參苓白 术散加石菖蒲，粳米飲調下。或用參、苓、石蓮肉，少入菖蒲服。胸次一 開，自然思食。 Explication. [Su] Song: Ancient recipes included a method to ingest chang pu as an individual substance. To cure a plucking pain in the central and abdominal region related to the presence of cold qi, people in Shu grind a one or two cun long [chang pu root] to pieces, boil them together with Asian cornelian cherry from Wu and drink the resulting decoction. Also, when they are about to go on a journey and suddenly suffer from heart pain, they chew a one or two cun [long chang pu root] and send it down with hot, boiled water or wine. This, too, is effective. [Li] Shizhen: When formerly in our country Zhou Dian, the immortal, met Emperor Tai zu, he continuously chewed chang pu and drank water. When asked why he did this, he responded that it prevents painful abdominal illness. The Emperor ordered to have it recorded on a stone tablet. The qi of chang pu are warm, its flavor is acrid. It is a pharmaceutical drug for the hand minor yin and foot ceasing yin [conduits]. It is used when the heart qi are insufficient. In the case of their depletion it supple-



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ments [the qi of ] its mother. That is, when the liver suffers, quickly supplement [its qi] with acrid [flavor]. The Dao zang has one chapter with a “Chang pu story.” Its language is rather crude. Here are its main points summarized: Chang pu is the essential bloom of water herbs; it is a numinous pharmaceutical drug of spirits and hermits/immortals. The method [to apply it is as follows]. Collect one jin of hard, small specimens that seem to be covered by fish scales. Soak it for one night each in ordinary water and then in water that has been used to wash rice. Then remove the bark and cut [the remainder into pieces]. Dry them in the sun, grind them and pass them through a sieve. Mix [the resulting powder] with a glutinous rice congee, add heat refined honey and make pills the size of wu seeds. Fill them into a pouch made of thin pueraria [vines] and place it where it is exposed to wind to let it dry. Every morning send down with wine or a beverage, whichever is preferred, 30 pills. At bedtime ingest 30 pills again. When this is ingested for one month, food is dissolved. When it is ingested for two months, phlegm is eliminated. When it is ingested for five years, the bones will be filled with marrow and the complexion is glossy. White hair has turned black; where teeth had fallen out they grow again. This pharmaceutical drug has five virtues corresponding to the Five Phases. The leaves are greenish. The flowers are red. The nodes are white. The core is yellow. The root is black. It is able to cure all types of wind [intrusion], stubborn blockage/numbness of hands and feet, paralysis with [the limbs] not following [one’s will], and the five types of exhaustion and seven types of harm. It fills in blood and supplements the brain. It hardens the bones and the marrow, and extends the essence spirit. It moistens the five long-term depots, benefits the six short-term repositories, opens the stomach orifices, harmonizes the blood vessels, boosts [the qi of ] mouth and teeth, clears the ears and the eyes, moisturizes the skin, removes alternating sensations of cold and heat, eliminates the three corpse [qi] and nine types of worms/bugs, seasonal epidemic illness, miasmatic epidemics and emaciation disease, outflow and free-flux illness, leaking piles, diseases below the belt of women, and blood [induced brain] movement following delivery. For all these issues, ingest it with wine. The mother of Ye Jing in He nai was struck by wind. She ingested it for one year and all her diseases were cured. Heavenly Master Kou ingested it and attained the WAY. In front of [his] temple chang pu is grown to this day. Both Zheng Yu and Zeng Yuan ingested it and attained the WAY. Also, as Ge Hong in his Baopu zi states: “When Han Zhong had ingested chang pu for 13 years, his body was covered by hair. In winter he left the upper part of his body uncovered and still did not feel cold. On one day he memorized a text of 10 000 words. Shang Qiuzi never married. He ate nothing but chang pu roots. He was never hungry and did not age. It is unknown whether he died.” The Shen xian zhuan states: “Prince Dian of Xian yang ate chang

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pu and reached longevity. An Qisheng collected chang pu roots with nine nodes per cun. He ingested them and left as an immortal.” Also, according to Qu Xian’s Shen yin shu, “Place a bowl with chang pu on a table. This prevents suffering from eyes harmed by the smoke [of candles] when reading books at night. Or, place it under the open sky at night. The next morning take the dew accumulated on the tips of the leaves and wash the eyes with it. This serves to massively improve eyesight. After a long time the stars will be visible even during daylight. When it is ingested with wine on the fifth day of the fifth month, [the effects achieved] are especially wondrous.” Su Dongpo states: “All herbs growing on stones must have some soil attached to their root [to be able to grow]. Stone chang pu is different. When its muddy soil is washed off and it is steeped into clear water in a bowl, it can persist for decades without wilting. Its nodes and leaves are hard and thin. The ‘beards’ of its roots are interconnected. They add a dark green note to a table and can be enjoyed for a long time. Chang yang’s potential of extending the years [of life] and relieving the body of its weight is incomparable. As for its ability to withstand winter and its undemanding attitude, not even requesting muddy soil to survive, what other substance would it be like?” Yang Shiying: Free-flux illness with clenched jaw590 may be a condition of spleen depletion, but it is also caused by heat qi enclosed in the heart and chest. Costus [root] is commonly resorted to to dispel [the accumulated heat] despite its warm [qi], and Chinese yam is resorted to despite its blocking [qi]. The only [adequate treatment] is the “powder with ginseng [root], poria and atractylodes macrorhiza [root]” to which is added stone chang pu, to be sent down mixed with a glutinous rice beverage. Another possibility is to ingest ginseng [root], poria and stone lotus seeds with some chang pu added. Once the chest is opened, [patients] will want to eat again. 【附方】舊九，新一十八。 Added Recipes. Nine of old, 18 newly [recorded]. 服食法。甲子日，取菖蒲一寸九節者，陰乾百日，爲末。每酒服方寸匕， 日三服。久服耳目聰明，益智不忘。千金方。 The method to ingest [chang pu] as food. On a jia zi 甲子591 day gather chang pu specimens with nine nodes per one cun. Dry them in the yin (i. e., shade) for 100 days and [grind them into] powder. Each time ingest with wine the amount held 590 Xia li jin koui 下痢禁口, “Discharge with free-flux illness and clenched jaw,” a condition of li ji 痢疾, “free-flux illness,” accompanied by an inability to eat, with food that has just been eaten being thrown up again. BCGM Dict 255. 591 The day in the cycle of 60 days when the first of the ten heavenly stems, jia 甲, meets with the first of the twelve earthly branches, zi 子.



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by a square cun spoon. To be ingested three times a day. When it is ingested for a long time, it clears eyes and ears, boosts wisdom and eliminates forgetfulness. Qian jin fang. 健忘益智。七月七日取菖蒲爲末，酒服方寸匕，飲酒不醉，好事者服而驗 之。久服聰明。忌鐵器。千金方。 To end forgetfulness and boost wisdom. Collect chang pu on the seventh day of the seventh month and [grind it into] powder. Ingest with wine the amount held by a square cun spoon. This prevents intoxication from drinking wine. Enterprising persons have ingested it with success. Ingested over a long time it increases intelligence. [During its preparation] iron utensils should be avoided. Qian jin fang. 三十六風。有不治者，服之悉效。菖蒲薄切日乾三斤，盛以絹袋，玄水一 斛，即清酒也，懸浸之，密封一百日，視之如菜緑色，以一斗熟黍米納 中，封十四日，取出日飲。夏禹神仙經。 The 36 kinds of wind [intrusion]. When [patients] who have not been cured [of wind-intrusion] ingest it, it is always effective. Cut chang pu to thin slices and dry three jin in the sun. Give them into a silk pouch and soak it suspended in one hu of “dark water,” that is, clear wine, tightly sealed for one hundred days. When it has assumed a vegetable-green color add one dou of prepared panicled millet and seal it again, this time for 14 days. Then remove [the pouch and the millet] and drink [the liquid] every day. Xia Yu shen xian jing. 癲癇風疾。九節菖蒲不聞雞犬聲者，去毛，木臼擣末。以黑豶豬心一箇批 開，砂礶煮湯，調服三錢，日一服。醫學正傳。 Wind [intrusion] illness associated with peak-illness and epilepsy. Remove the hair from chang pu [roots] with nine nodes [per one cun] that have never heard the noises of chicken or dogs, and pound them in a wooden mortar into powder. Cut open the heart of a black, castrated pig and boil it with water in a pottery pot. Mix the resulting decoction [with the powder] and ingest three qian. To be ingested once a day. Yi xue zheng chuan. 尸厥魘死。尸厥之病，卒死脉猶動，聽其耳目中如微語聲，股間暖者是 也。魘死之病，卧忽不寤。勿以火照，但痛嚙其踵及足拇趾甲際，唾其面 即甦。仍以菖蒲末吹鼻中，桂末納舌下，并以菖蒲根汁灌之。肘後方。 Corpse[-like condition because of qi] recession. Death from a nightmare. Patients affected by the disease of “corpse[-like condition because of qi] recession” have died all of a sudden but there is still a movement in their vessels. In their ears and eyes a faint murmering can be heard, and there is warmth between their thighs. Patients

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affected by death from a nightmare lie down and do not wake up again. Illuminating them with the light of a fire is useless. The only [way to help] is to painfully bite their heels and the margins of the nails of their big toes, and also to spit them into the face. This brings them back to life. Also, blow chang pu powder into their nose and place cassia bark powder below their tongue. In addition, force-feed them with chang pu root juice. Zhou hou fang. 卒中客忤。菖蒲生根搗汁灌之，立止。肘後方。 Suddenly being struck by a visitor’s hostility. Pound a fresh chang pu root and forcefeed the resulting juice [to the patient]. This will end [the ailment]. Zhou hou fang. 除一切惡。端午日切菖蒲漬酒飲之。或加雄黄少許。洞天保生錄。 To eliminate all types of malign [qi etc.]. On the fifth day of the fifth month cut chang pu [root to slices], soak them in wine and drink [the liquid]. Or add a small amount of realgar. Dong tian bao sheng lu. 喉痺腫痛。菖蒲根嚼汁，燒鐵秤錘淬酒一盃，飲之。聖濟總録。 Blockage of the throat with a painful swelling. Chew a chang pu root to generate a juice. Heat an iron sliding weight of a steelyard and dip it into a bowl of wine. Drink [the liquid to send down the chang pu juice held in the mouth]. Sheng ji zong lu. 霍亂脹痛。生菖蒲剉四兩，水和搗汁，分温四服。聖惠方。 Cholera with a painful [abdominal] bloating. File four liang of fresh chang pu to pieces, mix them with water and pound this to obtain a juice. Ingest it warm divided into four portions. Sheng hui fang. 諸積鼓脹。食積氣積血積之類。石菖蒲八兩剉，班蝥四兩去翅足，同炒 黄，去斑蝥不用。以布袋盛，拽去蝥末，爲末，醋糊丸梧子大。每服三五 十丸，温白湯下。治腫脹尤妙。或入香附末二錢。奇效方。 All types of accumulation with drum-like [abdominal] swelling. This includes food accumulation, qi accumulation and blood accumulation. File eight liang of stone chang pu [to pieces] and stir-fry them together with four liang of blister beetles, with their wings and feet discarded, until they have assumed a yellow color. Then discard the blister beetles; they are of no further use. Fill a cloth pouch [with the chang pu]. Spin it to remove any remaining blister beetle powder, and [grind the chang pu into] powder. With vinegar and [wheat flour] form a paste to make pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 30 to 50 pills, to be sent down with warm, clear, boiled water. When they are used to cure swelling and distension, their effects are especially wondrous. Some add two qian of cyperus [root] powder. Qi xiao fang.



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肺損吐血。九節菖蒲末、白麪等分。每服三錢，新汲水下，一日一服。聖 濟録。 Blood spitting related to an injured lung. Prepare a mixture of equal amounts of nine nodes [per one cun] chang pu [roots] and white wheat flour. Each time ingest three qian, to be sent down with newly drawn water. To be ingested once every day. Sheng ji lu. 解一切毒。石菖蒲、白礬等分爲末，新汲水下。事林廣記。 To resolve all types of poison. [Grind] equal amounts of stone chang pu and alum into powder and send it down with newly drawn water. Shi lin guang ji. 赤白帶下。石菖蒲、破故紙等分，炒爲末。每服二錢，更以菖蒲浸酒調 服，日一。婦人良方。 Red and white discharge from below the belt. Stir-fry equal amounts of stone chang pu and scurfy peas into powder. Each time ingest two qian. Also, soak chang pu in wine, mix it [with the powder] and [let the woman] ingest this. Once a day. Fu ren liang fang. 胎動半産。卒動不安，或腰痛胎轉搶心，下血不止，或日月未足而欲産。 並以菖蒲根搗汁一二升服之。千金方。 Fetal movement and impending miscarriage. When [the fetus] suddenly moves and fails to calm down again, or when [the woman] feels lower back pain with the fetus turning and knocking at the heart, and with an unending bleeding. Or, when a birth appears to be days or months ahead of its due date. For all these issues, pound chang pu roots to obtain one or two sheng of a juice and [let the woman] ingest it. Qian jin fang. 産後崩中，下血不止。菖蒲一兩半，酒二盞，煎取一盞，去滓分三服，食 前温服。千金方。 Collapsing center592 following delivery, with unending bleeding. Boil one and a half liang of chang pu in two cups of wine down to one cup. Remove the dregs and [let the woman] ingest the warm [liquid] divided into three portions prior to meals. Qian jin fang. 耳卒聾閉。菖蒲根一寸，巴豆一粒去心，同搗作七丸。綿裹一丸，塞耳， 日一换。一方不用巴豆，用蓖麻仁。肘後方。 Sudden closure of the ears with deafness. Pound a one cun long chang pu root and one croton [seed] with its core removed [into a pulp] and form seven pills. Wrap 592 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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one pill in silk and insert it into [the affected] ear. Exchange it [for a new pill] once every day. Another recipe does not use croton seeds; it uses castor beans instead. Zhou hou fang. 病後耳聾。生菖蒲汁滴之。聖惠方。 Disease followed by deafness. Drip fresh chang pu juice [into the affected ear]. Sheng hui fang. 蚤虱入耳。菖蒲末炒熱，袋盛，枕之即愈。聖濟録。 A flea or a louse has entered an ear. Stir-fry chang pu powder and give the hot [powder] into a pouch. Rest with the head on it, and that leads to a cure. Sheng ji lu. 諸般赤眼，攀睛雲翳。菖蒲擂自然汁，文武火熬作膏，日點之效。聖濟録。 All types of red eyes. Shade membranes covering the eyes. Extract from chang pu its natural juice and simmer it above a mild fire first and a stronger fire later to prepare a paste. Drip it [into the affected eyes] every day. Effective. Sheng ji lu. 眼瞼挑鍼。獨生菖蒲根同鹽研，傅。壽域神方。 Poking needle/sty in the eyelid. Grind the root of an individually grown chang pu together with salt [into powder], and apply it [to the affected region]. Shou yu shen fang. 飛絲入目。石菖蒲搥碎。左目塞右鼻，右目塞左鼻。百發百中。危氏得效 方。 Flying silk threads have entered the eyes. Pound stone chang pu into small pieces. When the left eye is affected, insert them into the right nostril. When the right eye is affected, insert them into the left nostril. One hundred times applied, one hundred times effective. Wei shi de xiao fang. 頭瘡不瘥。菖蒲末，油調傅之，日三、夜二次。法天生意。 Sores on the head that are not cured. Mix chang pu powder with oil and apply it [to the affected region]. Three times during the day, twice during the night. Fa tian sheng yi. 癰疽發背。生菖蒲搗貼之。瘡乾者，爲末，水調塗之。孫用和秘寶方。 Obstruction-illness and impediment-illness593 with an effusion on the back. Pound chang pu and apply [the resulting pulp to the affected region]. When the sores are 593 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.



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dry, [grind chang pu into] powder and apply it mixed with water. Sun Yonghe, Mi bao fang. 露岐便毒。生菖蒲根搗傅之。證治要訣。 Poison in the groins and [the region of urination/defecation] relief.594 Pound fresh chang pu and apply this [to the affected region]. Zheng zhi yao jue. 熱毒濕瘡。宗奭曰：有人遍身生瘡，痛而不痒，手足尤甚，粘着衣被，曉夕 不得睡。有人教以菖蒲三斗，日乾爲末，布席上卧之，仍以衣被覆之。既不 粘衣，又復得睡，不五七日，其瘡如失。後以治人，應手神驗。本草衍義。 Moist sores with heat poison. [Kou] Zongshi: Someone had his entire body covered with sores; they were painful but did not itch. Hands and feet were affected especially severely. [The sores] stuck to his clothes and quilt, and he was unable to sleep from dawn to dusk. Someone told him to dry three dou of chang pu [roots] in the sun, [grind them into] powder, spread [the powder] on his sleeping mat and lie down on it. Then he was covered with his clothes and the quilt. [The sores] no longer stuck to the clothes, and he was able to sleep. After less than five or seven days his sores were all gone. Later this was used to cure other people and it proved immediately effective. Ben cao yan yi. 風癬有蟲。菖蒲末五斤，酒三升漬，釜中蒸之，使味出。先絶酒一日，每服 一升或半升。千金方。 Wind xuan-illness595 with the presence of worms/bugs. Soak five jin of chang pu powder in three sheng of wine. Then steam it in a cauldron to let is flavor leave. First [let the patient] abstain from wine for one day. Then he is to each time ingest one sheng or half a sheng. Qian jin fang. 陰汗濕痒。石菖蒲、蛇牀子等分，爲末。日搽二三次。濟急仙方。 Sweat in the yin [(i. e., genital) region], with moisture and itching. [Grind] equal amounts of stone chang pu and cnidium seeds into powder. Apply it [to the affected region] two or three times a day. Ji ji xian fang.

594 Bian du 便毒, “poison [in the region] of relief,” a condition of swelling with poison developing in the body region associated with functions of ‘minor relief ’, i.e. urination, and ‘major relief ’, i.e. defecation. BCGM Dict I, 65.

595 Feng xuan 風癬, “wind xuan-illness,” a condition of xuan 癬-illness with a circular outer edge and local numbness. BCGM Dict I, 171.

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19-06-02 葉 Ye

Leaf [of chang pu]. 【主治】洗疥、大風瘡。時珍。 Control. To wash jie-illness596 and massive wind597 sores. [Li] Shizhen. 19-07 白昌别録 有名未用 Bai chang, FE Bie lu, [section] “known by name but not in use.” Acorus spp. 【釋名】水昌蒲别録、水宿别録、莖蒲别録、昌陽拾遺、溪孫拾遺、蘭孫 弘景。【時珍曰】此即今池澤所生昌蒲，葉無劍脊，根肥白而節疏慢，故 謂之白昌。古人以根菹食，謂之昌本，亦曰昌歜，文王好食之。其生溪澗 者，名溪蓀。 Explanation of Names. Shui chang pu 水昌蒲, Bie lu. Shui su 水宿, Bie lu. Jing pu 莖 蒲, Bie lu. Chang yang 昌陽, Shi yi. Xi sun 溪孫, Shi yi. Lan sun 蘭孫, [Tao] Hongjing. [Li] Shizhen: This is the chang pu 昌蒲 growing in ponds and on marshland today. The leaves do not have a sword blade spine. The root is fat and white, bai 白, and the nodes are few. Hence it is called “white chang,” bai chang 白昌. The ancients processed the root to prepared food and called it chang ben 昌本, also chang chu 昌 歜. King Wen loved to eat it. Specimens growing in the rivulets, xi 溪, of ravines are called xi sun 溪蓀. 【集解】【别録曰】白昌十月采。【藏器曰】即今之溪蓀也。一名昌陽。 生水畔。人亦呼爲菖蒲，與石上昌蒲都别。根大而臭，色正白。【頌曰】 水昌蒲生溪澗水澤中甚多，失水則枯。葉似石昌，但中心無脊。其根乾 後，輕虚多滓，不堪入藥。【時珍曰】此有二種。一種根大而肥白節疏 者，白昌也，俗謂之泥昌蒲。一種根瘦而赤節稍密者，溪蓀也，俗謂之水 昌蒲。葉俱無劍脊。溪蓀氣味勝似白昌，並可殺蟲，不堪服食。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Bai chang is collected in the tenth month. [Chen] Cangqi: This is today’s xi sun 溪蓀, alternative name chang yang 昌陽. It grows on the banks of waters. People also call it chang pu 菖蒲. It is completely different from the chang pu growing on stones. The root is big, malodorous and perfectly white in color. [Su] Song: Water chang pu grows in the rivulets of ravines, in bodies of water and on marshland in large numbers. When it has no water it withers. The leaves 596 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

597 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” may refer to sores caused by a massive intrusion of wind evil and also to conditions of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111.



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resemble those of stone chang [pu] but have no central spine. The dried root is light, hollow and has lots of dregs; it is not suitable for use as a pharmaceutical drug. [Li] Shizhen: This item has two kinds. One kind has a big root with fat, white nodes that are distant from each other. It is bai chang 白昌, commonly called ni chang pu 泥昌 蒲, “mud chang pu.” The other kind has a slim root with red nodes situated a little closer to each other. It is the xi sun 溪蓀, commonly called shui chang pu 水昌蒲, “water chang pu.” The leaves of both kinds do not have sword blade spines. Xi sun’s qi and flavor are superior to those of bai chang, but both can kill worms/bugs. They are not suitable for being ingested as food. 【氣味】甘，無毒。【别録曰】甘、辛，温。汁制雄黄、雌黄、砒石。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Sweet, acrid, warm. The juice serves to check [the effects of ] realgar, orpiment and arsenic. 【主治】食諸蟲。别録。主風濕欬逆，去蟲，斷蚤虱。弘景。研末，油 調，塗疥瘙。蘇頌。 Control. It eats up all types of worms/bugs. Bie lu. It controls cough with [qi] counterflow related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of moisture. It removes worms/ bugs. It kills fleas and lice. [Tao] Hongjing. Ground into powder and mixed with oil it is applied to [regions affected by] jie-illness598 and itch. 19-08 香蒲本經上品 Xiang pu, FE Ben jing, upper rank. Typha spp.: Typha angustifolia L.; Typha latifolia L.; Typha orientalis Presl.; Typha angusta Bory et Chaub. Common cattail.599 蒲黄本經上品 Pu huang, FE Ben jing, upper rank Pollen of xiang pu, typha spp. 【釋名】甘蒲蘇恭、醮石吴普。花上黄粉名蒲黄。【恭曰】香蒲即甘蒲， 可作薦者。春初生，取白爲菹，亦堪蒸食。山南人謂之香蒲，以菖蒲爲臭 蒲也。蒲黄即此蒲之花也。 Explanation of Names. Gan pu 甘蒲, Su Gong. Jiao shi 醮石, Wu Pu. The yellow, huang 黄, powder on the flowers is called pu huang 蒲黄. [Su] Gong: Xiang pu 香蒲 is gan pu 甘蒲, “sweet pu”; it can be made to mats. When it grows in the beginning 598 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 599 Xiang pu 香蒲, lit.: “fragrant pu/cattail.“

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of spring the white [seedlings] are gathered to be prepared as pickled vegetables. They can also be eaten steamed. People in Shan nan call it “fragrant pu,” xiang pu 香蒲, and they call chang pu “malodorous pu,” chou pu 臭蒲. Pu huang 蒲黄 refers to the flowers of the pu 蒲 [discussed] here. 【集解】【别録曰】香蒲生南海池澤。蒲黄生河東池澤，四月采之。【頌 曰】香蒲，蒲黄苗也。處處有之，以泰州者爲良。春初生嫩葉，出水時紅 白色茸茸然。取其中心入地白蒻，大如匕柄者，生啖之甘脆。又以醋浸， 如食筍，大美。周禮謂之蒲菹，今人罕有食之者。至夏抽梗於叢葉中，花 抱梗端，如武士棒杵，故俚俗謂之蒲槌，亦曰蒲蕚花。其蒲黄，即花中蕊 屑也，細若金粉，當欲開時便取之。市廛以蜜搜作果食貨賣。【時珍曰】 蒲叢生水際，似莞而褊。有脊而柔，二三月苗。采其嫩根，瀹過作鮓，一 宿可食。亦可煠食、蒸食及晒乾磨粉作餅食。詩云其蔌伊何，惟筍及蒲是 矣。八九月收葉以爲席，亦可作扇，軟滑而温。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Xiang pu grows in ponds and on marshland of Nan hai. Pu huang grows in ponds and on marshland of He dong. They are collected in the fourth month. [Su] Song: Xiang pu is the seedling of pu huang. It can be found everywhere; specimens from Tai zhou are good. Tender leaves grow early in spring. When they come out of the water they are red-white in color and hairy. Gather the center that is the white part of the root that enters the ground and is the size of a spoon handle. When it is eaten fresh, it is sweet and crisp. It is also soaked in vinegar to be eaten similar to bamboo shoots, and is very delicious. The Zhou li calls it pu ju 蒲菹. People eat it only seldom today. By summer a stalk rises from the cluster of leaves and a flower encloses its tip. It looks like a warrior’s club. Hence common people call it pu chui 蒲槌, “acorus/pu mallet.” It is also called pu li hua 蒲蕚花, “pu calyx flower.” The pu huang 蒲黄 [discussed here] are the crumbs on the anther holding filaments in the flowers. They are as fine as gold dust. They should be collected when the [flowers] are just about to open. On the markets they are sold, prepared with honey, as tidbits. [Li] Shizhen: Pu grows as a thicket at the edge of waters. It resembles angelica dahurica [roots], but it is flatter. It has a spine and is soft. A seedling [develops] in the second and third month. Collect its tender root, wash it and use it to prepare fish. After one night it can be eaten. It can also be fried in fat/oil to be eaten; it is steamed to be eaten and it is dried in the sun, rubbed to obtain a powder and then prepared to pies that are eaten. The Shi states: “What were the vegetables, su 蔌? Nothing but bamboo shoots and pu.”600 That is [the xiang pu discussed here]. The leaves are collected in the eighth and ninth month; they are

600 Shi jing, Part III, Book III, Ode VII/2.



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used to make mats, and they can also be made to fans. They are soft, smooth and warm. 【正誤】【弘景曰】香蒲方藥不復用，人無采者，南海人亦不復識。江南 貢菁茅，一名香茅，以供宗廟縮酒。或云是薰草，又云是燕麥，此蒲亦相 類耳。【恭曰】陶氏所引菁茅，乃三脊茅也。香茅、燕麥、薰草，野俗皆 識，都非香蒲類也。 Correction of Errors. [Tao] Hongjing: Xiang pu is no longer used as a pharmaceutical drug in recipes. People do not collect it; people in Nan hai do not even know of it. Jiang nan submits as tribute a qing mao 菁茅, “lush grass,” also called xiang mao 香茅, “fragrant grass.” It is used to absorb wine in ancestral worship. Some say it is xun cao 薰草, ocimum basilicum. Others say it is yan mai 燕麥, Japanese brome. The pu [discussed] here is related to them. [Su] Gong: The qing mao 菁茅 mentioned by Mr. Tao [Hongjing] is the “three spines grass,” san ji mao 三脊茅. Xiang mao 香 茅, yan mai 燕麥 and xun cao 薰草 grow in the wild and are all commonly known. None of them is related to xiang pu. 19-08-01 蒲蒻 Pu ruo 一名蒲筍食物、蒲兒根野菜譜。 Alternative name pu sun, FE Shi wu. Pu er gen, FE Ye cai pu. Cattail seedling. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【時珍曰】寒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: Cold. 【主治】五臟心下邪氣，口中爛臭，堅齒明目聰耳。久服輕身耐老。本 經。去熱燥，利小便。寗原。生啖止消渴。汪穎。補中益氣，和血脉。正 要。擣汁服，治妊婦勞熱煩躁，胎動下血。時珍。出産乳。 Control. Evil qi in the five long-term depots and below the heart. Decay in the mouth with malodorous stench. It hardens the teeth, clears the eyes and sharpens the ears. Ingested over a long time it relieves the body of its weight and helps to endure aging. Ben jing. It removes heat and dryness, and stimulates urination. Ning Yuan. Eaten fresh it ends melting with thirst.601 Wang Ying. It supplements and boosts the qi in the center. It harmonizes blood vessels. Zheng yao. Pounded and the resulting juice ingested, it serves to cure exhaustion heat and vexing restlessness of women, as well as fetal movement with blood discharge. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Chan ru. 601 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

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妬乳乳癰。蒲黄草根擣封之，并煎汁飲及食之。昝殷産寶。 “Jealousy breast.”602 “Breast obstruction-illness.”603 Pound the root of pu huang herbs and seal [the affected region with the resulting pulp]. Also, boil it to obtain a juice and drink and eat it. Zan Yin, Chan bao. 熱毒下痢。蒲根二兩，粟米二合，水煎服，日二次。聖濟總録。 Discharge with free-flux illness related to heat poison. Boil two liang of pu roots and two ge of millet in water and ingest this. Twice a day. Sheng ji zong lu. 19-08-02 蒲黄本經上品 Pu huang, FE Benjing, upper rank Pollen of cattail.

【修治】【斅曰】凡使勿用松黄并黄蒿。其二件全似，只是味跙及吐人。 真蒲黄須隔三重紙焙令色黄，蒸半日，却再焙乾用之妙。【大明曰】破血 消腫者生用之，補血止血者須炒用。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: Whenever it is applied do not mistakenly use pine pollen and wormwood pollen. Both look entirely similar [to cattail pollen], except for their weak flavor and that they cause vomiting. True pu huang must be baked, separated by three layers of paper, on a slow fire until it has assumed a yellow color. Then it is steamed for half a day. Then it is baked again over a slow fire until it has dried, and is used [for therapeutic purposes] with wondrous [effects]. Da Ming: To break through blood [accumulation] and dissolve swelling it is used fresh. To supplement blood and end bleeding it should be used stir-fried. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】心腹膀胱寒熱，利小便，止血，消瘀血。久服輕身益氣力，延年 神仙。本經。治痢血，鼻衄吐血，尿血瀉血，利水道，通經脉，止女子崩 中。甄權。婦人帶下，月候不匀，血氣心腹痛，妊婦下血墜胎，血運血

602 Du ru 妬乳, “jealousy breast,” a condition with milk blocked after delivery and the breasts turning red and swelling, being hot and painful, accompanied by fever. BCGM Dict I, 135. 603 Ru yong 乳癰, “breast obstruction-illness,” a condition of acute putrefication of a woman’s breast. Often encountered if a woman, following delivery, experiences chui nai 吹奶, “inflated breast,” or du ru 妒乳, “jealousy breast.” BCGM Dict I, 412.



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癥，兒枕氣痛，顛撲血悶，排膿，瘡癤，遊風腫毒，下乳汁，止洩精。大 明。凉血活血，止心腹諸痛。時珍。 Control. Cold and heat in the central and abdominal region and in the urinary bladder. It stimulates urination, ends bleeding and dissolves stagnant blood. Ingested over a long time it relieves the body of its weight and boosts the strength of qi, extends the years [of life] and turns one into a spirit-immortal. Ben jing. It serves to cure free-flux illness with blood, nosebleed and blood spitting, urination with blood and outflow with blood. It frees the passage through the water pathways, penetrates conduit vessels and ends collapsing center604 of females. Zhen Quan. [Diseases] below the belt of women. Irregular menstruation. Painful central and abdominal region related to blood and qi disorder. Blood discharge during pregnancy and impending miscarriage. Blood induced [brain] movement and blood concretion-illness. An infant’s headrest [pain]605 and painful qi [disorder].606 Bleeding and heart-pressure following a bump. It dispels pus and [serves to cure] sores, pimples, and roaming wind607 with swelling with poison. It induces lactation and stops an uncontrolled outflow of essence/sperm Da Ming. It cools blood and it quickens blood. It ends all types of pain in the central and abdominal region. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【弘景曰】蒲黄即蒲釐，花上黄粉也。甚療血。仙經亦用之。 【宗奭曰】汴人初得，羅去滓，以水調爲膏，擘爲塊。人多食之，以解心 臟虚熱，小兒尤嗜之。過月則燥，色味皆淡，須蜜水和。不可多食，令人 自利，極能虚人。【時珍曰】蒲黄，手、足厥陰血分藥也，故能治血治 痛。生則能行，熟則能止。與五靈脂同用，能治一切心腹諸痛，詳見禽部 寒號蟲下。按許叔微本事方云：有士人妻舌忽脹滿口，不能出聲。一老叟 教以蒲黄頻摻，比曉乃愈。又芝隱方云：宋度宗欲賞花，一夜忽舌腫滿 口。蔡御醫用蒲黄、乾薑末等分，乾搽而愈。據此二説，則蒲黄之凉血活 血可證矣。蓋舌乃心之外候，而手厥陰相火乃心之臣使，得乾薑是陰陽相 濟也。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: Pu huang 蒲黄 is pu li 蒲釐; that is the yellow powder on the flowers. It is very capable of healing blood [disorder]. The classics of the hermits/immortals use it, too. [Kou] Zongshi: When people in Bian have just obtained

604 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

605 Er zhen tong 兒枕痛, “an infant’s-headrest pain,” a condition following delivery with swelling and lumps caused by stagnant blood (the “infant’s headrest”) in the abdominal region, accompanied by pain. BCGM Dict I, 147.

606 Instead of qi tong 氣痛, Zheng lei ch. 7, pu huang 蒲黄 qoting Rihua zi writes ji tong 急痛, The Zhang edition, too, has ji tong 急痛, “acute pain.” 607 You feng 游風, “roaming wind,” a condition of roaming and sudden pain and itching brought about by feng xie 風 邪, “wind evil.” BCGM Dict I, 645.

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it they filter it to remove the dregs, mix it with water and generate a paste that is divided into lumps. People often eat them to resolve depletion heat in the heart long-term depot. Children are especially fond of them. After a month [the paste] has dried, and both its color and flavor are diminished. Then it must be mixed with honey and water. It should not be eaten too often lest it cause a free flow resulting in an extreme depletion. [Li] Shizhen: Pu huang is a pharmaceutical drug for the blood section of the hand and foot ceasing yin [conduits]. Hence it is capable of curing blood [disorder] and pain. When it is fresh it can make [qi and blood] move. When it is heat prepared it can make them stop. Its usage is identical with that of droppings of flying squirrels. It can cure all types of pain in the central and abdominal region. For details, see the entry “complex toothed flying squirrel” (48-23) in the section “fowl.” According to Xu Shuwei’s Ben shi fang, “the tongue of the wife of a scholar suddenly swelled up and filled the mouth so that she could no longer speak. An old man told her to repeatedly rub [the tongue] with pu huang. The next morning at dawnbreak she was cured.” Also, the Zhi yin fang states: “Once the Song [Emperor] Du zong planned to enjoy flowers [in the garden] when at night his tongue swelled up and filled his mouth. Imperial physician Cai prepared a powder of equal amounts of pu huang and dried ginger and rubbed [the emperor’s tongue] with the dry [powder]. He achieved a cure.” These two reports are evidence of pu huang’s potential of cooling blood and of quickening blood. The fact is, the tongue is the external indicator of the heart, and the hand ceasing yin [conduits] and the minister fire are subordinates and messengers of the heart. The combination with dried ginger is an exemple of the mutual assistance of yin and yang. 【附方】舊十四，新十一。 Added Recipes. 14 of old, eleven newly [recorded]. 舌脹滿口。方見上。 A swollen tongue fills the mouth. For a recipe, see above. 重舌生瘡。蒲黄末傅之。不過三上瘥。千金方。 Sores develop on a doubled tongue.608 Apply pu huang powder to it. A cure is achieved after no more than three applications. Qian jin fang. 肺熱衄血。蒲黄、青黛各一錢，新汲水服之。或去青黛，入油髮灰等分， 生地黄汁調下。簡便單方。 608 Chong she 重舌, “doubled tongue,” a condition with the growth underneath the tongue, mostly in children, of what appears like a second tongue. BCGM Dict I, 92.



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Lung heat with nosebleed. Ingest with newly drawn water one qian each of pu huang and natural indigo. Or, omit the indigo and add equal amounts of oil and hair ashes, and send it down mixed with fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] juice. Jian bian dan fang. 吐血唾血。蒲黄末二兩，每日温酒或冷水服三錢，妙。簡要濟衆方。 Vomiting of blood and blood spitting. Prepare two liang of pu huang powder and ingest with warm wine or cold water three qian every day. Wondrous. Jian yao ji zhong fang. 老幼吐血。蒲黄末，每服半錢，生地黄汁調下，量人加减。或入髮灰等 分。聖濟總録。 Vomiting of blood of old and young [patients]. They are to ingest each time half a qian of pu huang powder, to be sent down mixed with fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] juice. The amount varies in accordance with the [age of the] person treated. Some add an equal amount of hair ashes. Sheng ji zong lu. 小便出血。方同上。 Urination with blood. Recipe identical with the one above. 小便轉胞。以布包蒲黄裹腰腎，令頭致地，數次取通。肘後方。 [Blocked] urination because of a twisted urinary bladder. Wrap pu huang with a piece of cloth and attach it to [the patient’s] lower back and kidneys. Then let [the patient] bend his head down to the ground. He is to repeat this several times and the passage [of his urine] will be freed. Zhou hou fang. 金瘡出血，悶絶。蒲黄半兩，熱酒灌下。危氏方。 Bleeding wounds caused by metal objects/weapons, with heart-pressure and impending interruption [of qi flow]. Force-feed half a liang of pu huang with hot wine [to the patient]. Wei shi fang. 瘀血内漏。蒲黄末二兩，每服方寸匕，水調下，服盡止。肘後方。 Stagnant blood with internal leakage. Prepare two liang of pu huang powder. Each time ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon, to be sent down mixed with water. When [the two liang] are finished, [the internal leaking] ends. Zhou hou fang. 腸痔出血。蒲黄末方寸匕，水服之，日三服。肘後方。 Bleeding intestinal piles. Ingest the amount of pu huang powder held by a square cun spoon. To be ingested three times a day. Zhou hou fang.

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小兒嬭痔。蒲黄空心温酒服方寸匕，日三。塞上方。 Teat-like piles of children. Let them ingest on an empty stomach with warm wine the amount of pu huang held by a square cun spoon. Three times a day. Sai shang fang. 脱肛不收。蒲黄和豬脂傅，日三五度。子母秘録。 Anal prolapse that is not drawn in again. Apply a mixture of pu huang and lard [to the affected region]. Three to five times a day. Zi mu mi lu. 胎動欲産，日月未足者。蒲黄二錢，井花水服。集一方。 Fetal movement, impending [premature] birth, days or months prior to the due date. [Let the woman] ingest two qian of pu huang with well splendor water.609 Source identical with that of the previous recipe. 610 産婦催生。蒲黄、地龍洗焙、陳橘皮等分，爲末，另收。臨時各抄一錢， 新汲水調服，立産。此常親用，甚妙。唐慎微方。 To induce labor. [Grind] equal amounts of pu huang, earth worms, washed and baked over a slow fire in a pan, and tangerine peels and keep them separated. When the time has come, stir-fry one qian of each of them and [let the woman] ingest them mixed with newly drawn water. She will give birth immediately. I have seen this used many times with very wondrous results. Recipe of Tang Shenwei. 胞衣不下。蒲黄二錢，井水服之。集驗方。 Failure to discharge the placenta. [Let the woman] ingest two qian of pu huang with well splendor water. Ji yan fang. 産後下血，羸瘦迨死。蒲黄二兩，水二升，煎八合，頓服。産寶方。 Blood discharge following delivery, with an emaciation and impending death. Boil two liang of pu huang in two sheng of water down to eight ge and [let the woman] ingest this all at once. Chan bao fang. 産後血瘀。蒲黄三兩，水三升，煎一升，頓服。梅師方。 Stagnant blood following birth. Boil three liang of pu huang in three sheng of water down to one sheng and [let the woman] ingest this all at once. Mei shi fang. 609 Jing hua shui 井華水, “well splendor water,” i. e., the first water drawn from a well in the morning. BCGM Vol. II, 05-15-01. 610 According to Zheng lei ch. 7, pu huang 蒲黄， the present and the previous recipe are quoted from the Zi mu mi lu. The unusual wording 集一方 used here is to say: ji yu tong yi fang 集于同一方, “recipes gathered in the same [text as the previous recipe].“



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兒枕血瘕。蒲黄三錢，米飲服。産寶。 An infant’s headrest [pain]611 with a blood conglomeration-illness. [Let the woman] ingest three qian of pu huang with a rice beverage. Chan bao. 産後煩悶。蒲黄方寸匕，東流水服，極良。産寶。 Vexing heart-pressure following delivery. [Let the woman] ingest with water flowing east the amount of pu huang held by a square cun spoon. Chan bao. 墜傷撲損，瘀血在内，煩悶者。蒲黄末，空心温酒服三錢。塞上方。 Injury and harm resulting from falls and blows, with stagnant blood in the interior and vexing heart-pressure. Ingest with warm wine on an empty stomach three qian of pu huang powder. Sai shang fang. 關節疼痛。蒲黄八兩，熟附子一兩，爲末。每服一錢，凉水下，日一。肘 後方。 Painful [bone] joints. [Grind] eight liang of pu huang and one liang of heat processed aconitum [accessory tuber] into powder. Each time ingest one qian, to be sent down with cool water. Once a day. Zhou hou fang. 陰下濕癢。蒲黄末，傅三四度，瘥。千金方。 Moisture and itch in the yin [(i. e., genital) region] below. Apply pu huang powder, three or four times to achieve a cure. Qian jin fang. 聤耳出膿。蒲黄末摻之。聖惠。 Festering ears emitting pus. Apply pu huang powder to them. Sheng hui. 口耳大衄。蒲黄、阿膠炙各半兩。每用二錢，水一盞，生地黄汁一合，煎 至六分，温服。急以帛繫兩乳，止乃已。聖惠方。 Massive bleeding from the mouth, the ears and the nose. Prepare half a liang each of pu huang and roasted donkey hide glue. Each time boil two qian in one cup of water with one ge of fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] juice down to 60% and ingest it warm. Quickly bind a piece of cloth around the two breasts. End this when [the bleeding] ends. Sheng hui fang. 耳中出血。蒲黄炒黑研末，摻入。簡便方。 Bleeding from the ears. Grind pu huang, stir-fried until it is black, into powder and insert it [into the bleeding ear]. Jian bian fang. 611 Er zhen tong 兒枕痛, “an infant’s-headrest pain,” a condition following delivery with swelling and lumps caused by stagnant blood (the “infant’s headrest”) in the abdominal region, accompanied by pain. BCGM Dict I, 147.

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19-08-03 蒲黄滓 Pu huang zi

Refuse left after sifting pu huang/pollen 【大明曰】蒲黄中篩出赤滓，名曰蒲萼也。 Da Ming: The red dregs that are screened out of pu huang are called pu e. 【主治】炒用澀腸，止瀉血、血痢甚妙。大明。 Control. They are applied stir-fried to roughen the intestines to end outflow with blood and free-flux illness with blood. Very wondrous [effects]. Da Ming. 19-09 菰别録下品 Gu, FE Bie lu, lower rank. Zizania caduciflora (Turcz. ex Trin.) Hand.-Mazz. Indian rice. 【釋名】茭草説文、蔣草。【時珍曰】按許氏説文菰本作苽，從瓜諧聲 也。有米謂之彫菰，已見穀部“菰米”下。江南人呼菰爲茭，以其根交結 也。“蔣”義未詳。 Explanation of Names. Jiao cao 茭草, Shuo wen. Jiang cao 蔣草. [Li] Shizhen: According to Mr. Xu [Shen’s] Shuo wen, “gu 菰 formerly was written gu 苽. It is a pictophonetic character based on [the character] gua 瓜.” The rice it bears is called diao gu 彫菰. As such it appears in the section “cereals,” in the entry gu mi 菰米 (23-12). People in Jiang nan call gu jiao 茭 because of its intertwining, jiao 交, roots. The meaning underlying the character jiang 蔣 is unclear. 【集解】【保昇曰】菰根生水中，葉如蔗、荻，久則根盤而厚。夏月生菌 堪啖，名菰菜。三年者，中心生白薹如藕狀，似小兒臂而白軟，中有黑脉 堪啖者，名菰首也。【藏器曰】菰首小者，擘之内有黑灰如墨者，名烏 鬱，人亦食之。晉 張翰思吴中蓴、菰，即此也。【頌曰】菰根，江湖陂澤 中皆有之。生水中，葉如蒲、葦輩，刈以秣馬甚肥。春末生白茅如筍，即 菰菜也，又謂之茭白，生熟皆可啖，甜美。其中心如小兒臂者，名菰手。 作菰首者，非矣。爾雅云：出隧蘧蔬。註云：生菰草中，狀似土菌，江東 人啖之，甜滑。即此也。故南方人至今謂菌爲菰，亦緣此義。其根亦如蘆 根，冷利更甚。二浙下澤處，菰草最多。其根相結而生，久則并土浮於水 上，彼人謂之菰葑。刈去其葉，便可耕蒔，又名葑田。其苗有莖梗者，謂 之菰蔣草。至秋結實，乃彫胡米也。歲飢人以當糧。【宗奭曰】菰乃蒲 類。河朔邊人止以飼馬作薦。八月開花如葦。結青子，合粟爲粥食，甚濟 飢。杜甫所謂波漂菰米連雲黑者，是也。



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Collected Explanations. [Han] Baosheng: The root of gu grows in bodies of water. Its leaves resemble those of sugar cane and common reed. Over a long period of time the roots develop winding and grow thick. During the summer months [gu] produces an edible mushroom called gu cai 菰菜, “gu vegetable.” Within three years a white scape grows in the center similar to lotus. It looks like an arm of a child and is white and soft. In its center it has edible, black vessels. It is called gu shou 菰首, “gu head.” [Chen] Cangqi: When the gu shou is small, inside the “arm” is a black ash similar to ink. It is called wu yu 烏鬱; people eat it, too. During the Jin era, Zhang Han [stated]: “In Wu they think of chun 蓴 and gu 菰.” That is [the item discussed] here. [Su] Song: Gu root can be found everywhere on the banks of rivers and lakes and in the marshland. It grows in bodies of water. Its leaves resemble those of cattail/acorus and common reed. It is cut to feed horses and makes them very fat. At the end of spring [gu] develops a white grass similar to bamboo shoots. That is the “gu vegetable.” It is also called jiao bai 茭白. It is edible both fresh and heat prepared, and tastes sweet and delicious. That appearing in the center like a child’s arm is called gu shou 菰手, “gu hand.” When it is written gu shou 菰首, that is wrong. The Er ya states: “From underground tunnels, qu shu 蘧蔬.” The comment states: “It grows in the midst of gu 菰 herbs and is shaped like mushrooms in the soil. Jiang dong people eat it; it is sweet and smooth.” That is [the item discussed] here. For this reason to this day people in the South call mushrooms gu 菰. The root, too, is similar to that of common reed, but it is much colder and has a stronger ability of causing free flow. In the low-lying marshlands of Er zhe gu 菰 herbs are most abundant. Their roots grow intertwined. Eventually they float with the soil on the water. Locals there call them gu feng 菰葑. After their leaves are cut down, they begin farming. It is also called feng tian 葑田. Seedlings with a firm stem are called gu jiang cao 菰蔣草. They form fruits in autumn, called diao hu mi 彫胡米. In years of famine people use them as food. [Kou] Zongshi: Gu 菰 is related to pu 蒲/cattail. People near He shuo use it only to feed horses and to make mats. It opens flowers in the eighth month, similar to common reed. They form greenish seeds. Together with millet they are made into a congee that they eat. It is very helpful to fight hunger. This is what Du Fu referred to when he said: “Gu 菰 rice floating on the waves is linked to the darkness of clouds.” 19-09-01 菰筍 Jiao sun 一名茭筍日用、茭白圖經、菰菜同。 Alternative names: Jiao sun 茭筍, Ri yong. Jiao bai 茭白, Tu jing. Gu cai 菰菜, identical [source].

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菰 Shoot of gu 【氣味】甘，冷，滑，無毒。【詵曰】滑中，不可多食。【頌曰】菰之各 類皆極冷，不可過食，甚不益人，惟服金石人相宜耳。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, smoothing, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: It smooths the center; it must not be eaten in large quantities. [Su] Song: All varieties of gu 菰 are extremely cold. They must not be eaten excessively. They are extremely bad for humans. Only persons used to ingest metal and mineral [elixirs] can stand them. 【主治】利五臟邪氣，酒皶面赤，白癩癧瘍，目赤。熱毒風氣，卒心痛， 可鹽、醋煮食之。孟詵。去煩熱，止渴，除目黄，利大小便，止熱痢。雜 鯽魚爲羹食，開胃口，解酒毒，壓丹石毒發。藏器。 Control. It frees the passage through the five long-term depots to [eliminate] evil qi, wine sediments and a red face, white repudiation-illness612 and pervasion-illness with ulcers, 613 red eyes. For heat poison with wind [intrusion] and qi [disorder], and for sudden heart pain it can be boiled together with salt and vinegar to be eaten. Meng Shen. It removes vexing heat, ends thirst, eliminates the yellow color of eyes, stimulates major (i. e., defecation) and minor (i. e., urination) relief, and ends freeflux illness associated with heat. Mixed with crucian carp and prepared to a thick soup, it opens the stomach and resolves the poison of wine. It holds down the outbreaks of cinnabar and [other] mineral poisoning. [Chen] Cangqi. 19-09-02 菰手 Gu shou 一名菰菜日用、茭白通志、茭粑俗名、蘧蔬音毬𣯜。 The central mass of the shoots of gu.

Alternative names: Gu cai 菰菜, Ri yong. Jiao bai 茭白, Tong zhi. Jiao ba 茭粑, colloqial name. Qu gu 蘧蔬, read here qiu sou 毬614𣯜. 【氣味】甘，冷，滑，無毒。【大明曰】微毒。【詵曰】性滑，發冷氣， 令人下焦寒，傷陽道。禁蜜食，發痼疾。服巴豆人不可食。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, smoothing, nonpoisonus. Da Ming: Slightly poisonous. [Meng] Shen: By its nature it is smoothing. It emits cold qi and lets one’s lower [section of the Triple] Burner turn cold. It harms the yang path (i. e., male sexual 612 Lai 癩, “lai-illness,” “repudiation-illness,” including cases of leprosy/Aussatz.” BCGM Dict I, 293.

613 Li yang feng 癧瘍[風], “pervasion-illness with ulcer [wind],” a condition of white macules and dots appearing on the skin in the neck, on the chest, and below the armpits, without itching or pain. BCGM Dict I, 315. 614 Instead of qiu 毬, Zheng lei ch. 11, gu gen 菰根, quoting Zhang Qi writes qu 氍.



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potency). It must not be eaten with honey lest it induce obstacle-illness ailments. Persons ingesting croton seeds must not eat it. 【主治】心胸中浮熱風氣，滋人齒。孟詵。煮食，止渴及小兒水痢。藏器。 Control. Floating heat in the heart and chest with wind [intrusion] and qi [disorder]. It nourishes one’s teeth. Meng Shen. Eaten cooked, it ends thirst and watery free-flux illness of children. [Chen] Cangqi. 19-09-03 菰根 Gu gen Root of gu.

【氣味】甘，大寒，無毒。【頌曰】菰根亦如蘆根，冷利更甚。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, very cold, nonpoisonous. [Su] Song: The roots of gu, too, are similar to the roots of common reed. They are even colder and have an even stronger potential of freeing a flow. 【主治】腸胃痛熱，消渴，止小便利。擣汁飲之。别録。燒灰，和雞子 白，塗火燒瘡。藏器。 Control. Painful heat in the intestines and the stomach. Melting with thirst.615 It ends free-flow of urine. Pound it and drink the juice. Bie lu. Burned to ashes and mixed with the white contents of chicken eggs it is applied to sores resulting from burns. [Chen] Cangqi. 【附方】舊二。 Added Recipes. Two of old. 小兒風瘡，久不愈者。用菰蔣節燒研，傅之。子母秘録 Wind [intrusion] sores of childen that have not been cured for a long time. Burn gu jiang nodes and grind [the residue into powder]. Apply it [to the affected region]. Zi mu mi lu. 毒蛇傷齧。菰蔣草根燒灰，傅之。外臺秘要。 Harm caused by poisonous snake bites. Burn gu jiang cao roots to ashes and apply them [to the affected region]. Wai tai mi yao.

615 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

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19-09-04 葉 Ye

Leaf [of gu]. 【主治】利五臟。大明。 Control. It frees the passage through the five long-term depots. Da Ming. 19-09-05 菰米 Gu mi 見穀部。 See the section “cereals.” (23-12) 19-10 苦草綱目 Ku cao, FE Gang mu. Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara. Water celery.616 【集解】【時珍曰】生湖澤中，長二三尺，狀如茅、蒲之類。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: It grows in lakes and on marshland. It reaches a length of two to three chi, and is shaped like floss grass and cattail. 【氣味】(Missing) 【主治】婦人白帶，煎湯服。又主好嗜乾茶不已，面黄無力，爲末，和炒 脂麻不時乾嚼之。時珍。 Control. For white outflow from below the belt of women boil it and [let the patient] ingest the decoction. Also, to control an unending addiction to eating dry tea [leaves], resulting in a yellow face and loss of strength, [grind it into] powder, mix it with stir-fried sesame seeds and chew this every now and then. [Li] Shizhen. 19-11 水萍本經中品 Shui ping, FE Ben jing, middle rank. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Ducksmeat. 【釋名】【别録曰】水萍生雷澤池澤。三月采，暴乾。【弘景曰】此是水 中大萍，非今浮萍子。藥録云五月有花白色，即非今溝渠所生者。楚王渡 江所得，乃斯實也。【藏器曰】水萍有三種。大者曰蘋，葉圓，闊寸許。 小萍子是溝渠間者。本經云水萍，應是小者。【頌曰】爾雅云：萍，蓱。 其大者蘋。蘇恭言有三種：大者曰蘋，中者曰荇，小者即水上浮萍。今醫 616 Ku cao 苦草, lit.: “bitter herb.”



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家鮮用大蘋，惟用浮萍。【時珍曰】本草所用水萍，乃小浮萍，非大蘋 也。陶、蘇俱以大蘋註之，誤矣。萍之與蘋，音雖相近，字脚不同，形亦 迥别，今釐正之，互見“蘋”下。浮萍處處池澤止水中甚多，季春始生。或 云楊花所化。一葉經宿即生數葉，葉下有微鬚，即其根也。一種背面皆緑 者。一種面青背紫赤若血者，謂之紫萍，入藥爲良，七月采之。淮南萬畢 術云：老血化爲紫萍。恐自有此種，不盡然也。小雅“呦呦鹿鳴，食野之苹” 者，乃蒿屬。陸佃指爲此萍，誤矣。 Explanation of Names.617 Bie lu: Shui ping grows in ponds and on marshland in Lei ze. It is collected in the third month; it is dried in the sun. [Tao] Hongjing: This is the big variety of ping 萍; not today’s floating ping 萍, fu ping 浮萍. The Yao lu states: “In the fifth month it has white flowers.” This is not the [shui ping] of today that grows in ditches. The fruit obtained by the King of Chu when he crossed the river, is the [fruit of the item discussed here]. [Chen] Cangqi: There are three kinds of shui ping. Big ones are called pin 蘋. They have round leaves, about a cun wide. Shui ping zi 小萍子 is the kind growing in ditches. The shui ping 水萍 mentioned in the Ben jing should be the small variety. [Su] Song: The Er ya states: “Ping 萍 [is] ping 蓱. Big ones are pin 蘋.” Su Gong says “it has three kinds. Big ones are called pin 蘋. Those of a medium size are called xing 荇. Small ones are the ping 萍 floating on water.” Today’s physicians rarely use the big variety pin 蘋; they only use the floating ping 萍, fu ping 浮萍. [Li] Shizhen: The shui ping 水萍 recommended for use in the Ben jing is the small, floating ping 萍; it is not the big pin 蘋. Both Tao [Hongjing] and Su [Song] identify it as big pin 蘋. That is wrong. The characters ping 萍 and pin 蘋 have similar readings, but their bases differ, and the physical appearance [of the two plants] differs, too. This is corrected now; for both see the entry “pin 蘋”, pepperwort (19-12). Floating ping, fu ping 浮萍, is found everywhere; it grows in large numbers only in water. It begins to grow in the final month of spring. Some say it is a transformation of poplar flowers. One leaf in the course of one night develops several further leaves. On their lower side the leaves have fine hairs; they serve as the roots [of the plant]. One kind has leaves that are green on both sides. Another kind has leaves that are greenish on their front and purple-red, similar to blood, on their back. It is called “purple ping 萍.” It is well suited as a pharmaceutical drug. It is collected in the seventh month. The Huai nan wan bi shu states: “Old blood transforms into purple ping 萍.” This may not apply to the kind [discussed] here. The Xiao ya says “The bleating of deer; they eat the ping 苹 of the wild.” This is a kind of wormwood. Lu Dian identifies it as the ping 萍 [discussed] here. That is wrong. 617 Shi ming 釋名: A paragraph “Explanation of Names” is missing. The following paragraph should be named ji jie 集解, “Collected Explanations.”。

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【修治】【時珍曰】紫背浮萍，七月采之，揀净，以竹篩攤晒，下置水一 盆映之，即易乾也。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Li] Shizhen: Fu ping 浮萍, floating ping, with purple back is collected in the seventh month. Pick clean specimens, spread them on a bamboo sieve and expose them to the sun. Place a basin with water under [the sieve] to reflect [the sunlight]. This way [the plants] dry easily. 【氣味】辛，寒，無毒。【别録曰】酸。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, cold, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Sour. 【主治】暴熱身癢，下水氣，勝酒，長鬚髮，止消渴。久服輕身。本經。 下氣。以沐浴，生毛髮。别録。治熱毒、風熱、熱狂，熁腫毒、湯火傷、 風𤺋。大明。擣汁服，主水腫，利小便。爲末酒服方寸匕，治人中毒。爲 膏傅面䵟。藏器。主風濕麻痺，脚氣，打撲傷損，目赤翳膜，口舌生瘡， 吐血衄血，癜風丹毒。時珍。 Control. Sudden body heat with itch. It serves to discharge water and qi. It overcomes [the poison of ] wind. It stimulates the growth of beard and hair. It ends melting with thirst.618 Ingested over a long time it relieves the body of its weight. Ben jing. It serves to discharge qi. Used for bathing is stimulates the growth of hair. Bie lu. It serves to cure heat poison, wind [intrusion] with heat, madness related to heat, swelling with poison resulting from hot fumes, harm caused by hot water and fire, wind papules. Da Ming. Pounded and the juice ingested it controls water swelling and stimulates urination. [Ground into] powder and the amount held by a square cun spoon ingested with wine serves to cure poisoning. Prepared as a paste it is applied to facial gloom.619 [Chen] Cangqi: It controls numbness associated with wind [intrusion] and the presence of moisture, leg qi,620 injuries caused by a blow or a fall, red eyes with a shade membrane, sores growing in the mouth and on the tongue, blood spitting and nosebleed, patches wind621 and cinnabar poisoning.622 [Li] Shizhen. 618 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567. 619 Mian gan 面䵟, “facial gloom.” A condition with a haggard, gloomy and dark facial complexion as a major sign. BCGM Dict I, 340.

620 Lai 癩, “lai-illness,” “repudiation-illness,” including cases of leprosy/Aussatz.” BCGM Dict I, 293. 621 Dian feng 癜風, “patches wind.” Identical with zi bai dian feng 紫白癜風, “purple and white patches wind.” BCGM Dict I, 124, 699.

622 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118.



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【發明】【震亨曰】浮萍發汗，勝於麻黄。【頌曰】俗醫用治時行熱病， 亦堪發汗，甚有功。其方用浮萍一兩，四月十五日采之，麻黄去根節，桂 心，附子炮裂去臍皮，各半兩，四物搗細篩。每服一錢，以水一中盞，生 薑半分，煎至六分，和滓熱服，汗出乃瘥。又治惡疾癘瘡遍身者，濃煮汁 浴半日，多效。此方甚奇古也。【時珍曰】浮萍其性輕浮，入肺經，達皮 膚，所以能發揚邪汗也。世傳宋時東京開河，掘得石碑，梵書大篆一詩， 無能曉者。真人林靈素逐字辨譯，乃是治中風方，名去風丹也。詩云： 天生靈草無根幹，不在山間不在岸。 始因飛絮逐東風，汎梗青青飄水面。 神仙一味去沉疴，采時須在七月半。 選甚癱風與大風，些小微風都不算。 豆淋酒化服三丸，鐵鏷頭上也出汗。 其法：以紫色浮萍晒乾爲細末，煉蜜和丸彈子大。每服一粒，以豆淋酒化 下。治左癱右痪，三十六種風，偏正頭風，口眼喎斜，大風癩風，一切無 名風及脚氣，并打撲傷折，及胎孕有傷。服過百粒，即爲全人。此方後人 易名紫萍一粒丹。 Explication. [Zhu] Zhenheng: Fu ping 浮萍, “floating ping,” stimulates sweating; it is better than ephedra [herb]. [Su] Song: Common physicians use it to cure seasonal heat disease. It is also well suited to stimulate sweating. It has a strong potential. A recipe to this effect [recommends to prepare a mixture of ] one liang of fu ping 浮萍, collected on the 15th day of the fourth month, and half a liang each of ephedra [herb], with roots and nodes discarded, cassia bark and aconitum [accessory tuber], roasted until it cracks and with navel623 and skin removed. Pound these four items into fine [powder] and pass it through a sieve. Each time ingest one qian, to be boiled in one medium cup of water with half the amount of fresh ginger down to 60%. To be ingested hot with the dregs. As soon as sweating occurs, healing is achieved. Also, to cure a malign illness epidemic with sores covering the entire body, bathe [the patient] for half a day with a thick juice obtained by boiling [fu ping]. This is often effective. This recipe is a very old and extraordinary recipe. [Li] Shizhen: The nature of fu ping 浮萍 is light and floating. It enters the lung conduits and reaches the skin. Hence it can dispel evil [qi by means of ] sweating. During the Song era when a river was opened at the Eastern Capital, they excavated a stone tablet on which was engraved a poem in Brahman writing and big seal script. Nobody was able to read it. Lin Lingsu, a perfect man, word for word deciphered and translated it. It was a recipe to cure wind stroke, named “elixir to dispel wind.” The poem read: Heaven created a magic herb without a root 623 Qi 臍, “navel,” is the indentation at the top of the tuber where it was connected with the stem of the plant. “To remove skin and navel” has the meaning of “to clean thoroughly.”

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that is found neither on mountains nor at shores. In the beginning it came blown like cotton with the wind from the East. Eventually its greenish stalks floated on the surface of the waters. It is a substance of divine immortals to remove deep-seated ailments, and must be collected in the midst of the seventh month. Resort to it for severe paralysis wind and massive wind624 only; do not count on it for minor wind [intrusion]. Ingest three pills dissolved in wine made from black soybeans. It will stimulate sweating even on iron.625 The method: Dry purple fu ping in the sun and [grind it into] fine powder. Mix it with heat prepared honey and form pills the size of a bullet. Each time ingest one pill, to be sent down with wine made from black soybeans. It serves to cure left side paralysis and right side paralysis, 36 kinds of wind [intrusion], hemilateral and proper head wind, slanted mouth and eyes, massive wind and repudiation-illness626 wind, all types of cases of nameless wind [intrusion] and leg qi.627 Also, harm and fractures resulting from a blow or fall, as well as harm caused during pregnancy. After 100 pills are ingested, a person [with these ailments] will be perfectly restored again. The name of this recipe was changed by later people to “the one pill elixir of purple ping 萍.” 【附方】舊七，新十八。 Added Recipes. Seven of old, 18 newly [recorded]. 夾驚傷寒。紫背浮萍一錢，犀角屑半錢，釣藤鉤三七箇，爲末。每服半 錢，蜜水調下，連進三服，出汗爲度。聖濟録。 Fright related harm caused by cold.628 [Grind] half a qian of purple back fu ping, half a qian of rhinoceros horn crumbs and three times seven gambir vine hook[-like branches] into powder. Each time ingest half a qian, to be sent down mixed with 624 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” may refer to sores caused by a massive intrusion of wind evil and also to conditions of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111. 625 Instead of pu 鏷, “raw/unfinished iron,” Zheng lei ch.9, shui ping 水萍引, quoting a Gao Gongfeng 高供奉 writes fu 幞, “turban.”。

626 Lai 癩, “lai-illness,” “repudiation-illness,” including cases of leprosy/Aussatz.” BCGM Dict I, 293. 627 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

628 Jia jing shang han 夾驚傷寒, “fright related harm caused by cold,” a condition of children suffering from shang han 傷寒, “harm caused by cold,” together with high fever and fright. BCGM Dict I, 244.



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honey and water. After three consecutive ingestions sweat leaves [the body] and [the therapy is] completed. Sheng ji lu. 消渴飲水，日至一石者。浮萍搗汁服之。 Melting with thirst and [an urge] to drink water, eventually as much as one dan a day. Pound fu ping and ingest the resulting juice. 又方：用乾浮萍、栝蔞根等分，爲末，人乳汁和丸梧子大。空腹飲服二十 丸。三年者，數日愈。千金方。 Another recipe: [Grind] equal amounts of dried fu ping and trichosanthes root into powder. Mix it with human milk sap and form pills the size of wu seeds. Ingest on an empty stomach with a beverage 20 pills. If [the disease] has lasted for three years, a cure will be achieved within several days. Qian jin fang. 小便不利，膀胱水氣流滯。浮萍日乾爲末。飲服方寸匕，日二服。千金翼。 Blocked urination. Blocked flow of water and qi in the urinary bladder. Dry fu ping in the sun and [grind it into] powder. Ingest with a beverage the amount held by a square cun spoon. To be ingested twice a day. Qian jin yi. 水氣洪腫，小便不利。浮萍日乾爲末。每服方寸匕，白湯下，日二服。聖 惠方。 Vast water and qi swelling; blocked urination. Dry fu ping in the sun and [grind it into] powder. Each time ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon, to be sent down with clear, boiled water. To be ingested twice a day. Sheng hui fang. 霍亂心煩。蘆根炙一兩半，水萍、人參、枇杷葉炙各一兩。每服五錢，入 薤白四寸，水煎温服。聖惠方。 Cholera with heart vexation. [Prepare a mixture of ] one and a half liang of roasted common reed root and one liang each of shui ping, ginseng [root] and loquat leaves. Each time ingest five qian. Add a four cun long piece of Chinese chive, boil this in water and ingest the warm liquid. Sheng hui fang. 吐血不止。紫背浮萍焙半兩，黄芪炙二錢半，爲末。每服一錢，薑蜜水調 下。聖濟總録。 Unending blood spitting. [Grind] half a liang of purple back fu ping, baked over a slow fire, and two and a half qian of astragalus [root], roasted, into powder. Each time ingest one qian, to be sent down mixed with ginger-honey water. Sheng ji zong lu. 鼻衄不止。浮萍末，吹之。聖惠方。 Unending nosebleed. Blow fu ping powder [into the nostrils]. Sheng hui fang.

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中水毒病。手足指冷至膝肘，即是。以浮萍日乾爲末。飲服方寸匕良。姚 僧坦集驗方。 Disease resulting from being struck by water poison. That is the case when the cold of fingers and toes extends to knees and elbows. Dry fu ping in the sun and [grind it into] powder. Ingest with a beverage the amount held by a square cun spoon. Yao Sengtan, Ji yan fang. 大腸脱肛。水聖散：用紫浮萍爲末，乾貼之。危氏得效方。 Prolapse of the large intestine from the anus. The “water sage powder.” [Grind] purple fu ping into powder and apply it dry [to the affected region]. Wei she de xiao fang. 身上虚癢。浮萍末一錢，以黄芩一錢，同四物湯煎湯調下。丹溪纂要。 Itching on the body related to depletion. Boil one qian of scutellaria [root] with the “decoction with four items”629 and send down one qian of fu ping powder mixed with this decoction. Danxi zuan yao. 風熱癮𤺋。浮萍蒸過焙乾，牛蒡子酒煮晒乾炒，各一兩，爲末。每薄荷湯 服一二錢，日二次。古今録驗。 Dormant papules630 related to wind [intrusion] and heat. [Grind] one liang each of fu ping, steamed, baked over a slow fire and dried, and great burdock seeds, boiled in wine, dried in the sun and stir-fried, into powder. Each time ingest with a mint decoction one or two qian, twice a day. Gu jin lu yan. 風熱丹毒。浮萍搗汁，遍塗之。子母秘録。 Cinnabar poisoning631 with wind [intrusion] and heat. Pound fu ping to obtain a juice and apply it to all [the affected regions]. Zi mu mi lu. 汗斑癜風。端午日收紫背浮萍晒乾。每以四兩煎水浴，并以萍擦之。或入 漢防己二錢亦可。袖珍方。 Sweat macules and patches wind.632 On the fifth day of the fifth month collect purple back fu ping and dry it in the sun. Xiu zhen fang. 629 Constituents of the “decoction with four items” include paeonia root skin, Chinese foxglove rhizome, Chinese angelica root and ligusticum root. 630 Yin zhen 癮疹, “dormant papules,” identical with feng zhen 風疹, “wind papules.” A condition brought forth by wind evil, of eruptive skin papules of different sizes, accompanied by unbearable itching. If scratched they rise further.BCGM Dict I, 640, 172.

631 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118. 632 Dian feng 癜風, “patches wind.” Identical with zi bai dian feng 紫白癜風, “purple and white patches wind.” BCGM Dict I, 124, 699.



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少年面皰。外臺用浮萍日挼酓之，并飲汁少許。 Facial blisters on the [face of a person of ] young age. The Wai tai [recommends to] rub [the affected region] with fu ping every day, and also to drink a small amount of its juice. 普濟方用紫背萍四兩，防己一兩，煎濃汁洗之。仍以萍於斑䵟上熱擦，日 三五次。物雖微末，其功甚大，不可小看。普濟方。 The Pu ji fang [recommends to] boil four liang of purple back fu ling and one liang of stephania tetrandra [root] to a thick juice and use it to wash [the affected region]. Also, rub facial speckles and dark spots with ping until they are hot. Three to five times a day. This item [fu ping] may be an insignificant powder, but its [therapeutic] potential is extraordinary. It must not be looked down upon. Pu ji fang. 粉滓面䵟。溝渠小萍爲末。日傅之。聖惠方。 Acne with dermal dark spots. [Grind] small ping from ditches into powder and apply it [to the affected region] every day. Sheng hui fang. 大風癘疾。浮萍草三月采，淘三五次，窨三五日，焙爲末，不得見日。每 服三錢，食前温酒下。常持觀音聖號。忌豬、魚、雞、蒜。 Epidemic illness of massive wind.633 Collect fu ping herbs in the third month. Wash them in a pan three to five times. Store them in a warmed, underground room for three to five days, bake them over a slow fire and [grind them into] powder. They must not be exposed to the sun. Each time ingest three qian, to be sent down with wine prior to a meal. Continuously recite the name of Guanyin. [During this therapy] pork, fish, chicken and garlic should be avoided. 又方：七月七日取紫背浮萍日乾爲末，半升，入好消風散五兩。每服五 錢，水煎頻飲，仍以煎湯洗浴之。十便良方。 Another recipe. On the seventh day of the seventh month gather purple back fu ping, dry it in the sun and [grind it into] powder. To half a sheng [of this powder] add five liang of the “powder good at dispelling wind.”634 Each time ingest five qian. Boil it in water and repeatedly drink it. Also, use the decoction to wash and bathe [the affected region]. Shi bian liang fang. 633 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” may refer to sores caused by a massive intrusion of wind evil and also to conditions of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111. 634 The “powder good at dispelling wind,” hao xiao feng san 好消風散, has the following ingredients. Schizonepeta spikes, prepared glycyrrhiza root, ligusticum root, notopterygium root, white, stiff silkworms, saposhnikovia root, poria, cicada slough, agastache herb, ginseng root, magnolia bark, tangerine peel.

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癍瘡入目。浮萍陰乾爲末，以生羊子肝半個，同水半盞煮熟，搗爛絞汁， 調末服。甚者不過一服，已傷者十服見效。危氏得效方。 Macule-illness sores that enter the eyes. Dry fu ping in the yin (i. e., shade) and [grind it into] powder. Boil one half of a raw sheep liver in half a cup of water until done, pound it into a pulpy mass, squeeze it to obtain a juice and ingest the [fu ping] powder mixed [with that juice]. Even for severe cases only one ingestion is required. If [the eyes] are already damaged an effect can be seen after ten ingestions. Wei shi de xiao fang. 弩肉攀睛。青萍少許，研爛，入片腦少許，貼眼上，效。危氏得效方。 Tumorous flesh growth involving the eyeballs. Grind a small amount of greenish ping into a pulpy mass, add a little borneol and apply this to the eye. Effective. Wei shi de xiao fang. 毒腫初起。水中萍子草搗傅之。肘後方。 Swelling with poison that is just beginning to rise. Pound ping zi herb from a water and apply [the pulp] to the affected region. Zhou hou fang. 發背初起，腫焮赤熱。浮萍搗，和雞子清貼之。聖惠方。 An effusion on the back635 that is just beginning to rise. The swelling is hot, red and [the patient feels] heat. Pound fu ping, mix [the resulting pulp] with the clear contents of a chicken egg and apply this [to the affected region]. Sheng hui fang. 楊梅瘡癬。水萍煎汁，浸洗半日。數日一作。集簡方。 Red bayberry/syphilitic sores and xuan-illness.636 Boil shui ping in water to obtain a juice. Soak [the affected region] in it and wash it with it for half a day. Do this once every few days. Ji jian fang. 燒烟去蚊。五月取浮萍陰乾用之。孫真人方。 To burn [shui ping] to remove mosquitoes with the fumes. Gather fu ping in the fifth month, dry it in the yin (i. e., shade) and use it [for such purposes]. Sun zhenren fang. 635 Fa bei 發背, “effusion of the back,” a condition of yong 癰, “obstruction-illnesses,” and ju 疽, “impediment-illnesses,” developing on one’s back. As it was believed that the transporter holes of the five depots and six palaces are located on the back, conditions of obstruction-illnesses and impediment-illnesses there, often apparent as abscesses, were considered threatening. BCGM Dict I, 148.

636 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness,” a condition of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 592.



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19-12 蘋吴普本草 Pin, FE Wu pu ben cao. Marsilea quadrifolia L. Pepperwort 【釋名】芣菜拾遺、四葉菜巵言、田字草。【時珍曰】蘋本作薲。左傳蘋 蘩藴藻之菜，可薦於鬼神，可羞於王公。則薲有“賓之”之義，故字從賓。其 草四葉相合，中折十字，故俗呼爲四葉菜、田字草、破銅錢，皆象形也。 諸家本草皆以蘋註水萍，蓋由蘋、萍二字，音相近也。按韻書，蘋在真 韻，蒲真切；萍在庚韻，薄經切。切脚不同，爲物亦異。今依吴普本草别 出於此。 Explanation of Names. Fu cai 芣菜, Shi yi. Si ye cai 四葉菜, “four leaves vegetable,” Zhi yan. Tian zi cao 田字草, “herb forming the character tian 田.” [Li] Shizhen: Pin 蘋 originally was written pin 薲. [According to the] Zuo zhuan, vegetables such as pin 蘋, fan 蘩, yun 藴, and zao 藻 can serve as offerings to demons and spirits, and can be presented as food to kings and dukes. That is, [the character] bin 薲 has the meaning of “to host someone,” bin zhi 賓之. Hence the character is based on [the character] bin 賓, “guest.” The herb is composed of four leaves, si ye 四葉, that are connected to each other, forming the character 十 in their center. Hence, when it is commonly called “four leaves vegetable,” si ye cai 四葉菜 and “田-character herb,” tian zi cao 田字草, and also “perforated copper coin,” po tong qian 破銅錢, all [these names] refer to its physical appearance. All ben cao authors identify pin 蘋 as shui ping 水萍, ducksmeat. The fact is, this is because the reading of the two characters pin 蘋 and ping 萍 is quite similar. According to the rhyme books, pin 蘋 rhymes with zhen 真; it is split read pu 蒲 zhen 真. Ping 萍 rhymes with geng 庚; it is split read bo 薄 jing 經. The split reading differs, and the items themselves differ, too. Here now following the Wu Pu ben cao they are treated in separate entries. 【集解】【普曰】水萍一名水廉，生池澤水上。葉圓小，一莖一葉，根入 水底，五月花白。三月采，日乾之。【弘景曰】水中大萍，五月有花白 色，非溝渠所生之萍。乃楚王渡江所得，即斯實也。【恭曰】萍有三種。 大者名蘋，中者名荇，葉皆相似而圓。其小者，即水上浮萍也。【藏器 曰】蘋葉圓，闊寸許。葉下有一點如水沫。一名芣菜。曝乾可入藥用。小 萍是溝渠間者。【禹錫曰】按爾雅云：萍，蓱也。其大者曰蘋。又詩云： 于以采蘋，于澗之濱。陸機注云：其粗大者謂之蘋，小者爲萍。季春始 生。可糝蒸爲茹，又可以苦酒淹之按酒。今醫家少用此蘋，惟用小萍耳。 【時珍曰】蘋乃四葉菜也。葉浮水面，根連水底。其莖細於蓴、莕。其葉 大如指頂，面青背紫，有細紋，頗似馬蹄决明之葉，四葉合成，中折十 字。夏秋開小白花，故稱白蘋。其葉攢簇如萍，故爾雅謂大者爲蘋也。吕

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氏春秋云：菜之美者，有崑崙之蘋，即此。韓詩外傳謂：浮者爲藻，沉者 爲蘋。臞仙謂：白花者爲蘋，黄花者爲莕，即金蓮也。蘇恭謂：大者爲 蘋，小者爲莕。楊慎巵言謂：四葉菜爲莕。陶弘景謂楚王所得者爲蘋。皆 無一定之言。蓋未深加體審，惟據紙上猜度而已。時珍一一采視，頗得其 真云。其葉徑一二寸，有一缺而形圓如馬蹄者，蓴也。似蓴而稍尖長者， 莕也。其花並有黄白二色。葉徑四五寸如小荷葉而黄花，結實如小角黍 者，萍蓬草也。楚王所得萍實，乃此萍之實也。四葉合成一葉，如田字形 者，蘋也。如此分别，自然明白。又項氏言：白蘋生水中，青蘋生陸地。 按今之田字草，有水陸二種。陸生者多在稻田沮洳之處，其葉四片合一， 與白蘋一樣。但莖生地上，高三四寸，不可食。方士取以煅硫結砂煮汞， 謂之水田翁。項氏所謂青蘋，蓋即此也。或以青蘋爲水草，誤矣。 Collected Explanations. [Wu] Pu: Shui ping 水萍, ducksmeat, is also named shui lian 水廉. It grows in ponds and on marshland on the water. The leaves are round and small, with one leaf per stem. The root enters the [earth at the] bottom of the water. White flowers open in the fifth month. It is collected in the third month and dried in the sun. [Tao] Hongjing: Big ping 萍 growing in bodies of water has flowers white in color in the fifth month. This is not the ping 萍 growing in ditches. The fruit obtained by the King of Chu when he crossed the river, is the [fruit] of the item [discussed here]. [Su] Gong: There are three kinds of ping 萍. The big ones are called pin 蘋. Those of medium size are called xing 荇. The leaves of all these varieties resemble each other and are round. The small kind is the fu ping 浮萍, “floating ping,” on the water. [Chen] Cangqi: The leaves of pin 蘋 are round, with a diameter of about one cun. On the lower side of the leaves is a spot similar to watery foam. It is also called fu cai 芣菜. Dried in the sun it can be added to medication. The small ping 萍 is the one that grows in ditches. [Zhang] Yuxi: According to the Er ya, “ping 萍 is ping 蓱. Big ones are called pin 蘋.” Also, the Shi states: “She gathers the pin 蘋 by the banks of the stream.”637 Lu Ji comments: “Crude, big specimens are called pin 蘋. Small ones are ping 萍. It begins to grow in the last month of spring, and can be steamed to serve as an edible vegetable. It can also be soaked in bitter wine as a wine condiment. This pin 蘋 is used by physicians rarely today. They only use the small ping 萍. [Li] Shizhen. Pin 蘋 is the “four leaves vegetable,” si ye cai 四葉 菜. The leaves float on the surface of the water; the root links up with the bottom below the water. The stem is finer than that of water mallow, chun 蓴, and fringed water lily, xing 莕. The leaves are the size of a fingertip. They are greenish on the front and purple on the back, with a fine line design. They are quite similar to the leaves of fetid cassia. Four leaves grow joined together, leaving fissures in the center 637 The exact wording in the Shi jing, Part I, Book II, Ode IV/1, is: 于以采蘋，南澗之濱, translated by James Legge as “she gathers the large duckweed by the banks of the stream in the southern valley.“



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resembling the character shi 十. Small, white flowers open in summer and autumn. Hence [the plant] is called “white pin 白蘋.” The leaves are situated closely together like those of ping 萍, ducksmeat. Therefore, the Er ya says that pin 蘋 is a [variety of ping 萍, ducksmeat] with big leaves. When the Lü shi chu qiu states: “Among the delicious vegetables is pin 蘋 from Kun lun,” then this is [the substance discussed here]. The Han shi wai zhuan says: “Those that float are zao 藻,638 algae. Those in the depth are pin 蘋.” Qu Xian says: “Those with white flowers are pin 蘋; those with yellow flowers are xing 莕, fringed water lily, i. e., jin lian 金蓮.” Su Gong says: “Big specimens are pin 蘋, small ones are xing 莕.” Yang Shen in his Zhi yan says: “The four leaves vegetable, si ye cai 四葉菜, is xing 莕, fringed water lily.” Tao Hongjing says: “The one obtained by the King of Chu is pin 蘋.” All these sayings differ. The fact is, so far no in-depth research has been conducted; all of them are nothing but guesses put down on paper. [I, Li] Shizhen have collected and inspected each [of these herbs] and this enables me to present the facts. Those with leaves of a diameter of one or two cun, and with a crevice and a round shape similar to a horse hoof, they are chun 蓴, water mallow. Those similar to water mallows but with [leaves] that are pointed and lengthy, are xing 莕, fringed water lily. Both [water mallow and fringed water lily] have yellow-white flowers. Those with leaves with a diameter of four to five cun, similar to small lotus leaves, and with yellow flowers, and forming fruits similar to small three-edged millet dumplings are ping peng cao 萍蓬草, least water-lily. The fruits of ping 萍 obtained by the King of Chu are the fruits of this ping [peng cao] 萍[蓬草]. Those with four leaves growing joined together forming one leaf similar in shape to the character tian 田, they are pin 蘋. Through this differentiation all uncertainties should be eliminated. Also, Mr. Xiang says: “White pin 蘋 grows in bodies of water. Greenish pin 蘋 grows on land.” The herb known today as “character tian 田 herb” has two kinds, one water and one land [variety]. That growing on land is often found in paddy fields, in damp places. Its leaves consist of four parts joined together, similar to white pin 蘋, except for that its stem grows on land, is three to four cun tall and not edible. Recipe masters gather it to calcine sulphur and to boil it with mercury to conglomerate it to sand. They call it shui tian weng 水 田翁, “old man in the water fields.” The fact is, that is the greenish pin 蘋 spoken of by Mr. Xiang. Some assume greenish pin 蘋 to be a water herb, but that is wrong. 【氣味】甘，寒，滑，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, soft[ening], nonpoisonous. 638 The Jing dian shi wen 經典釋文 ch. 5, cai pin 采蘋, quoting the Han shi 韓詩, and the Yi qie jing yin yi 一切經音義 ch. 75, also quoting the Han shi, write zao 藻, algae. However, the Er ya yi ch. 6, pin 蘋, and the Shi kao bu yi 詩考 補遺, quoting the Han shi write piao 薸 instead of zao 藻.

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【主治】暴熱，下水氣，利小便。吴普。擣塗熱瘡。擣汁飲，治蛇傷毒入 腹内。曝乾，栝樓等分爲末，人乳和丸服，止消渴。藏器。食之已勞。山 海經。 Control. Sudden heat. It serves to discharge water and qi. It stimulates urination. Wu Pu. Pound it and apply [the resulting pulp] to heat sores. Pounded and the resulting juice drunk, it serves to cure harm caused by snakebites when the poison has entered the abdomen. Dried in the sun, ground with an equal amount of trichosanthes [root into] powder, mixed with human milk, formed to pills and ingested, it serves to end melting with thirst.639 [Chen] Cangqi. To eat it ends exhaustion. Shan hai jing. 19-13 萍蓬草拾遺 Ping peng cao, FE Shi yi. Nuphar pumilum (Hoffm.) DC. Least water-lily. 【釋名】水粟綱目、水栗子。【時珍曰】陳藏器拾遺萍蓬草，即今水粟 也。其子如粟，如蓬子也，俗呼水粟包。又云水栗子，言其根味也。或作 水笠。 Explanation of names. Shui su 水粟, “water millet,” Gang mu. Shui su zi 水栗子, “water Chinese chestnut.” [Li] Shizhen: The ping peng cao 萍蓬草 recorded in Chen Cangqi’s Shi yi is todays shui su 水粟. Its seeds are similar to millet, and also to peng zi 蓬子.640 It is commonly named shui su bao 水粟包, and also shui li zi 水栗 子, “water Chinese chestnut,” a reference to the flavor of its roots. Sometimes it is written shui li 水笠. 【集解】【藏器曰】萍蓬草生南方池澤。葉大似荇。花亦黄，未開時狀如 筭袋。其根如藕，飢年可以當穀。【時珍曰】水粟三月出水。莖大如指， 葉似荇葉而大，徑四五寸，初生如荷葉。六七月開黄花，結實狀如角黍， 長二寸許，内有細子一包，如罌粟。澤農采之，洗擦去皮，蒸曝，舂取 米，作粥飯食之。其根大如栗，亦如雞頭子根，儉年人亦食之，作藕香， 味如栗子。昔楚王渡江得萍實，大如斗，赤如日，食之甜如蜜者，蓋此類 也。若水萍，安得有實耶？三四月采莖葉取汁，煮硫黄能拒火。又段公路 北户録有睡蓮，亦此類也。其葉如荇而大。其花布葉數重，當夏晝開花， 夜縮入水，晝復出也。

639 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567. 640 Peng zi 蓬子, botanical identity unclear.



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Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Ping peng cao grows in ponds and on marshland in the South. The leaves are big, resembling those of fringed water lily. That also applies to their yellow flowers. When they have not opened yet they are shaped like an abacus pouch. The root resembles a lotus [root]; in years of famine it can serve as a grain. [Li] Shizhen: In the third month shui su comes out of the water. Its stem is the size of a finger. The leaves resemble fringed water lily leaves but are bigger, with a diameter of four to five cun. In the beginning of their growth they resemble lotus leaves. Yellow flowers open in the sixth and seventh month. They form fruits similar to [three] edged millet [dumplings], with a length of about two cun. Inside is a bag of fine seeds, similar to poppy plant seeds. Marshland peasants collect them. They wash them, rub off the skin, steam them and dry them in the sun. They husk them in a mortar to remove their “rice” and prepare a porridge meal that they eat. The root is the size of Chinese chestnuts. It also resembles foxnut roots. In years of enforced frugality people eat it, too. They prepare it to a “lotus fragrance” tasting similar to chestnuts. When formerly the King of Chu crossed the river and obtained ping 萍 fruits, they were the size of a dou. He ate them and they tasted as sweet as honey. The fact is, [these fruits] are related [to the item discussed] here. If it had been shui ping 水萍, ducksmeat, [as some authors claim,] how could it have had fruits? The stem and the leaves are collected in the third and fourth month to obtain their juice. It is boiled with sulphur to make it fire resistant. Also, Duan Gonglu in his Bei hu lu has a shui lian 睡蓮. It, too, is related [to the item discussed] here. Its leaves are similar to fringed water lily [leaves], but they are bigger. The flowers are enclosed by several layers of the leaves; they open in summer during daytime and shrink back into the water at night. The next day they come out again. 19-13-01 子 Zi

Seeds [of ping peng cao]. 【氣味】甘，澀，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, astringent, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】助脾厚腸，令人不饑。時珍。 Control. It assists the spleen, solidifies the intestines and prevents hunger. [Li] Shizhen.

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19-13-02 根 Gen

Root [of ping peng cao]. 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】煮食，補虚，益氣力。久食不饑，厚腸胃。藏器。 Control. Boiled and eaten, it supplements deficient [qi], and boosts the strength of qi. Eaten over a long time it prevents hunger and solidifies the intestines and the stomach. [Chen] Cangqi. 19-14 莕菜唐本草 Xing cai, FE Tang ben cao. Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Ktze. Fringed water-lily. 【釋名】鳧葵唐本、水葵馬融傳、水鏡草土宿本草、靨子菜野菜譜、金蓮 子、接余。【時珍曰】按爾雅云：莕，接余也。其葉苻。則鳧葵當作苻 葵，古文通用耳。或云，鳧喜食之，故稱鳧葵，亦通。其性滑如葵，其葉 頗似杏，故曰葵，曰莕。詩經作荇，俗呼荇絲菜。池人謂之莕公鬚，淮人 謂之靨子菜，江東謂之金蓮子。許氏説文謂之䖂，音戀。楚詞謂之屏風， 云“紫莖屏風文緑波”，是矣。 Explanation of Names. Fu kui 鳧葵, Tang ben. Shui kui 水葵, Ma Rong zhuan. Shui jing cao 水鏡草, “water mirror herb,” Tu su ben cao. Ye zi cai 靨子菜, Ye cai pu. Jin lian zi 金蓮子, Jie yu 接余. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Er ya, “Xing 莕 is jie yu 接余. Its leaves are [called] fu 苻.” That is, fu kui 鳧葵 should be written fu kui 苻 葵; [these characters] were both used in ancient writings. Some say, wild ducks, fu 鳧, love to eat them. Hence the name “wild duck’s mallow,” fu kui 鳧葵. That makes sense, too. Its nature is softening like that of Chinese mallows, kui 葵. Its leaves are very much similar to those of apricot trees, xing 杏. Hence it is named kui 葵 and also xing 莕. The Shi jing writes it as xing 荇. It is commonly named xing si cai 荇 絲菜. People at the ponds call it xing gong xu 莕公鬚. People in Huai call it ye zi cai 靨子菜. People in Jiang dong call it jin lian zi 金蓮子, “gold lotus.” Mr. Xu [Shen] in his Shuo wen calls it lian 䖂, read lian 戀. The Chu ci calls it ping feng 屏風. A saying is: “A screen with purple stems creates an image of green waves.” That is [the item discussed here]. 【集解】【恭曰】鳧葵即莕菜也。生水中。【頌曰】處處池澤有之。葉似 蓴而莖澀，根甚長，花黄色。郭璞註爾雅云：叢生水中。葉圓在莖端，長



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短隨水深淺。江東人食之。陸機詩疏云：荇莖白，而葉紫赤色，正圓，徑 寸餘，浮在水上。根在水底，大如釵股，上青下白，可以按酒。用苦酒浸 其白莖，肥美。今人不食，醫方亦鮮用之。【時珍曰】莕與蓴，一類二種 也。並根連水底，葉浮水上。其葉似馬蹄而圓者，蓴也；葉似蓴而微尖長 者，莕也。夏月俱開黄花，亦有白花者。結實大如棠梨，中有細子。按寧 獻王庚辛玉册云：鳧葵，黄花者是莕菜，白花者是白蘋，即水鏡草。一種 泡子名水鼈。雖有數種，其用一也。其莖、葉、根、花，並可伏硫，煮 砂，制礬。此以花色分别蘋、莕，似亦未穩。詳見蘋下。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Gong: Fu kui 鳧葵 is xing cai 莕菜. It grows in bodies of water. [Su] Song: It is found everywhere in ponds and on marshland. The leaves resemble those of water mallows, chun 蓴, but the stem is rough, the root is very long and the flowers are yellow in color. Guo Pu in his comment on the Er ya states: “It grows as dense clusters in water. The leaves are round; they are at the tip of the stem. Their length depends on the depth of the water. People in Jiang dong eat them.” Lu Ji in his Shi shu states: “The stem of xing 荇 is white, while its leaves are purple-red in color, perfectly round and about one cun in diameter. They float on the water. Their root reaches to the bottom of the water; it is the size of a hairpin, with a greenish color in the upper and a white color in the lower segment. It can be used as a condiment for wine. Soak white stems in bitter wine to make a fat, delicious [tidbit].” Today, people do not eat it and it is rarely used in medicinal recipes. [Li] Shizhen: Xing 莕 and chun 蓴, water mallow, are two kinds within one group. Both are connected with their roots to the bottom of waters, while their leaves float on the water. Those with round leaves resembling a horse hoof are water mallows, chun 蓴. Those with leaves similar to water mallows but a little pointed and lengthy, they are xing 莕. Both open yellow flowers during summer months. Some have white flowers. They form fruits the size of pyrus fruits, with fine seeds inside. According to Ning Xian wang’s Geng xin yu ce, fu kui 鳧葵 with yellow flowers is xing cai 莕 菜; with white flowers it is white pepperwort, pin 蘋, i. e., “water mirror herb,” shui jing cao 水鏡草. In small lakes is another kind named shui bie 水鼈, “fresh water turtle.” Although there are many different kinds, their usage is one and the same. Their stem, leaves, root and flower serve to suppress [the effects of ] sulphur. They are boiled [with mercury] to conglomerate it to sand, and they check [the effects of ] alum. To distinguish pepperwort, pin 蘋, and xing 莕 only by means of their colors may not be entirely reliable. For details see under the entry pin 蘋, pepperwort, (19 – 12). 【正誤】【恭曰】鳧葵，南人名豬蓴，堪食，有名未用條中載也。【志 曰】鳧葵即莕菜，葉似蓴，根極長。江南人多食之。今云是豬蓴，誤矣。

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今以春夏細長肥滑者爲絲蓴，至冬粗短者爲豬蓴，亦呼爲龜蓴，與鳧葵殊 不相似也。而有名未用類即無鳧葵、豬蓴之名，蓋後人删去也。【時珍 曰】杨慎巵言以四葉菜爲莕者，亦非也。四葉菜乃蘋也。 Correction of Errors. [Su] Gong: Fu kui 鳧葵 is called zhu chun 豬蓴 by people in the South. It is recorded in the section “known by name but not in use.” [Ma] Zhi: Fu kui 鳧葵 is xing cai 莕菜; its leaves resemble those of water mallow, chun 蓴. The root is extremely long. People in Jiang nan often eat it. When it is said today that it is zhu chun 豬蓴, that is wrong. Today, when in spring and summer it is fine, long, fat and smooth, it is si chun 絲蓴. When in winter it is crude and short, it is zhu chun 豬蓴, also called gui chun 龜蓴. It certainly is not similar to fu kui 鳧葵. The section “known by name but not in use” does not include the names fu kui 鳧葵 and zhu chun 豬蓴. The fact is, they were deleted in later times. [Li] Shizhen: Yang Shen in his Zhi yan identifies si ye cai 四葉菜 as xing 莕. That is wrong, too. Si ye cai 四葉 菜 is pepperwort, pin 蘋. 【氣味】甘，冷，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】消渴，去熱淋，利小便。唐本。擣汁服，療寒熱。開寶。擣傅諸 腫毒，火丹游腫。時珍。 Control. Melting with thirst.641 It removes heat associated with [urinary] dripping, and stimulates urination. Tang ben. Pounded and the resulting juice ingested, it heals alternating sensations of cold and heat. Kai bao. It is pounded and [the resulting pulp] is applied to all types of swelling with poison, and to fire cinnabar642 with a roaming swelling. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新四。 Added Recipes. Four newly [recorded]. 一切癰疽及瘡癤。用莕絲菜或根，馬蹄草莖或子，即蓴也，各取半碗，同 苧麻根五寸去皮，以石器搗爛，傅毒四圍。春、夏、秋日换四五次，冬换 二三次，换時以虀水洗之，甚效。保生餘録。

641 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

642 Huo dan 火丹, “fire cinnabar,” a condition of dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar-red poison,” displaying a color like fire that rushes through the skin, spreading with great speed. BCGM Dict I, 232.



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All types of obstruction-illness and impediment-illness,643 as well as sores and pimples. Prepare half a bowl each of xing si cai, either the herb or only the root, and the stem of ma ti cao, i. e. water mallow, or only the seeds, and pound them together with a five cun long ramie root, the skin discarded, in a stone container into a pulpy mass. Apply it on all four sides of the poison, and replace it four to five times in spring, summer and autumn, and two or three times in winter. When [the old application] is replaced, wash [the affected region] with water of minced vegetables. Very effective. Bao sheng yu lu. 穀道生瘡。荇葉搗爛，綿裹納之下部，日三次。范汪方。 Rectal sores. Pound xing 荇 leaves to obtain a pulpy mass, wrap it in silk and insert it into the lower body part. Three times a day. Fan Wang fang. 毒蛇螫傷，牙入肉中，痛不可堪者。勿令人知，私以荇葉覆其上穿，以物 包之，一時折牙自出也。肘後方。 Harm caused by a poisonous snakebite. The [snake’s] teeth have entered the flesh, and the pain is unbearable. Without letting anybody else know it, personally cover with xing 荇 leaves the place where [the tooth] pierced [the skin] and fasten it with something. After a while the broken tooth will come out as a result. Zhou hou fang. 點眼去瞖。莕絲菜根一錢半，搗爛，即葉如馬蹄開黄花者，川練子十五 個，膽礬七分，石决明五錢，皂莢一兩，海螵蛸二錢，各爲末，同菜根以 水一鍾浸二宿，去滓。一日點數次，七日見效也。孫氏集效方。 Eye drops to remove a shade. Pound one and a half qian of xing si cai root into a pulpy mass. This should be the plant with leaves similar to the water mallow with yellow flowers. [Grind] separately into powder 15 Persian lilac fruits, seven fen of chalcanthide, five qian of abalone, one liang of gleditsia pods/seeds and two qian of cuttlefish [bone]. Soak [all these powders] together with the [pulpy mass of the xing si] cai root in one zhong of water for two nights. Remove the dregs and drip [the liquid into the affected eye] several times a day. An effect will be obvious within seven days. Sun shi, Ji xiao fang.

643 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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19-15 蓴别録下品 Chun, FE Bie lu, lower rank. Brasenia schreberi J. F. Gmel. Water mallow. 【釋名】茆卯、柳二音、水葵詩疏、露葵綱目、馬蹄草。【時珍曰】蓴字 本作蒓，從純。純乃絲名，其莖似之故也。齊民要術云：蒓性純而易生。 種以淺深爲候，水深則莖肥而葉少，水淺則莖瘦而葉多。其性逐水而滑， 故謂之蒓菜，并得葵名。顔之推家訓云：蔡朗父諱純，改蒓爲露葵。北人 不知，以緑葵爲之。詩云薄采其茆，即蒓也。或諱其名，謂之錦帶。 Explanations of Names. Mao 茆, read mao 卯 or liu 柳, shui kui 水葵, “water mallow,” Shi shu 詩疏. Lu kui 露葵, Gang mu. Ma ti cao 馬蹄草, “horse hoof herb.” [Li] Shizhen: The character chun 蓴 originally was written chun 蒓, derived from chun 純, “pure.” Chun 純 is the name of silk. That is, [it was named so] because the stems [of chun 蓴] resemble [silk]. The Qi min yao shu states: “The nature of chun 蒓 is pure, chun 純, and it grows easily. Its various kinds signal the depth [of the water it grows in]. When the water is deep, the stem is fat and the leaves are few. When the water is shallow, the stem is thin and the leaves are many. Its nature is as soft as water. Hence it is called chun cai 蒓菜.” It is also named kui 葵, “mallow.” Yan Zhitui in his Jia xun states: “Cai Lang’s father’s name chun 純 fell under a taboo. Hence chun 蒓 was renamed lu kui 露葵. People in the North did not know this, and called [the herb] lu kui 緑葵.” The Shi states: “We will gather the water mallow, mao 茆, near to it.”644 That is the chun 蒓 [discussed here]. This name was placed under a taboo, and [chun 蒓] was also named jin dai 錦帶, “brocade belt.” 【集解】【保昇曰】蓴葉似鳧葵，浮在水上。采莖堪噉。花黄白色，子紫 色。三月至八月，莖細如釵股，黄赤色，短長隨水深淺，名爲絲蓴，味甜 體軟。九月至十月漸粗硬。十一月萌在泥中，粗短，名瑰蓴，味苦體澀。 人惟取汁作羹，猶勝雜菜。【時珍曰】蓴生南方湖澤中，惟吴、越人善食 之。葉如荇菜而差圓，形似馬蹄。其莖紫色，大如筯，柔滑可羹。夏月開 黄花。結實青紫色，大如棠梨，中有細子。春夏嫩莖未葉者名稚蓴，稚者 小也。葉稍舒長者名絲蓴，其莖如絲也。至秋老則名葵蓴，或作豬蓴，言 可飼豬也。又訛爲瑰蓴、龜蓴焉。餘見鳧葵下。 Collected Explanations. [Han] Baosheng: The leaves of chun resemble those of fringed water lily. They float on water. The stem is collected as edible. The flowers are yellow-white in color. The seeds are purple. During the third through eighth month the stem is as fine as a hairpin. It is of yellow-red color and its length depends on the depth of the water [it grows in]. It is called si chun 絲蓴. Its flavor is sweet, and 644 Shi jing Part IV, Book II, Ode III/3.



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its body is soft. From the ninth to the tenth month it gradually turns coarse and harder. In the eleventh month, the shoots are in the mud; they are coarse and short, and they are named gui chun 瑰蓴. Now their flavor is bitter and their body is rough. People take its juice only to prepare a thick soup. It is much better than that of other vegetables. [Li] Shizhen: Chun grows in the South, in lakes and on marshland. Only people in Wu and Yue like to eat it. The leaves resemble those of fringed water lily, but are less perfectly round. They are shaped like a horse hoof. The stem is purple in color and it is the size of chopsticks. It is soft and smooth and can be prepared to a thick soup. In summer it opens yellow flowers. They form fruits that are greenish-purple in color, and as big as Persian lilac fruits. Inside they have fine seeds. In spring and summer when the tender stem has no leaves it is called “small chun,” zhi chun 稚蓴. Zhi 稚 means “small.” When the leaves have slightly unfolded and grow longer, [the plant] is called si chun 絲蓴, because its stems resemble [threads of ] silk, si 絲. In autumn the old [herb] is called kui chun 葵蓴. Some write zhu chun 豬蓴, because it can serve to feed pigs, zhu 豬. This has been mistakenly modified to gui chun 瑰蓴and gui chun 龜蓴. For details see the entry “fringed water lily,” fu kui 鳧 葵. (19-14) 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。【藏器曰】蓴雖水草，而性熱擁。【詵曰】蓴雖 冷補，熱食及多食亦擁氣不下，甚損人胃及齒，令人顔色惡，損毛髮。和 醋食，令人骨痿。【李廷飛曰】多食性滑發痔。七月有蟲着上，食之令人 霍亂。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. [Chen] Cangqi: Chun may be a water herb but its nature is hot and preserving. [Meng] Shen: Although chun is cold and supplementing, when it is eaten hot and when it is eaten in large quantities, it preserves qi and does not let them descend. In severe cases, it injures the stomach and the teeth, lets one have a bad complexion, and destroys the hair. Eaten together with vinegar it causes bone dysfunction. Li Tingfei: When it is eaten in large quantities, its softening nature causes piles. In the seventh month, worms/bugs cling to it. When it is eaten at that time, it causes cholera. 【主治】消渴熱痺。别録。和鯽魚作羹食，下氣止嘔。多食壓丹石。補大 小腸虚氣，不宜過多。孟詵。治熱疸，厚腸胃，安下焦，逐水，解百藥毒 并蠱氣。大明。 Control. Melting with thirst645 and blockage related to heat. Bie lu. Eaten mixed with crucian carp as a thick soup it sends down qi and ends vomiting. Eaten in large quantities it suppresses [the effects] of elixir minerals. It supplements qi in the case 645 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

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of large and small intestinal depletion. But it should not be over-eaten. Meng Shen. It serves to cure heat dan-illness,646 solidifies the intestines and the stomach, pacifies the lower [section of the Triple] Burner, drives out water and resolves the poison of the hundreds of medications and also the qi of gu [poison].647 Da Ming. 【發明】【弘景曰】蓴性冷而補，下氣。雜鱧魚作羹食亦逐水而性滑，服 食家不可多用。【恭曰】蓴久食大宜人。合鮒魚作羹食，主胃弱不下食 者，至效。又宜老人，應入上品。故張翰臨秋風，思吴中之鱸魚蓴羹也。 【藏器曰】蓴體滑，常食發氣，令關節急，嗜睡。脚氣論中令人食之， 此誤極深也。温病後脾弱不能磨化，食者多死。予所居近湖，湖中有蓴、 藕。年中疫甚，飢人取蓴食之，雖病瘥者亦死。至秋大旱，人多血痢，湖 中水竭，掘藕食之，闔境無他。蓴、藕之功，於斯見矣。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: The nature of chun is cold and supplementing. It sends down qi. Mixed with snakehead fish and prepared to a thick soup it also eliminates water. Its nature is smoothing and those who ingest it as food must not resort to it excessively. [Su] Gong. When chun 蓴 is eaten for a long time it is of great benefit. Eaten prepared with golden carp to a thick soup it very effectively controls a weak stomach that fails to send down food. It is also beneficial for older persons, and should be categorized as “upper rank.” This is why Zhang Han “thought of the thick soup prepared with Japanese seabass and chun 蓴 in Wu.” [Chen] Cangqi: The body of chun is soft. Eaten regularly it serves to release qi and leads to tense joints and sleepiness. The Jiao qi lun suggests that people should eat it. That is a grave mistake. Many people die when they eat it after a warmth disease when the spleen is weak and unable to digest. I live near to a lake and in this lake one finds chun and lotus. During a year with a severe epidemic hungry people collected the chun and ate it. Even though the epidemic disease was cured, they still died. In autumn during a massive drought many people suffered from a blood free-flux illness. The water in the lake was dry and they undug the lotus [roots] to eat them. Nobody survived. From this the potential of chun and lotus are obvious.

646 Re dan 熱疸, “heat dan-illness,” a condition identical with re huang 熱黃, “heat jaundice.” BCGM Dict I, 397. 647 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.



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【附方】新三。 Added Recipes. Three newly [recorded]. 一切癰疽。馬蹄草即蓴菜，春夏用莖，冬月用子，就於根側尋取，搗爛傅 之。未成即消，已成即毒散。用菜亦可。保生餘録。 All types of obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.648 Ma ti cao is the chun vegetable. In spring and summer the stem is used; in winter months the seeds are used. They are gathered from the sides of the roots. They are pounded into a pulpy mass that is applied [to the affected region]. If [an effusion] has not yet developed, it will dissolve [the swelling]. If it has developed, it will disperse the poison. The application of the vegetable is possible, too. Bao sheng yu lu. 頭上惡瘡。以黄泥包豆豉煨熟，取出爲末，以蓴菜油調傅之。保幼大全。 Malign sores on the head. Wrap [soybean] relish in yellow mud and cook this over a slow fire until done. Mix it with chun vegetable oil and apply this [to the affected region]. Bao you da quan. 數種疔瘡。馬蹄草又名缺盆草、大青葉、臭紫草各等分，擂爛，以酒一碗 浸之，去滓温服，三服立愈。經驗良方。 Various types of pin-illness649 sores. Pound equal amounts of ma ti cao, also named que pen cao,650 together with Chinese indigo leaves and malodorous arnebia herb into a pulpy mass and soak it in one bowl of wine. Remove the dregs and ingest the warm [liquid]. Healing is achieved immediately after three ingestions. Jing yan liang fang. 19-16 水藻綱目 Shui zao, FE Gang mu. Myriophyllum spicatum L. Water milfoil. 【釋名】【時珍曰】藻乃水草之有文者，潔净如澡浴，故謂之藻。 648 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 649 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],” also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129.

650 Que pen cao 缺盆草 is introduced here as an alternative name of ma ti cao 馬蹄草, i. e., chun 蓴, water mallow. It is also an alternative name of Korean bramble, 18-04.

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Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen: Zao 藻 is a water herb with a line design. It is as clean as if it had been bathed, zao 澡. Hence it is called zao 藻。 【集解】【頌曰】藻生水中，處處有之。周南詩云：于以采藻，于沼于 沚，于彼行潦，是也。陸機註云：藻生水底，有二種。一種葉如雞蘇，莖 如筯，長四五尺。一種葉如蓬蒿，莖如釵股，謂之聚藻。二藻皆可食，熟 挼去腥氣，米麪糝蒸爲茹，甚滑美。荆、揚人飢荒以當穀食。【藏器曰】 馬藻生水中，如馬齒相連。【時珍曰】藻有二種，水中甚多。水藻，葉長 二三寸，兩兩對生，即馬藻也。聚藻，葉細如絲及魚鰓狀，節節連生，即 水藴也，俗名鰓草，又名牛尾藴是矣。爾雅云：莙，牛藻也。郭璞注云： 細葉蓬茸，如絲可愛，一節長數寸，長者二三十節，即藴也。二藻皆可 食，入藥以馬藻爲勝。左傳云蘋蘩藴藻之菜，即此。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: Zao grows in bodies of water. It is present everywhere. The Zhou nan shi states: “She gathers the water milfoil, by the ponds, on the islets, in those pools left by the flood.”651 That is [the zao discussed here]. Lu Ji in his comment states: “Zao grows on the bottom of water bodies. It has two kinds. One kind has leaves similar to Japanese betony and stems similar to chopsticks, reaching a length of four to five chi. Another kind has leaves similar to garden daisy and stems similar to hairpins. It is called ju zao 聚藻. Both zao [kinds] are edible. They are [boiled until] done and rubbed to remove their fishy qi. Then they are mixed with rice flour and steamed to be eaten as a vegetable. They are very smooth and delicious. When people in Jing and Yang are hungry in times of famine they eat them as a grain.” [Chen] Cangqi: Ma zao 馬藻 grows in bodies of water. [It is named so because the plants are] linked to each other like the teeth of a horse, ma 馬. [Li] Shizhen: Zao has two kinds. It is most abundant in bodies of water. Shui zao 水藻 with leaves that are two to three cun long and grow with two and two facing each other is ma zao 馬藻. Ju zao 聚藻 has fine leaves like silk, shaped like fish gills. It grows section after section linked to another. That is shui yun 水藴, “water bundle.” It is lovely, like silk. It is the one commonly called “gill herb,” sai cao 鰓草, and also niu wei yun 牛尾藴, “oxtail bundle.” The Er ya states: “Jun 莙 is niu zao 牛藻.” Guo Pu in his comment states: “It has fine, luxuriant leaves similar to silk [threads]; lovely. One section is several cun long. Long [specimens] have 20 to 30 sections, that is the ‘bundle’.” The two zao [kinds] are edible. For a medicinal application, ma zao is preferable. When the Zuo zhuan refers to “pin 蘋, fan 蘩, yun 藴, and zao 藻652 vegetables,” [the latter two] are the ones [discussed] here. 651 For 于以采藻，于彼行潦, see Shi jing Part I, Book II, Ode IV/1. For 于沼于沚, see Shi jing Part I, Book II, Ode II/1 652 See also 19-12, Explanation of Names.



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【氣味】甘，大寒，滑，無毒 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, very cold, soft[ening], nonpoisonous. 【主治】去暴熱熱痢，止渴，擣汁服之。小兒赤白遊𤺋，火焱熱瘡，擣爛 封之。藏器。 Control. To remove sudden heat and free-flux illness related to heat, and to end thirst, pound it to obtain a juice and ingest it. For red and white roaming macules of children, and sores with a heat of blazing fire, pound it into a pulpy mass and apply it [to the affected region]. [Chen] Cangqi. 【發明】【思邈曰】凡天下極冷，無過藻菜。但有患熱毒腫并丹毒者，取 渠中藻菜，切搗傅之，厚三分，乾即易，其效無比。 Explication. [Sun] Simiao: Of all the coldest items in the world, none beats zao cai. Those in particular who suffer from heat poison swelling and cinnabar poison,653 they gather zao cai in ditches, cut it, pound it and apply it three fen thick [to the affected region]. When it is dry, it is replaced. Effective beyond comparison. 19-17 海藻本經中品 Hai zao, FE Ben jing, middle rank. Sargassum fusiforme (Harv.) Setch. Sargassum herb/brown-algae. 【釋名】𧂇音單，出爾雅，别録作藫、落首本經、海蘿爾雅注。 Explanation of Names. Dan 𧂇, read dan 單, as recorded in the Er ya. The Bie lu writes tan 藫. Luo shou 落首, Ben jing. Hai luo 海蘿, Er ya zhu. 【集解】【别録曰】海藻生東海池澤，七月七日采，暴乾。【弘景曰】生 海島上，黑色如亂髮而大少許，葉大都似藻葉。【藏器曰】此有二種。馬 尾藻生淺水中，如短馬尾細，黑色，用之當浸去鹹味。大葉藻生深海中及 新羅國，葉如水藻而大。海人以繩繫腰没水取之。五月以後有大魚傷人， 不可取也。爾雅云，綸似綸，組似組，東海有之。正爲二藻也。【頌曰】 此即水藻生於海中者，今登、萊諸州有之。陶隱居引爾雅綸、組註昆布， 謂昆布似組，青苔、紫菜似綸。而陳藏器以綸、組爲二藻。陶説似近之。 【時珍曰】海藻近海諸地采取，亦作海菜，乃立名目，貨之四方云。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Hai zao grows in ponds and on marshland in Dong hai. It is collected on the seventh day of the seventh month, and dried in the sun. [Tao] Hongjing. It grows on islands in the sea. It is black in color and similar to dis653 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118.

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orderly hair of varying sizes. The leaves mostly resemble the leaves of water milfoil. [Chen] Cangqi: There are two kinds. Ma wei zao 馬尾藻, “horse tail zao,” grows in bodies of shallow water. It is similar to a fine horse tail. To use it [for therapeutic applications] it must be soaked to remove its salty flavor. Big leaved zao grows in bodies of deep water and in Xin luo guo. The leaves resemble those of water milfoil, but they are bigger. Seaside people attach a string to their waist and dive into the water to collect them. Beginning with the fifth month big fish may harm them, and it can no longer be collected. The Er ya states: “The [greenish] ribbon [is named so because it] looks like a greenish ribbon. The [elaborate] silk band [is named so because it] looks like a silk band. They are present in Dong hai.” These are exactly the two kinds of zao. [Su] Song: This is the shui zao 水藻 growing in the sea. Today it is found in both Deng and Lai zhou. Tao Yinju quotes a comment on the Er ya reference to guan 綸 and zu 組 identifying them as kun bu 昆布, sea tangle (19-20). It states that sea tangle resembles “silk bands,” zu 組, while qing tai 青苔, mosses, and zi cai 紫菜, red algae, resemble “silk ribbons,” guan 綸. In contrast, Chen Cangqi identifies guan 綸 and zu 綸 as the two kinds of zao 藻. Apparently, Tao [Hongjing’s] statement is close [to the facts]. [Li] Shizhen: Hai zao 海藻 is collected at all places at the seaside. It is also written hai cai 海菜. With that name as a brand it is sold everywhere. 【修治】【斅曰】凡使須用生烏豆，并紫背天葵，三件同蒸伏時，日乾 用。【時珍曰】近人但洗净鹹味，焙乾用。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: For all applications it should be used together with fresh black soybean seeds and semiaquilegia [herb]. The three items are steamed together for a full day. Then they are dried in the sun for [therapeutic] application. [Li] Shizhen: Today people only wash it clean to remove its salty flavor. They bake it over a small fire until it is dry and use it. 【氣味】苦、鹹，寒，無毒。【權曰】鹹，有小毒。【之才曰】反甘草。 【時珍曰】按東垣 李氏治瘰癧馬刀散腫潰堅湯，海藻、甘草兩用之。蓋以 堅積之病，非平和之藥所能取捷，必令反奪以成其功也。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, salty, nonpoisonous. [Zhen] Quan: Salty, slightly poisonous. [Xu] Zhicai: [Ingested together,] it is opposed to glycyrrhiza [root]. [Li] Shizhen: Mr. Li Dongyuan uses both hai zao and glycyrrhiza [roots] in the “powder for scrofula pervasion-illness, [that is the] saber654 type” and the “decoction for festering, hardened swellings.” The fact is, diseases of hardened accumulations cannot be 654 Ma dao 馬刀, “saber,” a condition of saber-shaped, hard luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula with pervasion-illness,” developing in the armpits. BCGM Dict I, 331.



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eliminated with balanced, harmonizing pharmaceutical drugs. They must be aggressive to be successful. 【主治】癭瘤結氣，散頸下硬核痛，癰腫，癥瘕堅氣，腹中上下雷鳴，下 十二水腫。本經。療皮間積聚，暴㿉，瘤氣，結熱，利小便。别録。辟百 邪鬼魅，治氣急心下滿，疝氣下墜，疼痛卵腫，去腹中幽幽作聲。甄權。 治奔豚氣脚氣，水氣浮腫，宿食不消，五膈痰壅。李珣。 Control. Goiter tumor with bound qi spreading to below the neck with painful, hard kernels. Obstruction-illness655 swelling. Concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness656 with qi hardening. Thundering noises rising and descending in the abdomen. It serves to discharge twelve kinds of water. Ben jing. It heals [qi] accumulation and collection in the skin. Sudden prominence-illness.657 Tumor qi. Bound heat. It stimulates urination. Bie lu. It wards off the hundred evil [qi], demons and goblins. It serves to cure qi urgency658 and a feeling of fullness below the heart. Elevation-illness qi659 that has sunken [into the testicles] with painful, swollen testicles. It removes from within the abdomen sounds as if from a distance. Zhen Quan. It serves to cure running piglet660 qi and leg qi,661 floating/surface swelling with water qi, food remaining in the body overnight without digestion, and the five types of diaphragm phlegm blockage. Li Xun. 【發明】【元素曰】海藻氣味俱厚，純陰，沉也。治癭瘤馬刀諸瘡，堅而 不潰者。經云：鹹能軟堅。營氣不從，外爲浮腫。隨各引經藥治之，腫無 不消。【成無己曰】鹹味涌泄。故海藻之鹹，以泄水氣也。【詵曰】海藻 起男子陰，消男子㿉疾，宜常食之。南方人多食，北方人效之，倍生諸 655 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

656 Zheng jia 癥瘕, “concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness.” The two terms are often used interchangeably and do not signify two distinctly different conditions. Concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness result from a disharmony of cold and warmth resulting in a failure to transform beverages and food. Nodes form when the clash with the qi of the long-term depots. BCGM Dict I, 677. 657 Bao tui 暴㿉, “sudden prominence-illness,” a condition of sudden emergence of yin tui 陰 㿉, “yin (i.e. scrotal) prominence-illness.” BCGM Dict I, 54.

658 Qi ji 氣急, “qi urgency,” illness sign identical with chuan 喘, “panting.” BCGM Dict I, 383.

659 Shan qi 疝氣, “elevation-illness qi,” a.) a condition of an item having entered the scrotum, with pain, sometimes ascending, sometimes descending, and b.) a condition affecting the scrotum or a testicle. BCGM Dict I, 419. 660 Ben tun 賁豚, “running piglet,” a condition of an accumulation in the kidneys assuming the shape of a piglet moving up and down at irregular intervals. BCGM Dict I, 57. 661 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

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疾，更不宜矣。【時珍曰】海藻鹹能潤下，寒能洩熱引水，故能消癭瘤、 結核、陰㿉之堅聚，而除浮腫、脚氣、留飲、痰氣之濕熱，使邪氣自小便 出也。 Explication. [Zhang] Yuansu: The qi and the flavor of hai zao are strongly pronounced. It is a pure yin [substance] that sinks into the depth. It serves to cure all types of goiter, tumor and saber662 sores as long as they are hard and do not fester. The Classic states: “Salt can soften hardness.” If the camp qi do not follow [their normal paths] this results in an outer floating swelling. [Hai zao] serves to cure all these [ailments when it is ingested] together with pharmaceutical drugs guiding it into the respective conduits. There is no swelling that will not be dissolved. Cheng Wuji: Salty flavor induces gushing outflow. It is therefore that the salty [flavor] of hai zao is used to drain water qi. [Meng] Shen: Hai zao helps a male’s yin [member (i. e., penis)] to rise, and it lets a male’s prominence-illness663 dissolve. It should be eaten continuously. The people in the South eat it in large quantities; when people in the North follow suit, they suffer from illness all the more. For them it is even less suitable. [Li] Shizhen: With its salty [flavor] hai zao can moisten and induces discharge. With its cold [nature] it drains heat and leads off water. Hence it can dissolve hardened [qi] collections of goiter and tumors, bound [qi] kernels, and yin prominence-illness, and it eliminates the presence of moisture and heat associated with floating swelling, leg qi,664 abiding rheum and phlegm qi. It lets the evil qi leave [the body] by means of urination. 【附方】舊二，新二。 Added Recipes. Two of old, two newly [recorded]. 海藻酒。治癭氣。用海藻一斤，絹袋盛之，以清酒二升浸之，春夏二日， 秋冬三日。每服兩合，日三。酒盡再作。其滓曝乾爲末。每服方寸匕，日 三服。不過兩劑即瘥。范汪方。 Hai zao wine. It serves to cure goiter qi [accumulation]. Give one jin of hai zao into a silk pouch and soak it in two sheng of clear wine, in spring and summer for two days, in autumn and winter for three days. Each time ingest two ge, three times a day. When the wine is used up, make it again. The dregs are dried in the sun and [ground into] powder. Each time ingest the amount held by a squre cun spoon; to be 662 Ma dao 馬刀, “saber,” a condition of saber-shaped, hard luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula with pervasion-illness,” developing in the armpits. BCGM Dict I, 331.

663 Yin tui 陰㿉, “yin (i.e. scrotal) prominence-illness,” a condition of local swelling and pain affecting a male’s private parts. BCGM Dict I, 637. 664 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.



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ingested three times a day. Healing is achieved after no more than two preparations. Fan Wang fang. 癭氣初起。海藻一兩，黄連二兩，爲末。時時舐嚥。先斷一切厚味。丹溪 方。 Goiter qi [accumulation] that has just begun to emerge. [Grind] one liang of hai zao and two liang of coptis [rhizome] into powder. Again and again lick it and swallow it. Before [this therapy begins] stop eating all items with pronounced flavor. Danxi fang. 項下瘰癧，如梅李狀。宜連服前方海藻酒消之。肘後方。 Scrofula pervasion-illness665 below the neck, shaped like plums. In order to dissolve [the swelling] it is advisable to continuously ingest the hai zao wine suggested in a [recipe] above. Zhou hou fang. 蛇盤瘰癧，頭項交接者。海藻菜以蕎麪炒過，白殭蠶炒，等分爲末，以白 梅泡湯和丸梧子大。每服六十丸，米飲下，必泄出毒氣。危氏得效方。 Snake coil scrofula pervasion-illness,666 with one [swelling] next to another around head and neck. [Grind] equal amounts of hai zao, stir-fried together with buckwheat, and stiff, white silkworms, stir-fried, into powder. Mix it with a salted plum decoction and make pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 60 pills, to be sent down with a rice beverage. This will cause an outflow of poison qi. Wei shi de xiao fang. 19-18 海藴温、緼、醖三音拾遺 Hai yun, [藴] read wen, yun and yun , FE Shi yi. Nemacystus decipiens (Sur.) Kuck. Green algae. 【校正】自草部移入此。 Editorial Correction. Moved here from the section “herbs.” 【釋名】【時珍曰】緼，亂絲也。其葉似之，故名。 Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen: Yun 緼 is a disorderly bundle, yun 緼, of silk [threads]. That is how the leaves [of hai yun] look like. Hence the name. 665 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329.

666 She pan li 蛇盤癧, “snake-coil pervasion-illnes,” a condition of numerous luo li 瘰癧, scrofula with pervasion-illness, growing around the neck. BCGM Dict 434.

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【氣味】鹹，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】癭瘤結氣在喉間，下水。藏器。主水陰。蘇頌。 Control. Bound qi as goiter and tumor at the throat. It serves to discharge water. [Chen] Cangqi. It controls water hidden-illness.667 19-19 海帶宋嘉祐 Hai dai, FE Song Jia you. Zostera marina L. Common eelgrass.668 【集解】【禹錫曰】海帶出東海水中石上，似海藻而粗，柔靭而長。今登 州人乾之以束器物。醫家用以下水，勝於海藻、昆布。 Collected Explanations. [Zhang] Yuxi: Hai dai comes from Dong hai where it grows on stones in the water. It resembles sargassum herb/brown algae, but is coarser, softer and longer. Today, people in Deng zhou dry it and use it to fasten objects. Physicians use it to discharge water; it is superior to sargassum herb/brown algae and sea tangle. 【氣味】鹹，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】催生，治婦人病，及療風下水。嘉祐。治水病癭瘤，功同海藻。 時珍。 Control. It speeds up births. It serves to cure diseases of women, heals wind [intrusion] and discharges water. [Chen] Jiamo. It serves to cure water disease, goiter, and tumor. Its [therapeutic] potential is identical with that of sargassum herb/brown algae. 19-20 昆布别録中品 Kun bu, FE Bie lu, middle rank. Laminaria japonica Aresch. Sea tangle. 【釋名】綸布。【時珍曰】按吴普本草，綸布一名昆布，則爾雅所謂綸似 綸，東海有之者，即昆布也。綸，音關，青絲綬也，訛而爲昆耳。陶弘景 以綸爲青苔、紫菜輩，謂“組”爲昆布。陳藏器又謂綸、組是二種藻。不同如 此。 667 Shui yin 水癊,” water hidden-illness,” a condition identical with shui zhong 水腫, “edema.” BCGM Dict I, 474. 668 Hai dai 海帶, lit.: “sea pendant.”



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Explanation of Names. Guan bu 綸布. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Wu Pu ben cao, “guan bu 綸布 is also named kun bu 昆布.” When the Er ya 爾雅 states: “guan 綸 resembles guan 綸; it is present in Dong hai,” then that is kun bu 昆布. 綸 is read guan 關; it is a greenish silk cord. [The reading of guan 綸] was mistakenly distorted to kun 昆. Tao Hongjing identifies guan 綸 as mosses, qing dai 青苔, and red algae, zi cai 紫菜, and says that zu 組 is kun bu 昆布. Chen Cangqi, in turn, says that “guan 綸 and zu 組 are two kinds of zao 藻.” Such differences exist. 【集解】【别録曰】昆布生東海。【弘景曰】今惟出高麗。繩把索之如卷 麻，作黄黑色，柔靭可食。爾雅云：綸似綸，組似組，東海有之。今青 苔、紫菜皆似綸，而昆布亦似組，恐即是也。【藏器曰】昆布生南海，葉 如手大，似薄葦，紫赤色。其細葉者，海藻也。【珣曰】其草順流而生。 出新羅者葉細，黄黑色。胡人搓之爲索，陰乾，從舶上來中國。【時珍 曰】昆布生登、萊者，搓如繩索之狀。出閩、浙者，大葉似菜。蓋海中諸 菜性味相近，主療一致。雖稍有不同，亦無大異也。 Collected Explanatons. Bie lu : Kun bu grows in Dong hai. [Tao] Hongjing: Today it comes only from Gao li. Wrapped with strings it looks like hemp rolls. It is yellow-black in color, soft and edible. Er ya: “Guan 綸 resembles guan 綸; zu 組 resembles zu 組; it is present in Dong hai.” Today, mosses and red algae resemble greenish ribbons, guan 綸, while kun bu, sea tangle, resembles silk bands, zu 組. Maybe that is a correct [interpretation]. [Chen] Cangqi: Kun bu grows in Nan hai. The leaves are the size of a hand. They resemble thin reed and are purple-red in color. When they have fine leaves, they are sargassum herb/brown algae. [Li] Xun: These herbs grow following the flow of water. Those from Xin luo have fine leaves and are yellow-black in color. The Hu people roll them with their hands to form thick ropes, dry them in the yin (i. e., shade) and ship them to China. [Li] Shizhen: The kun bu growing in Deng and Lai is rolled with the hands to assume the shape of ropes. That coming from Min and Zhe has big leaves, similar to a vegetable. The fact is, all vegetables growing in the sea have a similar nature and flavor, and what they control and heal is identical. There may be some minor differences; but there are no major differences. 【修治】【斅曰】凡使昆布，每一斤，用甑箅大小十箇，同剉細，以東流 水煮之，從巳至亥，待鹹味去，乃晒焙用。 Pharmaceutical preparation. [Lei] Xiao: For all applications of kun bu, each time file one jin, about as much as fills ten steamers, to pieces and boil them with water flowing east from from si 巳 hours (9 – 11) to hai 亥 hours (21 – 23) until the salty flavor has left. Then dry them in the sun or bake them over a slow fire and use them [for therapeutic ends].

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【氣味】鹹，寒，滑，無毒。【普曰】酸、鹹，寒，無毒。【權曰】温， 有小毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, cold, smoothing, nonpoisonous. [Wu] Pu: Sour, salty, cold, nonpoisonous. [Zhen] Quan: Warm, slightly poisonous. 【主治】十二種水腫，癭瘤聚結氣，瘻瘡。别録。破積聚。思邈。治陰㿉 腫，含之嚥汁。藏器。利水道，去面腫，治惡瘡鼠瘻。甄權。 Control. The twelve types of water swelling, qi collections and nodes forming goiter and tumor. Leaking sores. Bie lu. It breaks through accumulations and collections. [Sun] Simiao. To cure prominence-illness swelling in the yin [(i. e., genital) region], hold its juice in the mouth and then swallow it. [Chen] Cangqi: It frees the passage through the water pathways. It eliminates facial swelling. It serves to cure malign sores and mouse fistula.669 [Zhen] Quan. 【發明】【杲曰】鹹能軟堅，故癭堅如石者非此不除，此海藻同功。【詵 曰】昆布下氣，久服瘦人，無此疾者不可食。海島之人愛食之，爲無好 菜，只食此物，服久相習，病亦不生，遂傳説其功於北人。北人食之皆生 病，是水土不宜耳。凡是海中菜，皆損人，不可多食。 Explication. [Li] Gao: Salty [flavor] can soften hardenings. Hence, this is the only [item] that eliminates goiters as hard as stones. Its [therapeutic] potential is identical to that of sargassum herb/brown algae. [Meng] Shen: Kun bu discharges qi; ingested for a long time it causes emaciation. It must be eaten only in the case of the ailments mentioned here. The people on the islands in the sea love to eat it and consider it to be a good vegetable. They eat nothing else. They gradually get used to it and do not fall ill. This potential was spread by word of mouth to people in the North. But when northerners eat it they all fall ill as they are not accustomed to the water and the soil [of the regions where such herbs grow in the South]. All vegetables growing in the sea are harmful to humans and must not be eaten in large quantities. 【附方】舊四。 Added Recipes. Four of old. 昆布臛。治膀胱結氣，急宜下氣。用高麗昆布一斤，白米泔浸一宿，洗去 鹹味。以水一斛，煮熟劈細。入葱白一握，寸斷之。更煮極爛，乃下鹽、 酢、糝、薑、橘、椒末調和食之。仍宜食粱米、粳米飯。極能下氣。無所 忌。海藻亦可依此法作之。廣濟方。 Kun bu broth. It serves to cure bound qi in the urinary bladder, requiring a quick discharge of qi. Soak one jin of kun bu from Gao li for one night in water in which 669 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical to luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.”



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rice has been washed and wash it to eliminate its salty flavor. Boil it in one hu of water until done and cut it into fine pieces. Add one handful of onion white and boil it again until it has assumed a consistency of a very pulpy mass. Then add salt, vinegar, crushed grain, ginger, tangerine peels and pepper powder and eat this mixture. It is also advisable to eat cooked millet and glutinous rice meals. [Such a therapy] is very good at discharging the qi [bound in the urinary bladder], and there is nothing that should be avoided [during this therapy]. Sargassum herb/brown algae can also be prepared this way. Guang ji fang. 癭氣結核，㿔㿔腫硬。以昆布一兩，洗去鹹，晒乾爲散。每以一錢綿裹， 好醋中浸過，含之嚥汁，味盡再易之。聖惠方。 Goiter with qi node kernels forming clusters of hard swelling. Wash one liang of kun bu to remove its salty [flavor], dry it in the sun and [grind it into] powder. Each time wrap one qian into silk and soak it in good vinegar. Then hold it in the mouth and swallow the resulting juice. When all its flavor has ended, replace it. Sheng hui fang. 項下五癭。方同上。 Five-fold goiter [swelling] below the neck. Recipe identical with the one above. 項下卒腫，其囊漸大，欲成癭者。昆布、海藻等分，爲末，蜜丸杏核大。 時時含之，嚥汁。外臺。 A sudden swelling below the neck, with a bag gradually growing in size and threatening to become a goiter. [Grind] equal amounts of kun bu and sargassum herb/ brown algae into powder and with honey make pills the size of apricot kernels. Continuously hold them in the mouth and swallow the resulting juice. Wai tai. 19-21 越王餘算海藥 Yue wang yu suan, FE Hai yao.670 Junceella juncea Pallas. Red sea whip.671 【釋名、集解】【珣曰】越王餘算生南海水中，如竹算子，長尺許。劉敬 叔異苑云：昔晉安 越王渡南海，將黑角白骨作算籌，其有餘者，棄於水中 而生此。故葉白者似骨，黑者似角，遂以名之。相傳可食。

670 According to Zheng lei ch. 7, Yi shi zhong Chen Cangqi yu 七一十種陳藏器餘, “Ten further items introduced by Chen Cangqi,” Yue wang yu suan was first recorded in the Shi yi, not in the Hai yao, a

671 Yue wang yu suan 越王餘算, “King Yue’s remaining counting [rod pieces].“

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Explanation of Names, Collected Explanations. [Li] Xun:672 Yue wang yu suan grows in the water of the South [China] Sea. It is similar to bamboo [abacus] calculating beads about one chi long. Liu Jingshu in his Yi yuan states: “In ancient times, King Yue of Jin an crossed the South [China] Sea and used [pieces of ] black horns and white bones to prepare a counting rod. The remaining pieces he threw into the water. There they grew as this [herb]. Hence, those with white leaves resemble bones; those with black [leaves] resemble horns. This is what the name is based on. Legend has it that it is edible.” 【附録】 Appendix 19-21-A01 沙箸 Sha zhu

Unidentified.673 【時珍曰】按劉恂嶺表録異有沙箸，似是餘算之類，今附於此。云海岸沙 中生沙箸，春吐苗，其心若骨，白而且勁，可爲酒籌。凡欲采者，須輕步 向前拔之。不然，聞行聲遽縮入沙中，不可得也。 [Li] Shizhen. According to Li Xun’s Ling biao lu yi, there is sha zhu 沙箸 similar to [Yue wang] yu suan. Hence, it is added here as an appendix. [The Ling biao lu yi] states: “In the sand at the sea shore grows sha zhu. In spring it spits out a seedling with a core similar to a bone. It is white in color and sturdy, and can be used to make the chips for counting during a wine game. In order to collect it, it is important to approach it carefully and then pluck it so that it doesn‘t hear the sound [of someone approaching] prompting it to retreat into the sand, making it impossible to get it.” 【氣味】鹹，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】水腫，浮氣結聚，宿滯不消，腹中虚鳴，並煮服之。李珣。 Control. Water swelling, bound qi node accumulation abiding overnight without dissolving, and depletion noises in the abdomen. For all these boil and ingest it. Li Xun.

672 According to Zheng lei ch. 7, Yi shi zhong Chen Cangqi yu 七一十種陳藏器餘, “Ten further items introduced by Chen Cangqi,” this should be [Chen] Cangqi rather than [Li] Xun. 673 Sha zhu 沙箸, lit.: “chopsticks in the sand.”



Unidentified.674

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19-22 石帆日華 Shi fan, FE Rihua .

【集解】【弘景曰】石帆狀如柏，水松狀如松。【藏器曰】石帆生海底， 高尺餘。根如漆色，至稍上漸軟，作交羅紋。【大明曰】石帆紫色，梗大 者如筯，見風漸硬，色如漆，人以飾作珊瑚裝。【頌曰】左思吴都賦：草 則石帆、水松。劉淵林註云：石帆生海嶼石上，草類也。無葉，高尺許， 其花離樓相貫連。若死則浮水中，人於海邊得之，稀有見其生者。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing. Shi fan is shaped like arborvitae; shui song 水松, “water pines,” (i. e. green sea fingers, 19-23) are shaped like pines. [Chen] Cangqi: Shi fang grows on the bottom of the sea. It is more than a chi tall. The root has the color of black lacquer. Towards the upper end it is gradually a little softer. It has a net-like design of interconnected lines. Da Ming: Shi fan is purple in color. Specimens with a big stalk resemble chopsticks. When they are exposed to wind they harden. Their color is similar to that of black lacquer. People make them into jewelry similar to corals. [Su] Song: Zuo Si in his Wu du fu: “Among herbs are shi fan and shui song 水松.” Liu Yuanlin in a comment states: “Shi fan grows on the rocks of small islands in the sea. It belongs to the group of herbs. It has no leaves and is about one chi tall. Its flowers stand next to the stems and are interconnected. When they have died they float on the water. People at the seaside take them. They are seldom seen alive.” 【氣味】甜、鹹，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】石淋。弘景。煮汁服，主婦人血結月閉。藏器。 Control. Urinary stone dripping. [Tao] Hongjing. Boiled and the resulting juice ingested, it controls blocked menstruation related to blood nodes of women. [Chen] Cangqi.

674 Shi fan 石帆, lit.: “sail made of stone.”

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19-23 水松675綱目 Shui song, FE Gang mu. Codium fragile (Sur.) Har. Green sea fingers.676 【集解】【弘景曰】水松狀如松。【頌曰】出南海及交趾，生海水中。 Collected Explanations. Shui song is shaped like pines, song 松. [Su] Song: In Nan hai and Jiao zhi it grows in the sea water. 【氣味】甘、鹹，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】溪毒。弘景。水腫，催生。藏器。 Control. Rivulet poison. [Tao] Hongjing. Water swelling. It speeds up births. [Chen] Cangqi.

675 A plant named shui song 水松 is listed in the table of contents of all Jin ling copies of the BCGM, but without main text. The text recorded here is copied from an edition by zhi jin tang 製錦堂 printed at the end of the Ming dynasty. Its wording agrees with that of the Jiang xi edition. 676 Shui song 水松, lit.: “water pine.”

本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 草部 Section Herbs 第二十卷 Chapter 20 草之九 Herbs IX 石草類一十九種 Herbs [growing on] Stones Group, 19 kinds. 20-01 Shi hu 石斛, noble dendrobium. FE Ben jing 本經 20-02 Gu sui bu 骨碎補, Fortune’s drynaria. FE Kai bao 開寶 20-03 Shi wei 石韋, Japnese felt fern. FE Ben jing 本經 20-04 Jin xing cao 金星草, phymatopsis herb. FE Jia you 嘉祐 20-05 Shi chang sheng 石長生, cliff maidenhair. FE Ben jing 本經 20-05-A01 Hong mao cao 紅茂草, clove pink. 20-06 Shi xian 石莧, creeping lip plant. FE Tu jing 圖經 20-06-A01 Shi chui 石垂, unidentified. 20-07 Jing tian 景天, stonecrop. FE Ben jing 本經 20-08 Fo jia cao 佛甲草, stonecrop. FE Tu jing 圖經 20-09 Hu er cao 虎耳草, strawberry begonia. FE Gang mu 綱目 20-10 Shi hu sui 石胡荽, sneezeweed. FE Si sheng 四聲 20-11 Luo yan cao 螺厴草, green penny fern. FE Shi yi 拾遺, i. e., Jing mian cao 鏡面草 20-12 Cu jiang cao 酢漿草, Indian sorrel. FE Tang ben 唐本 20-12-A01 Suan cao 酸草, unidentified. 20-12-A02 San ye 三葉, unidentified. 20-13 Di jin 地錦, thyme-leaf spurge. FE Jia you 嘉祐, i. e., xue jian chou 血見 愁 20-13-A01 Jin chuang xiao cao 金瘡小草, ajuga herb. 20-14 Li ge cao 離鬲草, thyme-leaf sandwort. FE Shi yi 拾遺

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20-15 Xian ren cao 仙人草, sweet autumn clematis. FE Shi yi 拾遺 20-16 Xian ren zhang cao 仙人掌草, unidentified. FE Tu jing 圖經 20-17 Ya zong 崖椶, creeping broad-leafed edge. FE Tu jing 圖經 20-17-A01 Ban tian hui 半天回, unidentified. 20-17-A02 Ye lan 野蘭,677 unidentified. 20-17-A03 Ji weng teng 雞翁藤,678 unidentified. 20-18 Zi bei jin pan 紫背金盤, ajuga nipponensis. FE Tu jing 圖經 20-19 Bai long xu 白龍鬚, unidentified. FE Gang mu 綱目 右附方舊十，新四十七。 Added Recipes, 10 of old, 47 newly [recorded].

677 Instead of ye lan 野蘭, the main text provides the proper name of this pharmaceutical drug as ye lan gen 野蘭根. 678 In the main text, the entry ji weng teng 雞翁藤 precedes the entry ban tian hui 半天回.



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本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 草部第二十卷 Section Herbs 草之九 Herbs IX 石草類一十九種 Herbs [growing on] Stones Group, 19 kinds. 20-01 石斛本經上品 Shi hu, FE Ben jing, upper rank. Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Noble dendrobium. 【釋名】石蓫别録、金釵綱目、禁生本經、林蘭同、杜蘭别録。【時珍 曰】石斛名義未詳。其莖狀如金釵之股，故古有金釵石斛之稱。今蜀人栽 之，呼爲金釵花。盛弘之荆州記云，耒陽 龍石山多石斛，精好如金釵，是 矣。林蘭、杜蘭，與木部木蘭同名，恐誤。 Explanation of Names Shi chu 石蓫, Bie lu. Jin chai 金釵, Gang mu. Jin sheng 禁生, Ben jing. Lin lan 林蘭, identical [source]. Du lan 杜蘭, Bie lu. [Li] Shizhen: The meaning of the name shi hu 石斛 is unclear. Its stem is shaped like a golden hairpin, jin chai 金釵. Hence its designation as “golden hairpin shi hu,” jing chai shi hu 金 釵石斛. Nowadays, people in Shu plant it; they call it jin chai hua 金釵花. Sheng Hongzhi in his Jing zhou ji states: “In Lei yang, on Mount Long shi shan, is much shi hu. It is as exquisite as a golden hairpin.” That is correct. Lin lan 林蘭 and du lan 杜蘭 are names identical with that of mu lan 木蘭 in the section “trees.” That may be wrong. 【集解】【别録曰】石斛生六安山谷水旁石上。七月、八月采莖，陰乾。 【弘景曰】今用石斛出始興。生石上，細實，以桑灰湯沃之，色如金， 形如蚱蜢髀者佳。近道亦有，次于宣城者。其生櫟木上者，名木斛。其莖 至虚，長大而色淺。不入丸散，惟可爲酒漬煮之用。俗方最以補虚，療脚 膝。【恭曰】今荆襄及漢中、江左又有二種。一種似大麥，累累相連，頭

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生一葉而性冷，名麥斛。一種莖大如雀髀，葉在莖頭，名雀髀斛。其他斛 如竹，而節間生葉也。作乾石斛法：以酒洗蒸暴成，不用灰湯。或言生者 漬酒，勝于乾者。【頌曰】今荆州、光州、壽州、廬州、江州、温州、台 州亦有之，以廣南者爲佳。多在山谷中。五月生苗，莖似小竹節，節間出 碎葉。七月開花，十月結實。其根細長，黄色。惟生石上者爲勝。【宗奭 曰】石斛細若小草，長三四寸，柔韌，折之如肉而實。今人多以木斛混 之，亦不能明。木斛中虚如禾草，長尺餘，但色深黄光澤耳。【時珍曰】 石斛叢生石上。其根紏結甚繁，乾則白軟。其莖葉生皆青色，乾則黄色。 開紅花。節上自生根鬚。人亦折下，以砂石栽之，或以物盛挂屋下，頻澆 以水，經年不死，俗稱爲千年潤。石斛短而中實，木斛長而中虚，甚易分 别。處處有之，以蜀中者爲勝。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Shi hu grows on stones on the side of the mountain valleys of Liu an. The stem is collected in the seventh and eight month. It is dried in the yin (i. e., shade). [Tao] Hongjing: The shi hu in use today comes from Shi xing. It grows on stones and has fine fruits. When they are soaked in a mulberry wood ashes decoction they assume a color of yellow gold. Those formed like the legs of locusts are excellent. It is present nearby, too, but secondary to that from Xuan cheng. Specimens that grow on oaks are called mu hu 木斛. [Mu hu’s] stem is completely hollow. It is long, massive and bland in color. It is not used in pills or powders. The only way it is used is soaked or boiled in wine. In common recipes it is mostly resorted to to supplement depleted [qi] and to heal leg and knee [disorder]. [Su] Gong: Today, in Jing and Xiang, as well as in Han zhong and Jiang zuo are two more kinds. One resembles barley, da mai 大麥. These are clusters of one herb connected with another. It develops one leaf at the top and is of cold nature. It is called mai hu 麥斛. The other kind has a massive stem similar to the thigh of a sparrow, que bi 雀髀. The leaf is situated at the top of the stem. It is called que bi hu 雀髀斛. The other hu [varieties] are similar to bamboo. Their leaves grow from within the nodes. The method to prepare dry shi hu: Wash it with wine, steam it and dry it in the sun. That is it. Do not use a decoction of ashes. Some say, fresh [shi hu] soaked in wine is superior to dry [shi hu]. [Su] Song: Today it is also found in Jing zhou, Guang zhou, Shou zhou, Lu zhou, Jiang zhou, Wen zhou and Tai zhou, with those from Guang nan being excellent. It is mostly found in mountain valleys. It develops a seedling in the fifth month. The stem looks like [a succession of ] short bamboo segments; with individual leaves appearing from within the nodes. Flowers open in the seventh month. They form fruits in the tenth month. Its root is fine and long, and yellow in color. Only those growing on stones are best. [Kou] Zongshi: Shi hu is as fine as a small herb. It is three to four cun long, soft and pliable. If it is broken, it looks like filled with meat. Today, people often pass it off as mu hu 木斛.



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They are unable to distinguish them. Mu hu is hollow, similar to grass. It is more than a chi long. But it is deep-yellow in color, shiny and glossy. [Li] Shizhen: Shi hu grows as a cluster on stones. The root is a knot of very many yellow silk threads. When it is dried, it turns white and is soft. The stem and the leaves are all greenish in color as long as they are fresh. When they are dry, they are yellow in color. [Shi hu] opens red flowers. Root “beards” develop on the nodes. People may break them off and stick them into sand or between stones, or they hang such items under the roof. They repeatedly sprinkle them with water, and they will not die for years. That is commonly called “moistened for one thousand years.” Shi hu is short and solid inside. Mu hu is long and hollow inside. They are very easily distinguished. They are found everywhere, and those in Shu are the best. 【修治】【斅曰】凡使，去根頭，用酒浸一宿，暴乾，以酥拌蒸之，從巳 至酉，徐徐焙乾，用入補藥乃效。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: For all [therapeutic] applications remove the root end. Then soak it in wine for one night and dry it in the sun. Mix it with butter and steam it from si hours (9 – 11) to you 酉 hours (17 – 19). Slow by slow bake it over a mild fire until it is dry. When added to supplementing medication, it is effective. [氣味】甘，平，無毒。【普曰】神農：甘，平。扁鵲：酸。李當之：寒。 【時珍曰】甘、淡、微鹹。【之才曰】陸英爲之使。惡凝水石、巴豆。畏 雷丸、僵蠶。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Wu] Pu: Shen Nong: Sweet, balanced. Bian Que: Salty. Li Dangzhi: Cold. [Li] Shizhen: Sweet, bland, slightly salty. [Xu] Zhicai: Chinese elder serves as its guiding substance. [Ingested together,] it abhors calcite and croton seeds. It fears thunderball fungus and stiff silkworms. 【主治】傷中，除痺下氣，補五臟虚勞羸瘦，强陰益精。久服厚腸胃。本 經。補内絶不足，平胃氣，長肌肉，逐皮膚邪熱疿氣，脚膝疼冷痺弱，定 志除驚。輕身延年。别録。益氣除熱，治男子腰脚軟弱，健陽，逐皮肌風 痺，骨中久冷，補腎益力。權。壯筋骨，煖水臟，益智清氣。日華。治發 熱自汗，癰疽排膿内塞。時珍。 Control. Harmed center. It removes blockage and sends down qi. It supplements the [qi of the] five long-term depots in the case of depletion, exhaustion and emaciation. It stiffens the yin [member (i. e., penis)] and boosts essence/sperm. Ingested over a long time it solidifies the intestines and the stomach. Ben jing. It supplements [qi] in the case of an insufficiency with an internal interruption of their flow. It balances stomach qi, stimulates the growth of muscles and flesh, and eliminates from

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the skin evil heat and prickly heat qi. It relieves legs and knees of pain, cold, and blockage with weakness. It stabilizes the mind and eliminates fright. It relieves the body of its weight and extends the years [of life]. Bie lu. It boosts qi and eliminates heat. It serves to cure softened and weak lower back and legs of males, strengthens their yang [path (i. e., sexual potential)] and removes from the skin and muscles blockage related to wind [intrusion], as well as long-lasting cold in the bones. It supplements kidney [qi] and boosts their strength. [Zhen] Quan. It strengthens sinews and bones, warms the water long-term depot (i. e., the kidneys), boosts wisdom and clears qi. Rihua. It serves to cure heat effusion with sweating, and obstruction-illness and impediment-illness,679 and pushes out pus responsible for internal blockages. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【斅曰】石斛鎖涎，澀丈夫元氣。酒浸酥蒸，服滿一鎰，永不骨 痛也。【宗奭曰】石斛治胃中虚熱有功。【時珍曰】石斛氣平，味甘、 淡、微鹹，陰中之陽，降也。乃足太陰脾、足少陰右腎之藥。深師云：囊 濕精少，小便餘瀝者，宜加之。一法：每以二錢入生薑一片，水煎代茶 飲，甚清肺補脾也。 Explication. [Lei] Xiao: Shi hu closes [the free flow of ] saliva. It blocks the flow of the original qi of men. Soaked in wine and butter, steamed and one full yi ingested, it eliminates bone pain forever. [Kou] Zongshi: Shi hu has a [therapeutic] potential of curing depletion heat in the stomach. [Li] Shizhen: The qi of shi hu are balanced. Its flavor is sweet, bland and a little salty. It is a yang in yin [substance]; it sinks [in the body]. Hence it is a pharmaceutical drug for the foot major yin spleen [conduits] and the foot minor yin kidney [conduits]. The [monk] Shen shi states: “For scrotal moisture and essence/sperm scarcity, with dripping of remaining urine, it is advisable to add it [to a medication].” Another method: To each two qian [of shi hu] add one slice of fresh ginger, boil this in water and drink it instead of tea. This very much [serves to] clear the lung and boost the spleen [qi]. 【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded]. 睫毛倒入。川石斛、川芎藭等分，爲末。口内含水，隨左右㗜鼻，日二 次。袖珍方。 679 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.



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Intrusion of inverted eyelashes.680 [Grind] equal amounts of shi hu from [Si] chuan and ligusticum root from [Si] chuan into powder. Hold water in the mouth and depending on [whether the left or the right eye is affected ] inhale [the powder] into the left or right nostril. Twice a day. Xiu zhen fang. 飛蟲入耳：石斛數條，去根如筒子，一邊紝入耳中，四畔以蠟封閉，用火 燒石斛，盡則止。熏右耳，則蟲從左出。未出更作。聖濟。 Flying bugs have entered an ear. Remove the roots of several shi hu boughs to make hollow tubes. Insert one tube with one end into the ear and seal it with beeswax on all sides. Then burn the shi hu [and the fumes will enter the ear]. When it is used up, the [intrusion] ends. If the steam is sent into the right ear, the bug will come out of the left [ear, and vice versa]. If it does not come out, repeat the [steaming]. Sheng ji. 20-02 骨碎補宋開寶 Gu sui bu, FE Song Kai bao [ben cao]. Drynaria fortunei (Kunze) J. Smith. Fortune’s drynaria. 【釋名】猴薑拾遺、胡猻薑志、石毛薑日華、石菴䕡。【藏器曰】骨碎補 本名猴薑。開元皇帝以其主傷折，補骨碎，故命此名。或作骨碎布，訛 矣。江西人呼爲胡孫薑，象形也。【時珍曰】菴䕡主折傷破血。此物功 同，故有菴䕡之名。 Explanation of Names. Hou jiang 猴薑, “monkey ginger,” Shi yi. Hu sun jiang 胡猻 薑, “macaque ginger,” [Ma] Zhi. Shi mao jiang 石毛薑, “stone hair ginger,” Rihua. Shi yan lü 石菴䕡. [Chen] Cangqi: Gu sui bu 骨碎補 was originally named hou jiang 猴薑. Because it controls fracture harm and restores, bu 補, bones, gu 骨, broken to pieces, sui 碎, the kai yuan 開元 Emperor renamed it [gu sui bu 骨碎補, “that which supplements bones broken to pieces“]. Some write it gu sui bu 骨碎布, “a cloth for bones broken to pieces.” That is a mistaken modification. People in Jiang xi call it hu su jiang 胡孫薑, “macaque ginger,” to reflect its shape. [Li] Shizhen: Keiske artemisia, yan lü 菴䕡, controls fracture harm and breaks through blood [accumulation]. The item [discussed] here has the same [therapeutic] potential. Hence, it, too, is named yan lü. 【集解】【志曰】骨碎補生江南。根寄樹石上，有毛。葉如菴䕡。【藏器 曰】嶺南 虔、吉州亦有之。葉似石韋而一根，餘葉生于木。【大明曰】 是樹上寄生草，根似薑而細長。【頌曰】今淮、浙、陝西、夔路州郡皆有 680 Jie mao dao ruo 睫毛倒入, “intrusion of inverted eyelashes.” An illness sign of curled eyelashes with their ends pointing inward and rubbing the cornea, resulting in a feeling of roughness, pain and flow of tears. BCGM Dict 251.

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之。生木或石上。多在背陰處，引根成條，上有黄赤毛及短葉附之。又抽 大葉成枝，葉面青緑色，有青黄點，背青白色，有赤紫點。春生葉，至冬 乾黄。無花實。采根入藥。【宗奭曰】此苗不似薑，亦不似菴䕡。每一大 葉兩旁，小葉叉牙，兩兩相對，葉長有尖瓣也。【時珍曰】其根扁長，略 似薑形。其葉有椏缺，頗似貫衆葉。謂葉如菴䕡者殊謬，如石韋者亦差。 Collected Explanations. [Ma] Zhi: Gu sui bu grows in Jiang nan. The root clings to trees and the surface of stones. It has hairs. The leaves are similar to those of keiske artemisia. [Chen] Cangqi: It is present in Qian and Ji zhou in Ling nan. The leaves resemble those of Japanese felt fern; [the plant] has only one [stem serving as its] root. There are additional leaves [without petioles that seem to] grow from the tree [the fern is attached to]. Da Ming: This is an herb that grows attached to trees. The root resembles that of ginger, but is fine and longer. [Su] Song: Today it is found in all the zhou and prefectures of Huai, Zhe, Shaan xi and Kui lu. It grows on trees and stones, mostly on their back and in shady locations. Its roots extend as boughs. They have yellow-red hairs and short leaves are attached to them. Also, big leaves rise and turn into twigs. The leaves are greenish-green in color on their front, with greenish-yellow dots. Their back is greenish-white in color, with red-purple dots. The leaves grow in spring. In winter they dry out and turn yellow. [Gu sui bu] has neither fruits nor seeds. The root is collected for use as medication. [Kou] Zongshi: The seedling resembles neither ginger nor keiske artemisia. Each of its large leaves has small, toothed leaves on both sides, always two and two facing each other. The leaves grow long with pointed segments. [Li] Shizhen: The root is flat and long, a little resembling the shape of ginger. The leaves have forked indentations, very much like dryopteris leaves. To say the leaves are similar to those of keiske artemisia is a grave mistake. And comparing them with Japanese felt fern is also incorrect. 20-02-01 根 Gen

Root [of gu sui bu]. 【修治】【斅曰】凡采得，用銅刀刮去黄赤毛，細切，蜜拌潤，甑蒸一 日，晒乾用。急用只焙乾，不蒸亦得也。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: When [the root] is collected, remove the yellow-red hair with a copper knife, cut it to fine pieces, mix them with honey to moisten them and steam them for one day. Then dry them in the sun to prepare them for [therapeutic] use. If their application is urgently required, simply bake them over a slow fire. An application without steaming them is possible, too.



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【氣味】苦，温，無毒。【大明曰】平。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, warm, nonpoisonous. Da Ming: Balanced. 【主治】破血止血，補傷折。開寶。主骨中毒氣，風血疼痛，五勞六極， 足手不收，上熱下冷。權。惡疾，蝕爛肉，殺蟲。大明。研末，豬腎夾 煨，空心食，治耳鳴，及腎虚久泄，牙疼。時珍。 Control. It breaks through blood [accumulation] and ends bleeding. It supplements [qi] in the case of fracture harm. Kai bao. It controls poison qi in the bones, painful wind [intrusion] and blood [disorder], the five types of exhaustion and the six types of extreme [exhaustion], an inability to contract feet and hands, heat in the upper [body part] and cold in the lower [body part]. [Zhen] Quan. Malign illnesses. It eats up festering flesh and kills worms/bugs. Inserted into a pig kidney, cooked over a slow fire and eaten on an empty stomach, it serves to cure noises in the ears and kidney depletion with long-lasting outflow, as well as toothache. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【頌曰】骨碎補入婦人血氣藥。蜀人治閃折筋骨傷損，取根擣 篩，煮黄米粥和裹傷處，有效。【時珍曰】骨碎補足少陰藥也。故能入 骨，治牙，及久泄痢。昔有魏刺史子久泄，諸醫不效，垂殆。予用此藥末 入猪腎中煨熟與食，頓住。蓋腎主大小便，久泄屬腎虚，不可專從脾胃 也。雷公炮炙論用此方治耳鳴，耳亦腎之竅也。案戴原禮症治要訣云：痢 后下虚，不善調養，或遠行，或房勞，或外感，致兩足痿軟，或痛或痺， 遂成痢風。宜用獨活寄生湯吞虎骨四斤丸，仍以骨碎補三分之一，同研取 汁，酒解服之。外用杜牛膝、杉木節、萆薢、白芷、南星煎湯，頻頻熏 洗。此亦從腎虚骨痿而治也。 Explication. [Su] Song: Gu sui bu is a pharmaceutical drug that supplements and enters the blood and qi [section] of women. People in Shu cure sprains and fractures and other injuries to sinews and bones with the root. They pound it [into powder], pass it through a sieve, boil it with glutinous millet to a congee and use [this congee] to cover the location of the harm. That is effective. [Li] Shizhen: Gu sui bu is a pharmaceutical drug for the foot minor yin [conduits]. Hence it is able to enter the bones and to cure tooth[ache], long-lasting outflow and free-flux illness. In ancient times the son of Prefect Wei suffered from long-lasting outflow. No medicinal therapy proved to be effective and he approached a critical state. I took the powder of the pharmaceutical drug [discussed] here, had it cooked in a pig liver until done and let him eat it. [The outflow] ended immediately. The fact is, the kidney controls the major (i. e., defecation) and the minor (i. e., urination) relief. A long-lasting outflow is related to kidney [qi] depletion. It is not always related to spleen and stomach. The Lei gong pao zhi lun [recommends] “this recipe to cure noises in the ears.” The ears are the orifices of the kidneys. According to Dai Yuanli in his Zheng zhi yao

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jue, “after a free-flux illness the [qi] in the lower body part are depleted. If they are not properly nourished, or if [the patient] walks a long distance, engages in sex or is affected [by some evil qi] from outside, so that both feet fail and become soft, eventually this develops to a free-flux illness with wind [intrusion]. [To heal it] it is advisable to add the ‘pills with four jin of tiger bones and mulberry epiphyte’681 to the ‘decoction with angelica biserrata [root]’682 and grind this together with gu sui bu, one third of the amount [of the pills], to obtain a juice. To dissolve it in wine and ingest it. For an external application boil carpesium [root], Chinese cedar wood nodes, dioscorea [root], angelica dahurica [root] and arisaema [root] and use the resulting decoction to frequently steam and wash [the affected region].” This, too, is a therapy required by bone dysfunction caused by kidney [qi] depletion. 【附方】舊二，新三。 Added Recipes. Two of old, three newly [recorded]. 虚氣攻牙，齒痛血出，或痒痛。骨碎補二兩，銅刀細剉，瓦鍋慢火炒黑， 爲末。如常揩齒，良久吐之，嚥下亦可。劉松石云：此法出靈苑方，不獨 治牙痛，極能堅骨固牙，益精髓，去骨中毒氣疼痛。牙動將落者，數擦立 住，再不復動，經用有神。 Qi availing themselves of a depletion attack the teeth, associated with toothache and bleeding, or itch and pain. File two liang of gu sui bu with a copper knife to fine pieces, stir-fry them in an earthenware pot over a slow fire until they turn black, and [grind them into] powder. Use it the usual way to brush the teeth and after quite some time spit it out. It may also be swallowed. Liu Songshi states: This method is from the Ling yuan fang. It not only serves to cure toothache, it is also extremely capable of hardening bones and solidifying teeth. It boosts essence and marrow, and eliminates painful poisonous qi from inside the bones. If teeth are moving and in danger of falling out, rub them frequently [with this powder]. They become fixed and no longer move. Its application has yielded divine results. 風蟲牙痛。 骨碎補、 乳香等分， 爲末糊丸， 塞孔中。 名金針丸。 聖濟總 録。 Toothache related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of worms/bugs. [Grind] equal amounts of gu sui bu and frankincense into powder and with a [white flour] 681 The “pills with four jin of tiger bones and mulberry epiphyte” include: Tiger bone, quince, achyranthes root, gastrodia root, desert broomrape, aconitum lateral tuber, ash-free wine. 682 The “decoction with angelica biserrata [root]” includes: Angelica biserrata root, mulberry epiphyte, eucommia bark, achyranthes root, asarum heteropoides root, large gentiana root, poria, shaved cinnamom bark, saposhnikovia root, ligusticum root, ginseng root.



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paste form pills to be inserted into the hole [that has formed in the teeth. The recipe] is called “golden needle pills.” Sheng ji zong lu. 耳鳴耳閉。骨碎補削作細條，火炮，乘熱塞之。蘇氏圖經。 Noises in the ears; blocked ears. File a gu sui bu [root] to a fine stick, roast it over a fire and insert it hot [into the affected ear]. Su shi, Tu jing. 病後髮落。胡孫薑、野薔薇嫩枝煎汁，刷之。 Hair loss following a disease. Boil hu sun jiang and tender twigs of the wild rambling rose to obtain a juice and brush the [hair with it]. 腸風失血。胡孫薑燒存性五錢，酒或米飲服。仁存方。 Intestinal wind with a loss of blood. Burn five qian of hu sun jiang with its nature retained and ingest it with wine or a rice beverage. Ren cun fang. 20-03 石韋本經中品 Shi wei, Ben jing, middle rank. Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. Japanese felt fern. 【釋名】石䩾音蔗、石皮别録、石蘭。【弘景曰】蔓延石上，生葉如皮， 故名石韋。【時珍曰】柔皮曰韋，䩾亦皮也。 Explanation of Names. Shi zhe 石䩾, read zhe 蔗; shi pi 石皮, “stone skin/leather,” Bie lu. Shi lan 石蘭, “stone orchid.” [Tao] Hongjing: It extends creeping on stones. Its fresh leaves are similar to a skin. Hence the name “stone leather,” shi wei 石韋. [Li] Shizhen: A soft skin/leather is called wei 韋. Zhe 䩾, too, is “skin/leather.” 【集解】【别録曰】石韋生華陰山谷石上，不聞水聲及人聲者良。二月采 葉，陰乾。【弘景曰】處處有之。出建平者，葉長大而厚。【恭曰】此物 叢生石旁陰處，亦不作蔓。其生古瓦屋上者名瓦韋，療淋亦好。【頌曰】 今晉、絳、滁、海、福州、江寧皆有之。叢生石上，葉如柳，背有毛而斑 點如皮。福州别有一種石皮，三月有毛，采葉作浴湯，治風。【時珍曰】 多生陰厓險罅處。其葉長者近尺，闊寸餘，柔韌如皮，背有黄毛。亦有金 星者，名金星草，並凌冬不凋。又一種如杏葉者，亦生石上，其性相同。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Shi wei grows on stones in the mountain valleys of Hua yin. Those specimens are good that have never been exposed to the sounds of water or the voices of people. The leaves are collected in the second month; they are dried in the yin (i. e., shade). [Tao] Hongjing: It is found everywhere. That coming from Jian ping has leaves that are long, big and thick. [Su] Gong: This item grows as clusters next to stones at shady locations, and it is not always a creeper. When it

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grows on a roof covered with tiles it is called wa wei 瓦韋, “tile leather.” It is also suitable for healing urinary dripping. [Su] Song: Today it is present in Jin, Jiang, Chu, Hai, Fu zhou and Jiang ning. It grows as clusters on stones. The leaves are similar to those of willows. They have hair on their back and dots similar to a skin/ leather. In Fu zhou is another kind of shi pi 石皮. In the third month it has hair, and the leaves are collected to boil them and use the hot water for bathing to cure wind [intrusion]. [Li] Shizhen: It often grows on a shady precipice, in crevices at difficult to reach locations. Its leaves may reach a length of almost one chi, and they are more than one cun wide. They are pliable and tough like skin/leather and have yellow hair on their back. Some have golden stars; they are named “golden star herb.” They do not wither even in cold winter. There is yet another kind with leaves similar to those of apricot [trees]. It, too, grows on stones. Its nature is identical [to that of common shi wei]. 【修治】【别録曰】凡用去黄毛。毛射人肺，令人欬，不可療。【大明 曰】入藥去梗，須微炙用。一法：以羊脂炒乾用。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. Bie lu: Whenever it is used [for therapeutic purposes] remove its yellow hairs. When the hairs are flung into one’s lung they let him cough, and that is incurable. Da Ming: For use in medications, remove the stalk. Then it should be slightly roasted before being made use of. Another method: Stir-fry it with sheep fat until it has dried and then use it. 【氣味】苦，平，無毒。【别録曰】甘。【權曰】微寒。【之才曰】滑 石、杏仁、射干爲之使。得菖蒲良。制丹砂、礬石。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, balanced, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Sweet. [Zhen] Quan: Slightly cold. [Xu] Zhicai: Talc, apricot kernels and blackberry lily [root] serve as its guiding substances. Combined with acorus [root] it gives good results. It serves to check [the effects of ] cinnabar and alum. 【主治】勞熱邪氣，五癃閉不通，利小便水道。本經。止煩下氣，通膀胱 滿，補五勞，安五臟，去惡風，益精氣。别録。治淋瀝遺溺。日華。炒 末，冷酒調服，治發背。頌。主崩漏金瘡，清肺氣。時珍。 Control. Exhaustion with heat and [further] evil qi. The five types of protuberance-illness blockage.683 It opens the water pathways for urination. Ben jing. It ends vexation and sends down qi. It opens the passage out of a filled urinary bladder. It supplements [qi in the case of ] the five types of exhaustion. It calms the five long-term depots, removes malign wind, and boosts essence qi. Bie lu. It serves 683 Long bi 癃閉, “protuberance-illness blockage.” Passing of urine in small amounts; in serious cases the passage of urine is completely inhibited. BCGM Dict I, 323.



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to cure urinary dripping and uncontrolled loss of urine. Rihua. Stir-fried, [ground into] powder, and ingested mixed with wine it serves to cure effusions [of obstruction-illness and impediment-illness] on the back.684 [Su] Song. It controls [blood] collapse685 and leaking related to wounds caused by metal objects/weapons. It clears lung qi. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新五。 Added Recipes. Five newly [recorded]. 小便淋痛。石韋、滑石等分，爲末。每飲服刀圭，最駃。聖惠。 Painful urinary dripping. [Grind] equal amounts of shi wei and talc into powder. Each time ingest the amount held by a knife blade. Very quick [effect]. Sheng hui. 小便轉脬。石韋去毛、車前子各二錢半，水二琖，煎一琖，食前服。指迷 方。 [Blocked] urination because of a contorted urinary bladder.686 Boil two and a half qian each of shi wei, with the hairs removed, and Asiatic plantain seeds in two wine cups of water down to one cup and ingest this prior to a meal. Zhi mi fang. 崩中漏下。石韋爲末。每服三錢，温酒服，甚效。 Collapsing center687 and leaking discharge. [Grind] shi wei into powder and [let the patient] ingest three qian, to be ingested with warm wine. Very effective. 便前有血。石皮爲末。茄子枝煎湯下二錢。普濟方。 Bleeding prior to (defecation/urination) relief. [Grind] shi wei into powder and send down two qian with a decoction of eggplant twigs. Pu ji fang. 氣熱欬嗽。石韋、檳榔等分，爲末。薑湯服二錢。聖濟録。 684 Fa bei 發背, “effusion of the back,” a condition of yong 癰, “obstruction-illnesses,” and ju 疽, “impediment-illnesses,” developing on one’s back. As it was believed that the transporter holes of the five depots and six palaces are located on the back, conditions of obstruction-illnesses and impediment-illnesses there, often apparent as abscesses, were considered threatening. BCGM Dict I, 148.

685 Xue beng 血崩, blood collapse. Excessive vaginal bleeding, identical to beng zhong 崩中, collapsing center. BCGM Dict I, 594; 58. 686 Zhuan pao 轉脬, contorted bladder. A condition of a distended, tight and painful urinary bladder because of a blockage of the ‘bladder connection’ (bao xi 胞系, i.e. the urethra) and resulting inhibition of the flow of urine. BCGM Dict I, 697.

687 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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Cough related to qi heat. [Grind] equal amounts of shi wei and areca [seeds] into powder and send down two qian with a ginger decoction. Sheng ji lu. 20-04 金星草宋嘉祐 Jin xing cao, FE Song Jia you. Phymatopsis griffithiana (Hook.) J. Smith.688 【釋名】金釧草圖經、鳳尾草綱目、七星草。【時珍曰】即石韋之有金星 者。圖經重出七星草，併入。 Explanation of Names. Jin chuan cao 金釧草, “golden bracelet herb,” Tu jing. Feng wei cao 鳳尾草, “phenix tail herb,” Gang mu 綱目. Qi xing cao 七星草, “seven stars herb.” [Li] Shizhen: That is shi wei with golden stars. The Tu jing lists it separately as qi xing cao 七星草. It is included here. 【集解】【禹錫曰】金星草，西南州郡多有之，以戎州者爲上。喜生背陰 石上淨處，及竹箐中少日色處，或生大木下，及背陰古瓦屋上。初出深緑 色，葉長一二尺，至深冬背生黄星點子，兩兩相對，色如金，因得金星之 名。無花實，凌冬不凋。其根盤屈如竹根而細，折之有筋，如猪馬騣。五 月和根采之，風乾用。【頌曰】七星草生江州山谷石上。葉如柳而長，作 蔓延，長二三尺。其葉堅硬，背上有黄點如七星。采無時。 Collected Explanations. [Zhang] Yuxi: Jin xing cao is present in the zhou and prefectures in the South-West in large quantities. Those from Rong zhou are best. It prefers to grow on clean locations on the back, shady side of stones, and also in bamboo groves where only little sunshine can reach, or under large trees. Also, on roofs on the back, shady side of old tiles. When it begins to grow it is colored deep green. The leaves are one or two chi long. In deep winter their back assumes a yellow color with yellow star dots, with always two and two [leaves] facing each other. The color is similar to that of gold; hence it is named “golden star [herb].” It has neither flowers nor fruits, and does not wither even in cold winter. The root is coiled and fine like a bamboo root. When it is broken its sinews appear, similar to the mane of a pig or a horse. It is collected together with the root in the fifth month and dried by wind for [therapeutic] use. [Su] Song: Qi xing cao grows on stones in the mountain valleys of Jiang zhou. The leaves are similar to willow [leaves], but longer. [The plant] extends creeping and reaches a length of two to three chi. The leaves are hard; on their back they have yellow dots resembling seven stars. It is collected anytime.

688 Jin xing cao 金星草, lit.: “golden star herb.”



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【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。【頌曰】微酸。【崔昉曰】制三黄、砂、汞、礬 石。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. [Su] Song: Slightly sour. Cui Fang: It checks [the effects of ] the three [substances named] huang 黄, “yellow,” 689 and those of cinnabar, mercury, and alum. 【主治】發背癰瘡，結核。解流黄丹石毒，連根半斤，酒五升，銀器煎 服，先服石藥悉下。亦可作末，冷水服方寸匕。塗瘡腫殊效。根浸油塗 頭，大生毛髮。嘉祐。烏髭 髮。頌。解熱，通五淋，凉血。時珍。 Control. Obstruction-illness690 sores effusing on the back, with [qi] knot kernels. To resolve the poison of sulphur, and of elixir minerals, boil ten jin with the roots in five sheng of wine in a silver vessel. This will serve to discharge all the mineral drugs ingested before. It can also be [ground into] powder to ingest with cold water the amount held by a square cun spoon. It is of a remarkable effect when applied to sores with swelling. The root soaked in oil and then applied to the head induces a massive growth of hair. Jia you. It blackens a moustache and the hair [on the head]. [Su] Song. It resolves heat and frees [the pathway of urine] in the case of the five kinds of urinary dripping. It cools the blood. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【頌曰】但是瘡毒，皆可服之。然性至冷，服后下利，須補治乃 平復。老年不可輒服。【宗奭曰】丹石毒發于背及一切癰腫。以其根葉二 錢半，酒一大盞，煎服，取下黑汁。不惟下所服石藥，兼毒去瘡愈也。如 不飲酒，則爲末，以新汲水服，以知爲度。【時珍曰】此藥大抵治金石發 毒者。若憂鬱氣血凝滯而發毒者，非所宜也。 Explication. [Su] Song: To ingest it is especially [appropriate] for all kinds of sores with poison. But its nature is extremely cold, and after an ingestion it causes discharge with free flow. That requires a supplementing cure to restore an original balance. Old people must not ingest it arbitrarily. [Kou] Zongshi: For effusions of elixir mineral poison on the back and all types of obstruction-illness swelling, boil two and a half qian of its root and leaves in one large cup of wine and ingest the decoction. That causes a discharge of a black juice. It not only serves to discharge the mineral drugs ingested, when the poison is removed the sores are healed, too. For [patients] that do not drink wine [grind it into] powder and let them ingest it with newly drawn water until an effect shows. [Li] Shizhen: This pharmaceutical drug 689 The three [items named “yellow”,] huang 黄, include sulphur, liu huang 硫黃, realgar, xiong huang 雄黃, and orpiment, ci huang 雌黃. 690 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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basically serves to cure all types of poisoning related to [an ingestion] of mineral [elixirs. To ingest it] in the case of a poisoning by pent-up qi and coagulated blood resulting from worries, is not appropriate. 【附方】舊一，新二。 Added Recipes. One of old, two newly [recorded]. 五毒發背。金星草和根淨洗，慢火焙乾。每四兩入生甘草一錢，擣末，分 作四服。每服用酒一升，煎二三沸，更以温酒三二升相和，入缾器内封 固，時時飲之。忌生冷油肥毒物。經驗方。 Effusion on the back of all the five types of poison. Wash jin xing cao with the root clean and bake it over a slow fire until it is dry. To every four liang add one qian of fresh glycyrrhiza [root], pound it into powder and ingest it divided into four portions. For each ingestion boil [one portion] in one sheng of wine two or three times to bubbling. Then mix it further with three or two sheng of warm wine and store it closely sealed in a jar to frequently drink it. [During this therapy] fresh, cold, oily, fat and poisonous items should be avoided. Jing yan fang. 熱毒下血。金星草、陳乾薑各三兩，爲末。每服一錢，新汲水下。本事方。 Discharge of blood related to heat and poison. [Grind] three liang each of jin xing cao and long-stored, dried ginger into powder. Each time ingest one qian, to be sent down with newly drawn water. Ben shi fang. 脚膝爛瘡。金星草背上星，刮下傅之，即乾。集簡方。 Festering sores on the legs and the knees. Scratch the stars from the back of jin xing cao and apply them [to the affected region]. It will dry up. Ji jian fang. 20-05 石長生本經下品 Shi chang sheng, FE Ben jing, lower rank. Adiantum monochlamys Eaton. Cliff maidenhair.691 【釋名】丹草本經、丹沙草。【時珍曰】四時不凋，故曰長生。 Explanation of Names. Dan cao 丹草, Ben jing. Dan sha cao 丹沙草, “cinnabar herb.” [Li] Shizhen: It does not wither during the four seasons. Hence it is called chang sheng 長生, “long life.“

691 Shi chang sheng 石長生, lit. “stone with/for long life.”



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【集解】【别録曰】石長生，生咸陽山谷。【弘景曰】俗中時有采者，方 藥不復用。近道亦有，是細細草葉，花紫色。南中多生石巖下，葉似蕨而 細如龍須草，黑如光漆，高尺餘，不與餘草雜也。【恭曰】苗高尺許，五 六月采莖葉用。今市人用𪕌筋草爲之，葉似青葙，莖細勁紫色，今太常用 者是也。【時珍曰】宋祁益部方物記：長生草生山陰蕨地，修莖茸葉，色 似檜而澤，經冬不凋。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Shi chang sheng grows in the mountain valleys of Xian yang. [Tao] Hongjing: It is occasionally collected by common people, but it is no longer used as a recipe medication. It is also found nearby. It is a very fine herb with [very fine] leaves. The flowers are purple in color. In the South it grows often under the rocky cliffs. The leaves resemble those of pteridium vegetable; they are as fine as those of common rush. They are as black as shiny lacquer. [The herb] is more than one chi tall and never mixes with other herbs. [Su] Gong: The seedling is more than a chi tall. The stem and the leaves are collected in the fifth or sixth month for [therapeutic] use. Market merchants today substitute it with ling jin cao 𪕌筋草.692 It has leaves resembling those of Prince’s feather, with a fine and sturdy stem that is purple in color. It is most commonly used today. [Li] Shizhen: Song Qi in his Yi bu fang wu ji [writes]: “Chang sheng cao grows in brake fern fields on the yin/shady side of mountains. It has a long stem and hairy leaves. Its color resembles that of hinoki cypresses, but is glossier. It does not wither throughout winter.” 【氣味】鹹，微寒，有毒。【普曰】神農：苦。雷公：辛。桐君：甘。 【權曰】酸，有小毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, slightly cold, poisonous. [Wu] Pu: Shen nong: Bitter. Lei gong: Acrid. Tong jun: Sweet. [Zhen] Quan: Sour, slightly poisonous. 【主治】寒熱，惡瘡大熱，辟鬼氣不祥。本經。下三蟲。别録。治疥癬， 逐諸風，治百邪魅。權。 Control. Alternating sensations of cold and heat. Malign sores with strong heat. It repels inauspicious demon qi. Ben jing. It sends down the three types of worms/ bugs. Bie lu. It serves to cure jie-illness693 and xuan-illness,694 eliminates all types of 692 Ling jin cao 𪕌筋草. Unidentified herb.

693 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

694 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness.” Conditions of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, a designation of local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591.

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wind [intrusion] and serves to cure [attachment-illness related to] the one hundred evil goblins. [Zhen] Quan. 【附録】 Appendix 20-05-A01 紅茂草圖經 Hong mao cao, FE Tu jing Dianthus caryophyllum L. Clove pink.

【頌曰】味苦，大凉，無毒。主癰疽瘡腫。焙研爲末，冷水調貼。一名地 没藥，一名長生草。生施州，四季枝葉繁,，故有長生之名。春采根葉。 【時珍曰】案庚辛玉册云：通泉草，一名長生草，多生古道丘壟荒蕪之 地。葉似地丁，中心抽一莖，開黄白花如雪，又似麥飯，摘下經年不藁。 根入地至泉，故名通泉。俗呼秃瘡花。此草有長生之名，不知與石長生及 紅茂草亦一類否？故並附之。 [Su] Song: Flavor: bitter, [qi] very cool, nonpoisonous. It controls sores with swelling related to obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.695 Bake it over a slow fire, grind it into powder, mix it with cold water and apply [it to the affected region]. Alternative names are di mo yao 地没藥, a “pharmaceutical drug concealed in the ground,” and chang sheng cao 長生草, “longevity herb.” It grows in Shizhou, with lush twigs and leaves throughout the four seasons. Hence it is called “longevity [herb].” The root and the leaves are collected in spring. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Geng xin yu ce, “tong quan cao 通泉草 is also named chang sheng cao 長生草. It often grows along old roads, on hills and on barren ground. The leaves resemble those of viola philipica, with a stem emerging from their midst. It opens flowers that are yellow-white in color similar to snow. They also resemble cooked wheat. When they are picked they do not wither for an entire year. The root enters the ground down to the subterranean water, quan 泉. Hence it is named ‘penetrating to the subterranean water,’ tong quan 通泉. It is commonly called tu chuang hua 秃瘡花, ‘baldness sore flower’.” This herb is named chang sheng 長生. But I am not sure if shi chang sheng 石長生 is related to hong mao cao 紅茂草. Therefore it is attached here.

695 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.



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20-06 石莧宋圖經 Shi xian, FE Song Tu jing. Lippia nodifera Rich. Creeping lip plant. 【集解】【頌曰】生筠州，多附河岸沙石上。春生苗，莖青，高一尺以 來，葉如水柳而短。八九月土人采之。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: It grows in Yun zhou, mostly on river banks, on sandy land or stones. It produces a seedling in spring, with a greenish stem reaching a height of about one chi. The leaves resemble willow [leaves], but they are shorter. People collect it in the eighth and ninth month. 【氣味】辛，苦，有小毒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, bitter, slightly poisonous. 【主治】同甘草煎服，主齁䶎，又吐風涎。頌。 Control. Boiled together with glycyrrhiza [root] and ingested, it controls roaring panting., and spitting of wind drool.696 [Su] Song. 【附録】 Appendix 20-06-A01 石垂 Shi chui Unidentified.

【頌曰】生福州山中。三月花，四月采子，生擣爲末，丸服，治蠱毒。 [Su] Song: It grows in the mountains of Fu zhou. It has flowers in the third month; the seeds are collected in the fourth month. They are pounded fresh to obtain a powder. It is ingested formed to pills and serves to cure gu-poisoning.697

696 Feng xian 風涎, “wind drool.” A condition of wind drool blocking the interior of the chest, leading to mental pressure, and fainting with unconsciousness. BCGM Dict I, 170. 697 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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20-07 景天本經上品 Jing tian, FE Ben jing, upper rank. Hylotelephium erythrostictum (Miq.) H. Ohba. Stonecrop. 【釋名】慎火本經、戒火同、救火別録、據火同、護火綱目、辟火同、火 母别録。【弘景曰】衆藥之名，景天爲麗。人皆盆盛養于屋上，云可辟 火，故曰慎火。方用亦希。 Explanation of Names. Shen huo 慎火, “bewares of fire,” Ben jing. Jie huo 戒火, “takes precautions against fire,” identical [source]. Jiu huo 救火, “prevents fire,” Bie lu. Ju huo 據火. “leans against fire,” identical [source]. Hu huo 護火, “guards against fire,” Gang mu. Bi huo 辟火, “repels fire,” identical [source]. Huo mu 火母, “mother of fire,” Bie lu. [Tao] Hongjing: Of all the names of this pharmaceutical drug, jing tian, “celestial luminiscence,” is the most appealing. People cultivate it in tubs and place it on the roof of the house, claiming that it prevents fire. Hence it is called “bewares of fire,” shen huo 慎火. In recipes it is also used, but rarely. 【集解】【别録曰】景天生太山川谷。四月四日、七月七日采，陰乾。 【頌曰】今南北皆有之。人家種于中庭，或盆置屋上。春生苗，葉似馬齒 莧而大，作層而上，莖極脆弱。夏中開紅紫碎花，秋後枯死。亦有宿根 者。苗、葉、花並可用。【宗奭曰】極易種，折枝置土中，澆溉旬日便生 也。【時珍曰】景天，人多栽于石山上。二月生苗，脆莖，微帶赤黄色， 高一二尺，折之有汁。葉淡緑色，光澤柔厚，狀似長匙頭及胡豆葉而不 尖。夏開小白花，結實如連翹而小，中有黑子如粟粒。其葉味微甘苦，煠 熟水淘可食。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Jing tian grows in the river valleys of Mount Tai shan. It is collected on the fourth day of the fourth month and the seventh day of the seventh month. It is dried in the yin (i. e., shade). [Su] Song: Today it is present everywhere in the South and in the North. Households plant it in their central courtyard, or they place it in tubs on the roof. In spring it produces a seedling. The leaves resemble those of purslane, but they are bigger and they form layer upon layer. The stem is extremely crispy and weak. In summer it opens small red-purple flowers; they wither and die in late autumn. Some have perennial roots. The stem, the leaves and the flowers can all be used [for therapeutic ends]. [Kou] Zongshi: It is very easy to plant. Break off a twig and put it into the soil. Water it and it will grow within ten days. [Li] Shizhen: People often plant jing tian on rocky mountains. It produces a seedling in the second month. The stem is crispy, slightly red-yellow in color and one or two chi tall. When the stem is broken, juice appears. The leaves are pale-green in color; they are glossy, soft and thick. They are shaped like the end of a



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long spoon and also like pea leaves, but they are not pointed. It summer [jing tian] opens small, white flowers. They form fruits similar to those of forsythia, but they are smaller. Inside are black seeds similar to millet grains. The leaves have a slightly sweet-bitter flavor. Fried with oil until done and washed with water they are edible. 【正誤】【弘景曰】廣州城外有一樹，大三四圍，名慎火樹。【志曰】嶺 表人言並無此説。蓋録書者篡入謬言，非陶氏語也。 Editorial Correction. [Tao] Hongjing: Outside of the city of Guang zhou is a tree with a circumference of three to four double hand-spans. It is called “the tree that bewares of fire,” shen huo shu 慎火樹. [Ma] Zhi: People in Ling biao have no such saying. It is an insertion of some erroneous saying by a copyist. It is not said by Mr. Tao [Hongjing]. 【氣味】苦，平，無毒。【别録曰】酸。【大明曰】寒，有小毒。可煅朱 砂。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, balanced, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Sour. Da Ming: Cold, slightly poisonous. It can be used to calcine cinnabar [to produce mercury]. 【主治】大熱火瘡，身熱煩，邪惡氣。本經。諸蠱毒，痂疕，寒熱風痺， 諸不足。别録。療金瘡止血。煎水浴小兒，去煩熱驚氣。弘景。風疹惡 痒，小兒丹毒及發熱。權。熱狂赤眼，頭痛，寒熱遊風，女人帶下。日華。 Control. Sores related to massive heat and fire; the body is hot with vexation. Evil, malign qi. Ben jing. All types of gu-poisoning.698 Head sores with a crust. Alternating sensations of cold and heat. Blockage related to wind [intrusion]. All types of [qi] insufficiency. Bie lu. It heals wounds caused by metal objects/weapons and stops bleeding. Boiled in water and used to bathe children it removes vexing heat and fright qi. [Tao] Hongjing. Wind papules699 and malign itch. Cinnabar poisoning700 of children with heat effusion. [Zhen] Quan. Madness and red eyes related to heat.

698 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 699 Feng zhen 風疹, “wind papules,” a condition, brought forth by wind evil, of eruptive skin papules of different sizes, accompanied by unbearable itching. If scratched they rise further. BCGM Dict I, 172.

700 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118.

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Headache. Alternating sensations of cold and heat, and roaming wind.701 [Diseases] below the belt of women. Rihua. 20-07-01 花 Hua

Flower [of jing tian]. 【主治】女人漏下赤白。輕身明目。本經。 Control. Red and white leaking discharge of women. It relieves the body of its weight and clears the eyes. Ben jing. 【附方】舊五，新二。 Collected Recipes. Five of old, two newly [recorded]. 驚風煩熱。慎火草煎水浴之。普濟方。 Fright wind702 with vexing heat. Boil shen huo cao in water and bathe [the child in it]. Pu ji fang. 小兒中風。汗出中風，一日頭項腰熱，二日手足不屈。用慎火草乾者半 兩，麻黄、丹參、白术各二錢半，爲末。每服半錢，漿水調服。三四歲服 一錢。聖濟録。 Children struck by wind. When they sweat and are struck by wind, on the first day, the neck and the lower back are hot. On the second day, hands and feet can no longer be drawn in. [Grind] half a liang of dried shen huo cao and two and a half qian each of ephedra [herb], Chinese sage and atractylodes macrocephala [rhizome] into powder. Each time [let the child] ingest half a qian, to be ingested mixed with fermented water of foxtail millet. [Children] three or four years of age ingest one qian. Sheng ji lu. 嬰孺風疹在皮膚不出，及瘡毒。取慎火苗葉五大兩，和鹽三大兩，同研絞 汁。以熱手摩塗，日再上之。圖經。 Small children with wind papules703 that fail to come out. Also, sores with poison. Mix five generous liang of shen huo seedlings and leaves with three generous liang of 701 You feng 游風, “roaming wind,” a condition of roaming and sudden pain and itching brought about by feng xie 風 邪, “wind evil.” BCGM Dict I, 645. 702 Jing feng 驚風, “fright wind,” a condition of children characterised by jerking and arched back rigidity, eyeballs turned upward, and twitching hands and legs. BCGM Dict I, 261.

703 Feng zhen 風疹, “wind papules,” a condition, brought forth by wind evil, of eruptive skin papules of different sizes, accompanied by unbearable itching. If scratched they rise further. BCGM Dict I, 172.



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salt. Grind this and squeeze [the resulting pulp] to obtain a juice. Heat a hand and rub it into [the affected region]. To be applied twice a day. Tu jing. 熱毒丹瘡。千金用慎火草擣汁拭之。日夜拭一二十徧。 Cinnabar [poison] sores with the presence of heat poison. The Qian jin [recommends to] pound shen huo cao to obtain a juice and use it to wipe [the affected region]. The wiping is to be repeated ten to 20 times during the day and the night. 一方：入苦酒擣泥塗之。 Another recipe. Add bitter wine, pound it to obtain a paste and apply it [to the affected region]. 楊氏産乳治烟火丹毒，從兩股兩脇起，赤如火。景天草、真珠末一兩，擣 如泥。塗之，乾則易。 The Yang shi chan ru [uses the following recipe] to cure “flaming fire cinnabar poison” that emerges from the two thighs and two flanks that turn red like fire. Pound one liang [each] of jing tian cao and genuine pearls to a mud and apply it [to the affected region]. Replace it when it has dried. 漆瘡作痒。挼慎火草塗之。外臺。 Itching sores caused by lacquer. Rub shen huo cao [into small crumbs] and apply them [to the affected region]. Wai tai. 眼生花瞖，澀痛難開。景天擣汁，日點三五次。聖惠。 A film like a flower develops on the eyes. They are rough and painful and difficult to open. Pound jing tian to obtain a juice and drip it [into the affected eye] three to five times a day. Sheng hui. 産後陰脱。慎火草一斤陰乾，酒五升，煮汁一升，分四服。子母秘録。 Yin (i. e., uterus) prolapse after delivery. Dry one jin of shen huo cao in the yin (i. e., shade) and boil it in five sheng of wine down to a juice of one sheng, to be ingested divided into four portions. Zi mu mi lu.

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20-08 佛甲草704宋圖經 Fo jia cao, FE Song, Tu jing Sedum lineare Thunb. Stonecrop. 【集解】【頌曰】佛甲草生筠州。多附石向陽而生，似馬齒莧而細小且 長，有花黄色，不結實，四季皆有。【時珍曰】二月生苗成叢，高四五 寸，脆莖細葉，柔澤如馬齒莧，尖長而小。夏開黄花，經霜則枯。人多栽 于石山瓦墻上，呼爲佛指甲。救荒本草言高一二尺，葉甚大者，乃景天， 非此也。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: Fo jia cao grows in Yunzhou. It often grows attached to stones on their yang (i. e., sunny) side. It looks like purslane, but is fine, small and also lengthy. Its flowers are white in color; they do not form fruits. It is present throughout the four seasons. [Li] Shizhen: In the second month it produces seedlings that form clusters. It is four to five cun tall, with a crispy stem and fine leaves that are soft and glossy like those of purslane. They are pointed, long and small. In summer it opens yellow flowers. [The plant] withers after frost. People often plant it on rocky mountains and on walls with tiles, and they call it “Buddha’s fingernail.” The Jiu huang ben cao says: “Those that are one or two chi tall and have very big leaves, they are stonecrop.” That is not the [item discussed] here. 【氣味】甘，寒，微毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, slightly poisonous. 【主治】湯火灼瘡，研貼之。頌。 Control. Burns and scalding caused by hot water and fire. Grind it and apply [the resulting pulp to the affected region]. [Su] Song. 20-09 虎耳草綱目 Hu er cao, FE Gang mu. Saxifraga stolonifera Curt. Strawberry begonia.705 [【釋名】石荷葉見下。

Explanation of Names. Shi he ye 石荷葉, see below.

704 Fo jia cao 佛甲草, lit: “Buddha’s [finger] nail herb.“ 705 Hu er cao 虎耳草, lit.: “tigern ear herb.“



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【集解】【時珍曰】虎耳生陰濕處，人亦栽于石山上。莖高五六寸，有細 毛，一莖一葉，如荷蓋狀。人呼爲石荷葉，葉大如錢，狀似初生小葵葉及 虎之耳形。夏開小花，淡紅色。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Hu er cao grows in shady, moist places. People also plant it on rocky mountains. Its stem is five to six cun tall and has fine hair. One stem has one leaf, shaped similar to Indian lotus [leaves]. People call it shi he ye 石荷葉, “stone lotus leaves.” The leaves are the size of a big coin. They are shaped like small mallow leaves and the ears of tigers. In summer [hu er cao] opens small flowers that are pale-red in color. 【氣味】微苦、辛，寒，有小毒。【獨孤滔曰】汁煮砂子。 Qi and Flavor. Slightly bitter, acrid, cold, slightly poisonous. Dugu Tao: The juice serves to boil [mercury and let it conglomerate] as sand. 【主治】瘟疫，擂酒服。生用吐利人，熟用則止吐利。又治聤耳，擣汁滴 之。痔瘡腫痛者，陰乾，燒烟桶中熏之。時珍。 Control. For warmth epidemics, pound it in wine and ingest this. Used fresh it causes vomiting and free flow. Used heat-prepared it ends vomiting and free flow. Also, to cure festering ears pound it and drip the resulting juice [into the affected ears]. For pile sores with painful swelling, dry it in the yin (i. e., shade) and burn it in a bucket to steam the [affected region by letting the patient sit on it]. [Li] Shizhen. 20-10 石胡荽四聲本草 Shi hu sui, FE Si sheng ben cao Centipeda minima (L.) A.Br. et Ascher. Sneezeweed. 【校正】自菜部移入此。 Editorial Correction. Moved here from the section “vegetables.” 【釋名】天胡荽綱目、野園荽同、鵝不食草食性、雞腸草詳見下名。 Explanation of Names. Tian hu sui 天胡荽, Gang mu. Ye yuan sui 野園荽, identical [source]. E bu shi cao 鵝不食草, “herb a goose does not eat,” Shi xing. Ji chang cao 雞 腸草, “chicken intestine herb,” for details see below. 【集解】【時珍曰】石胡荽生石縫及陰濕處小草也。高二三寸，冬月生 苗，細莖小葉，形狀宛如嫩胡荽。其氣辛熏不堪食，鵝亦不食之。夏開細 花，黄色，結細子。極易繁衍，僻地則鋪滿也。案孫思邈千金方云：一種 小草，生近水渠中濕處，狀類胡荽，名天胡荽，亦名雞腸草。即此草也。 與繁縷之雞腸名同物異。

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Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Shi hu sui is a small herb that grows in stone crevices and ín shady, moist places. It is two to three cun tall. It develops a seedling during the winter months, with a fine stem and small leaves. It is shaped just like tender coriander. Its qi are acrid fumes; it is not edible. Even geese do not eat it. In summer it opens fine flowers that are yellow in color and form fine seeds. [The herb] proliferates very easily. In remote regions it spreads to fill the entire place. Sun Simiao in his Qian jin fang states: “A small herb that grows in moist places in water ditches. It is shaped like coriander; it is named tian hu cai 天胡荽. It is also named ji chang cao 雞腸草.” That is the herb [discussed] here. It has the same name as chickweed, but is a different item. 【氣味】辛，寒，無毒。【時珍曰】辛，温。汁制砒石、雄黄。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, cold, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: Acrid, warm. The juice checks [the effects of ] arsenic and realgar. 【主治】通鼻氣，利九竅，吐風痰。炳。去目瞖，挼塞鼻中，瞖膜自落。 藏器。療痔病。詵。解毒，明目，散目赤腫雲瞖，耳聾，頭痛腦酸，治痰 瘧齁䶎，鼻窒不通，塞鼻瘜自落，又散瘡腫。時珍。 Controls. It frees the passage of nasal [breathing] qi, opens the nine orifices and stimulates spitting out of wind phlegm. 706 [Xiao] Bing. To remove films in the eyes rub it [to pieces] and insert them into the nose. The membrane screens will fall off as a result. [Chen] Cangqi. It serves to cure pile diseases. [Meng] Shen. It resolves poison, clears the eyes, and disperses red swelling of and cloudy screens in the eyes. Deafness. Headache. Brain soreness. Phlegm malaria707 and roaring panting. Blocked, impassable nose. Tumorous flesh growths in the nose fall off as a result. Also, it disperses sores and swelling. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】 鵝不食草，氣温而升，味辛而散，陽也，能通于天。 頭與肺皆天也。故能上達頭腦，而治頂痛目病，通鼻氣而落瘜肉。内達肺 經而治齁䶎痰瘧，散瘡腫。其除瞖之功尤顯神妙。人謂陳藏器本草惟務廣 博，鄙俚之言也。若此藥之類，表出殊功，可謂務博已乎？案倪维德原 機啓微集云：治目瞖㗜鼻碧雲散，用鵝不食草解毒爲君，青黛去熱爲佐， 川芎之辛破留除邪爲使，升透之藥也。大抵如開鍋蓋法，常欲邪毒不閉， 706 Feng tan 風痰, “wind phlegm,” are pathogenic qi resulting from a combination of feng 風, “wind,” and tan 痰, “phlegm,” with the latter being brought about by the former. BCGM Dict I, 169. 707 Tan nüe 痰瘧, “phlegm malaria.” A condition of nüe ji 瘧疾, “malaria ailment,” associated with phlegm. The clinical appearance, in addition to regularly recurring alternating sensations of cold and heat, includes a feeling of distension and fullness in chest and abdomen, and vomiting with counterflow of phlegm-like saliva. BCGM Dict I, 494.



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令有出路。然力小而鋭，宜常㗜以聚其力。凡目中諸病，皆可用之。生挼 更神。王璽集要詩云：赤眼之餘瞖忽生，草中鵝不食爲名。塞于鼻内頻頻 换，三日之間復舊明。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: E bu shi cao, its qi are warm and rising; its flavor is acrid and dispersing. It is a yang [substance]. It can communicate with heaven – head and lung are heaven. Hence, above it reaches the brain and serves to cure pain in the neck and ailments of the eyes. It frees the passage of nasal [breathing] qi and lets tumorous flesh growth fall off. Internally, it reaches the conduits of the lung. It serves to cure roaring panting and phlegm malaria, and disperses sores and swelling. Its potential of eliminating a shade in the eyes is especially noteworthy, divine and wondrous! People say that Chen Cangqi’s Ben cao is concerned only with the big picture and does so with a vulgar language. But in view of its elucidating the potential of pharmaceutical drugs as a the one [discussed] here, how could anybody say that it is only “the big picture”? According to Ni Weide in his Yuan ji qi wei ji, “the ‘jade-blue cloud powder’ that is inhaled with the nose to cure eye shades has e bu shi cao to resolve poison as its ruler [ingredient], natural indigo to remove heat as its assistant [ingredient], and the acrid [flavor] of ligusticum [root] to break through abiding [blood/qi] and eliminate evil [qi] as its messenger/guiding [ingredient]. It is a medication that rises in and seeps through [the body]. Generally speaking, [its application] is a method to lift the lid from a saucepan. It is designed not to contain evil [qi] and poison, but to offer them a way out. Its strength is limited but pointed. It must be inhaled repeatedly to concentrate its strength. It can be used for all types of eye diseases. When applied fresh and rubbed with the hands into crumbs, it gives even more divine effects.” Wang Xi in his Ji yao shi states: “When suddenly in the aftermath of red eyes a shade develops, e bu shi cao is the herb to be named [for a therapy]. Insert it into the nose708 and replace it frequently. The eyes will have regained their original clarity within three days.” 【附方】新七。 Added Recipes. Seven newly [recorded]. 寒痰齁喘。野園荽研汁，和酒服，即住。集簡方。 Roaring panting with the presence of cold and phlegm. Grind ye yuan sui to obtain a juice and ingest it mixed with wine. This will end [the panting]. Ji jian fang. 708 Instead of bi 鼻, “nose,” Yi lin ji yao ch. 11, yan mu men 眼目門, “eye section,” writes er 耳, “ear.” Further down, one of the “added recipes,” fu fang 附方, asks “to insert it into the ear to cure a shade in the eyes, sai er zhi yi 塞耳治瞖, and the following comment advises “to see under ‘Explication’.” jian fa ming 見發明.

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㗜鼻去瞖。碧雲散；治目赤腫脹，羞明昏暗，隱澀疼痛，眵涙風痒，鼻 塞，頭痛腦酸，外瞖扳睛諸病。鵝不食草晒乾二錢，青黛、川芎各一錢， 爲細末。噙水一口，每以米許㗜入鼻内，涙出爲度。一方去青黛。倪氏啓 微集。 To inhale through the nose to eliminate a shade in the eyes. The “jade-blue powder.” It serves to cure red eyes with swelling and distension, photophobia, dim vision, hidden roughness and pain, tearflow, wind [intrusion] and itch, headache and brain soreness, external screen, and turned eyeball, all such diseases. [Grind] two qian of e bu shi cao, dried in the sun, and one qian each of natural indigo and ligusticum [root] into fine powder. Fill the mouth with water and each time inhale as much as a rice grain of the powder through the nose. Continue this until a tearflow begins. Another method omits the natural indigo. Ni shi, Qi wei ji. 貼目取瞖。鵝不食草擣汁熬膏一兩，爐甘石火煅童便淬三次三錢，上等瓷 器末一錢半，熊膽二錢，硇砂少許，爲極細末，和作膏。貼在瞖上，一夜 取下。用黄連、黄檗煎湯洗淨，看如有，再貼。孫天仁集效方。 An application to the eyes to remove a shade. Pound one liang of e bu shi cao to obtain a juice and simmer it to a paste. [Grind] three qian of calamine, calcined over a fire and three times dipped into boys’ urine, one qian of top quality porcelain vessel powder, two qian of bear bile and a little sal ammoniac into an extremely fine powder. Mix it [with the e bu shi cao paste] to prepare an ointment and apply it to the shade. Remove it after one night by washing it off with a coptis [rhizome] and phellodendron [bark] decoction. Check whether the [shade] is still in place, and if so apply [the ointment] again. Sun Tianren, Ji xiao fang. 塞耳治瞖詩。見發明。 The poem to insert something into the ears to cure a shade in the eyes. See “Explication.” 牙疼㗜鼻。鵝不食草綿裹懷乾爲末。含水一口，隨左右㗜之。亦可挼塞。 聖濟録。 Toothache and nasal inhalation. Wear e bu shi cao wrapped in silk on the body until it is dry and [grind it into] powder. Fill the mouth with water and, depending on where [the teeth ache] inhale [the powder] through the left or right [nostril]. It is also possible to rub [the herb to crumbs] and insert [them into the nose]. Sheng ji lu. 一切腫毒。野園荽一把，穿山甲燒存性七分，當歸尾三錢，擂爛，入酒一 盌，絞汁服。以渣傅之。集簡方。



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All types of swelling with poison. Pound one handful of ye yuan sui, seven fen of pangolin scales, burned with their nature retained, and three qian of Chinese angelica root-tips into a pulpy mass. Give it into one bowl of wine, squeeze it and ingest the resulting juice. [In addition,] apply the dregs [to the affected region]. 濕毒脛瘡。磚縫中生出野園荽，夏月采取，晒收爲末。每以五錢，汞粉五 分，桐油調作隔紙膏，周圍縫定。以茶洗淨，縛上膏藥，黄水出，五六日 愈。此吴竹卿方也。簡便方。 Shin sores related to the presence of moisture and poison. Collect during summer months ye yuan sui growing out of the crevices between the bricks in the masonry, dry them in the sun and [grind them into] powder. Each time mix five qian [of this powder] with five fen of mercury powder and oil from the vernicia trees. Spread the resulting paste on a piece of paper, cover it with another piece of paper and sew the margins [of the two sheats to form a closed bag]. Then wash [the affected region] clean with tea and attach the medicinal ointment to it. A yellow water is released and a cure is achieved within five or six days. This is a recipe of Wu Zhuqing.709 Jian bian fang. 脾寒瘧疾。石胡荽一把，杵汁半盌，入酒半盌，和服，甚效。集簡方。 Malaria illness related to spleen cold. Pound one handful of shi hu sui to obtain half a bowl of juice. Add it to half a bowl of wine and ingest this mixture. Very effective. Ji jian fang. 痔瘡腫痛。石胡荽擣，貼之。同上。 Pile sores with painful swelling. Pound shi hu sui [to a pulpy mass] and apply it [to the affected region]. [Recipe] identical with the one above. 20-11 螺厴草拾遺 Luo yan cao, FE Shi yi Lemmaphyllum microphyllum Presl. Green penny fern.710 【釋名】鏡面草。【時珍曰】皆象形也。 Explanation of Names. Jing mian cao 鏡面草, “mirror face/front herb.” [Li] Shizhen: All [its names] refer to its shape. 【集解】【藏器曰】蔓生石上，葉狀似螺厴，微帶赤色而光如鏡，背有少 毛，小草也。 709 Wu Zhuqing 吴竹卿, a person of unknown identity.

710 Luo yan cao 螺厴草, lit.: “snail operculum herb.”

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Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: It grows creeping on stones. The leaves are shaped like snails, with a slight red color and shiny like a mirror. The back has a little hair. It is a small herb. 【氣味】辛。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid. 【主治】癰腫風疹，脚氣腫，擣爛傅之。亦煮湯洗腫處。藏器。治小便出 血，吐血衄血，齲齒痛。時珍。 Control. For obstruction-illness711 swelling, wind papules712 and leg qi713 swelling, pound it into a pulpy mass and apply it [to the affected region]. Also, boil it and use the decoction to wash the swelling. [Chen] Cangqi. It serves to cure urination with blood, blood spitting and nosebleed, as well as painful tooth decay. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】案陳日華經驗方云：年二十六，忽病小便后出鮮血數 點而不疼，如是一月，飲酒則甚。市醫张康以草藥汁一器，入少蜜少進， 兩服而愈。求其方，乃鏡面草也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to Chen Rihua’s Jing yan fang, “there was [a person who] at the age of 26 suddenly experienced, after urination, a release of several drops of blood without pain. This went on for one month. When he drank wine, it got worse. A market physician, Zhang Kang, added a little thin honey water to a vessel with some herbal medicinal juice and let him ingest it. After two ingestions a cure was achieved. When he requested the recipe, it turned out to be jing mian cao.” 【附方】新七。 Added Recipes. Seven newly [recorded]. 吐血衄血。鏡面草水洗，擂酒服。朱氏集驗方。 Blood spitting, nosebleed. Wash jing mian cao clean with water, pound it and ingest it with wine. Zhu shi, Ji yan fang. 牙齒蟲痛。乾坤生意用鏡面草不拘多少，以水缸下泥同擣成膏，入香油二 三點，研匀。貼于疼處腮上。 711 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

712 Feng zhen 風疹, “wind papules,” a condition, brought forth by wind evil, of eruptive skin papules of different sizes, accompanied by unbearable itching. If scratched they rise further. BCGM Dict I, 172. 713 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.



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Toothache caused by worms/bugs. The Quan kun sheng yi [recommends to] pound any amount of jing mian cao with the mud scraped off from underneath a water jar into a paste, add two or three drops of sesame oil and grind this to an even mixture. Apply it to the cheek above the location of the pain. 楊氏家藏方用鏡面草半握，入麻油二點，鹽半捻，挼碎。左疼塞右耳，右 疼塞左耳。以薄泥餅貼耳門閉其氣，仍仄卧。泥耳一二時，去泥取草放水 中，看有蟲浮出，久者黑，次者褐，新者白。須于午前用之。徐克安一乳 婢，苦此不能食，用之，出數蟲而安。 The Yang shi jia cang fang [recommends to] rub with the hands half a handful of jing mian cao, two drops of sesame oil and half a pinch of salt to small pieces. If the pain is on the left, insert them into the ear on the right; if the pain is on the right, insert them into the ear on the left. Seal the opening of the ear with a thin mud cake and [let the patient] lie down on one side. Leave the mud in place for two or four hours. Then remove the mud and the herb and give the latter into water. You will see that worms/bugs come out of it. Those that have been [in the ear] for a long time are black. Those next in time are brown. Recent ones are white. [The therapy] must be applied before noon. Xu Kean had a wet nurse. She had such [toothache] and was unable to eat. When the [therapy recommended here] was applied, numerous worms/bugs appeared, and she was healed. 小兒頭瘡。鏡面草日乾爲末，和輕粉、麻油傅之，立效。楊氏家藏方。 Head sores of children. Dry jing mian cao in the sun, [grind it into] powder, mix it with calomel and sesame oil and apply this [to the affected region]. Immediately effective. Yang shi jia cang fang. 手指腫毒。又指惡瘡，消毒止痛。鏡面草擣爛，傅之。壽域神方。 Swelling of a finger with poison. Also, malign finger sore. To dissolve the poison and end the pain, pound jing mian cao into a pulpy mass and apply it [to the affected region]. Shou yu shen fang. 蛇纏惡瘡。鏡面草入鹽杵爛，傅之妙。 Malign sores winding [around the body] like a snake. Add a little salt to jing mian cao and pound it into a pulpy mass. Apply it [to the affected region]. Wondrous. 解鼠莽毒。鏡面草自然汁、清油各一盃和服，即下毒三五次。以肉粥補 之，不可遲。張杲醫説。 To resolve the poison of illiceum [leaves]. Mix one bowl each of the natural juice of jing mian cao and clear oil and ingest this. This will cause three to five discharges

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of the poison. Afterwards supplement [the lost qi] with a meat congee. [The treatment] must not be delayed. Zhang Gao, Yi shuo. 20-12 酢漿草唐本草 Cu jiang cao, FE Tang ben cao Oxalis corniculata L. Indian sorrel. 【校正】併入圖經 赤孫施。 Editorial Correction. Chi sun shi 赤孫施, listed separately in the] Tu jing, is included here. 【釋名】酸漿圖經、三葉酸綱目、三角酸綱目、酸母綱目、醋母蘇恭、酸 箕李當之、鳩酸蘇恭、雀兒酸綱目、雀林草綱目、小酸茅蘇恭、赤孫施圖 經。【時珍曰】此小草三葉酸也，其味如醋。與燈籠草之酸漿，名同物 異。唐慎微本草以此草之方收入彼下，誤矣。閩人鄭樵通志言“福人謂之孫 施”，則蘇頌圖經赤孫施生福州，葉如浮萍者，即此也。孫施亦酸箕之訛 耳，今併爲一。 Explanation of Names. Suan jiang 酸漿, Tu jing. San ye suan 三葉酸, “three leaves and sour,” Gang mu. San jiao suan 三角酸, “three horns/pods and sour,” Gang mu. Suan mu 酸母, “mother of sour flavor,” Gang mu. Cu mu 醋母, “mother of vinegar,” Su Gong. Suan qi 酸箕, Li Dangzhi. Jiu suan 鳩酸, Su Gong. Que er suan 雀兒酸, Gang mu. Que lin cao 雀林草, “sparrow forest herb,” Gang mu. Xiao suan mao 小酸 茅, Su Gong. Chi sun shi 赤孫施, Tu jing. [Li] Shizhen: This small herb is [called] san ye suan 三葉酸. Its flavor is similar to that of vinegar. Chinese lantern plant, too, is called suan jiang 酸漿, but that is a different item. Tang Shenwei in his Ben cao listed recipes with the herb [discussed] here under the heading of that [Chinese lantern plant]. That was wrong. Zheng Qiao from Min in his Tong zhi says: “People in Fu name it sun shi 孫施.” That is, the chi sun shi 赤孫施 listed in Su Song’s Tu jing as growing in Fu zhou, with leaves similar to ducksmeat, is the [item discussed] here. Sun shi 孫施 is also a mistaken modification of suan qi 酸箕. Here now they are included in one entry. 【集解】【恭曰】酢漿生道旁陰濕處，叢生。莖頭有三葉，葉如細萍。四 月、五月采，陰乾。【保昇曰】葉似水萍，兩葉並大葉同枝，黄花黑實。 【頌曰】南中下濕地及人家園圃中多有之，北地亦或有生者。初生嫩時， 小兒喜食之。南人用揩䃋石器，令白如銀。【時珍曰】苗高一二寸，叢生 布地，極易繁衍。一枝三葉，一葉兩片，至晚自合帖，整整如一。四月開



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小黄花，結小角，長一二分，内有細子。冬亦不凋。方士采制砂、汞、 硇、礬、砒石。 Collected Explanations. Cu jiang 酢漿 grows at the roadsite in shady, moist places. It grows as clusters and has three leaves at the tip of the stem. The leaves are similar to those of ducksmeat. They are collected in the fourth and fifth month, and dried in the yin (i. e., shade). [Han] Baosheng: The leaves resemble those of ducksmeat. Two leaves and one big leaf develop from the same branch. The flowers are yellow; the fruits are black. [Su] Song: It is present in large numbers in the South on low-lying, moist ground and also in household gardens. It also grows occasionally in the North. When in the beginning of its growth it is tender, children love to eat it. People in the South use it to wipe vessels made of jade-like yu 䃋 stone. It lets them appear as white as silver. [Li] Shizhen: The seedling is one or two cun tall. It grows as clusters covering the ground, and it multiplies very easily. One branch has three leaves. Each leaf has two elements. They connect when it gets dark and appear to be one item. Small, yellow flowers open in the fourth month. They open small pods that are one or two fen long and have fine seeds inside. They do not wither in winter. The recipe masters collect them to check [the effects of ] cinnabar, mercury, sal ammoniac and arsenic. 【氣味】酸，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】殺諸小蟲。惡瘡瘑瘻，搗傅之。食之解熱渴。唐本。主小便諸 淋，赤白帶下。同地錢、地龍，治沙石淋。煎湯洗痔痛、脱肛甚效。搗塗 湯火蛇蠍傷。時珍。赤孫施：治婦人血結，用一搦洗，細研，煖酒服之。 蘇頌。 Control. It kills all types of small worms/bugs. For malign sores and lair-illness714 fistula, pound it [and apply the resulting mass to the affected region]. Eaten, it resolves heat with thirst. Tang ben. It controls all types of urinary dripping, as well as red and white outflow from below the belt [of women]. Combined with Asiatic penny herb and earthworms, it serves to cure urinary dripping with sand and stones. Boiled to a decoction it is effectively used to wash painful piles and anal prolapse. Pounded it is applied to harm caused by hot water, fire, snakes and scorpions. [Li] Shizhen. Chi sun shi, to cure blood nodes of women, wash one handful, grind it to a fine [powder] and ingest it with warm wine. Su Song. 714 Guo [chuang] 瘑[瘡], lair-illness [sores]. A condition of sores affecting both hands and feet, with pain and itching and gradual extension. In some cases crumbs are shed off. BCGM Dict I, 203.

476

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】舊一，新七。 Added Recipes. One of old, seven newly [recorded].

小便血淋。酸草搗汁，煎五苓散服之。俗名醋啾啾是也。王璆百一選方。 Urinary dripping with blood. Pound suan cao, boil the resulting juice with the “powder with five [ingredients including] poria,”715 and ingest this. This is [the recipe] commonly called “vinegar chirps.” Wang Qiu, Bai yi xuan fang. 諸淋赤痛。三葉酸漿草洗，研取自然汁一合，酒一合和匀。空心温服，立 通。沈存中靈苑方。 All types of painful, reddish urinary dripping. Wash san ye suan jiang and grind it to obtain one ge of its natural juice. Mix it with one ge of wine and ingest it warm on an empty stomach. [The passage of urine] will be freed immediately. Shen Cunzhong, Ling yuan fang. 二便不通。酸草一大把，車前草一握，搗汁，入砂糖一錢，調服一盞。不 通再服。摘玄方。 The two paths of relief (i. e., urination and defecation) are blocked. Pound one big bundle of suan cao and one handful of Asiatic plantain herbs to obtain a juice. Add one qian of sugar and ingest one cup of this mixture. If [urination and defection] remain blocked, ingest it a second time. Zhai xuan fang. 赤白帶下。三葉酸草，陰乾爲末。空心温酒服三錢匕。千金方。 Red and white discharge from below the belt [of women]. Dry san ye suan cao in the yin (i. e., shade) and [grind it into] powder. [Let the patient] ingest on an empty stomach with warm wine the amount held by a three qian spoon. Qian jin fang. 痔瘡出血。雀林草一大握，水二升，煮一升服。日三次，見效。外臺秘要。 Bleeding pile sores. Boil one large handful of que lin cao in two sheng of water down to one sheng and ingest this. Three times a day. The effects are obvious. Wai tai mi yao. 癬瘡作痒。雀兒草即酸母草，擦之，數次愈。永類方。 Itching xuan-illness716 sores. Rub [the affected region] with que er cao, i. e., suan mu cao. A cure will be achieved after several applications. Yong lei fang. 715 Wu ling san 五苓散, the “powder with the five ingredients including poria,” has the following ingredients: Polyporus sclerotium, poria, ze xie, cassia twigs, and atractylodes macrocephala rhizome.

716 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness,” a condition of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and



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蛇虺螫傷。酸草搗傅。崔氏方。 Harm caused by snakes, venomous vipers and scorpions. Pound suan cao and apply [the resulting mass to the affected region]. Cui shi fang. 牙齒腫痛。酸漿草一把洗淨，川椒四十九粒去目，同搗爛，絹片裹定如筯 大，切成豆粒大。每以一塊塞痛處，即止。節齋醫論。 Toothache and swelling. Pound one handful of suan jiang cao, washed clean, and 49 Chinese pepper grains, with their “eyes” discarded, into a pulpy mass and wrap it in a piece of silk, shaping it like a chopstick. Cut it into segments the size of a bean. Each time insert one piece into the painful location, and [the pain/swelling] will end. Jie zhai yi lun.

20-12-A01 酸草 Suan cao

【附録】 Appendix

Unidentified.

【别録 有名未用曰】主輕身延年。生名山醴泉上陰厓。莖有五葉青澤，根 赤黄。可以消玉。一名醜草。【弘景曰】李當之云是今酸箕草，布地生者， 處處有之。然恐非也。 Bie lu, section “known by name, but not in use:” Control. It relieves the body of its weight and extends the years [of life]. It grows on famous mountains, above springs of water as sweet as wine and on shady shores. The stem has five greenish, moist leaves. The root is red-yellow. It can serve to dissolve jade. An alternative name is “ugly herb.” [Tao] Hongjing: Li Dangzhi states: “This is today’s suan qi herb. It grows covering the ground and is found everywhere.” I fear that is not correct. 20-12-A02 三葉 San ye

Unidentified. 【别録 有名未用曰】味辛。主寒熱，蛇蜂螫人。生田中，莖小黑白，高三 尺，根黑。三月采，陰乾。一名三石，一名當田，一名赴魚。 Bie lu, section “known by name, but not in use:” Flavor, acrid. Controls alternative sensations of cold and heat. [Harm caused to] humans by snakes, bees/wasps and scorpions. It grows in the fields. The stem is slightly black and white. It is three chi scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 592.

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tall. The root is black. It is collected in the third month and dried in the yin (i. e., shade). An alternative name is dang tian 當田, and also fu yu 赴魚. 20-13 地錦宋嘉祐 Di jin, FE Song Jia you [ben cao] Euphorbia humifusa Willd. Thyme leaf spurge.717 【校正】併入有名未用 别録 地朕。 Editorial Correction. Di zhen [listed in the section] “known by name, but not in use,” in the Bie lu, is included here. 【釋名】地朕吴普、地噤拾遺、夜光吴普、承夜吴普、草血竭綱目、血見 愁綱目、血風草綱目、馬螘草綱目、雀兒卧單綱目、醬瓣草玉册、猢猻頭 草。【别録曰】地朕，三月采之。【藏器曰】地朕，一名地錦，一名地 噤。蔓延着地，葉光净，露下有光。【時珍曰】赤莖布地，故曰地錦。專 治血病，故俗稱爲血竭、血見愁。馬螘、雀兒喜聚之，故有馬螘、雀單之 名。醬瓣、猢猻頭，象花葉形也。 Explanation of Names. Di zhen 地朕, Wu Pu. Di jin 地噤, Shi yi. Ye guang 夜光, Wu Pu. Cheng ye 承夜, Wu Pu. Cao xue jie 草血竭, Gang mu. Xue jian chou 血見 愁, Gang mu. Xue feng cao 血風草, Gang mu. Ma yi cao 馬螘草, Gang mu. Que er wo dan 雀兒卧單, Gang mu. Jiang ban cao 醬瓣草, Yu ce. Hu sun tou cao 猢猻頭草, “macaque head herb.” Bie lu: Di zhen 地朕 is collected in the third month. [Chen] Cangqi: Di zhen 地朕 is also named di jin 地錦 and di jin 地噤. It is a creeper extending attached to the ground. The leaves are shiny and clean; under the dew they emit light/rays, guang 光. [Li] Shizhen: Its red stems cover the ground. Hence it is named “ground brocade,” di jin 地錦. It is especially good at curing blood disease. Hence it is commonly called xue jie 血竭, “blood dried up,” and xue jian chou 血見 愁, “worried at the sight of blood.” Ants, ma yi 馬螘, and sparrows, que er 雀兒, love to flock on it. Hence it has names such as ma yi [cao] 馬螘[草], “ant [herb]” and que [er wo] dan 雀[兒卧]單, “where sparrows lie down.” Jiang ban 醬瓣 and hu su tou 猢 猻頭 reflect the shape of [di jin’s] flowers and leaves. 【集解】【禹錫曰】地錦草生近道田野，出滁州者尤良。莖葉細弱，蔓延 于地。莖赤，葉青紫色，夏中茂盛。六月開紅花，結細實。取苗子用之。 絡石註有地錦，是藤蔓之類，與此同名異物。【時珍曰】田野寺院及階砌

717 Di jin 地錦, lit.: “ground brocade.”



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間皆有之小草也。就地而生，赤莖黄花黑實，狀如蒺藜之朵，斷莖有汁。 方士秋月采，煮雌雄、丹砂、硫黄。 Collected Explanations. [Zhang] Yuxi: Di jin herb grows nearby in the open country. That coming from Chu zhou is especially good. The stem and the leaves are fine and weak; they extend creeping on the ground. The stem is red; the leaves are greenish-purple in color. [The plant] flourishes in summer. It opens red flowers in the sixth month and forms fine fruits. The seedling and the seeds are gathered for [therapeutic] use. In a comment on star jasmine, di jin is named. It belongs to the group of vines and creepers. It has the same name [as the item discussed] here but is a different item. [Li] Shizhen: It is a small herb present everywhere in the wild, in temples/monasteries and between the bricks of stairs. It grows close to the ground, with red stems, yellow flowers and black fruits, shaped like those of calthrop. When the stem is broken a juice appears. Recipe masters collect it during the autumn months and use it to boil orpiment, realgar, cinnabar and sulphur. 【氣味】辛，平，無毒。【别録曰】地朕：苦，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, balanced, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Di zhen: Bitter, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】地朕：主心氣，女子陰疝血結。别録。地錦：通流血脉，亦可治 氣。嘉祐。主癰腫惡瘡，金刅撲損出血，血痢下血崩中，能散血止血，利 小便。時珍。 Control. Di zhen 地朕: Control: Heart qi [disorders]. Female yin elevation-illness718-type blood nodes. Bie lu. Di jin 地錦: It frees the passage of blood in the blood vessels, and can also be used to cure qi [disorder]. Jia you. It controls obstruction-illness719 swelling with malign sores, bleeding injuries caused by an attack with metal objects, (that is,) edged weapons. Blood free-flux illness, blood discharge, collapsing center.720 It can disperse blood [accumulation] and end bleeding. It stimulates urination. [Li] Shizhen.

718 Yin shan 陰疝, “yin elevation-illness,” a condition usually of males with massive swelling and pain in the scrotum. Here the “blood nodes” are reminiscent of swollen testicles. BCGM Dict I, 635. 719 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

720 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

480

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】舊一，新十一。 Added Recipes. One of old, eleven newly [recorded].

臟毒赤白。地錦草洗，暴乾爲末。米飲服一錢，立止。經驗方。 Depot poison721 with red and white [outflow]. Wash di jin herbs, dry them in the sun and [grind them into] powder. Ingest with a rice beverage one qian, and [the outflow] ends immediately. Jing yan fang. 血痢不止。地錦草晒研。每服二錢，空心米飲下。乾坤生意。 Unending blood free-flux illness. Dry di jin herbs in the sun and grind [them into powder]. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with a rice beverage on an empty stomach. Qian kun sheng yi. 大腸瀉血。血見愁少許，薑汁和搗，米飲服之。戴原禮證治要訣。 Blood outflow from the large intestine. Mix a little xue jian chou with ginger juice and pound it. Ingest this with a rice beverage. Dai Yuanli, Zheng zhi yao jue. 婦人血崩。草血竭嫩者蒸熟，以油、鹽、薑淹食之，飲酒一二盃送下。或 陰乾爲末，薑酒調服一二錢，一服即止。生于磚縫井砌間，少在地上也。 危亦林得效方。 Blood collapse722 of women. Steam tender specimens of cao xue jie until done and eat them with a generous admixture of oil, salt and ginger. To be sent down with one or two cups of wine. Or, dry [the cao xue jie] in the yin (i. e., shade), [grind it into] powder, and ingest, mixed with ginger and wine, one or two qian. [The collapse] ends after one ingestion. [Cao xue jie] grows between steps and in the crevices between the bricks used to build wells. It is rarely found on the ground. Wei Yilin, De xiao fang. 小便血淋。血風草，井水擂服，三度即愈。劉長春經驗方。 Urinary dripping with blood. Pound xue feng cao with well water and ingest this three times to achieve a cure. Liu Changchun, Jing yan fang. 金瘡出血。不止。血見愁草研爛塗之。危氏得效方。 Bleeding wounds caused by metal objects/weapons. Unending. Grind xue jian chou herbs into a pulpy mass and apply it [to the affected region]. Wei shi de xiao fang.

721 Zang du 臟毒, “depot poisoning.” A condition 1.) of li ji 痢疾, “free-flux illness ailment,” resulting from a presence of much heat poison, with pus and even more blood being passed down. 2.) of bian xue 便血, stools with dark, turbid blood. BCGM Dict I, 661. 722 Xue beng 血崩, blood collapse. Excessive vaginal bleeding, identical to beng zhong 崩中, collapsing center. BCGM Dict I, 594; 58.



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惡瘡見血。方同上。 Malign sores with an appearance of blood. Recipe identical with the one above. 瘡瘍刺骨。草血竭搗罨之，自出。本草權度。 Ulcer sores that have penetrated the bones. Pound cao xue jie and apply [the pulp to the affected region]. Ben cao quan du. 癰腫背瘡。血見愁一兩，酸漿草半兩焙，當歸二錢半焙，乳香、没藥各一 錢二分半，爲末。每服七錢，熱酒調下。如有生者，擂酒熱服，以渣傅之 亦效。血見愁惟雄瘡用之，雌瘡不作。楊清叟外科方。 Obstruction-illness723 swelling with a sore on the back. [Grind] one liang of xue jian chou, half a liang of Indian sorrel, baked over a slow fire, two and a half qian of Chinese angelica, baked over a slow fire, and one qian and two and a half fen each of frankincense and myrrh into powder. Each time ingest seven qian, to be sent down mixed with hot wine. If fresh [xue jian cao] is available, pound it and ingest it with hot wine. To apply the dregs [to the affected region] is effective, too. Xue jian cao is applied only to “male” sores. It is not applied to “female” sores.724 Yang Qingsou, Wai ke fang. 風瘡疥癩。血見愁草同滿江紅草搗末，傅之。乾坤秘韞。 Sores, jie-illness725 and repudiation-illness726 related to wind [intrusion]. Grind xue jian chou herbs together with mosquito fern herbs into powder and apply it [to the affected region]. Qian kun mi yun. 趾間雞眼，割破出血。以血見愁草搗傅之，妙。乾坤秘韞。 Corn between toes, releasing blood when cut. Pound xue jian chou and apply [the pulp to the affected region]. Qian kun mi yun.

723 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

724 “Male sores,” xiong chuang 雄瘡, are those with a raised center of swelling. “Female sores,” ci chuang 雌瘡, are those with a sunken center of swelling. 725 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

726 Lai 癩, “lai-illness,” “repudiation-illness,” including cases of leprosy/Aussatz.” BCGM Dict I, 293.

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脾勞黄疸。如聖丸：用草血竭、羊羶草、桔梗、蒼术各一兩，甘草五錢， 爲末。先以陳醋二盌入鍋，下皂礬四兩，煎熬良久，下藥末，再入白麪不 拘多少，和成一塊，丸如小豆大。每服三五十丸，空腹醋湯下，一日二 服。數日面色復舊也。乾坤秘韞。 Yellow dan-illness/jaundice related to spleen exhaustion. The “sage-like pills.” [Grind] one liang each of cao xue jie, yang shan cao,727 platycodon [root] and atractylodes lancea [rhizome], and five qian of glycyrrhiza [root] into powder. At first give two bowls of long-stored vinegar into a pot, add four liang of melanterite and simmer this for a long time. Then add the medicinal powder and in addition any amount of white wheat flour [enabling you] to form a lump and make pills the size of red mung beans. Each time ingest 30 to 50 pills, to be sent down on an empty abdomen with a vinegar decoction. To be ingested twice a day. After several days the complexion will return to its original state. Qian kun mi yun. 【附録】 Appendix 20-13-A01 金瘡小草拾遺Jin chuang xiao cao, FE Shi yi Ajuga decumbens Thunb.728

【藏器曰】味甘，平，無毒。主金瘡，止血長肌，斷鼻中衄血，取葉挼 傅。亦煮汁服，斷血瘀及卒下血。又預和石灰杵爲丸，日乾，臨時刮傅 之。生江南村落田野間下濕地，高一二寸許，如薺而葉短。春夏間有淺紫 花，長一粳米許。 [Chen] Cangqi: Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. It controls wounds caused by metal objects/weapons, ends bleeding and stimulates the growth of muscles. It ends nosebleed. Gather its leaves, rub them and apply them [to the affected region]. Also, boil them and ingest the juice to end blood stagnation and sudden blood discharge. Furthermore, for prevention mix them with lime, make pills and dry them in the sun. When the time has come, scrub them and apply [the resulting powder to the affected region]. [Jin chuang xiao cao] grows on low-lying, moist ground in villages and in the open country in Jiang nan. It is one to two cun tall, similar to shepherd’s purse, but with shorter leaves. In spring and summer it has pale-purple flowers. It reaches a length of about one grain of non-glutinous rice. 727 Yang shan cao 羊羶草, lit.: “rank odor of sheep herb,” an unidentified herb.

728 Jin chuang xiao cao 金瘡小草, lit.: “small herb for wounds caused by metal objects/weapons.”



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20-14 離鬲草拾遺 Li ge cao, FE Shi yi Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaf sandwort. 【集解】【藏器曰】生人家階庭濕處，高三二寸，苗葉似羃䍥。江東有 之，北土無也。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: It grows on steps and in the courtyard, in moist places. It is three or two cun tall. The seedling and the leaves resemble mi li 羃 䍥.729 It is present in Jiang dong, but not in the North. 【氣味】辛，寒，有小毒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, cold, slightly poisonous. 【主治】瘰癧丹毒，小兒無辜寒熱，大腹痞滿，痰飲膈上熱。生研汁服一 合，當吐出宿物。去瘧爲上。藏器。 Control. Scrofula pervasion-illness,730 cinnabar poisoning.731 Innocence732 of children. Alternating sensations of cold and heat. Obstacle-illness733 and a sensation of fullness. Phlegm rheum and heat above the diaphragm. Grind fresh [li ge cao] to obtain a juice and [let the patient] ingest one ge to induce vomiting of items that have remained [in the body] overnight. It is a top [pharmaceutical drug] to eliminate malaria. [Chen] Cangqi. 20-15 仙人草拾遺 Xian ren cao, FE Shi yi Clematis paniculata Th. Sweet autumn clematis.734 【集解】【藏器曰】生階庭間，高二三寸，葉細有雁齒，似離鬲草。北地 不生。 729 Mi li 羃䍥, an unidentified herb.

730 She pan li 蛇盤癧, “snake-coil pervasion-illnes,” a condition of numerous luo li 瘰癧, scrofula with pervasion-illness, growing around the neck. BCGM Dict 434. 731 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118. 732 Wu gu 無辜, “innocence,” a type of gan-illness accompanied by scrofula affecting the head and neck. BCGM Dict I, 537. 733 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” a condition of an uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I. 371. 734 Xian ren cao 仙人草, lit.: “herb of hermits/immortals.”

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Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: It grows on the steps of stairs in courtyards. It is two to three cun tall. The leaves are fine with wild goose teeth indentations. It resembles thyme-leaf sandwort; it does not grow in the North. 【氣味】缺。 Qi and Flavor. Missing. 【主治】小兒酢瘡，頭小而硬者，煮湯浴，并擣傅。丹毒入腹者必危，可 飲冷藥，及用此洗之。又挼汁滴目，明目去瞖。藏器。 Control. Acid sores735 of children. When they have a small tip and are hard, boil [xian ren cao] and wash [the affected region] with the decoction. Also, pound [the herb into a pulpy mass] and apply it [to the affected region]. When cinnabar poison enters the abdomen, a critical condition is inevitable. [To prevent it, let the patient] drink a cold [qi] medication and wash [the affected region] with a [decoction of the herb discussed] here. In addition, rub it to obtain a juice and drip it in the eyes to clear eyesight and eliminate shades. [Chen] Cangqi.

Unidentified.736

20-16 仙人掌草宋圖經 Xian ren zhang cao, FE Song Tu jing

【集解】【頌曰】生合州、筠州，多于石上貼壁而生。如人掌形，故以名 之。葉細而長，春生，至冬猶有。四時采之。 Collected Explanations. It grows in He zhou and Yun zhou, often on stones or attached to [cliff ] walls. It has the shape of a human palm. Hence the name. The leaves are fine and long. It grows in spring and is still present in winter. It is collected during all four seasons. 【氣味】苦、濇，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter , astringent, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】腸痔瀉血，與甘草浸酒服。蘇頌。焙末油調，摻小兒白秃瘡。時 珍。 Control. For intestinal piles with blood outflow, soak it with glycyrrhiza [root] in wine and ingest [the liquid]. Su Song. Bake it over a slow fire, [grind it into] powder and mix it with oil to apply it to white baldness sores of children. [Li] Shizhen. 735 Zuo chuang 酢瘡, “acid sores,” a condition of chuang 瘡, sores, with a small and hard tip. BCGM Dict I, 705. 736 Xian ren zhang cao 仙人掌草, lit.: “an hermit’s/immortal’s palm herb.”



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20-17 崖椶宋圖經 Ya zong, FE Song Tu jing. Carex siderosticta Hance. Creeping broad-leafed sedge.737 【集解】【頌曰】生施州石崖上。苗高一尺以來，其狀如椶，四季有葉無 花。土人采根去粗皮，入藥。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: It grows on rock cliffs in Shi zhou. The seedling is up to one chi tall. It is shaped like a palm tree, zong 椶, and has leaves throughout the four seasons, but no flowers. Locals collect the root, remove the coarse bark and add it to medication. 【氣味】甘、辛，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, acrid, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】婦人血氣，并五勞七傷。以根同半天回、雞翁藤、野蘭根四味， 洗焙爲末。每服二錢，温酒下。丈夫無所忌，婦人忌雞、魚、濕麪。蘇頌。 Control. Blood and qi [disorder] of women, and also the five types of exhaustion and seven types of harm. Wash its root together with ban tian hui (see below), ji weng teng (see below) and ye lan gen (see below). Bake these four items over a slow fire and [grind them into] powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with warm wine. [During this therapy] males do not need to observe any restriction. Women should avoid chicken, fish and moist noodles. Su Song. 【附録】 Appendix 20-17-A01 雞翁藤 Ji weng teng Unidentified vine.

【頌曰】生施州。蔓延大木上，有葉無花。味辛，性温，無毒。采無時。 [Su] Song: It grows in Shi zhou and extends creeping up on tall trees. It has leaves, but no flowers. The flavor is acrid; its nature is warm. It is nonpoisonous. It is collected anytime.

737 Ya zong 崖椶, lit.: “palm tree on cliffs.”

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20-17-A02 半天回 Ban tian hui Unidentified.

【頌曰】生施州。春生苗，高二尺以來，赤斑色，至冬苗枯。土人夏月采 根，味苦、濇，性温，無毒。 [Su] Song: It grows in Shi zhou. In spring it produces a seedling about two chi tall. It has red dots. The seedling withers in winter. Locals collect the root in summer. Its flavor is bitter and astringent. Its nature is warm. It is nonpoisonous. 20-17-A03 野蘭根738 Ye lan gen Unidentified.

【頌曰】生施州。叢生，高二尺以來，四時有葉無花。其根味微苦，性 温，無毒。采無時。方並見上。 [Su] Song. It grows in Shi zhou, as clusters, and is about two chi tall. It has leaves throughout the four seasons, but no flowers. The root has a slightly bitter flavor. Its nature is warm. It is nonpoisonous. It is collected anytime. For a recipe with all [three appendix items] see above. 20-18 紫背金盤宋圖經 Zi bei jin pan, FE Song Tu jing Ajuga nipponensis Makino.739 【集解】【頌曰】生施州。苗高一尺以來，葉背紫，無花。土人采根用。 【時珍曰】湖湘水石處皆有之，名金盤藤。似醋筒草而葉小，背微紫。軟 莖引蔓似黄絲，搓之即斷，無汁可見。方士用以制汞。他處少有。醋筒 草：葉似木芙蓉而偏，莖空而脆，味酸，開白花。廣人以鹽醋淹食之。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: It grows in Shi zhou. The seedling is about one chi tall. The back of the leaves is purple. It has no flowers. The locals collect the root for [therapeutic] use. [Li] Shizhen: It is present in Hu xiang in bodies of water with stones/rocks and is named “golden tray vine.” It resembles cu tong cao,740 but its leaves are smaller and they are slightly purple on their back. The soft stems extend as creepers similar to yellow silk threads. When they are rubbed they break, but there is no visible juice. The recipe masters use [zi bei jin pan] to check [the effects of ] 738 Ye lan gen 野蘭根, lit.: “wild orchid root.“

739 Zi bei jin pan 紫背金盤, lit.: “Metal/golden tray with a purple back.“

740 Cu tong cao 醋筒草, lit.: “vinegar tube herb.” Unidentified.



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mercury. It is found in other places, too. As for cu tong cao, its leaves resemble those of cotton rose, but they are flat. The stem is hollow and brittle. The flavor is sour. It opens white flowers. People in Guang eat it with salt and much vinegar. 【氣味】辛、濇，熱，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, astringent, hot, nonpoisonous. 【主治】婦人血氣痛，洗焙研末，酒服半錢。孕婦勿服，能消胎氣。忌 雞、魚、羊血、濕麪。蘇頌。 Control. Painful blood and qi [disorder] of women. Wash [zi bei jin pan], bake it over a slow fire and grind it into powder. [Let the patient] ingest with wine half a qian. Pregnant women must not ingest it lest it dissolve the fetal qi. [During this therapy,] chicken, fish, sheep blood and moist noodles should be avoided. Su Song.

Unidentified.741

20-19 白龍鬚綱目 Bai long xu, FE Gang mu

【集解】【時珍曰】劉松石保壽堂方云：白龍鬚生近水旁有石處，寄生搜 風樹節，乃樹之餘精也。細如椶絲，直起無枝葉，最難得真者。一種萬纏 草，生于白線樹根，細絲相類，但有枝莖，梢粗爲異。誤用不效。愚案： 所云二樹名皆隱語，無從攷證。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Liu Songshi in his Bao shou tang fang states: “Bai long xu grows in stony places near the shores of bodies of water. It is an epiphyte on the nodes of sou feng 搜風742 trees. Actually, it is the tree’s surplus essence. It is as fine as palm tree fibers. It rises straight and has neither branches nor leaves. Genuine [specimens] are very difficult to obtain. There is a wan chan cao 萬纏草, “herb with a myriad bends,” It grows on the root of bai xian 白線 trees. These, too, are fine, interconnected threads, but with somewhat coarse branches and stems as a difference. If they are mistakenly used [instead of bai long xu], they remain without [therapeutic] effect. My own comment: The names of these two trees are cover names. There is no way of knowing what they stand for. 【氣味】缺。平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Missing. Balanced, nonpoisonous.

741 Bai long xu 白龍鬚, lit.: “white dragon beard.” Possibly cynanchum japonicum Hemsl. 742 Sou feng shu 搜風樹, unidentified tree.

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【主治】男子婦人風濕腰腿疼痛，左癱右痪，口目喎斜，及産後氣血流 散，脛骨痛，頭目昏暗，腰腿痛不可忍，並宜之。惟虚勞癱痿不可服。 研末，每服一錢，氣弱者七分，無灰酒下。密室隨左右貼牀卧，待汗出自 乾，勿多蓋被，三日勿下牀見風。一方：得疾淺者，用末三錢，瓷瓶煮酒 一壺。每日先服桔梗湯少頃，飲酒二盞。早一服，晚一服。保壽堂方。 Control. Painful lower back and legs of males and women related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of moisture. [It serves to cure] left side paralysis and right side paralysis, with wry/slanted mouth and eyes. Also, dispersed flow of qi and blood following delivery, with pain in the shins, dim vision and unbearable pain in the lower back and legs. For all [these ailments a therapy with this herb] is appropriate. It must not be ingested only in the case of paralysis and dysfunction related to depletion and exhaustion. Grind it into powder. Each time ingest one qian. [Patients with] qi weakness [ingest] seven fen, to be sent down with ash-free wine. [Patients] lie down in a closed room with the affected region, left or right, attached to the bed. Wait until the sweating has dried by itself. Do not cover [the patient] too much. For three days he/she must not leave the bed or be exposed to wind. Another recipe: When it is a mild illness, boil three qian of the powder in one porcelain pot of wine. [Let the patient] ingest a small amount of platycodon [root] decoction first and then drink two cups of the wine. To be ingested once in the morning and once in the evening. Bao shou tang fang. 【發明】【時珍曰】保壽方云：成化十二年，盧玄真道士六十七歲，六月 偶得癱痪，服白花蛇丸，牙齒盡落。三年扶病入山，得此方，服百日，復 舊，壽至百歲乃卒。凡男婦風濕腰腿痛，先服小續命湯及滲濕湯后，乃服 此。凡女人産后腰腿腫痛，先服四物湯二服，次日服此。若癱痪年久，痰 老氣微者，服前藥出汗，三日之后，則日服龍鬚末一分，好酒下。隔一日 服二分，又隔一日服三分，又隔一日服四分，又隔一日服五分。又隔一 日，復從一分起，如前法，周而復始。至月餘，其病漸愈。謂之升陽降 氣，調髓蒸骨，追風逐邪，排血安神。忌房事、魚、鵝、雞、羊、韭、 蒜、蝦、蟹，及寒冷動風之物。又不可過飲酒及麪食，只宜米粥蔬菜。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The Bao shou fang states: “In the sixth month of the 12th year of the cheng hua reign period (1476), Lu Xuanzhen, a Daoist, 67 years of age, was suddenly struck by paralysis. He ingested the ‘embroidered pit-viper pills’ and lost all his teeth. He had lived with this disease for three years when he went into the mountains where he obtained this recipe. He ingested it for 100 days and was fully restored. His long life lasted until his 100th year; only then he died. All men and women with painful lower back and legs related to wind [intrusion] and the



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presence of moisture ingest the ‘minor decoction to continue life’743 and the ‘seeping moisture decoction’744 first and then they ingest this [recipe]. All females with a painful swelling of lower back and legs following delivery ingest the ‘decoction with four items’745 twice first and ingest this [recipe] the following day. If a paralysis has lasted for years, with old phlegm and qi scarcity, the medications mentioned above are to be ingested to induce sweating and one fen of long xu powder is ingested three days later, sent down with good wine. Two days later [patients] ingest two fen, and another two days later they ingest three fen. Two days thereafter they ingest four fen, and yet another two days later they ingest five fen. Two days afterwards they begin again with one fen to repeat the same routine. This continues with repeated ends and beginnings for more than a month and the disease gradually subsides. That is called ‘to raise yang and to bring down qi, to regulate marrow and steam the bones, to repel wind and pursue evil, to eliminate pus and to calm the spirit.’ [During this therapy,] sex, fish, goose and chicken meat, mutton, leek, garlic, toads and crabs should be avoided, and also all cold items and those stimulating wind. Furthermore, wine must not be drunk and wheat flour must not be eaten. Only rice congee and vegetables [are permitted].” 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 諸風癱痪，筋骨不收。用白龍鬚根皮一兩，鬧羊花即老虎花七分，好燒酒 三斤，封固，煮一炷香，埋土中一夜。能飲者三盃，不能飲者一盃，卧時 服。服至三五盃見效。但知痛者可治。坦仙皆效方。 All types of paralysis related to wind [intrusion], with an inability to draw in sinews and bones. Give one liang of bai long xu root bark, seven fen of nao yang hua 鬧羊 花, i. e., lao hu hua, azalea [root], with three jin of good burnt wine into a vessel, close it and boil this for as long as it takes one incense stick to burn. Then bury it in the soil for one night. Those who are able to drink take three cups; those unable to drink take one cup. To be ingested at bedtime. An effect is evident after three to 743 Ingredients of the xiao xu ming tang 小續命湯, the “minor decoction to prolong life,” include ma huang, stephania tetandra root, ginseng root, scutellaria root, shaved cinnamom bark, glycyrrhiza root, paeonia root, ligusticum root, apricot seed, aconitum accessory tuber, saposhnikovia root and fresh ginger.

744 Ingredients of the shen shi tang 滲濕湯, the “seeping moisture decoction,” include atractylodes lancea rhizome, notopterygium root, saposhnikovia root, glycyrrhiza root, phellodendron bark, coptis rhizome, polyporus sclerotium, and Asian water plantain. 745 Ingredients of the si wu tang 四物湯,“decoction with four items” include paeonia root skin, Chinese foxglove rhizome, Chinese angelica root and ligusticum root.

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five cups. Only those cases [of paralysis] are curable in which [the patient] still feels pain. Tan xian, Jie xiao fang.

本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 草部 Section Herbs 第二十一卷 Chapter 21 草之十 Herbs X 苔類一十六種 Mosses Group, 16 kinds 21-01 21-02 21-03 21-04

Zhi li 陟釐, algae/spirogyra nitida. FE Bie lu 别録 Gan tai 乾苔, enteromorpha prolifera. FE Shi liao 食療 Jing zhong tai 井中苔746, mosses from within a well. FE Bie lu 别録 Chuan di tai 船底苔, mosses from the bottom of a boat. FE Shi liao 食 療 21-05 Shi rui 石蕊, reindeer lichen. FE Shi yi 拾遺 21-06 Di yi 地衣,747 lichen. FE Rihua 日華, i. e., yang tian pi 仰天皮 21-07 Yuan yi 垣衣, pigtail moss. FE Bie lu 别録 21-08 Wu you 屋遊, moss on a roof. FE Bie lu 别録 21-09 Zuo ye he cao 昨葉何, orostachys fimbriatus. FE Tang ben 唐本, i. e., Wa song 瓦松 21-09-A01 Zi yi 紫衣, unidentified. 21-10 Wu jiu 烏韭, rock fern. FE Ben jing 本經 21-10-A01 Bai rui cao 百蕊草, thesium chinense. 21-11 Tu ma zong 土馬騣, haircap moss. FE Jia you 嘉祐 21-12 Juan bai 卷柏, tree spikemoss. FE Ben jing 本經 21-12-A01 Di bai 地柏, unidentified. 21-12-A02 Han sheng cao 含生草, unidentified. 21-13 Yu bai 玉柏, rare clubmoss. FE Bie lu 别録 21-14 Shi song 石松, common clubmoss. FE Shi yi 拾遺 746 Instead of jing zhong tai 井中苔, the main text has as proper name jing zhong tai ji ping lan 井中苔及萍藍. 747 Instead of di yi 地衣, the main text has as proper name di yi cao 地衣草.

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21-15 Sang hua 桑花, mulberry tree lichen. FE Rihua 日華 21-15-A01 Ai na 艾納, unidentified. 21-16 Ma bo 馬勃, puffball. FE Bie lu 别録 右附方舊三，新三十三。 Added Recipes, three of old, 33 newly [recorded

草之十一 Herbs XI 雜草九種， Diverse Herbs, 9 kinds 有名未用一百五十三種 Known by name but not in use, 153 kinds 雜草：拾遺四種，嘉祐二種，綱目三種。 Miscellaneous Herbs: Shi yi, four kinds. Jia you, two kinds. Gang mu, three kinds 21-A001 21-A002 21-A003 21-A004 21-A005 21-A006 21-A007 21-A008 21-A009

Bai cao 百草, [the ashes of ] a hundred herbs. Bai cao hua 百草花, flowers of one hundred herbs. Jing kou bian cao 井口邊草, herbs from the side [walls] of a well. Shu kong zhong cao 樹孔中草, herbs from holes in trees. Chan si fu ren zhong shang cao 産死婦人冢748上草Herbs on a tomb of a woman who died during delivery Yan ru cao 燕蓐草, herbs in a swallow’s nest. Ji ke cao 雞窠草, herbs in a chicken coop. Zhu ke cao 豬窠草, herbs in a pigsty. Niu chi cao 牛齝草, ox cud herb.

Shen nong ben jing 神農本經 21-A010 Qu cao 屈草, unidentified. 21-A011 Bie ji 别羈, unidentified. Ming yi bie lu 名醫别録 748 Instead of zhong 冢, the main text writes the name with zhong 塚.



Chapter 21 21-A012 21-A013 21-A014 21-A015 21-A016 21-A017 21-A018 21-A019 21-A020 21-A021 21-A022 21-A023 21-A024 21-A025 21-A026 21-A027 21-A028 21-A029 21-A030 21-A031 21-A032 21-A033 21-A034 21-A035 21-A036 21-A037 21-A038 21-A039 21-A040 21-A041 21-A042 21-A043 21-A044 21-A045 21-A046 21-A047

Li lou cao 離婁749草, unidentified. Shen hu cao 神護草, unidentified. Huang hu cao 黄護草, unidentified. Que yi cao 雀醫草, unidentified. Mu gan cao 木甘草, unidentified. Yi jue cao 益决草, unidentified. Jiu shou cao 九熟草, unidentified. Du cao 兑草, unidentified. Yi cao 異草, unidentified. Guan cao 灌草, unidentified. Qi cao 䒻草, unidentified. Xin cao 莘草, unidentified. Ying cao 英草, 750 unidentified. Feng hua 封華, unidentified. Tian hua 𨹻華, unidentified. Jie hua 節華, unidentified. Rang shi 讓實, unidentified. Yang shi 羊實, unidentified. Sang jing shi 桑莖實, unidentified. Ke ju shi 可聚實, unidentified. Man yin shi 滿陰實, unidentified. Ma dian 馬顛, unidentified. Ma feng 馬逢, unidentified. Tu zao 兔棗, unidentified. Lu liang 鹿良, unidentified. Ji nie 雞涅, unidentified. Xi luo 犀洛, unidentified. Que mei 雀梅, unidentified. Yan chi 燕齒, unidentified. Tu chi 土齒, unidentified. Jin jing 金莖, unidentified. Bai bei 白背, unidentified. Qing ci 青雌, unidentified. Bai xin 白辛, unidentified. Chi ju 赤舉, unidentified. Chi nie 赤涅, unidentified.

749 Instead of lou 婁, the main text writes the name with lou 樓.

750 Following ying cao 英草 the main text adds the character hua 華 to the name.

493

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 21-A048 21-A049 21-A050 21-A051 21-A052 21-A053 21-A054 21-A055 21-A056 21-A057 21-A058 21-A059 21-A060 21-A061 21-A062 21-A063 21-A064 21-A065 21-A066 21-A067 21-A068 21-A069 21-A070 21-A071 21-A072 21-A073 21-A074 21-A075 21-A076 21-A077 21-A078 21-A079 21-A080 21-A081 21-A082 21-A083 21-A084 21-A085

Chi he 赤赫, unidentified. Huang shu 黄秫, unidentified. Huang bian 黄辯, unidentified. Zi ji 紫, unidentified. Zi lan 紫藍, unidentified. Fen lan 糞藍, unidentified. Ba zhu 巴朱, unidentified. Qi zi 柒, unidentified. Wen shi 文石, unidentified. Lu shi 路石, unidentified. Kuang shi 曠石, unidentified. Bai shi 敗石, unidentified. Shi ju 石劇, unidentified. Shi yun 石芸, unidentified. Zhu fu 竹付, unidentified. Mi e 秘惡, unidentified. Lu jing 盧精, unidentified. Tang yi 唐夷, unidentified. Zhi zhang 知杖, unidentified. He jian 河煎, unidentified. Qi yu 區余, unidentified. Wang ming 王明, unidentified. Shi xi 師系, unidentified. Bing ku 并苦, unidentified. Suo qian 索干, unidentified. Liang da 良達, unidentified. Yi gong 弋共, unidentified. Chuan hong 船虹, unidentified. Gu huo 姑活, unidentified. Bai nü chang 白女腸, unidentified. Bai shan gen 白扇根, unidentified. Huang bai zhi 黄白支, unidentified. Fu bi gen 父陛根, unidentified. Jie pai fu 疥拍腹, unidentified. Wu mu ma 五母麻, unidentified. Wu se fu 五色符, unidentified. Jiu she ren zhe 救赦人者, unidentified. Chang li zhi sheng 常吏之生, unidentified.



Chapter 21 21-A086 21-A087 21-A088 21-A089

Zai 載, unidentified. Qing 慶, unidentified. Guo 腂, unidentified. Jie 芥, unidentified.

21-A090 21-A091 21-A092 21-A093 21-A094 21-A095 21-A096 21-A097 21-A098 21-A099 21-A100 21-A101 21-A102

Ben cao shi yi 本草拾遺 Zhen niao jiang 鴆鳥漿, unidentified. Qi xian cao 七仙草, unidentified.751 Ji xiang cao 吉祥草, unidentified. Ji jiao cao 雞脚草, unidentified. Tu gan cao 兔肝草, unidentified. Duan guan cao 斷罐草, unidentified. Qian jin li 千金釒歴 , unidentified. Tu luo cao 土落草, unidentified. Yi dai cao 倚待草, unidentified. Yao wang cao 藥王草, unidentified. Jin zi gen 筋子根, unidentified. He yao 廅藥, unidentified. Wu feng du yao cao 無風獨摇草, unidentified.

21-A103

Hai yao ben cao 海藥本草 Yi nan cao 宜南草, unidentified.

21-A104

Kai bao ben cao 開寶本草 Tuo de hua 陀得花, unidentified.

21-A105 21-A106 21-A107 21-A108 21-A109 21-A110 21-A111 21-A112 21-A113 21-A114 21-A115

Tu jing wai lei 圖經外類 Jian shui cao 建水草, unidentified. Bai yao zu 百藥祖, unidentified. Cui feng shi 催風使, unidentified. Ci hu 刺虎, damnacanthus indicus. Shi xiao yao 石逍遥, unidentified. Huang liao lang 黄寮郎, unidentified. Huang hua liao 黄花了, unidentified. Bai liang jin 百兩金, unidentified. Di qie zi 地茄子, unidentified. Tian mu cao 田母草, unidentified. Tian ma 田麻, unidentified.

495

751 No such entry in the main text. For a monograph of this item see Zheng lei ch.6, qi xian cao 七仙草.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 21-A116 21-A117 21-A118 21-A119 21-A120 21-A121 21-A122 21-A123 21-A124

Jie xin cao 芥心草, unidentified. Ku jie zi 苦芥子, unidentified. Bu li cao 布里草, unidentified. Mao zhi han 茆質汗, unidentified. Hu jin cao 胡堇草, unidentified. Xiao er qun 小兒群, unidentified. Du jiao xian 獨脚仙, unidentified. Cuo shi he cao 撮石合草, unidentified. Lu jin cao 露筋草, unidentified.

Ben cao gang mu 本草綱目 21-A125 Jiu long cao 九龍草, unidentified. 21-A126 Li zhi cao 荔枝草salvia plebeian. 21-A127 Shui yin cao 水銀草, unidentified. 21-A128 Tou gu cao 透骨草, unidentified. 21-A129 She yan cao 蛇眼草, unidentified. 21-A130 E xiang cao 鵝項草, unidentified. 21-A131 She yu cao 蛇魚草, unidentified. 21-A132 Jiu li xiang cao 九里香草, unidentified. 21-A133 Bai yan cao 白延草, unidentified. 21-A134 Huan chang cao 環腸草, unidentified. 21-A135 Zha er cao 劄耳草, unidentified.752 21-A000 Er huan cao 耳環草, commelina communis L. Day flower.753 21-A136 Tong gu cao 銅鼓草, unidentified. 21-A137 Can jian cao 蠶繭草, unidentified. 21-A138 Ye sui cao 野芕草, unidentified. 21-A139 Xian xia cao 纖霞草, unidentified. 21-A140 Niu zhi ji 牛脂艻, unidentified.754 21-A141 Ya jiao qing 鴨脚青, unidentified. 21-A142 Tian xian lian 天仙蓮, unidentified. 21-A143 Shuang tou lian 雙頭蓮, unidentified. 21-A144 Zhu lan zi 豬藍子, unidentified. 21-A145 Tian jie cai 天芥菜, unidentified. 21-A146 Fo zhang hua 佛掌花, unidentified. 752 The monograph er huan cao 耳環草 following 21-A135 in the main text is not listed in the chapter’s table of contents.

753 This monograph is not listed in the present chapter’s table of contents. It is identical with the item discussed as ya zhi cao 鴨跖草 in BCGM 16-09. 754 Instead of tiao 芀, the main text writes the name of this item with le 艻.



Chapter 21 21-A147 21-A148 21-A149 21-A150 21-A151 21-A152 21-A153 21-A154 21-A155 21-A156 21-A157 21-A158 21-A159 21-A160 21-A161 21-A162

Guo gong ci 郭公刺, unidentified. Bian qi chai 籩箕柴, unidentified. Sui mi chai 碎米柴, unidentified. Yang shi chai 羊屎柴, unidentified. Shan pi pa chai 山枇杷柴, unidentified. San jiao feng 三角風, unidentified. Ye xia hong 葉下紅, unidentified. Man jiang hong 滿江紅, unidentified. Ge shan xiao 隔山消, unidentified. Shi jian chuan 石見穿, unidentified. Xing zui cao 醒醉草, unidentified. Mu tou hui 墓頭回, unidentified. Yang mao 羊茅, unidentified. A zhi er 阿只兒, unidentified. A xi er 阿息兒, unidentified. Nu ge sa er 奴哥撒兒, unidentified.

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本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 草部第二十一卷 Section Herbs, Chapter 21 草之十 Herbs X 苔類一十六種 Mosses Group, 16 kinds 21-01 陟釐别録中品 Zhi li, FE Bie lu, middle rank Spirogyra nitida (Dillw.) Link. Algae. 【釋名】側梨恭、水苔開寶、石髮同、石衣廣雅、水衣説文、水綿綱目、 藫音覃。【恭曰】藥對云：河中側梨。側梨、陟釐，聲相近也。王子年拾 遺記：晉武帝賜張華側理紙，乃水苔爲之，後人訛陟釐爲側理耳。此乃水 中粗苔，作紙青緑色，名苔紙，青濇。范東陽方云：水中石上生者，如 毛，緑色。石髮之名以此。【時珍曰】郭璞曰：藫，水草也。一名石髮。 江東食之。案石髮有二：生水中者爲陟釐，生陸地者爲烏韭。 Explanation of Names. Ce li 側梨, [Su] Gong. Shui tai 水苔, “water moss,” Kai bao. Shi fa 石髮, “stone hair,” identical [source]. Shi yi 石衣, “stone clothing,” Guang ya. Shui yi 水衣, “water clothing,” Shuo wen. Shu mian 水綿, “water brocade,” Gang mu. Tan 藫, read tan 覃. [Su] Gong: The Yao dui states: “Ce li 側梨 in the rivers.” Ce li 側梨 and zhi li 陟釐 are read similarly. Wang Zinian in his Shi yi ji [says]: Jin [Emperor] Wu di presented to Zhang Hua ce li 側理 paper. It was made of shui tai 水苔. Later people mistakenly modified zhi li 陟釐 to ce li 側理. This is a coarse moss found in water. Paper prepared from it is greenish-green755 in color; it is called “moss paper.” It is greenish756 and rough. The Fan Dongyang fang states: “Specimens growing on stones in the water look like hair and are green in color.” That is reflect755 Instead of lü 绿, “green,” Zheng leich. 9, zhi li 陟釐, writes huang 黄, “yellow.” 756 Instead of qing 青, “greenish,” Zheng leich. 9, zhi li 陟釐, writes ti 體, “body.”



Chapter 21

499

ed in the name shi fa 石髮, “hair of stones.” [Li] Shizhen: Guo Pu says: “Tan 藫 is a water herb. It is also named shi fa 石髮, ‘hair of stones.’ In Jiang dong they eat it.” Comment: There are two kinds of shi fa 石髮. That which grows in water is zhi li 陟 釐. That which grows on land is rock fern, wu jiu 烏韭。 【集解】 【别録曰】 陟釐生江南池澤。【弘景曰】此即南人用作紙者， 惟合斷下藥用之。【志曰】此即石髮也。色類苔而粗澀爲異。水苔性冷， 浮水中。陟釐性温，生水中石上。【宗奭曰】陟釐，今人乾之，治爲苔 脯，堪啗。青苔亦可作脯食，皆利人。汴京市中甚多。【頌曰】石髮乾之 作菜，以齏臛啗之尤美。苔之類有井中苔、垣衣、昔邪、屋遊，大抵主療 略同。陸龜蒙苔賦云：高有瓦松，卑有澤葵。散巖竇者曰石髮，補空田者 曰垣衣。在屋曰昔邪，在藥曰陟釐。是矣。澤葵，鳧葵也。雖異類而皆感 瓦石之氣而生，故推類而云耳。【時珍曰】陟釐有水中石上生者，蒙茸如 髮。有水污無石而自生者，纏牽如絲綿之狀，俗名水綿。其性味皆同。述 異記言：苔錢謂之澤葵，與鳧葵同名異物。蘇氏指爲鳧葵者，誤矣。苔賦 所述，猶未詳盡。蓋苔衣之類有五：在水曰陟釐，在石曰石濡，在瓦曰屋 遊，在墻曰垣衣，在地曰地衣。其蒙翠而長數寸者亦有五：在石曰烏韭， 在屋曰瓦松，在墻曰土馬騣，在山曰卷柏，在水曰藫也。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Zhi li grows in Jiang nan in ponds and on marshland. [Tao] Hongjing: That is the item used by people in the South to make paper; [in medical therapy] it is used only in combination with pharmaceutical drugs employed to end [uncontrolled] discharge. [Ma] Zhi: That is shi fa 石髮. Because of its color it is related to mosses, but it is coarse and rough as a difference. Water mosses have a cold nature; they float in the water. Zhi li has a warm nature and grows on stones in the water. [Kou] Zongshi: Nowadays, zhi li is dried by people and processed to a “preserved moss.” It is edible. Greenish moss, too, can be processed to preserved food. Both are good for humans. Very much of it is offered on the market in Bian jing. [Su] Song: Dried shi fa 石髮 is prepared as a vegetable. Consumed with a spicy broth it is especially delicious. The group of mosses comprises “mosses in wells,” “clothes of walls,” “ancient evil” and “roof walker.” Their therapeutic functions are basically the same. Lu Guimeng in his “Moss Eulogy,” Tai fu, states: “Above there are the ‘roof-tile pines,’ wa song 瓦松. Below there are the ‘marshland mallows,’ ze kui 澤葵 When they are spread in the holes of cliffs, they are called shi fa 石髮, ‘hair of stones.’ When they fill the empty fields, they are called ‘clothes of walls.’ When they are on the roof, they are called ‘ancient evil.’ When they are used as medication, they are called zhi li.” That is correct. Ze kui 澤葵 is fringed water lily, fu kui 鳧葵. They are grouped differently, by they all alike grow endowed with the qi of roof tiles and stones. Hence that is their group association from which their

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[therapeutic potential] is derived. [Li] Shizhen: Zhi li may grow on stones in water and is fluffy like hair. It may also grow on the dirt in water without stones. It meanders in the water like floss silk, and is commonly called “water silk.” Nature and flavor of both are identical. The Shu yi ji says: “Tai qian 苔錢 is called ze kui 澤葵. It has the same name as fu kui 鳧葵 but is a different item.” When Mr. Su [Gong] identifies [ze kui 澤葵] as fu kui 鳧葵, he is wrong. The statement provided in the Tai fu is incomplete, too.The fact is, there are five types of moss. In water it is called zhi li 陟釐. On stones it is called shi ru 石濡. On tiles it is called wu you 屋遊. On walls it is called yuan yi 垣衣, “wall clothing.” On the ground it is called di yi 地衣. Those that are emerald green in color and reach a length of several cun, they, too, are present in five types. On stones they are called wu jiu 烏韭 (i. e., rock fern). On roofs they are called wa song 瓦松. On walls they are called tu ma zong 土馬騣. On mountains they are called juan bai 卷柏. In water they are called tan 藫. 【氣味】甘，大温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, very warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】心腹大寒，温中消穀，强胃氣，止洩痢。别録。擣汁服，治天行 病心悶。日華。作脯食，止渴疾，禁食鹽。宗奭。擣塗丹毒赤遊。時珍。 Control. Massive cold in the central and abdominal region. It warms the center and dissolves cereals. It strengthens the qi of the stomach and ends outflow with free-flux illness. Bie lu. Pounded and the resulting juice ingested, it serves to cure epidemic diseases with heart pressure. Rihua. Eaten as preserved food it ends thirst illness. Salt should not be eaten [during such therapy]. [Kou] Zongshi: Pound it and apply it to [regions affected by] cinnabar poisoning757 and roaming redness.758 [Li] Shizhen.

757 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118.

758 Chi you feng dan 赤遊風丹, “red, roaming wind cinnabar,” a condition of you feng 游風, “roaming wind,” characterised by a roaming and erupting nature, sometimes with itching, sometimes with pain, and skin papules and swelling of either red or white color. BCGM Dict I, 83, 89.



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21-02 乾苔食療 Gan tai, FE Shi liao Enteromorpha prolifera (Muell.) J. AG.759 【集解】【藏器曰】乾苔，海族之流也。【時珍曰】此海苔也。彼人乾之 爲脯。海水鹹，故與陟釐不同。張華博物志云：石髮生海中者，長尺餘， 大小如韭葉，以肉雜蒸食極美。張勃吴録云：江蘺生海水中，正青似亂 髮，乃海苔之類也。蘇恭以此爲水苔者不同。水苔不甚鹹。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Gan tai is an item flowing in the sea. [Li] Shizhen: This is hai tai 海苔, a sea moss. People there dry it and make it to preserved food. Sea water is salty. Hence it differs from zhi li 陟釐, spirogyra nitida (21-01). Zhang Hua in his Bo wu zhi states: “The ‘hair of stones’ that grows in the sea is more than a chi long and the size of Chinese leek. Steamed mixed with meat it is an extremely delicious dish.” Zhang Bo in his Wu lu states: “Jiang li760 grows in sea water. It is perfectly greenish and resembles disheveled hair.” It belongs to the group of sea mosses. Su Gong identifies it as a “water moss,” but it is something different. Water mosses are not very salty. 【氣味】鹹，寒，無毒。【大明曰】温。【弘景曰】柔苔寒，乾苔熱。【 詵曰】苔脯食多，發瘡疥，令人痿黄少血色。【瑞曰】有飲嗽人不可食。 Qi and flavor. Salty, cold, nonpoisonous. Da Ming: Warm. [Tao] Hongjing: Soft moss is cold; dry moss is hot. [Meng] Shen: When moss is eaten as preserved food in large quantities, it induces sores and jie-illness.761 It lets one suffer from dysfunction and jaundice with a complexion signaling a loss of blood. [Wu] Rui: Persons with a [phlegm] rheum and cough most not eat it. 【主治】癭瘤結氣。弘景。治痔殺蟲，及霍亂嘔吐不止，煮汁服。孟詵。 心腹煩悶者，冷水研如泥，飲之即止。藏器。下一切丹石，殺諸藥毒。納 木孔中，殺蠹。日華。消茶積。瑞。燒末吹鼻，止衄血。湯浸擣傅手背腫 痛。時珍。 Control. Qi nodes forming goiter and tumor. [Tao] Hongjing. To cure piles and kill worms/bugs, also cholera with unending vomiting, boil it and ingest the resulting juice. Meng Shen. For vexing heart-pressure affecting the central and abdominal region, grind it in cold water to generate a mud and drink it. This will end [the disease]. [Chen] Cangqi: It serves to discharge all types of elixir-mineral [poisons] and 759 Gan tai 乾苔, lit.: “dry moss.”

760 Jiang li 江蘺, an unidentified plant, not to be confused with paeonia lactiflora Pall, also named jiang li 江蘺. Possibly an alternative name of gan tai 乾苔. 761 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

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kills the poison of all types of medication. Inserted into the holes in wood it kills grubs. Rihua. It dissolves tea accumulation. [Wu Rui]. Burned to ashes and blown into the nose it ends nosebleed. Soaked in hot water and ground [into a pulpy mass] it is applied to the back of the hand [to cure] painful swelling. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】洪氏夷堅志云：河南一寺僧盡患癭疾。有洛陽僧共 寮，每食取苔脯同飧。經數月，僧項贅皆消。乃知海物皆能除是疾也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Mr. Hong [Mai] in his Yi jian zhi states: “In a monastery in He nan, all the monks suffered from a goiter illness. Then a monk from Luo yang shared a hut with them and each time they ate together they consumed preserved moss food. After several months the tumorous growth at the monks’ nape had dissolved.” Hence the knowledge that items from the sea can eliminate such an illness. 21-03 井中苔及萍藍别録中品 Jing zhong tai and ping lan, FE Bie lu, middle rank.

Unidentified.762

【集解】【弘景曰】廢井中多生苔、萍，及磚土間多生雜草萊。藍既解 毒，在井中者尤佳，非别一物也。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: Mosses and ducksmeat grow in large quantities in abandoned wells. Also, various herbs such as lamb’s quarter grow between bricks in the soil. Lan763 resolves poison. Specimens from within a well are especially excellent; no other item equals them. 【氣味】甘，大寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, very cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】漆瘡熱瘡水腫。井中藍：殺野葛、巴豆諸毒。别録。療湯火傷灼 瘡。弘景。 Control. Lacquer sores, sores with heat and water swelling. Lan 藍 from within a well: It resolves all types of poison of ] gelsemium [herb] and croton seeds. Bie lu. It heals sores related to burns and harm resulting from hot water and fire. [Tao] Hongjing.

762 Jing zhong tai and ping lan 井中苔及萍藍, lit.: “mosses from within a well and ducksmeat, and also lan.” 763 Lan 藍 is a non-specific reference herbs used to dye blue, These may be polygonum tinctorian Ait. or isatis indigofera Fortune.



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21-04 船底苔食療 Chuan di tai, FE Shi liao [ben cao]. Moss from the bottom of a boat. 【氣味】甘，冷，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】鼻洪、吐血、淋疾，同炙甘草、豉汁濃煎湯呷之。孟詵。解天行 熱病伏熱，頭目不清，神志昏塞，及諸大毒。以五兩，和酥餅末一兩半， 麪糊丸梧子大。每温酒下五十丸。時珍。 Control. Nose flood, blood spitting, [urinary] dripping illness. Boil it together with roasted glycyrrhiza [root] and the juice of [soybean] relish to obtain a thick decoction and sip this. Meng Shen. It serves to resolve epidemic heat diseases and suppresses the heat, when the head and the eyes are not clear, and spirit and mind are clouded and blocked. Also, all types of massive poisoning. Mix five liang of [mosses from the bottom of a boat] with one and a half liang of butter cake powder and wheat flour to prepare a paste and form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send down with warm wine 50 pills. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】案方賢奇效方云：水之精氣漬船板木中，累見風日， 久則變爲青色。蓋因太陽晒之，中感陰陽之氣。故服之能分陰陽，去邪 熱，調臟腑。物之氣味所宜也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to Fang Xiao’s Qi xiao fang, “the essence qi of water seeps into the wooden planks of boats. When they are exposed to the sun for quite some time, they assume a greenish color. The fact is, because they are dried by the major yang/the sun, they are endowed with yin and yang qi. Therefore, when it is ingested, it is able to separate yin and yang, to eliminate evil heat and to regulate [the qi of ] the long-term depots and short-term repositories. That is [an example of ] how the qi and the flavor of items are appropriate [to achieve a specific task].” 【附方】舊二。 Added Recipes. Two of old. 小便五淋。船底苔一團，雞子大，水煮飲。陳藏器。 The five types of urinary dripping. Boil one ball of moss from the bottom of a boat, the size of a chicken egg, in water and drink [the liquid]. Chen Cangqi. 乳石發動，小便淋瀝，心神悶亂。船底青苔半雞子大，煎汁温服，日三四 次。聖惠方。

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Effects caused by [ingesting] stalactite minerals, with urinary dripping, and heart-pressure and disorder affecting the heart and the spirit. Boil moss from the bottom of a boat, half the size of a chicken egg, and ingest the warm juice, three to four times a day. Sheng hui fang. 21-05 石蕊拾遺 Shi rui, FE Shi yi Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Web. Reindeer lichen. 【校正】併入有名未用 别録 石濡。 Editorial Correction. Shi ru 石濡 from the section “known by name but not in use” of the Bie lu is included here. 【釋名】石濡别録、石芥同、雲茶綱目、蒙頂茶。【時珍曰】其狀如花 蕊，其味如茶，故名。石芥乃茶字之誤。 Explanation of Names. Shi ru 石濡, Bie lu. Shi jie 石芥, identical [source]. Yun cha 雲茶, “tea from the clouds,” Gang mu. Meng ding cha 蒙頂茶, “tea from the peak of [Mount] Meng.” [Li] Shizhen: It is shaped like the stamen holding filaments, rui 蕊, of a flower, and its flavor is that of tea. Hence its names. The [character jie 芥 in the name] chi jie 石芥 is an erroneous writing of the character cha 茶. 【集解】【藏器曰】石蕊生太山石上，如花蕊，爲丸散服之。今時無復有 比也。王隱晉書：庾褒入林慮山，食木實，餌石蕊，遂得長年。即此也。 又曰：石濡生石之陰，如屋遊、垣衣之類，得雨即展，故名石濡。早春青 翠，端開四葉。山人名石芥。【時珍曰】别録石濡具其功用，不言形狀。 陳藏器言是屋遊之類，復出石蕊一條，功同石濡。蓋不知其即一物也。此 物惟諸高山石上者爲良。今人謂之蒙頂茶，生兖州蒙山石上，乃煙霧熏 染，日久結成，蓋苔衣類也。彼人春初刮取曝乾餽人，謂之雲茶。其狀白 色輕薄如花蕊，其氣香如蕈，其味甘濇如茗。不可煎飲，止宜咀嚼及浸湯 啜，清凉有味。庾褒入山餌此，以代茗而已。長年之道，未必盡緣此物也。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Shi rui grows on the rocks of Mount Tai shan. It is similar to the anther holding filaments of a flower. It is ingested prepared to pills and powders, but nowadays it is no longer resorted to. Wang Yin in the Jin shu [has the following record]: “Yu Bao went into the Lin lu mountains where he ate tree fruits and shi rui. Then he gained longevity.” That is [the item discussed] here. It also said: “Shi rui grows in the shade of rocks, similar to ‘moss on a roof,’ wu you 屋遊 (21-08) and pigtail moss, yuan yi 垣衣 (21-07). When it gets into contact with rain, it spreads out. Hence it is called shi rui 石濡, ‘rock moisture.’ In early



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spring it is greenish-emerald green and four leaves open at its tip. The mountain people call it shi jie 石芥.” [Li] Shizhen: The Bie lu lists its [therapeutic] potential and usage, but not its physical appearance and shape. Chen Cangqi says it belongs to the wu you 屋遊, “roof wanderers,” group of mosses and offers a separate shi rui 石蕊 entry, with [a therapeutic] potential identical with that of shi ru 石濡. The fact is, he was not aware that they are one and the same item. Of this item only those are good that grow on the rocks of high mountains. Today, people call it meng ding cha 蒙頂茶, “tea from the peak of [Mount] Meng.” It grows on the rocks of Mount Meng shan. They are exposed to the vapors of mist that collect over a long time and eventually materialize as [moss]. The fact is, mosses are a kind of “clothes.” The locals scratch [the mosses] off in early spring, dry them in the sun and offer them as a gift to others. They call it “cloud tea.” It is white in color, of light weight, and resembles the anther holding filaments of flowers. Its qi are fragrant like those of mushrooms; its flavor is sweet and astringent like that of tea. It should not be drunk as a decoction. The only appropriate way [to ingest it] is to chew it or to soak it in hot water and sip it. It is cooling and tasty. Yu Bao went into the mountains and ate it instead of tea, [ingesting] nothing else. Still, for the DAO of longevity one certainly should not rely on this item alone. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【時珍曰】甘、濇，凉。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: Sweet, astringent, cool. 【主治】石濡：明目益精氣。令人不饑渴，輕身延年。别録。石蕊：主長 年不飢。藏器。生津潤咽，解熱化痰。時珍。 Control. Shi ru 石濡: It clears the eyes and boosts essence qi. It prevents hunger and thirst, relieves the body of its weight and extends the years [of life]. Bie lu. Shi rui 石蕊: Control: It prevents hunger for as long as years. [Chen] Cangqi. It stimulates the production of body liquid, moistens the throat, resolves heat and transforms phlegm. [Li] Shizhen.

Hepatica spp.764 Lichen.

21-06 地衣草日華 Di yi cao, FE Rihua [ben cao].

【校正】併入拾遺土部仰天皮。 Editorial Correction. Yang tian pi, recorded in the section “soils” in the Shi yi, is included here. 764 Di yi cao 地衣草, lit.: “ground clothing herb.”

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【釋名】仰天皮拾遺、掬天皮綱目。 Explanation of Names. Yang tian pi 仰天皮, the “bark that looks up to heaven,” Shi yi 拾遺. Ju tian pi 掬天皮, Gang mu. 【集解】【大明曰】此乃陰濕地被日晒起苔蘚也。【藏器曰】即濕地上苔 衣如草狀者耳。 Collected Explanations. Da Ming: This is a moss that grows on shady wetland and grows [where the ground is] dried by the sun. [Chen] Cangqi: These are moss “clothes” of wetland. They are shaped like herbs. 【氣味】苦，冷，微毒。【藏器曰】平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, slightly poisonous. [Chen] Cangqi: Balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】卒心痛，中惡，以人垢膩爲丸，服七粒。又主馬反花瘡，生油調 傅。大明。明目。藏器。研末，新汲水服之，治中暑。時珍。 Control. For sudden heart pain and being struck by the malign, mix it with human dirt,765 prepare it to pills and ingest seven of them. Also, to control reversed blossoms sores766 of horses, mix it with fresh oil and apply it [to the affected region]. Da Ming. It clears the eyes. [Chen] Cangqi. Ground into powder and ingested with newly drawn water, it serves to cure heat stroke. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新三。 Added Recipes. Three newly [recorded]. 身面丹腫如蛇狀者。以雨滴階上苔痕，水化塗蛇頭上，即愈。危氏得效方。 Body and head affected by cinnabar-red swelling767 shaped like a snake. Collect traces of moss from a staircase that the rain had dripped on, dissolve them in water, and apply them to the [part of the affected area shaped like the] head of the snake. That leads to a cure. Wei shi de xiao fang. 雀目夜昏。七月七日、九月九日取地衣草，陰乾爲末。酒服方寸匕，日三 服，一月愈。崔知悌方。

765 This may be human dandruff or earwax.

766 Fan hua chuang 反花瘡, “reversed-blossoms sores,” a condition with a festering ulcer generating a fleshgrowth assuming the shape of a flower. BCGM Dict I, 149. 767 Dan zhong 丹腫, “cinnabar-red swelling,” a condition identical with dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning.” BCGM Dict I, 121, 118



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Sparrow eye768 night blindness. Gather di yi cao on the seventh day of the seventh month and on the ninth day of the ninth month, dry it in the yin (i. e., shade) and [grind it into] powder. Ingest with wine the amount held by a square cun spoon. To be ingested three times a day. A cure will be achieved within one month.Cui Zhiti fang. 陰上粟瘡。取停水濕處乾卷皮，爲末。傅之，神效。外臺秘要。 Millet sores769 on the yin (i. e., genital member). [Grind] the skin [of di yi cao] from a moist place with standing water to let it roll up and apply it [to the affected region]. Divinely effective. 21-07 垣衣别録中品 Yuan yi, FE Bie lu, middle rank. Weissia controversa Hedw. Pigtail moss.770 【釋名】垣嬴别録、天韭别録、鼠韭别録、昔邪别録。 Explanation of Names. Yuan ying 垣嬴, Bie lu. Tian jiu 天韭, “heaven’s leeks,” Bie lu. Shu jiu 鼠韭, “rat/mouse leek,” Bie lu.Xi xie 昔邪, “ancient evil,” Bie lu. 【集解】【别録曰】垣衣生古垣墻陰或屋上。三月三日采，陰乾。【恭 曰】此即古墻北陰青苔衣也。其生石上者名昔邪，一名烏韭。生屋上者名 屋遊，形並相似，爲療略同。江南少墻，故陶弘景云“方不復用，俗中少見” 也。【時珍曰】此乃磚墻城垣上苔衣也。生屋瓦上者即爲屋遊。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Yuan yi grows on the shady side of old walls and on roofs. It is collected on the third day of the third month and dried in the yin (i. e., shade). [Su] Gong: That is the greenish moss clothing on the northern, yin (i. e., shady) side of old walls. When it grows on stones/rocks it is called xi xie 昔邪, and also wu jiu 烏韭, “black leek” (i. e., rock fern). That growing on a roof is called wu you 屋遊, “roof wanderer.” They are all shaped similarly and their therapeutic effects are more or less identical. Walls are rare in Jiang nan. Hence Tao Hongjing states “in recipes they are no longer used; and they are rarely seen.” [Li] Shizhen: That is the moss clothing on brick walls and city walls. That growing on roof tiles is wu you 屋遊, “roof wanderer.” 768 Que mu 雀目, “sparrow eye,” condition with unimpaired vision during daylight and significantly decreased vision after nightfall. BCGM Dict I, 394. 769 Su chuang 粟瘡, “millet sores,” a condition of millet-size chuang 瘡, “sores,” conditions developing in the genital region. BCGM Dict I, 479. 770 Yuan yi 垣衣, lit.: “wall clothing.”

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【氣味】酸，冷，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】黄疸心煩，欬逆血氣，暴熱在腸胃，暴風口噤，金瘡内塞，酒漬 服之。久服補中益氣，長肌肉，好顔色。别録。擣汁服，止衄血。燒灰油 和，傅湯火傷。時珍。 Control. For yellow dan-illness/jaundice and heart vexation, cough with [qi] counterflow and blood and qi [disorder], sudden heat in the intestines and the stomach, sudden wind [intrusion] with lockjaw, and wounds caused by metal objects/weapons with internal block, soak it in wine and ingest [the liquid]. Ingested over a long time it supplements central [qi] and boosts the qi. It stimulates the growth of muscles and flesh and improves the complexion. Bie lu. Pounded and the juice ingested, it ends nosebleed. Burned and the ashes mixed with oil, it is applied to harm caused by hot water and fire. [Li] Shizhen.

Moss on a roof.771

21-08 屋遊别録下品 Wu you, FE Bie lu, lower rank.

【釋名】瓦衣綱目、瓦苔嘉祐、瓦蘚綱目、博邪。 Explanation of Names. Wa yi 瓦衣, “roof-tile clothing,” Gang mu. Wa tai 瓦苔, “roof-tile moss,” Jia you. Wa su 瓦蘚, “roof-tile moss,” Gang mu. Bo xie 博邪, “extensive evil.“ 【集解】【别録曰】屋遊生屋上陰處。八月、九月采。【弘景曰】此古瓦 屋上苔衣也。剥取用之。【時珍曰】其長數寸者，即爲瓦松也。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Wu you grows in shady places on roofs. It is collected in the eight and the ninth month. [Tao] Hongjing: That is the moss clothing on old roof tiles. It is “peeled” in order to collect it for [therapeutic] use. [Li] Shizhen: Long ones are several cun long. It is wa song 瓦松, “roof-tile pine.”772 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous.

771 Wu you 屋遊, lit.: “roof wanderer.”

772 Wa song 瓦松, “roof pine,”is also an alternative name of orostachys fimbriatus (Turcz.) Breger. (21-09)



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【主治】浮熱在皮膚，往來寒熱，利小腸膀胱氣。别録。止消渴。之才。 小兒癇熱，時氣煩悶。開寶。煎水入鹽漱口，治熱毒牙齦宣露。研末，新 汲水調服二錢，止鼻衄。時珍。 Control. Surface heat in the skin. Alternating sensations of cold and heat. It frees the passage of small intestine and urinary bladder qi. Bie lu. It ends melting with thirst.773 [Xu] Zhicai. Epilepsy with heat of children. Seasonal qi with vexing heart-pressure. Kai bao. Boil it in water, add salt and rinse the mouth to cure heat poison which is exposing the gums. Grind it into powder, mix it with newly drawn water and ingest two qian to end nosebleed. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】别録主治之證，與本經 烏韭文相同。蓋一類，性氣不 甚遼遠也。 Explication.[Li] Shizhen: The [disease] signs listed in the Bie lu as controlled and cured [by wu you] are identical with those of wu jiu 烏韭, rock fern, listed in the Ben jing. The fact is, they are of the same group; their nature and their qi are not far apart from each other. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 犬咬。舊屋瓦上刮下青苔屑，按之即止。經驗方。 Dog bite. Scrape from an old roof tile the greenish moss layer and press it on [the affected region] to end [the pain]. Jing yan fang. 21-09 昨葉何草唐本草 Zuo ye he cao, FE Tang ben cao. Orostachys fimbriatus (Turcz.) Breger.

【釋名】瓦松唐本、瓦花綱目、向天草綱目。赤者名鐵脚婆羅門草綱目、 天王鐵塔草。【時珍曰】其名殊不可解。【頌曰】瓦松如松子作層，故名。 Explanation of Names. Wa song 瓦松, “roof-tile pine,” Tang ben. Wa hua 瓦花, “rooftile flower,” Gang mu. Xiang tian cao 向天草, the “herb that is oriented towards heaven,” Gang mu. Red specimens are called tie jiao po luo men cao 鐵脚婆羅門草, the “herb of the iron leg Brahman,” Gang mu. Tian wang tie ta cao 天王鐵塔草, the “herb of the iron pagoda of the heavenly king.” [Li] Shizhen: These names are really impossible to explain. [Su] Song: Wa song 瓦松, “roof-tile pine,” is similar to the layers formed by pine, song 松, seeds. Hence the name. 773 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

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【集解】【恭曰】昨葉何草生上黨屋上，如蓬。初生高尺餘，遠望如松 栽。【志曰】處處有之。生年久瓦屋上。六月、七月采苗，日乾。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Gong: Zuo ye he cao grows on roofs in Shang dang, similar to peng 蓬.774 In the beginning of its growth it reaches a height of more than a chi. From a distance it looks like a pine. [Ma] Zhi: It is found everywhere. It grows on roof tiles over long periods of time. The seedling is collected in the sixth and seventh month; it is dried in the sun. 【氣味】酸，平，無毒。【時珍曰】按庚辛玉册云：向天草即瓦松，陰草 也。生屋瓦上及深山石縫中。莖如漆，圓鋭，葉背有白毛。有大毒。燒灰 淋汁沐髮，髮即落。誤入目，令人瞽。擣汁能結草砂，伏雌、雄、砂、 汞、白礬。其説與本草無毒及生眉髮之説相反，不可不知。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, balanced, nonpoisonus. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Geng xin yu ce, “xiang tian cao 向天草 is wa song 瓦松. It is a yin herb. It grows on roof tiles and in rock cracks deep in the mountains. The stem is similar to that of lacquer [trees]. It is round and has a pointed tip. The leaves have white hair on their back. They are very poisonous. Burned to ashes, the water that is dripped on them, when it is used to wash the hair, the hair will fall out. If it is erroneously allowed to get in the eyes, that person will go blind. [The herb] is pounded to obtain a juice that is able to bind herbs and sand,775 and to suppress [the effects of ] orpiment, realgar, cinnabar, mercury and alum.” This statement [in the Geng xin yu ce] is completely opposite to the [characterization of this item in the] Ben cao where it is said to be “nonpoisonous” and “to stimulate the growth of eyebrows.” That must be known. 【主治】口中乾痛，水穀血痢，止血。唐本。生眉髮膏爲要藥。馬志。行 女子經絡。蘇頌。大腸下血，燒灰，水服一錢。又塗諸瘡不斂。時珍。 Control. Painful dryness in the mouth. Free-flux illness [with a discharge] of water and cereals with blood. It ends bleeding. Tang ben. It is an essential pharmaceutical drug in ointments made to stimulate the growth of eyebrows. Ma Zhi. It stimulates the passage in conduits and network vessels of females. For blood discharge from the large intestine, burn it to ashes and ingest with water one qian. Also, apply it to all types of sores that fail to close. [Li] Shizhen.

774 Possibly a reference to garden daisy, peng hao 蓬蒿, chrysanthemum carinatum Schousb.

775 Jie cao sha 結草砂 refers to the chemical method of adding an herbal, cao 草, substance to mercury to bind, jie 結, it to sulphur and generate cinnabar, dan sha 丹砂.



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【附方】舊一，新九。 Added Recipes. One of old, nine newly [recorded]. 小便沙淋。瓦松即屋上無根草，煎濃湯乘熱熏洗小腹，約兩時即通。經驗 良方。 Urinary dripping with sand. Boil wa song 瓦松, that is the herb growing without root on roofs, to a thick decoction and use it, while it is still hot, to steam and wash the lower abdomen. After about four hours the [urine will] flow freely. Jing yan liang fang. 通經破血。舊屋陰處瓦花活者五兩熬膏，當歸鬚、乾漆一兩燒煙盡，當門 子二錢，爲末，棗肉和丸梧子大。每服七十丸，紅花湯下。摘玄方。 To free the passage in the conduits/menstruation and break through blood [accumulation]. Simmer five liang of tile flowers from the yin/shady side of an old roof into a paste, add one liang [each of ] the hair fine [roots] of Chinese angelica and dried lacquer, burned until no more smoke is released, and two qian of musk,776 and [grind this into] powder to be formed with Chinese date pulp to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 70 pills, to be sent down with a safflower decoction. Zhai xuan fang. 染烏髭髮。乾瓦松一斤半，生麻油二斤，同煎令焦，爲末。另以生麻油浸 塗，甚妙。聖濟録。 To dye the beard and the hair black. Boil one and a half jin of dried wa song with two jin of fresh sesame oil to obtain a scorched residue and [grind it into] powder. Then soak it in fresh sesame oil and apply this [to the beard and the hair]. Very wondrous. Sheng ji lu. 頭風白屑。瓦松暴乾，燒灰淋汁熱洗，不過六七次。聖惠方。 Head wind777 and white scaling.778 Expose wa song to strong heat to let it dry, burn it to ashes, drip water on them and wash [the affected region] with the hot juice. [An application is required] no more than six or seven times [to achieve a cure]. Sheng hui fang.

776 For dang men zi 當門子as musk, see BCGM Vol. IX, 412.

777 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509. 778 Bai xie 白屑, “white scaling.” Fine, small scaling or secretions shed by the skin in locations affected by pathological change. BCGM Dict I, 48.

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牙齦腫痛。瓦花、白礬等分，水煎。漱之立效。摘玄方。 Painful swelling of gums. Boil equal amounts of “tile flower” and alum in water and rinse [the affected region with the liquid]. Immediately effective. Zhai xuan fang. 唇裂生瘡。瓦花、生薑，入鹽少許，搗塗。摘玄方。 Chapped lips that develop sores. Pound “tile flowers,” fresh ginger and a little salt and apply [the resulting mass to the affected region]. Zhai xuan fang. 湯火灼傷。瓦松、生柏葉同搗傅。乾者爲末。醫方摘要。 Harm caused by burns resulting from hot water and fire. Pound wa song and fresh arborvitae leaves and apply [the resulting mass to the affected region]. If [only] dry [items are at hand, grind them into] powder. Yi fang zhai yao. 灸瘡不斂。瓦松陰乾爲末。先以槐枝、葱白湯洗，後糝之，立效。濟生秘 覽。 Wounds resulting from moxibustion/cauterization that fail to close. Dry wa song in the yin (i. e., shade) and [grind it into] powder. First wash [the affected region] with a sophora japonica and onion white decoction. Then apply the [powder]. Immediately effective. Ji sheng mi lan. 惡瘡不斂。方同上。 Malign sores/wounds that fail to close. Recipe identical with the one above. 風狗咬傷。瓦松、雄黄研貼，即不發。生生編。 Harm caused by mad dog bites. Grind wa song and realgar and apply [this to the affected region] to prevent an outbreak [of the poisoning]. Sheng sheng bian. 【附録】 Appendix 21-09-A01 紫衣拾遺 Ziyi, FE Shiyi. Unidentified.779

【藏器曰】味苦，無毒。主黄疸，暴熱目黄，沉重，下水廕，亦止熱痢， 煮服之。作灰淋汁，沐頭長髮。此古木錦花也，石瓦皆有之，堪染褐。 [Chen] Cangqi: Flavor bitter, nonpoisonous. Control: For severe cases of yellow dan-illness/jaundice and yellow eyes related to sudden heat, to discharge water swelling and end free-flux illness associated with heat, boil it [in water] and ingest 779 Zi yi 紫衣, lit.: “purple clothing.”



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the [liquid]. Burn it to ashes and drip water on them to obtain a juice. It is used to wash the head to stimulate hair growth. This the ancient mu jin hua 木錦花, “tree brocade flower.” It is present on stones/rocks and tiles everywhere and is a potent brown dyestuff. 21-10 烏韭本經下品 Wu jiu, FE Ben jing, lower rank. Onychium japonicum (Thunb.) O.Kuntze. Rock fern.780 【校正】移入有名未用别録鬼 。 Editorial Correction. Gui li 鬼 , recorded in the section “known by name but not in use” in the Bie lu, is moved here. 【釋名】石髮唐本、石衣日華、石苔唐本、石花綱目、石馬騣綱目、鬼 與 麗同。【弘景曰】垣衣亦名烏韭而爲療異，非此種類也。【時珍曰】别録 主療之證與垣衣相同，則其爲一類，通名烏韭，亦無害也。但石髮與陟釐 同名，則有水陸之性，稍有不同耳。 Explanation of Names. Shi fa 石髮, “stone/rock hair,” Tang ben. Shi yi 石衣, “stone/ rock clothing,” Rihua. Shi tai 石苔, “stone/rock moss,” Tang ben. Shi hua 石花, “stone/rock flower,” Gang mu. Shi ma zong 石馬騣, “stone/rock horse mane,” Gang mu. Gui li 鬼 , [read] identical with li 麗. [Tao] Hongjing: Yuan yi 垣衣, too, is named wu jiu 烏韭 but has a different therapeutic [potential]. It is not of the same group as [the item discussed] here. [Li] Shizhen: The [therapeutic] control and [potential of ] healing [of wu jiu recorded] in the Bie lu are identical with those of yuan yi 垣衣 because both belong to the same group, and both are called wu jiu 烏 韭. Also, both do not cause harm. However, shi fa 石髮 is also a name of zhi li 陟 釐, algae/spirogyra nitida (21-01). It has the nature of water and land; so there are some differences. 【集解】【别録曰】烏韭生山谷石上。又曰：鬼 生石上。挼之日乾，爲 沐。【恭曰】石苔也,又名石髮。生巖石之陰不見日處，與卷柏相類。【藏 器曰】生大石及木間陰處，青翠茸茸者，似苔而非苔也。【大明曰】此即 石衣也。長者可四五寸。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Wu jiu grows on stones/rocks in mountain valleys. It is also said: Gui li 鬼 grows on stones/rocks. Rub it, dry it in the sun and prepare it to a liquid that is used to wash the hair. [Su] Gong: It is a stone/rock moss, also called shi fa 石髮, “stone/rock hair.” It grows on the yin/shady side of cliff rocks in 780 Wu jiu 烏韭, lit.: “black leek.“

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places never reached by the sun. It is of the same group as tree spikemoss (21-12). [Chen] Cangqi: It grows on big stones/rocks and in shady places between trees. It is of greenish-emerald green color and downy. It resembles moss but is not a moss. Da Ming: This is “stone/rock clothing,” shi yi 石衣. Long specimens can span four to five cun. 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。【大明曰】冷，有毒。垣衣爲之使。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. Da Ming: Cold, poisonous. Yuan yi 垣衣 serves as its guiding [substance]. 【主治】皮膚往來寒熱，利小腸膀胱氣。本經。療黄疸，金瘡内塞，補中 益氣。别録。燒灰沐頭，長髮令黑。大明。 Control. Alternating sensations of cold and heat in the skin. It frees the passage of small intestine and urinary bladder qi. Ben jing. It heals yellow dan-illness/jaundice and wounds caused by metal objects/weapons with an internal block. It supplements central [qi] and boosts the qi. Bie lu. Burned to ashes [the juice obtained by dripping water over them is used] to wash the head. It stimulates hair growth and dyes [the hair] black. Da Ming. 【附方】新三。 Added Recipes. Three newly [recorded]. 腰脚風冷。石花浸酒，飲之。聖惠方。 Wind [intrusion] and cold in the lower back and the legs. Soak shi hua 石花 in wine and drink [the liquid]. Sheng hui fang. 婦人血崩。石花、細茶焙爲末，舊漆碟燒存性，各一匙。以盌盛酒，放鍋 内煮一滚，乃入藥末，露一宿。侵晨連藥再煮一滚，温服。董炳避水方。 Blood collapse781 of women. Prepare one spoonful each of shi hua and fine tea, burned on a slow fire and [ground into] powder. Boil an old lacquer plate, burned with its nature retained, in one bowl of wine in a pot for a short while. Then add the medicinal powder and leave it in the open for one night. The next morning boil it again with the pharmaceutical drugs for a short while and [let the woman] ingest the warm [liquid]. Dong Bing, Bi shui fang. 湯火傷灼。石苔焙研，傅之。海上方。

781 Xue beng 血崩, blood collapse. Excessive vaginal bleeding, identical to beng zhong 崩中, collapsing center. BCGM Dict I, 594; 58.



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Burns caused by hot water and fire. Bake shi tai over a slow fire and grind it [into powder] to be applied [to the affected region] Hai shang fang. 【附録】 Appendix 21-10-A01 百蕊草宋圖經 Bai rui cao, FE Song, Tu jing. Thesium chinense Turcz.782

【頌曰】生河中府、秦州、劍州。根黄白色，形如瓦松，莖葉俱青，有如 松葉，無花。三月生苗，四月長及五六寸許。四時采根，晒用。下乳汁， 順血脉，調氣甚佳。【時珍曰】烏韭是瓦松之生于石上者。百蕊草是瓦松 之生于地下者也。 [Su] Song: It grows in He zhong fu, Qin zhou and Jian zhou. The root is yellow-white in color. It is shaped like wa song 瓦松 (21-09). The stem and the leaves are all greenish and the leaves are similar to those of pines. It has no flowers. It produces a seedling in the third month. In the fourth month it reaches its maximum length of about five to six cun. The root is collected during all four seasons; it is dried in the sun before it is used [for therapeutic purposes]. It is an excellent [pharmaceutical drug] to promote lactation, return the movement of blood in its vessels to a normal condition and regulate [the movement of ] qi. [Li] Shizhen: Wu jiu 烏韭 is wa song 瓦松 growing on stones/rocks. Bai rui 百蕊 is wa song 瓦松 growing on the ground below. 21-11 土馬騣宋嘉祐 Tu ma zong, Song, Jia you Polytrichum commune L. ex Hedw. Haircap moss.783 【集解】【禹錫曰】所在背陰古墻垣上有之，歲多雨則茂盛。或以爲垣 衣，非也。垣衣生垣墻之側。此生垣墻之上，比垣衣更長，故謂之馬騣， 苔之類也。【時珍曰】垣衣乃磚墻上苔衣也，此乃土墻上烏韭也。 Collected Explanations. [Zhang] Yuxi: It is present everywhere on the back, shady side of old walls. In years with much rain it grows abundantly. Some identify it as 782 Bai rui cao 百蕊草, lit.: “herb with a hundred stamina holding filaments.” Zheng lei ch. 30, jing wai cao lei 經外草類, “group of herbs from sources other than the classic,” lists bai rui cao 百蕊草 as alternative name and gives bai ru cao 百乳草 as proper name.

783 Tu ma zong 土馬騣, lit.: “horse mane on soil.“

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yuan yi 垣衣 (21-07), but that is wrong. Yuan yi grows on the side of walls; the [item discussed here] grows on the top of walls. It is even longer than yuan yi. Hence it is called ma zong 馬騣, “horse mane.” It belongs to the moss group. [Li] Shizhen: Yuan yi is the moss clothing on brick walls. The [item discussed] here is the “black leek” growing on earthen walls. 【氣味】甘、酸，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, sour, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】骨熱敗煩，熱毒壅衄鼻。嘉祐。沐髮令長黑，通大小便。時珍。 Control. Bone heat and decay with vexation, obstruction caused by heat poison, nosebleed. Jia you. When used to wash the hair, it lets [the hair] grow and turn black. It frees the passage of major (i. e., defecation) and minor (i. e., urination) relief. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新五。 Added Recipes. Five newly [recorded]. 九竅出血。墻頭苔挼塞之。海上方。 Bleeding from the nine orifices. Rub moss from the top of a wall into crumbs and insert them [into the bleeding orifice]. Hai shang fang. 鼻衄不止。寸金散：用墻上土馬騣二錢半，石州黄藥子五錢，爲末。新水 服二錢，再服立止。衛生寶鑑。 Unending nosebleed. The “powder with a cun of gold.” [Grind] two and a half qian of tu ma zong from a wall and five qian of clematis [root] from Shi zhou into powder and ingest with newly [drawn] water two qian. After a second ingestion [the nosebleed] ends immediately. Wei sheng bao jian. 二便不通。土馬騣水淘净，瓦煿過，切。每服二錢，水一盞，煎服。普濟 方。 Constipation of both (defecation and urination) relief. Wash tu ma zong clean in a pan, bake it on a tile and cut it [into small pieces]. Each time ingest two qian boiled in one cup of water. Pu ji fang. 耳上濕瘡。土馬騣、井中苔等分，爲末。燈盞内油和塗之。聖濟録。 Moist sores on an ear. [Grind] equal amounts of tu ma zong and moss from within a well into powder. Mix it with the oil from an oil lamp bowl and apply this [to the affected region]. Sheng ji lu.



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少年髮白。土馬騣、石馬騣、五倍子、半夏各一兩，生薑二兩，胡桃十 箇，膽礬半兩爲末，搗作一塊。每以絹袋盛一彈子，用熱酒入少許，浸汁 洗髮。一月神效。聖濟録。 White hair at a young age. [Grind] one liang each of tu ma zong, rock fern, Chinese sumac gallnut and pinellia [root], two liang of fresh ginger, ten walnuts, and half a liang of chalcanthite into powder and pound it to generate one lump. Each time put as much as the size of a bullet into a silk pouch, place it into a small amount of hot wine to let it soak and use the resulting juice to wash the hair. A divine effect is reached within one month. Sheng ji lu. 21-12 卷柏本經上品 Juan bai, FE Ben jing, upper rank. Selaginella involvens Spr. Tree spikemoss. 【釋名】萬歲别録、長生不死草綱目、豹足吴普、求股别録、交時别録。 【時珍曰】卷柏、豹足，象形也。萬歲、長生，言其耐久也。 Explanation of Names. Wan sui 萬歲, “a myriad years,” Bie lu. Chang sheng bu si cao 長生不死草, an “herb that lives forever and never dies,” Gang mu. Bao zu 豹 足, “leopard foot,” Wu Pu. Qiu gu 求股, Bie lu. Jiao shi 交時, Bie lu. [Li] Shizhen: Juan bai 卷柏, “curled arborvitae [leaves],” and bao zu 豹足 reflect its shape. Wan sui 萬歲, “a myriad years,” and chang sheng 長生, “longevity,” refer to its long lasting presence. 集解】【别録曰】卷柏生常山山谷石間。五月、七月采，陰乾。【弘景 曰】今出近道。叢生石土上，細葉似柏，屈藏如雞足，青黄色。用之去下 近沙石處。【禹錫曰】出建康。范子計然曰：出三輔。【頌曰】今關陝及 沂、兖諸州亦有之。宿根紫色多鬚。春生苗，似柏葉而細，拳攣如雞足， 高三五寸。無花、子，多生石上。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Juan bai grows between the stones/rocks in mountain valleys of Mount Chang shan. It is collected in the fifth and seventh month, and it is dried in the yin (i. e., shade). [Tao] Hongjing: Today it comes from nearby. It grows as clusters on stones/rocks. The leaves are fine, similar to those of arborvitae. They are of greenish-yellow color. For [therapeutic] applications remove those portions that are situated next to sand and stones/rocks. [Zhang] Yuxi: It comes from Jian kang. The Fan zi ji ran says: “It comes from San fu.” [Su] Song: Today, it is also present in Guan shaan and in all the zhou nearby and of Yi and Yan. Its perennial root is purple in color and has much hair. It produces a seedling in spring, similar to arborvitae leaves, but finer. They appear like a contracted fist, similar to

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chicken feet. It is three to five cun tall and has neither flowers nor seeds. It mostly grows on stones/rocks. 【修治】【時珍曰】凡用，以鹽水煮半日，再以井水煮半日，晒乾焙用。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Li] Shizhen: For all [therapeutic] applications, boil it in water with salt for half a day. Then boil it again in well water for half a day. Then dry it in the sun and bake it over a slow fire for [therapeutic] use. 【氣味】辛，平，無毒。【别録曰】甘，温。【普曰】神農：辛，平。桐 君、雷公：甘，微寒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, balanced, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Sweet, warm. [Wu] Pu: Sheng nong: Acrid, balanced. Tong jun, Lei gong: Sweet, slightly cold. 【主治】五臟邪氣，女子陰中寒熱痛，癥瘕血閉，絶子。久服輕身和顔 色。本經。止欬逆，治脱肛，散淋結，頭中風眩，痿躄。强陰益精，令人 好容顔。别録。通月經，治尸疰鬼疰腹痛，百邪鬼魅啼泣。甄權。鎮心， 除面皯頭風，暖水臟。生用破血，炙用止血。大明。 Control. Evil qi in the five long-term depots. Painful [presence of ] cold and heat in the yin [(i. e. genital) region] of females. Concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness784 with blocked blood [flow]. Sterility. Ingested for a long time it relieves the body of its weight and improves the complexion. Ben jing. It ends cough with [qi] counterflow. It serves to cure anal prolapse and disperses nodes leading to [urinary] dripping.785 Wind dizziness786 in the head, dysfunction with inability to walk. It strengthens the yin [member (i.e., penis] and boosts the essence/sperm. It gives one a good complexion. Bie lu. It frees blocked menstruation. It serves to cure corpse [qi] attachment-illness and demon attachment-illness with abdominal pain, also weeping because of any of the one hundred evils, demons and goblins. Zhen Quan. It calms down the heart [qi], eliminates facial gloom and head wind,787 and warms the water long-term depot (i. e., the kidneys). Applied fresh it breaks through blood [accumulation]; applied roasted it stops bleeding. Da Ming. 784 Zheng jia 癥瘕, “concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness.” The two terms are often used interchangeably and do not signify two distinctly different conditions. Concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness result from a disharmony of cold and warmth resulting in a failure to transform beverages and food. Nodes form when the clash with the qi of the long-term depots. BCGM Dict I, 677. 785 Lin jie 淋結, “nodes leading to dripping,” an illness sign of failure of urine to pass associated with a feeling of distension and fullness in the lower abdomen. BCGM Dict I, 317. 786 Feng xuan 風眩, “wind dizziness, a condtion, brought forth by wind evil, of dizziness in the head and eyes. BCGM Dict I, 171.

787 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509.



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【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two of old. 大腸下血。卷柏、側柏、棕櫚等分，燒存性爲末。每服三錢，酒下。亦可 飯丸服。仁存方。 Discharge of blood from the large intestine. Burn equal amounts of juan bai, arborvitae [leaves] and trachycarpus [palm] with their nature retained and [grind this into] powder. Each time ingest three qian, to be sent down with wine. It is also possible to ingest [the powder] as pills prepared with cooked rice. Ren cun fang. 遠年下血。卷柏、地榆焙，等分。每用一兩，水一盌，煎數十沸，通口 服。百一選方。 Discharge of blood for years. Prepare a mixture of equal amounts of juan bai and sanguisorba [root]. Each time boil one liang in one bowl of water several tens of times to bubbling and ingest it through the mouth. Bai yi xuan fang. 【附録】 Appendix 21-12-A01 地柏宋圖經 Di bai, FE Song, Tu jing Unidentified.

【頌曰】主臟毒下血。與黄茋等分爲末，米飲每服二錢。蜀人甚神此方。 其草生蜀中山谷，河中府亦有之。根黄，狀如絲，莖細，上有黄點子，無 花葉。三月生，長四五寸許。四月采，暴乾用。蜀中九月采，市多貨之。 【時珍曰】此亦卷柏之生於地上者耳。 [Su] Song: Control: Discharge of blood related to poison in the long-term depots. [Grind it] together with astragalus [root] into powder and each time ingest with a rice beverage two qian. People in Shu regard this recipe as extremely, divinely [effective]. This herb grows in the mountain valleys of Shu zong. It is also present in He zhong fu. The root is yellow, and it is shaped like silk threads. The stem is fine and has yellow dots. It has neither flowers nor leaves. It grows in the third month and reaches a length of about four to five cun. For [therapeutic] use it is dried in the sun. In Shu zhong it is collected in the ninth month and large quantities are sold on markets. [Li] Shizhen: This is a juan bai that also grows above ground.

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21-12-A02 含生草拾遺 Han sheng cao, FE Shi yi Unidentified.788

【藏器曰】生靺鞨國。葉如卷柏而大。性平，無毒。主婦人難産，含之嚥 汁，即生。 [Patients] hold the fresh herb in the mouth. [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in Mo he guo. The leaves are similar to those of juan bai, but bigger. Nature balanced, nonpoisonous. Control: Women facing difficult delivery hold it in the mouth, swallow the juice and [the child] is born. 21-13 玉柏别録 有名未用 Yu bai, Bie lu, [section] “known by name but not in use.” Lycopodium obscurum L. Rare clubmoss.

【釋名】玉遂别録。【藏器曰】舊作玉伯，乃傳寫之誤。 Explanation of Names. Yu sui 玉遂, Bie lu. [Chen] Cangqi: It used to be written yu bo 玉伯. It has since been transmitted [as yu bai 玉 柏] because of a copying error. 【集解】【别録曰】生石上，如松，高五六寸，紫花。用莖葉。【時珍 曰】此即石松之小者也。人皆采置盆中養，數年不死，呼爲千年柏、萬年 松。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: It grows on stones/rocks, similar to pines, and is five to six cun tall. It has purple flowers. The stem and the leaves are used [for therapeutic application]. [Li] Shizhen: This is a small variant of shi song 石松 (21-14). People always collect it to further cultivate it in a bowl where it does not die for years. They call it qian nian bai 千年柏, “arborvitae of a thousand years,” and wan nian song 萬 年松, “pine of a myriad years.” 【氣味】酸，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】輕身，益氣，止渴。别録。 Control. It relieves the body of its weight, boosts the qi and ends thirst. Bie lu.

788 Han sheng cao 含生草, lit.: the “herb held in the mouth to [expedite] childbirth.”



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21-14 石松拾遺 Shi song, FE Shi yi Lycopodium clavatum Thunb. Common clubmoss.789 【集解】【藏器曰】生天台山石上。似松，高一二尺。山人取根莖用。 【時珍曰】此即玉柏之長者也。名山皆有之。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: It grows on the rocks of Mount Tian tai shan. It resembles pines and is one to two chi tall. People in the mountains collect the root and the stem for [therapeutic] application. [Li] Shizhen: This is a lengthy variant of rare clubmoss (21-13). It is present in all the famous mountains. 【氣味】苦、辛，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, acrid, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】久患風痺，脚膝疼冷，皮膚不仁，氣力衰弱。久服去風血風瘙， 好顔色，變白不老。浸酒飲，良。藏器。 Control. Long-term suffering from blockage related to wind [intrusion], with legs and knees experiencing a painful cold, a numb skin, and weakened qi strength. Ingested for a long time it eliminates blood [disorder] related to wind [intrusion] and wind itching (i. e., in changing places). It improves the complexion, changes white hair [to black hair] and prevents aging. Soak it in wine and drink [the liquid]. Good. [Chen] Cangqi. 21-15 桑花日華 Sang hua, FE Rihua Parmelia spp. Mulberry tree lichen. 【釋名】桑蘚綱目、桑錢。 Explanation of Names. Sang xian 桑蘚, Gang mu. Sang qian 桑錢. 【集解】【大明曰】生桑樹上白蘚，如地錢花樣。刀刮取炒用。不是桑椹 花也。 Collected Explication. Da Ming: This is a white moss growing on mulberry trees, similar to Asiatic penny herb flowers. For [therapeutic] use it is scraped off with a knife and stir-fried. This is not mulberry flower. 【氣味】苦，暖，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, warm, nonpoisonous. 789 Shi song 石松, lit.: “pine on stones/rocks.“

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【主治】健脾濇腸，止鼻洪吐血，腸風，崩中帶下。大明。治熱欬。時珍。 Control. It strengthens the spleen and roughens the intestines, ends nasal [blood] flood and blood spitting, intestinal wind and collapsing center790 with discharge from below the belt [of women]. Da Ming. It serves to cure cough associated with the presence of heat. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 大便後血。桑樹上白蘚花，水煎服，或末服。亦止吐血。聖惠方。 Bleeding after defecation. Boil the flowers of the white moss growing on mulberry trees in water and ingest it. Or ingest it ground into powder. It also stops blood spitting. Sheng hui fang. 【附録】 Appendix 21-15-A01 艾納 Ai na

Unidentified. 【時珍曰】艾納生老松樹上緑苔衣也。一名松衣。和合諸香燒之，烟清而 聚不散。别有艾納香，與此不同。又嶺南海島中，檳榔木上有苔，如松之 艾納。單爇極臭，用合泥香，則能發香，如甲香也。霏雪録云：金華山中 多樹衣，僧家以爲蔬，味極美。 [Li] Shizhen: Ai na is a green moss clothing growing on old pine trees. It is also called song yi 松衣, “pine clothing.” Mixed with any other kind of fragrant [incense substances] and burned, it releases clear fumes that collect and do not disperse. There is also an ai na xiang 艾納香, balsamiferous blumea (14-39), but that is a different item. Also, on islands in the sea in Ling nan there is a moss on areca trees similar to the ai na on pines. When it is burned alone it emits an extremely malodorous stench. Mixed with other fragrant [substances] it can give off a fragrant odor, similar to the operculum of sea snails. The Fei xue lu states: “On Mount Jin hua shan there is much ‘tree clothing.’ Monks prepare it as a vegetable with a very delicious flavor.” 790 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.



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21-16 馬勃别録下品 Ma bo, FE Bie lu, lower rank. Calvatia lilacina (Mont. et Berk.) Lloyd. Puffball. 【釋名】馬疕音屁、馬𥧔𥧔音庀、灰菰綱目、牛屎菰。 Explanation of Names. Ma pi 馬疕, read pi 屁; ma pi 馬𥧔, 𥧔 read pi 庀; hui gu 灰 菰, Gang mu. Niu shi gu 牛屎菰. 【集解】【别録曰】馬勃生園中久腐處。【弘景曰】俗呼馬𥧔勃是也。紫 色虚軟，狀如狗肺，彈之粉出。【宗奭曰】生濕地及腐木上，夏秋采之。 有大如斗者，小亦如升杓。韓退之所謂牛溲、馬勃，俱收並畜者，是也。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Ma bo grows in gardens in places that have long since decayed. [Tao] Hongjing: That is the item commonly called ma pi bo 馬𥧔勃. It is purple in color, puffy and soft. It is shaped like a dog’s lung. It releases a powder when flicked. [Kou] Zongshi: It grows on moist ground and rotten trees, and is collected in summer and autumn. Some are as big as a dou; small ones have the size of a spoon. When Han Tuizhi says “collect the urine of oxen and ma bo, and store them [for later use],” that is [the item discussed] here. 【修治】【時珍曰】凡用以生布張開，將馬勃於上摩擦，下以盤承，取末 用。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Li] Shizhen: For all applications spread out a new piece of cloth and rub the ma bo on it. Below [the cloth] place a plate to collect the powder for [therapeutic] application. 【氣味】辛，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】惡瘡馬疥。别録。傅諸瘡甚良。弘景。去膜，以蜜拌揉，少以水 調呷，治喉痺咽疼。宗奭。清肺散血，解熱毒。時珍。 Control. Malign sores, horse jie-illness.791 Bie lu. Applied to all types of sores it yields very good results. [Tao] Hongjing. Remove the membrane skin, mix it with honey and rub it into crumbs. Mix a small amount with water and sip it to cure throat closure and gullet pain. [Kou] Zongshi. It clears the lung and disperses [abiding] blood. It resolves heat poison. [Li] Shizhen. 791 Ma jie 馬疥, “horse jie-illness, 1.) a condition of jie chuang 疥瘡, “jie-illness sores,” whereby the skin forms scales and scraps, while its base is rough and thick. It itches and if scratched one does not feel any pain. 2.) Veterinary condition of jie-illness affecting horses. BCGM Dict I, 332.

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【發明】【時珍曰】馬勃輕虚，上焦肺經藥也。故能清肺熱欬嗽、喉痺、 衄血、失音諸病。李東垣治大頭病，咽喉不利，普濟消毒飲亦用之。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Ma bo is light and fluffy. It is a pharmaceutical drug for the upper [section of the Triple] Burner. Hence it can cool lung heat causing cough, throat blockage, nosebleed, and loss of voice, all such diseases. Li Dongyuan uses it in his “beverage to dissolve poison for universal help” to cure massive head disease792 and blocked throat. 【附方】新九。 Added Recipes. Nine newly [recorded]. 咽喉腫痛，嚥物不得。馬勃一分，蛇退皮一條燒末。綿裹一錢，含嚥立 瘥。聖惠方。 Painful throat swelling, making it impossible to swallow anything. Mix one fen of ma bo and one snake slough, burned and [the residue ground into] powder, and put one qian [of this powder] into a silk pouch. Hold it in the mouth and swallow [the resulting juice]. A cure is achieved immediately. Sheng hui fang. 走馬喉痺。馬屁勃即灰菰、焰消各一兩，爲末。每吹一字，吐涎血即愈。 經驗良方。 Running horse throat blockage.793 [Grind] one liang each of ma pi bo,794 i. e., hui gu 灰菰, and nitrokalite into powder. Each time blow one zi [of this powder into the affected throat]. When [the patient] spits saliva and blood, a cure is achieved. Jing yan lian fang. 聲失不出。馬𥧔勃、馬牙硝等分，研末，沙糖和丸芡子大，噙之。摘玄方。 Loss of voice. Grind equal amounts of ma pi bo and mirabilite into powder and form with sugar pills the size of qian seeds. Hold them in the mouth. Zhai xuan fang. 久嗽不止。馬勃爲末，蜜丸梧子大。每服二十丸，白湯下，即愈。普濟方。 Long-lasting, unending cough. [Grind] ma bo into powder and with honey form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 20 pills, to be sent down with clear, boiled water. This will result in a cure. Pu ji fang. 792 Da tou bing 大頭病, “massive head disease,” identical with da tou feng 大頭風, “massive head wind,” a condition of infectious diseases characterized by fever and an aversion to wind, as well as swelling and pain in front of and behind the ears. BCGM Dict I, 114. 793 Zou ma hou bi 走馬喉痹, “running horse throat blockage,” a condition identical with ji hou bi 急喉痹, “acute throat blockage.” BCGM Dict I, 704. 794 Ma pi bo 馬屁勃, alternative name of ma bo 馬勃 not listed under “Explanation of Names.“



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魚骨鯁咽。馬勃末，蜜丸彈子大。噙嚥。聖濟録。 Choking on a fish bone stuck in the throat. Mix ma bo powder with honey and form pills the size of a bullet. Hold a pill in the mouth and swallow [the resulting juice]. Sheng ji lu. 積熱吐血。馬屁包爲末，砂糖丸如彈子大。每服半丸，冷水化下。袖珍方。 Heat accumulation with blood spitting. [Grind] ma pi bao795 into powder and form with sugar pills the size of a bullet. Each time ingest half a pill, to be sent down dissolved in cold water. Xiu zhen fang. 妊娠吐衄不止。馬勃末，濃米飲服半錢。聖惠方。 Unending blood spitting and spontaneous external bleeding during pregnancy. Ingest half a qian of ma bo powder with a thick rice beverage. Sheng hui fang. 斑瘡入眼：馬屁勃、蛇皮各五錢，皂角子十四箇，爲末，入罐内，鹽泥固 濟，燒存性，研。每温酒服一錢。閻孝忠集效方。 Macule-illness sores796 have entered the eyes. [Grind] five qian each of ma pi bo and snake skin and 14 gleditsia pod seeds into powder, give it into a pot, close it tightly with salt and mud and heat it with the nature [of the powder] retained. [Grind this into] powder. Each time ingest with warm wine one qian. Yan Xiaozhong, Ji xiao fang. 臁瘡不斂。葱鹽湯洗净拭乾，以馬屁勃末傅之，即愈。仇遠稗史。 Shank sores that do not close. Wash [the affected region] clean with an onion-salt decoction and wipe it dry. Then apply ma pi bo [to the affected region] and this will result in a cure. Qiu Yuan, Bei shi.

795 Ma pi bao 馬屁包, alternative name of ma bo 馬勃 not listed under “Explanation of Names.“

796 Ban chuang 斑瘡, “macule sores,” a condition identical with dou chuang 痘瘡, “smallpox sores.” BCGM Dict I, 51.

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草之十一 Herbs XI 雜草九種 Diverse herbs, 9 kinds

有名未用一百五十三種 Known by name but not in use. 153 kinds. 【時珍曰】諸草尾瑣或無從考證，不可附屬，并本經及别録 有名未用諸草 難遺者，通彙於此以備考。 [Li] Shizhen: Any remaining, trivial herbs that have not been adequately researched with regard to their group association, and those listed in Ben jing and Bie lu as “known by name but not in use,” and cannot be ignored, are listed here for further examination.

雜草 Diverse Herbs 21-A001 百草拾遺 Bai cao, FE Shi yi

[The ashes of ] a hundred herbs. 【藏器曰】五月五日采一百種草，陰乾燒灰，和石灰爲團，煅研，傅金 瘡止血，亦傅犬咬。又燒灰和井華水作團，煅白，以釅醋和作餅，腋下 夾之，乾即易，當抽一身盡痛悶，瘡出即止，以小便洗之，不過三度愈。 【時珍曰】按千金方治洞注下痢，以五月五日百草灰吹入下部。又治瘰癧 已破，五月五日采一切雜草，煮汁洗之。



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[Chen] Cangqi: Collect 100 kinds of herbs on the fifth day of the fifth month. Dry them in the yin (i. e., shade), burn them to ashes, mix them with lime and form balls. Calcine them and grind [them into powder]. This is applied to wounds caused by metal objects/weapons to stop bleeding. It is also applied to dog bites. Also,797 burn them to ashes, mix them with well splendor water798 and form balls. Calcine them until they have assumed a white color, mix them with strong vinegar and form a cake. Hold it pressed under the armpits and replace it when it has dried. [In the course of such therapies] the entire body will be penetrated by pain and vexation. When the sores open, end [the treatment]. Wash [the affected region] with urine, and after no more than three applications a cure is achieved. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Qian jin fang, “throughflux discharge with free-flux illness799 [is cured as follows]. Blow the ashes of a hundred herbs collected on the fifth day of the fifth month into the [body’s] lower section. Also, to cure scrofula pervasion-illness800 that has broken open, collect on the fifth day of the fifth many various herbs, boil them and wash [the affected region] with the resulting juice.” 21-A002 百草花拾遺 Bai cao hua, FE Shi yi Flowers of one hundred herbs.

【藏器曰】主治百病，長生神仙，亦煮汁釀酒服。按異類云：鳳剛者，漁 陽人。常采百花水漬，泥封埋百日，煎爲丸。卒死者，納口中即活也。剛 服藥百餘歲，入地肺山。 [Chen] Cangqi: They control the hundreds of diseases, and enable longevity as a spirit hermit/immortal. Boil them to obtain a juice, use it to make wine and ingest it. According to the Yi lei, “Feng Gang801, a man from Yu yang, regularly collected one hundred herbs, soaked them in water and buried them, closely sealed, for one hundred days. Then he boiled them and made them to pills. When somenone has suddenly died, they are given into his mouth and he will come back to life. [Feng] Gang ingested [these pills] as a medication [and lived] for more than 100 years. Eventually he went to Mount Di fei shan.” 797 Following you 又, Zheng lei ch. 10, bai cao hui 百草灰, “ashes of a hundred herbs, writes 主腋臭, “to control malodorous stench in the armpits.“

798 Jing hua shui 井華水, “well splendor water,” i. e., the first water drawn from a well in the morning. BCGM Vol. II, 05-15-01. 799 Dong zhu xia li 洞注下痢, “throughflux discharge with free-flux illness,” a condition of violent free-flux illness as if a hole was opened. BCGM Dict I, 130.

800 She pan li 蛇盤癧, “snake-coil pervasion-illnes,” a condition of numerous luo li 瘰癧, scrofula with pervasion-illness, growing around the neck. BCGM Dict 434. 801 Feng Gang 鳳剛, unidentified person.

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21-A003 井口邊草拾遺 Jing kou bian cao, FE Shi yi Herbs from the side [walls] of a well.

【藏器曰】小兒夜啼，私着席下，勿令母知。【思邈曰】五月五日取井中 倒生草，燒研水服，勿令知，即惡酒不飲，或飲亦不醉也。 [Chen] Cangqi: Wailing of children during the night. Put them personally under the [child’s] mat. Do not let its mother know. [Sun] Simiao: Gather from within a well on the fifth day of the fifth month herbs growing downward, burn them, grind [the ashes into powder]. If it is ingested with water – do not let [the person] know – it will cause an aversion to wine and he will no longer drink it. Or, if the wine has already been drunk it prevents being drunk. 21-A004 樹孔中草綱目 Shu kong zhong cao, FE Gang mu Herbs from holes in trees.

【時珍曰】主小兒腹痛夜啼，暗着户上即止。出聖惠方。 [Li] Shizhen: Control: Wailing of children because of abdominal pain. Secretly place them above the door and [the wailing] will end. Quoted from the Sheng hui fang. 21-A005 産死婦人塚上草拾遺 Chan si fu ren zhong shang cao, FE Shi yi

Herbs on a tomb of a woman who died during delivery.

【藏器曰】小兒醋瘡。取之勿回顧，作湯浴之，不過三度瘥。 [Chen] Cangqi: Vinegar sores of children.802 Collect [such herbs and return] without looking back. Prepare a decoction and bathe [the child]. A cure will be achieved after no more than three applications. 21-A006 燕蓐草宋嘉祐 Yan ru cao, FE Song Jia you. Herbs in a swallow’s nest.

【藏器曰】即燕窠中草也，無毒。主眠中遺尿，燒黑研末，水進方寸匕。 亦止噦啘。【時珍曰】千金方治丈夫婦人無故尿血。用胡燕窠中草，燒 末，酒服半錢匕。聖惠方：消渴飲水。燕窠中草燒灰一兩，牡蠣煅二兩， 802 Cu chuang 醋瘡, “vinegar sores,” i.e., chuang 瘡, “sores,” with a small and hard tip. BCGM Dict I, 705.



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白羊肺一具，切晒研末。每新汲水調下三錢。又一切瘡痕不滅，用燕蓐草 燒灰、鷹屎白等分，人乳和塗，日三五次。又浸淫瘡出黄水，燒灰傅之。 [Chen] Cangqi: These are herbs found in a swallow’s nest. They are nonpoisonous. To control involuntary loss of urine during sleep, burn them until they have assumed a black color and grind them into powder. Ingest with water the amount held by a square cun spoon. It also ends retching. [Li] Shizhen: The Qian jin fang [recommends “to] cure urination with blood, without any obvious cause, of husbands and wives [as follows]. Burn herbs from a nest of hu swallows (48-19) [and grind the ashes into] powder. Ingest with wine half the amount held by a qian spoon.” The Sheng hui fang [recommends to cure] “melting with thirst803 and an urge to drink water [as follows. Prepare] one liang of ashes of herbs found in a swallow’s nest, two liang of calcined oyster shells, and one lung of a white sheep. Cut [these items], dry them in the sun and grind them into powder. Each time send down mixed with newly drawn water three qian. Also, for all types of sore scars that fail to vanish, mix equal amounts of herbs from a swallow’s nest burned to ashes and the white parts of goshawk droppings with human milk and apply this [to the affected region]. Three to five times a day. Also, for sores soaked [with pus and/or liquid]804 releasing yellow water, burn [herbs from a swallow’s nest] to ashes and apply them [to the affected region].” 21-A007 鷄窠草宋嘉祐 Ji ke cao, FE Song Jia you Herbs in the chicken coop.

【大明曰】小兒夜啼，安席下，勿令母知。【藏器曰】小兒白秃瘡，和白 頭翁花燒灰，臘月猪脂和傅之。瘡以醋泔洗净。【時珍曰】千金方治産後 遺尿，燒末，酒服一錢。又不自秘方治天絲入目，燒灰淋汁，洗之。 Da Ming: Wailing of children during the night. Secretly put it under the [child’s] mat. Do not let its mother know. [Chen] Cangqi: White baldness sores of children. Burn [herbs from a chicken coop] together with pulsatilla flowers to ashes, mix them with lard obtained in the 12th month and apply this [to the affected region]. First wash [the affected region] clean with vinegar or water that has been used to wash rice. [Li] Shizhen: To cure uncontrolled urination following delivery, the Qian jin fang [recommends to] burn [herbs from a chicken coop, grind the ashes into] powder and [let the patient] ingest with wine one qian. Also, to cure intrusion of 803 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

804 Jin yin chuang 浸淫瘡, “sores soaked [with pus and/or liquid],” are conditions that itch at first and are painful later. They fester with liquid seeping from them. The liquid disperses into ever wider areas and, in serious cases, affects the entire body. BCGM Dict I, 259.

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“heaven’s threads” (dust) in the eyes the Bu zi mi fang [recommends to] burn [herbs from a chicken coop] to ashes, pour water over them and wash [the affected region] with the resulting juice. 21-A008 豬窠草 Zhu ke cao Herbs in a pigsty.

【大明曰】小兒夜啼，密安席下，勿令母知。 Da Ming: Wailing of children during the night. Secretly put it under the [child’s] mat. Do not let its mother know. 21-A009 牛齝草 Niu che cao Ox cud herbs.

見獸部牛下。 See the section “animals,” entry “oxen.” (50-05-38)

神農本經已下有名未用 Shen nong ben jing, From here on: Known by name but not in use. 21-A010 屈草 Qu cao

Unidentified 【本經曰】味苦，微寒，無毒。主胸脇下痛，邪氣，腸間寒熱，陰痺。久 服輕身益氣耐老。【别録曰】生漢中川澤。五月采。 Ben jing: Flavor bitter, [nature] slightly cold, nonpoisonous. Control: Pain in the chest and below the flanks. Evil qi. Alternating sensations of cold and heat in the intestines. Yin-type blockage/numbness. Ingested over a long period it relieves the body of its weight, boosts the qi and helps to endure aging. Bie lu: It grows in river marshlands of Han zhong and is collected in the fifth month.



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21-A011 别羈 Bie ji

Unidentified. 【本經曰】味苦，微温，無毒。主風寒濕痺，身重，四肢疼酸，寒邪歷節 痛。【别録曰】一名别枝。生藍田川谷。二月、八月采。【弘景曰】方家 時有用處，今亦絶矣。 Ben jing: Flavor bitter, [nature] slightly warm, nonpoisonous. Control: Blockage related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of cold and moisture. A heavy body. Painful soreness of the four limbs. Painful cold evil running through the joints. Bie lu: Alternative name: Bie zhi 别枝. It grows in the river valleys of Lan tian and is collected in the second and eighth month. [Tao] Hongjing: Recipe experts have occasionally used it in the past; this has ended now.

名醫别録 七十八種 Ming yi bie lu, 78 kinds 21-A012 離樓草 Li lou cao Unidentified.

【别録曰】味鹹，平，無毒。主益氣力，多子，輕身長年。生常山。七 月、八月采實。 Bie lu: Flavor salty, [nature] balanced, nonpoisonous. Control: It boosts the strength of qi, lets one have many children, relieves the body of its weight and extends the years [of life]. It grows on Mount Chang shan. The fruits are collected in the seventh and eighth month. 21-A013 神護草 Shen hu cao Unidentified.805

【别録曰】生常山北。八月采。可使獨守，叱咄人，寇盗不敢入門。【時 珍曰】物類志謂之護門草，一名靈草。彼人以置門上，人衣過，草必叱 之。王筠詩云：霜被守宫槐，風驚護門草。即此也。而不著其形狀，惜哉。 Bie lu: It grows north of Mount Chang shan and is collected in the eighth month. It can be used as a single guard. It shouts at people, and robbers do not dare to enter 805 Shen hu cao 神護草, lit.: “Herb providing divine protection.”

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the door. [Li] Shizhen: The Wu lei zhi calls it “door guarding herb.” Another name is: “magic herb.” People place it above the door. When other people with clothes pass by it, the herb will shout at them. Wang Yun in a poem states: “The frost is a blanket protecting the sophora japonica [trees] of the palace. The wind arouses the herbs protecting the door.” That is [the item discussed] here. But its physical appearance and shape are not described; what a pity! 21-A014 黄護草 Huang hu cao Unidentified.

【别録曰】無毒。主痺，益氣，令人嗜食。生隴西。 Bie lu: Nonpoisonous. Control: Blockage/numbness. It boosts the qi and lets one love to eat. It grows in Long xi. 21-A015 雀醫草 Que yi cao Unidentified

【别録曰】味苦，無毒。主輕身益氣，洗爛瘡，療風水。一名白氣。春 生，秋花白，冬實黑。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter, nonpoisonous. Control: It relieves the body of its weight and boosts the qi. It is used to wash rotten sores and heals wind and water.806 Alternative name: bai qi 白氣. It grows in spring. In summer its flowers are white. In winter its fruits are black. 21-A016 木甘草 Mu gan cao Unidentified.

【别録曰】主療癰腫盛熱，煮洗之。生木間，三月生，大葉如蛇狀，四四 相值。但折枝種之便生。五月花白，實核赤。三月三日采之。 Bie lu: Control: To heal obstruction-illness807 swelling with strong heat, boil it and wash [the affected region with the decoction]. It grows between trees, in the third

806 Feng shui 風水, “wind and water,” a condition of shui zhong 水腫, “water swelling,” edemata, brought forth by wind that harms a body while it is sweating. It is often accompanied by aching joints and an aversion to wind. BCGM Dict I, 168.

807 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.



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month. Its leaves are big, shaped808 similar to snakes. Always four and four grow together. One only needs to break a twig and plant it, and it will easily grow. 21-A017 益决草 Yi jue cao Unidentified.

【别録曰】味辛，温，無毒。主欬逆肺傷。生山陰。根如細辛。 Bie lu: Flavor acrid, [nature] warm, nonpoisonous. Control: Cough related to a harmed lung. It grows on the yin (i. e., shady) side of mountains. The root is similar to that of asarum heteropoides. 21-A018 九熟草 Jiu shou cao Unidentified.809

【别録曰】味甘，温，無毒。主出汗，止洩，療悶。一名烏粟，一名雀 粟。生人家庭中，葉如棗，一歲九熟。七月采。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, [qi] warm, nonpooisonous. Control: Sweating. It ends outflow and heals chest-pressure. Alternative names: Wu li 烏粟, “black millet,” and que li 雀 粟, “sparrows‘ millet.” It grows in private courtyards. The leaves are similar to those of Chinese dates. It ripens nine times in a year. It is collected in the seventh month. 21-A019 兑草 Dui cao

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味酸，平，無毒。主輕身益氣長年。冬生蔓草木上，葉黄有毛。 Bie lu: Flavor sour, [nature] balanced, nonpoisonous. Control: It relieves the body of its weight, boosts the qi and extends the years [of life]. In winter it grows as an herb creeping up on trees. The leaves are yellow and have hairs. 21-A020 異草 Yi cao

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味甘，無毒。主痿痺寒熱，去黑子。生籬木上，葉如葵，莖旁 有角，汁白。

808 The Zheng he and the Zheng lei write zhuang 狀, “shape,” Xin xiu ben cao and Qian jin yi write chuang 牀, “bed.” 809 Jiu shou cao 九熟草, lit.: the “herb that ripens nine times.”

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

Bie lu: Flavor sweet, nonpoisonous. Control: Dysfunction, blockage/numbness, alternating sensations of cold and heat. Discard its black seeds. It grows on fences and trees. The leaves are similar to mallow [leaves]. The stem has “horns” on its side and a white juice. 21-A021 灌草 Guan cao Unidentified.

【别録曰】一名鼠肝。葉滑青白。主癰腫。 Bie lu: Alternative name: shu gan 鼠肝, “mouse/rat liver.” The leaves are smooth, greenish and white. It controls obstruction-illness810 swelling. 21-A022 䒻草 Qi cao

Unidentified.

【别録曰】味辛，無毒。主傷金瘡。〇䒻，音起。 Bie lu: Flavor acrid, nonpoisonous. Control: Harm related to wounds caused by metal objects/weapons. Qi 䒻 is read qi 起 21-A023 莘草 Xin cao

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味甘，無毒。主盛傷痺腫。生山澤，如蒲黄，葉如芥。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, nonpoisonous. Control: Massive harm, blockage and swelling. It grows on marshland in the mountains. It is similar to cattail pollen; the leaves are similar to those of mustard. 21-A024 英草華 Ying cao hua Unidentified.

【别録曰】味辛 ， 平 ， 無毒 。 主痺氣 ， 强陰 ， 療女勞疸 ， 解煩 ， 堅筋 骨。療風頭，可作沐藥。生蔓木上。一名鹿英。九月采，陰乾。 Bie lu: Flavor acrid, [nature] balanced, nonpoisonous. Control: Blockage qi. It strengthens the yin (i. e., male sexual potency) and heals exhaustion dan-illness of fe810 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.



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males.811 It resolves vexation and hardens sinews and bones. It heals head wind812 and can be prepared as a medical bath. It grows creeping up on trees. Alternative name: Lu ying 鹿英. It is collected in the ninth month and dried in the yin (i. e., shade). 21-A025 封華 Feng hua Unidentified.

【别録曰】味甘，有毒。主疥瘡，養肌，去惡肉。夏至日采。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, poisonous. Control: Jie-illness813 sores. It nourishes the muscles and serves to remove malign flesh. It is collected on the day of Summer Solstice. 21-A026 𨹻華 Tian hua, read tian 腆 Unidentified.

【别録曰】味甘，無毒。主上氣，解煩，堅筋骨。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, nonpoisonous. Control: Rising qi. It resolves vexation. It hardens sinews and bones. 21-A027 節華 Jie hua

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味苦，無毒。主傷中，痿痺，溢腫。皮：主脾中客熱氣。一名 山節，一名達節，一名通漆。十月采，暴乾。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter, nonpoisonous. Control: Damaged center, dysfunction and blockage/numbness. It boosts [the qi in the case of ] swelling. The skin: It controls visitor heat qi in the spleen. Alternative names: Shan jie 山節, da jie 達節, tong qi 通 漆. It is collected in the tenth month and dried in the sun. 21-A028 讓實 Rang shi Unidentified.

【别録曰】味酸。主喉痺，止洩痢。十月采，陰乾。 Bie lu: Flavor sour. Control: Throat blockage. It ends outflow and free-flux illness. It is collected in the tenth month and dried in the yin (i. e., shade). 811 Instead of nü lao dan 女勞疸, Zheng lei ch. 30, ying cao hua 英草華, writes mian lao dan 面勞疸, “facial exhaustion dan-illness,”

812 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509. 813 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

21-A029 羊實 Yang shi

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味苦，寒。主頭秃惡瘡，疥瘙痂㿅。生蜀郡。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter, [nature] cold. Control: Bald head and malign sores. Jie-illness with itching, crusts and xuan-illness.814 It grows in Shu jun. 21-A030 桑莖實 Sang jing shi Unidentified.815

【别録曰】味酸，温，無毒。主乳孕餘病，輕身益氣。一名草王。葉如 荏，方莖大葉。生園中。十月采。 Bie lu: Flavor sour, [nature] warm, nonpoisonous. Control: Diseases related to lactation, pregnancy and thereafter. It relieves the body of its weight and boosts the qi. Alternative name: Cao wang 草王, “king of herbs.” The leaves are similar to those of perilla herbs. The stem is square; the leaves are big. It grows in gardens and is collected in the tenth month. 21-A031 可聚實 Ke ju shi Unidentified.

【别録曰】味甘，温，無毒。主輕身益氣，明目。一名長壽。生山野道 中，穗如麥，葉如艾。五月采。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, [qi] warm, nonpoisonous. Control: It relieves the body of its weight and boosts the qi. It clears the eyes. Alternative name: Chang shou 長壽, “extending [life to] longevity.” It grows on roads in the mountains in the wild and has spikes similar to wheat.

814 Xuan 㿅 (mostly written: 癬), “xuan-illness,” a condition of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/ or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 592. 815 Sang jing shi 桑莖實, lit.: “mulberry stem fruits.”



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21-A032 滿陰實 Man yin shi Unidentified.

【别録曰】味酸，平，無毒。主益氣，除熱止渴，利小便，長年。生深山 及園中，莖如芥，葉小，實如櫻桃，七月成。【普曰】蔓如瓜。 Bie lu: Flavor sour, [nature] balanced, nonpoisonous. Control. It boosts the qi, eliminates heat and ends thirst. It stimulates urination and extends the years [of life]. It grows deep in the mountains and in private gardens. Its stem is similar to that of mustard. The leaves are small. The fruits are similar to cherries. They ripen in the seventh month. [Wu] Pu: A creeper similar to melons. 21-A033 馬顛 Ma dian Unidentified.

【别録曰】味甘，有毒。療浮腫。不可多食。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, poisonous. It heals surface swelling and must not be eaten in large quantities. 21-A034 馬逢 Ma feng

Unidentified.

【别録曰】味辛，無毒。主癬蟲。 Bie lu: Flavor acrid, nonpoisonous. It controls xuan-illness816 with worms/bugs. 21-A035 兔棗 Tu zao

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味酸，無毒。主輕身益氣。生丹陽陵地，高尺許，實如棗。 Bie lu: Flavor sour, nonpoisonous. Control: It relieves the body of its weight and boosts the qi. It grows on the hills of Dan yang. It is about one chi tall. Its fruits resemble Chinese dates.

816 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness,” a condition of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 592.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

21-A036 鹿良 Lu liang Unidentified.

【别録曰】味鹹，臭。主小兒驚癇、賁豚、痸瘲，大人痓。五月采。 Bie lu: Flavor salty, malodorous. Control: Fright epilepsy of children, running piglet,817 clonic convulsions, spasms of adults. It is collected in the fifth month. 21-A037 雞涅 Ji nie

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味甘，平，無毒。主明目，目中寒風，諸不足，水腫邪氣，補 中，止洩痢，療女子白沃。一名陰洛。生雞山，采無時。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, [nature] balanced, nonpoisonous. Control: It clears the eyes. The presence of cold and wind [intrusion] in the eyes. All types of [qi] insufficiency. Water swelling and evil qi. It supplements [qi in] the center, ends outflow with freeflux illness, and heals white foam [discharge] of women. Also named yin luo 陰洛. It grows on Mount Ji shan and is collected any time. 21-A038 犀洛 Xi luo

Unidentified.

【别録曰】味甘，無毒。主癃疾。一名星洛，一名泥洛。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, nonpoisonuos. Control. Protuberance illness.818 Alternative names: Xing luo 星洛 and ni luo 泥洛 21-A039 雀梅 Que mei

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味酸，寒，有毒。主蝕惡瘡。一名千雀。生海水石谷間。【弘 景曰】葉與實俱如麥李。 Bie lu: Flavor sour, cold, poisonous. Control: It eats malign sores. Alternative name: Qian que 千雀, “a thousand sparrows.” It grows between sea water and rocky valleys. [Tao] Hongjing: Leaves and fruits resemble those of mai li 麥李.819 817 Ben tun 賁豚, “running piglet,” a condition of an accumulation in the kidneys assuming the shape of a piglet moving up and down at irregular intervals. BCGM Dict I, 57.

818 Long [bi] 癃[閉], “protuberance-illness [blockage].” Passing of urine in small amounts; in serious cases the passage of urine is completely inhibited. BCGM Dict I, 323. 819 Mai li 麥李, lit.: “wheat plum.” Unidentified.



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21-A040 燕齒 Yan chi

Unidentified. 【别録曰】主小兒癇，寒熱。五月五日采。 Bie lu: Control: Epilepsy of children. Alternating sensations of cold and heat. It is collected on the fifth day of the fifth month. 21-A041 土齒 Tu chi

Unidentified.820 【别録曰】味甘，平，無毒。主輕身益氣長年。生山陵地中，狀如馬牙。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. Control: It relieves the body of its weight, boosts the qi and extends the years [of life]. It is shaped like horse teeth. 21-A042 金莖 Jin jing

Unidentified.821 【别録曰】味苦，平，無毒。主金瘡内漏。一名葉金草 。生澤中高處。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter, balanced, nonpoisonous. Control: Wounds caused by metal objects/weapons with internal leakage. Alternative name: Ye jin cao 葉金草, “gold leaf herb.” It grows in marshlands in elevated places. 21-A043 白背 Bai bei

Unidentified.822

【别録曰】味苦，平，無毒。主寒熱，洗惡瘡疥。生山陵，根似紫葳， 葉如燕盧。采無時。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter, [nature] balanced, nonpoisonous. Control: Alternating sensations of cold and heat. It is used to wash malign sores and jie-illness.823 It grows on mountains and hills. The root is similar to that of trumpet flowers. The leaves are similar to those of yan lu 燕盧.824 It is collected at all times. 820 Tu chi 土齒, lit.: “teeth of the soil.” 821 Jin jing 金莖, lit.: “golden stem.” 822 Bai bei 白背, lit.: “white back.“

823 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 824 Yan lu 燕盧, unidentified herb.

540

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

21-A044 青雌 Qing ci

Unidentified.825

【别録曰】味苦。主惡瘡秃敗瘡火氣，殺三蟲。一名蟲損，一名孟推。生 方山山谷。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter. Control: Malign sores and baldness decay sores related to [the presence of ] fire qi. It kills the three types of worms/bugs. Alternative names: Chong sun 蟲損, “injured by worms/bugs,” meng tui 孟推. 21-A045 白辛 Bai xin

Unidentified.826

【别録曰】味辛， 有毒。 主寒熱。 一名脱尾， 一名羊草。 生楚山， 三月 采根，白而香。 Bie lu: Flavor acrid, poisonous. Control: Alternating sensations of cold and heat. Alternative names: Tuo wei 脱尾, “thrown off tail,” yang cao 羊草, the “herb of sheep.” It grows on Mount Chu shan. The root is collected in the third month. It is white and fragrant. 21-A046 赤舉 Chi ju

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味甘，無毒。主腹痛。一名羊飴，一名陵渴。生山陰。二月花 鋭蔓草上，五月實黑中有核。三月三日采葉，陰乾。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, nonpoisonous. Control: Abdominal pain. Alternative names: Yang yi 羊飴, ling ye 陵渴. 21-A047 赤涅 Chi nie

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味甘，無毒。主疰，崩中，止血益氣。生蜀郡山石陰地濕處， 采無時。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, nonpoisonous. Control. Attachment-illness. Collapsing center.827 It ends bleeding and boosts the qi. It grows on Mount Shu jun in shady, moist places. It is collected any time. 825 Qing ci 青雌, lit.: “greenish female.” 826 Bai xin 白辛, lit: “white and acrid.“

827 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.



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21-A048 赤赫 Chi he

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味苦，寒，有毒。主痂瘍惡敗瘡，除三蟲邪氣。生益州川谷， 二月、八月采。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter, [nature] cold, poisonous. Control. Ulcers with crust; malign, decayed sores. It eliminates the three types of worms/bugs and evil qi. It grows in the river valleys of Yi zhou. It is collected in the second and eighth month. 21-A049 黄秫 Huang shu Unidentified.828

【别録曰】味苦，無毒。主心煩，止汗出。生如桐根。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter, nonpoisonous. Control: Heart vexation. It ends sweating. [Its root] grows similar to the roots of the tong oil tree. 21-A050 黄辯 Huang bian Unidentified.

【别録曰】味甘，平，無毒。主心腹疝瘕，口瘡，臍傷。一名經辯。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, [nature] balanced, nonpoisonous. Control: Elevation-illness829 and conglomeration-illness affecting the central and abdominal region. Oral sores. Harmed navel. Alternative name: Jing bian 經辯. 21-A051 紫給 Zi ji

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味鹹。主毒風頭，洩注。一名野葵。生高陵下地。三月三日采 根，根如烏頭。 Bie lu: Flavor salty. Control: Poison wind head,830 outflow. Alternative name: Ye kui 野葵, “wild mallow.” It grows on high hills and low-lying ground. The root is collected on the third day of the third month. The root is similar to aconitum [main tuber]. 828 Huang shu 黄秫, lit.: “yellow, glutinous millet.”

829 Shan 疝, “elevation-illness,” a group of conditions characterized by violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 417.

830 Feng tou 風頭, “wind head,” a condition identical with tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” BCGM Dict I, 168, 509.

542

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

21-A052 紫藍 Zi lan.

Unidentified.831 【别録曰】味鹹，無毒。主食肉得毒，能消除之。 Bie lu: Flavor salty, nonpoisonous. Control: Poisoning by meat consumption. It can dissolve and eliminate [the poison]. 21-A053 糞藍 Fen lan

Unidentified.

【别録曰】味苦。主身痒瘡、白秃、漆瘡，洗之。生房陵。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter. Control: For body itch and sores, white baldness and lacquer sores, wash [the affected region with a fen lan decoction]. It grows in Fang ling. 21-A054 巴朱 Ba zhu

Unidentified.

【别録曰】味甘，無毒。主寒，止血、帶下。生雒陽。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, nonpoisonous. Control: Cold. It ends bleeding and discharge from below the belt [of women]. It grows in Luo yang. 21-A055 柒紫 Qi zi

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味苦。主小腹痛，利小腹，破積聚，長肌肉。久服輕身長年。 生冤句，二月、七月采。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter. Control: Pain in the central and abdominal region. It frees the [passage through the] lower abdomen. It breaks through accumulations and collections. It stimulates the growth of muscles and flesh. Ingested over a long time it relieves the body of its weight and extends the years [of life]. It grows in Yuan ju, and is collected in the second and seventh month.

831 Zi lan 紫藍, lit.: “purple indigo.”



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543

21-A056 文石 Wen shi

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味甘。主寒熱心煩。一名黍石。生東郡山澤中水下，五色，有 汁潤澤。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet. Control: Alternating sensations of cold and heat, heart vexation. Alternative name: Shu shi 黍石. It grows in mountain marshlands underneath the water in Dong jun. It is found in all five colors; it has juice and is moist. 21-A057 路石 Lu shi

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味甘、酸，無毒。主心腹，止汗生肌，酒痂，益氣耐寒，實骨 髓。一名陵石。生草石上，天雨獨乾，日出獨濡。花黄，莖赤黑。三歲一 實，赤如麻子。五月、十月采莖葉，陰乾。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, sour, nonpoisonous. Control: [Disorders in] the central and abdominal region. It ends sweating and stimulates the growth of muscles. [It eliminates] scabs [caused by] wine. It boosts the qi and helps to endure cold. It fills the bones with marrow. Alternative name: Ling shi 陵石. It grows on other herbs and stones.When it rains, it is the only [herb] that remains dry. When the sun appears, it is the only [herb] that remains moist. The flowers are yellow; the stem is redblack. It develops a fruit in its third year; it is red and resembles hemp seeds. The stem and the leaves are collected in the fifth and tenth month; they are dried in the yin (i. e, shade). 21-A058 曠石 Kuang shi Unidentified.

【别録曰】味甘，平，無毒。主益氣養神，除熱止渴。生江南，如石草。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, [nature] balanced, nonpoisonous. Control: It boosts the qi and nourishes the spirit, removes heat and ends thirst. It grows in Jiang nan and is similar to shi cao 石草832.

832 Shi cao 石草, lit.: “herb [growing on/among] stones.” Unidentified.

544

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

21-A059 敗石 Bai shi

Unidentified.

【别録曰】味苦，無毒。主渴、痺。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter, nonpoisonous. Control: Thirst, blockage/numbness. 21-A060 石劇 Shi ju

Unidentified.

【别録曰】味甘，無毒。止渴，消中。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, nonpoisonous. It ends thirst and dissolves [evil qi] in the center. 21-A061 石芸 Shi yun Unidentified. 【别録曰】味甘，無毒。主目痛淋露，寒熱溢血。一名螫烈，一名顧啄。 三月、五月采莖葉，陰乾。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, nonpoisonous. Control: Painful eyes. [Urinary] dripping. Leaking [of women from below the belt]. Alternating sensations of cold and heat. It boosts the blood. Alternative names: Zhe lie 螫烈, gu zhou 顧啄.833 The stem and the leaves are collected in the third and fifth month; they are dried in the yin (i. e., shade). 21-A062 竹付 Zhu fu

Unidentified.

【别録曰】味甘，無毒。止痛除血。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, nonpoisonous. It ends pain and eliminates [abiding] blood. 21-A063 秘惡 Mi e

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味酸，無毒。主療肝邪氣。一名杜逢。 Bie lu: Flavor sour, nonpoisonous. Control: It heals cases of evil qi in the liver. Alternative name: Du feng 杜逢. 833 Instead of zhou 啄, “beak of a bird,” Da guan and Zheng lei, ch. 31 shi yun 石芸, write hui 喙, “beak of a bird.”



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21-A064 盧精 Lu jing

Unidentified.

【别録曰】味平。治蠱毒。生益州。 Bie lu: Flavor balanced. It serves to cure gu-poisoning.834 It grows in Yi zhou. 21-A065 唐夷 Tang yi

Unidentified.

【别録曰】味苦，無毒。主療踒折。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter, nonpoisonous. Control: It heals fractures. 21-A066 知杖 Zhi zhang Unidentified.

【别録曰】味甘，無毒。療疝。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter, nonpoisonous. It heals elevation-illness.835 21-A067 河煎 He jian

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味酸。主結氣癰在喉頸者。生海中。八月、九月采。 Bie lu: Flavor sour. Control: Bound qi obstruction-illness836 at the throat and in the neck. It grows in the sea and is collected in the eighth and ninth month.

834 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 835 Shan 疝, “elevation-illness,” a group of conditions characterized by violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 417.

836 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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21-A068 區余 Qu yu

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味辛，無毒。主心腹熱癃。 Bie lu: Flavor acrid, nonpoisonous. Control: Heat in the central and abdominal region with protuberance-illness.837 21-A069 王明 Wang ming Unidentified.

【别録曰】味苦。主身熱邪氣。小兒身熱，以浴之。生山谷。一名王草。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter. Control: For body heat and evil qi, and body heat of children, bathe [the patient with a decoction prepared from it]. It grows in mountain valleys. Alternative name: Wang cao 王草, “the king’s herb “. 21-A070 師系 Shi xi

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味甘，無毒。主癰腫惡瘡，煮洗之。一名臣堯，一名巨骨，一 名鬼芭。生平澤，八月采。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, nonpoisonous. Control: For obstruction-illness838 swelling and malign sores, boil it and wash [the affected region with the decoction]. Alternative names: Chen yao 臣堯, ju gu 巨骨, gui ba 鬼芭. It grows on marshland in the plains and is collected in the eighth month. 21-A071 并苦 Bing ku

Unidentified. 【别録曰】主欬逆上氣，益肺氣，安五臟。一名𧌒熏，一名玉荆。三月 采，陰乾。𧌒，音或。 Bie lu: Control: Cough with qi counterflow, [that is,] rising qi. It boosts the lung qi, and pacifies the five long-term depots. Alternative names: Huo xun 𧌒熏, yu jing 玉荆. It is collected in the third month and dried in the yin (i.e., shade). 𧌒 is read huo 或. 837 Long [bi] 癃[閉], “protuberance-illness [blockage].” Passing of urine in small amounts; in serious cases the passage of urine is completely inhibited. BCGM Dict I, 323. 838 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.



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21-A072 索干 Suo gan

Unidentified.

【别録曰】味苦，無毒。主易耳。一名馬耳。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter, nonpoisonous. Control: Yi er 易耳, also called ma er 馬耳, “horse/big ear.”839 21-A073 良達 Liang da Unidentified.

【别録曰】主齒痛，止渴輕身。生山陰，莖蔓延，大如葵，子滑小。 Bie lu: Control: Toothache. It ends thirst and relieves the body of its weight. It grows on the yin (i. e., shady) side of mountains. Its stem extends as a creeper and has the size of mallow [stems]. The seeds are smooth and small. 21-A074 弋共 Yi gong

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味苦，寒，無毒。主驚氣傷寒，腹痛羸瘦，皮中有邪氣，手足 寒無色。生益州山谷。惡蜚蠊。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter, [nature] cold, nonpoisonous. Control: Fright qi and harm caused by cold. Abdominal pain and emaciation. Evil qi in the skin. Cold and colorless hands and feet. It grows in the mountain valleys of Yi zhou. [Ingested together,] it abhors flying cockroaches. 21-A075 船虹 Chuan hong Unidentified.

【别録曰】味酸 ， 無毒 。 主下氣 ， 止煩满 。 可作浴湯 。 藥色黄 ， 生蜀 郡，立秋取。 Bie lu: Flavor sour, nonpoisonous. Control: It sends down qi and ends a vexating sensation of fullness. It can be prepared to a decoction for bathing. It is a pharmaceutical drug yellow in color. It grows in Shu jun and is collected at the solar term Autumn Begins (ca. August 7).

839 Yi er 易耳, ma er 馬耳, unidentified disease names.

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21-A076 姑活 Gu huo

Unidentified. 【别録曰】味甘，温，無毒。主大風邪氣，濕痺寒痛。久服，輕身益氣耐 老。一名冬葵子。生河東。【弘景曰】藥無用者，乃有固活丸，即是野葛 之名。冬葵亦非菜之冬葵子也。【恭曰】别本一名雞精。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, [nature] warm, nonpoisonous. Control: Massive wind840 and evil qi. Blockage related to the presence of moisture; pain related to the presence of cold. Ingested over a long time it relieves the body of its weight, boosts the qi and helps to endure aging. Alternative name: Dong kui zi 冬葵子, “winter mallow.” It grows in He dong. [Tao] Hongjing: It is not used as a pharmaceutical drug. There are “pills with gu huo 固活” because [gu huo 固活] is also the name of gelsemium herb. Dong kui 冬葵 is not the dong kui zi 冬葵子 listed among the vegetables. [Su] Gong: In another copy it is also named ji jing 雞精, “chicken essence.” 21-A077 白女腸 Bai nü chang Unidentified.

【别録曰】味辛，温，無毒。主洩痢腸澼，療心痛，破疝瘕。生深山谷， 葉如藍，實赤。赤女腸亦同。 Bie lu: Flavor acrid, [nature] warm, nonpoisonous. Control: Outflow with free-flux illness, intestinal flush. It heals heart pain and breaks through elevation-illness841 and conglomeration-illness. It grows in valleys deep in the mountains. The leaves are similar to those of eupatoriums [herbs]. The fruits are red. Chi nü tong 赤女腸 has identical [qualities and characteristics]. 21-A078 白扇根 Bai shan gen Unidentified.

【别録曰】味苦，寒，無毒。主瘧，皮膚寒熱，出汗。令人變。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter, [nature] cold, nonpoisonous. Control: Malaria. Alternating sensations in the skin of cold and heat. Sweating. It lets one change.

840 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” may refer to sores caused by a massive intrusion of wind evil and also to conditions of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111. 841 Shan 疝, “elevation-illness,” a group of conditions characterized by violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 417.



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21-A079 黄白支 Huang bai zhi Unidentified.

【别録曰】生山陵，三月、四月采根，暴乾。 Bie lu: It grows on mountains and hills. The root is collected in the third and fourth month; it is dried in the sun. 21-A080 父陛根 Fu bi gen Unidentified.

【别録曰】味辛，有毒。以熨癰腫膚脹。一名膏魚，一名梓藻。 Bie lu: Flavor acrid, poisonous. It serves to prepare hot compresses for obstruction-illness842 swelling and skin distension. Alternative names: Gao yu 膏魚, zi zao 梓藻. 21-A081 疥拍腹 Jie pai fu Unidentified.

【别録曰】味辛，温，無毒。主輕身療痺。五月采，陰乾。 Bie lu: Flavor acrid, [nature] warm, nonpoisonous. Control: It relieves the body of its weight and heals blockage/numbness. It is collected in the fifth month and dried in the yin (i. e., shade). 21-A082 五母麻 Wu mu ma Unidentified.

【别録曰】味苦，有毒。主痿痺不便，下痢。一名鹿麻，一名歸澤麻，一 名天麻，一名若草。生田野，五月采。【時珍曰】茺蔚之白花者，亦名天 麻草。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter, poisonous. Control: Dysfunction and blockage/numbness making [movements of the limbs] uncomfortable. Discharge with free-flux illness. Alternative names: lu ma 鹿麻, gui ze ma 歸澤麻, tian ma 天麻, ruo cao 若草. It grows in the open country and is collected in the fifth month. [Li] Shizhen: Leonurus [herb] with white flowers is also called tian ma cao 天麻草. 842 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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21-A083 五色符 Wu se fu Unidentified.843

【别録曰】味苦，微温。主欬逆，五臟邪氣，調中益氣，明目殺蟲。青 符、白符、赤符、黑符、黄符，各隨色補其臟。白符一名女木，生巴郡山 谷。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter, [nature] slightly warm. Control: Cough with [qi] counterflow. Evil qi in the five long-term depots. It regulates the center and boosts the qi; it clears the eyes and kills worms/bugs. Greenish fu 符, white fu 符, red fu 符, black fu 符 and yellow fu 符 serve to supplement [qi of ] the long-term depot associated with the respective color.844 21-A084 救赦人者 Jiu she ren zhe Unidentified.845

【别録曰】味甘，有毒。主疝痺，通氣，諸不足。生人家宫室。五月、十 月采，暴乾。 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, poisonous. Control: Elevation-illness846 and blockage/numbness. It frees the passage of qi. All types of [qi] insufficienty. It grows in private homes and mansions. It is collected in the fifth and tenth month, and dried in the sun. 21-A085 常吏之生 Chang li zhi sheng Unidentified. 蜀本吏作更。【别録曰】味苦，平，無毒。主明目。實有刺，大如稻米。 In the Shu ben, li 吏 is written geng 更. Bie lu: Flavor bitter; [nature] balanced, nonpoisonous. The fruits have thorns. They are the size of rice grains. 21-A086 載 Zai

Unidentified.

【别録曰】味酸，無毒。主諸惡氣。 843 Wu se fu 五色符, lit.: “tallies in all five colors.”

844 Greenish: liver. White: lung. Red: heart. Black: kidneys. Yellow: spleen. 845 Jiu she ren zhe 救赦人者, lit.: “the one that helps to pardon one.”

846 Shan 疝, “elevation-illness,” a group of conditions characterized by violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 417.



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Bie lu: Flavor sour, nonpoisonous. Control: All types of malign qi. 21-A087 慶 Qing Unidentified.

【别録曰】味苦，無毒。主欬嗽。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter; nonpoisonous. Control: Cough. 21-A088 腂 Guo, split reading read hu 户 wa 瓦. Unidentified.

【别録曰】味甘，無毒。主益氣延年。生山谷中，白順理，十月采 Bie lu: Flavor sweet, nonpoisonous. Control: It boosts the qi and extends the years [of life]. It grows in mountain valleys. It has white structure [lines] running along [the stem]. It is collected in the tenth month. 21-A089 芥 Jie Unidentified.

【别録曰】味苦，寒，無毒。主消渴，止血，婦人疾，除痺。一名梨。 葉如大青。 Bie lu: Flavor bitter, [nature] cold, nonpoisonous. Control. Melting with thirst.847 It ends bleeding and the ailments of women. It eliminates blockage. Alternative name: Li 梨. Its leaves are similar to those of Chinese indigo plants.

本草拾遺 一十三種 Ben cao shi yi, 13 kinds. 21-A090 鴆鳥漿 Zhen niao jiang Unidentified.848

【藏器曰】生江南林木下。高一二尺，葉陰紫色，冬不凋，有赤子如珠。 味甘，温，無毒。能解諸毒，故名。山人浸酒服，主風血羸老。【頌曰】 847 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567. 848 Zhen niao jiang 鴆鳥漿, lit.: a “thick soup prepared from the (legendary) bird zhen 鴆.“

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

鴆鳥威生信州山野中。春生青葉，九月有花如蓬蒿菜，花淡黄色，不結 實。療癰腫癤毒。采無時。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in Jiang nan in forests under the trees and is one to two chi tall. The leaves are dark purple in color and have red seeds like pearls. Flavor sweet, [nature] warm, nonpoisonous. It can resolve all types of poison. Hence the name. People in the mountains soak it in wine and ingest [the liquid]. Control: Wind [intrusion], blood [disorder], emaciation, aging. [Su] Song: Zhen niao wei grows in the wild in the mountains of Xin zhou. In spring it produces greenish leaves. In the ninth month it has flowers similar to those of garden daisy. The flowers are pale yellow in color. They do not form fruits. It heals obstruction-illness849 swelling and pimples with poison. It is collected at all times. 21-A091 (According to this chapter’s table of contents, 21-A90, zhen niao jiang 鴆 鳥漿, should be followed by 21-A091, qi xian cao 七仙草, “herb of seven hermits/ immortals.” There is no such entry.) 21-A092 吉祥草 Ji xiang cao Unidentified.850

【藏器曰】生西國，胡人將來也。味甘，温，無毒。主明目强記，補心 力。【時珍曰】今人種一種草，葉如漳蘭，四時青翠，夏開紫花成穗，易 繁，亦名吉祥草，非此吉祥也。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in Western countries. It is brought here by Hu people. Flavor sweet, [nature] warm, nonpoisonous. Control: It clears the eyes, strengthens the memory and supplements the strength of the heart. [Li] Shizhen: Nowadays, people plant a kind of herbs with leaves similar to those of eupatorium [herbs]. It is greenish-emerald green throughout the four seasons. In summer it opens purple flowers that form spikes. It easily multiplies. It, too, is named ji xiang cao 吉祥 草.But it is not the ji xiang 吉祥 [discussed] here.

849 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 850 Ji xiang cao 吉祥草, lit.: “auspicious herb.”



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21-A093 雞脚草 Ji jiao cao Unidentified.851

【藏器曰】生澤畔。赤莖對葉，如百合苗。味苦，平，無毒。主赤白久痢 成疳。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in the margins of marshland. Its stem is red and its leaves grow facing each other, similar to the seedling of Brown’s lily. Flavor bitter, [nature] balanced, nonpoisonous. Control: Red and white, long-lasting free-flux illness, eventually turning into a gan-illness.852 21-A094 兔肝草 Tu gan cao Unidentified.853

【藏器曰】初生細葉軟似兔肝。一名雞肝。味甘，平，無毒。主金瘡，止 血生肉，解丹石發熱。 [Chen] Cangqi: The fine leaves at the beginning of their growth resemble a hare’s/ rabbit’s liver. Alternative name: Ji gan 雞肝, “chicken liver.” Flavor sweet, [nature] balanced, nonpoisonous. Control: Wounds caused by metal objects/weapons. It ends bleeding and stimulates the growth of flesh. It resolves the heat resulting from [ingesting] elixir minerals. 21-A095 斷罐草 Duan guan cao Unidentified.854

【藏器曰】主丁瘡。合白牙荲菜、半夏、地骨皮、青苔、蜂窠、小兒髮、 緋帛等分，五月五日燒灰。每湯服一錢，拔根也。荲，音畜，羊蹄根也。 [Chen] Cangqi: Control: Pin[-illness]855 sores. Prepare a mixture of equal amounts of [duan guan cao], bai ya li cai 白牙荲菜,856 pinellia [root], lycium root bark, mosses, nests of ground bees, hair of children, and red silk fabric. Burn this to ashes on 851 Ji jiao cao 雞脚草, lit.: “chicken leg herb.”

852 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

853 Tu gan cao 兔肝草, lit.: “herb [resembling a] hare’s/rabbit’s liver.” 854 Duan guan cao 斷罐草, lit.: “herb that breaks a jar.”

855 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],” also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129. 856 Bai ya li cai 白牙荲菜, an herb/vegetable of this name is not recorded elsewhere.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

the fifth day of the fifth month. Each time ingest with boiled water one qian. This will tear out the root [of the pin]. [The character] 荲 is read xu 畜. It is the root of Japanese dock. 21-A096 千金釒歴 Qian jin li Unidentified.857

【藏器曰】生江南。高二三尺。主蛇蠍蟲咬毒。搗傅瘡上，生肌止痛。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in Jiang nan. It is two to three chi tall. Control: Snake, venomous viper, worm/bug bites with poison. Pound it and apply [the resulting mass] to the [affected region]. It stimulates the growth of muscles and stops pain. 21-A097 土落草 Tu luo cao Unidentified.

【藏器曰】生嶺南山谷。葉細長。味甘，温，無毒。主腹冷氣痛痃癖。酒 煎服，亦搗汁温服。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in the mountain valleys of Ling nan. The leaves are fine and long. Flavor sweet, [nature] warm, nonpoisonous. Control: Painful cold qi in the abdomen, string-illness858 and aggregation-illness.859 Boil it in wine and ingest [the liquid]. Also, pound it to obtain a juice and ingest it warm. 21-A098 倚待草 Yi dai cao Unidentified.860

【藏器曰】生桂州 如安山谷。葉圓，高二三尺。八月采。味甘，温，無 毒。主血氣虚勞，腰膝疼弱，風緩羸瘦，無顔色，絶傷無子，婦人老血。 浸酒服。逐病極速，故名倚待。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in Gui zhou, in the mountain valleys of Ru an. The leaves are round. It is two to three chi tall. It is collected in the eighth month. Flavor sweet, [nature] warm, nonpoisonous. Control: Blood and qi [disorder] with depletion ex857 Qian jin li 千金釒歴, lit.: a “cookware worth a thousand gold pieces.”

858 Xuan 痃, “string-illness,” a condition of acute pain located in the abdomen to the left and right of the umbilicus. BCGM Dict I, 591.

859 Pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” of painful lumps emerging from time to time in both flanks. BCGM Dict I, 371. 860 Yi dai cao 倚待草, lit.: the “herb that makes you wait for only a short moment.”



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haustion, painful lower back and knees. Wind sluggishness861 with emaciation. Loss of complexion. Inability to have children. [Accumulation of ] old blood in women. Soak it in wine and ingest [the liquid]. This will eliminate the disease very quickly. Hence it is called yi dai 倚待, “to wait for a short moment.“ 21-A099 藥王草 Yao wang cao Unidentified.862

【藏器曰】苗莖青色，葉摘之有乳汁。味甘，平，無毒。解一切毒，止鼻 衄吐血，祛煩躁。 [Chen] Cangqi: Seedling and stem are greenish in color. When the leaves are picked they show a milky juice. Flavor sweet, [nature] balanced, nonpoisonous. It resolves all types of poison. It ends nosebleed and blood spitting. It eliminates vexing restlessness. 21-A100 筋子根 Jin zi gen Unidentified.

【藏器曰】生四明山。苗高尺餘，葉圓厚光潤，冬不凋，根大如指。亦名 根子。味苦，温，無毒。主心腹痛，不問冷熱遠近，惡鬼氣注刺痛，霍 亂，蠱毒，暴下血。酒飲磨服。【頌曰】根子生威州山中。味苦、辛， 温。主心中結塊，久積氣攻臍下痛。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows on Mount Si ming. The seedling is more than one chi tall. The leaves are round, thick, shiny and moist. It does not wither in winter. The root is as big as a finger, it is also named gen zi 根子. Flavor bitter, [nature] warm, nonpoisonous. Control: Pain in the central and abdominal region, regardless of whether it is related to [the presence of ] cold or heat, has lasted for long or began only recently. Stabbing pain caused by malign demon qi influx. Cholera. Sudden discharge of blood. Rub it in wine and ingest it. [Su] Song: Gen zi 根子 grows in the mountains of Wei zhou. Flavor bitter, acrid, [nature] warm. Control: Bound [qi] lumps in the central region. Pain caused by long-lasting qi accumulation attacking below the navel.

861 Feng huan 風緩, “wind sluggishness.” A condition of legs without strength, in severe cases not moving according to one’s will. BCGM Dict I, 162. 862 Yao wang cao 藥王草, lit.: the “herb of the King of Medicine.”

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21-A101 廅藥 He yao

Unidentified. 【藏器曰】生胡國。似乾茅，黄赤色。味鹹，温，無毒。主折傷内損血 瘀，生膚止痛，治五臟，除邪氣，補虚損，産後血病。水煮服之，亦搗傅 傷處。【時珍曰】外臺秘要治墮馬内損，取廅藥末一兩，牛乳一琖，煎服。 [Chen] Cangqi: It grows in the country of the Hu. It resembles dry floss grass; it is yellow-red in color. Flavor salty, [nature] warm, nonpoisonous. Control: Fracture harm, internal injury, stagnant blood. It stimulates the growth of skin and ends pain. It serves to cure [disorder affecting] the five long-term depots, removes evil qi, and supplements [qi in the case of ] depletion injury. [It serves to cure] blood diseases following delivery. Boil it in water and ingest [the liquid]. Also, pound it and apply [the resulting mass] to the location of the harm. [Li] Shizhen: The Wai tai mi yao [recommends to] cure internal injuries resulting from a fall from a horse [as follows]. Boil one liang of he yao 廅藥 powder in one wine cup of cow milk and ingest this. 21-A102 無風獨摇草拾遺 Wu feng du yao cao, FE Shi yi. Unidentified.863

【珣曰】生大秦国及嶺南。五月五日采。諸山野亦往往有之。頭若彈子， 尾若鳥尾，兩片開合，見人自動，故曰獨摇。性温，平，無毒。主頭面遊 風，遍身癢，汁淋洗。【藏器曰】帶之令夫婦相愛。【時珍曰】羌活、天 麻、鬼臼、薇衘四者，皆名無風獨摇草，而物不同也。段成式酉陽雜俎 言：雅州出舞草。三葉，如决明，一葉在莖端，兩葉居莖之半相對。人近 之歌謳及扺掌，則葉動如舞。按此即虞美人草，亦無風獨摇之類也。又按 山海經云：姑媱之山，帝女死焉，化爲䔄。其葉相重，花黄，實如兔絲， 服之媚人。郭璞注云：一名荒夫草。此説與陳藏器佩之相愛之語相似，豈 即一物與？ Li Xun: It grows in Da qin guo and Ling nan. It is collected on the fifth day of the fifth month. It is also commonly present in all the mountain wilds. Its “head” resembles a bullet; its “tail” resembles the tail of a bird. It has two segments that open and recombine. When they see a person they move by themselves. Hence the name du yao 獨摇, “sways by itself.” Its nature is warm, balanced and nonpoisonous.

863 Wu feng du yao cao 無風獨摇草, lit.: the “herb that sways by itself even when there is no wind.”



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Control: For roaming wind864 in the head and the face, and itch all over the body, [boil it to obtain a] juice and use it to wash [the affected region]. [Chen] Cangqi: Worn on the body it stimulates love between husband and wife. [Li] Shizhen: Notopterygium, gastrodia, umbrella leaf herb, and wood ragwort, these four items are all named wu feng du yao cao 無風獨摇草, “herb that sways by itself even when there is no wind,” but they are different items. Duan Chengshi in his You yang za zu says: “From Yao zhou comes a ‘dancing herb.’ It has three leaves, similar to fetid cassia. One leaf is at the tip of the stem. The other two leaves are located in the middle of the stem facing each other. When a person gets close and sings a song or claps the hands the leaves move as if dancing.” [My] comment: This is yu mei ren cao 虞美 人草, the “herb to mislead a beautiful woman.” It, too, is one of those that sway by themselves without wind. Also, according to the Shan hai jing, “on the mountains of Gu yao the daughter of an emperor died and transformed to an herb named yao 䔄. Its leaves form layers above each other. The flower is yellow. The fruits are similar to cuscuta seeds. When it is ingested [by a female] it makes her attractive.” Guo Pu in a comment states: “It is also called huang fu cao 荒夫草, ‘herb for the neglected man’.” This statement agrees with what Chen Cangqi said about “wearing [wu feng du yao cao] on the body as a stimulus of mutual love.” Perhaps it is the same item?

唐海藥本草 一種 Tang, Hai yao ben cao. One kind. 21-A103 宜南草 Yi nan cao Unidentified.

【珣曰】生廣南山谷。有莢長二尺許，内有薄片似紙，大小如蟬翼。主 邪。小男女以緋絹袋盛，佩之臂上，辟惡止驚。此草生南方，故名。與萱 草之宜男不同。 [Li] Xun: It grows in the mountain valleys of Guang nan. It has pods more than two chi long with thin, paper-like pieces inside, about the size of cicada wings. Control: Evil [qi]. . Pouches made of red, tough silk are filled with it to be worn attached to the arms of small boys and girls to ward off the malign and end fright. This herb grows in the South; hence its name. It is not the same as yellow day lily, which is also called yi nan [but with a different writing:] 宜男. 864 You feng 游風, “roaming wind,” a condition of roaming and sudden pain and itching brought about by feng xie 風 邪, “wind evil.” BCGM Dict I, 645.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 宋開寶本草 一種 Song, Kai bao ben cao. One kind.

21-A104 陀得花 Tuo de hua Unidentified.

【志曰】味甘，温，無毒。主一切風血，浸酒服。生西國，胡人將來。胡 人采此花以釀酒，呼爲三勒漿。 [Ma] Zhi: Flavor sweet; warm, nonpoisonous. Control: For all types of wind [intrusion] and blood [disorder], soak it in wine and ingest [the liquid]. It grows in western countries and is brought here by Hu people. Hu people collect its flowers to make wine. They call it san le jiang.

宋圖經 外類 二十種 Song, Tu jing. Additional [Items] Group. Twenty kinds. 21-A105 建水草 Jian shui cao Unidentified.

【頌曰】生福州。枝葉似桑，四時常有。土人取葉焙乾研末，温酒服，治 走注風痛。 [Su] Song: It grows in Fu zhou. Its branches and leaves resemble those of mulberry [trees]. It is present throughout the four seasons. Locals gather the leaves, bake them over a slow fire until they are dry and grind them into powder to be ingested with warm wine. It serves to cure wind pouring in and causing pain. 21-A106 百藥祖 Bai yao zu Unidentified.

【頌曰】生天台山中。冬夏常青。土人采葉，治風有效。 [Su] Song: It grows on Mount Tian tai shan and is always greenish, in winter and in summer. Locals collect the leaves to effectively cure wind [intrusion].



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21-A107 催風使 Cui feng shi Unidentified.865

【頌曰】生天台山中。冬夏常青。土人采葉，治風有效。【時珍曰】五加 皮 wu jia pi 亦名催風使。

[Su] Song: It grows on Mount Tian tai shan and is always greenish, in winter and in summer. Locals collect the leaves to effectively cure wind [intrusion]. [Li] Shizhen: Acanthopanax [root] bark, too, is named cui feng shi 催風使. 21-A108 刺虎 Ci hu

Damnacanthus indicus Gaertn.f.Arbuste. 【頌曰】生睦州。凌冬不凋。采根、葉、枝入藥。味甘。主一切腫痛風 疾。剉焙爲末，酒服一錢。【時珍曰】壽域方：治丹瘤，用虎刺，即壽星 草 shou xing cao，搗汁塗之。又伏牛花一名隔虎刺。

[Su] Song: It grows in Mu zhou and does not wither even in cold winter. [People there] collect the root, the leaves and the branches and add them to medication. Flavor sweet. Control: All types of illness associated with swelling, pain and wind [intrusion]. File it, bake it over a slow fire and [grind it into] powder. Ingest with wine one qian. [Li] Shizhen: Shou yu fang: “To cure vermilion tumor,866 pound hu ci 虎刺, i. e.. shou xing cao 壽星草, to obtain a juice and apply it [to the affected region].” Also, fu niu hua 伏牛花, too, is called ge hu ci 隔虎刺ge hu ci 21-A109 石逍遥 Shi xiao yao Unidentified.

【頌曰】生常州。冬夏常有，無花實。味苦，微寒，無毒。主癱痪諸風， 手足不遂。爲末，煉蜜丸梧子大。酒服二十丸，日二服，百日瘥。久服， 益氣輕身。初服時微有頭痛，無害。 [Su] Song: It grows in Chang zhou. It is always present. It has no flowers and no fruits. Flavor bitter, [nature] slightly cold, nonpoisonous. Control: For paralysis with all types of wind [intrusion], when hands and feet do not follow one’s wishes, [grind it into] powder and form with heat refined honey pills the size of wu seeds. Ingest 865 Cui feng shi 催風使, lit.: [the herb] that drives the wind away.

866 Dan liu 丹瘤,” vermilion tumor,” a condition of a red kernel-type swelling without a head developing on the head, in the face, or at the throat. The tumor itself does not ache or itch, but is accompanied by fever with an aversion to cold and pain affecting head and body. BCGM Dict I, 119.

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with wine 20 pills. To be ingested twice a day. A cure will be achieved within 100 days. Ingested over a long time it boosts the qi and relieves the body of its weight. There is a slight headache at the beginning of an ingestion but it does not do any harm. 21-A110 黄寮郎 Huang liao lang Unidentified.

【頌曰】生天台山中。冬夏常青。土人采根，治風有效。【時珍曰】按醫 學正傳云：黄寮郎俗名倒摘刺，治喉痛。用根擂汁，入少酒，滴之即愈。 又醫學集成云：牙痛者，取倒摘刺刀上燒之，取煙煤，綿蘸塞痛處，即止。 [Su] Song: It grows on Mount Tian tai shan. It is always greenish, in winter and in summer. Locals collect the root to effectively cure wind [intrusion]. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Yi xue zheng chuan, “huang liao lang is commonly called dao zhai ci 倒摘刺 and serves to cure throat pain. Pound the root to obtain a juice, add a little wine and drip it into [the throat]. That will cure it.” Also, the Yi xue ji cheng states: “For toothache burn dao zhai ci on a knife blade. Dip a piece of silk into the charred rest and stuff it into the location of the pain. This will end it.” 21-A111 黄花了 Huang hua liao Unidentified.

【頌曰】生信州。春生青葉，三月開花，似辣菜花，黄色，秋中結實，采 無時。治咽喉口齒病效。 [Su] Song: It grows in Xin zhou. In spring it develops greenish leaves. Flowers open in the third month resembling la cai hua 辣菜花. They are yellow in color and form fruits in autumn. It is collected at all times and is used for the effective healing of throat, mouth and tooth disease. 21-A112 百兩金 Bai liang jin Unidentified.

【頌曰】生戎州、河中府、雲安軍。苗高二三尺，有幹如木，凌冬不凋。 葉似荔枝，初生背面俱青，秋後背紫面青。初秋開花，青碧色。結實如豆 大，生青熟赤。無時采根，去心用。味苦，性平，無毒。治壅熱，咽喉腫 痛，含一寸嚥汁。其河中出者，根赤如蔓菁，莖細青色，四月開碎黄花， 似星宿花。五月采根，長及一寸，晒乾用，治風涎。 [Su] Song: It grows in Rong zhou, He zhong fu and Yun an jun. The seedling reaches a height of two to three chi and has a stem similar to a tree. It does not wither



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even in cold winter. The leaves resemble those of lychee [trees]. Their back and front are all greenish at the beginning of their growth. After autumn, the back is purple and the front is greenish. Early in autumn flowers open; they are greenish-jade blue in color. They form fruits as big as soybeans. They are greenish when they are fresh, and red when they are heat prepared. The root is collected at all times. Before it is used [for therapeutic purposes], its core is removed. Flavor bitter, nature balanced, nonpoisonous. To cure obstruction [illness] heat and painful throat swelling, hold one cun in the mouth and swallow the resulting juice. Specimens coming from He zhong have a red root similar to rape turnip. The stem is fine and greenish in color. Small, yellow flowers open in the fourth month, similar to those of lysimachia flowers. The root is collected in the fifth month. It reaches a length of one cun and is dried in the sun before being used [for therapeutic purposes]. It serves to cure salivation related to wind [intrusion]. 21-A113 地茄子 Di qie zi Unidentified.

【頌曰】生商州。三月開花結子，五六月采，陰乾。味微辛，温，有小 毒。主中風，痰涎麻痹，下熱毒氣，破堅積，利膈，消癰腫瘡癤，散血墮 胎。 [Su] Song: It grows in Shang zhou. It opens flowers and forms seeds in the third month. They are collected in the fifth and sixth month and dried in the yin (i. e., shade). Flavor slightly acrid, [nature] warm, slightly poisonous. Control: Wind stroke, salivation with phlegm and numbness. It serves to send down heat poison qi, breaks through hardened accumulations, frees the [passage through the] diaphragm, dissolves obstruction-illness867 swelling, sores and pimples, disperses blood [accumulations] and causes abortion 21-A114 田母草 Tian mu cao Unidentified.

【頌曰】生臨江軍，無花實。三月采根。性凉，主煩熱及小兒風熱，尤效。 [Su] Song: It grows in Lin jiang jun and has neither flowers nor fruits. The root is collected in the third month. Nature cool. Control: Vexing heat and heat of children related to wind [intrusion]. Especially effective. 867 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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21-A115 田麻 Tian ma Unidentified.

【頌曰】生信州田野及溝澗旁。春夏生青葉，七八月中生小莢。冬月采 葉，治癰癤腫毒。 [Su] Song: It grows in Xin zhou in the open country and close to ditches and rivulets. In spring and summer it produces greenish leaves. In the seventh and eighth month it produces small pods. The leaves are collected during the winter months. They serve to cure obstruction-illness and pimple swelling with poison. 21-A116 芥心草 Jie xin cao Unidentified.

【頌曰】生淄州。引蔓白色，根黄色。四月采苗葉，搗末，治瘡疥甚效。 [Su] Song: It grows in Zi zhou. It extends with white vines; the root is yellow. Seedling and leaves are collected in the fourth month and ground into powder. They serve to very effectively cure sores and jie-illness.868 21-A117 苦芥子 Ku jie zi Unidentified.

【頌曰】生秦州。苗長一尺餘，莖青，葉如柳，開白花似榆莢。其子黑 色，味苦，大寒，無毒。明目，治血風煩躁。 [Su] Song: It grows in Qin zhou. The seedling is more than one chi long. The stem is greenish; the leaves resemble those of willows. It opens white flowers resembling Siberian elm pods. The seeds are black in color. Flavor bitter, [nature] very cold, nonpoisonous. It clears the eyes and serves to cure blood [disorder] related to wind [intrusion] and vexing restlessness. 21-A118 布里草 Bu li cao Unidentified.

【頌曰】生南恩州原野中。莖高三四尺，葉似李而大，至夏不花而實，食 之瀉人。采根皮焙爲末。味苦，寒，有小毒。治瘡疥，殺蟲。 [Su] Song: It grows in the plains in the wild in Nan en zhou. The stem is three to four chi tall. The leaves resemble those of plum [trees] but are bigger. By summer 868 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.



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it has no flowers but bears fruits. When they are eaten they let one have outflow. [People] collect the root bark, bake it over a slow fire and [grind it into] powder. Flavor bitter, [nature] cold, slightly poisonous. It serves to cure sores and jie-illness, and kills worms/bugs. 21-A119 茆質汗 Mao zhi han Unidentified.

【頌曰】生信州。葉青花白。七月采根。治風腫，行血，有效。 [Su] Song: It grows in Xin zhou. The leaves are greenish; the flowers are white. The root is collected in the seventh month. It serves to cure swelling related to wind [intrusion], and stimulates the passage of blood. It is effective. 21-A120 胡堇草 Hu jin cao Unidentified.

【頌曰】生密州 東武山田中，科葉似小堇菜。花紫色，似翹軺花。一枝 七葉，花出兩三莖。春采苗。味辛，滑，無毒。主五臟營衛肌肉皮膚中瘀 血，止痛散血。搗汁，塗金瘡。凡打撲損傷筋骨，惡癰腫，用同松枝、乳 香、亂髮灰、花桑柴炭同搗，丸彈子大。每酒服一丸，其痛立止。 [Su] Song: It grows in the fields of Mount Dong wu shan in Mi zhou. Branches and leaves are similar to those of small viola verecunda [herbs]. The flowers are purple in color; they resemble the flowers of forsythia [herbs]. One branch has seven leaves. Two or three stems come out of one flower. The seedling is collected in spring. Flavor acrid, [nature] smoothing, nonpoisonous. Control: Stagnant blood in the five long-term depots, the camp and guardian [qi], the muscles and the flesh, as well as the skin. It ends pain and disperses [abiding] blood. Pound it to obtain a juice and apply it to wounds caused by metal objects/wounds. For all injuries and harm to the sinews and the bones resulting from a blow or fall, and malign obstruction-illness869 swelling, pound it together with pine tree branches, frankincense, the ashes of disheveled human hair and charred mulberry twigs, and form pills the size of a bullet. Each time ingest with wine one pill. The pain ends immediately.

869 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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21-A121 小兒群 Xiao er qun Unidentified.

【頌曰】生施州。叢高一尺以來，春夏生苗葉，無花，冬枯。其根味辛， 性凉，無毒。同左纏草即旋花根焙乾，等分爲末，每酒服一錢，治淋疾， 無忌。 [Su] Song: It grows in Shizhou, forming clusters about one chi tall. In spring and summer it produces a seedling and leaves. It has no flower. In winter it withers. The root: Flavor acrid, nature cool, nonpoisonous. Bake it together with an equal amount of the root of zuo chan cao 左纏草, that is, hedge bindweed, over a slow fire [until they are dry and grind them into] powder. Each time ingest with wine one qian to cure urinary dripping illnesses. [During this therapy] nothing needs to be avoided. 21-A122 獨脚仙 Du jiao xian Unidentified.870

【頌曰】生福州，山林旁陰泉處多有之。春生苗，葉圓，上青下紫，脚長 三四寸，秋冬葉落。夏連根葉采，焙爲末，酒煎半錢服，治婦人血塊。 [Su] Song: It grows in Fu zhou. It is present in large numbers near mountain forests at springs in the shade. It produces a seedling in spring. The leaves are round; they are greenish on their upper and purple on their lower side. The “leg” is three to four cun long. The leaves fall in autumn and winter. [People there] collect it in summer together with the root, bake it over a slow fire and [grind it into] powder. Ingesting half a qian cooked in wine is used to heal blood clots in women. 21-A123 撮石合草 Cuo shi he cao Unidentified.871

【頌曰】生眉州平田中。莖高二尺以來，葉似穀葉。十二月萌芽，二月有 花，不結實。其苗味甘，無毒。療金瘡。 [Su] Song: It grows in the fields in the plains of Mei zhou. The stem is about two chi tall. The leaves resemble the leaves of millet/rice plants. It germinates in the 12th month and has flowers in the second month. They do not form fruits. The flavor of

870 Du jiao xian 獨脚仙, lit.: “single leg hermit/immortal.”

871 Cuo shi he cao 撮石合草, lit.: “[herb] picked up together with stones.”



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the seedling is sweet; it is nonpoisonous. It heals wounds caused by metal objects/ weapons. 21-A124 露筋草 Lu jin cao Unidentified.

【頌曰】生施州。株高三尺以來，春生苗，隨即開花，結子碧緑色，四時 不凋。其根味辛、濇，性凉，無毒。主蜘蛛、蜈蚣傷。焙研，以白礬alum 水調貼之。 [Su] Song: It grows in Shi zhou. The stem is about three chi tall. In spring it produces a seedling, immediately thereafter it opens flowers. They form seeds of jadeblue-greenish color. It does not wither throughout the four seasons. The root: Flavor acrid, rough/astringent. Nature cool, nonpoisonous. Control: Harm caused by spiders and centipedes. Bake it over a slow fire and grind it [into powder]. Mix it with alum and water, and apply it [to the affected region].

本草綱目 三十八種 Ben cao gang mu. 38 kinds. 21-A125 九龍草 Jiu long cao Unidentified.872

【時珍曰】生平澤。生紅子，狀如楊梅。其苗解諸毒，治喉痛，搗汁灌 之。折傷骨筋者，搗罨患處。蛇虺傷者，搗汁，入雄黄二錢服，其痛立 止。又楊清叟外科云：喉風重舌，牙關緊閉者，取九龍草，一名金釵草， 單枝上者爲妙。只用根，不用皮，打碎，綿裹筯上，擦牙關即開。乃插深 喉中，取出痰涎。乃以火炙熱，帶鹽點之，即愈。 [Li] Shizhen: It grows in the plains, in marshland and produces red seeds, shaped like box myrtle [fruits]. The seedling serves to resolve all types of poison. To cure throat pain, pound it to obtain a juice and force-feed it [to the patient]. For fracture harm involving bones and sinews, pound it and cover the location of the suffering [with the resulting mass]. For harm caused by snakes and venomous vipers, pound it to obtain a juice, add two qian of realgar and ingest this. The pain will end immediately. Also, Yang Qingsou in his Wai ke states: “For throat wind873 and doubled 872 Jiu long cao 九龍草, lit.: “nine dragon herb.”

873 Hou feng 喉風, “throat wind,” a reference to conditions with mouth, tongue, and throat swelling and pain. BCGM Dict I, 217

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tongue,874 and tightly closed jaws, collect jiu long cao 九龍草, also named jin chai cao 金釵草, ‘golden hairpin herb,’ preferably those with a single branch. Use only the root, do not use the bark. Pound it to small pieces, wrap them in silk and attach it to a chopstick. Rub this on the jaws and they will open. Also, insert it deep into the throat to induce a release of phlegm and saliva. Then roast it over fire until it is hot, pick up some salt and and touch [the throat]. This will result in a cure.” 21-A126 荔枝草 Li zhi cao

Salvia plebeia R. Br.875 【時珍曰】衛生易簡方治蛇咬犬傷及破傷風，取草一握，約三兩，以酒二 盌，煎一盌，服，取汗出效。 [Li] Shizhen: The Wei sheng yi jian fang [recommends to] “cure snake bites and harm caused by dogs, as well as wound wind876 [as follows]. Boil one handful of the herb, roughly three liang, in two bowls of wine down to one bowl and ingest this. When a sweating occurs, healing is achieved.” 21-A127 水銀草 Shui yin cao Unidentified.877

【時珍曰】衛生易簡方治眼昏，每服三錢，入木賊少許，水一琖，煎八分 服。 [Li] Shizhen: The Wei sheng yi jian fang [recommends to] “cure dim vision [as follows]. Each time ingest three qian. Add a small amount of scouring rush, boil it in one wine cup of water down to 80% and ingest this.” 21-A128 透骨草 Tou gu cao Unidentified.878

【時珍曰】治筋骨一切風濕，疼痛攣縮，寒濕脚風。孫氏集 效方治癘風， 遍身瘡癬，用透骨草、苦參、大黄、雄黄各五錢，研末煎湯，于密室中席 圍，先熏至汗出如雨，淋洗之。普濟方治反胃吐食，透骨草、獨科蒼耳、 874 Chong she 重舌, “doubled tongue,” a condition with the growth underneath the tongue, mostly in children, of what appears like a second tongue. BCGM Dict I, 92. 875 Li zhi cao 荔枝草, lit.: “Lychee herb.”

876 Po shang feng 破傷風, “wound wind,” a condition of lockjaw, arched back rigidity and convulsions, resulting from wounds struck by wind. BCGM Dict I, 379. 877 Shui yin cao 水銀草, lit.: “mercury herb.”

878 Tou gu cao 透骨草, lit.: the “herb that penetrates bones.”



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生牡蠣各一錢，薑三片，水煎服。楊誠經驗方治一切腫毒初起，用透骨 草、漏蘆、防風、地榆等分，煎湯，綿蘸乘熱不住盪之。二三日即消。 [Li] Shizhen: It serves to cure all types of wind [intrusion] and moisture affecting sinews and bones, with pain and contraction, and the [presence of ] cold and moisture causing leg wind.879 The Sun shi ji xiao fang [recommends to] “cure epidemic wind880 with sores and xuan-illness881 involving the entire body [as follows]. Grind five qian each of tou gu cao, sophora [root], rhubarb root and realgar into powder and boil it in water to obtain a decoction. Enclose [the patient] with a mat in a tightly closed room. At first steam him [with the hot decoction] until sweat is emitted like rain. Then pour [the decoction over him to] wash him.” The Pu ji fang [recommends to] “cure turned over stomach with vomiting of food [as follows]. Boil one qian each of tou gu cao, single stem cocklebur and fresh oysters, and three ginger slices in water and ingest this.” Yang Cheng in his Jing yan fang [recommends to] “cure all types of swelling with poison when they have just begun to rise [as follows]. Boil equal amounts of tou gu cao, stemmacantha [herb], saposhnikovia [root] and sanguisorba [root] to obtain a decoction. Dip silk into [the decoction] and continuously wipe [the affected region with it. The swelling] will dissolve within two or three days.” 21-A129 蛇眼草 She yan cao Unidentified.882

【時珍曰】生古井及年久陰下處。形如淡竹葉，背後皆是紅圈，如蛇眼 狀。唐瑶經驗方：治蛇咬。搗爛，傅患處。 [Li] Shizhen: It grows in old wells and in low-lying places that have been shady for years. It has [leaves] shaped like bland bamboo leaves. On their back they have red circles similar to snake eyes. Tang Yao in his Jing yan fang [states]: “To cure snake bites, pound it into a pulpy mass and apply it to the location of the suffering.”

879 Jiao feng 脚風, “leg wind,” a condition of pain, cramps, and lack of strength in the lower limbs. BCGM Dict I, 247.

880 Li feng 癘風, “epidemic wind,” a condition identical with da feng 大風, “massive wind.” BCGM Dict I, 313, 111.

881 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness,” a condition of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 592. 882 She yan cao 蛇眼草, lit.: “snake eye herb.”

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21-A130 鵝項草 E xiang cao Unidentified.883

【時珍曰】臞仙壽域方治咽喉生瘡，取花，同白芷、椒根皮研末，吹瘡 口，即效。 [Li] Shizhen: Qu Xian’s Shou yu fang [recommends to] cure throat sores [as follows]. Grind [e xiang cao] flowers together with angelica dahurica [root] and Chinese pepper root bark into powder and blow it on the sores in the mouth. This is effective. 21-A131 蛇魚草 She yu cao Unidentified.

【時珍曰】戴原禮證治要訣云：治金瘡血出不止，搗傅之。 [Li] Shizhen: Dai Yuanli in his Zheng zhi yao jue states: “To cure unending bleeding of wounds caused by metal objects/weapons, pound it and apply [the resulting mass to the affected region].” 21-A132 九里香草 Jiu li xiang cao Unidentified.884

【時珍曰】傅滋醫學集成治肚癰，搗碎，浸酒服。 [Li] Shizhen: Fu Zi in his Yi xue ji cheng [recommends to] “cure abdominal obstruction-illness885 [as follows]. Pound [the herb] to fine pieces, soak them in wine and ingest [the liquid].” 21-A133 白筵草 Bai xian cao Unidentified.886

【時珍曰】香草也，蟲最畏之。孫真人千金方治諸蟲瘡疥癩，取根葉煎 水，隔日一洗。 883 E xiang cao 鵝項草, lit.: “goose nape herb.“

884 Jiu li xiang cao 九里香草, lit.: the “herb with a fragrance reaching nine li.”

885 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 886 Bai xian cao 白筵草, lit.: the “herb for white straw mats.”



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[Li] Shizhen: A fragrant herb. Worms/bugs very much abhor it. Sun zhenren in his Qian jin fang [uses it to “cure] all types of sores, jie-illness887 and repudiation-illness888 associated with the presence of worms/bugs. Gather the root and the leaves and boil them in water. Wash [the affected region] every second day.” 21-A134 環腸草 Huan chang cao Unidentified.889

【時珍曰】張子和儒門事親方治蠱脹，晒乾煎水，日服，以小便利爲度。 [Li] Shizhen: Zhang Zihe in his Ru men shi qin has the [following] recipe “to cure [abdominal] distension related to the presence of gu.890 Dry [the herb] in the sun and boil it in water. To be ingested every day until the passage of urine is freed.” 21-A135 劄耳草 Zha er cao Unidentified.891

【時珍曰】王執中資生經治氣聾方中用之。 [Li] Shizhen: Wang Zhizhong in his Zi sheng jing uses it in a recipe to cure deafness related to qi [disorder]. 21-A000 耳環草 Er huan cao

Commelina communis L. Day flower.892 【時珍曰】危亦林得效方治五痔，挼軟納患處，即效。一名碧蟬兒花。 Li [Shizhen]: Wei Yilin in his De xiao fang [recommends to] “cure the five types of piles [as follows]. Rub it to obtain a soft [mass] and insert it into the ailing location. This is effective. It is also named bi chan er hua 碧蟬兒花.” 887 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

888 Lai 癩, “lai-illness,” “repudiation-illness,” including cases of leprosy/Aussatz.” BCGM Dict I, 293. 889 Huan chang cao 環腸草, lit.: “herb for a curled intestine.”

890 Gu 蠱, gu [poison]. An etiological agent assumed – since ancient times – to be a type of poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to produce varying changes, eventually leading to illness, in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. BCGM Dict I, 192. 891 Zha er cao 劄耳草, lit.: the “herb that stabs the ears.]

892 Er huan cao 耳環草, lit.: “earring herb.” This monograph is not listed in the present chapter’s table of contents. It is identical with the item discussed as ya zhi cao 鴨跖草 in BCGM 16-09.

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21-A136 銅鼓草 Tong gu cao Unidentified.

【時珍曰】范成大虞衡志云：出廣西。其實如瓜。治瘍毒。 [Li] Shizhen: Fan Chengda in his Yu heng zhi states: “It comes from Guang xi. Its fruits resemble melons. They serve to cure ulcer poison.” 21-A137 蠶繭草 Can jian cao Unidentified.893

【時珍曰】摘玄方治腫脹，用半斤，同冬瓜皮半斤，紫蘇根葉半斤，生薑 皮三兩，煎湯熏洗，暖卧取汗。洗三次，小便清長，自然脹退。 [Li] Shizhen: The Zhai xuan fang [recommends to] “cure swelling and bloating [as follows]. Boil half a jin of [can jian cao], half a jin of wax gourd skin, half a jin of the root and leaves of common perilla and three liang of fresh ginger skin to a decoction to steam and wash [the affected region. The patient] should lie down [covered] warm to induce sweating. The washing is to be performed three times. When the urine is clear and long-lasting the bloating recedes as a result.” 21-A138 野芕草 Ye sui cao Unidentified.

【時珍曰】摘玄方治痞滿，用五斤，以一半安烏盆内，置雞子十箇在草 上，以草一半蓋之，米醋浸二宿，雞子殼軟，乃取于飯上蒸熟頓食之，塊 漸消也，經驗。 [Li] Shizhen: The Zhai xuan fang [recommends to] “cure obstacle-illness894 and a sensation of fullness [as follows]. Take five jin [of ye sui cao]. Put one half of it into a black pot and place ten eggs on the herb. Cover them with the second half of the herbs. Soak this in rice vinegar for two nights until the shell of the eggs has softened. Then remove [the eggs], steam them on cooked rice until done and eat this. The lumps will gradually dissolve. Experience has proven its effectiveness.”

893 Can jian cao 蠶繭草, lit.: “silkworm cocoon herb.”

894 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” a condition of an uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I. 371.



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21-A139 纖霞草 Xian xia cao Unidentfied.

【時珍曰】陳巽經驗方：元臟虚冷，氣攻臍腹痛。用硇砂一兩，生烏頭去 皮二兩，纖霞草二兩爲末。以小沙罐固濟，慢火燒赤，以此草拌硇入内， 不蓋口，頂火一秤煅之。爐冷取出，同烏頭末，蒸餅丸梧子大。每服三 丸，醋湯下。 [Li] Shizhen: [To heal] depletion cold in the long-term depot of original [qi] (i. e., the kidneys), with qi attacking the navel and abdominal pain, Chen Xun’s Jing yan fang [recommends to “apply the following recipe]. Prepare one liang of sal ammoniac, two liang of fresh aconitum [main tuber], with the skin discarded, and two liang of xian xiao cao [ground into] powder. Take a small pottery vase, seal it firmly and heat it over a slow fire until it has assumed a red color. Then put the [xian xia] herb mixed with the sal ammoniac into [the hot pot], do not close it and heat it with a strong fire until one cheng is calcined. When the stove is cold again take [the items out of the pot] and prepare with the aconitum powder and steamed cakes pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest three pills, to be sent down with a vinegar decoction.” 21-A140 牛脂艻 Niu zhi ji Unidentified.895

【時珍曰】經驗良方896治七孔出血，爲粗末，每服一勺，瓦器煎服。以紗合 頭項，并紥小指根。 [Li] Shizhen: The Jing yan fang [recommends to] “cure bleeding from the seven orifices [as follows]. [Grind the herb into] a crude powder and each time ingest the amount held by one spoon. To be ingested boiled in an earthenware container. Cover897 [the patient’s] crown of the head with gauze and fasten [the herb] to the root/base of the [patient’s] little finger.” 895 Instead of niu zhi ji 牛脂艻, Pu ji fang ch. 199, jiu qiao si zhi qi jian chu xue 九竅四肢指 歧間出血, “bleeding from the nine orifices and the gaps between toes and finger,” writes niu zhi 牛脂, also named niu fu ji 牛菔艻”。

896 Instead of Jing yan liang fang 經驗良方, Pu ji fang ch. 199, jiu qiao si zhi qi jian chu xue 九竅四肢指歧間出血, “bleeding from the nine orifices and the gaps between toes and finger,” writes Jing xiao liang fang 經效良方.

897 A more detailed version of this passage is found in Pu ji fang ch. 199, jiu qiao si zhi qi jian chu xue 九竅四肢指歧間出血, “bleeding from the nine orifices and the gaps between toes and finger:” yi sha bo gai tou ding shang, reng jiang gan xin za xiao zhi gen, nan zuo nü you 以紗帛蓋頭頂上，仍將稈心紮小指根，男左女右, “cover the crown of the head

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21-A141 鴨脚青 Yao jiao qing Unidentified.

【時珍曰】普濟方治疔瘡如連珠者，同䔡蘇研爛，糖水拌，刷之。 [Li] Shizhen: The Pu ji fang [recommends to] “cure pin-illness898 sores shaped like a pearl necklace [as follows]. Grind [the herb] together with yu su 䔡899蘇 into a pulpy mass, mix it with sugar and water and brush it [on the affected region].” 21-A142 天仙蓮 Tian xian lian Unidentified.900

【時珍曰】衛生易簡方治惡毒瘡癤，搗葉，傅之。 [Li] Shizhen: The Wei sheng yi jian fang [recommends to] “cure sores and pimples associated with malign poison [as follows]. Pound the leaves [into a pulpy mass] and apply it [to the affected region].” 21-A143 雙頭蓮 Shuang tou lian Unidentified.901

【時珍曰】一名催生草。主婦人産難，左手把之即生。又主腫脹，利小 便。衛生易簡方治大人小兒牙疳，搗爛，貼之。 [Li] Shizhen: Alternative name: Cui sheng cao 催生草, the “herb that expedites childbirth.” Control: Women with difficult delivery. They should hold it in their left hand and will give birth. Also, it controls swelling and distension and stimulates urination. To cure dental gan-illness902 of adults and children, the Wei sheng yi jian fang [recommends to] pound it into a pulpy mass and attach it to [the affected region]. with a woven silk [scarf ] and tie the core of [niu zhi ji’s] stalk to the root/base of the [patient’s] little finger, for males of the left and for females of the right [hand].

898 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],” also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129.

899 Instead of yu su 䔡蘇, Pu ji fang ch. 274, zhu ding chuang 諸疔瘡, “all types of pin-illness sores,” writes wu su 蕪蘇. Zheng lei ch. 28, su 八, quoting Tu jing writes yu su 魚蘇. 900 Tian xian lian 天仙蓮, lit.: “lotus of heavenly hermits/immortals.”

901 Shuang gou lian 雙頭蓮, lit.: “lotus with two heads.”

902 Ya gan 牙疳, “dental gan-illness,” with teeth and the gums festering and emitting a bad stench, the teeth aching and becoming lose, and the appearance of pus and blood. BCGM Dict I, 605.



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21-A144 豬藍子 Zhu lan zi Unidentified.

【時珍曰】衛生易簡方治耳内有膿，名通耳。用子爲末，筒吹入，不過二 三次愈。 [Li] Shizhen: The Wei sheng yi jian fang [recommends to use it to] “cure pus in the ear. It is also called tong er 通耳, [the “herb that] penetrates the ear.” [Grind] the seeds into powder and blow it through a tube into [the affected ear]. A cure is achieved after no more than two or three [applications].” 21-A145 天芥菜 Tian jie cai Unidentified.903

【時珍曰】生平野，小葉如芥狀，味苦。一名雞痾粘。主蛇傷，同金沸 草，入鹽搗傅之。王璽醫林集要治腋下生腫毒，以鹽、醋同搗，傅之，散 腫止痛，膿已成者亦安。亦治一切腫毒。 [Li] Shizhen: It grows in the plains, in the wild. It has small leaves similar to those of mustard herbs, with a bitter flavor. It is also called ji ke nian 雞痾粘. Control: Harm caused by snakes. Pound it together with horseheel [flowers] and some salt [into a pulpy mass] and apply it [to the affected region]. Wang Xi in his Yi lin ji yao [recommends to] “cure armpit swelling with poison [as follows]. Pound [tian jie cai] with salt and vinegar and apply it [to the affected region]. This serves to disperse the swelling and end the pain. It is also used to cure cases where pus has already formed. It also serves to cure all types of swelling with poison.” 21-A146 佛掌花 Fo zhang hua Unidentified.904

【時珍曰】普濟方治疔瘡如櫻桃者，用根，同生薑、蜜研汁服之。外以天 茄葉貼之。 [Li] Shizhen: The Pu ji fang [recommends to] “cure pin-illness905sores similar to cherries [as follows]. Grind the root [of fo zhang hua] with fresh ginger and honey 903 Tian jie cai 天芥菜, lit.: “heavenly mustard vegetable.” 904 Fo zhang hua 佛掌花, lit: the “Buddha’s palm flower.“

905 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],” also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129.

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to obtain a juice and ingest it. Externally apply common night-shade leaves [to the affected region].” 21-A147 郭公刺 Guo gong ci Unidentified.

【時珍曰】一名光骨刺。取葉搗細，油調，傅天泡瘡。虞摶醫學正傳治哮 喘，取根剉，水煎服，即止。 [Li] Shizhen: Alternative name: Guang gu ci 光骨刺. Pound the leaves into a fine [powder], mix it with oil and apply it to celestial blister sores.906 Yu Tuan in his Yi xue zheng chuan [recommends to] “cure panting [as follows]. File the root [to small pieces], boil them in water and ingest [the liquid]. This will end [the panting].” 21-A148 籩箕柴 Bian qi chai Unidentified.907

【時珍曰】生山中。王永輔惠济方治癧瘡，取皮煎湯服。須臾痒不可忍， 以手爬破，出毒氣即愈。 [Li] Shizhen: It grows in the mountains. Wang Yongfu in his Hui ji fang [recommends to] “cure pervasion-illness908 sores [as follows]. Gather the bark [of bian qi chai], boil it in water and ingest the resulting decoction. After a short time, an unbearable itching occurs. Scratch [the affected area] to open [the skin] and let out the poison qi. That is the cure.” 21-A149 碎米柴 Sui mi chai Unidentified.909

【時珍曰】主癰疽發背。取葉，入傅藥用。 [Li] Shizhen: Control: Obstruction-illness and impediment-illness910 with an effusion on the back. Gather the leaves and add them to medication that is applied [to the affected region for therapeutic] use.

906 Tian pao chuang 天泡瘡, “celestial blister sores,” a condition of sores with the appearance of blisters filled with water or pus, especially in children.BCGM Dict I, 503. 907 Bian qi chai 籩箕柴, lit.: “firewood made of baskets.”

908 Li 癧, “pervasion-illness,” a condition identical with luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula with pervasion-illness.” BCGM Dict I, 312, 329. 909 Sui mi chai 碎米柴, lit.: “crushed rice fuel.“

910 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing



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21-A150 羊屎柴 Yang shi chai Unidentified.911

【時珍曰】一名牛屎柴。生山野，葉類鶴虱，四月開白花，亦有紅花者。 結子如羊屎狀，名鐵草子。根可毒魚。夏用苗葉，冬用根。主癰疽發背， 搗爛傅之，能合瘡口，散膿血。乾者爲末，漿水調傅。又治下血如傾水， 取生根一斤，生白酒二斗，煮一斗，空心隨量飲。 [Li] Shizhen: Also named “ox dung fuel.” It grows in the mountains, in the wild. The leaves resemble carpesium [leaves]. It opens white flowers in the fourth month; some have red flowers. They form seeds similar to sheep dung. They are called “iron herb seeds.” The root can poison fish. In summer use the seedling and the leaves; in winter use the root. Control: For obstruction-illness and impediment-illness912 with an effusion on the back, pound it into a pulpy mass and apply it [to the affected region]. It is able to close the openings of the sores and to disperse the pus and the blood. If [only] dried [sui mi chai is available, grind it into] powder, mix it with fermented water of foxtail millet and apply this [to the affected region]. Also, it serves to cure a discharge of blood as if it were poured water. Boil one jin of fresh roots in two dou of white wine down to one dou, and drink any quantity on an empty stomach. 21-A151 山枇杷柴 Shan pi pa chai Unidentified.913

【時珍曰】危亦林得效方治湯火傷，取皮焙，研末，蜜調傅之。 [Li] Shizhen: Wei Yilin in his De xiao fang [recommends to] “cure harm caused by hot water and fire [as follows]. Bake the bark over a slow fire, grind it into powder, mix it with honey and apply this [to the affected region].”

against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

911 Yang shi chai 羊屎柴, lit.: “sheep dung fuel.”

912 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

913 Shan pi pa chai 山枇杷柴, lit.: “mountain loquat fuel.”

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21-A152 三角風 San jiao feng Unidentified.

【時珍曰】一名三角尖。取石上者尤良。主風濕流注疼痛及癰疽腫毒。 [Li] Shizhen: Also named: San jiao jian 三角尖. Specimens [growing] on stones are especially good. Control: Painful influx of wind and moisture, and swelling with poison related to obstruction-illness and impediment-illness. 21-A153 葉下紅 Ye xia hong Unidentified.

【時珍曰】主飛絲入目，腫痛。同鹽少許，絹包滴汁入目。仍以塞鼻，左 塞右，右塞左。 [Li] Shizhen: Control: Flying silk threads have entered the eyes, causing a painful swelling. Wrap it with a little salt in silk fabric, [squeeze it] and drip the resulting juice into the [affected] eye. Then insert it into the [patient’s] nose. If [the painful swelling affects the eye] on the left, insert it into the [nostril on the] right. If [the painful swelling affects the eye] on the right, insert it into the [nostril on the] left 21-A154 滿江紅 Man jiang hong Unidentified.

【時珍曰】主癰疽，入膏用。 [Li] Shizhen: Control: Obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.914 Add it to an ointment for [therapeutic] use. 21-A155 隔山消 Ge shan xiao Unidentified.

【時珍曰】出太和山。白色。主腹脹積滯。孫天仁集效方治氣膈噎食轉 食，用隔山消二兩，雞肫皮一兩，牛膽南星、朱砂各一兩，急性子二錢， 爲末，煉蜜丸小豆大。每服一錢，淡薑湯下。 [Li] Shizhen: It comes from Mount Tai he shan. It is white in color. Control: Abdominal distension with [qi] accumulation and sluggishness. Sun Tianren in his Ji xiao fang [recommends to] “cure [throat] occlusion by qi, gullet occluding food, and

914 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.



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regurgitation of food [as follows]. [Grind] two liang of ge shan xiao, one liang of chicken gizzard skin, one liang each of arisaema [root], prepared with ox bile, and cinnabar, as well as two qian of touch-me-not seeds into powder and form with heat refined honey pills the size of mung beans. Each time ingest one qian, to be sent down with a weak ginger decoction.” 21-A156 石見穿 Shi jian chuan Unidentified.

【時珍曰】主骨痛，大風癰腫。 [Li] Shizhen: Control: Painful bones. Massive wind915 and obstruction-illness916 swelling. 21-A157 醒醉草 Xing zui cao Unidentified.917

【時珍曰】天寶遺事：玄宗于興慶池邊植之。叢生，葉紫而心殷。醉客摘 草嗅之，立醒，故名。 [Li] Shizhen: The Tian bao yi shi [states]: “[Emperor] Xuan zong planted it on the edge of Lake Xing qing. It grows as clusters. The leaves are purple, with a dark red center. Drunk guests picked the herb and smelled it. They were sober immediately.” Hence the name. 21-A158 墓頭回 Mu tou hui Unidentified.

【時珍曰】董炳集驗方治崩中，赤白帶下，用一把，酒、水各半盞，童尿 半盞，新紅花一捻，煎七分，卧時温服。日近者一服，久則三服，愈，其 效如神。一僧用此治蔡大尹内人，有效。 [Li] Shizhen: Dong Bing in his Ji yan fang [recommends to] “cure collapsing center918 and red and white outflow from below the belt [as follows]. Boil one handful 915 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” may refer to sores caused by a massive intrusion of wind evil and also to conditions of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111. 916 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 917 Xing zui cao 醒醉草, lit.: “the herb that will sober you up when you are drunk.”

918 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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[of mu tou hui] with one half cup each of wine and water and half a cup of boys’ urine and one pinch of safflower down to 70% and [let the patient] ingest this warm at bedtime. If this is a case of recent begin, a cure is achieved with one ingestion; if it has lasted longer, three ingestions [result in a cure]. The effect of this [therapy] is divine. A monk resorted to it to cure the wife of Commandery Governer Cai, and it was effective.” 21-A159 羊茅 Yang mao

Unidentified.919 【時珍曰】羊喜食之，故名。普濟方治喉痺腫痛，搗汁，嚥之。 [Li] Shizhen: Sheep love to eat it. Hence the name. the Pu ji fang [recommends to] “cure painful throat blockage and swelling [as follows]. Pound it and swallow the resulting juice.” 21-A160 阿只兒 Azhier Unidentified.

【時珍曰】劉郁西域記云：出西域。狀如苦參。主打撲傷損，婦人損胎。 用豆許嚥之，自消。又治馬鼠瘡。 [Li] Shizhen: Liu Yu in his Xi yu ji states: “It comes from western regions and is shaped like sophora [root]. Control: Harm and injuries resulting from blows. Women with an injured fetus. [Hold as much as] a soybean [in the mouth] and swallow [the resulting juice]. [The swelling, etc.] will dissolve as a result. It also serves to cure horses with sores/wounds caused by mouse/rat [bites].” 21-A161 阿息兒 Axier

Unidentified. 【時珍曰】西域記云：出西域。狀如地骨皮。治婦人産後衣不下，又治金 瘡膿不出。嚼爛塗之，即出。 [Li] Shizhen: The Xi yu ji states: “It comes from western regions and is shaped like lycium root bark. It serves to cure women when following childbirth the placenta is not discharged. Also, it serves to cure wounds caused by metal objects/weapons when the pus is not released. Chew it to obtain a pulpy mass and apply it [to the affected region. The pus] comes out as a result.” 919 Yang mao 羊茅, lit.: “a sheep’s floss grass.“



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21-A162 奴哥撒兒 Nugesaer Unidentified.

【時珍曰】西域記云：出西域。狀如桔梗。治金瘡及腸與筋斷者。嚼爛傅 之，自續也。 [Li] Shizhen: The Xi yu ji states: “It comes from western regions and is shaped like platycodon [root]. It serves to cure wounds caused by metal objects/weapons and severed intestines and sinews. Chew it to obtain a pulpy mass and apply it [to the affected region]. The [ends] will reconnect as a result.”

本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 第二十二卷 Chapter 22 穀部 Cereals section 李時珍曰：太古民無粒食，茹毛飲血。神農氏出，始嘗草别穀，以教民耕 蓺。又嘗草别藥，以救民疾夭。軒轅氏出，教以烹飪，制爲方劑，而後民 始得遂養生之道。周官有五穀、六穀、九穀之名，詩人有八穀、百穀之 詠，穀之類可謂繁矣。素問云：五穀爲養。麻、麥、稷、黍、豆，以配 肝、心、脾、肺、腎。职方氏辨九州之穀，地官辨土宜穜稑之種，以教稼 穡樹蓺，皆所以重民天也。五方之氣，九州之産，百穀各異其性，豈可終 日食之而不知其氣味損益乎。於是集草實之可粒食者爲穀部，凡七十三 種。分爲四類：曰麻麥稻，曰稷粟，曰菽豆，曰造釀。舊本米穀部三品共 五十九種。今併入九種，移一種入菜部，自草部移入一種。 Li Shizhen: In ancient times, people had no cereals to eat. They consumed hairy [animals] and drank their blood. Then came the Venerable Shen nong, and he was the first to taste herbs and differentiate [those that can be consumed as] grains. He taught the people the art of working the land. Also, he tasted herbs and differentiated [those that can be ingested as] pharmaceutical drugs. He saved the people from illness and premature death. Then the Venerable Xuan Yuan appeared. He taught them how to cook and how to design recipes and make [medicinal] preparations. People in later time acquired the DAO of how to nourish their life. The Zhou guan lists the names of five cereals, six cereals and nine cereals. Poets recited songs naming eight cereals and one hundred cereals. That is, the number of grains is huge. The Su wen states: “The five types of cereals provide nourishment.”920 Sesame [seeds], wheat/barley, non-glutinous rice, glutinous panicled millet, beans are associated 920 Paul U. Unschuld and Hermann Tessenow, Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen. An Annotated Translation of Huang Di’s Inner Classic. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2011. Vol. I, 399. A statement based on a phrase in the Zhou li.



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with the liver, the heart, the spleen, the lung and the kidneys. An official named Overseer of Feudatories distinguished the cereals of the nine zhou. An Office of the Land distinguished [the nine zhou] in terms of their being suitable for cultivating the different kinds of rice. When they taught the people the art of farming, all of this showed their appreciation of the people.The qi of the five cardinal directions, the products of the nine zhou and the hundred cereals, their nature differs. How could one eat them every day without knowing the harmful and beneficial properties of their qi and flavor? Now, herbs and fruits that are edible are combined here in the section “cereals.” It includes 73 kinds, divided into four groups. They are [first,] sesame, wheat/barley and rice, [second,] millet, [third,] legumes/beans, and [fourth,] prepared and brewed items. In former editions [of the Ben cao] the section “rice, cereals” comprised three ranks with altogether 59 kinds. Here now nine kinds are added. One kind is moved to the section “vegetables.” One kind is moved here from the section “herbs.” Shen nong ben cao jing 神農本草經: 7 items, during Liang 梁, commented by Tao Hongjing 陶弘景 Ming yi bie lu 名醫别録: 19 items, during Liang 梁, commented by Tao Hongjing 陶弘景. Tang ben cao 唐本草, 2 items, during Tang 唐, by Su Gong 蘇恭. Yao xing ben cao 藥性本草, 1 item, during Tang 唐, by Zhen Quan 甄權. Ben cao shi yi 本草拾遺, 11 items, during Tang 唐, by Chen Cangqi 陳藏器. Hai yao ben cao 海藥本草, 1 item, during Tang 唐, by Li Xun 李珣. Shi liao ben cao 食療本草, 3 items, during Tang 唐, by Meng Shen 孟詵. Kai bao ben cao 開寶本草, 2 items, during Song 宋, by Ma Zhi 馬志. Jia you ben cao 嘉祐本草, 3 items, during Song 宋, by Zhang Yuxi 掌禹錫. Tu jing ben cao 圖經本草, 2 items, during Song 宋, by Su Song 蘇頌. Ri yong ben cao 日用本草, 1 item, during Yuan 元, by Wu Rui 吴瑞 Jiu huang ben cao 救荒本草, 1 item, by Zhou Xian wang 周憲王921 Shi jian ben cao 食鑑本草, 1 item, during Ming, by Ning Yuan 寧原 Shi wu ben cao 食物本草, 3 items, during Ming, Wang Ying 汪穎 Ben cao gang mu 本草綱目, 15 items, during Ming 明, by Li Shizhen 李時珍.

921 Instead of Zhou Xian wang 周憲王, according to Ming shi, Zhou Ding wang Xiao zhuan 周定王橚傳, “Biography of Prince Zhou Ding [Zhu] Xiao,” this should be Zhou Ding wang 周定王.

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【附註】 Additional comments [are based on the following sources]: Wei 魏: Li Dangzhi 李當之, Yao lu 藥録. Wu Pu ben cao 吴普本草. Song 宋: Lei Xiao 雷斅, Pao zhi 炮炙. Qi 齊: Xu Zhicai 徐之才, Yao dui 藥對. Tang 唐: Yang Sunzhi 楊損之, Shan fan 删繁. Xiao Bing 蕭炳, Si sheng 四聲. Sun Simiao 孫思邈, Qian jin 千金. Nan Tang 南唐: Chen Shiliang 陳士良, Shi xing 食性. Shu 蜀: Han Baosheng 韓保昇: Chong zhu 重註. Song 宋: Kou Zongshi 寇宗奭, Yan yi 衍義. Jin 金: Zhang Yuansu 張元素, Zhen zhu nang 珍珠囊 Yuan 元: Li Gao 李杲, Fa xiang 法象. Wang Haogu 王好古, Tang ye 湯液. Ming 明: Wang Lun 王綸, Ji yao 集要. Wang Ji 汪機, Hui bian 會編. Chen Jiamo 陳嘉謨, Meng quan 蒙筌.



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穀之一 Cereals I 麻麥稻類一十二種 Sesame, Wheat, Rice Group, 12 kinds. 22-01 Hu ma 胡麻, sesame. FE Ben jing 本經; i. e., you ma 油麻 22-01-01 Hu ma 胡麻, sesame [seeds]. 22-01-02 Bai you ma 白油麻, light colored sesame seeds. 22-01-03 Hu ma you 胡麻油, sesame [seed] oil. 22-01-04 Deng zhan can you 燈盞殘油, oil residues in a lamp cup. 22-01-05 Ma ku bing 麻枯餅, dried up cake of [hu] ma [seed residue]. 22-01-06 Qing rang 青蘘, hu ma leaf or seedling. 22-01-07 Hu ma hua 胡麻花, flower of hu ma. 22-01-08 Ma jie 麻稭, [hu] ma stalk. 22-02 Ya ma 亞麻, common flax. FE Tu jing 圖經; i. e., bi shi hu ma 壁虱胡麻 22-02-01 Zi 子, seeds [of ya ma]. 22-03 Da ma 大麻, hemp. FE Ben jing 本經; i. e., ma ben 麻蕡 22-03-01 Ma bo 麻勃, flower of [da] ma. 22-03-02 Ma ben 麻蕡, fruits of [da] ma. 22-03-03 Ma ren 麻仁, kernel of [da] ma [seeds]. 22-03-04 You 油, oil [of da ma]. 22-03-05 Ye 葉, leaf [of da ma]. 22-03-06 Huang ma 黄麻, skin of the salks of [da] ma. 22-03-07 Ma gen 麻根, root of [da] ma. 22-03-08 Ou ma zhi 漚麻汁, juice obtained by soaking [da] ma. 22-04 Xiao mai 小麥, wheat. FE Bie lu 别録 22-04-01 Xiao mai 小麥, wheat. 22-04-02 Fu mai 浮麥, floating [xiao] mai. 22-04-03 Mai fu 麥麩, wheat bran. 22-04-04 Mian 麪, wheat flour. 22-04-05 Mai fen 麥粉, wheat starch. 22-04-06 Mian jin 麪筋, wheat gluten. 22-04-07 Mai chao 麥麨, wheat dextrin. 22-04-08 Mai miao 麥苗, wheat seedling.

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22-04-09 Mai nu 麥奴, mould on wheat ears. 22-04-10 Gan 稈, stalk/straw [of wheat]. 22-05 Da mai 大麥, barley. FE Bie lu 别録 22-05-01 Mai nie 麥糵, sprouted [da] mai. 22-05-02 Miao 苗, seedling [of da mai]. 22-05-03 Da mai nu 大麥奴, mould on barley ears. 22-06 Kuang mai 穬麥, naked barley. FE Bie lu 别録 22-07 Que mai 雀麥, Japanese brome. FE Tang ben 唐本, i. e., yan mai 即燕麥 22-07-01 Mi 米, husked seeds [of que mai]. 22-07-02 Miao 苗, seedling [of que mai]. 22-08 Qiao mai 蕎麥, buckwheat. FE Jia you 嘉祐 22-09 Ku qiao mai 苦蕎麥, Tartary buckwheat. FE Gang mu 綱目 22-10 Dao 稻, glutinous rice. FE Bie lu 别録, i. e., nuo mi 即糯米 22-10-01 Dao mi 稻米, husked glutinous rice. 22-10-02 Mi gan 米泔, water in which rice has been washed. 22-10-03 Nuo dao hua 糯稻花, flowers of glutinous rice. 22-10-04 Dao rang 稻穰, rice stalks/straw. 22-10-05 Gu ying 穀穎, cereal husks. 22-10-06 Nuo kang 糯糠, glutinous rice chaff. 22-11 Geng 粳, polished, non-glutinous rice. FE Bie lu 别録 22-11-01 Geng mi 粳米, husked non-glutinous rice. 22-11-02 Xi er gan 淅二泔, water in which rice has been washed a second time 22-11-03 Chao mi tang 炒米湯, stir-fried rice decoction. 22-11-04 Geng gu nu 粳穀奴, non glutinous grain mould. 22-11-05 He gan 禾稈, [rice] straw. 22-12 Xian 籼, Annamese upland rice. FE Gang mu 綱目 22-12-01 Xian mi 籼米, husked non-glutinous rice. 22-12-02 Gan 稈, rice straw. 右附方舊七十三，新一百六十六。 Added Recipes: 73 of old, 166 newly [recorded]



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穀之一 Cereal I 麻麥稻類十二種 Sesame, Wheat, Rice Group, 12 kinds 22-01 胡麻别録上品 Hu ma, FE Bie lu, upper rank. Sesamum indicum L. Sesame 【校正】今據沈存中、寇宗奭二説，併入本經 青蘘及嘉祐 新立白油麻、胡 麻油爲一條。 Editorial Correction. According to the two statements by Shen Cunzhong and Kou Zongshi, qing xiang 青蘘, [formerly listed separately] in the Ben jing, is included here, while bai you ma 白油麻 and hu ma you 胡麻油 from the Jia you [are added here as an appendix] to the present entry. 【釋名】巨勝本經、方莖吴普、狗蝨别録、油麻食療、脂麻衍義〇俗作芝 麻，非。葉名青蘘音箱。莖名麻䕸音皆，亦作稭。〇【時珍曰】按沈存中 筆談云：胡麻即今油麻，更無他説。古者中國止有大麻，其實爲蕡。漢使 張騫始自大宛得油麻種來，故名胡麻，以别中國大麻也。寇宗奭衍義，亦 據此釋胡麻，故今併入油麻焉。巨勝即胡麻之角巨如方勝者，非二物也。 方莖以莖名，狗蝨以形名，油麻、脂麻謂其多脂油也。按張揖廣雅胡麻一 名藤弘。弘亦巨也。别録一名鴻藏者，乃藤弘之誤也。又杜寶拾遺記云： 隋 大業四年，改胡麻曰交麻。 Explanation of Names. Ju sheng 巨勝, Ben jing. Fang jing 方莖, Wu Pu. Gou shi 狗 蝨, Bie lu. You ma 油麻, Shi liao. Zhi ma 脂麻, Yan yi. A common writing is zhi ma 芝麻, but that is wrong. The leaves are called qing xiang 青蘘, read xiang 箱. The stem is called ma jie 麻䕸, read jie 皆, also written jie 稭. [Li] Shizhen: According to Shen Cunzhong’s Bi tan, “hu ma 胡麻 is today’s you ma 油麻; there is no other explanation. In ancient times, China had only da ma 大麻 and its fruits were called ben 蕡. During the Han, Zhang Qian was the first to bring back from Da wan you ma 油麻 seeds. Hence it was called hu ma 胡麻, ‘ma 麻 from the Hu [country],’ to distinguish it from China’s da ma 大麻.” Kou Zongshi in his Yan yi, too, bases his

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explanation of hu ma 胡麻 on these records, and for this reason it is brought together here with you ma 油麻. [The name] ju sheng 巨勝 indicates that the pods of hu ma 胡麻 are as “big”, ju 巨, as fang sheng 方勝 (female headdress). It does not refer to another item. Fang jing 方莖, “square stem,” is a name based on the [shape of the] stem, jing 莖. Gou shi 狗蝨, “dog louse,” is a name based on the shape [of the seeds]. You ma 油麻, “oil sesame,” and zhi ma 脂麻, “fat sesame,” indicate that [the seeds] include much fat, zhi 脂, and oil, you 油. According to Zhang Yi’s Guang ya, hu ma 胡麻 is also called teng hong 藤弘. Hong 弘, too, stands for ju 巨, “big,” The Bie lu has hong cang 鴻藏 as an alternative name. That is an erroneous writing of teng hong 藤弘. Also, Du Bao in his Shi yi ji states: “In the fourth year of the da ye 大業 reign period (608) of the Sui dynasty, the name hu ma 胡麻 was changed to jiao ma 交麻.“ 【集解】【别録曰】胡麻一名巨勝，生上黨川澤，秋采之。青蘘，巨勝 苗也，生中原川谷。【弘景曰】胡麻，八穀之中，惟此爲良。純黑者名 巨勝，巨者大也。本生大宛，故名胡麻。又以莖方者爲巨勝，圓者爲胡 麻。【恭曰】其角作八稜者爲巨勝，四稜者爲胡麻。都以烏者爲良，白 者爲劣。【詵曰】沃地種者八稜，山田種者四稜。土地有異，功力則同。 【斅曰】巨勝有七稜，色赤味酸澀者乃真。其八稜者、兩頭尖者、色紫黑 者及烏油麻，並呼胡麻，誤矣。【頌曰】胡麻處處種之，稀復野生。苗 梗如麻，而葉圓鋭光澤。嫩時可作蔬，道家多食之。本經謂胡麻一名巨 勝，陶弘景以莖之方圓分别，蘇恭以角稜多少分别，仙方有服胡麻、巨勝 二法，功用小别，是皆以爲二物矣。或云即今油麻，本生胡中，形體類 麻，故名胡麻。八穀之中最爲大勝，故名巨勝，乃一物二名。如此則是 一物而有二種，如天雄、附子之類。故葛洪云：胡麻中有一葉兩尖者爲 巨勝。别録 序例云：細麻即胡麻也，形扁扁爾，其莖方者名巨勝是也。 今人所用胡麻之葉，如荏而狹尖。莖高四五尺。黄花，生子成房，如胡麻 角而小。嫩時可食，甚甘滑，利大腸。皮亦可作布，類大麻，色黄而脆， 俗亦謂之黄麻。其實黑色，如韭子而粒細，味苦如膽，杵末略無膏油。其 説各異。此乃服食家要藥，乃爾差誤，豈復得效也。【宗奭曰】胡麻諸説 參差不一，止是今人脂麻，更無他義。以其種來自大宛，故名胡麻。今胡 地所出者皆肥大，其紋鵲，其色紫黑，取油亦多。嘉祐本草白油麻與此乃 一物，但以色言之，比胡地之麻差淡，不全白爾。今人通呼脂麻，故二條 治療大同。如川大黄、上黨人參之類，特以其地所宜立名，豈可與他土者 爲二物乎？【時珍曰】胡麻即脂麻也。有遲、早二種，黑、白、赤三色， 其莖皆方。秋開白花，亦有帶紫艷者。節節結角，長者寸許。有四稜、六 稜者，房小而子少，七稜、八稜者，房大而子多，皆隨土地肥瘠而然。蘇 恭以四稜爲胡麻，八稜爲巨勝，正謂其房勝巨大也。其莖高者三四尺。有 一莖獨上者，角纏而子少；有開枝四散者，角繁而子多，皆因苗之稀稠而 然也。其葉有本團而末鋭者，有本團而末分三丫如鴨掌形者，葛洪謂一



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葉兩尖爲巨勝者指此。蓋不知烏麻、白麻，皆有二種葉也。按本經胡麻 一名巨勝，吴普本草一名方莖，抱朴子及五符經並云巨勝一名胡麻，其説 甚明。至陶弘景始分莖之方圓。雷斅又以赤麻爲巨勝，謂烏麻非胡麻。嘉 祐本草復出白油麻，以别胡麻。並不知巨勝即胡麻中丫葉巨勝而子肥者， 故承誤啓疑如此。惟孟詵謂四稜、八稜爲土地肥瘠，寇宗奭據沈存中之 説，斷然以脂麻爲胡麻，足以證諸家之誤矣。又賈思勰齊民要術種收胡麻 法，即今種收脂麻之法，則其爲一物尤爲可據。今市肆間因莖分方圓之 説，遂以茺蔚子僞爲巨勝，以黄麻子及大藜子僞爲胡麻，誤而又誤矣。茺 蔚子長一分許，有三稜。黄麻子黑如細韭子，味苦。大藜子狀如壁蝨及酸 棗核仁，味辛甘，並無脂油。不可不辨。梁 簡文帝勸醫文有云：世誤以灰 滌菜子爲胡麻。則胡麻之訛，其來久矣。【慎微曰】俗傳胡麻須夫婦同種 則茂盛。故本事詩云：胡麻好種無人種，正是歸時又不歸。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Hu ma is also called ju sheng 巨勝. It grows in river [valley] marshlands of Shang dang and is collected in autumn. Qing xiang 青蘘 is the seedling of ju sheng 巨勝. It grows in the river valleys of Zhong yuan. [Tao] Hongjing: Hu ma is one of the eight cereals. It is the only one that is good. Entirely black specimens are called ju sheng 巨勝. Ju 巨 means da 大, “big.” Originally it grew in Da wan; hence it is called “ma 麻 from the Hu [country].” Also, those [plants] with a square stem are ju sheng 巨勝; those with a round stem are hu ma 胡 麻. [Su] Gong: Those with pods with eight edges are ju sheng 巨勝. Those with [pods] with four edges are called hu ma 胡麻. Of both kinds, black ones are good; white ones are inferior. [Meng] Shen: Those growing on fertile ground have eight edges; those growing on mountains in the wild have four edges. The soil and the ground differ, but the [therapeutic] potential and strength are identical. [Lei] Xiao: When ju sheng has seven edges, is red in color and has a sour and astringent flavor, it is genuine. Specimens with eight edges, those with two pointed tips, those that are purple-black in color, and also wu you ma 烏油麻, they all are called hu ma 胡麻, which is wrong. [Su] Song: Hu ma is planted everywhere. It is rarely found growing in the wild. The seedling has a stalk similar to hat of ma 麻, with leaves that are round, pointed, shiny and moist. As long as they are tender they can be prepared to a vegetable. Daoists often eat it. The Ben jing says: “Hu ma is also named ju sheng.” Tao Hongjing distinguishes between those with a square and those with a round stem. Su Gong distinguishes them in view of the number of edges of their pods. The recipes of the hermits/immortals list two methods to ingest hu ma and ju sheng, attributing to them slightly different [therapeutic] potentials and applications. All these [authors] assume them to be two different items. Some say that today’s you ma 油麻 originally grew in [the land of the] Hu, and therefore is named hu ma 胡麻. Among the eight cereals it is the one that surpasses all the others, da sheng 大勝, and

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therefore is named ju sheng 巨勝. That is, these are two names for one item. In other words, this is an example of one item appearing in two kinds, similar to tian xiong 天雄 (carmichael’s monkshood root/aconitum carmichaeli) and fu zi 附子 (aconitum accessory tubers). Hence Ge Hong states: “Those specimens of hu ma that have one leaf with two pointed ends are ju sheng 巨勝.” The Introduction to the Bie lu states: “Xi ma 細麻 is hu ma 胡麻. It is very flat. Specimens with a square stem are called ju sheng 巨勝.” That is correct. The leaves of hu ma used by people today are similar to those of common perilla, but they are narrow and pointed. The stem is four to five chi tall. It has yellow flowers and seeds forming a “housing,” similar to hu ma pods but smaller. As long as they are tender, they are edible. They are very sweet and smooth, freeing the passage through the large intestine. Its bark can be made to fabric, similar to hemp, da ma 大麻. It is yellow in color and brittle; it is commonly also called huang ma 黄麻. Its fruits are black in color, similar to the seeds of Chinese leek, but with finer grains. They taste as bitter as bile. When they are pounded into powder, they do not leave a pasty oil. All the descriptions differ. It is considered an important pharmaceutical drug by those who ingest it as food. But that must be wrong, because, if this were the case, how could it show additional therapeutic effects? [Kou] Zongshi: All the descriptions differ. But it is only today’s zhi ma 脂麻 and there is nothing else to it. As its seeds were introduced from [the Hu country] Da wan it is named hu ma 胡麻. Specimens coming from the region of the Hu these days are fat and big, with a magpie (i. e., black and white) line design. They are colored purple-black and carry much oil. The white you ma 油麻 listed in the Jia you ben cao is the same item. But in terms of color, [white you ma 油麻] is of much weaker color than ma 麻 from the Hu region. It is not purely white. Today, people call all of them zhi ma 脂麻. Hence the therapeutic [properties] assigned to them in their entries are largely identical. This is comparable to substances such as glycyrrhiza [root from Si] chuan and ginseng [root] from Shang dang. As they are named in reference to their places of origin, why should they be an item different from those from other regions? [Li] Shizhen: Hu ma 胡麻 is zhi ma 脂麻. There are two kinds, one of which grows delayed, the other grows early. They have three colors, black, white and red. Their stems are always square. In autum they open white flowers. There are some with a gorgeous purple color. They form pods at each node. Long ones reach a length of about one cun. Some have four edges, some have six edges, with small “housings” of few seeds. Those with seven or eight edges have big “housings” with many seeds. All this depends on the fertility of the soil and ground where they grow. Su Gong identifies those with four edges as hu ma 胡麻 and those with eight edges as ju sheng 巨勝. That is to say, [ju sheng 巨勝] are those with a “housing” bigger than all others, sheng ju da 勝巨大, and stems three to four chi tall.



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There are some with only one stem; they have small pods and few seeds. There are others with branches spreading in all four directions, many pods and plenty of seeds. All that depends on whether the seedling grows isolated or in dense clusters. The leaves may be round with a pointed end, or round and forked with three ends, similar to a duck’s claw. When Ge Hong identifies those with one leaf with two pointed ends as ju sheng 巨勝, these are the ones he refers to. The fact is, he did not know that both wu ma 烏麻, “black ma,” and bai ma 白麻, “white ma,” have two kinds of leaves. Now, the Ben jing lists hu ma 胡麻 and refers to ju sheng 巨勝 as its alternative name. In Wu Pu’s Ben cao the alternative name is fang jing 方莖. Baopu zi and Wu fu jing both state: “Ju sheng 巨勝, alternative name hu ma 胡麻.” These statements were quite clear. Beginning with Tao Hongjing the stems were distinguished in view of their being square or round. Lei Xiao considered chi ma 赤麻, “red ma,” as ju sheng 巨勝, and he said that wu ma 烏麻, “black ma,” is not hu ma 胡麻. The Jia you ben cao devised a separate entry bai you ma 白油麻 to distinguish it from hu ma 胡麻. They all did not know that ju sheng 巨勝 are those specimens of hu ma 胡 麻 that have forked leaves, larger than all others, ju sheng 巨勝, and fat seeds. Hence this way they perpetuated errors and uncertainty. Only Meng Shen pointed out that whether a plant had four edges or eight edges depended on the fertile nature of the soil and ground [where it grows]. And Kou Zongshi following the explanations of Shen Cunzhong made clear that zhi ma 脂麻 is hu ma 胡麻, which should be sufficient to expose the errors of all [previous] authors. Also, the method of planting and harvesting hu ma outlined in Jia Sixie’s Qi min yao shu is the method of [planting and] harvesting zhi ma today. That makes it even more obvious that they are one and the same item. Today, because of the sayings that the stem is to be distinguished as to whether it is square or round, leonurus seeds are falsely offered on the markets as ju sheng, and huang ma zi 黄麻子, yellow hemp seeds, and big lamb’s quarter seeds are falsely sold as hu ma 胡麻. This way, errors are added to errors. Leonurus seeds are about one fen long and have three edges. Yellow hemp seeds are black and fine similar to leek seeds, with a bitter flavor. Big lamb’s quarter seeds are shaped like lice and sour date kernels, with an acrid-sweet flavor. None of them has fat or oil. They must be distinguished. During the Liang dynasty, Emperor Jian Wen in his Quan yi wen stated: “All the world wrongly assumes hui tao cai zi 灰滌菜子 to be hu ma 胡麻.” That is, identifying [items] falsely as hu ma has a long history. [Tang] Shenwei: A common tradition has it that hu ma should be planted by husband and wife together for abundant growth. Hence the Ben shi shi states: “There are good seeds available of hu ma, but no one is here to plant them. Because at the time he should have returned, he failed to return.”

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22-01-01 胡麻 Hu ma

Sesame [seeds]. 【修治】【弘景曰】服食胡麻取烏色者，當九蒸九暴，熬搗餌之。斷穀， 長生，充飢。雖易得而學者未能常服，况餘藥耶？蒸不熟，令人髮落。其 性與伏苓相宜。俗方用之甚少，時以合湯丸爾。【斅曰】凡修事以水淘去 浮者，晒乾，以酒拌蒸，從巳至亥，出攤晒乾。臼中舂去粗皮，留薄皮。 以小豆對拌，同炒。豆熟，去豆用之。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Tao] Hongjing: To ingest hu ma [seeds] as food, take those that are black in color. They must be steamed nine times, dried in the sun nine times and are simmered to be consumed. They enable one to end the consumption of cereals, extend life and prevent hunger. Even though they are obtained easily, scholars do not ingest them regularly, and does this not apply all the more to other pharmaceutical drugs? If [consumed] without having been adequately steamed, they cause hair loss. Their nature is appropriate for a combined application with poria. Common recipes very rarely use them. They are occasionally used for decoctions and pills. [Lei] Xiao: For all [pharmaceutical] processing, wash them in a pan, discard those that float on the surface and dry [the others] in the sun. Mix them with wine and steam them from from si 巳 hours (9 – 11) to hai 亥 hours (21 – 23). Remove them [from the liquid] and spread them to let them dry. Pound them in a mortar and remove the coarse skin, retaining the thin skin. Mix them with an equal amount of mung beans and stir-fry [this mixture]. When the beans are done, remove the beans and use [the seeds for therapeutic purposes]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【士良曰】初食利大小腸，久食即否，去陳留 新。【鏡源曰】巨勝可煮丹砂。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Chen] Shiliang: When they are eaten, at first they free the passage through the large and the small intestine. Eaten for a long time, this is no longer the case. They eliminate what is old and retain what is new. Jing yuan: “Ju sheng 巨勝 can serve to boil cinnabar.” 【主治】傷中虚羸，補五内，益氣力，長肌肉，填髓腦。久服，輕身不 老。本經。堅筋骨，明耳目，耐飢渴，延年。療金瘡止痛，及傷寒温瘧大 吐後，虚熱羸困。别録。補中益氣，潤養五臟，補肺氣，止心驚，利大小 腸，耐寒暑，逐風濕氣、遊風、頭風，治勞氣，産後羸困，催生落胞。 細研塗髮令長。白蜜蒸餌，治百病。日華。炒食，不生風。病風人久食， 則步履端正，語言不蹇。李廷飛。生嚼塗小兒頭瘡，煎湯浴惡瘡、婦人陰 瘡，大效。蘇恭。



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Control. Harmed center with depletion emaciation. They supplement the five internal [long-term depots], boost the strength of qi, stimulate the growth of muscles and flesh and fill up the brain. Ingested for a long time, they relieve the body of its weight and prevent aging. Ben jing. They harden sinews and bones, clear ears and eyes, help to endure hunger and thirst and extend the years [of life]. They heal wounds caused by metal objects/weapons and end pain. Also, harm caused by cold, warmth malaria and, following massive vomiting, depletion heat, emaciation and weariness. Bie lu. They supplement the center and boost the qi, they moisten and nourish the five long-term depots, supplement lung qi, end heart fright, free the passage through the large and small intestine, help to endure cold and summer heat, drive out wind and moisture qi, roaming wind,922 and head wind,923 serve to cure qi exhaustion, emaciation and weariness following delivery, expedite childbirth and stimulate the release of the placenta. Ground to a fine [powder] and applied to the hair they stimulate its growth. Steamed with white honey and eaten they serve to cure the hundreds of diseases. Rihua. Eaten stir-fried they prevent a generation of wind. If people suffering from prolonged wind [intrusion] eat them for a long time, they can walk upright again and speak freely. Li Tingfei. Chew fresh [seeds] and apply [the resulting mass] to head sores of children. Boil them and use the resulting decoction to bathe malign sores and sores in the yin [(i. e., genital) region] of women. Very effective. Su Gong. 22-01-02 白油麻嘉祐 Bai you ma, FE Jia you Light colored sesame seeds.

【氣味】甘，大寒，無毒。【宗奭曰】白脂麻，世用不可一日闕者，亦不 至於大寒也。【原曰】生者性寒而治疾，炒者性熱而發病，蒸者性温而補 人。【詵曰】久食抽人肌肉。其汁停久者，飲之發霍亂。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, very cold, nonpoisonous. [Kou] Zongshi: Bai zhi ma is something you cannot do without in everday life. Also, [the seeds] are not as “very cold” [as stated before]. [Ning] Yuan: When they are fresh/unprocessed their nature is cold and they serve to cure illness. When they are stir-fried their nature is hot and they cause the outbreak of disease. When they are steamed their nature is warm and they supplement one’s [qi]. [Meng] Shen: Eaten over a long period of time, they shrink muscles and flesh. If their juice is left aside for a long time and then drunk, it causes cholera. 922 You feng 游風, “roaming wind,” a condition of roaming and sudden pain and itching brought about by feng xie 風 邪, “wind evil.” BCGM Dict I, 645.

923 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509.

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【主治】治虚勞，滑腸胃，行風氣，通血脉，去頭上浮風，潤肌肉。食後 生噉一合，終身勿輟。又與乳母服之，孩子永不生病。客熱，可作飲汁服 之。生嚼，傅小兒頭上諸瘡，良。孟詵。仙方蒸以辟穀。蘇恭。 Control. They serve to cure depletion emaciation, smoothen the passage through the intestines and the stomach, stimulate the passage of wind qi, free the passage through the blood vessels, remove floating wind from the head, and moisten muscles and flesh. Eat one ge [of these seeds] after meals, and do not stop this during your entire life. Also, [the seeds] given to a wet nurse to ingest will keep the child from having any disease in all his life. For visitor heat, prepare it to a potable juice and ingest it. Chew the fresh/unprocessed [seeds] and apply [the resulting mass] to all types of sores and a child’s head. Good. Meng Sheng. The recipes of the hermits/immortals [recommend to] steam it [and eat it to enable one] to abstain from cereals. Su Gong.924 【發明】【甄權曰】巨勝乃仙經所重。以白蜜等分合服，名静神丸。治肺 氣，潤五臟，其功甚多。亦能休糧，填人精髓，有益於男。患人虚而吸吸 者，加而用之。【時珍曰】胡麻取油以白者爲勝，服食以黑者爲良，胡地 者尤妙。取其黑色入通于腎，而能潤燥也。赤者狀如老茄子，殼厚油少， 但可食爾，不堪服食。唯錢乙治小兒痘瘡變黑歸腎百祥丸，用赤脂麻煎 湯送下，蓋亦取其解毒耳。五符經有巨勝丸，云即胡麻，本生大宛，五穀 之長也。服之不息，可以知萬物，通神明，與世常存。參同契亦云：巨勝 可延年，還丹入口中。古以胡麻爲仙藥而近世罕用，或者未必有此神驗， 但久服有益而已耶。劉、阮入天台，遇仙女，食胡麻飯。亦以胡麻同米作 飯，爲仙家食品焉爾。又按蘇東坡與程正輔書云：凡痔疾，宜斷酒肉與鹽 酪、醬菜、厚味及粳米飯，唯宜食淡麪一味。及以九蒸胡麻即黑脂麻，同 去皮茯苓，入少白蜜爲麨食之。日久氣力不衰而百病自去，而痔漸退。此 乃長生要訣，但易知而難行爾。據此説，則胡麻爲脂麻尤可憑矣。其用茯 苓，本陶氏註胡麻之説也。近人以脂麻擂爛去滓，入緑豆粉作腐食。其性 平潤，最益老人。 Explication. Zhen Quan: Ju sheng 巨勝 is valued in the classics of the hermits/immortals. When it is mixed with an equal amount of white honey and ingested, [the recipe] is called “quiet deity pills.” They serve to cure lung qi [disorder] and moisten the five long-term depots, very often with an effective [therapeutic] potential. They also help to stop eating cereals, and they fill up essence/sperm and marrow. They boost [the qi of ] males. If someone suffers from depletion and pants, use them as an additive [to his medication]. [Li] Shizhen: When the oil of hu ma is gathered, white [seeds] are best. When they are eaten as food, black [seeds] are good. Those 924 The preceding passage is quoted in Zheng lei ch. 24, entry hu ma 胡麻, from the Tu jing. It is not a statement by Su Gong.



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coming from Hu land are especially wondrous. One makes use of their black color to let them enter the kidneys where they are able to moisten dryness. Red [seeds] that are shaped like old eggplants and have a thick shell and little oil may be eaten but should not be ingested [regularly] as food. Qian Yi [advises to] send down his “one hundred times auspicious pills” with a red zhi ma decoction to treat pox sores of children that have turned black and entered the kidneys. The fact is, this way he avails himself of its ability to resolve poison. The Wu fu jing lists “ju sheng 巨 勝 pills” stating: “Hu ma originally grew in Da wan. It occupies the top position among cereals. If it is ingested continuously, it enables one to know the myriad things, to communicate with spirit brilliance and to exist forever.” The Can tong qi, too, states: “Ju sheng can extend the years [of life]. In elixirs it enters the mouth.” In antiquity, hu ma was a pharmaceutical drug of hermits/immortals, but in recent times it is rarely used. Maybe it does not have such divine effects. Still, ingested over long periods of time it is beneficial, no doubt. When Liu and Ruan went into the mountains they met an immortal girl that ate a cooked rice dish with hu ma. That is, dishes made of hu ma and cooked rice are foodstuff of hermit/immortal experts. Also, according to Su Dongpo in his letter to Chen Zhengfu: “All [those who suffer from] piles should abstain from wine and meat, salt and junket, preserved vegetables, items with a strongly pronounced flavor and dishes cooked with non-glutinous rice. All they should eat are tasteless noodles. Also, they should take nine times steamed hu ma, i. e., black zhi ma 脂麻, and poria with its skin removed, add a little white honey and make dextrin. If this is continued for quite a while the strength of qi will not weaken and the hundreds of diseases will all leave as a result, with the piles gradually receding. That is an important advice for longevity, but it is easy to know and difficult to practice.” Based on all of this, that hu ma 胡麻 is zhi ma 脂麻 is most reliable. The use of poria [in this recipe] is based on a statement by Mr. Tao [Hongjing] in his comment on hu ma. In recent times, people pound zhi ma into a pulpy mass. They discard the dregs, add mung bean powder and prepare a bean curd that they eat. Its nature is balanced and moistening and it is extremely beneficial for older people.

594

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】舊十五，新十六。 Added Recipes. 15 of old, 16 newly [recorded].

服食胡麻。抱朴子云：，淘净甑蒸，令氣遍。日乾，以水淘去沫再蒸，如 此九度。以湯脱去皮，簸净，炒香爲末，白蜜或棗膏丸彈子大。每温酒化 下一丸，日三服。忌毒魚、狗肉、生菜。服至百日，能除一切痼疾。一年 身面光澤不飢，二年白髮返黑，三年齒落更生，四年水火不能害，五年行 及奔馬，久服長生。若欲下之，飲葵菜汁。 To ingest hu ma as food. The Baopu zi states: “Wash three dou of hu ma [seeds] from Shang dang in a pan and steam it to activate all their qi. Wash them again in water, remove the foam and steam them a second time. Do this nine times. Then soak them in hot water to remove the skin and winnow them to clean them [of the chaff ]. Stir-fry them until they develop a fragrance and [grind them into] powder. With white honey or Chinese date pulp prepare pills the size of a bullet. Each time send down one pill dissolved in warm wine. To be ingested three times a day. [While ingesting these pills] poisonous fish, dog meat, and fresh vegetables should be avoided. When these [pills] are ingested for one hundred days, all ailments of obstinacy-illness are eliminated. After one year the body and the face are shiny and glossy, and [the person] feels no hunger. After two years, white hair has turned black again. After three years, where teeth have fallen out new teeth grow. After four years neither water nor fire can harm [that person]. After five years he will walk as fast as a horse runs. Ingested over long periods of time it grants longevity. If it is intended to cause a [free flow] discharge, [send it down] with a mallow juice beverage.” 孫真人云：用胡麻三升，去黄褐者，蒸三十遍，微炒香爲末。入白蜜三 升，杵三百下，丸梧桐子大。每旦服五十丸。人過四十以上，久服明目洞 視，腸柔如筋也。 Sun zhenren states: “Take three sheng of hu ma [seeds], discard those that are yellow and brown, steam the remaining seeds 30 times, slightly stir-fry them until they develop a fragrance and [grind them into] powder. Add it to three sheng of white honey, pound this 300 times and form pills the size of wu tong seeds. Every morning ingest 50 pills. When persons of 40 years and older ingest them for a long time, they clear the eyes and provide perfect eyesight, and their intestines will remain as soft as a sinew.” 仙方傳云：魯女生服胡麻、餌术，絶穀八十餘年，甚少壯，日行三百里， 走及麞鹿。 The Xian fang chuan925 states: “Lu Nüsheng ingested hu ma [seeds] and consumed atractylodes [rhizomes]. He did not eat cereals for more than 80 years and retained 925 Zheng lei ch. 24, hu ma 胡麻, refers to the source as Shen xian chuan 神仙傳.



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a youthful strength. He walked 300 li every day, and was able to catch up with roebucks.” 食巨勝。治五臟虚損，益氣力，堅筋骨。用巨勝九蒸九暴，收貯。每服二 合，湯浸布裹。挼去皮再研，水濾汁煎飲，和粳米煮粥食之。【時珍曰】 古有服食胡麻、巨勝二法。方不出于一人，故有二法，其實一物也。 To eat ju sheng 巨勝. This serves to cure depletion injury affecting the five long-term depots. It boosts the strength of qi and hardens the sinews and the bones. Store ju sheng that was steamed nine times and dried in the sun nine times. Each time ingest two ge. Soak it in hot water, wrap it in fabric and rub off the skin. Then grind it again [into powder] and strain it with water to obtain a juice. Boil it and drink it. Mix it with non-glutinous rice to prepare a congee and eat it. [Li] Shizhen: In antiquity two methods [were introduced] to ingest hu ma and ju sheng [seeds] as food. The recipes did not originate from only one person. That is why there are two methods. But in fact they are concerned with the same item. 白髮返黑。烏麻九蒸九晒，研末，棗膏丸，服之。千金方。 To let white hair turn black again. Grind wu ma, steamed nine times and dried in the sun nine times, into powder, with Chinese date pulp form pills and ingest them. Qian jin fang. 腰脚疼痛。新胡麻一升，熬香杵末。日服一小升，服至一斗永瘥。温酒、 蜜湯、薑汁皆可下。千金。 Painful lower back and legs. Simmer one sheng of new hu ma [seeds] until they develop a fragrance and grind them into powder. Every day ingest one modest sheng. Once a dou is ingested, [the pain] is cured forever. Warm wine, a honey decoction, and ginger juice can all be used to send [the powder] down. Qian jin. 手脚酸痛，微腫。用脂麻熬研五升，酒一升，浸一宿。隨意飲。外臺。 Soreness and pain affecting hands and legs, with a slight swelling. Soak five sheng of zhi ma, simmered and ground [into powder], in one sheng of wine for one night and drink this at will. Wai tai. 入水肢腫，作痛。生胡麻搗塗之。千金。 Painful swelling of limbs when water is entered.926 Pound fresh hu ma [seeds] and apply [the pulp to the affected region]. Qian jin.

926 Ru shui 入水, “to enter water,” a metaphor for male’s engagement in sexual intercourse.

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偶感風寒。脂麻炒焦，乘熱擂酒飲之。煖卧取微汗出良。 Accidental exposure to wind and cold. Stir-fry zhi ma [seeds] until they are scorched. Pound the hot [seeds] in wine and drink this. Lie down covered warm to sweat. Good. 中暑毒死。救生散：用新胡麻一升，微炒令黑，攤冷爲末，新汲水調服三 錢。或丸彈子大，水下。經驗後方。 Death because of being struck by summer heat poison. The “powder to save a life.” Slightly stir-fry one sheng of new hu ma [seeds] until they have turned black. Spread them out to let them cool and [grind them into] powder. [Force the patient to] ingest three qian mixed with newly drawn water, or form pills the size of a bullet and send them down with water. Jing yan hou fang. 嘔啘不止。白油麻一大合，清油半斤，煎取三合，去麻温服。近效方。 Unending retching. Boil one generous ge of white you ma and half a jin927 of clear oil down to three ge. Remove the [you] ma [seeds] and ingest [the liquid] warm.928 Jin xiao fang. 牙齒痛腫。胡麻五升，水一斗，煮汁五升。含漱吐之，不過二劑，神良。 肘後。 Toothache. Boil five sheng of hu ma [seeds] in one dou of water down to obtain five sheng of juice. Hold it in the mouth to rinse [the affected region] and spit it out. No more than two preparations are required. Divinely good. Zhou hou. 熱淋莖痛。烏麻子、蔓菁子各五合，炒黄，緋袋盛，以井花水三升浸之。 每食前服一錢。聖惠方。 Painful stem (i. e., penis) with heat and urinary dripping. Stir-fry five ge each of wu ma seeds and rape turnip seeds until they have turned yellow and soak them in three sheng of well splendor water.929 Each time ingest one qian prior to a meal. Sheng hui fang. 小兒下痢赤白。用油麻一合搗，和蜜湯服之。外臺。 Red and white discharge with free-flux illness of children. Pound one ge of you ma, mix it with a honey decoction and [let the child] ingest it. Wai tai. 927 Instead of qing you ban jin 清油半斤, “half a jin of clear oil,” Zheng lei ch. 24, bai you ma 白油麻 writes qing jiu ban sheng 清酒半升, “half a sheng of clear wine.” 928 Instead of wen 温, “warm,” Zheng lei ch. 24, bai you ma 白油麻 writes dun 頓, “immediately.”

929 Jing hua shui 井華水, “well splendor water,” i. e., the first water drawn from a well in the morning. BCGM Vol. II, 05-15-01.



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解下胎毒。小兒初生，嚼生脂麻，綿包，與兒咂之，其毒自下。 To resolve and send down fetal poison.930 When a child was just born, chew new zhi ma [seeds], wrap them in silk and give this to the child to suck. This leads to a discharge of the poison. 小兒急疳。油麻嚼傅之。外臺。 Acute gan-illness931 of children. Chew you ma [seeds] and apply them [to the affected region]. Wai tai. 小兒軟癤。油麻炒焦，乘熱嚼爛傅之。譚氏小兒方。 Soft pimples of children. Stir-fry you ma [seeds] until they are scorched, chew them while they are hot into a pulpy mass and apply it [to the affected region]. Tan shi, Xiao er fang. 頭面諸瘡。脂麻生嚼傅之。普濟。 All types of sores on the head and in the face. Chew fresh zhi ma and apply [the resulting mass to the affected region]. Pu ji. 小兒瘰癧。脂麻、連翹等分，爲末，頻頻食之。簡便方。 Scrofula pervasion-illness932 of children. [Grind] equal amounts of zhi ma and forsythia [fruits] into powder and eat this repeatedly. Jian bian fang. 疔腫惡瘡。胡麻燒灰、針砂等分，爲末。醋和傅之，日三。普濟方。 Pin-illness933 swelling and malign sores. [Grind] equal amounts of hu ma [seeds], burned to ashes, and iron fragments into powder, mix it with vinegar and apply this [to the affected region]. Three times a day. Pu ji fang. 痔瘡風腫，作痛。胡麻子煎湯洗之，即消。 Painful piles sores with wind [intrusion] and swelling. Wash [the affected region] with a hu ma seed decoction and [the swelling] dissolves. 930 Tai du 胎毒, “fetal poison,” a heat poison transferred from a mother’s body to a fetus during pregnancy, resulting in a child’s predisposition for developing smallpox and other diseases. BCGM Dict I, 485. 931 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

932 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 933 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],” also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129.

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坐板瘡疥。生脂麻嚼傅之。筆峰雜興。 Sores from sitting on a plank934 and jie-illness.935 Chew fresh zhi ma [seeds] and apply [the resulting mass to the affected region]. Bifeng, Za xing. 陰痒生瘡。胡麻嚼爛傅之，良。肘後。 Itching sores developed in the yin [(i., e., genital) region]. Chew hu ma [seeds] into a pulpy mass and apply it [to the affected region]. Good. Zhou hou. 乳瘡腫痛。用脂麻炒焦，研末，以燈窩油調塗即安。 Breast sores with painful swelling. Stir-fry zhi ma [seeds] until they are scorched and grind them into powder. Mix it with oil from a lamp and apply it [to the affected region]. That does the healing. 婦人乳少。脂麻炒研，入鹽少許，食之。唐氏。 Minimal production of nursing milk by a woman. Stir-fry zhi ma [seeds] and grind [them into powder]. Add a little salt and [let the woman] eat it. Tang shi. 湯火傷灼。胡麻生研如泥，塗之。外臺。 Burns caused by hot water and fire. Grind fresh hu ma [seeds] into a mud-like mass and apply it [to the affected region]. Wai tai. 蜘蛛咬瘡。油麻研爛傅之。經驗後方。 Spider bites resulting in sores. Grind you ma [seeds] into a pulpy mass and apply it [to the affected region]. Jing yan hou fang. 諸蟲咬傷。同上。 Damage from worm/bug bites. Recipe identical with the one above. 蚰蜒入耳。胡麻炒研，作袋枕之。梅師。 A common house centipede has entered an ear. Stir-fry hu ma [seeds] and grind them [into powder]. Put them into a sack and use it as a headrest. Mei shi. 穀賊尸咽，喉中痛痒，此因誤吞穀芒，搶刺痒痛也。穀賊屬咽，尸咽屬 喉，不可不分。用脂麻炒研，白湯調下。三因方。

934 Zuo ban chuang 坐板瘡, “sores from sitting on the plank,” a condition developing on the buttocks and legs where one has been in contact with a wooden seat or chair, BCGM Dict I, 705. 935 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.



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Grain intrusion936 and corpse [worms/bugs] throat,937 with an itching pain in the throat. The origin [of such a disease] is accidental ingestion of a rice awn. It pierces [the throat] with an itching pain. Grain intrusion refers to [an intrusion in] the pharynx. Corpse [worms/bugs] throat refers to [a disease affecting] the throat. They must be distinguished. Stir-fry zhi ma [seeds] and grind them [into powder]. Send it down mixed with clear, boiled water. San yin fang. 癰瘡不合。烏麻炒黑，搗付之。千金。 Obstruction-illness938 sores that do not close. Stir-fry wu ma [seeds] until they have turned black, pound them and attach [the resulting powder to the affected region]. Qian jin. 小便尿血。胡麻三升杵末，以東流水二升浸一宿，平旦絞汁，頓熱服。千 金方。 Urination with blood. Pound three sheng of hu ma [seeds] into powder and soak it for one night in water flowing eastward. The next morning squeeze it to obtain a juice and immediately ingest it as long as it is hot. Qian jin fang. 22-01-03 胡麻油 Hu ma you Sesame [seed] oil. 即香油。 That is, fragrant oil. 【弘景曰】生笮者良。若蒸炒者，止可供食及然燈耳，不入藥用。【宗奭 曰】炒熟乘熱壓出油，謂之生油，但可點照。須再煎鍊，乃爲熟油，始可 食，不中點照，亦一異也。如鐵自火中出而謂之生鐵，亦此義也。【時珍 曰】入藥以烏麻油爲上，白麻油次之，須自笮乃良。若市肆者，不惟已經 蒸炒，而又雜之以僞也。 [Tao] Hongjing: [The oil] squeezed from fresh [seeds] is good. If [the seeds] had been steamed and stir-fried, [the oil] can only be used to prepare food and light lamps; it is no longer appropriate for medical application. [Kou] Zongshi: Oil pressed out of [hu ma seeds] stir-fried until done as long as they are hot is called 936 Gu zei 穀賊, “grain intrusion,” a condition of swelling and pain in the gullet resulting from an inadvertent ingestion of awns or spikes of cereals. BCGM Dict 196. 937 Shi yan 屍咽, corpse [bugs/worms] throat, a condition of a disease affecting the throat with pain and itching and loss of voice. BCGM Dict I, 458. 938 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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“crude oil.” It can only be used to light lamps. It must be boiled and heat prepared again to become “prepared oil.” Only then it is edible; it is no longer appropriate for lighting a lamp. That is the difference [between “crude oil” and “prepared oil”]. That is similar to iron that comes out of fire and is called “crude iron.” The underlying meaning [of calling it “crude”] is the same. [Li] Shizhen: For use as medication, black sesame [seed] oil, wu ma you 烏麻油, is best. White sesame [seed] oil, bai ma you 白麻油, is of secondary value. It is good when it is pressed [out of the seeds] by oneself. If it was obtained on the market, it was made from seeds that have already been steamed and fried, and besides, it has been mixed with other things and is a fake. 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】利大腸，産婦胞衣不落。生油摩腫，生秃髮。别録。去頭面遊 風。孫思邈。主天行熱閟，腸内結熱。服一合，取利爲度。藏器。主瘖 啞，殺五黄，下三焦熱毒氣，通大小腸，治蚘心痛。傅一切惡瘡疥癬，殺 一切蟲。取一合，和雞子兩顆，芒硝一兩，攪服。少時即瀉下熱毒，甚 良。孟詵。陳油：煎膏，生肌長肉止痛，消癰腫，補皮裂。日華。治癰疽 熱病。蘇頌。解熱毒、食毒、蟲毒，殺諸蟲螻蟻。時珍。 Control. It frees the passage through the large intestine, and helps when the placenta of a woman giving birth fails to descend. Crude oil is rubbed on a swelling; it stimulates the growth of hair in the case of baldness. Bie lu. It removes roaming wind939 from head and face. Sun Simiao. Control: For epidemic heat and heart-pressure, and heat nodes in the intestines, ingest one ge until a free flow occurs. [Chen] Cangqi. It controls loss of voice, and kills the [poison of the] five types of jaundice, huang 黄, “yellow.”940 It discharges heat poison qi from the Triple Burner and frees the passage through the large and small intestine. It serves to cure heart pain related to the presence of a tapeworm. It is applied to all types of malign sores, jie-illness941

939 You feng 游風, “roaming wind,” a condition of roaming and sudden pain and itching brought about by feng xie 風 邪, “wind evil.” BCGM Dict I, 645. 940 The five types of jaundice, huang 黄, “yellow,” identical with wu dan 五疸, “five types of dan-illness,” i. e., five different types of huang dan 黃疸,” “yellow dan-illness.” The “five types of dan-illness” have been defined differently by medical authorities. The most widely accepted definition includes gu dan 穀疸, grain dan-illness; jiu dan 酒疸, wine dan-illness; hei dan 黑疸, dark dan-illness; nü lao dan 女勞疸, dan-illness resulting from exhaustion with women; huang dan 黃疸, yellow dan-illness. 941 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.



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and xuan-illness.942 It kills all types of worms/bugs. Mix one ge [of hu ma seed] oil with two chicken eggs and one liang of mirabilite and ingest this. After a short while this leads to an outflow discharge of heat poison. Very good. Meng Shen. Long-stored oil: Boiled to [and applied as] an ointment, it stimulates the growth of muscles and flesh and ends pain. It dissolves obstruction-illness swelling and supplements chapped skin. Rihua. It serves to cure obstruction-illness and impediment-illness943 associated with a heat disease. Su Song. It resolves heat poison, food poison, the poison of worms/bugs and kills all worms/bugs and ants. [Li] Shizhen. 22-01-04 燈盞殘油 Deng zhan can you Oil residues in a lamp cup.

【主治】能吐風痰食毒，塗癰腫熱毒。又治猘犬咬傷，以灌瘡口甚良。時 珍。 Control. It can induce vomiting to throw up wind [intrusion] with phlegm and food poison. It is applied to obstruction-illness swelling with heat poison. Also, to cure harm caused by the bites of frenzied dogs, pour it on the opening of the sores. Very good. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【藏器曰】大寒，乃常食所用，而發冷疾，滑精髓，發臟腑渴， 困脾臟，令人體重損聲。【士良曰】有牙齒疾及脾胃疾人，切不可吃。治 飲食物須逐日熬熟用之。若經宿即動氣也。【劉完素曰】油生于麻，麻温 而油寒，同質而異性也。【震亨曰】香油乃炒熟脂麻所出，食之美，且不 致疾。若煎煉過，與火無異矣。【時珍曰】張華博物志言：積油滿百石， 則自能生火。陳霆墨談言：衣絹有油，蒸熱則出火星。是油與火同性矣。 用以煎煉食物，尤能動火生痰。陳氏謂之大寒，珍意不然。但生用之，有 潤燥解毒、止痛消腫之功，似乎寒耳。且香油能殺蟲，而病髮癥者嗜油。 煉油能自焚，而氣盡則反冷。此又物之玄理也。 Explication. [Chen] Cangqi: Very cold. When it is used for continued nutrition, it causes cold illness, induces an uninhibited release of essence-marrow/sperm, arous942 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness.” Conditions of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, a designation of local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591. 943 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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es thirst related to [qi disorder in] the long-term depots and short-term repositories, exhausts the spleen long-term depot, leads to a feeling of bodily heaviness and injures one’s voice. [Chen] Shiliang: Persons suffering from tooth illness and those with a spleen and stomach illness must not consume it. To prepare beverages and food it must be simmered until done every day anew before it is used. If it [is consumed after it] was kept overnight it will excite the qi. Liu Wansu: The oil is produced [by pressing hu] ma [seeds. Hu] ma is warm and the oil is cold. Their substance is identical, but they differ in their nature. [Zhu] Zhenheng: Xiang you 香 油 is obtained from zhi ma 脂麻 that is stir-fried until done. It is delicious to consume and does not cause illness. If it is heat processed by boiling, it is no different from fire. [Li] Shizhen: Zhang Hua in his Bo wu zhi says: “When the oil is kept for 100 days, it will spontaneously ignite.” Chen Ting in his Mo tan says: “When silk clothes are stained with oil, they will release fire sparks when steamed until they are hot.” That shows that oil and fire have an identical nature. [The oil] is used to cook and prepare with heat food, and it is able to excite fire and generate phlegm. Mr. Chen [Shiliang] says that it is very cold. [I, Li Shi]zhen believe that this is not the case. When only the crude [oil] is used it moistens dryness and resolves poison, it ends pain and dissolves swelling. Apparently, it is of cold [nature]. Also, xiang you 香油, “fragrant [sesame seed] oil,” can kill worms/bugs, and patients suffering from a hair concretion-illness love to ingest the oil. When the oil is heat refined it can spontaneously ignite. As soon as its qi are used up, it cools down again. That is another of the mysterious principles underlying things. 【附方】舊十，新二十六。 Added Recipes. Ten of old, 26 newly [recorded]. 髮癥飲油。外臺云：病髮癥者，欲得飲油。用油一升，入香澤煎之。盛置 病人頭邊，令氣入口鼻，勿與飲之。疲極眠睡，蟲當從口出。急以石灰粉 手捉取抽盡，即是髮也。初出如不流水中濃菜形。又云：治胸喉間覺有癥 蟲上下，嘗聞葱、豉食香，此乃髮癥蟲也。二日不食，開口而卧。以油煎 葱、豉令香，置口邊。蟲當出，以物引去之，必愈。 [Patients with] hair concretion-illness944 [addicted to] drinking oil. The Wai tai states: “[To treat] patients with a hair concretion-illness who wish to drink oil, add hair oil to one sheng of [hu ma] oil and boil this. Place it next to the patient’s head to let its qi enter his mouth and nose; but he must not drink it. [The patient] will be extremely tired, falls asleep and worms/bugs leave from his mouth. Quickly powder 944 Fa zheng 髮癥, “hair concretion-illness,” a condition of lumps forming in the chest when people eat hair.



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your hands with lime powder and pull all the [worms/bugs] out. They are the hairs. When they leave [the patient’s mouth], at first glance they look like vegetables condensed in stagnant water.” It is also stated: “To cure a feeling of concretion-illness with worms/bugs moving up and down in the chest and the throat. When [patients] smell the scent of onions, [soybean] relish and food, then this is a case of the presence of worms/bugs related to hair concretion-illness. [Patients] do not eat for two days and lie with their mouth open. Boil [hu ma] oil with onions and [soybean] relish until they develop a fragrance and position this next to the [patient’s] mouth. The worms/bugs will leave it. That is a method of luring the worms/bugs out with things [they love]; it does the healing.“ 髮瘕腰痛。南史云：宋明帝宫人腰痛牽心，發則氣絶。徐文伯診曰：髮瘕 也。以油灌之。吐物如髮，引之長三尺，頭已成蛇，能動摇，懸之滴盡， 惟一髮爾。 Lower back pain related to hair conglomeration-illness. The Nan shi states: “An imperial concubine of Song Emperor Ming di suffered from lower back pain pulling on her heart. When she experienced an outbreak [of her illness the flow of ] qi was interrupted. Xu Wenbo examined her and said: ‘It is a hair conglomeration-illness.’ She was force-fed [hu ma] oil and vomited items that looked like hairs. When they were pulled out, they were three chi in length and the head had already become that of a snake; it was able to wriggle. They suspended them and after all the liquid had dripped from them they were nothing but hairs.” 吐解蠱毒。以清油多飲取吐。嶺南方。 To induce vomiting to resolve gu poison.945 Drink much clear [hu ma] oil to induce vomiting. Ling nan fang. 解河豚毒。一時倉卒無藥，急以清麻油多灌，取吐出毒物即愈。衛生易簡 方。 To resolve globefish poison, if no medication is at hand, quickly force-feed [to the patient] large amounts of clear [hu] ma oil. If he vomits poisonous items, that is the healing. Wei sheng yi jian fang. 解砒石毒。麻油一碗，灌之。衛生方。 To resolve arsenic poisoning. Force-feed one bowl of [hu] ma oil [to the patient]. Wei sheng fang. 945 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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大風熱疾。近效方云：婆羅門僧療大風疾，并熱風手足不遂，壓丹石熱 毒，用硝石一兩，生烏麻油二大升，同納鐺中，以土墼蓋口，紙泥固濟， 細火煎之。初煎氣鯹，藥熟則香氣發。更以生脂麻油二大升和合，微煎 之。以意斟量得所，即内不津器中。凡大風人，用紙屋子坐病人，外面燒 火發汗，日服一大合，壯者日二服。三七日，頭面皰瘡皆滅也。圖經。 Massive wind946 and heat illness. The Jin xiao fang states: “A Brahman monk cured massive wind illness and heat with wind [stroke] so that hands and feet no longer followed one’s will, and he suppressed the heat poison of elixir mineral [substances, with the following recipe]. Put one liang of nitrokalite and two generous sheng of fresh/crude wu ma oil together into an iron pot, cover the opening with a brick made of unfired soil, seal it with paper and mud and boil this with a slight fire. At the beginning of the boiling the qi emitted have a fishy odor; once the pharmaceutical drugs are boiled until done the qi emitted are fragrant. Then mix [the contents of the pot] with two generous sheng of fresh/crude zhi ma oil and slightly boil it. Carefully pour an adequate volume into a vessel with a [glazed] interior that does not accept moisture. When a patient with massive wind is to be treated, let him sit in a chamber made of paper. Outside this [chamber] burn a fire to let him sweat. He is to ingest one generous ge per day; strong persons ingest two [ge] per day. After three times seven days all the blister sores in the [patient’s] face have disappeared.” Tu jing. 傷寒發黄。生烏麻油一盞，水半盞，鷄子白一枚，和攪服盡。外臺。 Harm caused by cold that progresses to jaundice. Mix one cup of fresh/crude wu ma oil, half a cup of water and one chicken egg white and ingest it completely. Wai tai. 小兒發熱。不拘風寒、飲食、時行、痘疹，並宜用之。以葱涎入香油内， 手指蘸油摩擦小兒五心、頭面、項背諸處，最能解毒凉肌。直指。 Children developing heat, regardless of whether this is related to wind [intrusion] and cold, beverages and food, seasonal epidemics, pox and macules - the [following recipe] is used appropriately for all [such situations]. Add onion juice to xiang you. Dip your fingers into the oil and rub it on the child’s five centers,947 the head and the face, the neck and the back – all these places. This is a very suitable method to resolve poison and to cool muscles. Zhi zhi.

946 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” may refer to sores caused by a massive intrusion of wind evil and also to conditions of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111. 947 The five centers include the palms of the two hands, the soles of the two feet and the central region or heart of the body.



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預解痘毒。外臺云：時行暄暖，恐發痘瘡。用生麻油一小盞，水一盞，旋 旋傾下油内，柳枝攪稠如蜜。每服二三蜆殼，大人二合，卧時服之。三五 服，大便快利，瘡自不生矣。此扁鵲油劑法也。 To resolve pox poison in advance. The Wai tai states: “In the case of a seasonal warmth that may result in pox sores, prepare a small cup of fresh/crude [hu] ma [seed] oil and one cup of water. Swirl the [water] around, pour it into the oil and stir it with a willow twig until it has reached a consistency similar to honey. Each time ingest as much as is held by two or three corbicula shells. Adults [take] two ge. To be ingested at bedtime. When this is ingested three to five times, a fast free flow of defecation develops, and [pox] sores will not emerge as a result. That is Bian Que’s method of [preparing and applying] an oil preparation.” 直指用麻油、童便各半盞，如上法服。 The Zhi zhi [recommends to prepare and] ingest half a cup each of [hu] ma [seed] oil and boys’ urine according to the same method as outlined above. 小兒初生，大小便不通。用真香油一兩，皮硝少許，同煎滚。冷定，徐徐 灌入口中，嚥下即通。藺氏經驗方。 Blocked major (i. e., defecation) and minor (i. e., urination) relief of newborns. Boil one liang of genuine xiang you with a small amount of mirabilite to bubbling. Let it cool down and stabilize, and gently force-feed it into the [child’s] mouth. When [the child] has swallowed it, [the passage of defecation and urination] will be freed. Lan shi jing yan fang. 卒熱心痛。生麻油一合，服之良。肘後方。 Sudden heat with heart pain. To ingest one ge of fresh/crude [hu] ma [seed] oil is good. Zhou hou fang. 鼻衄不止。紙條蘸真麻油入鼻取嚏即愈。有人一夕衄血盈盆，用此而效。 普濟方。 Unending nosebleed. Dip a paper stick into genuine [hu] ma [seed] oil and insert it into [the patient’s] nose to induce sneezing. That is the cure. Someone experienced nosebleed at night to an extent that [his blood] filled a bowl. He resorted to this [recipe] and it proved to be effective. Pu ji fang. 胎死腹中。清油和蜜等分，入湯頓服。普濟方。 A fetus has died in the abdomen. Give equal amounts of clear [hu ma seed] oil and honey into hot water and [let the woman] ingest it all at once. Pu ji fang.

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漏胎難産。因血乾澀也，用清油半兩，好蜜一兩，同煎數十沸。温服，胎 滑即下。他藥無益，以此助血爲效。胎産須知。 Leaking fetus948 and difficult delivery. The reason is dryness and a rough passage of blood. Boil half a liang of clear [hu ma seed] oil and one liang of good honey together several tens of times to bubbling and [let the woman] ingest this warm. The child will come down smoothly. When other medication has proved to be inadequate, this [recipe] effectively assists the blood. Tai chan xu zhi. 産腸不收。用油五斤，煉熟盆盛。令婦坐盆中，飯久。先用皂角炙，去皮 研末。吹少許入鼻作嚏，立上。斗門方。 [Prolapsed] birth intestine that is not drawn in again. Refine five jin of [hu ma seed] oil and fill it into a tub. Let the woman sit in that tub for as long as a meal. First roast gleditsia pod [seeds], remove their skin and grind them into powder. Then blow a small amount [of this powder] into [the patient’s] nose and [the birth intestine] rises immediately. Dou men fang. 癰疽發背。初作即服此，使毒氣不内攻。以麻油一斤，銀器煎二十沸，和 醇醋二椀。分五次，一日服盡。直指。 Obstruction-illness and impediment-illness949 with an effusion on the back. Ingest this [recipe] the moment they begin to evolve and this way prevent the poison qi from attacking internally. Boil one jin of [hu] ma [seed] oil in a silver vessel 20 times to bubbling, mix it with two bowls of unmixed vinegar and divide [the liquid] into five portions. Ingest all of them within one day. Zhi zhi. 腫毒初起。麻油煎葱黑色，趁熱通手旋塗，自消。百一選方。 Swelling with poison that is just beginning to rise. Boil [hu] ma [seed] oil with onions until they have assumed a black color. Take the hot [liquid] up with your fingers and rub it with a twisting motion [on the affected region. The swelling] will dissolve as a result. Bai yi xuan fang. 喉痺腫痛。生油一合灌之，立愈。總録。 Throat closure with a painful swelling. Force-feed one ge of fresh/crude [hu ma seed] oil [to the patient to achieve an] immediate cure. Zong lu. 948 Lou tai 漏胎, “leaking fetus,” a condition of vaginal bleeding during pregnancy. BCGM Dict I, 327.

949 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.



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丹石毒發。發熱者，不得食熱物，不用火爲使，但着厚衣暖卧，取油一 匙，含嚥。戒怒二七日也。 Outbreak of elixir mineral poisoning. When [the patient] develops heat, he must not eat hot items, and he must not resort to fire to process [his food]. All that is required it to wear thick clothing and lie down warmly covered, to hold one spoonful of [hu ma seed] oil in the mouth, and to swallow [the resulting juice]. He must not be angry for two times seven days. 枕中記云：服丹石人，先宜以麻油一升，薤白三升切，納油中，微火煎 黑，去滓。合酒每服三合，百日氣血充盛也。 The Zhen zhong ji states: Persons ingesting elixir minerals should first prepare one sheng of [hu] ma [seed] oil and add three sheng of Chinese chives, cut, to the oil. Then boil it until [the chives] have turned black, remove the dregs and each time ingest with wine three ge. Within one hundred days, qi and blood will be complete again. 身面瘡疥。方同下。 Sores and jie-illness950 on the body and in the face. Recipe identical with the following one. 梅花秃癬。用清油一椀，以小竹子燒火入内煎沸，瀝猪膽汁一箇和匀，剃 頭擦之，二三日即愈。勿令日晒。普濟方。 Plum blossom baldness and xuan-illness.951 Place a bowl with clear [hu ma seed] oil in a small bamboo fire and boil [the oil] to bubbling. Add the bile of one pig gall bladder and evenly mix this. Shave [the patient’s] head and spread [the liquid] on it. A cure is achieved within two or three days. [The head] must not be exposed to the sun. Pu ji fang. 赤秃髮落。香油、水等分，以銀釵攪和。日日擦之，髮生乃止。普濟方。 Red baldness with hair loss. Mix equal amounts of xiang you and water and stir them with a silver hairpin. Apply [the mixture to the affected region] every day and end this when hair grows. Pu ji fang. 髮落不生。生胡麻油塗之。普濟方。 Hair falls out but does not grow again. Apply fresh/crude hu ma [seed] oil [to the affected region]. Pu ji fang. 950 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

951 Mei hua tu xuan 梅花禿癬, “plum blossom baldness and xuan-illness,” a condition identical with bai tu 白禿, “white baldness.” BCGM Dict I, 337.

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令髮長黑。生麻油、桑葉煎過，去滓。沐髮，令長數尺。普濟。 To stimulate the growth of black hair. Boil fresh/crude [hu] ma [seed] oil and mulberry tree leaves, remove the dregs, and wash the hair [with the liquid]. This will let [the hair] grow several chi long. Pu ji. 滴耳治聾。生油日滴三五次。候耳中塞出，即愈。總録。 To drip [oil] into the ears to cure deafness. Drip fresh/cure [hu ma seed] oil three to five times a day into the [affected ears]. Continue this until the plug in the ears has come out, and then a cure is achieved. Zong lu. 蚰蜒入耳。劉禹錫傳信方用油麻油作煎餅，枕卧，須臾自出。李元淳尚書 在河陽日，蚰蜒入耳，無計可爲。腦悶有聲，至以頭擊門柱。奏狀危困， 因發御醫療之，不驗。忽有人獻此方，乃愈。圖經。 A centipede has entered an ear. Liu Yuxi in his Chuan xin fang [recommends to] “prepare a thin pancake with [hu] ma [seed] oil and let [the patient] lie down resting his head on it. After a short while [the centipede] will come out. When Minister Li Yuanchun visited He yang, a centipede entered one of his ears. He had no idea what to do. He experienced cerebral heart-pressure and heard sounds. Eventually he knocked his head against a door pillar. A report of his critical condition was sent to the Emperor and an imperial physician was sent to cure him. He was unsuccessful. Suddenly someone submitted this recipe, and [Li Yuanchun] was cured.” Tu jing. 蜘蛛咬毒。香油和鹽，摻之。普濟方。 Spider bite poison. Apply a mixture of xiang you and salt [to the affected region]. Pu ji fang. 冬月唇裂。香油頻頻抹之。相感志。 Chapped lips during winter months. Repeatedly wipe [the lips] with xiang you. Xiang gan zhi. 身面白癜。以酒服生胡麻油一合，一日三服，至五斗瘥。慎生冷、猪、 鷄、魚、蒜等百日。千金。 White patches on body and face. Ingest with wine one ge of fresh/crude hu ma [seed] oil; to be ingested three times a day. By the time five dou [are ingested] a cure is achieved. Beware of raw and cold [food], pork, chicken, fish and garlic for 100 days. Qian jin. 小兒丹毒。生麻油塗之。千金。



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Cinnabar poisoning952 of children. Apply fresh/crude [hu] ma [seed] oil [to the affected region]. Qian jin. 打撲傷腫。熟麻油和酒飲之，以火燒熱地卧之，覺即疼腫俱消。松陽民相 歐，用此法，經官驗之，了無痕迹。趙葵行營雜録。 Swelling related to harm caused by a blow or fall. Drink heat refined [hu] ma [seed] oil mixed with wine and lie down on a ground heated with a fire. You will feel how the pain and the swelling disappear. In Song yang, people struck at each other with sticks. They used this method. When officials investigated this incident, no wound scars were found. Zhao Gui, Xing ying za lu. 虎爪傷人。先喫清油一盌，仍以油淋洗瘡口。趙原陽濟急方。 A person harmed by a tiger’s claws. First [let the patient] drink one bowl of clear [hu ma seed] oil and then drip wash the wound opening with the oil. Zhao Yuanyang, Ji ji fang. 毒蜂螫傷。清油搽之妙。同上。 Harm caused by a poisonous wasp sting. Apply clear [hu ma seed] oil [to the affected region]. Wondrous. [Source of this recipe] identical with the one above. 毒蛇螫傷。急飲好清油一二琖解毒，然後用藥也。濟急良方。 Harm caused by a poisonous snake bite. Quickly drink one or two wine cups of good, clear [hu ma seed] oil to resolve the poison. Then use [the appropriate] medication. Ji ji liang fang. 22-01-05 麻枯餅 Ma ku bing

Dried up cake of [hu] ma [seed residue]. 【時珍曰】 此乃笮去油麻滓也。亦名麻籸，音辛。荒歲人亦食之。可以養 魚肥田，亦周禮草人强堅用蕡之義。 [Li] Shizhen: These are the dregs remaing after the oil was removed from [hu] ma [seeds]. Another name is ma xin 麻籸, read xin 辛. In years of famine, people eat it. It can be used to feed fish and fertilize fields. That is the meaning, recorded in the Zhou li, underlying the use by the “man responsible for herbs,” of ben 蕡 to strengthen [the crops by means of their fertilizing potential]. 952 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118.

610

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded].

揩牙烏鬚。麻枯八兩，鹽花三兩，用生地黄十斤取汁，同入鐺中熬乾。以 鐵蓋覆之，鹽泥泥之。煅赤，取研末。日用三次，揩畢，飲薑茶。先從眉 起，一月皆黑也。養老書。 To rub the teeth to blacken the hair. Give eight liang of [hu] ma [seed] press residue [cake] and three liang of salt with the juice obtained from ten jin of fresh Chinese foxglove [root] into a pot and simmer it until [the contents] have dried. Cover it with an iron lid and seal it with salt and mud. Calcine it until it has turned red, remove [the contents from the pot] and grind them into powder. Use it [to rub the teeth] three times a day. After the rubbing drink ginger tea. The [blackening of the hair] begins with the eyebrows; within one month all [the hair] is black. Yang lao shu. 疽瘡有蟲。生麻油滓貼之，綿裹，當有蟲出。千金方。 Impediment-illness953 sores with worms/bugs. Apply the dregs left after [hu] ma [seeds are pressed to remove their] oil [to the affected region] and bandage it with silk. The worms/bugs will come out. Qian jin fang. 22-01-06 青蘘音穰本經上品 Qing rang, [蘘] read rang 穰. FE Ben jing, upper rank Hu ma leaf or seedling.

【恭曰】自草部移附此。 [Su] Gong: Removed from the section “herbs” to be appended here. 【釋名】夢神，巨勝苗也。生中原山谷。别録。 Explanation of Names. Meng shen 夢神, the seedling of ju sheng 巨勝. It grows in the mountain valleys of Zhong yuan. Bie lu. 【氣味】甘、寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】五臟邪氣，風寒濕痺，益氣，補腦髓，堅筋骨。久服耳目聰明， 不飢不老，增壽。本經。主傷暑熱。思邈。作湯沐頭，去風潤髮，滑皮 膚，益血色。日華。治崩中血凝注者，生擣一升，熱湯絞汁半升服，立 愈。甄權。祛風，解毒，潤腸。又治飛絲入咽喉者，嚼之即愈。時珍。 953 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277.



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Control. Evil qi in the five long-term depots; blockage related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of cold and moisture. It boosts the qi. It supplements brain marrow and hardens sinews and bones. Ingested over a long time it clears the ears and the eyes, and prevents hunger and aging. It adds to longevity. Ben jing. It controls heat related to harm caused by summer heat. [Sun] Simiao. Prepare a decoction and wash the head to remove [head] wind,954 moisten the hair, soften the skin and boost blood and complexion. Rihua. To cure collapsing center955 and concentrations of coagulated blood, pound one sheng of fresh [sesame leaves/seedlings], give [the resulting mass] into hot water and squeeze it to obtain half a sheng of juice. Ingest it and a cure is achieved immediately. Zhen Quan. It removes wind, resolves poison and moistens the intestines. Also, to cure cases of flying silk threads having entered your throat, chew [the leaves/seedlings and swallow the resulting juice], and that is the cure. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【宗奭曰】青蘘即油麻葉也。以湯浸，良久涎出稠黄色，婦人用 之梳髮，與日華作湯沐髮之説法相符，則胡麻之爲脂麻無疑。【弘景曰】 胡麻葉甚肥滑，可沐頭。但不知云何服之。仙方並無用此，亦當陰乾爲丸 散爾。【時珍曰】按服食家有種青蘘作菜食法，云秋間取巨勝子種畦中， 如生菜之法。候苗出采食，滑美不减於葵。則本草所著者，亦茹蔬之功， 非入丸散也。 Explication. [Kou] Zongshi: Qing rang 青蘘 are the leaves of you ma 油麻. Soaked in hot water for a long period of time, they release a thick liquid that is yellow in color. Women use it to comb their hair. As this agrees with what the Rihua says about the method to prepare a decoction to wash the hair, it is without doubt that hu ma 胡麻 is zhi ma 脂麻. [Tao] Hongjing: Hu ma leaves are very fat and smooth; they can be used to wash the head. But it is not known or stated how to ingest them. The recipes of the hermits/immortals do not resort to them. They, too, should be dried in the yin (i. e., shade) and made to pills and powders. [Li] Shizhen: The experts for ingesting [pharmaceutical drugs] as food have a method to plant qing rang and prepare [the leaves] for a vegetable that they will eat. They state, in autumn plant ju sheng 巨勝 seeds in a bed the same way as you grow vegetables. When the seedlings appear, they are collected and eaten. They are soft and delicious, and in no way inferior to mallows. What the Ben cao writes about [qing rang] is similar to the [therapeutic] potential of any vegetable; they are not made to pills and powders. 954 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509. 955 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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22-01-07 胡麻花 Hu ma hua Flower of hu ma.

【思邈曰】七月采最上標頭者，陰乾用之。【藏器曰】陰乾漬汁，溲麪 食，至韌滑。 [Sun] Simiao: Those collected from the very top [of the herbs] in the seventh month are dried in the yin (i. e., shade) and then used [for therapeutic purposes]. [Chen] Cangqi: Dry [the flowers] in the yin (i. e. shade) and soak them [in water to obtain a] juice. Mix it with wheat flour to prepare noodles and eat them. They are extremely pliable and soft. 【主治】生秃髮。思邈。潤大腸。人身上生肉丁者，擦之即愈。時珍。 Control. They stimulate the growth of hair from a bald [head]. [Sun] Simiao. They moisten the large intestine. When flesh pins develop on someone’s body, rub them [with the flowers of hu ma] and a cure is achieved. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 眉毛不生。烏麻花陰乾爲末，以烏麻油漬之，日塗。外臺秘要。 When eyebrows do not grow. Dry wu ma flowers in the yin (i. e., shade) and [grind them into] powder. Soak it in wu ma oil and apply it [to the affected region] every day. Wai tai mi yao. 22-01-08 麻稭 Ma jie

[Hu] ma stalk. 【主治】燒灰，入點痣、去惡肉方中用。時珍。 Control. Burn it to ashes. They are resorted to in recipes [recommending to] drip them on [facial] moles and to remove malign flesh. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded]. 小兒鹽哮。脂麻稭瓦内燒存性，出火毒，研末。以淡豆腐蘸食之。摘玄方。



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Salt roaring of children.956 Burn zhi ma stalks on a tile with their nature retained. Wait for the fire poison to have left and grind them into powder. Dip bland bean curd [into the powder] and eat this. Zhai xuan fang. 聤耳出膿。白麻䕸刮取一合，花胭脂一枚，爲末。綿裹塞耳中。聖濟總録。 Festering ears releasing pus. Scrape one ge of pieces from a white [hu] ma stalk, mix them with one piece of rouge and [grind this into] powder. Wrap [the powder] in silk and insert it into the [affected] ear. Sheng ji zong lu. 22-02 亞麻宋圖經 Ya ma, FE Song Tu jing Linum usitatissimum L. Common flax. 【釋名】鵶麻圖經、壁虱胡麻綱目。 Explanation of Names. Ya ma 鵶麻, Tu jing. Bi shi hu ma 壁虱胡麻, “Bed-bug [similar] sesame [seeds],” Gang mu. 【集解】【頌曰】亞麻子出兖州、威勝軍。苗葉俱青，花白色。八月上旬 采其實用。【時珍曰】今陝西人亦種之，即壁虱胡麻也。其實亦可榨油點 燈，氣惡不堪食。其莖穗頗似茺蔚，子不同。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: Ya ma 亞麻 seeds come from Yan zhou and Wei sheng jun. Seedling and leaves are greenish; the flowers are white in color. The fruits are collected in the first ten-day period of the eighth month for [therapeutic] use. [Li] Shizhen: Today, people in Shaan xi also plant it. It is bi shi hu ma 壁虱胡麻. The seeds can be pressed to obtain oil that is used to light lamps. Its qi are malign and not appropriate for consumption. The stem and the spikes resemble those of leonurus [herbs]. The seeds are different. 22-02-01 子 Zi

Seeds [of ya ma]. 【氣味】甘，微温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, Slightly warm, nonpoisonous.

956 Yan xiao 鹽哮, “salt roaring,” identical with yan hou 鹽齁, a condition of xiao chuan 哮 喘, “roaring panting,” brought forth by a consumption of excessively salty beverages and food. BCGM Dict I, 609, 614.

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【主治】大風瘡癬。蘇頌。 Control. Massive wind957 sores and xuan-illness.958 Su Song. 22-03 大麻本經上品 Da ma, FE Ben jing, upper rank. Cannabis sativa L. Hemp. 【釋名】火麻日用、黄麻俗名、漢麻爾雅翼。雄者名枲麻詩疏、牡麻同上。 雌者名苴麻同上、茡麻音字。花名麻蕡本經、麻勃。【時珍曰】麻從兩木在 广下，象屋下泒麻之形也。木音泒，广音儼。餘見下注。云漢麻者，以别胡 麻也。 Explanation of Names. Huo ma 火麻, “fire sesame,” Ri yong. Huang ma 黄麻, “yellow sesame,” common name. Han ma 漢麻, “Chinese sesame,” Er ya yi. Male specimens are called xi ma 枲麻, Shi shu. Mu ma 牡麻, “male sesame,” [source] identical with the previous one. Female specimens are called ju ma 苴麻, [source] identical with the previous one. Zi ma 茡麻, read zi 字. The flowers are called ma ben 麻蕡, Ben jing. Ma bo 麻勃. [Li] Shizhen: [The character] ma 麻 consists of two [characters] mu 木 under [the character] an 广, “thatched hut.” That is [the character ma 麻] reflects the image of split, pai 泒, hemp fibers, ma 麻, [hung to dry] under the roof of a house. 木959 is read pai 泒; 广 is read yan 儼. For more see the comments below. It is called han ma 漢麻, “ma of the Han [country],” to distinguish it from hu ma 胡麻, “ma from the Hu [country]. 【集解】Collected Explanations. 【正誤】Correction of Errors. 【本經曰】麻蕡一名麻勃，麻花上勃勃者。七月七日采之良。麻子九月 采。入土者損人。生太山川谷。【弘景曰】麻蕡即牡麻，牡麻則無實。今 人作布及履用之。【恭曰】蕡即麻實，非花也。爾雅云：蕡，枲實。儀禮 云：苴，麻之有蕡者。注云：有子之麻爲苴。皆謂子也。陶以蕡爲麻勃， 957 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” may refer to sores caused by a massive intrusion of wind evil and also to conditions of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111.

958 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness,” a condition of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 592. 959 The character mu 木 is a copying error of pai 𣏕. The meaning of this rare character is “to split hemp stalks to make hemp fibers.”



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謂勃勃然如花者，復重出麻子，誤矣。既以蕡爲米穀上品，花豈堪食乎。 【藏器曰】【藏器曰】麻子，早春種爲春麻子，小而有毒。晚春種爲秋麻 子，入藥佳。壓油可以油物。【宗奭曰】麻子，海東 毛羅島來者，大如蓮 實，最勝。其次出上郡、北地者，大如豆。南地者子小。【頌曰】麻子處 處種之，績其皮以爲布者。農家擇其子之有斑黑文者，謂之雌麻，種之則 結子繁。他子則不然也。本經麻蕡、麻子所主相同，而麻花非所食之物， 蘇恭之論似當矣。然本草朱字云，麻蕡味辛，麻子味甘，又似二物。疑本 草與爾雅、禮記稱謂有不同者。又藥性論用麻花，云味苦，主諸風、女經 不利。然則蕡也、子也、花也，其三物乎？【時珍曰】大麻即今火麻，亦 曰黄麻。處處種之，剥麻收子。有雌有雄：雄者爲枲，雌者爲苴。大科如 油麻。葉狹而長，狀如益母草葉，一枝七葉或九葉。五六月開細黄花成 穗，隨即結實，大如胡荽子，可取油。剥其皮作麻。其稭白而有稜，輕虚 可爲燭心。齊民要術云：麻子放勃時，拔去雄者。若未放勃，先拔之，則 不成子也。其子黑而重，可搗治爲燭。即此也。本經有麻蕡、麻子二條， 謂蕡即麻勃，謂麻子入土者殺人。蘇恭謂蕡是麻子，非花也。蘇頌謂蕡、 子、花爲三物。疑而不决。謹按吴普本草云：麻勃一名麻花，味辛無毒。 麻藍一名麻蕡，一名青葛，味辛甘有毒。麻葉有毒，食之殺人。麻子中仁 無毒，先藏地中者，食之殺人。據此説則麻勃是花，麻蕡是實，麻仁是實 中仁也。普，三國時人，去古未遠，説甚分明。神農本經以花爲蕡，以藏 土、入土殺人，其文皆傳寫脱誤爾。陶氏及唐宋諸家，皆不考究而臆度疑 似，可謂疏矣。今依吴氏改正於下。 Ben jing: Ma ben 麻蕡 is also called ma bo 麻勃, a reference to the “exuberant,” bo bo 勃勃, flowers of [da] ma. Specimens collected on the seventh day of the seventh month are good. The seeds of [da] ma are collected in the ninth month. Those that have entered the soil are harmful to humans. It grows in the mountain valleys of Mount Tai shan. [Tao] Hongjing: Ma ben 麻蕡 is mu ma 牡麻, “male [da] ma.” Mu ma does not bear fruit. Nowadays, people use it to make fabrics and shoes. [Su] Gong: Ben 蕡 are the fruits of [da] ma, not the flowers. The Er ya states: “Ben 蕡 are the fruits of xi 枲.” The Yi li states: “Ju 苴 is [da] ma with ben 蕡, ’fruits‘.” A comment states: “[Da] ma with seeds is ju 苴.” All these are references to the seeds. When Tao [Hongjing] identifies ben 蕡 as ma bo 麻勃, saying that it grows as exuberant as flowers, and introduces a separate [entry of da] ma seeds, he is wrong. That is, when ben 蕡 is a cereal of upper rank, how can its flowers be edible? [Chen] Cangqi: When [da] ma seeds are planted early in spring, they are chun ma zi 春麻子, “spring [da] ma seeds.” They are small and poisonous. When they are planted late in autumn, they are qiu ma zi 秋麻子, “autumn [da] ma seeds.” When they are added to medication, [the effects achieved are] excellent. The oil pressed out of them can be used to oil things. [Kou] Zongshi: [Da] ma seeds from Mao luo dao island in Dong hai that have the

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size of lotus fruits are the best. Those second in quality that come from Shang jun in the northern regions are as big as soybeans. The seeds from the southern regions are small. [Su] Song: [Da] ma seeds are planted everywhere. The skin is twisted to prepare fabrics. Farmers pick seeds with a black spot design. They call them female [da] ma. When they are planted they produce abundant seed [crops]. The other seeds are not the same. The [therapeutic] control attributed in the Ben jing to ma ben 麻蕡, “[da] ma fruits,” and ma zi 麻子, “[da] ma seeds,” is identical, while [da] ma flowers are items that are not edible. What Su Gong says seems to be adequate. Still, the [additions in the] Ben cao written in red characters state: “Ma ben 麻蕡, flavor acrid; ma zi 麻子, flavor sweet.” Apparently, these are two [different] items. That is, the statements in the Ben cao on the one side and in the Er ya and the Li ji may differ. Also, the Yao xing lun in its use of [da] ma flowers states: “Flavor bitter, controls all types of wind [intrusion], blocked female menstruation.” If that is the case, then [ma] ben, the seeds and the flowers are three [different] items? [Li] Shizhen: Da ma is today’s huo ma 火麻, also called huang ma 黄麻. It is planted everywhere. [Da] ma is peeled and the seeds are stored. It has female and male variants. The females are xi 枲; the males are ju 苴. Large specimens are similar to sesame. The leaves are narrow and long; they are shaped like the leaves of leonurus herbs, with one twig carrying seven or nine leaves. It opens fine, yellow flowers with spikes in the fifth and sixth month that form fruits soon afterwards the size of coriander seeds. They can be used for oil production. The skin is peeled to prepare hemp. The stalks are white and have edges. They are light and hollow and can serve as wicks. The Qi min yao shu states: “When ma zi 麻子 blossom, remove the male [flowers]. It they are removed before they blossom, they will not form seeds. Their seeds are black and heavy. They can be pounded and further processed to make candles.” That is [the item discussed] here. The Ben jing lists ma ben 麻蕡 and ma zi 麻子 in two [different] entries. It identifies [ma] ben [麻]蕡 as ma bo 麻勃, and says that ma zi, [da] ma seeds, that have entered the soil kill humans. Su Gong says “[Ma] ben [麻]蕡 is ma zi, [da] ma seeds, not the flowers.” Su Song says that “[ma] ben [麻]蕡, the seeds and the flowers are three [different] items.” All these statements fail to clarify these issues. According to Wu Pu’s Ben cao, “ma bo 麻勃 is also called ma hua 麻花, ‘[da] ma flower.’ Flavor acrid, nonpoisonous. Ma lan 麻藍 is also called ma ben 麻蕡 and qing ge 青葛, flavor acrid, sweet and poisonous. The leaves of [da] ma are poisonous. When they are eaten they kill one. The kernel in the [da] ma seeds is not poisonous. But when they have been in the ground first and are eaten then, they kill one.” Based on these [statements], ma bo are the flowers; ma ben 麻蕡 are the fruits; ma ren 麻仁 are the kernels in the fruits. [Wu] Pu was a contemporary of the Three Kingdoms. That was not distant from antiquity and the differentiation he points out is very clear. The Shen nong ben



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jing identifies the flowers as ben 蕡, stating that they kill humans when they have been kept in the ground or had entered the ground. Such wordings are transmissions of texts marred by omissions and errors. Mr. Tao [Hongjing] and all the experts of the Tang and Song era, instead of doing sufficient research they all have voiced their personal estimates. They may be said to have been irresponsible. This is corrected in the following based on Mr. Wu [Pu]. 22-03-01 麻勃 Ma bo

Flower of [da] ma. 【普曰】一名麻花。【時珍曰】觀齊民要術有放勃時拔去雄者之文，則勃 爲花明矣。 [Wu] Pu: Also called ma hua 麻花. [Li] Shizhen: The Qi min yao shu writes that when they blossom the male [flowers] are removed. Hence it is clear that [ma] bo [ 麻]勃 are the flowers. 【氣味】辛，温，無毒。【甄權曰】苦，微熱，無毒。畏牡蠣。入行血 藥，以䗪蟲爲之使。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, warm, nonpoisonous. [Zhen] Quan: Bitter, slightly hot. [Ingested together] it fears oyster [shells]. When [the flowers] are added to medication intended to stimulate the passage of blood, wingless cockroaches serve as their guiding substance. 【主治】一百二十種惡風，黑色遍身苦癢，逐諸風惡血，治女人經候不 通。藥性。治健忘及金瘡内漏。時珍。 Control. 120 kinds of malign wind [intrusion] and a suffering from black coloring of the entire body with itch. It drives out all types of wind [intrusion] and malign blood. It serves to cure blocked female menstruation. Yao xing. It serves to cure forgetfulness and wounds caused by metal objects/weapons with internal leakage [of blood]. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【弘景曰】麻勃方藥少用。術家合人參服之，逆知未來事。【時 珍曰】按范汪方有治健忘方：七月七日收麻勃一升，人參二兩，爲末，蒸 令氣遍。每臨卧服一刀圭，能盡知四方之事。此乃治健忘，服之能記四方 事也。陶云逆知未來事，過言矣。又外臺言生疔腫人忌見麻勃，見之即死 者，用胡麻、針砂、燭燼爲末，醋和傅之。不知麻勃與疔何故相忌。亦如 人有見漆即生瘡者，此理皆不可曉。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: Ma bo 麻勃 is rarely used as a recipe drug. When experts of [the numinous] arts ingest it together with ginseng [root], they know

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in advance events that are to happen in future. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Fan Wang fang, “On the seventh day of the seventh month collect one sheng of ma bo and [grind it together with] two liang of ginseng [root into] powder and steam it until it is entirely soaked with qi. Each time, at bedtime, eat the amount held by a knife blade and this enables one to know everything in all the four cardinal directions. That serves to cure forgetfulness. When it is ingested it enables one to remember everything that has happened in all the four cardinal directions. When Tao [Hongjing] states that “[to ingest it] lets one know in advance events that are to happen in future,” he exaggerates [its effects]. Also, the Wai tai says that persons with a pin-illness960 swelling should avoid contact with ma bo, and that if they come into contact with ma bo they die. [It recommends to grind] sesame, iron crumbs and candle cinder into powder, mix it with vinegar and apply it [to the affected region]. [I] have no idea why ma bo and pin-illness sores should be mutually antagonistic. This is similar to what happens to people who come into contact with lacquer and develop sores. The underlying principles are incomprehensible. 【附方】舊一，新二。 Added Recipes. One of old, two newly [recorded]. 瘰癧初起。七月七日麻花，五月五日艾葉，等分，作炷，灸之百壯。外臺 秘要。 Scrofula pervasion-illness961 in an initial state. Prepare a wick with [da] ma flowers [collected] on the seventh day of the seventh month and common mugwort leaves [collected] on the fifth day of the fifth month and apply 100 cauterizations [to the affected region]. Wai tai mi yao. 金瘡内漏。麻勃一兩，蒲黄二兩，爲末。酒服一錢匕，日三夜一。同上。 Wounds caused by metal objects/weapons. [Grind] one liang of ma bo and two liang of cattail [pollen] into powder and ingest with wine the amount held by a one qian spoon, three times during the day, once at night. [Source] identical with the one above.

960 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],” also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129.

961 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329.



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風病麻木。麻花四兩，草烏一兩，炒存性爲末，煉蜜調成膏。每服三分， 白湯調下。 Wind [intrusion] disease with [numbness like] hemp and logs. Stir-fry four liang of [da] ma flowers and one liang of aconitum [main tuber] with their nature retained and [grind them into] powder. Mix it with heat refined honey to make a paste. Each time ingest three fen, to be sent down with clear, hot water. 22-03-02 麻蕡 Ma ben

Fruits of [da] ma. 【普曰】一名麻藍，一名青葛。【時珍曰】此當是麻子連殼者，故周禮朝 事之籩供蕡。月令食麻，與大麻可食、蕡可供，稍有分别，殼有毒而仁無 毒也。 [Wu] Pu: Also named ma lan 麻藍 and qing ge 青葛. [Li] Shizhen: They are the seeds of [da] ma with their shell. Hence the Zhou li [refers to] “ben 蕡 offered in fruit baskets at the court.” The Yue ling [speaks of ] “eating ma,” and there is a slight difference between “da ma that can be eaten” and “ben 蕡 that can be offered.” The shells are poisonous, while the kernels are nonpoisonous. 【氣味】辛，平，有毒。【普曰】神農：辛。雷公：甘。岐伯：有毒。畏 牡蠣、白微。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, balanced, poisonous. [Wu] Pu: Shen nong: Acrid. Lei gong: Sweet. Qi Bo: Poisonous. [Ingested together,] they fear oyster [shells] and cynanchum atratum [root]. 【主治】五勞七傷。多服，令人見鬼狂走。本經。【詵曰】要見鬼者，取 生麻子、菖蒲、鬼臼等分，杵丸彈子大。每朝向日服一丸。滿百日即見鬼 也。利五臟，下血寒氣，破積，止痺，散膿。久服通神明，輕身。别録。 Control. The five types of exhaustion and seven types of harm. Eaten in large amounts they let one see demons and run like made. Ben jing. [Meng] Shen: If you wish to see demons pound equal amounts of fresh [da] ma seeds, acorus [root] and umbrella leaf [herb] and form pills the size of a bullet. Every morning face the sun and ingest one pill. After one hundred days you will see demons. [This therapy] frees the passage through the five long-term depots. It serves to discharge [abiding] blood and cold qi, it breaks through accumulations, ends blockage/numbness and disperses pus. Ingested over a long time it enables communication with spirit brilliance and relieves the body of its weight. Bie lu.

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風癲百病。麻子四升，水六升，猛火煮令芽生，去滓煎取二升，空心服 之。或發，或不發，或多言語，勿怪之。但令人摩手足，頃定。進三劑 愈。千金。 The one hundred diseases related to wind [intrusion] and peak-illness. Boil four sheng of [da] ma seeds in six sheng of water on a fierce fire until sprouts grow. Remove the dregs and boil [the liquid] down to two sheng, to be ingested on an empty stomach. There may or may not be a reaction, and it may be that [patients] talk a lot. Do not worry. Simply let that person rub his hands and feet and [the problems] will end soon. A cure is achieved with three applications. Qian jin. 22-03-03 麻仁 Ma ren

Kernel of [da] ma [seeds]. 【修治】【宗奭曰】麻仁極難去殼。取帛包置沸湯中，浸至冷出之。垂井 中一夜，勿令着水。次日日中曝乾，就新瓦上挼去殼，簸揚取仁，粒粒皆 完。張仲景麻仁丸，即此大麻子中仁也。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Kou] Zongshi: It is very difficult to remove the shell enclosing a [da] ma [seed] kernel. Wrap [the seeds] in a silk [pouch] and place it in hot water heated to bubbling. Let it soak in there until [the water] has cooled down. Then hang it in a well for one night, but see to it that it does not come into contact with water. The next days dry [the seeds] in the sun and rub them on a new tile to remove their shell. Winnow them to collect the kernels. All of them should be perfect [with their shells removed]. The “[da] ma kernel pills” of Zhang Zhongjing make use of the kernels within da ma seeds. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【詵曰】微寒。【普曰】先藏地中者，食之殺 人。【士良曰】多食損血脉，滑精氣，痿陽氣。婦人多食即發帶疾。畏牡 蠣、白微，惡茯苓。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: Slightly cold. [Wu] Pu: To eat [kernels] that have been in the ground before kills one. [Chen] Shiliang: To eat them in large amounts injures the blood vessels. It smoothens [the outflow of ] essence/sperm qi and disables yang qi (i. e., male sexual potency). When women eat large amounts they develop ailments [below the] belt. [Ingested together,] they fear oyster [shells] and cynanchum atratum [root]. They abhor poria.



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【主治】補中益氣。久服肥健，不老神仙。本經。治中風汗出，逐水氣， 利小便，破積血，復血脉，乳婦産後餘疾。沐髮，長潤。别録。下氣，去 風痺皮頑，令人心歡。炒香，浸小便，絞汁服之。婦人倒産，吞二七枚即 正。藏器。潤五臟，利大腸風熱結燥及熱淋。士良。補虚勞，逐一切風 氣，長肌肉，益毛髮，通乳汁，止消渴，催生難産。日華。取汁煮粥，去 五臟風，潤肺，治關節不通，髮落。孟詵。利女人經脉，調大腸下痢。塗 諸瘡癩，殺蟲。取汁煮粥食，止嘔逆。時珍。 Control. They supplement the center and boost the qi. Ingested for a long time they let one be fat and strong, they prevent aging and [turn one into] a spirit hermit/immortal. Ben jing. They serve to cure wind stroke with sweating. They eliminate water qi, free urination, break through accumulated blood, restore blood vessels and [serve to cure] illnesses following childbirth. When used to wash the hair, they stimulate its growth and let it appear moist. Bie lu. They discharge qi, remove stubborn skin [diseases] with numbness related to wind [intrusion] and let one feel happy. Stirfried until they develop a fragrance they are soaked in urine and squeezed to obtain a juice that is ingested. When women deliver a fetus in an inverted position, they should swallow two times seven kernels [prepared this way] and [the fetus will] resume a proper position. [Chen] Cangqi. They moisten the five long-term depots and free the passage through the large intestine in the case of a wind [intrusion] and heat resulting in bound [qi], dryness and [urinary] dripping with heat. [Chen] Shiliang. They supplement depletion exhaustion [qi], eliminate all types of wind [intrusion] qi, stimulate the growth of muscles and flesh, boost the hair on the body and on the head, free the flow of nursing milk sap, end melting with thirst962 and speed up childbirth in a situation of difficult delivery. Rihua. Cook a congee with their juice. It removes wind from the five long-term depots, moistens the lung, and serves to cure blocked joints and hair loss. Meng Shen. It frees female menstruation and regulates the large intestine affected by discharge with free-flux illness. It is applied to all types of sores and repudiation-illness,963 and kills worms/bugs. Eat congee cooked with their juice to end vomiting and [qi] counterflow. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【弘景曰】麻子中仁，合丸藥并釀酒，大善。但性滑利。【劉完 素曰】麻，木穀也而治風，同氣相求也。【好古曰】麻仁，手陽明、足太 陰藥也。陽明病汗多、胃熱、便難，三者皆燥也。故用之以通潤也。【成 無己曰】脾欲緩，急食甘以緩之。麻仁之甘，以緩脾潤燥。 962 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

963 Lai 癩, “lai-illness,” “repudiation-illness,” including cases of leprosy/Aussatz.” BCGM Dict I, 293.

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Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: The kernels in the seeds of [da] ma combined with other pharmaceutical drugs in pills or used to make wine [yield] very good effects. However, its nature is smoothing and causes free flow. Liu Wansu: [Da] ma is a cereal associated with the phase wood. It serves to cure wind [intrusion] because identical qi seek each other. [Wang] Hao: [Da] ma [seed] kernels are a pharmaceutical drug for the hand yang brilliance and foot major yin [conduits]. In the case of a yang brilliance disease with profuse sweating, stomach heat and difficult [defecation/urination] relief, all three of these issues are related to dryness. Therefore [the kernels] are resorted to to free [the passage] and moisten [the conduits and longterm depots]. Cheng Wuji: The spleen prefers a relaxed status. In the case of tension eat sweet [items] to relax it. The sweet [flavor] of [da] ma [seed] kernels serves to relax the spleen and moisten dryness. 【附方】舊二十，新十八。 Added Recipes. 20 of old, 18 newly [recorded]. 服食法。麻子仁一升，白羊脂七兩，蜜蠟五兩，白蜜一合，和杵蒸食之， 不飢耐老。食療。 The method to ingest [da ma seed kernels] as food. Prepare a mixture of one sheng of [da] ma seed kernels, seven liang of white sheep fat, five liang of bee wax and one ge of white honey. Pound it, steam it and eat it to prevent hunger and endure aging. Shi liao. 耐老益氣，久服不飢。麻子仁二升，大豆一升，熬香爲末，蜜丸。日二 服。藥性論。 To endure aging and boost the qi, and to ingest them for a long time without getting hungry. Simmer two sheng of [da] ma seed kernels and one sheng of soybeans until they develop a fragrance and [grind them into] powder to be formed with honey to pills. Ingest them two times a day. Yao xing lun. 大麻仁酒。治骨髓風毒疼痛，不可運動。用大麻仁水浸，取沉者一大升曝 乾，於銀器中旋旋慢炒香熟，入木臼中搗至萬杵，待細如白粉即止，平分 爲十帖。每用一帖，取家釀無灰酒一大椀，同麻粉，用柳槌蘸入砂盆中擂 之，濾去殼，煎至减半。空腹温服一帖。輕者四五帖見效，甚者不出十 帖，必失所苦，效不可言。篋中方。 Da ma [seed] kernel wine. It serves to cure painful wind [intrusion] poison affecting the bone marrow, making movements impossible. Soak da ma [seed] kernels in water. Take one generous sheng of those that have sunken into the depth and dry them in the sun. Whirl them in a silver vessel and stir-fry them over a slow fire until they develop



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a fragrance and are done. Give them into a mortar and pound them with a pestle ten thousand times. End this when they have become a fine, white powder. Prepare ten equal portions, and each time use one such portion. Give one large bowl of ash-free wine brewed at home into an earthenware basin together with the [da] ma [seed kernel] powder and pound this with a willow wood pestle. Then filter it to remove the dregs and boil [the liquid] down to one half. Ingest one portion warm on an empty stomach. In the case of a minor [illness] an effect begins after four or five portions. More serious cases do not require more than ten portions. [Patients] will be freed from their suffering; the effects [of this therapy] are indescribable. Qie zhong fang. 麻子仁粥。治風水腹大，腰臍重痛，不可轉動。用冬麻子半斤研碎，水濾 取汁，入粳米二合，煮稀粥，下葱、椒、薑、豉。空心食。食醫心鏡。 [Da] ma seed kernel congee. It serves to cure abdominal bloating related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of water, with a painful sensation of heaviness in the lower back and the region of the navel making a movement to turn the body impossible. Grind half a jin of winter [da] ma seeds into small pieces, strain them with water and gather the juice. Add two ge of non-glutinous rice and cook it to prepare a thin congee. Add onions, pepper, ginger and [soybean] relish, and eat this on an empty stomach. Shi yi xin jing. 老人風痺。麻子煮粥，如上法食之。 Blockage/numbness of old people related to wind [intrusion]. Cook with [da] ma seeds a congee and eat it similar to the method outlined above. 五淋澀痛。麻子煮粥，如上法食之。同上。 Five types of [urinary] dripping with a rough and painful [flow of urine]. Cook with [da] ma seeds a congee and eat it similar to the method outlined above. [The source of both these recipes] is identical with the one referred to above. 大便不通。麻子煮粥，如上法服之。肘後方。 Blocked defecation. Cook with [da] ma seeds a congee and eat it similar to the method outlined above. Zhou hou fang. 麻子仁丸。治脾約，大便秘而小便數。麻子仁二升，芍藥半斤，厚朴一 尺，大黄、枳實各一斤，杏仁一升，熬研，煉蜜丸梧桐子大。每以漿水下 十丸，日三服。不知再加。張仲景方。 [Da] ma seed kernel pills. They serve to cure spleen restraint,964 with constipation and frequent urination. Simmer two sheng of [da] ma seed kernels, half a jin of 964 Pi yue 脾約, “spleen restraint,” a condition of constipation brought forth by harm caused to the body liquids by flaming stomach heat. BCGM Dict I, 376.

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paeonia [root], a one chi long piece of magnolia [bark], one jin each of rhubarb root and dried, immature bitter orange fruits, and one sheng of apricot kernels, and grind [this into powder] to be formed with heat prepared honey to pills the size of wu tong seeds. Each time send down with fermented water of foxtail millet ten pills. To be ingested three times a day. If this remains without effect, increase [the amount ingested]. A recipe of Zhang Zhongjing. 産後秘塞。許學士云：産後汗多則大便秘，難於用藥，惟麻子粥最穩。不 惟産後可服，凡老人諸虚風秘皆得力也。用大麻子仁、紫蘇子各二合，洗 浄研細，再以水研，濾取汁一盞，分二次煮粥啜之。本事方。 Blocked [defecation] following childbirth. Xu xueshi states: Much sweating following childbirth results in blocked defecation. In such a situation it is difficult to apply medication and a [da] ma seed congee is most reliable. It is to be ingested not only following childbirth. All old people with any kind of depletion wind [intrusion] and constipation will regain strength with it. Wash two ge each of da ma seed kernels and perilla seeds and grind them into a fine [powder]. Then grind it again in water and pass it through a sieve to obtain one cup of juice. Divide it into two portions, cook a congee and [let the woman] eat it in small portions. Ben shi fang. 産後瘀血不盡。麻子仁五升，酒一升，漬一夜，明旦去滓，温服一升。不 瘥，再服一升。不吐不下，不得與男子通一月，將養如初。千金方。 Blood stagnates and does not [leave the body] entirely after delivery. Soak five sheng of [da] ma seed kernels in one sheng of wine for one night. The next morning discard the dregs and [let the woman] ingest one sheng [of the liquid] warm. If a cure is not achieved, let her ingest one sheng again. This [medication] causes neither vomiting nor discharge. [The woman] must not meet with a male for one month and will then have recovered to the same condition as before. Qian jin fang. 胎損腹痛。冬麻子一升，杵碎熬香，水二升煮汁，分服。心鏡。 A fetus is injured and causes abdominal pain. Pound one sheng of winter [da] ma seeds into small pieces, simmer them until they develop a fragrance and boil them in two sheng of water. [Let the woman] ingest the resulting juice in several portions. Xin jing. 妊娠心痛，煩悶。麻子仁一合研，水二盞，煎六分，去滓服。聖惠。 Heart pain during pregnancy with a vexing heart-pressure. Grind one ge of [da] ma seed kernels and boil [the resulting mass] in two cups of water down to 60%. Remove the dregs and ingest [the liquid]. Sheng hui.



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月經不通，或兩三月，或半年、一年者。用麻子仁二升，桃仁二兩，研 匀，熱酒一升，浸一夜。日服一升。普濟。 Blocked menstruation, or when it continues for two months, for half a year, or an entire year. Grind two sheng of [da] ma seed kernels and two liang of peach kernels into an even mixture and soak it in one sheng of hot wine for one night. Ingest one sheng [of the liquid] each day. Pu ji. 嘔逆不止。麻仁三兩杵熬，水研取汁，着少鹽，喫，立效。李諫議常用， 極妙。外臺。 Unending vomiting with [qi] counterflow. Pound three liang of [da] ma [seed] kernels, simmer [the resulting mass] and grind it in water to obtain a juice. Add a little salt and drink it. Immediately effective. [Mr.] Li, Grand Master of Remonstrance, regularly used it and [the effects were] extremely wondrous. Wai tai. 虚勞内熱。下焦虚熱，骨節煩疼，肌肉急，小便不利，大便數少，少氣， 吸吸口燥，熱淋。用大麻仁五合研，水二升，煮减半，分服。四五劑瘥。 外臺。 Depletion exhaustion with internal heat. Depletion heat in the lower [section of the Triple] Burner, vexing pain affecting bones and joints. Tense muscles and flesh. Blocked urination. Frequent, scant defecation. Shortness of [breath] qi. Inhalation with a dry mouth. [Urinary] dripping related to heat. Grind five ge of da ma [seed] kernels, boil [the resulting mass] in two sheng of water down to one half and ingest this divided into several portions. A cure is achieved after [an ingestion of ] four or five preparations. Wai tai. 補下治渴。麻子仁一升，水三升，煮四五沸去滓。冷服半升，日二。藥性 論。 To cure thirst by supplementing [qi in] the lower [section of the Triple Burner]. Boil one sheng of [da] ma seed kernels in three sheng of water four or five times to bubbling, Remove the dregs and ingest half a sheng of the cold [liquid]. Twice a day. Yao xing lun. 消渴飲水，日至數斗，小便赤澀。用秋麻子仁一升，水三升，煮三四沸。 飲汁，不過五升瘥。肘後方。 Melting with thirst965 and [an urge to] drink up to several dou of water each day, and with a rough passage of red urine. Boil one sheng of autumn [da] ma seed kernels in three sheng of water three to four times to bubbling. Drink the juice and a cure will be achieved after [an ingestion of ] no more than five sheng. 965 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

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乳石發渴。大麻仁三合，水三升，煮二升，時時呷之。外臺。 Thirst caused by [ingesting] stalactite minerals. Boil three ge of da ma [seed] kernels in three sheng of water down to two sheng and sip [the juice] again and again. Wai tai. 飲酒咽爛，口舌生瘡。大麻仁一升，黄芩二兩，爲末，蜜丸，含之。千金 方。 A festering pharynx related to wine drinking, with sores in the mouth and on the tongue. [Grind] one sheng of da ma [seed] kernels and two liang of scutellaria [root] into powder, form it with honey to pills and hold them in the mouth. Qian jin fang. 脚氣腫渴。大麻仁熬香，水研取一升。再入水三升，煮一升，入赤小豆， 一升，煮熟，食豆飲汁。外臺秘要。 Leg qi966 with swelling and thirst. Simmer da ma [seed] kernels until they develop a fragrance and grind them in water [to obtain a juice of ] one sheng. Add three sheng of water and boil it down to one sheng. Add one sheng of red mung beans and boil them until done. Eat the beans and drink the juice. Wai tai mi yao. 脚氣腹痺。大麻仁一升研碎，酒三升，漬三宿。温服大良。外臺。 Leg qi with abdominal blockage/numbness. Grind one sheng of da ma [seed] kernels into small pieces and soak them in three sheng of wine for three nights. Ingest [the liquid] warm. Very good. Wai tai. 血痢不止。必效方。用麻子仁汁煮緑豆，空心食，極效。外臺。 Unending blood free-flux illness. A recipe that is definitely effective.967 Eat mung beans boiled in [da] ma seed kernel juice on an empty stomach. Very effective. Wai tai. 小兒痢下赤白，體弱大困者。麻子仁三合，炒香研細末。每服一錢，漿水 服，立效。子母秘録。 Red and white free-flux illness discharge of children. Their body is weak and they are under great distress. Stir-fry three ge of [da] ma seed kernels until they develop a fragrance and grind them into fine powder. Each time [let the child] ingest one qian, to be ingested with fermented water of foxtail millet. Immediately effective. Zi mu mi lu. 966 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

967 Bi xiao fang 必效方 is also the name of a pre-Tang recipe collection compiled by Meng shen. If the following recipe quoted here from the Wai tai mi yao is also quoted there from the Bi xiao fang, that is an unusual formulation.



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截腸怪病。大腸頭出寸餘，痛苦，乾則自落又出，名爲截腸病，若腸盡即 不治。但初覺截時，用器盛脂麻油坐浸之，飲大麻子汁數升，即愈也。夏 子益奇疾方。 A strange disease of severed intestine.968 The end of the large intestine has come out at a length of more than one cun. That is quite painful. When it has dried it comes out even further. This is called “severed intestine disease.” Once the entire intestine has come out, this is no longer curable. The only way to deal with this is at the first sensation of severed intestine to fill a vessel with sesame oil and sit in it to soak [the affected region]. Then drink several sheng of da ma seed juice and that leads to a cure. Xia Ziyi, Qi ji fang. 金瘡瘀血在腹中。用大麻仁三升，葱白十四枚，搗熟，水九升，煮一升 半，頓服。血出不盡，更服。千金。 A wound caused by a metal object/weapon with stagnant blood in the abdomen. Pound three sheng of da ma [seed] kernels and 14 pieces of onion white into a pulpy mass and boil it in nine sheng of water down to one and a half sheng, to be ingested all at once. If that fails to let all the blood come out, ingest it again. Qian jin. 腹中蟲病。大麻子仁三升，東行茱萸根八升，漬水。平旦服二升，至夜蟲 下。食療。 Diseases related to the presence of worms/bugs in the abdomen. Soak three sheng of da ma seed kernels and eight sheng of evodia roots growing toward the East in water and ingest two sheng in the early morning. The worms/bugs are discharged in the evening. Shi liao. 小兒疳瘡。嚼麻子傅之，日六七度。秘録。 Gan-illness969 sores of children. Chew [da] ma seeds and apply them [to the affected region]. Six or seven times a day. Mi lu. 小兒頭瘡。麻子五升研細，水絞汁，和蜜傅之。千金。 Sores on the head of a child. Grind five sheng of [da] ma seeds into a fine [mass, add] water and squeeze it to obtain a juice. Mix it with honey and apply it [to the affected region]. Qian jin.

968 Jie chang 截腸, “severed intestine,” a condition identical with tuo gang 脫肛, “prolapse of the rectum.” BCGM Dict I, 249.

969 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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白秃無髮。麻子三升炒焦研末，猪脂和塗，髮生爲度。普濟方。 White baldness with no hair whatsoever. Stir-fry three sheng of [da] ma seeds until they are scorched and grind them into powder. Mix it with lard and apply this [on the affected region] until the hair grows. Pu ji fang. 髮落不生：蕡麻子汁煮粥，頻食之。聖濟總録。 Hair falls out and fails to grow again. Cook a congee with ben ma seeds and frequently eat it. Sheng ji zong lu. 聤耳出膿。麻子一合，花胭脂一分，研匀，作梃子，綿裹塞之。聖惠方。 Festering ears releasing pus. Grind one ge of [da] ma seeds and one fen of rouge into an even mixture. Form it into a stick, wrap it in floss silk and insert it [into the festering ear]. Sheng hui fang. 大風癩疾。大麻仁三升淘晒，以酒一斗浸一夜，研取白汁，濾入瓶中，重 湯煮數沸收之。每飲一小盞，兼服茄根散、乳香丸，取效。聖惠方。 Massive wind,970 [that is,] repudiation-illness.971 Wash three sheng of da ma [seed] kernels in a pan and dry them in the sun. Then soak them in one dou of wine for one night. Grind them to obtain a white juice. Filter [the liquid] into a bottle and heat it in a water bath several times to bubbling. Then store it. Each time drink one small cup and at the same time ingest eggplant root powder and frankincense pills until an effect is evident. Sheng hui fang. 卒被毒箭。麻仁數升，杵汁飲。肘後。 Suddenly being struck by a poisoned arrow. Pound several sheng of [da] ma [seed] kernels and drink the resulting juice. Zhou hou. 解射罔毒。大麻子汁飲之良。千金。 To resolve the poison of aconite paste. To drink da ma seed juice yields good results. Qian jin. 辟禳温疫。麻子仁、赤小豆各二七枚，除夜着井中。飲水良。龍魚河圖。 To ward off warmth epidemics. In New Year’s night throw two times seven pieces each of [da] ma seed kernels and red mung beans into the well. To drink its water is good. Long yu he tu. 970 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” may refer to sores caused by a massive intrusion of wind evil and also to conditions of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111. 971 Lai 癩, “lai-illness,” “repudiation-illness,” including cases of leprosy/Aussatz.” BCGM Dict I, 293.



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赤遊丹毒。麻仁搗末，水和傅之。千金方。 Red, roaming cinnabar poisoning.972 Pound [da] ma [seed] kernels into powder, mix it with water and apply this [to the affected region]. Qian jin fang. 濕癬肥瘡。大麻𣿉𣿉傅之，五日瘥。千金方。 Moist xuan-illness973 and fat sores.974 Apply da ma [seed] juice [to the affected region]. A cure is achieved within five days. Qian jin fang. 瘭疽出汁，生手足肩背，纍纍如赤豆狀。剥净，以大麻子炒，研末摩之。 千金方。 Flaming heat-illness with impediment-illness975 releasing a juice. Hands, feet, shoulders and the back develop clusters similar to red pearls. Peel [the affected region] clean, grind stir-fried da ma seeds into powder and rub it into [the affected region]. Qian jin fang. 22-03-04 油 You

Oil [of da ma]. 主治】熬黑壓油，傅頭，治髮落不生。煎熟，時時啜之，治硫黄毒發身 熱。時珍。〇出千金方、外臺秘要。 Control. Simmer [da ma seeds] until they have turned black and press them to obtain an oil. Apply it to the head to cure hair loss with a failure [of new hair] to grow. Boiled until done and repeatedly sipped it serves to cure body heat caused by the poison of sulphur. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Qian jin fang and Wai tai mi yao. 972 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118.

973 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness,” a condition of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 592. 974 Fei chuang 肥瘡, “fat sores,” a condition of chuang 瘡, “sores,” conditions that are relatively flat but fester with yellow-white pus. BCGM Dict I, 153.

975 Biao ju 瘭疽, “flaming-heat-illness with impediment-illness,” a condition of ju 疽, “impediment-illnesses,” initially emerging like a bean kernel from which a root reaches into the depth of the tissue. This is associated with extreme pain. It slowly increases in size and generates several tips filled with pus that look like clusters of rice grains. The surface of the sores is purple-black, and the pus does not come out unimpeded. They often develop on the back of hands and feet. BCGM Dict I, 67.

630

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded].

尸咽痛痒。麻子燒脂，服之。總録。 Corpse [worms/bugs] throat,976 with a painful itch. Burn [da] ma seeds, [press them to obtain their] fat/oil, and ingest it. Zong lu. 22-03-05 葉 Ye

Leaf [of da ma]. 【氣味】辛，有毒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, poisonous. 【主治】搗汁服五合，下蚘蟲。搗爛傅蝎毒，俱效。蘇恭。浸湯沐髮長 潤，令白髮不生。【甄權曰】以葉一握，同子五升搗和，浸三日，去滓沐 髮。 Control. Pound [da ma leaves] and ingest five ge [of the resulting juice] to discharge roundworms. Pound them to obtain a pulpy mass and apply it to [a region affected by] scorpion [sting] poison. For both [these indications the leaves] are effective. Su Gong. Soaked in hot water [and the liquid used] to wash the hair, [the leaves] stimulate its growth, let it appear moist and prevent the growth of white hair. Zhen Quan: Pound one handful of [da ma] leaves together with five sheng of [da ma] seeds, soak the mixture for three days, discard the dregs and [use the liquid to] wash the hair. 【發明】【時珍曰】按郭文瘡科心要，烏金散治癰疽疔腫，時毒惡瘡。方 中用火麻頭同麻黄諸藥發汗，則葉之有毒攻毒可知矣。普濟方用之截瘧， 尤可推焉。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to Guo Wen’s Chuang ke xin yao, “The ‘black gold powder’ serves to cure swelling associated with obstruction-illness, impediment-illness977 and pin-illness,978 also seasonal [qi] poison and malign sores. In this 976 Shi yan 屍咽, corpse [bugs/worms] throat, a condition of a disease affecting the throat with pain and itching and loss of voice. BCGM Dict I, 458.

977 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 978 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],” also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129.



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recipe, huo ma leaves, ephedra [herb] and all the other pharmaceutical drugs serve to induce sweating. From this it is obvious that the poison of the [da ma] leaves is used to attack the poison [associated with obstruction-illness, etc.]. The Pu ji fang uses them to end malaria; leading to the same conclusion. 【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded]. 治瘧不止。火麻葉不問榮枯，鍋内文武火慢炒香，𢷑起，以紙蓋之，令出 汗盡，爲末。臨發前用茶或酒下。移病人原睡處，其狀如醉，醒即愈。 To cure unending malaria. Stir-fry huo ma leaves, regardless of whether they are fresh or withered, in a pot with a mild fire first and a fierce fire later until they develop a fragrance. Remove the pot [from the fire]979 and cover it with paper. Wait until all the “sweat” [apparent on the surface of the paper] has left and [grind the leaves into] powder. Immediately prior to a [malaria] outbreak send it down with tea or wine. Let the patient return to his original sleeping place. He seems to be drunk. When he wakes up, he is cured. 又方：火麻葉如上法爲末一兩，加縮砂、丁香、陳皮，末，各半兩，酒糊 丸梧子大。每酒、茶任下五七丸。能治諸瘧，壯元氣。普濟方。 Another recipe. Prepare one liang of a powder of huo ma leaves with the same method as outlined above. Add half a liang each of amomum seeds, clove and tangerine peels, [all ground into] powder, and form with wine and wheat flour paste pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send down, with wine or tea, whichever you prefer, five to seven pills. [These pills] can cure all types of malaria, and they strengthen the original qi. Pu ji fang. 22-03-06 黄麻 Huang ma

Skin of the stalks of [da] ma.980 【主治】破血，通小便。時珍。 Control. It breaks through blood [accumulation] and stimulates urination. [Li] Shizhen. 979 The character xian 𢷑 has two meanings: zhuan 轉, “to revolve,” and xian 銜, “to hold in the mouth.” Both do not apply here. Pu ji fang ch. 197, zhi nue fang 治瘧方, “recipes to cure malaria,” instead of xian qi [𢷑]起 writes lian guo qu xia 連鍋取下, “remove them with the pot.” 980 Huang ma 黄麻, lit.: “yellow hemp.”

632

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded].

熱淋脹痛。麻皮一兩，炙甘草三分，水二盞，煎一盞服，日二，取效。聖 惠方。 Urinary dripping related to heat, with a painful [abdominal] distension. Boil one liang of [da] ma [stalk] skin and three fen of roasted glycyrrhiza [root] in two cups of water down to one cup and ingest [the liquid], twice a day, until an effect is reached. Sheng hui fang. 跌撲折傷，疼痛。接骨方：黄麻燒灰、頭髮灰各一兩，乳香五錢，爲末。 每服三錢，温酒下，立效。王仲勉經驗方。 Painful fracture harm resulting from a fall or blow. A “bone setting recipe.” Grind one liang each of the skin of the stalks of [da] ma, burned to ashes, and the ashes of hair, with five qian of frankincense into powder. Each time ingest three qian, to be sent down with warm wine. Immediately effective. Wang Zhongmian, Jing yan fang. 22-03-07 麻根 Ma gen

Root of [da] ma. 【主治】搗汁或煮汁服，主瘀血石淋。陶弘景。治産難衣不出，破血壅 脹，帶下、崩中不止者，以水煮服之，效。蘇恭。治熱淋下血不止，取三 九枚，洗净，水五升，煮三升，分服，血止神驗。藥性。根及葉搗汁服， 治撾打瘀血，心腹滿，氣短，及踠折骨痛不可忍者，皆效。無則以麻煮汁 代之。蘇頌。出韋宙獨行方。 Control. Pound [the root] to obtain a juice or boil it in water to obtain a juice and ingest it. It controls stagnant blood and [urinary] dripping with stones. Tao Hongjing. It serves to cure difficult delivery when the placenta fails to come out and breaks through blood obstruction with [abdominal] distension. To [cure illnesses of women] below the belt and unending collapsing center,981 boil [the root of da ma] in water and [let the woman] ingest [the liquid]. Effective. Su Gong. To cure unending [urinary] dripping related to heat take three times nine roots, wash them clean and boil them in five sheng of water down to three sheng, to be ingested divided into several portions. This stops the bleeding with a divine effect. Yao xing. The root and the leaves pounded and the resulting juice ingested is an effective [medication] for all issues such as stagnant blood after a blow, a sensation of fullness in the central and abdominal region, shortness of [breath] qi, and unbearably painful bone fracture. If 981 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.



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no [roots and leaves] are available, boil [da] ma [stalk skin] and use the resulting juice instead. 22-03-08 漚麻汁 Ou ma zhi

Juice obtained by soaking [da] ma. 【主治】止消渴，治瘀血。蘇恭。 Control. It ends melting with thirst,982 and serves to cure stagnant blood. Su Gong. 22-04 小麥别録中品 Xiao mai, FE Bie lu, middle rank. Triticum aestivum L. Wheat. 【校正】拾遺 麥苗併歸爲一。 Correction of Errors. Combined here in one entry with mai miao 麥苗 [listed separately] in the Shi yi. 【釋名】來。【時珍曰】來，亦作䅘。許氏説文云：天降瑞麥，一來二 麰，象芒刺之形，天所來也。如足行來，故麥字從來從攵。攵音綏，足行 也。詩云“貽我來、牟”，是矣。又云：來象其實，攵象其根。梵書名麥曰迦 師錯。 Explanation of Names. Lai 來. [Li] Shizhen: Lai 來 is also written lai 䅘. Xu shi in his Shuo wen states: “Heaven sent down mai 麥 as a propitious sign. First [arrived] lai 來, ‘wheat,’ second [arrived] mou 麰, ‚barley.’ [The character lai 來] reflects the shape of awns that have arrived, lai 來, from heaven.” This is the lai 來 of “to walk.” Hence the character mou 麥 is based on [the characters] lai 來 and sui 攵. 攵 is read sui 音綏, it is “to walk.” When the Shi [jing] states. “Thou didst confer on us the wheat and the barley,”983 yi wo lai mou 貽我來、牟, these are [the items discussed here]. It is also said: “[The character] lai 來 reflects the fruits; [the character] sui 攵 reflects the root.” In Sanskrit writings wheat, mai 麥, is called jiashicuo 迦師錯。 【集解】【頌曰】大小麥秋種冬長，春秀夏實，具四時中和之氣，故爲五 穀之貴。地暖處亦可春種，至夏便收。然比秋種者，四氣不足，故有毒。 【時珍曰】北人種麥漫撒，南人種麥撮撒。北麥皮薄麪多，南麥反此。或 云，收麥以蠶沙和之，辟蠹。或云，立秋前以蒼耳剉碎同晒收，亦不蛀。 秋後則蟲已生矣。蓋麥性惡濕，故久雨水潦，即多不熟也。 982 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567. 983 Shi jing, Part IV, Book I [i.], Ode X. Translated by James Legge.

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Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: Barley and wheat are sown in autumn; they grow in winter. They put forth flowers/ears in spring and they develop fruits in summer. They are endowed with the qi of all four seasons. It is therefore that they are considered to be the nobility among the five types of grain. In warm regions they can also be sown in spring, and are harvested in summer. However, in comparison with those sown in autumn, they do not have enough qi of the four [seasons]; hence they are poisonous. [Li] Shizhen: People in the North sow wheat by spreading [the seeds] all over the ground. People in the South sow wheat by dropping them into the soil with their fingers. The wheat in the North has a thin skin and much flour. The wheat in the South is exactly the opposite. Some say: “When wheat is stored it should be mixed with silkworm droppings to keep away moths.” It is also said: “Store [wheat] dried prior to the solar term Autum Begins together with Siberian cocklebur filed to small pieces.” That, too, prevents moth infestation. From autumn on the worms/bugs have already come to life. The fact is, wheat by its nature abhors moisture. Because of this, it often does not ripen during periods of heavy rainfall and flooding. 22-04-01 小麥 Xiao mai Wheat.

【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。入少陰、太陽之經。【甄權曰】平，有小毒。 【恭曰】小麥作湯，不許皮坼。坼則性温，不能消熱止煩也。【藏器曰】 小麥秋種夏熟，受四時氣足，兼有寒熱温凉。故麥凉、麴温、麩冷、麪 熱，宜其然也。河、渭之西，白麥麪亦凉，以其春種，闕二氣也。【時珍 曰】新麥性熱，陳麥平和。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. It enters the minor yin and major yang conduits. [Zhen] Quan: Balanced, slightly poisonous. [Su] Gong: If wheat is boiled in hot water, it must not cause it to crack. When wheat is cracked it assumes a warm nature and is no longer able to dissolve heat and end vexation. [Chen] Cangqi: Wheat is sown in autumn and ripens in summer. It is sufficiently endowed with the qi of the four seasons and includes cold, heat, warm and cool [qi]. Hence wheat is cool, yeast/ferment is warm, bran is cold and flour is hot, and this is in agreement with their natural [endowment]. In the West of the rivers He and Wei, white wheat flour is cool. Because it is sown in spring it lacks the qi of the two [seasons autumn and winter]. [Li] Shizhen: Fresh wheat is by nature hot; long-stored wheat has a balanced, harmonious [nature].



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【主治】除客熱，止煩渴咽燥，利小便，養肝氣，止漏血唾血。令女人易 孕。别録。養心氣，心病宜食之。思邈。煎湯飲，治暴淋。宗奭。熬末 服，殺腸中蚘蟲。藥性。陳者煎湯飲，止虚汗。燒存性，油調，塗諸瘡、 湯火傷灼。時珍。 Control. It eliminates visitor heat984 and ends vexing thirst with a dry pharynx. It stimulates urination, nourishes the liver qi, and ends blood leaking and blood spitting. It helps women get pregnant easily. Bie lu. It nourishes the heart qi; in the case of a heart disease it is advisable to eat [wheat]. [Sun] Simiao. Boiled and drunk as a decoction it serves to cure sudden [urinary] dripping. [Kou] Zongshi. Simmer [wheat, grind it into] powder and ingest it to kill roundworms in the intestines. Yao xing. Long-stored [wheat] boiled and the decoction drunk it ends depletion with sweating. Burned with its nature retained and then mixed with oil it is applied to all types of sores and to harm caused by boiling water and fire. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】按素問云：麥屬火，心之穀也。鄭玄云：麥有孚甲， 屬木。許慎云：麥屬金，金王而生，火王而死。三説各異。而别録云，麥 養肝氣，與鄭説合。孫思邈云，麥養心氣，與素問合。夷攷其功，除煩、 止渴、收汗、利溲、止血，皆心之病也，當以素問爲準。蓋許以時，鄭以 形，而素問以功性，故立論不同爾。【震亨曰】飢年用小麥代穀，須晒 燥，以少水潤，舂去皮，煮爲飯食，可免麪熱之患。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Su wen, “wheat is associated with [the phase] fire; it is the grain of the heart.” Zheng Xuan states: “Wheat is protected by a shell; it is associated with [the phase] wood.” Xu Shen states: “Wheat is associated with [the phase] metal. When [the phase] metal rules, [wheat] grows. When [the phase] fire rules, it dies.” These three statements differ. The Bie lu states: “Wheat nourishes the liver qi.” That is in agreement with the statement of Zheng [Xuan]. Sun Simiao states: “Wheat nourishes the heart qi.” That is in agreement with the statement in the Su wen. Let us take a look at the [therapeutic] potential [of wheat]. It eliminates vexation, ends thirst, holds back sweat, frees urination, and ends bleeding. These are all heart diseases. Hence the Su wen should be considered authoritative. The fact is, Xu [Shen] takes the time, Zheng [Xuan] takes the physical appearance and the Su wen takes the [therapeutic] potential and nature [of wheat as a starting point to identify the nature of wheat]. Therefore, their theoretical conclusions differ. [Zhu] Zhenheng: In years of famine, wheat can be resorted to to replace grain. It must be dried in the sun and is then moistened with some water. 984 Ke re 客熱, “visitor heat,” 1.) an etiological agent identified as heat evil intruding into the human organism from outside. 2.) a condition identical with re 熱, “heat.” BCGM Dict I, 282.

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It is pounded in a mortar to remove the skin and cooked to prepare a meal. This way one prevents suffering from the heat of wheat flour. 【附方】舊三，新四。 Added Recipes. Three of old, four newly [recorded]. 消渴心煩。用小麥作飯及粥食。心鏡。 Melting with thirst and heart vexation. Prepare a meal or congee with xiao mai and eat it. Xin jing. 老人五淋，身熱腹滿。小麥一升，通草二兩，水三升，煮一升，飲之即 愈。奉親書。 The five types of [urinary] dripping of old people, with body heat and a sensation of abdominal fullness. Boil one sheng of xiao mai and two liang of rice paper plant in three sheng of water down to one sheng. To drink that leads to a cure. Feng qin shu. 項下癭氣。用小麥一升，醋一升漬之，晒乾爲末。以海藻洗，研末三兩， 和匀。每以酒服方寸匕，日三。小品。 Goiter qi below the neck. Soak one sheng of xiao mai in one sheng of vinegar, dry it in the sun and [grind it into] powder. Also, wash sargassum herb clean and grind three liang into powder. Mix [the two powders] evenly. Each time ingest with wine the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times a day. Xiao pin. 眉鍊頭瘡。用小麥燒存性，爲末。油調傅。儒門事親。 Tempered eyebrow and head sores985 Burn xiao mai with its nature retained and [grind it into] powder. Mix it with oil and apply this [to the affected region]. Ru men shi qin. 白癜風癬。用小麥攤石上，燒鐵物壓出油。搽之甚效。醫學正傳。 White patches-illness986 and wind xuan-illness.987 Spread xiao mai on a stone and press it with a heated iron item to obtain its oil. Apply it [to the affected region]. Very effective. Yi xue zheng chuan.

985 Lian mei chuang 煉眉瘡, “tempered eyebrow sores,” a condition identical with mei chuang 眉瘡, “eyebrow sores.” BCGM Dict I, 316. 986 Bai dian [feng] 白癜[風], “white patches [wind],” a condition of white skin patches without pain and itching. BCGM Dict I, 46.

987 Feng xuan 風癬, wind xuan-illness,” a condition of xuan 癬, “xuan-illness,”with a circular outer edge and local numbness. BCGM Dict I, 171, 592.



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湯火傷灼，未成瘡者。用小麥炒黑，研入膩粉，油調塗之。勿犯冷水，必 致爛。袖珍方。 Burns from boiling hot water and fire, if they have not turned into wounds. Stir-fry xiao mai until it has assumed a black color, grind it into a powder, mix it with oil and apply this [to the affected region]. It must be be offended by cold water, lest it will fester. Xiu zhen fang. 金瘡腸出。用小麥五升，水九升，煮取四升，綿濾取汁，待極冷。令病人 卧席上，含汁噀之，腸漸入，噀其背。並勿令病人知及多人見，傍人語即 腸不入也。乃擡席四角輕摇，使腸自入。十日中，但略食羹物。慎勿驚 動，即殺人。劉涓子鬼遺方。 Wounds caused by metal objects/weapons with the intestines having come out [of the abdomen]. Boil five sheng of xiao mai in nine sheng of water down to four sheng. Strain this through floss silk to obtain the juice and wait until it has become very cold. Let the patient lie on a mat, hold the juice in your mouth and spurt it on him. The intestine will gradually enter [the abdomen again]. Spurt [the juice] on his back. Do not let the patient know [what you do] and do not let many others watch. If there are bystanders who talk, the intestine will not enter [the abdomen again]. Then lift the four corners of the mat and slightly shake [the patient] with it. This causes the intestine to enter [the abdomen]. For ten days he should eat only thick soups. Be careful not to alarm him; that would kill him. Liu Juanzi, Gui yi fang. 22-04-02 浮麥 Fu mai

Floating [xiao] mai. 即水淘浮起者，焙用。 These are the [wheat grains] that rise to the surface when [wheat] is washed in a pan, and that are then baked over a slow fire to be used [for therapeutic purposes]. 【氣味】甘、鹹，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, nonpoisonous.

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【主治】益氣除熱，止自汗盗汗，骨蒸虚熱，婦人勞熱。時珍。 Control. They boost the qi and eliminate heat; they stop spontaneous sweating and robber sweating,988 bone steaming989 and depletion heat,990 as well as exhaustion heat991 of women. [Li] Shizhen. 22-04-03 麥麩 Mai fu

Wheat bran. 【主治】時疾熱瘡，湯火瘡爛，撲損傷折瘀血，醋炒罯貼之。日華。和麪 作餅，止洩痢，調中去熱，健人。以醋拌蒸熱，袋盛，包熨人馬冷失腰脚 傷折處，止痛散血。藏器。醋蒸，熨手足風濕痺痛，寒濕脚氣，互易至汗 出，並良。末服，止虚汗。時珍。 Control. Seasonal illness with heat and sores. Festering sores caused by boiling hot water and fire. Stagnant blood related to fracture harm caused by a fall or injury. Stir-fry it in vinegar and place it on [the affected region]. Rihua. Prepared with wheat flour to cakes [and eaten], it ends outflow free-flux illness, regulates the center, eliminates heat and strengthens one. Mix it with vinegar, steam it until it turns hot, fill it in a pouch and press it on the location of fracture harm, the lower back and the legs where a cold sensation is felt, applicable to humans and horses. This ends the pain and disperses the blood. [Chen] Cangqi. Steam it with vinegar and press it hot on hands and feet affected by wind [intrusion], moisture and painful blockage/numbness, cold and moisture and leg qi.992 Replace it [when it cools down] and continue until a sweating occurs. It is good for all [these issues]. To ingest [wheat bran ground into] powder ends depletion sweat.993 [Li] Shizhen.

988 Dao han 盗汗, “robber sweating,” (1) an illness sign of a profuse sweating during sleep that ends when one wakes up. (2) A pathological condition with robber sweating as major sign. BCGM Dict I, 122.

989 Gu zheng 骨蒸, “bone steaming,” 1.) a condition of an infectious consumptive disease with a development of vexing heat in the afternoon. 2.) An illness sign of heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197.

990 Xu re 虛熱, “depletion heat,” a condition of 1.) fever brought about by a depletion of yin, jin 津 liquid, qi and blood, and 2.) abdominal extension due to harm caused by cold, without blockage of stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 588. 991 Lao re 勞熱, “exhaustion heat,” a condition of depletion heat brought forth by yin depletion. BCGM Dict I, 299. 992 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

993 Xu han 虛汗, “depletion sweating,” a condition of sweating brought forth by an insufficiency of qi and blood, i.e. of yang and yin qi. BCGM Dict I, 584.



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【發明】【時珍曰】麩乃麥皮也，與浮麥同性，而止汗之功次於浮麥，蓋 浮麥無肉也。凡人身體疼痛及瘡瘍腫爛沾漬，或小兒暑月出痘瘡，潰爛不 能着席睡卧者，並用夾褥盛麩縫合藉卧，性凉而軟，誠妙法也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: [Mai] fu, “wheat bran,” is the skin of [xiao] mai. It has the same nature as fu mai 浮麥, “floating [xiao] mai,” but is inferior in its potential of stopping sweating to fu mai 浮麥. The fact is, fu mai has no “meat.” Whenever someone’s body aches and when he is affected by sores, ulcers, swelling, festering and sogged [flesh], or when children during the summer months develop pox sores, with festering making it impossible to touch the mat and lie down to sleep, for all these [patients] fill a double-layered mat with [mai] fu/wheat bran, sew the edges together and [let the patient] lie down on such a mattress. It is of cool nature and soft. A truly wondrous approach. 【附方】新七。 Added Recipes. Seven newly [recorded]. 虚汗盗汗。衛生寶鑑用浮小麥文武火炒，爲末。每服二錢半，米飲下，日 三服。或煎湯代茶飲。 Depletion sweating, robber sweating. The Wei sheng bao jian [recommends to] stirfry fu xiao mai 浮小麥, “floating xiao mai,” on a mild fire first and on a fierce fire later, and [grind it into] powder. Each time ingest two and a half qian, to be sent down with a rice beverage. To be ingested three times a day. Or, boil it and drink the resulting decoction instead of tea. 一方：以猪觜唇煮熟切片，蘸食亦良。 Another recipe. Boil a pig’s snout until done, cut it into pieces, dip them [into the powder] and eat them. That is good, too. 産後虚汗。小麥麩、牡蠣等分，爲末。以猪肉汁調服二錢，日二服。胡氏 婦人方。 Depletion sweating after delivery. [Grind equal amounts of ] xiao mai fu and oyster [shells] into powder. Mix it with the juice of [cooked] pork and ingest two qian. To be ingested twice a day. Hu shi fu ren fang. 走氣作痛。用釅醋拌麩皮炒熱，袋盛熨之。生生編。 Pain caused by running qi. Mix strong vinegar with the skin of [xiao] mai, stir-fry this until it is hot, fill it into a pouch and press it hot [on the affected region]. Sheng sheng bian.

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滅諸瘢痕。春夏用大麥麩，秋冬用小麥麩，篩粉和酥傅之。總録。 To eliminate all types of wound scars. In spring and summer use da mai fu/barley bran; in autumn and winter use xiao mai fu/wheat bran. Pass it through a sieve to obtain a powder, mix it with butter and apply this [to the affected region]. Zong lu. 小兒眉瘡。小麥麩炒黑，研末，酒調傅之。 Sores in the eyebrows of children. Stir-fry xiao mai fu until it has assumed a black color, grind it into powder, mix it with wine and apply this [to the affected region]. 小便尿血。麪麩炒香，以肥猪肉蘸食之。集玄方。 Urination with blood. Stir-fry wheat flour bran until it develops a fragrance, dip fat pork into it and eat this. Ji xuan fang. 22-04-04 麪 Mian

Wheat flour. 【氣味】甘，温，有微毒。不能消熱止煩。别録。【大明曰】性壅熱，小 動風氣，發丹石毒。【思邈曰】多食，長宿澼，加客氣。畏漢椒、蘿蔔。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, slightly poisonous. Unable to dissolve heat and end vexation. Bie lu. Da Ming: It is by its nature obstructing and hot; it mildly excites the movement of wind qi and stimulates the activity of elixir mineral poison. [Sun] Simiao: Eaten in large amounts it extends the presence of aggregation-illness994 and increases visitor heat.995 [Ingested together,] it fears Chinese pepper and radish. 【主治】補虚。久食實人膚體，厚腸胃，强氣力。藏器。養氣，補不足， 助五臟。日華。水調服，治人中暑，馬病肺熱。宗奭。傅癰腫損傷，散血 止痛。生食，利大腸。水調服，止鼻衄吐血。時珍。 Control. It supplements depletion. Eaten over a long time it replenishes one’s skin and body, solidifies the intestines and the stomach and adds to the strength of qi. [Chen] Cangqi. It nourishes the qi, supplements insufficiencies, and assists the five long-term depots. Rihua. Ingested mixed with water it [serves to] cure people struck by summer heat, and horses with lung heat. [Kou] Zongshi. Apply it to obstruction-illness996 swelling and injury harm to disperse [accumulated] blood and 994 Pi 澼 is soften used for pi 癖, “aggregation-illness.”

995 Ke re 客熱, “visitor heat,” 1.) an etiological agent identified as heat evil intruding into the human organism from outside. 2.) a condition identical with re 熱, “heat.” BCGM Dict I, 282. 996 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.



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stop pain. Eaten raw it frees the passage through the large intestine. Ingested mixed with water it stops nosebleed and blood spitting. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【詵曰】麪有熱毒者，多是陳黝之色，又爲磨中石末在内故也。 但杵食之即良。【藏器曰】麪性熱，惟第二磨者凉，爲其近麩也。河、渭 以西白麥麪性凉，以其春種，闕二氣也。【穎曰】東南卑濕，春多雨水， 麥已受濕氣，又不曾出汗，故食之作渴，動風氣，助濕發熱。西北高燥， 春雨又少，麥不受濕，復入地窖出汗，北人禀厚少濕，故常食而不病也。 【時珍曰】北麪性温，食之不渴。南麪性熱，食之煩渴。西邊麪性凉，皆 地氣使然也。吞漢椒，食蘿蔔，皆能解其毒，見蘿蔔條。醫方中往往用飛 羅麪，取其無石末而性平易爾。陳麥麪水煮食之無毒。以糟發脹者，能發 病發瘡，惟作蒸餅和藥，取其易消也。按李廷飛延壽書云：北多霜雪，故 麪無毒；南方雪少，故麪有毒。顧元慶簷曝偶談云：江南麥花夜發，故發 病；江北麥花晝發，故宜人。又曰：魚稻宜江淮，羊麪宜京洛，亦五方有 宜不宜也。麪性雖熱，而寒食日以紙袋盛懸風處，數十年亦不壞，則熱性 皆去而無毒矣。入藥尤良。 Explication. [Meng] Shen: Wheat flour that is hot and poisonous is mostly dark in color. It may also [be dark in color] because it contains powder of the stone it was ground on. Simply pound it before eating it, and it is good. [Chen] Cangqi: The nature of mian 麪/wheat flour is hot. Only [wheat flour] ground twice is cool because then it comes close to bran. In the West of the rivers He and Wei, white wheat flour is by nature cool. Because it is sown in spring it lacks the two qi [of autumn and winter]. [Wang] Ying: The South-East is a low-lying, moist region. In spring there is a lot of rain water. When wheat has received moisture qi and is not dealt with to sweat out [the moisture], eating it causes thirst, excites wind [intrusion] qi, furthers the moisture [in the body] and stimulates the effusion of qi. In the North West, [the land is] elevated and dry. It rains little in spring. The wheat does not receive moisture and it is kept in underground caves to sweat out [the moisture it has]. The people in the North are generously endowed [with qi] and have little moisture. Hence the do not fall ill even though they continuously eat [wheat flour]. [Li] Shizhen: The northern mian 麪/wheat flour is naturally warm; eating it does not lead to thirst. The southern mian 麪/wheat flour is naturally hot; eating it creates vexing heat. Mian 麪/wheat flour from the western borderland is naturally cool. The qi of the ground are responsible for all these [different] natures. To swallow Chinese pepper and to eat radish, both these [items] can resolve the poison [of wheat flour]. See the entry “luo bo 蘿蔔/radish” (26-16). In medical recipes fei luo mian 飛羅麪, “wheat flour that is sifted and [light enough to] fly,” is often used. They make use of [wheat flour] powder that is free of sand and has a balanced nature and is easy

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[to digest]. Long-stored wheat flour boiled with water is nonpoisonous and edible. But if it is allowed to rise with an admixture of wine yeast/ferment, it can lead to disease and generates sores. All it is used for are steamed cakes and combinations with medication to make use of its being easily dissolved/digested. According to Li Tingfei’s997 Yan shou shu, “there is much frost and snow in the North. Hence [northern] mian 麪/wheat flour is nonpoisonous. There is little snow in the South. Hence [southern] mian 麪/wheat flour is poisonous.” Gu Yuanqing in his Yan pu ou tan states: “The flowers of mian 麪/wheat flour in Jiang nan blossom at night; hence they cause disease. The flowers of mian 麪/wheat flour in Jiang bei blossom during daytime; hence they are good for humans.” Also, “for fish and rice the [region of the rivers] Jiang and Huai is appropriate; for sheep and mian 麪/wheat flour the [region around the] capital and Luo [yang] is appropriate.” That is another [example] of differences in what the five cardinal regions are appropriate for and what they are not appropriate for. Mian 麪/wheat flour is hot, but when it is filled in a paper bag and hung up at a windy place on the Cold Food day,998 it will not rot for tens of years to come, By then the natural heat has all left and it is no longer poisonous. When it is added to medication, it is especially good. 【附方】舊七，新二十一。 Added Recipes. Seven of old, 21 newly [recorded]. 熱渴心悶。温水一盞，調麪一兩，飲之。聖濟總録。 Heat, thirst and heart pressure. Mix one cup of warm water with one liang of mian 麪/wheat flour and drink this. Sheng ji zong lu. 中暍卒死。井水和麪一大抄，服之。千金。 Sudden death related to a summer heat stroke. Mix one generous handful of mian 麪/wheat flour with water from a well and [force-feed the patient to] ingest this. Qian jin. 夜出盗汗。麥麪作彈丸，空心、卧時煮食之。次早服妙香散一帖，取效。 997 Instead of Li Tingfei 李廷飛, according to the Yuan shi ch. 197, Li Pengfei chuan 李鵬飛 傳, “Li Pengfei biography,” this should be Li Pengfei 李鵬飛.

998 This is the festival honoring Jie Zitui 介子推 who had served King Wen of the State of Jin, 5th c. BCE. Eventually he withdrew with his mother to the forests. King Wen summoned him to his court to show his gratitude. When Jie Zitui refused to appear, the king had the forest set on fi re to force him to leave his abode. Jie and his mother died in the fi re in 476 BCE. The king ordered that no fi res were allowed on that day in future, and food was to be consumed cold. Hence the name of that day, han shi 寒食, “Cold Food.” It is April 5. BCGM Dict III, 224-225.



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Robber sweating999 during the night. Prepare a bullet size pill of mai mian 麪/wheat flour and eat it, boiled in water, on an empty stomach at bedtime. The next morning ingest one dose of the “wondrous fragrance powder.” [Continue] until an effect is seen. 内損吐血。飛羅麪略炒，以京墨汁或藕節汁調服二錢。醫學集成。 Blood spitting related to an internal injury. Mix slightly stir-fried fei luo mian (wheat flour free of grindstone powder) with capital ink juice or Indian lotus rhizome node juice and ingest two qian. Yi xue ji cheng. 大衄血出。口耳皆出者。用白麪入鹽少許，冷水調服三錢。普濟方。 Massive nosebleed. Blood coming out of the mouth and the ears. Add a little salt to white wheat flour, mix it with cold water and ingest three qian. Pu ji fang. 中蠱吐血。小麥麪二合，水調服。半日當下出。廣記。 Blood spitting related to being struck by gu[-poison].1000 Mix two ge of wheat flour with water and ingest this. [The poison] will be discharged through the lower [body orifices] within half a day. Guang ji. 嘔噦不止。醋和麪作彈丸二三十枚，以沸湯煮熟，漉出，投漿水中，待 温，吞三兩枚。噦定即不用再吞，未定至晚再吞。兵部手集。 Unending vomiting and retching. Mix wheat flour with vinegar and prepare 20 to 30 bullet-size pills. Boil them in bubbling hot water until done and filter them out [of the liquid]. Put them into fermented water of foxtail millet and swallow, as long as they are warm, three or just two pills. When the retching ends do not swallow any more [of the pills]. When it does not end swallow them again at night. Bing bu shou ji. 寒痢白色。炒麪每以方寸匕入粥中食之。能療日瀉百行，師不救者。外 臺。。 Cold free-flux illness that is white in color. Each time eat a congee to which the amount held by a square cun spoon of stir-fried wheat flour is added. This can cure an outflow of one hundred [bowel] movements a day that [medical] experts cannot provide relief for. Wai tai. 999 Dao han 盗汗, “robber sweating,” 1.) an illness sign of a profuse sweating during sleep that ends when one wakes up. 2.) A pathological condition with robber sweating as major sign. BCGM Dict I, 122.

1000 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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泄痢不固。白麪一斤，炒焦黄。每日空心温水服一二匙。正要 Loose outflow and free-flux illness. Stir-fry one jin of white wheat flour until it is scorched and yellow. Each time ingest on an empty stomach with warm wine the amount held by one or two spoons. Zheng yao. 諸瘧久瘧。用三姓人家寒食麪各一合，五月五日午時采青蒿擂自然汁，和 丸緑豆大。臨發日早無根水送下一丸。一方：加炒黄丹少許。德生堂方。 All types of malaria, long-lasting malaria. Prepare one ge each of wheat flour of three households prepared on the Cold Food day.1001 On the fifth day of the fifth month at noon collect wormwood herb and pound it to obtain a juice. Mix [the juice with the wheat flour] and form pills the size of mung beans. Early in the morning of the day of an outbreak send down one pill with “water that has no root.”1002 Another recipe adds a little stir-fried minium. De sheng tang fang. 頭皮虚腫，薄如蒸餅，狀如裹水。以口嚼麪，傅之良。梅師方。 A hollow swelling of the skin on the head that is as thin as a steamed cake and is shaped as if it included water. Chew wheat flour and apply [the mass to the affected region]. Good. Mei shi fang. 咽喉腫痛，卒不下食。白麪和醋，塗喉外腫處。普濟方。 Painful swelling of pharynx and throat making it suddenly impossible to ingest food. Mix white wheat flour with vinegar and apply it outside on the throat where the swelling is. Pu ji fang. 婦人吹奶。水調麪煮糊欲熟，即投無灰酒一盞，攪匀熱飲。令人徐徐按 之，藥行即瘳。聖惠方。 Inflated breast1003 of women. Mix wheat flour with water and boil it to generate a paste that is almost done. Give it into a cup of ash-free wine, stir it to prepare an even mixture and [let the woman] drink this. Let someone gently press the [affected region]. When the medication moves the [disease is] healed. Sheng hui fang. 1001 This is the festival honoring Jie Zitui 介子推 who had served King Wen of the State of Jin, 5th c. BCE. Eventually he withdrew with his mother to the forests. King Wen summoned him to his court to show his gratitude. When Jie Zitui refused to appear, the king had the forest set on fi re to force him to leave his abode. Jie and his mother died in the fi re in 476 BCE. The king ordered that no fi res were allowed on that day in future, and food was to be consumed cold. Hence the name of that day, han shi 寒食, “Cold Food.” It is April 5. BCGM Dict III, 224-225. 1002 Water emerging from the brick wall of a well that has not been let free yet into the bottom of the well, is called “water without root.” See also 05-15. 1003 Chui nai 吹奶, “inflated breast,” also called chui ru 吹乳. A condition with milk blocked after delivery and the breasts turning red and swelling.BCGM Dict I, 101



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乳癰不消。白麪半斤炒黄，醋煮爲糊，塗之即消。聖惠方。 Breast obstruction-illness1004 that fails to dissolve. Stir-fry half a jin of white wheat flour until it turns yellow, boil it in vinegar to generate a paste and apply this [to the affected region. The obstruction-illness swelling] will dissolve [as a result]. Sheng hui fang. 破傷風病。白麪、燒鹽各一撮，新水調塗之。普濟方。 Wound wind1005 disease. Mix one pinch each of white wheat flour and burned salt with newly [drawn] water and apply this [to the affected region]. Pu ji fang. 金瘡血出不止。用生麪乾傅，五七日即愈。藺氏經驗方。 Unending bleeding from a wound caused by a metal object/weapon. Apply dry, fresh wheat flour [to the affected region]. A cure is achieved after five to seven days. Lin shi jing yan fang. 遠行脚趼成泡者。水調生麪塗之，一夜即平。海上。 Blisters that develop from leg callouses after a long march. Mix fresh wheat flour with water and apply this [to the affected region]. Within one night [the blisters will have turned into a] flat skin. Hai shang. 折傷瘀損。白麪、巵子仁同搗，以水調，傅之即散。 Fracture harm and injury with stagnant [blood]. Pound white wheat flour and gardenia seed kernels, mix this with water and apply it [to the affected region]. [The stagnant blood] will disperse as a result. 火燎成瘡。炒麪，入巵子仁末，和油傅之。千金。 Sores that have developed from burns. Add gardenia seed kernels to stir-fried wheat flour, mix this with oil and apply it [to the affected region]. Qian jin. 瘡中惡肉。寒食麪二兩，巴豆五分，水和作餅，燒末摻之。仙傳外科。 Malign flesh [growth] in sores. Mix two liang of wheat flour of the Cold Food [day]1006 and five fen of croton seeds with water and make a cake. Burn it, [grind it into] powder and apply it [to the affected region]. Xian chuan wai ke. 1004 Ru yong 乳癰, “breast obstruction-illness,” a condition of acute putrefication of a woman’s breast. Often encountered if a woman, following delivery, experiences chui nai 吹 奶, “inflated breast,” or du ru 妒乳, “jealousy breast.” BCGM Dict I, 412.

1005 Po shang feng 破傷風, “wound wind,” a condition of lockjaw, arched back rigidity and convulsions, resulting from wounds struck by wind. BCGM Dict I, 379.

1006 This is the festival honoring Jie Zitui 介子推 who had served King Wen of the State of Jin, 5th c. BCE. Eventually he withdrew with his mother to the forests. King Wen summoned him to his court to show his gratitude. When Jie Zitui refused to appear,

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白秃頭瘡。白麪、豆豉和研，酢和傅之。普濟方。 White baldness head sores. Grind a mixture of white wheat flour and [soybean] relish, mix it with vinegar and apply this [to the affected region]. Pu ji fang. 小兒口瘡。寒食麪五錢，硝石七錢，水調半錢塗足心，男左女右。普濟方。 Sores in the mouth of children. Mix five qian of wheat flour of the Cold Food [day] and seven qian of nitrokalite with half a qian of water and apply this to the soles [of the child], for boys on the [sole of the] left, and for girls on the [sole of the] right [foot.] Pu ji fang. 婦人斷産。白麪一升，酒一升，煮沸去渣，分三服。經水至時前日夜、次 日早及天明服之。 Contraception for women. Boil one sheng of white wheat flour in one sheng of wine to bubbling, remove the dregs and ingest [the liquid] divided into three portions. To be ingested at night the day before menstruation sets in, the next day in the early morning and during the day. 陰冷悶痛，漸入腹腫滿。醋和麪熨之。千金方。 Cold in the yin [(i. e., genital) region] with a painful heart-pressure gradually invading the abdomen and resulting in distension and a sensation of fullness. Mix vinegar and wheat flour and apply this as a hot compress [to the affected region]. Qian jin fang. 一切漏瘡。鹽、麪和團，燒研傅之。千金方。 All types of leaking sores. Mix salt and wheat flour to a ball, burn it, grind [the residue into powder] and apply it [to the affected region]. Qian jin fang. 瘭疽出汁。生手足肩背，纍纍如赤豆。剥净，以酒和麪傅之。千金方。 Flaming heat-illness with impediment-illness1007 releasing a juice. Hands, feet, shoulders and the back develop clusters similar to red pearls. Peel [the affected region] clean, and apply a mixture of wine and wheat flour there. Qian jin fang. the king had the forest set on fi re to force him to leave his abode. Jie and his mother died in the fi re in 476 BCE. The king ordered that no fi res were allowed on that day in future, and food was to be consumed cold. Hence the name of that day, han shi 寒食, “Cold Food.” It is April 5. BCGM Dict III, 224-225.

1007 Biao ju 瘭疽, “flaming-heat-illness with impediment-illness,” a condition of ju 疽, “impediment-illnesses,” initially emerging like a bean kernel from which a root reaches into the depth of the tissue. This is associated with extreme pain. It slowly increases in size and generates several tips filled with pus that look like clusters of rice grains. The surface of the sores is purple-black, and the pus does not come out unimpeded. They often develop on the back of hands and feet. BCGM Dict I, 67.



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一切疔腫。麪和臘猪脂封之良。梅師方。 All types of pin-illness1008 swelling. Mix wheat flour and lard obtained in the 12th month, and seal [the affected region]. Good. Mei shi fang. 傷米食積。白麪一兩，白酒麴二丸，炒爲末。每服二匙，白湯調下。如傷 肉食，山查湯下。簡便方。 Harm caused by accumulated rice meals. Stir-fry one liang of white wheat flour and two pills of white brewer’s yeast/ferment and [grind them into] powder. Each time ingest the amount held by two spoons, to be sent down mixed with clear, boiled water. In the case of harm caused by eating meat, send [the powder] down with hawthorne [fruit] decoction. Jian bian fang. 22-04-05 麥粉 Mai fen

Wheat starch. 【氣味】甘，凉，無毒。 Qi and flavor. Sweet, cool, nonpoisonous. 【主治】補中，益氣脉，和五臟，調經絡。又炒一合，湯服，斷下痢。孟 詵。醋熬成膏，消一切癰腫、湯火傷。時珍。 Control. It supplements the center and boosts the qi vessels, harmonizes the five long-term depots and regulates conduits and network [vessels]. Also, one ge stirfried and ingested with hot water ends discharge with free-flux illness. Meng Shen. A paste obtained by simmering it with vinegar dissolves all types of obstruction-illness1009 swelling and harm caused by hot water and fire. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】麥粉乃是麩麪、麪洗觔澄出漿粉也。今人漿衣多用 之，古方鮮用。按萬表積善堂方云：烏龍膏治一切癰腫發背，無名腫毒， 初發焮熱未破者，取效如神。用隔年小粉，愈久者愈佳，以鍋炒之。初炒 如餳，久炒則乾，成黄黑色，冷定研末。陳米醋調成糊，熬如黑漆，瓷罐 收之。用時攤紙上，剪孔貼之，即如冰冷，疼痛即止。少頃覺痒，乾亦不 能動。久則腫毒自消，藥力亦盡而脱落，甚妙。此方蘇州 杜水庵所傳，屢 用有驗。藥易而功大，濟生者宜收藏之。 1008 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],” also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127-129. 1009 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Mai fen 麥粉, “wheat [starch] powder,” is the starch powder that has settled on the ground of a [suspension of ] gluten in water used to wash wheat bran and flour.1010 Today people often use it to starch/stiffen clothing. It is rarely used in ancient recipes. According to Wan Biao’s Ji shan tan fang, “’black dragon ointment’ serves to cure all types of obstruction swelling and effusion on the back, and nameless swelling with poison, when they have just begun to develop, are hot and have not broken open yet. The effects are divine. Stir-fry wheat [starch] powder of a previous year – the older, the better – in a pot. At the beginning of the frying it will resemble malt sugar; after a longer time [of frying] it is dry and has assumed a yellow-black color. When it has cooled down, grind it into powder, mix it with long-stored rice and make a paste. Simmer it until it resembles black lacquer and store it in a porcelain jar. When the time has come to apply it, spread it on a piece of paper, cut a hole [in the center] and apply it [to the affected region]. It will [generate a feeling] as cold as ice, and the pain will end. A little later [the patient] feels an itch. [The application] must be left in place, even after it has dried. After a long time the poison swelling dissolves and once the strength of the medication is exhausted, it will fall off. Very wondrous. This recipe was transmitted by Du Shui’an from Su zhou. It has been used often with success. It is a medication that is easy [to prepare] and has a great [therapeutic] potential. Those concerned with rescuing lives should keep it in store.” 22-04-06 麪筋 Mian jin

Wheat gluten. 【氣味】甘，凉，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cool, nonpoisonous. 【主治】解熱和中，勞熱人宜煮食之。時珍。寬中益氣。寧原。 Control. It resolves heat and harmonizes the center. Older persons with heat should boil it [in water] and eat it. [Li] Shizhen. It benefits the center and boosts the qi. Ning Yuan. 【發明】【時珍曰】麪筋，以麩與麪水中揉洗而成者。古人罕知，今爲素 食要物，煮食甚良。今人多以油炒，則性熱矣。【宗奭曰】生嚼白麪成 筋，可粘禽、蟲。

1010 For details of this abbreviated process, see Josepf Needham, Science and Civilization in China, Vol VI, Biology and Biological Technology. Part V: Fermentations and Food Science by H. T. Huang. Cambridge University Press, 2000, 461 – 465.



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Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Mian jin 麪筋, “wheat gluten,” is made by kneading bran and wheat flour in water.1011 Few people in antiquity knew of it. Today it is an important item for vegetarians. Eaten boiled [in water] it is very good. People today often stir-fry it with oil. That gives it a hot nature. [Kou] Zongshi: The gluten obtained by chewing white wheat flour can be used as a glue to fix birds and worms/ bugs in place. 22-04-07 麥麨 Mai chao , i. e., qiu 糗 Wheat dextrin.

以麥蒸，磨成屑。 Steam wheat flour and rub it into crumbs. 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】消渴，止煩。蜀本。 Control. Melting with thirst.1012 It ends vexation. Shu ben. 22-04-08 麥苗拾遺 Mai miao, FE Shi yi Wheat seedling.

【氣味】辛，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】消酒毒暴熱，酒疸目黄，並搗爛絞汁日飲之。又解蠱毒，煮汁濾 服。藏器。除煩悶，解時疾狂熱，退胸膈熱，利小腸。作虀食，甚益顔 色。日華。 Control. It dissolves wine poison with sudden heat. [It serves to cure] wine dan-illness/jaundice with yellow eyes. For both [these therapeutic purposes] pound it into a pulpy mass, squeeze it to obtain a juice and drink this every day. Also, to resolve gu-poisoning1013 boil it [in water] to obtain a juice, filter it and ingest [the liquid]. [Chen] Cangqi. It eliminates vexing heart-pressure, resolves seasonal [qi] illness 1011 Ibid. 465.

1012 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

1013 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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resulting in madness and heat, repels heat in the chest and diaphragm region, and frees the passage through the small intestine. Added to a meal with minced meat or vegetables, it is very good for the complexion. Rihua. 22-04-09 麥奴 Mai nu

Mould on wheat ears.1014 【藏器曰】麥穗將熟時，上有黑黴者也。 These are wheat ears with a black mould on the surface when they are about to ripen. 【主治】熱煩，天行熱毒。解丹石毒。藏器。治陽毒温毒，熱極發狂大渴 及温瘧。時珍。 Control. Vexation related to heat. Epidemic heat poison. It resolves the poison of elixir minerals. [Chen] Cangqi. It serves to cure yang poison,1015 warmth poison, extreme heat resulting in madness and massive thirst, and also warmth malaria. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】朱肱南陽活人書治陽毒温毒、熱極發狂、發斑、大渴 倍常者，用黑奴丸，水化服一丸，汗出或微利即愈。其方用小麥奴、梁上 塵、釜底煤、竈突墨，同黄芩、麻黄、硝、黄等分爲末，蜜丸彈子大。蓋 取火化者從治之義也。麥乃心之穀，屬火，而奴則麥實將成，爲濕熱所 蒸，上黑黴者，與釜煤、竈墨同一理也。其方出陳延之小品方，名麥奴 丸。初虞世古今録驗名高堂丸、水解丸，誠救急良藥也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Zhu Gong in his Nan yang huo ren shu [recommends to] “cure yang poison, warmth poison, extreme heat resulting in madness, macule development and massive thirst twice as serious as usual with the ‘black slaves pills,’ with one pill ingested dissolved in water. Once a sweating occurs, or a mild free flow, a cure is achieved. The recipe [advises to grind] equal amounts of mai nu, dust from a beam, coal/soot from the bottom of a cauldron, ink/soot from the chimney of a furnace, together with scutellaria [root], ephedra [herb], mirabilite and sulphur into powder and form with honey pills the size of a bullet.” The fact is, in that it makes use of items transformed by fire, [this treatment] is based on the meaning of 1014 Mai nu 麥奴, lit.: “the wheat’s slaves.“

1015 Yang du 陽毒, “yang poison,” a condion of 1.) of shang han 傷寒, “harm caused by cold,” resulting in a flourishing of only yang qi and a diminution of yin qi, with strong heat and restlessness, a red face with streaks, pain in the throat and bloody sputum as major characteristics, and b.) brought forth by being struck by xi du 溪毒, “rivulet poison,” with ulcers in the body’s lower parts that are red as if one had cut the flesh. BCGM Dict I, 616.



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a therapy in conformity [with the nature of the disease]. Wheat is the grain of the heart; it is associated with [the phase] fire. [Mai] nu is the black mould found on wheat fruits that are steamed with moisture and heat when they are just about to mature. Their underlying principle is identical with that of coal/soot on the bottom of a cauldron and the ink/soot found in a chimney. This recipe originates from Chen Yanzhi’s Xiao pin fang. It is called “black slaves pills.” Chu Yushi in his Gu jin lu yan names it “pills of the elevated hall,” and “pills dissolved in water.” It is really a good medication that offers rescue in a critical situation. 22-04-10 稈 Gan

Stalk/straw [of wheat]. 【主治】燒灰，入去疣痣、蝕惡肉膏中用。時珍。 Control. Burned to ashes it is added to ointments applied to remove warts and moles, and to eat malign sores. [Li] Shizhen. 22-05 大麥别録中品 Da mai, FE Bie lu, middle rank. Hordeum vulgare L. Barley. 【釋名】牟麥。【時珍曰】麥之苗粒皆大於來，故得大名。牟亦大也，通 作麰。 Explanation of Names. Mou mai 牟麥. [Li] Shizhen: The seedling and the grains of this mai 麥 are both larger in size, da 大, than those of lai 來. Hence it is named da [mai] 大麥, “big mai.” Mou 牟, too, means “large,” da 大. It is also written mou 麰。 【集解】【弘景曰】今稞麥一名牟麥，似穬麥，惟皮薄爾。【恭曰】大麥 出關中，即青稞麥，形似小麥而大，皮厚，故謂大麥，不似穬麥也。【頌 曰】大麥今南北皆能種蒔。穬麥有二種：一種類小麥而大，一種類大麥而 大。【藏器曰】大、穬二麥，前後兩出。蓋穬麥是連皮者，大麥是麥米， 但分有殼、無殼也。蘇以青稞爲大麥，非矣。青稞似大麥，天生皮肉相 離，秦隴、巴西種之。今人將當大麥米糶之，不能分也。【陳承曰】小 麥，今人以磨麪日用者爲之；大麥，今人以粒皮似稻者爲之，作飯滑，飼 馬良。穬麥，今人以似小麥而大粒，色青黄，作麪脆硬，食多脹人。汴、 洛、河北之間又呼爲黄稞。關中一種青稞，比近道者粒微小，色微青，專 以飼馬，未見入藥用。然大、穬二麥，其名差互。今之穬麥似小麥而大 者，當謂之大麥；今之大麥不似小麥而礦脆者，當謂之穬麥。不可不審。 【時珍曰】大、穬二麥，註者不一。按吴普本草：大麥一名穬麥，五穀之

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長也。王禎農書云：青稞有大小二種，似大、小麥，而粒大皮薄，多麪無 麩，西人種之，不過與大小麥異名而已。郭義恭廣志云：大麥有黑穬麥。 有𥟶麥，出凉州，似大麥。有赤麥，赤色而肥。據此則穬麥是大麥中一種 皮厚而青色者也。大抵是一類異種，如粟、粳之種近百，總是一類，但方 土有不同爾。故二麥主治不甚相遠。大麥亦有粘者，名糯麥，可以釀酒。 Collected Explanations. [ Tao] Hongjing: Today ke mai 稞麥, too, is named mou mai 牟麥; it resembles naked barley, kuang mai 穬麥, but has a thinner skin. [Su] Gong: Da mai comes from Guan zhong. It is greenish ke mai 稞麥. Its physical appearance is similar to that of xiao mai, “small mai,” wheat, but it is bigger and [the grains] have a thick skin. Therefore it is called da mai 大麥, “big mai,” barley. It is not similar to naked barley. [Su] Song: Nowadays, da mai can be planted and cultivated everywhere in the South and the North. Kuang mai 穬麥 has two kinds. One kind is of the same group as xiao mai 小麥, but is larger. Another kind is of the same group as da mai and even bigger. [Chen] Cangqi: Da [mai] and kuang [mai] are two [variants of ] mai. They differ, indeed. The fact is, kuang mai is [the mai] with the skin; da mai is the husked seed. The only difference is that one has a husk, and the other has no husk. Su [Gong] identified greenish ke [mai] 稞[麥] as da mai 大麥. He was wrong. Greenish ke [mai] 稞[麥] [only] resembles da mai. The skin and the “meat” grow separated from each other; it is planted in Qin long and Ba xi.1016 Today, people sell it as husked da mai 大麥. It is impossible to distinguish one from the other. Chen Cheng: Xiao mai 小麥, wheat, is in daily use by people today as flour that is obtained by grinding it. Da mai 大麥, barley, is used today as grains with their skin/husks and resembling rice. When it is prepared to a dish [for consumption by humans] it has a softening effect. It is good enough to be fed to horses. Kuang mai 穬麥 resembling xiao mai 小麥, wheat, but with large grains that are greenish-yellow in color, is prepared today to a crispy, hard flour. When it is eaten, it causes [abdominal] distension. In the region of Bian, Luo and He bei, they also call it huang ke 黄稞, “yellow ke.” In Guan zhong is a kind of greenish ke [mai] 稞[麥] with grains a little smaller than those from nearby. They are slightly greenish in color, and they are used only to feed horses. It has not been observed that they are added to medication for [therapeutic] use. Still, the names of da [mai] 大麥 and kuang [mai] 穬[麥] differ. Today’s kuang mai resembles xiao mai but is bigger, and must be called da mai. Today’s da mai that does not resemble xiao mai and is brittle and coarse, it should be called kuang mai. It is essential to be careful! [Li] Shizhen: The comments on da [mai] and kuang [mai] differ. According to Wu Pu’s Ben cao, “da mai is also called kuang mai. It is the head of the five cereals.” Wang Zhen in his Nong shu states: “Greenish ke [mai] 稞[麥] has one big, da 大, and one small, xiao 1016 Instead of Ba xi 巴西, Zheng lei ch. 25, da mai 大麥, writes Ba yi 巴已.。



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小, kind, similar to da [mai] and xiao mai, but with big grains and a thin skin, with much flour and no bran. People in the West plant them. Their names are different from da [mai] and xiao mai, and that is the only [difference].” Guo Yigong in his Guang zhi states: “Da mai includes black kuang mai 穬麥. Then there is wan mai 𥟶 麥. It comes from Liang zhou and resembles da mai. There is also a “red mai,” chi mai 赤麥. It is red in color and fat.” Based on these [comments], kuang mai is a kind of da mai with a thick skin and greenish in color. Generally speaking, they constitute one group with different kinds. That is similar to millet and low-land rice, jing 粳. The number of different kinds [in their groups] comes close to 100. Basically, they constitute one group and they differ because the cardinal direction and the soil [they grow in] differ. For this reason, the therapeutic control and curative [potential] of the two mai are not very far from each other. Among da mai is one [kind] that is sticky; it is “glutinous mai” and can be used to brew wine. 【氣味】鹹，温、微寒，無毒。爲五穀長，令人多熱。【詵曰】暴食似脚 弱，爲下氣故也。久服宜人。熟則有益，帶生則冷而損人。石蜜爲之使。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, warm, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. It is the head of the five cereals and lets people get very hot. [Meng] Shen: If it is eaten in too large amounts, [people have a feeling] as if their legs had weakened. The reason is that it causes qi to descend. Ingested over a long time it is good for humans. Prepared with heat it is beneficial. As long as it is raw/unprepared it is cold and harmful. Rock honey serves as its guiding substance. 【主治】消渴除熱，益氣調中。别録。補虚劣，壯血脉，益顔色，實五 臟，化穀食，止洩，不動風氣。久食，令人肥白，滑肌膚。爲麪勝於小 麥，無躁熱。士良。麪：平胃止渴，消食療脹滿。蘇恭。久食頭髮不白。 和針砂、没石子等，染髮黑色。孟詵。寬胸下氣，凉血，消積進食。時珍。 Control. In the case of melting with thirst,1017 it eliminates heat, boosts the qi and regulates the center. Bie lu. It supplements deficient [qi] in the case of depletion, strengthens blood vessels, boosts complexion, replenishes the five long-term depots, transforms cereal food, ends outflow and does not excite wind qi. Eaten over a long time, it lets one become fat with a white [complexion] and softens muscles and skin. The flour [of da mai] is superior to that of xiao mai 小麥/wheat; it does not cause restlessness and heat. [Chen] Shiliang. The flour: It balances stomach [qi] and ends thirst. It dissolves food and heals [abdominal] distension with a sensation of fullness. Su Gong. Eaten over a long time it prevents the hair on the head from turning white. Mixed with iron scraps and Aleppo galls it serves to dye hair black. Meng 1017 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

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Shen. It widens the chest and sends down qi, cools the blood, dissolves accumulations and stimulates the appetite. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【宗奭曰】大麥性平凉滑膩。有人患纏喉風，食不能下，用此麪 作稀糊令嚥，以助胃氣而平。三伏中，朝廷作麨，以賜臣下。【震亨曰】 大麥初熟，人多炒食。此物有火，能生熱病，人不知也。【時珍曰】大麥 作飯食，響而有益，煮粥甚滑，磨麪作醬甚甘美。 Explication. [Kou] Zongshi. Da mai by nature is balanced, cool, soft[ening] and fat. Once someone suffered from throat constricting wind1018 with an inability to send down food. [I?] used the flour [of da mai] to prepare a watery paste and let him swallow it. That served to support his stomach qi and his health was restored. During the three ten-day periods of the hot season, the imperial court had this flour prepared for distribution to its officials. [Zhu] Zhenheng: When da mai is ripe [and harvested], people often stir-fry and eat it. This item contains fire and can generate heat disease. That is not known to them. [Li] Shizhen: Da mai eaten as food is widely know to boost [the qi]. Cooked as a congee it is very soft[ening]. When it is ground into flour and prepared to a thick sauce it is very sweet and delicious. 【附方】舊四，新五。 Added Recipes. Four of old, five newly [recorded]. 食飽煩脹，但欲卧者。大麥麪熬微香，每白湯服方寸匕，佳。肘後方。 A vexing [abdominal] distension after having eaten to repletion, with only one wish: to lie down. Simmer da mai flour until it begins to develop a fragrance and ingest with clear, boiled water the amount held by a square cun spoon. Excellent. Zhou hou fang. 膜外水氣。大麥麪、甘遂末各半兩，水和作餅，炙熟食，取利。總録。 Water qi outside the [skin] membrane. Mix half a liang each of da mai flour and kansui [root] powder with water and prepare a cake. Roast it until done and eat it to induce a free flow. Zong lu. 小兒傷乳，腹脹煩悶欲睡。大麥麪生用，水調一錢服。白麪微炒亦可。保 幼大全。

1018 Chan hou feng 纏喉風, “throat-constricting wind,” a condition of hou bi 喉痹, “throat blockage,” with a rapid onset, a swelling of throat and cheeks, and a closure of the throat that makes it impossible to ingest even a liquid. BCGM Dict I, 75.



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Harm caused to children by breast milk.1019 They are affected by abdominal distension, experience vexing heart-pressure and wish to sleep. Mix fresh da mai flour with water and [let the child] ingest one qian. White [wheat] flour, slightly stir-fried, can be used, too. Bao you da quan. 蠼螋尿瘡。大麥嚼傅之，日三上。傷寒類要。 Sores caused by earwig urine. Chew da mai and apply [the resulting mass to the affected region]. To be applied three times a day. Shang han lei yao. 腫毒已破。青大麥去鬚，炒暴花爲末，傅之，成靨，揭去又傅。數次即愈。 Swelling with poison already broken open. Remove the “whiskers,” ears, of greenish da mai, stir-fry it until it bursts open, [grind it into] powder and apply it [to the affected region]. When a mole has developed, remove it and apply [the powder] again. Repeat this several times and a cure will be achieved. 麥芒入目。大麥煮汁洗之，即出。孫真人方。 [Da] mai awns have entered the eyes. Boil da mai and wash the [affected eyes] with the resulting juice. [The awns] will come out. Sun zhenren fang. 湯火傷灼。大麥炒黑，研末，細調搽之。 Burns from boiling hot water and fire. Stir-fry da mai until it has turned black, grind it into a fine powder, mix it with [oil] 1020 and apply this [to the affected region]. 被傷腸出。以大麥粥汁洗腸推入，但飲米糜，百日乃可。千金。 An open wound where the intestines have come out [of the abdomen]. Wash the intestines with a da mai congee juice and push them back. [Patients] should drink nothing but rice gruel and after 100 days their condition will be fine. Qian jin. 卒患淋痛。大麥三兩煎湯，入薑汁、蜂蜜，代茶飲。聖惠方。 Sudden suffering from painful [urinary] dripping. Boil three liang of da mai to obtain a decoction. Add ginger juice and honey and drink this instead of tea. Sheng hui fang.

1019 Shang ru 傷乳, “harm caused by breast-milk, a condition of children harmed by breast-feeding with abdominal distension, vexation and heart-pressure as well as, in serious cases, diarrhea. BCGM Dict I, 426.

1020 Pu ji fang ch. 277, tang huo chuang 湯火瘡, “sores caused by hot water and fire,” writes you 油, “oil,” instead of xi 细, “fine.” That should be correct.

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22-05-01 麥糵 Mai nie

Sprouted [da] mai.

See under [the entry] nie mi 糵米 (25-18). 22-05-02 苗 Miao

Seedling [of da mai]. 【主治】諸黄，利小便，杵汁日日服。類要。冬月面目手足皴瘃，煮汁洗 之。時珍。 Control. For all types of jaundice and to stimulate urination, pound [the seedlings] to obtain a juice and ingest it every day. Lei yao. For chapped skin cracks on face, eyes, hands and feet during the winter months boil [the seedlings] and wash [the affected region] with the resulting juice. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 小便不通。陳大麥稭，煎濃汁，頻服。簡便方。 Blocked urination. Boil long-stored da mai straw to obtain a thick juice and frequently ingest it. Jian bian fang. 22-05-03 大麥奴 Da mai nu

Mould on barley ears.1021 【主治】解熱疾，消藥毒。藏器。 Control. It resolves heat illness and dissolves the poison of pharmaceutical drugs. [Chen] Cangqi. 22-06 穬麥音礦别録中品 Kuang mai, [穬] read kuang, FE Bie lu, middle rank. Hordeum vulgare var. nudum Hook. f. Naked Barley 【釋名】【時珍曰】穬之殼厚而粗礦也。 Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen: The shell/husk of kuang [mai] 穬[麥] is thick and coarse, kuang 礦. 1021 Da mai nu 大麥奴, lit.: “barley slaves.“



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【集解】【弘景曰】穬麥是馬所食者。服食家並食大、穬二麥，令人輕 健。【炳曰】穬麥西川人種食之。山東、河北人正月種之，名春穬。形 狀與大麥相似。【時珍曰】穬麥有二種：一類小麥而大，一類大麥而大。 【頌曰】穬麥即大麥一種皮厚者。陳藏器謂即大麥之連殼者，非也。按别 録自有穬麥功用，其皮豈可食乎？詳“大麥”下。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: Kuang mai is fed to horses. Experts of ingesting [pharmaceutical drugs as] food eat both da [mai], barley, and kuang mai. It relieves the weight of their body and makes them healthy. [Xiao] Bing: People in Xi chuan plant and eat kuang mai. People in Shan dong and He bei plant it in the first month; they call it chun kuang 春穬[麥], “spring kuang [mai].” Its physical appearance is similar to that of da mai 大麥, barley. [Li] Shizhen: Kuang mai has two kinds. One is related to xiao mai 小麥, wheat, but is bigger. Another one is related to da mai 大麥, barley, but is bigger. [Su] Song: Kuang mai is a kind of barley with a thick skin/husk. When Chen Cangqi says that it is barley with its shell/husk, he is wrong. In the Bie lu, the [therapeutic] potential and use of kuang mai, naked barley, are listed as such; how could its shell/husk be edible? For details, see under [the entry] da mai 大麥, barley (22-05). 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。【弘景曰】此麥性熱而云微寒，恐是作屑與合 殼異也。【恭曰】穬麥性寒，陶云性熱，非矣。江東少有故也。【大明 曰】暴食似動冷氣，久即益人。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. [Tao] Hongjing: This [kuang] mai [穬]麥 is hot by nature, but is said to be slightly cold. This [different characterization] may be due to the difference [in their nature] between crushed [grain] and that with its shell. [Su] Gong: Kuang mai by nature is cold. When Tao [Hongjing] states that its nature is hot, he is wrong. The reason [for his error] is that [kuang mai] is almost unavailable in Jiang dong. Da Ming: When it is eaten in amounts too large it appears to excite a movement of cold qi, but when eaten over a long time it boosts one’s [qi]. 【主治】輕身除熱。久服令人多力健行。作糵温中消食。别録。補中，不 動風氣。作餅食，良。蕭炳。 Control. It relieves the body [of its weight] and eliminates heat. Ingested over a long time it gives one much strength and enables a healthy walking. When it is [ingested] fermented it warms the center and dissolves food. Bie lu. It supplements [qi in] the center and does not excite wind qi. Eaten prepared to cakes it is good. Xiao Bing.

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【發明】【時珍曰】别録 麥糵附見穬麥下，而大麥下無之，則生糵當以穬 爲良也。今人通用，不復分别矣。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: In the Bie lu, mai nie 麥糵, “sprouted mai,” appears as an appendix to kuang mai 穬麥, naked barley, not as an appendix to da mai 大麥, barley. That is, fermented/sprouted [mai] should be prepared with kuang [mai] to be good. Today, people use both barley and naked barley to prepare it; they no longer differentiate between the two. 22-07 雀麥唐本草 Que mai, FE Tang ben cao. Bromus japonicus Thunb. Japanese brome. 【校正】自草部移入此。 Editorial Correction. Moved here from the section “herbs.” 【釋名】燕麥唐本、蘥音藥、杜姥草外臺、牛星草。【時珍曰】此野麥 也。燕雀所食，故名。日華本草謂此爲瞿麥者，非矣。 Explanation of Names. Yan mai 燕麥, Tang ben. Yao 蘥, read yao 藥, du lao cao 杜 姥草, Wai tai. Niu xing cao 牛星草. [Li] Shizhen. This is wild grain. It is eaten by swallows, yan 燕, and sparrows, que 雀. Hence these names. When the Rihua ben cao calls it qu mai 瞿麥, it is wrong. 【集解】【恭曰】雀麥在處有之，生故墟野林下。苗葉似小麥而弱，其實 似穬麥而細。【宗奭曰】苗與麥同，但穗細長而疏。唐 劉夢得所謂菟葵燕 麥，動摇春風者也。【周憲王曰】燕麥穗極細，每穗又分小叉十數箇，子 亦細小。舂去皮，作麪蒸食，及作餅食，皆可救荒。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Gong: Que mai is present everywhere. It grows in ancient ruins and under the trees in forests. The seedling and the leaves resemble those of wheat, but are weaker. Its fruits resemble those of naked barley, but are finer. [Kou] Zongshi: The seedling is identical with that of [any] mai. But its spikes/ ears are finer, longer and more distanced. As the Tang [author] Liu Mengde says: “Dodder and que mai sway in the spring wind.” Zhou Xian wang1022: “The spikes/ ears of que mai are extremely fine. Each of them is forked into tens of further ears. The seeds, too, are fine and small. They are husked in a mortar to prepare flour that is steamed for consumption. It is also made to cakes to be eaten. All can save one from famine. 1022 Instead of Zhou Xian wang 周憲王, according to Ming shi, Zhou Ding wang Xiao zhuan 周定王橚傳, “Biography of Prince Zhou Ding [Zhu] Xiao,” this should be Zhou Ding wang 周定王.



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22-07-01 米 Mi

Husked seeds [of que mai]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】充飢滑腸。時珍。 Control. They allay hunger and smoothen the intestines. [Li] Shizhen. 22-07-02 苗 Miao

Seedling [of que mai]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】女人産不出，煮汁飲之。蘇恭。 Control. Obstructed labor. Boil [que mai seedlings] of obtain a juice and let the woman drink it. Su Gong. 【附方】舊三。 Added Recipes. Three of old.1023 胎死腹中，胞衣不下，上搶心。用雀麥一把，水五升，煮二升，温服。子 母秘録。 A fetus has died in the abdomen. The placenta does not descend but strikes upward against the heart. Boil one handful of que mai in five sheng of water down to two sheng and [let the woman] ingest this warm. Zi mu mi lu. 齒䘌幷蟲，積年不瘥，從少至老者。用雀麥，一名杜姥草，俗名牛星草。 用苦瓠葉三十枚，洗净。取草剪長二寸，以瓠葉作五包包之，廣一寸，厚 五分，以三年酢漬之。至日中，以兩包火中炮令熱，納口中，熨齒外邊， 冷更易之。取包置水中解視，即有蟲長三分。老者黄色，少者白色。多即 二三十枚，少即一二十枚。此方甚妙。外臺秘要。 Teeth with hidden worms, when this has not been cured for many years, and may have lasted from youth until old age. Prepare que mai, also called du lao cao 杜姥 草, and commonly called niu xing cao 牛星草, and 30 calabash leaves, washed clean. Cut the herbs into segments of two cun length and wrap them with the calabash 1023 The text has only two recipes added below.

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leaves in five packages, with each of them one cun wide and five fen thick. Soak them in vinegar that is three years old. At noon time roast two packages in a [pan over a] fire until they are hot and insert them into the mouth where they are to exert hot pressure from outside on the [affected teeth]. Once they have cooled down, replace them [with hot packages]. Place the removed packages in water, and open and inspect them. There are worms three fen long. Old ones are yellow in color; young ones are white in color. They may be as many as 20 or 30, but at least 10 to 20. This recipe is very wondrous. Wai tai mi yao. 22-08 蕎麥宋嘉祐 Qiao mai, FE Song, Jia you. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Buckwheat. 【釋名】荍麥音翹、烏麥吴瑞、花蕎。【時珍曰】蕎麥之莖弱而翹然，易 長易收，磨麪如麥，故曰蕎曰荍，而與麥同名也。俗亦呼爲甜蕎，以别苦 蕎。楊慎丹鉛録指烏麥爲燕麥，蓋未讀日用本草也。 Explanation of Names. Qiao mai 荍麥, read qiao 翹, wu mai 烏麥, Wu Rui. Hua qiao 花蕎. [Li] Shizhen: The stem of qiao mai is weak but stands upright, qiao 翹; it easily grows and is easily harvested, shou 收. The flour obtained by grinding it is similar to that of [any] mai 麥. Hence it is called qiao 蕎 and also qiao 荍, and is given the same name mai 麥. It is commonly also called tian qiao 甜蕎, “sweet qiao,” to distinguish it from ku qiao 苦蕎, “bitter qiao.” Yang Shen in his Dan qian lu identifies wu mai 烏麥 as yan mai 燕麥, Japanese brome. The fact is, he had not read the Ri yong ben cao. 【集解】【炳曰】蕎麥作飯，須蒸使氣餾，烈日暴令開口，舂取米仁作 之。【時珍曰】蕎麥南北皆有。立秋前後下種，八九月收刈，性最畏霜。 苗高一二尺，赤莖緑葉，如烏桕樹葉。開小白花，繁密粲粲然。結實纍纍 如羊蹄，實有三稜，老則烏黑色。王禎農書云：北方多種。磨而爲麪，作 煎餅，配蒜食。或作湯餅，謂之河漏，以供常食，滑細如粉，亞於麥麪。 南方亦種，但作粉餌食，乃農家居冬穀也。 Collected Explanations. When qiao mai is prepared for a meal it should be steamed to let its qi heat up. Then it is dried in the blazing sun until [the grains] break open. Husk them in a mortar to obtain the kernels for a further preparation [as food]. [Li] Shizhen: Qiao mai is present everywhere in the South and in the North. It is sown around the solar term Autum Begins, and it is harvested in the eighth and ninth month. By its nature it is extremely fearful of frost. The seedling reaches a height of one or two chi; the stem is red and the leaves are green, the latter resembling the



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leaves of tallow trees. It opens small, white flowers. They form dense, bright clusters and have innumerable fruits, similar to Japanese dock. The fruits have three edges; they assume a black color when they are old. Wang Zhen in his Nong shu states: “It is often sown in the North. It is ground into flour that is prepared to steamed cakes and eaten with garlic. Or it is made into gruel called he lou 河漏, ‘leaked from the [Yellow] River,’ that is served as ordinary food. It is soft and fine like [rice] powder, but inferior to wheat flour. It is also sown in the South, but is used there only to prepare noodles and pastry. It is a winter cereal for farmer households.” 【氣味】甘，平，寒，無毒。【思邈曰】酸，微寒。食之難消。久食動 風，令人頭眩。作麪和猪、羊肉熱食，不過八九頓，即患熱風，鬚眉脱 落，還生亦希。涇、邠以北，多此疾。又不可合黄魚食。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, cold, nonpoisonous. [Sun] Simao: Sour, slightly cold, difficult to digest. Eaten over a long time it excites wind [qi] and lets one feel dizziness in the head. When it is eaten as a hot meal with pork or mutton, after no more than eight or nine dishes it causes a heat and wind disease. Beard and eyebrows are lost, and rarely grow anew. North of Jing and Bin this illness is quite widespread. Also, it must not be eaten together with huso sturgeon. 【主治】實腸胃，益氣力，續精神，能鍊五臟滓穢。孟詵。作飯食，壓丹 石毒，甚良。蕭炳。以醋調粉，塗小兒丹毒赤腫熱瘡。吴瑞。降氣寬腸， 磨積滯，消熱腫風痛，除白濁白帶，脾積洩瀉。以沙糖水調炒麪二錢服， 治痢疾。炒焦，熱水衝服，治絞腸沙痛。時珍。 Control. It replenishes intestinal and stomach [qi], boosts the strength of qi and extends the reach of the essence spirit. It is able to refine [and eliminate] dregs and dirt [that have collected in] the five long-term depots. Meng Shen. Prepared as a cooked meal it presses down the poison of elixir minerals, and is very good at that. Xiao Bing. The flour powder mixed with vinegar is applied to red swelling related to cinnabar poisoning1024 and heat sores. Wu Rui. It lets qi descend and widens the intestines, rubs away accumulations and sluggish [qi],1025 dissolves heat swelling and painful wind [intrusion], and eliminates white turbidity [of male urine] and white [outflow from below the] belt [of women], as well as outflow related to spleen [qi] accumulation. Mix two qian of stir-fried [qiao] mai flour with sugar water and 1024 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118.

1025 Ji zhi 積滯, “accumulation and sluggishness.” 1.) Cold, phlegm rheum, beverages and food and other pathogenic qi residing and accumulating in the body, rather than leaving the human body, and possibly generating further diseases in turn. 2.) A condition brought forth by accumulation and sluggishness of pathogenic qi. BCGM Dict I, 243.

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ingest this to cure free-flux illness ailments. Stir-fried until scorched and washed down with hot water it serves to cure painful twisting-intestines sand.1026 【發明】【穎曰】本草言蕎麥能煉五臟滓穢。俗言一年沉積在腸胃者，食 之亦消去也。【時珍曰】蕎麥最降氣寬腸，故能鍊腸胃滓滯，而治濁帶洩 痢、腹痛上氣之疾，氣盛有濕熱者宜之。若脾胃虚寒人食之，則大脱元氣 而落鬚眉，非所宜矣。孟詵云“益氣力”者，殆未然也。按楊起簡便方云：肚 腹微微作痛，出即瀉，瀉亦不多，日夜數行者，用蕎麥麪一味作飯，連食 三四次即愈。予壯年患此兩月，瘦怯尤甚。用消食化氣藥俱不效，一僧授 此而愈，轉用皆效，此可徵其鍊積滯之功矣。普濟治小兒天弔及歷節風方 中亦用之。 Explication. [Wang] Ying: The Ben cao says “it refines [and eliminates] dregs and dirt [that have collected in] the five long-term depots.” A common saying is: “when it is eaten it also dissolves and removes that which has accumulated in the intestines and in the stomach in the course of one year.” [Li] Shizhen: Qiao mai is most capable of sending down qi and widening the intestines. Hence it is able to refine [and eliminate] dregs and sluggish [qi that have accumulated] in the intestines and the stomach, and serves to cure illness such as [urinary] turbidity, outflow from [below] the belt and free-flux illness, as well as abdominal pain with rising qi. In the case of qi with plenty of moisture and heat, it is an appropriate [medication]. If persons with a depletion cold in their spleen and stomach eat it, it causes a massive loss of original qi and a loss of beard and eyebrows, and is definitely not appropriate. When Meng Shen states “it boosts the strength of qi,” this is not so. According to Yang Qi’s Jian bian fang, “in the case of a rather mild abdominal pain with an outflow, but in small amounts, and several [bowel] movements during day and night, prepare a cooked dish of qiao mai flour and nothing else and eat this three or four times in a row. That will lead to healing. When I was in a robust age I suffered from this for two months. I was emaciated and extremely nervous. An application of various medications to dissolve food and transform qi remained without effect. A monk suggested this to me and I was healed. I used it on other occasions, and it always proved to be effective.” That shows its potential of refining [and eliminating] accu-

1026 Jiao chang sha 絞腸沙, “twisting-intestines sand,” a condition identical with gan huo luan 乾霍亂, dry cholera. BCGM Dict I, 247, 182.



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mulations and sluggish [qi]. The Pu ji, too, uses it to cure hauled-by-heaven [fright wind] of children1027 and pervading joints wind.1028 【附方】新十六。 Added Recipes. 16 newly [recorded]. 欬嗽上氣。蕎麥粉四兩，茶末二錢，生蜜二兩，水一椀，順手攪千下。飲 之，良久下氣不止，即愈。儒門事親。 Cough with rising qi. Give four liang of qiao mai flour, two qian of tea powder, and two liang of fresh/crude honey into one bowl of water and stir this clockwise in a thousand rounds. Drink this and qi will be released from below for a long time without end. That is the cure. Ru men shi qin. 十水腫喘。生大戟一錢，蕎麥麪二錢，水和作餅，炙熟爲末。空心茶服， 以大小便利爲度。聖惠。 Ten kinds of water swelling and panting. Mix one qian of fresh/unprocessed Peking spurge [root] and two qian of qiao mai flour with water and prepare a cake. Roast it until done and [grind it into] powder. Ingest it on an empty stomach with tea until a free flow of urination and defecation begins. Sheng hui. 男子白濁。魏元君濟生丹：用荍麥炒焦爲末，雞子白和，丸梧子大。每服 五十丸，鹽湯下，日三服。 White, turbid [urination] of males. The “elixir to support life” of Wei Yuanjun. Stirfry qiao mai until scorched and [grind it into] powder. Mix it with chicken egg white and form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 50 pills, to be sent down with salt water. To be ingested three times a day. 赤白帶下。方同上。 Red and white discharge from below the belt. Recipe identical with the one above. 禁口痢疾。蕎麥麪每服二錢，砂糖水調下。坦仙方。 Lockjaw and free-flux illness ailments. Each time ingest two qian of qiao mai flour, to be sent down mixed with sugar water. Tan xian fang. 1027 Tian diao jing feng 天吊驚風, “hauled-by-heaven fright wind,” a type of jing feng 驚 風, “fright wind,” where the patient’s eyes are turned upwards, as if “hauled-by-heaven”. BCGM Dict I, 503. 1028 Li jie feng 歷節風, “pervading joints wind,” a condition characterized by spontaneous sweating, shortness of qi/breath, aching joints, and difficulties in bending and stretching. BCGM Dict I, 314.

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癰疽發背，一切腫毒。荍麥麪、硫黄各二兩，爲末，井花水和作餅，晒 收。每用一餅，磨水傅之。痛則令不痛，不痛則令痛，即愈。直指。 Obstruction-illness and impediment-illness1029 with effusion on the back, all kinds of swelling with poison. [Grind] two liang each of qiao mai flour and sulphur into powder, mix it with well splendor water,1030 prepare cakes, dry them in the sun and store them. Each time grind one cake in water and apply this [to the affected region]. If [patients] are in pain; [this therapy] ends the pain; if there was no pain, [this therapy] causes pain. That is the cure. Zhi zhi. 瘡頭黑凹。蕎麥麪煮食之，即發起。直指。 Black, sunken sore on the head. Eat cooked qiao mai flour and it will come up. Zhi zhi. 痘瘡潰爛。用蕎麥粉頻頻傅之。痘疹方。 Festering pox sores. Repeatedly apply qiao mai flour powder [to the affected region]. Dou zhen fang. 湯火傷灼。用蕎麥麪炒黄研末，水和傅之，如神。奇效方。 Burns from boiling hot water and fire. Stir-fry qiao mai flour until it has assumed a yellow color and grind it into powder. Mix it with water and apply this [to the affected region]. Divinely [effective]. Qi xiao fang. 蛇盤瘰癧，圍接項上。用蕎麥炒去殼、海藻、白疆蠶炒去絲，等分爲末。 白梅浸湯，取肉减半，和丸緑豆大。每服六七十丸，食後、臨卧米飲下， 日五服。其毒當從大便泄去。若與淡菜連服尤好。淡菜生於海藻上，亦治 此也。忌豆腐、雞、羊、酒、麪。危氏方。 Snake-coil scrofula pervasion-illness1031 enclosing the neck. [Grind] equal amounts of qiao mai, stir-fried and husked, sargassum [herb], white stiff silkworms, stir-fried and the silk threads removed, into powder. Soak salted plums in hot water. Take [the powder] and the pulp [of the salted plums], half the amount [of the powder], mix them and make pills the size of mung beans. Each time ingest 60 to 70 pills, to be sent down, after a meal, with a rice beverage at bedtime. To be ingested five 1029 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 1030 Jing hua shui 井華水, “well splendor water,” i. e., the first water drawn from a well in the morning. BCGM Vol. II, 05-15-01.

1031 She pan luo li 蛇盤瘰癧, “snake-coil scrofula with pervasion-illness,” a condition of numerous luo li 瘰癧, scrofula with pervasion-illness, growing around the neck. BCGM DictI, 434.



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times a day. The poison will be discharged with defecation. If [the pills] are ingested together with sea mussel [meat, the effects] are especially good. Sea mussels grow on sargassum [herbs]. They, too, serve to cure this [scrofula pervasion-illness]. [During this therapy,] bean curd, chicken, mutton, wine and flour [products] should be avoided. Wei shi fang. 積聚敗血。通仙散：治男子敗積，女人敗血，不動真氣。用荍麥麪三錢， 大黄二錢半，爲末。卧時酒調服之。多能鄙事。 Accumulations and collections with decayed blood. The “powder to communicate with hermits/immortals.” It serves to cure accumulations of decayed [sperm] of males and [accumulations of ] decayed blood of females without exciting the true qi. [Grind] three qian of qiao mai flour and two qian of rhubarb root into powder and ingest it mixed with wine at bedtime. Duo neng bi shi. 頭風畏冷。李樓云：一人頭風，首裹重綿，三十年不愈。予以蕎麥粉二 升，水調作二餅，更互合頭上，微汗即愈。怪證奇方。 Head wind1032 with a fear of cold. Li Lou states: “One man had head wind. He covered his head with several layers of cotton and this remained without a cure for 30 years. I advised him to prepare two cakes with a mixture of two sheng of qiao mai flour and water and to alternatingly attach them to his head. A mild sweating commenced and he was cured.” Guai zheng qi fang. 頭風風眼。蕎麥作錢大餅，貼眼四角，以米大艾炷灸之，即效如神。 Head wind and wind eye.1033 Prepare with qiao mai cakes the size of a coin and attach them to the four canthi of the eyes. Place a rice grain size common mugwort cone [on each of the cakes] and burn [the cones] for cauterization/moxibustion. Divinely effective. 染髮令黑。蕎麥、針砂各二錢，醋和，先以漿水洗净塗之，荷葉包至一 更，洗去。再以無食子、訶子皮，大麥麪二錢，醋和塗之，荷葉包至天 明，洗去即黑。普濟。 To dye hair black. Mix two qian each of qiao mai and iron scraps with vinegar. First wash [the hair] with fermented water of foxtail millet, then apply [the mixture to the hair] and cover it with a lotus leaf. Wash it off again at the first night watch

1032 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509. 1033 Feng yan 風眼, “wind eye,” a condition of red and festering canthi and eyelids brought about by harm caused to the eyes by heat. BCGM Dict I, 171.

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and apply a mixture of Aleppo galls and terminalia [fruit] skin,1034 and two qian of barley flour, and vinegar and apply this [to the hair]. Wrap it with a lotus leaf until daytime. Wash [the hair] to remove [the application] and it will be black. Pu ji. 絞腸沙痛。蕎麥麪一撮炒黄，水烹服。簡便方。 Painful twisting-intestines sand.1035 Roast one pinch of qiao mai flour until it has assumed a yellow color, boil it in water and ingest this. Jian bian fang. 小腸疝氣。蕎麥仁炒去尖，胡盧巴酒浸晒乾，各四兩，小茴香炒一兩，爲 末，酒糊丸梧子大。每空心鹽酒下五十丸。兩月大便出白膿，去根。孫天 仁集效方。 Small intestinal elevation-illness qi.1036 [Grind] four liang each of qiao mai kernels, stir-fried with the tips removed, and common fenugreek [seeds], soaked in wine and dried in the sun, and one liang of fennel, stir-fried, into powder, and with wine and a [wheat flour] paste form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send down with a salted wine 50 pills. After two months white pus will be discharged with defecation and this way the root [of the disease] is removed. Sun Tianren, Ji xiao fang. 22-08-01 葉 Ye

Leaf [of qiao mai]. 【主治】作茹食，下氣，利耳目。多食即微洩。士良。【孫曰】生食，動 刺風，令人身痒。 Control. Prepared to food it sends down qi and benefits ears and eyes. Eaten in large amounts it causes a mild outflow. [Chen] Shiliang. Sun [Simiao]: Eaten fresh, it excites the movement of a piercing wind and lets the entire body itch.

1034 No amount is added here. The Sheng ji zong lu ch. 101, wu ran zi 烏髯髭, writes: 訶梨勒 皮各二兩，右二味，搗羅爲末，每用二錢, “.. and terminalia [fruit] skin, two liang each. Pound these two items into powder and pass it through a sieve. Each time use two qian.” 1035 Jiao chang sha 絞腸沙, “twisting-intestines sand,” a condition identical with gan huo luan 乾霍亂, dry cholera. BCGM Dict I, 247, 182.

1036 Shan qi 疝氣, “elevation-illness qi,” a.) a condition of an item having entered the scrotum, with pain, sometimes ascending, sometimes descending, and b.) a condition affecting the scrotum or a testicle. BCGM Dict I, 419.



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22-08-02 稭 Jie

Stalk [of qiao mai]. 【主治】燒灰淋汁取鹼熬乾，同石灰等分，蜜收。能爛癰疽，蝕惡肉，去 靨痣，最良。穰作薦，辟壁虱。時珍。【日華曰】燒灰淋汁，洗六畜瘡， 并驢、馬躁蹄。 Control. Burn [the stalks], let water drip through the ashes and obtain stone bittern/ soda ash by simmering the resulting juice until it has dried.1037 Mix it with an equal amount of limestone and with honey, and store this. It can cause obstruction-illness and impediment-illness to fester, eats malign flesh, and eliminates moles. The stalks are used to make straw mats. They ward off bedbugs. [Li] Shizhen. Rihua: Burn [the stalks], let water drip through the ashes and use the resulting juice to wash the sores of the six domestic animals, and also restless legs of donkeys and horses. 【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded]. 噎食。蕎麥稭燒灰淋汁，入鍋内煎取白霜一錢，入蓬砂一錢，研末。每酒 服半錢。海上方。 Gullet occluding food. Burn qiao mai stalks to ashes and let water drip through them. Give the [liquid] into a cauldron, boil it and obtain one qian of a white frost. Add one qian of borax and grind this into powder. Each time ingest with wine half a qian. Hai shang fang. 壁虱蜈蚣。蕎麥稭作薦，并燒烟熏之。 [To repel] ticks and centipedes. Make a straw mat with stalks and burn [qiao mai stalks] to fumigate it. qiao mai 22-09 苦蕎麥綱目 Ku qiao mai, FE Gang mu. Fagopyrum tartaricum Gaertn. Tartary buckwheat. 【集解】【時珍曰】苦蕎出南方，春社前後種之。莖青多枝，葉似蕎麥而 尖，開花帶緑色，結實亦似蕎麥，稍尖而稜角不峭。其味苦惡，農家磨搗 爲粉，蒸使氣餾，滴去黄汁，乃可作爲糕餌食之，色如豬肝。穀之下者， 聊濟荒爾。 1037 For details of the production of shi jian 石鹼, stone bittern/soda ash, see BCGM 07-61.

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Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Ku qiao [mai] comes from the South. It is sown around the day of the sacrifices to the God of the Land. The stem is greenish with many branches. The leaves resemble those of buckwheat but are pointed. It opens flowers that are somewhat greenish in color. The fruits it forms, they, too, resemble those of buckwheat, but are slightly more pointed and have edges that are less pronounced. Their flavor is bitter and abhorrent. Farmers grind [the kernels] and pound them to make a flour powder. They steam it to make its qi drip down as a yellow juice. This can be prepared to cakes that are eaten. Their color is that of a pig liver. It is one of the lowest quality cereals. It is helpful only to offer relief in times of famine. 【氣味】甘、苦，温，有小毒。【時珍曰】多食傷胃，發風動氣，能發諸 病，有黄疾人尤當禁之。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, bitter, warm, slightly poisonous. [Li] Shizhen: Eaten in large amounts it harms the stomach, arouses wind and excites the qi. It can generate all types of disease. Persons with jaundice illness in particular should abstain from it. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 明目枕。苦蕎皮、黑豆皮、緑豆皮、决明子、菊花，同作枕，至老明目。 鄧才雜興方。 A pillow to clear the eyes. Make a pillow filled with ku qiao [mai] husks, soybean skin, mung bean skin, fetid cassia seeds and chrysanthemum flowers. It will keep the eyes clear until a high age. Deng Cai, Za xing. 22-10 稻别録下品 Dao, FE Bie lu, lower rank. Oryza sativa L. Glutinous rice. 【釋名】稌音杜、糯亦作米耎。【時珍曰】稻、稌者，秔、糯之通稱。物理 論所謂稻者溉種之總稱，是矣。本草則專指糯以爲稻也。稻從舀，音函， 象人在臼上治稻之義。稌則方言稻音之轉爾。其性粘軟，故謂之糯。【頴 曰】糯米緩筋，令人多睡，其性懦也。 Explanation of Names. Du 稌, read du 杜; nuo 糯, also written 米耎.。[Li] Shizhen: Dao 稻 and du 稌 are commonly used names of jing 秔 and nuo 糯. The Wu li lun says: “Dao 稻 is the general designation of [rice] planted in irrigated fields.” That is correct. The Ben cao specifically refers to nuo 糯 as dao 稻. Dao 稻 is based on [the



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character] 舀, read han 函. It reflects the image of a person processing dao 稻 in a mortar, jiu 臼. Du 稌 is a modified reading based on a local pronunciation of dao 稻. By its nature it is sticky and soft. Hence it is called nuo 糯, “glutinous.” [Wang] Ying: Nuo mi 糯米 relaxes the sinews and makes one sleepy. It is weak, nuo 懦, by nature. 【集解】【弘景曰】道家方藥有稻米、粳米俱用者，此則兩物也。稻米白 如霜，江東無此，故通呼粳爲稻耳，不知色類復云何也？【恭曰】稻者， 穬穀之通名。爾雅云：稌，稻也。秔者不粘之稱，一曰秫。氾勝之云：三 月種秔稻，四月種秫稻。即並稻也。陶謂爲二，蓋不可解也。【志曰】 此稻米即糯米也。其粒大小似秔米，細糠白如雪。今通呼秔、糯二穀爲 稻，所以惑之。按李含光音義引字書解粳字云“稻也”，“稻”字云“稻屬也， 不粘”，“粢”字云“稻餅也”。粢蓋糯也。【禹錫曰】爾雅云：稌，稻。郭璞 註云：别二名也。今沛國呼稌。周頌云：豐年多黍多稌。禮記云：牛宜 稌。豳風云：十月穫稻。皆是一物也。説文云：秔，稻屬也。沛國謂稻爲 糯。字林云：糯，粘稻也。秔，不粘稻也。然秔、糯甚相類，以粘不粘爲 異爾。當依説文以稻爲糯。顔師古刊謬正俗云：本草稻米，即今之糯米 也。或通呼粳、糯爲稻。孔子云：食夫稻。周官有稻人。漢有稻田使者。 並通指秔、糯而言。所以後人混稱，不知稻即糯也。【宗奭曰】稻米，今 造酒糯稻也。其性温，故可爲酒。酒爲陽，故多熱。西域、天竺土溽熱， 稻歲四熟，亦可驗矣。【時珍曰】糯稻，南方水田多種之。其性粘，可以 釀酒，可以爲粢，可以蒸糕，可以熬餳，可以炒食。其類亦多，其穀殼有 紅、白二色，或有毛，或無毛。米亦有赤、白二色，赤者酒多糟少。一種 粒白如霜，長三四分者。齊民要術糯有九格、雉木、大黄、馬首、虎皮、 火色等名是矣。古人釀酒多用秫，故諸説論糯稻往往費辯也。秫乃糯粟， 見本條。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: Daoist pharmaceutical recipes [recommend the] use of both dao mi 稻米 and jing mi 粳米. Hence these are two items. Dao mi is as white as frost. It is not present in Jiang dong. Therefore jing [mi] is referred to there with the general name dao [mi]. It remains unclear how their [different] colors and group association are stated. [Su] Gong: Dao 稻 is an encompassing name of kuang gu 穬穀, “kuang cereal.” The Er ya states: “Du 稌 is dao 稻. Jing 秔 is a designation of non-glutinous [kinds of dao]. Another name is shu 秫”. Fan Shengzhi states: “In the third month plant jing dao 秔稻, in the fourth month plant shu dao 秫稻.” Both are called dao 稻. Tao [Hongjing] speaks of two [different items]. The fact is, there is no explanation [for such a statement]. [Ma] Zhi: This dao mi 稻米 is nuo mi 糯米. The size of its grains resembles that of jing mi 秔米. Its fine chaff is as white as snow. Today, the two cereals jing 秔 and nuo 糯

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are commonly called dao 稻. Hence all that confusion. Li Hanguang in his Yin yi quotes other texts on the character jing 粳 stating that is is dao 稻. For the character dao 稻1038 it states: “Related to dao 稻, not sticky/non-glutenous.” For the character zi 粢 it states: dao bing 稻餅, “rice cake.” Zi 粢, is in fact nuo 糯, “glutinous [rice].” [Zhang] Yuxi: The Er ya states: “Du 稌 is dao 稻.” Guo Pu in his comment states: “These are two separate names [of one item].” Today, in Pei guo it is called du 稌. Zhou Song states: “In good years there is much shu 黍, glutinous millet, and much du 稌.” The Li ji states: “For oxen du 稌 is appropriate.” The Bin feng states: “In the tenth month dao 稻 is cut.” All these are references to one and the same item. The Shuo wen states: “Jing 秔 belongs to dao 稻.” In Pei guo they speak of dao 稻 as nuo 糯. The Zi lin states: “Nuo 糯 is sticky dao 稻. Jing 秔 is non-sticky dao 稻.” However jing 秔 and nuo are closely related, and the one being sticky, the other not being sticky is the only difference. The Shuo wen is authoritative when it identifies dao 稻 as nuo 糯. Yan Shigu in his Kan miu zheng su states: “The dao mi 稻米 in the Ben cao is today’s nuo mi 糯米.” Some call jing 粳 and nuo 糯 together dao 稻. Kong zi states: “Dao 稻 is food.” Among the officials of the Zhou was a “dao 稻 man.” During the Han dynasty, they had a “rice field agent,” dao tian shi 稻田使. All these quotes refer to both jing 秔 and nuo 糯. Therefore people in later times confused these designations and were unaware that dao 稻 is nuo 糯. [Kou] Zongshi: Dao mi 稻米 is today’s nuo mi 糯稻 that is used to prepare wine. Its nature is warm. Therefore it can be made into wine. Wine is a yang [item]. Therefore it has much heat.” The western regions and Tian zhu are humid and hot. Dao 稻 ripens four times in one year. That, too, may be regarded as evidence. [Li] Shizhen: Nuo dao 糯稻 is widely planted in irrigated fields in the South. By its nature it is sticky and can be used to brew wine, to prepare rice cakes and to prepare steamed cakes and it can be simmered to prepare sugar and stir-fried to prepare a meal. The group [dao 稻] is plentiful; the shells may be of red and white color; some have hair; others have no hair. The husked seeds, too, may be red and white in color. When the red seeds are used [for brewing wine,] the resulting wine is plenty with only a little pomace. One kind has grains as white as snow reaching a length of three to four fen. The Qi min yao shu lists the following names of nuo 糯: Jiu ge 九格, zhi mu 雉木, da huang 大黄, ma shou 馬首, hu pi 虎皮 and huo se 火色. 1039 When the ancients brewed wine they 1038 The Kai bao quotes Zheng lei ch. 26, dao mi 稻米, as quoting the Yin yi with “jie jing zi yun dao shu she, bu nian 解粳字云稻也，解秔字云稻屬也，不粘, “It explains the character jing 粳 as dao 稻, and it explains the character jing 秔 as related to dao 稻.” Presumably, the character dao 稻 here is an early copying error of jing 秔. 1039 The Qi min yao shu ch. 2, shui dao 水稻, lists the following names: Jiu ge shu 九䅂秫, zhi mu shu 雉目秫, da huang shu 大黄秫, ma ya shu 馬牙秫, hu pi shu 虎皮秫. It does not mention the final name huo se 火色.



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often used shu 秫, glutinous millet. Hence in all treatises on nuo mi 糯稻, glutinous rice, the two were often not distinguished. Shu 秫 is nuo su 糯粟, glutinous millet. See the respective entry (23-07). 22-10-01 稻米 Dao mi

Husked glutinous rice. 【氣味】苦，温，無毒。【思邈曰】味甘。【宗奭曰】性温。【頌曰】糯 米性寒，作酒則熱，糟乃温平，亦如大豆與豉、醬之性不同也。【詵曰】 凉。發風動氣，使人多睡，不可多食。【藏器曰】久食令人身軟，緩人筋 也。小猫、犬食之，亦脚屈不能行。馬食之，足重。妊婦雜肉食之，令子 不利。【蕭炳曰】擁諸經絡氣，使四肢不收，發風昏昏。【士良曰】久 食發心悸，及癰疽瘡癤中痛。合酒食之，醉難醒。【時珍曰】糯性粘滯難 化，小兒、病人最宜忌之。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, warm, nonpoisonous. [Sun] Simiao: Flavor sweet. [Kou] Zongshi: Nature warm. [Su] Song: Nuo mi 糯米 is by nature cold. When it is made into wine it is hot. The pomace is warm and balanced. This is similar to soybeans and [soybean] relish and soy sauce. Their natures differ, too. [Meng] Shen: Cool. It arouses wind and excites the qi. It makes people wish to sleep much and cannot be eaten in large amounts. [Chen] Cangqi: Eaten over a long time it lets the body soften and relaxes the sinews. When cats and dogs eat it their legs are contracted and they can no longer move. When horses eat it their feet seem to gain in weight. When pregnant women eat it mixed with meat, that is not good for the child. Xiao Bing: It supports the qi of all conduits and network [vessels]. [People] can no longer contract their four limbs. It arouses wind and confusion. [Chen] Shiliang: Eaten over a long time it stimulates heart palpitation and causes pain [related to] obstruction-illness and impediment-illness,1040 sores and pimples. Eating it with wine makes you drunk and it is difficult to sober up. [Li] Shizhen: Nuo 糯 is by nature sticky and sluggish and difficult to transform/digest. Children and patients should definitely avoid it. 【主治】作飯温中，令人多熱，大便堅。别録。能行榮衛中血積，解芫 青、斑蝥毒。士良。益氣止泄。思邈。補中益氣。止霍亂後吐逆不止，以 一合研水服之。大明。以駱駝脂作煎餅食，主痔疾。蕭炳。作糜一斗食， 主消渴。藏器。暖脾胃，止虚寒洩痢，縮小便，收自汗，發痘瘡。時珍。 1040 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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Control. Prepared as a cooked meal it gives one much heat and hardens the stool. Bie lu. It is able to stimulate the movement of accumulated blood in the [region of ] camp and guardian [qi]. It resolves the poison of blister flies and blister beetles. [Chen] Shiliang. It boosts the qi and stops outflow. [Sun] Simiao. It supplements the center and boosts the qi. To stop unending vomiting with [qi] counterflow in the aftermath of cholera, grind one ge in water and ingest this. Da Ming. A cake prepared by cooking it with camel fat controls piles ailments. Xiao Bing. Prepare one dou of gruel and eat it to control melting with thirst.1041 [Chen] Cangqi. It warms spleen and stomach, ends outflow and free-flux illness related to depletion with the presence of cold [qi], restricts urination, holds spontaneous sweating and serves to set free pox sores. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【思邈曰】米耎米味甘，脾之穀也，脾病宜食之。【楊士瀛曰】痘疹 用米耎米，取其解毒，能釀而發之也。【時珍曰】糯米性温，釀酒則熱，熬 餳尤甚，故脾肺虚寒者宜之。若素有痰熱風病，及脾病不能轉輸，食之最 能發病成積。孟詵、蘇頌或言其性凉、性寒者，謬説也。别録已謂其温中 堅大便，令人多熱，是豈寒凉者乎？今人冷洩者，炒食即止。老人小便數 者，作粢糕或丸子，夜食亦止。其温肺暖脾可驗矣。痘證用之，亦取此義。 Explication. [Sun] Simiao: The flavor of nuo mi is sweet; it is a cereal for the spleen. In the case of a spleen disease it is appropriate to eat it. Yang Shiying: For pox macules use nuo mi to take advantage of its [ability to] resolve poison. It can stimulate it and thereby effuses it. [Li] Shizhen: Nuo mi is by nature warm. Brewed into wine it is hot. Simmered to sugar this is even more so. Hence in the case of spleen and stomach depletion with the presence of cold [qi] it is appropriate to use it. But if someone eats it who has always had a wind[-intrusion] disease with phlegm and heat, or a diseased spleen lacking the ability to transform and transport [food], it is quite possible that his disease develops further resulting in an accumulation [of heat]. Meng Shen and Su Song say that its nature is cool[ing] or cold. These sayings are wrong. The Bie lu had already stated that it warms the center, hardens the stool and makes one very hot. How could it be cold or cool[ing]? When today people are affected by a cold outflow, they eat it stir-fried and [the outflow] stops. When older persons with frequent urination prepare a millet cake or pills and eat them in the evening, [their frequent urination] stops, too. That is evidence of its warming the lung and the spleen. When used for pox conditions, it is based on the same idea.

1041 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.



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【附方】舊五，新十六。 Added Recipes. Five of old. 16 newly [recorded]. 霍亂煩渴不止。糯米三合，水五升，蜜一合，研汁分服，或煮汁服。楊氏 産乳。 Cholera with an unending, vexing thirst. Grind three ge of nuo mi in five sheng of water with one ge of honey and ingest the resulting juice in several portions. Or boil [the nuo mi] in water and ingest the resulting juice. Yang shi chan ru. 消渴飲水。方同上。 Melting with thirst1042 and [an urge to] drink water. Recipe identical with the one above. 三消渴病。梅花湯：用糯穀炒出白花、桑根白皮等分。每用一兩，水二 椀，煎汁飲之。三因方。 The three types of melting with thirst disease. The “plum blossom decoction.” Prepare a mixture of equal amounts of nuo mi, roasted until [they open and their contents] come out like white flowers, and white mulberry tree root bark. Each time boil one liang in two bowls of water and drink the resulting juice. San yin fang. 下痢禁口。糯穀一升炒出白花去殼，用薑汁拌濕再炒，爲末。每服一匙， 湯下，三服即止。經驗良方。 Discharge with free-flux illness and lockjaw. Stir-fry nuo [mi] gu, “glutinous [rice] grains,” until [they open and their contents] come out like white flowers, and discard the shells. Mix [the husked grains] with ginger juice to moisten them and stir-fry them again. [Grind them into] powder. Each time ingest the amount held by one spoon, and send it down with boiled water. [The disease] ends after three ingestions. Jing yan liang fang. 久洩食减。糯米一升，水浸一宿瀝乾，慢炒熟，磨篩，入懷慶山藥一兩。 每日清晨用半盞，入砂糖二匙，胡椒末少許，以極滚湯調食。其味極佳， 大有滋補。久服令人精暖有子，秘方也。松篁經驗方。 Long-lasting outflow with a decrease in the amount of food eaten. Soak one sheng of nuo mi in water for one night. Drip off [the water] and dry [the nuo mi]. Slowly stir-fry it until done, grind it and pass it through a sieve. Add [to the powder] one liang of Chinese yam. Every morning add to half a cup [of this powder] two spoons of sugar and a little Chinese pepper powder, mix it with hot water by forcefully stirring it and eat this. It has an extremely good flavor, and is very nourishing. Ingested 1042 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

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over a long time it warms a man’s essence/sperms and lets him have children. A secret recipe. Songhuang, Jing yan fang. 鼻衄不止，服藥不應。獨聖散：用糯米微炒黄，爲末。每服二錢，新汲水 調下。仍吹少許入鼻中。簡要濟衆方。 Unending nosebleed, when all the medication ingested has remained without effect. The “single sage powder.” Stir-fry nuo mi until it has assumed a yellow color and grind it into powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down mixed with newly drawn water. In addition, blow a small amount [of the powder] into the [affected] nose.Jian yao ji zhong fang. 勞心吐血。糯米半兩，蓮子心七枚，爲末，酒服。孫仲盈云：曾用多效。 或以墨汁作丸服之。澹寮方。 Heart exhaustion1043 and blood spitting. [Grind] half a liang of nuo mi and seven lotus plumules into powder and ingest it with wine. Sun Zhongying states: “It has been used often and proved to be effective.” It is also possible to prepare [the powder] with ink juice to pills and ingest them. Dan liao fang. 自汗不止。糯米、小麥麩同炒，爲末，每服三錢，米飲下。或煮猪肉點食。 Unending, spontaneous sweating. Stir-fry nuo mi and wheat bran together and [grind them into] powder. Each time ingest three qian, to be sent down with a rice beverage. Or cook pork, drip [the powder on it]1044 and eat it. 小便白濁。白糯丸：治人夜小便脚停白濁，老人、虚人多此證，令人卒 死，大能耗人精液，主頭昏重。用糯米五升炒赤黑，白芷一兩，爲末，糯 粉糊丸梧子大。每服五十丸，木饅頭煎湯下。無此，用局方補腎湯下。若 後生禀賦怯弱，房室太過，小便太多，水管蹇澀，小便如膏脂，入石菖 蒲、牡蠣粉甚效。經驗良方。 White, turbid urination. The “white nuo [mi] pills.” They serve to cure persons whose nocturnal urine has a white, turbid sediment. Old persons and persons with a depletion often have this [disease] sign. It may result in their sudden death as it massively diminishes their essence/sperm fluid and is responsible for a dizzy and heavy head. [Grind] five sheng of nuo mi, stir-fried until it assumes a red-black color, and one liang of angelica dahurica [root] into powder and with nuo mi flour paste form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 50 pills, to be ingested with a climbing fig decoction. If that is not available, resort to the “decoction to sup1043 Lao xin 勞心, “heart exhaustion,” a condition of a xu lao 虛勞, “depletion exhaustion,” brought forth by exhaustion detriment affecting the heart. BCGM Dict I, 301. 1044 The character dian 點 may be an erroneous writing of zhan 蘸, “to dip.” The advice may be to “cook pork, dip it [into the powder] and eat it.”



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plement kidney [qi]” outlined in the Ju fang. If the patient is a young man with a timid and weak constitution, who has had excessive sex, who has frequent urination, with his water ducts blocked and rough, and the urine assuming a consistency of a greasy paste, add Japanese sweet flag [root] and oyster shell powder, and that is very effective. Jing yan liang fang. 女人白淫。糙糯米、花椒等分，炒爲末，醋糊丸梧子大，每服三四十丸， 食前醋湯下。楊起簡便方。 White overflow1045 of females. Stir-fry equal amounts of coarse nuo mi and Chinese pepper and [grind them into] powder. With vinegar and [wheat flour] paste form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time [let the patient] ingest 30 to 40 pills, to be send down prior to a meal with a vinegar decoction. Yang Qi, Jian bian fang. 胎動不安，下黄水。用糯米一合，黄芪、芎藭各五錢，水一升，煎八合， 分服。産寶。 Movement of a fetus that does not come to rest, with a discharge of yellow water. Boil one ge of nuo mi and five qian each of astragalus [root] and ligusticum [root] in one sheng of water down to eight ge and ingest it divided into several portions. Chan bao. 小兒頭瘡。糯米飯燒灰，入輕粉，清油調傅。普濟方。 Head sores of children. Burn cooked nuo mi to ashes, add calomel and apply this mixed with clear oil [to the affected region]. Pu ji fang. 纏蛇丹毒。糯米粉和鹽，嚼塗之。濟急方。 Twining-snake cinnabar poison.1046 Chew nuo mi flour powder with salt and apply this [to the affected region]. Ji ji fang. 打撲傷損：諸瘡。寒食日浸糯米，逐日易水，至小滿取出，日乾爲末，用 水調塗之。便民圖纂。 Injury harm caused by a blow or fall. For all types of wounds. Soak nuo mi in water on the Cold Food day1047 and exchange the water every day until the [solar term]

1045 Bai yin 白淫, “white overflow,” a condition of white mucus excreted from one’s urinary tract/genital region as a result of excessive sexual intercourse or unfulfilled desires. BCGM Dict I, 49. 1046 Chan she dan du 纏蛇丹毒, “twining-snake cinnabar poison,” a condition of dan du 丹 毒, “cinnabar poison,” growing like a snake around one’s waist. Possibly including cases of herpes zoster. BCGM Dict I, 78.

1047 This is the festival honoring Jie Zitui 介子推 who had served King Wen of the State of Jin, 5th c. BCE. Eventually he withdrew with his mother to the forests. King Wen summoned him to his court to show his gratitude. When Jie Zitui refused to appear, the king had the forest set on fi re to force him to leave his abode. Jie and his mother died in the fi re in 476 BCE. The king ordered that no fi res were allowed on that day

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Grain Budding (21/22 May), then remove it, dry it in the sun and [grind it into] powder. Mix it with water and apply it [to the affected region]. Bian min tu zuan. 金瘡癰腫及竹木簽刺等毒。用糯米三升，於端午前四十九日，以冷水浸 之。一日兩换水，輕淘轉，勿令攪碎。至端午日取出陰乾，絹袋盛，掛通 風處。每用旋取炒黑爲末，冷水調如膏藥，隨瘡大小裹定瘡口，外以布包 定勿動，直候瘡瘥。若金瘡犯生水作膿腫甚者，急裹一二食久，即不作膿 腫也。若癰疽初發，纔覺焮腫，急貼之，一夜便消。靈苑方。 Poison related to wounds caused by metal objects/weapons, obstruction-illness1048 swelling and piercing by a wooden or bamboo splinter. Soak three sheng of nuo mi in cold water 49 days before the fifth day of the fifth month. Replace the water twice a day. Stir it gently and see to it that [the nuo mi] is not broken. Remove it [from the liquid] on the fifth day of the fifth month, dry it in the yin (i. e., shade), fill it in a silk pouch and hang it at a location passed by wind. Each time, when it is to be applied, remove it, stir-fry it until it turns black and [grind it into] powder. Mix it with cold water to generate an ointment medication and cover the opening of the wound in accordance with its extension. Bandage this with a piece of cloth to make sure that [the application] cannot move and wait until the wound is healed. If a wound caused by a metal object/weapon is offended by fresh/unboiled water and develops a severe swelling with pus, quickly cover it [with the ointment] for a time of one or two meals to prevent an effusion of an abscess. If an obstruction-illness or impediment-illness1049 has just begun to develop, when [the patient] only feels some heat and swelling, quickly apply [the ointment to the affected region. The swelling] dissolves within one night. Ling yuan fang. 喉痺吒腮。用前膏貼項下及腫處，一夜便消。乾即换之，當令濕爲妙。 Throat closure and mumps.1050 Apply the aforementioned ointment to the neck and the locations of the swelling. It will dissolve within one night. Replace [the application] when it has dried. It must remain moist to have a wondrous [effect]. in future, and food was to be consumed cold. Hence the name of that day, han shi 寒食, “Cold Food.” It is April 5. BCGM Dict III, 224-225.

1048 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 1049 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

1050 Zha sai 痄腮, “mumps,” a condition of a communicable disease with painful swelling on both sides of the face below the jaws. BCGM Dict I, 661.



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竹木簽刺。用前膏貼之，一夜刺出在藥内也。 Pierced by a bamboo or wooden splinter. Apply the aforementioned ointment [to the affected region]. The splinter will come out and move into the medication within one night. 顛犬咬傷。糯米一合，斑蝥七枚同炒，蝥黄去之；再入七枚，再炒黄去 之；又入七枚，待米出烟，去蝥爲末。油調傅之，小便利下佳。醫方大成。 Harm caused by the bite of a mad dog. Stir-fry one ge of nuo mi and seven blister beetles together. When the beetles have turned yellow, remove them. Add another seven [beetles], stir-fry this again until they have turned yellow, and remove them. Again add seven [beetles] and continue this until the rice develops fumes. Then remove the beetles and [grind the rice] into powder. Mix it with oil and apply this [to the affected region]. Once a free flow of urine begins this is [proof of an] excellent [effect of this therapy]. Yi fang da cheng. 荒年代糧。稻米一斗淘汰，百蒸百曝，搗末，日食一飧，以水調之。服至 三十日止，可一年不食。肘後。 A substitute in times of famine. Wash one dou of dao mi in a pan. Steam it one hundred times and dry it in the sun one hundred times. Then pound it into powder. Every day mix it with water and eat it for supper. Ingest this for 30 days and stop. You will be able not to eat for one year. Zhou hou. 虚勞不足。糯米入猪肚内蒸乾，搗作丸子，日日服之。 Depletion exhaustion and insufficient [qi]. Fill a pig stomach with nuo mi and steam it. Dry it, pound it and make pills. Ingest them every day. 腰痛虚寒。糯米二升，炒熟袋盛，拴靠痛處。内以八角茴香研酒服。談埜 翁試驗方。 Lower back pain with depletion and the presence of cold [qi]. Stir-fry two sheng of nuo mi until done, fill it into a pouch and press it on the location of the pain. For internal application grind star anise [into powder] and ingest it with wine. Tan Yewen, Shi yan fang. 22-10-02 米泔 Mi gan

Water in which rice has been washed. 【氣味】甘，凉，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cool, nonpoisonous.

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【主治】益氣，止煩渴霍亂，解毒。食鴨肉不消者，頓飲一盞，即消。時 珍。 Control. It boosts the qi, ends vexing thirst and cholera, and resolves poison. If a meal of duck meat is not dissolved/digested, simply drink one cup and it will be dissolved/digested. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】舊一。 Added Recipes. One of old. 煩渴不止。糯米泔任意飲之，即定。研汁亦可。外臺。 Unending vexing thirst. Drink water in which nuo mi has been washed at will and [the thirst] ends. To grind [nuo mi, boil it, and drink] the juice is possible, too. Wai tai. 22-10-03 糯稻花 Nuo dao hua

Flowers of glutinous rice. 【主治】陰乾，入揩牙、烏鬚方用。時珍。 Control. Dry them in the yin (i. e., shade) and add them to recipes for rubbing teeth and blackening hair. [Li] Shizhen. 22-10-04 稻穰即稻稈 Dao rang

Rice stalks/straw, i. e., dao gan, glutinous rice stalks. 【氣味】辛、甘，熱，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, sweet, hot, nonpoisonous. 【主治】黄病如金色，煮汁浸之。仍以穀芒炒黄爲末，酒服。藏器。燒 灰，治墜撲傷損。蘇頌。燒灰浸水飲，止消渴。淋汁，浸腸痔。挼穰藉鞾 鞵，暖足，去寒濕氣。時珍。 Control. For jaundice similar to the color of gold, boil them to obtain a juice and soak [the affected region] in it. Also, stir-fry cereal awns until they have turned yellow, [grind them into] powder and ingest it with wine. [Chen] Cangqi. Burned to ashes, they serve to cure injury harm resulting from a fall or blow. Su Song. Burn them to ashes, soak them in water and drink [the liquid] to end melting with thirst.1051 Drip water [on the ashes] and use the resulting juice to soak intestinal 1051 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.



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piles. Shoes/boots filled with rice straw warm the feet and eliminate cold and moist qi. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【頌曰】稻稈灰方出劉禹錫傳信方。云湖南 李從事墜馬撲傷損， 用稻稈燒灰，以新熟酒連糟入鹽和，淋取汁，淋痛處，立瘥也。【時珍 曰】稻穰煮治作紙，嫩心取以爲鞵，皆大爲民利。其紙不可貼瘡，能爛 肉。按江湖紀聞云：有人壁虱入耳，頭痛不可忍，百藥不效。用稻稈灰煎 汁灌入，即死而出也。 Explication. [Su] Song: The “rice straw ashes recipe” quoted from Liu Yuxi’s Chuan xin fang. It states: “In Hu nan, Retainer Liu fell from a horse and was injured. They burned rice straw to ashes and mixed them with newly brewed wine, including the pomace, and salt. Then water was dripped on [this mixture] and the resulting juice was dripped on the aching location. He was cured immediately.” [Li] Shizhen: Rice straw is boiled to prepare paper. The tender core is used to make sandals. Both these [usages] are of great benefit to the people. The paper must not be attached to sores/ wounds lest it cause the flesh to ulcerate. According to the Jiang hu ji wen, once ticks entered the ears of a man and this resulted in unbearable headache. None of the hundreds of medications proved to be effective. Then they boiled rice straw ashes in water and injected the resulting juice into [his ears. The ticks] died and came out. 【附方】舊一，新八。 Added Recipes. One of old, eight newly [recorded]. 消渴飲水。取稻穰中心燒灰。每以湯浸一合，澄清飲之。危氏。 Melting with thirst and an urge to drink water. Burn the core of rice stalks/straw to ashes. Each time soak in hot water one ge, wait for the sediment to settle and drink the clear [liquid]. Wei shi. 喉痺腫痛。稻草燒取墨烟，醋調吹鼻中，或灌入喉中，滚出痰，立愈。普 濟。 Throat closure with a painful swelling. Burn rice straw, mix the black soot with vinegar and blow it into the [patient’s] nose, or force-feed it into his throat. That causes much phlegm to come out, and that is the cure. Pu ji. 熱病餘毒，攻手足疼痛欲脱，用稻穰灰煮汁漬之。肘後方。 Remaining [heat] poison in the aftermath of a heat disease. It attacks hands and feet, and causes pain as if they were falling off. Boil rice straw ashes and soak [the affected limbs] in the resulting juice. Zhou hou fang.

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下血成痔。稻藁燒灰淋汁，熱漬三五度，瘥。崔氏纂要。 Blood discharge resulting in piles. Burn rice straw and drip water on the ashes to obtain a juice. Soak [the affected region] in the hot [juice] three to five times. That leads to a cure. Cui shi, Zuan yao. 湯火傷瘡。用稻草灰冷水淘七遍，帶濕攤上，乾即易。若瘡濕者，焙乾油 傅，二三次可愈。衛生易簡方。 Sores resulting from harm caused by hot water and fire. Wash rice straw ashes in cold water in a pan seven times. Spread them [on the affected region] and exchange them when they have dried. If the sore is moist, bake them over a slow fire until they are dry, [mix them with] oil and apply them [to the affected region]. A cure is achieved after two or three applications. Wei sheng yi jian fang. 惡蟲入耳。香油合稻稈灰汁，滴入之。聖濟總録。 Malign worms/bugs have entered an ear. Mix sesame oil with the juice obtained by [dripping water on] rice straw ashes and drip this [into the affected ear]. Sheng ji zong lu. 噎食不下。赤稻細稍，燒灰，滚湯一椀，隔絹淋汁三次，取汁，入丁香一 枚，白荳蔻半枚，米一琖，煮粥食，神效。摘玄妙方。 Gullet occluding food that fails to move down. Burn the fine tips of red rice [straw] to ashes, wash them in a pan with hot water. Hold them in fine silk and drip water over them three times to obtain a juice. Add one clove, half a Chinese cardamom [fruit] and one wine cup of husked rice and boil this to make a congee. To eat it is divinely effective. Zhai xuan miao fang. 小便白濁。糯稻草煎濃汁，露一夜，服之。同上。 White, turbid urine. Boil nuo mi straw to obtain a thick juice. Leave it in the open for one night and ingest it. [Source] identical with the one above. 解砒石毒。稻草燒灰，淋汁，調青黛三錢服。醫方摘要。 To resolve the poison of arsenic. Burn rice straw to ashes, pour water on them to obtain a juice, mix it with three qian of natural indigo and ingest this Yi fang zhai yao. 22-10-05 穀穎 Gu ying

Cereal husks. 穀芒也。作穩，非。 These a cereal awns. A writing with wen 穩 is wrong.



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【主治】黄病，爲末酒服。又解蠱毒，煎汁飲。日華。 Control. For jaundice, [grind them into] powder and ingest it with wine. Also, to resolve gu-poison,1052 boil them in water and drink the resulting juice. Rihua. 22-10-06 糯糠 Nuo kang

Glutinous rice chaff. 【主治】齒黄，燒取白灰，旦旦擦之。時珍。 Control. For yellow teeth, burn it, and rub the white ash on them every morning. [Li] Shizhen. 22-11 粳音庚别録中品 Geng, [粳] read geng, FE Bie lu, middle rank. Semen oryzae sativae. Polished, non-glutinous rice. 【釋名】秔與粳同。【時珍曰】粳乃穀稻之總名也。有早、中、晚三收。 諸本草獨以晚稻爲粳者，非矣。粘者爲糯，不粘者爲粳。糯者懦也，粳者 硬也。但入解熱藥，以晚粳爲良爾。 Explanation of Names. Jing 秔 is identical with geng 粳. [Li] Shizhen: Geng 粳 is a general designation of rice grain. It may be harvested early, in the middle or late [in the year]. All Ben cao works identify only “late rice” as geng. That is wrong. Sticky rice is nuo 糯, [rice that is] not sticky is geng 粳. Nuo 糯 is nuo 懦, “weak.” Geng 粳 is geng 硬, “hard.” Still, added to medication aimed at resolving heat, the “late geng” is good. 【集解】【弘景曰】粳米，即今人常食之米，但有白、赤、小、大異族四 五種，猶同一類也。可作廪米。【詵曰】淮、泗之間最多。襄、洛土粳 米，亦堅實而香。南方多收火稻，最補益人。諸處雖多粳米，但充飢耳。 【時珍曰】粳有水、旱二稻。南方土下塗泥，多宜水稻。北方地平，惟 澤土宜旱稻。西南夷亦有燒山地爲畬田種旱稻者，謂之火米。古者惟下種 成畦，故祭祀謂稻爲嘉蔬，今人皆拔秧栽插矣。其種近百，各各不同，俱 隨土地所宜也。其穀之光、芒、長、短、大、細，百不同也。其米之赤、 白、紫、烏、堅、鬆、香、否，不同也。其性之温、凉、寒、熱，亦因土 産形色而異也。真臘有水稻，高丈許，隨水而長。南方有一歲再熟之稻。 1052 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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蘇頌之香粳，長白如玉，可充御貢。皆粳之稍異者也。西南夷亦有燒山地 爲畬田種旱稻者，謂之火米。古者惟下種成畦，故祭祀謂稻爲嘉蔬，今人 皆拔秧栽插矣。其種近百，各各不同，俱隨土地所宜也。其穀之光、芒、 長、短、大、細，百不同也。其米之赤、白、紫、烏、堅、鬆、香、否， 不同也。其性之温、凉、寒、熱，亦因土産形色而異也。真臘有水稻，高 丈許，隨水而長。南方有一歲再熟之稻。蘇頌之香粳，長白如玉，可充御 貢。皆粳之稍異者也。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: Geng rice is the rice commonly eaten by people today. Although one distinguishes between white and red, small and large, that is, four or five kinds, they all form one group and can be stored in a granary. [Meng] Shen: Most of it is [planted] in the region between the rivers Huai and Si. Local geng mi in the Xiang and Luo region, too, is hard, solid and fragrant. In the South they mostly harvest “fire rice.” It is the one that supplements and boosts human [qi] most. Although all these places have much geng mi; it is used only to allay hunger. [Li] Shizhen: Geng 粳 includes water and dryland rice. In the South, the soil is low and spread with mud; it is mostly appropriate for water rice. In the North, the ground is flat, and only the soil in marshlands is appropriate for dryland rice. In the Southwest, the Yi people burn mountain land to reclaim fields and plant dryland rice. They call it “fire rice.” In antiquity, it was planted only in beds. Hence, rice for sacrifices was called “good vegetable.” Today, all people pull [the seedlings] and replant them by sticking them [into the ground]. There are close to a hundred kinds, and they are all different. All are adapted to the soil on which they grow. The grains may be glossy [or not], they may have awns [or not], they may be long or short, big or fine – including hundreds of variants. And they differ in being red, white, purple or black [in color], or being hard [or not] or fragrant or not. Their nature may be warm or cool, cold or hot, and, also in response to the soil they grow on, they differ in physical appearance and color. In Zhen la is a water rice. It is about one zhang tall and grows with the [rise and fall of ] water. In the South is a rice that ripens twice a year. The “fragrant geng” of Su Song has long [grains] that are as white as jade; they are worth to be submitted to the Emperor. All these are slightly different kinds of geng. 22-11-01 粳米 Geng mi

Husked non-glutinous rice. 【氣味】甘、苦，平，無毒。【思邈曰】生者寒，燔者熱。【時珍曰】北 粳凉，南粳温。赤粳熱，白粳凉，晚白粳寒。新粳熱，陳粳凉。凡人嗜生 米，久成米瘕，治之以鷄屎白。【頴曰】新米乍食，動風氣。陳者下氣，



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病人尤宜。【詵曰】常食乾粳飯，令人熱中，唇口乾。不可同馬肉食，發 痼疾。不可和蒼耳食，令人卒心痛，急燒倉米灰和蜜漿服之，不爾即死。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, bitter, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Sun] Simiao: Raw/unprepared it is cold; heat-prepared it is hot. [Li] Shizhen: Northern geng is cool; southern geng is warm. Red geng is hot; white geng is cool. Late [harvested] white geng is hot; long-stored geng is cool. When people eat raw/unprepared rice, after a long period of time they develop rice conglomeration-illness.1053 It is cured with the white elements in chicken droppings. [Wang] Ying: When newly [harvested] rice is prepared as a cooked meal, it exites wind qi. Long-stored [rice prepared as a cooked meal] sends down qi. It it most appropriate for patients. [Meng] Shen: Dried geng [mi] regularly eaten as cooked meal heats one’s center and dries lips and mouth. It must not be eaten together with horse meat lest it generate obstinacy-illness ailments. It must not be eaten together with cocklebur [fruits] lest it cause sudden heart pain. [To cure this] quickly burn granary rice, mix the ashes with honey and thick soy sauce and [let the patient] ingest this. Otherwise, he will die. 【主治】益氣，止煩，止渴，止洩。别録。温中，和胃氣，長肌肉。蜀 本。補中，壯筋骨，益腸胃。日華。煮汁，主心痛，止渴，斷熱毒下痢。 孟詵。合芡實作粥食，益精强志，聰耳明目。好古。通血脉，和五臟，好 顔色。時珍。出養生集要。常食乾粳飯，令人不噎。孫思邈。 Control. It boosts the qi, ends vexation, stops thirst, and stops outflow. Bie lu. It warms the center, harmonizes stomach qi, and stimulates the growth of muscles and flesh. Shu ben. It supplements the center, strengthens sinews and bones, and boosts [the qi of ] the intestines and the stomach. Rihua. Boiled to obtain a juice, it controls heart pain, ends thirst, and stops discharge with free-flux illness related to heat poison. Meng Shen. Eaten as a congee prepared together with foxnut fruits it boosts essence/sperm and strengthens the mind, sharpens the ears and clears the eyes. [Wang] Haogu. It penetrates blood vessels, harmonizes the five long-term depots and improves the complexion. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Yang sheng ji yao. Regularly eaten meals cooked with dried geng prevent choking. Sun Simiao. 【發明】【詵曰】粳米赤者粒大而香，水漬之有味益人。大抵新熟者動 氣，經年者亦發病。惟江南人多收火稻貯倉，燒去毛，至春舂米食之， 即不發病，宜人，温中益氣，補下元也。【宗奭曰】粳以白晚米爲第一， 早熟米不及也。平和五臟，補益血氣，其功莫逮。然稍生則復不益脾， 過熟乃佳。【頴曰】粳有早、中、晚三收，以晚白米爲第一。各處所産種 1053 Mi jia 米瘕, “rice conglomeration-illness,” identical with mi zheng 米癥, “rice concretion-illness,” a condition of zheng 癥, “concretion-illness,” which forms when one consumes raw rice that accumulates without being digested. BCGM Dict I, 339, 340.

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類甚多，氣味不能無少異，而亦不大相遠也。天生五穀，所以養人，得之 則生，不得則死。惟此穀得天地中和之氣，同造化生育之功，故非他物可 比。入藥之功在所略爾。【好古曰】本草言粳米益脾胃，而張仲景白虎湯 用之入肺。以味甘爲陽明之經，色白爲西方之象，而氣寒入手太陰也。少 陰證桃花湯用之以補正氣。竹葉石膏湯用之以益不足。【時珍曰】粳稻六 七月收者爲早粳，止可充食。八九月收者爲遲粳，十月收者爲晚粳。北方 氣寒，粳性多凉，八九月收者即可入藥。南方氣熱，粳性多温，惟十月晚 稻氣凉乃可入藥。遲粳、晚粳得金氣多，故色白者入肺而解熱也。早粳得 土氣多，故赤者益脾而白者益胃。若滇、嶺之粳則性熱，惟彼土宜之耳。 Explication. [Meng] Shen: Red geng mi has big, fragrant grains. Soaked in water, their flavor is beneficial to man. Generally speaking, raw and heat-processed [geng mi] excite qi; [eaten] over years [geng mi] also results in disease. People in Jiang nan often store “fire rice” in granaries. They burn them to remove the hair/awns. By spring they husk the grains and eat them, and they are the only ones who do not develop a disease. Rather, [their “fire rice”] is appropriate for their [wellbeing], warms the center, boosts the qi and supplements the original [qi] in the lower [body parts]. [Kou] Zongshi: Among [the various kinds of ] geng, white late [harvested] rice is the best. Early [harvested], heat-prepared rice does not reach its quality. It balances and harmonizes the five long-term depots and supplements and boosts blood and qi. Its [therapeutic] potential is unparalleled. However, if some of its raw [nature] is retained, it is unable to boost spleen [qi]; only overcooked it is excellent. [Wang] Ying: Geng is harvested three times: early [in the year], in the middle [of the year] and late [in the year], with late [harvested] white rice being the best. The variations grown in all the places are very many. Hence their qi and flavor must vary widely, but are not too far apart from each other, nevertheless. Heaven has created the five types of cereal to nourish man. When man gets them, he will survive. If he has no access to them, he dies. These grains are the only items endowed with the harmonious qi of heaven and earth and combine the potential of Creation to give life and nurture [life]. Hence they are not comparable to other things. Their potential as a pharmaceutical drug is secondary. [Wang] Haogu: The Ben cao says: “Geng mi boosts [the qi of the] spleen and the stomach,” but Zhang Zhongjing in his “white tiger decoction” uses it to enter the lung. With its sweet flavor it is [a pharmaceutical drug] for the yang brilliance conduits. It is white in color and reflects the image of the West. Hence, its qi are cold and enter the hand major yin [conduits]. For [illness] signs of the minor yin [conduits] it is used in the “peach flower decoction” to supplement the proper qi. The “bamboo leaf and gypsum decoction” uses [geng mi] to boost [qi] insufficiency. [Li] Shizhen: Geng rice harvested in the sixth and seventh month is “early geng.” It only can satisfy hunger. That harvested in the



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eighth and ninth month is “delayed geng.” That harvested in the tenth month is “late geng.” In the North, the qi are cold and the geng there is by nature mostly cool. That harvested in the eighth and ninth month can be added to medication. In the South, the qi are hot and the geng there is by nature mostly warm. Only the qi of late rice [harvested in the] tenth month are cool and can be added to medication. “Delayed geng” and “late geng” have obtained much qi of [the phase] metal. It is therefore that those [grains] that are white in color enter the lung and resolve heat. “Early geng” is endowed with much qi of [the phase] soil. Hence, red [early geng] boosts the liver [qi] while white [early geng] boosts the stomach [qi]. The geng of Dian and Ling is by nature hot; it should be used only there. 【附方】舊二，新十。 Added Recipes. Two of old. Ten newly [recorded]. 霍亂吐瀉，煩渴欲絶。用粳米二合研粉，入水二盞研汁，和淡竹瀝一合， 頓服。普濟。 Cholera with vomiting and outflow, vexing thirst and a sensation as if one were going to die. Grind two ge of geng mi into powder, add two cups of water and grind this to obtain a juice. Mix it with one ge of bamboo stem juice and ingest this all at once. Pu ji. 赤痢熱躁。粳米半升，水研取汁，入油瓷瓶中，蠟紙封口，沉井底一夜， 平旦服之。吴内翰家乳母病此，服之有效。普濟方。 Red free-flux illness with heat and restlessness. Grind half a sheng of geng mi in water to obtain a juice. Give it into a porcelain bottle that had been used to store oil and seal the opening with wax paper. Sink it into a well and let it rest at the bottom for one night. The next morning ingest it. A wet nurse in the household of Palace Writer Wu suffered from this disease. She ingested [this medication] and it proved to be effective. Pu ji fang. 自汗不止。粳米粉絹包，頻頻撲之。 Unending spontaneous sweating. Wrap geng mi powder in silk and repeatedly press it [on the affected region to absorb the sweat]. 五種尸病。粳米二升，水六升，煮一沸服，日三。肘後。 The five kinds of corpse [qi attachment] disease.1054 Boil two sheng of geng mi in six sheng of water once to bubbling and ingest this, three times a day. Zhou hou. 1054 Shi zhu 屍疰, “corpse [qi] attachment-illness,” identical with gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness.” A condition of a slowly developing infectious weakness. The Song

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卒心氣痛。粳米二升，水六升，煮六七沸服。肘後方。 Suddenly painful heart qi. Boil two sheng of geng mi in six sheng of water six or seven times to bubbling and ingest this. Zhou hou fang. 米瘕嗜米。有人好食米，久則成癥，不得米則吐出清水，得米即止，米不 消化，久亦斃人。用白米五合，鷄屎一升，同炒焦爲末。水一升，頓服。 少時吐出癥如研米汁，或白沫淡水，乃愈也。千金方。 Rice conglomeration-illness1055 with an addiction to [eating] rice. There was someone who loved to eat rice. After a long time he developed a concretion-illness. When he got no rice, he spat out a clear liquid; when he got rice it ended. The rice was not digested. If this had continued for a long time it might have killed him. [To cure him they] stir-fried five ge of white rice with one sheng of chicken droppings until scorched, [ground this into] powder and let him ingest it with one sheng of water in one draft. After a short while he spat out a concretion-illness similar to ground rice juice or fresh water with white foam and was healed. Qian jin fang. 小兒初生三日，應開腸胃、助穀神者。碎米濃作汁飲，如乳酪，頻以豆許 與兒飲之。二七日可與哺，慎不得與雜藥也。肘後方。 On the third day of a newborn’s life its intestines and the stomach must be opened, and the spirit of grain must be assisted. Grind rice to small pieces and prepare a thick juice to be drunk, similar to a junket. Repeatedly give the child as much as the size of a soybean to drink. After two times seven days it can be fed. Be careful not to give it any additional medication. Zhou hou fang. 初生無皮，色赤，但有紅筋，乃受胎未足也。用早白米粉撲之，肌膚自 生。聖濟方。 A newborn has no skin and is red in color. It only has red sinews. That is a premature fetus. Apply a powder of early [harvested] white rice to it and the muscles and the skin will grow. Sheng ji fang. 小兒甜瘡，生於面耳。令母頻嚼白米，卧時塗之。不過三五次，即愈。 Sweet sores1056 affecting the face and the ears of a child. Let the mother repeatedly chew white rice and apply it [to the affected region] at bedtime. A cure is achieved after no more than three to five applications. dynasty physician Chen Yan 陳言 and others believed that this is lao zhai 勞瘵, “exhaustion consumption.” BCGM Dict I, 202, 447.

1055 Instead of jia 瘕, “conglomeration-illness,” Qian jin fang ch. 21, jian zheng ji ju 堅癥積 聚, writes zheng 癥, “concretion-illness.”

1056 Tian chuang 甜瘡, “sweet sores,” a condition of chuang 瘡, “sore,” conditions, mostly affecting children, that emerge on the head, face and ears, with seeping liquid and itching



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荒年辟穀。粳米一升，酒三升漬之，暴乾又漬，酒尽。取出稍食之，可辟 三十日。足一斗三升，辟穀一年。肘後方。 To get along without grain in years of famine. Soak one sheng of geng mi in three sheng of wine, then dry [the geng mi] in the sun and soak it again [and continue this] until all the wine is used up. Remove [the rice] and eat it in small portions. This enables one to get along without [grain] for 30 days. To eat one dou and three sheng lets one get along without grain for one year. Zhou hou fang. 胎動腹痛，急下黄汁。用粳米五升，黄芪六兩，水七升，煎二升，分四 服。聖惠。 Abdominal pain caused by fetal movement, with a sudden discharge of yellow juice. Boil five sheng of geng mi and six liang of astragalus [root] in seven sheng of water down to two sheng and ingest this divided into four portions. Sheng hui. 赤根丁腫。白粉熬黑，和蜜傅之。千金方。 Pin[-illness]1057 swelling with a red root/base. Simmer white [geng mi] powder until it has turned black, mix it with honey and apply this [to the affected region] Qian jin fang. 22-11-02 淅二泔 Xi er gan

Water in which rice has been washed a second time. 【釋名】米瀋。【時珍曰】淅，音錫，洗米也。瀋，汁也。泔，甘汁也。 第二次者，清而可用，故曰淅二泔。 Explanation of Names. Mi shen 米瀋. [Li] Shizhen: Xi 淅, read xi 錫, is “to wash rice.” Shen 瀋 is zhi 汁, “juice.” Gan 泔 is “sweet juice.” When [rice is washed] the second time, [the liquid] is clear and can be used [for therapeutic ends]. Hence it is called xi er gan 淅二泔, “water in which rice has been washed a second time.” 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】清熱，止煩渴，利小便。凉血。時珍 Control. It cools heat, ends vexing thirst, stimulates urination and cools blood. [Li] Shizhen. that cannot be cured for an extended period of time. BCGM Dict I, 502.

1057 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],” also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127-129.

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【發明】【戴原禮曰】風熱赤眼，以淅二泔睡時冷調洗肝散、菊花散之 類，服之。 Explication. Dai Yuanli: For red eyes related to wind [intrusion] and heat, mix cold water in which rice has been washed a second time with the “powder to wash the liver” or the “powder with chrysanthemum flowers]” when you go to sleep and ingest this. 【附方】新四。 Added Recipes. Four newly [recorded]. 吐血不止。陳紅米泔水，温服一鍾，日三次。普濟方。 Unending blood spitting. Drink one zhong of warm water in which long-stored red rice has been washed, three times a day. Pu ji fang. 鼻出衄血。頻飲淅二泔，仍以真麻油或蘿蔔汁滴入之。證治要訣。 Nosebleed. Repeatedly drink water in which rice has been washed a second time. Also, drip genuine sesame oil or radish [root] juice into [the affected nostrils]. Zheng zhi yao jue. 鼻上酒㾴。以淅二泔食後冷飲。外以硫黄入大菜頭内，煨碾塗之。證治要 訣。 Wine sediments on the nose. After meals drink cold water in which rice has been washed a second time. For external use insert sulphur into a big cabbage head, simmer this and apply this [to the affected region]. Zheng zhi yao jue. 服藥過劑悶亂者。粳米瀋飲之。外臺。 Heart-pressure and confusion after an overdose of pharmaceutical drugs. Drink geng mi shen. Wai tai. 22-11-03 炒米湯 Chao mi tang

Stir-fried rice decoction. 【主治】益胃除濕。不去火毒，令人作渴。時珍。 Control. It boosts stomach [qi] and eliminates moisture. If it is not [given enough time] for the fire poison to leave (i. e., to cool down), it makes one thirsty. [Li] Shizhen.



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22-11-04 粳穀奴 Geng gu nu

Non-glutinous grain mould. 穀穗煤黑者。 That is the black soot on grain awns. 【主治】走馬喉痺，燒研，酒服方寸匕，立效。時珍。出千金。 Control. Running horse throat blockage.1058 Burn [the awns], grind [the residue] and ingest with wine the amount held by a square cun spoon. Immediately effective. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Qian jin. 22-11-05 禾稈 He gan

[Rice] straw. 【主治】解砒毒，燒灰，新汲水淋汁濾清，冷服一椀，毒當下出。時珍。 出衛生易簡方。 Control. To resolve the poison of arsenic, burn it to ashes, drip newly drawn water on them and filter [the resulting juice] until it is clear. Ingest one bowl cold and the poison will be discharged below. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Wei sheng yi jian fang. 22-12 籼音仙綱目1059 Xian, [籼] read xian, Gang mu. Oryza sativa L. Annamese upland rice. 【釋名】占稻綱目、早稻。【時珍曰】籼亦粳屬之先熟而鮮明之者，故謂 之籼。種自占城國，故謂之占。俗作粘者。非矣。 Explanation of Names. Zhan dao 占稻, Gang mu. Zao dao 早稻. [Li] Shizhen: Xian 籼, too, is a kind of geng 粳, polished non-glutinous rice, that was heat-processed until done in the beginning, xian 先, and is bright-colored, xian ming 鮮明. Hence it is called xian 籼. It comes from Zhan cheng guo 占城國. Hence it is called zhan [dao] 占[稻]. The wide-spread writing [of zhan 占] as zhan 粘 is wrong.

1058 Zou ma hou bi 走馬喉痹, “running horse throat blockage,” a condition identical with ji hou bi 急喉痹, “acute throat blockage.” BCGM Dict I, 704.

1059 The five characters 籼音仙綱目 are missing in the original version of the Ben cao gang mu. They were added later and are copied here from a Jin ling edition.

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【集解】【時珍曰】籼似粳而粒小，始自閩入，得種於占城國。宋真宗遣 使就閩取三萬斛，分給諸道爲種，故今各處皆有之。高仰處俱可種，其熟 最早，六七月可收。品類亦多，有赤、白二色，與粳大同小異。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Xian 籼 resembles geng 粳, but the grains are smaller. It was introduced first from Min. They obtained the seeds from Zhan cheng guo. Song Emperor Zhen zong sent an envoy to Min to obtain 300 000 dou and then distributed them to all regions to have it cultivated everywhere. Ever since it is present everywhere. It can be cultivated in both elevated and low-lying regions, and it ripens very early. It can be harvested in the sixth and seventh month. It, too, forms a group including many different ranks. It may be red and white in color. It is mostly identical with polished non-glutinous rice, with only minor differences. 22-12-01 籼米 Xian mi

Husked non-glutinous rice. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】温中益氣，養胃和脾，除濕止洩。時珍。 Control. It warms the center and boosts the qi, nourishes the stomach and harmonizes the spleen, eliminates moisture and stops outflow. [Li] Shizhen. 22-12-02 稈 Gan

Rice straw. 【主治】反胃，燒灰淋汁温服令吐。蓋胃中有蟲，能殺之也。普濟。 Control. For turned over stomach. Burn it into ashes, drip water on them to obtain a juice and drink it warm to cause vomiting. The fact is, when there are worms/bugs in the stomach, this can kill them. Pu ji.

本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 穀部第二十三卷 Section Cereal, Chapter 23 穀之二 Cereal II 稷粟類一十八種 Millet Group, 18 kinds 23-01 Ji 稷, non glutinous panicled millet. FE Bie lu 别録 23-01-01 Ji mi 稷米, husked seeds of ji 穄. 23-01-02 Gen 根, root [of ji 穄] 23-02 Shu 黍, glutinous panicled millet. FE Bie lu 别録 23-02-01 Shu mi 黍米, all types of broomcorn millet. 23-02-02 Dan shu mi 丹黍米, red broomcorn millet. 23-02-03 Rang jing, gen 穰莖幷根, straw-stem and root [of broomcorn millet]. 23-03 Shu shu 蜀黍, great millet. FE Shi wu 食物 23-03-01 Mi 米, husked seeds [of shu shu]. 23-03-02 Gen 根, root [of shu shu]. 23-04 Yu shu shu 玉蜀黍, Indian corn. FE Gang mu 綱目 23-04-01 Mi 米, husked seeds [of yu shu shu]. 23-04-02 Gen ye 根葉, root and leaves [of yu shu shu]. 23-05 Liang 粱, spiked millet. FE Bie lu 别録 23-05-01 Huang liang mi 黄粱米, husked grains of yellow liang. 23-05-02 Bai liang mi 白粱米, husked grains of white liang. 23-05-03 Qing liang mi 青粱米, husked grains of greenish liang. 23-06 Su 粟, short millet. FE Bie lu 别録 23-06-01 Su mi 粟米, husked grains of short millet. 23-06-02 Su gan zhi 粟泔汁, water in which su has been washed. 23-06-03 Chou gan 臭泔, malodorous water in which [su 粟] has been washed.

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23-06-04 Suan gan ji dian 酸泔及澱, sour water in which [su 粟] has been washed, and the sediment. 23-06-05 Su tang 粟糠, chaff of su 粟. 23-06-06 Su nu 粟奴, mould on su 粟. 23-06-07 Su lin mi 粟廪米, husked su 粟 grains from a granary. 23-06-08 Su nie mi 粟糵米, su 粟 grain sprouts. 23-06-09 Su qiu 粟糗, prepared su 粟. 23-07 Shu 秫, glutinous spiked millet. FE Bie lu 别録 23-07-01 Shu mi 秫米, husked seeds of glutinous spiked millet. 23-07-02 Gen 根, root [of shu 秫]. 23-08 Shan zi 穇子, finger millet. FE Jiu huang 救荒 23-09 Bai 稗, barnyard grass. FE Gang mu 綱目 23-09-01 Bai mi 稗米, husked grains of barnyard grass. 23-09-02 Miao 苗, gen 根, seedling, root [of bai 稗]. 23-10 Lang wei cao 狼尾草,1060 foxtail. FE Shi yi 拾遺 23-10-A01 Kuai cao 蒯草, wool grass. 23-10-01 Mi 米, husked grains [of lang wei cao]. 23-11 Dong qiang 東廧, salt plant. FE Shi yi 拾遺 23-11-01 Zi 子, seeds [of dong qiang]. 23-12 Gu mi 菰米, Indian rice. FE Gang mu 綱目 23-13 Peng cao zi 蓬草子, unidentified. FE Shi yi 拾遺 23-13-01 Zi 子, seeds [of peng cao zi]. 23-14 Wang cao zi 菵草子,1061 unidentified. FE Shi yi 拾遺 23-14-01 Mi 米, husked seeds [of wang cao]. 23-15 Shi cao zi 蒒草子,1062 sedge. FE Hai yao 海藥 23-15-01 Zi 子, seeds [of shi cao]. 23-16 Yi yi 薏苡, Job’s tears. FE Ben jing 本經 23-16-01 Yi yi ren 薏苡仁, kernels/seeds of yi yi. 23-16-02 Gen 根, root [of yi yi]. 23-16-03 Ye 葉, leaf [of yi yi]. 23-17 Ying zi su 罌子粟, poppy plant. FE Kai bao 開寶, i. e., yu mi 御米, li chun hua 麗春花 23-17-01 Mi 米, husked seeds [of ying su]. 23-17-02 Qiao 殼, shell [of ying su]. 1060 Following the entry lang wei cao 狼尾草, the main text has an appendix kuai cao 蒯草, not listed in the table of contents. 1061 Instead of wang cao zi 菵草子, the main text writes as proper name wang cao 𦬣草. 1062 The main text writes the name of this herb without the character zi 子.



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23-17-03 Nen miao 嫩苗, tender seedling [of ying su]. 23-18 A fu rong 阿芙蓉, opium. FE Gang mu 綱目 右附方舊二十七，新五十三。 Added Recipes: 27 of old, 53 newly [recorded].

穀之二 Cereal II 稷粟類一十八種 Millet Group, 18 kinds 23-01 稷别録上品 Ji, FE Bie lu, upper rank.1063 Panicum miliaceum L. Non glutinous panicled millet. Broomcorn millet. 【釋名】穄音祭、粢音咨。【時珍曰】稷，從禾從畟，畟音即，諧聲也。 又進力治稼也。詩云畟畟良耜是矣，種稷者必畟畟進力也。南人承北音， 呼稷爲穄，謂其米可供祭也。禮記：祭宗廟稷曰明粢。爾雅云：粢，稷 也。羅願云：稷、穄、粢皆一物，語音之輕重耳。赤者名 ，白者名芑，黑 者名秬。註見黍下。 Explanation of Names. Ji 穄, read ji 祭; zi 粢, read zi 咨. [Li] Shizhen: [The character] ji 稷 is composed of [the characters] he 禾 and ji 畟. 畟 is read ji 即. It is a pictophonetic character. It also means “hard farmwork.” That is what the Shi means when it says: “Very sharp are the excellent blades.”1064 To cultivate millet, sharp [blades] and strength are required. When people in the South adopt a northern pronunciation and refer to ji 稷 as ji 穄, that is to say that this kind of “rice” can be offered in sacrifices, ji 祭. Li ji: “When millet, ji 稷, is offered in a temple as a sacrifice to the ancestors, it is called ming zi 明粢.” The Er ya states: “Zi 粢 is ji 稷.” Luo Yuan 1063 Instead of shang pin 上品, “upper rank,” Zheng lei ch. 26, ji mi 稷米, writes xia pin 下品, “lower rank.” 1064 Shi jing Part IV, Book I [iii.] Ode VI. The meaning of the Shi jing quote is more obvious from the wording of the full verse: “Very sharp are the excellent shares, with which they set to work on the south-lying acres. They sow their different kinds of grain, each seed containing a germ of life.” Translated by James Legge.

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states: “Ji 稷, ji 穄 and zi 粢 are one and the same item. The reading may be light or heavy. Red [ji] is called mi ; white [ji] is called qi 芑; black [ji] is called ju 秬.” For comments, see under shu 黍 (23-02). 【集解】【弘景曰】稷米人亦不識，書記多云黍與稷相似。又註黍米云： 穄米與黍米相似，而粒殊大，食之不宜人，言發宿病。詩云：黍稷稻粱， 禾麻菽麥。此八穀也，俗猶莫能辨證，况芝英乎？【蘇恭曰】吕氏春秋 云：飯之美者，有阳山之穄。高誘註云：關西謂之 ，音糜，冀州謂之 ， 音牽去聲。廣雅云： ，穄也。禮記云：稷曰明粢。爾雅云：粢，稷也。説 文云：稷乃五穀長，田正也。此乃官名，非穀號也。先儒以稷爲粟類，或 言粟之上者，皆説其義，而不知其實也。按氾勝之種植書，有黍不言稷。 本草有稷不載穄，穄即稷也。楚人謂之稷，關中謂之糜，呼其米爲黄米。 其苗與黍同類，故呼黍爲籼秫。陶言與黍相似者，得之矣。【藏器曰】 稷、穄一物也，塞北最多，如黍黑色。【詵曰】稷在八穀之中，最爲下 苗。黍乃作酒，此乃作飯，用之殊塗。【頌曰】稷米，出粟處皆能種之。 今人不甚珍此，惟祠事用之。農家惟以備他穀之不熟，則爲糧耳。【宗奭 曰】稷米今謂之穄米，先諸米熟，其香可愛，故取以供祭祀。然發故疾， 只堪作飯，不粘，其味淡。【時珍曰】稷與黍，一類二種也。粘者爲黍， 不粘者爲稷。稷可作飯，黍可釀酒。猶稻之有粳與糯也。陳藏器獨指黑黍 爲稷，亦偏矣。稷、黍之苗似粟而低小有毛，結子成枝而殊散，其粒如粟 而光滑。三月下種，五六月可收，亦有七八月收者。其色有赤、白、黄、 黑數種，黑者禾稍高，今俗通呼爲黍子，不復呼稷矣。北邊地寒，種之 有補。河西出者，顆粒尤硬。稷熟最早，作飯疏爽香美，爲五穀之長而屬 土，故祠穀神者以稷配社。五穀不可遍祭，祭其長以該之也。上古以厲山 氏之子爲稷主，至成湯始易以后稷，皆有功於農事者云。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: Ji mi 稷米 is unknown to quite a few people, and in the literature shu 黍 (23-02) is often said to be similar to ji 稷. Also, a commentary on ji mi 黍米 states: “Ji mi 穄米 is similar to shu mi 黍米, but its grains are much bigger and it should not be eaten by humans. It is said to result in abiding disease.” The Shi mentions eight cereals: Shu 黍, ji 稷, dao 稻, liang 粱, he 禾, ma 麻, shu 菽, mai 麥. Laymen are unable to distinguish them; is not this equal with [the difficulties to distinguish] zhi 芝 and ying 英?1065 Su Gong: The Lü shi chun qiu states: “A delicious, cooked cereal is ji 穄 from Mount Yang shan.” Gao You in his comment states: “In Guang xi it is called mi , read mi 糜; in Ji zhou it is called qian , read qian 牽 with falling tone.” The Guang ya states: “Qian is ji 穄.” The Li ji states: “Shu 稷 is called ming zi 明粢.” The Er ya states: “Zi 粢 is ji 稷.” The Shuo wen states: “Ji 稷 is the head of the five cereals.” “It is the Field Principal.” That 1065 Zhi 芝, ying 英, two mythical plants, mentioned by Ge Hong and others in antiquity.



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is an official title. It is not a designation of a cereal. Earlier scholars had identified ji 稷 as belonging to the group of su 粟, short millet, and some say it is the best of all kinds of su 粟. All these are references to the meaning of the characters; they lack knowledge of the facts. Fan Shengzhi in his Zhong zhi shu mentions shu 黍; he does not mention ji 稷. The Ben cao lists ji 稷; it does not list ji 穄. Ji 穄 is ji 稷. People in Chu call it ji 稷. In Guan zhong they call it mi 糜; and they call its husked grains huang mi 黄米. Its seedlings are closely related to those of shu 黍. Hence they refer to shu 黍 as xian shu 籼秫. When Tao [Hongjing] says that it is similar to shu 黍, he is right. [Chen] Cangqi: Ji 稷 and ji 穄 are one and the same item. Most of it is planted in Sai bei; it is similar to shu 黍, and black in color. [Meng] Shen: Among the eight cereals, ji 稷 occupies the lowest position. Shu 黍 is made into wine, while [ji 稷] is cooked as a meal. [In therapy] it is used only for external application. [Su] Song: Ji mi 稷米 can be planted wherever su 粟 comes from. Today, people do not very much value it. They resort to it only for ritual activities in the ancestral temples. Farmers only plant it to be prepared when other grains fail to ripen and so that they have something to eat at all. [Kou] Zongshi: Ji mi 稷米 is called ji mi 穄米 today; it ripens earlier than all other kinds of rice and has a lovely fragrance. This is why it is used for ritual, sacrificial activities. However, it causes obstinate illnesses and is used only for cooking meals. It is not sticky and has a mild flavor. [Li] Shizhen: Ji 稷 and shu 黍 are two kinds of one group. Sticky ones are shu 黍, those that are not sticky, they are ji 稷. Ji 稷 can be cooked as a meal; shu 黍 can be made into wine. That is similar to the non-glutinous geng 粳 and glutinous nuo 糯 kinds of dao 稻, rice. Chen Cangqi refers only to black shu 黍 as ji 稷, but that is just another incomplete [statement]. Ji 稷 and shu 黍 have seedlings resembling those of su 粟, short millet, but with a little hair at their base. For their seeds they form twigs that are widely dispersed. The [seed] grains are similar to those of su 粟, but they are shiny and smooth. They are planted in the third month and harvested in the fifth and sixth month. There are also some that are harvested in the seventh and eighth month. The colors [of the seeds] vary and may be red, white, yellow or black. Those with black [seeds] have stalks reaching a bit higher. Today, they are commonly called shu zi 黍子; they are no longer called ji 稷. In the North the land is cold and when it is planted there it has a supplementing effect. That coming from He xi has grains that are even harder. Ji 稷 ripens very early. When it is cooked as a meal it is fragrant and delicious. It is the head of the five cereals and it is associated with [the phase] soil. That is why ji 稷 is chosen for sacrifices to the god/spirits of grain. It is not appropriate to use all the five types of grain for sacrificial rituals; only the best are offered as a sacrifice. In high antiquity, a son of the Gentleman of Li shan (i. e., Yan

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di) was ruler of ji 稷. By the time of Tang the Perfect, the patronage was transferred to Hou ji 后稷. They all achieved a lot for agriculture. 【正誤】【吴瑞曰】稷苗似蘆，粒亦大，南人呼爲蘆穄。孫炎正義云：稷 即粟也。【時珍曰】稷、黍之苗雖頗似粟，而結子不同。粟穗叢聚攢簇， 稷、黍之粒疏散成枝。孫氏謂稷爲粟，誤矣。蘆穄即蜀黍也，其莖苗高大 如蘆。而今之祭祀者，不知稷即黍之不粘者，往往以蘆穄爲稷，故吴氏亦 襲其誤也。今並正之。 Correction of Errors. Wu Rui: The seedling of ji 稷 resembles reed; its grains, too, are big. People in the South call it “reed ji,” lu ji 蘆穄. Sun Yan in his Zheng yi states: “Ji 稷 is su 粟.” [Li] Shizhen: The seedlings of ji 稷 and shu 黍 are quite similar to those of su 粟, short millet, but the seeds they form are different. Su 粟 has spikes forming dense clusters. The grains of ji 稷 and shu 黍 are situated on widely spread twigs. Mr. Sun [Yan] says: “Ji 稷 is su 粟.” That is wrong. Lu ji 蘆穄 is shu ji 蜀黍, ji from Shu. Its seedlings reach a height similar to reed. But those performing sacrificial riturals today, they do not know that ji 稷 is non-glutinous shu 黍. Very often they identify lu ji 蘆穄 as ji 稷. Hence Mr. Wu [Rui] continued this error. All this is corrected here now. 23-01-01 稷米 Ji mi

Husked seeds of ji 稷. 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。【詵曰】多食發二十六種冷病氣。不與瓠子同 食，發冷病，但飲黍釀汁即瘥。又不可與附子同服。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: Eaten often/in large amounts it causes 36 kinds of cold qi disease. It should not be eaten together with calabash seeds lest it cause a cold disease. To cure such a disease, the only [suitable treatment] is to drink a juice of fermented ji 黍.1066 Also, it must not be ingested together with aconitum [accessory tubers]. 【主治】益氣，補不足。别録。治熱，壓丹石毒發熱，解苦瓠毒。日華。 作飯食，安中利胃宜脾。心鏡。凉血解暑。時珍。生生編。 Control. It boosts the qi, and supplements insufficient [qi]. Bie lu. It serves to cure heat [disease], presses down the poison of elixir minerals associated with a heat effusion and resolves the poison of calabashs. Rihua. Eaten cooked as a meal it pacifies the center, benefits the stomach and is good for the spleen. Xin jing. It cools the blood and resolves summer heat. [Li] Shizhen, [quoted from the] Sheng sheng bian. 1066 Ji niang 黍釀 might be a modified writing of ji rang 黍穰, “millet straw.” See below.



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【發明】【時珍曰】按孫真人云：稷，脾之穀也。脾病宜食之。氾勝之 云：燒黍稷則瓠死，此物性相制也。稷米、黍穰，能解苦瓠之毒。淮南萬 畢術云：祠塚之黍，啖兒令不思母。此亦有所厭耶。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to Sun zhenren, “Ji 稷 is a cereal for the spleen. In the case of a spleen disease it is appropriate to eat it.” Fan Shengzhi states: “Burn shu 黍 and ji 稷 to kill [the poison of ] calabashs. That is how natures of items check each other. Ji mi 稷米 and shu rang 黍穰, millet straw, can resolve calabash poison.” The Huai nan wan bi shu states: “If ji 黍 from a tomb is given a child to eat [that has lost its mother] it will no longer think of it.” That is another disgusting [statement]. 【附方】新四。 Added Recipes. Four newly [recorded]. 補中益氣。羊肉一脚，熬湯，入河西稷米、葱、鹽，煮粥食之。飲膳正要。 To supplement the center and boost the qi. Simmer one sheep leg to prepare a soup, add ji mi from He xi, onions and salt and boil this to generate a congee for consumption. Yin shan zheng yao. 卒啘不止。粢米粉，井花水服之良。肘後。 Unending, sudden retching. To ingest liang mi powder with well splendor water1067 is good. Zhou hou. 癰疽發背。粢米粉熬黑，以雞子白和塗練上，剪孔貼之，乾則易，神效。 葛氏方。 Obstruction-illness and impediment-illness1068 with effusion on the back. Simmer liang mi powder until it has assumed a black color, add chicken egg white and smear this on a piece of white silk. Cut a hole into its center [for the qi to leave] and apply [the silk on the affected region]. Replace it when it has dried. Divinely effective. A recipe of Mr. Ge [Hong]. 辟除瘟疫，令不相染。以穄米爲末，頓服之。肘後方。 To ward off warmth-illness epidemics and prevent infection. [Grind] ji mi into powder and eat it all at once. Zhou hou fang. 1067 Jing hua shui 井華水, “well splendor water,” i. e., the first water drawn from a well in the morning. BCGM Vol. II, 05-15-01.

1068 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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23-01-02 根 Gen

Root [of ji 稷]. 【主治】心氣痛，産難。時珍。 Control. Painful heart qi; difficult delivery. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded]. 心氣疼痛。高粱根煎湯温服，甚效。 Painful heart qi. Boil gao liang1069 root and drink the warm decoction. Very effective. 横生難産。重陽日取高粱根，名爪龍，陰乾，燒存性，研末。酒服二錢， 即下。 Difficult delivery with [the child in] a transverse position. On the double yang day (9th day of the 9th month) dry gao liang root, also called zhua long 爪龍, in the yin (i. e., shade), burn it with its nature retained and grind it into powder. [Let the woman] ingest with wine two qian and [the child] will come down. 23-02 黍别録中品 Shu, FE Bie lu, middle rank. Panicum miliaceum L. Glutinous panicled millet. Broomcorn millet. 【校正】别録中品丹黍米，今併爲一。 Editorial Correction. Dan shu mi 丹黍米, [separately] listed as middle rank in the Bie lu, is included here. 【釋名】赤黍曰虋音門，曰 音糜。白黍曰芑音起。黑黍曰秬音距。一稃二 米曰秠音疕。並爾雅。【時珍曰】按許慎説文云：黍可爲酒，從禾入水爲 意也。魏子才六書精藴云：禾下從𠇍，象細粒散垂之形。氾勝之云：黍者 暑也。待暑而生，暑後乃成也。詩云：誕降嘉種，維秬維秠，維 維芑。 即虋音轉也。郭璞以虋、芑爲粱、粟，以秠即黑黍之二米者，羅願以秠爲 來牟，皆非矣。 Explanation of Names. Red shu 黍 is called men 虋, read men 門, and it is also called mi , read mi 糜. White shu 黍 is called qi 芑, read qi 起. Black shu 黍 is called ju 1069 Gao liang 高粱 (and zhua long 爪龍, see the following recipe) are not mentioned as alternative names of ji 稷, broomcorn millet. Gao liang is used for spiked millet (23-05) and great millet (23-03)



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秬, read ju 距. One husk with two rice grains is called bi 秠, read bi 疕. All [names recorded in the] Er ya. [Li] Shizhen: According to Xu Shen’s Shuo wen, “shu 黍 can be made into wine. [The character] is composed of [the character] he 禾, ‚standing grain,’ to which is added [the character] shui 水, ‚water,’ to provide it with that meaning.” Wei Zicai in his Liu shu jing yun states: “[The character shu 黍] is composed of [the character] 禾 with 𠇍 added underneath it to reflect the image of fine grains [in spikes] hanging widely dispersed.” Fan Shengzhi states: “Shu 黍 is shu 暑, ‘summer heat.’ It grows with the summer heat, and has ripened once the summer heat is over.” The Shi states: “He gave his people the beautiful grains: The black millet, and the double-kerneled; the tall red, and the white.”1070 Mi is a modified reading/pronunciation of men 虋. Guo Po identifies men 虋 and qi 芑 as liang 粱 and su 粟, and bi 秠 as black shu 黍 with two seeds. Luo Yuan identifies bi 秠 as lai mou 來牟. They are all wrong. 【集解】【弘景曰】黍，荆、郢州及江北皆種之。其苗如蘆而異於粟，粒 亦大。今人多呼秫粟爲黍，非矣。北人作黍飯，方藥釀黍米酒，皆用秫黍 也。别録丹黍米，即赤黍米也。亦出北間，江東時有，而非土所宜，多 入神藥用。又有黑黍名秬，釀酒，供祭祀用。【恭曰】黍有數種。其苗 亦不似蘆，雖似粟而非粟也。【頌曰】今汴、洛、河、陝間皆種之。爾雅 云：虋，赤苗。芑，白苗。秬，黑黍。是也。李巡云：秠是黑黍中一稃有 二米者。古之定律者，以上黨秬黍之中者累之，以生律度衡量。後人取此 黍定之，終不能協律。或云：秬乃黍之中者，一稃二米之黍也。此黍得天 地中和之氣而生，蓋不常有。有則一穗皆同二米，粒並均匀無小大，故可 定律。他黍則不然。地有肥瘠，歲有凶穰，故米有大小不常矣。今上黨民 間，或值豐歲，往往得二米者。但稀闊，故不以充貢爾。【時珍曰】黍乃 稷之粘者。亦有赤、白、黄、黑數種，其苗色亦然。郭義恭廣志有赤黍、 白黍、黄黍、大黑黍、牛黍、燕頷、馬革、驢皮、稻尾諸名。俱以三月種 者爲上時，五月即熟。四月種者爲中時，七月即熟。五月種者爲下時，八 月乃熟。詩云秬鬯一卣，則黍之爲酒尚也。白者亞於糯，赤者最粘，可蒸 食，俱可作餳。古人以黍粘履，以黍雪桃，皆取其粘也。菰葉裹成糉食， 謂之角黍。淮南萬畢術云：穫黍置溝，即生蠐螬。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: Shu 黍 is planted in Jing and Ying zhou and in Jiang bei. The seedlings are similar to reed, but they differ from su 粟 (2306). Its grains, though, are big, too. Today, people refer to shu su 秫粟 (23-07) as shu 黍. That is wrong. When people in the North prepare shu 黍 as a cooked meal, and when shu mi 黍米 wine is prepared as a recipe pharmaceutical drug, [the item] used is always shu shu 秫黍. The dan shu mi 丹黍米 referred to in the Bie lu is red 1070 Shi jing Part III, Book II, Ode I. Translation by James Legge.

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shu mi 黍米; it, too, comes from the North. It is sometimes found in Jiang dong, but the soil there is not appropriate. It is mostly used for the preparation of spiritual medications. There is also a black shu 黍, named ju 秬. It is made into wine and offered in sacrificial rituals. [Su] Gong: Shu 黍 has several kinds. Some have seedlings that do not resemble reed, and they may resemble su 粟, but they are not su 粟. [Su] Song: Today, it is planted in Bian, Luo, He and Shaan. The Er ya states: “Men 虋 has a red seedling. Qi 芑 has a white seedling. Ju 秬 is black shu 黍.” That is correct. Li Xun: ” Bi 秠 is black shu 黍 with two grains within one husk.” When in ancient times standards [of measurement] were established, they set ju shu 秬黍 from Shang dang as the norm for weighing. Later on, people resorted to the shu 黍 discussed here to set the norm, and in the end, there was no set standard. Some say: “Ju 秬 is medium-size shu 黍; it is the shu 黍 with two grains inside one husk. This shu 黍 grows endowed with the harmonious qi of heaven and earth.” The fact is, it is a rare item. When it is found, there are two grains within one awn. These grains are identical in size and, therefore, can be used to set the norm. Other kinds of shu 黍 do not share this characteristic. The ground [they grow on] may be fat or poor; there are years of crop failure and others of bumper harvest. Hence the grains may vary in size, and are not always the same. Today, the people in Shang dang in years with a bumper harvest often get [shu 黍 husks with] two grains. But that is rare and they are not appropriate to be submitted as tribute to the Court. [Li] Shizhen: Shu 黍 is glutinous ji 稷 (23-01). It, too, has various kinds that may be red, white, yellow and black. This also applies to the seedlings. Guo Pu in his Guang zhi refers to [shu with] the following names: red shu 黍, white shu 黍, yellow shu 黍, big, black shu 黍, ox shu 黍, “swallow chin,” yan han 燕頷, “horse hide,” ma ge 馬革, “donkey skin,” lü pi 驢皮, and “rice tail,” dao wei 稻尾. For all [types of grain], the third month is the best time to plant, and they are ripe in the fifth month. The fourth month is a time of medium value to plant them; they ripen in the seventh month. The fifth month is the least appropriate time to plant them; they ripen in the eighth month. The Shi states: “I gave you a jar of herb-flavored spirits from the black millet, ju 秬.“1071 That shows that shu 黍 was made into wine. The white kind is inferior to glutinous kinds; the red kind is the most sticky one. It can be steamed for a cooked meal; and both can be prepared to sugar. In ancient times, people used shu 黍 to paste shoes, and with shu 黍 they whitened peaches. For all these purposes they took advantage of its glutinous nature. Zong 糉 dumplings made from [shu 黍] wrapped in Indian rice leaves are called jiao shu 角黍, “triangular glutinous millet.” The Huai nan wan bi shu 淮南萬畢術 states: “When shu 黍 is cut and deposited in a ditch, scarab larvae are generated.” 1071 Shi jing Part III, Book III, Ode VIII, 5. Translated by James Legge.



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【正誤】【頌曰】粘者爲秫，可以釀酒，北人謂爲黄米，亦曰黄糯；不粘 者爲黍，可食。如稻之有粳、糯也。【時珍曰】此誤以黍爲稷，以秫爲黍 也。蓋稷之粘者爲黍，粟之粘者爲秫，粳之粘者爲糯。别録本文著黍、 秫、糯、稻之性味功用甚明，而註者不諳，往往謬誤如此。今俗不知分 别，通呼秫與黍爲黄米矣。 Correction of Errors. [Su] Song: Glutinous ones are shu 秫; they can be made into wine. People in the North call them huang mi 黄米, and also huang nuo 黄 糯. Non-glutinous ones are shu 黍; they are edible. That is similar to the non-glutinous, geng 粳, and glutinous, nuo 糯, kinds of dao 稻, rice. [Li] Shizhen: That is an erroneous identification of shu 黍 as ji 稷 (23-01), and of shu 秫 as shu 黍. The fact is, the sticky variant of ji 稷 is shu 黍; the sticky variant of su 粟 is shu 秫. The sticky variant of geng 粳 is nuo 糯. The original version of the Bie lu gives a very clear account of the nature, flavor, [therapeutic] potential and usage of shu 黍, shu 秫, nuo 糯 and dao 稻. But later commentators were not familiar with the facts and often made erroneous statements as the ones quoted above. Today, knowledge how to distinguish them is widely lost, and shu 秫 as well as shu 黍 are called huang mi 黄米, “yellow rice grains.” 23-02-01 黍米 Shu mi 此通指諸黍米也。 This is a general designation of all types of broomcorn millet. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。久食令人多熱煩。别録。【詵曰】性寒，有小 毒，發故疾。久食昏五臟，令人好睡，緩人筋骨，絶血脉。小兒多食，令 久不能行。小猫、犬食之，其脚跼屈。合葵菜食，成痼疾。合牛肉、白酒 食，生寸白蟲。【李廷飛曰】五種黍米，多食閉氣。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. Eaten over a long time, it often causes heat and vexation. Bielu. [Meng] Shen: Nature cold, slightly poisonous. It causes obstinacy illness. Eaten over a long time it obscures the five long-term depots and causes sleepiness, relaxes one’s sinews and bones, and cuts the movement in the blood vessels. When children eat much of it, after a long time they will no longer be able to walk. When cats and dogs eat it, their legs contract. Eaten together with Chinese mallow herbs it causes obstinacy-illness ailments. Eaten combined with beef and wine it generates tapeworms. Li Tingfei1072: “To eat large amounts of any of the five kinds of shu mi 黍米 results in qi blockage.“ 1072 Instead of Li Tingfei 李廷飛, according to the Yuan shi ch. 197, Li Pengfei chuan 李鵬 飛傳, “Li Pengfei biography,” this should be Li Pengfei 李鵬飛.

702

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

【主治】益氣，補中。别録。燒灰和油，塗杖瘡，止痛，不作瘢。孟詵。 嚼濃汁，塗小兒鵝口瘡，有效。時珍。 Control. It boosts the qi and supplements the center. Bie lu. Burn it to ashes, mix them with oil and apply this to wounds resulting from flogging to stop the pain and prevent a formation of scars. Meng Shen. Chew it to generate a thick juice and apply it to goose mouth sores of children.1073 It is effective. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【思邈曰】黍米，肺之穀也。肺病宜食之。主益氣。【時珍曰】 按羅願云：黍者暑也。以其象火，爲南方之穀。蓋黍最粘滯，與糯米同 性，其氣温暖，故功能補肺，而多食作煩熱，緩筋骨也。孟氏謂其性寒， 非矣。 Explication. [Sun] Simiao: Shu mi 黍米 is a cereal for the lung. In the case of a lung disease it is appropriate to eat it. It manages to boost the qi. [Li] Shizhen: According to Luo Yuan, “Shu 黍 is shu 暑, ‘summer heat’. It reflects fire, and is a cereal of the South.” The fact is, shu 黍 is very sticky and sluggish. Its nature is identical to that of glutinous rice, nuo mi 糯米. Its nature is warm and relaxing. Hence by its [therapeutic] potential it can supplement lung [qi], and eaten in large amounts it causes vexing heat and relaxes sinews and bones. Mr. Meng [Shi] says that its nature is cold. That is wrong. 【附方】舊二，新二。 Added Recipes. Two of old, two newly [recorded]. 男子陰易。黍米二兩，煮薄粥和酒飲，發汗即愈。聖濟總録。 Yin exchange of males.1074 Boil two liang of shu mi to prepare a thin congee and drink it mixed with wine to stimulate sweating. That is the cure. Sheng ji zong lu. 心痛不瘥四十年者。黍米淘汁，温服隨意。經驗方。 Heart pain that has continued without cure for 40 years. Rinse shu mi in a pan and ingest the warm juice at will. Jing yan fang. 湯火灼傷，未成瘡者。黍米、女麴等分，各炒焦研末，鷄子白調塗之。煮 粥亦可。肘後方。 1073 E kou 鵝口, “goose mouth,” refers to a white layer covering the mucous membranes and top of the tongue in a child’s mouth making it resemble a goose-mouth. BCGM Dict I, 141.

1074 Yin yi 陰易, “yin exchange,” a condition of a communicable disease acquired by males through sexual intercourse with a female who had just been cured of harm caused by cold. BCGM Dict I, 639.



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Burns resulting from hot water and fire, before they have developed a sore. Separately roast until scorched equal amounts of shu mi and distillers’ yeast/ferment prepared by women and grind them into powder. Mix it with chicken egg white and apply this [to the affected region]. To boil it to prepare a congee is possible, too. Zhou hou fang. 閃肭脱臼，赤黑腫痛。用黍米粉、鐵漿粉各半斤，葱一斤，同炒存性，研 末。以醋調服三次後，水調入少醋貼之。集成。 Sprain and dislocation, with a painful red and black colored swelling. Roast, with their nature retained, half a jin each of shu mi powder and iron broth powder, and one jin of onions, and grind them into powder. Ingest it mixed with vinegar three times. Following this, mix [the powder] with water and a little vinegar and apply it [externally to the affected region]. Ji cheng. 23-02-02 丹黍米别録中品 Dan shu mi, FE Bie lu, middle rank 即赤黍也。 That is red broomcorn millet. 爾雅謂之虋。【瑞曰】浙人呼爲紅蓮米。江南多白黍，間有紅者，呼爲赤 蝦米。【宗奭曰】丹黍皮赤，其米黄。惟可爲糜，不堪爲飯，粘着難解。 【原曰】穗熟色赤，故屬火。北人以之釀酒作糕。 The Er ya calls it men 虋. [Wu] Rui: People in Zhe call it hong lian mi 紅蓮米, “red lotus rice grains.” In Jiang nan they have much white shu 黍, and also some red [shu 黍]. They call it red chi jia mi 赤蝦米, “red shrimp rice grains.” [Kou] Zongshi: Dan shu 丹黍 has a red skin; its husked grains are yellow. They can only be made into gruel; they are not suitable for being cooked as meals. They are sticky and difficult to remove. [Ning] Yuan: When the spikes/awns are ripe their color is red. Hence they are associated with fire. People in the North make them into wine and cakes. 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。【思邈曰】微温。【大明曰】温，有小毒。不 可合蜜及葵同食。【宗奭曰】動風性熱，多食難消。餘同黍米。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. [Sun] Simiao: Slightly warm. Da Ming: Warm, slightly poisonous. It must not be eaten together with honey and Chinese mallows. [Kou] Zongshi: It excites wind [qi] and has a hot nature. Eaten in large amounts it is difficult to dissolve/digest. In every other respect it is identical with shu mi 黍米.

704

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

【主治】欬逆上氣，霍亂，止洩利，除熱，止煩渴。别録。下氣，止欬 嗽，退熱。大明。治鼈瘕，以新熟者淘泔汁，生服一升，不過三二度愈。 孟詵。 Control. Cough with [qi] counterflow, [that is,] rising qi. Cholera. It ends outflow with free-flux illness, eliminates heat, and ends vexing thirst. Bie lu. It sends down qi, ends cough and pushes back heat. Da Ming. To cure turtle[-shaped] conglomeration-illness1075 wash newly harvested, ripe [dan shu mi] with water in a pan and drink one sheng of the resulting juice without further preparation. A cure is achieved with no more than two or three [ingestions]. Meng Shen. 【附方】舊二，新二。 Added Recipes. Two of old, two newly [recorded]. 男子陰易。用丹黍米三兩，煮薄飲，酒和飲，令發汗即愈。傷寒類要。 Yin exchange of males.1076 Boil three liang of dan shu mi in water to obtain a thin beverage. Drink it mixed with wine. When this induces sweating, a cure is achieved. Shang han lei yao. 小兒鵝口不乳者。丹黍米嚼汁塗之。子母秘録。 Children with a goose mouth1077 making it impossible to suck nursing milk. Chew dan shu mi and apply the resulting juice [to the affected region]. Zi mu mi lu. 飲酒不醉。取赤黍漬以狐血，陰乾。酒飲時，取一丸置舌下含之，令人不 醉。萬畢術方。 To drink wine without getting drunk. Soak red shu in fox blood and dry it in the yin (i. e., shade). When you drink wine, place one pill under the tongue and keep it there. This prevents one from getting drunk. A Wan bi shu recipe. 令婦不妬。取虋，即赤黍也，同薏苡等分，爲丸。常服之。同上。 To prevent a woman’s jealousy. Prepare men 虋, that is, red shu 黍, together with Job’s tears into pills and continuously ingest them. [Source] identical with the one above. 1075 Bie jia 鱉瘕, “turtle[-shaped] conglomeration-illness,” a jia 瘕, “conglomeration-illness,” in the abdomen that is shaped like a turtle and moves if squeezed. It was believed that such a condition could result from eating turtles. BCGM Dict I, 67. 1076 Yin yi 陰易, “yin exchange,” a condition of a communicable disease acquired by males through sexual intercourse with a female who had just been cured of harm caused by cold. BCGM Dict I, 639. 1077 E kou 鵝口, “goose mouth,” refers to a white layer covering the mucous membranes and top of the tongue in a child’s mouth making it resemble a goose-mouth. BCGM Dict I, 141.



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23-02-03 穰莖幷根 Rang jing, gen

Straw-stem and root [of broomcorn millet]. 【氣味】辛，熱，有小毒。【詵曰】醉卧黍穰，令人生厲。人家取其莖穗 作提拂掃地，用以煮汁入藥，更佳。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, hot, slightly poisonous. [Meng] Shen: To get drunk and lie down/sleep on millet straw lets one develop a severe [disease]. Households use the stem and its spikes to whisk the floor. They boil them in water and add the juice to a medication to improve its effects. 【主治】煮汁飲之，解苦瓠毒。浴身，去浮腫。和小豆煮汁服，下小便。 孟詵。燒灰酒服方寸匕，治妊娠尿血。丹黍根莖：煮汁服，利小便，止上 喘。時珍。 Control. Boil them in water and drink the resulting juice to dissolve calabash poison. Used to bathe the body it removes surface swelling. Boiled with mung beans and the juice ingested, it stimulates urination. Meng Shen. 【附方】舊一，新三。 Added Recipes. One of old, three newly [recorded]. 通身水腫。以黍莖掃帚煮湯浴之。 Water swelling comprising the entire body. Bathe it in a decoction obtained by boiling a shu 黍 stem broom. 脚氣衝心。黍穰一石煮汁，入椒目一升，更煎十沸，漬脚，三四度愈。外 臺秘要。 Leg qi1078 rushing toward the heart. Boil one dan of shu 黍 straw in water to obtain a juice. Add to it one sheng of Chinese pepper and boil this again, ten times to bubbling. Soak the [affected] legs [in the liquid] and a cure is achieved with three or four [applications]. Wai tai mi yao. 天行豌瘡，不拘人畜。用黍穰濃煮汁洗之。一莖者是穄穰，不可用。千金。 Epidemic gardem pea sores,1079 regardless of whether humans or livestock are affected. Boil shu 黍 straw to obtain a thick juice and wash [the affected region with

1078 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

1079 Wan dou chuang 豌豆瘡, “garden pea sores,” a condition identical with dou chuang 痘瘡, “smallpox sores.” BCGM Dict I, 524.

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it]. If it is a plant with only one stem, it is the straw of ji 穄, non-glutinous panicled millet (23-01). It must not be used. Qian jin. 瘡腫傷風，中水痛劇者。黍穰燒烟，熏令汁出，愈。千金方。 Sores with swelling harmed by wind [intrusion], with the pain increasing when [the sores] are exposed to water. Burn shu 黍 straw and steam [the affected region] with the fumes. A juice will be released, and that is the cure. Qian jin fang. 23-03 蜀黍食物 Shu shu, FE Shi wu. Sorghum vulgare Pers. Great Millet. 【釋名】蜀秫俗名、蘆穄食物、蘆粟並俗、木稷廣雅、荻粱同上、高粱。 【時珍曰】蜀黍不甚經見，而今北方最多。按廣雅：荻粱，木稷也。蓋此 亦黍稷之類，而高大如蘆荻者，故俗有諸名。種始自蜀，故謂之蜀黍。 Explanation of Names. Shu shu 蜀秫, “millet from Shu,” commonly used name. Lu ji 蘆穄, Shi wu. Lu su 蘆粟, also a commonly [used name]. Mu ji 木稷, Guang ya. Di liang 荻粱, [source] identical with the one above. Gao liang 高粱. [Li] Shizhen: Shu shu is rarely mentioned in the classics. Nowadays, very much of it is present in the North. According to the Guang ya, “di liang 荻粱 is mu ji 木稷.” The fact is, it, too, belongs to the group of shu 黍 and ji 稷. Because it is as tall as reed, it is commonly given all those names [with lu 蘆, “reed”]. It was planted in Shu 蜀 first. Therefore it is called Shu shu 蜀黍, “shu from Shu.“ 【集解】【穎曰】蜀黍北地種之，以備缺粮，餘及牛馬。穀之最長者。南 人呼爲蘆穄。【時珍曰】蜀黍宜下地。春月布種，秋月收之。莖高丈許， 狀似蘆荻而内實。葉亦似蘆。穗大如帚。粒大如椒，紅黑色。米性堅實， 黄赤色。有二種：粘者可和糯秫釀酒作餌；不粘者可以作糕煮粥。可以濟 荒，可以養畜。稍可作帚，莖可織箔席、編籬、供爨，最有利於民者。今 人祭祀用以代稷者，誤矣。其穀殼浸水色紅，可以紅酒。博物志云：地種 蜀黍，年久多蛇。 Collected Explanations. [Wang] Ying: Shu shu is planted in the North to prepare for years with a lack of provisions. The remainder is fed to oxen and horses. It is the tallest among the cereals. People in the South call it lu ji 蘆穄. [Li] Shizhen: Shu shu requires low-lying land. It is widely sown during the months of spring, and it is harvested during the months of autumn. The stems are more than one zhang tall. They are shaped like reed, but are solid inside. The leaves, too, resemble reed. The spikes are as big as a broom. The grains are as big as those of pepper, and they are



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red-black in color. The husked grains are by nature hard and solid, and of yellow-red color. There are two kinds. Those that are sticky can be brewed together with nuo shu 糯秫, glutinous millet (23-07), into wine for consumption. Those that are not sticky, they can be made into cakes and are boiled to prepare a congee. They help in times of famine and can serve to feed livestock. The ends can be made into brooms. The stems are woven into screens and mats, they are made into fences and they serve as firewood for the cooking stove. They are most useful for the people. In sacrificial rituals people today use them instead of ji 稷, non-glutinous panicled millet (23-01). That is a mistake. When the shells of the grains are soaked in water, [the water] assumes a red color and can be used to dye wine red. The Bo wu zhi states: “When Shu shu 蜀黍 is planted for years, there will be many snakes on the ground.” 23-03-01 米 Mi

Husked seeds [of shu shu]. 【氣味】甘，澀，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, astringent, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】温中，澀腸胃，止霍亂。粘者與黍米功同。時珍。 Control. They warm the center and roughen the intestines and the stomach. They end cholera. When they are sticky, their [therapeutic] potential is identical with that of shu mi 黍米 (23-02-02). 23-03-02 根 Gen

Root [of shu shu]. 【主治】煮汁服，利小便，止喘滿。燒灰酒服，治産難有效。時珍。 Control. Boiled in water and the resulting juice ingested, it stimulates urination, and ends panting with a sensation of fullness. Burned into ashes and ingested with wine, it is an effective remedy for difficult births. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 小便不通，止喘。紅秫散：用紅秫黍根二兩，扁蓄一兩半，燈心百莖。每 服各半兩，流水煎服。張文叔方。 Blocked urination. It ends panting. The “powder with red shu 秫.” Prepare [a mixture of ] two liang of red shu shu 秫黍 root, one and a half liang of common knot-

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grass and 100 stems of rush. For each dose boil half a liang in flowing water. A recipe of Zhang Wenshu.

Zea mays L. Indian corn.

23-04 玉蜀黍綱目 Yu shu shu, FE Gang mu.

【釋名】玉高粱。 Explanation of Names. Yu gao liang 玉高粱. 【集解】【時珍曰】玉蜀黍種出西土，種者亦罕。其苗葉俱似蜀黍而肥 矮，亦似薏苡。苗高三四尺。六七月開花成穗如秕麥狀。苗心别出一苞， 如椶魚形，苞上出白鬚垂垂。久則苞拆子出，顆顆攢簇。子亦大如椶子， 黄白色，可煠炒食之。炒拆白花，如炒拆糯穀之狀。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Yu shu shu was originally planted in the West; but even there it is rare. Its seedling and leaves resemble those of sorghum, but are fat and short. They also resemble those of Job’s tears. The seedling reaches a height of three to four chi. It opens flowers in the sixth or seventh month with spikes shaped similar to those of atrophied grain. From the center of the seedling an “envelope”/pod emerges; it is shaped like a “palm tree fish.”1080 White “whiskers” hang down from that “envelope.” After a long time, the “envelop” bursts open and releases the seeds, many of them forming clusters. The seeds are as big as the seeds of palm trees, and they are yellow-white in color. They can be fried in oil and are eaten. When they are stir-fried, break open and release [a powder similar to] white flowers, this is similar to glutinous grains that are stir-fried and break open. 23-04-01 米 Mi

Husked seeds [of yu shu shu]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】調中開胃。時珍。 Control. It regulates the center and opens the stomach. [Li] Shizhen.

1080 Zong yu 椶魚, “lit.: “palm tree fish,” is the flower bud of palm trees filled with seeds resembling a fish filled with roe. For details, see Ben cao gang mu 35-43.



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23-04-02 根葉 Gen ye

Root and leaves [of yu shu shu]. 【氣味】(missing) 【主治】小便淋瀝沙石，痛不可忍，煎湯頻飲。時珍。 Qi and Flavor. Control. For unbearably painful urinary dripping with sand and stones, boil it in water and repeatedly drink the resulting decoction. [Li] Shizhen. 23-05 粱别録中品 Liang, FE Bie lu, middle rank. Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. Spiked millet. 【校正】别録中品有青粱米、黄粱米、白粱米，今併爲一。 Editorial Correction. Qing liang mi 青粱米, huang liang mi 黄粱米 and bai liang mi 白粱米, listed separately in the Bie lu as middle rank, are included here. 【釋名】【時珍曰】粱者，良也，穀之良者也。或云種出自梁州，或云粱 米性凉，故得粱名，皆各執已見也。粱即粟也。考之周禮，九穀、六穀之 名，有粱無粟可知矣。自漢以後，始以大而毛長者爲粱，細而毛短者爲 粟。今則通呼爲粟，而粱之名反隱矣。今世俗稱粟中之大穗長芒，粗粒而 有紅毛、白毛、黄毛之品者，即粱也。黄白青赤，亦隨色命名耳。郭義恭 廣志有解粱、貝粱、遼東赤粱之名，乃因地命名也。 Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen: Liang 粱 is liang 良, “good.” It is one of the good, liang 良, cereals. It is also said: “It was planted first in Liang 梁 zhou.” Still others state: “Liang mi 粱米 is by nature cool, liang 凉.” Hence it was given the name liang 粱. All these [statements] are based on individual views. Liang 粱 is su 粟. An examination of the names of the nine grains and of the six grains listed in the Zhou li reveals that they include liang 粱, and do not include su 粟. Beginning with the Han era, those that are big and have long hair are [called] liang 粱. Those that are fine and have short hair are [called] su 粟. Today, they all are called su 粟, while the name liang 粱 has been forgotten. Among the [cereals] commonly called su 粟 today, with big spikes, long awns and rough grains, those that have red, white or yellow hair are liang 粱. Yellow, white, greenish and red [variants] are named so in accordance with the color [of the grains]. Guo Yigong in his Guang zhi lists the names xie liang 解粱, bei liang 貝粱 and chi liang 赤粱 from Liao dong. These are names reflecting the ground [these variants grow on].

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【集解】【弘景曰】凡云粱米，皆是粟類，惟其牙頭色異爲分别耳。氾勝 之云，粱是秫粟，則不爾也。黄粱出青、冀州，東間不見有。白粱處處有 之，襄陽竹根者爲佳。青粱江東少有。又漢中一種枲粱，粒如粟而皮黑， 可食，釀酒甚消玉。【恭曰】粱雖粟類，細論則别。黄粱出蜀、漢、商、 浙間，穗大毛長，穀米俱粗於白粱，而收子少，不耐水旱。食之香美，勝 於諸粱，人號竹根黄。陶以竹根爲白粱，非矣。白粱穗大多毛且長，而穀 粗扁長，不似粟圓也。米亦白而大，食之香美，亞於黄粱。青粱穀穗有毛 而粒青，米亦微青而細於黄白粱，其粒似青稞而少粗，早熟而收薄。夏月 食之，極爲清凉。但味短色惡，不如黄白粱，故人少種之。作餳清白，勝 於餘米。【頌曰】粱者，粟類也。粟雖粒細而功用則無别也。今汴、洛、 河、陝間多種白粱，而青、黄稀有，因其損地力而收穫少也。【宗奭曰】 黄粱、白粱，西洛農家多種，爲飯尤佳。餘用不甚相宜。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: Whenever liang mi 粱米 is mentioned, a su 粟 is meant. They are distinguished only in view of their different tooth-like tips and colors [of their grains]. Fan Shengzhi states: “Liang 粱 is shu 秫 (23-07) and su 粟 (23-06).” But that is wrong. Yellow liang 黄粱 comes from Qing and Ji zhou. It is not seen in the East. White liang 粱 is present everywhere. Those with a bamboo-type root that grow in Xiang yang, they are excellent. Greenish liang 青粱 is rarely found in Jiang dong. Also, in Han zhong is a kind called tai liang 枲粱. It has grains similar to su 粟 with a black skin. They are edible. The wine brewed from them easily dissolves jade. [Su] Gong: Liang 粱 is a su 粟 kind, but there are fine differences. Yellow liang 粱 comes from the region of Shu, Han, Shang and Zhe. It has big spikes with long hair. Its shelled grains are always rougher than those of white liang 粱, but the amount of seeds harvested is smaller. They can stand neither water nor drought. Eaten they are fragrant and delicious, superior to all the other liang 粱. People call them zhu gen huang 竹根黄, “bamboo root yellow.” Tao [Hongjing] identifies those with a bamboo-type root as white liang 白粱. That is wrong. White liang 粱 has big spikes with much hair, and they are long. The grains are rough and long. They are different from su 粟 [grains] that are round. The husked grains, too, are white and big; and when eaten they are fragrant and delicious, but inferior to yellow liang 粱. The grain spikes of greenish liang 粱 have hair and the kernels are greenish. The husked seeds, too, are a little greenish but they are finer than those of yellow and white liang 粱. The grains are similar to those of greenish barley, but they are smaller and rough. They ripen early and yield a meager harvest. When they are eaten during summer months, they are extremely cooling. However, the flavor does not last long and the color is abhorrent. That is different from yellow liang 粱 and, hence, people rarely plant them. The clear, white malt-sugar prepared from it is superior to that from other husked grains. [Su] Song: Liang 粱 is a su 粟 kind. Su 粟 may have finer grains, but in terms of its [thera-



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peutic] potential and usage it is not different. Today, in Bian, Luo, He and Shaan they often plant white liang 粱. Greenish and yellow [liang ] are seldom present. That is so because they exhaust the strength of the ground and harvests are meager. [Kou] Zongshi: Farmers in Xi luo often plant yellow and white liang 粱. They are particularly excellent when cooked as meals. For other uses they are not very appropriate. 23-05-01 黄粱米别録中品 Huang liang mi, FE Bie lu, middle rank Husked grains of yellow liang. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】益氣，和中，止洩。别録。去客風頑痺。日華。止霍亂下痢，利 小便，除煩熱。時珍。 Control. They boost the qi, harmonize the center and stop outflow. Bie lu. They eliminate visitor wind and stubborn blockage/numbness. Rihua. They end cholera with a free-flux illness discharge. They stimulate urination and eliminate vexing heat. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【宗奭曰】青粱、白粱，性皆微凉。獨黄粱性味甘平，豈非得土 之中和氣多耶？【頌曰】諸粱比之他穀，最益脾胃。 Explication. [Kou] Zongshi: The nature of both greenish liang 粱 and white liang 粱 is slightly cool. Only yellow liang 粱 has a balanced nature and a sweet flavor. How can it be that they do not receive more of the harmonious qi in the soil? [Su] Song: Compared to all the other cereals, the [grains of ] liang are best in boosting spleen and stomach [qi]. 【附方】舊四，新一。 Added Recipes. Four of old, one newly [recorded]. 霍亂煩躁。黄粱米粉半升，水升半，和絞如白飲，頓服。外臺。 Cholera with vexing restlessness. Mix half a sheng of gao liang husked grain powder with half a sheng of water, squeeze this [in a pouch] to obtain a white beverage that is to be drunk all at once. Wai tai. 霍亂大渴不止，多飲則殺人。黄粱米五升，水一斗，煮清三升，稍稍飲 之。肘後。 Cholera with an unending massive thirst. When the patient drinks much, he will be killed. Boil five sheng of yellow liang husked grains in one dou of water down to a clear liquid of three sheng and drink this in small amounts. Zhou hou.

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小兒鼻乾，無涕，腦熱也。用黄米粉、生礬末各一兩。每以一錢，水調貼 顖上，日二次。普濟。 Children with a dry nose, no snivel and brain heat. Prepare a mixture of one liang each of yellow husked grain powder and raw alum powder. Each time mix one qian [of this mixture] with water and attach it to the top of the [child’s] head. Twice a day. Pu ji. 小兒赤丹。用土番黄米粉，和鷄子白塗之。兵部手集。 Red cinnabar [poisoning]1081 of children. Mix yellow husked grain powder from Tu fan with chicken egg white and apply this [to the affected region]. Bing bu shou ji. 小兒生瘡，滿身面如火燒。以黄粱米研粉，和蜜水傅之，以瘥爲度。外臺。 Sores covering the entire body and the face of a child as if burned by fire. Grind yellow liang husked grains into powder, mix it with honey water and apply this [to the affected region] until a cure is achieved. Wai tai. 23-05-02 白粱米别録中品 Bai liang mi, FE Bie lu, middle rank Husked grains of white liang. 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】除熱，益氣。别録。除胸膈中客熱，移五臟氣，緩筋骨。凡患胃 虚并嘔吐食及水者，以米汁二合，薑汁一合，和服之，佳。孟詵。炊飯食 之，和中，止煩渴。時珍。 Control. They eliminate heat and boost the qi. Bie lu. They eliminate visitor heat from inside the chest and diaphragm region. They stimulate the transfer of the qi in the five long-term depots. They relax1082 sinews and bones. For all cases of suffering from stomach depletion with a vomiting of food and water, mix two ge of the juice of husked grains [of white liang 粱] with one ge of ginger juice and ingest this. Excellent. Meng Shen. Eaten cooked as a meal, they harmonize the center and end vexing thirst. [Li] Shizhen.

1081 Dan [du] 丹[毒], “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118.

1082 Instead of huan 緩, “to relax,” Zheng lei ch. 25, bai liang mi 白粱米, writes xu 續, “reconnect.”



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【附方】舊二。 Added Recipes. Two of old. 霍亂不止。白粱米五合，水一升，和煮粥食。千金方。 Unending cholera. Mix five ge of bai liang mi with one sheng of water, boil this into a congee and eat it. Qian jin fang. 手足生疣。取白粱米粉，鐵銚炒赤研末。以衆人唾和塗之，厚一寸，即 消。肘後。 Warts growing on hands and feet. Stir-fry bai liang mi powder on a spade-like hoe until [the grains] have turned red and grind [the residue] into powder. Mix it with the saliva of numerous persons and apply this [to the warts] as a layer one cun thick. That will dissolve them. Zhou hou. 23-05-03 青粱米别録中品 Qing liang mi, FE Bie lu, middle rank Husked grains of greenish liang. 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】胃痺，熱中消渴，止洩痢，利小便，益氣補中，輕身長年。煮粥 食之。别録。建脾，治洩精。大明。 Control. Stomach blockage. Melting with thirst1083 related to heat in the center. It ends outflow with free-flux illness, stimulates urination, boosts the qi, supplements the center, relieves the body of its weight and extends the years of life. Boil it in water to form a congee and eat it. Bielu. It strengthens the spleen and serves to cure uncontrolled outflow of essence/sperm. Da Ming. 【發明】【時珍曰】今粟中有大而青黑色者是也。其穀芒多、米少，禀受 金水之氣，其性最凉，而宜病人。【詵曰】青粱米可辟穀。以純苦酒浸三 日，百蒸百晒，藏之。遠行，日一飱之，可度十日。若重飱之，四百九十 日不飢也。又方：以米一斗，赤石脂三斤，水漬置暖處，一二日，上青白 衣，搗爲丸如李大。日服三丸，亦不飢也。按靈寶五符經中，白鮮米九蒸 九暴，作辟穀粮。而此用青粱米，未見出處。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: These are su 粟 specimens that are big and greenish-black in color. This is a cereal with many awns and few grains. It is endowed with the qi of [the phases] metal and water. Its nature is very cool, and it can make people sick. 1083 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

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[Meng] Shen: Qing liang mi can help to get along without grain. Soak it in pure, bitter wine for three days. Steam it a hundred times and dry it in the sun a hundred times, and then store it. When you walk a long way, eat it once a day and [you can do without grain] for up to ten days. If it is eaten repeatedly, it prevents hunger for 490 days. Another recipe: Soak one dou of husked grains and three jin of red stone fat/red halloysite (09-15-05) in water and let it rest at a warm place. After one or two days a greenish coating develops on the surface. Pound it and make pills the size of a plum. Ingest three pills a day. This, too, prevents hunger. According to the Ling bao wu fu jing, bai xian mi 白鮮米, steamed nine times and dried in the sun nine times, serves as food to do without grain. The [recipe] recorded here resorts to qing liang mi 青粱米. Its source is unknown.

【附方】新七。 Added Recipes. Seven newly [recorded]. 補脾益胃。羊肉湯入青粱米、葱、鹽，煮粥食。正要。 To supplement the spleen and boost the [qi of the] stomach. Add qing liang mi, onions and salt to a mutton decoction, boil this to form a congee and eat it. Zheng yao. 脾虚泄痢。青粱米半升，神麴一合，日日煮粥食，即愈。養老書。 Spleen depletion with outflow and free-flux illness. Mix half a sheng of qing liang mi with one ge of divine yeast/ferment and boil this to form a congee to be eaten every day. Yang lao shu. 冷氣心痛。桃仁二兩去皮，水研絞汁，入青粱米四合，煮粥常食。養老書。 Heart pain related to the presence of cold qi. Remove the peel from two liang of peach kernels, grind them in water, and squeeze this to obtain a juice. Add four ge of qing liang mi, boil this to form a congee and eat it regularly. Yang lao shu. 五淋澀痛。青粱米四合，入漿水煮粥，下土蘇末三兩，每日空心食之。同 上。 The five kinds of [urinary] dripping as a painful, rough [urination]. Add fermented water of foxtail millet to four ge of qing liang mi and boil this to form a congee. Add three liang of radish [seeds] and eat this on an empty stomach every day. [Source] identical with the one above.



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老人血淋。車前五合，綿裹煮汁，入青粱米四合，煮粥飲汁。亦能明目， 引熱下行。 [Urinary] dripping with blood of old persons. Wrap Asiatic plantain [seeds] in silk and boil this. Add four ge of qing liang mi to the resulting juice, boil it to form a congee and drink the juice. It can also clear the eyes and lead heat to descend. 乳石發渴。青粱米煮汁飲之。外臺。 Thirst caused [by ingesting] stalactite minerals. Boil qing liang mi in water and drink the resulting juice. Wai tai. 一切毒藥及鴆毒，煩懣不止。用甘草三兩，水五升，煮取二升，去滓，入 黍米粉一兩，白蜜三兩，煎如薄粥食之。外臺。 An unending vexation resulting in mental pressure caused by poisonous medication and the poison of the [legendary] bird zhen 鴆1084. Boil three liang of glycyrrhiza [root] in five sheng of water down to two sheng, remove the dregs, add one liang of shu mi fen 黍米粉 and three liang of white honey and boil this to form a thin congee for consumption. Wai tai. 23-06 粟别録中品 Su, FE Bie lu, middle rank. Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. Short millet. 【釋名】籼粟。【時珍曰】粟古文作㮚，象穗在禾上之形。而春秋題辭 云：西乃金所立，米爲陽之精，故西字合米爲粟。此鑿説也。許慎云：粟 之爲言續也，續於穀也。古者以粟爲黍、稷、粱、秫之總稱，而今之粟， 在古但呼爲粱。後人乃專以粱之細者名粟，故唐孟詵本草言人不識粟，而 近世皆不識粱也。大抵粘者爲秫，不粘者爲粟。故呼此爲籼粟，以别秫而 配籼。北人謂之小米也。 Explanation of Names. Xian su 籼粟. [Li] Shizhen: In ancient script su 粟 was written 㮚 to reflect the image of a spike above a grain stalk, he 禾. The Chun qiu ti ci states: “The West, xi 西, is associated with [the phase] metal. Mi 米 is the essence of yang. For this reason, the character xi 西 was combined with [the character] mi 米 to form [the character] su 粟.” That is an irrefutable statement. Xu Shen states: “Su 粟 is to say ‘continuation,‘ xu 續. It is a continuation of grain. The ancients used su 粟 as a general designation for shu 黍, glutinous panicled millet, ji 稷, non-glutinous panicled millet, liang 粱, spiked millet, and shu 秫, sorghum, while today’s su 粟 in antiquity was simply called liang 粱. In later times, people specifically 1084 Zhen 鴆 is also used for “poisoned by wine.“

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identified fine [grains of ] liang 粱 as su 粟. This is why Meng Shen in his Ben cao says: “People do not know su 粟.” And nowadays, nobody knows liang 粱. Generally speaking, sticky [grains] are shu 秫; those that are not sticky, they are su 粟. For this reason, [the item discussed] here is xian su 籼粟. The [character] xian 籼 was added to distinguish it from shu 秫. People in the North call it xiao mi 小米. 【集解】【弘景曰】粟，江南西間所種皆是。其粒細於粱，熟舂令白，亦 當白粱，呼爲白粱粟，或呼爲粢米。【恭曰】粟類多種，而並細於諸粱。 北土常食，與粱有别。粢乃稷米，陶註非矣。【詵曰】粟，顆粒小者是， 今人多不識之。其粱米粒粗大，隨色别之。南方多畬田，種之極易。舂粒 細香美，少虚怯，秪於灰中種之，又不鋤治故也。北田所種多鋤之，即難 舂。不鋤即草翳死，都由土地使然爾。【時珍曰】粟，即粱也。穗大而毛 長粒粗者爲粱，穗小而毛短粒細者爲粟。苗俱似茅。種類凡數十，有青、 赤、黄、白、黑諸色，或因姓氏地名，或因形似時令，隨義賦名。故早則 有趕麥黄、百日粮之類；中則有八月黄、老軍頭之類；晚則有雁頭青、寒 露粟之類。按賈思勰齊民要術云：粟之成熟有早晚，苗稈有高下，收實有 息耗，質性有强弱，米味有美惡，山澤有異宜。順天時，量地利，則用力 少而成功多。任性返道，勞而無穫。大抵早粟皮薄米實，晚粟皮厚米少。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: Su 粟 is planted everywhere in the region west of Jiang nan. Its grains are smaller than those of spiked millet, liang 粱. When it is ripe and ground in a mortar it becomes a white [powder], similar to that of “white spiked millet,” bai liang 白粱. [Hence,] some call it liang mi 粢米. [Su] Gong: Su 粟 comprises many kinds, but all of them have finer [grains] than spiked millet, liang 粱. In the North it is a common victual, different from spiked millet. Zi 粢 is ji mi 稷米, husked non-glutinous panicled millet. Tao [Hongjing’s] comment is wrong. [Meng] Shen: Su 粟 is the one with small grains. Today, people mostly do not know it. The grains of liang mi 粱米, husked spiked millet, are coarse and big. They are distinguished on the basis of their colors. In the South are many fields reclaimed from nature by slash-and-burn cultivation. To plant [su 粟] there is very easy and the grains husked in a mortar result in a fine [powder] that is fragrant and delicious. [The grains are] small and weak. The reason is, they merely plant them in the ashes and do not need to work [the ground] with a hoe. Those who plant them in the North often use a hoe to work the ground, and it is difficult to [husk the grains by pounding them in a] mortar. If they did not use hoes, herbs/weeds would cover [the seeds] and they would die. All these [differences] result from the [nature of the] ground [where they are sown]. [Li] Shizhen: Su 粟 is liang 粱. Those with small spikes, short hair and fine kernels are su 粟. The seedling of all kinds is similar to that of floss grass. Several tens of kinds are planted. They may be green-



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ish, red, yellow, white and black in color. Sometimes they are named after a person or a place, or because their shape is reminiscent of a seasonal [climatic] order, or a name is bestowed according to someone’s personal idea. Hence, among the early [harvested variants] are names such as gan mai huang 趕麥黄, “the one that is as yellow as wheat,” and bai ri liang 百日粮, “food for a hundred days.” Among those [harvested] in the middle [of the season] are [names such as] ba yue huang 八月黄, “yellow in the eighth month,” and lao jun tou 老軍頭, “old soldier’s head.” Among those [harvested] late are [names such as] yan tou qing 雁頭青. “as greenish as a wild goose’s head,” and han lu su 寒露粟, “su 粟 of the Cold Dew (solar term).” According to Jia Sixie’s Qi min yao shu, “su 粟 includes those that ripen early and others that ripen late. The seedling and stalk may be tall or low. The fruits harvested may be more or they may be less than normal. The material nature may be strong, and it may be weak. The husked grains may be delicious or abhorrent. Mountains and marshlands have different requirements [as to the kinds sown there]. If [farmers] act in accordance with the seasons and estimate the advantage offered by the respective ground, they will have to invest little strength while the results are plentiful. If they were to act self-willed against the WAY, they would exhaust themselves and have no harvest nevertheless.” In general, early [harvested] su 粟 has a thin peel/ husk and the husked grains are solid. Late [harvested] su has a thick peel/husk and the husked grains are few. 23-06-01 粟米 Su mi, i. e. xiao mi 小米

Husked grains of short millet. 【氣味】鹹，微寒，無毒。【時珍曰】鹹、淡。【宗奭曰】生者難化。熟 者滯氣，隔食，生蟲。【藏器曰】胃冷者不宜多食。粟浸水至敗者，損 人。【瑞曰】與杏人同食，令人吐瀉。雁食粟，足重不能飛。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: Salty, bland. [Kou] Zongshi: When they are [eaten] raw, they are difficult to transform/digest. Those prepared with heat have sluggish qi. They let one do without [other] food. They generate worms/bugs. [Chen] Cangqi: Those with a cold stomach should not eat them in large amounts. Su 粟 soaked in water until it decays is detrimental to humans. [Wu] Rui: Eaten together with apricot kernels, they let one vomit and have outflow. When wild geese eat su 粟, their legs become heavy and they cannot fly. 【主治】養腎氣，去脾胃中熱，益氣。陳者：苦，寒，治胃熱消渴，利小 便。别録。止痢，壓丹石熱。孟詵。水煮服，治熱腹痛及鼻衄。爲粉，和 水濾汁，解諸毒，治霍亂及轉筋入腹，又治卒得鬼打。藏器。解小麥毒，

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發熱。士良。治反胃熱痢。煮粥食，益丹田，補虚損，開腸胃。時珍。生 生編。 Control. They nourish kidney qi, remove heat from within spleen and stomach and boost the qi. Long-stored [su mi 粟米]: Bitter, cold. They serve to cure stomach heat and melting with thirst.1085 They free urination. Bie lu. They end free-flux illness and press down the heat of elixir minerals. Meng Sheng. Boiled in water and [the liquid] ingested, they serve to cure painful abdominal heat and nosebleed. Prepared into powder, mixed with water and strained, [the liquid] resolves all kinds of poison and serves to cure cholera, as well as contorted sinews [with pain] reaching into the abdomen. They also serve to cure sudden demon stroke. [Chen] Cangqi. They resolve the poison of wheat that has resulted in an effusion of heat. [Chen] Shiliang. They serve to cure turned over stomach and free-flux illness with heat. Boiled to form a congee and eaten, they boost the cinnabar field [qi], supplement depletion injury, and open the intestines and the stomach. [Li] Shizhen, [quoted from] Sheng sheng bian. 【發明】【弘景曰】陳粟乃三五年者，尤解煩悶，服食家亦將食之。【宗 奭曰】粟米利小便，故能益脾胃。【震亨曰】粟屬水與土。陳者最硬難 化，得漿水乃化也。【時珍曰】粟之味鹹淡，氣寒下滲，腎之穀也，腎病 宜食之。虚熱消渴洩痢，皆腎病也。滲利小便，所以洩腎邪也。降胃火， 故脾胃之病宜食之。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: Long-stored su 粟 is the one [stored for] three to five years. It is especially able to resolve vexing heart-pressure. Specialists who ingest [pharmaceutical drugs] as food, they, too, eat it. [Kou] Zongshi: Su mi frees urination. Hence it is able to boost spleen and stomach [qi]. [Zhu] Zhenheng: Su 粟 is associated with [the phases] water and soil. Long-stored [grains] are very hard and difficult to transform/digest. [They should be eaten] together with fermented water of foxtail millet to be transformed/digested. [Li] Shizhen: The flavor of su 粟 is salty and bland; its qi are cold and seep downward. It is a grain for the kidneys. In the case of a kidney disease, it is approprioate to eat it. Depletion heat, melting with thirst and outflow with free-flux illness, all these are kidney diseases. [Su 粟] stimulates a free flow of urine and hence it causes an outflow of evil [qi] from the kidneys. It brings down stomach fire. Therefore it is appropriate to eat it in the case of spleen and stomach diseases.

1085 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.



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【附方】舊五，新四。 Added Recipes. Five of old, four newly [recorded]. 胃熱消渴。以陳粟米炊飯，食之良。食醫心镜。 Stomach heat resulting in melting with thirst. Cook a meal with long-stored su mi. To eat it yields good results. Shi yi xin jing. 反胃吐食。脾胃氣弱，食不消化，湯飲不下。用粟米半升杵粉，水丸梧子 大。七枚煮熟，入少鹽，空心和汁吞下。或云：納醋中吞之，得下便已。 心鏡。 Turned over stomach and vomiting of food. The qi of spleen and stomach are weak. They are unable to digest food. When drinking boiled water, it fails to move down. Pound half a sheng of su mi into powder, mix it with water and form pills the size of wu seeds. Boil seven pills in water until done, add a little salt and swallow them with the juice. It is also said: Swallow [the juice] with some vinegar added to it. Stop [the therapy] when a discharge sets in. Xin jing. 鼻衄不止。粟米粉，水煮服之。普濟。 Unending nosebleed. Boil su mi powder in water and ingest it. Pu ji. 嬰孩初生七日，助穀神以導達腸胃。研粟米煮粥如飴，每日哺少許。姚和 衆方。 When a newborn child is seven days old, assist the god/spirit of grain to reach its stomach and intestines. Grind su mi and boil it in water to form a congee similar to maltose and feed a little [to the child] every day. Yao Hezhong fang. 孩子赤丹。嚼粟米傅之。兵部手集。 Red cinnabar [poisoning]1086 of children. Chew su mi and apply [the pulpy mass to the affected region]. Bing bu shou ji. 小兒重舌。嚼粟米哺之。秘録。 Doubled tongue1087 of children. Chew su mi and feed it [to the child]. Mi lu.

1086 Dan [du] 丹[毒], “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118.

1087 Chong she 重舌, “doubled tongue,” a condition with the growth underneath the tongue, mostly in children, of what appears like a second tongue. BCGM Dict I, 92.

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雜物眯目不出。用生粟米七粒，嚼爛取汁，洗之即出。總録。 Dust of various items in the eyes1088 that fails to come out. Chew seven raw husked su 粟 grains, chew them into a pulpy mass, [and soak it in water] to obtain a juice. Use it to wash [the eyes and the dust particles] come out. Zong lu. 湯火灼傷。粟米炒焦投水，澄取汁，煎稠如糖。頻傅之，能止痛，滅瘢 痕。一方：半生半炒，研末，酒調傅之。崔行功纂要。 Burns resulting from hot water and fire. Stir-fry su mi until they are scorched and throw them into water. Wait for the liquid to have cleared and take the juice. Boil it to prepare a thick fluid similar to syrup. Repeatedly apply it [to the affected region]. It can stop the pain and diminish scars. Another recipe: Grind [su mi], one half raw, one half stir-fried, into powder, mix it with wine and apply this [to the affected region]. Cui Xinggong, Zuan yao. 熊虎爪傷。嚼粟塗之。葛氏方。 Harm caused by bear and tiger claws. Chew su 粟 [into a pulpy mass] and apply it [to the affected region]. A recipe of Mr. Ge [Hong]. 23-06-02 粟泔汁 Su gan zhi

Water in which su has been washed. 【主治】霍亂卒熱，心煩渴，飲數升立瘥。 Control. For cholera with a sudden [effusion of ] heat and heart vexation and thirst, drink several sheng and a cure is achieved immediately. 23-06-03 臭泔 Chou gan

Malodorous water in which [su 粟] has been washed. 止消渴尤良。蘇恭。 It is especially appropriate to end melting with thirst.1089 Su Gong.

1088 Mi mu 眯目, “dust in the eyes,” a condition of some small foreign objects having entered the eyes and remaining there, causing pain and making opening one’s eyes difficult. BCGM Dict I, 340. 1089 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.



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23-06-04 酸泔及澱 Suan gan ji dian

Sour water in which [su 粟] has been washed, and the sediment. 洗皮膚瘙疥，殺蟲。飲之，主五痔。和臭樗皮煎服，治小兒疳痢。藏器。 It is used to wash children with itching jie-illness.1090 It kills worms/bugs. Drinking it serves to control the five types of piles. Boiled together with paper mulberry tree bark and [the liquid] ingested, it serves to cure gan-illness1091 with free-flux illness of children. [Chen] Cangqi. 【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded]. 眼熱赤腫。粟米泔澱極酸者、生地黄等分，研匀攤絹上，方圓二寸，貼目 上熨之。乾即易。總録。 Eyes with heat causing a red swelling. Grind equal amounts of extremely sour su mi gan sediments and fresh/unprepared Chinese foxglove [rhizome] to an equal mixture and spread it on a piece of silk, two cun in diameter. Attach it as a hot compress to the [affected] eye. Replace it when it has dried. Zong lu. 疳瘡月蝕。寒食泔澱，傅之良。千金。 Gan-illness sores and lunar eclipse.1092 Apply sediments from water in which [su 粟] from a Cold Food [day]1093 has been washed. Good. Qian jin.

1090 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

1091 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

1092 Yue shi 月蝕, “lunar eclipse,” a condition of chuang 瘡, “sores” developing on the ears, nose, face, and to the side of the orifices in the anal and genital region. BCGM Dict I, 65.

1093 This is the festival honoring Jie Zitui 介子推 who had served King Wen of the State of Jin, 5th c. BCE. Eventually he withdrew with his mother to the forests. King Wen summoned him to his court to show his gratitude. When Jie Zitui refused to appear, the king had the forest set on fi re to force him to leave his abode. Jie and his mother died in the fire in 476 BCE. The king ordered that no fi res were allowed on that day in future, and food was to be consumed cold. Hence the name of that day, han shi 寒食, “Cold Food.” It is April 5. BCGM Dict III, 224-225.

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23-06-05 粟糠 Su tang

Chaff of su 粟. 【主治】痔漏脱肛，和諸藥薰之。時珍。 Control. Leaking piles and rectal prolapse. Mix [the chaff ] with any other medication, [burn it] and steam [the affected region]. [Li] Shizhen. 23-06-06 粟奴 Su nu

Mould on su 粟. 【主治】利小腸，除煩懣。時珍。 Control. It frees the passage through the small intestine and eliminates vexation resulting in mental pressure. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】粟奴，即粟苗成穗時生黑煤者。古方不用。聖惠治小 腸結澀不通，心煩悶亂，有粟奴湯。用粟奴、苦竹鬚、小豆糵、炙甘草各 一兩，燈心十寸，葱白五寸，銅錢七文，水煎分服。取效乃止。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Su nu 粟奴 is the black soot developing on the seedling of su at the time the spikes ripen. In ancient recipes it was not used. To cure a rough or blocked small intestine with bound [stool], and heart vexation with heart-pressure and confusion, the Sheng hui fang has a “decoction with su nu 粟奴.” Prepare a mixture of one liang each of su nu, bitter bamboo “whiskers,” mung bean sprouts, and roasted glycyrrhiza [root], a ten cun long segment of rush, a five cun long segment of onion white and seven copper coins. Boil them in water and ingest [the liquid] in several portions. Stop [ingesting the liquid] when an effect shows. 23-06-07 粟廪米 Su lin mi

Husked su 粟 grains from a granary. 見後陳廪米下。 See below under “rice/millet stored in a granary.” (25-04) 23-06-08 粟糵米 Su nie mi

Su 粟 grain sprouts. 見後糵米下。 See below under “sprouted cereal grain.” (25-18)



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23-06-09 粟糗 Su qiu

Prepared su 粟. 見後麨下 See below under “prepared grain.” (25-08) 23-07 秫音术别録中品 Shu, [秫] read shu. FE Bie lu, middle rank. Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. Glutinous spiked millet. 【釋名】衆音終爾雅、糯秫唐本、糯粟唐本、黄糯。【時珍曰】秫字篆 文，象其禾體柔弱之形，俗呼糯粟是矣。北人呼爲黄糯，亦曰黄米。釀酒 劣於糯也。 Explanation of Names. Zhong 衆, read zhong 終, Er ya. Nuo shu 糯秫, Tang ben. Nuo su 糯粟, Tang ben. Huang nuo 黄糯. [Li] Shizhen: The character shu 秫 is seal script. It reflects the shape of a soft and weak long grain stalk, he 禾. It is the one that is commonly called nuo su 糯粟, “glutinous spiked millet.” In the North, people call it huang nuo 黄糯, “the yellow glutinous.” Brewed into wine, it is inferior to glutinous [millet]. 【集解】【恭曰】秫是稻秫也。今人呼粟糯爲秫。北土多以釀酒，而汁少 於黍米。凡黍、稷，粟、秫，粳、糯，三穀皆有籼、糯也。【禹錫曰】秫 米似黍米而粒小，可作酒。【宗奭曰】秫米初搗出淡黄白色，亦如糯，不 堪作飯，最粘，故宜作酒。【時珍曰】秫即粱米、粟米之粘者。有赤、 白、黄三色，皆可釀酒、熬糖、作餈糕食之。蘇頌圖經謂秫爲黍之粘者， 許慎説文謂秫爲稷之粘者，崔豹古今註謂秫爲稻之粘者，皆誤也。惟蘇恭 以粟、秫分籼、糯，孫炎註爾雅謂秫爲粘粟者得之。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Gong: Shu 秫 is dao shu 稻秫. People today refer to su nuo 粟糯 as shu 秫. In the North it is often used to brew wine, but it has less juice than shu mi 於黍米 (23-02). Shu 黍 (23-02) and ji 稷 (23-01), su 粟 (23-06) and shu 秫 (23-07), geng 粳 and nuo 糯 are three types of grain with each of them having a xian 籼, non-glutinous, and nuo 糯, glutinous variant. [Zhang] Yuxi: Shu mi 秫米 resembles shu mi 黍米, but the seed kernels are smaller and can be made into wine. [Kou] Zongshi: Shu mi 秫米, when pounded, initially releases a bland yellow-white [powder], similar to nuo 糯. It is not suitable for being cooked as meals. It is too sticky, so it is only suitable for making wine. [Li] Shizhen: Shu 秫 is the sticky variant of liang mi 粱米 and su mi 粟米. [The grains] may have any of the three colors

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red, white and yellow. They all can be brewed into wine, simmered into syrup and made into rice cakes and pudding for consumption. Su Song in his Tu jing says: “Shu 秫 is the sticky variant of shu 黍.” Xu Shen in his Shuo wen says: “Shu 秫 is the sticky variant of ji 稷.” Cui Bao in his Gu jin zhu says: “Shu 秫 is the sticky variant of dao 稻.” They are all wrong. Only Su Gong, who distinguishes between su 粟 and shu 秫 as a xian 籼 and a nuo 糯 kind, and Sun Yan, who in his comment on the Er ya says that shu 秫 is sticky su 粟, they hit the point. 23-07-01 秫米 Shu mi, i. e., 黄米 huang mi

Husked seeds of glutinous spiked millet. 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。【詵曰】性平。不可常食，擁五臟氣，動風， 迷悶人。【時珍曰】按養生集云：味酸性熱，粘滯，易成黄積病，小兒不 宜多食。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen. Nature balanced. They must not be eaten regularly lest they conceal/enclosee the qi of the five longterm depots, excite wind [qi], and cause perplexity with heart-pressure.1094 [Li] Shizhen: According to the Yang sheng ji, “their flavor is sour and their nature is hot. They are sticky and sluggish and easily generate diseases of yellow [qi] accumulation. Children must not eat many of them.” 【主治】寒熱，利大腸，療漆瘡。别録。治筋骨攣急，殺瘡疥毒熱。生 搗，和鷄子白傅毒腫良。孟詵。主犬咬，凍瘡，嚼傅之。日華。治肺瘧及 陽盛陰虚，夜不得眠，及食鵝鴨成癥，妊娠下黄汁。時珍。 Control. Alternating sensations of cold and heat. They free the passage through the large intestine. They heal lacquer sores. Bie lu. They serve to cure contraction and tension of sinews and bones, and they kill heat poison related to sores and jie-illness.1095 The raw [seeds] pounded and mixed with chicken egg white are applied to swelling with poison, with good results. Meng Shen. To control dog bites and frostbites, chew them and apply [the pulpy mass to the affected region]. Rihua. They serve to cure lung malaria and conditions of abounding yang [qi] with depleted yin [qi] making it impossible to sleep at night. [They also serve to cure] concretion-illness formed after eating [the meat of ] geese and ducks, and discharge of yellow juice during pregnancy. [Li] Shizhen. 1094 Mi men 迷悶, “perplexity with heart-pressure,” an illness sign of slowed-down thinking accompanied by an uncomfortable feeling of vexation with heart-pressure. BCGM Dict I, 339. 1095 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.



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【發明】【弘景曰】北人以此米作酒煮糖，肥軟易消。方藥不正用，惟嚼以 塗漆瘡及釀諸藥醪爾。【時珍曰】秫者，肺之穀也，肺病宜食之。故能去寒 熱，利大腸。大腸者肺之合，而肺病多作皮寒熱也。千金治肺瘧方用之，取 此義也。靈樞經岐伯治陽盛陰虚，夜不得瞑，半夏湯中用之，取其益陰氣而 利大腸也。大腸利則陽不盛矣。方見半夏條。又異苑云：宋 元嘉中，有人 食鴨成癥瘕。醫以秫米研粉調水服之。須臾煩躁，吐出一鴨雛而瘥也。千金 方治食鴨肉成病，胸滿面赤，不能食者，以秫米泔一盞飲之。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: People in the North use these husked grains to make wine and they boil them into syrup that is fat and soft and easily dissolved/digested. They are not used as ordinary recipe drugs. Their only [therapeutic application is] to chew them and [apply the resulting pulpy mass] to lacquer sores, and to use them for brewing all types of medicinal wines. [Li] Shizhen: [Husked] shu 秫 [grains] are a grain for the lung. In the case of a lung disease it is appropriate to eat them. Hence they are able to eliminate cold and heat and to free the passage through the large intestine. The large intestine is an associate of the lung, and lung diseases are often accompanied by alternating sensations of cold and heat in the skin. That is the idea underlying the use of [husked shu grains recommended] in the Qian jin in recipes for lung malaria. In the Ling shu jing, Qi Bo uses them in the “decoction with pinellia [root]” to cure conditions of abounding yang [qi] and depleted yin [qi] with an inability to sleep at night taking advantage of their ability to boost the yin qi and free the passage through the large intestine. When the passage through the large intestine is open, yang qi cannot abound. For this recipe, see the entry “ban xia 半夏” (17-26). Also, the Yi yuan states: “During the yuan jia 元嘉 reign period (424-453) of the (southern dynasties) Song dynasty, someone ate duck [meat] and developed concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness. A physician ground shu mi 秫米 into powder, mixed it with water and [let the patient] ingest it. After a short while, [the patient] developed a vexing restlessness. He vomited a duckling and was cured.” To cure diseases following a consumption of duck meat, with a feeling of fullness in the chest and a red face, and an inability to continue eating, the Qian jin has a recipe [recommending to] drink one cup of water in which shu mi 秫米 has been washed. 【附方】舊三，新三。 Added Recipes. Three of old, three newly [recorded]. 赤痢不止。秫米一把，鯽魚酢二臠，薤白一虎口，煮粥食之。普濟方。 Unending red free-flux illness. Boil one handful of shu mi, two slices of golden carp meat preserved with vinegar and one pinch of Chinese chive to prepare a congee, and eat this Pu ji fang.

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筋骨攣急。詵曰：用秫米一石，麴三斗，地黄一斤，茵蔯蒿炙黄半斤，一 依釀酒法服之，良。 Sinew and bone contraction and tension. [Meng] Shen: Prepare a mixture of one dan of shu mi, three dou of leaven, one jin of Chinese foxglove [root] and half a jin of artemisia scoparia [herb]. Brew this into wine the usual way and ingest it. Good. 肺瘧寒熱，痰聚胸中，病至令人心寒，寒甚乃熱，善驚如有所見。恒山三 錢，甘草半錢，秫米三十五粒，水煎。未發時，分作三次服。千金。 Lung malaria with alternating sensations of cold and heat and phlegm accumulation in the chest. When this disease reaches its extreme it lets that person’s heart turn cold. When this cold has reached an extreme, it turns into heat and patients tend to be scared as if they had seen something [frightening]. Boil three qian of dichroa [root], half a qian of glycyrrhiza [root] and 35 husked shu 秫 grains in water and drink this shortly prior to an outbreak divided into three portions. Qian jin. 妊娠下水，黄色如膠，或如小豆汁。秫米、黄芪各一兩，水七升，煎三 升，分三服。梅師。 Discharge of water during pregnancy. The color may be that of glue, or of mung bean juice. Boil one liang each of shu mi and astragalus [root] in seven sheng of water down to three sheng and ingest [the liquid] divided into three portions. Mei shi. 浸淫惡瘡，有汁，多發於心，不早治，周身則殺人。熬秫米令黄黑，杵末 傅之。肘後方。 Malign sores soaked with [pus and/or] liquid.1096 They often effuse from the heart. If this is not cured right away, [the sores] will cover the entire body and eventually kill that person. Simmer shu mi until it has assumed a yellow-black color. Pound [the grains] into powder and apply it [to the affected region]. Zhou hou fang. 久泄胃弱。黄米炒爲粉。每用數匙，沙糖拌食。簡便方。 Long-lasting outflow with stomach weakness. Stir-fry huang mi and [grind the grains into] powder. Each time mix several spoons [of the powder] with sugar and eat that. Jian bian fang.

1096 Jin yin chuang 浸淫瘡, “sores soaked [with pus and/or liquid],” are conditions that itch at first and are painful later. They fester with liquid seeping from them. The liquid disperses into ever wider areas and, in serious cases, affects the entire body. BCGM Dict I, 259.



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23-07-02 根 Gen

Root [of shu 秫]. 【主治】煮湯，洗風。孟詵。 Control. Boiled [in water], the decoction is used to wash [patients affected by] wind [intrusion]. Meng Shen. 23-08 穇子衫、慘二音救荒 Shan zi, [with 穇] read either shan or can. FE Jiu huang. Eleucine corocana (L.) Gaertn. Finger millet 【釋名】龍爪粟、鴨爪稗。【時珍曰】穇乃不粘之稱也。又不實之貌也。 龍爪、鴨爪，象其穗歧之形。 Explanation of Names. Long zhao su 龍爪粟, “ dragon claw sorghum,” ya zhao bai 鴨爪稗, “duck claw barnyard grass.” [Li] Shizhen: Shan 穇 is to say “not sticky,” and also refers to an appearance that is “not solid.” “Dragon claw,” long zhao 龍爪, and “duck claw,” ya zhao 鴨爪, [are names] reflecting the forked shape of the spikes. 【集解】【周憲王曰】穇子生水田中及下濕地。葉似稻，但差短。稍頭結 穗，仿佛稗子穗。其子如黍粒大，茶褐色。擣米煮粥、炊飯、磨麵皆宜。 【時珍曰】穇子，山東、河南亦五月種之。苗如茭黍，八九月抽莖，有三 稜，如水中藨草之莖。開細花，簇簇結穗如粟穗而分數岐，如鷹爪之狀。 内有細子如黍粒而細，赤色。其稃甚薄，其味粗澀。 Collected Explanations. Zhou Xian wang:1097 Shan zi grows in water fields and on low-lying marshland. The leaves resemble those of rice, dao 稻, but are shorter. Spikes form at the tip [of the stalk], similar to the spikes of barnyard grass. The seeds have a size similar to those of shu 黍 (23-02); they are tea-brown in color. To pound the husked grains to boil them in water to prepare a congee, or to cook them as meals, or to grind them into powder, for all these uses they are appropriate. [Li] Shizhen: Shan zi is planted in Shan dong and in He nan in the fifth month. The seedlings are similar to those of Indian rice (19-09) and glutinous panicled millet (23-02). A stem rises in the eighth and ninth month. It has three edges and is similar to the edges of bolboschoenus herbs/sedges. [Shan zi] opens clusters of fine flowers with spikes similar to those of short millet (23-06), but with many branches, similar 1097 Instead of Zhou Xian wang 周憲王, according to Ming shi, Zhou Ding wang Xiao zhuan 周定王橚傳, “Biography of Prince Zhou Ding [Zhu] Xiao,” this should be Zhou Ding wang 周定王.

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to hawk claws. Inside are fine seeds similar to shu grains, but even finer and of red color. The husks are very thin; their flavor is rough and astringent. 【氣味】甘，濇，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, astringent, nonpoisonous. 【主治】補中益氣，厚腸胃，濟飢。 Control. It supplements the center and boosts the qi. It solidifies the intestines and the stomach. It helps in times of famine. 23-09 稗音敗綱目 Bai, [稗] read bai, FE Gang mu. Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard grass. 【釋名】【時珍曰】稗乃禾之卑賤者也，故字從卑。 Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen: Bai 稗 is a standing grain, he 禾, of low rank, bei jian 卑賤. Hence the character is based on [the character] bei 卑. 【集解】【弘景曰】稗子亦可食。又有烏禾，生野中如稗，荒年可代粮而 殺蟲，煮以沃地，螻、蚓皆死。【藏器曰】稗有二種，一種黄白色，一種 紫黑色。紫黑者似芑有毛，北人呼爲烏禾。【時珍曰】稗處處野生，最能 亂苗。其莖、葉、穗粒並如黍稷。一斗可得米三升。故曰：五穀不熟，不 如稊稗。稊苗似稗而穗如粟，有紫毛，即烏禾也。爾雅謂之苵，音迭。 【周憲王曰】稗有水稗、旱稗。水稗生田中。旱稗苗葉似穇子，色深緑， 根下葉帶紫色。稍頭出扁穗，結子如黍粒，茶褐色，味微苦，性温。以煮 粥、炊飯、磨麪食之皆宜。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: Bai 稗 seeds are edible. There is also a wu he 烏禾, “black standing grain,” that is similar to bai and grows in the wild. In years of famine it can be used to substitute other food. Also, it kills worms/bugs. As a decoction it serves to irrigate land and lets mole crickets and earthworms die. [Chen] Cangqi: Bai 稗 has two kinds. One [has seeds] of yellow-white color; one [has seeds] of purple-black color. The purple-black ones resemble qi 芑 (23-02) and have hair. People in the North call it wu he 烏禾. [Li] Shizhen: Bai 稗 grows everywhere in the wild. Its seedlings can be confused [with other kinds of grain] most easily. The stem, the leaves and the spikes with their grains, they all are similar to shu 黍 and ji 稷. One dou can yield three sheng of husked grains. Hence it is said: “When the five types of cereal do not ripen, nothing is as good as ti 稊 1098and bai 稗” The

1098 Ti 稊, sometimes identified as weed, sometimes as a dichroa species. Botanical identification unclear.



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seedling of ti 稊 resembles that of bai 稗 but has spikes similar to those of short millet, su 粟 (23-06). When the hair is purple, it is wu he 烏禾. The Er ya calls it 苵, read die 迭. Zhou Xian wang: Bai 稗 has [two kinds]: water bai 稗 and drought bai 旱稗. Water bai 稗 grows in fields. Drought bai 稗 has a seedling and stems similar to finger millet, shan zi 穇子. It is deep green in color. The leaves down by the root1099 have some purple color. From the tip [of the stem] emerge flat spikes with seeds formed similar to glutinous panicled millet, shu 黍, grains. They are tea-brown in color with a slightly bitter flavor and a warm nature. They are suitable for being boiled to prepare congees, cooked as meals and ground to obtain flour. 23-09-01 稗米 Bai mi

Husked grains of barnyard grass. 【氣味】辛、甘、苦，微寒，無毒。【頴曰】辛、脆。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, sweet, bitter, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. [Wang] Ying: Acrid, brittle. 【主治】作飯食，益氣宜脾，故曹植有芳菰精稗之稱。時珍。 Control. Cooked as meals they boost the qi and are good for the spleen. Hence Cao Zhi [in one of his poems] mentioned fragrant Indian rice and finest bai 稗. [Li] Shizhen. 23-09-02 苗、根 Miao , gen

Seedling, root [of bai 稗]. 【主治】金瘡及傷損血出不已，搗傅或研末糝之即止，甚驗。時珍。 Control. For incessantly bleeding wounds caused by metal objects/weapons and other injuries, pound them and apply [the pulpy mass to the affected region], or grind them into powder and apply it to stop the bleeding. Very effective. [Li] Shizhen.

1099 Instead of gen xia 根下, Jiu huang ben cao at the end of ch. 1, bai zi 稗子, writes jiao 脚, “leg.” Jiao ye 脚葉, “leaves in the lower part“, “leaves at the base,” is identical with gen xia ye 根下葉, “leaves down by the root.”

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23-10 狼尾草拾遺 Lang wei cao, FE Shi yi. Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng. Foxtail.1100 【釋名】稂音郎、蕫蓈爾作童粱、狼茅爾雅、孟爾雅、宿田翁詩疏、守田 詩疏。【時珍曰】狼尾，其穗象形也。秀而不成，嶷然在田，故有宿田、 守田之稱。 Explanation of Names. Lang 稂, read lang 郎; tong lang 蕫蓈. The Er ya writes: tong liang 童粱. Lang mao 狼茅, “wolf grass,” Er ya. Meng 孟, Er ya. Su tian weng 宿田翁, “old man staying in the fields overnight,” Shi shu. Shou tian 守田, “field guardian,” Shi shu. [Li] Shizhen: Lang wei 狼尾 reflects the shape of the spikes. They blossom, but fail to bear fruit, and go unnoticed in the fields. Hence the names “staying in the fields overnight,” su tian 宿田, and “field guardian,” shou tian 守田. 【集解】【藏器曰】狼尾生澤地，似茅作穗。廣志云：子可作黍食。爾雅 云：孟，狼尾。似茅，可以覆屋。是也。【時珍曰】狼尾，莖、葉、穗、 粒並如粟，而穗色紫黄，有毛。荒年亦可采食。許慎説文云：禾粟之穗， 生而不成者，謂之蕫蓈。其秀而不實者，名狗尾草。見草部。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Lang wei 狼尾 grows on marshland. It resembles floss grass and has spikes. The Guang zhi states: “The seeds can be cooked as a glutinous panicled millet meal.” The Er ya states: “Meng 孟 is lang wei 狼尾. It resembles floss grass and can be used to cover thatched houses.” That is correct. [Li] Shizhen: The stem, the leaves, the spikes and the grains of lang wei 狼尾, they all resemble those of glutinous panicled millet, except for the spikes that are purple-yellow and have hair. In years of famine [lang wei ] can be collected to be eaten. Xu Shen in his Shuo wen states: “Long standing grain and millet that produce spikes but fail to bear fruit, they are called tong lang 蕫蓈. When they blossom without bearing fruit, they are called gou wei cao 狗尾草, green bristlegrass.” See the section “herbs” (16-37). 【附録】 Appendix 23-10-A01 蒯草 Kuai cao

Scirpus eriophorum Michx. Wool grass. 【藏器曰】蒯草苗似茅，可織席爲索。子亦堪食，如粳米。 1100 Lang wei 狼尾,lit.: "wolf tail".



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[Chen] Cangqi: Kuai cao has a seedling similar to floss grass. It can be woven into mats and twisted [into ropes]. The seeds are also edible, similar to non-glutinous rice. 23-10-01 米 Mi

Husked grains [of lang wei cao]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】作飯食之，令人不饑。藏器。 Control. Eaten cooked as a meal they prevent hunger. [Chen] Cangqi. 23-11 東廧音墻拾遺。 Dong qiang, [廧] read qiang, FE Shi yi. Agriophyllum squarrosum (L.) Moq. Salt-plant. 【釋名】(missing)1101 【集解】【藏器曰】東廧生河西。苗似蓬，子似葵。九月、十月熟，可爲 飯食。河西人語曰：貸我東廧，償爾田粱。廣志云：東廧子粒似葵，青黑 色。并、凉間有之。【時珍曰】相如賦“東廧彫胡”，即此。魏書云：烏丸地 宜東廧，似穄，可作白酒。又廣志云：梁禾，蔓生，其子如葵子，其米粉 白如麵，可作饘粥。六月種，九月收。牛食之尤肥。此亦一穀，似東廧者 也。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Dong qiang grows in He xi. The seedling resembles that of peng species (23-13). The seeds resemble those of Chinese mallows. They ripen in the ninth and tenth month and can be cooked to meals to be eaten. A saying of people in He xi is: “Lend me dong qiang and I will pay you back with fine millet from the fields.” The Guang zhi states: “The grains of dong qiang resemble those of Chinese mallows. They are greenish-black in color.” They are present in the region of Bing and Liang. [Li] Shizhen: [Sima] Xiangru in one of his verses mentions dong qiang and Indian rice. That is [the item discussed] here. The Wei shu states: “The ground of Wu wan is appropriate for dong qiang. It resembles non-glutinous panicled millet (23-01) and can be made into white wine.” Also, the Guang zhi states: “Liang he 梁禾 grows as a creeper. Its seeds are similar to Chinese mallow seeds. The powder of its husked grains is as white as that of wheat flour and can be used to prepare gruels and congees. It is sown in the sixth month and harvested in 1101 Dong qiang 東廧, lit.: “Eastern fence.”

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the ninth month. When oxen eat it, they become unusually fat.” That, too, is a grain; it resembles dong qiang 東廧. 23-11-01 子 Zi

Seeds [of dong qiang]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】益氣輕身。久服，不飢，堅筋骨，能步行。藏器。 Control: They boost the qi and relieve the body of its weight. Ingested over a long time, they prevent hunger, harden sinews and bones and enable powerful walking. [Chen] Cangqi. 23-12 菰米綱目 Gu mi, FE Gang mu. Zizania caduciflora [Turcz. ex Trin.] Hand.-Mazz. Indian rice. 【釋名】茭米文選、彫蓬爾雅、彫苽説文唐韻作𦶒胡、雕胡。【時珍曰】 菰本作苽，茭草也。其中生菌如瓜形，可食，故謂之苽。其米須霜彫時采 之，故謂之彫苽。或訛爲雕胡。枚乘七發謂之安胡。爾雅：齧，彫蓬； 薦，黍蓬也。孫炎註云：彫蓬即茭米。古人以爲五飯之一者。鄭樵通志 云：彫蓬即米茭，可作飯食，故謂之齧。其黍蓬即茭之不結實者，惟堪作 薦，故謂之薦。楊慎巵言云：蓬有水、陸二種。彫蓬乃水蓬，彫苽是也。 黍蓬乃旱蓬，青科是也。青科結實如黍，羌人食之，今松州有焉。珍按： 鄭、楊二説不同，然皆有理，蓋蓬類非一種故也。 Explanation of Names. Jiao mi 茭米, Wen xuan. Diao peng 彫蓬, Er ya. Diao gu 彫 苽, Shuo wen. The Tang yun writes: diao hu 𦶒胡, diao hu 雕胡. [Li] Shizhen: Gu 菰 was originally written gu 苽; it is jiao cao 茭草. Inside it produces fungi shaped like melons, gu 瓜. They are edible. Hence [the plant] is called gu 苽. The seeds are collected when they have been “carved,” diao 彫, by frost. Hence [the plant is also] called diao gu 彫苽, which is sometimes mistakenly modified to diao hu 雕胡. Mei Cheng’s Qi fa calls it an hu 安胡. Er ya: “Nie 齧 is diao peng 彫蓬. Jian 薦 is shu peng 黍蓬.” Sun Yan comments: “Diao peng 彫蓬 is jiao mi 茭米. The ancients identified it as one of the five [cereals] cooked as food.” Zheng Qiao in his Tong zhi states: “Diao peng 彫蓬 is mi jiao 米茭; it can be eaten cooked as food. Hence it is called nie 齧, ‚bite.’ Shu peng 黍蓬 is a jiao 茭 that does not bear fruit. It is used only to prepare



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mats, jian 薦. Hence [the plant is also] called jian 薦, ‚mat’.” Yang Shen in his Zhi yan states: “Peng 蓬 has two kinds, one ‚water’ and one ‘land’ [kind]. Diao peng 彫蓬 is the ‚water’ peng, shui peng 水蓬，[i. e.,] diao gu 彫苽. Shu peng 黍蓬 is ‚drought’ peng, han peng 旱蓬, [i. e.,] qing ke 青科, barley. Barley forms fruits similar to those of shu 黍, glutinous panicled millet (23-02). People in Qiang eat them. Today, it is found in Song zhou.” [Li Shi]zhen’s comment: The statements by Zheng [Qiao] and Yang [Shen] differ. But both are reasonable. The fact is, the group of peng 蓬 [plants] is not just one species. 【集解】【弘景曰】菰米一名彫胡，可作餅食。【藏器曰】彫胡是菰蔣草 米，古人所貴。故内則云：魚宜苽。皆水物也。曹子建七啓云：芳菰精 稗。謂二草之實，可以爲飯也。【頌曰】菰生水中，葉如蒲葦。其苗有莖 梗者，謂之菰蔣草。至秋結實，乃彫胡米也。古人以爲美饌。今飢歲人猶 采以當粮。葛洪西京雜記云：漢 太液池邊，皆是彫胡、紫籜、緑節、蒲叢 之類。蓋菰之有米者，長安人謂之彫胡；菰之有首者，謂之緑節。葭蘆之 未解葉者，謂之紫籜也。【宗奭曰】菰蔣花如葦。結青子，細若青麻黄， 長幾寸。野人收之，合粟爲粥食之，甚濟飢也。【時珍曰】彫胡九月抽 莖，開花如葦芀。結實長寸許，霜後采之，大如茅針，皮黑褐色。其米甚 白而滑膩，作飯香脆。杜甫詩“波漂菰米連雲黑”者，即此。周禮供御乃六 穀、九穀之數，管子书謂之雁膳，故收米入此。其茭笋、菰根，别見菜部。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: Gu mi 菰米 is also called diao hu 彫胡; it can be made into cakes for consumption. [Chen] Cangqi: Diao hu 彫胡 is gu jiang cao mi 菰蔣草米, the “husked grains of gu jiang herb.” The ancients valued them. Hence the Nei ze states: “[To cook] fish requires gu 苽.” Both are items in the water. Cao Zijian in his Qi qi mentions “fragrant Indian rice, fang gu 芳菰, and finest bai 稗,” and he says that the fruits of both can be cooked as meals. [Su] Song: Gu 菰 grows in water. The leaves are similar to those of cattail and reed. Seedlings that have a hard stem are called gu jiang cao 菰蔣草. It forms fruits in autumn; they are diao hu mi 彫胡米. The ancients appreciated them as a delicacy. Nowadays, in years of famine people are likely to collect them to prepare them as food. Ge Hong in his Xi jing za ji states: “During Han times, on the bank of Lake Tai ye chi, there were [plants] such as diao hu 彫胡, zi tuo 紫籜, lü jie 緑節and pu chong 蒲叢, ‘cattail clusters’.” The fact is, in Chang an, gu 菰 with grains is called diao hu 彫胡. Gu 菰 [grains] with a tip are called lü jie 緑節. As long as xiao lu 葭蘆 has no leaves yet, it is called zi tuo 紫籜. [Kou] Zongshi: Gu jiang 菰蔣 flowers are similar to those of reed, wei 葦; they form greenish seeds. They are as fine as those of greenish ephedra [herb] and several cun long. People living in the wild collect them and cook them with short millet (23-06) into congees for consumption. They are very suitable to

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satisfy hunger. [Li] Shizhen: Diao hu develops a stem in the ninth month. It opens flowers similar to reed. They form fruits about one cun long that are collected after frost. They are as big as those of floss grass and have a skin that is black-brown in color. The husked seeds are very white, smooth and fat. When cooked as meals they are fragrant and crispy. When Du Fu in one of his poems [refers to] “drifting gu mi and dark clouds,” [that is the item discussed] here. The Zhou li mentions it among the six cereals and nine cereals sent to the Court. The Guan zi 周禮 names it yan shan 雁膳, “wild geese repast.” Hence the husked grains are inserted here. For jiao sun 茭笋, “jiao sprouts,” and gu gen 菰根, “gu root,” see the section “vegetables.” 【氣味】甘，冷，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】止渴。藏器。解煩熱，調腸胃。時珍。 Control. It ends thirst. [Chen] Cangqi. It resolves vexing heat and regulates the intestines and the stomach. [Li] Shizhen.

Unidentified.

23-13 蓬草子拾遺 Peng cao zi, FE Shi yi.

【釋名】(Missing) 【集解】【時珍曰】陳藏器本草載蓬草子，不具形狀。珍按：蓬類不一。 有彫蓬，即菰草也，見“菰米”下。有黍蓬，即青科也。又有黄蓬草、飛蓬 草。不識陳氏所指果何蓬也？以理推之，非黄蓬即青科爾。黄蓬草生湖澤 中，葉如菰蒲，秋月結實成穗，子細如彫胡米。飢年人采食之，須浸洗曝 舂，乃不苦澀。青科西南夷人種之，葉如茭黍，秋月結實成穗，有子如赤 黍而細，其稃甚薄，曝舂炊食。又粟類有七稜青科、八稜青科，麥類有青 稞、黄稞，皆非此類，乃物異名同也。其飛蓬乃藜蒿之類，末大本小，風 易拔之，故號飛蓬。子如灰藋菜子，亦可濟荒。又魏略云：鮑出遇飢歲， 采蓬實，日得數斗，爲母作食。西京雜記云：宫中正月上辰，出池邊盥 濯，食蓬餌，以祓邪氣。此皆不知所采乃何蓬也？大抵三種蓬子，亦不甚 相遠。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Chen Cangqi records peng cao zi 蓬草子 in his Ben cao, but fails to provide a description of its physical appearance. [Li Shi]zhen comments: The group of peng 蓬 is not just one species. It includes diao peng 彫蓬, i. e., gu cao 菰草, Indian rice. See under gu mi 菰米 (23-12). It includes shu peng 黍蓬, i. e., a qing ke 青科. There are also huang peng cao 黄蓬草 and fei peng cao 飛蓬草.



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It remains unclear which of the peng 蓬 kinds Mr. Chen [Cangqi] had in mind. To address this with reason, if it is not huang peng 黄蓬, it is qing ke 青科. Huang peng cao 黄蓬草 grows in lakes and on marshland. The leaves resemble those of Indian wild rice and cattail. During the autumn months it forms fruits as spikes with seeds as fine as those of Indian rice. In years of famine, people collect and eat them. For this purpose, they must be soaked in water, washed, dried in the sun and husked in a mortar. Then they are no longer bitter and astringent. Qing ke 青科 is planted in the South-West by Yi people. The leaves are similar to Indian rice and glutinous panicled millet; but they are finer. Their husk is very thin. They are dried in the sun, ground in a mortar and cooked as meals. Also, the group of su 粟, short millet (2306), includes a “seven edges” qing ke 青科 and an “eight edges” qing ke 青科. The group of mai 麥 includes qing ke 青稞 and huang ke 黄稞. They all belong to groups different from the one [discussed] here. That is, the items differ but their names are identical. Fei peng 飛蓬 belongs in one group with li 藜, lamb’s quarters, and hao 蒿, wormwood. It has a big end and a small base, and is easily uprooted by wind. Hence it is called “flying peng,” fei peng 飛蓬. The seeds are similar to pigweed vegetable seeds. They, too, can help in times of famine. Also, the Wei lüe states: “Bao Chu in a year of famine collected peng 蓬 fruits. Every day he got several dou and cooked them as meals for his mother.” The Xi jing za ji states: “Early in the first month of the year, the [members of the] palace went to the bank of a lake to wash peng 蓬 and then prepared it for consumption to cleanse themselves of evil qi.” Which of the peng 蓬 might have been meant here is not known. Generally speaking, the three kinds of peng 蓬 seeds are not very different from each other. 23-13-01 子 Zi

Seeds [of peng cao zi]. 【氣味】酸、澀，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, astringent, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】作飯食之，益飢，無異粳米。藏器。 Control. Cooked as meals and eaten they are good for hunger, not any different from non-glutinous rice. [Chen] Cangqi.

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Unidentified.

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 23-14 𦬣草音網拾遺 Wang cao, 𦬣 read wang. FE Shi yi.

【釋名】皇爾雅、守田同上、守氣同。【時珍曰】皇、𦬣，音相近也。 Explanation of Names. Huang 皇, “majestic,” Er ya. Shou tian 守田, “field guardian,” [source] identical with the one above. Shou qi 守氣, “guardian of qi.” [Li] Shizhen: Huang 皇 and wang 𦬣 are read similarly. 【集解】【藏器曰】𦬣草生水田中，苗似小麥而小。四月熟，可作飯。 【時珍曰】爾雅：皇，守田。郭璞云：一名守氣，生廢田中，似燕麥，子 如彫胡，可食。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Wang 𦬣 grows in water fields. The seedling resembles that of wheat but is smaller. It ripens in the fourth month and can be cooked as meals. [Li] Shizhen: The Er ya [states]: “Huang 皇 is shou tian 守田.” Guo Pu states: “Another name is shou qi 守氣. It grows in deserted fields and resembles Japanese broom. The seeds are similar to those of Indian rice; they are edible.” 23-14-01 米 Mi

Husked seeds [of wang cao]. 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】作飯，去熱，利腸胃，益氣力。久食，不飢。藏器。 Control. Cooked as meals, they eliminate heat, free the passage through the intestines and the stomach and boost the strength of qi. Eaten over a long time, they prevent hunger. [Chen] Cangqi.

Carex kobomugi Ohwi. Sedge.

23-15 蒒草1102海藥 Shi cao, FE Hai yao.

【釋名】自然穀海藥、禹餘糧。

1102 Instead of shi cao 蒒草, Zheng lei ch. 26, shi cao shi 師草實, “shi cao fruits,” writes shi cao 師草.



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Explanation of Names. Zi ran gu 自然穀,1103 “natural cereal,” Hai yao. Yu yu liang 禹 餘糧, “left-over provisions of Yu.“ 【集解】【藏器曰】博物志云：东海洲上有草名曰蒒。有實食之如大麥。 七月熟，民斂穫至冬乃訖。呼爲自然穀，亦曰禹餘糧。此非石之禹餘糧 也。【珣曰】蒒實如毬子，八月收之。彼民常食，中國未曾見也。【時珍 曰】按方孝孺集有海米行，蓋亦蒒草之類也。其詩云： 海邊有草名海米，大非蓬蒿小非薺。 婦女携籃晝作群，采摘仍於海中洗。 歸來滌釜燒松枝，煮米爲飯充朝飢。 莫辭苦澀咽不下，性命聊假須臾時。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The Bo wu zhi states: “On islands in the Dong hai is an herb named shi 蒒. It has fruits that when eaten are similar to barley. They ripen in the seventh month. People collect them until winter. They call them ‘natural cereal’ and also ‘left-over provisions of Yu’. But that is different from the mineral ‘left-over provisions of Yu’, limonite (10-05). [Li] Xun: Shi 蒒 fruits are similar to small balls. They are collected in the eighth month. The locals eat them regularly, while they have not been seen in China. [Li] Shizhen: The Fang Xiaoru ji includes a [poem with a] line on hai mi 海米. That fact is, [hai mi 海米] belongs to the group of shi 蒒 herbs. The poem reads: There is a plant named hai mi 海米 on the beach, not as tall as peng 蓬 and wormwood, and not as short as shepherd’s purse. During daytime groups of women carrying their baskets pluck [the hai mi plants] and wash them in the sea. Back home they cleanse a cauldron and heat it with a pine twig fire to boil the husked seeds and cook a meal to satisfy a morning’s hunger. No one should complain that it is bitter and astringent, and impossible to swallow. Only a short time is required to survive. 23-15-01 子 Zi

Seeds [of shi cao]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor: Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 1103 Instead of zi ran gu 自然穀, Zheng lei ch. 26, shi cao shi 師草實, “shi cao fruits,” writes ran gu 然穀”。

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【主治】不飢，輕身。藏器。補虚羸損乏，温腸胃，止嘔逆。久食健人。 李珣。 Control. They satisfy hunger and relieve the body of its weight. [Chen] Cangqi: They supplement deficient [qi] in cases of depletion, emaciation and injury. They warm the intestines and the stomach and stop vomiting with [qi] counterflow. Eaten over a long time, they strengthen one. Li Xun. 23-16 薏苡本經上品 Yi yi, FE Ben jing, upper rank. Coix lacryma L. Job’s tears. 【校正】據千金方，自草部移入此。 Editorial Correction. Based on the Qian jin fang, it has been moved here from the section “herbs.“ 【釋名】解蠡音禮本經、芑實音起别録、𧆐米别録、音感。陶氏作簳珠， 雷氏作𥻇米。回回米救荒本草、薏珠子圖經。【時珍曰】薏苡名義未詳。 其葉似蠡實葉而解散。又似芑黍之苗，故有解蠡、芑實之名。𧆐米乃其堅 硬者，有贛强之意。苗名屋菼。救荒本草云：回回米又呼西番蜀秫。俗名 草珠兒。 Explanation of Names. Jie li 解蠡, read li 禮, Ben jing. Qi shi 芑實, read qi 起, Bie lu. Gan mi 𧆐米, Bie lu, with [𧆐] read gan 感. Mr. Tao [Hongjing] writes it gan zhu 簳珠.1104 Mr. Lei [Xiao] writes it gan mi 𥻇米. Hui hui mi 回回米, “muslim husked seeds,” Jiu huang ben cao. Yi zhu zi 薏珠子, Tu jing. [Li] Shizhen: The meaning of the names of yi yi 薏苡 is not clear. Its leaves resemble the leaves of Chinese iris, li shi 蠡實, but are more dispersed. It also resembles the seedling of white, glutinous panicled millet, qi shu 芑黍 (23-02). Hence the names jie li 解蠡 and qi shi 芑 實. [The name] gan mi 𧆐米 refers to those with hard [husked grains]; it reflects the idea of gan qiang 贛强, “stubborn.” The seedling is called wu tan 屋菼, “house sedge.” The Jiu huang ben cao states: “Hui hui mi 回回米 is also called xi fang shu shu 西番蜀秫, ‘millet from the Western foreign region Shu.’ It is commonly called cao zhu er 草珠兒, ‘herbal pearl’.” 【集解】【别録曰】薏苡仁生真定平澤及田野。八月采實，采根無時。 【弘景曰】真定縣屬常山郡。近道處處多有，人家種之。出交趾者子最 大，彼土呼爲簳珠。故馬援在交趾餌之，載還爲種，人讒以爲珍珠也。實 重纍者爲良。取仁用。【志曰】今多用梁漢者，氣劣於真定。取青白色者 1104 Instead of gan zhu 簳珠, Zheng lei ch. 6, Yi yi ren 薏苡人, writes gan zhu 蓒珠.



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良。取子於甑中蒸使氣餾，曝乾挼之，得仁矣。亦可磨取之。【頌曰】薏 苡所在有之。春生苗莖，高三四尺。葉如黍葉。開紅白花，作穗。五六月 結實，青白色，形如珠子而稍長，故人呼爲薏珠子。小兒多以線穿如貫珠 爲戲。九月、十月采其實。【斅曰】凡使勿用𥻇米，顆大無味，時人呼爲 粳𥻇是也。薏苡仁顆小色青味甘，咬着粘人齒也。【時珍曰】薏苡人多種 之。二三月宿根自生。葉如初生芭茅。五六月抽莖開花結實。有二種。一 種粘牙者，尖而殼薄，即薏苡也。其米白色如糯米，可作粥飯及磨麪食， 亦可同米釀酒。一種圓而殼厚堅硬者，即菩提子也。其米少，即粳𥻇也。 但可穿作念經數珠，故人亦呼爲念珠云。其根並白色，大如匙柄，糺結而 味甘也。【頌曰】薏苡所在有之。春生苗莖，高三四尺。葉如黍葉。開紅 白花，作穗。五六月結實，青白色，形如珠子而稍長，故人呼爲薏珠子。 小兒多以線穿如貫珠爲戲。九月、十月采其實。【斅曰】凡使勿用𥻇米， 顆大無味，時人呼爲粳𥻇是也。薏苡仁顆小色青味甘，咬着粘人齒也。 【時珍曰】薏苡人多種之。二三月宿根自生。葉如初生芭茅。五六月抽莖 開花結實。有二種。一種粘牙者，尖而殼薄，即薏苡也。其米白色如糯 米，可作粥飯及磨麪食，亦可同米釀酒。一種圓而殼厚堅硬者，即菩提子 也。其米少，即粳𥻇也。但可穿作念經數珠，故人亦呼爲念珠云。其根並 白色，大如匙柄，糺結而味甘也。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Yi yi ren 薏苡仁 grow on the marshland in the plains of Zhen ding and also in the open country. The fruits are collected in the eighth month. The root is collected at all times. [Tao] Hongjing: Zhen ding xian belongs to Chang shan jun. It is also found everywhere nearby. Households plant it. [Yi yi] coming from Jiao zhi has the biggest seeds. Locals call them gan zhu 簳珠, “arrow shaft pearls.” When Ma Yuan stayed in Jiao zhi, he ate them. He took them back home to plant them and was slandered by people as having taken along valuable pearls. Those with fruit clusters are good. The kernels are removed for [therapeutic] use. [Ma] Zhi: Today, mostly those from Liang and Han are used. Their qi, though, is inferior to that of Zhen ding ware. To select those of greenish-white color is good. The seeds are steamed in a bottle, dried in the sun and scrubbed to [remove the husks and] obtain their kernels. They can also be obtained by rubbing [the seeds]. [Su] Song: Yi yi 薏苡 is found everywhere. In spring, it produces a seedling and a stem reaching a height of three to four chi. The leaves resemble those of glutinous panicled millet. It opens red-white flowers that have spikes and form fruits in the fifth and sixth month. They are greenish-white in color, and they are shaped like lengthy pearls. Hence people call them “yi 薏 pearls.” Children pierce them with a string similar to a necklace and play with them. The fruits are collected in the ninth and tenth month. [Lei] Xiao: Whenever [yi yi] is used [for therapeutic purposes], do not use gan mi 𥻇米. Its grains are bigger, but without flavor. It is the item called

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geng gan 粳𥻇 by people today. The yi yi ren grains are small, colored greenish and have a sweet flavor. When they are bitten, they stick to the teeth. [Li] Shizhen: People often plant yi yi 薏苡. They grow by themselves from a perennial root in the second and third month. The leaves are similar to those of woolly beard grass. A stem rises in the fifth and sixth month and opens flowers that form fruits. [Yi yi] has two kinds [of grains]. One kind sticks to the teeth. They are pointed and have a thin shell. They are yi yi 薏苡. Their husked grains are as white as those of husked rice. They can be cooked as congees and meals, and they are ground to obtain a flour for consumption. Furthermore, together/identical with husked rice they can be brewed into wine. The other kind [of grains] is round and has a thick, hard shell/husk. These are the pu ti/bodhi 菩提seeds. Their husked grains are few. It is geng gan 粳𥻇. [The grains] are only pierced and several pearls are strung together [as beads which go through the fingers of Buddhist monks when they] recite sutras. Hence people also call them “[sutra] recitation pearls/beads.” The roots of both [kinds] are white and as big as a spoon handle. They band together and their flavor is sweet. 23-16-01 薏苡仁 Yi yi ren

Kernels/seeds of yi yi. 【修治】【斅曰】凡使，每一兩以糯米一兩同炒熟，去糯米用。亦有更以 鹽湯煮過者。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: For all applications, stir-fry one liang [of yi yi kernels/seeds] together with one liang of glutinous rice until done. Remove the glutinous rice and use [the yi yi kernels/seeds for therapeutic ends]. There are also some that are further boiled in a salt decoction. 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。【詵曰】平。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: Balanced. 【主治】筋急拘攣，不可屈伸，久風濕痺，下氣。久服輕身益氣。本經。 除筋骨中邪氣不仁，利腸胃，消水腫，令人能食。别録。炊飯作麪食，主 不飢，温氣。煮飲，止消渴，殺蚘蟲。藏器。治肺痿肺氣，積膿血，欬嗽 涕唾，上氣。煎服，破毒腫。甄權。去乾濕脚氣，大驗。孟詵。健脾益 胃，補肺清熱，去風勝濕。炊飯食，治冷氣。煎飲，利小便熱淋。時珍。 Control. Tense, contracted sinews [with limbs] that cannot be bent or stretched. Long-lasting blockage related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of moisture. They send down qi. Ingested for a long time, they relieve the body of its weight and boost the qi. Ben jing. They eliminate from within the sinews and the bones evil



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qi responsible for numbness. They free the passage through the intestines and the stomach, dissolve water swelling and enable people to eat. Bie lu. Prepared as flour for cooked meals and eaten, they satisfy hunger and warm the qi. If they are boiled in water and the liquid is drunk, they end melting with thirst1105 and kill roundworms. [Chen] Cangqi. They serve to cure lung dysfunction and lung qi [disorder], pus and blood accumulation, cough with nasal mucus, and rising qi. Ingested boiled, they break through poison swelling. Zhen Quan. They eliminate both dry and moist leg qi.1106 Very successful. Meng Shen. They strengthen the [qi of the] spleen and boost [the qi of ] the stomach. They supplement lung [qi] and cool [lung] heat. They remove wind and overcome moisture. Cooked as meals and eaten, they serve to cure [conditions of ] cold qi. Boiled in water and [the liquid] drunk, they free urination in cases of [urinary] dripping related to heat. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【宗奭曰】薏苡仁，本經云微寒，主筋急拘攣。拘攣有兩等。素 問註中，大筋受熱，則縮而短，故攣急不伸，此是因熱而拘攣也，故可用 薏苡。若素問言因寒則筋急者，不可更用此也。蓋受寒使人筋急，受熱使 人筋攣，若但受熱不曾受寒，亦使人筋緩，受濕則又引長無力也。此藥力 勢和緩，凡用須加倍即見效。【震亨曰】寒則筋急，熱則筋縮。急因於堅 强，縮因於短促。若受濕則弛，弛則引長。然寒與濕未嘗不挾熱。三者皆 因於濕，然外濕非内濕啓之不能成病。故濕之爲病，因酒而魚肉繼之。甘 滑、陳久、燒炙、辛香，皆致濕之因也。【時珍曰】薏苡仁屬土，陽明藥 也，故能建脾益胃。虚則補其母，故肺痿、肺癰用之。筋骨之病，以治陽 明爲本，故拘攣筋急風痺者用之。上能勝水除濕，故泄痢水腫用之。按古 方小續命湯註云：中風，筋急拘攣，語遲脉弦者，加薏苡仁。亦扶脾抑肝 之義。又後漢書云：馬援在交趾嘗餌薏苡實，云能輕身資慾以勝瘴氣也。 又張師正倦游録云：辛稼軒忽患疝疾，重墜大如盃。一道人教以薏珠用東 壁黄土炒過，水煮爲膏服，數服即消。程沙隨病此，稼軒授之亦效。本草 薏苡乃上品養心藥，故此有功。頌曰：薏苡仁，心肺之藥多用之。故范汪 治肺癰，張仲景治風濕、胸痺，並有方法。濟生方治肺損咯血，以熟猪肺 切，蘸薏苡仁末，空心食之。薏苡補肺，猪肺引經也。趙君猷言屢用有效。 Explication. [Kou] Zongshi: Of yi yi ren 薏苡仁, the Ben jing states: “Slightly cold. It controls tense, contracted sinews.” Contractions may be of two kinds. According to comments on the Su wen, when the large sinews receive heat [qi], they shrink and shorten. As a result, they are contacted and tense and [the limbs can] not be stretched. As these are contractions caused by heat, yi yi may be used [for a therapy]. When the Su wen says that sinews are tense because of cold [qi], then [the yi yi discussed] here 1105 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567. 1106 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

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must not be used any longer. The fact is, [when the sinews] receive cold [qi], this results in sinew tension. When they receive heat [qi], this results in sinew contraction. If they receive only cold without having received heat [qi] first, this may also cause sinew relaxation. And if they receive moisture, they grow in length and have no strength. The strength of the pharmaceutical drug [discussed] here is harmonizing and relaxing. For all its applications it must be applied in multiple amounts to show an effect. [Zhu] Zhenheng: Cold causes sinew tension. Heat causes sinew shrinkage. Tension results in hardness. Shrinkage results in shortening. If [sinews] receive moisture, they relax. When they relax they stretch in length. However, when cold and moisture [are present], this has never happened without heat being present, too. When these three are present, moisture always lays the foundation. However, moisture from outside cannot cause a disease if this is not supported by internal moisture in the first place. Now, moisture causes a disease following [a consumption of ] wine and fish or meat. When they are of sweet [flavor] and soft [nature], have been stored for a long time, have been heated and roasted, are of acrid and fragrant flavor, all these are stimuli for an increase of moisture. [Li] Shizhen: Yi yi ren are associated with [the phase] soil; they are a yang brilliance pharmaceutical drug. Hence they are able to strengthen the spleen and to boost the [qi of the] stomach. In the case of a depletion, supplement [the qi of ] the mother [phase]. Hence [yi yi ren] are used for lung dysfunction and lung obstruction-illness.1107 In the case of diseases affecting sinews and bones, the treatment is directed at the yang brilliance [conduits] as their “root.” Hence [yi yi ren] are used for contraction and sinew tension associated with wind [intrusion] and blockage. In the upper [body section] they are able to overcome water and eliminate heat. Hence they are used for outflow with free-flux illness and water swelling. When a comment to the ancient recipe of the “minor decoction to extend the mandate of life” states: “For wind-stroke with tense and contracted sinews, slowed down, string-like [movement in the] vessels, add yi yi ren 薏苡仁 [to a medication],” this, too, is based on an idea of supporting the [functions of the] spleen and curbing [the functions of ] the liver. Also, the Hou Han shu states: “When Ma Yuan was stationed in Jiao zhi, he regularly consumed yi yi fruits, and he claimed that ‘they relieve the weight of the body, curb sexual desire and overcome miasma qi’.” Also, Zhang Shizheng in his Juan you lu states: “Xin Jiaxuan suddenly suffered from an elevation-illness1108 ailment, [with a segment of his intestine] as big as a cup, falling [from the loin]. A Daoist monk taught him to stir-fry yi [yi] 薏[苡] pearls in yellow soil from an eastern wall, boil them in water to generate 1107 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

1108 Shan 疝, “elevation-illness,” a group of conditions characterized by violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 417.



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a paste and ingest it. When he had ingested this several times, [the elevation-illness] dissolved.” When Cheng Shasui suffered from the same disease, [Xin] Jiaxuan gave him [the recipe] and it was effective for him, too. In the Ben cao, yi yi is recorded as an upper rank pharmaceutical drug that nourishes the heart. Hence it has such a [therapeutic] potential.” [Su] Song: Yi yi ren 薏苡仁 are often used in medication for heart and lung [diseases]. This is why when Fan Wang cured lung obstruction-illness1109 and when Zhang Zhongjing cured wind [intrusion] with the presence of moisture, and chest blockage, they all resorted to this approach. For curing lung injuries with blood spitting, the Ji sheng fang [recommends to] boil a pig lung until done, cut it into pieces, dip them into yi yi ren powder and eat them on an empty stomach. Yi yi [kernels] supplement the lung; the pig lung guides them into the appropriate conduits. Zhao Junqiu said that “he had often used [this therapeutic approach] with success.” 【附方】舊五，新九。 Added Recipes. Five of old, nine newly [recorded]. 薏苡仁飯。治冷氣，用薏苡仁舂熟，炊爲飯食，氣味欲如麥飯乃佳。或煮 粥亦好。廣濟方。 Cooked yi yi ren meal. To cure [a condition with] cold qi. Husk yi yi kernels in a mortar and [boil/steam them] until done. Cook them as a meal and eat them. When the flavor of its qi is similar to that of cooked wheat, it is excellent. Guang ji fang. 薏苡仁粥。治久風濕痺，補正氣，利腸胃，消水腫，除胸中邪氣，治筋脉 拘攣。薏苡仁爲末，同粳米煮粥，日日食之，良。 Yi yi ren congee. It serves to cure blockage related to long-lasting wind [intrusion] and the presence of moisture, supplements proper qi, frees the passage through the intestines and the stomach, dissolves water swelling, eliminates evil qi from within the chest, and serves to cure contracted sinews and vessels. [Grind] yi yi kernels into powder, and boil it in water with non-glutinous rice to prepare a congee. Eat it every day. Good. 風濕身疼，日晡劇者，張仲景麻黄杏仁薏苡仁湯主之。麻黄三兩，杏仁二 十枚，甘草、薏苡仁各一兩，以水四升，煮取二升，分再服。金匱要略。 Wind [intrusion] and the presence of moisture causing bodily pain that is particularly severe in the afternoon, is controlled by Zhang Zhongjing with the “decoction with ephedra [herb], apricot kernels and yi yi kernels.” Boil three liang of ephedra 1109 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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[herb], 20 apricot kernels, and one liang each of glycyrrhiza [root] and yi yi kernels in four sheng of water down to two sheng and ingest this divided into two portions. Jin kui yao lüe. 水腫喘急。用郁李仁二兩研，以水濾汁，煮薏苡仁飯，日二食之。獨行方。 Water swelling with panting and hectic [breathing]. Grind two liang of Chinese dwarf cherry kernels [into powder], soak it in water and filter it to obtain a juice. Boil yi yi kernels [in this juice] and cook it as a meal to be eaten twice a day. Du xing fang. 沙石熱淋，痛不可忍。用玉秼，即薏苡仁也，子、葉、根皆可用，水煎熱 飲，夏月冷飲，以通爲度。楊氏經驗方。 [Urinary] sand and stone dripping with heat and an unbearable pain. Boil jade pearls, i. e., yi yi kernels – the seeds, the leaves, the root, they all can be used – in water and drink the hot [liquid]. During the summer months drink it cold. Continue this until a free [urination] is achieved. Yang shi jing yan fang. 消渴飲水。薏苡仁煮粥飲，并煮粥食之。 Melting with thirst1110 and [an urge to] drink water. Boil yi yi kernels to prepare a congee and drink it, and also boil them to cook a congee meal. 周痺緩急偏者。薏苡仁十五兩，大附子十枚炮，爲末。每服方寸匕，日 三。張仲景方。 Complete1111 blockage, that may be slow or acute, or hemilateral. [Grind] 14 liang of yi yi kernels and ten large aconitum [accessory tubers] into powder. Each time ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times a day. A Zhang Zhongjing recipe. 肺痿咳唾膿血。薏苡仁十兩杵破，水三升，煎一升，酒少許，服之。梅師。 Lung dysfunction with cough and spitting pus and blood. Boil ten liang of yi yi kernels, pounded and ground, in three sheng of water down to one sheng, add a little wine and ingest this. Mei shi. 肺癰咳唾，心胸甲錯者。以淳苦酒煮薏苡仁令濃，微温頓服。肺有血，當 吐出愈。范汪方。 1110 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

1111 Instead of zhou 周, Jin kui 金匱, first chapter, xiong bi xin tong duan qi bing mai zheng bing zhi 胸痹心痛短氣病脈證并治, “vessel [movement], signs and therapy of chest blockage, heart pain and shortness of [breath] qi,” writes xiong 胸, “chest.”



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Lung obstruction-illness1112 with cough and [blood] spitting, with a scaly skin on the heart (i. e., stomach] and on the chest.1113 Boil yi yi kernels in pure, bitter wine to generate a thick juice, warm it a little and drink it in one draft. If there is blood in the lung, it will be vomited out, and that is the cure. Fan Wang fang. 肺癰咯血。薏苡仁三合搗爛，水二大盞，煮取一盞，入酒少許，分二服。 濟生。 Lung obstruction-illness with blood spitting. Boil three ge of yi yi kernels, ground into a pulpy mass, in two large cups of water down to one cup, add a little wine and ingest this divided into two portions. Ji sheng. 喉卒癰腫。吞薏苡仁二枚，良。外臺。 Sudden obstruction-illness affecting the throat. Swallow two yi yi kernels. Good. Wai tai. 癰疽不潰。薏苡仁一枚，吞之。姚僧坦方。 Obstruction-illness and impediment-illness that do not fester. Swallow one yi yi kernel. Yao Sengtan fang. 孕中有癰。薏苡仁煮汁，頻頻飲之。婦人良方補遺。 Obstruction-illness of a pregnant woman. Boil yi yi kernels to obtain a juice and [let the woman] repeatedly drink it. Fu ren liang fang bu yi. 牙齒䘌痛。薏苡仁、桔梗生研末，點服。不拘大人、小兒。永類方。 Toothache with hidden worms/bugs. Grind yi yi kernels and platycodon [roots] into powder and apply it [to the affected teeth], regardless of whether adults or children are affected. Yong lei fang. 23-16-02 根 Gen

Root [of yi yi]. 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. 1112 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

1113 Xin xiong jia cuo 心胸甲錯, “scaly skin on the heart and the chest,” an illness sign of a dry and rough skin in the region of the heart (i.e. stomach) and chest coming off as flakes. It feels thorny when touched and looks like fish scales. BCGM Dict I, 380.

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【主治】下三蟲。本經。煮汁糜食甚香，去蚘蟲，大效。弘景。煮服，墮 胎。藏器。治卒心腹煩滿及胸脇痛者，剉煮濃汁，服三升乃定。蘇頌。出 肘後方。擣汁和酒服，治黄疸有效。時珍。 Control. It serves to discharge the three types of worms/bugs. Ben jing. Boiled [in water] and eaten prepared as a very fragrant gruel, it removes roundworms. Very effective. [Tao] Hongjing. Boiled [in water] and ingested, it causes abortion. [Chen] Cangqi. To cure a sensation of sudden vexing fullness in the central and abdominal region, and painful chest and flanks, cut them into pieces, boil them to obtain a thick juice and ingest three sheng. That will result in a cure. Su Song, quoted from the Zhou hou fang. Pound [yi yi roots] to obtain a juice and ingest it with wine. This serves to effectively cure yellow dan-illness/jaundice. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】舊二，新二。 Added Recipes. Two of old, two newly [recorded]. 黄疸如金。薏苡根煎湯頻服。 Yellow dan/jaundice with a [skin color] similar to gold. Boil yi yi roots and repeatedly ingest the resulting decoction. 蛔蟲心痛。薏苡根一斤切，水七升，煮三升，服之，蟲死盡出也。梅師。 Roundworms and heart pain. Cut one jin of yi yi roots into pieces, boil them in seven sheng of water down to three sheng and ingest them. The dead worms will all be released. Mei shi. 經水不通。薏苡根一兩，水煎服之。不過數服，效。海上方。 Blocked menstruation. Boil one liang of yi yi roots in water and ingest [the liquid]. Effective. Hai shang fang. 牙齒風痛。薏苡根四兩，水煮含漱，冷即易之。延年秘録。 Toothache caused by wind [intrusion]. Boil four liang of yi yi roots in water, hold it in the mouth and rinse [the affected teeth]. When [the liquid] is cold, replace it. Yan nian mi lu. 23-16-03 葉 Ye

Leaf [of yi yi]. 【主治】作飲氣香，益中空膈。蘇頌。暑月煎飲，暖胃益氣血。初生小兒 浴之，無病。時珍。出瑣碎録。



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Control. Prepared as a beverage with fragrant qi, it boosts the center and frees the diaphragm. Drink a decoction [of yi yi leaves] during summer heat months to warm the stomach and boost qi and blood. When newborns are washed with it, they will remain free of disease. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Suo sui lu. 23-17 罌子粟宋開寶 Ying zi su, FE Song, Kai bao. Papaver somniferum L. Poppy plant. 【釋名】米囊子開寶、御米同上、象穀。【時珍曰】其實狀如罌子，其米 如粟，乃象乎穀而可以供御，故有諸名。 Explanation of Names. Mi nang zi 米囊子, “bag with husked seeds,” Kai bao. Yu mi 御米, “imperial husked grains,” [source] identical with the one above. Xiang gu 象 穀, “similar to cereals.” [Li] Shizhen: The fruits are shaped like a large-bodied and small-mouthed pitcher, ying zi 罌子; the husked seeds are similar to su 粟, short millet (23-06). They resemble a cereal, gu 穀, and can be offered to the Emperor, gong yu 供御. Hence all the names. 【集解】【藏器曰】嵩陽子云：罌粟花有四葉，紅白色，上有淺紅暈子。 其囊形如髇箭頭，中有細米。【頌曰】處處有之，人多蒔以爲飾。花有 紅、白二種，微腥氣。其實形如瓶子，有米粒極細。圃人隔年糞地，九月 布子，涉冬至春，始生苗，極繁茂。不爾則不生，生亦不茂。俟瓶焦黄， 乃采之。【宗奭曰】其花亦有千葉者。一罌凡數千萬粒。大小如葶藶子而 色白。【時珍曰】罌粟秋種冬生，嫩苗作蔬食甚佳。葉如白苣，三四月抽 薹結青苞，花開則苞脱。花凡四瓣，大如仰盞，罌在花中，鬚蕊裹之。花 開三日即謝，而罌在莖頭，長一二寸，大如馬兜鈴，上有蓋，下有蒂，宛 然如酒罌。中有白米極細，可煮粥和飯食。水研濾漿，同緑豆粉作腐食尤 佳。亦可取油。其殼入藥甚多，而本草不載，乃知古人不用之也。江東人 呼千葉者爲麗春花。或謂是罌粟别種，蓋亦不然。其花變態，本自不常。 有白者、紅者、紫者、粉紅者、杏黄者、半紅者、半紫者、半白者。艷麗 可愛，故曰麗春，又曰賽牡丹，曰錦被花。詳見游默齋花譜。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Song Yangzi states: “The flowers of ying su have four leaves of red or white color. On their upper side they have a pink shine. The bag is shaped like the head of a whistling arrow; inside are fine grains.” [Su] Song: It is present everywhere. People often plant it for decoration The flowers have two kinds, red and white, with a slightly fishy smelling qi. The fruits are shaped like a vase, with very fine seed kernels inside. Gardeners every second year spread manure on the ground. In the ninth month they distribute the seeds. They survive throughout

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winter until spring when they begin to develop a seedling in a lush growth. If this sequence is not followed, [the seedlings] fail to grow; or, if they grow, this will not be a lush growth. Wait for the “vase” to scorch and turn yellow, and then collect it. [Kou] Zongshi: Some have flowers with a thousand leaves and one “pitcher” including several thousand grains of a size similar to that of wood Whitlow-grass seeds, but white in color. [Li] Shizhen: Ying su is planted in autumn and grows throughout winter. The tender seedlings make an excellent vegetable. The leaves are similar to garden lettuce. During the third and fourth month, a stem rises with greenish “envelops.” When the flowers open, the envelops fall off. The flowers have four petals. They have the size of a cup [with the opening] facing upward. The “pitcher” is in the flower, enclosed by “whisker”-like stamen holding filaments. The flowers remain open for three days and then they wither, while the “pitcher” remains at the top of the stem. It is one or two cun long, and has the size of an aristolochia [fruit]. Above it has a cover, at the bottom it has a fruit base, as if it were a wine pitcher. Inside are extremely fine white grains. They can be boiled to be prepared as a congee, or cooked as meals, for consumption. When they are ground in water and strained to obtain a sauce that is prepared with mung beans to be eaten as a curd, they are an especially excellent [food]. They can also be [squeezed to obtain] oil. Although this cereal is very often added to medication, it is not recorded in the Ben cao. Obviously, the ancients made no use of it. People in Jiang dong call those with a thousand leaves li chun hua 麗春花, “beautiful spring flower.” Some say, that it is another kind of ying su 罌粟. The fact is, this is not the case. The flowers change their appearance because the basic [plant] is not always the same. They may be white, or red, or purple or pink, apricot-yellow, half red, half purple, and half white. They are beautiful and lovely. Hence they are called li chun 麗春, “beautiful spring.” They are also called sai mu dan 賽牡丹, “comparable to peonies,” and jin bei hua 錦被花, “brocade quilt flower.” For details, see You Mozhai’s Hua pu. 23-17-01 米 Mi

Husked seeds [of ying su]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【宗奭曰】性寒。多食利二便，動膀胱氣。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Kou] Zongshi: Nature cold. Eaten in large amounts they free the two reliefs (i. e., defecation and urination) and excite the qi of the urinary bladder. 【主治】丹石發動，不下飲食，和竹瀝煮作粥食，極美。開寶。【寇曰】 服石人研此水煮，加蜜作湯飲，甚宜。行風氣，逐邪熱，治反胃胸中痰 滯。頌。治瀉痢，潤燥。時珍。



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Control. For effects caused by elixir minerals making drinking and eating impossible, boil them with bamboo stem juice and cook a congee for consumption. It is extremely delicious. Kai bao. It is also very appropriate for persons who ingest mineral [elixirs] to grind them, boil them in water, add honey and drink the resulting decoction. They stimulate the passage of wind qi, eliminate evil heat [qi], and serve to cure turned over stomach and sluggish phlegm. [Su] Song. They serve to cure outflow with free-flux illness, and moisturize dryness. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】舊一，新一。 Added Recipes. One of old, one newly [recorded]. 反胃吐食。罌粟粥：用白罌粟米三合，人參末三大錢，生山芋五寸細切。 研三物，以水二升三合，煮取六合，入生薑汁及鹽花少許，和匀分服。不 計早晚，亦不妨别服湯丸。圖經。 Turned over stomach with vomiting of food. The “ying su congee.” Prepare three ge of white husked ying su grains, three generous qian of ginseng [root] and a five cun long section of fresh Chinese yam. Grind these three items [into powder] and boil it in two sheng and three ge of water down to six ge. Add small amounts of fresh ginger juice and salt, mix it evenly and ingest this, regardless of whether it is early in the morning or late in the evening. Also, this does not stand in the way of ingesting any other [medicinal] decoction or pills. Tu jing. 泄痢赤白。罌粟子炒，罌粟殼炙，等分爲末，煉蜜丸梧子大。每服三十 丸，米飲下。有人經驗。百一選方。 Red and white outflow with free-flux illness. [Grind] equal amounts of stir-fried ying su seeds and roasted ying su shells/husks into powder and form with heat refined honey 30 pills the size of wu seeds, to be sent down with a rice beverage. Some people have applied this with success. Bai yi xuan fang. 23-17-02 殼 Qiao

Shell [of ying su]. 【修治】【時珍曰】凡用以水洗潤，去蒂及筋膜，取外薄皮，陰乾細切， 以米醋拌炒入藥。亦有蜜炒、蜜炙者。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Li] Shizhen: For all [therapeutic] applications, wash them in water until they are moisturized, remove the fruit base, the veins and the membrane. Take the thin, external skin, dry it in the yin (i. e., shade) and cut it into

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fine pieces. Mix them with rice vinegar, stir-fry them and add them to medication. It is also possible to stir-fry them with honey and to roast them with honey. 【氣味】酸、濇，微寒，無毒。【時珍曰】得醋、烏梅、橘皮良。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, astringent, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: Combined with vinegar, smoked plums and tangerine peels [the shells] yield good results. 【主治】止瀉痢，固脱肛，治遺精久欬，斂肺澀腸，止心腹筋骨諸痛。時 珍。 Control. [The shells] end outflow with free-flux illness and stabilize a rectal prolapse. They serve to cure uncontrolled loss of essence/sperm and long-lasting cough. They constrain lung [qi] and roughen [the passage through] the intestines. They stop all types of pain affecting the central and abdominal region, sinews and bones. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【杲曰】收斂固氣。能入腎，故治骨病尤宜。【震亨曰】今人虚 勞欬嗽，多用粟殼止劫；及濕熱泄痢者，用之止澀。其治病之功雖急，殺 人如劍，宜深戒之。又曰：治嗽多用粟殼，不必疑，但要先去病根，此乃 收後藥也。治痢亦同。凡痢須先散邪行滯，豈可遽投粟殼、龍骨之藥，以 閉塞腸胃？邪氣得補而愈甚，所以變症作而淹延不已也。【時珍曰】酸主 收澀，故初病不可用之。泄瀉下痢既久，則氣散不固而腸滑肛脱。欬嗽諸 痛既久，則氣散不收而肺脹痛劇。故俱宜此澀之固之，收之斂之。按楊氏 直指方云：粟殼治痢，人皆薄之固矣。然下痢日久，腹中無積痛，當止澀 者，豈容不澀？不有此劑，何以對治乎？但要有輔佐耳。又王碩易簡方 云：粟殼治痢如神。但性緊澀，多令嘔逆，故人畏而不敢服。若用醋制， 加以烏梅，則用得法矣。或同四君子藥，尤不致閉胃妨食而獲奇功也。 Explication. [Li] Gao: They collect, constrain and stabilize qi. Because they can enter the kidneys, they are particularly appropriate for curing bone diseases. [Zhu] Zhenheng: Today, people with a depletion exhaustion and cough often use [ying] su qiao to end their suffering. Those with outflow and free-flux illness related to the presence of moisture and heat, they use them to end [their plight] and to roughen/ astringe [the passage through the intestines]. Their therapeutic potential is quickly realized, and yet they may kill one similar to a sword. Great caution is called for. It is also said: Cough is often cured with [ying] su qiao; there is no doubt. But first of all the root of the disease must be eliminated. These [shells] are a pharmaceutical drug applied after [the root of the disease is eliminated]. The same applies to its application to cure free-flux illness. For curing any free-flux illness, the evil [qi] must be dispersed and the movement of sluggish [qi] must be stimulated first. How could anybody hastily toss pharmaceutical drugs such as [ying] su qiao or dragon bones



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[into a patient] to close the intestines and the stomach? They would supplement evil qi, letting them increase ever more, and cause new disease signs to be active and the suffering to spread. [Li] Shizhen: Because sour flavor controls collecting and astringent [functions] it must not be used at the beginning of a disease. When outflow and discharge with free-flux illness have been going on for a long time, the qi are dispersed, the [passage through the] intestines is smooth and the anus prolapses. When cough and all kinds of pain have been going on for a long time, the qi are dispersed, rather than collected, and the lung is affected by a serious, painful distension. Therefore, in such cases, these [items, ying su qiao or dragon bones] are required to astringe and stabilize [the intestines] and to collect and restrain [the qi]. According to Mr. Yang [Shiying’s] Zhi zhi fang, “obviously all the people despise the application of [ying su qiao] in the treatment of free-flux illness. However, if a discharge with free-flux illness has been going on for a long time, with a painful lack of accumulation in the abdomen, when it is essential to stop [the outflow] and astringe [the intestines], how could anybody allow not to apply astringent [medication]? Without such a preparation, how could [the disease] be confronted to achieve a cure? All that is required is to support [the dispersed qi].” Also, Wang Shuo in his Yi jian fang states: “[Ying] su qiao cure free-flux illness with divine [effects]. However, their nature is tightening and astringent. Large amounts cause vomiting and [qi] counterflow. This is why people fear them and do not dare to ingest them. If [their unwanted effects are] checked with vinegar, and if smoked plums are added, their use complies with the rules. Also, combined with the ‘decoction with four rulers,’1114 they even more do not close the stomach making eating impossible, and have an extraordinary [therapeutic] potential.” 【附方】新八。 Added Recipes. Eight newly [recorded]. 熱痢便血。粟殼醋炙一兩，陳皮半兩，爲末，每服三錢，烏梅湯下。普濟 方。 Free-flux illness and [defecation/urination] relief with blood related to heat. [Grind] one liang of [ying] su qiao, roasted with vinegar, and half a liang of longstored tangering peels into powder. Each time ingest three qian, to be sent down with a smoked plum decoction. Pu ji fang.

1114 Constituents of the “decoction with four items” include paeonia root skin, Chinese foxglove rhizome, Chinese angelica root and ligusticum root.

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久痢不止。罌粟殼醋炙爲末，蜜丸彈子大。每服一丸，水一盞，薑三片， 煎八分，温服。 Long-lasting, unending free-flux illness. [Grind] ying su qiao, roasted with vinegar, into powder and form with honey pills the size of a bullet. Each time ingest one pill. Boil it in one cup of water together with three slices of ginger down to 80% and ingest this warm. 又方：粟殼十兩去膜，分作三分，一分醋炒，一分蜜炒，一分生用。並爲 末，蜜丸芡子大。每服三十丸，米湯下。 Another recipe. Remove the membrane of ten liang of [ying] su qiao and divide them into three portions. Stir-fry one portion with vinegar. Stir-fry one portion with honey. One portion is used fresh/unprepared. [Grind] all of them together into powder and form with honey pills the size of qian seeds. Each time ingest 30 pills, to be sent down with a rice decoction. 集要百中散：用粟殼蜜炙，厚朴薑制，各四兩，爲細末。每服一錢，米飲 下。忌生冷。 The “powder with a hundred hits” of the Ji yao. [Grind] four liang each of [ying] su qiao, roasted with honey, and magnolia bark, prepared with ginger, into fine powder. Each time ingest one qian, to be sent down with a rice beverage. [During this therapy,] fresh and cold [items] should be avoided. 小兒下痢。神仙救苦散：治小兒赤白痢下，日夜百行不止。用罌粟殼半 兩，醋炒爲末，再以銅器炒過，檳榔半兩炒赤，研末，各收。每用等分， 赤痢蜜湯服，白痢沙餹湯下。忌口味。全幼心鑑。 Discharge with free-flux illness of children. The “divine hermit/immortal’s powder to relieve hardship.” It serves to cure red and white free-flux disease discharge of children, with hundreds of bowel movements day and night that fail to end. Stir-fry half a liang of ying su qiao with vinegar and [grind them into] powder. Then stir-fry [the powder] a second time in a copper vessel. Grind half a liang of areca seeds, stirfried until they have assumed a red color, into powder. Store the two [powders] separately. For each application [let the child] ingest equal amounts, to be sent down if it is a red free-flux illness with a honey decoction, if it is a white free-flux illness with a sugar decoction. [During this therapy,] spices should be avoided. Quan you xin jian.



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水泄不止。罌粟殼一枚去蒂膜，烏梅肉、大棗肉各十枚，水一盞，煎七 分，温服。經驗。 Unending watery outflow. Boil one ying su qiao, with the fruit base and the membrane removed, and the pulp of ten smoked plums and of ten Chinese dates in one cup of water down to 70% and ingest this warm. Jing yan.1115 久嗽不止。穀氣素壯人用之即效。粟殼去筋，蜜炙爲末。每服五分，蜜湯 下。危氏方。 Unending, long-lasting cough. The [following recipe] is effective when it is used by persons who have a robust constitution based on a long-time intake of cereal qi. Remove the veins of [ying] su qiao, roast them in honey and [grind them into] powder. Each time ingest five fen, to be sent down with a honey decoction. Wei shi fang. 久欬虚嗽。賈同知百勞散：治欬嗽多年，自汗。用罌粟殼二兩半，去蒂 膜，醋炒取一兩，烏梅半兩，焙爲末。每服二錢，卧時白湯下。宣明方。 Long-lasting cough, depletion cough. Jia Tongzhi’s “powder for hundreds of exhaustions.” It serves to cure cough going on for many years and spontaneous sweating. Remove the fruit base and the membrane of two and a half liang of ying su qiao, stir-fry them in vinegar and bake one liang together with half a liang of smoked plums over a slow fire. [Grind them into] powder and each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with clear, boiled water at bedtime. Xuan ming fang. 23-17-03 嫩苗 Nen miao

Tender seedling [of ying su]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】作蔬食，除熱潤燥，開胃厚腸。時珍。 Control. Prepared as a vegetable and eaten it eliminates heat and moisturizes dryness. It opens the stomach and solidifies the intestines. [Li] Shizhen.

1115 Instead of Jing yan 經驗, Pu ji fang ch. 208, shui xie 水瀉, “watery outflow,” gives as source of the “decoction with plums and Chinese dates,” mei zao tang 梅棗湯, the Hu ming fang 護命方。

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 23-18 阿芙蓉綱目 A fu rong, FE Gangmu.

【釋名】阿片。【時珍曰】俗作鴉片，名義未詳。或云：阿，方音稱我 也。以其花色似芙蓉而得此名。 Explanation of Names. Apian 阿片. [Li] Shizhen: Commonly written yapian 鴉片. The meaning of the name is not clear. Some say, a 阿 is a local pronunciation of wo 我. Because the color of its flower resembles that of Indian lotus, fu rong 芙蓉, it was given this name. 【集解】【時珍曰】阿芙蓉前代罕聞，近方有用者，云是罌粟花之津液 也。罌粟結青苞時，午後以大針刺其外面青皮，勿損裏面硬皮，或三五 處，次早津出，以竹刀刮，收入瓷器，陰乾用之。故今市者猶有苞片在 内。王氏醫林集要言是天方國種紅罌粟花，不令水淹頭，七八月花謝後， 刺青皮取之者。案此花五月實枯，安得七八月後尚有青皮？或方土不同乎？ Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Little was heard of a fu rong in former times. Those who have used it in recipes in recent times say that it is a liquid from the poppy plant flowers. When ying su has formed a greenish “envelope,” its external greenish skin is pierced with a big needle in the afternoon. The inner hard skin must not be hurt. Do this at three to five locations. The next morning a liquid has been released. It is scraped off with a bamboo knife and stored in a porcelain vessel. This is kept in a shady place to dry and can then be used [for therapeutic purposes]. This is why, when it is sold on the market today, it includes pieces of the “envelope.” Mr. Wang in his Yi lin ji yao says: “In Tian fang guo they plant red poppy flowers. The tip must be kept free from water. After the flowers have opened in the seventh and eighth month, they pierce the greenish skin to obtain [the liquid].” Now, the fruits of this flower wither in the fifth month. How can it be that later on in the seventh and eighth month they still have a greenish skin? Maybe local conditions of the soil differ? 【氣味】酸，澀，温，微毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, astringent, warm, slightly poisonous. 【主治】瀉痢脱肛不止，能澀丈夫精氣。時珍。 Control. Unending outflow with free-flux illness and rectal prolapse. It can hamper [an uncontrolled release of ] essence/sperm by males. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】俗人房中術用之。京師售一粒金丹，云通治百病，皆 方伎家之術耳。



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Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Common people use it for “chamber” (i. e., erotic) skills. In the capital they sell a “one grain of gold” bolus/pill, claiming that it is a cureall for the hundreds of diseases. All these are skills practiced by experts of recipe techniques. 【附方】新四。 Added Recipes. Four newly [recorded]. 久痢。阿芙蓉小豆許，空心温水化下，日一服。忌葱、蒜、漿水。若渴， 飲蜜水解之。集要。赤白痢下。鴉片、木香、黄連、白术各一分，研末， 飯丸小豆大。壯者一分，老幼半分，空心米飲下。忌酸物、生冷、油膩、 茶、酒、麪，無不止者。口渴，略飲米湯。 Long-lasting free-flux illness. Send down a fu rong, about the size of a mung bean, dissolved in warm water on an empty stomach. To be ingested once a day. [During this therapy,] onions, garlic and fermented water of foxtail millet should be avoided. [Patients that are] thirsty drink honey water to resolve [the thirst]. Ji yao. Red and white free-flux illness discharge. Grind one fen each of yapian, costus [root], coptis [rhizome] and atractylodes macrocephala [rhizome] into powder, and with cooked rice form pills the size of mung beans. [Persons with a] robust constitution take one fen; older and younger [persons] take half a fen, to be sent down on an empty stomach with a rice beverage. [During this therapy,] sour items, fresh and cold, oil and greasy items, as well as tea, wine and flour/noodles should be avoided, and there is not a single case [of free-flux illness discharge] that does not end. In the case of thirst, [patients] drink a little rice decoction. 一方：罌粟花未開時，外有兩片青葉包之，花開即落，收取爲末。每米飲 服一錢，神效。赤痢用紅花者，白痢用白花者。 Another recipe. Before the flower of a ying su has opened, it is enclosed on the outside by two leaves. They fall off when the flower opens. Collect them and [grind them into] powder. Each time ingest with a rice beverage one qian. Divinely effective. For red free-flux illness use red flowers; for white free-flux illness use white flowers. 一粒金丹。真阿芙蓉一分，粳米飯擣作三丸。每服一丸，未效再進一丸， 不可多服。忌醋，令人腸斷。 The “one grain of gold” bolus/pill. Pound one fen of genuine a fu rong with cooked non-glutinous rice [into a pulpy mass] and make three pills. Each time ingest one

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pill. If it is not effective take a second pill. One must not ingest more. [During this therapy,] vinegar should be avoided lest it cut [the patient’s] intestines. 風癱，熱酒下。 For wind paralysis,1116 to be sent down with hot wine. 口目喎邪，羌活湯下。 For wryness of mouth and eyes with evil [qi], to be sent down with a ginger decoction. 百節痛，獨活湯下。 For pain in the hundreds of joints, to be sent down with an angelica biserrata [root] decoction. 正頭風，羌活湯下。 For proper head wind,1117 to be sent down with a notopterygium [root] decoction. 偏頭風，川芎湯下。 For unilateral head wind, to be sent down with a ligusticum [root] decoction. 眩運，防風湯下。 For vertigo, to be sent down with a saposhnikovia [root] decoction. 陰毒，豆淋酒下。 For yin poison,1118 to be sent down with wine prepared from black soybeans. 瘧疾，桃柳枝湯下。 For malaria illnesses, to be sent down with a peach and willow tree decoction. 痰喘，葶藶湯下。 For panting with phlegm, to be sent down with a wood Whitlow-grass decoction.

1116 Feng tan 風癱, “wind paralysis,” a condition of hands and feet not moving according to one’s will, as may result from all possible causes. BCGM Dict I, 169.

1117 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509. 1118 Yin du 陰毒, “yin poison,” a condition a.) of shang han 傷寒, harm caused by cold, resulting in a flourishing of only yang qi and a diminution of yin qi, with cold extremities and a greenish facial complexion, pain in the abdomen and affecting the entire body, as well as a deep-lying and fine movement in the vessels, and b.) brought forth by being struck by xi du 溪毒, rivulet poison, with ulcers in the body’s lower parts as if caused by the insect stingers or fish. BCGM Dict I, 633.



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久嗽，乾薑、阿膠湯下。 For long-lasting cough, to be sent down with a ginger and donkey hide glue decoction. 勞嗽，款冬花湯下。 For cough related to exhaustion, to be sent down with a coltsfoot decoction. 吐泄，藿香湯下。 For vomiting and outflow, to be sent down with an agastache [herb] decoction. 赤痢，黄連湯下。 For red free-flux illness, to be sent down with a coptis [rhizome] decoction. 白痢，薑湯下。 For white free-flux illness, to be sent down with a ginger decoction. 禁口痢，白术湯下。 For lockjaw and free-flux illness, to be sent down with an atractylodes macrocephala decoction. 諸氣痛，木香酒下。 For all types of painful qi [disorder], to be sent down with costus wine. 熱痛，巵子湯下。 For painful heat, to be sent down with a gardenia decoction. 臍下痛，燈心湯下。 For pain below the navel, to be sent down with a rush decoction. 小腸氣，川楝、茴香湯下。 For qi in the small intestine, to be sent down with a Persian lilac [fruit] and fennel decoction. 血氣痛，乳香湯下。 For painful blood and qi [disorder], to be sent down with a frankincense decoction. 脇痛，熱酒下。 For pain in the flanks, to be sent down with hot wine. 噎食，生薑、丁香湯下。 For gullet occluding food, to be sent down with a fresh ginger and clove decoction.

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女人血崩，五靈脂湯下。 For blood collapse1119 of females, to be sent down with a decoction of flying squirrel droppings. 小兒慢脾風，砂仁湯下。 For chronic spleen wind1120 of children, to be sent down with a bastard cardamom [seed] decoction. 龔雲林醫鑑。 Gong Yunlin, Yi jian.

1119 Xue beng 血崩, blood collapse. Excessive vaginal bleeding, identical to beng zhong 崩中, collapsing center. BCGM Dict I, 594; 58. 1120 Man pi feng 慢脾風, “slow spleen wind,” identical with man jing feng 慢驚風, “slow fright wind.” A condition characterized by recurrent cramps in the presence or absence of fever. The cramps are slow and not very forceful. BCGM Dict I, 334.

本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 穀部 Section Cereal 第二十四卷 Chapter 24 穀之三 Cereal III 菽豆類十四種 Bean Group, 14 kinds 24-01 Da dou 大豆, soybean. FE Ben jing 本經 24-01-01 Hei da dou 黑大豆, black da dou. 24-01-02 Da dou pi 大豆皮, skin of da dou. 24-01-03 Dou ye 豆葉, [da] dou leaf. 24-01-04 Hua 花, flower [of da dou]. 24-02 Da dou huang juan 大豆黄卷, germinated soybeans. FE Ben jing 本經 24-03 Huang da dou 黄大豆, yellow soybean. FE Shi jian 食鑑 24-03-01 Dou you 豆油, [soy]bean oil. 24-03-02 Jie 稭, [stalk of a soybean plant]. 24-04 Chi xiao dou 赤小豆, red mung bean. FE Ben jing 本經 24-04-01 Ye 葉, leaf [of chi xiao dou]. 24-04-02 Ya 芽, sprout [of chi xiao dou]. 24-05 Fu bei 腐婢, [mung] bean [flower]. FE Ben jing 本經 24-06 Lü dou 緑豆, mung bean. FE Kai bao 開寶 24-06-01 Lü dou fen 緑豆粉, mung bean powder. 24-06-02 Dou pi 豆皮, skin of [lü] dou. 24-06-03 Dou jia 豆莢, pod of [lü] dou. 24-06-04 Dou hua 豆花, flower of [lü] dou. 24-06-05 Dou ya 豆芽, sprouts of [lü] dou. 24-06-06 Dou ye 豆葉, leaf of [lü] dou. 24-07 Bai dou 白豆, white soybean. FE Jia you 嘉祐

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24-07-01 Ye 葉, leaf [of bai dou]. 24-08 Lü dou 穭豆, wild rice. FE Shi yi 拾遺 24-09 Wan dou 豌豆, garden pea. FE Shi yi 拾遺 24-10 Can dou 蠶豆, horse bean. FE Shi wu 食物 24-10-01 Miao 苗, seedling [of can dou]. 24-11 Jiang dou 豇豆, cowpea. FE Gang mu 綱目 24-12 Bian dou 藊豆, Egyptian kidney bean. FE Bie lu 别録 24-12-01 Bai bian dou 白扁豆, white bian dou. 24-12-02 Ye 葉, leaf [of bian dou]. 24-12-03 Teng 藤, vine [of bian dou]. 24-13 Dao dou 刀豆, broad bean. FE Gang mu 綱目 24-14 Li dou 黎豆, cowhage. FE Shi yi 拾遺, i. e., li dou 貍豆 右附方舊五十一，新一百。 Added Recipes: 51 of old, 100 newly [recorded] 24-01 大豆本經中品 Da dou, FE Ben jing, middle rank. Glycine max (L.) Merr. Soybean. 【校正】【禹錫曰】原附大豆黄卷下，今分出。 Editorial Correction. [Zhang] Yuxi: Originally listed attached to da dou huang juan, germinated soybeans (24-02). Shown here separately. 【釋名】尗俗作菽。【時珍曰】豆、尗皆莢穀之總稱也。篆文尗，象莢生 附莖下垂之形。豆象子在莢中之形。廣雅云：大豆，菽也。小豆，荅也。 角曰莢，葉曰藿，莖曰萁。 Explanation of Names. Shu 尗 is commonly written shu 菽. [Li] Shizhen: Dou 豆 and shu 尗 are general designations of pod cereals. [The character] shu 尗 is a seal script reflecting the shape of a pod that hangs down growing closely attached to a stem. [The character] dou 豆 reflects the shape of the seeds inside the pod. The Guang ya states: Da dou 大豆 (lit.: “big bean”) is shu 菽. Xiao dou 小豆 (lit.: “small bean“) is da 荅. The pods, jiao 角 (lit.: “horns“), are called jia 莢. The leaves are called huo 藿; the stem is called qi 萁. 【集解】【别録曰】大豆生太山平澤，九月采之。【頌曰】今處處種之。 黑白二種，入藥用黑者。緊小者爲雄，用之尤佳。【宗奭曰】大豆有緑、 褐、黑三種，有大小兩類。大者出江、浙、湖南、湖北；小者生他處，入



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藥力更佳。又可磑爲腐食。【時珍曰】大豆有黑、白、黄、褐、青、斑數 色。黑者名烏豆，可入藥及充食，作豉。黄者可作腐，榨油，造醬。餘 但可作腐及炒食而已。皆以夏至前後下種，苗高三四尺，葉團有尖，秋開 小白花成叢，結莢長寸餘，經霜乃枯。按吕氏春秋云：得時之豆，長莖短 足，其莢二七爲族，多枝數節。大菽則圓，小菽則團。先時者必長蔓， 浮葉疏節，小莢不實。後時者，必短莖疏節，本虚不實。又氾勝之種植書 云：夏至種豆，不用深耕。豆花憎見日，見日則黄爛而根焦矣。知歲所 宜，以囊盛豆子，平量埋陰地，冬至後十五日發取量之，最多者種焉。蓋 大豆保歲易得，可以備凶年，小豆不保歲而難得也。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Da dou [beans] grow on the plains and marshlands of Mount Tai shan. They are collected in the ninth month. [Su] Song: Today, they are planted everywhere. Of the two kinds, black and white, the black ones are added to medication. Those that are hard and small are male; to use them is especially satisfying. [Kou] Zongshi: Da dou [beans] comprise three kinds, green, brown and black, divided into two groups, big and small. Big ones come from Jiang, Zhe, Hu nan and Hu bei; small ones grow in other regions. Added to a medication, they lend it a strength that is even more satisfying. Also, they can be ground [to be processed into bean] curd for consumption. [Li] Shizhen: Da dou [beans] may appear in numerous colors, black, white, yellow, brown, greenish and dotted. Black [beans] are called wu dou 烏豆. They can be added to medication and are served as food. They are processed with fermentation. Yellow [beans] are made into curd. The oil squeezed out from them is used to prepare a bean sauce/paste, jiang 醬. All the other kinds can only be made into curd and are stir-fried for consumption. All of them are planted around Summer Solstice ( June 21). The seedling is three to four chi tall. The leaves are round and pointed. In autumn, clusters of small white flowers open. They form pods more than a cun long. Exposed to frost, they wither. According to Lü shi chun qiu: “Beans [planted] at the right time have a long stem and a short foot. Two times seven pods form a cluster. [The stem] has many twigs with numerous nodes. [The leaves of ] large bean plants are round; those of small bean plants are rolled up. Those planted ahead of their time will develop long creepers, with loosely arranged leaves and few nodes. The pods are small and have no fruits. Those planted later than appropriate will have short stems with few nodes; their [pods] are basically empty and have no fruits.” Also, Fan Shengzhi in his Zhong zhi shu states: “When these beans are planted at Summer Solstice, it is not necessary to plough [the ground] deep. Bean flowers hate to see the sun. When they see the sun they turn yellow and decay, and the root is scorched. To learn in advance which [seeds] will yield the best harvest, fill a pouch with bean seeds of the same weight and bury them at a shady place. Take them out again 15 days after Winter Solstice (December

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21) and weigh them. Plant those that are heaviest. The fact is, it is easy to obtain a guaranteed harvest of da dou to be prepared for bad years. A [good] harvest of red mung beans, xiao dou 小豆, is not guaranteed and is difficult to achieve.” 24-01-01 黑大豆 Hei da dou Black da dou.

【氣味】甘，平，無毒。久服令人身重。【岐伯曰】生温，熟寒。【藏器 曰】大豆生平，炒食極熱，煮食甚寒，作豉極冷，造醬及生黄卷則平。牛 食之温，馬食之冷。一體之中，用之數變。【之才曰】惡五參、龍膽。得 前胡、烏喙、杏仁、牡蠣、諸膽汁良。【詵曰】大豆黄屑忌猪肉。小兒以 炒豆、猪肉同食，必壅氣致死，十有八九。十歲已上不畏也。【時珍曰】 服萆麻子者忌炒豆，犯之脹滿致死。服厚朴者亦忌之，動氣也。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. Ingested over a long time they let one’s body turn heavy. Qi Bo: Fresh they are warm; heat prepared they are cold. [Chen] Cangqi: Da dou soybeans have a balanced [nature] when they are fresh. When they are stir-fried and eaten, they are extremely hot. Cooked as meals they are very cold. Prepared with fermentation they are extremely cold. Prepared to soy sauce and as germinated yellow sprouts, their [nature] is balanced. When oxen eat them, they are warm, when horses eat them, they are cold. Inside of one and the same body their use may undergo many changes. [Xu] Zhicai: [Ingested together, these beans] abhor the five [substances named] shen 參1121 and gentiana [herb]. It is good to combine them with hog’s fennel, aconitum [main tuber], apricot kernels, oyster [shells] and all types of bile. [Meng] Shen: When the yellow powder of da dou beans is served, pork should be avoided. When children eat stir-fried beans together with pork, this results in obstructed qi [flow] and ends in their death in eight or nine cases out of ten. When they are ten years or older, they have nothing to fear. [Li] Shizhen: Those who ingest castor beans should avoid stir-fried beans. To neglect this warning results in abdominal fullness and death. Those ingesting magnolia bark, they, too, should avoid them as this might excite their qi [flow]. 【主治】生研，塗癰腫。煮汁飲，殺鬼毒，止痛。本經。逐水脹，除胃中 熱痺，傷中淋露，下瘀血，散五臟結積内寒。殺烏頭毒。炒爲屑，主胃中 熱，除痺去腫，止腹脹消穀。别録。煮食，治温毒水腫。蜀本。調中下 氣，通關脉，制金石藥毒，牛馬温毒。日華。煮汁，解礜石、砒石、甘 遂、天雄、附子、射罔、巴豆、芫青、斑蝥、百藥之毒及蠱毒。入藥治下 痢臍痛。衝酒，治風痙及陰毒腹痛。牛膽貯之，止消渴。時珍。炒黑，熱 1121 Ben cao gang mu 12-04 writes: “[Sha shen] forms together with ren shen 人參, xuan shen 玄參, dan shen 丹參 and ku shen 苦參 the “five shen 參.”



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投酒中飲之，治風痺癱緩口噤，産後頭風。食罷生吞半兩，去心胸煩熱， 熱風恍惚，明目鎮心，温補。久服好顔色，變白不老。煮食性寒，下熱氣 腫，壓丹石煩熱，消腫。藏器。主中風脚弱，産後諸疾。同甘草煮湯飲， 去一切熱毒氣，治風毒脚氣。煮食，治心痛，筋攣膝痛，脹滿。同桑柴灰 汁煮食，下水鼓腹脹。和飯搗，塗一切毒腫。療男女人陰腫，以綿裹納 之。孟詵。治腎病，利水下氣，制諸風熱，活血，解諸毒。時珍。 Control. The fresh [beans] are ground [into a pulpy mass] and applied to obstruction-illness1122 swelling. Boil them in water and drink the juice to kill demon poison and stop pain. Ben jing. They eliminate distension related to the presence of water, and remove blockage related to the presence of heat in the stomach. [They serve to cure] harmed center, [urinary] dripping and [outflow of ] lochia, and to discharge stagnant blood. They disperse [qi] node accumulations in the five long-term depots and internal cold. They kill the poison of aconitum [main tuber]. Stir-fried and ground into powder they control heat in the stomach, remove blockage and eliminate swelling. They end abdominal distension and dissolve grain. Bie lu. Boiled in water and eaten, they serve to cure warmth poison and water swelling. Shu ben. They regulate the center and discharge qi, penetrate the joints and the [blood] vessels, check the poison of metal and mineral pharmaceutical drugs, and [resolve] warmth poison in oxen and horses. Rihua. Boiled and the juice [ingested], they resolve the poison of arsenolite, arsenic, kansui [root], carmichael’s monkshood [root], aconitum [accessory tuber], aconite paste, croton seeds, blister flies and blister beetles, and all the hundreds of pharmaceutical drugs, as well as gu-poison.1123 Added to medication, they serve to cure discharge with free-flux illness and navel pain. Soaked in wine, they serve to cure wind spasms1124 and yin poison1125 with abdominal pain. Stored/

1122 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

1123 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 1124 Feng jing 風痙, “wind spasms,” a condition characterized by stiffness of the body, lockjaw, and convulsions. BCGM Dict I, 163.

1125 Yin du 陰毒, “yin poison,” a condition a.) of shang han 傷寒, harm caused by cold, resulting in a flourishing of only yang qi and a diminution of yin qi, with cold extremities and a greenish facial complexion, pain in the abdomen and affecting the entire body, as well as a deep-lying and fine movement in the vessels, and b.) brought forth by being struck by xi du 溪毒, rivulet poison, with ulcers in the body’s lower parts as if caused by the insect stingers or fish. BCGM Dict I, 633.

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soaked in ox bile, they end melting with thirst.1126 [Li] Shizhen. Stir-fried until they have turned black, tossed hot into wine and [the wine] drunk, they serve to cure blockage related to wind [intrusion] with paralysis and lockjaw, and head wind1127 following delivery. Half a liang eaten fresh after a meal removes vexing heat from the heart and chest, and absent-mindedness associated with heat and wind [intrusion], clears the eyes and calms the heart. They add warmth and supplement [qi]. Ingested over a long time, they improve the complexion, turn white [hair into black hair] and prevent aging. Boiled in water and eaten, their nature is cold. They discharge heat qi [causing] swelling, press down vexing heat caused by elixir minerals, and dissolve swelling. [Chen] Cangqi. They control wind-stroke with weak legs, and all types of illnesses after childbirth. Boiled together with glycyrrhiza [root] and the decoction drunk, they eliminate all types of hot poison qi and serve to cure wind poison and leg qi.1128 Cooked as meals they serve to cure heart pain, contracted sinews and aching knees, as well as [abdominal] distension with a sensation of fullness. Boiled together with the juice obtained by pouring water over mulberry wood ashes and eaten, they discharge water causing a drum-like abdominal distension. Pounded together with cooked rice, the [resulting pulp] is applied to all types of poison swelling. To heal swelling in the yin [(i. e., genital) region] of males and females, wrap them in silk and insert it [into the affected orifices]. Meng Shen. They serve to cure kidney diseases, stimulate the passage of water and send down qi. They check all types of heat related to wind [intrusion], quicken blood [flow] and resolve all types of poison. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【頌曰】仙方修治末服之，可以辟穀度飢。然多食令人體重，久 則如故也。【甄權曰】每食後磨拭吞三十粒，令人長生。初服時似身重， 一年以後，便覺身輕，又益陽道也。【頴曰】陶華以黑豆入鹽煮，常時食 之，云能補腎。蓋豆乃腎之穀，其形類腎，而又黑色通腎，引之以鹽，所 以妙也。【時珍曰】按養老書云：李守愚每晨水吞黑豆二七枚，謂之五臟 穀，到老不衰。夫豆有五色，各治五臟。惟黑豆屬水性寒，爲腎之穀，入 腎功多，故能治水消脹下氣，制風熱而活血解毒，所謂同氣相求也。又按 古方稱大豆解百藥毒，予每試之大不然。又加甘草，其驗乃奇。如此之 事，不可不知。 Explication. [Su] Song: To ingest the powder prepared as specified in the recipes of hermits/immortals enables one to get along without grain and survive hunger. 1126 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

1127 Instead of tou feng 頭風, “head wind,” Zheng lei ch. 25, sheng da dou 生大豆, “fresh soybeans,” writes zhu feng 諸風, “all types of wind.”。 1128 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.



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However, eaten in large amounts it lets one’s body turn heavy. After a long time, it will return to its original state. Zhen Quan: 30 grains of ground [beans] swallowed after each meal let one live long. Initially, when one begins to ingest them, the body seems to gain weight. After one year, one feels that the body has been relieved of its weight. Also, they boost [a male’s] yang path (i. e., sexual potency). [Wang] Ying: Tao Hua boiled black beans with salt and regularly ate them for quite some time. He states: “They can supplement kidney [qi].” The fact is, [da dou] beans are a grain for the kidneys. Their shape resembles that of kidneys, and with their black color and guided by salt they penetrate the kidneys. Hence [their effects on the kidneys] are wondrous. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Yang lao shu, “Li Shouyu swallowed two times seven black beans every morning, calling them ‘grain of the five longterm depots.’ Even in old age he was not weakened.” Now, the beans appear in five colors, and each of them serves to cure one of the five long-term depots. But black beans are associated with [the phase] water and their nature is cold. They are a grain for the kidneys, and when they enter the kidneys, their [therapeutic] effects are many. Hence they can cure water [accumulation], dissolve swelling and send down qi. They check heat related to wind [intrusion], quicken the blood [flow] and resolve poison. This is a case of “identical qi look for each other.” Also, ancient recipes claim da dou beans to be able to resolve the poison of the hundreds of pharmaceutical drugs. Everytime I tested this, it turned out not to be so. Also, together with glycyrrhiza [root] its effects are extraordinary. Such things should be known. 【附方】舊三十二，新三十四。 Added Recipes. 32 of old. 34 newly [recorded]. 服食大豆。令人長肌膚，益顔色，填骨髓，加氣力，補虚能食，不過兩 劑。大豆五升，如作醬法，取黄搗末，以豬肪鍊膏和丸梧子大。每服五十 丸至百丸，温酒下。神驗秘方也。肥人不可服之。延年秘録。 To ingest da dou as food. It stimulates the growth of muscles and skin, boosts the complexion, fills up bone marrow, adds qi strength, supplements depleted [qi] and enables one to eat – with no more than two preparations. Prepare five sheng of da dou the way that a thick [bean] sauce is made. Pound yellow [da dou] into powder, mix it with a heat refined lard paste and form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 50 to 100 pills, to be sent down with warm wine. This is a divinely effective, secret recipe. Fat persons should not ingest it. Yan nian mi lu.

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救荒濟飢。博物志云：左慈荒年法用大豆粗細調匀者，生熟挼令光，暖徹 豆内。先日不食，以冷水頓服訖。一切魚肉菜果，不得復經口。渴即飲冷 水。初小困，十數日後，體力壯健，不復思食也。 To offer relief in famine and satisfy hunger. The Bo wu zhi states: “Zuo Ci’s method in years of famine. Mix crude and fine da dou, fresh and heat prepared [beans], and rub them with your hands until they are shiny and permeated with warmth. Do not eat them on the first day. Ingest all of them with cold water later [on the next day]. Fish, meat, vegetables and fruits should no longer be eaten. If you are thirsty, drink cold water. In the beginning you will feel a little tired. Ten or more days later the body gains strength, and no longer thinks about eating.” 黄山谷救荒法：黑豆、貫衆各一升，煮熟去衆，晒乾。每日空心啖五七 粒。食百木枝葉皆有味，可飽也。 Huang Shangu’s method of famine relief. Boil one sheng each of black beans and dryopteris [roots] in water until they are done, remove the dryopteris [roots] and dry [the beans] in the sun. Every day take on an empty stomach five times seven beans and each of the hundred types of wood, twigs and leaves has a flavor when consumed and can satisfy [hunger]. 王氏農書云：辟穀之方，見於石刻。水旱蟲荒，國有代有，甚則懷金立 鵠，易子炊骸。爲民父母者，不可不知此法也。昔晉惠帝，黄門侍郎劉景 先表奏：臣遇太白山隱氏，傳濟飢辟穀仙方。臣家大小七十餘口，更不食 别物。若不如斯，臣一家甘受刑戮。其方用大豆五斗淘净，蒸三遍去皮。 用大麻子三斗浸一宿，亦蒸三遍，令口開取仁。各搗爲末，和搗作團如拳 大。入甑内蒸，從戌至子時止，寅時出甑，午時晒乾爲末。乾服之，以飽 爲度。不得食一切物。第一頓得七日不飢，第二頓得四十九日不飢，第三 頓三百日不飢，第四頓得二千四百日不飢，更不必服，永不飢也。不問老 少，但依法服食，令人强壯，容貌紅白，永不憔悴。口渴，即研大麻子湯 飲之，轉更滋潤臟腑。若要重喫物，用葵子三合研末，煎湯冷服，取下藥 如金色，任喫諸物，並無所損。前知隨州 朱頌教民用之有驗，序其首尾， 勒石於漢陽 大别山 太平興國寺。 Mr. Wan [Zhen] in his Nong shu states: “The recipes for getting along without cereals are seen encarved on stone tablets. [Catastrophies caused by] water, drought, worms/bugs and famine hit the country in every generation.1129 In severe situations even the affluent give away their children and use bones to cook a meal. Those who represent the parents of the people, they must know this method [of famine 1129 Instead of guo you dai you 國有代有, “every country, every generation,” Nong shu ch. 36, Bei huang lun 備荒論, “On how to prepare for famine,” writes guo jia da you 國家代 有. My translation follows the original wording.



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relief ]. Formerly, in the second year of the reign period yong ning (CE 302) of Jin Emperor Hui Di, Expectant Gentleman of the Palace Gate Liu Jingxian submitted a memorial. ‘I, your humble subordinate, have met on Mount Tai bai shan a person living in seclusion. He gave me an hermit/immortal’s recipe to satisfy hunger and get along without cereals. The household of your subordinate comprises more than 70 mouths. We then did not eat anything else. If this is not the truth, the entire household of your subordinate my undergo severe punishment. The recipe [is as follows]. Wash five dou of da dou beans clean in a pan. Steam threm three times and remove the skin. Soak three dou of hemp seeds in water for one night, steam them, too, three times until they crack open and remove their kernels. Pound both [the da dou beans and the hemp seed kernels] separately into powder, mix them, pound [the mixture] and form balls the size of a fist. Give them into an earthenware steamer, and steam them from xu 戌 hours (7.00 - 9.00) to zi 子 hours (23.00 – 1.00).1130 At yin 寅 hours (3.00 – 5.00) remove them from the steamer. At noon dry them in the sun and [grind them into] powder. Eat as much of the dry [powder] as it takes to be satisfied and nothing else needs to be eaten. A first serving prevents hunger for seven days. A second serving prevents hunger for 49 days. A third serving prevents hunger for 300 days. A fourth serving prevents hunger for 2400 days. Then it no longer has to be ingested. You will never feel hungry again. Regardless of whether old or young [people] are concerned, to ingest this recipe as food lets them be strong and robust with a red-white appearance that will never be thin and pallid again. For thirst, grind hemp seeds, boil them in water and drink the decoction. This, in turn, nourishes and moisturizes the long-term depots and short-term repositories. If you intend to start eating [ordinary food] items again, grind three ge of Chinese mallows into powder, boil them in water and ingest the cold decoction. This causes a discharge, gold colored, of the [famine relief ] medication and henceforth anything can be eaten at will, with no harm to be expected. Formerly, the governor of Sui zhou, Zhu Song, taught the people to use this [famine relief method] and it proved to be successful. He edited the text with a heading and a postscript and had it engraved on a stone [tablet] to be kept in the Tai ping xing guo temple on Mount Da bie shan in Han yang. 又方：用黑豆五斗淘净，蒸三蒸，晒乾，去皮爲末。秋麻子三升，浸去 皮，晒研。糯米三斗做粥，和搗爲劑如拳大，入甑中蒸一宿，取晒爲末。 用紅小棗五斗煮，去皮核，和爲劑如拳大，再蒸一夜。服之，至飽爲度。 如渴，飲麻子水，便滋潤臟腑也。脂麻亦可。但不得食一切之物。 1130 Nong shu ch. 36, Bei huang lun 備荒論, “On how to prepare for famine,” writes zheng zhi ban ye zi shi zhu huo 蒸至夜半子時住火, “steam it until midnight, the zi hours (23.00 . 01.00) and end the fire.”

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Another Recipe. Wash five dou of black beans clean in a pan, steam them three times, dry them in the sun, remove the skin and [grind them into] powder. Soak three sheng of hemp seeds, [collected in] autumn, in water, remove the skin, dry them in the sun and grind them [into powder]. Prepare three dou of glutinous rice into a congee. Mix [these three items] and pound them into one preparation the size of a fist. Put it into an earthenware steamer and steam it for one night. Then remove it, dry it in the sun and [grind it into] powder. Boil five dou of red Chinese dates, remove the skin and the kernels, mix [the pulp with the powder] and make a preparation the size of a fist. Steam it once more for one night. Ingest this until you are full. If you are thirsty, drink hemp seed water. It will nourish and moisten the long-term depots and short-term repositories. Sesame seeds are appropriate, too. But do not eat anything else. 炒豆紫湯。【頌曰】古方有紫湯，破血去風，除氣防熱，産後兩日，尤宜 服之。用烏豆五升，清酒一斗，炒豆令烟絶，投酒中，待酒紫赤色，去 豆。量性服之，可日夜三盞，神驗。中風口噤，加鷄屎白二升和炒，投之。 The “purple stir-fried bean decoction.” [Su] Song. Ancient recipes have a “purple decoction” to break through blood [accumulation], eliminate wind, remove qi [disorder] and guard against heat. To ingest it two days after childbirth is especially appropriate. Stir-fry five sheng of black beans until no more smoke is released. Toss them into one dou of clear wine and wait until the wine has assumed a purple color. Remove the beans and [let the patient] ingest as much as suits her nature. Three cups during day and night are possible. The effects are divine. In the case of wind stroke with lockjaw, add two sheng of the white parts of chicken excrements and stir-fry this mixture. Then toss it [into the wine]. 豆淋酒法。【宗奭曰】治産後百病，或血熱，覺有餘血、水氣，或中風困 篤，或背强口噤，或但煩熱瘈瘲口渴，或身頭皆腫，或身痒嘔逆直視，或 手足頑痺，頭旋眼眩，此皆虚熱中風也。用大豆三升熬熟，至微烟出，入 瓶中，以酒五升沃之，經一日以上。服酒一升，温覆令少汗出，身潤即 愈。口噤者加獨活半斤，微微搥破，同沃之。産後宜常服，以防風氣，又 消結血。 The method of preparing “wine with soaked beans.” [Kou] Zongshi: It serves to cure the hundreds of diseases following delivery. These may be blood heat, and a sensation of surplus blood or [the presence of ] water qi. Or a critical condition of wind stroke. Or a stiff back and lockjaw. Or vexing heat with clonic spasms1131 and 1131 Chi zong 瘈瘲, “clonic spasms,” an illness sign of the body sinews alternatingly contracting and relaxing, with uncontrollable spastic movements of hands and feet. BCGM Dict I, 90.



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thirst, or a swelling affecting the body and the face, or a body itch, vomiting with [qi] counterflow and staring straight ahead, or a stubborn blockage/numbness of hands and feet, vertigo and dimmed vision – all these conditions of depletion heat and wind stroke. Simmer three sheng of da dou until done and a slight smoke is released. Give them into a bottle, pour five sheng of wine on them and after more than one day has passed [let the woman] drink one sheng of the wine. Cover her warmly to induce sweating. Once her body is moist, she is cured. For patients with lockjaw, add half a jin of angelica biserrata [roots]. Pound them a little, [give them] together [with the beans into the bottle and] pour [the wine] over them. This should be ingested regularly after childbirth to guard against wind qi. Also, it dissolves knotted blood. 中風口喎。即上方，日服一升。千金。 Wind stroke and wry mouth. The previous recipe. Ingest one sheng per day. Qian jin. 頭風頭痛。即上方，密封七日，温服。千金。 Head wind1132 and headache. The previous recipe. Tightly seal [the wine] for seven days and ingest it warm. Qian jin. 破傷中風，口噤。千金方用大豆一升，熬去腥氣，勿使太熟，杵末，蒸令 氣遍，取下甑，以酒一升淋之。温服一升，取汗。傅膏瘡上，即愈。 An open wound struck by wind, with lockjaw. The Qian jin [recommends to] simmer one sheng of da dou until their fishy qi are eliminated. Before the beans are done excessively, pound them into powder and steam them until they are thoroughly penetrated by the [heat] qi. Remove them from the steamer and soak them in one sheng of wine. [Let the patient] ingest the entire sheng [of wine] warm to induce sweating and apply the [bean] paste to the wound. That leads to a cure. 經驗方用黑豆四十枚，朱砂二十文，同研末。以酒半盞，調一字服之。 The Jing yan fang [recommends to] grind 40 black beans and 20 wen of cinnabar into powder, mix it with half a cup of wine and ingest one zi. 頸項强硬，不得顧視。大豆一升，蒸變色，囊裹枕之。千金。 A stiff, hardened neck making it impossible to look around. Steam one sheng of da dou until [the beans] have changed their color, fill them into a bag and rest the head on it. Qian jin.

1132 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

暴得風疾，四肢攣縮不能行。取大豆三升，淘浄濕蒸，以醋二升，傾入瓶 中，鋪於地上，設席豆上，令病人卧之。仍重蓋五六層衣，豆冷漸漸却 衣。仍令一人於被内引挽攣急處。更蒸豆再作，并飲荆瀝湯。如此三日三 夜即休。崔氏纂要。 Suddenly acquired wind [intrusion] illness. The four limbs are contracted, making it impossible to walk. Wash three sheng of da dou clean in a pan until they are moist and steam them. Pour them together with two sheng of vinegar into a bottle and spread them on the ground. Place a mat on the beans and let the patient lie on it. Then cover him warmly with five or six layers of clothing. While the beans cool remove the clothes one by one. Also, let someone under the quilt massage the contracted and tense regions. Again, steam the beans and perform [this therapy] a second time. In addition, let [the patient] drink a schizonepeta [fruit] decoction. Continue this for three days and three nights, and [the disease] comes to a halt. Cui shi zuan yao. 風入臟中。治新久腫，風入臟中。以大豆一斗，水五斗，煮取一斗二升， 去滓。入美酒斗半，煎取九升。旦服三升取汗，神驗。千金翼。 Wind intrusion into the long-term depots. This [recipe] serves to cure recent and long-lasting swelling related to wind intrusion into the long-term depots. Boil one dou of da dou in five dou of water down to one dou two sheng. Discard the dregs. Add one and a half dou of delicious wine and boil this down to nine sheng. In the morning ingest three sheng to induce sweating. Divinely effective. Qian jin yi. 風毒攻心，煩躁恍惚。大豆半升淘浄，以水二升，煮取七合，食後服之。 心鏡。 Wind poison attacks the heart, with vexing restlessness and absent-mindedness. Wash half a sheng of da dou clean in a pan and boil [the beans] in two sheng of water down to seven ge, to be ingested after a meal. Xin jing. 卒風不語。大豆煮汁，煎稠如飴，含之，并飲汁。肘後方。 Sudden wind [stroke] with loss of voice. Boil da dou to obtain a juice and heat it further to generate a thick liquid similar to maltose. Hold it in the mouth and drink the resulting juice. Zhou hou fang. 喉痺不語。同上法。千金。 Throat blockage/numbness with loss of voice. [Therapeutic] method identical with the one above. Qian jin.



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卒然失音。詵曰：用生大豆一升，青竹筭子四十九枚，長四寸，闊一分， 水煮熟，日夜二服，瘥。 Sudden loss of voice. [Meng] Shen: Boil one sheng of fresh da dou and 49 calculation stone size pieces of greenish bamboo, four cun long, one fen wide, until done and ingest them twice during day and night. [This results in a] cure. 熱毒攻眼，赤痛瞼浮。用黑豆一升，分作十袋，沸湯中蒸過，更互熨之， 三遍則愈。普濟方。 Heat poison attacks the eyes. They are red and ache, and the eyelids are swollen. Divide one sheng of black beans into ten bags. Steam them in hot water boiled to bubbling and press them hot, one after another, on [the affected region]. When this has been performed three times, a cure is achieved. Pu ji fang. 卒然中惡。大豆二七枚，鷄子黄一個，酒半升，和匀頓服。千金。 Suddenly being struck by the malign. Mix two times seven da dou, one chicken egg yoke and half a sheng of wine and [let the patient] ingest this all at once. Qian jin. 陰毒傷寒危篤者。用黑豆炒乾投酒，熱飲或灌之。吐則復飲，汗出爲度。 居家必用。 Yin poison,1133 a critical condition of harm caused by cold. Toss black beans, stirfried until they are dry, into wine and drink it hot, or force-feed it [to the patient]. When he vomits, let him drink it again. Continue this until he sweats. Ju jia bi yong. 腸痛如打。大豆半升熬焦，入酒一升煮沸，飲取醉。肘後。 Painful intestine1134 as if beaten. Simmer half a sheng of da dou until [the beans are] scorched. Give them into one sheng of wine and boil it to bubbling. [Let the patient] drink this until he gets drunk. Zhou hou. 腰脇卒痛。大豆炒二升，酒三升，煮二升，頓服。肘後。 Sudden pain in the lower back and the flanks. Boil two sheng of stir-fried da dou in three sheng of wine down to two sheng and ingest this all at once. Zhou hou. 1133 Yin du 陰毒, “yin poison,” a condition a.) of shang han 傷寒, harm caused by cold, resulting in a flourishing of only yang qi and a diminution of yin qi, with cold extremities and a greenish facial complexion, pain in the abdomen and affecting the entire body, as well as a deep-lying and fine movement in the vessels, and b.) brought forth by being struck by xi du 溪毒, rivulet poison, with ulcers in the body’s lower parts as if caused by the insect stingers or fish. BCGM Dict I, 633. 1134 Instead of chang 腸, “intestine,” Zhou hou fang ch. 4, zhi zu huan yao xie tong zhu fang 治 卒患腰脇痛諸方, “all types of recipes to cure sudden suffering of lower back and flank pain,” no. 32, writes xie 脇, “flanks,” “ribs.”

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卒然腰痛。大豆六升，水拌濕，炒熱，布裹熨之，冷即易。乃張文仲所處 方也。延年秘録。 Sudden lower back pain. Mix six sheng of da dou until [the beans] are moist, stir-fry them until they are hot, wrap them in a cloth and press them hot on [the affected region]. When they are cold, replace them. This is a recipe of Zhang Wenzhong. Yan nian mi lu. 脚氣衝心，煩悶不識人。以大豆一升，水三升，濃煮汁，服半升。未定再 服。廣利方。 Leg qi1135 rushing against the heart, with vexing restlessness and an inability to recognize other persons. Boil one sheng of da dou in three sheng of water to obtain a thick juice and ingest half a sheng. If [the illness] does not end, ingest it a second time. Guang li fang. 身面浮腫。千金用烏豆一升，水五升，煮汁三升，入酒五升，更煮三升， 分温三服。不瘥再合。 Surface swelling affecting the body and the face. The Qian jin [recommends to] boil one sheng of black beans in five sheng of water down to three sheng, add five sheng of wine, boil this down again to three sheng and ingest this divided into three portions. If no cure is achieved, apply [this treatment] again. 王璆百一選方用烏豆煮至皮乾，爲末。每服二錢，米飲下。建炎初，吴内 翰女孫忽發腫凸，吴檢外臺得此方，服之立效。 Wang Qiu in his Bai yi xuan fang [recommends to boil black beans until their skin is dry and [grind them into] powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with a rice beverage. At the beginning of the jian yan reign period (1127 – 1130), a granddaughter of Palace Writer Wu suddenly developed a protruding swelling. Wu checked the Wai tai and found this recipe. [His granddaughter] ingested it and it was immediately effective. 新久水腫。大豆一斗，清水一斗，煮取八升，去豆，入薄酒八升，再煎取 八升服之。再三服，水當從小便中出。范汪方。 Recent and long-lasting water swelling. Boil one dou of da dou in one dou of clear water down to eight sheng. Remove the beans and add eight sheng of thin wine. Boil this again down to eight sheng and ingest this. Ingest it two or three times and the water will be released through urination. Fan Wang fang.

1135 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.



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腹中痞硬。夏秋之交，露坐夜久，腹中痞，如群石在腹。用大豆半升，生 薑八分，水三升，煎一升已來，頓服瘥。經驗方。 Obstacle-illness1136 with hardening in the abdomen. When late in summer and early in autumn someone sits outside for a long time at night, an obstacle-illness develops in the abdomen as if there were many stones. Boil half a jin of da dou and eight fen of fresh ginger in three sheng of water down to around one sheng and ingest this all at once to achieve a cure. Jing yan fang. 霍亂脹痛。大豆生研，水服方寸匕。普濟。 Cholera with painful [abdominal] distension. Grind fresh da dou [into pulp] and ingest with water the amount held by a square cun spoon. Pu ji. 水痢不止。大豆一升炒，白术半兩，爲末。每服三錢，米飲下。指南方。 Unending watery free-flux disease. [Grind] one sheng of stir-fried da dou and half a liang of atractylodes macrocephala [root] into powder. Each time ingest three qian, to be sent down with a rice beverage. Zhi nan fang. 赤痢臍痛。黑豆、茱萸子二件，搓摩，吞嚥之，良。經驗。 Red free-flux illness with an aching navel. Rub black beans and zhu yu seeds1137 [into pieces] and swallow them. Good. Jing yan. 赤白下痢。方見猪膽。 Red and white free-flux illness. For a recipe, see the entry “pig bile,” zhu dan 猪膽 (50-01-20). 男子便血。黑豆一升，炒焦研末，熱酒淋之，去豆飲酒，神效。活人心統。 [Defecation/urination] relief with blood of males. Stir-fry one sheng of black beans until scorched, grind them into powder, pour hot wine on them, [strain the mixture to] remove the beans and drink the wine. Divinely effective. Huo ren xin tong. 一切下血。雄黑豆緊小者，以皂角湯微浸，炒熟去皮爲末，煉猪脂和丸梧 子大。每服三十丸，陳米飲下。華佗中藏經。 All types of blood discharge. Slightly soak male black beans in a gleditsia pod decoction, then stir-fry them until done, remove the skin and [grind them into] powder. Mix it with heat refined lard and form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 30 pills, to be sent down with a beverage of long-stored rice. Hua Tuo, Zhong zang jing. 1136 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” a condition of an uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I. 371.

1137 Zhu yu seeds, zhu yu zi 茱萸子, may refer to the seeds of any of the three herbs evodia rutaecarps, zanthoxylum ailanthoides and Asiatic cornelian cherry.

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小兒沙淋。黑豆一百二十個，生甘草一寸，新水煮熟，入滑石末，乘熱飲 之，良。全幼心鑑。 Urinary sand dripping of children. Boil 120 black beans and a one cun long section of fresh glycyrrhiza [root] in newly drawn water until done. Add talcum powder and [let the child] drink [the liquid] while it is still hot. Good. Quan you xin jian. 腎虚消渴難治者。黑大豆炒、天花粉等分，爲末。糊丸梧子大。每黑豆湯 下七十丸，日二。名救活丸。普濟方。 Difficult to cure kidney depletion and melting with thirst.1138 [Grind] equal amounts of stir-fried black da dou and trichosanthes [root] into powder and form with a [wheat flour] paste pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send down with a black bean decoction 70 pills, twice a day. [This recipe] is called “life saving pills.” Pu ji fang. 消渴飲水。烏豆置牛膽中，陰乾百日，吞盡即瘥。肘後方。 Melting with thirst and [an urge to] drink water. Place black beans into ox bile and dry this in the yin (i. e., shade) for one hundred days. Then swallow all of this to achieve a cure. Zhou hou fang. 晝夜不眠。以新布火炙熨目，并蒸大豆，更番囊盛枕之，冷即易，終夜常 枕之，即愈。肘後方。 Sleepless during day and night. Roast a piece of new cloth over a fire and press it hot on the eyes. Also, steam da dou, fill them into a pouch and alternately rest your head on it. Replace it when it cools down. Rest the head on it all night long and a cure will be achieved. Zhou hou fang. 疫癘發腫。大黑豆二合炒熟，炙甘草一錢，水一盞煎汁，時時飲之。夷堅 志云：靖康二年春，京師大疫。有異人書此方於壁間，用之立驗也。 An epidemic causing swelling. Boil two ge of big black beans, stir-fried until done, and one qian of roasted glycyrrhiza [root] in one cup of water, and repeatedly drink the resulting juice. The Yi jian zhi states: “In the second year of the reign period jing kang (1127), in spring, the capital had a widespread epidemic. A strange person wrote this recipe on a wall. Its use had an immediate effect.” 乳石發熱。烏豆二升，水九升，銅器煮五升汁，熬稠一升，飲之。外臺秘 要。 [Ingestion of ] stalactites resulting in heat effusion. Boil two sheng of black beans in nine sheng of water in a copper vessel down to five sheng. Simmer the resulting juice down to a thick broth of one sheng and drink this. Wai tai mi yao. 1138 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.



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解礜砒毒。大豆煮汁飲之，良。肘後。 To resolve the poison of arsenolite and arsenic. Boil da dou and drink the resulting juice. Good. Zhou hou. 酒食諸毒。大豆一升，煮汁服，得吐即愈。廣記。 [To resolve] all kinds of wine and food poison. Boil one sheng of da dou in water and ingest the juice. If [the poison] is vomited, that is the cure. Guang ji. 解諸魚毒。大豆煮汁飲之。衛生方。 To resolve all kinds of fish poison. Boil da dou and drink the resulting juice. Wei sheng fang. 解巴豆毒，下利不止。大豆煮汁一升，飲之。肘後方。 To resolve the poison of croton seeds, with an unending free-flux [illness]. Boil da dou and drink one sheng of the resulting juice. Zhou hou fang. 惡刺瘡痛。大豆煮汁漬之，取瘥。千金。 Painful sore caused by a malign thorn. Boil da dou and soak [the affected region] in the resulting juice until a cure is achieved. Qian jin. 湯火灼瘡。大豆煮汁塗之，易愈，無斑。子母秘録。 Burns and scalding caused by hot water and fire. Boil da dou and apply the resulting juice [to the affected region]. A cure is easy to achieve, and no scars are left. Zi mu mi lu. 打頭青腫。豆黄末水和傅之。千金方。 A greenish swelling from being hit on the head. Mix the yellow powder of the beans with water and apply this [to the affected] region. Qian jin fang. 折傷墮墜，瘀血在腹，氣短。大豆五升，水一斗，煮汁二升，頓服。劇者 不過三作。千金方。 Fracture harm resulting from a fall, with stagnant blood in the abdomen and shortnesss of [breath] qi. Boil five sheng of da dou in one dou of water down to a juice of two sheng and ingest this all at once. Even for severe conditions no more than three applications are required. Qian jin fang. 豌瘡煩躁。大豆煮汁飲之，佳。子母秘録。 Pea sores and vexing restlessness. Boil da dou and drink the resulting juice. Excellent. Zi mu mi lu.

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痘瘡濕爛。黑大豆研末，傅之。 Festering, moist pox sores. Grind black da dou into powder and apply it [to the affected region]. 小兒頭瘡。黑豆炒存性，研，水調傅之。普濟方。 Head sores of children. Stir-fry black beans with their nature retained, grind them [into powder], mix it with water and apply this [to the affected region]. Pu ji fang. 身面疣目。七月七日，以大豆拭疣上三過。使本人種豆於南向屋東頭第二 溜中。豆生葉，以熱湯沃殺，即愈。外臺秘要。 Warts eyes on the body and the face. Rub da dou on the warts three times on the seventh day of the seventh month. The patient himself should then plant these beans at the eastern end of the southern side of the house below the second eaves gutter. When the beans develop leaves, hot water is poured over them to kill them. That leads to a cure [of the warts]. Wai tai mi yao. 染髮令烏。醋煮黑大豆，去豆煎稠，染之。千金。 To dye hair black. Boil black da dou in vinegar, remove the beans and heat [the liquid] to generate a thick broth. Use it to dye [the hair]. Qian jin. 牙齒不生。不拘大人小兒，年多者。用黑豆三十粒，牛糞火内燒令烟盡， 研入麝香少許。先以針挑破血出，以少許揩之。不得見風，忌酸鹹物。經 驗方。 Failure of teeth to grow. Regardless of whether adults or children are affected, and when this has lasted for years. Burn 20 black beans in a fire kindled from ox dung until no more smoke is emitted. Grind them and add a small amount of musk. First pierce [the gum] with a needle to induce bleeding. Then rub a small amount [of the medication on the bleeding gum]. It must not be exposed to wind. [During this therapy,] sour and salty items should be avoided. Jing yan fang. 牙齒疼痛。黑豆煮酒，頻頻漱之，良。周密浩然齋抄。 Toothache. Boil black beans in wine and repeatedly rinse [the teeth with the liquid]. Good. Zhou Mi, Hao ran zhai chao. 月經不斷。用前紫湯服之，佳。 Uninterrupted menstruation. [Let the woman] ingest the aforementioned “purple [stir-fried bean] decoction.” Exzellent.



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妊娠腰痛。大豆一升，酒三升，煮七合，空心飲之。心鏡。 Lower back pain during pregnancy. Boil one sheng of da dou in three sheng of wine down to seven ge and [let the woman] drink this on an empty stomach. Xin jing. 子死腹中，月數未足，母欲悶絶者。用大豆三升，以醋煮濃汁。頓服立 出。産乳。 A child has died in the abdomen prior to the due date, with the mother feeling heart-pressure as if she was going to die. Boil three sheng of da dou in vinegar to obtain a thick juice and let her ingest it all at once. [The dead child] will be released immediately. Chan ru. 胞衣不下。大豆半升，醇酒三升，煮一升半，分三服。産書。 Failure of the placenta to be discharged. Boil half a sheng of da dou in three sheng of pure wine down to one and a half sheng and [let the woman] ingest this divided into three portions. Chan shu. 辟禳時氣。以新布盛大豆一斗，納井中一宿取出。每服七粒，佳。類要。 To keep away seasonal [epidemic] qi. Fill a [pouch made of a] new piece of cloth with one dou of da dou. Place it in a well for one night and then remove it again. Each time ingest seven grains. Excellent. Lei yao. 菜中蛇蠱。蛇毒入菜果中，食令人得病，名蛇蠱。大豆爲末，酒漬絞汁， 服半升。 Snake gu[-poison] in vegetables. When snake poison in vegetables and fruits is eaten and lets that person fall ill, that is called “snake gu[-poison].” [Grind] da dou into powder, soak it in wine, squeeze it to obtain a juice and ingest half a sheng. 身如蟲行。大豆水漬絞漿，旦旦洗之，或加少麪沐髮亦良。千金方。 A feeling as if worms/bugs were moving in the body. Soak da dou in water, squeeze them and wash [the affected region] with the resulting sauce every morning. Or, add a little wheat flour and wash the hair. This is good, too. Qian jin fang. 小兒丹毒。濃煮大豆汁，塗之甚良。千金。 Cinnabar poisoning1139 of children. Boil da dou to obtain a thick juice and apply it [to the affected region]. Very good. Qian jin.

1139 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118.

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風疽瘡疥。凡脚腨及曲䐐中痒，搔則黄汁出者，是也。以青竹筒三尺，着 大豆一升在内，以馬屎、糠火燒熏，以器承兩頭取汁，搽之。先以泔清和 鹽洗之。不過三度，極效。千金。 Impediment-illness1140 sores and jie-illness1141 related to wind [intrusion]. This is a condition of itchy calves and backs of the knees. When they are scratched, they release yellow juice. Insert one sheng of da dou into a three chi long greenish bamboo tube. Expose it to the heat above a fire kindled with horse dung and rice chaff, and collect with a vessel the juice coming out of both ends of the tube. Rub it [on the affected region]. First wash it with a solution of salt in water that has been used to wash rice. No more than three applications are required. Very effective. Qian jin. 肝虚目暗，迎風下淚。用臘月牯牛膽，盛黑豆懸風處。取出，每夜吞三七 粒，久久自明。龍木論。 Liver [qi] depletion and dim vision. Head wind leads to tears. Fill the gallbladder of a bull, taken in the twelfth month, with black beans and suspended it at a windy location. Then remove [the beans] and every night swallow three times seven kernels. After a long time, [the eyes] will be clear again. Long mu lun. 小兒胎熱。黑豆二錢，甘草一錢，入燈心七寸，淡竹葉一片，水煎。全幼 心鑑。 Children with fetal heat.1142 Boil in water two qian of black beans, one qian of glycyrrhiza [root], a seven cun long rush section, and one bland bamboo leaf.1143 Quan you xin jian.

1140 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277. 1141 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

1142 Tai re 胎熱, “fetal heat,” a condition referring to a.) a situation where a pregnant woman has been affected by heat that was able to enter the womb, and b.) a disease brought forth in children by wind evil that has entered their mother’s womb during her pregnancy, with the heat poison abiding in the child’s depots and palaces after delivery. BCGM Dict I, 487. 1143 This recipe is incomplete. In Quan you xin jian ch. 2, tai re 胎熱, “fetal heat,” it advises to use “two bland bamboo leaves,” and instead of recommending 水煎 shui jian, “boil in water,” continues as follows: you fu ju yong shui ru deng xin qi jing jian, bu ju shi hou fu 右㕮咀，用水入燈薪七莖煎，不拘時候服, “pound these items, boil [the resulting pulpy mass] together with seven stems of common rush firewood in water and ingest it any time.”



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天蛇頭指，痛臭甚者。黑豆生研末，入繭内，籠之。濟急方。 Celestial snake head finger1144 with severe pain and malodorous stench. Grind fresh black beans into powder, put it into a silkworm cocoon and wrap it around [the affected region]. Ji ji fang. 24-01-02 大豆皮 Da dou pi Skin of da dou.

【主治】生用，療痘瘡目瞖。嚼爛，傅小兒尿灰瘡。時珍。 Control. Used fresh it heals pox sores and eye shades. Chewed into a pulpy mass, it is applied to urinary sand sores1145 of children. 24-01-03 豆葉 Dou ye

[Da] dou leaf. 【主治】搗傅蛇蛟，頻易取瘥。時珍。出廣利方。 Control. Pound them and apply them to snakebites. Frequently replace them until a cure is achieved. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Guang li fang. 【發明】【時珍曰】按抱朴子内篇云：相國張文蔚莊内有鼠狼穴，養四子 爲蛇所吞。鼠狼雌雄情切，乃於穴外坋土壅穴。俟蛇出頭，度其回轉不 便，當腰咬斷而劈腹，衘出四子，尚有氣。置於穴外，衘豆葉嚼而傅之， 皆活。後人以豆葉治蛇咬，蓋本於此。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to Baopu zi Nei pian, “in the village of Counselor-in-Chief Zhang Wenwei there was a cave with weasels. Once their four kids were swallowed by a snake. The feelings or their parents were hurt and they thought of a plan. They built a dam of soil outside the cave to block its entrance. They envisiaged that when eventually the head of the snake appeared, it would not be able to easily turn around. That way they could bite the lower back [of the snake] to sever it and they cut open its abdomen from where they took the four kids. They still had qi. [The parents] placed them outside the cave, chewed bean leaves and applied them [to the kids]. They all survived.” When people later resorted to bean leaves to cure snakebite, it was based on this event. 1144 Tian she tou 天蛇頭, “celestial snake head,” a condition developing at the fingertips, with the finger tips burning and turning red and swollen and painful as the major characteristic. BCGM Dict I, 504. 1145 Niao hui chuang 尿灰瘡, “urinary sand-sores,” a condition of sores covering the inside of a child’s two thighs as a result of wearing urine-soaked garments for too long. BCGM Dict I, 358.

780

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded].

止渴急方。大豆苗嫩者三五十莖，塗酥炙黄爲末。每服二錢，人參湯下。 聖濟總録。 Recipe to quickly stop thirst. Apply butter to 35 stems of tender da dou seedlings, roast them until they have assumed a yellow color and [grind them into] powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with ginseng [root] decoction. Sheng ji zong lu. 小便血淋。大豆葉一把，水四升，煮二升，頓服。聖惠方。 Urinary dripping with blood. Boil one handful of da dou leaves in four sheng of water down to two sheng and ingest this all at once. Sheng hui fang. 24-01-04 花 Hua

Flower [of da dou]. 【主治】主目盲，翳膜。時珍。 Control. It controls blindness, with eyes shades and membranes. [Li] Shizhen. 24-02 大豆黄卷本經中品 Da dou huang juan, FE Ben jing, middle rank. Glycine max (L.) Merr. Germinated soybeans. 【釋名】豆糵。【弘景曰】黑大豆爲糵牙，生五寸長，便乾之，名爲黄 卷，用之熬過，服食所須。【時珍曰】一法：壬癸日以井華水浸大豆，候 生芽，取皮，陰乾用。 Explanation of Names. Dou bai 豆糵. [Tao] Hongjing: Black soybean sprouts of a length of five cun and dried are called huang juan 黄卷, “yellow roles.” For [therapeutic] use they are simmered as is required [as an additive] for [elixirs] ingested as food. [Li] Shizhen: Another method: Soak soybeans on ren 壬 and gui 癸 days in well splendor water1146 and wait until they have developed sprouts. Remove the skin and dry [the sprouts] in the yin (i. e., shade) for [therapeutic] use. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【普曰】得前胡、杏子、牡蠣、烏喙、天雄、鼠 屎，共蜜和良。惡海藻、龍膽。 1146 Jing hua shui 井華水, “well splendor water,” i. e., the first water drawn from a well in the morning. BCGM Vol. II, 05-15-01.



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Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Wu] Pu. Combined with hog’s fennel, apricot seeds, oyster [shells], aconitum [main tuber], carmichael’s monkshood [root], rat/mouse excrements and mixed with honey, [the therapeutic results are] good. [Ingested together,] they abhor sargassum [herb] and gentiana [herb]. 【主治】濕痺，筋攣膝痛。本經。五臟不足，胃氣結積，益氣止痛，去黑 皯，潤肌膚皮毛。别録。破婦人惡血。孟詵。【頌曰】古方蓐婦藥中多用 之。宜腎。思邈。除胃中積熱，消水病脹滿。時珍。 Control. Blockage/numbness related to the presence of moisture. Contracted sinews and aching knees. Ben jing. [Qi] insufficiency in the five long-term depots, stomach qi nodes and accumulation. They boost the qi and end pain, remove black moles, and moisturize muscles, skin and hair. Bie lu. They break through malign blood [accumulations] of women. Meng Shen. [Su] Song: “They are often used in ancient recipes for women with [diseases following] childbirth.” They are appropriate for kidney [diseases]. [Sun] Simiao. They eliminate accumulated heat [qi] from within the stomach and dissolve distension with a sensation of fullness related to water [accumulation] disease. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新四。 Added Recipes. Four newly [recorded]. 大豆糵散。治周痺邪在血脉之中，本痺不痛，上下周身故名。此藥注五臟 留滯，胃中結聚。益氣出毒，潤皮毛，補腎氣。用大豆糵一斤炒香，爲 末。每服半錢，温酒調下，日三服。宣明方。 The “powder with soybean sprouts.” It serves to cure “complete [body] blockage/ numbness”, zhou bi 周痺, related to the presence of evil [qi] in the blood vessels. Originally, the blockage was without pain. Then it moves up1147 and down in the entire body, zhou shen 周身. Hence the name [zhou bi 周痺]. This medication1148 pours into the five long-term depots where it stagnates and it forms nodular collections in the stomach. It boosts the qi and emits poison, moisturizes skin and hair and supplements kidney qi. Stir-fry one jin of soybean sprouts until they develop fragrance 1147 Xuan ming fang ch. 2, zhou bi zheng 周痹證, “signs of complete [body] blockage/numbness,” da dou nie san 大豆糵散, “powder with soybean sprouts,” writes jin neng shang 今 能上下周身, “now it can rise and descend through the entire body.”

1148 Instead of ci yao zhu wu zang liu zhi 此藥注五臟留滯, “this medication pours into the five long-term depots where it stagnates,” Xuan ming fang ch. 2, zhou bi zheng 周痹證, “signs of complete [body] blockage/numbness,” da dou nie san 大豆糵散, “powder with soybean sprouts,” writes zhou bi zhu wu zang liu zhi 周痹注五臟留滯, “the complete [body] blockage/numbness pours into the five long-term depots where it stagnates.“。

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and [grind them into] powder. Each time ingest half a qian, to be sent down mixed with warm wine. To be ingested three times a day. Xuan ming fang. 頭風濕痺，筋攣膝痛，胃中積熱，大便秘澀。黄卷散：用大豆黄卷炒一 升，酥半兩，爲末。食前温水服一匙，日二服。普濟方。 Blockage/numbness related to head wind1149 and the presence of moisture, sinew contraction and knee pain, accumulated heat [qi] in the stomach, and blocked or rough defecation. The “powder with huang juan.” Apply half a liang of butter to one sheng of stir-fried1150 da dou huang juan and [grind this into] powder. Ingest prior to a meal with warm water the amount held by one spoon. To be ingested twice a day. Pu ji fang. 水病腫滿，喘急，大小便澀。大豆黄卷醋炒、大黄炒等分，爲細末。葱、 橘皮湯服二錢，平明以利爲度。聖濟總録。 Swelling and a feeling of fullness related to a water disease, with hectic panting and a rough passage of major (i. e., defecation) and minor (i. e., urination) relief. [Grind] equal amounts of da dou huang juan, stir-fried in vinegar, and glycyrrhiza [root], stir-fried, into fine powder and ingest two qian with an onion and tangerine peel decoction until a free flow sets in the next morning. Sheng ji zong lu. 小兒撮口。初生豆芽研爛，絞汁和乳，灌少許良。普濟方。 Pursed mouth of children.1151 Grind bean sprouts that have just begun to grow into a pulpy mass, squeeze it and mix the resulting juice with the nursing mother’s milk. Force-feed it [to the child] in small amounts. Good. Pu ji fang. 24-03 黄大豆食鑑 Huang da dou, FE Shi jian Glycine max (L.) Merr. Yellow soybean. 【集解】【時珍曰】大豆有黑、青、黄、白、斑數色，惟黑者入藥，而 黄、白豆炒食作腐，造醬笮油，盛爲時用，不可不知别其性味也。周憲王 1149 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509.

1150 In Pu ji fang ch. 39, da bian mi se bu tong 大便秘澀不通, “blocked or rough defecation,” the complete wording is chao shu dao mo 炒熟搗末, “stir-fried until done and pounded into powder.” 1151 Cuo kou 撮口, “pursed mouth.” 1.) An illness sign of contracted lips, pursed like the mouth of a fish. 2.) A condition with pursed mouth as its main appearance, mostly seen in children. BCGM Dict I, 107.



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曰：黄豆苗高一二尺，葉似黑大豆葉而大，結角比黑豆角稍肥大。其莢、 葉嫩時可食，甘美。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Soybeans may have numerous colors: black, greenish, yellow, white, dotted. Only black [soybeans] are added to medication, while yellow and white beans are stir-fried to be eaten as curd, are prepared to sauce and are pressed to obtain oil. They are commonly used all the time, but it is necessary to know how to distinguish their respective nature and flavor. Zhou Xian wang:1152 “Yellow bean seedlings are one to two chi tall. The leaves resemble the leaves of black soybeans but are bigger. They form pods that are a bit fatter and bigger than those of black bean pods. The tender pods and leaves are edible; they are sweet and delicious.” 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【時珍曰】生温，炒熱微毒。多食，壅氣生痰動 嗽，令人身重，發面黄瘡疥。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: Fresh [beans] are warm; stir-fried and hot they are slightly poisonous. Eaten in large amounts, they block the qi, generate phlegm and stimulate cough. They let one’s body become heavy and cause a yellow face, sores and jie-illness.1153 【主治】寬中下氣，利大腸，消水脹腫毒。寧原。研末，熟水和，塗痘後 癰。時珍。 Control. They widen the center and send down qi. They free the passage through the large intestine, and dissolve water distension and swelling with poison. Ning Yuan. Ground into powder and mixed with boiled water, they are applied to obstruction-illness1154 in the aftermath of smallpox. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 痘後生瘡。黄豆燒黑研末，香油調塗。 Sores developed after smallpox. Burn huang [da] dou until they are black, grind them into powder, mix it with sesame oil and apply this [to the affected region]. 1152 Instead of Zhou Xian wang 周憲王, according to Ming shi, Zhou Ding wang Xiao zhuan 周定王橚傳, “Biography of Prince Zhou Ding [Zhu] Xiao,” this should be Zhou Ding wang周定王. 1153 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

1154 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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24-03-01 豆油 Dou you

[Soy]bean oil. 【氣味】辛、甘，熱，微毒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, sweet, hot, slightly poisonous. 【主治】塗瘡疥，解髮䐈。時珍。 Control. It is applied to sores and jie-illness and resolves fat in the hair. 24-03-02 稭 Jie

Stalk [of a soybean plant]. 【主治】燒灰，入點痣、去惡肉藥。時珍。 Burned to ashes and swabbed on a mole, it is a pharmaceutical drug resorted to to eliminate malign flesh [growth]. [Li] Shizhen. 24-04 赤小豆本經中品 Chi xiao dou, FE Ben jing, middle rank. Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi et Ohashi. Red mung bean. 【校正】自大豆分出。 Editorial Correction. Shown here separated from the da dou [entry]. 【釋名】赤豆恭、紅豆俗、荅廣雅。葉名藿。【時珍曰】案詩云：黍稷稻 粱，禾麻菽麥。此即八穀也。董仲舒註云：菽是大豆，有兩種。小豆名 荅，有三四種。王禎云：今之赤豆、白豆、緑豆、 豆，皆小豆也。此則入 藥用赤小者也。 Explanation of Names. Chi dou 赤豆, “red bean,” [Su] Gong. Hong dou 紅豆, “red bean,” common [name]. Da 荅, Guang ya. The leaves are called huo 藿. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Shi, shu 黍, ji 稷, dao 稻, liang 粱, he 禾, ma 麻, shu 菽, mai 麥 are the eight cereals. Dong Zhongshu in his comment states: “Shu 菽 is da dou 大豆 (lit.: large beans), soybeans. There are two kinds. Xiao dou 小豆 (lit.: “small beans“) are called da 荅. They comprise three or four kinds.” Wang Zhen states: “Today’s red beans, chi dou 赤豆, white beans, bai dou 白豆, green beans, lü dou 緑豆, and lao dou 豆, they all are xiao dou 小豆.” They are the chi xiao [dou] used for therapeutic [application].



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【集解】【頌曰】赤小豆，今江淮間多種之。【宗奭曰】關西、河北、 汴、洛多食之。【時珍曰】此豆以緊小而赤黯色者入藥，其稍大而鮮紅、 淡紅色者，並不治病。俱于夏至後下種，苗科高尺許，枝葉似豇豆，葉微 圓峭而小。至秋開花，似豇豆花而小淡，銀褐色，有腐氣。結莢長二三 寸，比緑豆莢稍大，皮色微白帶紅。三青二黄時即收之，可煮可炒，可作 粥、飯、餛飩餡，並良也。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: Chi xiao dou are planted in large quantities in the Jiang Huai region these days. [Kou] Zongshi: They are eaten in large quantities in Guan xi, He bei, Bian and Luo. [Li] Shizhen: Hard, small beans and those that are colored dark-red are added to medication. Those that are bigger and brilliant red or pale red, they do not serve to cure disease. All of them are planted after Summer Solstice. Their seedling reaches a height of more than one chi; the branches and leaves resemble those of cowpea. The leaves are slightly round, pointed and smaller. [Chi xiao dou] open flowers in autumn resembling cowpea flowers, but they are smaller and lighter in color. They are silver brown in color and have qi of a foul smell. [Chi xiao dou] form pods of two or three cun length, a bit larger than those of green beans. The color of the skin is kind of white with some red. They are collected when three are still greenish, while two have assumed a yellow color. They can be boiled and they can be stir-fried. They can be prepared as congee, cooked meal, and serve as dumpling filling. They are good for all these purposes. 【氣味】甘、酸，平，無毒。【思邈曰】甘、鹹，冷。合魚鮓食成消渴， 作醬同飯食成口瘡。【藏器曰】驢食足輕，人食身重。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, sour, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Su] Simiao: Sweet, salty, cold. Eaten cooked with preserved fish they generate melting with thirst.1155 Prepared to soy sauce and eaten together with cooked rice, [chi xiao dou] generate mouth sores. [Chen] Cangqi: When donkeys eat them, their feets will be light; when humans eat them, their body will become heavy. 【主治】下水腫，排癰腫膿血。本經。療寒熱，熱中，消渴，止洩痢，利 小便，下腹脹滿，吐逆卒澼。别録。治熱毒，散惡血，除煩滿，通氣，健 脾胃，令人美食。擣末，同雞子白塗一切熱毒癰腫。煮汁，洗小兒黄爛 瘡，不過三度。權。縮氣行風，堅筋骨，抽肌肉。久食瘦人。士良。散 氣，去關節煩熱，令人心孔開。暴痢後，氣滿不能食者，煮食一頓即愈。 和鯉魚煮食，甚治脚氣。詵。解小麥熱毒。煮汁，解酒病。解油衣粘綴。 日華。辟瘟疫，治産難，下胞衣，通乳汁。和鯉魚、蠡魚、鯽魚、黄雌雞 煮食，並能利水消腫。時珍。 1155 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

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Control. They send down water [from a water] swelling and disperse pus and blood from obstruction-illness1156 swelling. Ben jing. They heal alternating sensations of cold and heat, heat [qi] in the center, and melting with thirst. They stop outflow with free-flux illness, stimulate urination, send down [qi causing] abdominal distension and a sensation of fullness, and [serve to cure] vomiting with [qi] counterflow and sudden [intestinal] flush. Bie lu. They serve to cure heat poison, disperse malign blood [accumulation], remove vexing fullness, free the movement of qi, strengthen spleen and stomach, and let one find pleasure in eating. Pounded into powder and mixed with chicken egg white they are applied to all types of obstruction-illness swelling related to heat poison. Boiled, the resulting juice is used to wash yellow festering sores of childen, with no more than three [applications required]. [Zhen] Quan. They shrink qi [nodes] and stimulate the movement of wind [qi]. They harden sinews and bones and contract muscles and flesh. Eaten over a long time they cause emaciation. [Chen] Shiliang. They disperse qi, remove vexing heat from the joints, and open one’s heart orifices. When following a violent free-flux illness people have a feeling of qi fullness and cannot eat, they are cooked and eaten as a meal, and that leads to a cure. Cooked with carps and eaten, they are very good for curing leg qi.1157 [Meng] Shen. They resolve heat poison of wheat. Boiled, the resulting juice resolves wine [poison causing a] disease and cleans sticky clothes with oil stains. Rihua. They keep away warmth epidemics, serve to cure difficult childbirth, discharge the placenta and free the passage of nursing milk sap. Boiled with carp, snakehead fish, golden carp and yellow hen, and eaten, they can free the passage of water and dissolve swelling. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【弘景曰】小豆逐津液，利小便。久服令人肌膚枯燥。【頌曰】 水氣、脚氣最爲急用。有人患脚氣，以袋盛此豆，朝夕踐踏展轉之，久久 遂愈。【好古曰】治水者惟知治水，而不知補胃則失之壅滯。赤小豆消水 通氣而健脾胃，乃其藥也。【藏器曰】赤小豆和桑根白皮煮食，去濕氣痺 腫。和通草煮食則下氣無限，名脱氣丸。【時珍曰】赤小豆小而色赤，心 之穀也。其性下行，通乎小腸，能入陰分，治有形之病。故行津液，利小 便，消脹除腫，止吐，而治下痢腸澼，解酒病，除寒熱癰腫，排膿散血而 通乳汁，下胞衣産難，皆病之有形者。久服則降令太過，津血滲洩，所以 令人肌瘦身重也。其吹鼻瓜蒂散及辟瘟疫用之，亦取其通氣除濕散熱耳。 或言共工氏有不才子，以冬至死爲疫鬼而畏赤豆，故于是日作小豆粥厭 之，亦傅會之妄説也。又案陳自明婦人良方云：予婦食素，産後七日，乳 1156 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 1157 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.



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脉不行，服藥無效。偶得赤小豆一升，煮粥食之，當夜遂行。因閲本草載 此，謾記之。又朱氏集驗方云：宋仁宗在東宫時，患痄腮，命道士贊寧治 之。取小豆七七粒爲末，傅之而愈。中貴人任承亮後患惡瘡近死，尚書郎 傅永授以藥立愈。叩其方，赤小豆也。予苦脇疽，既至五臟，醫以藥治之 甚驗。承亮曰：得非赤小豆耶？醫謝曰：某用此活三十口，願勿復言。有 僧發背如爛瓜，鄰家乳婢用此治之如神。此藥治一切癰疽瘡疥及赤腫，不 拘善惡，但水調塗之，無不愈者。但其性粘，乾則難揭，入苧根末即不 粘，此法尤佳。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing. [Chi] xiao dou expels liquids and stimulates urination. Ingested over a long time it makes the muscles and skin wither and dry out. [Su] Song: For water qi [accumulation] and leg qi, they need to be used quickly. Someone suffered from leg qi. He filled a sack with these beans and trampled on it from morning until evening for a long time. Eventually [the leg qi] were eliminated and he was cured. [Wang] Haogu: Those who cure water [swelling] only know how to cure water [swelling]. They do not know how to supplement stomach [qi] and this results in obstruction caused by stagnant [qi]. Chi xiao dou dissolve water [swelling], free the movement of qi and strengthen spleen and stomach. They are the pharmaceutical drug [appropriate for curing water swelling]. [Chen] Cangqi: Chi xiao dou boiled mixed with white mulberry tree root bark and eaten remove swelling related to a blockage caused by moisture qi. Boiled together with rice paper plants and eaten, they discharge qi without end. [This recipe] is called “pills to cast off qi.” [Li] Shizhen: Chi xiao dou are small, xiao 小, and red, chi 赤, in color. They are a cereal for the heart. Their nature is to move downward, and they penetrate the small intestine, can enter the yin section and serve to cure diseases that have acquired a physical appearance. Hence [chi xiao dou] stimulate the movement of liquids, free urination, dissolve distension, eliminate swelling, end vomiting and serve to cure discharge with free-flux illness and intestinal flush, resolve wine [poison causing a] disease, eliminate alternating sensations of cold and heat and obstruction-illness swelling, discharge pus and disperse blood and free the passage of nursing mother’s milk sap. [Chi xiao dou] send down the placenta [and cure] difficult childbirth – all these diseases that have assumed a physical appearance. If a long-time ingestion sends down [liquids] excessively, when body fluids and blood seep away, this causes muscle emaciation and the body gives one a feeling of heaviness. When [chi xiao dou] are used [as ingredient of ] the “powder with musk melon fruit base to be blown into the nose” and [of medication] to ward off warmth epidemics, this, too, is taking advantage of their ability to free the movement of qi, eliminate moisture and disperse heat [qi]. Some say that “Gonggong shi had an untalented son. He died on Winter Solstice day. He became an epidemic demon who fears chi [xiao]

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dou. This is why on that day they prepare a [chi] xiao dou congee to suppress [the demon epidemic].” That is one of those fictitious, absurd stories. Also, Chen Ziming in his Fu ren liang fang states: “My wife is a vegetarian. For seven days after she had given birth to a child, the passage of her nursing milk through the vessels remained blocked. She ingested medication, but this remained without effect. By chance we obtained one sheng of chi xiao dou, boiled it to prepare a congee and she ate it. That same night her [nursing milk] began to flow. Then I checked the Ben cao whether this was recorded, but [the therapeutic potential of chi xiao dou] was hinted at only superficially.” Also, the Zhu shi ji yan fang states: “When Song Emperor Ren zong was a prince he suffered from mumps. Zan Ning, a Daoist, was ordered to cure him. He ground seven times seven grains of [chi] xiao dou into powder, applied it [to the affected region and the prince] was cured. Ren Chengliang, a palace attendant, later suffered from a malign sore and came close to dying. Secretarial Court Gentleman Fu Yong gave him a medication and [Ren Chengliang] was cured immediately. He asked for the recipe, and it was chi xiao dou. I1158 myself once suffered from an impediment-illness1159 in the flanks spreading to the five long-term depots. A physician very effectively cured it with a medication. [Ren] Chengliang asked: ‘Could this have been chi xiao dou?’ The physician excused1160 himself: ‘I use this to make a living for [a household of ] 30 persons.’ He was unwilling to say more. A monk had an effusion on the back similar to a rotten melon. A wet nurse in his neighborhood used this [medication] to cure him with a divine [effect]. This pharmaceutical drug serves to cure all types of obstruction-illness, impediment-illness, sores and jie-illness,1161 as well as red swelling, regardless of whether they are good or malign. [Chi xiao dou] need only be mixed with water and applied [to the affected region], and no case will remain uncured. However, [chi xiao dou] by nature are sticky and difficult to tear off. If ramie plant root powder is added, they are no longer sticky. This is a most excellent method.”

1158 Yu ku xie ju 予苦脇疽, “I suffered from an impediment-illness in the flanks” is unclear as to who is saying “I”. This may be a copying error. The original wording in the Zhu shi ji yan fang ch. 12, chuang jie 瘡癤, “sores with pimples,” is huo ku xie ju 或苦脅疽, “someone suffered …“ 1159 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277.

1160 Instead of yi xie yue 醫謝曰, “the physician excused himself and said …,” The original wording in the Zhu shi ji yan fang is yi jing bai yue 醫驚拜曰, “the physician was frightened and politely said …” 1161 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.



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【附方】舊十八，新十九。 Added Recipes. 18 of old. 19 newly [recorded]. 水氣腫脹。頌曰：用赤小豆五合，大蒜一顆，生薑五錢，商陸根一條，並 碎破，同水煮爛，去藥，空心食豆，旋旋啜汁令盡，腫立消也。 Swelling and distension related to the presence of water qi. [Su] Song: Prepare five ge of chi xiao dou, one clove of garlic, five qian of fresh ginger and one Indian pokewee root. Break all of them into pieces, and boil them with water to a pulpy mass. Remove the pharmaceutical substances, eat the beans on an empty stomach and in addition drink the entire juice. The swelling is dissolved immediately. 韋宙獨行方治水腫從脚起，入腹則殺人。赤小豆一斗，煮極爛，取汁五 升，温漬足膝。若已入腹，但食小豆，勿襍食，亦愈。 Wei Zhou in his Du xing fang [recommends to] cure water swelling that has arisen from the legs and that is fatal when it enters the abdomen. Boil one dou of chi xiao dou to a very pulpy mass and take five sheng of the resulting juice to soak [the legs from] the feet to the knees in the warm [liquid]. If [the water swelling] has already entered the abdomen, [the patient] should eat nothing but [chi] xiao dou. Do not mix them with any other food. This will be cured, too. 梅師治水腫。以東行花桑枝燒灰一升，淋汁，煮赤小豆一升以代飯，良。 Mei shi’s cure of water swelling. Burn one sheng of mulberry twigs with flowers turned to the East, drip water on the ashes and use the resulting juice to boil one sheng of chi xiao dou that is to be eaten instead of cooked rice. Good. 水蠱腹大，動摇有聲，皮膚黑者。用赤小豆三升，白茅根一握，水煮食 豆，以消爲度。肘後。 Abdominal enlargement caused by water gu[-poisoning].1162 Body movement and swaying is associated with sounds; the skin has assumed a black color. Boil three sheng of chi xiao dou and one handful of Japanese buttercup [leaves] in water and eat the beans until [the swelling] is dissolved. Zhou hou. 辟禳瘟疫。五行書云：正月朔旦及十五日，以赤小豆二七枚，麻子七枚， 投井中，辟瘟疫甚效。 To avert warmth epidemics. The Wu xing shu states: “On the first day and the 15th day of the first month toss two times seven chi xiao dou and seven hemp seeds into the [drinking water] well. That is a very effective method to avert warmth epidemics.” 1162 Shui gu 水蠱, “water gu.” A condition of an abdominal distension and big upswell brought forth by stagnant water qi accumulating in the abdomen. BCGM Dict I, 469, 196.

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又正月七日，新布囊盛赤小豆置井中，三日取出，男吞七枚，女吞二七 枚，竟年無病也。 Also, on the seventh day of the first month, fill a new cloth bag with chi xiao dou and place it into a well. Remove it after three days. Males swallow seven beans; females swallow two times seven beans. This will prevent diseases for the entire year. 辟厭疾病。正月元旦，面東，以虀水吞赤小豆三七枚，一年無諸疾。 To avert and suppress illness. On the first day of the first month at dawn, facing East, swallow three times seven chi xiao dou with water of minced vegetables. The entire year will be free of illness. 又七月立秋日，面西，以井華水吞赤小豆七枚，一秋不犯痢疾。 Also, in the seventh month on the day of Autumn Begins, swallow seven chi xiao dou with well splendor water.1163 You will not be offended by free-flux illness all autumn. 傷寒狐惑。張仲景曰：狐惑病，脉數，無熱微煩，默默但欲卧，汗出。初 得三四日，目赤如鳩，七八日，目四眦黄黑。若能食者，膿已成也。赤豆 當歸散主之。赤小豆三升，水浸令芽出，當歸三兩，爲末。漿水服方寸 匕，日三服。金匱要略。 Harm caused by cold, and fox and delusion.1164 Zhang Zhongjing: In the case of a fox and delusion disease, the [movement in the] vessels is accelerated. There is no heat but a slight vexation. [Patients] are quiet and simply wish to sleep. They sweat. On the third or fourth day after it was acquired, the eyes turn red similar to those of pigeons. On the seventh or eighth day, the four corners of the eyes turn yellow-black. If [the patient] can eat, pus has formed. The “powder with chi [xiao] dou and Chinese angelica [root]” controls this. Soak three sheng of chi xiao dou in water until sprouts have come out. Then grind them together with three liang of Chinese angelica [root] into powder. Ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon with fermented water of foxtail millet. To be ingested three times a day. Jin kui yao lüe. 下部卒痛，如鳥啄之狀。用小豆、大豆各一升，蒸熟，作二囊，更互坐 之，即止。肘後方。 Sudden pain in the lower [body] part, as if pecked by a bird. Steam one sheng each of [chi xiao dou] and soybeans until done. Fill them in two bags and sit alternately on one and the other. This will end [the pain]. Zhou hou fang. 1163 Jing hua shui 井華水, “well splendor water,” i. e., the first water drawn from a well in the morning. BCGM Vol. II, 05-15-01.

1164 Hu huo 狐惑, “fox and delusion,” a condition of putrid flesh and festering ulcers in the throat and private parts brought forth by moisture, heat, and bug poison. BCGM Dict I, 220.



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水穀痢疾。小豆一合，鎔蠟三兩，頓服取效。必效方。 Free-flux illness of water and cereal [outflow]. Ingest one ge of [chi] xiao dou with three liang of melted beeswax all at once until an effect is achieved. Bi xiao fang. 熱毒下血，或因食熱物發動。赤小豆末，水服方寸匕。梅師方。 Blood discharge related to heat poison. This is caused by a consumption of hot items. Ingest with water the amount of chi xiao dou held by a square cun spoon. Mei shi fang. 腸痔有血。小豆二升，苦酒五升，煮熟日乾，再浸至酒盡乃止，爲末。酒 服一錢，日三服。肘後方。 Bleeding intestinal piles. Boil two sheng of [chi] xiao dou in five sheng of bitter wine until done and dry them in the sun. Then soak them again [and dry them again and continue this] until all the wine is gone. [Grind them into] powder and ingest with wine one qian. To be ingested three times a day. Zhou hou fang. 舌上出血如簪孔。小豆一升，杵碎，水三升和，絞汁服。肘後方。 Bleeding from the tongue as if a hole had been made with a hairpin. Pound one sheng of [chi] xiao dou into small pieces, mix them with three sheng of water, squeeze this and ingest the resulting juice. Zhou hou fang. 熱淋血淋。不拘男女，用赤小豆三合，慢火炒，爲末，煨葱一莖，擂酒熱 調二錢服。修真秘旨。 [Urinary] dripping related to heat; [urinary] dripping with blood. Regardless of whether males or females are concerned. Stir-fry three ge of chi xiao dou over a slow fire and [grind them] into powder. Simmer one onion stalk, pound it [with the powder] and ingest two qian mixed with hot wine. Xiu zhen mi zhi. 重舌鵝口。赤小豆末，醋和塗之。普濟方。 Doubled tongue,1165 goose mouth.1166 Mix chi xiao dou powder with vinegar and apply this [to the affected region]. Pu ji fang. 小兒不語。四五歲不語者，赤小豆末，酒和，傅舌下。千金。 A child does not speak. For those at an age of four or five years that do not speak. Mix chi xiao dou powder with wine and apply it under the tongue. Qian jin. 1165 Chong she 重舌, “doubled tongue,” a condition with the growth underneath the tongue, mostly in children, of what appears like a second tongue. BCGM Dict I, 92. 1166 E kou 鵝口, “goose mouth,” refers to a white layer covering the mucous membranes and top of the tongue in a child’s mouth making it resemble a goose-mouth. BCGM Dict I, 141.

792

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

牙齒疼痛。紅豆末擦牙吐涎，及吹鼻中。一方入銅青少許。一方入花鹼少 許。家寶方。 Toothache. Rub the teeth with hong dou powder and spit out the saliva. Also, blow it into the [patient’s] nose. Another recipe adds a little verdigris. Another recipe adds a little stone bittern/soda ash. Jia bao fang. 中酒嘔逆。赤小豆煮汁，徐徐飲之。食鑑本草。 Being struck by wine [poison] with vomiting and [qi] counterflow. Boil chi xiao dou and drink the resulting juice in small amounts. Shi jian ben cao. 頻致墮胎。赤小豆末，酒服方寸匕，日二服。千金。 Repeated miscarriage. Ingest with wine the amount of chi xiao dou powder held by a square cun spoon. To be ingested twice a day. Qian jin. 妊娠行經。方同上。 Menstruation during pregnancy. Recipe identical with the one above. 婦人難産。産寶用赤小豆生吞七枚，佳。 Women with difficult delivery. The Chan bao [recommends to] swallow seven fresh chi xiao dou. Excellent. 集驗治難産日久氣乏，用赤小豆一升，以水九升，煮取汁，入炙過黄明膠 一兩，同煎少時。一服五合，不過三四服即産。 For difficult childbirth lasting over a day with a loss of qi, the Ji yan [recommends to] boil one sheng of chi xiao dou in nine sheng of water. Take the juice, add one liang of roasted ox hide glue and boil this for a short while. [Let the woman] ingest one dose of five ge. [The child] will be born when [the mother] has ingested three or four [doses]. 胞衣不下。用赤小豆，男七枚，女二七枚，東流水吞服之。救急方。 Failure of the placenta to come down. [Let the mother] swallow chi xiao dou with water flowing toward the East. When the child born is a boy, she ingests seven beans. When it is a girl, two times seven beans. Jiu ji fang. 産後目閉，心悶。赤小豆生研，東流水服方匕。不瘥更服。肘後方。 After delivery, [a woman] keeps her eyes closed and feels heart-pressure. Grind fresh chi xiao dou and [let her] ingest, with water flowing toward the East, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Zhou hou fang.



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産後悶滿，不能食。用小豆二七枚，燒研，冷水頓服，佳。千金方。 After delivery, heart-pressure, a feeling of fullness and an inability to eat. Burn two times seven [chi] xiao dou, grind [the residue into powder] and [let the woman] ingest it with cold water all at once. Excellent. Qian jin fang. 乳汁不通。赤小豆煮汁飲之。産書。 Blocked nursing milk. Boil chi xiao dou and [let the woman] drink the resulting juice. Chan shu. 婦人吹奶。赤小豆酒研，温服，以滓傅之。熊氏。 Inflated breast1167 of women. Grind chi xiao dou in wine and [let the woman] ingest [the liquid]. Apply the dregs [to the affected region]. Xiong shi. 婦人乳腫。小豆、莽草等分，爲末，苦酒和傅佳。梅師。 Breast swelling of women. [Grind] equal amounts of [chi] xiao dou and illiceum herb into powder, mix it with bitter wine and apply this [to the affected region]. Excellent. Mei shi. 癰疽初作。赤小豆末，水和塗之，毒即消散，頻用有效。小品方。 Obstruction-illness and impediment-illness1168 that have just become active. Mix chi xiao dou powder with water and apply this [to the affected region]. That will dissolve the poison. A repeated application is effective. Xiao pin fang. 石癰諸癰。赤小豆五合，納苦酒中五宿，炒研，以苦酒和塗即消。加栝樓根 等分。范汪方。 Stone obstruction-illness,1169 any obstruction-illness. Give five ge of chi xiao dou into bitter wine for five days/nights. Then stir-fry them and grind them [into powder]. Mix [the powder] with bitter wine and apply it [to the affected region]. The [swelling] dissolves. [It is also advisable to] add an equal amount of trichosanthes root. Fan Wang fang. 1167 Chui nai 吹奶, “inflated breast,” a condition with milk blocked after delivery and the breasts turning red and swelling. BCGM Dict I, 101.

1168 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

1169 Shi yong 石癰, “stone obstruction-illness,” a condition of yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,” which feels hard, has a root reaching deep into the skin, with the skin not being overly hot, and which begins to fester only after an extended period of time. BCGM Dict I, 460.

794

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

痘後癰毒。赤小豆末，鷄子白調塗傅之。 Obstruction-illness poison following a smallpox disease. Mix chi xiao dou powder with chicken egg white and apply this [to the affected region]. 顋頰熱腫。赤小豆末，和蜜塗之，一夜即消。或加芙蓉葉末尤妙。 Swelling of jaws and cheeks with heat. Mix chi xiao dou powder with honey and apply this [to the affected region. The swelling] dissolves within one night. Or add Indian lotus flower leaf powder. That is especially wondrous. 丹毒如火。赤小豆末，和鷄子白，時時塗之不已，逐手即消。小品方。 Cinnabar poisoning1170 like fire. Mix chi xiao dou powder with chicken egg white and repeatedly apply it [to the affected region] until [the fire] is extinguished. Xiao pin fang. 風瘙癮𤺋。赤小豆、荆芥穗等分，爲末，鷄子清調塗之。 Wind itching1171 and dormant papules.1172 [Grind] equal amounts of chi xiao dou and schizonepeta spikes into powder, mix it with chicken egg white and apply this [to the affected region]. 金瘡煩滿。赤小豆一升，苦酒浸一日，熬燥再浸，滿三日，令黑色，爲 末。每服方寸匕，日三服。千金。 Wounds caused by metal objects/weapons and a vexing sensation of fullness. Soak one sheng of chi xiao dou in bitter wine for one day. Simmer them until they are dry and soak them again. Continue this for three days until the [beans] have assumed a black color. [Grind them into] powder. Each time ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon. To be ingested three times a day. Qian jin. 六畜肉毒。小豆一升，燒研。水服三方寸匕，神良。千金方。 Poisoned by meat of the six domestic animals. Burn one sheng of [chi] xiao dou and grind [the residue into powder]. Ingest with water the amount held by three square cun spoons. Divinely good. Qian jin fang. 1170 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118.

1171 Feng sao 風瘙, “wind itching,” a condition of wind evil or wind cold entering the skin, with the skin itching, or the emergence of skin papules, as major signs. BCGM Dict I, 167. 1172 Yin zhen 癮疹, “dormant papules,” identical with feng zhen 風疹, “wind papules.” A condition brought forth by wind evil, of eruptive skin papules of different sizes, accompanied by unbearable itching. If scratched they rise further.BCGM Dict I, 640, 172.



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24-04-01 葉 Ye

Leaf [of chi xiao dou]. 【主治】去煩熱，止小便數。别録。煮食明目。日華。 Control. It removes vexing heat and ends frequent urination. Bie lu. Boiled and cooked as meals it clears the eyes. Rihua. 【發明】【時珍曰】小豆利小便，而藿止小便，與麻黄發汗而根止汗同 意，物理之異如此。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: [Chi] xiao dou stimulate urination, while the leaves stop urination. The underlying idea is the same as with ephedra. The herb stimulates sweating; the root stops sweating. The principles underlying [the activities of ] items are that strange. 【附方】舊一，新一。 Added Recipes. One of old, one newly [recorded]. 小便頻數。小豆葉一斤，入豉汁中煮，和作羹食之。心鏡。 Frequent urination. Add one jin of [chi] xiao dou leaves to [soybean] relish, prepare a congee and eat it. Xin jing. 小兒遺尿。小豆葉搗汁服之。千金。 Uncontrolled loss of urine of children. Pound [chi] xiao dou leaves and [let the child] ingest the resulting juice. Qian jin. 24-04-02 芽 Ya

Sprout [of chi xiao dou]. 【主治】妊娠數月，經水時來，名曰漏胎。或因房室，名曰傷胎。用此爲 末，温酒服方寸匕，日三，得效乃止。時珍。出普濟。 Control. When a few months into pregnancy menstruation sets in, that is called “leaking fetus.” If it is caused because of chamber (i. e., sexual) activity, it is called “harmed fetus.” [Let the woman] ingest [chi xiao dou] powder with warm wine. Three times a day. End this [therapy] when an effect is achieved. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Pu ji.

796

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24-05 腐婢本經下品 Fu bei, FE Ben j)ing, lower rank. Vigna spp. (Mung) bean (flower).1173 【集解】【别録曰】腐婢生漢中，小豆花也。七月采之，陰乾四十日。 【弘景曰】花與實異用，故不同品。方家不用。未解何故有腐婢之名？本 經不言是小豆花，别録乃云，未審是否？今海邊有小樹，狀如巵子，莖條 多曲，氣似腐臭。土人呼爲腐婢，療瘧有效。以酒漬皮服，療心腹疾。此 當是真，此條應入木部也。【恭曰】腐婢相承以爲葛花。葛花消酒大勝， 而小豆全無此效，當以葛花爲真。【禹錫曰】按别本云：小豆花亦有腐 氣。與葛花同服，飲酒不醉。與本經治酒病相合。陶、蘇二説並非。【甄 權曰】腐婢即赤小豆花也。【頌曰】海邊小樹、葛花、赤小豆花，三物皆 有腐婢之名，名同物異也。【宗奭曰】腐婢既在穀部，豆花爲是，不必多 辯。【時珍曰】葛花已見本條。小豆能利小便，治熱中，下氣止渴，與腐 婢主療相同，其爲豆花無疑。但小豆有數種，甄氏藥性論獨指爲赤小豆， 今姑從之。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Fu bei grows in Han zhong. It is the flower of red mung beans. It is collected in the seventh month and dried in the yin (i. e., shade) for 40 days. [Tao] Hongjing: Flowers and fruits are used in different ways. Hence they are different items. Recipe experts do not use them. It is not clear why it has the name “putrid slave-girl.” The Ben jing does not say that it is “the flower of red mung beans.” The Bie lu states it; it has not been researched whether that is the case, or not. Today near the sea is a small tree shaped like [mountain] gardenia. The stem has many curvatures; the qi resemble the malodorous stench of something putrid. The locals call [the tree] “putrid slave-girl.” It effectively heals malaria. Soaked in wine and the bark ingested, it heals illnesses of the central and abdominal region. That should be true, and the present entry should be included in the section “trees.” [Su] Gong: According to earlier records, fu bei is identified as the flower of pueraria. Pueraria is very effective in dissolving [the poison of ] wine, while red mung beans do not have this effect at all. It must be the flower of pueraria for sure. [Zhang] Yuxi: According to the Bie ben, “the flowers of red mung beans, too, have putrid qi. When they are ingested together with pueraria flowers, drinking wine does not make one drunk.” That is in agreement with what the Ben jing [recommends how to] cure wine disease. The sayings of Tao [Hongjing] and Su [Gong] are both wrong. Zhen Quan: Fu bei is the flower of red mung beans. [Su] Song: The small tree at the seaside, pueraria flowers and the flowers of red mung beans, these three items are all called fu bei. The names are identical, the items differ. [Kou] Zongshi: Fu bei is 1173 Fu bei 腐婢, lit.: “putrid slave-girl.“



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listed in the section “cereals.” It is a bean flower. There is not much to discuss. [Li] Shizhen: Pueraria flower is seen in its own entry. [Chi] xiao dou are able to stimulate urination, cure heat [qi] in the center, send down qi and end thirst, identical with the controlling and healing [potential of ] fu bei. There is no doubt that it is a bean flower. However, xiao dou comprise many kinds. Mr. Zhen [Quan] in his Yao xing lun refers to it only as [flowers of ] red mung beans. For the time being we follow him. 【氣味】辛，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】痰瘧，寒熱邪氣，洩痢，陰 不起。止消渴，病酒頭痛。本經。心 鏡云：上證，用花同豉汁、五味，煮羹食之。消酒毒，明目，下水氣，治 小兒丹毒熱核，散氣滿不能食，煮一頓食之。藥性。治熱中積熱，痔瘻下 血。時珍。宣明葛花丸中用之。 Control. Phlegm malaria1174 with alternating sensations of cold and heat evil qi. Outflow with free-flux illness. The yin (member, i. e., penis) fails to rise. [Fu bei] ends melting with thirst,1175 and headache related to pathological wine drinking. Ben jing. The Xin jing states: “For the illness signs listed above, boil [fu bei] flowers with [soybean] relish and schisandra [seeds] to prepare a thick soup and eat it. To dissolve the poison of wine, clear the eyes, send down water qi, cure cinnabar poisoning1176 with heat [qi] kernels, and disperse qi [disorder] associated with a sensation of fullness and an inability to eat, boil [fu bei] and eat it all at once. Yao xing. It serves to cure heat accumulation in the center and bleeding piles fistula. [Li] Shizhen. [Fu bei] is used as an ingredient of the “pills with pueraria flowers” [recommended] in the Xuan ming.

1174 Tan nüe 痰瘧, “phlegm malaria,” a condition of nüe ji 瘧疾, “malaria ailment,” associated with phlegm. The clinical appearance, in addition to regularly recurring alternating sensations of cold and heat, includes a feeling of distension and fullness in chest and abdomen, and vomiting with counterflow of phlegm-like saliva. BCGM Dict I, 494. 1175 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

1176 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118.

798

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded].

飲酒不醉。小豆花、葉陰乾百日爲末，水服方寸匕。或加葛花等分。千金。 To drink wine without getting drunk. Dry the flowers and leaves of red mung beans in the yin (i. e., shade) and [grind them into] powder. Ingest with water the amount held by a square cun spoon. Or add an equal amount of pueraria flowers. Qian jin. 疔瘡惡腫。小豆花末，傅之。普濟方。 Pin-illness1177 sores with a malign swelling. Apply red mung bean flower powder [to the affected region]. Pu ji fang. 24-06 緑豆宋開寶 Lü dou, FE Song, Kai bao. Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczak. Mung bean.1178 【釋名】【時珍曰】緑以色名也。舊本作菉者，非矣。 Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen: Lü 緑, “green,” is a name because of its color. Old editions write lü 菉. That is wrong. 【集解】【志曰】緑豆圓小者佳。粉作餌，炙食之良。大者名稙豆，苗、 子相似，亦能下氣治霍亂也。【瑞曰】有官緑、油緑，主療則一。【時珍 曰】緑豆處處種之。三四月下種，苗高尺許，葉小而有毛，至秋開小花， 莢如赤豆莢。粒粗而色鮮者爲官緑，皮薄而粉多；粒小而色深者爲油緑， 皮厚而粉少。早種者，呼爲摘緑，可頻摘也。遲種呼爲拔緑，一拔而已。 北人用之甚廣，可作豆粥、豆飯、豆酒，煼食、麨食，磨而爲麪，澄濾取 粉，可以作餌頓餻，盪皮搓索，爲食中要物。以水浸濕生白芽，又爲菜中 佳品。牛馬之食亦多賴之。真濟世之良穀也。 Collected Explanations. [Ma] Zhi: Round and small lü dou are excellent. The powder is processed into treats. They are good when eaten roasted. Large ones are called zhi dou 稙豆, “beans to be planted.” Their seedling and seeds resemble [those of smaller specimens]. They, too, are able to send down qi and cure cholera. [Wu] Rui: There are guan lü 官緑, “registered lü [dou]“, and you lü 油緑, “oil lü [dou]. Their [abilities to] control and heal [disease] are identical. [Li] Shizhen: Lü dou are planted everywhere. The [beans] are sown in the third and fourth month. The seedling is 1177 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],” also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127-129. 1178 Lü dou 緑豆, lit.: “green bean.”



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about one chi tall. The leaves are small and have hair. In autumn small flowers open with pods similar to the pods of red mung beans. Those with crude grains and a fresh color are guan lü 官緑. Their skin is thin and [encloses] ample powder/flour. Those with small grains and an intensive color are you lü 油緑. They have a thick skin and little powder/flour. When they are planted early, they are called zhai lü 摘 緑. They can be “picked”, zhai 摘, several times [a year]. Those that are planted late, they are called ba lü 拔緑. They are “pulled out,” ba 拔, only once. They are widely used by people in the North and can be made into bean congee, bean cooked [rice] meal, and bean wine. They can be eaten steamed and stir-fried. They are ground to obtain a flour that is [soaked in water, with the dregs] filtered when the liquid has cleared, to obtain their powder that can be prepared further to treats and cakes. The [beans with the] skin removed and rubbed into powder are an important item in food. The white sprouts growing from [lü dou] soaked in water are an excellent ingredient of vegetables. They are also often used to feed oxen and horses. They are a grain that everyone really benefits from. 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。【藏器曰】用之宜連皮，去皮則令人少壅氣，蓋 皮寒而肉平也。反榧子殼，害人。合鯉魚鮓食，久則令人肝黄成渴病。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. [Chen] Cangqi: [Lü dou] should be used with their skin. When the skin is removed they cause obstructed [qi flow] with short [breath] qi. The fact is, the skin is cold and the [nature of the bean] “meat” is balanced. [Ingested together,] they are opposed to kaya nut shells. [Such a combination] is harmful to humans. Eaten together with preserved carp for a long time, they let the liver assume a yellow color and cause a thirst disease. 【主治】煮食，消腫下氣，壓熱解毒。生研絞汁服，治丹毒煩熱，風𤺋， 藥石發動，熱氣奔豚。開寶。治寒熱熱中，止泄痢卒澼，利小便脹滿。思 邈。厚腸胃。作枕，明目，治頭風頭痛。除吐逆。日華。補益元氣，和調 五臟，安精神，行十二經脉，去浮風，潤皮膚，宜常食之。煮汁，止消 渴。孟詵。解一切藥草、牛馬、金石諸毒。寧原。治痘毒，利腫脹。時珍。 Control. Boiled and eaten they dissolve swelling and send down qi. They suppress heat and resolve poison. Ground fresh, [the resulting mass] squeezed and the resulting juice ingested, they serve to cure cinnabar poisoning1179 with vexing heat, wind papules, [unwanted] effects of medicinal minerals, heat qi and running piglet.1180 1179 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118. 1180 Ben tun 賁豚, “running piglet,” a condition of an accumulation in the kidneys assuming the shape of a piglet moving up and down at irregular intervals. BCGM Dict I, 57.

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Kai bao. They serve to cure alternating sensations of cold and heat, and heat [qi accumulation] in the center. They stop outflow with free-flux illness and sudden [intestinal] flush. They stimulate [blocked] urination related to [abdominal] distension and a feeling of fullness. [Sun] Simiao. They solidify the intestines and the stomach. Prepared as a pillow, they clear the eyes and serve to cure head wind1181 and headache. They eliminate vomiting related to [qi] counterflow. Rihua. To supplement and boost the original qi, harmonize and regulate the five long-term depots, calm the essence spirit, stimulate the passage through the twelve conduit vessels, remove surface wind [intrusion], and moisturize the skin, they should be eaten continuously. Boiled and the resulting juice [ingested], they stop melting with thirst.1182 [Meng] Shen. They resolve all types of poison of medicinal herbs, oxen and horse [meat] and metals/minerals. Ning Yuan. They serve to cure smallpox poison, and they free [the passage of blocked qi/liquids causing] swelling and distension. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】緑豆肉平皮寒，解金石、砒霜、草木一切諸毒，宜連 皮生研水服。按夷堅志云：有人服附子酒多，頭腫如斗，唇裂血流。急求 緑豆、黑豆各數合嚼食，并煎湯飲之，乃解也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The “meat” of lü dou is of balanced [nature]; the skin is thin. [Lü dou] resolve all types of poison of metals/minerals, arsenic, and herbs and trees. They should be ground fresh with their skin and ingested with water. According to the Yi jian zhi, “someone ingested aconitum [accessory tuber] wine excessively. His head felt as heavy as a dou. The lips burst and bled. Several ge each of lü dou and soybeans were quickly requested to be chewed and eaten [by the patient]. In addition, [these items] were boiled and [the patient] drank the decoction. That resolved [the wine poison].” 【附方】新十。 Added Recipes. 10 newly [recorded]. 扁鵲三豆飲。治天行痘瘡，預服此飲，疏解熱毒，縱出亦少。用緑豆、赤 小豆、黑大豆各一升，甘草節二兩，以水八升，煮極熟。任意食豆飲汁， 七日乃止。 Bian Que’s “beverage with three types of beans.” To cure epidemic smallpox sores, this beverage is ingested preventively. It mitigates the heat poison, and if [pox sores] develop, they will be only a few. Boil one sheng each of lü dou, red mung beans and 1181 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509. 1182 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.



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soybeans with two liang of glycyrrhiza [root] nodes in eight sheng of water until they are extremely done. Eat the beans and drink the juice at will. Stop after seven days. 一方：加黄大豆、白大豆，名五豆飲。 Another recipe. Add yellow soybeans and white soybeans. That is called “beverage with five types of beans.“ 痘後癰毒初起，以三豆膏治之神效。緑豆、赤小豆、黑大豆等分，爲末。 醋調時時掃塗，即消。醫學正傳。 Obstruction-illness1183 with poison [swelling], following a smallpox-illness, that has just begun to rise. To cure this with the “ointment with three types of beans” is divinely effective. [Grind] equal amounts of lü dou, red mung beans and soybeans into powder. Mix it with vinegar and repeatedly apply this [to the affected region]. The [poison swelling] dissolves. Yi xue zheng chuan. 防痘入眼。用緑豆七粒，令兒自投井中，頻視七遍，乃還。 To prevent smallpox from getting into the eyes. Take seven lü dou beans and let the [affected] child itself toss them into the well. [The child is to] look at them seven times and then is brought back home. 小兒丹腫。緑豆五錢，大黄二錢，爲末，用生薄荷汁入蜜調塗。全幼心鑑。 Cinnabar-red swelling1184 of children. [Grind] five qian of lü dou and two qian of glycyrrhiza [root] into powder. Give honey into fresh mint juice, mix it [with the powder] and apply this [to the affected region]. Quan you xin jian. 赤痢不止。以大麻子，水研濾汁，煮緑豆食之，極效。粥食亦可。必效方。 Unending free-flux illness. Grind hemp seeds in water, filter this and boil lü dou in the juice and eat them. Very effective. To prepare and eat a congee is possible, too. Bi xiao fang. 老人淋痛。青豆二升，橘皮二兩，煮豆粥，下麻子汁一升，空心漸食之， 併飲其汁，甚驗。養老書。 Painful [urinary] dripping of older persons. Boil two sheng of greenish [lü dou] beans and two liang of tangerine peels and prepare a bean congee. Add one sheng of hemp seed juice and slowly eat this on an empty stomach. In addition, drink the juice. Very effective. Yang lao shu. 1183 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 1184 Dan zhong 丹腫, “cinnabar-red swelling,” a condition identical with dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning.” BCGM Dict I, 121, 118

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消渴飲水。緑豆煮汁，並作粥食。普濟方 Melting with thirst1185 and an urge to drink water. Boil lü dou to obtain a juice and also prepare and eat a congee. Pu ji fang. 心氣疼痛。緑豆廿一粒，胡椒十四粒，同研，白湯調服即止。 Painful heart qi [disorder]. Grind 21 lü dou grains and 14 black pepper grains, mix them with clear, boiled water and ingest this. [The pain] will end. 多食易飢。緑豆、黄麥、糯米各一升，炒熟磨粉。每以白湯服一盃，三五 日見效。 Eating a lot and still being easily hungry. Stir-fry one sheng each of lü dou, yellow wheat and glutinous rice until done and rub them into powder. Each time ingest with clear, boiled water one cup. An effect is apparent within three to five days. 十種水氣。用緑豆二合半，大附子一隻，去皮臍，切作兩片，水三椀，煮 熟，空心卧時食豆。次日將附子兩片作四片，再以緑豆二合半，如前煮 食。第三日别以緑豆、附子如前煮食。第四日如第二日法煮食。水從小便 下，腫自消。未消再服。忌生冷、毒物、鹽、酒六十日，無不效者。朱氏 集驗方。 Ten types of water qi [swelling]. Boil two and a half ge of lü dou with one large aconitum [accessory tuber], the skin and the navel1186 removed and [the tuber] cut into two slices, in three bowls of water until done and eat the beans on an empty stomach at bedtime. The following day, cut the two slices of the aconitum [accessory tuber] into four slices, boil them once again together with two and a half ge of lü dou, and eat [the beans]. On the third day, boil a new mixture of lü dou and the aconitum [accessory tuber] as before [on the first day] and eat them. On the fourth day boil them in the same way as on the second day and eat them. The water will be sent down with the urine and the swelling dissolves. If it fails to dissolve, ingest all this again. [During this therapy,] fresh, cold and poisonous items, as well as salt and wine should be avoided. [This therapy] is always successful. Zhu shi ji yan fang.

1185 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

1186 Qi 臍, “navel,” is the indentation at the top of the tuber where it was connected with the stem of the plant. “To remove skin and navel” has the meaning of “to clean thoroughly.”



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24-06-01 緑豆粉 Lü dou fen

Mung bean powder. 【氣味】甘，凉、平，無毒。【原曰】其膠粘者，脾胃虚人不可多食。 【瑞曰】勿近杏仁，則爛不能作索。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cool, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Ning] Yuan: Glue-like, sticky [powder] should not be eaten in large amounts by persons with spleen and stomach [qi] depletion. [Wu] Rui: Do not let it come into contact with apricot kernels lest it rot and can no longer be used to prepare pasta. 【主治】解諸熱，益氣，解酒食諸毒，治發背癰疽瘡腫及湯火傷灼。吴 瑞。痘瘡濕爛不結痂疕者，乾撲之良。寧原。新水調服，治霍亂轉筋，解 諸藥毒死，心頭尚温者。時珍。解菰菌、砒毒。汪穎。 Control. It resolves all types of heat, boosts the qi, resolves all types of wind and food poison, and serves to cure effusion on the back of obstruction-illness and impediment-illness1187 sores and swelling, and burns from boiling hot water and fire. Wu Rui. It yields good result when used to cover moist, festering smallpox sores that have not yet formed scars. Ning Yuan. Ingested mixed with newly drawn water, it serves to cure cholera with contorted sinews and resolve all types of medical poison in a dead person as long as his heart and head are still warm. [Li] Shizhen. It resolves the poison of fungi and arsenic. Wang Ying. 【發明】【時珍曰】緑豆色緑，小豆之屬木者也，通於厥陰、陽明。其性 稍平，消腫治豆之功雖同赤豆，而壓熱解毒之力過之。且益氣厚腸胃，通 經脉，無久服枯人之忌。但以作凉粉，造豆酒，或偏於冷，或偏於熱，能 致人病，皆人所爲，非豆之咎也。豆粉須以緑色粘膩者爲真。外科治癰疽 有内托護心散，極言其神效，丹溪 朱氏有論發揮。【震亨曰】外科精要謂 内托散，一日至三日進十數服，可免毒氣内攻臟腑。切詳緑豆解丹毒，治 石毒，味甘，入陽明，性寒能補爲君。以乳香去惡腫，入少陰，性温善竄 爲佐。甘草性緩，解五金、八石、百藥毒爲佳。想此方專爲服丹石發疽者 設也。若夫年老者、病深者、證備者，體虚者，緑豆雖補，將有不勝其任 之患。五香連翹湯亦非必用之劑。必當助氣壯胃，使根本堅固，而行經活 血爲佐，參以經絡時令，使毒氣外發，此則内托之本意，治施之早，可以 内消也。

1187 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Lü dou are green, lü 緑, in color. They are red mung beans associated with [the phase] wood. They pass through the ceasing yin and yang brilliance [conduits]. By nature they are somewhat balanced. In their ability to dissolve swelling and cure pox they are identical with red mung beans. But their strength to suppress heat and resolve poison exceeds [that of red mung beans]. Also, [when they are applied] to boost the qi and solidify the intestines and the stomach, and to pass through the conduit vessels, there is no risk of long-term ingestion letting one dry out. However, when they are processed to cold powder/starch, or to bean wine, that make [a person] unilaterally cold or unilaterally hot, then they can make one ill. But these [diseases] are all caused by humans; the beans are not to be blaimed. To be genuine, bean powder must be green in color, sticky and greasy. The discipline of external [medicine] has a “powder to lend internal support to protect the heart.” And it is highly praised to be divinely effective. Here is what Mr. Zhu Danxi has said about it. [Zhu] Zhenheng: The Wai ke jing yao mentions a “powder to lend internal support. Ingested over a period of one to three days ten or more times, it is capable of preventing poison qi to internally attack the long-term depots and short-term repositories.” My explanation: Lü dou resolves cinnabar poison. Its flavor is sweet, it enters the yang brilliance [conduits] and with its cold nature’s ability to supplement, it is the ruler [ingredient in the powder]. Frankincense eliminates malign swelling, enters the minor yin [conduits] and with its warm nature and tendency to [scurry like] mice, it serves as assistant [ingredient in the powder]. Glycyrrhiza [root] by nature is slow. Its [ability to] resolve the poison of the five types of metal, the eight types of minerals and the hundreds of pharmaceutical drugs is excellent. It is thought that this recipe [of the “powder to lend internal support”] is used to be ingested especially for impediment-illness1188 caused by elixir-minerals. However, when it comes to older persons, those with a deep-seated disease, manifest illness signs, and bodily depletion, lü dou may have a supportive potential, but it is unable to overcome the suffering related to these conditions. The “decoction with five fragrant [items] and forsythia [fruits],” it, too, is not necessarily a preparation that should be used. What is required is to support the qi and strengthen the stomach to achieve a hardening and consolidation of the root, assisted by [items stimulating] the movement in the conduits and quickening blood [flow]. That must correspond with the effects of the order of the season on the conduits and network [vessels] to let the poison qi effuse toward outside. That is the idea underlying the “internal support.” If such a cure is initiated early, [the swelling] can be dissolved internally. 1188 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277.



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【附方】新十二。 Added Recipes. 12 newly [recorded]. 護心散。又名内托散、乳香萬全散。凡有疽疾，一日至三日之内，宜連進 十餘服，方免變證，使毒氣出外。服之稍遲，毒氣内攻，漸生嘔吐，或鼻 生瘡菌，不食即危矣。四五日後，亦宜間服之。用真緑豆粉一兩，乳香半 兩，燈心同研和匀，以生甘草濃煎湯調下一錢，時時呷之。若毒氣冲心， 有嘔逆之證，大宜服此。蓋緑豆壓熱下氣，消腫解毒。乳香消諸癰腫毒。 服至一兩，則香徹瘡孔中，真聖藥也。李嗣立外科方。 The “powder to protect the heart.” Also named “powder to lend internal support” and “powder with frankincense for a myriad of complete cures.” For all impediment-illness ailments it should be continuously ingested, over a period of one to three days, more than ten times. This serves to change the illness signs and causes poison qi to leave toward the outside. When [the powder] is ingested late, the poison qi attack inside, gradually cause vomiting, and mushroom-type sores grow in the nose. [Patients] no longer eat, and that is a critical condition. On the fourth and fifth day after [the therapy has begun], it is still appropriate to ingest [the powder]. [Grind] one liang of genuine lü dou powder, half a liang of frankincense, and rushes together to prepare an even mixture. Boil fresh glycyrrhiza [root] to a thick decoction and send down one qian [of the powder] mixed [with the decoction]. Sip it again and again. When poison qi attack the heart, and illness signs of vomiting set in, this [powder] must be ingested. The fact is, lü dou suppress heat and send down qi. They dissolve swelling and resolve poison. Frankincense dissolves all types of obstruction-illness swelling with poison. When up to one liang is ingested, the fragrance penetrates the sores and enters the holes. It is really a sage-like pharmaceutical drug. Li Sili, Wai ke fang. 瘡氣嘔吐。緑豆粉三錢，乾胭脂半錢，研匀。新汲水調下，一服立止。普 濟。 Vomiting associated with the qi of sores. [Grind] three qian of lü dou powder with half a qian of dry rouge into an even mixture and send it down mixed with newly drawn water. With one ingestion [the vomiting] stops immediately. Pu ji. 霍亂吐利。緑豆粉、白糖各二兩，新汲水調服，即愈。生生編。 Cholera with vomiting and free-flow. Mix two liang each of lü dou powder and white sugar with newly drawn water and ingest this. That does the healing. Sheng sheng bian.

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解燒酒毒。緑豆粉盪皮，多食之即解。 To resolve the poison of burnt wine. Eat much lü dou powder freed from the skin. That does the healing. 解鴆酒毒。緑豆粉三合，水調服。 To dissolve the poison of zhen 鴆1189 wine. Ingest three ge of lü dou powder mixed with water. 解砒石毒。緑豆粉、寒水石等分，以藍根汁調服三五錢。衛生易簡。 To resolve the poison of arsenic. Mix equal amounts of lü dou powder and calcite with Chinese indigo plant root juice and ingest three to five qian. Wei sheng yi jian. 解諸藥毒。已死，但心頭温者，用緑豆粉調水服。衛生易簡方。 To resolve all types of pharmaceutical drug poison. If that person] has already died, with the heart and head being still warm. [Let the patient] ingest lü dou powder mixed with water. Wei sheng yi jian fang. 打撲傷損。用緑豆粉新銚炒紫，新汲井水調傅，以杉木皮縛定，其效如 神。此汀人陳氏夢傳之方。澹寮方。 Injury harm caused by a blow or fall. Stir-fry lü dou powder in a new pot until it has assumed a purple color, mix it with newly drawn well water, apply this [to the affected region] and fasten it with Chinese cedar tree bark. Divinely effective. This is a recipe transmitted to Mr. Chen from Ding in a dream. Dan liao fang. 杖瘡疼痛。緑豆粉炒研，以鷄子白和塗之，妙。生生編。 Painful sores/wounds caused by flogging. Stir-fry lü dou powder, grind them [into powder], mix it with chicken egg white and apply this [to the affected region]. Wondrous. Sheng sheng bian. 外腎生瘡。緑豆粉、蚯蚓糞等分，研塗之。 The testicles (lit.: “external kidneys”) develop sores. Grind equal amounts of lü dou powder and earthworm excrements [into pulp] and apply this [to the affected region]. 暑月疿瘡。緑豆粉二兩，滑石一兩，和匀撲之。一加蛤粉二兩。簡易方。 Seething rash sores during summer months. Evenly mix two liang of lü dou powder and one liang of talcum and apply this [to the affected region]. Another [recipe] adds two liang of clam shell powder. Jian yi fang. 1189 Zhen 鴆 is a legendary bird. It is also used for “poisoned by wine.“



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一切腫毒。初起，用緑豆粉炒黄黑色，猪牙皂莢一兩，爲末，用米醋調敷 之。皮破者油調之。邵真人經驗方。 All types of swelling with poison. When they just begin to rise, [grind] lü dou powder, stir-fried until it has assumed a yellow-black color, and one liang of small gleditsia pods into powder, mix it with rice vinegar and apply this [to the affected region]. If the skin has broken open, mix it with oil. Shao zhenren, Jing yan fang. 24-06-02 豆皮 Dou pi

Skin of [lü] dou. 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold,. 【主治】解熱毒，退目翳。時珍。 Control. It resolves heat poison and eliminates eye shades. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 通神散。治癍痘目生翳。緑豆皮、白菊花、穀精草等分，爲末。每用一 錢，以乾柹餅一枚，粟米泔一盞，同煮乾。食柹，日三服。淺者五七日見 效，遠者半月見效。直指方。 The “powder enabling communication with spirits.” It cures macule-illness with smallpox and a generation with eye-shades.1190 [Grind] equal amounts of lü dou skin, white chrysanthemum flowers and eriocaulon [flowers] into powder. Each time take one qian and boil it together with one dried persimmon cake in one cup of water in which millet has been washed until [the liquid has] dried. Eat the persimmon [cake], ingesting it three times a day. In a minor [case] an effect will be evident within five to seven days. In the case of [an illness] that has lasted for a long time, the effect will be seen after half a month. Zhi zhi fang.

1190 Ban dou 癍痘, “macule-illness with smallpox.” A condition identical with dou chuang 痘 瘡, “smallpox sores.” BCGM Dict I, 51.

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24-06-03 豆莢 Dou jia

Pod of [lü] dou. 【主治】赤痢經年不愈，蒸熟，隨意食之良。時珍。出普濟。 Control. For red free-flux illness that has not been cured for years, steam it until done and eat it as you like. Good. [Li] Shizhen. Quoted from Pu ji. 24-06-04 豆花 Dou hua

Flower of [lü] dou 【主治】解酒毒。時珍。 Control. It resolves the poison of wine. [Li] Shizhen. 24-06-05 豆芽 Dou ya

Sprouts of [lü] dou 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】解酒毒熱毒，利三焦。時珍。 Control. They resolve the poison of wine and heat poison. They free [the activities of/passage through] the Triple Burner. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】諸豆生芽皆腥韌不堪，惟此豆之芽白美獨異。今人視 爲尋常，而古人未知者也。但受濕熱鬱浥之氣，故頗發瘡動氣，與緑豆之 性稍有不同。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The fresh sprouts of all types of beans have a strong, unpleasant fishy smell. The [mung] bean discussed here is different; it is the only one with white and delicious sprouts. People today consider them as something normal, while the ancients were unaware of them. Because [lü dou sprouts] are endowed with moist, hot and pent-up dampness qi, they tend to cause sores and excite qi. That is a bit different from the nature of lü dou. 24-06-06 豆葉 Dou ye

Leaf of [lü] dou. 【主治】霍亂吐下，絞汁和醋少許，温服。開寶。 Control. For cholera with vomiting and discharge, squeeze [the leaves of lü dou] to obtain a juice, mix it with a little vinegar and ingest this warm. Kai bao.



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24-07 白豆宋嘉祐 Bai dou, FE Song, Jia you. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. var. cylindrica (L.) Ohashi. White soybean. 【釋名】飯豆。 Explanation of Names. Fan dou 飯豆, “cooked rice meal bean.“ 【集解】【詵曰】白豆苗，嫩者可作菜食，生食亦妙。【頴曰】浙東一種 味甚勝，用以作醬、作腐極佳。北方水白豆相似而不及也。【原曰】白豆 即飯豆也，粥飯皆可拌食。【時珍曰】飯豆，小豆之白者也，亦有土黄色 者。豆大如緑豆而長。四五月種之。苗葉似赤小豆而略尖，可食，莢亦似 小豆。一種蓘豆，葉如大豆，可作飯、作腐，亦其類也。 Collected Explanations. [Meng] Shen: Tender bai dou seedlings/sprouts can be prepared for consumption as vegetable. Eaten fresh, they are wondrous, too. [Wang] Ying: In Zhe dong is a kind with a superior flavor. It can be made into the most excellent thick soups and [bean] curds. The water bai dou in the North is similar, but does not reach it. [Ning] Yuan: Bai dou is fan dou 飯豆. It can be eaten as an accompaniment to congees and rice dishes, fan 飯. [Li] Shizhen: Fan dou is the white variant of red mung beans. There are also those colored yellow like soil. The beans are as big as mung beans, but lengthy. They are planted in the fourth and fifth month. The seedlings/sprouts and the leaves resemble those of red mung beans, but are a little smaller. They are edible. The pods, too, resemble those of red mung beans. Another kind are the gun dou 蓘豆. Their leaves are similar to those of soybeans. They can be prepared for cooked rice meals and made into [bean] curd. They, too, belong this this group. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【原曰】鹹，平。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Ning] Yuan: Salty, balanced. 【主治】補五臟，調中，助十二經脉。孟詵。煖腸胃。日華。殺鬼氣。腎 之穀，腎病宜食之。思邈。 Control. Bai dou supplement the [qi of the] five long-term depots. They regulate the center, and support the 12 conduit vessels. Meng Shen. They warm the intestines and the stomach. Rihua. They kill demon qi. They are a cereal for the kidneys. For kidney diseases it is appropriate to eat them. [Sun] Simiao.

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24-07-01 葉 Ye

Leaf [of bai dou]. 【主治】煮食，利五臟，下氣。日華。 Control. Boiled and eaten, they free [the passage through the] five long-term depots and send down qi. Rihua. 24-08 穭豆拾遺音吕 Lü dou, FE Shi yi. [穭] read lü. Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc. Wild rice. 【釋名】【時珍曰】穭乃自生稻名也。此豆原是野生，故名。今人亦種之 于下地矣。 Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen: Lü 穭 is the name of rice, dao 稻, that grows spontaneously. It is a bean that originally grew in the wild. Hence the name. Today, people plant [lü dou] on low-lying land. 【集解】【藏器曰】穭豆生田野，小而黑，堪作醬。爾雅戎菽一名驢豆， 古名 豆是也。【瑞曰】穭豆即黑豆中最細者。【時珍曰】此即黑小豆也。 小科細粒，霜後乃熟。陳氏指爲戎菽，誤矣。爾雅亦無此文。戎菽乃胡豆, 豆乃鹿豆，見菜部。並四月熟。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Lü dou 穭豆 grows in the wild. [The beans] are small and black; they are suitable for making thick sauces. The Er ya [states]: “Rong shu 戎菽, alternative name lü dou 驢豆, ‘donkey beans’.” The ancient name is lao dou 豆. [Wu] Rui: Lü dou 穭豆 are the finest among the soybeans. [Li] Shizhen: These are soybeans. It is a small pant with fine grains that ripen after the frost. When Mr. Chen [Cangqi] identifies them as rong shu 戎菽, he is wrong. The Er ya has no such phrase. Rong shu 戎菽 is hu dou 胡豆. Lao dou 豆 is lu dou 鹿豆, “deer beans.” See the section “vegetables.” They all ripen in the fourth month. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】去賊風風痺，婦人産後冷血，炒令焦黑，及熱投酒中，漸漸飲 之。藏器。 Control. To eliminate robber wind1191 and blockage/numbness related to wind [intrusion] and cold blood of women after childbirth, stir-fry them until they are 1191 Zei feng 賊風, “robber wind,” a condition caused by qi that appear in a season they do not belong to. More at BCGM Dict I, 667.



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scorched black, and toss them hot into wine. Drink it in small portions. [Chen] Cangqi.

Pisum sativum L. Garden pea.

24-09 豌豆拾遺 Wan dou, FE Shi yi.

【釋名】胡豆拾遺、戎菽爾雅、回鶻豆遼志、飲膳正要作回回豆。回回， 即回鶻國也。畢豆唐史、崔寔月令作𧰆豆。青小豆千金、青斑豆别録、麻 累。【時珍曰】胡豆，豌豆也。其苗柔弱宛宛，故得豌名。種出胡戎， 嫩時青色，老則斑麻，故有胡、戎、青斑、麻累諸名。陳藏器拾遺雖有 胡豆，但云苗似豆，生田野間，米中往往有之。然豌豆、蠶豆皆有胡豆之 名。陳氏所云蓋豌豆也。豌豆之粒小，故米中有之。爾雅：戎菽，謂之荏 菽。管子：山戎出荏菽，布之天下。並註云：即胡豆也。唐史：畢豆出自 西戎 回鶻地面。張揖廣雅：畢豆、豌豆，留豆也。别録 序例云：丸藥如胡 豆大者，即青斑豆也。孫思邈千金方云：青小豆一名胡豆，一名麻累。鄴 中記云：石虎諱胡，改胡豆爲國豆。此數説，皆指豌豆也。蓋古昔呼豌豆 爲胡豆，今則蜀人專呼蠶豆爲胡豆，而豌豆名胡豆，人不知矣。又鄉人亦 呼豌豆大者爲淮豆，蓋回鶻音相近也。 Explanation of Names. Hu dou 胡豆, “bean from [the region of ] the Hu,” Shi yi. Rong shu 戎菽, “beans from the [region of the] Rong,” Er ya. Hui hu dou 回鶻豆, Liao zhi. The Yin shan zheng yao writes it hui hui dou 回回豆, “beans from [the region of ] the muslims.” Hui hui 回回 refers to Hui hu guo 回鶻國, “Uighur country.” Bi dou 畢豆, Tang shi. The Cui shi yue ling writes it bi dou 𧰆豆. Qing xiao dou 青小 豆, “greenish, small bean,” Qian jin. Qing ban dou 青斑豆, “greenish, speckled bean,” Bie lu. Ma lei 麻累. [Li] Shizhen: Hu dou 胡豆 is wan dou 豌豆. The seedling is soft, weak and “winding,” wan wan 宛宛. Hence the name wan 豌. The seeds originate in [the region of the] Hu 胡 and Rong 戎. When they are tender, they are greenish, qing 青, in color. When they are old, they are speckled, ban ma 斑麻. Hence all those names with [the characters] hu 胡, rong 戎, qing ban 青斑 and ma lei 麻累. Chen Cangqi in his Shi yi mentions hu dou 胡豆, but he states “the seedling/sprout resembles that of beans. It grows in the open country, and is often found in rice.” However, wan dou 豌豆 and can dou 蠶豆1192, horse beans (24-10), are both called hu dou 胡豆. Mr. Chen [Cangqi’s] statement is certainly aimed at wan dou 豌豆. Wan dou 豌豆 kernels are small. Hence they are found in rice. The Er ya refers to rong shu 戎菽 as ren shu 荏菽. The Guan zi [states]: “Ren shu 荏菽 comes from Shan rong; it 1192 Can dou 蠶豆, lit.: “silkworm beans,”

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has spread across the country.” A commentary on both states: “They are hu dou 胡 豆.” Tang shi: “Bi dou 畢豆 comes from Hui hu in Xi rong.” Zhang Qi in his Guang ya [states]: “Bi dou 畢豆 and wan dou 豌豆 are liu dou 留豆.” The preface of the Bie lu states: “When medicinal pills are of the size of hu dou 胡豆, that is [the size of ] qing ban dou 青斑豆, ‚greenish, speckled beans’.” Sun Simiao in his Qian jin fang states: “Qing xiao dou 青小豆 are also called hu dou 胡豆 and ma lei 麻累.” The Ye zhong ji states: “Shi Hu’s name hu 胡 fell under a taboo, and [the name] hu dou 胡 豆 was changed to guo dou 國豆.” All these statements refer to wan dou 豌豆. The fact is, in ancient times wan dou 豌豆 were called hu dou 胡豆. Today, people in Shu specifically refer to can dou 蠶豆, horse beans (24-10), as hu dou 胡豆; they do not know that wan dou 豌豆 are named hu dou 胡豆. Also, people in rural areas refer to big specimens of wan dou 豌豆 as huai dou 淮豆. The fact is, the reading of hui hu 回鶻 is close [to that of huai dou 淮豆]. 【集解】【時珍曰】豌豆種出西胡，今北土甚多。八九月下種，苗生柔弱 如蔓，有鬚。葉似蒺藜葉，兩兩對生，嫩時可食。三四月開小花如蛾形， 淡紫色。結莢長寸許，子圓如藥丸，亦似甘草子。出胡地者大如杏仁。 煮、炒皆佳，磨粉麪甚白細膩。百穀之中，最爲先登。又有野豌豆，粒小 不堪，惟苗可茹，名翹摇，見菜部。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Wan dou were originally planted in Xi hu. Today [these beans] are very widely spread in the North. They are planted in the eighth and ninth month. The seedlings grow soft and weak similar to creeping plants; they have hair. The leaves resemble calthrop leaves, with always two and two growing facing each other. As long as they are tender, they are edible. Small flowers, shaped like moths, open in the third and fourth month. They are of bland-purple color and form pods about one cun long. The seeds are as round as medicinal pills; they may also resemble glycyrrhiza seeds. Those coming from the Hu region are as big as apricot kernels. Boiled or stir-fried, they are always excellent. Ground into fine powder they yield a very white, fine and greasy flour. Among the hundreds of cereals, they occupy first place. There are also wild wan dou 豌豆. Their grains are smaller and not good. Only their sprouts can be made into vegetables. They are called qiao yao 翹摇. See the section “vegetables” (27-26). 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【思邈曰】甘、鹹，温、平，濇。【瑞曰】多食 發氣病。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Sun] Simiao: Sweet, salty, warm, astringent. [Wu] Rui: Eaten in large amounts [wan dou] cause qi [disorder] diseases.



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【主治】消渴，淡煮食之，良。藏器。治寒熱熱中，除吐逆，止泄痢澼 下，利小便，腹脹滿。思邈。調營衛，益中平氣。煮食，下乳汁。可作醬 用。瑞。煮飲，殺鬼毒心病，解乳石毒發。研末，塗癰腫痘瘡。作澡豆， 去䵟𪒟，令人面光澤。時珍。 Control. For melting with thirst,1193 boil them in fresh water and eat them. [Chen] Cangqi. They serve to cure alternating sensations of cold and heat, and heat in the center. They eliminate vomiting with [qi] counterflow. They end outflow with free-flux illness and [intestinal] flush discharge. They stimulate urination. [They eliminate] abdominal distension with a feeling of fullness. [Sun] Simiao. They regulate the camp and the guardian [qi], boost the [qi in the] center and balance qi [disorder]. Eaten boiled in water they stimulate discharge of milk sap. They can be used to make thick sauces. [Wu] Rui. Boiled and [the liquid] drunk, they kill demon poison causing heart disease and resolve effusion of stalactite poison. Ground into powder, they are applied to obstruction-illness1194 swelling and smallpox sores. Prepared as bathing water, they eliminate dermal dark spots and make one’s face glossy. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】豌豆屬土，故其所主病多係脾胃。元時飲膳，每用此 豆擣去皮，同羊肉治食，云補中益氣。今爲日用之物，而唐、宋本草見 遺，可謂缺典矣。千金、外臺洗面澡豆方，盛用畢豆麪，亦取其白膩耳。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Wan dou are associated with [the phase] soil. Hence, all the diseases they serve to cure are related to spleen and stomach. Whenever these beans are [recommended for use] in the Yuan era Yin shan, they are to be eaten prepared together with mutton, and that is said “to supplement the center and boost the qi.” Today they are a daily used item, But they were omitted from the records in the Ben cao of the Tang and Song. One may speak [of these books] as “incomplete standard works.” Recipes in the Qian jin and the Wai tai [recommending to] wash the face with a bathing water prepared from beans, always use bi dou 畢豆 flour, taking advantage of their white [color] and greasy [nature].

1193 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

1194 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

814

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】新三。 Added Recipes. Three newly [recorded].

四聖丹。治小兒痘中有疔，或紫黑而大，或黑壞而臭，或中有黑線，此症 十死八九，惟牛都御史得秘傳此方點之最妙。用豌豆四十九粒燒存性，頭 髮灰三分，真珠十四粒炒研爲末，以油燕脂同杵成膏。先以簪挑疔破，咂 去惡血，以少許點之，即時變紅活色。 The “four sages elixir.” It serves to cure pin-illness1195 developing in smallpox [sores]. They may be purple-black and big, or black, decaying and malodorous, or they have a black thread in their center. Eight or nine of [patients with] such illness signs die. Only Censor-in-chief Niu obtained a secretly transmitted recipe that, when applied [to the affected region], proved to yield the most wondrous results. Prepare a mixture of 49 wan dou grains, burned with their nature retained, three fen of ashes obtained by burning head hair, and 14 genuine pearls, stir-fried and ground into powder. Pound [this mixture] together with oil and rouge to generate a paste. First pierce the pin-illness with a hairpin to open it and suck out the malign blood. Then, after a short while, apply [the paste]. [The affected region] will soon turn to a red, vivid color. 服石毒發。胡豆半升擣研，以水八合絞汁飲之，即愈。外臺。 Effusion of poison after ingesting mineral [elixirs]. Pound and grind half a sheng of hu dou, give [the resulting mass] into eight ge of water, squeeze this to obtain a juice and drink it. That leads to a cure. Wai tai. 霍亂吐利。豌豆三合，香葇三兩，爲末，水三盞，煎一盞，分二服。聖惠。 Cholera with vomiting and free flow. [Grind] three ge of wan dou and three liang of elsholtzia herb into powder, boil it in three cups of water down to one cup and ingest this divided into two portions. Sheng hui.

Vicia faba L. Horse bean.1196

24-10 蠶豆食物 Can dou, FE Shi wu.

【釋名】胡豆。【時珍曰】豆莢狀如老蠶，故名。王禎農書謂其蠶時始熟 故名，亦通。吴瑞本草以此爲豌豆，誤矣。此豆種亦自西胡來，雖與豌豆 1195 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],” also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127-129. 1196 Can dou 蠶豆, lit.: “silkworm bean.”



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同名、同時種，而形性迥别。太平御覽云：張騫使外國，得胡豆種歸。指 此也。今蜀人呼此爲胡豆，而豌豆不復名胡豆矣。 Explanation of Names. Hu dou 胡豆, “beans from the [region of the] Hu.” [Li] Shizhen: The bean pods are shaped like old silkworms, can 蠶. Hence the name. Wang Zhen in his Nong shu says that “they ripen at the same time as silkworms; hence the name.” That makes sense, too. Wu Rui in his Ben cao identifies them as wan dou 豌豆. That is wrong. These beans, too, were originally planted in the Xi hu region. Even though they have the same name as wan dou 豌豆 and are planted at the same time, their shapes are widely different. The Tai ping yu lan states: “When Zhang Qian was sent abroad, he obtained hu dou seeds and and brought them home.” That is a reference to [the beans discussed] here. Today, people in Shu call them hu dou 胡豆, while wan dou 豌豆 are no longer called hu dou 胡豆 【集解】【時珍曰】蠶豆南土種之，蜀中尤多。八月下種，冬生嫩苗可 茹。方莖中空。葉狀如匙頭，本圓末尖，面緑背白，柔厚，一枝三葉。二 月開花如蛾狀，紫白色，又如豇豆花。結角連綴如大豆，頗似蠶形。蜀人 收其子以備荒歉。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Can dou are planted in the South; they are especially common in Shu zhong. They are planted in the eighth month. In winter they develop tender sprouts that are edible. The stem is square and hollow. The leaves are shaped like the tip of a spoon. They are round at their base and pointed at the end. They are green on their front and white on the back; they are soft and thick. One branch has three leaves. Flowers shaped like moths open in the second month; they are purple-white in color. They also resemble cowpea, jiang dou 豇豆, flowers (24-11). The pods cling to each other similar to those of soybeans; they are shaped very much like silkworms. People in Shu collect the seeds to be prepared for times of crop failure and famine. 【氣味】甘、微辛，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly acrid, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】快胃，和臟腑。汪穎。 Control. They are good for the stomach and harmonize [the qi of ] the long-term depots and short-term repositories. Wang Ying. 【發明】【時珍曰】蠶豆本草失載。萬表積善堂方言：一女子誤吞針入 腹。諸醫不能治。一人教令煮蠶豆同韭菜食之，針自大便同出。此亦可驗 其性之利臟腑也。

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Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Can dou are not recorded in the Ben cao. Wan Biao in his Ji shan tang fang says: A female mistakenly swallowed a needle and it entered her abdomen. No physician was able to cure her. Someone told her to boil can dou and Chinese leeks in water and eat this. The needle left her with the stools. That, too, is evidence of their nature of freeing the passage through the long-term depots and short-term repositories. 24-10-01 苗 Miao

Seedling [of can dou]. 【氣味】苦、微甘，温。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, slightly sweet, warm. 【主治】酒醉不省，油鹽炒熟，煮湯灌之，效。穎。 Control. Getting drunk with wine and not waking up again. Stir-fry them with oil and salt until done, boil them in water and force-feed the resulting decoction [to the patient]. Effective. [Wang] Ying. 24-11 豇豆綱目 Jiang dou, FE Gang mu. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Cowpea. 【釋名】䜶䝄音絳雙。【時珍曰】此豆紅色居多，莢必雙生，故有豇、䜶 䝄之名。廣雅指爲胡豆，誤矣。 Explanation of Names. Jiang shuang 䜶䝄, read jiang shuang 絳雙. [Li] Shizhen: These beans are mostly red; hong 紅, the pods grow in pairs, shuang 雙. Hence the names jiang 豇 and jiang shuang 䜶䝄. The Guang ya identifies them as hu dou 胡 豆. That is wrong. 【集解】【時珍曰】豇豆處處三四月種之。一種蔓長丈餘，一種蔓短。其 葉俱本大末尖，嫩時可茹。其花有紅、白二色。莢有白、紅、紫、赤、斑 駁數色，長者至二尺，嫩時充菜，老則收子。此豆可菜、可果、可穀，備 用最多，乃豆中之上品，而本草失收，何哉？ Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Jiang dou are present everywhere; they are planted in the third and fourth month. One kind is a creeping plant more than one zhang long. Another kind is a short creeping plant. The leaves are always large at their base and pointed at the end. As long as they are tender they can be consumed as a vegetable. The flowers may be of two colors, red and white. The pods may have



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several colors, white, red, purple, fire red and speckled. Long ones reach a length of two chi. As long as they are tender, they serve as a vegetable. When they are old, their seeds are collected. These beans can serve as vegetable, fruits and cereal. They have very many usages. Now, they occupy the top rank among beans, but are not recorded in the Ben cao. Why? 【氣味】甘、鹹，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】理中益氣，補腎健胃，和五臟，調營衛，生精髓，止消渴，吐逆 泄痢，小便數，解鼠莽毒。時珍。 Control. They regulate the center and boost the qi, supplement the kidney [qi] and strengthen the stomach, harmonize the [qi of the] five long-term depots, adjust the camp and the guardian [qi], generate essence/sperm and marrow, end melting with thirst,1197 vomiting with [qi] counterflow, outflow with free-flux illness and frequent urination, and they resolve the poison of illiceum [leaves]. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】豇豆開花結莢，必兩兩並垂，有習坎之義。豆子微 曲，如人腎形，所謂豆爲腎穀者，宜以此當之。昔盧廉夫教人補腎氣，每 日空心煮豇豆，入少鹽食之，蓋得此理。與諸疾無禁，但水腫忌補腎，不 宜多食耳。又袖珍方云：中鼠莽毒者，以豇豆煮汁飲即解。欲試者，先刈 鼠莽苗，以汁潑之，便根爛不生。此則物理然也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The flower opened and the pods formed by jiang dou always hang down in pairs of two. They reflect the idea of “doubled danger.”1198 The bean seeds are slightly bent, similar to human kidneys. When beans are called “kidney cereal,” that is based on this agreement. Formerly, Lu Lianfu taught people how to supplement their kidney qi. Every day they should eat, on an empty stomach, jiang dou boiled in water with a little salt added. That was based on this principle. [To eat jiang dou] is permitted for all illnesses. Only in the case of water swelling, when the kidney [qi] should not be supplemented, [jiang dou] are not appropriate for consumption in large amounts. Also, the Xiu zhen fang states: “For illiceum herb poisoning, boil jiang dou in water and drink the juice. That will resolve [the poison]. If you wish to test this, first cut an illiceum seedling and then sprinkle [jiang dou] juice on it. The root rots and does not survive.” Such are the principles underlying [the interactions of ] things. 1197 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

1198 Xi kan 習坎, “doubled danger,” a reference to the meaning of the 29th hexagram of the Yi jing.

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24-12 藊豆音扁别録中品 Bian dou, [藊] read bian. FE Bie lu, middle rank. Dolichos lablab L. Egyptian kidney bean. 【釋名】沿籬豆俗、蛾眉豆。【時珍曰】藊本作扁，莢形扁也。沿籬，蔓 延也。蛾眉，象豆脊有白路之形也。 Explanation of Names. Yan li dou 沿籬豆, “beans that follow the fences,” common [name]. E mei dou 蛾眉豆. [Li] Shizhen: Bian 藊 originally was written bian 扁, because the pods have a “flat,” bian 扁, shape. Yan li 沿籬 is “to extend as a creeping plant.” E mei 蛾眉, “lovely eyebrows,” reflects the white path on the back of these beans. 【集解】【弘景曰】藊豆人家種之于籬垣，其莢蒸食甚美。【頌曰】蔓延 而上，大葉細花，花有紫、白二色，莢生花下。其實有黑、白二種，白者 温而黑者小冷，入藥用白者。黑者名鵲豆，蓋以其黑間有白道，如鵲羽 也。【時珍曰】扁豆二月下種，蔓生延纏。葉大如盃，團而有尖。其花狀 如小蛾，有翅尾形。其莢凡十餘樣，或長或團，或如龍爪、虎爪，或如猪 耳、刀鐮，種種不同，皆纍纍成枝。白露後實更繁衍，嫩時可充蔬食茶 料，老則收子煮食。子有黑、白、赤、斑四色。一種莢硬不堪食。惟豆子 粗圓而色白者可入藥。本草不分别，亦缺文也。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: Households plant bian dou along fences and walls. The pods are steamed and delicious to eat. [Su] Song: [Bian dou] rise extending as a creeping plant. The leaves are big, while the flowers are fine. The flowers appear in two colors, purple and white. The pods grow under the flowers. The fruits have two kinds, one black and one white. White ones are warm; the black ones are a little cold. The white ones are added to medication. The black ones are called “magpie beans.” The fact is, the black color has a white line through it, similar to the feathers of magpies. [Li] Shizhen: Bian dou are planted in the second month. They grow as creeping plants and extend in bends. The leaves are as big as cups; they are round like a ball with a pointed end. The flowers are shaped like small moths with wings and a tail. The pods may assume ten or more shapes; they are either lengthy or round, they may be similar to a dragon’s claw or a tiger’s claw. They may resemble the ears of pigs, a knife or a sickle. All these kinds differ from each other, but they all form clusters attached to the branches. After [the solar term] White Dew (September 8), the fruits are especially plentiful. As long as they are tender, they can be used to prepare vegetables, cooked rice meals and tea. When they are old, the seeds are collected, steamed and eaten. The seeds appear in four colors, black, white, red and speckled. One kind [of these beans] has hard pods that cannot be eaten. Only those



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bean seeds that are crude, round and colored white can be added to medication. The Ben cao fails to distinguish them; in that regard, too, it is an incomplete text. 24-12-01 白扁豆 Bai bian dou White bian dou.1199

【修治】【時珍曰】凡用取硬殼扁豆子，連皮炒熟入藥。亦有水浸去皮及 生用者，從本方。 Pharmaceutical Preparation. [Li] Shizhen: For all applications, take bian dou seeds with a hard shell, stir-fry them with their skin until done and add them to medication. It is also possible that they are soaked in water to remove the skin, or that they are used fresh/unprepared. Always follow the respective recipe. 【氣味】甘，微温，無毒。【詵曰】微寒，患冷人勿食。【弘景曰】患寒 熱者不可食。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly warm, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen. Slightly cold. Persons suffering from cold [qi] must not eat them. [Tao] Hongjing: Those suffering from alternating sensations of cold and heat must not eat them. 【主治】和中下氣。别録。補五臟，主嘔逆。久服頭不白。孟詵。療霍亂 吐利不止，研末和醋服之。蘇恭。行風氣，治女子帶下，解酒毒、河豚魚 毒。蘇頌。解一切草木毒，生嚼及煮汁飲，取效。甄權。止泄痢，消暑， 暖脾胃，除濕熱，止消渴。時珍。 Control. They harmonize the center and send down [evil] qi. Bie lu. They supplement the [qi of the] five long-term depots and control vomiting with [qi] counterflow. Ingested over a long time they prevent the [hair on the] head from turning white. Meng Shen. To heal cholera with unending vomiting and free flow, grind them into powder and ingest it mixed with vinegar. Su Gong. They stimulate the movement of qi, serve to cure [diseases] below the belt of females, and resolve the poison of wine as well as the poison of globefish. Su Song. To resolve the poison of all herbs and trees, chew them fresh/unprepared, boil [the resulting mass in water] and drink the juice until an effect shows. Zhen Quan. They end outflow with freeflux illness, dissolve summer heat, warm spleen and stomach, eliminate moisture and heat [qi], and end melting with thirst.1200 [Li] Shizhen.

1199 Bai bian dou 白扁豆, lit: “white, flat bean.”

1200 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

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【發明】【時珍曰】硬殼白扁豆，其子充實，白而微黄，其氣腥香，其性 温平，得乎中和，脾之穀也。入太陰氣分，通利三焦，能化清降濁，故專 治中宫之病，消暑除濕而解毒也。其軟殼及黑鵲色者，其性微凉，但可供 食，亦調脾胃。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: White bian dou with a hard shell have solid seeds. They are white with a little yellow, and their qi are fishy and fragrant. Their nature is warm and balanced and capable of harmonization. It is a cereal for the spleen. It enters the major yin qi section, and penetrates the Triple Burner. It can transform the clear [elements of food] and lets the turbid [elements] descend. Therefore it is expecially used to cure diseases of the Central Mansion, to dissolve summer heat, remove moisture and resolve poison. Those with a soft shell and black magpie color have a slightly cool nature. Still, they can be offered to be eaten as they, too, regulate [the qi of ] spleen and stomach. 【附方】新九。 Added Recipes. Nine newly [recorded]. 霍亂吐利。扁豆、香薷各一升，水六升，煮二升，分服。千金。 Cholera with vomiting and free flow. Boil one sheng each of bian dou and elsholtzia herb in six sheng of water down to two sheng and ingest this divided into two portions. Qian jin. 霍亂轉筋。白扁豆爲末，醋和服。普濟方。 Cholera with contorted sinews. [Grind] white bian dou into powder and ingest it mixed with vinegar Pu ji fang. 消渴飲水。金豆丸：用白扁豆浸去皮，爲末，以天花粉汁同蜜和，丸梧子 大，金薄爲衣，每服二三十丸，天花粉汁下，日二服。忌炙煿酒色。次服 滋腎藥。仁存堂方。 Melting with thirst1201 and an urge to drink water. The “golden bean pills.” Soak white bian dou in water, remove the skin and [grind the beans into] powder. Mix it with trichosanthes [root] juice and honey and form pills the size of wu seeds and a gold foil coating. Each time ingest 20 to 30 pills, to be sent down with trichosanthes [root] juice. To be ingested twice a day. [During this therapy,] roasted and baked items, wine and sex should be avoided. Next ingest medication that nourishes the kidneys. Ren cun tang fang. 1201 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.



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赤白帶下。白扁豆炒，爲末，用米飲每服二錢。 Red and white discharge from below the belt. Stir-fry white bian dou and [grind them into] powder. Each time ingest with a rice beverage two qian. 毒藥墮胎，女人服草藥墮胎腹痛者。生白扁豆去皮，爲末，米飲服方寸 匕。濃煎汁飲亦可。凡服藥胎氣已傷未墮者，或口噤手强，自汗頭低，似 乎中風，九死一生。醫多不識，作風治，必死無疑。 Poisonous medication to induce an abortion. When females ingest herbal pharmaceutical drugs to induce an abortion and suffer from abdominal pain. Remove the skin from fresh, white bian dou and [grind them into] powder. [Let the woman] ingest, with a rice beverage, the amount held by a square cun spoon. To boil [the bian dou] in water to obtain a thick juice and drink this, is possible, too. Whenever the qi of the fetal qi are damaged by ingesting such pharmaceutical drugs with the [fetus] not aborted, [the mother] may be affected by lockjaw and stiff hands, spontaneous sweating and lowered head, similar to wind stroke. Nine [patients] die and only one survives. Physicians often fail to recognize [the true cause of this condition] and cure a wind [stroke]. This results in [the patient’s] death, without any doubt. 中砒霜毒。白扁豆生研，水絞汁飲。並永類方。 To resolve poisoning by arsenic. Grind fresh, white bian dou, [give the pulp into] water, squeeze this and drink the resulting juice. Both [recipes:] Yong lei fang. 六畜肉毒。白扁豆燒存性研，温水服之，良。事林廣記。 Poisoned by the meat of the six domestic animals. Burn white bian dou with their nature retained and grind [the residue into powder]. Ingest it with warm water. Good. Shi lin guang ji. 諸鳥肉毒。生扁豆末，冷水服之。同上。 All types bird meat poisoning. Ingest fresh bian dou powder with cold water. [Source of this recipe] identical with the one above. 惡瘡痂痒，作痛。以扁豆擣封，痂落即愈。肘後。 Painful, itching scabs of malign sores. Pound bian dou and seal [the scabs with the resulting pulp]. The scabs fall off and that is the cure. Zhou hou. 24-12-01 花 Hua

Flower [of bian dou]. 【主治】女子赤白帶下，乾末米飲服之。蘇頌。焙研服，治崩帶。作餛飩 食，治泄痢。擂水飲，解中一切藥毒垂死。功同扁豆。時珍。

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Control. For red and white discharge from below the belt of women, ingest the dry powder [of bian dou flowers] with a rice beverage. Su Song. Baked over a slow fire, ground [into powder] and ingested, it serves to cure collapsing belt.1202 Prepared to dumplings and eaten, [bian dou flowers] serve to cure outflow with free-flux illness. Pounded in water and drunk, they resolve all types of pharmaceutical drug induced poisoning that brings one close to death. 【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded]. 血崩不止。白扁豆花焙乾，爲末。每服二錢，空心炒米煮飲，入鹽少許， 調下即效。奇效良方。 Unending blood collapse. Bake white bian dou flowers over a slow fire until they are dry and [grind them into] powder. Each time [let the patient] ingest two qian, mixed with a decoction of stir-fried rice as beverage to which is added a little salt. That is effective. Qi xiao liang fang. 一切泄痢。白扁豆花正開者，擇浄勿洗，以滚湯瀹過，和小猪脊月吕肉一條， 葱一根，胡椒七粒，醬汁拌匀，就以瀹豆花汁和麪，包作小餛飩，炙熟食 之。必用食治方。 All types of outflow with free-flux illness. When the flowers of white bian dou have just opened, pick clean ones and do not wash them. Soak them in hot water, mix them with one slice of meat from a small pig’s back and thigh, one onion root, seven black pepper grains and thick [bean sauce] and prepare with the water in which the beans were soaked and wheat flour small dumplings. Roast them until done and eat them. Bi yong shi zhi fang. 24-12-02 葉 Ye

Leaf [of bian dou]. 【主治】霍亂吐下不止。别録。吐利後轉筋，生擣一把，入少酢絞汁服， 立瘥。蘇恭。醋炙研服，治瘕疾。孟詵。杵傅蛇咬。大明。 Control. Unending cholera with vomiting and discharge. Bie lu. For contorted sinews following [cholera with] vomiting and free flow, pound one handful of fresh [bian dou leaves], add a little vinegar, squeeze this and ingest the juice. A cure is achieved immediately. Su Gong. Roasted with vinegar, ground and ingested, [bian 1202 Beng dai 崩帶, “collapsing belt.” A combination of beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” and dai xia 帶下, “discharge from below the belt.” BCGM Dict I, 58.



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dou leaves] serve to cure conglomeration-illness1203 ailments. Meng Shen. Pound [the leaves] and apply [the resulting pulp] to snake bites. Da Ming. 24-12-03 藤 Teng

Vine [of bian dou]. 【主治】霍亂，同蘆蘀、人參、倉米等分，煎服。時珍。 Control. For cholera, boil it with equal amounts of common reed, ginseng [root] and granary rice and ingest [the resulting decoction]. 24-13 刀豆綱目 Dao dou, FE Gang mu. Canavalia gladiata ( Jacq.) DC. Broad bean.1204 【釋名】挾劍豆。【時珍曰】以莢形命名也。案段成式酉陽襍俎云：樂浪 有挾劍豆，莢生横斜，如人挾劍。即此豆也。 Explanation of Names. Jia jian dou 挾劍豆, “beans [shaped like someone] holding a sword under the arm.” [Li] Shizhen: The name [dao dou 刀豆, “bean shaped like a knife“] reflects the shape of the pods. According to Duan Chengshi’s You yang za zu, “in Le lang is a jia jian dou 挾劍豆. Its pods grow in a horizontal-oblique position, similar to someone holding a sword under the arm, jia jian 挾劍.” That is [the item discussed] here. 【集解】【穎曰】刀豆長尺許，可入醬用。【時珍曰】刀豆人多種之。三 月下種，蔓生引一二丈，葉如豇豆葉而梢長大，五、六、七月開紫花如蛾 形。結莢，長者近尺，微似皂莢，扁而劍脊，三棱宛然。嫩時煮食、醬 食、蜜煎皆佳。老則收子，子大如拇指頭，淡紅色。同猪肉、雞肉煮食， 尤美。 Collected Explanations. [Wang] Ying: Dao dou are about one chi long. They can be used to prepare a thick [bean] sauce. [Li] Shizhen: Dao dou are grown in large quantities by the people. They are sown in the third month. A creeper grows extending over one or two zhang. The leaves are similar to cowpea leaves, but they are a little longer and bigger. [Dao dou] open purple flowers, shaped like moths, in the fifth, sixth and seventh month. They form pods reaching a length of almost one chi, a little 1203 Jia 瘕, “empty[-lumps]-illness,” “conglomeration-illness.” A condition of painful abdominal nodes/lumps that sometimes move and sometimes do not move in accordance with the movement of the body’s qi. BCGM Dict I, 244. 1204 Dao dou 刀豆, lit.: “bean shaped like a knife.”

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reminiscent of gleditsia pods. They are flat and have spines that are three swordlike edges. As long as they are tender, they are boiled and eaten, or they are eaten prepared as a thick sauce, or boiled with honey. All these preparations are excellent. When [the pods] are old, their seeds are collected. The seeds are as big as the tip of a thumb. They are pale red in color. Eaten boiled together with pork and chicken meat, they are especially delicious. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】温中下氣，利腸胃，止𩚬逆，益腎補元。時珍。 Control. They warm the center and send down qi. They free [the passage through] the intestines and the stomach, end hiccup with [qi] counterflow, boost kidney [qi] and supplement the original [qi]. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】刀豆本草失載，惟近時小書載其暖而補元陽也。又有 人病後𩚬逆不止，聲聞鄰家。或令取刀豆子燒存性，白湯調服二錢即止。 此亦取其下氣歸元，而逆自止也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Dao dou are not recorded in the Ben cao. It was only in recent times that some small book wrote of their warming [nature] and [ability to] supplement the original yang [qi]. It also wrote: “Someone after having had a disease suffered from unending hiccup with noises that were heard by his neighbors. One of them ordered him to burn dao dou seeds with their nature retained, mix them with clear, boiled water and ingest two qian. [The hiccup] ended. That, too, took advantage of their ability to send down qi and have original [qi] return with the result that the [qi] counterflow ended.” 24-14 黎豆拾遺 Li dou, FE Shi yi. Stizolobium capitatum (Sweet) O.Kuntze. Cowhage. 【校正】自草部移入此。 Editorial Correction. Moved here from the section “herbs.” 【釋名】貍豆綱目、虎豆。【藏器曰】豆子作貍首文，故名。【時珍曰】 黎亦黑色也。此豆莢老則黑色，有毛露筋，如虎、貍指爪。其子亦有點， 如虎、貍之班，煮之汁黑。故有諸名。 Explanation of Names. Li dou 貍豆, “leopard cat bean,” Gang mu. Hu dou 虎豆, “tiger bean.” [Chen] Cangqi: The beans have a line design similar to a leopard cat’s



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head. Hence the name. [Li] Shizhen: Li 黎 also means “black color.” When the pods of these beans are old, they assume a black color. They have hair with bare sinews, similar to the claws of tigers and leopard cats. The seeds, too, have dots; they are speckled like tigers and leopard cats. When they are boiled in water, the juice obtained is black. Hence all these names. 【集解】【藏器曰】黎豆生江南，蔓如葛，子如皂莢子，作貍首文。人炒 食之，别無功用。陶氏註云如黎豆者，即此也。爾雅云：諸慮，一名虎 涉。又註櫐根云：苗如豆。爾雅：攝，虎櫐。郭璞註云：江東呼櫐爲藤， 似葛而粗大。纏蔓林樹，莢有毛刺。一名豆蒐，今虎豆也，千歲櫐是矣。 【時珍曰】爾雅虎櫐，即貍豆也。古人謂藤爲櫐，後人訛櫐爲貍矣。爾雅 山櫐、虎櫐，原是二種。陳氏合而爲一，謂諸慮一名虎涉，又以爲千歲 櫐，並誤矣。“千歲櫐”見草部。貍豆野生，山人亦有種之者。三月下種生 蔓。其葉如豇豆葉，但文理偏斜。六七月開花成簇，紫色，狀如扁豆花。 一枝結莢十餘，長三四寸，大如拇指，有白茸毛。老則黑而露筋，宛如乾 熊指爪之狀。其子如刀豆子，淡紫色，有斑點如貍文。煮去黑汁，同猪、 雞肉再煮食，味乃佳。老則黑而露筋，宛如乾熊指爪之狀。其子如刀豆 子，淡紫色，有斑點如貍文。煮去黑汁，同猪、雞肉再煮食，味乃佳。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Li dou grow in Jiang nan. These are creepers similar to those of pueraria. The seeds are similar to gleditsia pod seeds; they have a leopard cat head line design. People stir-fry and eat them; they have no further potential and usage. Mr. Tao [Hongjing] in a comment on python bile states “similar to li dou.” That is [the item discussed] here. The Er ya states: “All say: ‘alternative name hu she 虎涉’.” Another comment on lei gen 櫐根, “vine and root,” states: “The seedling/sprout is similar to that of beans.” Er ya: “She 攝 is hu lei 虎櫐.” Guo Pu in his comment states: “In Jiang dong they use the term lei 櫐 for ‚vine’, teng 藤. It resembles pueraria [vines] but is crude and bigger. It winds around forest trees and has pods with thorns. Another name is dou hui 豆蒐.” That is today’s hu dou 虎豆. It is qian sui lei 千歲櫐, vitis [herb]. [Li] Shizhen: The hu lei 虎櫐 mentioned in the Er ya is li dou 貍豆. The ancients called vines lei 櫐. Later, people erroneously changed lei 櫐 to li 貍. Shan lei 山櫐 and hu lei 虎櫐 mentioned in the Er ya originally referred to two different kinds [of vines]. Mr. Chen [Cangqi] combined them stating “all say: alternative name hu she 虎涉.” He also stated that it is qian sui lei 千歲櫐. Both [these statements] are wrong. For qian sui lei 千歲櫐, see the section “herbs” (18-60). Li dou 貍豆 grow in the wild. Some people in the mountains plant them. They are sown in the third month and produce a creeping plant. The leaves are similar to cowpea leaves, but the line design is oblique. [Li dou] open clusters of flowers in the sixth and seventh month. They are colored purple and shaped like

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the flowers of Egyptian kidney beans. More then ten pods form on one branch. They are three to four cun long and as big as a thumb, covered by white fur. When [the pods] are old, they assume a black color and have bare, winding sinews. They are shaped similar to dried bear claws. The seeds are similar to the seeds of broad beans; they are pale purple in color and they are speckled with a line design similar to leopard cats. Boil them and discard the black juice. Boil them again with pork and chicken meat and eat them. Their flavor is excellent. 【氣味】甘、微苦，温，有小毒。多食令人悶。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly bitter, warm, slightly poisonous. Eaten in large amounts it lets one have heart-pressure. 【主治】温中益氣。時珍。 Control. [Li dou] warm the center and boost the qi. [Li] Shizhen.

草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 穀部 Section Cereals 第二十五卷 Chapter 25 穀之四 Cereals IV 造釀類二十九種 Prepared and Brewed [Items] Group, 29 kinds 25-01 Da dou chi 大豆豉, fermented soybean, FE Bie lu 别録 25-02 Dou huang 豆黄, bean ferment. FE Shi liao 食療 25-03 Dou fu 豆腐, bean curd. FE Ri yong 日用 25-04 Chen cang mi 陳廩米, rice/millet stored in a granary. FE Bie lu 别録 25-05 Fan 飯, cooked rice/millet. FE Shi yi 拾遺 25-05-01 Xin chui fan 新炊飯, newly cooked rice/millet. 25-05-02 Han shi fan 寒食飯, cold food [festival]1205 meal. 25-05-03 Si zao fan 祀竈飯, cooked rice/millet meal used for worshipping the kitchen stove [god]. 25-05-04 Pen bian ling fan 盆邊零飯, cooked rice/millet at the rim of a cooking pot. 25-05-05 Chi zhong can fan 齒中殘飯, remnants of cooked rice/millet between the teeth. 25-05-06 Sun fan 飱飯, cooked rice/millet for supper. 25-05-07 He ye shao fan 荷葉燒飯, cooked rice/millet burned with lotus leaves.

1205 This is the festival honoring Jie Zitui 介子推 who had served King Wen of the State of Jin, 5th c. BCE. Eventually he withdrew with his mother to the forests. King Wen summoned him to his court to show his gratitude. When Jie Zitui refused to appear, the king had the forest set on fi re to force him to leave his abode. Jie and his mother died in the fi re in 476 BCE. The king ordered that no fi res were allowed on that day in future, and food was to be consumed cold. Hence the name of that day, han shi 寒食, “Cold Food.” It is April 5. BCGM Dict III, 224-225.

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25-06 Qing jin gan shi xin fan 青精乾石䭀飯, rice boiled with the shoots of Asiatic bilberry. FE Tu jing 圖經 25-07 Zhou 粥, congee prepared with rice, wheat or millet. FE Shi yi 拾遺 Appendix: All types of medicated congee.1206

25-07-01 Xiao mai zhou 小麥粥, wheat congee. 25-07-02 Han shi zhou 寒食粥, cold food [festival]1207 congee. 25-07-03 Nuo mi [zhou] 糯米, [congee with] glutinous rice. 25-07-04 Shu mi 秫米, [congee with] glutinous spiked millet. 25-07-05 Shu mi zhou 黍米粥, congee with glutinous spiked millet. 25-07-06 Geng mi 粳米, [congee made with] non-glutinous rice. 25-07-07 Xian mi 籼米, [congee made from] Annamese upland rice. 25-07-08 Su mi 粟米, [congee made from] short millet. 25-07-09 Liang mi zhou 粱米粥, congee made from spiked mill. 25-07-10 – 25-07-62 (further congees) 25-08 Chao 麨, prepared rice or wheat. FE Shi yi 拾遺 25-08-01 Mi mai chao 米麥麨, prepared husked rice and wheat. 25-09 Mi gao 米1208餻, cake made by steaming rice or millet. FE Gang mu 綱目 25-10 Zong 糉, dumplings made from glutinous rice. FE Gang mu 綱目 25-11 Han ju 寒具, a kind of pasta made with rice/wheat flour. FE Gang mu 綱目 25-12 Zheng bing 蒸餅, steamed cake made from wheat flour, FE Gang mu 綱目 25-13 Nü qu 女麴, yeast/ferment made by females. FE Tang ben 唐本 25-14 Han zheng 黄蒸, yellow [ferment from] steamed [rice and wheat powder]. FE Tang ben 唐本 25-15 Qu 麴, yeast/ferment. FE Jia you 嘉祐 25-15-01 Xiao mai qu 小麥麴, yeast/ferment made of wheat. 25-15-02 Da mai qu 大麥麴, yeast/ferment made of barley. 25-15-03 Mian qu 麪麴, yeast/ferment made of wheat flour. 1206 The main text does not have a heading zhu yao zhou fu 諸藥粥附, “all types of medicated congee attached.”

1207 This is the festival honoring Jie Zitui 介子推 who had served King Wen of the State of Jin, 5th c. BCE. Eventually he withdrew with his mother to the forests. King Wen summoned him to his court to show his gratitude. When Jie Zitui refused to appear, the king had the forest set on fi re to force him to leave his abode. Jie and his mother died in the fi re in 476 BCE. The king ordered that no fi res were allowed on that day in future, and food was to be consumed cold. Hence the name of that day, han shi 寒食, “Cold Food.” It is April 5. BCGM Dict III, 224-225. 1208 The character mi 米 is omitted from the name of this substance given in the main text.



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25-15-04 Mi qu 米麴, yeast/ferment made of husked rice. 25-16 Shen qu 神麴, divine yeast/ferment. FE Yao xing 藥性 25-17 Hong qu 紅麴, dried fermented rice. FE Danxi 丹溪, Bu yi 補遺 25-18 Nie mi 糵米, sprouted cereal grain. FE Bie lu 别録, i. e., mai ya 麥芽, gu ya 穀芽 25-18-01 Su nie 粟糵, sprouted short millet. 25-18-02 Dao nie 稻糵, sprouted rice. 25-18-03 Kuang mai nie 穬麥糵, sprouted naked barley. 25-19 Yi tang 飴餹, malt sugar. FE Bie lu 别録 25-20 Jiang 醬, fermented soy paste. FE Bie lu 别録 25-21 Yu ren jiang 榆仁醬, fermented Siberian elm seed paste. FE Shi liao 食療 25-22 Wu yi jiang 蕪荑醬, fermented ulmus fruit paste. FE Shi liao 食療 25-23 Cu 醋, vinegar. FE Bie lu 别録 25-23-01 Mi cu 米醋, rice vinegar. 25-24 Jiu 酒, wine. FE Bie lu 别録 Appendix: All types of medicated wine.1209

25-24-01 Mi jiu 米酒, rice wine. 25-24-02 to 25-24-76 (further wines) 25-25 Shao jiu 燒酒, burnt wine. FE Gang mu 綱目 25-26 Pu tao jiu 葡萄酒, grape vine. FE Gang mu 綱目 25-26-01 Niang jiu 釀酒, brewed wine. 25-26-02 Shao jiu 燒酒, burnt wine. 25-27 Zao 糟, wine brewing residue/sediment. FE Gang mu 綱目 25-27-01 Jiu zao 酒糟, wine [brewing] residue/sediments 25-27-02 Da mai cu zao 大麥醋糟, barley vinegar brewing residue/ sediment. 25-27-03 Gan xi zao 乾餳糟, dried malt-sugar wine brewing residue/ sediment. 25-28 Mi bi 米粃, empty husks of grain. FE Shi wu 食物 25-29 Chong chu tou xi kang 舂杵頭細糠, Fine husks [of grain] at the tip of the pestle in a mortar. FE Bie lu 别録 右附方舊八十，新一百。 Added Recipes: 80 of old, 100 newly [recorded] 1209 Instead of zhu yao jiu fu 諸藥酒附, “all types of medicated wine attached,” the main text writes: fu zhu yao fang 附諸酒方, “appendix: Recipes of all types of wine.”

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草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 穀部 Section Cereals 第二十五卷 Chapter 25 穀之四 Cereal IV 造釀類二十九種 Prepared and Brewed [Items] Group, 29 kinds 25-01 大豆豉别録中品 Da dou chi, FE Bie lu, middle rank Fermented soybean. Soybean relish.1210 【釋名】【時珍曰】按劉熙釋名云：豉，嗜也。調和五味，可甘嗜也。許 慎説文謂豉爲配鹽幽菽者，乃鹹豉也。 Explanation of Names: According to Liu Xi’s Shi ming, “chi 豉 is shi 嗜, ‚[to] relish’. [Da dou chi] harmonizes the five flavors and can serve as a sweet relish. Xu Shen in his Shuo wen says: “Chi 豉 are subtly tasteful beans prepared with salt.” That is, salted [soybean] relish. 【集解】【弘景曰】豉出襄陽、錢塘者香美而濃，入藥取中心者佳。 【藏器曰】蒲州豉味鹹，作法與諸豉不同，其味烈。陝州有豉汁，經十年 不敗。入藥並不如今之豉心，爲其無鹽故也。【詵曰】陝府豉汁，甚勝常 豉。其法以大豆爲黄蒸，每一斗，加鹽四升，椒四兩，春三日、夏二日即 1210 G. A. Stuart in his revised version of F. Porter Smith’s Chinese Materia Medica, Vegetable Kingdom, 1911, p. 191, noted: “Bean Relish is a product much valued by the Chinese. The meaning of the character 豉 is difficult to render in English. It refers to salted and fermented beans, and is applied to both the prepared beans themselves and to other preparations made from them, some of which are in liquid form.



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成。半熟加生薑五兩，既潔净且精也。【時珍曰】豉，諸大豆皆可爲之， 以黑豆者入藥。有淡豉、鹹豉，治病多用淡豉汁及鹹者，當隨方法。其豉 心乃合豉時取其中心者，非剥皮取心也。此説見外臺秘要。造淡豉法：用 黑大豆二三斗，六月内淘浄，水浸一宿瀝乾，蒸熟取出攤席上，候微温， 蒿覆。每三日一看，候黄衣上遍，不可太過。取晒簸净，以水拌，乾濕得 所，以汁出指間爲準。安甕中，築實，桑葉蓋厚三寸，密封泥，於日中晒 七日，取出，曝一時，又以水拌入甕。如此七次，再蒸過，攤去火氣，甕 收築封即成矣。造鹹豉法：用大豆一斗，水浸三日，淘蒸攤罯，候上黄取 出簸净，水淘漉乾。每四斤，入鹽一斤，薑絲半斤，椒、橘、蘇、茴、杏 仁拌匀，入甕。上面水浸過一寸，以葉蓋封口，晒一月乃成也。造豉汁 法：十月至正月，用好豉三斗，清麻油熬令烟斷，以一升拌豉蒸過，攤冷 晒乾，拌再蒸，凡三遍。以白鹽一斗搗和，以湯淋汁三四斗，入净釜。下 椒、薑、葱、橘絲同煎，三分减一，貯於不津器中，香美絶勝也。有麩 豉、瓜豉、醬豉諸品皆可爲之，但充食品，不入藥用也。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: [Soybean] relish from Xiang yang and Qian tang is fragrant, delicious and concentrated. The central part is an excellent additive to medication. [Chen] Cangqi: [Soybean] relish from Pu zhou has a salty flavor. The process by which they are produced is different from that of all the other kinds of [soybean] relish. It has an intense flavor. In Shaan zhou they have a [soybean] relish juice that will not spoil in ten1211 years. Still, as an additive to medication it is not as good as the central part of [soybean] relish used today because it does not contain salt. [Meng] Shen: The [soybean] relish sauce from Shaan fu is by far superior to ordinary [soybean] relish. The process [to produce it is as follows]. Steam soybeans until they have turned yellow. To each dou add four sheng of salt and four liang of Chinese pepper. In spring it takes three days, in summer two days until they are half done and ready [to be processed further]. Add five liang of fresh ginger. [The resulting product] is perfectly clean and essential. [Li] Shizhen: [Soybean] relish can be made from all types of soybeans. Black soybeans are used as an additive to medication. There is an insipid [soybean] relish and a salty [soybean] relish. To cure disease, mostly the juice of insipid [soybean] relish is used, and also that of the salty variation. It should be in agreement with the respective recipe. As for the “central part of [soybean] relish,” it is the central part taken when the beans are fermented. It is not the center that is obtained by peeling the beans. This is outlined in the Wai tai mi yao. The method to prepare insipid [soybean] relish: Take two or three dou of black soybeans. Wash them clean in the sixth month, soak them in water for one night. Then let the water drain until they are dry, steam them until done and spread them on a mat. Wait until only a little warmth is left and cover them with 1211 Zheng lei ch. 25, chi 豉, “[soybean] relish,” does not have the character shi 十, “ten.”

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wormwood. Examine them every third day whether they are entirely covered by a yellow coating. It must not be excessive. Then take [the beans], dry them in the sun and winnow them in a basket until they are clean. Add enough water to let them be half dry, half moist. The juice should appear between your fingers [when you pick up the beans]. Place them into an earthenware jar, firmly press them, cover them with a three cun thick layer of mulberry tree leaves, seal this tightly with mud, and place it in the sun for seven days. Then take [the beans out of the jar], let them dry in the sun for two hours, and once again give them with water into an earthenware jar. Do this seven times. Then steam them again and spread them [on a mat] to let the fire qi escape. Store them in an earthenware jar, pressed and tightly sealed, and [the soybean relish] is ready [for further use]. The method to prepare salty [soybean] relish: Take one dou of soybeans, soak them in water for three days, wash them in a pan, steam them, spread them [on a mat] and cover them. Wait until they are covered by a yellow [coating], winnow them until they are clean, rinse them with water and drain them until they are dry. To every four jin add one jin of salt and half a jin of ginger “threads” and mix this evenly with pepper, tangerine peels, perilla [fruit], fennel [seeds] and apricot kernels. Give it into an earthenware jar and add enough water to exceed the mixture by one cun. Cover it with [mulberry tree] leaves, seal the opening and place [the jar] in the sun. [The relish] will be ready after one month. The method to prepare [soybean] relish juice. Between the tenth and the first month simmer clear sesame oil until no more smoke is released, add three dou of good [soybean] relish and steam this. Spread [the beans on a mat] and let them dry in the sun. Add [water] and steam them again. Altogether three times. Then pound them with one dou of white salt and drip hot water over them to obtain three to four dou of juice. Give it into a clean cauldron, add pepper, ginger, onions and tangerine peel threads and boil the liquid down to two thirds. Store it in a leakproof vessel. It is fragrant and delicious of the very best kind. Bran [soybean] relish, melon [soybean] relish, and soy [soybean] relish can also be made. But they serve as food and not as additives to medication. 25-01-01 淡豉 Dan chi

Insipid [soybean] relish. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。【思邈曰】苦、甘，寒，濇。得醯良。【杲曰】 陰中之陰也。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. [Sun] Simiao: Bitter, sweet, cold, astringent; combined with vinegar it yields good results. [Li] Gao: It is a yin in yin [substance].



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【主治】傷寒頭痛寒熱，瘴氣惡毒，煩躁滿悶，虚勞喘吸，兩脚疼冷。殺 六畜胎子諸毒。别録。治時疾熱病，發汗。熬末，能止盗汗，除煩。生搗 爲丸服，治寒熱風，胸中生瘡。煮服，治血痢腹痛。研塗陰莖生瘡。藥 性。治瘧疾骨蒸，中毒藥蠱氣，犬咬。大明。下氣調中，治傷寒温毒，發 癍嘔逆。時珍。千金治温毒黑膏用之。 Control. Harm caused by cold, with headache and alternating sensations of cold and heat. Malign poisons of miasmatic qi. Vexing restlessness with a sensation of fullness and heart-pressure. Depletion exhaustion with pant-breathing. Painful cold in the two legs. It kills all types of poisoning [resulting from eating] the fetuses of the six domestic animals. Bie lu. It serves to cure seasonal illness and heat disease with sweating. Simmered [and ground into] powder, it can end robber sweating1212 and eliminates vexation. Freshly ground and made into pills, it is used to heal alternating feelings of cold and warmth related to wind [intrusion] with sores developing inside the chest. Boiled in water and ingested, it serves to cure blood free-flux illness with abdominal pain. Ground, [the resulting pulp] is applied to sores developing on the stem/penis. Yao xing. It serves to cure malaria illness and bone steaming,1213 and being struck by the poison of pharmaceutical drugs and gu[-poison]1214 qi, as well as dog bites. Da Ming. It sends down qi and regulates the center. It serves to cure harm caused by cold and warmth poison, with macule-illness, vomiting and [qi] counterflow. [Li] Shizhen. The Qian jin [recommends to] use it [as an ingredient of ] the “black ointment/paste to cure warmth poison.” 25-01-02 蒲州豉 Pu zhou chi

[Soybean] relish produced in Puzhou. 【氣味】鹹，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】解煩熱熱毒，寒熱虚勞，調中發汗，通關節，殺腥氣，傷寒鼻 塞。陝州豉汁：亦除煩熱。藏器。 1212 Dao han 盗汗, “robber sweating,” (1) an illness sign of a profuse sweating during sleep that ends when one wakes up. (2) A pathological condition with robber sweating as major sign. BCGM Dict I, 122. 1213 Gu zheng 骨蒸, “bone steaming,” 1.) a condition of an infectious consumptive disease with a development of vexing heat in the afternoon. 2.) An illness sign of heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197. 1214 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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Control. It resolves vexing heat and heat poison, alternating sensation of cold and heat and depletion exhaustion. It regulates the center and induces sweating, penetrates the joints, kills fishy qi and [serves to cure] harm caused by cold with a stuffy nose. Shan zhou [soybean] relish juice, too, eliminates vexing heat. [Chen] Cangqi. 【發明】【弘景曰】豉，食中常用，春夏之氣不和，蒸炒以酒漬服之至 佳。依康伯法，先以醋、酒溲蒸曝燥，麻油和，再蒸曝之，凡三過，末 椒、薑治和進食，大勝今時油豉也。患脚人，常將漬酒飲之，以滓傅脚， 皆瘥。【頌曰】古今方書用豉治病最多，江南人善作豉，凡得時氣，即先 用葱豉湯服之取汗，往往便瘥也。【時珍曰】陶説康伯豉法，見博物志， 云原出外國，中國謂之康伯，乃傳此法之姓名耳。其豉調中下氣最妙。黑 豆性平，作豉則温。既經蒸罯，故能升能散。得葱則發汗，得鹽則能吐， 得酒則治風，得薤則治痢，得蒜則止血，炒熟則又能止汗，亦麻黄根節之 義也。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: [Soybean] relish is a regularly consumed part of food. When the qi of spring and summer are not harmoniously balanced, steam and stirfry it, soak it in wine and eat it. Excellent! To process it according to the method recommended by Kang Bo, first soak it in vinegar and wine, steam it and dry it in the sun. Mix it with sesame oil, steam it again and dry it and do this three times. Then [grind it into] powder, mix it with pepper and ginger and add it to a meal. This is vastly superior to today’s oily [soybean] relish. Persons suffering from leg [ailments] should continuously soak it in wine, drink [the liquid] and apply the dregs to the [affected legs]. They will all be healed. [Su] Song: Recipe books of all times have recommended [soybean] relish for curing disease most often. People in Jiang nan love to prepare [soybean] relish. Whenever they are affected by seasonal qi, the first thing to do is to ingest an onion and [soybean] relish soup to cause sweating. Very often that leads to a cure. [Li] Shizhen: For the method recommended by Kang Bo, referred to by Tao [Hongjing], see the Bo wu zhi. It says that “it originated in a foreign country.” In China it is called “Kang Bo” because that is the name of the person who introduced it here. This [soybean] relish has a wondrous ability to regulate the center and send down qi. Black soybeans are by nature balanced; prepared to a relish they are warming. When they have been steamed and and spread [on a mat exposed to the sun], they can rise and descend. Combined with onions [the relish] induces sweating. Combined with salt it can induce vomiting. Combined with wine it serves to cure wind [intrusion]. Combined with Chinese chive it serves to cure free-flux illness. Combined with garlic it ends bleeding. Stir-fried until done it can end sweating. That is the same idea as that underlying [the usage and effects] of ephedra root and [herb] nodes.



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【附方】舊三十一，新一十八。 Added Recipes. 31 of old, 18 newly [recorded]. 傷寒發汗。頌曰：葛洪肘後方云，傷寒有數種，庸人卒不能分别者，今取 一藥兼療之，凡初覺頭痛身熱，脉洪，一二日，便以葱豉湯治之。用葱白 一虎口，豉一升，綿裹，水三升，煮一升，頓服。不汗更作，加葛根三 兩；再不汗，加麻黄三兩。 To induce sweating in the case of harm caused by cold. Ge Hong in his Zhou hou fang states: There are various kinds of “harm caused by cold,” but common persons are unable to distinguish them. Today, they resort to one and the same medication to heal all of them alike. Whenever you sense a headache and body heat, with a vast [movement in the] vessels, lasting for one or two days, simply resort to an onion and [soybean] relish decoction to cure this. Wrap one pinch of onion white and one sheng of [soybean] relish in silk fabric and boil it in three sheng of water down to one sheng. Then ingest this all at once. If no sweating results, add three liang of pueraria root and repeat [this treatment]. If once again no sweating results, add three liang of ephedra [herb]. 肘後又法：用葱湯煮米粥，入鹽豉食之，取汗。又法：用豉一升，小男溺 三升，煎一升，分服取汗。 The Zhou hou has another method. Boil a rice congee in an onion decoction, add salty [soybean] relish and eat this to induce sweating. Another method: Boil one sheng of [soybean] relish in three sheng of boys’ urine down to one sheng, and ingest this in two portions to induce sweating. 傷寒不解。傷寒汗出不解，已三四日，胸中悶惡者。用豉一升，鹽一合， 水四升，煮一升半，分服取吐，此秘法也。梅師方。 Unresolved harm caused by cold. When a harm caused by cold with sweating is not resolved for three or four days, with heart-pressure felt in the chest and nausea, boil one sheng of [soybean] relish and one ge of salt in four sheng of water down to one and a half sheng. Ingest this in two portions to induce vomiting. That is a secret method. Mei shi fang. 辟除温疫。豉和白术浸酒，常服之。梅師。 To ward off and eliminate warmth epidemics. Soak [soybean] relish and atractylodes macrocephala [rhizome] in wine and ingest it regularly. Mei shi. 傷寒懊憹。吐下後心中懊憹，大下後身熱不去，心中痛者，並用巵子豉湯 吐之。肥巵子十四枚，水二盞，煮一盞，入豉半兩，同煮至七分，去滓 服。得吐，止後服。傷寒論。

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Harm caused by cold, and anguish.1215 When following an episode of vomiting and discharge an anguish affects the heart, or when following a massive discharge the body heat does not end, with pain in the heart/center, for all these conditions alike use the “decoction with gardenia fruit and [soybean] relish” to induce vomiting. Boil 14 gardenia [fruits] in two cups of water down to one cup. Add half a liang of [soybean] relish, and boil this down further to 70%. Remove the dregs and ingest [the liquid]. If a vomiting results, do not ingest it any longer. Shang han lun. 傷寒餘毒。傷寒後毒氣攻手足及身體虚腫。用豉五合微炒，以酒一升半， 同煎五七沸，任性飲之。簡要濟衆。 Poison remaining following a harm caused by cold. When following a harm caused by cold poison qi attacks hands and feet, with the body showing a depletion swelling, slightly stir-fry five ge of [soybean] relish and boil it in one and a half sheng of wine five to seven times to bubbling. Drink this at will. Jian yao ji zhong. 傷寒目翳。燒豉二七枚，研末吹之。肘後。 Eye shades related to harm caused by cold. Burn two times seven [soybean] relish pieces, grind them into powder and blow it [into the affected eyes]. Zhou hou. 傷寒暴痢。藥性論曰：以豉一升，薤白一握，水三升，煮薤熟，納豉更 煮，色黑去豉，分爲二服。 Violent free-flux illness related to harm caused by cold. The Yao xing lun says: Prepare one sheng of [soybean] relish. Boil one handful of Chinese chive in three sheng of water until the chive is done. Add the relish and boil this again. Once its color has turned black, remove the relish and ingest [the liquid] in two portions. 血痢不止。用豉、大蒜等分，杵丸梧子大。每服三十丸，鹽湯下。王氏博 濟。 Unending blood free-flux illness. Pound equal amounts of [soybean] relish and garlic [into pulp] and form it to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 30 pills, to be sent down with a salt decoction. Wang shi, Bo ji. 血痢如刺。藥性論曰：以豉一升，水漬相淹，煎兩沸，絞汁頓服。不瘥再 作。 Blood free-flux illness similar to being stabbed. The Yao xing lun says: Soak one sheng of [soybean] relish in water until it is permeated by water, boil this twice to bubbling, squeeze it to obtain a juice and ingest this all at once. If no cure is achieved, repeat the treatment. 1215 Ao nao 懊憹, “anguish,” an illness sign of dryness and heat in the heart and chest, with vexation and heart-pressure accompanied by an inability to calm down. BCGM Dict I, 43.



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赤白重下。葛氏用豆豉熬小焦，搗服一合，日三。或炒焦，以水浸汁服， 亦驗。 Repeated red and white discharge. Mr. Ge [Hong recommends to] simmer [soy] bean relish until it is slightly scorched, pound this and ingest one ge, three times a day. Or stir-fry it until scorched, soak it in water and ingest the juice. That, too, is effective. 外臺用豉心炒爲末一升，分四服，酒下，入口即斷也。 The Wai tai [recommends to] stir-fry the central part of [soybean] relish, [grind it] to obtain one sheng of powder and ingest it in four portions, to be sent down with wine. Once it has entered the mouth [the discharge] stops. 臟毒下血。烏犀散：用淡豉十文，大蒜二枚煨，同搗丸梧子大。煎香菜湯 服二十丸，日二服，安乃止。永絶根本，無所忌。廬州 彭大祥云：此藥甚 妙，但大蒜九蒸乃佳，仍以冷虀水送下。昔朱元成言其姪及陸子楫提刑皆 服此，數十年之疾，更不復作也。究原方。 Blood discharge related to poison in the long-term depots. The “black rhinoceros powder.” Simmer ten wen of insipid [soybean] relish and two garlic cloves, pound them and prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Ingest 20 pills in a sweet basil decoction. To be ingested twice a day. Once the [discharge] is cured, stop [the therapy]. The root of [the discharge] is cut off forever. No restrictions are to be observed [during this therapy]. Peng Daxiang from Lu zhou states: “This pharmaceutical drug is most wondrous. The garlic is excellent when it is steamed nine times and the [pills] are sent down with cold water of minced vegetables. Formerly, Zhu Yuancheng said that his niece and Li Ziji both ingested this while they were under punishment and an illness that had lasted for tens of years broke never out again.” Jiu yuan fang. 小便血條。淡豆豉一撮，煎湯空腹飲。或入酒服。危氏得效方。 Urination with blood clots. Boil one pinch of insipid [soy]bean relish and drink the decoction on an empty abdomen. Or add it to wine and drink this. Wei shi de xiao fang. 瘧疾寒熱。煮豉湯飲數升，得大吐即愈。肘後方。 Malaria illness with alternating cold and heat sensations. Boil [soybean] relish and drink several sheng of the resulting decoction. That causes massive vomiting and that is the cure. Zhou hou fang. 小兒寒熱，惡氣中人。以濕豉研丸鷄子大，以摩腮上及手足心六七遍，又 摩心、臍上，旋旋咒之了，破豉丸看有細毛，棄道中，即便瘥也。食醫心 鏡。

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Alternating sensations of cold and heat of children, when malign qi have struck one. Grind moist [soybean] relish and form pills the size of a chicken egg. Use [this pill] to rub the [child’s] cheeks, palms and soles six to seven times. Also, rub the heart/ central region and the navel and repeatedly recite an exorcistic incantation. Then break open the [soybean] relish pill and see whether there is fine hair in it. Throw it away along the road, and a cure will be achieved. Shi yi xin jing. 盗汗不止。詵曰：以豉一升微炒香，清酒三升漬三日，取汁冷暖任服。不 瘥更作，三兩劑即止。 Unending robber sweating.1216 [Meng] Shen: Slightly stir-fry one sheng of [soybean] relish until it is fragrant, soak it in three sheng of clear wine for three days, take the juice and drink it at will, either cold or warm. If no cure is achieved, repeat [the treatment. The sweating] stops after three, or only two, doses. 𪖙喘痰積。凡天雨便發，坐卧不得，飲食不進，乃肺竅久積冷痰，遇陰氣 觸動則發也。用此一服即愈，服至七八次，即出惡痰數升，藥性亦隨而 出，即斷根矣。用江西淡豆豉一兩，蒸搗如泥，入砒霜末一錢，枯白礬三 錢，丸緑豆大。每用冷茶、冷水送下七丸，甚者九丸，小兒五丸，即高枕 仰卧。忌食熱物等。皆效方。 Snoring and panting. This occurs always on rainy days. [Patients] are unable to sit or lie down. They cannot drink and eat. Such a condition is triggered when a longterm accumulation of cold phlegm in the lung orifices is met by yin qi. One dose of this [medication] ingested results in a cure. If it is ingested seven or eight times, several sheng of malign phlegm will be released. The nature of the pharmaceutical substances follows it and is released, too, and the root [of the ailment] is severed. Steam one liang of [soy]bean relish from Jiang xi and pound it into pulp. Add one qian of arsenic powder and three qian of prepared alum and form pills the size of mung beans. Each time send down seven pills with cold tea or cold water, with a maximum of nine pills. Children take five pills. Sleep with an elevated headrest. [During this therapy,] hot items should not be eaten. Jie xiao fang. 風毒膝攣，骨節痛。用豉心五升，九蒸九暴，以酒一斗浸經宿，空心隨性 温飲。食醫心鏡。 Contraction of the knees and painful joints caused by wind poison. Nine times steam and nine times dry in the sun five sheng of the central parts of [soybean] relish. Soak them in one dou of wine for one night and and drink the warm [liquid] on an empty stomach at will. Shi yi xin jing.

1216 Dao han 盗汗, “robber sweating,” (1) an illness sign of a profuse sweating during sleep that ends when one wakes up. (2) A pathological condition with robber sweating as major sign. BCGM Dict I, 122.



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手足不隨。豉三升，水九升，煮三升，分三服。又法：豉一升微熬，囊貯 漬三升酒中三宿。温服，常令微醉爲佳。肘後方。 Hands and feet not following [one’s will]. Boil three sheng of [soybean] relish in nine sheng of water down to three sheng and [let the patient] ingest [the liquid] divided into three portions. Another method: Slightly simmer one sheng of [soybean] relish, give it into a bag and soak it in three sheng of wine for three nights. [The patient] drinks it warm. When he remains slightly drunk for an extended period of time, [the results achieved are] excellent. Zhou hou fang. 頭風疼痛。豉湯洗頭，避風取瘥。孫真人方。 Painful head wind.1217 Wash the head with a [soybean] relish decoction to eliminate the wind until a cure is achieved. Sun zhenren fang. 卒不得語。煮豉汁，加入美酒服之。肘後。 Sudden loss of voice. Boil [soybean] relish to obtain a juice, add good wine and ingest this. Zhou hou. 喉痺不語。煮豉汁一升服，覆取汗。仍着桂末于舌下，嚥之。千金。 Throat blockage and loss of voice. Boil one sheng of [soybean] relish and [let the patient] ingest it. Cover him warmly to induce sweating. In addition, place cassia powder under his tongue. [The resulting liquid] is to be swallowed. Qian jin. 咽生瘜肉。鹽豉和搗塗之。先刺破出血乃用，神效。聖濟總録。 Tumor flesh growth in the throat. Mix salt and [soybean] relish, pound this and apply [the resulting pulp to the affected region]. First pierce [the flesh growth] with a needle to let blood and then apply [the relish pulp]. Divinely effective. Sheng ji zong lu. 口舌生瘡，胸膈疼痛者。用焦豉末，含一宿即瘥。聖惠方。 Sores developing in the mouth, on the tongue, with pain in the chest and diaphragm region. Scorch [soybean] relish, [grind the residue into] powder and hold it in the mouth for one night. That leads to a cure. Sheng hui fang. 舌上血出如針孔者。豉三升，水三升，煮沸。服一升，日三服。葛氏方。 Blood leaks from the surface of the tongue as if a hole had been pierced with a needle. Boil three sheng of [soybean] relish in three sheng of water to bubbling and ingest one sheng [of the liquid]. To be ingested three times a day. Ge shi fang. 1217 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509.

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墮胎血下，煩滿。用豉一升，水三升，煮三沸，調鹿角末服方寸七。子母 秘録方。 Abortion with blood discharge and a vexing sensation of fullness. Boil one sheng of [soybean] relish in water three times to bubbling. Mix [the liquid] with deer horn powder and [let the woman] ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon. Zi mu mi lu fang. 妊娠動胎。豉汁服，妙。華佗方也。同上。 Movement of the fetus during pregnancy. Ingest [soyebean] relish juice. Wondrous. A recipe of Hua Tuo. [Source] identical with the one above. 婦人難産。乃兒枕破與敗血裹其子也。以勝金散逐其敗血即順矣。用鹽豉 一兩，以舊青布裹了，燒赤、乳細，入麝香一錢，爲末，取秤錘燒紅淬 酒，調服一大盞。郭稽中方。 Difficult birth. When an infant‘s headrest1218 is broken and the child is enclosed by decayed blood. Remove the decayed blood with the “powder superior to gold” and [the birth] will proceed smoothly. Wrap one liang of salted [soybean] relish in an old, greenish piece of cloth, heat it until it has turned red, grind it into a fine [powder],1219 add one qian of musk and [grind this] into powder. Heat a counterpose until it has turned red, dip it into wine and [let the woman] ingest one generous bowl [of the wine] mixed [with the aforementioned powder]. Guo Jizhong fang. 小兒胎毒。淡豉煎濃汁，與三五口，其毒自下。又能助脾氣，消乳食。聖 惠。 Fetal poison1220 of children. Boil insipid [soybean] relish to obtain a thick juice, take three to five mouthfuls and the poison will be discharged as a result. It can also support spleen qi and serves to dissolve/digest nursing milk and food. Sheng hui.

1218 Er zhen 兒枕, “an infant’s headrest,” identical with er zhen tong 兒枕痛, “an infant’s-headrest pain.” A condition following delivery with swelling and lumps caused by stagnant blood (the “infant’s headrest”) in the abdominal region, accompanied by pain. BCGM Dict I, 147.

1219 This is a rather abbreviated advice written in the Chan yu bao qing ji in more detail: Ji yi ru tic hui zui, wei mo 急以乳鉢槌碎，爲末, “quickly pound it with a pestle in a mortar (ru ti 乳鉢, lit.: “nursing milk bowl”) into small pieces and [grind it] into powder.” 1220 Tai du 胎毒, “fetal poison, an etiological agent of heat poison transferred from a mother’s body to a fetus during pregnancy, resulting in a child’s predisposition for developing smallpox and other diseases. BCGM Dict I, 485.



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小兒哯乳。用鹹豉七箇去皮，膩粉一錢，同研，丸黍米大。每服三五丸， 藿香湯下。全幼心鑑。 Vomiting of milk by a child. [Grind] seven salty [soybean] relish beans, with their skin removed, and one qian of calomel and form pills the size of millet grains. Each time [let the child] ingest three to five pills, to be sent down with an agastache [herb] decoction. Quan you xin jian. 小兒丹毒，作瘡出水。豉炒烟盡爲末，油調傅之。姚和衆方。 Cinnabar poisoning1221 of children, with a development of sores that release water. Stir-fry [soybean] relish until no more smoke is emitted and [grind the residue into] powder. Mix it with oil and apply this [to the affected region]. Yao Hezhong fang. 小兒頭瘡。以黄泥裹豉煨熟取研，以蓴菜油調傅之。勝金。 Head sores of children. Wrap [soybean] relish in yellow mud and cook this over a slow fire until done. Remove [the mud] and grind [the relish]. Mix [the resulting powder] with water mallow vegetable oil and apply this [to the affected region]. Sheng jin.1222 發背癰腫。已潰未潰，用香豉三升，入少水搗成泥，照腫處大小作餅，厚 三分。瘡有孔，勿覆孔上。鋪豉餅，以艾列於上灸之。但使温温，勿令破 肉。如熱痛，即急易之，患當减快，一日二次灸之。如先有孔，以汁出爲 妙。千金方。 Effusion on the back with an obstruction-illness1223 swelling, regardless of whether it already festers, or not. Add some water to three sheng of fragrant [soybean] relish and pound this to generate a pulp. Prepare a cake, three fen thick, corresponding to the size of the swelling and apply it there. If the sore has a hole, do not cover it. Spread common mugwort on the relish cake and light it. Keep it warm, but do not let the flesh break open. If the heat causes pain, quickly replace it. The suffering will be mitigated. Apply the cauterization twice a day. If there is a hole right from the beginning, once a juice is released there, [the effects of this therapy are] wondrous. Qian jin fang. 1221 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poisoning,” a condition of skin ailments brought forth by heat poison, manifesting themselves as red rashes as if from burns, as if cinnabar had been pasted there. BCGM Dict I, 118. 1222 An identical recipe is added to entry 19-15, but with a different source.

1223 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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一切惡瘡。熬豉爲末傅之，不過三四次。出楊氏産乳。 All types of malign sores. Simmer [soybean] relish, [grind it into] powder and apply it [to the affected region], no more than three or four times. Quoted from Yang shi chan ru. 陰莖生瘡痛爛者。以豉一分，蚯蚓濕泥二分，水研和塗上，乾即易之。禁 熱食、酒、蒜、芥。藥性論。 Painful, festering sores developing on the yin stem (i. e., penis). Grind one fen of [soybean] relish and two fen of moist earthworm mud/dung in water and apply this [to the affected region]. Once it has dried, replace it. [During this therapy,] hot food, wine, onions and mustard should be avoided. Yao xing lun. 蠼螋尿瘡。杵豉傅之。良。千金。 Sores caused by earwig urine. Pound [soybean] relish and apply [the resulting pulp to the affected region]. Good. Qian jin. 蟲刺螫人。豉心嚼敷，少頃見豉中有毛即瘥。不見再傅，晝夜勿絶，見毛 爲度。外臺。 Being stung by worms/bugs. Chew [soybean] relish and apply it [to the affected region]. When after a short while a hair appears in the relish, that is the cure. If no [hair] appears, apply [the relish] a second time. Continue this during day and night until eventually a hair appears. Wai tai. 蹉跌破傷筋骨。用豉三升，水三升，漬濃汁飲之，止心悶。千金。 Injury to sinews and bones from slipping and falling. Soak three sheng of [soybean] relish in three sheng of water to obtain a thick juice and drink it. It stops heart-pressure. Qian jin. 毆傷瘀聚，腹中悶滿。豉一升，水三升，煮三沸，分服。不瘥再作。千金。 Injuries from a blow, with a collection of stagnant [blood], and in the abdomen a feeling of heart-pressure and fullness. Boil one sheng of [soybean] relish in three sheng of water three times to bubbling and ingest this in two portions. If this does not result in a cure, repeat it. Qian jin. 解蜀椒毒。豉汁飲之。千金方。 To resolve the poison of Si chuan pepper. Drink [soybean] relish juice. Qian jin fang. 中牛馬毒。豉汁和人乳頻服之，效。衛生易簡。 Being struck by the poison of beef and horse [meat]. Mix [soybean] relish with human nursing milk and ingest this repeatedly. Effective. Wei sheng yi jian.



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小蝦蟆毒。小蝦蟆有毒，食之令小便秘澀，臍下悶痛，有至死者。以生豉 一合，投新汲水半椀，浸濃汁，頓飲之，即愈。茆亭客話。 [To resolve] the poison of small toads. Small toads have poison. When they are eaten, urination is blocked or rough, and there is a painful heart-pressure from below the navel. It may even lead to death. Give one ge of fresh [soybean] relish into half a bowl of newly drawn water and let it soak until a thick juice has formed. Drink it all at once. That leads to a cure. Mao ting ke hua. 中酒成病。豉、葱白各半升，水二升，煮一升，頓服。千金方。 Disease resulting from being struck by wine [poison]. Boil half a sheng each of [soybean] relish and onion white in two sheng of water down to one sheng and ingest this all at once. Qian jin fang. 服藥過劑悶亂者。豉汁飲之。千金。 Heart-pressure and confusion caused by an overdose of pharmaceutical drugs. Drink [soybean] relish juice. Qian jin. 雜物眯目。不出，用豉三七枚，浸水洗目，視之即出。總録方。 Dust of various items in the eyes1224 that fails to come out. Soak three times seven [soybean] relish beans in water and [use the liquid to] wash the eyes until they can see again. The [dust] has left. A Zong lu recipe. 刺在肉中。嚼豉塗之。千金方。 A thorn stuck in the flesh. Chew [soybean] relish and apply it [to the affected region]. Qian jin fang. 小兒病淋。方見“蒸餅”發明下。 Children with a disease of [urinary] dripping. For a recipe, see the entry “steamed pie,” (25-12), under “Explication.” 腫從脚起。豉汁飲之，以滓傅之。肘後方。 A swelling rising from the legs. Drink [soybean] relish juice and apply the dregs [to the affected region]. Zhou hou fang.

1224 Mi mu 眯目, “dust in the eyes,” a condition of some small foreign objects having entered the eyes and remaining there, causing pain and making opening one’s eyes difficult. BCGM Dict I, 340.

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Bean ferment. Bean mould.

25-02 豆黄食療 Dou huang, FE Shi liao

【校正】原附大豆下，今分出。 Editorial Correction. Originally listed as an appendix following [the entry] da dou 大豆, soybean. Shown here separately 【釋名】【時珍曰】造法：用黑豆一斗蒸熟，鋪席上，以蒿覆之，如𨠭醬 法，待上黄，取出晒乾，搗末收用。 Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen: Method of Preparation: Steam one dou of black soybeans until done, spread them on a mat, cover them with wormwood, similar to processing soy [sauce]. Wait until the surface has a yellow [coating], take [the mould] off, dry it in the sun, pound it into powder and store it for later use. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【詵曰】忌猪肉 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: [During a therapy with bean ferment,] pork should be avoided. 【主治】濕痺膝痛，五臟不足氣，胃氣結積，壯氣力，潤肌膚，益顔色， 填骨髓，補虚損，能食，肥健人。以鍊猪脂和丸，每服百丸，神驗秘方 也。肥人勿服。詵。出延年秘録方。生嚼，塗陰痒汗出。時珍。 Control. Painful knee because of a blockage caused by moisture. Insufficient qi in the five long-term depots. Nodular accumulation of stomach qi. [It] increases the strength of qi, moisturizes muscles and skin, boosts the complexion, fills up bone marrow and supplements [qi] in the case of depletion injury. It enables you to eat and makes you fat and healthy. Mix it with heat-refined lard and make pills. Each time ingest 100 pills. A secret recipe with divine effects. Fat persons must not ingest [these pills]. [Meng] Shen, quoted from Yan nian mi lu fang. Chewed fresh it is applied to the yin [(i. e., genital) region] when it itches and sweats. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded] 脾弱不食。餌此當食。大豆黄二升，大麻子三升熬香，爲末。每服一合， 飲下，日四五服任意。千金方。 Spleen weakness and unwillingness to eat. If you take this [medication] you will eat again. [Grind] two sheng of soybean ferment and three sheng of hemp seeds,



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simmered until they are fragrant, into powder. Each time ingest one ge, to be sent down with a beverage. To be ingested four or five times a day, at will. Qian jin fang. 打擊青腫。大豆黄爲末，水和塗之。外臺秘要。 Greenish swelling caused by a blow. [Grind] soybean ferment into powder, mix it with water and apply it [to the affected region]. Wai tai mi yao.

Bean curd.1225

25-03 豆腐日用 Dou fu, FE Ri yong

【集解】【時珍曰】豆腐之法，始於漢 淮南王 劉安。凡黑豆、黄豆及白 豆、泥豆、豌豆、緑豆之類，皆可爲之。造法：水浸磑碎，濾去滓，煎 成，以鹽鹵汁或山礬葉或酸漿、醋澱就釜收之，又有入缸内以石膏末收 者。大抵得鹹、苦、酸、辛之物，皆可收斂爾。其面上凝結者，揭取㫰 乾，名豆腐皮，入饌甚佳也。 Collected Explanations. The method to prepare bean curd began during the rule of Liu Yan, king of Huai nan, in the Han era. All kinds of black and yellow soybeans, as well as white beans, mud beans, garden peas and mung beans can be used to prepare it. The method of making [bean curd is as follows]. Soak [the beans] in water until a thick soup has formed with [the beans] broken into small pieces. Filter [the liquid] and remove the dregs. Boil [the liquid] and [the curd] is ready. Bittern or symplocos leaves, or sour soy [sauce] and vinegar may be added in a cauldron, and then it is stored. Or it is stored in a jar together with gypsum powder. Generally speaking, it can be stored with salty, bitter, sour and acrid items. That which congeals on the surface is removed and exposed to the sun to be dried. It is named bean curd skin, and is an excellent delicacy. 【氣味】甘、鹹，寒，有小毒。【原曰】性平。【頌曰】寒而動氣。【瑞 曰】發腎氣、瘡疥、頭風，杏仁可解。【時珍曰】按延壽書云：有人好食 豆腐，中毒，醫不能治。作腐家言：萊菔入湯中則腐不成。遂以萊菔湯下 藥而愈。大抵暑月恐有人汗，尤宜慎之。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, cold, slightly poisonous. [Ning] Yuan: Nature balanced. [Su] Song: [Qi] cold. It excites the movement of qi. [Wu] Rui: It stimulates the

1225 Dou fu 豆腐, lit.: “beans rotten.”

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activity of kidney qi, and causes jie-illness1226 and head wind.1227 [Such effects] can be resolved with apricot kernels. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Yan shou shu, “someone loved to eat bean curd and was struck by poison. The physicians were unable to cure him. A bean curd maker said: ‘When radish [root] is added to the [bean] decoction, the curd will not form’.” Hence they let [the patient] send down a radish [root] decoction as a medication, and he was cured.” Generally speaking, during summer heat months [bean curd] may cause sweating. It is advisable to be cautious. 【主治】寬中益氣，和脾胃，消脹滿，下大腸濁氣。寧原。清熱散血。時 珍。 Control. It widens the center and boosts the qi, harmonizes [the qi of ] spleen and stomach, dissolves [abdominal] distension with a feeling of fullness, and sends down turbid qi in the large intestine. Ning Yuan. It cools heat and disperses [stagnating] blood. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新四。 Added Recipes. Four newly [recorded]. 休息久痢。白豆腐，醋煎食之，即愈。普濟方。 Long-lasting dormant free-flux illness.1228 Boil white bean curd in vinegar and eat this. That leads to a cure. Pu ji fang. 赤眼腫痛。有數種，皆肝熱血凝也。用消風熱藥服之。夜用鹽收豆腐片貼 之，酸漿者勿用。證治要訣。 Painful, swollen, red eyes. There are numerous kinds, with all of them related to liver heat and congealed blood. Ingest medication capable of dissolving wind [intrusion] and heat. At night place a piece of bean curd stored in salt [on the affected eye]; [bean curd] prepared with sour soy [sauce] must not be used. Zheng zhi yao jue. 杖瘡青腫。豆腐切片貼之，頻易。一法：以燒酒煮貼之，色紅即易，不紅 乃已。拔萃方。 Sores with greenish swelling caused by flogging. Cut bean curd into slices and place them [on the affected region]. Frequently replace them. Another method. 1226 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

1227 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509.

1228 Xiu xi li 休息痢, “dormant free-flux illness,” a condition of li ji 痢疾, “free-flux illness,” that at times is dormant, at times is active and cannot be healed for an extended period of time. BCGM Dict I, 583.



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Boil [bean curd] with burnt wine and place it [on the affected region]. When [the curd] has assumed a red color, replace it. Once it no longer assumes a red color, [the therapy] ends. Ba cui fang. 燒酒醉死，心頭熱者。用熱豆腐細切片，遍身貼之，貼冷即换之，甦省乃 止。 Intoxication and death caused by burnt wine, when the heart and the body are still hot. Cut hot bean curd into fine slices and place them on the entire body. When they cool down, replace them. When [the patient] regains consciousness, [the treatment] ends. 25-04 陳廪米别録下品 Chen lin mi, FE Bie lu, lower rank. Rice/millet stored in a granary. 【釋名】陳倉米古名、老米俗名、火米。【時珍曰】有屋曰廪，無屋曰 倉，皆官積也。方曰倉，圓曰囷，皆私積也。老亦陳也。火米有三：有火 蒸治成者，有火燒治成者，又有畬田火米，與此不同。 Explanation of Names. Chen cang mi 陳倉米, “rice stored in a granary,” ancient name. Lao mi 老米, “old rice,” common name. Huo mi 火米, “fire rice.” [Li] Shizhen: A granary with separate rooms is called lin 廪. When it has no separate rooms it is called cang 倉. All are government supervised storages. Square [storage bins] called cang 倉 and round ones called qun 囷 are private storage bins. Lao 老, “old,” is also named chen 陳, “long-stored.” There are three kinds of fire rice, huo mi 火米. It may have been steamed over a fire, it may have been burned over a fire, and it may be rice from fields reclaimed with fire. [Fire rice] differs from [the stored rice discussed] here. 【集解】【弘景曰】陳廪米即粳米久入倉陳赤者。以廪軍人，故曰廪爾。 方中多用之。人以作醋，勝於新粳米也。【藏器曰】廪米，吴人以粟爲 良，漢地以粳爲善。亦猶吴紵鄭縞，貴遠賤近之意。確論其功，粟當居 前。【宗奭曰】諸家註説不言是粳是粟，然二米陳者性皆冷，煎煮亦無膏 膩，頻食令人自利，與經説稍戾。【時珍曰】廪米北人多用粟，南人多用 粳及籼，並水浸蒸晒爲之，亦有火燒過治成者。入倉陳久，皆氣過色變， 故古人謂之紅粟、紅腐，陳陳相因也。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: Chen lin mi is non-glutinous rice that has been stored in a granary for a long time and has assumed a red color. [The contents of these granaries] serve to supply rations, lin 廪, to military personnel. Hence [the

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granaries] are called lin 廪. [Chen lin mi] is often used in recipes; it is also used to make vinegar, and it is superior to fresh non-glutinous rice. [Chen] Cangqi: People in Wu consider [chen] lin mi as good when it is millet. In Han land they prefer non-glutinous rice. That is similar to [someone in] Wu being given sack cloth and [someone in] Zheng being given thin silk.1229 That is the idea of appreciating what is far away and despising of what is nearby. In view of their [therapeutic] potential, [chen lin mi] that is millet is best. [Kou] Zongshi: All the authors [of the past] fail to specify in their comments whether [chen lin mi] is non-glutinous rice or millet. However, both these rice grains have assumed a cold nature when they have been stored, and when they are boiled in water neither of them turns into a greasy paste. Eaten often, they cause free flow, and that is different from what is said in the classics. [Li] Shizhen: For [chen] lin mi, people in the North often use millet, while people in the South often use non-glutinous rice and Annamese upland rice. All of them are soaked in water and dried in the sun. Some burn them in fire to prepare [grain that is then stored]. When they are stored in a granary for a long time, their qi pass away and their color changes. Hence, the ancients spoke of “‘red millet’ and ‘red rotten’ as the consequencs of long-term storage.” 【氣味】鹹、酸，温，無毒。【藏器曰】廪米熱食即熱，冷食即冷，假以 火氣也，體自温平。同馬肉食，發痼疾。【時珍曰】廪米年久，其性多 凉，但炒食則温爾，豈有熱食即熱者乎。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, sour, warm, nonpoisonous. [Chen] Cangqi: When [chen] lin mi is eaten hot, it makes [the body] hot, when it is eaten cold, it makes [the body] cold, because it assumes the qi of fire. The body returns to a balanced warmth by itself. Eaten together with horse meat it causes ailments of obstinacy-illness. [Li] Shizhen: When [chen] lin mi is stored for years, its nature is often cold. But when it is eaten stir-fried it is warming. How could it be hot/heat [the body] when it is eaten hot? 【主治】下氣，除煩渴，調胃止洩。别録。補五臟，澀腸胃。日華。暖 脾，去憊氣，宜作湯食。士良。炊飯食，止痢，補中益氣，堅筋骨，通血 脉，起陽道。以飯和酢搗，封毒腫惡瘡，立瘥。北人以飯置甕中，水浸令 酸，食之，暖五臟六腑之氣。研米服，去卒心痛。孟詵。寬中消食，多食 易飢。寧原。調腸胃，利小便，止渴除熱。時珍。 Control. It sends down qi, eliminates vexing thirst, regulates stomach [qi] and ends outflow. Bie lu. It supplements the [qi of the] five long-term depots and astringes the intestines and the stomach. Rihua. It warms the spleen and removes qi of fatigue. It is appropriate to be consumed as a decoction. [Chen] Shiliang. Eaten as 1229 A reference to an anecdote recorded in Zuo chuan, Duke Xiang, 29th year.



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a cooked rice meal it ends free-flux illness, supplements the center and boosts the qi, hardens sinews and bones, penetrates blood vessels and lets the yang path (i. e., the penis) rise. Pounded as a cooked rice meal with vinegar it is used to seal poison swelling and malign sores, resulting in an immediate cure. People in the North give it in a bottle, let it soak in water until it has assumed a sour flavor and then eat it. It warms the qi of the five long-term depots and six short-term repositories. Ground rice grains1230 eaten eliminate sudden heart pain. Meng Shen. It widens the center and dissolves/digests food. Eaten in large amounts it lets one feel hungry easily. Ning Yuan. It regulates [the qi of ] the intestines and the stomach, stimulates urination, ends thirst and eliminates heat. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】陳倉米煮汁不渾，初時氣味俱盡，故冲淡可以養胃。 古人多以煮汁煎藥，亦取其調腸胃、利小便、去濕熱之功也。千金方治洞 注下利，炒此米研末飲服者，亦取此義。日華子謂其澀腸胃，寇氏謂其冷 利，皆非中論。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The juice obtained by boiling chen cang mi is not turbid, and from the beginning all its qi and flavor are exhausted. Therefore, it is sufficiently watered down to be able to nourish the stomach. The ancients used the juice obtained by boiling [chen cang mi] to prepare medicinal decoctions, thereby taking advantage of its potential to regulate the [qi of the] intestines and the stomach, to stimulate urination, and to eliminate moisture and heat. When the Qian jin fang [in its recipe to] “cure throughflux discharge with free-flux illness”1231 [recommends to] stir-fry this [chen lin] mi, grind it into powder and ingest it with a beverage,” then this is based on the same idea. Rihua zi says that it astringes the intestines and the stomach. Mr. Kou [Zongshi] says that it is cold and stimulates passages. They are both wrong. 【附方】新五。 Added Recipes. Five newly [recorded]. 霍亂大渴，能殺人。以黄倉米三升，水一斗，煮汁澄清飲，良。永類鈐方。 Cholera with massive thirst that can kill one. Boil three sheng of yellow [chen] cang mi in one dou of water, wait for the liquid to become clear, and drink it. Good. Yong lei qian fang. 1230 Instead of yan mi fu 研米服, Zheng lei ch. 26, chen lin mi 陳廪米, quoting the Shi liao, writes yan qu zhi fu 研取汁服, “grind it, take the juice and ingest it.”

1231 Dong zhu xia li 洞注下痢, “throughflux discharge with free-flux illness,” a condition of violent free-flux illness as if a hole was opened. BCGM Dict I, 130.

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反胃膈氣，不下食者。太倉散：用倉米或白米，日西時以水微拌濕，自想 日氣如在米中。次日晒乾，袋盛掛風處。每以一撮，水煎和汁飲之，即時 便下。 Turned over stomach with qi [obstructing the] diaphragm making it impossible to send down food. The “major granary powder.” Take [chen] cang mi or white rice and moisturize it with a little water when the sun is in the West. Assume the qi of the sun to enter the rice and dry it in the sun the next day. Fill a bag with the rice and suspend it at a windy location. Each time boil a pinch in water and drink the juice with [the rice]. Food will soon move down again. 又方：陳倉米炊飯焙研。每五兩入沉香末半兩，和匀。每米飲服二三錢。 普濟方。 Another recipe. Cook a rice meal with chen cang mi, bake it over a slow fire and grind it [into powder]. Each time take five liang [of this powder], add half a liang of aloes wood powder and mix them evenly. Each time ingest with a rice beverage two or three qian. Pu ji fang. 諸般積聚。太倉丸：治脾胃飢飽不時生病，及諸般積聚，百物所傷。陳倉 米四兩，以巴豆二十一粒去皮同炒，至米香豆黑，勿令米焦，擇去豆不 用，入去白橘皮四兩，爲末，糊丸梧子大。每薑湯服五丸，日二服。百一 選方。 All types of accumulation and collection. The “major granary pills.” They serve to cure spleen and stomach diseases resulting from untimely hunger or having eaten to the fill, and all types of accumulation and collection, as well as harm caused by any item. Stir-fry four liang of chen cang mi with 21 croton seed grains, with their skin removed, until the rice develops a fragrance and the [croton] seeds have turned black. Avoid scorching the rice. Then remove the [croton] seeds; they are of no further use. Add four liang of tangerine peels with the white [pith] removed, [grind this into] powder and [with wheat flour] prepare a paste to form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest with a ginger decoction five pills. To be ingested twice a day. Bai yi xuan fang. 暑月吐瀉。陳倉米二升，麥芽四兩，黄連四兩切，同蒸熟，焙研爲末，水 丸梧子大。每服百丸，白湯送下。 Vomiting and outflow during summer heat months. Steam two sheng of chen cang mi, four liang of malt and four liang of coptis [rhizome], cut [into slices], until done. Bake [this mixture] over a slow fire, grind it into powder and with water form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 100 pills, to be sent down with clear, boiled water.



Chapter 25

Cooked rice/millet.

851

25-05 飯拾遺 Fan, FE Shi yi

【釋名】 Explanation of Names. (Missing) 【集解】【時珍曰】飯食，諸穀皆可爲之，各隨米性，詳見本條。然有入 藥諸飯，不可類從者，應當别出。大抵皆取粳、籼、粟米者爾。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Fan shi 飯食, “cooked rice/millet meals,” can be made with all types of cereals. They differ in accordance with the husked grains used. For details, see the respective entries. However, when cooked rice/millet is added to medication, if [the cereal used] cannot be brought in agreement [with the nature of the disease and its medication], something else should be resorted to. Generally speaking, [the cereals used for cooked rice/millet meals] include non-glutinous rice, Annamese upland rice and husked grains of short millet. 25-05-01 新炊飯 Xin chui fan

Newly cooked rice/millet. 【主治】人尿牀，以熱飯一盞，傾尿牀處，拌與食之，勿令病者知。又乘 熱傅腫毒，良。時珍。 Control. Bedwetting. Pour one small cup of hot cooked rice/millet on the urine-wetted area, stir it up and [let the patient] eat this. Do not let the patient know [what he eats]. Also, attach the hot [mass] to swelling with poison. Good. [Li] Shizhen. 25-05-02 寒食飯 Han shi fan

Cold food [festival]1232 meal. 饙飯也。 That is a cooked rice meal prepared with steamed rice. 1232 This is the festival honoring Jie Zitui 介子推 who had served King Wen of the State of Jin, 5th c. BCE. Eventually he withdrew with his mother to the forests. King Wen summoned him to his court to show his gratitude. When Jie Zitui refused to appear, the king had the forest set on fire to force him to leave his abode. Jie and his mother died in the fi re in 476 BCE. The king ordered that no fi res were allowed on that day in future, and food was to be consumed cold. Hence the name of that day, han shi 寒食, “Cold Food.” It is April 5. BCGM Dict III, 224-225.

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【主治】滅瘢痕及雜瘡，研末傅之。藏器。燒灰酒服，治食本米飲成積， 黄瘦腹痛者，甚效。孫思邈。傷寒食復，用此飯燒研，米飲服二三錢， 效。時珍。 Control. To eliminate scars and various types of wounds, grind it into powder and apply it [to the affected region]. [Chen] Cangqi. Burned and the ashes ingested with wine, it serves to very effectively cure accumulations caused by consuming beverages made with the same husked grains, as well as emaciation with a yellow complexion and abdominal pain. Very effective. Sun Simiao. Relapse of harm caused by cold because of food. Take this cooked rice meal, burn it, grind [the residue into powder] and ingest with a rice beverage two or three qian. Effective. [Li] Shizhen. 25-05-03 祀竈飯 Si zao fan

Cooked rice/millet meal used for worshipping the kitchen stove [god]. 【主治】卒噎，取一粒食之，即下。燒研，搽鼻中瘡。時珍。 Control. For sudden choking, take one grain, eat it and [food] will move down [in the gullet] again. Burned and [the residue] ground, it is applied to sores in the nostrils. [Li] Shizhen. 25-05-04 盆邊零飯 Pen bian ling fan

Cooked rice/millet at the rim of a cooking pot. 【主治】鼻中生瘡，燒研傅之。時珍。 Control. For sores developing in the nostrils, burn it, grind it [into powder] and apply this [to the affected region]. [Li] Shizhen. 25-05-05 齒中殘飯 Chi zhong can fan

Remnants of cooked rice/millet between the teeth. 【主治】蝎咬毒痛，傅之即止。時珍。 Control. Apply them to painful regions with the poison of scorpion bites. That ends [the pain]. [Li] Shizhen. 25-05-06 飱飯 Sun fan

Cooked rice/millet for supper. 飱音孫，即水飯也 飱 is read sun 孫, it is cooked rice/millet soaked in water.



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【主治】熱食，解渴除煩。時珍。 Control. Eaten hot it resolves thirst and eliminates vexation. [Li] Shizhen. 25-05-07 荷葉燒飯 He ye shao fan

Burned cooked rice/millet with lotus leaves. 【主治】厚脾胃，通三焦，資助生發之氣。時珍。 Control. It solidifies spleen and stomach, penetrates the Triple Burner, and supports newly developed qi. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【李杲曰】易水 張潔古枳术丸，用荷葉裹燒飯爲丸。蓋荷之爲 物，色青中空，象乎震卦風木。在人爲足少陽膽同手少陽三焦，爲生化萬 物之根蒂。用此物以成其化，胃氣何由不上升乎？更以燒飯和藥，與白术 協力，滋養穀氣，令胃厚不致再傷，其利廣矣大矣。【時珍曰】按韓𢘅 醫通云：東南人不識北方炊飯無甑，類乎爲燒，如燒菜之意，遂訛以荷葉 包飯入灰火燒煨，雖丹溪亦未之辯。但以新荷葉煮湯，入粳米造飯，氣味 亦全也。凡粳米造飯，用荷葉湯者寬中，芥葉湯者豁痰，紫蘇湯者行氣解 肌，薄荷湯者去熱，淡竹葉湯者辟暑，皆可類推也。 Explication. [Li] Gao: Zhang Jiegu from Yi shui in his “pills with bitter orange fruits and atractylodes [rhizome]” [recommends to] wrap cooked rice/millet with lotus leaves, burn it and form pills. The fact is, lotus is an item of greenish color that is hollow. Hence it reflects the trigram “thunder”, wind and wood. In man [it reflects] the foot minor yang gallbladder and the hand minor yang Triple Burner as the root and fruit base of the generation and transformation of the myriad items. If this item is resorted to to complete their transformation, why should the stomach qi not rise and ascend? Also, when burned cooked rice/millet is combined with medication, joining forces with atractylodes macrocephala [rhizome], the nourishing qi of the cereal solidify the stomach and prevent further damage to the stomach. The benefit [of this application] is quite extensive. [Li] Shizhen: According to Han Mao’s Yi tong, “people in the South-East do not know that in the North cooked rice/millet meals are prepared without rice steamer. They compare it to ‘burning,’ similar to the idea of ‘burned vegetables.’ They mistakenly give cooked rice/millet wrapped in a lotus leaf in hot ashes to bake it.” Even [Zhu] Danxi failed to distinguish [these approaches to cooking]. Now, when fresh lotus leaves are boiled and non-glutinous rice is added to such a decoction to prepare a cooked rice meal, the qi and the flavor are completey preserved. When a cooked rice meal is prepared with non-glutinous rice using a lotus leaf decoction, it widens the center. Using a black mustard leaves decoction, it opens phlegm. Using a perilla herb decoction it stimulates the move-

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ment of qi and resolves muscle [tension]. Using a mint decoction, it eliminates heat. Using a bland bamboo leaf decoction it keeps away summer heat. All these effects can be deducted from group associations. 25-06 青精乾石䭀飯宋圖經 Qing jing gan shi xin fan, FE Song Tu jing Rice boiled with the shoots of Asiatic bilberry, vaccinium bracteatum Thunb.1233 【釋名】烏飯。【頌曰】按陶隱居登真隱訣載：太極真人青精乾石䭀飯 法。䭀音信。䭀之爲言飱也，謂以酒、蜜、藥草輩溲而曝之也。亦作 。凡 内外諸書並無此字，惟施於此飯之名耳。陳藏器本草名烏飯。 Explanation of Names. Wu fan 烏飯, “black cooked rice meal.” [Su] Song: According to a record in Tao yinju’s Deng zhen yin jue, “Taiji zhenren’s method to prepare the Dry Stone Supper Food from Greenish Essence, is as follows. Soak [cooked rice] with wine, honey and various medicinal herbs and then dry [the soaked, cooked rice] in the sun. [ 䭀 ] is also written . No other book, whether of specific or general contents, has this character. It was designed specifically for this type of cooked rice meal. Chen Cangqi’s Ben cao names it wu fan 烏飯. 【集解】【頌曰】登真隱訣載南燭草木名狀，註見木部本條下。其作飯 法：以生白粳米一斛五斗舂治，淅取一斛二斗。用南燭木葉五斤，燥者三 斤亦可，雜莖皮煮取汁，極令清冷以溲米，米釋炊之。從四月至八月末， 用新生葉色皆深；九月至三月，用宿葉色皆淺。可隨時進退其斤兩。又采 軟枝莖皮，於石臼中擣碎。假令四五月中作，可用十許斤熟舂，以斛二斗 湯浸染得一斛也。比來只以水漬一二宿，不必用湯。漉而炊之，初米正作 緑色，蒸過便如紺色。若色不好，亦可淘去，更以新汁漬之，洒濩皆用此 汁，惟令飯作正青色乃止。高格曝乾，當三蒸曝，每蒸輒以葉汁溲令浥 浥。每日可服二升，勿復血食。填胃補髓，消滅三蟲。上元寶經云：子服 草木之王，氣與神通；子食青燭之津，命不復殞。此之謂也。今茅山道士 亦作此飯，或以寄遠。重蒸過食之，甚香甘也。【藏器曰】烏飯法：取南 燭莖葉搗碎，漬汁浸粳米，九浸九蒸九曝，米粒緊小，黑如瑿珠，袋盛可 以適遠方也。【時珍曰】此飯乃仙家服食之法，而今之釋家多於四月八日 造之以供佛耳。造者又入柹葉、白楊葉數十枝以助色，或又加生鐵一塊 者，止知取其上色，不知乃服食家所忌也。

1233 Qing jin gan shi xin fan 青精乾石䭀飯, lit.: “Dry Stone Supper Food from Greenish Essence.”



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Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: For comments on the name and appearance of the shrub Asiatic bilberry, nan zhu 南燭, see the respective entry in the section “trees” (36-22). The method to prepare this meal is as follows. Process one hu and five dou of fresh, white non-glutinous rice in a mortar. Rinse it and remove one hu and two dou. Then take five jin of Asiatic bilberry tree leaves – three jin of dried [leaves] are fine, too - and boil them with stem and bark. [Filter] the resulting juice so that it is very clear, let it cool and soak the rice in it. Take the rice out [of the liquid] and cook a meal. From the fourth month to the end of the eighth month, use new, fresh/ unprepared leaves with an intense color. From the ninth month to the third month, use stored leaves with a pale color. The weight can be adjusted in accordance with the season. Also, collect tender branches and stems with bark and pound them in a stone mortar to small pieces. During the fourth and fifth month ten or more jin [steamed until] done are processed in the mortar. Then soak them in one hu and two dou of hot water and remove one hu. In recent times, [the pieces] are simply soaked in water for one or two nights; there is no need to use hot water. Filter it [to obtain the rice] and cook the meal. In the beginning, the husked grains are perfectly white. When they are steamed, their color becomes dark purple. Those with an inappropriate color can be cleared out and are soaked again in new juice. This juice is later used for sprinkling. Stop this only when all the cooked rice has assumed the proper greenish color. Spread the rice on an elevated stand where it dries in the sun. It should be steamed and dried in the sun three times. For each steaming sprinkle the leaf juice [on the rice] to thoroughly moisturize it. Two sheng can be ingested every day, and do no longer eat [meat with] blood. It fills the stomach, supplements the marrow and dissolves the three types of bugs/worms. The Shang yuan bao jing states: “When you ingest herbs and trees of royal quality, [your] qi communicate with the spirits. When you consume the fluids of qing zhu 青燭, your life will never end.” That is a reference to [the item discussed] here. Today, Daoists on Mount Mao shan prepare these cooked rice meals; some send them to places far away. [The recipients] steam them a second time and eat them. They are very fragrant and sweet. [Chen] Cangqi: The method to prepare wu fan 烏飯, “black cooked rice meal.” Pound the stem and the leaves of Asiatic bilberry into pieces, soak them in water and use this to soak non-glutinous rice. Soak it, steam it and dry it in the sun nine times. The husked rice grains will become hard and small, and black like amber-jade stone. A bag filled with them can be taken to distant places. [Li] Shizhen: This cooked rice meal is prepared in accordance with the methods used by hermits/immortals who ingest [pharmaceutical drugs] as food. Also, nowadays Buddhists prepare it in the fourth and eighth month as an offer to Buddha. When they prepare it, they add several tens of branches with persimmon leaves and poplar leaves to intensify its color.

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Or they add a lump of raw iron. They only know how to adopt the color [of these additives]; they do not know that the experts who ingest [pharmaceutical drugs] as food warn against [such additives]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】日進一合，不飢，益顔色，堅筋骨，能行。藏器。益腸胃，補 髓，滅三蟲，久服變白却老。蘇頌。出太極真人法。 Control. One ge taken per day prevents hunger. It boosts the complexion, hardens sinews and bones, and enables powerful walking. [Chen] Cangqi: It boosts the [qi of the] intestines and the stomach, supplements the marrow, eliminates the three types of bugs/worms, and ingested over a long time it changes white [hair to black hair] and prevents aging. Su Song, quoted from Taiji zhenren fa. 25-07 粥拾遺 Zhou, FE Shi yi Congee prepared with rice, wheat or millet. 【釋名】糜。【時珍曰】粥字象米在釜中相屬之形。釋名云：煮米爲糜， 使糜爛也。粥濁於糜，育育然也。厚曰饘，薄曰酏。 Explanation of Names. Mi 糜. [Li] Shizhen: The character zhou 粥 reflects husked grains, mi 米, clinging together in a cauldron. The Shi ming states: “Husked grains, mi 米, are boiled to prepare a gruel. That it, [the husked grains] are “rotten to the core,” mi lan 糜爛. A congee, zhou 粥, is thicker than a gruel, mi 糜. It is very nutritious. A thick [congee] is called zhan 饘; a thin [congee] is called yi 酏. 25-07-01 小麥粥 Xiao mai zhou Wheat congee.

【主治】止消渴煩熱。時珍。 Control. It ends melting with thirst1234 and vexing heat. [Li] Shizhen.

1234 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.



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25-07-02 寒食粥 Han shi zhou

Cold food [festival]1235 congee. 用杏仁和諸花作之。 It is prepared with apricot kernels and various flowers. 【主治】咳嗽，下血氣，調中。藏器。 Control. Cough. It sends down blood and qi, and regulates the center. [Chen] Cangqi. 25-07-03 糯米 Nuo mi [zhou].

[Congee with] glutinous rice. 25-07-04 秫米 Shu mi

[Congee with] glutinous spiked millet. 25-07-05 黍米粥 Shu mi zhou

Congee with glutinous spiked millet. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】益氣，治脾胃虚寒，洩痢吐逆，小兒痘瘡白色。時珍。 Control. It boosts the qi, and serves to cure depletion cold affecting the spleen and the stomach, with outflow and free-flux illness, and vomiting with [qi] counterflow, also children with white smallpox sores. [Li] Shizhen.

1235 This is the festival honoring Jie Zitui 介子推 who had served King Wen of the State of Jin, 5th c. BCE. Eventually he withdrew with his mother to the forests. King Wen summoned him to his court to show his gratitude. When Jie Zitui refused to appear, the king had the forest set on fire to force him to leave his abode. Jie and his mother died in the fi re in 476 BCE. The king ordered that no fi res were allowed on that day in future, and food was to be consumed cold. Hence the name of that day, han shi 寒食, “Cold Food.” It is April 5. BCGM Dict III, 224-225.

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25-07-06 粳米 Geng mi

[Congee made with] non-glutinous rice. 25-07-07 籼米 Xian mi

[Congee made from] Annamese upland rice. 25-07-08 粟米 Su mi

[Congee made from] millet. 25-07-09 粱米粥 Liang mi zhou

Congee made from spiked millet. 【氣味】甘，温、平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】利小便，止煩渴，養脾胃。時珍。 Control. It stimulates urination, ends vexing thirst and nourishes the spleen and the stomach. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】按羅天益寶鑑云：粳、粟米粥，氣薄味淡，陽中之陰 也。所以淡滲下行，能利小便。韓𢘅醫通云：一人病淋，素不服藥。予令 專啖粟米粥，絶去他味。旬餘减，月餘痊。此五穀治病之理也。又張耒粥 记云：每晨起，食粥一大椀。空腹胃虚，穀氣便作，所補不細。又極柔 膩，與腸胃相得，最爲飲食之妙訣。齐和尚説：山中僧每將旦一粥，甚繫 利害。如不食，則終日覺臟腑燥涸。蓋粥能暢胃氣，生津液也。大抵養生 求安樂，亦無深遠難知之事，不過寢食之間爾。故作此勸人每日食粥，勿 大笑也。又蘇軾帖云：夜飢甚，吴子野勸食白粥，云能推陳致新，利膈益 胃。粥既快美，粥後一覺，妙不可言也。此皆著粥之有益如此。諸穀作 粥，詳見本條。古方有用藥物、粳、粟、粱米作粥，治病甚多。今略取其 可常食者，集於下方，以備參考云。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to Luo Tianyi in his Bao jian, “congees made with non-glutinous rice and millet have weakly pronounced qi and a bland flavor. They are a yin in yang item. Because their bland [flavor] seeps down [in the body, such congees] stimulate urination.” Han Mao in his Yi tong states: “Someone suffered from [urinary] dripping. He never ingested pharmaceutical drugs. He was advised to focus his consumption on short millet congee and omit all other flavors. Within ten days [his problems] were mitigated; within one month he was cured.



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That is the principle underlying the cure of diseases by means of the five cereals.” Also, Zhang Lei in his Zhou ji states: “Every morning, when you get up, eat one big bowl of congee, on an empty abdomen with depleted stomach [qi]. The qi of the cereal will be quite active, and they offer not a small supplementation. Also, as [congees] are very soft and greasy, they correspond to [the qi of ] the intestines and the stomach, and are a most wondrous recommendation for beverages and food.” Monk He says: “Priests in the mountains eat one [bowl of ] congee every morning. It is very helpful to avert problems. If they do not eat it, they feel a dryness in their long-term depots and short-term repositories all day long.” The fact is, congees are able to stimulate the movement of stomach qi and generate body fluids. Generally speaking, to nourish life and seek peace and joy is not a matter lying deeply buried or far away and therefore difficult to know. It is situated between sleeping and eating. Hence this book was written to urge people to eat congee every day, and not laugh at it. Also, Su Shi once noted: “One night I was very hungry. Wu Ziye urged me to eat a white congee. He stated that it can drive away the old, and let the new arrive. It frees the passage through the diaphragm and boosts the stomach [qi]. The congee [I ate] was pleasant and delicious, and after I had consumed it, when I woke up again it was wondrous beyond words.” All these are writings showing that such benefits are derived from eating congees. For details of the preparation of congees, see the respective entries [below]. Ancient recipes include congees prepared with pharmaceutical drugs, non-glutinous rice, millet and spiked millet, and the diseases they serve to cure are many. Here now only those are listed below with their recipes that can be used for continuous consumption. They can be used for further advice and examination. 【附録】 Appendix 諸藥粥。 All types of medicinal congees. 25-07-10 赤小豆粥 Chi xiao dou zhou

Congee with red mung beans. 利小便，消水腫脚氣，辟邪癘。 It stimulates urination, dissolves water swelling and leg qi,1236 and averts evil [qi] epidemics. 1236 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

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25-07-11 緑豆粥 Lü dou zhou

Congee with mung beans. 解熱毒，止煩渴。 It resolves heat poison and ends vexing thirst. 25-07-12 御米粥 Yü mi zhou

Congee with poppy seeds. 治反胃，利大腸。 It serves to cure turned over stomach, and frees the passage through the large intestine. 25-07-13 薏苡仁粥 Yi yi ren zhou

Congee with Job’s tears kernels. 除濕熱，利腸胃。 It eliminates moisture and heat, and frees the passage through the intestines and the stomach. 25-07-14 蓮子粉粥 Lian zi fen zhou

Congee with lotus seed powder. 健脾胃，止洩痢。 It strengthens spleen and stomach, and ends outflow with free-flux illness. 25-07-15 芡實粉粥 Qian shi fen zhou

Congee with fox nut fruit/seeds powder. 固精氣，明耳目。 It solidifies essence qi, and clears ears and eyes. 25-07-16 菱實粉粥 Ling shi fen zhou Congee with water chestnut powder. 益腸胃，解内熱。 It boosts [the qi of ] the ingestines and the stomach, and resolves internal heat.



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25-07-17 栗子粥 Li zi zhou

Congee with Chinese chestnuts. 補腎氣，益腰脚。 It supplements kidney qi and boosts [the qi of ] lower back and legs. 25-07-18 薯蕷粥 Shu yu zhou Congee with Chinese yam. 補腎精，固腸胃。 It supplements kidney essence/sperm and solidifies the intestines and the stomach. 25-07-19 芋粥 Yu zhou

Congee with taro [seeds/tuber]. 寬腸胃，令人不饑。 It widens the intestines and the stomach and prevents hunger. 25-07-20 百合粉粥 Bai he fen zhou .

Congee with Brown’s lily [bulb] powder. 潤肺調中。 It moisturizes the lung and regulates the center. 25-07-21 蘿蔔粥 Luo bo zhou

Congee with radish [root]. 消食利膈。 It dissolves food and frees the passage through the diaphragm. 25-07-22 胡蘿蔔粥 Hu luo bo zhou Congee with carrots. 寬中下氣。 It widens the center and sends down qi.

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25-07-23 馬齒莧粥 Ma chi xian zhou Congee with purslane. 治痺消腫。 It serves to cure blockage and dissolves swelling. 25-07-24 油菜粥 You cai zhou

Congee with oil rape. 調中下氣。 It regulates the center and sends down qi. 25-07-25 莙薘菜粥 Jun da cai zhou

Congee with white sugar beets. 健胃益脾。 It strengthens the stomach and boosts spleen qi. 25-07-26 波薐菜粥 Bo leng cai zhou Congee with spinach. 和中潤燥。 It harmonizes the center and moisturizes dryness. 25-07-27 薺菜粥 Ji cao zhou

Congee with shepherd’s purse. 明目利肝。 It clears the eyes and frees the passage through the liver. 25-07-28 芹菜粥 Qin cai zhou

Congee with Chinese celery. 去伏熱，利大小腸。 It removes hidden heat1237 and frees the passage through the small and large intestine. 1237 Fu re 伏熱, “hidden heat,” a condition of the body being affected by repletion heat following its invasion by heat evil. BCGM Dict I, 176.



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25-07-29 芥菜粥 Jie cao zhou

Congee with black mustard vegetable. 豁痰辟惡。 It clears phlegm and wards off malign [qi]. 25-07-30 葵菜粥 Kui cai zhou

Congee with Chinese mallows. 潤燥寬腸。 It moisturizes dryness and widens the intestines. 25-07-31 韭菜粥 Jiu cai chou

Congee with Chinese leek. 温中暖下。 It warms the center and the lower body part. 25-07-32 葱豉粥 Cong chi zhou

Congee with onions and soybean relish. 發汗解肌。 It induces sweating and resolves sinew [tension]. 25-07-33 伏苓粉粥 Fu ling zhou Congee with poria powder. 清上實下。 It clears the upper body part and replenishes the lower body part. 25-07-34 松子仁粥 Song zi ren zhou

Congee with pine seed kernels. 潤心肺，調大腸。 It moisturizes heart and lung, and regulates the large intestine.

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25-07-35 酸棗仁粥 Suan zao ren zhou

Congee with sour Chinese date kernels. 治煩熱，益膽氣。 It serves to cure vexing heat and boosts the gallbladder qi. 25-07-36 枸杞子粥 Gou qi zi zhou

Congee with lycium seeds. 補精血，益腎氣。 It supplements essence and blood, and boosts kidney qi. 25-07-37 薤白粥 Xie bai zhou

Congee with Chinese chive. 治老人冷利。 It serves to cure free flow of older people with cold. 25-07-38 生薑粥 Sheng jiang zhou

Congee with fresh ginger. 温中辟惡。 It warms the center and repels malign [qi]. 25-07-39 花椒粥 Hua jiao zhou

Congee with Chinese pepper. 辟瘴禦寒。 It repels miasma and protects against cold. 25-07-40 茴香粥 Hui xiang zhou Congee with fennel. 和胃治疝。 It harmonizes the stomach and serves to cure elevation-illness.1238 1238 Shan 疝, “elevation-illness,” a group of conditions characterized by violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 417.



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25-07-41 胡椒粥 Hu jiao zhou

Congee with black pepper. 25-07-42 茱萸粥 Zhu yu zhou

Congee with zhu yu seeds.1239 25-07-43 辣米粥 La mi zhou

Congee with wild mustard. 並治心腹疼痛。 [The three congees listed above] all serve to heal central and abdominal pain. 25-07-44 麻子粥 Ma zi zhou

Congee with hemp seeds. 25-07-45 胡麻粥 Hu ma zhou

Congee with sesame seeds. 25-07-46 郁李仁粥 Yu li ren zhou

Congee with Chinese dwarf cherries. 並潤腸治痺。 [The three congees listed above] all moisturize the intestines and serve to cure blockage. 25-07-47 蘇子粥 Su zi zhou

Congee with perilla seeds. 下氣利膈。 It sends down qi and frees the passage through the diaphragm.

1239 Zhu yu seeds, zhu yu zi 茱萸子, may refer to the seeds of any of the three herbs evodia rutaecarps, zanthoxylum ailanthoides and Asiatic cornelian cherry.

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25-07-48 竹葉湯粥 Zhu ye tang chou Congee with bamboo leaf decoction. 止渴清心。 It stops thirst and clears the heart. 25-07-49 猪腎粥 Zhu shen zhou Congee with pig kidneys.

25-07-50 羊腎粥 Yang shen zhou Congee with sheep kidneys. 25-07-51 鹿腎粥 Lu shen zhou Congee with deer kidneys. 並補腎虚諸疾。 [The three congees listed above] all supplement kidney depletion and all types of illness [with qi depletion]. 25-07-52 羊肝粥 Yang gan zhou Congee with sheep liver.

25-07-53 鷄肝粥 Ji gan zhou Congee with chicken liver. 並補肝虚，明目。 The two [congees listed above] supplement liver depletion and clear the eyes. 25-07-54 羊汁粥 Yang zhi zhou Congee with mutton juice.

25-07-55 鷄汁粥 Ji zhi zhou Congee with chicken meat juice. 並治勞損。 The two [congees listed above] serve to cure exhaustion detriment.1240

1240 Lao sun 勞損, “exhaustion detriment,” a condition identical with xu lao 虛勞, “depletion exhaustion,” brought forth by harm affecting the human body, its depots and palaces,



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25-07-56 鴨汁粥 Ya zhi zhou

Congee with duck meat juice. 25-07-57 鯉魚汁粥 Li yu zhou

Congee with carp juice. 並消水腫。 The two [congees listed above] dissolve water swelling. 25-07-58 牛乳粥 Niu ru zhou

Congee with cow milk. 補虚羸。 It supplements [qi in the case of ] depletion and emaciation. 25-07-59 酥蜜粥 Su mi zhou

Congee with butter and honey. 養心肺。 It nourishes heart and lung. 25-07-60 鹿角膠入粥食，助元陽，治諸虚。 Deer horn glue added to a congee and eaten assists the original yang [qi] and serves to cure all types of [qi] depletion. 25-07-61 炒麪入粥食，止白痢。 Stir-fried wheat flour added to a congee and eaten stops white free-flux illness. 25-07-62 燒鹽入粥食，止血痢。 Burned salt added to a congee and eaten ends blood free-flux illness.

and its qi and blood. BCGM Dict I, 300, 586.

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25-08 麨尺沼切拾遺 Chao, split reading: chi 尺, zhao 沼, FE Shi yi Prepared rice or wheat; made by steaming, stir frying and grinding it to powder. 【校正】原附粟下，今分出。 Editorial Correction. Originally listed as an appendix following [the entry] su 粟, short millet (23-02). Shown here separately 【釋名】糗去九切。【時珍曰】麨以炒成，其臭香。故糗從臭，麨從炒省 也。劉熙釋名云：糗，齲也。飯而磨之，使齲碎也。 Explanation of Names. Qiu 糗, split reading qu 去, jiu 九. [Li] Shizhen: Chao 麨 is prepared by stir-frying, chao 炒, and it has a fragrant smell, xiu 臭. Hence, [the character qiu 糗 is based on [the character] xiu 臭, and chao 麨 is based on [the character] chao 炒. Liu Xi in his Shi ming states: “Qiu 糗 is qu 齲, decayed teeth. When cooked rice is ground, it causes tooth decay.” 【集解】【恭曰】麨，蒸米、麥熬過，磨作之。【藏器曰】河東人以麥爲 之，北人以粟爲之，東人以粳米爲之，炒乾飯磨成也。粗者爲乾糗糧。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Gong: Chao is rice or wheat steamed first, then simmered and eventually ground. [Chen] Cangqi: People in He dong prepare it with wheat. People in the North prepare it with short millet. People in the East prepare it with non-glutinous rice. The dry cooked meal is stir-fried and ground. [Ground into] coarse [grains] it is dry qiu liang 糗糧. 25-08-01 米麥麨 Mi mai chao

Prepared husked rice and wheat. 【氣味】甘、苦，微寒，無毒。【藏器曰】酸，寒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, bitter, slightly cold, nonpoisonus. [Chen] Cangqi: Sour, cold. 【主治】寒中，除熱渴，消石氣。蘇頌。和水服，解煩熱，止洩，實大 腸。藏器。炒米湯：止煩渴。時珍。 Control. It cools the center. It removes heat and [ends] thirst. It dissolves the qi of mineral [elixirs]. Su Song. Ingested with water it resolves vexing heat, ends outflow, and replenishes the large intestine [qi]. [Chen] Cangqi. The “stir-fried husked rice decoction” ends vexing thirst. [Li] Shizhen.



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25-09 餻綱目 Gao, FE Gang mu. Cake made by steaming rice or millet. 【釋名】粢。【時珍曰】餻以黍、糯合粳米粉蒸成，狀如凝膏也。單糯粉 作者曰粢。米粉合豆末、糖、蜜蒸成者曰餌。釋名云：粢，慈軟也。餌， 而也，相粘而也。揚雄方言云：餌謂之餻，或謂之粢，或謂之飠令，音令，或 謂之餣，音浥。然亦微有分别，不可不知之也。 Explanation of Names. Zi 粢, [Li] Shizhen: Gao 餻 is made by steaming glutinous panicled millet, 黍 shu, glutinous rice, nuo 糯, and non-glutinous rice, geng mi 粳 米, powder. It is shaped like congealed fat. When [the cake] is prepared only with glutinous rice powder, it is called zi 粢. When the rice powder is steamed combined with bean powder, sugar and honey, it is called er 餌, “pastry.” The Shi ming states: “Zi 粢 is zi ruan 慈軟, ‘kind and soft.’ Er 餌 is er 而, the er 而 meaning ‚adhesive’.” Yang Xiong in his Fang yan states: “Pastry, er 餌, may be called gao 餻, zi 粢, ling 飠令, read ling 令, or ya 餣, read ya 浥.” All of them are a bit different from each other, and that should be known. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【時珍曰】粳米餻易消導。粢餻最難剋化，損脾 成積，小兒尤宜禁之。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: Cakes made of non-glutinous rice are easy to digest. Zi 粢 cakes are very difficult to transform; they harm the spleen and lead to accumulation. Children in particular should stay away from them. 【主治】粳餻：養脾胃厚腸，益氣和中。粢餻：益氣暖中，縮小便，堅大 便，效。時珍。 Control. Non-glutinous rice cakes. They nourish spleen and stomach and solidify the intestines. They boost the qi and harmonize the center. Zi 粢 cakes. They boost the qi and warm the center. They restrain urination, and harden defecation. Effective. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】晚粳米餻，可代蒸餅丸脾胃藥，取其易化也。糯米粢 可代糯糊丸丹藥，取其相粘也。九日登高米餻，亦可入藥。按聖惠方治山 瘴瘧有餻角飲：九月九日取米餻角陰乾半兩，寒食飯二百粒，豉一百粒， 獨蒜一枚，恒山一兩，以水二盞，浸一夜，五更煎至一盞，頓服，當下利 爲度。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Cakes made with late [harvested] non-glutinous rice can replace steamed cake pills as a medication for spleen and stomach because they are

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easily transformed. Zi 粢 cakes made with glutinous rice can replace glutinous rice paste to form pills and bolus medication because they are sticky. Cakes made with rice from the ninth day [of the ninth month when people] climb on high altitudes can also be added to medication. The Sheng hui fang has [the following recipe] of a “cake beverage” to cure mountain miasma and malaria. Prepare a mixture of half a liang of rice cake made on the ninth day of the ninth month, 200 grains of the Cold Food [festival]1241 rice meal, 100 soybean relish grains, one single garlic clove and one liang of dichroa [root]. Soak this in two cups of water for one night and in the early morning boil the liquid down to one cup. Ingest it all at once to cause a discharge with free flow. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 老人泄瀉。乾餻一兩，薑湯泡化，代飯。簡便方。 Old persons with outflow. Soak one liang of a dried cake in a ginger decoction until it is dissolved and eat this instead of cooked rice meals. Jian bian fang. 25-10 糉綱目 Zong, FE Gang mu Dumplings with three corners made from glutinous rice. 【釋名】角黍。【時珍曰】糉俗作粽。古人以菰、蘆葉裹黍米煮成，尖 角，如椶櫚葉心之形，故曰糉，曰角黍。近世多用糯米矣。今俗五月五日 以爲節物相餽送。或言爲祭屈原，作此投江，以飼蛟龍也。 Explanation of Names. Jiao shu 角黍, “horns made of glutinous panicled millet.” [Li] Shizhen: Zong 糉 is commonly written zong 粽. The ancients wrapped glutinous panicled millet in wild rice or reed leaves and boiled this to form pointed “horns” shaped like the “heart” of trachycarpus, zong lü 椶櫚, 棕櫚, leaves. Hence, they called them zong 糉 and also jiao shu 角黍, “horns made of glutinous panicled millet.” In recent times mostly glutinous rice is used. Today, on the fifth day of the fifth month they are considered a festive item given away as a present. Some say 1241 This is the festival honoring Jie Zitui 介子推 who had served King Wen of the State of Jin, 5th c. BCE. Eventually he withdrew with his mother to the forests. King Wen summoned him to his court to show his gratitude. When Jie Zitui refused to appear, the king had the forest set on fi re to force him to leave his abode. Jie and his mother died in the fi re in 476 BCE. The king ordered that no fi res were allowed on that day in future, and food was to be consumed cold. Hence the name of that day, han shi 寒食, “Cold Food.” It is April 5. BCGM Dict III, 224-225.



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they serve as a sacrifice for Qu Yuan. They make [these dumplings] and toss them into a river to feed the flood dragon. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】五月五日取糉尖，和截瘧藥，良。時珍。 Control. On the fifth day of the fifth month mix the dumplings with anti-malaria medication. Good. [Li] Shizhen. 25-11 寒具綱目 Han ju, FE Gang mu A kind of pasta which could be stored. Made with glutinous rice flour and wheat flour.1242 【釋名】捻頭錢乙、環餅要術、饊。【時珍曰】寒具冬春可留數月，及寒 食禁烟用之，故名寒具。捻頭，捻其頭也。環餅，象環釧形也。饊，易消 散也。服虔通俗文謂之餲，張揖廣雅謂之粰𥹷，楚辭謂之粔籹，雜字解詁 謂之膏環。 Explanation of Names. Nian tou 捻頭, Qian Yi. Huan bing 環餅, Yao shu. San 饊. [Li] Shizhen: Han ju 寒具 can be kept for several months in winter and spring. It is resorted to on the Cold Food [day]1243 when the smoke [of fire in a cooking stove] is forbidden. Hence it is called “cold foodstuff.” Nian tou 捻頭 is “twisted tips.” [The name] huan bing 環餅, “circular cake,” reflect its bracelet-like, huan chuan 環釧, shape. San 饊 is: it easily “dissolves,” xiao san 消散. Fu Qian in his Tong su wen calls it he 餲. Zhang Yi in his Guang ya calls it fu liu 粰𥹷. The Chu ci calls it ju nü 粔籹. The Za zi jie gu calls it gao huan 膏環, “paste ring.” 【集解】【時珍曰】錢乙方中有捻頭散，葛洪肘後有捻頭湯，醫書不載。 按鄭玄註周禮云：寒具，米食也。賈思勰要術云：環餅一名寒具，以水 搜，入牛羊脂和作之，入口即碎。林洪清供云：寒具，捻頭也。以糯粉和 麪，麻油煎成。以餹食之，可留月餘，宜禁烟用。觀此，則寒具即今饊子 1242 Han ju 寒具, lit.: “Cold foodstuff.”

1243 This is the festival honoring Jie Zitui 介子推 who had served King Wen of the State of Jin, 5th c. BCE. Eventually he withdrew with his mother to the forests. King Wen summoned him to his court to show his gratitude. When Jie Zitui refused to appear, the king had the forest set on fi re to force him to leave his abode. Jie and his mother died in the fi re in 476 BCE. The king ordered that no fi res were allowed on that day in future, and food was to be consumed cold. Hence the name of that day, han shi 寒食, “cold food.” It is April 5. BCGM Dict III, 224-225.

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也。以糯粉和麪，入少鹽，牽索紐捻成環釧之形，油煎食之。劉禹錫寒具 詩云： 纖手搓成玉數尋，碧油煎出嫩黄深。 夜來春睡無輕重，壓褊佳人纏臂金。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Among Qian Yi’s recipes is a “powder with nian tou.” Ge Hong in his Zhou hou has a “nian tou decoction.” Medical books do not list it. Zheng Xuan in his comments on the Zhou li states: “Han ju 寒具 is a rice meal.” Jia Sixie in his Yao shu states: “Huan bing 環餅 is also named han ju 寒 具. To prepare it, soak [rice powder] in water and add ox or sheep fat. As soon as it is put in the mouth, it breaks into pieces.” Lin Hong in his Qing gong states: “Han ju 寒具 is nian tou 捻頭. It is made by boiling glutinous rice powder with wheat flour and sesame oil, and is eaten together with sugar. It can be stored for more than a month and is appropriate for [the Cold Food day] when smoke [from the kitchen stove] is forbidden.” In view of these [statements], han ju 寒具 is today’s san zi 饊子. Glutinous rice powder is mixed with wheat flour and a little salt. Pull it like a rope and twist it to give it the form of a bracelet. It is eaten boiled in oil. Liu Yuxi1244 in his poem Han ju states: “Fine hands roll it into numerous jade rings. When cooked in jade blue oil, they appear as something delicate with an intense yellow color. The night came in spring with a sleep that knows no weight. A beautiful woman in a tight fitting dress with gold wrapped around her arms.” 【氣味】甘、鹹，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】利大小便，潤腸，温中益氣。時珍。 Control. It frees major (defecation) and minor (urination) relief, moisturizes the intestines, warms the center and boosts the qi. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新二。 Added Recipes. Two newly [recorded]. 錢氏捻頭散。治小兒小便不通。用延胡索、苦楝子等分，爲末。每服半錢 或一錢，以捻頭湯食前調下。如無捻頭，滴油數點代之。錢氏小兒方。

1244 This poem is recorded in Dongpo quan ji 東坡全集, ch. 29. The heading Han ju 寒具 was introduced in Liu Yuxi jia hua 劉禹錫佳話; it was not composed by Liu Yuxi himself.



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Mr. Qian [Yi’s] “powder with nian tou.” It serves to cure blocked urination of children. [Grind] equal amounts of corydalis [tuber] and Persian lilac fruit into powder. Each time [let the child] ingest half a qian or one qian, to be sent down with a nian tou decoction prior to a meal. If no nian tou is at hand, drip several drops of oil [into the powder] instead. Qian shi, Xiao er fang. 血痢不止。地榆晒研爲末。每服二錢，摻在羊血上，炙熱食之，以捻頭煎 湯送下。或以地榆煮汁，熬如飴狀，一服三合，捻頭湯化下。 Unending blood free-flux illness. Dry sanguisorba [root] in the sun and [grind it into] powder. Each time ingest two qian. Sprinkle it on sheep blood, roast this and eat it hot, sending it down with a nian tou decoction. Or, boil the sanguisorba [root] to obtain a juice, simmer it until it has assumed the consistency of sugar and ingest one dose of three ge, sending it down dissolved in a nian tou decoction. 25-12 蒸餅綱目 Zheng bing, FE Gang mu Steamed cake made from wheat flour and raised with leaven. 【釋名】【時珍曰】按劉熙釋名云：餅者，并也，溲麪使合并也。有蒸 餅、湯餅、胡餅、索餅、酥餅之屬，皆隨形命名也。 Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen: According to Liu Xi’s Shi ming, “Bing 餅 is bing 并, ‚to combine’. It is a ‘combination’, he bing 合并, of water and wheat flour. Variations include steamed cake, decoction cake, hu 胡 cake, rope cake and butter, su 酥, cake. The names reflect their shape.” 【集解】【時珍曰】小麥麪修治食品甚多，惟蒸餅其來最古，是酵糟發成 單麪所造，丸藥所須，且能治疾，而本草不載，亦一缺也。惟臘月及寒食 日蒸之，至皮裂，去皮懸之風乾。臨時以水浸脹，擂爛濾過，和脾胃及三 焦藥，甚易消化。且麪已過性，不助濕熱。其以果菜、油膩諸物爲餡者， 不堪入藥。 Collected Explanations. The number of dishes prepared with wheat flour is huge. Steamed cakes have the longest history. They are made with a plain wheat flour fermented with the sediments left after the fermentation of alcohol. They are required for the preparation of medicinal pills and they [themselves] also can cure diseases. Still, they are not recorded in ben cao literature, which is a real flaw. Steam them only in winter months and on the Cold Food day1245 until the skin cracks. Remove 1245 This is the festival honoring Jie Zitui 介子推 who had served King Wen of the State of Jin, 5th c. BCE. Eventually he withdrew with his mother to the forests. King Wen summoned him to his court to show his gratitude. When Jie Zitui refused to appear,

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the skin and suspend them at a windy location until they have dried. When the time has come, soak them in water to let them swell, pound them into a pulpy mass and strain it. Combined with medication for the spleen, the stomach and the Triple Burner, [these medications] are most easily dissolved and transformed. Also, because the flour has lost its own nature, it supports neither moisture nor heat. [Pies] with a filling of fruit, vegetables, and all items that are oily and greasy, are not appropriate for being added to medication. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】消食，養脾胃，温中化滯，益氣和血，止汗，利三焦，通水道。 時珍。 Control. [Steamed cakes] dissolve food, nourish spleen and stomach [qi], warm the center, transform sluggish [qi], boost the qi, harmonize the blood, end sweating, free the passage through the Triple Burner, and penetrate the passageways of water. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】按愛竹談藪云：宋寧宗爲郡王時，病淋，日夜凡三百 起。國醫罔措，或舉孫琳治之。琳用蒸餅、大蒜、淡豆豉三物搗丸，令以 温水下三十丸。曰：今日進三服，病當减三之一，明日亦然，三日病除。 已而果然，賜以千緡。或問其説，琳曰：小兒何緣有淋？只是水道不利， 三物皆能通利故爾。若琳者，其可與語醫矣。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to Aizhu’s Tan sou, “[Emperor] Ning zong of the Song dynasty suffered from [urinary] dripping in his youth. During day and night he got up 300 times. The physicians in the service of the state were unable to handle this. Someone suggested to call on Sun Lin to cure him. [Sun] Lin pounded three items, steamed cakes, garlic and bland soybean relish, [into a pulpy mass] and formed pills. He ordered [the prince] to send down with warm water 30 pills, and said: ‘Ingest them three times today, and the disease will weaken by one third. Do the same tomorrow. On the third day the disease will have ended.’ It happened as he had predicted and he was granted 1000 cords [of cash]. Someone asked for an explanation and [Sun] Lin responded: ’Why should a child have [urinary] dripping? The only possible reason is a blockage of its waterways. All the three items [ingested] can penetrate and free [the passage through its waterways]. That is why the king had the forest set on fi re to force him to leave his abode. Jie and his mother died in the fi re in 476 BCE. The king ordered that no fi res were allowed on that day in future, and food was to be consumed cold. Hence the name of that day, han shi 寒食, “Cold Food.” It is April 5. BCGM Dict III, 224-225.



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[this treatment was successful]’. With [experts like Sun] Lin, it is possible to discuss medicine.” 【附方】新六。 Added Recipes, six newly[recorded]. 積年下血。寒食蒸餅、烏龍尾各一兩，皂角七挺去皮酥炙，爲末，蜜丸。 米飲每服二十丸。聖惠方。 Blood discharge lasting years. [Grind] one liang each of steamed cakes of a Cold Food [day]1246 and dust from a beam, and seven gleditsia pods, with their skin removed and roasted in butter, into powder. Each time ingest with a rice beverage 20 pills. Sheng hui fang. 下痢赤白。治營衛氣虚，風邪襲入腸胃之間，便痢赤白，臍腹㽲痛，裏急 後重，煩渴脹滿，不進飲食，用乾蒸餅蜜拌炒二兩，御米殼蜜炒四兩，爲 末，煉蜜丸芡子大。每服一丸，水一盞，煎化熱服。傳信適用妙方。 Red and white discharge with free-flux illness. [This recipe] serves to cure camp and guardian qi depletion, when wind evil has raided the region of the intestines and the stomach, causing red and white free-flux illness, with a gripping pain at the navel and in the abdomen, inner tension and a feeling of heaviness at the behind, vexing thirst, distension and a sensation of fullness, as well as an inability to ingest beverages or food. [Grind] two liang of a dried steamed cake, mixed with honey and stir-fried, and four liang of poppy shells, stir-fried with honey, into powder and prepare with heat refined honey pills the size of qian seeds. Each time ingest one pill. Boil it in one cup of water until it has dissolved and ingest the hot [liquid]. Chuan xin shi yong miao fang. 崩中下血。陳年蒸餅，燒存性，米飲服二錢。 Collapsing center1247 with blood discharge. Burn, retaining their nature, steamed cakes that have been stored for a year, and [let the woman] ingest two qian with a rice beverage. 1246 This is the festival honoring Jie Zitui 介子推 who had served King Wen of the State of Jin, 5th c. BCE. Eventually he withdrew with his mother to the forests. King Wen summoned him to his court to show his gratitude. When Jie Zitui refused to appear, the king had the forest set on fi re to force him to leave his abode. Jie and his mother died in the fi re in 476 BCE. The king ordered that no fi res were allowed on that day in future, and food was to be consumed cold. Hence the name of that day, han shi 寒食, “cold food.” It is April 5. BCGM Dict III, 224-225. 1247 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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盗汗自汗。每夜卧時，帶飢喫蒸餅一枚，不過數日即止。醫林集要。 Robber sweating, 1248 spontaneous sweating. Every night at bedtime, when you are hungry eat one steamed cake. After only a few days [the sweating] will stop. Yi lin ji yao. 一切折傷。寒食蒸餅爲末。每服二錢，酒下，甚驗。肘後方。 All types of fracture harm. [Grind] steamed cakes of the Cold Food [day]1249 into powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with wine. Very effective. Zhou hou fang. 湯火傷灼。饅頭餅燒存性，研末，油調塗傅之。肘後方。 Burns from boiling hot water and fire. Burn, retaining their nature, steamed bread cakes and grind [the residue] into powder. Mix it with oil and apply this [to the affected region]. Zhou hou fang.

Yeast/ferment made by females.

25-13 女麴拾遺 Nü qu, FE Shi yi

【校正】原附小麥下，今分出。 Editorial Correction. Originally listed as an appendix following [the entry] “wheat.” Shown here separately 【釋名】䴷子音桓、黄子。【時珍曰】此乃女人以完麥罨成黄子，故有諸 名。 Explanation of Names. Huan zi 䴷子, read huan 桓; huang zi 黄子. [Li] Shizhen: It is the “yellow seed,” huang zi 黄子, [coating] developing on complete, wan 完, wheat under a cover; a substance prepared by females, nü 女. Hence all these names. 【集解】【恭曰】女麴，完小麥爲飯，和成罨之，待上黄衣，取晒。 1248 Dao han 盗汗, “robber sweating,” (1) an illness sign of a profuse sweating during sleep that ends when one wakes up. (2) A pathological condition with robber sweating as major sign. BCGM Dict I, 122.

1249 This is the festival honoring Jie Zitui 介子推 who had served King Wen of the State of Jin, 5th c. BCE. Eventually he withdrew with his mother to the forests. King Wen summoned him to his court to show his gratitude. When Jie Zitui refused to appear, the king had the forest set on fi re to force him to leave his abode. Jie and his mother died in the fi re in 476 BCE. The king ordered that no fi res were allowed on that day in future, and food was to be consumed cold. Hence the name of that day, han shi 寒食, “cold food.” It is April 5. BCGM Dict III, 224-225.



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Collected Explanations. [Su] Gong: Nü qu is a complete wheat prepared as [steamed] food that is left covered until a yellow coating has developed on its surface. [The coating] is removed and dried in the sun. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】消食下氣，止洩痢，下胎，破冷血。蘇恭。 Control. It dissolves food, sends down qi, ends outflow and free-flux illness, aborts a fetus, and breaks through cold blood [accumulation]. Su Gong. 25-14 黄蒸拾遺 Huang zheng, FE Shi yi Yellow [ferment from] steamed [rice and wheat powder]. 【校正】原附小麥下，今分出。 Editorial Correction. Originally listed as an appendix following [the entry] “wheat.” Shown here separately. 【釋名】黄衣蘇恭、麥黄。【時珍曰】此乃以米、麥粉和罨，待其薰蒸成 黄，故有諸名。 Explanation of Names. Huang yi 黄衣, “yellow coating,” Su Gong. Mai huang 麥 黄, “the yellow on wheat.” [Li] Shizhen: This is husked rice and wheat powder left covered until the steamed, xun zheng 薰蒸, [powder] generates a yellow, huang 黄, [coating]. Hence all these names. 【集解】【恭曰】黄蒸，磨小麥粉拌水和成餅，麻葉裹，待上黄衣，取 晒。【藏器曰】黄蒸與䴷子不殊。北人以小麥，南人以粳米，六七月作 之，生緑塵者佳。【時珍曰】女麴蒸麥飯罨成，黄蒸磨米、麥粉罨成，稍 有不同也。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Gong: [To prepare] huang zheng, grind wheat into powder, mix it with water and form a cake. Wrap it in hemp leaves, wait until a yellow coating develops on its surface, remove it and dry it in the sun. [Chen] Cangqi: Huang zheng is the same as huan zi. In the sixth and seventh month, people in the North make it with wheat; people in the South make it with non-glutinous rice. When a [coating of ] green dust develops, that is excellent. [Li] Shizhen: Nü qu, yeast/ferment made be females, is made by covering a steamed wheat meal. Huang zheng is made by covering ground husked rice and wheat powder. They are slightly different.

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【氣味】【主治】並同女麴。蘇恭。温補，能消諸生物。藏器。温中下 氣，消食除煩。日華。治食黄、黄汗。時珍。 Qi and Flavor. Control. In all respects identical with nü qu 女麴, yeast/ferment made by females. Su Gong. They warm and supplement. They can dissolve all types of fresh/raw items. [Chen] Cangqi. They warm the center and send down qi. They dissolve food and eliminate vexation. Rihua. The serve to cure jaundice caused by food and sweating of yellow color. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes, one newly [recorded] 黄疸疾，或黄汗染衣，涕唾皆黄。用好黄蒸二升，每夜以水二升浸，微 暖於銅器中，平旦絞汁半升，極效。必效方。 For yin jaundice1250 ailments, or when yellow sweat dyes the clothes, with snivel and saliva all colored yellow. Every night soak two sheng of good huang zheng in two sheng of water and slightly warm it in a copper vessel. The next morning, squeeze it to obtain half a sheng of juice. Very effective. Bi xiao fang.

Yeast/ferment.

25-15 麴宋嘉祐 Qu, FE Song Jia you

【釋名】酒母。【時珍曰】麴以米、麥包罨而成，故字從麥、從米、從包 省文，會意也。酒非麴不生，故曰酒母。書云“若作酒醴，爾惟麴糵”，是 矣。劉熙釋名云：麴，朽也，鬱使生衣敗朽也。 Explanation of Names. Jiu mu 酒母, “the mother of wine.” [Li] Shizhen: Qu 麴 develops on wrapped or covered husked rice, mi 米, and wheat, mai 麥. Hence, the character [qu 麴] is designed as a composition of mai 麥, “wheat,” mi 米, “husked rice,” and bao 包, “to wrap.” Its meaning is evident from the composition [of these characters]. Wine cannot be made without qu 麴. Hence it is also called “mother of wine.” The [Shang] shu states: “The making of [ordinary] wine and sweet wine is possible only with yeast/ferment, qu nie 麴糵.” That is correct. Liu Xi in his Shi ming states: “Qu 麴 is xiu 朽, ‚rotten‘. Something is pressed to let it develop a coating [signaling that it] is decayed, or rotten.” 1250

黃, “yin jaundice,” a condition of a type of huang dan 黃疸, yellow dan-illness, characterized by hidden yang and flourishing yin and harmed proper qi as pathological signs, and the absence of fever as well as a dark yellow body complexion as clinical signs. BCGM Dict I, 634.



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【集解】【藏器曰】麴，六月作者良。入藥須陳久者，炒香用。【時珍 曰】麴有麥、麵、米造者不一，皆酒醋所須，俱能消導，功不甚遠。造大 小麥麴法：用大麥米或小麥連皮井水淘净，晒乾。六月六日磨碎，以淘麥 水和作塊，楮葉包紥，懸風處，七十日可用矣。造麪麴法：三伏時，用白 麪五斤，緑豆五升，以蓼汁煮爛。辣蓼末五兩，杏仁泥十兩，和踏成餅， 楮葉裹，懸風處，候生黄收之。造白麴法：用麪五斤，糯米粉一斗，水拌 微濕，篩過踏餅，楮葉包，掛風處，五十日成矣。又米麴法：用糯米粉一 斗，自然蓼汁和作圓丸，楮葉包，掛風處，七七日晒收。此數種麴皆可入 藥。其各地有入諸藥草及毒藥者，皆有毒，惟可造酒，不可入藥也。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Qu 麴 prepared in the sixth month is good. As an additive to medication, [qu] that has been stored for a long time is stirfried until it is fragrant and can then be used. [Li] Shizhen: Qu 麴 varies depending on whether it is made with wheat, wheat flour or rice. Any of these variations is required to make wine and vinegar. All of them can dissolve and lead [food in the body]; their [therapeutic] potentials do not differ much. The method to prepare qu 麴 with barley and wheat [is as follows]. Rinse barley or wheat with their skin clean in well water and dry them in the sun. On the sixth day of the sixth month grind them into pieces and with the water in which the barley has been rinsed form lumps. Wrap them in paper mulberry leaves, fasten them and hang them in a windy place. [The qu 麴, yeast/ferment] can be used after 70 days. The method to prepare qu 麴 with wheat flour [is as follows]. During the three ten-day periods of the hot season boil five jin of white wheat flour and five sheng of mung beans in knotweed [leaf ] juice until they have turned into a pulpy mass. Mix it with five liang of peppery knotweed [leaf ] powder and ten liang of apricot kernel pulp, pound it and form cakes. Wrap them in paper mulberry leaves, and hang them in a windy place until a yellow [coating] has formed and collect it. The method to prepare white qu 麴 [is as follows]. Add enough water to five jin of wheat flour and one dou of glutinous rice powder to slightly moisturize them, pass them through a sieve, pound them and form cakes. Wrap them in paper mulberry leaves and hang them in a windy place. [The yeast/ferment] is ready after 50 days. Also, the method to prepare qu 麴 with rice [is as follows]. Take one dou of glutinous rice powder, mix it with the natural juice of knotweed [leaves] and form round pills. Wrap them in paper mulberry leaves, and hang them in a windy place. After seven times seven days dry them in the sun and store them. All these various kinds of qu 麴 can be added to medication. Those made in different regions with various pharmaceutical herbs or poisonous pharmaceutical drugs, they are all poisonous and must not be added to medication.

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25-15-01 小麥麴 Xiao mai qu

Yeast/ferment made of wheat. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【震亨曰】麩皮麴：凉，入大腸經。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. [Zhu] Zhenheng: Yeast/ferment made of wheat bran is cool and enters the conduit of the large intestine. 【主治】消穀止痢。别録。平胃氣，消食痔，治小兒食癎。蘇恭。調中下 氣，開胃，療臟腑中風寒。藏器。主霍亂、心膈氣、痰逆，除煩，破癥 結。孟詵。補虚，去冷氣，除腸胃中塞，不下食，令人有顔色。吴瑞。落 胎，并下鬼胎。日華。止河魚之腹疾。梁 简文帝勸醫文。 Control. It dissolves grain and ends free-flux illness. Bie lu. It balances the stomach qi, dissolves piles caused by food, and serves to cure epilepsy of children caused by food. [Su] Gong. It regulates the center and sends down qi, opens the stomach, and cures the long-term depots and short-term repositories struck by wind and cold. [Chen] Cangqi. It controls cholera, qi [disorder] in the center and diaphragm region, and phlegm with [qi] counterflow. It eliminates vexation and breaks through concretion-illness nodes. Meng Shen. It supplements [qi in the case of ] depletion, removes cold qi, eliminates blockages from the intestines and the stomach that do not let food move down and improves the complexion. Wu Rui. It lets a fetus come down and also discharges a demon fetus.1251 Rihua. It ends abdominal illness caused by river fish. Liang [Emperor] Jian wen’s Quan yi wen. 25-15-02 大麥麴 Da mai qu

Yeast/ferment made of barley. 【氣味】同前。 Qi and Flavor. Identical with the [yeast/ferment made of wheat, listed] above. 【主治】消食和中，下生胎，破血。取五升，以水一斗煮三沸，分五服， 其子如糜，令母肥盛。時珍。 Control. It dissolves food and harmonizes the center, sends down a living fetus and breaks through blood [accumulation]. Take five sheng, boil them in one dou of water three times to bubbling and ingest [the liquid] divided into five portions. When the [barley] seeds [used to make this yeast/ferment were prepared as a] gruel, [the yeast/ferment] lets the mother become fat and fills her. [Li] Shizhen. 1251 Gui tai 鬼胎, “demon fetus,” a condition of zheng jia 癥瘕, “concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness,” assuming an appearance of pregnancy, with blocked menses and abdominal distension. BCGM Dict I, 201, also 31.



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25-15-03 麪麴 Mian qu

Yeast/ferment made of wheat flour. 25-15-04 米麴 Mi qu

Yeast/ferment made of husked rice. 【氣味】同前。 Qi and Flavor. Identical with those listed before. 【主治】消食積、酒積、糯米積，研末酒服立愈。餘功同小麥麴。時珍。 出千金。 Control. To dissolve food accumulation, wine accumulation and glutinous rice accumulation, grind them into powder and ingest it with wine. A cure is achieved immediately. In all further regards, their [therapeutic] potential is identical with that of yeast/ferment made of wheat. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Qian jin. 【附方】舊五，新四。 Added Recipes. Five of old, four newly [recorded]. 米穀食積。炒麴末，白湯調服二錢，日三服。 Accumulation caused by rice and [other] grain meals. Ingest two qian of a mixture of stir-fried yeast/ferment powder and clear, boiled water. To be ingested three times a day. 三焦滯氣。陳麴炒、萊菔子炒等分。每用三錢，水煎，入麝香少許服。普 濟。 Stagnant qi in the Triple Burner. Prepare three qian of a mixture of equal amounts of stir-fried long-stored yeast/ferment and stir-fried radish seeds, boil it in water, add a little musk and ingest this. Pu ji. 小腹堅大如盤，胸滿，食不能消化。用麴末，湯服方寸匕，日三。千金。 The lower abdomen has hardened and is bloated to the size of a plate, with a sensation of fullness in the chest and an inability to dissolve and transform food. Ingest with boiled water yeast/ferment powder, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times a day. Qian jin.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

水痢百起。六月六日麴炒黄、馬藺子等分，爲末，米飲服方寸匕。無馬藺 子，用牛骨灰代之。普濟方。 Watery free-flux illness forcing one to get up a hundred times. [Grind] equal amounts of yeast/ferment, prepared on the sixth day of the sixth month and stirfried until it has turned yellow, and Chinese iris seeds into powder and ingest with a rice beverage the amount held by a square cun spoon. If no Chinese iris seeds are at hand, use ox bone ashes instead. Pu ji fang. 赤白痢下，水穀不消。以麴熬粟米粥服方寸匕，日四五服。肘後方。 Red and white free-flux illness discharge, with a failure to dissolve/digest water and grain. Simmer a short millet congee with yeast/ferment and ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon. Zhou hou fang. 酒毒便血。麴一塊，濕紙包煨，爲末。空心米飲服二錢，神效。 [Defecation/urination] relief with blood caused by wine poison. Wrap one lump of yeast/ferment in moist paper, simmer it and [grind it into] powder. Ingest with a rice beverage two qian on an empty stomach. Divinely effective. 傷寒食復。麴一餅，煮汁飲之，良。類要方。 Relapse of harm caused by cold because of food. Boil one yeast/ferment cake in water and drink the juice. Good. Lei yao fang. 胎動不安，或上搶心，下血者。生麴餅研末，水和絞汁，服三升。肘後。 A fetus moves and fails to rest, or it moves up and pushes against the heart, with a discharge of blood. Grind a fresh yeast/ferment cake into powder, mix it with water, squeeze it to obtain a juice and [let the woman] ingest three sheng. Zhou hou. 狐刺尿瘡。麴末和獨頭蒜，杵如麥粒，納瘡孔中，蟲出愈。古今録驗。 Sores resulting from a fox‘s piercing urine.1252 Pound yeast/ferment powder with single clove garlic into grains similar to wheat [grains] and insert them into the holes [of the sores]. When the worms/bugs come out, that is the cure. Gu jin lu yan.

1252 Hu ci niao chuang 狐刺尿瘡, “sores resulting from a fox’s piercing urine,” a common designation of conditions resulting from touching poisonous substances left on herbs and trees by all types of poisonous bugs/snakes/insects. BCGM Dict I, 220, 221.



Divine yeast/ferment.

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25-16 神麴藥性論 Shen qu, FE Yao xing lun

【釋名】【集解】【時珍曰】昔人用麴，多是造酒之麴。後醫乃造神麴， 專以供藥，力更勝之。蓋取諸神聚會之日造之，故得神名。賈思勰齊民要 術雖有造神麴古法，繁瑣不便。近時造法更簡易也。葉氏水雲録云：五月 五日，或六月六日，或三伏日，用白麪百斤，青蒿自然汁三升，赤小豆 末、杏仁泥各三升，蒼耳自然汁、野蓼自然汁各三升，以配白虎、青龍、 朱雀、玄武、勾陳、螣蛇六神，用汁和麪、豆、杏仁作餅，麻葉或楮葉包 罯，如造醬黄法，待生黄衣，晒收之。 Explanation of Names. Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: When the ancients used yeast/ferment, it was mostly the yeast/ferment used for making wine. The shen qu created by physicians in later times served especially as an additive to pharmaceutical drugs. Its strength is superior [to that of wine yeast/ferment]. The fact is, it is made on the day when all the gods, shen 神, come together, and hence it was given the name shen [qu] 神[麴], “divine yeast/ferment.” Jia Sixie in his Qi min yao shu records the ancient method of making shen qu, but it was rather complicated and not easy to carry out. The production method established in more recent times is simpler. Mr. Ye in his Shui yun lu states: “On the fifth day of the fifth month, or on the sixth day of the sixth month, or during the three ten-day periods of the hottest season of the year, prepare 100 jin of white wheat flour, three sheng of the natural juice of wormwood herb, three sheng each of red mung bean powder and apricot kernel pulp, as well as three sheng each of the natural juice of cocklebur herb and the natural juice of anemarrhena [root]. They correspond to the six gods [of the stars] bai hu 白虎, qing long 青龍, zhu que 朱雀, xuan wu 玄武, gou chen 勾陳 and teng she 螣蛇. Take the juices, the wheat flour, the beans and the apricot kernel [pulp] and form a cake. Wrap it with hemp leaves or paper mulberry leaves, similar to the method of how yellow [bean] sauce, jiang huang 醬黄, is prepared, wait until a yellow coating has developed, dry it in the sun and store it.” 【氣味】甘、辛，温，無毒。【元素曰】陽中之陽也，入足陽明經。凡用 須火炒黄，以助土氣。陳久者良。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, acrid, warm, nonpoisonous. [Zhang] Yuansu: It is a yang in yang [substance] and enters the foot yang brilliance conduits. For all [therapeutic] applications it must be stir-fried over fire until it has assumed a yellow color and then supports the qi of [the phase] soil. When it was stored for a long time, it is good.

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【主治】化水穀宿食，癥結積滯，健脾暖胃。藥性。養胃氣，治赤白痢。 元素。消食下氣，除痰逆、霍亂、泄痢、脹滿諸疾，其功與麴同。閃挫腰 痛者，煅過淬酒温服有效。婦人産後欲回乳者，炒研，酒服二錢，日二即 止，甚驗。時珍。 Control. It transforms water and grain meals remaining [in the body] overnight, concretion-illness nodes, accumulations, and stagnant [qi/blood]. It strengthens the spleen and warms the stomach. Yao xing. It nourishes the stomach qi and serves to cure red and white free-flux illness. [Zhang] Yuansu. It dissolves food and sends down qi. It eliminates phlegm with [qi] counterflow, cholera, outflow with free-flux illness, and [abdominal] distension with a feeling of fullness – all these ailments. Its [therapeutic] potential is identical with that of [ordinary] yeast/ferment. For sprain and lower back pain, calcine it, dip it in wine and ingest it warm as an effective [medication]. For women who following childbirth wish to restrict lactation, stirfry it, grind it [into powder] and let them ingest with wine two qian, twice a day, and [lactation] will end. Very effective. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】按倪維德啓微集云：神麴治目病，生用能發其生氣， 熟用能斂其暴氣也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to Ni Weide’s Qi wei ji, “[in a recipe aimed at] curing diseases of the eyes, shen qu [combined with magnetite and cinnabar] used fresh can stimulate the [spleen’s and the stomach’s] qi of growth, used heat prepared it can restrain their aggressive qi.” 【附方】舊一，新六。 Added Recipes. One of old, six newly [recorded]. 胃虚不剋。神麴半斤，麥芽五升，杏仁一升，各炒，爲末，煉蜜丸彈子 大。每食後嚼化一丸。普濟方。 Stomach with [qi] depletion unable to digest [food]. Stir-fry half a jin of shen qu, five sheng of wheat sprouts and one sheng of apricot kernels, and [grind them into] powder. With heat refined honey form pills the size of a bullet. Each time chew and transform one pill after a meal. Pu ji fang. 壯脾進食。療痞滿暑泄，麴术丸。用神麴炒，蒼术泔制炒，等分爲末，糊 丸梧子大。每米飲服五十丸。冷者加乾薑或吴茱萸。肘後百一選方。 To strengthen the spleen and increase food intake. The “pills with yeast/ferment and atractylodes [rhizome]” heal obstacle-illness1253 and a sensation of fullness. [Grind] 1253 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” a condition of an uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I. 371.



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equal amounts of shen qu, stir-fried, and atractylodes [rhizome], prepared with water in which rice has been washed and then stir-fried, into powder and form with [wheat flour] paste pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest with a rice beverage 50 pills. In the case of the presence of cold, add dried ginger or evodia [fruit]. Zhou hou bai yi xuan fang. 1254 健胃思食。消食丸：治脾胃俱虚，不能消化水穀，胸膈痞悶，腹脇膨脹， 連年累月，食减嗜卧，口無味。神麴六兩，麥糵炒三兩，乾薑炮四兩，烏 梅肉焙四兩，爲末，蜜丸梧子大。每米飲服五十丸，日三服。和劑局方。 To strengthen the stomach and create appetite. The “pills to dissolve food.” They serve to cure depletion affecting both the spleen and the stomach, with an inability to dissolve and transform water and grain, an obstacle-illness and a feeling of heart-pressure in the chest and the diaphragm region, distention in the abdominal and flank region, lasting for months, if not years, ever diminished intake of food and a desire to sleep, and a lack of taste in the mouth. [Grind] six liang of shen qu, three liang of sprouted wheat, four liang of dried ginger, soaked, and four liang of smoked plums, baked over a slow fire, into powder and form with honey pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest with a rice beverage 50 pills, to be ingested three times a day. He ji ju fang. 虚寒反胃。方同上。 Turned over stomach related to [qi] depletion and the presence of cold. Recipe identical with the one above. 暴泄不止。神麴炒二兩，茱萸湯泡炒半兩，爲末，醋糊丸梧子大，每服五 十丸，米飲下。百一選方。 Unending violent outflow. [Grind] two liang of shen qu, stir-fried, and half a liang of evodia [fruits], soaked and then stir-fried, into powder and form with vinegar and a [wheat flour] paste pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 50 pills, to be sent down with a rice beverage. Bai yi xuan fang. 産後運絶。神麴炒，爲末，水服方寸匕。千金方。 [Brain] movement/vertigo and an interruption [of qi movement] following delivery. [Grind] stir-fried shen qu into powder and [let the woman] ingest with water the amount held by a square cun spoon. Qian jin fang.

1254 The recipe of the “pills with yeast/ferment and atractylodes [rhizome]” attributed here to the Zhou hou bai yi xuan fang, is a combination of the “recipe to cure spleen and stomach depletion and weakness making drinking and eating impossible,” zhi pi wei xu ruo bu neng jin yin shi fang 治脾胃虚弱不能飲食方, recorded in Zhou hou fang ch. 4, and the “pills with yeast/ferment and atractylodes [rhizome],” qu shu yuan 麴术圓, recorded in Ju fang ch. 6, zhi xie li 治瀉痢, “to cure outflow with free-flux illness.”

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食積心痛。陳神麴一塊燒紅，淬酒二大椀，服之。摘玄方。 Food accumulation and heart pain. Heat one lump of long-stored shen qu until it has turned red, dip it in two large bowls of wine and ingest it. Zhai xuan fang. 25-17 紅麴丹溪補遺 Hong qu, FE [Zhu] Danxi Bu yi Monascus purpureus Went. Dried fermented red rice.1255 【集解】【時珍曰】紅麴本草不載，法出近世，亦奇術也。其法：白粳米 一石五斗，水淘,浸一宿，作飯。分作十五處，入麴母三斤，搓揉令匀， 併作一處，以帛密覆。熱即去帛攤開，覺温急堆起，又密覆。次日日中又 作三堆，過一時分作五堆，再一時合作一堆，又過一時分作十五堆，稍温 又作一堆，如此數次。第三日，用大桶盛新汲水，以竹籮盛麴作五六分， 蘸濕完又作一堆，如前法作一次。第四日，如前又蘸。若麴半沉半浮，再 依前法作一次，又蘸。若盡浮則成矣，取出日乾收之。其米過心者謂之生 黄，入酒及鮓醢中，鮮紅可愛。未過心者不甚佳。入藥以陳久者良。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Hong qu is not recorded in ben cao literature. The method to prepare it has been introduced only recently. It is an amazing technique. The method [is as follows]. Rinse one dan and five dou of white, non-glutinous rice in water and let it soak in water for one night. Prepare a cooked rice meal. Divide [the rice] into 15 separate portions, add three jin of ju mu 麴母, “mother of ferment,”1256 and rub it with your hands into [the 15 rice meal portions] to obtain even mixtures. Then bring all of them together and tightly cover them with a silk fabric. When [the mass] has heated up, remove the silk fabric and spread [the mass]. When it has cooled down to being only barely warm, quickly recombine it in one pile again and once more tightly cover it. The next day, again form three piles and expose them to the sun. After two hours, divide them into five piles, and after another two hours recombine them into one pile. After another two hours divide them into 15 piles. When they have cooled down and are barely warm, once again form one pile. Do this [separating and recombining] many times. On the third day, fill a large bucket with newly drawn water. Fill bamboo baskets with five or six portions of the [hong] qu [under preparation], dip them into the water to com1255 Hong qu 紅麴, lit.: “Red yeast/ferment.”

1256 The BCGM does not provide information about the method to prepare the inoculum called “mother of ferment,” qu mu 麴母. For details, see Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. VI, Biology and Biological Technology. Part V: Fermentation and Food Science, by H. T. Huang. Cambridge, 2000, 195. See there also for a literal translation of the more detailed “preparation of red ferment” as outlined in the Ju jia bi yong.



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pletely moisturize them and form one pile. Once more repeat the same procedure [of separating and recombining] as before. On the fourth day, dip [the mass] into water as before. If half of the [hong] qu [in preparation] sinks down and half of it floats, repeat the earlier [procedure of separation and recombination] once more, and again dip [the mass] into water. Once all of it floats, it is ready. Remove it, dry it in the sun and store it. If the [fermentation] has reached the heart of the rice, it is called sheng huang 生黄. Added to wine, salted fish and pickled meat, it gives them a lovely, fresh, red color. If [the fermentation] has not reached the heart [of the rice], it is not really excellent. For use in a medication, [hong qu] that has been stored for a long time is good. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【瑞曰】釀酒則辛熱，有小毒，發腸風痔瘻、脚 氣、哮喘痰嗽諸疾。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. [Wu] Rui: Wine brewed with [rong qu] is acrid and hot, and slightly poisonous. It causes piles fistulae related to intestinal wind [intrusion], leg qi,1257 pant-breathing with phlegm and [qi] counterflow, all such illnesses. 【主治】消食活血，健脾燥胃，治赤白痢下水穀。震亨。釀酒，破血，行 藥勢，殺山嵐瘴氣，治打撲傷損。吴瑞。治女人血氣痛，及産後惡血不 盡，擂酒飲之，良。時珍。 Control. It dissolves food and speeds up blood [movement], strengthens the spleen and dries the stomach. It serves to cure red and white free-flux illness with a discharge of [undigested] water and grain. [Zhu] Zhenheng. Wine brewed [with hong qu] breaks through [stagnating] blood, stimulates the movement of the strength of medication, kills the qi of mountain haze miasma, and serves to cure harm and injuries caused by blows and falls. [Wu] Rui. To cure painful blood and qi [disorders] of females, and a failure of malign blood to be discharged completely following childbirth, pound it in wine and drink this. Good. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】人之水穀入於胃，受中焦濕熱薰蒸，游溢精氣，日化 爲紅，散布臟腑經絡，是爲營血，此造化自然之微妙也。造紅麴者，以白 米飯受濕熱鬱蒸，變而爲紅，即成真色，久亦不渝，此乃人窺造化之巧者 也。故紅麴有治脾胃營血之功，得同氣相求之理。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: When water and grain enter one’s stomach, they are exposed to the moist and hot steam of the central [part of the Triple] Burner, moving on and spilling out as essence qi. Within a day they are transformed and assume a red color. They spread through the long-term depots, the short-term repositories, 1257 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

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the conduits and their network [vessels]. They are the camp [qi, i. e., the] blood. This is one of the subtle miracles of the creation of nature. When hong qu is made, a cooked meal of white rice is exposed to intense moist, hot steam. It changes and assumes a red color. That is its real color; even after a long time it will not fade. That is an example of man’s spying on the skills of creation. That is, the potential of hong qu to cure [diseases affecting] spleen and stomach and camp [qi, i. e.,] blood, is based on the principle of identical qi looking for each other. 【附方】新四。 Added Recipes. Four newly [recorded]. 濕熱泄痢。丹溪清六丸：用六一散，加炒紅麴五錢，爲末，蒸餅和丸梧子 大。每服五七十丸，白湯下，日三服。丹溪心法。 Outflow with free-flux illness related to the presence of moisture and heat. [Zhu] Danxi’s “pills to cool the six [short-term repositories].” [Grind one portion of the] “six [parts of talc] and one [part of glycyrrhiza root] powder” 1258 together with five qian of stir-fried hong qu into powder and form with steamed cakes pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 50 to 70 pills, to be sent down with clear, boiled water. To be ingested three times a day. Dan xi xin fa. 小兒吐逆頻併，不進乳食，手足心熱。用紅麴年久者三錢半，白术麩炒一 錢半，甘草炙一錢，爲末。每服半錢，煎棗子米湯下。普濟。 Children frequently affected by vomiting with [qi] counterflow, an inability to take nursing milk or food, and hot palms and soles. [Grind] three and a half qian of hong qu, stored for years, one and a half qian of atractylodes macrocephala [rhizome], stirfried with wheat bran, and one qian of glycyrrhiza [root], roasted, into powder. Each time [let the child] ingest half a qian, to be sent down boiled in a Chinese date seed and rice decoction. Pu ji. 小兒頭瘡。因傷濕入水成毒，濃汁不止。用紅麴嚼罨之，甚效。百一選方。 Head sores of children. When poison has formed because they were harmed by moisture, or because water has entered [the sores], with an unending release of thick juice. Chew hong qu and attach it [to the affected region]. Very effective. Bai yi xuan fang. 心腹作痛。赤麴、香附、乳香等分，爲末，酒服。摘玄方。 Painful central and abdominal region. [Grind] equal amounts of chi qu (i. e., hong qu), cyperus [roots] and frankincense into powder and ingest it with wine. Zhai xuan fang. 1258 Following the character san 散, “powder,” Dan xi xin fa ch. 2, xie xie 泄瀉, “outflow,” has the two characters yi liao 一料, “one portion.”



Sprouted cereal grain.

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25-18 糵米别録中品 Nie mi, FE Bie lu, middle rank

【釋名】【弘景曰】此是以米作糵，非别米名也。【恭曰】糵猶孽也，生 不以理之名也。皆當以可生之物生之，取其糵中之米入藥。按食經用稻 糵，稻即穬穀之總名。陶謂以米作糵，非矣。米豈能更生乎？ Explanation of Names. [Tao] Hongjing: This is sprouted rice grain; it is not another name of rice. [Su] Gong: Nie 糵 is like nie 孽, “plague.” It is a name given to something that does not develop in accordance with principles. It is generated by all types of items that are able to generate it. Of the [various possible] sprouted grains, select those of [sprouted] rice for medicinal use. According to the Shi jing, when dao nie 稻糵, sprouted grain, is used, then dao is simply a designation of cereals in general. When Tao [Hongjing] says that it is sprouted rice grain, he is wrong. How could [husked] rice develop [sprouts] again? 【集解】【宗奭曰】糵米，粟糵也。【時珍曰】别録止云糵米，不云粟作 也。蘇恭言凡穀皆可生者，是矣。有粟、黍、穀、麥、豆諸糵，皆水浸 脹，候生芽曝乾去鬚，取其中米，炒研麪用。其功皆主消導。今併集於左 方。日華子謂糵米爲作醋黄子者，亦誤矣。 Collected Explanations. [Kou] Zongshi: Nie mi is sprouted short millet. [Li] Shizhen: The Bie lu mentions only nie mi 糵米, “sprouted rice grain.” It does not mention [sprouted grain] based on short millet, su 粟. Su Gong says that any cereal can develop [sprouted grain], and he is right. There is sprouted grain based on short millet, glutinous panicled millet, corn, wheat/barley and beans. All of these cereals are soaked in water to let them swell. Once they have developed sprouts, they are dried in the sun, their “whiskers” are removed and the husked grain, mi 米, in the center is stir-fried, and ground into powder for further use. They all alike have a [therapeutic] potential of dissolving [food] and guiding it the right way. Here now they are gathered in the following recipes. When Rihua zi says that nie mi is the “yellow seed” [yeast/ferment] (cf. 25-13) required for the production of vinegar, he, too, is wrong. 25-18-01 粟糵 Su nie

Sprouted short millet. 一名粟芽。 Alternative name: Short millet sprouts.

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【氣味】苦，温，無毒。【宗奭曰】今穀神散中用之，性温於麥糵。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, warm, nonpoisonous. [Kou] Zongshi: Today it is used as an ingredient of the “cereal god powder.” By its nature it is warmer than sprouted wheat. 【主治】寒中，下氣，除熱。别録。除煩，消宿食，開胃。日華。爲末和 脂傅面，令皮膚悦澤。陶弘景。 Control. It [serves to cure the presence of ] cold in the center, sends down qi and eliminates heat. Bie lu. It eliminates vexation, dissolves food remaining [in the body] overnight and opens the stomach. Rihua. [Ground into] powder, mixed with fat and applied to the face it lets the skin appear nice and glossy. Tao Hongjing. 25-18-02 稻糵 Dao nie

Sprouted rice. 一名穀芽。 Alternative name: Cereal sprouts. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】快脾開胃，下氣和中，消食化積。時珍。 Control. It pleases the spleen, opens the stomach, sends down qi, harmonizes the center, dissolves food and transforms accumulation. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 啓脾進食。穀神丸：用穀糵四兩爲末，入薑汁、鹽少許，和作餅，焙乾， 入炙甘草、砂仁、白术麩炒各一兩，爲末，白湯點服之，或丸服。澹寮方。 It opens the spleen and improves appetite. The “cereal god pills.” [Grind] four liang of sprouted cereal into powder, add ginger juice and a little salt, mix them and prepare a cake. Bake it over a slow fire until it has dried. Add one liang each of roasted glycyrrhiza [root], bastard cardamom seed kernels and atractylodes macrocephala [rhizome], stir-fried with wheat bran, into powder, drip it into clear, boiled water and ingest this, or ingest [the powder] formed to pills. Dan liao fang.



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25-18-03 穬麥糵 Kuang mai nie

Sprouted naked barley. 一名麥芽。 Alternative name: Wheat sprouts. 【氣味】鹹，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】消食和中。别録。破冷氣，去心腹脹滿。藥性。開胃，止霍亂， 除煩悶，消痰飲，破癥結，能催生落胎。日華。補脾胃虚，寬腸下氣，腹 鳴者用之。元素。消化一切米、麪、諸果食積。時珍。 Control. It dissolves food and harmonizes the center. Bielu. It breaks through cold qi [accumulation] and removes distension of the central and abdominal region with a feeling of fullness. Yao xing. It opens the stomach, ends cholera, removes vexing heart-pressure, dissolves phlegm rheum, and breaks through concretion-illness nodes. It can speed up birth and brings down a fetus. Rihua. Use it to supplement depleted spleen and stomach [qi], widen the intestines, send down qi and [cure] abdominal sounds. [Zhang] Yuansu. It dissolves and transforms all types of food accumulations of rice, wheat flour and fruit. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【好古曰】麥芽、神麴二藥，胃氣虚人宜服之，以代戊己腐熟水 穀。豆蔻、縮砂、烏梅、木瓜、芍藥、五味子爲之使。【時珍曰】麥糵、 穀芽、粟糵，皆能消導米、麪、諸果食積。觀造餳者用之，可以類推矣。 但有積者能消化，無積而久服，則消人元氣也，不可不知。若久服者，須 同白术諸藥兼消，則無害也矣。 Explication. [Wang] Haogu: Wheat sprouts and divine yeast/ferment (25-16), these two pharmaceutical drugs should be ingested by people with stomach qi depletion to help their stomach and spleen1259 digest water and grain. Chinese cardamom [seeds], bastard cardamom [fruits], smoked plums, quince, paeonia [root] and schisandra [seeds] serve as their guiding substances. [Li] Shizhen: Wheat sprouts, corn sprouts, short millet sprouts, they all can dissolve rice, wheat flower and fruit food accumulations, and guide [the qi into the right direction]. Looking at how they are used to make malt extract, [their other functions] can be analogized. However, when an accumulation is present, they are able to dissolve and transform them. When no accumulation is present and they are consumed for an extended period of 1259 Among the ten celestial stems, shi gan 十干, wu 戊 and ji 己 are associated with the phase “soil,” with wu 戊 symbolizing the yang aspect, i. e., stomach, and ji 己 referring to the yin aspect, i. e., the spleen.

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time, they dissolve that person’s original qi. That must be known. It they are ingested over a long time, they must be combined with pharmaceutical substances such as atractylodes macrocephala [rhizome] to jointly dissolve [accumulations],1260 and then there will be no harm. 【附方】舊三，新五。 Added Recipes. Three of old, five newly[recorded]. 快膈進食。麥糵四兩，神麴二兩，白术、橘皮各一兩，爲末，蒸餅丸梧子 大。每人參湯下三五十丸，效。 To speed up [the passage through] the diaphragm to allow food to enter [the stomach]. [Grind] four liang of sprouted barley, two liang of divine yeast/ferment (25-16), and one liang each of atractylodes macarocephala [rhizome] and tangerine peels into powder, and form with steamed cakes pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send down with a ginseng [root] decoction 30 to 50 pills. Effective. 穀勞嗜卧。飽食便卧，得穀勞病，令人四肢煩重，嘿嘿欲卧，食畢輒甚。 用大麥糵一升，椒一兩，並炒，乾薑三兩，搗末。每服方寸匕，白湯下， 日三。肘後。 Grain exhaustion and a desire to lie down: If one has eaten to fullness and lies down immediately, he is affected by grain exhaustion disease. It lets a person feel a vexing heaviness in all four limbs. He cannot speak and wishes to lie down. After a meal this condition is aggrevated. [Grind] one sheng of sprouted barley and one liang of pepper, both items stir-fried, and three liang of dried ginger into powder. Each time ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon, to be sent down with clear, boiled water. Three times a day. Zhou hou. 腹中虚冷，食輒不消，羸瘦弱乏，因生百疾。大麥糵五升，小麥麪半斤， 豉五合，杏仁二升，皆熬黄香，搗篩，糊丸彈子大。每服一丸，白湯下。 肘後方。 Abdominal depletion with cold. Food is not dissolved, emaciation and weakness result, and this, in turn, lets the hundred illnesses emerge. Simmer five sheng of sprouted barley, half a jin of wheat flour, five ge of [soybean] relish and two sheng of apricot kernels until they have assumed a yellow color and are fragrant. Pound them, pass [the resulting mass] through a sieve and with a [wheat flour] paste form pills the size of a bullet. Each time ingest one pill, to be sent down with clear, boiled water. Zhou hou fang. 1260 Instead of xiao 消, “to dissolve,” the Qian edition of the BCGM writes yong 用, “[must be] used [together.”



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産後腹脹不通，轉氣急，坐卧不安。以麥糵一合，爲末。和酒服，良久通 轉，神驗。此乃供奉輔太初傳與崔郎中方也。李絳兵部手集方。 Abdominal distension and blockage following childbirth, with [food] reverted and [breath] qi urgency, making it impossible to sit or lie down calmly. [Grind] one ge of sprouted barley into powder and [let the woman] ingest it mixed with wine. After quite some time it will open the passage for the reverted [food]. Divinely effective. This is a recipe given to Cui, Gentleman of the Interior, by Palace Attendant Fu Taichu. Li Jiang, Bing bu shou ji fang. 産後青腫。乃血水積也。乾漆、大麥糵等分，爲末。新瓦中鋪漆一層，糵 一層，重重令滿，鹽泥固濟，煅赤研末。熱酒調服二錢。産後諸疾並宜。 婦人經驗方。 Greenish swelling following delivery. That is a blood and water accumulation. [Grind] equal amounts of dried lacquer and sprouted barley into powder. Alternately place into a new pottery pot one layer of the lacquer [powder] and one layer of the sprouted [barly powder], layer upon layer, until [the pot] is filled, and cover it with salt mud. Calcine it until [the contents of the pot] have turned red and again grind them into powder. [Let the woman] ingest two qian of it mixed with hot wine. This is also an appropriate [medication] for all illnesses following childbirth. Fu ren jing yan fang. 産後秘塞，五七日不通。不宜妄服藥丸。宜用大麥芽炒黄爲末，每服三 錢，沸湯調下，與粥間服。婦人良方。 Constipation following delivery, lasting five to seven days. It is not advisable to carelessly ingest medicinal pills. It is advisable to stir-fry sprouted barley until it has assumed a yellow color, [grind it into] powder and each time [let the woman] ingest three qian, to be sent down mixed with water boiled to bubbling, alternatingly with a congee. Fu ren liang fang. 妊娠去胎。外臺治妊娠欲去胎，麥糵一升，蜜一升，服之即下。 To abort a fetus during pregnancy. The Wai tai [recommends to] cure a pregnant woman who wishes to abort a fetus [as follows. Let her] ingest one sheng of sprouted barley with one sheng of honey, and [the fetus] will be discharged. 小品用大麥芽一升，水三升，煮二升，分三服，神效。 The Xiao pin [recommends to] boil one sheng of sprouted barley in three sheng of water down to two sheng and ingest it divided into three portions. Divinely effective. 産後回乳。産婦無子食乳，乳不消，令人發熱惡寒。用大麥糵二兩，炒爲 末。每服五錢，白湯下，甚良。丹溪纂要方。

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To halt lactation following childbirth. If a woman after delivery has no child to take her nursing milk, the milk is not dissolved and lets her effuse heat with an aversion to cold. Stir-fry two liang of sprouted barley and [grind it into] powder. Each time [let the woman] ingest five qian, to be sent down with clear, boiled water. Very good. Danxi zuan yao fang.

Maltose. Malt sugar.

25-19 飴餹别録上品 Yi tang, FE Bie lu, upper rank

【釋名】餳音徐盈切。【時珍曰】按劉熙釋名云：餹之清者曰飴，形怡怡 然也。稠者曰餳，强硬如鍚也。如餳而濁者曰餔，方言謂之餦餭，音長 皇。楚辭云粔籹蜜餌有餦餭，是也。【嘉謨曰】因色紫類琥珀，方中謂之 膠飴，乾枯者名餳。 Explanation of Names. Xing 餳, split reading xu 徐, ying 盈. [Li] Shizhen: According to Liu Xi’s Shi ming, “clear sugar is called yi 飴; it has a pleasant, yi yi 怡 怡, appearance. Densely [colored sugar] is called xing 餳; it is as firm and hard like a frontlet. [Sugar] similar to xing 餳 but turbid is called pu 餔. The Fang yan calls it chang huang 餦餭, read chang huang 長皇. When the Chu ci states: “Wheat flour pretzels and honey delicacies are made with chang huang 餦餭,” that is the [item discussed here]. [Chen] Jiamo: As its color resembles that of amber, in recipes it is called jiao yi 膠飴, “glue malt [sugar]. When it is dry and withered, it is called xing 餳。 【集解】【弘景曰】方家用飴，乃云膠飴，是濕餹如厚蜜者。其寧結及牽 白者餳餹，不入藥用。【韓保昇曰】飴，即軟餹也。北人謂之餳，糯米、 粳米、秫粟米、蜀秫米、大麻子、枳椇子、黄精、白术並堪熬造。惟以糯 米作者入藥，粟米者次之，餘但可食耳。【時珍曰】飴餳用麥糵或穀芽同 諸米熬煎而成，古人寒食多食餳，故醫方亦收用之。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: The recipe experts use malt [sugar] and call it “glue malt [sugar].” It is a moist sugar, similar to thick honey. Congealed xing 餳 sugar with white streaks is not used added to medication. Han Baosheng: Malt [sugar] is soft sugar. People in the North call it xing 餳. Glutinous rice, non-glutinous rice, glutinous spiked millet, short millet, great millet, hemp seeds, hovenia [fruits], solomon’s seal [root] and atractylodes macrocephala [rhizome] can all be simmered to prepare [malt sugar], but only [malt sugar] made with glutinous rice is added to medication. Short millet malt [sugar] comes second. All the other [types of malt sugar] are only eaten as food. [Li] Shizhen: To prepare malt sugar, sprouted



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barley or grain sprouts can be simmered with all types of rice. On the Cold Food day,1261 the ancients often ate xing 餳 [sugar]. Hence, it is also found in medical recipes. 【氣味】甘，大温，無毒。入太陰經。【宗奭曰】多食動脾風。【震亨 曰】飴餹屬土而成於火，大發濕中之熱。寇氏謂其動脾風，言末而遺本 矣。【時珍曰】凡中滿吐逆、秘結牙𧏾、赤目疳病者，切宜忌之，生痰動 火最甚。甘屬土，腎病毋多食甘，甘傷腎，骨痛而齒落，皆指此類也。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, very warm, nonpoisonous. It enters the major yin conduits. [Kou] Zongshi: Eaten in large amounts it excites spleen wind. [Zhu] Zhenheng: Malt sugar is associated with [the phase] soil and is generated by means of fire. It massively serves to effuse the heat in moisture. When Mr. Kou [Zongshi] says that it excites spleen wind, he speaks of the results, not of the origin [of these effects]. [Li] Shizhen: All those affected by a feeling of fullness in the center, vomiting with [qi] counterflow, constipation, hidden worms/bugs affecting the teeth, red eyes and gan-illness,1262 they should avoid it, because it massively generates phlegm and excites fire. Sweet [flavor] is associated with [the phase] soil. In the case of a kidney disease, [patients] must not eat much sweet [flavor]. Sweet [flavor] harms the kidneys. The bones ache and the teeth fall off. All these [problems] refer to these group relationships. 【主治】補虚乏，止渴去血。别録。補虚冷，益氣力，止腸鳴咽痛，治唾 血，消痰潤肺止嗽。思邈。建脾胃，補中，治吐血。打損瘀血者，熬焦酒 服，能下惡血。又傷寒大毒嗽，於蔓菁、薤汁中煮一沸，頓服之，良。孟 詵。脾弱不思食人少用，能和胃氣。亦用和藥。寇宗奭。解附子、草烏頭 毒。時珍。 Control. It supplements [qi] depletion with weakness, ends thirst and removes [stagnating] blood. Bie lu. It supplements [qi] depletion with a presence of cold, boosts the strength of qi, ends intestinal noises and gullet pain, serves to cure blood spitting, dissolves phlegm, moisturizes the lung and ends cough. [Sun] Simiao. It strengthens spleen and stomach, supplements central [qi], and serves to cure vom1261 This is the festival honoring Jie Zitui 介子推 who had served King Wen of the State of Jin, 5th c. BCE. Eventually he withdrew with his mother to the forests. King Wen summoned him to his court to show his gratitude. When Jie Zitui refused to appear, the king had the forest set on fi re to force him to leave his abode. Jie and his mother died in the fi re in 476 BCE. The king ordered that no fi res were allowed on that day in future, and food was to be consumed cold. Hence the name of that day, han shi 寒食, “cold food.” It is April 5. BCGM Dict III, 224-225. 1262 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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iting of blood. In the case of stagnating blood resulting from a blow or an injury, simmer or scorch it and ingest [the residue] with wine. It is able to send down malign blood. Also in the case of massive poisoning and cough related to harm caused by cold, boil it in water with rape turnip and Chinese chive to bubbling once, and ingest this all at once. Good. Meng Shen. Persons with a spleen weakness and lack of appetite rarely use it. It can harmonize the stomach qi. It can also be used to harmonize [mutual interactions among] pharmaceutical drugs. Kou Zongshi. It resolves the poison of aconitum [accessory tuber]. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【弘景曰】古方建中湯多用之。餹與酒皆用米糵，而餹居上品， 酒居中品。是餹以和潤爲優，酒以醺亂爲劣也。【成無己曰】脾欲緩，急 食甘以緩之。膠飴之甘以緩中也。【好古曰】飴乃脾經氣分藥也，甘能補 脾之不足。【時珍曰】集異記云：邢曹進，河朔健將也。爲飛矢中目，拔 矢而鏃留于中，鉗之不動，痛困俟死。忽夢胡僧令以米汁注之必愈。廣 詢于人，無悟者。一日一僧丐食，肖所夢者，叩之。僧云：但以寒食餳點 之。如法用之，清凉，頓减酸楚。至夜瘡痒，用力一鉗而出。旬日而瘥。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: It is often used in ancient recipes for decoctions to strengthen the center. Sprouted rice is required to produce [malt] sugar and wine. But [malt] sugar occupies a top rank, while wine occupies a middle rank. [Malt] sugar is superior because it harmonizes and moisturizes. Wine is inferior because it makes you drunk and confused. Cheng Wuji: The spleen prefers to be relaxed. In the case of tensions, eat sweet [flavor] to relax it. The sweet [flavor] of glue-like malt [sugar] serves to relax it. [Wang] Haogu: Malt [sugar] is a pharmaceutical substance for the qi section of the spleen conduits. Sweet [flavor] is capable of supplementing insufficient liver [qi]. [Li] Shizhen: The Ji yi ji states: “Xing Caojin was a mighty general in He shuo. Once an arrow came flying and hit one of his eyes. He pulled out the arrow but the arrowhead remained stuck in [his eye]. They tried to remove it with a pair of tweezers, but to no avail. [The general] suffered from excruciating pain and awaited his death. Then, suddenly, in his dreams a Hu monk advised him to drip rice juice [into the wounded eye] as that would certainly cure him. [The general] enquired with his entourage what that was meant to say but nobody understood it. The next day, a monk came to beg for food. He resembled the one in his dream, so [the general] kotowed in front of him. The monk said: ‘You only need to drip [malt] sugar from the Cold Food [day1263 into the wounded eye].’ 1263 This is the festival honoring Jie Zitui 介子推 who had served King Wen of the State of Jin, 5th c. BCE. Eventually he withdrew with his mother to the forests. King Wen summoned him to his court to show his gratitude. When Jie Zitui refused to appear, the king had the forest set on fi re to force him to leave his abode. Jie and his mother died in the fi re in 476 BCE. The king ordered that no fi res were allowed on that day



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[The general] applied it as prescribed and felt a cooling and refreshing effect. His suffering was instantly alleviated. During the night the wound itched, and with a forceful pair of tweezers [the arrowhead] could be removed. Within ten days [the general] was cured.” 【附方】舊二，新九。 Added Recipes. Two of old, nine newly [recorded]. 老人煩渴。寒食大麥一升，水七升，煎五升，入赤餳二合，渴即飲之。奉 親書。 Vexing thirst of old people. Boil one sheng of [sprouted] barley from the Cold Food [day] in seven sheng of water down to five sheng. Add two ge of red [malt] sugar and drink this when you are thirsty. Feng qin shu. 蛟龍癥病。凡人正二月食芹菜，誤食蛟龍精者，爲蛟龍病，發則似癎，面 色青黄。每服寒食餳五合，日三服。吐出蛟龍，有兩頭可驗。吐蚘者勿 用。金匱要略。 Flood dragon disease1264 with concretion-illness. Whenever someone during the first or second month of a year eats Chinese celery vegetables and mistakenly eats the essence/sperm of the flood dragon, this results in a flood dragon disease. An outbreak [of this disease] is similar to epilepsy; the [patient’s] complexion assumes a greenish-yellow color. Each time ingest five ge of [malt] sugar from the Cold Food [day], to be ingested three times a day. You will vomit a flood dragon with two heads serving as evidence. [Patients] vomiting roundworms must not use [malt sugar]. Jin kui yao lüe. 魚臍疔瘡。寒食餳塗之，良。乾者燒灰。千金方。 Fish belly pin-illness sores.1265 Apply [malt] sugar from the Cold Food [day] to [the affected region]. Good. If only dry [malt sugar is available,] burn it to ashes. Qian jin fang.

in future, and food was to be consumed cold. Hence the name of that day, han shi 寒食, “cold food.” It is April 5. BCGM Dict III, 224-225.

1264 Jiao long bing 蛟龍病, “flood dragon disease.” A condition with blue hands and abdominal fullness and an unbearable pain. BCGM Dict I, 248. 1265 Yu qi ding chuang 魚臍丁瘡, “fish belly pin-illness sores.” A condition resembling the long and narrow shape of a fish belly. They have a white or slightly dark spot in their center, and are red on all four sides. Also, the swelling is painful and liquid seeps from it. BCGM Dict I, 650.

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瘭疽毒瘡。臘月飴餹，晝夜浸之，數日則愈。千金方。 Flaming heat-illness with impediment-illness1266 and poison sores. Soak [the affected region] day and night in malt sugar [solution] prepared during the twelfth month. A cure is achieved within a few days. Qian jin fang. 誤吞稻芒。白餳頻食。簡便方。 Mistakenly having swallowed rice awns. Repeatedly eat white [malt] sugar. Jian bian fang. 魚骨骾咽不能出。用飴餹丸鷄子黄大吞之。不下再吞。肘後方。 Choking on a fish bone in the gullet that fails to come out again. Swallow a malt sugar pill the size of an egg yoke. If [the fish bone] still fails to move down, swallow [such a pill] a second time. Zhou hou fang. 誤吞錢釵及竹木。取飴糖一斤，漸漸食盡，便出。外臺。 Mistakenly having swallowed a coin, a hairpin or a piece of bamboo or wood. Take one jin of malt sugar and slowly eat all of it. The item will come out. Wai tai. 箭鏃不出。醫説良。 An arrowhead fails to come out. What the Yi shuo1267 says on it is good. 服藥過劑，悶亂者。飴糖食之。千金。 Having ingested an overdose of medication, with heart-pressure and confusion. Eat malt sugar. Qian jin. 草烏頭毒及天雄、附子毒。並食飴餹即解。總録。 For the poison of aconitum [main tuber], carmichael’s monkshood [root] and aconitum [accessory tuber] alike, eat malt sugar to resolve it. Zong lu. 手足瘑瘡。炒臘月餹，薄之。千金方。 Lair-illness sores1268 affecting hands and feet. Stir-fry [malt] sugar from the twelfth month and apply it [to the affected region]. Qian jin fang. 1266 Biao ju 瘭疽, “flaming-heat-illness with impediment-illness,” a condition of ju 疽, “impediment-illnesses,” initially emerging like a bean kernel from which a root reaches into the depth of the tissue. This is associated with extreme pain. It slowly increases in size and generates several tips filled with pus that look like clusters of rice grains. The surface of the sores is purple-black, and the pus does not come out unimpeded. They often develop on the back of hands and feet. BCGM Dict I, 67.

1267 The episode of an arrowhead stuck in an eye is recorded in the Ji yi ji, not in the Yi shuo. See above. 1268 Guo chuang 瘑瘡, lair-illness sores. A condition of sores affecting both hands and feet, with pain and itching and gradual extension. In some cases crumbs are shed off. BCGM



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火燒成瘡。白餹燒灰，粉之即燥，易瘥。小品方。 Sores caused by burns. Burn white [malt] sugar to ashes, and use them to powder [the affected region]. They will dry and heal easily. Xiao pin fang.

Fermented soy paste.

25-20 醬别録下品 Jiang, FE Bie lu, lower rank

【釋名】【時珍曰】按劉熙釋名云：醬者，將也。能制食物之毒，如將之 平暴惡也。 Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen: According to Liu Xi’s Shi ming, jiang 醬 is jiang 將, “general.” It can check the poison of foodstuff, similar to a general who pacifies a rebellious malice. 【集解】【時珍曰】麪醬有大麥、小麥、甜醬、麩醬之屬，豆醬有大豆、 小豆、豌豆及豆油之屬。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Wheat flour paste/sauce can be made from barley and wheat, as sweet paste and as bran paste. [Soy]bean paste can be made from soybeans, mung beans, garden peas and [soy]bean oil. 豆油法：用大豆三斗，水煮糜，以麪二十四斤，拌罨成黄。每十斤，入鹽 八斤，井水四十斤，攪晒成油收取之。 The method to prepare [fermented soy]bean oil. Boil one dou of soybeans in water to a pulpy mass. Add 24 jin of wheat flour, cover the mixture and let it develop a yellow [coating]. For every ten jin add eight jin of salt and forty jin of well water. Stir [the mixture], dry it in the sun to let it generate the oil, and remove it. 大豆醬法：用豆炒磨成粉，一斗入麪三斗和匀，切片罨黄，晒之。每十斤 入鹽五斤，井水淹過，晒成收之。 The method to prepare fermented soybean paste. Stir-fry [soy]beans and grind them into powder. For every dou add three dou of wheat flour and mix them evenly. Cut [the mixture] into slices, cover them, let them develop a yellow [coating] and dry them in the sun. To every ten jin add five jin of salt. Soak this in well water, dry it in the sun and store the ready product.

Dict I, 203.

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小豆醬法：用豆磨净，和麪罨黄，次年再磨。每十斤入鹽五斤，以臘水淹 過，晒成收之。 The method to prepare fermented mung bean paste. Grind the cleaned beans, mix them with wheat flour and cover them to let them develop a yellow [coating]. The next year grind them again. To every ten jin add five jin of salt. Soak this in water obtained in the twelfth month, dry [the mass] in the sun, and store the ready product. 豌豆醬法：用豆水浸，蒸軟晒乾去皮。每一斗入小麥一斗，磨麪和切，蒸 過盦黄，晒乾。每十斤入鹽五升，水二十斤，晒成收之。 The method to prepare garden pea paste. Soak the beans in water. Steam them until they are soft, dry them in the sun, and remove their skin. For every ten jin add five jin of salt. Soak this in well water, dry it in the sun and store the ready product. 麩醬法：用小麥麩蒸熟罨黄，晒乾磨碎。每十斤入鹽三斤，熟湯二十斤， 晒成收之。甜麪醬：用小麥麪和劑，切片蒸熟，盦黄晒簸。每十斤入鹽三 斤，熟水二十斤，晒成收之。 The method to prepare fermented bran paste. Steam wheat bran until done and cover it until it has developed a yellow [coating]. Dry it in the sun and grind it into pieces. For every ten jin add three jin of salt and 20 jin of hot water that has been heated to boiling. Dry this in the sun and store the ready product. 小麥麪醬：用生麪水和，布包踏餅，罨黄晒鬆。每十斤入鹽五斤，水二十 斤，晒成收之。 Fermented wheat bran paste. Mix fresh wheat flour and water, wrap it in a piece of cloth and press it to make a cake. Cover it until it has developed a yellow [coating] and dry it in the sun where it retains a soft consistency. For every ten jin add five jin of salt and 20 jin of water. Dry this in the sun and store the ready product. 大麥醬：用黑豆一斗炒熟，水浸半日，同煮爛，以大麥麪二十斤拌匀，篩 下麪，用煮豆汁和劑，切片蒸熟，罨黄晒搗。每一斗入鹽二斤，井水八 斤，晒成黑甜而汁清。 Fermented barley paste. Stir-fry one dou of black soybeans until done, soak them in water for half a day and boil this until [the beans] have turned into a pulpy mass. Mix it with 20 jin of barley flour. Pass this through a sieve to obtain the flour and mix it with the juice obtained by boiling [soy]beans. Cut this preparation into slices and steam them until done. Cover them until they have developed a yellow [coating], dry them in the sun and pound them. For every dou add two jin of salt and eight jin of well water. Dry this in the sun until it has assumed a black color. It is sweet and has a clear juice.



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又有麻滓醬：用麻枯餅搗蒸，以麪和匀罨黄如常，用鹽水晒成，色味甘美 也。 Also, there is a fermented sesame dreg paste. Pound a dry sesame cake and steam [the resulting mass]. Mix it with wheat flour, cover it and let it develop a yellow [coating] as usual. [Soak it] in salt water, dry it in the sun, and it is ready. Color and flavor are sweet and delicious. 【氣味】鹹，冷，利，無毒。【時珍曰】麪醬：鹹。豆醬、甜醬、豆油、 大麥醬、麩醬：皆鹹、甘。【詵曰】多食發小兒無辜，生痰動氣。妊娠合 雀肉食之，令兒面黑。【頌曰】麥醬和鯉魚食，生口瘡。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, cold and frees passages, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: Fermented wheat flour paste: Salty. Fermented [soy]bean paste, sweet paste, [soy]bean oil, barley paste and bran paste: All alike salty and sweet. [Meng] Shen: When children eat them in large amounts they induce “innocence.”1269 They generate phlegm and excite the qi. When pregnant women eat them together with sparrow meat, their children will have a black face. [Su] Song: Fermented wheat sauce eaten together with carp causes oral sores. 【主治】除熱，止煩滿，殺百藥及熱湯火毒。别録。殺一切魚、肉、菜 蔬、蕈毒，并治蛇、蟲、蜂、蠆等毒。日華。醬汁灌入下部，治大便不 通。灌耳中，治飛蛾、蟲、蟻入耳。塗猘犬咬及湯火傷灼未成瘡者，有 效。又中砒毒，調水服即解。出时珍方。 Control. [Fermented pastes] eliminate heat, stop vexing sensations of fullness, and kill the poison of the hundreds of medications and of heat, hot water and fire. Bie lu. They kill the poison of all types of fish, meat, vegetables and mushrooms, and they serve to cure poisonous [stings/bites] of snakes, worms/bugs, bees/wasps and scorpions. Rihua. Fermented paste juice inserted as an enema into the lower body part serves to cure blocked major relief/defecation. Inserted into the ears it serves to cure cases of moths, worms/bugs or ants having entered the ears. When applied to bites of rabid dogs and regions harmed by hot water and fire that have not yet developed an open sore, they effectively cure [such harm]. Also, for poisoning by arsenic, mix them with water and ingest this to resolve it. Quoted from [Li] Shizhen’s recipes. 【發明】【弘景曰】醬多以豆作，純麥者少。入藥當以豆醬，陳久者彌好 也。又有魚醬、肉醬，皆呼爲醯，不 入藥用。【詵曰】小麥醬殺藥力， 不如豆醬。又有麞、鹿、兔、雉及鱧魚醬，皆不可久食也。【宗奭曰】聖

1269 Wu gu 無辜, “innocence,” a type of gan-illness accompanied by scrofula affecting the head and neck. BCGM Dict I, 537.

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人不得醬不食，意欲五味和，五臟悦而受之，此亦安樂之一端也。【時珍 曰】不得醬不食，亦兼取其殺飲食百藥之毒也。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: Fermented pastes are mostly made from [soy]beans. Those made from wheat/barley alone are few. For use in medication, fermented [soy]bean paste is required; it is good when it has been stored for a long time. There are also fermented fish pastes and fermented meat pastes; all of them are called xi 醯. They are not added to medication. [Meng] Shen: Fermented wheat paste kills the strength of pharmaceutical drugs; it is not as good, though, as fermented [soy] bean paste. There are also fermented roebuck, dear, rabbit, pheasant and snakehead fish pastes. None of them should be eaten for an extended period of time. [Kou] Zongshi: The sages ate nothing without fermented paste. That was based on the idea that they wished to harmonize the five flavors to please the five long-term depots – a precondition of peace and happiness. [Li] Shizhen: The reason that they did not eat anything without fermented paste was also because it kills the poison in beverages, food and the hundreds of pharmaceutical drugs. 【附方】舊六。 Added Recipes. Six of old. 手指掣痛。醬清和蜜，温熱浸之，愈乃止。千金。 A tugging pain in the fingers. Mix a clear fermented paste [juice] with honey and soak [the affected finger] in the warm or hot [liquid]. End this when a cure is achieved. Qian jin. 癧瘍風駁。醬清和石硫黄細末，日日揩之。外臺秘要。 Pervasion-illness with ulcer wind1270 with white skin patches. Mix a clear fermented paste [juice] with a fine powder of sulphur and apply this [to the affected region] every day. Wai tai mi yao. 妊娠下血。豆醬二升，去汁取豆，炒研。酒服方寸匕，日三。古今録驗。 Blood discharge during pregnancy. Remove the juice from two sheng of fermented [soy]bean paste, stir-fry the beans and grind them [into powder]. Ingest with wine the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times a day. Gu jin lu yan. 妊娠尿血。豆醬一大盞熬乾，生地黄二兩，爲末。每服一錢，米飲下。普 濟方。 1270 Li yang feng 癧瘍風, “pervasion-illness with ulcer wind,” a condition of white macules and dots appearing on the skin in the neck, on the chest, and below the armpits, without itching or pain. BCGM Dict I, 315.



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Urination with blood during pregnancy. Simmer one large cup of fermented [soy] bean paste until it has dried and [grind it] with two liang of fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] into powder. Each time ingest one qian; to be sent down with a rice beverage. Pu ji fang. 浸淫瘡癬。醬瓣和人尿，塗之。千金翼。 Xuan–illness1271 sores soaked [with pus or another liquid]. Mix the solid elements in a fermented paste with human urine and apply this [to the affected region]. Qian jin yi. 解輕粉毒。服輕粉口破者，以三年陳醬化水，頻漱之。瀕湖集簡方。 To resolve the poison of calomel. When following an ingestion of calomel the [skin in the] mouth breaks open, dissolve fermented [soybean] paste, stored for three years, in water and repeatedly rinse [the oral cavity] with it. Bin hu ji jian fang. 25-21 榆仁醬食療 Yü ren jiang, FE Shi liao Fermented Siberian elm seed paste. 【校正】原附醬下，今分出。 Editorial Correction. Originally listed as an appendix to [the entry] jiang 醬, fermented [soybean] paste. Shown here separately 【集解】【時珍曰】造法：取榆仁水浸一伏時，袋盛，揉洗去涎，以蓼汁 拌晒，如此七次，同發過麪麴，如造醬法下鹽晒之。每一升，麴四斤，鹽 一斤，水五斤。崔寔月令謂之𨡭䤅，是也。音牟偷。 Collected Explanations. The method to produce it. Soak Siberian elm kernels in water for one full day, fill them into a bag. Knead [the bag] and wash away the “saliva” [from the outside]. Blend [the remaining contents of the bag] with knotweed juice and dry this in the sun. Do this seven times. Proceed with finished wheat flour yeast/ferment the same way as fermented [soybean] paste is prepared, add salt and dry this. For every sheng, add four jin of yeast/ferment, one jin of salt and five jin of water. Cui Shi in his Yue ling calls it mou tou 𨡭䤅. That is correct. Read mou tou 牟偷. 1271 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness,” a condition of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 592.

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【氣味】辛美，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Deliciously acrid, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】利大小便、心腹惡氣，殺諸蟲。不宜多食。孟詵。 Control. It stimulates major (i. e., defecation) and minor (i. e., urination) relief, [serves to cure] malign qi affecting the central and abdominal region, and kills all types of worms/bugs. It should not be eaten in large amounts. Meng Shen. 25-22 蕪荑醬食療 Wu yi jiang, FE Shi liao Fermented ulmus fruit paste. 【校正】原附醬下，今分出。 Editorial Correction. Originally listed as an appendix to [the entry] jiang 醬, fermented [soybean] paste. Shown here separately. 【集解】【時珍曰】造法與榆仁醬同。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: The production method is identical with that of fermented Siberian elm seed paste. 【氣味】辛美，微臭，温，無毒。多食落髮。 Qi and Flavor. Deliciously acrid, slightly malodorous, warm, nonpoisonous. Eaten in large amounts it causes hair loss 【主治】殺三蟲，功力强於榆仁醬。孟詵。 Control. It kills the three worms/bugs. Its therapeutic potential is stronger than that of fermented Siberian elm seed paste. Meng Shen. 【發明】【張從正曰】北人亦多食乳酪酥脯甘美之物，皆生蟲之萌也。而 不生蟲者，蓋食中多胡荽、蕪荑、鹵汁，殺九蟲之物也。 Explication. Zhang Congzheng: People in the North often eat deliciously sweet items such as junket, butter and preserved fruits. They all contain buds that generate worms/bugs. The fact is, food is often made with coriander, ulmus fruits, and brine, that is, with items that kill the nine types of worms/bugs.



Vinegar.

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25-23 醋别録下品 Cu, FE Bie lu, lower rank

【釋名】酢音醋、醯音兮、苦酒。【弘景曰】醋酒爲用，無所不入，愈久 愈良，亦謂x 之醯。以有苦味，俗呼苦酒。丹家又加餘物，謂爲華池左味。 【時珍曰】劉熙釋名云：醋，措也。能措置食毒也。古方多用酢字也。 Explication of Names. Cu 酢, read cu 醋. Xi 醯, read xi 兮; ku jiu 苦酒, “bitter wine.” [Tao] Hongjing: Vinegar and wine are used to [cure] about everything. The longer they are stored, the better. [Vinegar] is also called xi 醯. Because of its bitter flavor it is commonly called “bitter wine.” The elixir experts add further items and call [these products] hua chi zuo wei, “flavor/substance from nearby the splendid pond.” [Li] Shizhen: Liu Xi in his Shi ming states: “Xi 醋 is xi 措, ‚to handle.’ [Vinegar] can ‘handle,’ xi zhi 措置, food poisoning.” Ancient recipes often use the character cu 酢. 【集解】【恭曰】醋有數種，有米醋、麥醋、麴醋、糠醋、糟醋、餳醋、 桃醋，葡萄、大棗、蘡薁等諸雜果醋，會意者亦極酸烈。惟米醋二三年者 入藥。餘止可噉，不可入藥也。【詵曰】北人多爲糟醋，江河人多爲米 醋。小麥醋不及，糟醋爲多妨忌也。大麥醋良。【藏器曰】蘇言葡萄、大 棗諸果堪作醋，緣渠是荆楚人，土地儉嗇，果敗則以釀酒也。糟醋猶不入 藥，况於果乎？【時珍曰】米醋：三伏時用倉米一斗，淘浄蒸飯，攤冷盦 黄，晒簸，水淋浄。别以倉米二斗蒸飯，和匀入甕，以水淹過，密封暖 處，三七日成矣。糯米醋：秋社日，用糯米一斗淘蒸，用六月六日造成小 麥大麴和匀，用水二斗，入甕封釀，三七日成矣。粟米醋：用陳粟米一 斗，淘浸七日，再蒸淘熟，入甕密封，日夕攪之，七日成矣。小麥醋：用 小麥水浸三日，蒸熟盦黄，入甕水淹，七七日成矣。大麥醋：用大麥米一 斗，水浸蒸飯，盦黄晒乾，水淋過，再以麥飯二斗和匀，入水封閉，三七 日成矣。餳醋：用餳一斤，水三升煎化，入白麴末二兩，瓶封晒成。其餘 糟、糠等醋，皆不入藥，不能盡紀也。 Collected Explications. [Su] Gong: There are several kinds of vinegar, including rice vinegar, wheat/barley vinegar, [wheat] ferment vinegar, bran vinegar, wine brewing residue/sediment vinegar, malt sugar vinegar and peach vinegar. Also, vinegar made from all types of fruits, such as grape vine fruits, Chinese dates, and wild grapes, may be to one’s liking, but it is extremely sour. Only rice vinegar aged for two or three years is added to medication; all the others are for food only and must not be added to medication. [Meng] Shen: People in the North mostly prepare vinegar

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from wine brewing residue/sediment. People in Jiang he1272 mostly prepare rice vinegar. Wheat vinegar does come close [to its quality]. The use of vinegar made from wine brewing residue/sediment is associated with many restrictions. Barley vinegar is good. [Chen] Cangqi: Su [Gong] says that grape vine fruits and Chinese dates can serve to produce vinegar. The reason is, he lived in Jing chu. The soil there is very poor and when fruits are rotten, they brew them into wine. Vinegar made from wine brewing residue/sediment is not added to medication; how much more is that true of [wine made from] fruits? [Li] Shizhen: Rice vinegar: Soak one dou of husked granary rice in water during the three ten-day periods of the hottest season of the year, clean it and steam it until it is cooked. Spread it out to let it cool down, cover it and [wait until a] yellow [coating has developed]. Dry it in the sun and winnow away [the chaff ]. In addition, steam an extra two dou of husked granary rice to prepare cooked rice, mix the two evenly and give them into an earthenware pot. Fill it with water, seal it tightly and leave it at a warm place. [The vinegar] is ready after three times seven days. Vinegar made from glutinous rice: On the day of the sacrifices to the god of the land in autumn, rinse one dou of glutinous rice, steam it and mix it with wheat ferment prepared on the sixth day of the sixth month. Give this, with two dou of water, into an earthenware pot, seal it and let it ferment. [The vinegar] is ready after three times seven days. Vinegar made from short millet: Wash one dou of long-stored short millet in a pan and soak it in water for seven days. Wash it again, steam it until done, give it into an earthenware pot and tightly seal it. Stir [the contents] during the day and during the night. [The vinegar] is ready after seven days. Vinegar made from wheat: Soak wheat in water for three days. Steam it until done, cover it and [wait for a] yellow [coating to develop]. Give it into an earthenware pot, submerge it in water, and [the vinegar] is ready after seven times seven days. Vinegar made from barley: Soak one dou of barley in water, and steam it until cooked. Cover it, [wait for a] yellow [coating to develop] and dry it in the sun. Pour water over it and evenly mix it with another two dou of cooked barley. Add water, close [the pot] tightly and after three times seven days [the vinegar] is ready. Vinegar made from malt sugar: Boil one jin of malt sugar in three sheng of water until [the sugar] is dissolved. Add two liang of white ferment powder, seal it in a bottle, and expose it to the sun until [the vinegar] is ready. All the other types of vinegar, that is, those prepared from wine brewing residue/sediment and bran, are not added to medication. Hence, they are not described here in detail.

1272 Instead of Jiang he 江河, Zheng lei ch. 26, cu 醋, “vinegar,” quoting Meng Shen writes Jiang wai 江外.



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25-23-01 米醋 Mi cu

Rice vinegar. 【氣味】酸、苦，温，無毒。【詵曰】大麥醋微寒，餘醋並同。【弘景 曰】多食損人肌臟。【藏器曰】多食損筋骨，亦損胃。不益男子，損人顔 色。醋發諸藥，不可同食。【時珍曰】酸屬木，脾病毋多食酸。酸傷脾， 肉䐢而唇揭。服伏苓、丹參人，不可食醋。鏡源曰：米醋煮制四黄、丹 砂、膽礬、常山諸藥也。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, bitter, warm, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen. Vinegar made from barley is slightly cold. All the other types of vinegar are the same. [Tao] Hongjing: Consumed in large quantities, it injures the muscles and the long-term depots. [Chen] Cangqi: Consumed in large quantities, it injures sinews and bones, and also the stomach. It is not invigorating for males. It injures the complexion. Vinegar enhances [the effects of ] all types of pharmaceutical drugs; it must not be consumed together with them. [Li] Shizhen: Sour [flavor] is associated with [the phase] wood. In the case of spleen disease, [patients] must not consume much vinegar. Sour [flavor] harms the spleen; the flesh wrinkles and the lips burst open. Those who ingest poria and ginseng [root], they must not consume vinegar. Jing yuan: Rice vinegar boiled in water checks [the effects] of various pharmaceutical drugs, such as the four [items with the character 黄,] “huang”,1273 cinnabar, chalcanthite and dichroa [root]. 【主治】消癰腫，散水氣，殺邪毒。别録。理諸藥，消毒。扁鵲。治産後 血運，除癥塊堅積，消食，殺惡毒，破結氣、心中酸水痰飲。藏器。下氣 除煩，治婦人心痛血氣，并産後及傷損金瘡出血昏運，殺一切魚、肉、菜 毒。日華。醋磨青木香，止卒心痛、血氣痛。浸黄蘗含之，治口瘡。調大 黄末，塗腫毒。煎生大黄服，治痃癖甚良。孟詵。散瘀血，治黄疸、黄 汗。【好古曰】張仲景治黄汗，有黄芪芍藥桂枝苦酒湯；治黄疸，有麻黄 醇酒湯，用苦酒、清酒。方見金匱要略。 Control. [Vinegar] dissolves obstruction-illness1274 swelling, disperses water qi, and kills malign poison. Bie lu. It arranges [the effects of ] all types of pharmaceutical drugs, and dissolves poison. Bian Que. It serves to cure blood [induced brain] movement after childbirth, removes concretion-illness lumps and hard accumulations, dissolves food, kills malign poison, breaks through qi nodes and [serves to

1273 The four [items named “yellow”,] huang 黄, include sulphur, liu huang 硫黃, realgar, xiong huang 雄黃, orpiment, ci huang 雌黃, and possibly one of the following: da huang 大黄, rhubarb root, huang qin 黄芩, scutellaria root, and huang lian 黄連, coptis rhizome. 1274 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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cure] sour water in the center, as well as phlegm rheum. [Chen] Cangqi. It sends down qi and eliminates vexation. It serves to cure heart pain related to blood and qi [disorders] of women, and also bleeding wounds, dizziness and vertigo following childbirth and related to harm and injuries. It kills the poison of all fish, meat and vegetables. Rihua. Inula [roots] ground in vinegar stop sudden heart pain, painful blood and qi [disorder]. Phellodendron [bark] soaked in vinegar and held in the mouth serves to cure oral sores. Mixed with rhubarb root, it is applied to swelling with poison. [Vinegar] in which rhubarb [root] was boiled is used to cure string-illness1275 and aggregation-illness1276 with very good results. Meng Shen. It disperses stagnating blood, and serves to cure yellow dan-illness/jaundice and yellow sweating. [Wang] Haogu: To cure yellow sweating, Zhang Zhongjing has the “decoction with astragalus [root], paeonia [root], cassia twigs and bitter wine (i. e., vinegar).” To cure yellow dan-illness/jaundice, he has the “decoction with ephedra [herb] and pure wine,” including bitter wine (i. e., vinegar) and clear wine. For these recipes, consult the Jin kui yao lüe. 【發明】【宗奭曰】米醋比諸醋最釅，入藥多用之，穀氣全也，故勝糟 醋。産婦房中，常以火炭沃醋氣爲佳，酸益血也。以磨雄黄，塗蜂蠆毒， 亦取其收而不散之義。今人食酸則齒軟，謂其水生木，水氣弱，木氣强故 如是。造靴皮者，須得醋而紋皺，故知其性收斂，不負酸收之意。【時珍 曰】按孫光憲北夢瑣言云：一婢抱兒落炭火上燒灼，以醋泥傅之，旋愈無 痕。又一少年，眼中常見一鏡。趙卿謂之曰：來晨以魚鱠奉候。及期延 至，從容久之。少年飢甚，見臺上一甌芥醋，旋旋啜之，遂覺胸中豁然， 眼花不見。卿云：君喫魚鱠太多，魚畏芥醋，故權誑而愈其疾也。觀此二 事，可證别録治癰腫、殺邪毒之驗也。大抵醋治諸瘡腫積塊，心腹疼痛， 痰水血病，殺魚、肉、菜及諸蟲毒氣，無非取其酸收之義，而又有散瘀解 毒之功。李廷飛云：醋能少飲，辟寒勝酒。黄戬自幼不食醋，年逾八十， 猶能傳神也。 Explication. [Kou] Zongshi: Rice vinegar is the densest among all types of vinegar; it is often used added to medication. It includes all the qi of that grain. Therefore it is superior to vinegar made from brewing wine residue/sediment. Vinegar heated on a burning charcoal to let its qi spread through the room of a woman who has given birth has excellent effects; its sour [flavor] boosts her blood. [Vinegar in which] realgar was ground is applied to poison [stings] of wasps/bees and scorpions. This, too, is based on the idea of taking advantage of its [potential to] contract rather than to 1275 Xuan 痃, “string-illness,” a condition of acute pain located in the abdomen to the left and right of the umbilicus. BCGM Dict I, 591.

1276 Pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” of painful lumps emerging from time to time in both flanks. BCGM Dict I, 371.



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disperse. Nowadays, when people eat something sour, their teeth become soft. They say, when water generates wood, the qi of water weaken while the qi of wood are strengthened. Hence, these [effects on the teeth]. To make boots, vinegar is required to tan the skin. From this we know that its nature is contracting. [Its application in tanning] does not betray the idea of the contracting [nature] of sour [flavor]. [Li] Shizhen: According to Sun Guangxian’s Bei meng suo yan, “once a servant-girl held a baby in her arms and let it fall on a charcoal fire where it was burned. They applied vinegar [mixed with] mud [to the affected region]. It was healed and no scars were left. Also, a young person continuously saw illusions in front of him. Zhao Qing said to him: ‘Tomorrow morning I will offer you fish cuts.’ But [the physician] delayed [this offer] for a long time. Eventually, the young person felt very hungry and when on a table he saw a bowl with mustard and vinegar, he slowly sipped it and in his chest he had a feeling as if something had burst open. In front of his eyes he no longer saw phantasy images. [Zhao] Qing told him: ‘You had eaten preserved fish in excessive quantities. Fish fear mustard and vinegar. Hence, I had to deceive you for a while to heal your illness’.” These two anecdotes serve as evidence of what the Bie lu [says about vinegar’s ability to] cure obstruction-illness1277 swelling and kill malign poison. In general, vinegar serves to cure all types of sores with swelling, accumulation and lumps, pain in the central and abdominal region, phlegm, water and blood diseases. It kills the poison qi of fish, meat, vegetables and all kinds of worms/ bugs. All these [effects] are related to the meaning of “sour [flavor] contracts.” Still, [vinegar] also has a potential of dispersing stagnant [blood] and resolving poison. Li Tingfei states: “One can drink a little vinegar to repel cold and overcome [the effects of ] wine.” From his youth on, Huang Jian never consumed vinegar. At an age of 80, he was still in good mental health.

【附方】舊二十，新十三。 Added Recipes. 20 of old, 13 newly [recorded]. 身體卒腫。醋和蚯蚓屎傅之。千金。 A sudden feeling of bodily swelling. Mix vinegar with earthworm excrements and apply this [to the affected region]. Qian jin.

1277 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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白虎風毒。以三年釅醋五升，煎五沸，切葱白三升，煎一沸漉出，以布染 乘熱裹之，痛止乃已。外臺秘要。 White tiger wind1278 poison. Boil five sheng of dense vinegar that has been stored for three years five times to bubbling. Cut three sheng of onion white into pieces, boil them [in the vinegar] once to bubbling and filter [the liquid] to remove [the onion pieces]. Wrap them as long as they are hot in a piece of cloth [and press this on the affected region]. End the [application] when the pain has ended. Wai tai mi yao. 霍亂吐利。鹽、醋煎服甚良。如宜方。 Cholera with vomiting and free flow. To ingest salt boiled in vinegar yields very good results. Ru yi fang. 霍亂煩脹，未得吐下。以好苦酒三升飲之。千金方。 Cholera with vexing [abdominal] distension, but prior to vomiting and free flow. Drink three sheng of good bitter wine (i. e., vinegar). Qian jin fang. 足上轉筋。以故綿浸醋中，甑蒸熱裹之，冷即易，勿停，取瘥止。外臺。 Contorted sinews on the feet. Soak a piece of old silk fabric in vinegar, steam it in a steamer and wrap [the affected region] with it. When it has cooled down, replace it. Do not stop this and end [the treatment] only when a cure is achieved. Wai tai. 出汗不滴，瘦却腰脚，并耳聾者。米醋浸荆三稜，夏四日，冬六日，爲 末。醋湯調下二錢，即瘥。經驗後方。 Sweat leaves [the body] but fails to drop. [The patient’s] lower back and legs are emaciated, and this is associated with deafness. Soak river bulrush [roots] in rice vinegar, in summer for four days, in winter for six days, and [grind them into] powder. Send down with a vinegar decoction two qian. That results in a cure. Jing yan hou fang. 腋下胡臭。三年釅酢和石灰傅之。外臺。 Barbarian stench in the armpits. Apply a mixture of dense vinegar, stored for three years, and lime. Wai tai. 癧瘍風病。酢和硫黄末傅之。外臺秘要。 Pervasion-illness with ulcer wind1279 disease. Apply a mixture of vinegar and sulphur powder [to the affected region]. Wai tai mi yao. 1278 Bai hu feng 白虎風, “white tiger wind,” a condition of tong feng 痛風, “pain wind,” characterized by aching bone joints with the pain increasing during the night and reaching into the bone marrow. BCGM Dict I, 47. 1279 Li yang feng 癧瘍風, “pervasion-illness with ulcer wind,” a condition of white macules and dots appearing on the skin in the neck, on the chest, and below the armpits, with-



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癰疽不潰。苦酒和雀屎如小豆大，傅瘡頭上即穿也。肘後方。 Obstruction-illness and impediment-illness1280 that do not fester. Mix bitter wine (i. e., vinegar) and as much sparrow droppings as the size of a mung bean and apply this to the tip of the sores. This will open them [to induce festering]. Zhou hou fang. 舌腫不消。以酢和釜底墨，厚傅舌之上下，脱則更傅，須臾即消。千金方。 Tongue swelling that does not dissolve. Mix vinegar with ink/soot from the bottom of a cauldron and apply a thick layer on the upper and lower side of the tongue. When it falls off, apply it again. [The swelling] will dissolve within a short time. Qian jin fang. 木舌腫强。餹醋時時含漱。普濟方。 A wooden tongue that is swollen and stiff. Repeatedly hold malt sugar vinegar in the mouth and rinse [the tongue with it]. Pu ji fang. 牙齒疼痛。大醋一升，煮枸杞白皮一升，取半升，含嗽即瘥。肘後方。 Toothache. Boil the white bark of lycium in one generous sheng of vinegar down to half a sheng. Hold it in the mouth and rinse [the affected teeth]. That results in a cure. Zhou hou fang. 鼻中出血。酢和胡粉半棗許服。又法：用醋和土，塗陰囊，乾即易之。千 金方。 Nosebleed. Ingest lead carbonate, the size of half a Chinese date, mixed with vinegar. Another method: Mix vinegar with soil and apply this to the [patient’s] scrotum. When it has dried, replace it. Qian jin fang. 塞耳治聾。以醇酢微火炙附子，削尖塞之。千金方。 A blocked ear; to cure deafness. Stir-fry aconitum [accessory tuber] over a mild fire in pure vinegar. Carve it to give it a pointed end and insert it [into the affected ear]. Qian jin fang. 面𪒟雀卵。苦酒漬术，常常拭之。肘後方。 Facial speckles [resembling] sparrow eggs. Soak atractylodes [rhizome] in vinegar and repeatedly wipe [the affected region with the liquid]. Zhou hou fang.

out itching or pain. BCGM Dict I, 315.

1280 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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中砒石毒。飲釅醋，得吐即愈。不可飲水。廣記。 Arsenic poisoning. Drink dense vinegar to induce vomiting. That is the cure. Guang ji. 服硫發癰。酢和豉研膏傅之，燥則易。千金方。 Obstruction-illness resulting from ingesting sulphur. Mix vinegar with [soybean] relish, grind this into a paste and apply it [to the affected region]. When it has dried, replace it. Qian jin fang. 食鷄子毒。飲醋少許即消。廣記。 Having eaten chicken egg poison. Drink a small amount of vinegar, and it dissolves. Guang ji. 渾身虱出。方見石部食鹽。 Lice appearing from head to foot. For a recipe, see the section “stones/minerals,” entry “edible salt” (11-01). 毒殺傷螫。清醋急飲一二盌，令毒氣不散，然後用藥。濟急方。 To kill1281 the poison of harm caused by a sting. Quickly drink one or two bowls of pure vinegar to prevent the poison qi from spreading. Then use medication. Ji ji fang. 蠍刺螫人。酢磨附子汁傅之。食醫心鏡。 Someone stung by a scorpion‘s sting. Grind aconitum [accessory tuber] in vinegar and apply the resulting juice [to the affected region]. Shi yi xin jing. 蜈蚣咬毒。醋磨生鐵傅之。篋中方。 Poisonous bite of a centipede. Grind pig iron in vinegar and apply [the resulting juice to the affected region]. Qie zhong fang. 蜘蛛咬毒。同上方。 Poisonous bite of a spider. Recipe identical with the one above. 蠼螋尿瘡。以醋和胡粉傅之。千金方。 Sores caused by the urine of earwigs. Mix lead carbonate with vinegar and apply this [to the affected region]. Qian jin fang.

1281 Instead of du sha sheng shi 毒殺傷螫, the Zhang edition oft he BCGM writes du feng shang shi 毒蜂傷螫, “harm caused by the sting of a poisonous wasp/bee.”



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諸蟲入耳。凡百節、蚰蜒、蟻入耳，以苦酒注入，起行即出。錢相公篋中 方。 Some worm/bug has gotten into an ear. Whenever a millipede, a common house centipede or an ant has gotten into an ear, pour bitter wine (i. e. vinegar) into it. Then [the patient] is to get up and walk. The [worm/bug] will leave [the ear]. Qian xiang gong, Qie zhong fang. 湯火傷灼。即以酸醋淋洗，并以醋泥塗之甚妙，亦無瘢痕也。 Burns from boiling hot water and fire. Pour sour vinegar on them to wash [the affected region]. Also, apply vinegar [mixed with] mud to it. Very wondrous, and no scars will be left. 狼煙入口。以醋少許飲之。秘方。 When the smoke from a wolf [dung fire] has got into one’s mouth. He is to drink a little vinegar. A secret recipe. 足上凍瘡。以醋洗足，研藕傅之。 Frostbite on the feet. Wash the feet with vinegar. Grind lotus [roots] and apply [the resulting paste to the affected region]. 胎死不下，月未足者。大豆煮醋服三升，立便分解。未下再服。子母秘録。 A dead fetus does not come down, prior to the due date. Boil soybeans in vinegar and [let the woman] ingest three sheng. [The fetus] will separate itself instantly. If it fails to come down, [let the woman] ingest [the liquid] a second time. Zi mu mi lu. 胞衣不下，腹滿則殺人。以水入醋少許，噀面，神效。聖惠方。 The placenta fails to come down. When [the woman] has a feeling of fullness in her abdomen, that will kill her. Add water to a little vinegar and inject it from the mouth on [the woman’s] face. Divinely effective. Sheng hui fang. 鬼擊卒死。吹醋少許入鼻中。千金。 Sudden death because of a demon blow. Blow a little vinegar into the [patient’s nose]. Qian jin. 乳癰堅硬。以罐盛醋，燒熱石投之二次，温漬之。冷則更燒石投之，不過 三次即愈。千金。 Breast obstruction-illness1282 with a hardening. Fill a jar with vinegar. Heat a stone and throw it hot into the [vinegar]. Twice. Then soak [the affected breast] in the 1282 Ru yong 乳癰, “breast obstruction-illness,” a condition of acute putrefication of a woman’s breast. Often encountered if a woman, following delivery, experiences chui nai 吹 奶, “inflated breast,” or du ru 妒乳, “jealousy breast.” BCGM Dict I, 412.

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warm liquid. When it has cooled down, heat the stone again and throw it into [the vinegar once more]. A cure is achieved after no more than three [such applications]. Qian jin. 疔腫初起。用麪圍住，以針亂刺瘡上。銅器煎醋沸，傾入圍中，令容一 盞。冷即易，三度根即出也。 A pin-illness1283 swelling has just begun to emerge. Form a wall of wheat flour around it and pierce the top of the swelling with a needle anywhere. Boil vinegar in a copper vessel to bubbling and pour the amount held by one cup into the area surrounded [by the wheat flour]. When it has cooled down, replace it. After three [such applications] the root [of the pin-illness] will come out.

Wine.

25-24 酒别録中品 Jiu, FE Bie lu, middle rank

【校正】拾遺糟筍酒、社酒，今併爲一。 Editorial Correction. Zao sun jiu 糟筍酒 and she jiu 社酒, [listed separately] in the Shi yi, are included here. 【釋名】【時珍曰】按許氏説文云：酒，就也。所以就人之善惡也。一 説：酒字篆文象酒在卣中之狀。飲膳標題云：酒之清者曰釀，濁者曰盎； 厚曰醇，薄曰醨；重釀曰酎，一宿曰醴；美曰醑，未榨曰醅；紅曰醍，緑 曰醽，白曰醝。 Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen: According to Mr. Xu [Shen’s] Shuo wen, “Jiu 酒, ‚wine,‘ is jiu 就, ‚to approach.’ That is, how benevolent or malevolent someone approaches others.” It is also said: “The character 酒 is seal script reflecting the shape of wine in a small-mouthed vine vessel. The Yin shan biao ti1284 states: “Clear wine is called niang 釀, turbid [wine] is called ang 盎, thick [wine] is called chun 醇, thin [wine] is called li 醨, [wine] brewed repeatedly is called zhou 酎，[wine that has been brewed] for one night is called li 醴, [wine that is] delicious is called xu 醑, [wine] that has not yet been pressed is called pei 醅, red [wine] is called ti 醍, green [wine] is called ling 醽, white [wine] is called cuo 醝.“ 1283 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],” also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127-129. 1284 Yin shan biao ti 飲膳標題 is a subheading in the Song era Xie Weixin’s 謝維新 Gu jin he bi shi lei bei yao wai ji 古今合璧事類備要外集, ch. 44, section Yin shan 飲膳, final sub-section jiu 酒, “wine.”



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【集解】【恭曰】酒有秫、黍、粳、糯、粟、麴、蜜、葡萄等色。凡作酒 醴須麴，而葡萄、蜜等酒獨不用麴。諸酒醇醨不同，惟米酒入藥用。【藏 器曰】凡好酒欲熟時，皆能候風潮而轉，此是合陰陽也。【詵曰】酒有紫 酒、薑酒、桑椹酒、葱豉酒、葡萄酒、蜜酒，及地黄、牛膝、虎骨、牛 蒡、大豆、枸杞、通草、仙靈脾、狗肉汁等，皆可和釀作酒，俱各有方。 【宗奭曰】戰國策云：帝女儀狄造酒，進之於禹。説文云，少康造酒，即 杜康也。然本草已著酒名，素問亦有酒漿，則酒自黄帝始，非儀狄矣。古 方用酒，有醇酒、春酒、白酒、清酒、美酒、糟下酒、粳酒、秫黍酒、葡 萄酒、地黄酒、蜜酒，有灰酒、新熟無灰酒、社壇餘胙酒。今人所用，有 糯酒、煮酒、小豆麴酒、香藥麴酒、鹿頭酒、羔兒等酒。江、浙、湖南、 北又以糯粉入衆藥，和爲麴，曰餅子酒。至於官務中，亦有四夷酒，中國 不可取以爲法。今醫家所用，正宜斟酌。但飲家惟取其味，不顧入藥何如 爾，然久之未見不作疾者。蓋此物損益兼行，可不慎歟？漢賜丞相上尊 酒，糯爲上，稷爲中，粟爲下。今入藥佐使，專用糯米，以清水白麪麴所 造爲正。古人造麴未見入諸藥，所以功力和厚，皆勝餘酒。今人又以糵造 者，蓋止是醴，非酒也。書云：若作酒醴，爾惟麴糵。酒則用麴，醴則用 糵，氣味甚相遼，治療豈不殊也？【頴曰】入藥用東陽酒最佳，其酒自古 擅名。事林廣記所載釀法，其麴亦用藥。今則絶無，惟用麩麪、蓼汁拌 造，假其辛辣之力，蓼亦解毒，清香遠達，色復金黄，飲之至醉，不頭 痛，不口乾，不作瀉。其水秤之重於他水，鄰邑所造俱不然，皆水土之 美也。處州金盆露，水和薑汁造麴，以浮飯造釀，醇美可尚，而色香劣於 東陽，以其水不及也。江西麻姑酒，以泉得名，而麴有群藥。金陵瓶酒， 麴米無嫌，而水有鹼。且用灰，味太甘，多能聚痰。山東秋露白，色純味 烈。蘇州小瓶酒，麴有葱及紅豆、川烏之類，飲之頭痛口渴。淮安緑豆 酒，麴有緑豆，能解毒，然亦有灰不美。【時珍曰】東陽酒即金華酒，古 蘭陵也，李太白詩所謂“蘭陵美酒鬱金香”即此，常飲、入藥俱良。山西 襄陵 酒、薊州薏苡酒皆清烈，但麴中亦有藥物。黄酒有灰。秦、蜀有咂嘛酒， 用稻、麥、黍、秫、藥麴，小罌封釀而成，以筒吸飲。穀氣既雜，酒不清 美，並不可入藥。 Collected Explanations. Wines of different colors may be made from glutinous spiked millet, glutinous panicled millet, non-glutinous rice, glutinous rice, short millet, yeast/ferment, honey and grapes. To make wine requires yeast/ferment. Only wine made from grapes and honey does not require yeast/ferment. All wines, be they thick or thin, differ, but only rice wine is used in medication. [Chen] Cangqi: To find the right time for a good wine to mature, this should be pursued flexibly with an eye on wind and tides, as is in agreement with [the changing dominance of ] yin and yang. [Meng] Shen: Among wines are purple wine, ginger wine, mulberry fruit wine, onion and [soybean] relish wine, grape wine, and honey wine. And all

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the following items can be used to brew wine, each in accordance with a specific recipe: Chinese foxglove [rhizome], achyranthes [root], tiger bones, great burdock seeds, soybeans, lycium [seeds], rice paper plant, epimedium [herb] and the juice of dog meat. [Kou] Zongshi: The Zhan guo ce states: “The thearch’s daughter [ordered] Yi Di to make wine and submitted it to Yu.” The Shuo wen states: “Shao Kang made wine. That is Du Kang.” However, the Ben cao already records the name jiu 酒, “wine”, and the Su wen, too, lists jiu 酒 as jiang 漿. That is, the beginnings of wine are at the time of the Yellow Thearch. Yi Di was not [the first to make it]. Ancient recipes include the following wines: Thick wine, spring wine, white wine, clear wine, delicious wine, wine made from brewing residue/sediment, non-glutinous rice wine, millet wine, grape wine, Chinese foxglove [rhizome] wine, honey wine, wine with ashes, newly matured ash-free wine, and wine placed on a sacrificial altar together with prepared food. The wines used by people today include glutinous rice wine, boiled wine, mung bean yeast/ferment wine, wine based on yeast made with fragrant pharmaceutical drugs, deer head wine and lamb wine. In Jiang, Zhe, Hu nan and [Hu] bei they add glutinous rice powder to various pharmaceutical drugs and mix them with yeast. [The resulting wine] is called bing zi jiu 餅子酒. In government affairs, wines of the four Yi [people] are present; their production methods are unavailable in China. [The wines] used by medical experts today should be carefully considered for their suitability. Experts in [wine] drinking select them solely on the grounds of their flavor; they are not concerned with their application in medication. Still, when [consumed] over a long period of time, [wines] will inevitably cause illness. The fact is, the activities [of wine in the body] may be harmful and beneficial. Should not one be careful there? During the Han era, [the Emperor] conferred wine upon his councilors and senior advisors. Glutinous rice [wine] was rated as the best wine. That made from non-glutinous panicled millet was considered mediocre, that made from short millet was considered inferior. Today, wine added to medication as an “assistant” or “guiding” substance is the one prepared from glutinous rice. To be brewed properly, it is made from clear water and white wheat flour yeast/ferment. When the ancients made [wine] they did not use yeast/ferment to which had been added any pharmaceutical drugs. Hence the [therapeutic] potential and strength [of their wine] was harmonious and concentrated. It was superior to any other wine. Today, people use grain sprouts to make [wine]. The fact is, the result is li 醴, “sweet wine,” not jiu 酒. The Shu states: “To make jiu 酒 and li 醴, yeast/ferment and grain sprouts are required.” For wine, jiu 酒, one resorts to yeast/ferment; for li 醴 one resorts to grain sprouts. Their qi and flavor lie very far apart; how could it be that their therapeutic [effects] are not different? [Wang] Ying: Wine from Dong yang is the best to be added to medication. The name of this wine was established in antiquity.



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The production method recorded in the Shi lin guang ji lists yeast/ferment also as used in medication. Today, that does not happen any longer. [Wine] is made only by mixing wheat bran and flour with the juice of knotweed to take advantage of the latter’s acrid and pungent strength. Knotweed also resolves poison. [This wine] is clear and fragrant and reaches distant regions. Its color is golden-yellow. Drinking it does not make one drunk. It does not cause headache, a dry mouth and outflow. The water it includes is heaver than other waters. [Wine] made in the neighborhood [of Dong yang] is not the same. All these [differences/characteristics] depend on the quality of water and soil [of the regions where the wine is made]. In Lu zhou [they make] the “golden tub dew,” jin pen lu 金盆露. They mix water with ginger juice to make a ferment, and with immersed cooked rice they do the brewing. The delicious quality [of this wine] is praiseworthy, but in terms of color and fragrance it is inferior to that from Dong yang because the water is not as [good as that in Dong yang]. The Ma gu wine from Jiang xi has its name because of the [Ma gu] well. Its ferment includes various pharmaceutical drugs. Bottle wine from Jin ling is based on a flawless ferment, but the water is salty. Also, it is made with ashes, its flavor is too sweet and it causes phlegm accumulation. Autumn dew white [wine] from Shan dong is of pure color and has an intense flavor. Small bottle wine from Su zhou is based on a ferment with onions, mung beans and aconitum [main tuber]. Drinking it causes headache and thirst. Mung bean wine from Huai an is based on a ferment with mung beans. It can dissolve poison but has ashes and is not delicious. [Li] Shizhen: Dong yang wine is Jin hua wine. It is the ancient Lan ling. Li Taibo in one of his poems speaks of it as “delicious wine from Lan ling with tulips.” It is good, no matter whether it is consumed regularly or added to medication. The Xiang ling wine from Shan xi and the Job’s tears wine from Su zhou, both are clear with an intense [flavor]. However, their ferment also includes pharmaceutical drugs. Yellow wine includes ashes. In Qin and Shu they have the za ma 咂嘛, “sipped,” wine. It is made from rice, wheat/barley, glutinous panicled millet, glutinous spiked millet and pharmaceutical ferment. They are given into small small-mouthed jars that are sealed to further the brewing process. It is drunk by sucking it in with a tube. The grain qi in it are diverse, and the wine is neither clear nor delicious. Also, it cannot be added to medication. 25-24-01 米酒 Mi jiu Rice wine.

【氣味】苦、甘、辛，大熱，有毒。【詵曰】久飲傷神損壽，軟筋骨，動 氣痢。醉卧當風，則成癜風。醉浴冷水成痛痺。服丹砂人飲之，頭痛吐

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熱。【士良曰】凡服丹砂、北庭、石亭脂、鍾乳、礜石、生薑，並不可長 用酒下，能引石藥氣入四肢，滯血化爲癰疽。【藏器曰】凡酒忌諸甜物。 酒漿照人無影，不可飲。祭酒自耗，不可飲。酒合乳飲，令人氣結。同牛 肉食，令人生蟲。酒後卧黍穰，食猪肉，患大風。【時珍曰】酒後食芥及 辣物，緩人筋骨。酒後飲茶，傷腎臟，腰脚重墜，膀胱冷痛，兼患痰飲水 腫、消渴攣痛之疾。一切毒藥，因酒得者難治。又酒得鹹而解者，水制火 也，酒性上而鹹潤下也。又畏枳椇、葛花、赤豆花、緑豆粉者，寒勝熱也。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, sweet, acrid, very hot, poisonous. [Meng] Shen: Drunk over a long time it harms the spirit and is detrimental to longevity. It softens sinews and bones, excites the qi and causes free-flux illness. When one lies down drunk and is exposed to wind, this results in [white] patches-illness.1285 Bathing while drunk, [rice wine] lets the water generate a painful blockage. When persons who ingest cinnabar drink [rice wine], they develop headache, vomiting and heat. [Chen] Shiliang: When [people] ingest cinnabar, sal ammoniac, amorphous red sulphur, stalactites, arsenolite and fresh ginger, it is not appropriate to always send them down with wine. That would lead the qi of the mineral drugs into the four limbs, where stagnating blood turns into obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.1286 [Chen] Cangqi: When [drinking any] wine, all kinds of sweet items should be avoided. If a wine is pasty and fails to reflect one’s image, it must not be drunk. Sacrificial wine decreases by itself. It must not be drunk. Wine drunk together with milk lets one’s qi congeal to nodes. [Wine drunk] when eating beef, lets one develop worms/bugs. When having drunk wine one lies down on [a mat made from] stalks of glutinous panicled millet, he will suffer from massive wind.1287 [Li] Shizhen: To consume wine and then mustard and other hot items, relaxes one’s sinews and bones. Drinking wine first and then tea harms the long-term depot of the kidneys, causes a feeling of sagging heaviness in the lower back and the legs, and a painful urinary bladder related to the presence of cold. Furthermore, [it induces] illnesses such as phlegm rheum and water swelling, melting with thirst1288 and painful cramps. Any [disease] acquired by poisonous medication will get more difficult to cure following a drinking of wine. [In such a situation, the patient should drink] more wine with salt to 1285 [Bai] dian feng [白]癜風, “[white] patches wind,” a condition of white skin patches without pain and itching. BCGM Dict I, 46.

1286 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness, impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

1287 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” may refer to sores caused by a massive intrusion of wind evil and also to conditions of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111. 1288 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.



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resolve [the poison] because water can check fire. The nature of wine is to rise, while salt moisturizes what is below. Also, [wine] fears hovenia [fruit], pueraria [root], red mung bean flowers, and green mung bean powder, because cold overcomes heat. 【主治】行藥勢，殺百邪惡毒氣。别録。通血脉，厚腸胃，潤皮膚，散濕 氣，消憂發怒，宣言暢意。藏器。養脾氣，扶肝，除風下氣。孟詵。解馬 肉、桐油毒，丹石發動諸病，熱飲之甚良。時珍。 Control. It stimulates the strength of pharmaceutical drugs to move [through the body]. It kills the hundreds of evil, malign, poisonous qi. Bie lu. It penetrates the blood vessels, solidifies the intestines and the stomach, moisturizes the skin, disperses moisture qi, dissolves grief and stimulates rage, makes one talkative and frees one’s ideas from restrictions. [Chen] Cangqi: It nourishes spleen qi, supports the liver, eliminates wind and sends down qi. Meng Shen. It resolves the poison of horse meat and vernicia tree oil. [It serves to cure] all types of diseases induced by elixir minerals, and is very good when drunk hot. [Li] Shizhen. 25-24-02 糟底酒 Zao di jiu

Wine from the bottom of wine brewing residue/sediment. 三年臘糟下取之。開胃下食，暖水臟，温腸胃，消宿食，禦風寒，殺一切 蔬菜毒。日華。止嘔噦，摩風瘙、腰膝疼痛。孫思邈。 Recover it from underneath the wine brewing residue/sediment of the 12th month that was dormant for three years. It opens the stomach and sends down food. It provides the water long-term depot (i. e., the kidneys) with heat and warms the intestines and the stomach. It dissolves food that has remained [in the body] overnight, protects against wind and cold, and kills all types of vegetable poison. Rihua. It ends vomiting and retching and is rubbed into [regions with] itching related to wind-intrusion and painful lower back and knees. Sun Simiao. 25-24-03 老酒 Lao jiu Old wine.

臘月釀造者，可經數十年不壞。和血養氣，暖胃辟寒，發痰動火。時珍。 Wine brewed in the 12th month can remain unspoiled for decades. It harmonizes the blood and nourishes the qi, warms the stomach and wards off cold, sets free phlegm and excites fire. [Li] Shizhen.

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25-24-04 春酒 Chun jiu Spring wine.

清明釀造者，亦可經久。常服令人肥白。孟詵。蠼螋尿瘡，飲之至醉，須 臾蟲出如米也。李絳兵部手集。 Wine brewed during the Pure Brightness festival (April 5) can also be kept for a long time. Ingested regularly, it lets one become fat and gives one a white complexion. Meng Shen. [To cure] sores caused by earwig urine, drink [spring wine] until you are intoxicated, and after a short while the worms/bugs will come out; they resemble husked rice grains. Li Jiang, Bing bu shou ji. 25-24-05 社壇餘胙酒拾遺 She tan yu zuo jiu Shi yi Wine placed on a sacrificial altar with further prepared food. FE Shi yi 治小兒語遲，納口中佳。又以噴屋四角，辟蚊子。藏器。飲之治聾。【時 珍曰】按海録碎事云：俗傳社酒治聾，故李濤有“社翁今日没心情，爲寄治 聾酒一瓶”之句。 It serves to cure children with a delayed development of speech and yields excellent results when given into [the child’s] mouth. Also, sprayed into the four corners of a room, it wards off mosquitoes. [Chen] Cangqi. Drunk, it serves to cure deafness. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Hai lu sui shi, “a widespread tradition has it that sacrificial wine serves to cure deafness. This is why in the work of Li Tao the following sentence is found: ‘The old man performing the sacrifice is not in an appropriate mood today because he deposits a bottle of wine that serves to cure deafness’.” 25-24-06 糟筍節中酒 Zao sun jie zhong jiu

Wine in the internodes of bamboo shoots marinated with wine brewing residue. 【氣味】鹹，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】飲之主噦氣嘔逆，或加小兒乳及牛乳同服。又摩癧瘍風。藏器。 Control. To drink it serves to control vomiting with qi counterflow. Some ingest it with nursing milk and cow milk added. Also, it is rubbed on pervasion-illness with ulcer wind.1289 [Chen] Cangqi. 1289 Li yang feng 癧瘍風, “pervasion-illness with ulcer wind,” a condition of white macules and dots appearing on the skin in the neck, on the chest, and below the armpits, with-



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25-24-07 東陽酒 Dong yang jiu

Wine made in Dongyang. 【氣味】甘、辛，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, acrid, nonpoisonous. 【主治】用制諸藥良。 Control. Used to check [the effects of ] all types of medication, it yields good results. 【發明】【弘景曰】大寒凝海，惟酒不冰，明其性熱，獨冠群物。藥家多 用以行其勢，人飲多則體弊神昏，是其有毒故也。博物志云：王肅、張 衡、馬均三人，冒霧晨行。一人飲酒，一人飽食，一人空腹。空腹者死， 飽食者病，飲酒者健。此酒勢辟惡，勝於作食之效也。【好古曰】酒能行 諸經不止，與附子相同。味之辛者能散，苦者能下，甘者能居中而緩。用 爲導引，可以通行一身之表，至極高分。味淡者則利小便而速下也。古人 惟以麥造麴釀黍，已爲辛熱有毒。今之醖者加以烏頭、巴豆、砒霜、薑、 桂、石灰、竈灰之類大毒大熱之藥，以增其氣味。豈不傷冲和，損精神， 涸榮衛，竭天癸，而夭夫人壽耶？【震亨曰】本草止言酒熱而有毒，不言 其濕中發熱，近於相火，醉後振寒戰慄可見矣。又性喜升，氣必隨之，痰 鬱于上，溺澀于下，恣飲寒凉，其熱内鬱，肺氣大傷。其始也病淺，或嘔 吐，或自汗，或瘡疥，或鼻皶，或泄利，或心脾痛，尚可散而去之。其久 也病深，或消渴，或内疽，或肺痿，或鼓脹，或失明，或哮喘，或勞瘵， 或癲癎，或痔漏，爲難名之病，非具眼未易處也。夫醇酒性大熱，飲者適 口，不自覺也。理宜冷飲，有三益焉。過于肺，入於胃，然後微温，肺得 温中之意，可以補氣。次得寒中之温，可以養胃。冷酒行遲，傳化以漸， 人不得恣飲也。今則不然，圖取快喉舌焉爾。【頴曰】人知戒早飲，而 不知夜飲更甚。既醉既飽，睡而就枕，熱擁傷心傷目。夜氣收斂，酒以發 之，亂其清明，勞其脾胃，停濕生瘡，動火助慾，因而致病者多矣。朱 子云：以醉爲節可也。【機曰】按扁鵲云：過飲腐腸爛胃，潰髓蒸筋，傷 神損壽。昔有客訪周顗，出美酒二石。顗飲一石二斗，客飲八斗。次明， 顗無所苦，客已脇穿而死矣。豈非犯扁鵲之戒乎。【時珍曰】酒，天之美 禄也。麪麴之酒，少飲則和血行氣，壯神禦寒，消愁遣興。痛飲則傷神耗 血，損胃亡精，生痰動火。邵堯夫詩云：“美酒飲教微醉後。”此得飲酒之 妙，所謂醉中趣、壺中天者也。若夫沉湎無度，醉以爲常者，輕則致疾敗 行，甚則喪邦亡家而隕軀命，其害可勝言哉？此大禹所以疏儀狄，周公所 以著酒誥，爲世範戒也。

out itching or pain. BCGM Dict I, 315.

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Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: When in times of severe cold even the sea water congeals, wine is the only [liquid] that does not freeze. Obviously, its nature is hot, and in that regard it surpasses all other items. Pharmaceutical experts often use it to stimulate the movement of the strength [of their pharmaceutical drugs], and people often drink it with the result that their body is harmed and their spirit is confused. The reason is: it is poisonous! The Bo wu zhi states: “Three men, Wang Su, Zhang Heng and Ma Jun, braving dense fog went on a journey in the early morning. One of them had drunk wine. One of them had eaten to his repletion. One of them had left his abdomen empty. He who had his abdomen left empty died. He who had eaten to repletion, fell ill. He who had drunk wine remained healthy.” That shows the strength of wine to repel the malign, with effects superior to food. [Wang] Haogu: Wine can stimulate the movement in all the conduits without end; in that it has the same effects as aconitum [accessory tuber]. [Substances of an] acrid flavor can disperse. Those of a bitter [flavor] can send down. Those that are sweet remain in the center and relax. When [wine] is used to guide them, they can penetrate the outer regions of the human body and reach its uppermost sections. [Substances with a] mild flavor [supported by wine] stimulate urination and rapid discharge. The ancients prepared ferments only with wheat/barley, and used glutinous panicled rice for brewing. [The wine they made] was already acrid, hot and poisonous. The liquor made today has aconitum [main tuber], croton seeds, arsenic, ginger, cassia bark, lime and ashes from a furnace added to it. These are pharmaceutical drugs of massive poison and great heat, and their qi and flavor are given further weight [by their admixture to alcohol]. How could it be that this is not harmful to a harmonious [balance of qi], that this is not detrimental to the essence spirit, that this does not dry up camp and guardian [qi], that this does not exhaust the heavenly gui,1290 and thereby brings a long human life to an early end? [Zhu] Zhenheng: The Ben cao simply states: “Wine is hot and poisonous.” It does not mention that it sets free heat from within moisture, quite similar to the minister fire. That is obvious from an aversion to cold and shivering exhibited by [persons] after having become drunk. Also, by its nature [wine] tends to ascend, and the qi must follow it. [As a result] phlegm is pent-up above, and the discharge of urine is roughened. [Such persons] drink cold beverages without restraint and the heat pents up internally with massive harm to the lung. In the beginning, the disease is mild. As long as it has resulted 1290 Tian gui 天癸, “heavenly gui,” is a concept introduced in the Su wen, ch. 1. Ancient authors have offered different explanations, but it has remained untranslatable. See Paul U. Unschuld and Hermann Tessenow, Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen. An Annotated Translation of Huang Di’s Inner Classic. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2011. Vol. I, 37.



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in vomiting, spontaneous sweating, sores and jie-illness,1291 nose sediments, outflow and free flow, or pain in the central and abdominal region, [the poison of wine] can still be dispersed and eliminated. When it has lasted for a long time, the disease reaches into the depth. When it has resulted in melting with thirst,1292 internal impediment-illness,1293 lung dysfunction,1294 [abdominal] drum-like distension, loss of eyesight, roaring panting, exhaustion consumption, peak-illness and epilepsy, and piles fistula, it is a disease that may be called difficult, and someone without expertise will not find it easy to control it. Now, thick wine is by nature very hot. When drunk it pleases the mouth and [the drinker] fails to notice [the heat] himself. In principle, wine should be drunk cold. Then its benefits are threefold. It passes through the lung and enters the stomach. [The stomach] is slightly warmed. When the lung is affected by the warmth in the [wine], it can supplement the qi. As a second [effect], the heat in the cold [wine] can nourish the stomach. [Finally,] the movement of cold wine is slow and its transformation is gradual. Therefore, people do not drink it unrestrained. But today, this is different. [Drinkers] simply wish to please their throat and tongue with it. [Wang] Ying: People are aware of warnings to drink [wine] in the morning, but they do not know that drinking in the evening is even more [hazardous]. When one goes to bed and sleeps having drunk to intoxication and having eaten to repletion, the accumulated heat harms the heart and harms the eyes. During the night, the qi are collected. When they are set free by wine, they disturb a clear and bright [mind], exhaust [the qi of ] spleen and stomach, halt moisture and generate sores, excite fire and support lust. The diseases set off are many. Master Zhu has stated: “When intoxicated, it is right to restrain oneself.” [Wang] Ji: According to Bian Que, “excessive drinking lets the intestines rot and the stomach decay. It causes uncontrolled loss of marrow and steams the sinews. It harms the spirit and is detrimental to a long life.” Once a friend visited Zhou Kai and had brought with him two dan of delicious wine. [Zhou] Kai drank one dan and two dou. His guest drank eight dou. The next morning, [Zhou] Kai had nothing to complain about. His guest had his flanks pierced and died. Does not this contradict Bian Que’s warnings? [Li] Shizhen: Wine is a delicacy bestowed by 1291 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

1292 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567. 1293 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277.

1294 Fei wei 肺痿, “lung dysfunction.” A condition of a desiccation of lung lobes or feebleness with loss of function, resulting in a feeling of a pressed chest and panting, as well as spitting of turbid saliva with foam. BCGM Dict I, 156.

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heaven. Wine made from ferment based on wheat flour and drunk in small amounts harmonizes the blood and stimulates the movement of qi; it strengthens the spirit and guards against cold, it dissolves worries and lifts the mood. Drunk intensely, it harms the spirit and diminishes the blood, injures the stomach and wastes essence/ sperm, generates phlegm and excites fire. Shao Yaofu in a poem states: “Let them know that after drinking delicious wine only a mild intoxication should result.” He understood the wondrous nature of drinking wine. That is what is called “delight in being drunk” and “heaven in a wine flask.” To get heavily drunk and be regularly intoxicated, in mild cases entails illness and harms one’s activities. In severe cases it leads to the decline of the country, the detriment of the family and the loss of life. The disaster [caused by unrestrained drinking of wine] cannot be expressed by language. For this reason, the Great Yu distanced himself from Yi Di, and the Duke of Zhou wrote his “Advisory Instructions on Wine” as a warning to the world to comply with the law. 【附方】舊十一，新六。 Added Recipes. Eleven of old, six newly [recorded]. 驚怖卒死。温酒灌之即醒。 Sudden death caused by fright. Force-feed [the patient] with warm wine and he will wake up. 鬼擊諸病。卒然着人，如刀刺狀，胸脇腹内切痛，不可抑按，或吐血、鼻 血、下血，一名鬼排。以醇酒吹兩鼻内，良。肘後。 All types of disease caused by a demon’s assault. It suddenly strikes a person as if pierced by a knife, with a piercing pain in the chest, the flanks and the abdomen. [The region affected] cannot be pressed. This may go along with vomiting of blood, nosebleed, and blood discharge. Another name is “demon push.” Blow thick wine into both nostrils. Good. Zhou hou. 馬氣入瘡。或馬汗、馬毛入瘡，皆致腫痛煩熱，入腹則殺人。多飲醇酒， 至醉即愈，妙。肘後方。 Horse qi has entered a wound. This may be the sweat of a horse, or a horse hair that has entered a wound. In all cases this leads to swelling, pain and vexing heat, and will kill one when it has entered the abdomen. Drink much thick wine to get drunk. That results in a cure. Wondrous. Zhou hou fang.



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虎傷人瘡。但飲酒，常令大醉，當吐毛出。梅師。 Wounds resulting from harm caused by a tiger. Only drink wine for an extended period of time until you get heavily drunk. That causes vomiting of hair. Mei shi. 蛇咬成瘡。暖酒淋洗瘡上，日三次。廣利方。 A wound resulting from a snakebite. Pour warm wine over the wound to wash it. Three times a day. Guang li fang. 蜘蛛瘡毒。同上方。 Wound with poison caused by a spider. Recipe identical with the one above. 毒蜂螫人。方同上。 A poisonous bee/wasp has stung one. Recipe identical with the one above. 咽傷聲破。酒一合，酥一匕，乾薑末二匕，和服，日三次。十便良方。 Harmed throat with a broken voice. Mix one ge of wine, one spoon of butter and two spoons of dried ginger powder and ingest this, three times a day. Shi bian liang fang. 卅年耳聾。酒三升，漬牡荆子一升，七日去滓，任性飲之。千金方。 Deafness that has lasted for 30 years. Soak one sheng of vitex herb seeds in three sheng of wine for seven days. Remove the dregs and drink [the liquid] at will. Qian jin fang. 天行餘毒，手足腫痛欲斷。作坑深三尺，燒熱灌酒，着屐居坑上，以衣壅 之，勿令泄氣。類要方。 Poison that has remained [in the body following an] epidemic. Hands and feet are swollen, ache and one would prefer them to be severed. Dig a pit three chi deep. Burn a fire in it to heat it and pour wine into it. [Let the patient] sit above the pit with his shoes on and cover him with his clothes. The qi must not be allowed to flow off. Lei yao fang. 下部痔慝。掘地作小坑，燒赤，以酒沃之，納吴茱萸在内坐之。不過三 度，良。外臺。 Piles. Dig a small pit, heat it with fire until it has become red and pour wine into it. Place evodia [fruits] into it and [let the patient] sit on it. No more than three such applications are required. Good. Wai tai.

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産後血悶。清酒一升，和生地黄汁煎服。梅師。 Blood [disorder] and heart-pressure following childbirth. Mix one sheng of clear wine with fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] juice and ingest this. Mei shi. 身面疣目。盗酸酒酻，洗而咒之曰：疣疣，不知羞。酸酒酻，洗你頭。急 急如律令。咒七遍，自愈。外臺。 Warts on the face and the body. Steal sour wine from a libation pot, wash [the affected region], and recite the following incantations: “Warts-illness, warts-illness that knows no shame. With sour wine from a libation pot [I] wash your head. Quick, quick. This is equivalent to an order.” Recite this seven times and a cure will be achieved. Wai tai. 斷酒不飲。酒七升，朱砂半兩，瓶浸緊封，安猪圈内，任豬摇動，七日取 出，頓飲。又方：正月一日酒五升，淋碓頭杵下，取飲之。千金方。 To stop wine drinking. Soak half a liang of cinnabar in seven sheng of wine in a bottle and tightly seal it. Place [the bottle] in a pigsty and let the pigs toss it around at will. Remove [the liquid] after seven days and drink it all at once. Another recipe: On the first day of the first month, pour five sheng of wine on the tip of a pestle used for hulling rice, recover [the liquid] and drink it. Qian jin fang. 丈夫脚冷不隨，不能行者。用淳酒三斗，水三斗，入甕中，灰火温之，漬 脚至膝。常着灰火，勿令冷，三日止。千金方。 A husband has cold in his legs that no longer follow his will, and he is unable to walk. Pour three dou of undiluted wine and three dou of water into an earthen jar, warm it in an ash fire and soak the legs up to the knees [in the liquid]. Continuously feed the ash fire and do not let it cool down. End [the therapy] after three days. Qian jin fang. 海水傷裂。凡人爲海水鹹物所傷，及風吹裂，痛不可忍。用蜜半斤，水酒 三十斤，防風、當歸、羌活、荆芥各二兩爲末，煎湯浴之。一夕即愈。使 琉球録。 Chapped [skin] harmed by sea water. Whenever someone was harmed by sea water or salty items, or [skin] is chapped because of an exposure to wind, with unbearable pain. Grind two liang each of saposhnikovia [root], Chinese angelica [root], notopterygium [root] and schizonepeta [herb] into powder, boil it in a mixture of half a jin of honey and 30 jin of wine diluted with water, and bathe [the affected region in the liquid]. A cure will be achieved that same night. Shi Liu qiu lu.



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【附諸酒方】 Added Recipes.prepared with all types of wine. 【時珍曰】本草及諸書並有治病釀酒諸方。今輯其簡要者，以備參考。藥 品多者，不能盡録。 [Li] Shizhen: The Ben cao and various other books include all types of recipes to cure disease with brewed wine. Here now, simple and important ones are recorded to be consulted for later use. Those with many pharmaceutical drugs are not fully recorded here. 25-24-08 愈瘧酒 Yu nue jiu

Wine to heal malaria. 治諸瘧疾，頻頻温飲之。四月八日，水一石，麴一斤爲末，俱酘水中。待 酢煎之，一石取七斗。待冷，入麴四斤。一宿，上生白沫起。炊秫一石冷 酘，三日酒成。賈思勰齊民要術。 To cure all types of malaria. Frequently drink it warm. On the eighth day of the fourth month prepare one dan of water. Grind one jin of mould ferment and give all of it into the water. Wait until a vinegar has resulted, and boil the dan down to seven dou. Wait until it has cooled down and add four jin of the ferment. After one night a white foam will have risen to the surface. Cook one dan of glutinous spiked millet, wait until it has cooled down and add it [to the liquid]. After three days the wine is ready. Jia Sixie, Qi min yao shu. 25-24-09 屠蘇酒 Tu su jiu

The wine to slaughter Su. 陳延之小品方云：此華佗方也。元旦飲之，辟疫癘一切不正之氣。造法： 用赤术、桂心各七錢五分，防風一兩，菝葜五錢，蜀椒、桔梗、大黄五錢 七分，烏頭二錢五分，赤小豆十四枚，以三角絳囊盛之，除夜懸井底，元 旦取出置酒中，煎數沸。舉家東向，從少至長，次第飲之。藥滓還投井 中，歲飲此水，一世無病。【時珍曰】蘇[魀－介＋虫]，鬼名。此藥屠割鬼 爽，故名。或云，草庵名也。 Chen Yanzhi in his Xiao pin fang states: “This is a recipe of Hua Tuo. Drunk on New Year’s Day it wards off epidemics and all improper qi. The production method: Fill into a triangular crimson colored bag seven qian and five fen each of red atractylodes [rhizome] and shaved cinnamom bark, one liang of saposhnikovia [root], five

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qian of Chinese sarsaparilla [rhizome], Si chuan pepper, platycodon [root],1295 five qian and seven fen of rhubarb root, two qian and five fen of aconitum [main tuber] and 14 red mung beans. On New Year’s Eve hang [the bag] above the bottom of a well. The next morning place it into wine and boil it several times to bubbling. Then the entire family drinks it, facing East, from youngest member one after another to the oldest. The dregs left are thrown back into the well. When the water from this well is drunk throughout the coming year, no one will fall ill.” [Li] Shizhen: Su Kui is the name of a demon. This medication “slaughters”, tu 屠, demons by cutting them. Hence the name. Others say, that it is the name of a thatched monastery. 25-24-10 逡巡酒 Qun xun jiu Qun xun wine.

補虚益氣，去一切風痺濕氣。久服益壽耐老，好顔色。造法：三月三日收 桃花三兩三錢，五月五日收馬藺花五兩五錢，六月六日收脂麻花六兩六 錢，九月九日收黄甘菊花九兩九錢，陰乾。十二月八日取臘水三斗。待春 分，取桃仁四十九枚好者，去皮尖，白麪十斤正，同前花和作麴，紙包四 十九日。用時白水一瓶，麴一丸，麪一塊，封良久成矣。如淡再加一丸。 It supplements depletion by boosting qi, and removes all types of blockage related to wind [intrusion] and moisture qi. Ingested over a long time it boosts long life, helps to endure aging and improves complexion. The production method: On the third day of the third month collect three liang and three qian of peach flowers. On the fifth day of the fifth month collect five liang and five qian of Chinese irish flowers. On the sixth day of the sixth month collect six liang and six qian of sesame flowers. On the ninth day of the ninth month collect nine liang and nine qian of yellow, sweet chrysanthemum flowers and dry them in the yin (i. e., shade). On the eighth day of the twelfth month obtain three dou of water collected in the twelfth month. Wait until spring equinox, gather 49 good peach kernels, with their skin and tips removed, and ten jin of white wheat flour. Add [the kernels and the flour] to the flowers mentioned above to make a mould ferment, wrapped in paper for 49 days. When the time has come, give one pill of the ferment and one lump of flour into one bottle of clear water and keep it sealed for a long time until [the wine] is ready. If it is bland, add another pill [of the ferment].

1295 Quantities of Si chuan pepper and platycodon root missing.



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25-24-11 五加皮酒 Wu jia pi jiu

Wine made with the bark of acanthopanax. 去一切風濕痿痺，壯筋骨，填精髓。用五加皮洗刮去骨煎汁，和麴、米釀 成，飲之。或切碎袋盛，浸酒煮飲。或加當歸、牛膝、地榆諸藥。 It removes all types of dysfunction and blockage related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of moisture, strengthens sinews and bones and fills up essence and marrow. Wash acanthopanax roots, cut them to remove the “bone” and boil it. Mix the resulting juice with ferment and rice and brew [the wine]. When it is ready, drink it. Or cut [the acanthopanax roots] into pieces, fill them in a bag, soak it in wine, boil it and drink it. Or, add the following pharmaceutical drugs: Chinese angelica [root], achyranthes [root] and sanguisorba [root]. 25-24-12 白楊皮酒 Bai yang pi jiu

Wine made with poplar bark. 治風毒脚氣，腹中痰癖如石。以白楊皮切片，浸酒起飲。 It serves to cure leg qi1296 associated with wind [intrusion] poison, and stone-like phlegm aggregation-illness in the abdomen. Cut white poplar bark into sclices, soak them in wine, and when they have risen to the surface, drink [the liquid]. 25-24-13 女貞皮酒 Nü zhen pi jiu

Wine made with privet bark. 治風虚，補腰膝。女貞皮切片，浸酒煮飲之。 It serves to cure depletion related to wind [intrusion] and supplements [the qi of ] the lower back and the knees. Cut privet [bark] into slices, soak them in wine, boil it and drink the [liquid]. 25-24-14 仙靈脾酒 Xian ling pi jiu

Wine made with epimedium herb. 治偏風不遂，强筋堅骨。仙靈脾一斤，袋盛，浸無灰酒二斗，密封三日， 飲之。聖惠方。

1296 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

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It serves to cure hemilateral wind1297 with [body functions] not following one’s will. It strengthens the sinews and hardens the bones. Fill a bag with one jin of epimedium herb, soak it in two dou of ash-free wine and keep it tightly sealed for three days. Then drink the [liquid]. Sheng hui fang. 25-24-15 薏苡仁酒 Yi yi ren jiu

Wine made with the seeds of Job’s tears. 去風濕，强筋骨，健脾胃。用絶好薏苡仁粉，同麴、米釀酒，或袋盛煮酒 飲之。 It removes wind [intrusion] and moisture, strengthens the sinews and the bones, and invigorates spleen and stomach. Brew wine with a powder of very good Job’s tears kernels combined with mould ferment and rice. Or fill a bag, boil it in wine and drink it. 25-24-16 天門冬酒 Tian men dong jiu

Wine made with asparagus root. 潤五臟，和血脉。久服除五勞七傷，癲癎惡疾。常令酒氣相接，勿令大 醉，忌生冷。十日當出風疹毒氣，三十日乃已，五十日不知風吹也。冬月 用天門冬去心煮汁，同麴、米釀成。初熟微酸，久乃味佳。千金。 It moisturizes the five long-term depots and harmonizes the blood vessels. Ingested over a long time it eliminates the five types of exhaustion, seven types of harm, and peak-illness with epilepsy, all such malign illnesses. Let the qi of the wine permanently interact [with you], but do not get overly drunk. [During such a therapy,] fresh and cold items should be avoided. Within ten days poison qi will be released through wind papules.1298 After 30 days, [the health problems] will have ended. After 50 days you will not even notice it when the wind is blowing at you. During winter months, boil asparagus [roots], with their “heart” removed, to obtain a juice. Mix it with mould ferment and rice to brew [wine]. In the beginning of its ripening it is a bit sour. After a long time, the flavor is excellent. Qian jin.

1297 Pian feng 偏風, “hemilateral wind,” a condition of unilateral loss of function and inability to move at one’s will. Often an aftereffect of wind stroke. BCGM Dict I, 376.

1298 Feng zhen 風疹, “wind papules,” a condition, brought forth by wind evil, of eruptive skin papules of different sizes, accompanied by unbearable itching. If scratched they rise further. BCGM Dict I, 172.



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25-24-17 百靈藤酒 Bai ling teng jiu

Wine made with the hundredfold numinous vine.1299 治諸風。百靈藤十斤，水一石，煎汁三斗，入糯米三斗，神麴九斤，如常 釀成。三五日，更炊糯飯投之，即熟。澄清日飲，以汗出爲效。聖惠方。 It serves to cure all types of wind [intrusion]. Boil ten jin of bai ling teng in one dan of water down to a juice of three dou. Add three dou of glutinous rice and nine jin1300 of divine yeast/ferment, and brew this [to wine] as usual. After three to five days, cook steamed glutinous rice, give it into [the pot],1301 and [the wine] will have matured soon. Let the liquid become clear and drink it over the course of one day. If you start to sweat, it is proof of its effect. Sheng hui fang. 25-24-18 白石英酒 Bai shi ying jiu

Wine made with milky quartz. 治風濕周痺，肢節濕痛，及腎虚耳聾。用白石英、磁石煅醋淬七次各五 兩，絹袋盛，浸酒中五六日，温飲。酒少更添之。聖濟總録。 It serves to cure blockage throughout [the body] related to wind [intrusion] and moisture, painful joints related to the presence of moisture, and kidney depletion with deafness. Fill a silk bag with five liang each of milky quartz and magnetite, calcined and dipped in water seven times. Soak it in wine for five to six days and drink the warm [liquid]. When the wine available has decreased, add more. Sheng ji zong lu. 25-24-19 地黄酒 Di huang jiu

Wine made with Chinese foxglove [rhizome]. 補虚弱，壯筋骨，通血脉，治腹痛，變白髮。用生肥地黄絞汁，同麴、米 封密器中。五七日啓之，中有緑汁，真精英也，宜先飲之，乃濾汁藏貯。 加牛膝汁效更速，亦有加群藥者。 1299 Bai ling teng 百靈藤, an unidentified herb, 18-68.

1300 Instead of jin 斤, Sheng hui fang ch. 25, zhi yi qie feng tong yong jin jiu yao zhu fang 治一 切風通用浸酒藥諸方, “various recipes of medication soaked in wine to cure all types of wind [intrusion],” writes liang 兩. 1301 Instead of geng chui nuo fan tuo zhi 更炊糯飯投之, Sheng hui fang ch. 25, zhi yi qie feng tong yong jin jiu yao zhu fang 治一切風通用浸酒藥諸方, “various recipes of medication soaked in wine to cure all types of wind [intrusion],” writes geng chui yi dou nuo mi fan, hou leng tuo ru weng zhong 更炊一斗糯米飯，候冷投入甕中, “cook an additional dou of glutinous rice, wait until it has cooled down and give it into the earthen jar.”。

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It supplements [qi] in the case of depletion and weakness, strengthens sinews and bones, penetrates the blood vessels, serves to cure abdominal pain and changes white hair [to black hair]. Squeeze a fresh, fat Chinese foxglove [rhizome] to obtain a juice. Keep it with yeast/ferment and husked rice in a tightly sealed vessel for five to seven days and then open it. Inside is a green juice that is the true essence bloom. It is to be drunk first. Then pass the juice through a sieve and store it. When achyranthes [root] juice is added, its effects will be even faster. There are also [wines with Chinese foxglove rhizome] to which numerous pharmaceutical drugs are added. 25-24-20 牛膝酒 Niu xi jiu

Wine made with achyranthes [root]. 壯筋骨，治痿痺，補虚損，除久瘧。用牛膝煎汁，和麴、米釀酒。或切碎 袋盛浸酒煮飲。 It strengthens sinews and bones, serves to cure dysfunction and blockage, supplements [qi] in the case of depletion and injury, and eliminates long-lasting malaria. Boil achyranthes [root] to obtain a juice, and mix it with yeast/ferment and husked rice to brew a wine. Or cut [the achyranthes root] into small pieces, fill a bag with them and boil it in wine. Drink [the liquid]. 25-24-21 當歸酒 Dang gui jiu

Wine made with Chinese angelica [root]. 和血脉，堅筋骨，止諸痛，調經水。當歸煎汁，或釀或浸，並如上法。 It harmonizes the blood vessels, hardens sinews and bones, ends all types of pain, and regulates menstruation. Boil Chinese angelica [root] to obtain a juice and either brew it [to obtain a wine], or soak [Chinese angelica root in wine]. For both, follow the methods specified above. 25-24-22 菖蒲酒 Chang pu jiu

Wine made with acorus [root]. 治三十六風，一十二痺，通血脉，治骨痿，久服耳目聰明。石菖蒲煎汁， 或釀或浸，並如上法。 It serves to cure 36 types of wind [intrusion] and 12 types of blockage. It serves to cure bone dysfunction. Ingested over a long time it clears ears and eyes. Boil acorus [root in water] to obtain a juice, and either brew it [to obtain a wine], or soak [Chinese angelica root in wine]. For both, follow the methods specified above.



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25-24 23 枸杞酒 Gou qi jiu

Wine made with lycium [fruits]. 補虚弱，益精氣，去冷風，壯陽道，止目淚，健腰脚。用甘州枸杞子煮爛 搗汁，和麴、米釀酒。或以子同生地黄袋盛，浸酒煮飲。 It supplements [qi] in the case of depletion and weakness, boosts the essence qi, envigorates the yang path (i. e., male sexual potency), ends tearflow, and strengthens lower back and legs. Boil lycium [fruits] from Gan zhou to obtain a pulpy mass and pound it to obtain a juice. Mix it with yeast/ferment and husked rice to brew a wine. Or put the seeds with fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] in a bag, soak it in wine, boil it and drink [the liquid]. 25-24-24 人參酒 Ren shen jiu

Wine made with ginseng [root]. 補中益氣，通治諸虚。用人參末同麴、米釀酒。或袋盛浸酒煮飲。 It supplements the center and boosts the qi; it serves to cure all types of depletion. Brew a wine with ginseng [root] powder, yeast/ferment and husked rice, or put [the ginseng root] in a bag, soak it in wine, boil it and drink it. 25-24-25 薯蕷酒 Shu yu jiu

Wine made with Chinese yam. 治諸風眩運，益精髓，壯脾胃。用薯蕷粉同麴、米釀酒。或同山茱萸、五 味子、人參諸藥浸酒煮飲。 It serves to cure all types of dizziness and [brain] movement/vertigo related to wind [intrusion]. It boosts essence/sperm and marrow, and strengthens the spleen and the stomach. Brew a wine with Chinese yam powder, yeast/ferment and husked rice. Or soak Chinese yam, schisandra seeds and ginseng [root], all these pharmaceutical substances, in wine, boil this and drink [the liquid]. 25-24-26 伏苓酒 Fu ling jiu

Wine made with poria. 治頭風虛眩，暖腰膝，主五勞七傷。用伏苓粉同麴、米釀酒飲之。

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It serves to cure head wind1302 with depletion and dizziness, warms the lower back and the knees and controls the five types of exhaustion and seven types of harm. Brew a wine with poria powder, yeast/ferment and husked rice and drink it. 25-24-27 菊花酒 Ju hua jiu

Wine made with chrysanthemum flowers. 治頭風，明耳目，去痿痺，消百病。用甘菊花煎汁，同麴、米釀酒。或加 地黄、當歸、枸杞諸藥亦佳。 It serves to cure head wind, clears ears and eyes, removes dysfunction and blockage, and dissolves the hundreds of diseases. Boil sweet chrysanthemum flowers to obtain a juice and mix it with yeast/ferment and husked rice to brew a wine. With Chinese foxglove [rhizome], Chinese angelica [root] and lycium [fruit] added, it is excellent, too. 25-24-28 黄精酒 Huang jing jiu

Wine made with Solomon’s seal [root]. 壯筋骨，益精髓，變白髮，治百病。用黄精、蒼术各四斤，枸杞根、柏葉 各五斤，天門冬三斤，煮汁一石，同麴十斤，糯米一石，如常釀酒飲。 It strengthens sinews and bones, boosts essence/sperm and marrow, changes white hair [to black hair] and serves to cure the hundreds of diseases. Boil four jin each of Solomon’s seal [root] and atractylodes lancea [rhizome], five jin each of lycium root and arborvitae leaves, with three jin of asparagus [root] in water to obtain one dan of a juice. Mix it with ten jin of yeast/ferment, and one dan of glutinous rice, and brew a wine as usual. Drink [the liquid]. 25-24-29 桑椹酒 Sang shen jiu

Wine made with mulberry [fruits]. 補五臟，明耳目。治水腫，不下則滿，下之則虚，入腹則十無一活。用桑 椹搗汁煎過，同麴、米如常釀酒飲。 It supplements the five long-term depots, and clears ears and eyes. It serves to cure water swelling. When [the water causing the swelling] fails to descend, a feeling of fullness results. When it descends, a depletion results. When it enters the abdomen, of ten [patients] not one survives. Pound mulberry [fruits] to obtain a juice, boil it 1302 Tou feng 頭風, “head wind.” Condition of wind evil attacking the head followed by pain, dizziness, itching. BCGM Dict I, 509.



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and mix it with yeast/ferment and husked rice to brew a wine as usual. Drink [the liquid]. 25-24-30 术酒 Zhu jiu

Wine made with atractylodes [rhizome]. 治一切風濕筋骨諸病，駐顔色，耐寒暑。用术三十斤，去皮搗，以東流水 三石，漬三十日，取汁，露一夜，浸麴、米釀成飲。 It serves to cure all types of diseases related to wind [intrusion] and the presence of moisture affecting sinews and bones. It stabilizes the complexion and helps to endure cold and summer heat. Take 30 jin of atractylodes [rhizome], remove the skin and pound it. Soak [the resulting mass] in three dan of water flowing east for 30 days. Take the juice, keep it open for one night, soak yeast/ferment and husked rice in it and brew the wine. Drink it. 25-24-31 蜜酒 Mi jiu

Wine made with honey. 孫真人曰：治風疹風癬。用沙蜜一斤，糯飯一升，麪麴五兩，熟水五升， 同入瓶内，封七日成酒。尋常以蜜入酒代之亦良。 Sun zhenren: It serves to cure wind papules1303 and wind xuan-illness.1304 Give a mixture of one jin of granulated honey, one jin of cooked glutinous rice, five liang of wheat flour yeast/ferment and five sheng of boiled water into a bottle, seal it for seven days, and the wine will be ready. To simply add honey to wine instead, that is good, too. 25-24-32 蓼酒 Liao jiu

Wine made with knotweed. 久服聰明耳目，脾胃健壯。以蓼煎汁，和麴、米釀酒飲。 Ingested for a long time it clears ears and eyes, and strengthens spleen and stomach. Boil knotweed to obtain a juice, mix it with yeast/ferment and husked rice and brew a wine to be drunk. 1303 Feng zhen 風疹, “wind papules,” a condition, brought forth by wind evil, of eruptive skin papules of different sizes, accompanied by unbearable itching. If scratched they rise further. BCGM Dict I, 172. 1304 Feng xuan 風癬, wind xuan-illness,” a condition of xuan 癬, “xuan-illness,”with a circular outer edge and local numbness. BCGM Dict I, 171, 592.

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25-24-33 薑酒 Jiang jiu

Wine made with ginger. 詵曰：治偏風，中惡疰忤，心腹冷痛，以薑浸酒，暖服一椀即止。一法： 用薑汁和麴造酒，如常服之，佳。 [Meng] Shen: It serves to cure hemilateral wind,1305 being struck by the malign, attachment-illness related to the hostile, and painful presence of cold in the central and abdominal region. Soak ginger in wine and ingest one bowl warm. [The illness] will end. Another method: Mix ginger juice with yeast/ferment to make wine the usual way. Ingest it. Excellent. 25-24-34 葱豉酒 Cong shi jiu

Wine made with onions and [soybean] relish. 詵曰：解煩熱，補虚勞，治傷寒頭痛寒熱及冷痢腸痛，解肌發汗。並以葱 根、豆豉浸酒煮飲。 [Meng] Shen: It resolves vexing heat and supplements [qi] in the case of depletion exhaustion. It serves to cure harm caused by cold, alternating sensations of cold and heat, as well as cold with free-flux illness and aching intestines. It relaxes muscles and stimulates sweating. For all these [illnesses] soak onions and [soybean] relish in wine, boil it and drink it. 25-24-35 茴香酒 Hui xiang jiu

Wine made with fennel [seeds]. 治卒腎氣痛，偏墜牽引，及心腹痛。茴香浸酒，煮飲之。舶茴尤妙。 It serves to cure sudden pain caused by [external] kidney (i. e.. testicle) qi, with a unilateral drop1306 [of the scrotum] and withdrawel/contraction [of the penis]. Also, pain in the central and abdominal region. Soak fennel [seeds] in wine, boil it and drink it. Imported fennel yields especially wondrous results.

1305 Pian feng 偏風, “hemilateral wind,” a condition of unilateral loss of function and inability to move at one’s will. Often an aftereffect of wind stroke. BCGM Dict I, 376. 1306 Pian zhui 偏墜, “hemilaterial drop,” a condition of a yin shan 陰疝, “yin elevation-disease,” characterized by a unilateral swelling of the scrotum. BCGM Dict I, 378.



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25-24-36 縮砂酒 Suo sha jiu

Wine made with bastard cardamom fruits. 消食和中，下氣，止心腹痛。砂仁炒研，袋盛浸酒，煮飲。 It dissolves food and harmonizes the center, sends down qi and ends pain in the central and abdominal region. Grind stir-fried bastard cardamom kernels [into powder], put it into a bag and soak it in wine. Boil [the liquid] and drink it. 25-24-37 莎根酒 Suo gen jiu

Wine made with nutgrass root. 治心中客熱，膀胱、脇下氣鬱，常憂不樂。以莎根一斤切，熬香，袋盛浸 酒。日夜服之，常令酒氣相續。 It serves to cure visitor heat in the heart, pent-up qi in the urinary bladder and below the flanks, and constant grief with an inability to find joy. Cut one jin of nutgrass root [to pieces] and simmer them until they are fragrant. Put them in a bag and soak it in wine. Ingest [the liquid] during day and night to let the wine qi exert a lasting effect. 25-24-38 茵蔯酒 Yin chen jiu

Wine made with artemisia scoparia [herb]. 治風疾，筋骨攣急。用茵蔯蒿炙黄一斤，秫米一石，麴三斤，如常釀酒飲。 25-24-39 青蒿酒 Qing hao jiu

Wine made with wormwood herb. 治虚勞久瘧。青蒿搗汁，煎過，如常釀酒飲。 It serves to cure depletion exhaustion and long-lasting malaria. Pound artemisia carvifolia [herbs] to obtain a juice, boil it and use it to brew a wine as usual. Drink it. 25-24-40 百部酒 Bai bu jiu

Wine made with stemona [root]. 治一切久近咳嗽。百部根切炒，袋盛浸酒，頻頻飲之。 It serves to cure cough that may have lasted a long time or has begun only recently. Cut stemona root [into pieces], stir-fry them, put them in a bag and soak it in wine. Frequently drink [the liquid].

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25-24-41 海藻酒 Hai zao jiu

Wine made with sargassum herb/brown algae. 治癭氣。海藻一斤，洗浄浸酒，日夜細飲。 It serves to cure goiter qi. Wash one jin of brown algae clean, soak them in wine and by day and night drink it in small amounts. 25-24-42 黄藥酒 Huang ye jiu

Wine made with clematis [root]. 治諸癭氣。萬州黄藥切片，袋盛浸酒，煮飲。 It serves to cure all types of goiter qi. Cut clematis [root] from Wan zhou into slices, put them in a bag, soak it in wine, boil it and drink [the liquid]. 25-24-43 仙茆酒 Xian mao jiu

Wine made with golden eye grass. 治精氣虚寒，陽痿膝弱，腰痛痺緩，諸虚之病。用仙茆九蒸九晒，浸酒飲。 It serves to cure essence qi depletion with cold, yang (i. e., male genital) dysfunction and weakness, and illnesses of all types of depletion. Steam golden eye grass nine times and dry it in the sun nine times. Then soak it in wine and drink [the liquid]. 25-24-44 通草酒 Tong cao jiu

Wine made with rice paper plant. 續五臟氣，通十二經脉，利三焦。通草子煎汁，同麴、米釀酒飲。 It adds to the qi of the five long-term depots, penetrates the twelve conduit vessels and frees the passage through the Triple Burner. Boil rice paper plant seeds to obtain a juice. Mix it with yeast/ferment and husked rice to brew a wine, and drink it. 25-24-45 南藤酒 Nan teng jiu

Wine made with piper wallichii. 治風虚，逐冷氣，除痺痛，强腰脚。石南藤煎汁，同麴、米釀酒飲。 It serves to cure wind [intrusion] with [qi] depletion. It eliminates cold qi, removes painful blockage, and strengthens the lower back and the legs. Boil piper wallichii to



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obtain a juice, mix it with yeast/ferment and husked rice to brew a wine, and drink it. 25-24-46 松液酒 Song ye jiu

Wine made with pine fluid. 治一切風痺脚氣。於大松下掘坑，置甕承取其津液一斤，釀糯米五斗，取 酒飲之。 It srves to cure all types of blockage related to wind [intrusion] and leg qi.1307 Dig a pit under a big pine, and place a jar there to collect one jin of its fluid. [Mix this liquid] with five dou of cooked glutinous rice, brew a wine and drink it. 25-24-47 松節酒 Song jie jiu

Wine made with the joints of pine twigs. 治冷風虚弱，筋骨攣痛，脚氣緩痺。松節煮汁，同麴、米釀酒飲。松葉煎 汁亦可。 It serves to cure depletion weakness associated with the presence of cold and wind [intrusion], painful contraction of sinews and bones, and leg qi, and helps to recover from blockage. Boil the joints of pine twigs to obtain a juice, mix it with yeast/ ferment and husked rice to brew a wine and drink it. It is also possible to boil pine leaves to obtain a juice. 25-24-48 柏葉酒 Bai ye jiu

Wine made with arborvitae tree leaves. 治風痺，歷節作痛。東向側柏葉煮汁，同麴、米釀酒飲。 It serves to cure blockage related to wind [intrusion], pervading joints [wind].1308 Boil arborvitae tree leaves growing east to obtain a juice. Mix it with yeast/ferment and husked rice to brew a wine, and drink it.

1307 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

1308 Li jie [feng] 歷節[風], “pervading joints [wind],” a condition of tong feng 痛風, “pain wind,” characterized by spontaneous sweating, shortness of qi/breath, aching joints, and difficulties in bending and stretching. BCGM Dict I, 314.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

25-24-49 椒柏酒 Jiao bai jiu

Wine made with Chinese pepper and arborvitae [tree twigs]. 元旦飲之，辟一切疫癘不正之氣。除夕以椒三七粒，東向側柏葉七枝，浸 酒一瓶飲之。 Drink it on New Year‘s Day to ward off all types of epidemic, improper qi. On New Year’s Eve soak three times seven pepper grains and seven arborvitae tree twigs growing east in one bottle of wine and drink [the liquid]. 25-24-50 竹葉酒 Zhu ye jiu

Wine made with [bland] bamboo leaves. 治諸風熱病，清心暢意。淡竹葉煎汁，如常釀酒飲。 It serves to cure all types of diseases related to wind [intrusion] and heat. It cools the heart and frees the thoughts. Boil bland bamboo leaves to obtain a juice and use it to prepare a wine the usual way. Drink it. 25-24-51 槐枝酒 Huai zhi jiu

Wine made with the twigs of sophora japonica trees. 治大麻痿痺。槐枝煮汁，如常釀酒飲。 It serves to cure massive numbness with dysfunction and blockage. Boil sophora japonica tree twigs to obtain a juice, use it to brew a wine as usual and drink it. 25-24-52 枳茹酒 Zhi ru jiu

Wine made with [shavings of ] unripe oranges. 治中風身直，口僻眼急。用枳殼刮茹，浸酒飲之。 It serves to cure a stiff, straight body related to a wind stroke, with a wry mouth and tense eyes. Scrape unripe orange fruits, soak [the shavings] in wine and [let the patient] drink the [liquid]. 25-24-53 牛蒡酒 Niu bang jiu

Wine made with great burdock [root]. 治諸風毒，利腰脚。用牛蒡根切片，浸酒飲之。



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It serves to cure all types of wind poison, and frees the passage through the lower back and the legs. Cut great burdock roots into slices, soak them in wine and drink the [liquid]. 25-24-54 巨勝酒 Ju sheng jiu

Wine made with sesame seeds. 治風虚痺弱，腰膝疼痛。用巨勝子二升炒香，薏苡仁二升，生地黄半斤， 袋盛浸酒飲之。 It serves to cure wind [intrusion] with [qi] depletion, blockage and weakness, as well as painful lower back and knews. Stir-fry two sheng of sesame seeds until they are fragrant and put them together with two sheng of Job’s tears kernels and half a jin of fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] in a bag. Soak it in wine and drink the [liquid]. 25-24-55 麻仁酒 Ma ren jiu

Wine made with hemp seed kernels. 治骨髓風毒，痛不能動者。取大麻子中仁炒香，袋盛浸酒飲之。 It serves to cure bone marrow affected by wind poison, with pain and an inability to move. Stir-fry hemp seed kernels until they are fragrant, put them into a bag, soak it in wine and drink the [liquid]. 25-24-56 桃皮酒 Tao pi jiu

Wine made with peach tree bark. 治水腫，利小便。桃皮煎汁，同秫米釀酒飲。 It serves to cure water swelling and stimulates urination. Boil peach tree bark to obtain a juice and use it to brew, with husked glutinous spiked millet, a wine. Drink it. 25-24-57 紅麴酒 Hong qu jiu

Wine made with dried fermented red rice. 治腹中及産後瘀血。紅麴浸酒煮飲。 It serves to cure stagnating blood in the abdomen and following childbirth. Soak dried fermented red rice in wine, boil it and drink [the liquid].

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25-24-58 神麴酒 Shen qu jiu

Wine made with divine yeast/ferment. 治閃肭腰痛。神麴燒赤，淬酒飲之。 It serves to cure painful sprained lower back. Heat divine yeast/ferment until it has turned red, dip it into wine and drink it. 25-24-59 柘根酒 Zhe gen jiu

Wine made with silkwormthorn root. 治耳聾。方具柘根下。 It serves to cure deafness. For a complete recipe, see under the entry “silkwormthorn root.”1309 25-24-59 磁石酒 Ci shi jiu

Wine made with magnetite. 治腎虚耳聾。用磁石、木通、菖蒲等分，袋盛酒浸日飲。 It serves to cure deafness related to kidney [qi] depletion. Fill equal amounts of magnetite, akebia [herb] and acorus [root] in a bag, soak it in water and drink [the liquid] daily. 25-24-60 蠶沙酒 Can sha jiu

Wine made with the excrements of second generation silkworms. 治風緩頑痺，諸節不隨，腹内宿痛。用原蠶沙炒黄，袋盛浸酒飲。 It serves to cure wind [intrusion] with paralysis and stubborn blockage, when all joints fail to follow one’s will, with an abiding abdominal pain. Stir-fry excrements of second generation silkworms until they have turned yellow, put them in a bag, soak it in wine and drink [the liquid].

1309 A reference to a recipe listed under mu bai pi, dong xing gen bai pi 木白皮, “white tree bark,” 東行根白皮, “white bark of roots growing east,” in the entry zhe 柘, silkwormthorn, BCGM 36-02.



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25-24-61 花蛇酒 Hua she jiu

Wine made with embroidered pit viper [meat]. 治諸風頑痺癱緩，攣急疼痛，惡瘡疥癩。用白花蛇肉一條，袋盛，同麴置 於缸底，糯飯蓋之，三七日取酒飲。又有群藥煮酒方甚多。 It serves to cure all types of wind [intrusion] causing stubborn blockage and paralysis, with painful contraction and tension. Also, malign sores, jie-illness1310 and repudiation-illness.1311 Fill one string of embroidered pit viper meat in a bag, and place it together with yeast/ferment on the bottom of a jar. Cover it with cooked glutinous rice. Remove the wine after three times seven days and drink it. Also, there are very many recipes of this wine with numerous pharmaceutical drugs added. 25-24-62

烏蛇酒 Wu she jiu

Wine made with black grass snakes. 治療、釀法同上。 For the [disease] it cures and the method to brew this wine, see above. 25-24-63 蚺蛇酒 Ran she jiu

Wind made with python [meat]. 治諸風痛痺，殺蟲辟瘴，治癩風、疥癬、惡瘡。用蚺蛇肉一斤，羌活一 兩，袋盛，同麴置於缸底，糯飯蓋之，釀成酒飲。亦可浸酒。詳見本條。 頴曰：廣西蛇酒，壜上安蛇數寸，其麴則采山中草藥，不能無毒也。 It serves to cure all types of wind [intrusion] with pain and blockage, kills worms/ bugs, defends against miasma, and serves to cure repudiation wind, jie-illness1312 and xuan-illness,1313 and malign sores. Fill one jin of python meat and one liang of notopterygium [root] in a bag and place it together with yeast/ferment on the bottom 1310 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

1311 Lai 癩, “lai-illness,” “repudiation-illness,” including cases of leprosy/Aussatz.” BCGM Dict I, 293. 1312 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

1313 Xuan 癬, “xuan-illness.” Conditions of dermal lesions with initially erythema, papules, and itching gradually extending in all directions to form an irregular ring with clear boundaries. The skin is slightly elevated with small papules, blisters, and/or scales and scraps. The central lesion may appear to heal spontaneously, and it may reappear. Also, a designation of local lesions with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591.

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of a jar. Cover it with cooked glutinous rice and brew this to make wine. Drink it. It is also possible, to soak [the python meat] in wine. For details, see the respective entry (43-11). 25-24-64

蝮蛇酒 Fu she jiu

Wine made with a breficaude pit viper. 治惡瘡諸瘻，惡風頑痺，癲疾。取活蝮蛇一條，同醇酒一斗，封埋馬溺 處，周年取出，蛇已消化。每服數盃，當身體習習而愈也。 It serves to cure malign sores and all types of fistula, malign wind [intrusion] and stubborn blockage, as well as peak-illness ailments. Bury, tightly sealed [in a jar], one living breficaude pit viper with one dou of undiluted wine in a place [continuously soaked] with horse urine. When it is removed after one year, the snake has dissolved. Each time ingest several cups [of the wine]. Your body will feel as if slightly blown at by wind, and that is the cure. 25-24-65 紫酒 Zi jiu

Purple wine. 治卒風，口偏不語，及角弓反張，煩亂欲死，及鼓脹不消。以鷄屎白一升 炒焦，投酒中，待紫色去滓頻飲。 It serves to cure sudden wind [intrusion], with wry mouth and inability to speak, arched back rigidity, a vexing confusion letting one wish to die, and a drum-like [abdominal] distension that fails to dissolve. Stir-fry one sheng of the white parts of chicken excrements until scorched, toss them in wine, wait until it has assumed a purple color, remove the dregs and repeatedly [let the patient] drink [the liquid]. 25-24-66 豆淋酒 Dou lin jiu

Wine made with soaked beans. 破血去風，治男子中風口喎，陰毒腹痛，及小便尿血，婦人産後一切中風 諸病。用黑豆炒焦，以酒淋之，温飲。 It breaks through blood [accumulation] and removes wind. It serves to cure males struck by wind with a wry mouth, yin poison1314 with abdominal pain, also urination 1314 Yin du 陰毒, “yin poison,” a condition a.) of shang han 傷寒, harm caused by cold, resulting in a flourishing of only yang qi and a diminution of yin qi, with cold extremities and a greenish facial complexion, pain in the abdomen and affecting the entire body, as well as a deep-lying and fine movement in the vessels, and b.) brought forth by being



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with blood. In women, following delivery, all types of diseases related to windstroke. Stir-fry black soybeans until scorched, drip wine over them and [let the patient] drink [the liquid] warm. 25-24-67 霹靂酒Pi li jiu

Wine prepared with meteorites. 治疝氣偏墜，婦人崩中下血，胎産不下。以鐵器燒赤，浸酒飲之。 It serves to cure elevation-illness1315 qi with a unilateral drop1316 [of testicles] and collapsing center with blood discharge of women, also failure of the fetus to move down during delivery. Heat an iron vessel until it has turned red, dip it in wine and drink [the liquid]. 25-24-68 龜肉酒 Gui rou jiu

Wine made with tortoise meat. 治十年咳嗽。釀法詳見龜條。 It serves to cure cough that has lasted for ten years. For details of the method to brew it, see the entry “tortoise” (45-01). 25-24-69 虎骨酒 Hu gu jiu

Wine made with tiger bones. 治臂脛疼痛，歷節風，腎虚，膀胱寒痛。虎脛骨一具，炙黄搥碎，同麴、 米如常釀酒飲。亦可浸酒。詳見虎條。 It serves to cure painful arms and shins, pervading joints wind,1317 kidney [qi] depletion, and painful presence of cold in the urinary bladder. Roast one tiger shin bone until it has assumed a yellow color and crush it into pieces. Brew them together with yeast/ferment and husked rice into wine the usual way and drink it. It is also possible, to soak [the bone] in wine. For details, see the entry “tiger” (51-02). struck by xi du 溪毒, rivulet poison, with ulcers in the body’s lower parts as if caused by the insect stingers or fish. BCGM Dict I, 633.

1315 Shan 疝, “elevation-illness,” a group of conditions characterized by violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 417.

1316 Pian zhui 偏墜, “hemilaterial drop,” a condition of a yin shan 陰疝, “yin elevation-disease,” characterized by a unilateral swelling of the scrotum. BCGM Dict I, 378.

1317 Li jie feng 歷節風, “pervading joints wind,” a condition characterized by spontaneous sweating, shortness of qi/breath, aching joints, and difficulties in bending and stretching. BCGM Dict I, 314.

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25-24-70 麋骨酒 Mi gu jiu

Wine made with Pére David‘s deer bones. 治陰虚腎弱，久服令人肥白。麋骨煮汁，同麴、米如常釀酒飲之。 It serves to cure yin [qi] depletion and kidney weakness. Ingested over a long time it makes a person fat and gives a white [complexion]. Boil Pére David‘s deer bones in water to obtain a juice and brew it together with yeast/ferment and husked rice into wine the usual way and drink it. 25-24-71 鹿頭酒 Lu tou jiu

Wine made with a deer‘s head. 治虚勞不足，消渴，夜夢鬼物，補益精氣。鹿頭煮爛搗泥，連汁和麴、米 釀酒飲。少入葱、椒。 It serves to cure depletion exhaustion with [qi] insufficiency, melting with thirst,1318 and night dreams of demonic items. It supplements and boosts essence qi. Boil a deer’s head until it has turned into a pulpy mass and pound it into pulp. Mix it with the juice with yeast/ferment and husked rice and brew wine. Drink it. Add a small amount of onions and pepper. 25-24-72 鹿茸酒 Lu rong jiu

Wine made with a stag’s pilose antlers. 治陽虚痿弱，小便頻數，勞損諸虚。用鹿茸、山藥浸酒服。詳見“鹿茸”下。 It serves to cure yang (i. e., male genital) depletion, dysfunction and weakness, frequent urination, and exhaustion injury – all such kinds of depletion. Soak a stag’s pilose antler and Chinese yam in wine and drink [the liquid]. For details, see under the entry “a stag’s pilose antler” (51-15). 25-24-73 戊戌酒 Wu xu jiu

Wine made with yellow dogs.1319 詵曰：大補元陽。頴曰：其性大熱，陰虚無冷病人，不宜飲之。用黄狗肉 一隻煮糜，連汁和麴、米釀酒飲之。 1318 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict Vol I, 567.

1319 Wu xu wine, wu xu jiu 戊戌酒, and wu xu pills, wu xu wan 戊戌丸, have yellow dogs as their main ingredients. Wu 戊 is identified in the Shuo wen, section xu 戌, as “among the



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[Meng] Shen: It massively supplements the original yang [qi]. [Wang] Ying: By its nature it is very hot. Patients with a yin [qi] depletion and no cold should not ingest it. Boil the meat of one yellow dog into a gruel, mix it with the juice with yeast/ ferment and husked rice and brew a wine. Drink it. 25-24-74 羊羔酒 Yang gao jiu

Wine made with a lamb. 大補元氣，健脾胃，益腰腎。宣和化成殿真方：用米一石，如常浸漿，嫩 肥羊肉七斤，麴十四兩，杏仁一斤，同煮爛，連汁拌末，入木香一兩同 釀，勿犯水，十日熟，極甘滑。一法：羊肉五斤蒸爛，酒浸一宿，入消梨 七個，同搗取汁，和麴、米釀酒飲之。 It massively supplements original qi, strengthens spleen and stomach, and boosts the [qi of ] the lower back and the kidneys. A genuine recipe kept in the Temple of the Propagation of Harmony and Successful Humanization: To one dan of husked rice soaked in soy sauce add seven jin of tender, fat mutton, 14 liang of yeast/ferment and one jin of apricot kernels. Boil this until a pulpy mass is created. Mix the juice with the powder, add one liang of costus [root] and brew all this together. Do not offend it with water. After ten days [the wine] has matured. It is very sweet and soft. Another method: Steam five jin of mutton into a pulpy mass. Soak it in wine for one night. Add seven pears, pound all this and take the juice. Mix it with yeast/ ferment and husked rice, brew it into wine and drink it. 25-24-75 腽肭臍酒 Wu nu qi jiu Wu nu qi wine.

助陽氣，益精髓，破癥結冷氣，大補益人。腽肭臍酒浸擂爛，同麴、米如 常釀酒飲之。 It supports the yang qi, boosts essence/sperm and marrow, breaks through concretion nodes of cold qi and massively supplements and boosts one’s [qi]. Soak wu nu qi/sea dog kidneys in wine and pound them into a pulpy mass. Mix it with yeast/ ferment and husked rice and brew a wine as usual. Drink it. Five Phases, soil is generated at wu 戊 and flourishes at xu 戌.” The Lun heng, section wu shi 物勢, states: “Xu 戌 is soil; its associated four-legged animal is the dog.” Among the Five Phases, the soil is associated with the color yellow. Hence wu xu 戊 戌 is a secret name for “yellow dog.” To prepare a pharmaceutical wine or pills with “dogs” may not have sounded agreeable. Hence the term wu xu 戊戌 was introduced for “yellow dog.” See also 50-02-01.

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Burnt wine.

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 25-25 燒酒綱目 Shao jiu, FE Gang mu

【釋名】火酒綱目、阿剌吉酒飲膳正要。 Explanation of Names. Huo jiu 火酒, “fire wine,” Gang mu. Alaji jiu 阿剌吉酒, arrack. Yin shan zheng yao. 【集解】【時珍曰】燒酒非古法也。自元時始創其法，用濃酒和糟入甑， 蒸令氣上，用器承取滴露。凡酸壞之酒，皆可蒸燒。近時惟以糯米，或粳 米，或黍，或秫，或大麥蒸熟，和麴釀甕中七日，以甑蒸取。其清如水， 味極濃烈，蓋酒露也。【頴曰】暹羅酒以燒酒復燒二次，入珍寶異香。其 壜每個以檀香十數斤燒烟薰令如漆，然後入酒蠟封，埋土中二三年，絶去 燒氣，取出用之。曾有人携至舶，能飲三四盃即醉，價直數倍也。有積病 者，飲一二盃即愈，且殺蠱。予親見二人飲此，打下活蟲長二寸許，謂之 魚蠱云。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: For burnt wine no production methods existed in ancient times. The methods to produce this [wine] had their beginning in the Yuan era. They gave thick wine and wine brewing residue/sediment in a steamer, steamed this with the qi allowed to ascend, and installed a vessel to collect the dew that dripped [out of the ascending qi]. All wines that have become sour can be steamed and burnt. In recent times, only glutinous rice, non-glutinous rice, glutinous panicled millet, glutinous spiked millet and barley are steamed until done. Then they are mixed with yeast/ferment to brew in an earthen jar for seven days. This is then steamed in a steamer and [the qi transformed to] obtain a liquid as clear as water, with a most intense flavor. The fact is, that is wine dew. [Wang] Ying: Wine from Xian luo is burnt wine that is burnt a second time, with precious, fragrant spices added. The earthen jars are burnt with more than ten jin of sandalwood until the fumes have let it appear lacquered. Then they are filled with wine, sealed with wax, and buried in the soil for two or three years to eliminate all the heat qi. Eventually [the liquid] is removed to be used. Once someone took it on his boat. He was able to drink three or four cups and was drunk. It costs several times more [than ordinary wine]. When those with an accumulation illness drink one or two cups, they are cured. Also, it kills gu[-poison].1320 I myself have seen someone 1320 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.



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drinking it, and he struck down/defecated living worms/bugs about two cun long. They were said to be fish gu.1321 【氣味】辛、甘，大熱，有大毒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, sweet, very hot, very poisonous. 【時珍曰】過飲敗胃傷膽，喪心損壽，甚則黑腸腐胃而死。與薑、蒜同 食，令人生痔。鹽、冷水、緑豆粉解其毒。[Li] Shizhen: Drunk excessively it damages the stomach and harms the gall bladder, it destroys the heart and jeopardizes long life. In extreme cases the intestines turn black, the stomach rots and death results. Consumed together with ginger and garlic it lets one develop piles. Salt, cold water and mung bean powder resolve its poison. 【主治】消冷積寒氣，燥濕痰，開鬱結，止水泄，治霍亂，瘧疾，噎膈， 心腹冷痛，陰毒欲死，殺蟲辟瘴，利小便，堅大便，洗赤目腫痛，有效。 時珍。 Control. It dissolves cold accumulations of cold qi. It dries moisture and phlegm, opens pent-up [qi] nodes, ends watery outflow, and serves to cure cholera, malaria ailments, gullet occlusion, painful presence of cold in the central and abdominal region, and yin poison1322 letting one wish to die. It kills worms/bugs and wards off miasma, stimulates urination and hardens defecation. It is used to wash red eyes with painful swelling. Effective. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】燒酒，純陽毒物也。面有細花者爲真。與火同性，得 火即燃，同乎焰硝。北人四時飲之，南人止暑月飲之。其味辛甘，升揚發 散；其氣燥熱，勝濕祛寒。故能開怫鬱而消沉積，通膈噎而散痰飲，治泄 瘧而止冷痛也。辛先入肺，和水飲之，則抑使下行，通調水道，而小便長 白。熱能燥金耗血，大腸受刑，故令大便燥結，與薑、蒜同飲即生痔也。 若夫暑月飲之，汗出而膈快身凉。赤目洗之，淚出而腫消赤散，此乃從治 之方焉。過飲不節，殺人頃刻。近之市沽，又加以砒石、草烏、辣灰、香 藥，助而引之，是假盗以刃矣。善攝生者宜戒之。按劉克用病機賦云：有 人病赤目，以燒酒入鹽飲之，而痛止腫消。蓋燒酒性走，引鹽通行經絡， 使鬱結開而邪熱散。此亦反治劫劑也。 1321 BCGM Dict I, 191.

1322 Yin du 陰毒, “yin poison,” a condition a.) of shang han 傷寒, harm caused by cold, resulting in a flourishing of only yang qi and a diminution of yin qi, with cold extremities and a greenish facial complexion, pain in the abdomen and affecting the entire body, as well as a deep-lying and fine movement in the vessels, and b.) brought forth by being struck by xi du 溪毒, rivulet poison, with ulcers in the body’s lower parts as if caused by the insect stingers or fish. BCGM Dict I, 633.

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Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Burnt wine is a poisonous item of pure yang nature. It is genuine when its surface shows fine flowers. Its nature is identical with that of fire; when it is approached with fire it is inflamed, similar to an inflammation of niter. People in the North drink it in all four seasons. People in the South drink it only during summer heat months. Its flavor is acrid-sweet; it ascends and disperses. Its qi are drying and hot; they overcome moisture and eliminate cold. Hence, it is able to open conditions of anger with pent-up [qi] and dissolves deep-lying accumulations. It penetrates gullet occlusion and disperses phlegm rheum. It serves to cure outflow and malaria, and ends a painful presence of cold. Acrid [flavor] enters the lung first. Drunk together with water, it is barred [from entering the lung] and leads a downward movement instead, penetrating and regulating the water pathways and causing lengthy, white urination. [Its] heat can dry the [kidneys associated with the phase] metal and exhausts blood. The large intestine is made to suffer and this, in turn, lets defecation dry up and form nodes. Drunk together with ginger and garlic it generates piles. When drunk during summer heat months, it induces sweating and lets one feel comfortable in the diaphragm region and enjoy a cool body. When red eyes are washed with it, tears are released, the swelling is resolved and the redness is dispersed. These are recipes for a curative approach that follows [the nature of the disease]. Drunk excessively, without moderation, [burnt wine] kills one instantly. Recently, on markets they sell [burnt wine] mixed with arsenic, aconitum [main tuber], ashes of peppery items, and fragrant pharmaceutical drugs to improve and guide [its effects]. That is like offering a knife to a thief. Those preferring to nurture their life should be warned. According to Liu Keyong in his Bing ji fu, “a patient had red eyes. He drank burnt wine with salt. The pain ended and the swelling dissolved.” The fact is, burnt wine runs by its nature, and guides salt to move through the conduits and network [vessels]. It opens pent-up [qi] nodes and disperses evil heat. These are “robbing” preparations of a therapeutic [approach] contrary to [the nature of the disease]. 【附方】新七。 Added Recipes. Seven newly [recorded]. 冷氣心痛。燒酒入飛鹽飲，即止。 Heart pain related to the presence of cold qi. Add salt to burnt wine and drink it. This ends [the pain]. 陰毒腹痛。燒酒温飲，汗出即止。 Yin poison and abdominal pain. Drink warm burnt wine. The pain ends with the release of sweat.



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嘔逆不止。真火酒一盃，新汲井水一盃，和服甚妙。瀕湖。 Unending vomiting with [qi] counterflow. Mix one cup of true fire wine and one cup of newly drawn well water and ingest this. Very wondrous. Binhu. 寒濕泄瀉，小便清者。以頭燒酒飲之，即止。 Outflow related to the presence of cold and moisture, with clear urine. Drink first degree burnt wine and [the outflow] ends. 耳中有核，如棗核大，痛不可動者。以火酒滴入，仰之半時，即可鉗出。 李樓奇方。 A kernel in an ear, the size of a Chinese date kernel, with pain making it impossible to move [the kernel]. Drip fire wine into [the affected ear], [let the patient] lie face up for an hour, and then remove [the kernel] with a pair of tweezers. Li Lou, Qi fang. 風蟲牙痛。燒酒浸花椒，頻頻漱之。 Toothache related to wind [intrusion] and worms/bugs. Soak Chinese pepper in burnt wine and frequently rinse [the affected teeth] with it. 寒痰咳嗽。燒酒四兩，猪脂、蜜、香油、茶末各四兩，同浸酒内，煮成一 處。每日挑食，以茶下之，取效。 Cough related to the presence of cold and phlegm. Prepare a mixture of four liang of burnt wine and four liang each of lard, honey, sesame oil and tea powder, and soak it in wine. Boil it and keep the ready [medication] at one place. Every day stir it up and send it down with tea until an effect is achieved.

Grape wine.

25-26 葡萄酒綱目 Pu tao jiu, FE Gang mu

【集解】【詵曰】葡萄可釀酒，藤汁亦佳。【時珍曰】葡萄酒有二樣：釀 成者味佳，有如燒酒法者有大毒。釀者，取汁同麴，如常釀糯米飯法。無 汁，用乾葡萄末亦可。魏文帝所謂葡萄釀酒，甘於麴米，醉而易醒者也。 燒者取葡萄數十斤，同大麴釀酢，取入甑蒸之，以器承其滴露，紅色可 愛。古者西域造之，唐時破高昌，始得其法。按梁四公記云：高昌獻蒲桃 乾凍酒。杰公曰：蒲桃皮薄者味美，皮厚者味苦。八風谷凍成之酒，終年 不壞。葉子奇草木子云：元朝於冀寧等路造蒲桃酒，八月至太行山辨其真 僞。真者下水即流，僞者得水即冰凍矣。久藏者中有一塊，雖極寒，其餘 皆冰，獨此不冰，乃酒之精液也，飲之令人透腋而死。酒至二三年，亦有

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大毒。飲膳正要云：酒有數等，出哈剌火者最烈，西番者次之，平陽、太 原者又次之。或云：葡萄久貯，亦自成酒，芳甘酷烈，此真葡萄酒也。 Collected Explanations. [Meng] Shen: Grapes can be brewed into wine. The vine juice, too, is excellent. [Li] Shizhen: There are two kinds of grape wine. That made by means of brewing has an excellent flavor. That produced the same way as burnt wine is very poisonous. For brewing, mix the juice with yeast/ferment, and follow the usual method of brewing with cooked husked rice. If no juice is available, the powder of dried grapes can be resorted to, too. That is the wine spoken of by Emperor Wen di of the Wei dynasty as being “brewed with grapes, being sweeter than that made with yeast/ferment and husked rice, and making one wake up easily after getting drunk.” For [making] burnt [wine], take tens of jins of grapes, brew them together with wheat ferment to vinegar. Put it into a steamer and steam it, and with a vessel collect the dew that drips [out of the ascending qi]. It has a lovely red color. In antiquity it was produced in Western regions. During the Tang era, when Gao chang was brought down, this method was acquired for the first time. According to the Liang si gong ji, “Gan chang submitted wine made with dried and frozen grapes to the Emperor. Jie gong: ‘Grapes with a thin skin have a delicious flavor. Those with a thick skin have a sour flavor. Wine prepared from frozen [grapes] in Ba feng gu does not decay for an entire year’.” Ye Ziqi in his Cao mu zi states: “During the Yuan dynasty in the administrative district of Ji ning, they prepared grape wine. It was brought to Mount Tai hang shan to have it checked whether it was genuine or faked. When genuine [wine] is poured into water it flows off. When faked [wine] is mixed with water, it freezes. When it is stored for a long time, a lump forms in its center. Even in extreme cold, the rest will not freeze. That special part that fails to freeze is the essence liquid in wine. When drunk, it seeps through the armpits and causes death. When wine is stored for two or three years, it, too, is poisonous.” The Yin shan zheng yao states: “Wine has several classes. That coming from Ha la huo is most violent. [Wine] from Xi bo is second. [Wines] from Ping yang and Tai yuan come next.” Some say that when grapes are stored long enough, they turn into a wine by themselves that is fragrant, sweet and fierce. It is the real grape wine. 25-26-01 釀酒 Niang jiu Brewed wine.

【氣味】甘、辛，熱，微毒。【時珍曰】有熱疾、齒疾、瘡疹人，不可飲 之。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, acrid, hot, slightly poisonous. [Li] Shizhen: Patients with a heat illness, tooth illness, as well as sores and papules, must not drink it.



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【主治】暖腰腎，駐顔色，耐寒。時珍。 Control. It warms the lower back and the kidneys, stabilizes the complexion and helps to endure cold. [Li] Shizhen. 25-26-02 燒酒 Shao jiu Burnt wine.

【氣味】辛、甘，大熱，有大毒。【時珍曰】大熱大毒，甚於燒酒。北人 習而不覺，南人切不可輕生飲之。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, sweet, very hot, very poisonous. [Li] Shizhen: It is very hot and very poisonous, and even more so than burnt wine. People in the North are used to it; they are not affected. People in the South should not risk their lives by drinking it. 【主治】益氣調中，耐飢强志。正要。消痰破癖。汪頴。 Control. It boost the qi and regulates the center; it helps to endure hunger and strengthens the mind. Zheng yao. It dissolves phlegm and breaks through aggregation-illness. Wang Ying. 25-27 糟綱目 Zao, FE Gang mu Wine brewing residue/sediment. 【釋名】粕綱目。 Explanation of Names. Bo 粕, Gang mu. 【集解】【時珍曰】糯、秫、黍、麥，皆可蒸釀酒、醋，熬煎餳、飴，化 成糟粕。酒糟須用臘月及清明、重陽造者，瀝乾，入少鹽收之。藏物不 敗，揉物能軟。若榨乾者無味矣。醋糟用三伏造者良。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Glutinous rice, glutinous spiked millet, glutinous panicled millet and wheat/barley can all be steamed to be used for brewing wine and vinegar, and they are simmered or boiled to prepare malt sugar and sugar syrup, with their transformation resulting in zao bo. Wine [brewing] residue should be prepared during the 12th month and during the Clear Brightness (fifth day of the fifth month) or Double Yang (ninth day of the ninth month) day. [Water is] dripped on it and then it is dried. Add a little salt and store it. [Food] items stored with it do not decay. Items can be softened by being kneaded with it. When

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squeezed to dry, it has no flavor. Vinegar [brewing] residues prepared during the three ten-day periods of the hottest season in a year are good. 25-27-01 酒糟 Jiu zao

Wine [brewing] residue/sediment. 【氣味】甘、辛，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, acrid, nonpoisonous. 【主治】温中消食，除冷氣，殺腥，去草、菜毒，潤皮膚，調臟腑。蘇 恭。罯撲損瘀血，浸水洗凍瘡，搗傅蛇咬、蜂叮毒。日華。 Control. It warms the center and dissolves food. It eliminates cold qi, kills fishy odor, removes the poison of herbs and vegetables, moisturizes the skin and regulates the [qi of the] long-term depots and short-term repositories. Su Gong. Use it to cover [regions of ] stagnating blood related to a blow or injury. Soaked in water [the liquid is used to] wash frostbite sores. Pounded [into pulp] it is applied to the poison of snake bites and wasp stings. Rihua. 【發明】【時珍曰】酒糟有麴糵之性，能活血行經止痛，故治傷損有功。 按許叔微本事方云：治踠折傷筋骨，痛不可忍者。用生地黄一斤，藏瓜薑 糟一斤，生薑四兩，都炒熱，布裹罨傷處，冷即易之。曾有人傷折，醫令 捕一生龜，將殺用之。夜夢龜傳此方，用之而愈也。又類編所載，只用藏 瓜薑糟一物，入赤小豆末和匀，罨於斷傷處，以杉片或白桐片夾之，云不 過三日即痊可也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Wine [brewing] residue/sediment has the nature of yeast/ferment and sprouted grain. It can speed-up the movement of blood through the conduits and ends pain. Hence, it has the potential of curing harm and injury. According to Xu Shuwei’s Ben shi fang, “it serves to cure fracture and harm affecting sinews and bones, with unbearable pain. Prepare a mixture of one jin of fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome], one jin of wine brewing residue/sediment stored together with melons and ginger, and four liang of fresh ginger. Stir-fry this mixture until it is hot, and apply it, covered with a piece of cloth, to the injured location. When it has cooled down, replace it. Once someone had a fracture harm. A physician ordered to catch a living tortoise and was going to kill it to use it [in his treatment]. During the night he dreamed of a tortoise giving him this recipe. He applied it and [the patient] was cured. Also, as the Lei bian records, “simply use the one item wine brewing residue/sediment stored together with melons and ginger, add red mung bean powder, mix this evenly, apply it to the fracture harm location and clamp it



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with either a piece of Chinese cedar wood or dragon tree wood.” It is said that this way a complete recovery can be achieved within three days. 【附方】新四。 Added Recipes. Four newly [recorded]. 手足皸裂。紅糟、臘猪脂、薑汁、鹽等分，研爛，炒熱擦之，裂内甚痛， 少頃即合，再擦數次即安。袖珍方。 Chapped hands and feet. Grind equal amounts of red wine brewing residue/sediment, lard obtained in the 12th month, ginger juice and salt into a pulpy mass, stirfry it until it is hot and apply it [to the affected region]. This will result in considerable pain in the cracks, but after a short while they close. Repeat the application several times, and a cure is achieved. Xiu zhen fang. 鶴膝風病。酒醅糟四兩，肥皂一個去子，芒硝一兩，五味子一兩，砂糖一 兩，薑汁半甌研匀，日日塗之。加入燒酒尤妙也。 Crane knee wind1323 disease. Prepare four liang of wine brewing residue/sediment, one Chinese coffee tree fruit, with the seeds removed, one liang of mirabilite, one liang of schisandra seeds, one liang of granulated sugar, and half a bowl of ginger juice, and grind these items to obtain an even mixture. Apply it [to the affected region] every day. Its effects are even more wondrous when some burnt wine is added. 暴發紅腫，痛不可忍者。臘糟糟之。談埜翁試驗方。 Sudden development of a red swelling, with unbearable pain. Apply1324 wine brewing residue/sediment obtained in the 12th month [to the affected region]. Tan Yeweng, Shi yan fang. 杖瘡青腫。用濕綿紙鋪傷處，以燒過酒糟搗爛，厚鋪紙上。良久，痛處如 蟻行，熱氣上升即散。簡便方。 Sores with greenish swelling caused by flogging. Cover the harmed region with a moist piece of cotton paper. Pound wine brewing residue/sediment of burnt wine into a pulpy mass and apply a thick layer on the paper. After a long time the [affected] region will ache as if ants were moving in it. The heat qi rise and [the swelling] disperses. Jian bian fang. 1323 He xi feng 鶴膝風, “crane knee wind,” a condition of swelling and pain of the knee, and shrinking of the lower leg, with difficulties in bending and stretching, and a lack of strength to walk. BCGM Dict I, 214.

1324 The second character zao 糟 may be a writing error for a term that means “application”, such as ca 擦 used above.

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25-27-02 大麥醋糟 Da mai cu zao

Barley vinegar brewing residue/sediment. 【氣味】酸，微寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】氣滯風壅，手臂脚膝痛，炒熱，布裹熨之，三兩换當愈。孟詵。 Control. Qi sluggishness and obstruction caused by wind [intrusion], painful hands, arms, legs and knees. Stir-fry [the residue/sediment] until it is hot, wrap [the affected region] with hot pressure. After three or two replacements, a cure will be achieved. Meng Shen. 25-27-03 乾餳糟 Gan xi zao

Dried malt-sugar wine brewing residue/sediment. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】反胃吐食，暖脾胃，化飲食，益氣緩中。時珍。 Control. Turned over stomach with vomiting of food. It warms the spleen and the stomach. It transforms beverages and food. It boosts the qi and relaxes the center. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】餳以糵成，暖而消導，故其糟能化滯緩中，養脾止吐 也。按繼洪澹寮方云：甘露湯治反胃嘔吐不止，服此利胸膈，養脾胃，進 飲食。用乾餳糟六兩，生薑四兩，二味同搗作餅，或焙或晒，入炙甘草末 二兩，鹽少許，點湯服之。常熟一富人病反胃，往京口甘露寺設水陸，泊 舟岸下。夢一僧持湯一杯與之，飲罷，便覺胸快。次早入寺，供湯者乃夢 中所見僧，常以此湯待賓，故易名曰甘露湯。予在臨汀療一小吏旋愈，切 勿忽之。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Malt sugar is produced with sprouted grain. It is warming and serves to dissolve and guide [food]. Hence, its residue/sediment can transform stagnating [qi/blood] and relax the center, nourish the spleen and end vomiting. According to Ji Hong’s Dan liao fang, “the ‘sweet dew decoction’ serves to cure turned over stomach with unending vomiting. To ingest it frees the passage through the chest and the diaphragm, and nourishes spleen and stomach so that they can be entered by beverages and food. Prepare six liang of dried sugar wine brewing residue/sediment and four liang of fresh ginger, pound these two substances together to



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make a cake, and either bake it over a slow fire or dry it in the sun. Add two liang of roasted glycyrrhiza [root] powder and a little salt, drip it into hot water and ingest this. A wealthy man in Chang shu suffered from turned over stomach. He travelled to the Sweet Dew Temple in Jing kou to sponsor a Buddhist ceremony. Upon his arrival, he had his boat moored at the bank of the lake. That night he dreamed of a monk holding a decoction that he gave him. He drank it and sensed a comfortable feeling in his chest. The next morning he went into the temple and the priest serving the decoction was the monk he had seen in his dream. He gave him this decoction just as he usually treated visitors. Hence he changed the name and henceforth called it ‘sweet dew decoction’. I myself once treated a low ranking official with it and achieved a cure. It is something that should definitely not be neglected.” 【附方】新一。 Added Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 脾胃虚弱。平胃散等分末一斤，入乾糖糟炒二斤半，生薑一斤半，紅棗三 百個，煮取肉焙乾，通爲末。逐日點湯服。摘玄。 Spleen and stomach affected by depletion weakness. Boil one jin of the “powder to balance the stomach”1325 with its ingredients present in equal amounts, two and a half jin of dried sugar wine brewing residue/sediment, one and a half jin of fresh ginger and three hundred red Chinese dates, recover the pulp and bake it over a slow fire until it has dried. [Grind it to] powder and ingest it dripped into boiled water every day. Zhai xuan.

Empty husks of rice.

25-28 米粃食物 Mi bi, FE Shi wu

【釋名】米皮糠。【時珍曰】粃，亦紕薄之義也。 Explanation of Names. Mi pi kang 米皮糠, “empty skin husks of rice.” [Li] Shizhen: Bi 粃 reflects the meaning of pi bo 紕薄, a “thin, worn clothes.” 【集解】【頴曰】米粃，即精米上細糠也。昔陳平食糠覈而肥也。【時珍 曰】糠，諸粟穀之殼也。其近米之細者爲米粃，味極甜。儉年人多以豆屑 或草木花實可食者，和劑蒸煮，以救飢云。 1325 Ping wei san 平胃散, “the powder to balance the stomach,” with the following ingredients: magnolia bark, ginger juice, tangerine peels, glycyrrhiza root, atractylodes lancea rhizome, fresh ginger, Chinese dates.

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Collected Explanations. [Wang] Ying: Mi bi are the fine husks of exquisite rice. Formerly, Chen Ping ate husks and became fat. [Li] Shizhen: Kang 糠, husks, are the hard shell of all types of millet [and other] grain. Fine [shell] enclosing rice are mi bi. They are extremely sweet. In years of poor harvest people often eat them steamed together with bean crumbs or flowers and fruits of herbs and trees to be saved from hunger. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】通腸開胃，下氣，磨積塊。作糗食不飢，充滑膚體，可以頤養。 汪頴。 Control. It penetrates the intestines and opens the stomach. It sends down qi and serves to grind accumulation lumps. Prepared and eaten as dry provisions, it prevents hunger. 25-29 舂杵頭細糠别録中品 Chong chu tou xi kang, FE Bie lu, middle rank Fine husks [of grain] at the tip of the pestle in a mortar. 【校正】【禹錫曰】自草部移入此。 Editorial Correction. [Zhang] Yuxi: Moved here from the section “herbs.” 【集解】【時珍曰】凡穀皆有糠，此當用粳、稻、粟、秫之糠也。北方多 用杵，南方多用碓，入藥並同。丹家言糠火鍊物，力倍於常也。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: All cereals have a husk. For the [pharmaceutical drug discussed] here, take the husks of non-glutinous rice, [glutinous] rice, short millet and glutinous spiked millet. In the North, they mostly use a pestle [for hulling grain]; in the South, they mostly use a treadle-operated tilt hammer [for hulling grain]. For [use in a medication] both types are of identical quality. Elixir experts say that “items heat processed with a husk fire have a strength several times superior to those [heat processed] with a normal [fire].” 【氣味】辛、甘，熱。【震亨曰】穀殼屬金，糠之性則熱也。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, sweet, hot. [Zhu] Zhenheng: Cereal shells are associated with [the phase] metal. Hence, husks are by nature hot. 【主治】卒噎，刮取含之。别録。亦可煎湯呷之。燒研，水服方寸匕，令 婦人易産。時珍。出子母秘録。



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Control. For sudden gullet occlusion, scrub them [from the tip of a pestle/hammer) and hold them in the mouth. Bielu. It is also possible to boil them in water and sip the decoction. Burned, [the residue] ground [to powder] and the amount held by a square cun spoon ingested with water lets a woman have an easy delivery. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Zi mu mi lu. 【發明】【弘景曰】治噎用此，亦是舂搗義爾。天下事理，多相影嚮如此。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: To use this [as a pharmaceutical drug] to cure gullet occlusion, is based on the concept of pounding in a mortar. The principle underlying events in the world is often one of mutual reflection, similar to that shown here. 【附方】舊一，新一。 Added Recipes. One of old, one newly [recorded]. 膈氣噎塞，飲食不下。用碓觜上細糠，蜜丸彈子大，時時含嚥津液。聖惠。 Occlusion qi1326 and gullet occlusion with blockage, when neither beverages nor food descend. Form with fine husks from the tip of a hammer and honey pills the size of a bullet, repeatedly hold them in the mouth and swallow the [resulting] liquid. Sheng hui. 咽喉妨礙，如有物吞吐不利。杵頭糠、人參各一錢，石蓮肉炒一錢，水煎 服，日三次。聖濟總録。 Gullet obstruction, as if there was an item blocking swallowing and spitting. Boil one qian each of husks from the tip of a pestle and ginseng [root], with one qian of Indian lotus seed germs in water and ingest this. Three times a day. Sheng ji zong lu.

1326 Ge qi 膈氣, “occlusion qi,” a condition of a ye ge 噎膈, “gullet occlusion,” a disease situated in the chest and diaphragm region with a sensation of an obstacle in the chest, heart-pressure, and pain, and a failure of beverages and food to move through a blocked esophagus. BCGM Dict I, 189. See also Dict I, 625.

Appendix

5. Weights and measures 5.1 Measures of capacity 1 zhong 鍾, 663 liters, equal to 64 dou 斗 Also: size of a wine cup, or small jug. 1 hu 斛, “bushel,” 107. 37 liters, equal to 10 dou 斗 1 dan 石, “bushel,” also written shuo 碩, equal to 1 hu 斛 1 dou 斗, “peck,” 10.74 liters, equal to 10 sheng 升 1 sheng 升, “pint,” 1.07 liters, equal to 10 ge 合 1 ge 合, equal to 0.11 liters

5.2 Measures of weight 1 cheng 秤, 7.5 kg, equal to 15 jin 斤 1 jin 斤, “catty,” 500 grams, equal to 16 liang 兩, 1 liang 兩, “ounce,” 31.25 grams, equal to 10 qian 錢 1 qian 錢, 3.13 grams, equal to 10 fen 分 1 fen 分, 0.31 grams, equal to 10 li 1 li 厘, 0.031 grams, the thousandth part of a liang 兩 1 yi 鎰, equal to 20 or 24 liang 兩 1 dan 石, “picul,” 60 kg, equal to 120 jin 斤 1 zhu 銖, “scruple,” 1.3 grams, one 24th part of a liang 兩, equal to 100 grains of millet



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1 zi 字, the weight of a quarter of a copper coin covered with the powder of a pharmaceutical substance 1 wen 文, the weight of one coin.

5.3 Measures of length 1 li 里, equal to 1800 chi 1 zhang 丈, “stave,” equal to 10 chi 尺 1 li 厘, the thousandth part of a chi 尺 1 chi 尺, “foot,” equal to 10 cun 寸 1 cun 寸, “inch,” varying over time between 0.9 and 1.2 Western inches 1 ren 仞, equivalent to seven or eight chi 尺

5.4 Measures of the size of pills zao seed, zao zi 皂子, the size of gleditsia seeds soybean, dou 豆, the size of a soybeans qian seed, qian zi 芡子, the size of Euryale ferox Salisb. seeds mung bean, lü dou 緑豆, the size of vigna radiata L. Wilczek beans red mung bean, chi xiao dou 赤小豆, the size of vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi et Ohashi wu [tong] seed, wu [tong] zi 梧桐子, the size of firmiana platanifolia (L.f.) Marsili seeds bullet, dan zi 彈子, the size of a firearm bullet hemp seed, ma zi 麻子, the size of cannabis sativa L. seeds white soybean, bai dou 白豆, vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. var. cylindrica (L.) Ohashi seeds rice bean, xiao dou 小豆, the size of vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi et Ohashi dragon eyes, long yan 龍眼, the size of longan seeds mustard seeds, jie zi 芥子, the size of seeds of brassica juncea (L.) Czern.et Coss. jujube kernels, suan zao 酸棗, of zizyphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chow

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6. Lists of Substances 6.1 Pharmaceutical substances of plant origin mentioned in BCGM ch. 18 - 25 in passing. Herbs with an entry of their own are marked with their entry number. By Ulrike Unschuld Note 1. The earlier a text has been written, the less certain can be today‘s botanical identification of a substance. 2. The botanical species given in the following list may not include all species possibly covered by a Chinese plant name. Here only the most common identifications are provided as a first hint at the nature of a pharmaceutical substance referred to in a recipe or elsewhere. 3. Wherever available, the Zhong hua ben cao’s 中华本草, Shanghai 1999, identification of botanical substances was adopted as authoritative. 4. All recipes requiring an ingestion of medication with wine relate to low alcohol rice wine.

A Acanthopanax [root-bark/stem]. Wu jia [pi] 五加[皮], mu gu 木骨 Acanthopanax gracilistylus W.W. Smith Achyranthes [root, leaf ]. [Tu] niu xi, [土]牛膝 Achyranthes bidentata Bl. Aconite paste. She wang 射菵 Made from the tubers of aconitum carmichaeli Debx. Aconitum [accessory tuber]. Fu zi 附子, she wang 射菵, cao wu 草烏 Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. Aconitum [main tuber]. Wu tou 烏頭, wu hui 烏喙 Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. Acorus [root]. Chang pu 菖蒲, 19-06 Acorus gramineus Ait. (M. Br.) Agastache [herb]. Huo xiang 藿[香] Agastache rugosa (Fisch. et Mey.) O. Kuntze Ailanthus [tree/herb]. Chun chu 椿樗, feng yan cao 鳳眼草 Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle



Appendix

963

Akebia [herb]. Mu tong 木通 Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne. Aleppo galls. Mo shi zi 没石子, wu shi zi 無食子 Oak galls from Quercus infectoria Oliv. with Cynips gallae-tinctoria Oliv. Algae. Zhi li 陟釐 Spirogyra nitida (Dillw.) Link. Alisma [root]. Ze xie 澤瀉, 19-01 Alisma orientalis [Sam.] Juzep. Aloe leaf/juice. Lu hui 蘆薈 Aloe vera L. Aloes wood. Chen xiang 沉香 Aquilaria agallocha (Lour.) Roxb. Ampelopsis japonica [root]. Bai lian 白斂, 18-28 Ampelopsis japonica (Thunb.) Makino Anemarrhena [root]. Zhi mu 知母, ye liao 野蓼 Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge. Angelica biserrata [root]. Du huo 獨活 Angelica biserrata, Shan et Yuan. Angelica dahurica [root]. Bai zhi 白芷, guan 莞 Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth. et Hook f. ex Franch. et Sav. cv. Annamese upland rice. Xian 籼, 22-10, 22-12 Oryza sativa L. Apricot [kernel/seed]. Xing [ren] 杏[仁/人] Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. Aralia [root]. Tu dang gui 土當歸 Aralia cordata Thunb Arborvitae [tree/leaf/seed kernels]. Bai [zi ren] 柏[子仁], ce bai ye 側柏葉, si shan 絲杉 Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco Arisaema [root]. [Tian] nan xing [天]南星, hu zhang 虎掌, 虎杖 Arisaema thunbergii Bl. Aristolochia [fruit]. Du lin teng 都淋藤, ma dou ling teng 馬兜鈴藤, 18-10 Aristolochia contorta Bunge Arnebia [herb, root]. Zi cao 紫草, di xue 地血 Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. Artemisia scoparia [herb]. Yin chen [hao] 茵蔯[蒿] Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit.

964 Prolegomena Asarum caulescens [root]. Du heng 杜衡, ma ti xiang 馬蹄香 Asarum caulescens Maxim. Asarum heteropoides [root]. Xi xin 細辛 Asarum heteropoides Fr. Schmidt var. manshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag. Asiatic bilberry. Nan zhu 南燭 Vaccineum bracteatum Thunb. Asiatic cornelian cherry. Shan zhu yu 山茱萸 Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. Asiatic penny herb. Di qian 地錢 Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Asiatic plantain [herb/root/seed]. Che qian [cao] 車前[草], che qian [zi] 車前[ 子], fu yi 芣苢 Plantago asiatica L. Asparagus [root], Tian men dong 天門冬, 18-22 Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. Astragalus [root]. [Huang] qi [黄]茋, huang qi 黄耆 Astragalus membranaceus Bunge var. mongolicus (Bunge) P. K. Hsiao Atractylodes lancea [rhizome]. Cang zhu 蒼术 Atractylodes lancea Thunb. Atractylodes macrocephala [rhizome]. Bai zhu 白术 Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. Azalea [flower]. Yang zhi zhu 羊踯躅 Rhododendron molle (Bl.) G. Don B Balsamiferous blumea. Ai na xiang 艾納香 Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. Barnyard grass. Bai 稗, 23-09 Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Bastard cardamon. Sha ren 砂仁, suo sha mi 縮砂蔤 Amomum villosum Lour. Bitter bamboo. Ku zhu 苦竹 Pleiobastus amarus (Keng) f. Bitter orange fruit, immature and dried. Zhi shi 枳實 Citrus aurantium L. Black cardamom. Yi zhi ren 益智仁 Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. Black mustard. Jie 芥 Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.et Coss.



Appendix Black pepper. Hu jiao 胡椒 Piper nigrum L. Blackberry lily [root]. Wu sha 烏翣, xuan hua 萱花, she gan 射干 Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. Bland bamboo leaves. Dan zhu ye 淡竹葉 Lopatherum gracile Brongn. Bolboschoenus herbs/sedges. Biao cao 藨草 Bolboschoenus planiculmis (F.Schmidt) T.V.Egorova Box myrtle. Yang mei 楊梅 Myrica rubra (Lour.) Sieb. et Zucc. Bramble. [Peng] lei [蓬]蘽 Rubus buergeri Miq. Broom plant. Du zhou 獨帚, di fu 地膚, du ke sao zhou 獨科掃帚 Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. Brown’s lily [bulb]. Bai he 百合 Lilium brownii F.E. Brown ex Miellez var. viridulum Baker Buckwheat [rhizome]. Qiao mai 蕎麥, 22-08 Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Bupleurum [root]. Chai hu 柴胡 Bupleurum chinense D.C. Bushy knotweed [root]. Ku zhang 苦杖, hu zhang 虎杖 Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. Bushy sophora [root]. Shan dou gen 山豆根, 18-35 Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep. C Calabash. [Ku] hu lu [苦]壺蘆, ku hu 苦瓠 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. var. microcarpa (Naud.) Hara. Calthrop [fruit]. Ji li 蒺藜 Tribulus terrestris L. Carambola [fruit]. Yang tao 阳/羊桃, 18-55 Averrhoa carambola L. Carambola. Oxalidaceae. Carmichael’s monkshood [root]. Tian xiong 天雄 Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. Carpesium [leaf/root]. He shi 鶴虱 Carpesium abrotanoides L. Carpesium root. Du niu xi 杜牛膝 Carpesium abrotanoides L.

965

966 Prolegomena Carrot. Hu luo bo 胡蘿蔔 Daucus carota L. var. sativa Hoffm. Cassia, cinnamomum cassia bark. Gui 桂 Unscraped bark from smaller, younger branches of Cinnamom-tree Cinnamomum cassia Presl. Castor bean, castor oil plant. Bi ma 蓖麻, pi ma 蜱麻 Ricinus communis L. Catalpa [tree]. Qiu 楸 Catalpa bungei C.A. Mey. Cattail [pollen]. Pu [huang] 蒲[黄], 19-06 Typha spp. Celery. Qin 芹 Apium graveolans L. Celery cabbage. Song 菘 Brassica campestris L. Chaenomeles seeds. Zha zi 楂子 Chaenomeles cathayensis (Hemsl) Schneid. Cherokee rose. Jin ying [zi] 金櫻[子] Rosa laevigata Michx.. Cherry. Ying tao 樱桃 Cerasus pseudocerasus (Lindl.) G. Don. Chickweed. Fan lü 繁縷 Stellaria media (L.) Cry. Chinese angelica [root]. Dang gui 當歸 Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels Chinese asparagus. Tian men dong 天門冬 Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. Chinese bitter cucumber seed. Mu bie zi 木鼈子, 18-08 Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. Chinese cardamom. Dou kou 豆蔻 Alpinia katsumadai Hayata Chinese cedar. Shan [mu] 杉木 Cunninghamia lanceoloata (Lambt.) Hook. Chinese celery. Shui qin 水芹 Oenanthe javanica (Bl.) DC. Chinese chestnut. Li 栗 Castanea molissima L.



Appendix

967

Chinese chive. Xie bai 薤白 Allium macrostemon Bge. Chinese coffee tree [fruit]. Fei zao [jia] 肥皂[荚] Gymnocladus chinensis Baill. Chinese date. [Da] zao [大]棗 Zizyphus jujuba Mill. Chinese dwarf cherries. Yu li 郁李 Cerasus japonica (Thunb.) Lois Chinese elder. Shuo diao 蒴藋, lu ying 陸英, jin cao 堇草 Sambucus chinensis Lindl. Chinese foxglove [root/rhizome]. Di huang 地黄, hu 芐 Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) Libosch. ex Fisch et Mey. Chinese indigo plant [leaf ]. Lan [ye] 藍[葉], da qing 大青 1. Liao lan 蓼藍, Polygonum tinctorium Lour. 2. Song lan 菘藍, Isatis indigofera L. 3. Ma lan 馬藍, Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek 4. Mu lan 木藍, Indigofera tinctoria L. Chinese iris [seeds]. Ma lin [zi] 馬藺[子], li [shi]蠡[實] Iris lactea Pall. var. chinensis (Fisch.) Koidz. Chinese ixeris. Ku ju 苦苣, ku mai 苦蕒 Ixeris chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai subsp. versicolor (Fisch. ex Link) Kitam. Chinese lantern plant. Suan jiang 酸漿, deng long cao 燈籠草 Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino Chinese leek. Jiu 韭 Allium tuberosum Rottl. ex Spreng. Chinese ligusticum. Gao ben 藁本 Ligusticum sinense Oliv. Chinese mallow. Kui 葵 Malva verticillata L. Chinese pepper. [Hua] jiao [花]椒, jiao hong 椒紅, jiao mu 椒目, han jiao 漢椒 Xanthoxylum amatum DC. Chinese sage. Dan shen 丹參 Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge Chinese sarsaparilla. Ba qi 菝葜, 18-26 Smilax china L. Chinese star jasmine. Bai hua teng 白花藤, luo shi 絡石, 18-48, 18-56 Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem.

968 Prolegomena Chinese sumac gallnut. Wu bei zi 五倍子 Galls produced by Schlechtendalia chinensis on leaves of Rhus javanica L. and other spec. Chinese sweet gum. Feng [xiang zhi] 楓[香脂] Liquidambar formosana Hance. Chinese yam. Shan yao 山藥, shu yu 薯蕷, shan yu 山芋, shan shu 山薯 Dioscorea opposita Thunb. Chrysanthemum flower. Ju hua 菊花 Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat) Tzvel. Chrysanthemum, sweet. Gan ju 甘菊 Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium (Fisch.ex Trautv.) Ling et Shih Cimicifuga [rhizome]. Sheng ma 升麻 Cimicifuga foetida L. Cinnamom tree, unscraped bark. Rou gui 肉桂 Cinnamomum cassia Presl. Clematis creeper. Nü wei 女萎, 18-29 Clematis apiifolia DC. Clematis [root]. Huang yao zi 黄藥子, chi yao 赤藥, 18-36 Clematis terniflora DC Cliff maidenhair. Shi chang sheng 石長生, dan cao 丹草 Adiantum monochlamys Eaton Climbing figs. Bi li 薜荔, 18-57 Ficus pumila L. Cloves. Ding xiang 丁香, ji she xiang 雞舌香 Flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry Cnidium [herb]. She chuang 蛇牀, zao ji 棗肌 Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson Cocklebur. Cang er [ye] 蒼耳[葉], xi er 枲耳, yang fu lai 羊負來 Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder Cockscomb [seed/flower]. Ji guan [zi/hua] 鷄冠[子/花] Celosia cristata L. Coconut. Ye zi 椰子 Cocos nucifera L. Coltsfoot. Kuan dong hua 款冬花 Tussilago farfara L. Common bletilla [root]. Bai ji 白及 Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb. f.



Appendix Common fenugreek [seed]. Hu lu ba 胡盧巴 Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Common fig. Wu hua guo 無花果 Ficus carica L. Common knotgrass. Bian xu 萹蓄 Polygonum aviculare L. Common mugwort [leaf ]. Ai 艾[葉] Artemisia argyi Lèvl. et Vant. Common night-shade. Long kui 龍葵, lao ya yan jing cao 老鴉眼睛草 Solanum nigrum L. Common reed. Lu 蘆, lu di 蘆荻, wei 葦 Phragmites communis Trin. Common rush. Deng cao 燈草, deng xin 燈心 Juncus effusus L. Coptis [rhizome]. Huang lian 黄連 Coptis chinensis Franch. Coralberry. Xiao qing 小青 Ardisia pusilla A. DC. Coriander seeds. Hu sui zi 胡荽子 Coriandrum sativum L. Corydalis [tuber]. Yan hu suo 延胡索, xuan hu suo 玄胡索 Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang ex Z. Y. Su et C. Y. Wu Costus [root]. Mu xiang 木香 Aucklandia lappa Decne Cotton rose. Mu fu rong 木芙蓉 Hibiscus mutabilis L.. Cowpea. Jiang dou 豇豆, 江豆, 24-11 Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Croton seed. Ba dou 巴豆 Croton tiglium L. Cucumber. Huang gua 黄瓜 Cucumis sativus L. Cuscuta [seed]. Tu si zi 兔絲子, 18-01 Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Cynanchum atratum [root]. Bai wei 白薇 Cynanchum atratum Bunge Cynanchum thesinides. Nü qing Cynanchum thesinides (Freyn) K. Schum

969

970 Prolegomena D Dahurian patrinia. Bai jiang 敗醬 Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. exTrev. Daphne [flower]. Yuan hua 芫花 Daphne Genkwa Sieb. et Zucc. Dark plum. Mei 梅 Armeniaca mume Sieb. Dendrobium [stem]. Shi hu 石斛, 20-01 Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Desert broomrape. [Rou] cong rong [肉]蓯蓉 Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma. Dichroa [root]. Chang shan 常山; heng shan 恒山 Dichroa febrifuga Lour. Dictamnus [root bark]. Bai xian [pi] 白鲜[皮] Dictamnus angustifolius G. Don ex Sweet. Dioscorea [root]. Bi xie 萆薢, 18-25 Dioscorea collettii Hook f. var. hypoglauca (Palibin) Péi et Ting Dodder. Tu kui 菟葵, 18-01 Cuscuta chinensis, Lam. Dodder. Dragon tree. Tong 桐 Paulownia fortunei (Seem.) Hemsl. Dryopteris [root]. Guan zhong 貫衆 Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai Ducksmeat. Fu ping 浮萍, 19-11 Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. E East Asian pollia [root]. Du ruo 杜若 Pollia japonica Hornst. Egyptian kidney bean. Bian dou 藊豆, 24-12 Dolichos lablab L. Elsholtzia [herb]. Xiang ru 香薷, xiang ru 香茙 Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland Ephedra [herb]. Ma huang 麻黄 Ephedra sinica Stapf Epimedium [herb]. xian ling pi 仙靈脾 Epimedium brevicornum Maxim.



Appendix

971

Eriocaulon [scape and flower]. Gu jing cao 穀精草 Eriocaulon buergerianum Koern. Eucommia [bark]. Du zhong 杜仲 Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Eupatorium [herb/leaf ]. Lan [cao] 蘭[草], du liang 都梁 Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. Evodia [fruit]. [Wu] zhu yu [吴]茱萸 Evodia rutaecarpa ( Juss.) Benth. F Fennel [fruit]. Hui xiang 茴香, huai xiang 蘹香 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Fetid cassia [seeds]. [Ma ti] jue ming [zi] [馬蹄] 决明[子] Cassia tora L. Finger millet. Shan zi 穇子, 23-08 Eleucine corocana (L.) Gaertn. Floss grass. Mao hua 茅花; bai mao 白茅; mao zhen 茅針 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. var. major Forsythia [fruit]. Lian qiao 連翹, qiao zhao 翹軺 Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl. Foxnut [fruit/seeds]. Ji tou [shi] 雞頭[實], qian zi 芡子. Euryale ferox Salisb. Fraxinus bark. Qin pi 秦皮 Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance Fringed pink. Qu mai 瞿麦, shi zhu 石竹, qu 蘧 Dianthus superbus S.; Fringed water lily [herb]. Jin lian zi 金蓮子, shui xing 水荇, fu kui 鳧葵, xing cai 莕菜, 19-14 Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Ktze. Fritillaria [root]. Bei mu 貝母 Fritillaria unibracteata Hsiao et K.C. Hsia G Gambir vine. Diao teng 釣藤, 18-45 Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil. Gamboge. Teng huang 藤黄, 18-73 Garcinia morella Desv.(M.J.)

972 Prolegomena Garden daisy [seed]. Peng hao 蓬蒿, tong hao [zi] 茼蒿[子] Chrysanthemum carinatum Schousb. Garden lettuce. Wo ju 莴苣 Lactuca sativa L. Garden pea. Bi dou 畢豆, hu dou 胡豆, wan dou 豌豆, 24-09 Pisum sativum L. [Mountain] gardenia [fruit]. [Shan] zhi zi [山]巵子 Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Gastrodia [root/seedling]. Chi jian 赤箭, tian ma [miao] 天麻[苗] Gastrodia elata BL Gelsemium [herb]. Huang teng 黄藤, ye ge 野葛, gou wen 鈎吻 Gelsemium elegans (Gardn.et Champ.) Benth. Gentiana [herb]. Long dan [cao] 龍膽[草] Gentiana scabra Bunge Ginseng [root]. Ren shen 人參 Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer Gleditsia [pod/seed], [bark]. Zao jiao 皂角, zao jia 皂莢 Gleditsia sinensis Lam. Glutinous spiked millet. Shu 秫 23-07 Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. Glycyrrhiza [root]. Gan cao 甘草, fen cao 粉草 Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Golden chicken fern [root]. Gou ji 狗脊 Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Smith Golden eye grass. Xian mao 仙茅 Curculigo orchioides Baertn. Grape vine. Pu tao 葡萄 Vitis vinifera L. Great burdock [seeds]. Niu bang 牛蒡, e shi 惡實, shu nian zi 鼠粘子, da li zi 大 力子 Arctium lappa L. H Hawthorne. Shan zha 山楂, shan li hong guo 山裏紅果, tang qiu zi 棠梂子 Crataegus pinnatifada Bunge var. major N.F. Br.



Appendix

973

Hedge bindweed [flower/root]. Gu zi hua 鼓子花, xuan hua 旋花[根], xuan fu 旋葍, fu teng 葍藤, 18-14 Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. Hemp [herb]. Huo ma 火麻, 22-03 Cannabis sativa L. Hemp [seeds]. Da ma [zi] 大麻[子], da ma [ren] 大麻[仁], 22-03 Cannabis sativa L. Hog’s fennel. Qian hu 前胡 Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn Honeysuckle [stem/flower]. Ren dong [teng/hua] 忍冬[藤/花], jin yin teng 金银 藤, lu si teng 鷺鷥藤, 18-61 Lonicera japonica Thunb. Horse bean. Can dou 蠶豆, 24-10 Vicia faba L. Horseheal [flower/leaf/root]. Xuan fu hua 旋覆花, di di jin [gen] 滴滴金[根], jin fei cao 金沸草 Inula japonica Thunb. Hovenia [fruit, bark]. Zhi ju 枳椇 Hovenia dulcis Th. I Ilex [leaf ]. Dong qing 冬青 Ilex purpurea Hask. Illiceum [leaf ]. Mang cao 䒽草, shu mang 鼠莽, mang cao 莽草 Illiceum lanceolatum A. C. Smith Indian lotus seed germs. Lian xin 蓮心, [shi] lian rou [石]蓮肉 The green germs of the mature seeds of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Indian lotus flower. Lian hua 蓮花, han dan 菡萏, fu rong 芙蓉 Indian lotus rhizome node. Ou jie 藕節 Indian lotus stalk with leaves. He 荷 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Indian pokewee [root]. Shang lu 商陸[根] Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. Indian rice. Gu [mi] 菰[米], diao hu 彫胡, 19-09, 23-12 Zizania caduciflora (Turcz. ex Trin.) Hand.-Mazz. Indian strawberry. She mei 蛇莓, she mei 蛇苺, can mei 蠶苺, 18-06 Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke

974

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

Indigo. [Qing] dai [青]黛 Prepared from --> Chinese Indigo plants Ink plant. Han lian cao 旱蓮草 Eclipta prostrata(L.) L. Inula [root]. Qing mu xiang 青木香 Inula helenium L. J Japanese betony. Ji su 鷄蘇 Stachys japonica Miq. Japanese brome. Yan mai 燕麦, 22-07 Bromus japonicus Thunb. Japanese buttercup [leaf ]. Mao gen 毛茛 Ranunculus japonicus Thunb. Japanese cayratia. Wu lian mei 烏蘞苺, wu ye teng 五葉藤, wu zhao long 五爪龍, 18-53 Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep Japanese climbing fern. Hai jin sha 海金沙 Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. Japanese dock. Yang ti 羊蹄, 19-03 Rumex crispus L. var. japonicus (Houtt.) Makino Japanese ginger [root/herb]. Rang he 蘘荷, su pu 宿蓴 Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Rosc. Japanese musk maple. Fu bei 腐婢, 24-05 Premna microphylla Wall. ex Schauer Japanese salvia. Shu wei cao 鼠尾草 Salvia japonica Th. Japanese snake gourd [seeds]. Wang gua 王瓜, tu gua 土瓜, yu zhi zi 預知子, 18-12, 18-19 Trichosanthes cucumeroides (Ser.) Maxim. Japanese thistle. Da ji 大蓟 Cirsium japonicum Fisch. ex DC. Job’s tears. Yi yi [ren] 薏苡[仁], 23-16 Seeds of Coix lacryma L. Jujube. Suan zao 酸棗 Zizyphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H.F.Chow



Appendix

975

K Kaido crab apples. Hai tang 海棠 Malus micromalus Makino Kansui [root]. Gan sui 甘遂 Euphorbia kansui T. N. Liou ex T.P. Wang Kaya nut. Fei shi 榧實 Toreya grandis fort.ex Lindl. Keiske artemisia. Yan lü 菴䕡 Artemisia keiskeana Miq. Kite’s tail iris. Yuan wei 鳶尾 Iris tectorum Maxim. Kleinian cinquefoil. She han 蛇含, she xian 蛇衘 Potentilla kleiniana Wight et Arn. Knotweed. Liao 蓼 Polygonum hydropiper L. Korean bramble. Fu pen zi 覆盆子 Rubus coreanus Miq. L Lamb’s quarters. Li 藜, lai 莱 Chenopodium album L. Large gentiana [root]. Qin jiao 秦艽 Gentiana macrophylla Pall. Leonurus [herb]. Yi mu [cao] 益母[草], chong wei 茺蔚 Leonurus japonicus Houtt. Lesser galangal [root]. Gao liang jiang 高良薑, man jiang 蠻薑 Alpinia officinarum Hance Ligusticum [root]. Xiong qiong 芎藭, chuan xiong 川芎, mi wu 蘼蕪, fu xiong 撫 芎, que niao xiong 雀腦芎 Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. Lindera [root]. Wu yao 烏藥 Lindera aggregata (Sims.) Kosterm. Longan [seed]. Long yan 龍眼 Dimocarpus longan Lour. Loofah. Si gua 絲瓜 Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem.

976

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

Loquat. Pi pa 枇杷 Eriobotrya japonica L. Lychee [fruit]. Li zhi 荔枝 Litchi chinensis Sonn. Lycium root bark. Di gu pi 地骨皮 Lycium barbarum L. Lycium [seed/root skin]. Gou qi [zi/gen pi] 枸杞[子/根皮] Lycium chinense Mill. Lysimachia [flowers]. Xing su [hua] 星宿[花] Lysimachia fortunei Maxim. M Madder. Qian 蒨, 茜, 18-40 Rubia cordifolia L. Magnolia bark. Hou po 厚朴 Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils. Malabar nightshade. Luo kui 落葵 Basella alba L. Malted barley. Mai ya 麦芽 Hordeum nudum L. Mandarin orange [peel]. Gan [pi] 柑[皮] Citrus chachiensis Hort.; Mandarin Orange Metaplexis [leaf ]. Luo mo 蘿藦, wan lan 芄蘭, bai huan teng 白環藤, 18-50 Metaplexis japonica (Thunb.) Makino Mint. Bo he 薄荷 Mentha canadensis L. Morinda [root]. Ba ji [tian]. 巴戟[天] Morinda officinalis How. Mosquito fern. Man jiang hong 滿江紅 Azolla imbricata (Roxb.) Nakai Mulberry [tree bark]. [Xiao] sang [bai pi] [小]桑[白皮] Morus alba L. Mulberry epiphyte. [Sang shang] ji sheng [桑上]寄生 Taxillus chinensis (DC) Danser Musk melon. Tian gua 甜瓜. Cucumis melo L.



Appendix Musk melon fruit base. Gua di 瓜蒂 Pedical of tian gua 甜瓜 Cucumis melo L. Mysore thorn. Yun shi 雲實 Cesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston N Naked barley. Kuang mai 穬麥, 22-06 Hordeum vulgare var. nudum Hook. f. Natural indigo. Qing dai 青黛 Prepared from  Chinese indigo plants. Notopterygium [root]. Qiang huo 羌活 Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.T.Chang Nutgrass. Xiang fu zi 香附子 Cyperus rotundus L. O Ocimum [root]. Xun cao 薰草 Ocimum basilicum L. Oil rape [seeds]. You cai 油菜 Brassica campestris L. Onion. Cong 葱. Cong bai 葱白. Allium fistulosum L. Ophiopogon [tuber]. Mai men dong 麥門冬 Ophiopogon japonicus (L. f.) Ker-Gawl. P Paeonia [root], white/red. [Bai/chi] shao yao [白/赤]芍藥 Paeonia veitchii Lynch. Paeonia root bark. Mu dan [pi] 牡丹[皮] Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. Paper mulberry tree [fruit]. Chu [tao er] 楮[桃兒], gou 構 Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. Paris [root]. Mu meng 牡蒙, wang sun 王孫 Paris bashanensis Wang et Tang

977

978

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

Peach [seed]. Tao [ren] 桃[仁] Amygdalus persica L. Peking spurge [root]. Da ji 大戟 Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr. Perilla [stem/leaf ]. Zi su 紫蘇, bai su 白蘇 Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. var.arguta (Benth.) Hand.-Mazz. Perilla herb. Ren 荏. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Persian lilac fruit. Lian shi , Ku lian zi 苦楝子, jin ling zi 金鈴子, chuan lian zi 川楝子, shan lian zi 山楝子 Melia azedarach L. Persimmon fruit. Shi 柹, 柿 Diospyros kaki Thunb. Pharbitis [seed]. [Hei] qian niu [zi] [黑]牽牛子, [bai] qian niu [白]牽牛, 18-13 Pharbitis nil (L.) Choisy Phellodendron bark. Huang bo 黄蘗, 黄檗, 黄柏 Phellodendron amurense Ruppr. Phragmites [root]. [Shui lu] di gen [水蘆]荻根 Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. Pickerel weed. Hu cao 蔛草, 19-02 Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Presl. Picrorhiza [rhizome]. Hu huang lian 胡黄連 Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell. Pigtail moss. Yuan yi 垣衣, 21-07 Weissia controversa Hedw. Pigweed. Hui diao 灰藋 Chenopodium serotinum L. Pine twig joints. Song jie 松節 Pinus armandi Franch Pinellia [root]. Ban xia 半夏 Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. Piper wallichii. Ding gong teng 丁公藤, 18-66 Piper wallichii (Miq.) Hand.-Mazz. var. hupehense (C. DC.) Hand.Mazz. Platycodon [root]. Jie geng 桔梗 Platycodon grandiflorus ( Jacq.) A. DC. Polygala [root]. Yuan zhi 遠志 Polygala tenuifolia Willd.



Appendix

979

Polygonatum odoratum [root]. Wei rui 萎蕤 Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce Polygonum multiflorum [root]. He shou wu 何首烏, hong nei xiao 紅内消, 18-24 Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Polyporus sclerotium. Zhu ling 猪苓 Polyporus umbellatus (Pers. ) Fr. Pomegranate [flower/seeds]. Shi liu [hua/zi] 石榴[花/子] Punica granatum L. Poplar. Bai yang 白楊 Populus davidiana Dode Poppy. Yu mi 御米, 23-17 Papaver somniferum L. Poria. Fu ling 茯苓, fu shen 伏神 Sclerotium of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf Prince’s feather. Qing xiang 青葙 Celosia argentea L. . Privet. Nü zhen 女贞 Ligustrum lucidum Ait. Pteridium vegetable. Jue 蕨 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. Pueraria [root]. Ge gen 葛[根], 18-20 Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi Pulsatilla herb. Bai tou weng cao 白頭翁草 Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel Purple aster [root]. Zi wan 紫菀 Aster tataricus L. f. .Purple aster. Purple chrysanthemum. Ma lan 馬藺 Kalimeris indica (L.) Sch.-Bip. Purslane. Ma chi [xian] 馬齒[莧] Portulaca oleracea L. Pyrrosia [leaf ]. Shi wei 石韋, 20-03 Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. Pyrus [fruit]. Tang li 棠梨 Pyrus betuliaefolia Bunge

980

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

Q Queen coralbead. Mu fang ji 木防己 Cocculus trilobus DC. Quince. Mu gua 木瓜 Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai R Radish [seed]. Luo bo 蘿蔔, lai fu [zi] 萊菔[子], tu su 土蘇 Raphanus sativus L. Rambling rose. Qiang wei 蔷薇, 18-16 Rosa multiflora Thunb. Ramie plant. Zhu [ma] 苧[麻] Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. Rangoon creeper [seeds]. Shi jun zi 使君子, 18-07 Quisqualis indica L. Rape turnip. Wu jing 蕪菁, man jing 蔓菁 Brassica rapa L. Red bayberry. Yang mei 楊梅 Myrica rubra (Lour.) Sieb. et Zucc. Red knotweed. Mu liao 木蓼 Polygonum orientale L. Red mung bean. Chi xiao dou 赤小豆, hong dou 紅豆, 24-04 Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi et Ohashi Rhubarb root. Da huang 大黄 Rheum palmatum L. Rice paper plant. Tong tuo mu 通脱木, tong cao [teng] 通草[藤], 18-43, 18-44 Tetrapanax papyriferus ( Hook.) K. Koch Rock fern. Wu jiu 烏韭, 21-10 Onychium japonicum (Thunb.) O.Kuntze. Roof pine. Wa song 瓦松, 21-09 Orostachys fimbriatus (Turcz.) Breger Rubus seed. Fu pen zi 覆盆子 Rubus chingii Hu S Safflower. Hong hua 紅花 Carthamus tinctorius L.



Appendix Sandalwood. Tan xiang 檀香 Santalum album L. Sanguisorba [root]. Di yu 地榆 Sanguisorba officinalis L. Saposhnikovia [root]. Fang feng 防風 Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Sargassum herb/brown algae. Hai zao 海藻, 19-17 Sargassum fusiforme (Harv.) Setch. Schisandra [seeds]. Wu wei [zi] 五味子, 18-02 Schisandra chinensis Turcz. Baill. Schizonepeta [spike, fruit]. Jing jie 荆芥 Schizonepeta multifida (L.) Briq. Scouring rush. Mu zei 木賊 Hippochaete hiemale (L.) Borher Scrophularia [root]. Xuan shen 玄參, chong tai 重臺 Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. Scurfy pea. Bu gu zhi 補骨脂, po gu zhi 破故紙 Psoralea corylifolia L. Scutellaria [root]. Huang qin 黄芩 Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Sea tangle. Kun bu 昆布, 19-20 Laminaria japonica Aresch. Semiaquilegia [herb]. Zi bei tian kui 紫背天葵 Semiaquilegia adoxoides (DC) Makino Sesame [seed]. Ju sheng [zi] 巨勝[子, zhi ma 脂麻, 22-01 Sesamum indicum L. Shaved cinnamom bark. Gui xin 桂心 Cinnamomum cassia Presl. Shepherd’s purse. Ji 薺 Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Short millet. Su 粟, 23-06 Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. Siberian elm [bark]. Yu [pi] 榆[皮] Ulmus pumila L. Silkwormthorn. Zhe 柘 Maclura tricuspidata Carr. Simpleleaf chastetree [seeds]. Man jing 蔓荆[子] Vitex trifolia L. var. simplicifolia Cham.

981

982

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

Smilax glabra [root]. Tu fu ling 土茯苓, 18-27 Smilax glabra Roxb. Snake vine [root]. Qian jin teng 千金藤, 18-33 Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers Soft rush. [Shi] long chu [石]龍芻 Juncus setchuensis L. Solomon’s seal [root]. Huang jing 黄精 Polygonatum sibiricum Delar. ex Redoute Sophora japonica [tree leaves]. Huai ye 槐[葉] Sophora japonica L. Sophora [root]. Ku shen 苦參 Sophora flavescens Ait. Spiked millet. Qing liang mi 青粱米, 23-05, 23-06, 23-07 Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. Spinach. Bo cai 波菜, bo leng 波棱 Spinacia oleracea L. Star anise. Ba jiao hui xiang 八角茴香 Illicium verum Hook. f. Stemmacantha [herb/root]. Lou lu 漏蘆 Stemmacantha uniflorum (L.) Dittrich Stemona [root]. Bai bu 百部, 18-23 Stemona sessilifolia Miq. Stephania tetrandra [root]. [Han] fang ji [漢]防己, 18-42 Stephania tetrandra Moore Stonecrop. Jing tian 景天, 20-07 Hylotelephium erythrostictum (Miq.) H. Ohba Sugar cane. Gan zhe 甘蔗 Saccharum sinensis Roxb. Sweet basil. Xiang cai 香菜 Ocimum basilicum L. Symplocos [leaf ]. Shan fan 山礬 Symplocos chinensis (Lour.) Druce T Tallow tree. Wu jiu 烏桕 Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.



Appendix

983

Tangerine peel. Chen pi 陳皮, ju pi 橘皮, ju hong 橘紅 Citrus reticulata Blanco Taro [seeds/tuber]. [Ye] yu [野]芋, yu zi 芋子, yu kui 芋魁 Colocasia esculenta L. Schott Terminalia fruit. He li le 訶黎勒, he zi 訶子 Terminalia chebula Retz. Thunderball fungus. Lei wan 雷丸 Polyporus mylittae Cook at Mass. Thyme [fruit]. Di jiao 地椒 Thymus mongolicus Bonn. Thyme-leaf sandwort. Li ge cao 離鬲草 Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaf spurge. Di jin 地锦 Euphorbia humifusa Willd. E.maculata L.. Tong oil tree. [Ying zi] tong [罌子]桐 Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy-Shaw Touch-me-not. Feng xian 鳳仙, ji xing zi 急性子 Impatiens balsamina L. Trachycarpus [palm]. Zong lü 椶櫚, 棕櫚 Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook) H.Endl. Tree spikemoss. Juan bai 卷柏, 21-12 Selaginella involvens Spr. Trichosanthes [root and root powder]. Tian hua fen 天花粉, gua lou [gen] 栝樓[ 根], 18-18 Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. Trumpet flower. Ling xiao 凌霄, zi wei 紫葳, 18-15 Campsis grandiflora (Thunb.) Loisel ex K. Schum. Turczaninowia [root]. Nü wan 女菀 Turczaninowia fastigiata (Fisch.) DC. Tulip. Yu jin xiang 鬱金香 Tulipa gesneriana L. Turmeric. Jiang huang 薑/姜黄 Curcuma longa L. U Ulmus [fruit]. Wu yi 蕪荑 Ulmus macrocarpa Hance

984

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

Umbrella leaf herb [root]. Gui jiu 鬼臼, qiong tian cao 璚田草 Dysosma versipellis (Hance) M. Cheng ex Ying V Veratrum [root]. Li lu 藜蘆 Veratrum nigrum L. Vernicia tree oil. Tong you 桐油 Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy-Shaw Viola philipica. Di ding 地丁 Viola philipica Cav. Viola verecunda. Jin cai 堇菜 Viola verecunda A. Gray Vitex [herb]. Huang jing 黄荆, mu jing 牡荆 Vitex negundo L. var. cannabifolia (Sieb.et Zucc.) Hand.-Mazz. Vitis [herb]. Qian sui lei 千歲蘽/櫐, 18-60 Vitis flexuosa Thunb.. W Walnut. Hu tao 胡桃 Juglans regia L. Water chestnut. Ling mi 菱米, ling jiao 菱角 Trapa bispinosa Roxb. Water mallow. Chun 莼, 蓴, 19-15 Brasenia schreberi J. F. Gmel. Wax gourd. Dong gua 冬瓜 Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Weeping willow. Yang liu 楊柳 Salix babylonica L. Wheat [bran]. Fou mai 浮麥, fu 麩, 22-04 Triticum aestivum L. White Soybean. Bai dou 白豆, 24-11 Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. var. cylindrica (L.) Ohashi Wild ginger. Shan jiang 山薑 Alpinia japonica (Thunb.) Wild grape. Ying yu 蘡薁 Vitis adstricta Hance



Appendix Wild hop. Lü cao 葎草, ge le hua 葛勒花, 18-54 Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr. Wild mustard. La mi 辣米 Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern. Winter daphne [root]. Rui xiang 瑞香 Daphne acutiloba Rehd. Wolfsbane. Lang du 狼毒 Euphorbia fischeriana Steud. Wood ragwort. Wei xian 薇衘 Senecio nemorensis L. Wood whitlow-grass. Ting li 葶藶 Lepidium apetalum Willd. Woolly beard grass. Ba mao 笆茅, mang 芒 Miscanthus sinensis Anders. Wormwood herb. Qing hao 青蒿 Artemisia carvifolia Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. Y Yam. Tu yu 土芋, tu luan 土卵 Dioscorea sativa L. Yellow day lily. Xuan cao 萱草, lu cong 鹿葱 Hemerocallis citrina Baroni Z Zanthoxylum [fruit]. Dang [zi] 欓[子], shi zhu yu 食茱萸, wu zhu yu 吴茱萸 Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Sieb. et Zucc.

985

986

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

6.2. Substances discussed in chapters 18 – 25 in a separate entry. Listed in alphabetical order of their proper pin yin names with their popular English names where available and references to their entry. A A fu rong 阿芙蓉, opium. 23-18 Ai na 艾納, unidentified. 21-15-A01 B Ba qi 菝葜, Chinese sarsaparilla. 18-26 Bai bing 白并, unidentified. 18-23-A01 Bai bu 百部, stemona sessilifolia. 18-23 Bai chang 白菖, acorus spp. 19-07 Bai dou 白豆, white soybean. 24-07 Bai hua teng 白花藤, trachelospermum jasminoides. 18-48 Bai leng teng 百稜藤, unidentified. 18-68 Bai lian 白蘞, ampelopsis japonica. 18-28 Bai long xu 白龍鬚, unidentified. 20-19 Bai rui cao 百蕊草, thesium chinense. 21-10-A01 Bai tu huo 白兔藿, cynanchum auriculatum. 18-47 Bai yao zi 白藥子, stephania cepharantha. 18-38 Bai ying 白英, climbing nightshade. 18-49 Bai 稗, barnyard grass. 23-09 Ban tian hui 半天回, unidentified. 20-17-A01 Bi shi hu ma 壁虱胡麻, common flax. 22-02 Bi xie 萆薢, dioscorea collettii. 18-25 Bian dou 藊豆, Egyptian kidney bean. 24-12 C Can dou 蠶豆, horse bean. 24-10 Chang chun teng 常春藤, common ivy. 18-59 Chang pu 菖蒲, Japanese sweetflag. 19-06 Chao 麨, prepared rice or wheat. 25-08 Chen cang mi 陳廩米, rice/millet stored in a granary. 25-04 Chen jia bai yao 陳家白藥, unidentified. 18-38-A01



Appendix

987

Chen si ji 陳思岌, unidentified. 18-33-A01 Chi di li 赤地利, hill buckwheat. 18-51 Chi xiao dou 赤小豆, red mung bean. 24-04 Chong chu tou xi kang 舂杵頭細糠, Fine husks [of grain] at the tip of the pestle in a mortar. 25-29 Chong dong gen 衝洞根, unidentified. Chuan di tai 船底苔, mosses from the bottom of a boat. 21-04 Chun 蓴, water mallow. 19-15 Cu jiang cao 酢漿草, Indian sorrel. 20-12 Cu 醋, vinegar. 25-23 D Da dou chi 大豆豉, fermented soybean, 25-01 Da dou huang juan 大豆黄卷, germinated soybeans. 24-02 Da dou 大豆, soybean. 24-01 Da ma 大麻, hemp. 22-03 Da mai 大麥, barley. 22-05 Dao dou 刀豆, broad bean. 24-13 Dao gua teng 倒掛藤, unidentified. 18-45-A01 Dao 稻, glutinous rice. 22-10 Di bai 地柏, unidentified. 21-12-A01 Di jin 地錦, thyme-leaf spurge. 20-13 Di jin 地錦, unidentified. 18-57-A01 Di yi 地衣, lichen. 21-06 Diao teng 釣藤, gambir vine. 18-45 Dong qiang 東廧, salt plant. 23-11 Dou fu 豆腐, bean curd. 25-03 Dou huang 豆黄, bean ferment. 25-02 E E bao 鵝抱, unidentified. 18-31 F Fan mu bie 番木鼈, strychnine tree. 18-09 Fan 飯, cooked rice/millet. 25-05 Fang ji 防己, stephania tetrandra. 18-42 Feng yan mu 風延母, unidentified. 18-71-A02

988

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

Fo jia cao 佛甲草, stonecrop. 20-08 Fu bei 腐婢, [mung] bean [flower]. 24-05 Fu fang teng 扶芳藤, wintercreeper. 18-58 Fu ji zi 伏雞子, unidentified. 18-32 Fu pen zi 覆盆子, Korean bramble. 18-04 G Gan lu 甘露, unidentified. 18-62-A02 Gan tai 乾苔, enteromorpha prolifera. 21-02 Gan teng 甘藤, unidentified. 18-62 Ge 葛, pueraria lobate. 18-20 Geng 粳, polisched, non-glutinous rice. 22-11 Gu lu zhi 骨路支, unidentified. 18-15-A01 Gu mi 菰米, Indian rice. 23-12 Gu sui bu 骨碎補, Fortune’s drynaria. 20-02 Gu ya 穀芽, sprouted cereal grain. 25-18 Gu zi hua 鼓子花, hedge bindweed. 18-14 Gu 菰, Indian rice. 19-09 Gua lou 栝樓, trichosanthes kirilowii. 18-18 Gui mu 鬼目, pai feng zi 排風子, climbing nightshade. 18-49 H Hai dai 海帶, common eelgrass. 19-19 Hai yun 海藴, green algae. 19-18 Hai zao 海藻, sargassum herb/brown algae, 19-17 Han ju 寒具, A kind of pasta made with rice/wheat flour. 25-11 Han sheng cao 含生草, unidentified. 21-12-A02 Han shui teng 含水藤, gnetum parvifolium. 18-63 Han zheng 黄蒸, yellow [ferment from] steamed [rice and wheat powder]. 25-14 He shou wu 何首烏, polygonum multiflorum. 18-24 He zi cao 合子草, unidentified. 18-11-A01 Hong mao cao 紅茂草, clove pink. 20-05-A01 Hong qu 紅麴, driedf fermented rice. 25-17 Hu cao 蔛草, pickerel weed. 19-02 Hu er cao 虎耳草, strawberry begonia. 20-09 Hu ma 胡麻, sesame. 22-01 Huang da dou 黄大豆, yellow soybean. 24-03



Appendix Huang huan 黄環, possibly: wisteria chinensis. 18-21 Huang teng 黄藤, fibraurea cisa. 18-46 Huang yao zi 黄藥子, yam leaved clematis. 18-36 Hui zhou bai yao 會州白藥, unidentified. 18-38-A02 J Ji weng teng 雞翁藤, unidentified. 20-17-A03 Ji 稷, non glutinous panicled millet. 23-01 Jian cao 剪草, fortune’s chloranthus. 18-41 Jiang dou 豇豆, cowpea. 24-11 Jiang 醬, fermented soy paste. 25-20 Jie du zi 解毒子, stephania epigaea. 18-37 Jin chuang xiao cao 金瘡小草, ajuga herb. 20-13-A01 Jin xing cao 金星草, phymatopsis herb. 20-04 Jin yin hua 金銀花, honeysuckle. 18-61 Jing mian cao 鏡面草, green penny fern. 20-11 Jing tian 景天, stonecrop. 20-07 Jing zhong tai 井中苔, mosses from within a well. 21-03 Jiu xian zi 九仙子, unidentified. 18-34 Jiu 酒, wine. 25-24 Jiu 酒, medicated wines. 25-24-01 to 25-24-76 Juan bai 卷柏, tree spikemoss. 21-12 Jun she 麕舌, unidentified. 19-04-A02 K Ke teng zi 榼藤子, gilla nut. 18-11 Ku cao 苦草, water celery. 19-10 Ku qiao mai 苦蕎麥, Tartary buckwheat. 22-09 Ku yao zi 苦藥子, stephania epigaea. 18-37 Kuang mai 穬麥, naked barley. 22-06 Kun bu 昆布, sea tangle. 19-20 L Lang ba zi 狼跋子, possibly: wisteria chinensis. 18-21 Lang wei cao 狼尾草, foxtail. 23-10 Li chun hua 麗春花, poppy plant. 23-17 Li dou 貍豆, cowhage. 24-14

989

990

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

Li dou 黎豆, cowhage. 24-14 Li ge cao 離鬲草, thyme-leaf sandwort. 20-14 Liang 粱, spiked millet. 23-05 Lie jie 烈節, unidentified. 18-66-A01 Ling xiao hua 凌霄花, trumpet flower. 18-15 Long she cao 龍舌草, duck lettuce. 19-05 Lü cao 葎草, wild hop. 18-54 Lü dou 穭豆, wild rice. 24-08 Lü dou 緑豆, mung bean. 24-06 Luo mo 蘿藦, metaplexis japonica. 18-50 Luo shi 絡石, star jasmine. 18-56 Luo yan cao 螺厴草, green penny fern. 20-11 Luo yan mu 落雁木, unidentified. 18-71 M Ma ben 麻蕡, hemp. 22-03 Ma bo 馬勃, puffball. 21-16 Ma dou ling 馬兜鈴, northern pipevine. 18-10 Mai ya 麥芽, sprouted cereal grain. 25-18 Mei shi wang mu 每始王木, unidentified. 18-71-A03 Mi bi 米粃, empty husks of grain. 25-28 Mi gao 米餻, cake made by steaming rice or millet. 25-09 Mu bie zi 木鼈子, Chinese bitter cucumber. 18-08 Mu lian 木蓮, climbing fig. 18-57 N Nan huo lan 難火蘭, unidentified. 18-01-A01 Nan teng 南藤, piper wallichii. 18-66 Nie mi 糵米, sprouted cereal grain. 25-18 Niu she 牛舌, unidentified. 19-04-A01 Nu hui zi 奴會子, unidentified. 18-37-A01 Nü qu 女麴, yeast/ferment made by females. 25-13 Nü wei 女萎, October clematis. 18-29 P Peng cao zi 蓬草子, unidentified. 23-13 Peng lei 蓬櫐, rubus buergeri. 18-03.



Appendix

991

Pin 蘋, pepperwort. 19-12 Ping peng cao 萍蓬草19-13 Pu huang 蒲黄, typha pollen. 19-08 Pu tao jiu 葡萄酒, grape vine. 25-26 Q Qian cao 茜草, madder. 18-40 Qian jin teng 千金藤, stephania japonica. 18-33 Qian li guang 千里光, climbing groundsel. 18-72 Qian li ji 千里及, climbing groundsel. 18-72 Qian niu zi 牽牛子, pharbitis nil. FE Bie lu 别録 18-13 Qian sui lei 千歲櫐, vitis flexuosa. 18-60 Qiao mai 蕎麥, buckwheat. 22-08 Qing feng teng 清風藤, sabia japonica. 18-67 Qing jin gan shi xin fan 青精乾石䭀飯, Rice boiled with the shoots of Asiatic bilberry. 25-06 Qu 麴, yeast/ferment. 25-15 Que mai 雀麥, Japanese brome. 22-07 R Ren dong 忍冬, honeysuckle. 18-61 Ren gan teng 人肝藤, unidentified. 18-32-A02 S San ye 三葉, unidentified. 20-12-A02 Sang hua 桑花, mulberry tree lichen. 21-15 Shan dou gen 山豆根, bushy sophora. 18-35 Shan zi 穇子, finger millet. 23-08 Shao jiu 燒酒, burnt wine. 25-25 She mei 蛇苺, Indian strawberry. 18-06 She she 蛇舌, unidentified. 19-04-A03 Shen qu 神麴, divine yeast/ferment. 25-16 Sheng teng 省藤, dragon blood palm. 18-69 Shi cao zi 蒒草子, sedge. 23-15 Shi chang sheng 石長生, cliff maidenhair. 20-05 Shi chui 石垂, unidentified. 20-06-A01 Shi fan 石帆, unidentified. 19-22

992

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

Shi hu sui 石胡荽, sneezeweed. 20-10 Shi hu 石斛, noble dendrobium. 20-01 Shi jun zi 使君子, Rangoon creeper. 18-07 Shi rui 石蕊, reindeer lichen. 21-05 Shi song 石松, common clubmoss. 21-14 Shi wei 石韋, Japnese felt fern. 20-03 Shi xian 石莧, creeping lip plant. 20-06 Shu shu 蜀黍, great millet. 23-03 Shu 秫, glutinous spiked millet. 23-07 Shu 黍, glutinous panicled millet. 23-02 Shui ping 水萍, ducksmeat. 19-11 Shui song 水松, green sea fingers. 19-23 Shui su 水粟, 19-13 Shui zao 水藻, water milfoil. 19-16 Su 粟, short millet. 23-06 Suan cao 酸草, unidentified. 20-12-A01 Suan e 酸惡. Unidentified. 19-01-A01 Suan mo 酸模, garden sorrel. 19-04 Teng huang 藤黄, gamboge. 18-73 Tian hua fen 天花粉, trichosanthes kirilowii. 18-18 Tian men dong 天門冬, Chinese asparagus. 18-22 Tian shou gen 天壽根, unidentified. 18-44-A01 Tian teng 甜藤, unidentified. 18-62-A01 Tian xian teng 天仙藤, dutchman’s pipe. 18-64 Tie ge 鐵葛, unidentified. 18-20-A01 Tong cao 通草, rice paper plant. 18-43 Tong tuo mu 通脱木, rice paper plant. 18-44 Tu fu ling 土伏苓, glabrious greenbrier. 18-27 Tu gua 土瓜, Japanese snake gourd. 18-19 Tu jue bai 突厥白, unidentified. 18-38-A04 Tu ma zong 土馬騣, haircap moss. 21-11 Tu qing mu xiang 土青木香, northern pipevine. 18-10 Tu si zi 兔絲子, dodder. 18-01 W Wa song 瓦松, orostachys fimbriatus. 21-09 Wan dou 豌豆, garden pea. 24-09 Wang cao zi 菵草子, unidentified. 23-14



Appendix Wang gua 王瓜, Japanese snake gourd. 18-19 Wei ling xian 威靈仙, Chinese clematis. 18-39 Wu jiu 烏韭, rock fern. 21-10 Wu lian mei 烏蘞苺, Japanese cayratia. 18-53 Wu wei zi 五味子, schisandra seeds. 18-02. Wu ye teng 五葉藤, Japanese cayratia. 18-53 Wu yi jiang 蕪荑醬, fermented ulmus fruit paste. 25-22 Wu you 屋遊, moss on a roof. 21-08 X Xian ren cao 仙人草, sweet autumn clematis. 20-15 Xian ren zhang cao 仙人掌草, unidentified. 20-16 Xian 籼, Annamese upland rice. 22-12 Xiang pu 香蒲, common cattail. 19-08 Xiao mai 小麥, wheat. 22-04 Xing 莕, fringed water-lily. 19-14 Xuan gou zi 懸鉤子, rubus corchorifolius. 18-05 Xuan hua 旋花, hedge bindweed. 18-14 Xue jian chou 血見愁, thyme-leaf spurge. 20-13 Xue teng 血藤, sargentodoxa cuneate. 18-40-A01 Y Ya ma 亞麻, common flax. 22-02 Ya zong 崖椶, creeping broad-leafed edge. 20-17 Yang pen 仰盆, unidentified. 18-32-A01 Yang tao 羊桃, carambola. 18-55 Yang ti 羊蹄, Japanese dock. 19-03 Yang tian pi 仰天皮, lichen. 21-06 Yao shi gen 藥實根附, unidentified. 18-37-A02 Ye lan 野蘭, unidentified. 20-17-A02 Yi tan 飴餹, malt sugar. 25-19 Yi yi 薏苡, Job’s tears. 23-16 Ying shi, qiang mi 營實牆蘼, rambling rose. 18-16 Ying zi su 罌子粟, poppy plant. 23-17 You ma 油麻, sesame. 22-01 Yu bai 玉柏, rare clubmoss. 21-13 Yu mi 御米, poppy plant. 23-17

993

994

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

Yu ren jiang 榆仁醬, fermented Siberian elm seed paste. 25-21 Yu shu shu 玉蜀黍, Indian corn. 23-04 Yu zhi zi 預知子, Japanese snake gourd. 18-12 Yuan yi 垣衣, pigtail moss. 21-07 Yue ji hua 月季花, monthly rose. 18-17 Yue wang yu suan 越王餘算, red sea whip. 19-21 Z Zao 糟, wine brewing residue/sediment. 25-27 Ze xie 澤瀉, Asian water plantain. 19-01 Zhe kui 赭魁, dioscorea cirrhosa. 18-30 Zhe shang mu 折傷木, unidentified. 18-71-A01 Zheng bing 蒸餅, steamed cake made from wheat flour, 25-12 Zhi li 陟釐, algae/spirogyra nitida. 21-01 Zhou 粥, congee prepared with rice, wheat or millet. 25-07 Zhou 粥, medicated congees. 25-07-01 to 25-07-62 Zi bei jin pan 紫背金盤, ajuga nipponensis. 20-18 Zi ge 紫葛, ampelopsis delavayana. 18-52 Zi jin teng 紫金藤, Chinese kadsura vine. 18-65 Zi teng 紫藤, Chinese wisteria. 18-70 Zi wei 紫葳, trumpet flower. 18-15 Zi yi 紫衣, unidentified. 21-09-A01 Zong 糉, Dumplings made from glutinous rice. 25-10 Zuo ye he cao 昨葉何, orostachys fimbriatus. 21-09



Appendix

995

6.3. List of substances treated in entries of their own, in alphabetical order of their currently accepted scientific identification. A Acorus gramineus Ait. (M. Br.). 19-06 Acorus spp. 19-07 Adiantum monochlamys Eaton. 20-05 Agriophyllum squarrosum (L.) Moq. 23-11 Ajuga nipponensis Makino 20-18 Alisma orientalis (Sam.) Juz. 19-01 Ampelopsis delavayana (Franch.) Planch. 18-52 Ampelopsis japonica (Thunb.) Makino. 18-28 Arenaria serpyllifolia L. 20-14 Aristolochia contorta, Bunge. 18-10 Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc. 18-64 Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. 18-22 Averrhoa carambola L. 18-55 B Brasenia schreberi J. F. Gmel. 19-15 Bromus japonicus Thunb. 22-07 C Calvatia lilacina (Mont. et Berk.) 21-16 Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. 18-14 Campsis grandiflora (Thunb.) Loisel ex K. Schum. 18-15 Canavalia gladiata ( Jacq.) DC. 24-13 Cannabis sativa L. 22-03 Carex kobomugi Ohwi. 23-15 Carex siderosticta Hance. 20-17 Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep. 18-53 Centipeda minima (L.) A.Br. et Ascher. 20-10 Chloranthus fortunei (A. Gray) Solms-Lamb. 18-41 Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Web. 21-05 Clematis apiifolia DC. 18-29 Clematis chinensis Osbeck. 18-39

996

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

Clematis paniculata Th. 20-15 Clematis terniflora DC. 18-36 Codium fragile (Sur.) Har. 19-23 Coix lacryma L. 23-16 Cuscuta chinensis, Lam. 18-01 Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight. 18-47 D Daemonorops margaritae (Hance) Becc. 18-69 Dendrobium nobile Lindl. 20-01 Dioscorea cirrhosa Lour. 18-30 Dioscorea collettii Hook f. var. hypoglauca (Palibin) Péi et Ting 18-25 Dolichos lablab L. 24-12 Drynaria fortunei (Kunze) J. Smith. 20-02 Duchesnea indica, Focke. 18-06 E Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. 23-09 Eleucine corocana (L.) Gaertn. 23-08 Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. 18-11 Enteromorpha prolifera (Muell.) J. AG. 21-02 Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. 18-58 Euphorbia humifusa Willd. 20-13 F Fagopyrum dibotrys (D.Don) Hara. 18-51 Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. 22-08 Fagopyrum tartaricum Gaertn. 22-09 Fibraurea cisa Pierre. 18-46 Ficus pumila L. 18-57 G Garcinia morella Desv. (M.J.) 18-73 Glycine max (L.) Merr. 24-01, 24-02, 24-03 Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc. Gnetum parvifolium (Warb.) C.Y. Cheng ex Chun. 18-63



Appendix H Hedera nepalensis K. Koch var. sinensis (Tobl.) Rehd. 18-59 Hepatica spp. 21-06 Hordeum vulgare L. 22-05 Hordeum vulgare var. nudum Hook. f. 22-06 Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr. 18-54 Hylotelephium erythrostictum (Miq.) H. Ohba. 20-07 J Junceella juncea Pallas. 19-21 K Kadsura longipedunculata Finet et Gagnep. 18-65 L Laminaria japonica Aresch. 19-20 Lemmaphyllum microphyllum Presl. 20-11 Linum usitatissimum L. 22-02 Lippia nodifera Rich. 20-06 Lonicera japonica Thunb. 18-61 Lycopodium clavatum Thunb. 21-14 Lycopodium obscurum L. 21-13 M Marsilea quadrifolia L. 19-12 Metaplexis japonica (Thunb.) Makino. 18-50 Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. 18-08 Monascus purpureus Went. 25-17 Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Presl. 19-02 Myriophyllum spicatum L. 19-16 N Nemacystus decipiens (Sur.) Kuck. 19-18 Nuphar pumilum (Hoffm.) DC. 19-13 Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O. Ktze. 19-14

997

998

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

O Onychium japonicum (Thunb.) O.Kuntze. 21-10 Opium. 23-18 Orostachys fimbriatus (Turcz.) Breger. 21-09 Oryza sativa L. 22-10, 22-12 Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. 19-05 Oxalis corniculata L. 20-12 P Panicum miliaceum L. 23-01, 23-02 Papaver somniferum L. 23-17 Parmelia spp. 21-15 Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng. 23-10 Pharbitis nil (L.) Choisy. 18-13 Phymatopsis griffithiana (Hook.) J. Smith. 20-04 Piper wallichii (Miq.) Hand.-Mazz. var. 18-66 Pisum sativum L. 24-09 Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. 18-24 Polytrichum commune L. ex Hedw. 21-11 Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi. 18-20 Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. 20-03 Q Quisqualis indica L. 18-07 R Rosa chinensis Jacq. 18-17 Rosa multiflora Thunb. 18-16 Rubia cordifolia L. 18-40 Rubus buergeri, Miq. 18-03 Rubus corchorifolius L. 18-05 Rubus coreanus Miq. 18-04 Rumex acetosa L. 19-04 Rumex crispus L. var. japonicus Houtt. 19-03



Appendix S Sabia japonica Maxim. 18-67 Sargassum fusiforme (Harv.) Setch. 19-17 Saxifraga stolonifera Curt. 20-09 Schisandra chinensis Turcz. Baill. 18-02 Sedum lineare Thunb. 20-08 Selaginella involvens Spr. 21-12 Semen oryzae sativae. 22-11 Senecio scandens Ham. 18-72 Sesamum indicum L. 22-01 Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. 23-05, 23-06, 23-07 Smilax china L. 18-26 Smilax glabra Roxb. 18-27 Solanum lyratum Thunb. 18-49 Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep. 18-35 Sorghum vulgare Pers. 23-03 Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. 19-11 Spirogyra nitida (Dillw.) Link. 21-01 Stemona sessilifolia (Miq.) Franch. et Sav. 18-23 Stephania cepharantha Hayata. 18-38 Stephania epigaea H.S. Lo 18-37 Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers. 18-33 Stephania tetrandra Moore. 18-42 Stizolobium capitatum (Sweet) O.Kuntze. 24-14 Strychnos nux vomica L. 18-09 T Tetrapanax papyriferus (Hook.) K. Koch. 18-43, 18-44 Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem. 18-48, 18-56 Trichosanthes cucumeroides (Ser.) Maxim. 18-12, 18-19 Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. 18-18 Triticum aestivum L. 22-04 Typha spp. 19-08 U Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil. 18-45

999

1000

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

V Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara. 19-10 Vicia faba L. 24-10 Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczak. 24-06 Vigna spp. 24-05 Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi et Ohashi. 24-04 Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. 24-11 Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. var. cylindrica (L.) 24-07 Vitis flexuosa Thunb. 18-60 W Weissia controversa Hedw. 21-07 Wisteria chinensis, DC. 18-21 Wisteria sinensis Sweet. 18-70 Z Zea mays L. 23-04 Zizania caduciflora (Turcz. ex Trin.) Hand.-Mazz. 19-09, 23-12 Zostera marina L. 19-19