Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume IX: Fowls, Domestic and Wild Animals, Human Substances 9780520976993

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Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume IX: Fowls, Domestic & Wild Animals, Human Substances by Li Shizhen

The Ben Cao Gang Mu Series The complete Chinese text translated and annotated by Paul U. Unschuld Vol. I.

Ch. 1 – 4. Introduction, History, Pharmacology, Diseases and Suitable Pharmaceutical Drugs

Vol. II.

Ch. 5 – 11. Waters, Fires, Soils, Metals, Jades, Stones, Minerals, Salts

Vol. III.

Ch. 12 – 14. Mountain Herbs, Fragrant Herbs

Vol. IV.

Ch. 15 – 17. Marshland Herbs, Poisonous Herbs

Vol. V.

Ch. 18 – 25. Creeping Herbs, Water Herbs, Herbs Growing on Stones, Mosses, Cereals

Vol. VI.

Ch. 26 – 33. Vegetables, Fruits

Vol. VII.

Ch. 34 – 37. Woods

Vol. VIII.

Ch. 38 – 46. Clothes, Utensils, Worms, Insects, Amphibians, Animals with Scales, Animals with Shells

Vol. IX.

Ch. 47 – 52. Fowls, Domestic & Wild Animals, Human Substances

Tools The Dictionary of the Ben Cao Gang Mu Vol. I.

Chinese Historical Illness Terminology

Vol. II.

Geographical and Administrative Designations

Vol. III.

Persons and Literary Sources

Vol. IV.

Substance Identification

Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume IX: Fowls, Domestic & Wild Animals, Human Substances by Li Shizhen

16th Century Chinese Encyclopedia of Materia Medica and Natural History

The complete Chinese text translated and annotated by Paul U. Unschuld

university of california press

The generous financial support of the Ben cao gang mu translation project and of the publication of the resulting volumes by Mr. Rong Yumin 荣裕民 is gratefully acknowledged.

University of California Press Oakland, California

© 2021 by The Regents of the University of California

Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file at the Library of Congress. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020946743 ISBN 978-0-520-37992-3 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-520-97699-3 (ebook)

Manufactured in the United States of America

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CONTENTS 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 2. 3. 4.

Prolegomena / 31 History of Chinese materia medica literature / 31 Structure and contents of the Ben cao gang mu / 35 Biographical sketch of Li Shizhen (1518 – 1593) / 45 Notes on the Translation / 47 Wang Shizhen’s preface of 1590 / 51 Translation of the Ben cao gang mu 本草綱目. Chapters 47 - 52 / 55

Fowl I. Water Fowl, Chapter 47

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47-01 He 鶴, red crowned crane. / 62 47-01-01 Ai he xue 白鶴血, white crane’s blood. / 64 47-01-02 Nao 腦, [crane] brain. / 64 47-01-03 Luan 卵, [crane] egg. / 65 47-01-04 Gu 骨, [crane] bone. / 65 47-01-05 Zhun zhong sha shi zi 肫中砂石子, sand found in the [crane’s] gizzard / 65 47-02 Guan 鸛, white stork. / 65 47-02-01 Gu 骨, [stork] bone. / 67 47-02-02 Jiao gu ji zui 脚骨及嘴, leg bone and beak [of storks]. / 67 47-02-03 Luan 卵, [stork] egg. / 68 47-02-04 Shi 屎, [stork] droppings. / 68 47-03 Cang ji 鶬鷄, gray crane. / 68 47-03-01 Rou 肉, meat [of a grey crane]. / 69 47-03-A01 Su shuang 鷫鸘 / 70 47-04 Yang niao 陽烏, yang bird / 70 47-04-01 Hui 嘴, [yang bird] beak. / 70 47-05 Tu qiu 鵚鶖, lesser adjutant. / 71

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 47-05-01 Rou 肉, meat [of the lesser adjutant]. / 72 47-05-02 Sui 髓, marrow [of the lesser adjutant]. / 72 47-05-03 Hui 喙, beak [of the lesser adjutant]. / 72 47-05-04 Mao 毛, feathers [of the lesser adjutant]. / 73 47-06 Meng tong 䴌𪆏, meng tong. / 74 47-06-01 Fen 糞, droppings [of meng tong]. / 74 47-07 Ti hu 鵜鶘, pelican; i.e. tao e 淘鵝 / 74 47-07-01 Zhi you 脂油, [pelican] oil. / 75 47-07-02 Hui 嘴, [pelican] beak. / 76 47-07-03 She 舌, [pelican] tongue. / 76 47-07-04 Mao pi 毛皮, [pelican] feathers and skin. / 77 47-08 E 鵝, oriental swan goose. / 77 47-08-01 Bai e gao 白鵝膏, fat of white geese. / 78 47-08-02 Rou 肉, [oriental swan goose] meat. / 78 47-08-03 Cui 臎, [oriental swan goose] tail meat. / 79 47-08-04 Xue 血, [oriental swan goose] blood. / 80 47-08-05 Dan 膽, gallbladder/bile [of the Oriental swan goose]. / 80 47-08-06 Luan 卵, [oriental swan goose] egg. / 81 47-08-07 Xian 涎, [oriental swan goose] saliva. / 81 47-08-08 Mao 毛, [oriental swan goose] feather. / 81 47-08-09 Zhang shang huang pi 掌上黄皮, yellow skin from the sole of [an Oriental swan goose] foot. / 83 47-08-10 Shi 屎, [oriental swan goose] droppings. / 83 47-09 Yan 雁, wild goose. / 84 47-09-01 Yan fang 雁肪, fat of wild geese. / 85 47-09-02 Rou 肉, meat [of wild geese]. / 87 47-09-03 Gu 骨, bone [of a wild goose]. / 87 47-09-04 Mao 毛, feather [of a wild goose]. / 87 47-09-05 Shi bai 屎白, white droppings [of a wild goose]. / 88 47-10 Hu 鵠, whooper swan; i.e., tian e 天鵝 / 88 47-10-01 Rou 肉, [swan] meat. / 89 47-10-02 You 油, [swan] oil. / 89 47-10-03 Rong mao 絨毛, [swan] down / 90 47-11 Bao 鴇, great bustard. / 90 47-11-01 Rou 肉, [bustard] meat / 91 47-11-02 Fang 肪, [bustard] fat. / 91 47-12 Mu 鶩, domestic duck; i.e., ya 鴨 / 92 47-12-01 Mu fang 鶩肪, duck fat. / 93

Contents 47-12-02 Rou 肉, meat [of domestic ducks]. / 94 47-12-03 Tou 頭, [domestic duck] head. / 96 47-12-04 Nao 腦, [domestic duck] brain. / 97 47-12-05 Xue 血, [domestic duck] blood. / 97 47-12-06 She 舌, [domestic duck] tongue. / 98 47-12-07 Xian 涎, [domestic duck] saliva. / 98 47-12-08 Dan 膽, [domestic duck] gallbladder/bile. / 99 47-12-09 Zhun yi 肫衣, membrane of a [domestic duck] gizzard. / 99 47-12-10 Luan 卵, [domestic duck] egg. / 99 47-12-11 Bai ya tong 白鴨通, white duck droppings. / 100 47-13 Fu 鳧, wild duck; i.e. ye ya 野鴨 / 101 47-13-01 Rou 肉, [wild duck] meat. / 102 47-13-02 Xue 血, [wild duck] blood. / 102 47-14 Pi ti 鸊鷉, grebe. / 103 47-14-01 Rou 肉, [grebe] meat. / 103 47-14-02 Gao 膏, [grebe] grease. / 104 47-15 Yuan yang 鴛鴦, mandarin duck. / 104 47-15-01 Rou 肉, [mandarin duck] meat. / 105 47-16 Xi chi 鸂鶒, xi chi. FE Jia you 嘉祐 / 106 47-16-01 Rou 肉, [xi chi] meat. / 106 47-17 Jiao jing 鵁鶄, Chinese squacco heron. / 107 47-17-01 Rou 肉, meat [of fishing cormorants]. / 108 47-17-A01 Xuan mu 旋目, round eyes. / 108 47-17-A02 Fang mu 方目, square eyes. / 108 47-18 Lu 鷺, little egret. / 109 47-18-01 Rou 肉, meat [of little egrets]. / 110 47-18-02 Tou 頭, head [of little egrets]. / 110 47-19 Ou 鷗, common gull. / 110 47-19-01 Rou 肉, [common gull] meat. / 111 47-20 Zhu yu 鸀鳿, zhu yu. / 111 47-20-01 Mao, shi 毛屎, feather and droppings [of zhu yu]. / 112 47-21 Lu ci 鸕鷀, common cormorant. / 113 47-21-01 Rou 肉, meat [of common cormorants]. / 115 47-21-02 Tou 頭, head [of common cormorants]. / 116 47-21-03 Gu 骨, bone [of common cormorants]. / 116 47-21-04 Hui 喙, beak [of common cormorants]. / 116 47-21-05 Su 嗉, crop [of common cormorants]. / 116 47-21-06 Chi yu 翅羽, wing feather [of common cormorants]. / 117

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 47-21-07 Shu shui hua 蜀水花, droppings of common cormorants. / 117 47-22 Yu gou 魚狗, common kingfisher. / 118 47-22-01 Rou 肉, [common kingfishers] meat. / 119 47-22-A01 Fei cui 翡翠, halcyon / 120 47-23 Wen mu niao 蚊母鳥, mosquito-mother bird. / 120 47-23-01 Chi yu 翅羽, wing feathers [of a mosquito-mother bird]. / 121

Fowl II. Land Fowl. Chapter 48

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48-01 Ji 鷄, chicken. / 124 48-01-01 Zhu ji rou 諸鷄肉, meat of all kinds of chicken. / 126 48-01-02 Dan xiong ji rou 丹雄鷄肉, meat of cinnabar-red roosters / 127 48-01-03 Bai xiong ji rou 白雄鷄肉, meat of white roosters. / 128 48-01-04 Wu xiong ji rou 烏雄鷄肉, meat of black roosters. / 131 48-01-05 Hei ci ji rou 黑雌鷄肉, meat of black hens. / 134 48-01-06 Huang ci ji rou 黄雌鷄肉, meat of yellow hens. / 136 48-01-07 Wu gu ji 烏骨鷄, black bone chicken. / 139 48-01-08 Fan mao ji 反毛鷄, chicken with reversed feathers / 141 48-01-09 Tai he lao ji 泰和老鷄, aged chicken bred in Tai he. / 142 48-01-10 Ji tou 鷄頭, chicken head. / 142 48-01-11 Ji guan xue 鷄冠血, blood from a cockscomb. / 144 48-01-12 Ji xue 鷄血, chicken blood. / 148 48-01-13 Fang 肪, [chicken] fat. / 150 48-01-14 Nao 腦, [chicken] brain. / 151 48-01-15 Xin 心, [chicken] heart. / 151 48-01-16 Gan 肝, [chicken] liver. / 152 48-01-17 Dan 膽, [chicken] gallbladder/bile. / 153 48-01-18 Shen 腎, [chicken] kidneys. / 154 48-01-19 Su 嗉, [chicken] crop. / 154 48-01-20 Pi chi li huang pi 䏶胵裏黄皮, yellow skin of [chicken] gizzard. / 155 48-01-21 Chang 腸, [chicken] intestine. / 159 48-01-22 Lei gu 肋骨, [chicken] rib bone. / 160 48-01-23 Ju 距, [chicken] spur. / 161 48-01-24 He ling 翮翎, shaft [of chicken feathers]. / 161

Contents

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Wei mao 尾毛, tail feather of a chicken. / 164 Shi bai 屎白, white parts of [chicken] excrements. / 164 Ji zi 鷄子, chicken eggs. / 175 Luan bai 卵白, egg white. / 183 Luan huang 卵黄, egg yolk. / 186 Bao chu luan qiao 抱出卵殼, eggshell left by a hatched [chicken]. / 189 48-01-31 Luan qiao zhong bai pi 卵殼中白皮, the white skin inside an eggshell. / 192 48-01-32 Ji bai du fei zhi 鷄白蠹肥脂, a chicken’s white moth[-type] fat. / 193 48-01-33 Ke zhong cao 窠中草, the straw in a [chicken] nest. / 194 48-01-34 Xun ji tang 燖鷄湯, the water in which a chicken was reheated. / 194 48-02 Zhi 雉, common pheasant. / 195 48-02-01 Rou 肉, [pheasant] meat. / 197 48-02-02 Nao 腦, [pheasant] brain. / 200 48-02-03 Zui 嘴, [pheasant] beak. / 200 48-02-04 Wei 尾, [pheasant] tail. / 200 48-02-05 Shi 屎, [pheasant] excrements. / 200 48-03 Di zhi 鸐雉, Reeve’s pheasant; i.e. shan ji 山鷄, mountain chicken. / 201 48-03-01 Rou 肉, meat [of Reeve’s pheasant]. / 202 48-04 Bi zhi 鷩雉, golden pheasant; i.e. jin ji 錦鷄, brocade chicken / 202 48-04-A01 Tu shou ji 吐綬鷄, turkey. / 204 48-04-01 Rou 肉, [golden pheasant] meat. / 206 48-05 He ji 鶡鷄, brown-bird chicken. / 206 48-05-01 Rou 肉, meat [of brown-bird chicken] / 206 48-06 Bai xian 白鷴, silver pheasant. / 206 48-06-01 Rou 肉, meat [of silver pheasants]. / 207 48-07 Zhe gu 鷓鴣, Chinese francolin. / 208 48-07-01 Rou 肉, [francolin] meat. / 209 48-07-02 Zhi gao 脂膏, [francolin] fat. / 210 48-08 Zhu ji 竹鷄, Chinese bamboo partridge. / 211 48-08-A01 Shan ji 杉鷄, fir chicken. / 211 48-08-01 Rou 肉, meat [of bamboo chicken] / 212 48-09 Ying ji 英鷄, water rail. / 212 48-09-01 Rou 肉, meat [of water rails]. / 213 48-01-25 48-01-26 48-01-27 48-01-28 48-01-29 48-01-30

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

48-10 Yang ji 秧鷄, sprout chicken. / 213 48-10-01 Rou 肉, meat [of sprout chicken]. / 213 48-11 Chun 鶉, common quail. / 214 48-11-01 Rou 肉, [quail] meat. / 215 48-12 Yan 鷃, yellow legged button quail. / 216 48-12-01 Rou 肉, meat [of yellow legged button quails]. / 218 48-13 Yu 鷸, redshank. / 218 48-13-01 Rou 肉, [redshank] meat. / 219 48-14 Ge 鴿, rock pigeon. / 219 48-14-01 Bai ge rou 白鴿肉, meat of the white pigeon. / 220 48-14-02 Xue 血, [pigeon] blood. / 221 48-14-03 Luan 卵, [pigeon] egg. / 221 48-14-04 Shi 屎, [pigeon] excrements. / 221 48-15 Tu jue que 突厥雀, Pallas’ sand grouse. / 224 48-15-01 Rou 肉, meat [of Pallas’ sand grouse]. / 225 48-16 Que 雀, house sparrow. / 225 48-16-01 Rou 肉, [sparrow] meat. / 226 48-16-02 Que luan 雀卵, sparrow egg. / 230 48-16-03 Gan 肝, [sparrow] liver. / 200 48-16-04 Tou xue 頭血, blood from the [sparrow’s] head. / 231 48-16-05 Nao 腦, [sparrow] brain. / 231 48-16-06 Hui ji jiao jing gu 喙及脚脛骨, [sparrow] beak and shin bone. / 232 48-16-07 Xiong que shi 雄雀屎, male sparrow feces. / 232 48-17 Hao que 蒿雀, wormwood sparrow. / 237 48-17-01 Rou 肉, meat [of wormwood sparrows]. / 237 48-17-02 Nao 腦, brain [of wormwood sparrows]. / 237 48-18 Qiao fu niao 巧婦鳥, Eurasian wren; i.e. jiao liao 鷦鷯, jiao liao. / 238 48-18-01 Rou 肉, meat [of the Eurasian wren]. / 239 48-18-02 Ke 窠, nest [of the Eurasian wren]. / 239 48-19 Yan 燕, swallow. / 239 48-19-01 Rou 肉, [swallow] meat. / 241 48-19-02 Hu yan luan huang 胡燕卵黄, yolk of the eggs of Hu swallows. / 241 48-19-03 Qin yan mao 秦燕毛, feathers of swallows from Qin. / 242 48-19-04 Shi 屎, [swallow] droppings. / 242 48-19-05 Ke zhong tu 窠中土, soil in a [swallow] nest. / 244

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48-19-06 Yan ru cao 燕蓐草, swallows’ straw. / 244 48-20 Shi yan 石燕, stone swallow. / 244 48-20-01 Rou 肉, meat [of stone swallows]. / 244 48-21 Fu yi 伏翼, Asian particolored bat; i.e. bian fu 蝙蝠, bian fu. / 245 48-21-01 Fu yi 伏翼, bat [meat]. / 247 48-21-02 Nao 腦, [bat] brain. / 251 48-21-03 Xue dan 血膽, [bat] blood and bile. / 251 48-21-04 Tian shu shi 天鼠屎, bat droppings. / 251 48-22 Lei shu 鸓鼠, complex-toothed flying squirrel; i.e. fei sheng 飛生, flying and having life births. / 256 48-23 Han hao chong 寒號蟲, complex-toothed flying squirrel. / 258 48-23-01 Rou 肉, meat [of flying squirrels]. / 260 48-23-02 Wu ling zhi 五靈脂, droppings [of flying squirrels]. / 260

Fowl III. Forest fowl. Chapter 49

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49-01 Ban jiu 斑鳩, pigeon. / 275 49-01-01 Jiu rou 鳩肉, meat of pigeons. / 276 49-01-02 Xue 血, [pigeon] blood. / 277 49-01-03 Shi 屎, [pigeon] droppings. / 277 49-02 Qing zhui 青䳡, greenish pigeon; i.e. huang he hou 黄褐侯, yellow-brown marquis. / 278 49-02-01 Rou 肉, meat [of greenish pigeons]. / 279 49-03 Shi jiu 鳲鳩, common cuckoo; i.e. bu gu 布穀, bu gu. / 279 49-03-01 Rou 肉, [cuckoo] meat. / 280 49-03-02 Jiao jing gu 脚脛骨, bones of feet and shin [of cuckoos]. / 280 49-04 Sang hu 桑鳸, Chinese grosbeak; i.e. la zi 蠟觜, waxy beak. / 280 49-04-01 Rou 肉, meat [of the Chinese grosbeak]. / 281 49-05 Bo lao 伯勞, shrike. / 282 49-05-A01 Ji jiu 鷑鳩, hoopoe. / 284 49-05-01 Mao 毛, [shrike] feather. / 285 49-05-02 Ta zhi 踏枝, twigs treaded on [by shrike]. / 286 49-06 Qu yu 鸜鵒, crested mynah. / 286 49-06-01 Rou 肉, meat [of the crested mynah]. / 287 49-06-02 Mu jing 目睛, eyeballs [of the crested mynah]. / 288 49-07 Bai she 百舌, one hundred tongues. / 288

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49-07-01 Ke 窠 shi 糞, nest and droppings [of the “one hundred tongues” birds]. / 289 49-08 Lian que 練鵲, paradise fly-catcher. / 289 49-09 Ying 鶯, oriole. / 290 49-09-01 Rou 肉, [oriole] meat. / 291 49-10 Zhuo mu niao 啄木鳥, great spotted woodpecker. / 292 49-10-01 Rou 肉, [woodpecker] meat. / 293 49-10-02 She 舌, [woodpecker] tongue. / 295 49-10-03 Xue 血, [woodpecker] blood. / 295 49-10-04 Nao 腦, [woodpecker] brain. / 296 49-11 Ci wu 慈烏, jackdaw. / 296 49-11-01 Rou 肉, [jackdaw] meat. / 297 49-12 Wu ya 烏鴉, large-beaked crow. / 298 49-12-01 Rou 肉, meat [of large-beaked crows]. / 298 49-12-02 Wu mu 烏目, crow eyes. / 300 49-12-03 Tou 頭, [crow] head. / 301 49-12-04 Xin 心, [crow] heart. / 301 49-12-05 Dan 膽, [crow] bile. / 301 49-12-06 Chi yu 翅羽, [crow] wing feather. / 301 49-13 Que 鵲, Eurasian magpie. / 302 49-13-01 Xiong que rou 雄鵲肉, meat of male magpies. / 303 49-13-02 Nao 腦, [magpie] brain. / 304 49-13-03 Chao 巢, [magpie] nest. / 304 49-14 Shan que 山鵲, red-beaked blue magpie. / 305 49-15 Hu chao 鶻嘲, hoopoe. / 306 49-15-01 Rou 肉, [hoopoe] meat. / 307 49-16 Du juan 杜鵑, lesser cuckoo. / 308 49-16-01 Rou 肉, meat [of the lesser cuckoo]. / 309 49-17 Ying wu 鸚䳇, parrot. . / 310 49-17-A01 Qin ji liao 秦吉了, Qin ji liao. / 311 49-17-A02 Niao feng 鳥鳳, niao feng. / 311 49-17-01 Ying wu rou 鸚䳇肉, parrot meat. / 312 Fowl IV, Mountain Fowl Group 11.

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49-18 Feng huang 鳳凰, phoenix. / 312 49-18-01 Feng huang tai 鳳凰臺, phoenix base. / 49-19 Kong que 孔雀, green peafowl. / 315 49-19-01 Rou 肉, [green peafowl] meat. / 316

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Contents 49-19-02 Xue 血, [green peafowl] blood. / 317 49-19-03 Shi 屎, [green peafowl] droppings. / 317 49-19-04 Wei 尾, [green peafowl] tail. / 318 49-20 Tuo niao 駝鳥, ostrich. / 318 49-20-01 Shi 屎, [ostrich] droppings. / 319 49-21 Ying 鷹, goshawk. / 320 49-21-01 Rou 肉, [goshawk] meat. / 321 49-21-02 Tou 頭, [goshawk] head. / 321 49-21-03 Zui 觜, zhao 爪, [goshawk] beak and claws. / 322 49-21-04 Jing 睛, [goshawk] eyeball. / 322 49-21-05 Gu 骨, [goshawk] bone. / 322 49-21-06 Mao 毛, [goshawk] feather. / 323 49-21-07 Shi bai 屎白, [goshawk] white droppings. / 323 49-22 Diao 鵰, golden eagle. / 325 49-22-01 Gu 骨, [golden eagle] bone. / 326 49-22-02 Shi 屎, droppings [of golden eagles]. / 326 49-23 E 鶚, osprey; i.e., yu ying 魚鷹, fish hawk. / 327 49-23-01 Gu 骨, [osprey] bone. / 328 49-23-02 Zui 觜, [osprey] beak. / 328 49-24 Chi 鴟, black kite. / 328 49-24-01 Chi tou 鴟頭, head of a black kite. / 330 49-24-02 Rou 肉 meat [of a black kite]. / 331 49-24-03 Gu 骨, bone [of a black kite]. / 331 49-25 Chi xiu 鴟鵂, Eurasian scops-owl. / 332 49-25-01 Rou 肉, meat [of the Eurasian scops-owl]. / 334 49-25-02 Gan 肝, liver [of the Eurasian scops-owl]. / 334 49-26 Xiao 鴞, Asian barred owlet. / 334 49-26-01 Rou 肉, meat [of the Asian barred owlet]. / 337 49-26-02 Tou 頭, head [of the Asian barred owlet]. / 338 49-26-03 Mu 目, eyes [of the Asian barred owlet]. / 338 49-27 Chen 鴆, chen bird. / 338 49-27-01 Mao 毛, [chen bird] feather. / 340 49-27-02 Hui 喙, [chen bird] beak. / 340 49-28 Gu huo niao 姑獲鳥, wench bird. / 340 49-29 Zhi niao 治鳥, zhi bird. / 341 49-29-A01 Mu ke 木客鳥, tree visitor bird. / 343 49-29-A02 Du zu 獨足鳥, single leg bird. / 343 49-29-01 Ke biao 窠表, nest [of zhi birds]. / 344

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49-30 Gui che niao 鬼車鳥, demon charriot bird. / 344 49-31 Zhu niao you du 諸鳥有毒, all poisonous birds. / 345

Four Legged Animals I. Domestic Animals. Chapter 50

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50-01 Zhu 豕, pig. / 351 50-01-01 Jia zhu rou 豭猪肉, meat of male pigs. / 353 50-01-02 Jia zhu tou rou 豭猪頭肉, meat from the head of a male pig. / 353 50-01-03 La zhu tou 臘猪頭, the head of a pig obtained during the twelfth month. / 359 50-01-04 Xiang rou 項肉, meat from a [pig’s] neck. / 360 50-01-05 Zhi gao 脂膏, lard. / 361 50-01-06 Nao 腦, [pig] brain. / 367 50-01-07 Sui 髓, [pig] marrow. / 368 50-01-08 Xue 血, [pig] blood. / 370 50-01-09 Xin xue 心血, [pig] heart blood. / 372 50-01-10 Wei xue 尾血, [pig] tail blood. / 373 50-01-11 Xin 心, [pig] heart. / 374 50-01-12 Gan 肝, [pig] liver. / 375 50-01-13 Pi 脾, [pig] spleen. / 379 50-01-14 Fei 肺, [pig] lung. / 380 50-01-15 Shen 腎, [pig] kidneys. / 381 50-01-16 Yi 𦚟, [pig] pancreas. / 387 50-01-17 Du 肚, [pig] stomach. / 391 50-01-18 Chang 腸, [pig] intestines. / 394 50-01-19 Pao 脬, [pig] urinary bladder. / 395 50-01-20 Dan 膽, [pig] gallbladder/bile. / 397 50-01-21 Dan pi 膽皮, [pig] gallbladder skin. / 402 50-01-22 Fu 膚, [pig] skin. / 403 50-01-23 Er gou 耳垢, [pig] earwax. / 403 50-01-24 Bi chun 鼻唇, [pig] nose and lips. / 404 50-01-25 She 舌, [pig] tongue. / 404 50-01-26 Yan 靨, [pig] uvula. / 404 50-01-75 Chi 齒, [pig] tooth. / 405 50-01-28 Gu 骨, [pig] bone. / 405 50-01-29 Tun luan 豚卵, [pig] testicle. / 406 50-01-30 Mu zhu ru 母猪乳, sow milk. / 408

Contents 50-01-31 Ti 蹄, [pig] trotter. / 409 50-01-32 Xuan ti jia 懸蹄甲, [pig] trotter nail. / 411 50-01-33 Wei 尾, [pig] tail. / 414 50-01-34 Mao 毛, [pig] hair. / 414 50-01-35 Shi 屎, [pig] feces. / 414 50-01-36 Xun zhu tang 潯猪湯, hot water used to boil a pig. / 418 50-01-37 Zhu ke zhong cao 猪窠中草, straw in a pigsty. / 419 50-01-38 Fu zhu sheng 縛猪繩, rope used to bind pigs. / 419 50-02 Gou 狗, dog. / 419 50-02-01 Rou 肉, [dog] meat. / 420 50-02-02 Ti rou 蹄肉, [dog] paw meat. / 424 50-02-03 Xue 血, [dog] blood. / 424 50-02-04 Xin xue 心血, [dog] heart blood. / 427 50-02-05 Ru zhi 乳汁, [dog] milk. / 427 50-02-06 Zhi bing yi 脂並𦚟, [dog] fat and pancreas. / 428 50-02-07 Nao 腦, [dog] brain. / 428 50-02-08 Xian 涎, [dog] saliva. / 429 50-02-09 Xin 心, [dog] heart. / 430 50-02-10 Shen 腎, [dog] kidneys. / 430 50-02-11 Gan 肝, [dog] liver. / 430 50-02-12 Dan 膽, [dog] gallbladder/bile. / 431 50-02-13 Du gou yin jing 牡狗陰莖, a male dog’s yin stalk (i.e., penis). / 434 50-02-14 Yin luan 陰卵, [dog] testicle. / 435 50-02-15 Pi 皮, [dog] skin. / 435 50-02-16 Mao 毛, [dog] hair. / 435 50-02-17 Chi 齒, [dog] tooth. / 436 50-02-18 Tou gu 頭骨, [dog] skull. / 436 50-02-19 Gu 骨, [dog] bone. / 439 50-02-20 Shi 屎, [dog] feces. / 440 50-02-21 Shi zhong su 屎中粟, [undigested] millet [found] in [dog] feces. / 443 50-02-22 Shi zhong gu 屎中骨, bones in [a dog’s] feces. / 444 50-03 Yang 羊, goat/sheep. / 446 50-03-01 Yang rou 羊肉, mutton. / 446 50-03-02 Tou ti 頭蹄, [goat/sheep] head and trotter. / 454 50-03-03 Pi 皮, [goat/sheep] skin. / 455 50-03-04 Zhi 脂, [goat/sheep] fat. / 455

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16

Xue 血, [goat/sheep] blood. / 458 Ru 乳, [goat/sheep] milk. / 461 Nao 腦, [goat/sheep] brain. / 463 Sui 髓, [goat/sheep] marrow. / 464 Xin 心, [goat/sheep] heart. / 465 Fei 肺, [goat/sheep] lung. / 466 Shen 腎, [goat/sheep] kidneys. / 468 Yang shi zi 羊石子, ram stone seeds. / 471 Gan 肝, [goat/sheep] liver. / 471 Dan 膽, [goat/sheep] gallbladder/bile. / 475 Wei 胃, [goat/sheep] stomach. / 478 Pao 脬, [goat/sheep] urinary bladder. / 480 Yi 𦚟, [goat/sheep] pancreas. / 480 She 舌, [goat/sheep] tongue. / 481 Ye 靨, 即會咽也, this is the uvula. / 481 Jing 睛, [goat/sheep] eyeball. / 482 Jin 筋, [goat/sheep] sinew. / 483 Gu yang jiao 羖羊角, a black ram’s horn. / 483 Chi 齒, [goat/sheep] tooth. / 485 Tou gu 頭骨, [goat/sheep] skull bone. / 486 Ji gu 脊骨, [goat/sheep] backbone. / 486 Wei gu 尾骨, [goat/sheep] tail bone. / 488 Hang gu 脛骨, [goat/sheep] shinbone. / 489 Xuan ti 懸蹄, [goat/sheep] trotter. / 492 Mao 毛, [goat/sheep] hair. / 492 Xu 鬚, [goat/sheep] whiskers. / 492 Ni 溺, [goat/sheep] urine. / 493 Shi 屎, [goat/sheep] excrements. / 493 Yang hai zi 羊胲子, [a goat’s/sheep’s] abdominal herbal lumps. / 497 50-03-A01 Da wei yang 大尾羊, big tail goat/sheep. / 498 50-03-A02 Hu yang 胡羊, Hu-region goats/sheep. / 498 50-03-A03 Tao yang 洮羊, goats/sheep from [Lin] tao. / 498 50-03-A04 Ci yang 𦍧羊, ci goat/sheep. / 499 50-03-A05 Feng yang 封羊, hunch goat/sheep. / 499 50-03-A06 Di sheng yang 地生羊, earth-born goats/sheep. / 499 50-03-A07 Fen yang 羵羊, spirit goats/sheep. / 500 50-03-05 50-03-06 50-03-07 50-03-08 50-03-09 50-03-10 50-03-11 50-03-12 50-03-13 50-03-14 50-03-15 50-03-16 50-03-17 50-03-18 50-03-19 50-03-20 50-03-21 50-03-22 50-03-23 50-03-24 50-03-25 50-03-26 50-03-27 50-03-28 50-03-29 50-03-30 50-03-31 50-03-32 50-03-33

Contents 50-04 Huang niu 黃羊, Mongolian gazelle. / 500 50-04-01 Rou 肉, [yellow goat/sheep] meat. / 501 50-04-02 Sui 髓, [yellow goat/sheep] marrow. / 501 50-05 Niu 牛, ox/buffalo/cow. / 502 50-05-01 Huang niu rou 黃牛肉, yellow ox meat. / 504 50-05-02 Shui niu rou 水牛肉, water buffalo beef. / 510 50-05-03 Tou ti 頭蹄, [ox] head and trotter. / 511 50-05-04 Bi 鼻, [ox] nose. / 511 50-05-05 Pi 皮, [ox] skin/hide. / 512 50-05-06 Ru 乳, [cow] milk. / 512 50-05-07 Xue 血, [ox] blood. / 517 50-05-08 Zhi 脂, [ox] fat. / 518 50-05-09 Sui 髓, [ox] marrow. / 519 50-05-10 Nao 腦, [ox] brain. / 521 50-05-11 Xin 心, [ox] heart. / 523 50-05-12 Pi 脾, [ox] spleen. / 523 50-05-13 Fei 肺, [ox] lung. / 523 50-05-14 Gan 肝, [ox] liver. / 523 50-05-15 Shen 腎, [ox] kidneys. / 524 50-05-16 Wei 胃, [ox] stomach. / 524 50-05-17 Pi 膍, [ox] gizzard. / 525 50-05-18 Dan 膽, [ox] gallbladder/bile. / 525 50-05-19 Bao yi 胞衣, [cow] placenta. / 527 50-05-20 hou 喉, [ox] throat. / 527 50-05-21 Ye 靨, [ox] uvula. / 529 50-05-22 Chi 齒, [ox] tooth. / 529 50-05-23 Niu jiao sai 牛角䚡, ox horn bone pith. / 529 50-05-24 Jiao 角, [ox] horn. / 532 50-05-25 Gu 骨, [ox] bone. / 533 50-05-26 Ti jia 蹄甲, [ox] trotter hoof. / 534 50-05-27 Yin jing 陰莖, [ox] “yin stalk,” penis. / 535 50-05-28 Gu niu luan nang 牯牛卵囊, bull scrotum. / 535 50-05-29 Mao 毛, [ox] hair. / 535 50-05-30 Kou xian 口涎, [ox] saliva. / 537 50-05-31 Bi jin 鼻津, [ox] nasal fluid. / 538 50-05-32 Er gou 耳垢, [ox] earwax. / 539 50-05-33 Ni 溺, [ox] urine. / 539 50-05-34 Shi 屎, [ox] dung. / 542

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50-05-35 Huang du zi qi shi 黃犢子臍屎, excrements from the umbilicus of a yellow calf. / 547 50-05-36 Shi zhong da dou 屎中大豆, [undigested] soybeans in [ox] dung. / 547 50-05-37 Sheng ji 聖齏, undigested herbs from the intestines and the stomach of an ox. / 548 50-05-38 Chi cao 齝草, read chi 痴, cud. / 549 50-05-39 Bi juan 鼻牶, read juan 卷, wooden stick penetrating the nose [of an ox]. / 550 50-06 Ma 馬, horse. / 551 50-06-01 Rou 肉, [horse] meat. / 552 50-06-02 Qi gao 鬐膏, [horse] mane fat. / 554 50-06-03 Ru 乳 [horse] milk. / 556 50-06-04 Xin 心, [horse] heart. / 556 50-06-05 Fei 肺, [horse] lung. / 557 50-06-06 Gan 肝, [horse] liver. / 557 50-06-07 Shen 腎, [hHorse] kidney. / 558 50-06-08 Bai ma yin jing 白馬陰莖, yin stalk (i.e., penis) of a white horse. / 558 50-06-09 Ju bao yi 駒胞衣, [horse] placenta. / 559 50-06-10 Yan 眼, [horse] eye. / 559 50-06-11 Ye yan 夜眼, night eyes. / 560 50-06-12 Ya chi 牙齒, [horse] tooth. / 561 50-06-13 Gu 骨, [horse] bone. / 562 50-06-14 Tou gu 頭骨, [horse] skull bone. / 563 50-06-15 Jing gu 脛骨, [horse] shin bone. / 564 50-06-16 Xuan ti 懸蹄, [horse] trotters. / 564 50-06-17 Pi 皮, [horse] hide. / 567 50-06-18 Qi mao 鬐毛, hair from a [horse] mane. / 567 50-06-19 Wei 尾, [horse] tail. / 568 50-06-20 Nao 腦, [horse] brain. / 569 50-06-21 Cue 血, [horse] blood. / 569 50-06-22 Han 汗, [horse] sweat. / 569 50-06-23 Bai ma ni 白馬溺, urine of white horses. / 570 50-06-24 Bai ma tong 白馬通, white horse dung. / 573 50-06-25 Shi zhong mi 屎中粟, millet grains in [horse] dung. / 577 50-06-26 Bai ma tou qu 白馬頭蛆, maggots on the head of a white horse. / 578

Contents

19

50-06-27 Ma ban sheng 馬絆繩, a rope tied to make [enemy] horses stumble. / 578 50-06-28 Dong xing ma ti xia tu 東行馬蹄下土, soil from underneath the hooves of horses going eastward. / 578 50-07 Lu 驢, donkey. / 578 50-07-01 Rou 肉, [donkey] meat. / 579 50-07-02 Tou rou 頭肉, meat from the head [of a donkey]. / 580 50-07-03 Zhi 脂, [donkey] fat. / 581 50-07-04 Sui 髓, [donkey] marrow. / 582 50-07-05 Xue 血, [donkey] blood. / 583 50-07-06 Ru 乳, [donkey] milk. / 583 50-07-07 Yin jing 陰莖, [donkey] yin stalk; penis. / 585 50-07-08 Ju yi 駒衣, [donkey] placenta. / 585 50-07-09 Pi 皮, [donkey] hide. / 585 50-07-10 Mao 毛, [donkey] fur. / 586 50-07-11 Gu 骨, [donkey] bone. / 587 50-07-12 Tou gu 頭骨, [donkey] skull bone. / 587 50-07-13 Xuan ti 懸蹄, [donkey] trotter. / 587 50-07-14 Ni 溺, [donkey] urine. / 589 50-07-15 Shi 屎, [donkey] dung. / 591 50-07-16 Er gou 耳垢, [donkey] earwax. / 592 50-07-17 Wei zhou gou 尾軸垢, filth from the rod of a [donkey’s] tail. / 592 50-07-18 Ni xia ni 溺下泥, clay underneath a [donkey] urine [puddle]. / 593 50-07-19 Lü cao 驢槽, donkey trough. / 593 50-08 Luo 騾, mule. / 593 50-08-01 Rou 肉, [mule] meat. / 594 50-08-02 Ti 蹄, [mule] trotter. / 594 50-08-03 Shi 屎, [mule] dung. / 595 50-09 Tuo 駝, camel. / 595 50-09-01 Tuo zhi 駝脂, camel fat. / 596 50-09-02 Rou 肉, [camel] meat. / 597 50-09-03 Ru 乳, [camel] milk. / 598 50-09-04 Huang 黃, [camel] bezoar. / 598 50-09-05 Mao 毛, [camel] wool. / 598 50-09-06 Shi 屎, [camel] dung. / 599 50-10 Luo 酪, yogurt. / 599

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

50-11 Su 酥, butter. / 601 50-11-01 Sha niu 㸺牛, bai yang su 白羊酥, sand cow and white goat/sheep butter. / 602 50-11-02 Li niu su 犛牛酥, hairy ox butter. / 603 50-12 Ti hu 醍醐, fine cream. / 604 50-13 Ru fu 乳腐, milk curd. / 606 50-14 E jiao 阿膠, donkey hide glue. / 608 50-15 Huang ming jiao 黃明膠, ox hide glue. / 616 50-16 Niu huang 牛黃, ox bezoar. / 622 50-17 Zha da 鮓答, animal gall stone. / 627 50-18 Gou bao 狗寶, stomach and gall stones of dogs. / 629 50-19 Di ye jia 底野迦, theriac. / 632 50-20 Zhu xue 諸血, all kinds of blood. / 633 50-21 Zhu xiu gu 諸朽骨, all kinds of rotten bones. / 634 50-22 Zhen rou 震肉, shocked meat. / 636 50-23 Bai gu pi 敗鼓皮, decayed drum hide. / 636 50-24 Zhan 氈, felt. / 638 50-24-01 Wu zhan 烏氈, dark felt. / 638 50-25 Liu chu mao ti jia 六畜毛蹄甲, fur and nails of the six domestic animals. / 640 50-26 Liu chu xin 六畜心, the hearts of the six domestic animals. / 641 50-27 Zhu rou you du 諸肉有毒, all kinds of poisonous meat. / 642 50-28 Jie zhu rou du 解諸肉毒, how to resolve all kinds of meat poison. / 644

Four legged Animals II. Section Wild Animals. Chapter 51

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51-01 Shi 獅, lion. / 651 51-01-01 Shi 屎, [lion] feces. / 652 51-02 Hu 虎, tiger. / 653 51-02-A01 Qiu er 酋耳, qiu er. / 655 51-02-A02 Bo ma 駮馬, parti-colored horse. / 655 51-02-A03 Qu sou 渠搜, trench digger. / 655 51-02-A04 Huang yao 黄腰, yellow lower back. / 656 51-02-01 Hu gu 虎骨, tiger bone. / 656 51-02-02 Wei gu 威骨, [a tiger’s] awe-inspiring bone. / 662 51-02-03 Rou 肉, [tiger] meat. / 663 51-02-04 Gao 膏, [tiger] balm. / 663

647

Contents 51-02-05 Xue 血, [tiger ] blood. / 664 51-02-06 Du 肚, [tiger] stomach. / 665 51-02-07 Shen 腎, [tiger] kidney. / 665 51-02-08 Dan 膽, [tiger] gallbladder/bile. / 665 51-02-09 Jing 睛, [tiger] eyeball. / 666 51-02-10 Hu po 虎魄, amber. / 667 51-02-11 Bi 鼻, [tiger] nose. / 668 51-02-12 Ya 牙, [tiger] tooth. / 669 51-02-13 Zhua 爪, [tiger] claw. / 669 51-02-14 Pi 皮, [tiger] hide. / 670 51-02-15 Xu 鬚, [tiger] whisker. / 670 51-02-16 Shi 屎, [tiger] feces. / 671 51-02-17 Shi zhong gu 屎中骨, bones in [tiger] feces. / 671 51-03 Bao 豹, leopard. / 672 51-03-01 Rou 肉, [leopard] meat. / 674 51-03-02 Zhi 脂, [leopard] fat. / 674 51-03-03 Bi 鼻, [leopard] nose. / 675 51-03-04 Tou gu 頭骨, [leopard] skull. / 675 51-03-05 Pi 皮, [leopard] hide. / 675 51-04 Mo 貘, tapir. / 675 51-04-A01 Nie tie 囓鐵, those that gnaw on iron. / 677 51-04-A02 An 豻, an. / 677 51-04-A03 Tiao tu 狡兔, wily hare rabbit. / 678 51-04-01 Pi 皮, [tapir] hide. / 678 51-04-02 Gao 膏, [tapir] fat. / 678 51-04-03 Niao 尿, [tapir] urine. / 678 51-05 Xiang 象, elephant. / 679 51-05-01 Ya 牙, [elephant] tooth, ivory. / 682 51-05-02 Rou 肉, [elephant] meat. / 684 51-05-03 Dan 膽, [elephant] gallbladder/bile. / 685 51-05-04 Jing 睛, [elephant] eyeball. / 686 51-05-06 Pi 皮, [elephant] hide. / 686 51-05-07 Gu 骨, [elephant] bone. / 686 51-06 Xi 犀, rhinoceros. / 687 51-06-01 Xi jiao 犀角, rhinoceros horn. / 693 51-07 Li niu 犛牛, hairy ox. / 699 51-07-A01 Wei niu 犩牛, wei ox. / 701 51-07-A02 Tang niu 𤛋牛, tang ox. / 701

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51-07-A03 Hai niu 海牛, sea ox. / 701 51-07-A04 Yue zhi niu 月支牛, yue zhi ox. / 702 51-07-A05 Shan niu 山牛, mountain ox. / 702 51-07-01 Jiao 角, [hairy ox] horn. / 702 51-07-02 Huang 黃, [hairy ox] bezoar. / 702 51-08 Mao niu 牦牛, yak. / 703 51-08-01 Hou ye 喉靨, [yak] uvula. / 704 51-09 Ye ma 野馬, wild horse. / 705 51-09-01 Rou 肉, [wild horse] meat. / 705 51-09-02 Yin jing 陰莖, [wild horse] yin stalk (penis). / 706 51-10 Ye zhu 野猪, wild boar. / 706 51-10-01 Rou 肉, [wild boar] meat. / 707 51-10-02 Zhi 脂, [wild boar] lard. / 708 51-10-03 Huang 黃, [wild boar] bezoar. / 708 51-10-04 Dan 膽, [wild boar] gallbladder/bile. / 709 51-10-05 Chi 齒, [wild boar] tooth. / 709 51-10-06 Tou gu 頭骨, [wild boar] skull. / 709 51-10-07 Wai shen 外腎, [wild boar] testicle. / 710 51-10-08 Pi 皮, [wild boar] skin. / 710 51-11 Hao zhu 豪猪, porcupine. / 710 51-11-01 Rou 肉, [porcupine] meat. / 711 51-11-02 Du shi 肚及屎, [porcupine] stomach and dung. / 712 51-12 Xiong 熊, bear. / 712 51-12-A01 Pi 羆, tui 魋. / 714 51-12-01 Zhi 脂, [bear] fat. / 715 51-12-02 Rou 肉, [bear] meat. / 716 51-12-03 Zhang 掌, [bear] paw. / 717 51-12-04 Dan 膽, [bear] gallbladder/bile. / 718 51-12-05 Nao sui 腦髓, [bear] brain. / 721 51-12-06 Xue 血, [bear] blood. / 721 51-12-07 Gu 骨, [bear] bones. / 721 51-13 Ling yang 麢羊, antilope. / 721 51-13-A01 Shan lu 山驢, mountain donkey. / 725 51-13-01 Ling yang jiao 羚羊角, antelope horn. / 725 51-13-02 Rou 肉, [antelope] meat. / 730 51-13-03 Fei 肺, [antelope] lung. / 730 51-13-04 Dan 膽, [antelope] gallbladder/bile. / 731 51-13-05 Bi 鼻, [antelope] nose. / 731

Contents 51-14 Shan yang 山羊, mountain goat. / 732 51-14-01 Rou 肉, [mountain goat] meat. / 733 51-15 Lu 鹿, deer. / 733 51-15-01 Lu rong 鹿茸, a stag’s pilose antlers. / 735 51-15-02 Jiao 角, [deer] horn. / 742 51-15-03 Bai jiao 白膠, white [deer horn] glue. / 749 51-15-04 Chi 齒, [deer] tooth. / 754 51-15-05 Gu 骨, [deer] bone. / 754 51-15-06 Rou 肉, [deer] meat. / 755 51-15-07 Tou rou 頭肉, meat from the head [of a deer]. / 757 51-15-08 Ti rou 蹄肉, meat from the trotters [of a deer]. / 757 51-15-09 Zhi 脂, [deer] fat. / 758 51-15-10 Sui 髓, [deer] marrow. / 758 51-15-11 Nao 腦, [deer] brain. / 760 51-15-12 Jing 精, [deer] essence/sperm. / 760 51-15-13 Xue 血, [deer] blood. / 761 51-15-14 Shen 腎, [deer] kidneys. / 764 51-15-15 Dan 膽, [deer] gallbladder/bile. / 764 51-15-16 Jin 筋, [deer] sinew. / 765 51-15-17 Ye 靨, [deer] uvula. / 765 51-15-18 Pi 皮, [deer] hide. / 765 51-15-19 Fen 糞, [deer] excrements. / 766 51-15-20 Tai fen 胎糞, [deer] fetus excrements. / 766 51-16 Mi 麋, Pére David’s deer. / 766 51-16-01 Mi zhi 麋脂, Pére David’s deer fat. / 767 51-16-02 Rou 肉, [Pére David’s deer] meat. / 768 51-16-03 Rong 茸, [Pére David’s deer] pilose antlers. / 769 51-16-04 Mi jiao 麋角, Pére David’s deer horn. / 769 51-16-05 Gu 骨, [Pére David’s deer] bone. / 769 51-16-06 Pi 皮, [Pére David’s deer] hide. / 777 51-17 Shuang tou lu 雙頭鹿, two headed deer. / 777 51-17-01 Tai zhong shi 胎中屎, feces from within a fetus [of two headed deer]. / 778 51-18 Ji 麂, muntjac. / 779 51-18-01 Rou 肉, [muntjac] meat. / 780 51-18-02 Tou gu 頭骨, [muntjac] skull bone. / 780 51-18-03 Pi 皮, [muntjac] hide. / 780 51-19 Zhang 麞, roebuck. / 781

23

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

51-19-01 Rou 肉, [roebuck] meat. / 782 51-19-02 Sui nao 髓腦, [roebuck] marrow and brain. / 783 51-19-03 Gu 骨, [roebuck] bone. / 784 51-20 She 麝, musk deer. / 784 51-20-01 She qi xiang 麝臍香, musk. / 787 51-20-02 Rou 肉, [musk deer] meat. / 794 51-21 Ling mao 靈貓, civet cat. / 795 51-21-01 Rou 肉, [civet cat] meat. / 796 51-21-02 Yin 陰, [civet cat] yin [member]. Penis. / 796 51-22 Mao 貓, cat. / 797 51-22-01 Rou 肉, [cat] meat. / 798 51-22-02 Tou gu 頭骨, skull bone [of cats]. / 799 51-22-03 Nao 腦, [cat] brain. / 801 51-22-04 Yan jing 眼睛, eyeball [of cats]. / 802 51-22-05 Ya 牙, [cat] tooth. / 802 51-22-06 She 舌, [cat] tongue. / 802 51-22-07 Xian 涎, [cat] saliva. / 803 51-22-08 Gan 肝, [cat] liver. / 803 51-22-09 Bao yi 胞衣, [cat] placenta. / 803 51-22-10 Pi mao 皮毛, [cat] fur. / 803 51-22-11 Niao 尿, [cat] urine. / 805 51-22-12 Shi 屎, [cat] excrements. / 805 51-23 Li 貍, leopard cat. / 807 51-23-01 Rou 肉, [leopard cat] meat. / 808 51-23-02 Gao 膏, [leopard cat] fat. / 810 51-23-03 Gan 肝, [leopard cat] liver. / 810 51-23-04 Yin jing 陰莖, yin stalk (i.e., penis) [of a cat] / 811 51-23-05 Gu 骨, [leopard cat] bone. / 811 51-23-06 Shi 屎, [leopard cat] excrements. / 812 51-24 Feng li 風貍, wind leopard cat. / 813 51-24-01 Nao 腦, brain [of wind leopard cats]. / 815 51-24-02 Niao 尿, urine [of wind leopard cats]. / 815 51-25 Hu 狐, fox. / 815 51-25-01 Rou 肉, [fox] meat. / 817 51-25-02 Wu zang ji chang du 五臟及腸肚, the five long-term depots, the intestines and the stomach [of foxes]. / 818 51-25-03 Dan 膽, [fox] gallbladder/bile. / 819 51-25-04 Yin jing 陰莖, yin stalk (i.e., penis) of a fox. / 820

Contents

25

Tou 頭, [fox] head. / 821 Mu 目, [fox] eye. / 821 Bi 鼻, [fox] nose. / 822 Chun 唇, [fox] lips. / 822 Kou zhong yan ye 口中涎液, saliva liquid from the mouth [of a fox]. / 822 51-25-11 Si zu 四足, the four feet [of a fox]. / 822 51-25-12 Pi 皮, [fox] skin. / 823 51-25-13 Wei 尾, [fox] tail. / 823 51-25-14 Xiong hu shi 雄狐屎, excrements of a male fox. / 823 51-26 He 貉, raccoon dog. / 825 51-26-01 Rou 肉, meat [of raccoon dogs]. / 826 51-27 Tuan 貒, sand badger. / 826 51-27-01 Rou 肉, meat [of a sand badger]. / 827 51-27-02 Gao 膏, fat [of a sand badger]. / 828 51-27-03 Bao 胞, placenta [of a sand badger]. / 828 51-27-04 Gu 骨, bone [of a sand badger]. / 828 51-28 Huan 貛, badger. / 828 51-28-01 Rou 肉, [badger] meat. / 829 51-29 Mu gou 木狗, wood dog. / 830 51-29-01 Pi 皮, [wood dog] hide. / 830 51-30 Chai 豺, Asian wild dog. / 831 51-30-01 Rou 肉, [Asian wild dog] meat. / 831 51-30-02 Pi 皮, [Asian wild dog] hide. / 832 51-31 Lang 狼, wolf. / 832 51-31-01 Lang jin 狼筋, wolf sinew. / 834 51-31-02 Rou 肉, [wolf ] meat. / 834 51-31-03 Gao 膏, [wolf ] fat. / 835 51-31-04 Ya 牙, [wolf ] tooth. / 835 51-31-05 Hou yan 喉靨, uvula [of a wolf ]. / 836 51-31-06 Pi 皮, [wolf ] hide. / 836 51-31-07 Wei 尾, [wolf ] tail. / 836 51-31-08 Shi 屎, [wolf ] excrements. / 836 51-31-09 Shi zhong gu 屎中骨, bones found in the excrements [of wolves]. / 837 51-32 Tu 兔, hare, rabbit. / 838 51-32-01 Rou 肉, [hare/rabbit] meat. / 838 51-32-02 Xue 血, [hare/rabbit] blood. / 840 51-25-05 51-25-06 51-25-07 51-25-08 51-25-10

26

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

51-32-03 Nao 腦, [hare/rabbit] brain. / 842 51-32-04 Gu 骨, [hare/rabbit] bone. / 844 51-32-05 Tou gu 頭骨, skull bone [of hares/rabbits]. / 844 51-32-06 Gan 肝, [hare/rabbit] liver. / 846 51-32-07 Pi mao 皮毛, hide and fur [of hares/rabbits]. / 846 51-32-08 Shi 屎, [hare/rabbit] excrements. / 847 51-33 Bai bi 敗筆, decayed writing brush. / 850 51-33-01 Bi tou hui 筆頭灰, ashes of the tip of a writing brush. / 51-34 Shan ta 山獺, mountain otter. / 852 51-34-01 Yin jing 陰莖, [mountain otter] yin stalk. Penis. / 853 51-34-02 Gu 骨, [mountain otter] bone. / 853 51-35 Shui ta 水獺, water otter. / 853 51-35-01 Rou 肉, [water otter] meat. / 855 51-35-02 Gan 肝, [water otter] liver. / 856 51-35-03 Shen 腎, [water otter] kidney. / 858 51-35-04 Dan 膽, [water otter] gallbladder/bile. / 859 51-35-05 Sui 髓, [water otter] marrow. / 860 51-35-06 Gu 骨, [water otter] bone. / 860 51-35-07 Zu 足, [water otter] feet. / 860 51-35-08 Pi mao 皮毛, [water otter] hide and fur. / 861 51-35-09 Shi 屎, [water otter] excrements. / 861 51-36 Hai ta 海獺, sea otter. / 862 51-37 Wu nu shou 腽肭獸, wu nu animal. / 862 51-37-01 Wu nu qi 腽肭臍, wu nu navel. / 865 51-38 Hua 猾, hua. / 867

Four Legged Animals III. Section Wild Animals 51-39 Shu 鼠, rat, mouse. / 867 51-39-A01 Zhong shu 鼨鼠, zhong rat/mouse. / 868 51-39-A02 Ping shu 䶄鼠, ping rat/mouse. / 869 51-39-A03 Li ai 𪖂𪕭, li ai [rat/mouse] / 869 51-39-A04 Qu jing 鼩鼱, qu jing [rat/mouse] / 869 51-39-A05 Shui shu 水鼠, water rat/mouse. / 869 51-39-A06 Bing shu 冰鼠, ice rat/mouse. / 870 51-39-A07 Huo shu 火鼠, fire rat/mouse. / 870 51-39-A08 Tu shu 鼵鼠, tu rat/mouse. / 870 51-39-A09 Jue shu 蟨鼠, jue rat/mouse. / 870

/

867

850

Contents

27

51-39-A10 Mu shu 牡鼠, male rat/mouse. / 871 51-39-01 Shu rou 鼠肉, [rat/mouse] meat / 875 51-39-02 Gan 肝, [rat/mouse] liver. / 876 51-39-03 Dan 膽, [rat/mouse] gallbladder/bile. / 877 51-39-04 Shu yin 鼠印, rat/mouse seal / 878 51-39-05 Zhi 脂, [rat/mouse] fat. / 879 51-39-06 Nao 腦, [rat/mouse] brain. / 879 51-39-07 Tou 頭, [rat/mouse] head. / 880 51-39-08 Mu 目, [rat/mouse] eye. / 881 51-39-09 Xian 涎, [rat/mouse] saliva. / 881 51-39-10 Ji gu 脊骨, [rat/mouse] spine. / 882 51-39-11 Si zu ji wei 四足及尾, the four feet and the tail [of rats/mice]. / 882 51-39-12 Pi 皮, [rat/mouse] skin. / 882 51-39-13 Fen 糞, [rat/mouse] excrements. / 882 51-40 Yan shu 鼹鼠, Mole. / 887 51-40-01 Rou 肉, [mole] meat. / 889 51-40-02 Gao 膏, [mole] fat. / 889 51-40-03 Fen 糞, [mole] excrements. / 890 51-41 Yin shu 隱鼠, hidden rat/mouse. / 890 51-41-01 Gao 膏, fat [of hidden rats/mice]. / 892 51-42 Shi shu 鼫鼠, squirrel. / 892 51-42-01 Du 肚, [squirrel] belly / 893 51-43 Zhu liu 竹䶉, bamboo rat/mouse. / 893 51-43-01 Rou 肉, [bamboo rat/mouse] meat. / 893 51-44 Tu bo shu 土撥鼠, marmot. / 894 51-44-01 Rou 肉, marmot] meat. / 894 51-44-02 Tou gu 頭骨, [marmot] skull bone. / 895 51-45 Shao shu 貂鼠, marten. / 895 51-45-01 Rou 肉, [marten] meat. / 896 51-45-02 Mao pi 毛皮, [marten] fur and hide. / 896 51-46 Huang shu 黄鼠, ground squirrel. / 896 51-46-01 Rou 肉, [ground squirrel] meat. / 898 51-47 You shu 鼬鼠, weasel; i.e., hu lang 鼠狼, yellow rat/mouse wolf. / 898 51-47-01 Rou 肉, [weasel] meat. / 899 51-47-02 Xin gan 心肝, [weasel] heart and liver. / 899 51-48 Xi shu 鼷鼠, house mouse. / 900 51-49 Shi she shu 食蛇鼠, snake eating rat/mouse. / 901

28

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

51-49-01 Niao 尿, urine [of snake-eating rats/mice]. / 901 51-50 Wei 猬, hedgehog. / 901 51-50-01 Pi 皮, [hedgehog] hide. / 904 51-50-02 Rou 肉, [hedgehog] meat. / 907 51-50-03 Zhi 脂, [hedgehog] fat. / 907 51-50-04 Nao 腦, [hedgehog] brain. / 908 51-50-05 Xin gan 心肝, [hedgehog] heart and liver. / 908 51-50-06 Dan 膽, [hedgehog] gallbladder/bile. / 910

Four Legged Animals IV. Section Residential and Strange [Animals] 51-51 Mi hou 獼猴, macaque. / 910 51-51-A01 Jue 玃, jue. / 912 51-51-A02 Ju 豦, ju. / 912 51-51-01 Rou 肉, [macaque] meat. / 913 51-51-02 Tou gu 頭骨, [macaque] skull bone. / 913 51-51-03 Shou 手, [macaque] hand. / 914 51-51-04 Shi 屎, [macaque] excrements. / 914 51-51-05 Pi 皮, [macaque] hide. / 914 51-52 Rong 狨, gibbon. / 914 51-52-A01 Yuan 猿, yuan. / 915 51-52-A02 Du 獨, single. / 916 51-52-01 Rou ji xue 肉及血, meat and blood [of gibbons]. 51-52-02 Zhi 脂, fat [of gibbons]. / 917 51-53 Guo ran 果然, proboscis monkey. / 917 51-53-A01 Meng song 蒙頌, meng song. / 919 51-53-A02 Can hu 獑猢, can hu. / 919 51-53-01 Rou 肉, [proboscis monkey] meat. / 919 51-54 Xing xing 猩猩, orangutan. / 920 51-54-A01 Ye nü 野女, wild girl. / 921 51-54-01 Rou 肉, [orangutan] meat. / 922 51-55 Fei fei 狒狒, fei fei. / 923 51-55-A01 Shan du 山都, shan du. / 925 51-55-A02 Shan hui 山𤟤, shan hui. / 925 51-55-A04 Mu ke 木客, wooden visitor. / 926 51-55-A05 Shan sao 山𤢖, shan sao. / 926 51-55-01 Rou 肉, [fei fei] meat. / 928 51-56 Wang liang 罔兩, wang liang. / 929

/

/

917

910

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29

51-57 Peng hou 彭侯, peng hou. / 930 51-57-01 Rou 肉, [peng hou] meat. / 930 51-58 Feng 封, feng. / 930 Entries 51 through 58 include recipes: 1 of old, none newly [recorded Human [Substances] I, Chapter 51

/

935

52-01 Fa bei 髮髲, human hair. / 935 52-02 Luan fa 亂髮, disheveled human hair. / 940 52-03 Tou gou 頭垢, dandruff. / 950 52-04 Er sai 耳塞, ear wax. / 954 52-05 Xi tou gou 膝頭垢, dirt on the knees. / 956 52-06 Zhua jia 爪甲, fingernails, toenails. . / 956 52-07 Ya chi 牙齒, tooth. / 960 52-08 Ren shi 人屎, human excrements. / 964 52-08-01 Fen qing 糞清, excrement liquid cleared up. / 965 52-09 Xiao er tai shi 小兒胎屎, excrements of newborns. / 973 52-10 Ren niao 人尿, human urine. / 973 52-11 Ni bai 溺白, white sediments of urine; i.e. ren zhong bai 人中白, the white in man. / 984 52-12 Qiu shi 秋石, refined white human urine sediments. / 987 52-13 Lin shi 淋石, urinary stones. / 996 52-14 Pi shi 癖石, aggregation-illness stones. / 997 52-15 Ru zhi 乳汁, human milk. / 998 52-16 Fu ren yue shui 婦人月水, menstruation liquid. / 1004 52-17 Ren xue 人血, human blood. / 1010 52-18 Ren jing 人精, human sperm. / 1012 52-19 Kou jin tuo 口津唾, [human] saliva. / 1014 52-20 Chi yin 齒垽, dental plaque. / 1017 52-21 Ren han 人汗, human sweat. / 1018 52-22 Yan lei 眼淚, [human] tears. / 1018 52-23 Ren qi 人氣, human qi. / 1019 52-24 Ren po 人魄, po-soul of humans. / 1022 52-25 Ci xu 髭須, [human] beard and moustache. / 1023 52-26 Yin mao 陰毛, pubic hair. / 1023 52-27 Ren gu 人骨, human bone. / 1024 52-28 Tian ling gai 天靈蓋, [human] bregma. / 1026 52-29 Ren bao 人胞, human placenta. / 1031

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

30 52-30 52-31 52-32 52-33 52-34 52-35 52-36 52-37

Bao yi shui 胞衣水, water of the placenta. / 1039 Chu sheng qi dai 初生臍帶, umbilical cord of a newborn. Ren shi 人勢, the human penis. / 1041 Ren dan 人膽, human gallbladder/bile. / 1041 Ren rou 人肉, human flesh. / 1043 Mu nai yi fang 木乃伊芳, [human] mummy. / 1044 Fang min 方民, regional people. / 1044 Ren gui 人傀, human abnormalities. / 1050

Appendix

/

/

1040

1065

5. 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

Weights and measures. / 1065 Measures of capacity. / 1065 Measures of weight. / 1065 Measures of length. / 1066 Measures of the size of pills. / 1066

6.

Appendix Pharmaceutical Substances of Plant Origin mentioned in BCGM ch 47 – 52 in passing. By Ulrike Unschuld. / 1067

1. Prolegomena This book offers, together with the original Chinese text, the first complete philological and annotated English translation of chapters 47 through 52 of the Ben cao gang mu 本草綱目, the 16th century Chinese Encyclopedia of Materia Medica and Natural History by Li Shizhen 李時珍 (1518 – 1593), devoted to the natural history and pharmaceutical application of fowls, domestic animals, wild animals and human substances. It opens up an almost two-millennia-long panorama of wide-ranging observations and sophisticated interpretations, ingenious manipulations and practical applications of natural substances for the benefit of human health. As Prof. Zheng Jinsheng 郑金生, the pre-eminent Ben cao gang mu expert of present day China, has characterized it: “Some of the pharmaceutical substances gathered in this book have already left the platform of their clinical application. However, the data associated with them offer abundant material to study the customs of the people and the culture of the past. While he gathered data related to pharmaceutical substances, Li Shizhen never hesitated to extend his investigations and collection to all possible realms. That is, while [the Ben cao gang mu] appears to be a book on materia medica, it is in fact an encyclopedia of natural science and has become a treasure house for today’s researchers of many fields of science.” 1

1.1 History of Chinese materia medica literature The Ben cao gang mu is the culmination of a 1600-year history of Chinese materia medica literature. This history began at some time during the Han dynasties when, between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE, two hitherto in China undocumented genres of medical-therapeutic works appeared. Stimulated by impulses 1

Zheng Jinsheng 郑金生 and Zhang Zhibin 张志斌, Ben cao gang mu dao du 本草綱目 导读, “Guide to Reading the Ben cao gang mu,” Beijing, Ke xue chu ban she 科學出版社, 2016, 35.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

whose origin and nature remain enigmatic today, the new therapeutic approach of needling 365 “holes” spread over the human body, on the one hand, and a first detailed description of 365 individual pharmaceutical substances on the other, marked the onset of two traditions of health care. They conceptually remained separate for one thousand years. Why the number of days in a solar year, 365 – rather unusual in the history of Chinese categorization of natural phenomena – was chosen as a starting point of both traditions is unclear. Needling therapy, or so-called acupuncture, remained an isolated facet of Chinese medical culture until the 11th/12th century. Its seminal texts, the Yellow Thearch classics, 2 were either lost during the first millennium or survived only through a rather tenuous tradition, supported by a few members of the social elite.3 Apparently, the Yinyang and Five Phases doctrines of systematic correspondences, which legitimated and guided needle therapy from its beginning, failed to achieve the status of a world view widely acknowledged by broad segments of the population. In contrast, pharmaceutical therapy, as evidenced by published recipe collections and works focusing on the description of individual substances, constituted the mainstay of medical practice from the first millennium to the present day. Since the early 1970s, recipe manuscripts with data on the therapeutic properties of combinations of herbal, mineral and animal substances have been recovered from late Zhou and early Han era tombs.4 The list of therapeutic indications and a highly developed pharmaceutical technology outlined in these texts evidence a long development of pharmaceutical therapy prior to the compilation of works with descriptions of the properties of individual substances. The earliest of these works known is the Shen nong ben cao 神農本草, “Shen nong’s materia medica.” Historians agree that it was written at some time between the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE.5 Even though at that time Chinese civilization recognized and documented in bibliographies and catalogues individual authorship of literary works, the authors of 2

Including the Huang Di nei jing su wen 帝內經素問, Huang di nei ling shu 帝內經靈 樞, and a late sequel, the Nan jing 難經. For philological translations of these classics, see Paul U. Unschuld and Hermann Tessenow, Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen. An Annotated Translation of Huang Di’s Inner Classic, 2 vols. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2011. Paul U. Unschuld, Huang Di Nei Jing Ling Shu. The Ancient Classic on Needle Therapy. University of California Press, Oakland, 2016. Paul U. Unschuld, Nan jing. The Classic of Difficult Issues. Oakland 2016.

3

Paul U. Unschuld, 2016, 1 – 4.

4

Donald Harper, Early Chinese Medical Literature. The Mawangdui Medical Manuscripts. Kegan Paul International, London and New York, 1997.

5

For details on the Shen nong ben cao and the subsequent history of Chinese materia medica literature, see Paul U. Unschuld, Medicine in China. A History of Pharmaceutics. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1986.

Prolegomena

33

the seminal texts of both the needling and the pharmaceutical traditions remained anonymous. Their origins were traced to legendary culture heros, that is, Huang Di 黃帝, the Yellow Thearch, and Shen Nong 神農, the divine husbandman. Shen Nong, also known as Yan Di 炎帝, the Fiery Thearch, was said in the Huai nan zi 淮南子 to have pitied the suffering of mankind. Hence he tasted all kinds of herbs and “discovered 100 with poison per day.” From the very beginning, for a natural substance “to have poison” (you du 有毒) or “to be nonpoisonous” (wu du 無毒) was seen as an important criterion for assessing its acute or long-term therapeutic potential. The Shen nong ben cao, closely associated with the tripartite world view of Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒 (179-104) and a political structure antagonistic to the hierarchy of the young empire, distinguished among three “ranks” (pin 品) of pharmaceutical substances. The upper rank, associated with heaven, included substances identified as jun 君, “rulers.” These were considered nonpoisonous and capable of helping extend life. A lower rank, associated with the earth, was assigned to substances “with poison.” These were given the status of zuo 佐 and shi 使, that is, “helpers” and “messengers,” and they helped eliminate the disease. A middle rank of chen 臣, “officials,” associated with mankind, was positioned between the upper and lower ranks. Some of these “officials” were considered “nonpoisonous,” while others were known to “have poison.” They acted as intermediaries between the rulers above and their helpers and messengers below. The substances described, arranged according to a preface into groups of 120, 120 and 125 respectively,6 were mostly herbal. This may be the reason behind the naming of the first materia medica work and henceforth the entire literature genre ben cao 本草, which possibly meant “based on herbs.” Tao Hongjing 陶弘景 (452-536), a Daoist naturalist, was the first author to revise and expand the “original classic,” Ben jing 本經, as he called the Shen nong ben cao. In a first work, titled Shen nong ben cao jing 神農本草經, “Shen nong’s classic on materia medica,” he retained the original division into three chapters, but added 365 “additional records [on pharmaceutical substances recorded earlier] by renowned physicians,” ming yi bie lu 明醫別錄. In a second work shortly thereafter, the Shen nong ben cao jing ji zhu 神農本草經集注, “Various annotations to Shen nong’s classic on materia medica,” Tao Hongjing significantly expanded his annotations to the 730 substances listed and divided the text into seven chapters. Tao Hongjing initiated a “main tradition” of ben cao works, which would be continued by subsequent authors until the early 13th century. This tradition was charac6

The Shen nong ben cao versions accessible today are based on reconstructions by Chinese and Japanese researchers since the 17th century. They have identified 141 substances as “upper rank,” 111 substances as “middle rank,” and 103 substances as “lower rank,” totaling 365.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

terized by an expansion of the “original classic” with ever more data on the nature, origin, therapeutic effects and pharmaceutical processing of natural and man-made substances. This data was often adopted from an increasing number of materia medica works published outside of the main tradition whose authors did not feel committed to the structure and contents of the Ben jing. They focused on regional knowledge, their own experience, substances used as both medication and food, substances enabling survival in times of famine, pharmaceutical processing and other such special aspects of pharmaceutical lore. In the middle of the seventh century, an official named Su Jing 蘇敬 (fl. 657) suggested that the emperor support a new edition of the “original classic” to correct older data regarded since as erroneous, and include more recent knowledge of the therapeutic potential of natural substances. The result, the Xin xiu ben cao 新修本草, “Newly revised materia medica,“ of 659, combining 850 substance entries in 54 chapters, was the first government-sponsored and illustrated ben cao work in China. The main tradition came to a halt in the 13th century for at least two reasons. The lengthy title of one of the final works of this tradition, published in 1249 and describing 1746 substances in 30 chapters, offers a clear indication of one of these reasons: Chong xiu zheng he jing shi zheng lei bei yong ben cao 重修正和經史證類 備用本草, “Newly revised materia medica of the zheng he reign period, based on data from the classics and historical annals, based on evidence and ordered on the basis of groups, prepared for clinical application.” The main tradition was stifled by the abundance of its data and the perpetuation of its claim to be merely extending the original classic. The last works were extremely unwieldy. More recent data was added to previous statements, without comments on contradictions or earlier errors. Readers were left abandoned with ever longer sequences of quotes from a wide range of sources of varying quality. We see a second reason for the end of the main tradition in a completely new genre of materia medica texts initiated by Kou Zongshi’s 寇宗奭 Ben cao yan yi 本草衍意, “Extended ideas on materia medica,” in 1119 and exemplified by Wang Haogu’s 王好古 Tang ye ben cao 湯液本草, “Materia medica of decoctions” in the mid 13th century. With the rise of Song Neo-Confucianism, the more than one-millennium-old schism was bridged between the therapeutic approaches of needling and pharmaceutical therapy. Needling, i.e. acupuncture, was based on the Yinyang and Five Phases doctrines of systematic correspondences. Ben cao literature and recipe collections were based on empirical knowledge and magic correspondences. The convergence of these two separate approaches resulted in a first pharmacology of systematic correspondences. Authors committed to this new perspective categorized each pharmaceutical substance according to its presumed association with

Prolegomena

35

certain kinds of flavor and qi. As these kinds of flavor and qi were associated, in turn, with certain yin and yang qualities, as well as with the Five Phases, a link appeared possible to pathologies also defined in terms of yin and yang and the Five Phases. The main tradition was unable to integrate the ideas published by the various authors of the so-called Song-Jin-Yuan epoch of ben cao literature. As a result, the publication of comprehensive materia medica texts ended. Each of these works claimed to offer all available pharmaceutical knowledge, old and new. It was only three centuries later, in the 16th century, that two authors introduced a new structure to the contents of comprehensive materia medica works, leading to a brief revival of the tradition. The first result was the Yu zhi ben cao pin hui jing yao 御製本 草品彙精要, “Materia medica, written on imperial order, containing essential data arranged in systematic order,“ in 1505. The second and more successful of these newer ben cao works was the Ben cao gang mu 本草綱目 of 1593 compiled by Li Shizhen 李時珍 (1518-1593).

1.2 Structure and contents of the Ben cao gang mu It is not known whether Li Shizhen saw the Yu zhi ben cao pin hui jing yao before he set out to compile the Ben cao gang mu. In his own personal interest, Qiu Jun 邱 濬 (1420 – 1495), a scholar official, had devised a scheme to overcome the unwieldy nature of the final texts of the main tradition of ben cao literature. By restructuring the individual substance monographs, he removed the decisive obstacle to practical use of the ben cao texts. He dismissed the idea that newer ben cao works were mere emendations of the “original classic,” with whatever new knowledge had become available being added to the substance of earlier works. Qiu Jun divided each monograph in accordance with 13 characteristics of individual substances that he extracted from former texts.7 As a result, a reader interested in the origin, the pharmaceutical processing or the therapeutic indications of a particular substance found relevant data collected under a respective heading. To find the information they sought, users of the new text were no longer required to read through all the historical layers that had accrued among the texts of the main tradition of ben cao works. Qiu Jun died when he had finished writing only one chapter. After hectic intrigue and conflicts of interest, Liu Wentai 劉文泰 (fl. 1503), an official in the Imperial Medical Office and a team of collaborators were ordered by Emperor Xiao zong 孝宗 (1470 – 1505) in 1503 “to prepare a new ben cao edition, to simplify the consultation of these works.” They took 7

Paul U. Unschuld, 1986, 140-141.

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over the structural proposals of Qiu Jun but expanded the number of subheadings of each substance monograph from 13 to 24. The new work was completed only two years later. Pleased, the emperor personally gave it the title “The Essentials of Materia medica with the Data on Items Arranged According to their Similar Nature, compiled on Imperial Order.” Soon afterward, the emperor died. The manuscript was never published, possibly because of the exquisite color illustrations added to each entry. No technology was available in the 16th century to print such a work. Several manuscript copies were prepared and a few have ended up in libraries in Japan, Rome and Berlin. In 1701 a revised and amended version without the illustrations was prepared, by order of Emperor Kang xi 康熙. It was published by Shanghai Commercial Press in 1937.8 Li Shizhen chose a structure for his Ben cao gang mu entries similar to that of the Yu zhi ben cao pin hui jing yao substance monographs. However, rather than separating the data of each entry into 24 categories, he decided to limit their subheadings, where required, to the following ten: xiao zheng 校正: Editorial Correction shi ming 釋名:

Explanation of Names

ji jie 集解:

Collected Explanations

xiu zhi 脩治:

Pharmaceutical Preparation

bian yi 辯疑:

Discussion of Uncertain Issues

zheng wu 正誤:

Correction of Errors

qi wei 氣味:

Qi and Flavor

zhu zhi 主治:

Therapeutic Control

fa ming 發明:

Explication

fu fang 附方:

Added Recipes

Li Shizhen also conceptualized a new order of the entries. The “original classic,” within the three groups of “upper,” “middle,” and “lower rank,” had listed substances following their identification as mineral, herbal, and animal-human – i.e. proceeding from dead and immobile to living and immobile, and on to living and mobile substances. A fourth and final group consisted of victuals. Later works of the main 8

Ibid., 142-143.

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tradition omitted the “upper,” “middle,” and “lower rank” divisions, but retained the mineral, herbal, and animal-human classifications. Li Shizhen introduced a different order. Based on the sequence of the Five Phases, he began, after four introductory chapters, the subsequent 48 chapters with a list of waters, followed by fires, soils, and metals, which included salts and minerals (chapters 5-11) and then herbal substances (chapters 12 through 37). Separated by chapter 38, listing “fabrics and utensils,” he then devoted chapters 39 through 50 to animals, ranging from “tiny” to “large,” that is, from worms/bugs through fowl to four-legged creatures. Again separated by a chapter on “strange items,” he eventually reached the pinnacle of his scale, human substances suitable for a medicinal application. In all, Li Shizhen wrote down ca. 1.9 million characters to describe 1892 pharmaceutical substances. The entries in the final 48 chapters were divided into 16 sections, for 13 of which Li Shizhen identified subsections. These serve to point out related items within broader groups such as waters, herbs and worms/bugs. For example, the section on worms/bugs is subdivided into those born from eggs, those generated through transformation, and those originating from moisture. Each section is introduced by a general statement explicating the special nature of the substances grouped in it. Each individual substance is given a heading stating its earliest name documented in pharmaceutical literature and, if this was the “original classic,” the upper, middle or lower rank it had been assigned to. Where required, Li Shizhen began an entry by pointing out a formerly erroneous listing of the substance in question. Whenever he found identical substances listed in previous ben cao works twice under different names, he justified the combination of these names in one entry. The length of documented Chinese pharmaceutical history, the sheer size of the country with its many regional cultures and languages, and the different kinds of sources quoted by Li Shizhen led him to list and discuss the names of the substances he described. Not infrequently, Li Shizhen saw a need to explain different names in the North and South of China assigned to an identical substance. For example, in chapter 09, he went into an extensive discussion to end an apparently millennia-old confusion concerning the substance gypsum. It was known as shi gao 石膏, “stone fat,” xi li shi 細理石, “finely structured stone/mineral,” and han shui shi 寒水石, “cold water stone/mineral.” Some authors identified it as fang jie shi 方解石, “stone/ mineral that splits into rectangular pieces,” and as chang shi 長石, “lengthy stone/ mineral.” But these names had also been applied to other minerals. Li Shizhen brought all relevant quotes together and eventually offered his conclusion.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

Li Shizhen titled the relevant subheading shi ming 釋名, “Explanation of Names,” because he went beyond simply enumerating alternative names. Wherever possible he added philological explanations taking into account, for example, local dialects and the composition of characters. Substances imported from foreign countries often were given names in China transcribing the pronunciation of their original foreign pronunciation. Wherever feasible, Li Shizhen included information on the origin of such names, for example, reflecting a Sanskrit term. Furthermore, many names were written with characters possibly unfamiliar to the Ben cao gang mu’s readers. Hence Li Shizhen explained their pronunciation by either adducing homophones or resorting to the split-reading approach. And when he felt at his wits’ end, he freely acknowledged his inability to explain a certain name. While this explanation of names suggests an awareness of certain limits of understanding among future readers and users of the Ben cao gang mu, Li Shizhen rarely explained a central feature of each substance described: its therapeutic indications. The quotes on the ability of substances to “control” disease are taken from sources spanning more than 1500 years. The Ben cao gang mu lists more than 4500 key disease terms; by the time of Li Shizhen, perhaps most of them were still self-explanatory or could be understood by experts from their context. In today’s China, many of the disease names referred to in these quotes are no longer easily understood. Similarly, for readers of the Ben cao gang mu outside China, the therapeutic indications are often given with rather enigmatic disease names written in single, unfamiliar characters or using metaphors that are no longer easily grasped. The first volume of the Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu traces each of the 4500 disease terms to its earliest appearance. It identifies its meaning in that early context and, where applicable, at the time of Li Shizhen. 9 Another central feature of descriptions of pharmaceutical substances is their place of origin. From early on it was known among Chinese experts that one and the same herb was endowed with different therapeutic powers depending on where it grew in the country. The climate and the nature of the soil varied from North to South and from East to West, and so did the “qi” a plant was exposed to. Hence where considered necessary, substance entries of the Ben cao gang mu include related information. This is mostly comparative, that is, Li Shizhen provided a ranking of the substances from different regions in accordance with the presumed strength of their therapeutic effects. All the dynasties that followed each other during the imperial age regularly rearranged administrative structures. As a consequence, place names and the names of administrative structures were assigned new names. Hardly 9

See Zhang Zhibin and Paul U. Unschuld, Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu. Vol. I: Chinese Historical Illness Terminology. University of California Press, Oakland, 2015.

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any location kept one and the same name throughout history. Li Shizhen regularly explained the location in his time of places mentioned in an ancient quote under a name no longer in use. Today, the current location of even more places can no longer be easily identified by their ancient names. The second volume of the Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu traces each of the place names and those of administrative structures mentioned in the Ben cao gang mu to their current location. More importantly, the Dictionary offers the history of each name and each administrative structure so that a quote from a specific time period may be compared to the existence of a name and administrative structure at that time. This is of particular relevance if one identical name was given to different locations in the course of history, or if the borders of an administrative structure were moved to a degree that may have had a significant impact on the climate or nature of soil suggested by its name.10 No materia medica text prior to the Ben cao gang mu was based on a comparable range of literary and non-literary material. It should come as no surprise that Li Shizhen exploited the Zheng he ben cao 正和本草 of 1249, the final work of the former main tradition of ben cao works, as his major source. Apparently, Li Shizhen intended to continue this tradition, but he went far beyond it. In a bibliography at the very beginning of the Ben cao gang mu, he listed more than 868 titles he had consulted. The number of titles quoted or mentioned in passing in the main text by far exceeds these 868 texts. Li Shizhen may not have held all of them in original editions in his hands. Many texts were quoted second- or third-hand from quotes in later encyclopedias. In addition to drawing his data from all kinds of literary genres, Li Shizhen personally travelled to places all over the country where he expected to access data available nowhere else. This way, he also was able to record valuable data on substances not mentioned in ben cao literature or publicly documented elsewhere before. For example, san qi 三七, identified today as Gynura segetum (Lour.) Merr., is one of the most common herbs in Chinese medicine. Li Shizhen was the first to learn of its therapeutic potential from “locals,” and introduced it with the following lines: “This medication was discovered for the first time only recently. The people in the South use it in their military as an important medication for wounds caused by metal objects/weapons. It is said to have an extraordinary [therapeutic] potential. It is also said: For all injuries resulting from flogging and blows, when stagnating blood is set free, it should be chewed until it is pappy. Once this is applied [to the 10 See Hua Linfu, Paul D. Buell and Paul U. Unschuld, Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu. Vol. II: Geographical and Administrative Designations. University of California Press, Oakland, 2017.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

affected region, the bleeding] ends. Greenish swelling is dissolved. If one is to be flogged, let him ingest beforehand one or two qian and his blood will not rush to his heart. After a flogging it is even more advisable to ingest it. To ingest it after a birth is good, too. Generally speaking, this medication has warm qi and a sweet and slightly bitter flavor. Hence it is a medication for the blood section of the yang brilliance and ceasing yin [conduits] and can serve to cure all kinds of blood diseases, similar to qi lin jie (Daemonorops draco Bl.) and shellac.”11 In this manner the Ben cao gang mu refers to hundreds of texts and their authors, in addition to individuals (including Li Shizhen’s own extended family) unassociated with any literary genre. Many of the persons quoted or referred to as authors, patients, healers or actors in some anecdote have remained nameless to posterity. In bibliographical and biographical reference works today’s readers of the Ben cao gang mu may easily find the more prominent book titles, authors and historical personalities encountered in the Ben cao gang mu. But an identification of numerous titles and many more persons requires extensive research. It is here that one wonders how many collaborators Li Shizhen may have had. Wang Shizhen, the author of a preface to the first edition of the Ben cao gang mu, quotes Li Shizhen verbatim with a statement that he had rewritten the entire manuscript three times12. A question arises here whether he had failed to notice numerous inconsistencies in the references to book titles and authors quoted. Not infrequently, one book is quoted with either its complete title or several different abbreviations. Similarly, one identical author is quoted by his full name, by his first or last name, by his style, or other possible designations. Such diversity appears plausible if one imagines a larger team around Li Shizhen supplying him with data without prior agreement on how to quote a text or refer to a person. If this diversity makes it difficult enough for readers to immediately identify a text or author quoted, the hardship is further aggravated by numerous quotes misleadingly ascribed to source texts they were never part of. Not much later, Zhao Xuemin 趙學敏 (ca. 1730 – 1805), author of the Ben cao gang mu shi yi 本草綱目拾遺, suggested with the title of his book “to make up for omissions in the Ben cao gang mu” not only his intention to list pharmaceutically useful substances Li Shizhen had failed to include. He was also the first to point out 30 substantial errors in the description of substances recorded. In recent years, with a steep rise in Ben cao gang mu research, many more such errors and misleading data have been identified, as for instance in Mei Quanxi’s 梅全喜(1962 - ) Ben cao 11 Ben cao gang mu, chapter 09, entry 09. See also, Zheng Jinsheng 郑金生 and Zhang Zhibin 张志斌, Ben cao gang mu dao du 本草綱目导读, 2016, 175 - 177. 12 See below p. 52-54

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gang mu bu zheng 本草綱目補正, “Supplementing omissions and correcting errors of the Ben cao gang mu.”13 A comparison of numerous quotes in the Ben cao gang mu with their original sources often enough shows significant divergence. It is not always clear whether these are intentional modifications, perhaps adapting an ancient wording to usages preferred at the time of Li Shizhen, or errors due to careless copying. The third volume of the Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu, devoted to “Persons and Literary Sources,” offers biographical and bibliographical data on all the texts and persons encountered in Li Shizhen’s encyclopedia, with a few exceptions for sources and people that appear undocumented elsewhere. This volume of the Dictionary includes the different versions of titles and names assigned by Li Shizhen or his collaborators to quotes and anecdotes. It also points out where quotes ascribed in the Ben cao gang mu to a specific text or author originated, in fact, elsewhere. 14 Ever since Tao Hongjing’s Shen nong ben cao jing ji zhu of 500 CE and throughout the history of the main tradition, authors introduced their materia medica works not only with at least one preface to inform readers of their motives, aims and (where relevant) the history of their texts. They also offered more general information associated with the origin, gathering, pharmaceutical processing, contra-indications, synergies and applications of pharmaceutical substances. Here, too, Li Shizhen extended the introductory sections to four voluminous chapters occupying one eighth of the entire text. In chapter one he enumerated 40 earlier ben cao works with brief commentaries by other authors and himself. This list is followed by another, already mentioned above, of all the literary sources he had taken into account, divided into two groups: 277 older and more recently published medical and pharmaceutical works, and 591 classics, historical annals and others. Next, Li Shizhen went into more detail informing readers of all earlier ben cao works he had taken drug descriptions from. Li Shizhen paid homage to the beginning of the main tradition by quoting the preliminary sections of the “original classic, “ including commentaries by Tao Hongjing and others. He eventually switched to the Song-Jin-Yuan understanding of health and pharmaceutical therapy by first quoting a passage from the Huang Di nei jing su wen 黃 帝內經素問 concerning the influence of climatic factors on drugs. This is followed by a section on “The seven ways of compiling a recipe,” with commentaries by the legendary Qi Bo 岐伯, the 8th century commentator of the Su wen Wang Bing 王 冰, and various Song-Jin-Yuan authors. Next is a section on “The effects of the ten 13 Zheng Jinsheng and Zhang Zhibin, 2016, 70. 14 Zheng Jinsheng, Nalini Kirk, Paul D. Buell and Paul U. Unschuld, Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu, Vol. III: Persons and Literary Sources, University of California Press, Oakland, 2018.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

kinds of recipes, “ with commentaries by Xu Zhicai 徐之才 (ca. 510 – 590), several Song-Jin-Yuan authors again and Li Shizhen himself. The first chapter ends with ten treatises on the medical-theoretical teachings of the Song-Jin-Yuan period. Chapter 2 begins with an enumeration of pharmaceutical substances known by up to five alternative names. It continues with an enumeration of pharmaceutical substances according to their reciprocal, synergistic effects when ingested together, an enumeration of foods whose consumption is forbidden during an ingestion of specific pharmaceutical substances, an enumeration of substances that must not be taken by pregnant women, and an enumeration of beverages and foods that must not be consumed together. Also in chapter 2, Li Shizhen quoted from Li Gao 李杲 (1180 – 1251), one of the main authors and theoreticians of the Song-Jin-Yuan era, whose treatise acknowledged that the treatment of certain illnesses escaped theorization. Hence he simply listed certain pathological signs and the pharmaceutical substances suitable for their treatment – without reference to the Yin-Yang and Five Phases doctrines of systematic correspondences. Similarly, the next treatise is an “enumeration of all pharmaceutical substances that, according to Chen Cangqi 陳藏器 (8th century), are used in the treatment of depletions.” From another core theoretician of the Song-Jin-Yuan era, Zhang Zihe 張子和 (1156-1228), Li Shizhen took over the treatise “The three processes of sweating, vomiting and purging.” Chapter 2 ends with a section from a Yao dui 藥對, a work allegedly predating the “original classic,” and the tables of contents of the Ben jing and the Jing shi zheng lei bei ji ben cao 經史證類備急本草 by Tang Shenwei 唐慎微 (fl.1082), one of the final works of the main tradition, written between 1080 and 1107. Chapters 3 and 4 of the Ben cao gang mu include lists of all diseases, and where necessary a detailed description of their pathological conditions, with the appropriate pharmaceutical substances and information concerning their pharmacological function, preparation and administration. Despite their prominence in chapter 2, the references to the Song-Jin-Yuan doctrines of pharmacology appear isolated. Further hints at their relevance for pharmaceutical therapy are rarely encountered in the Ben cao gang mu. Li Shizhen may have felt it suitable to pay lip service to a development that had lost its creative momentum prior to his lifetime. By the end of the Song-Jin-Yuan era, several authors had suggested combinations of empirical pharmaceutical knowledge with the Yinyang doctrines of systematic correspondences without reaching an agreement on one pharmacology accepted by all. Too many contradictions remained between the assessment of the properties in terms of yin and yang qualities on the one hand and their assumed and observed effects on the human body on the other. Eventually, this

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development found no further creative naturalists. By the time of Li Shizhen, carrying through to the very present, a status quo had emerged within which any author interested in a theoretical foundation of pharmaceutical treatment was free to pick from any of the Song-Jin-Yuan authors, whomever he felt or feels appropriate. Li Shizhen’s attitude toward a theoretical legitimation of pharmaceutical therapies may be called fragmented. Only in very few instances did he feel compelled to refer to the preference of a specific substance to enter one or more of the yin and yang conduits. Li Shizhen did not neglect magic argumentation, and he seems to have had a special inclination toward the number seven. It dominates suggestions for the length of periods and number of frequencies of ingestions as well as quantities in which pharmaceutical substances are to be taken. Categorizations of items according to their yin or yang status, or their affiliation with one of the Five Phases, are rarely seen in the Ben cao gang mu. Occasionally Li Shizhen resorts to a concept of cong qi lei 從其類, “group correspondence” to explain correspondences between items and their properties that appear to exist outside the realm of Yinyang and Five Phases correspondences. For example, in chapter 41, entry 16, “cicadas,” he writes: Generally speaking, to cure [diseases affecting] the long-term depots and shortterm repositories, the bodies of cicadas are to be used. To cure dermal sores and ulcers, wind and heat, the nymph shells of cicadas are to be used. This is always based on their group correspondences. Similarly, in chapter 43, entry 19-02, “breficaude pit viper”: When poisonous items are used to attack poison diseases, then this is always based on their group correspondences. Perhaps Li Shizhen’s reluctance to support his therapeutic advice with theoretical reasoning may be traced back to a perception of himself as primarily being a practitioner not interested in burdening other practitioners with a request to indulge in the complicated doctrines of systematic correspondences as a precondition of pharmaceutical therapy. If we are right to assume that a central motivation underlying Li Shizhen’s compilation of the Ben cao gang mu was to offer a handy work to a wide public of healers, we then also grasp two more of his encyclopedia’s great innovations. Li Shizhen’s Ben cao gang mu is the first truly inclusive encyclopedia of natural history and pharmacotherapy in China. Nothing comparable existed in the medical literature elsewhere. Ben cao literature had hitherto been dedicated to the descrip-

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tion of individual substances. Li Shizhen integrated medical case histories. These are meant to illustrate, more vividly than would have been possible with theoretical statements, the therapeutic potential of certain substances. Medical case histories have been published in China ever since Sima Qian included examples of treatments performed by Chunyu Yi 淳於意 (205 – 150 BCE) in the biography of this physician in his Shi ji 史記 of 90 BCE. Beginning with the Yuan dynasty, an increasing number of physicians chose to publish characteristic (and successful) examples of their treatments to propagate their own understanding of medicine and health care.15 Li Shizhen included case histories from his own medical practice and others quoted from earlier collections. In this way, he certainly prevented any suspicion of promoting only his personal interpretation of generally accepted theoretical premises. A common feature of his case histories is the emphasis on flexibility. That is, the flexibility required to sometimes abandon seemingly irrefutable principles and adapt a substance’s application to the specific challenge confronting the healer. An example is his own treatment, recorded in chapter 35, of “an old woman over 60 years old” who had suffered from viscous outflow, i. e., some form of diarrhea, for an extended period of time. No established therapy had been able to end her suffering. Li Shizhen followed a recommendation by the Tang physician Wang Bing 王冰 who had traced viscous outflow to an excessive accumulation of cold. He resorted to croton seeds, known in China as ba dou 巴豆, to counteract the cold responsible for that particular patient’s illness. Since antiquity, though, ba dou had been described in Chinese ben cao literature not only as an extremely “hot” substance but also as one of the most violent purgatives. Li Shizhen had also read the Yuan era author Wang Haogu 王好古, who had pointed out, for the first time, that given an appropriate pharmaceutical processing croton seeds can also be applied to stop diarrhea. Hence Li Shizhen counted on the extreme heat of croton seeds to attack the accumulated cold in the old woman. He treated her with pills prepared with croton seeds and coated with beeswax, and achieved a cure.16 Li Shizhen not only offered examples of his own reading of a patient’s specific needs but also provided details of earlier physicians’ creative approaches to difficult therapeutic situations. The implicit message underlying most such case histories was to promote flexibility rather than stubborn adherence to superficial principles. Hence he praised previous healers for their ingeniously individualized therapies. 15 Christopher Cullen, “Yi’an (case statements): the origins of a genre of Chinese medical literature,” in Elisabeth Hsü (ed.), Innovation in Chinese Medicine. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001, 297-323. 16 Zheng Jinsheng and Zhang Zhibin, 2016, 202 – 206.

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Li Shizhen was also the first author in the tradition of comprehensive works to combine the genres of ben cao and recipe literature. With very few exceptions, he added to every substance a list of recipes with the information he may have considered essential for its application in actual clinical practice. One or more therapeutic indications, mostly down-to-earth without theoretical embellishment or legitimation, are followed by the recipe’s ingredients with brief data on their raw or processed states. The recipes further include concise data on their preparation, on the external or internal mode of their application and on the number and required time span of their applications. A source is given for each recipe. For each list of recipes added to the entry of a specific substance, Li Shizhen also specifies how many of them were recorded in previous recipe collections and how many he recorded for the first time. The perhaps most notable innovation introduced by Li Shizhen was a transition from earlier ben cao works that had merely propagated alleged facts as statements to an encyclopedia based on argumentation. Li Shizhen was the first to collect in a materia medica work the statements of earlier authors and systematically discuss them in search of what he considered as facts and truth. Earlier writers had contradicted views they failed to agree with. But Li Shizhen made this approach his basic principle. Also, simply contradicting earlier views and statements is not identical with Li Shizhen’s approach of presenting several points of view. He discussed their origins and shortcomings, and eventually decided who is right and who is wrong, or presented his own dissenting perception. This is a ubiquitous principle followed throughout the Ben cao gang mu. It is not the least because of this feature of the Ben cao gang mu that Li Shizhen deserves a most prominent place in the history of Chinese natural science.

1.3 Biographical sketch of Li Shizhen (1518 – 1593) Li Shizhen, style Dongbi 東璧, assumed name Binhu 濒湖, was born in Qi zhou 湖 北蕲州, today’s Qi chun county 蘄春縣, province Hu bei 湖北, to a family of physicians. His grandfather is known to have practiced as an itinerant healer. His father, Li Yanwen 李言聞, rose to a more respected class of physicians and was engaged for a while as medical secretary, li mu 吏目, in the Imperial Medical Office. For his therapeutic skills he was praised as Li xian 李仙, “immortal Li.” He is remembered as author of monographs on ginseng and mugwort, a plant used for moxibustion. He also wrote texts on smallpox and pulse diagnosis.

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Li Shizhen was supposed to rise even higher on the social scale. He was trained to be an official and entered the sequence of government exams. At the age of 14, having studied the Confucian and other classical texts, he passed the county level exams and was granted the degree of xiu cai 秀才, “outstanding talent.” However, even though he continued his studies for the next ten years, he failed to pass exams on the next higher level and eventually turned to the occupation of his father and grandfather. Over time, based on experience and knowledge learned from his father and his own literate knowledge and dedication to understand the principles underlying natural processes, Li Shizhen became widely known as a competent practitioner. He was invited to noble and other high ranking families and his successful cures in 1543 eventually led to an invitation by the King of Chu 楚, Zhu Xianrong 朱顯榕, 1506 – 1545, a regional prince, to manage his palace medical office. Details of the following years are unclear. We know that Li Shizhen was offered a position in the Imperial Medical Office but returned to his hometown after only a year. The date of this journey to Beijing and the reasons why he left so soon are not known. From the contents of the Ben cao gang mu, though, it is obvious that he returned from the North having accumulated much new knowledge. In Beijing he also encountered practices he considered highly objectionable. Among the elite, a practice was widespread to “cure human ills with human substances,” yi ren bu ren 以人補人. Based on a notion that a reverse flow of menstrual blood left the body as breast milk, practitioners advocated to knead the breasts of child girls until they released some liquid. This liquid was termed pan tao jiu 蟠桃 酒, “flat peach wine,” allegedly an elixir granting immortality. Li Shizhen recorded this practice in chapter 52, entry 15, on “human milk,” clearly condemning it as “deceitful rhetoric to make a profit, aimed at those who are ignorant. It is voiced by fraudulent persons, and punished by royal law. The gentleman is to denounce it.” In Beijing he also learned of the use of opium as an aphrodisiac and considered this as a therapy not to be applied by a proper healer. Back home, in 1552, at the age of 34, Li Shizhen began to compile the Ben cao gang mu. 27 years later, in 1578, he concluded his manuscript. To compile a work of 1.9 million characters, based not only on extensive reading of earlier literature but also on the results of repeated short and long distance travelling, is an enormous achievement. Li Shizhen mentions family members and disciples as assistants, but the size of his team is not known. His achievement is even more astonishing given that during these 27 years he wrote and published several books. Two of these, the Binhu mai xue 濒湖脉學, “[Li] Binhu’s study of vessel movements,” a book on pulse diagnosis, and the Qi jing ba mai kao 奇經八脉考, “Research of the eight extraor-

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dinary conduit vessels,” survive to this day. Others, like a collection of his medical cases, Binhu yi an 濒湖醫案, a “collection of [Li] Binhu’s simple to use recipes,” Binhu jian fang 濒湖集簡方, and an “illustrated study of the five long-term depots,” Wu zang tu lun 五藏圖論, have been lost as individual texts. None of these books became as influential as the Ben cao gang mu. Initially, the completed manuscript of the Ben cao gang mu did not meet enthusiasm either. It took Li Shizhen ten years, knocking at doors here and there, until eventually Hu Chenglong 胡承龍 in Jinling 金陵, today’s Nanjing 南京, Jiangsu province, agreed to print the text. It was published in 1593 with a preface by the famous scholar Wang Shizhen 王世貞 (1526 – 1590) and supplemented by two chapters of 1109 illustrations rather hastily made by his sons Li Jianyuan 李建元 and Li Jianmu 李 建木. Whether Li Shizhen ever saw this “Jinling edition” is not known. He died that same year.17 Today eight complete copies of the first edition and four fragments are known to exist in China, in Japan and in the USA. A second edition, supported by a local government office, was published by Xia Liangxian 夏良心 and Zhang Dingsi 张 鼎思 in neighboring Jiangxi 江西 province in 1603. Even though some errors crept into the text, the print and the illustrations were executed excellently. The widespread dissemination and the fame of the Ben cao gang mu began with this “Jiangxi edition.”18 In 2011, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) certified the inscription of the Ben cao gang mu on the Memory of the World International Register.

2. Notes on the Translation This translation of chapters 47 through 52 of the Ben cao gang mu is based on a most remarkable critical edition of the text prepared and published by Zheng Jinsheng 郑金生 and Zhang Zhibin 张志斌. Zheng Jinsheng and Zhang Zhibin have traced all quotes to their original source text. Wherever the first 1593 Jinling print of the 17 Ibid., 3 – 7. 18 Ibid. 230. For a most detailed scholarly account of Li Shizhen’s life and the further history of the Ben cao gang mu, see Wang Jian 王剑梅全喜 and Mei Quanxi 梅全喜, Li Shizhen Ben cao gang mu, 500 nian da shi nian pu 李时珍本草纲目500年大事年谱, “Li Shizhen’s Ben cao gang mu – a chronicle of related major events of the past 500 years,” Ren min wei sheng chu ban she 人民衛生出版社, Beijing, 2018.

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dinary conduit vessels,” survive to this day. Others, like a collection of his medical cases, Binhu yi an 濒湖醫案, a “collection of [Li] Binhu’s simple to use recipes,” Binhu jian fang 濒湖集簡方, and an “illustrated study of the five long-term depots,” Wu zang tu lun 五藏圖論, have been lost as individual texts. None of these books became as influential as the Ben cao gang mu. Initially, the completed manuscript of the Ben cao gang mu did not meet enthusiasm either. It took Li Shizhen ten years, knocking at doors here and there, until eventually Hu Chenglong 胡承龍 in Jinling 金陵, today’s Nanjing 南京, Jiangsu province, agreed to print the text. It was published in 1593 with a preface by the famous scholar Wang Shizhen 王世貞 (1526 – 1590) and supplemented by two chapters of 1109 illustrations rather hastily made by his sons Li Jianyuan 李建元 and Li Jianmu 李 建木. Whether Li Shizhen ever saw this “Jinling edition” is not known. He died that same year.17 Today eight complete copies of the first edition and four fragments are known to exist in China, in Japan and in the USA. A second edition, supported by a local government office, was published by Xia Liangxian 夏良心 and Zhang Dingsi 张 鼎思 in neighboring Jiangxi 江西 province in 1603. Even though some errors crept into the text, the print and the illustrations were executed excellently. The widespread dissemination and the fame of the Ben cao gang mu began with this “Jiangxi edition.”18 In 2011, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) certified the inscription of the Ben cao gang mu on the Memory of the World International Register.

2. Notes on the Translation This translation of chapters 47 through 52 of the Ben cao gang mu is based on a most remarkable critical edition of the text prepared and published by Zheng Jinsheng 郑金生 and Zhang Zhibin 张志斌. Zheng Jinsheng and Zhang Zhibin have traced all quotes to their original source text. Wherever the first 1593 Jinling print of the 17 Ibid., 3 – 7. 18 Ibid. 230. For a most detailed scholarly account of Li Shizhen’s life and the further history of the Ben cao gang mu, see Wang Jian 王剑梅全喜 and Mei Quanxi 梅全喜, Li Shizhen Ben cao gang mu, 500 nian da shi nian pu 李时珍本草纲目500年大事年谱, “Li Shizhen’s Ben cao gang mu – a chronicle of related major events of the past 500 years,” Ren min wei sheng chu ban she 人民衛生出版社, Beijing, 2018.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

Ben cao gang mu differed from the original texts because of intentional abbreviations, they have added a note with the original wording. Divergences interpreted as unintended errors, such as omissions or mistakenly written single characters, as well as erroneous ascriptions of quotes to original texts and authors, were corrected in the main text with a note added to explain such modifications. The complete text of chapters 47-52 presented here together with its translation includes these corrections. Readers interested in all the details, both of the errors corrected and the original wordings that were abbreviated or otherwise modified by Li Shizhen and his collaborators, are advised to consult the text critical edition by Zheng Jinsheng and Zhang Zhibin.19 I am most grateful to both of them for supplying me with a pre-publication version of their work. I wish to especially express my thanks to Prof. Zheng Jinsheng for helping me to understand passages and single characters my own research had been unable to clarify. Almost all philological notes accompanying my translation are based on the text edition prepared by Zheng Jinsheng and Zhang Zhibin. I have also greatly benefitted from consulting the Japanese translation of the Ben cao gang mu published in 1965.20 In particular, secondary quotes within primary quotes have been marked based on the Japanese edition. In 2003, Foreign Language Press in Beijing published a first complete English version of the Ben cao gang mu. The approach chosen differed significantly from the one adopted here. This is most obvious in the translation of historical Chinese illness terms. Luo Xiwen and his collaborators have attempted to identify as many diseases, ailments and signs of illness as possible encountered in the Ben cao gang mu in terms of modern Western medical concepts.21 The Ben cao gang mu is an encyclopedia compiled in the 16th century based on literary and non-literary data of the preceding 1800 years. It quotes authors of varying expertise and offers today’s readers an incomparable view of almost two millennia of the development of pharmaceutical science and related realms of knowledge and more general aspects of culture. The translation of chapters 47 through 52 of the 19 Zheng Jinsheng 郑金生 and Zhang Zhibin 张志斌, Ben cao gang mu yin wen ni yuan, yi, 本草綱目引文溯源 一, “Tracing the quotations in the Ben cao gang mu to their sources. Vol. 1.” A volume of the Ben cao gang mu yan jiu ji cheng 本草綱目研究集成, “Collection of research on the Ben cao gang mu,” edited by Zhang Zhibin and Zheng Jinsheng, Ke xue chu ban she 科学出版社, Beijing, 2019. 20 Kimura Kouichi 木村康 (ed.), Suzuki Shinkai 鈴木真海 (transl.), Shinchu Koutei Kokuyaku Honzou Koumoku 新註校定國本草綱目譯, “A translation of the Ben cao gang mu. Newly annotated and checked against the original text.” Shunyoudou Shoten 春陽 堂書店, Tokyo 1965. 21 Compendium of Materia Medica. (Bencao Gangmu). Compiled by Li Shizhen. Translated and Annotated by Luo Xiwen 罗希文.Foreign Language Press, Beijing, 2003. This edition does not include the original Chinese text.

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Chinese text honors the authors of bygone days not be telling them what they should have said if they had had the knowledge of the 20th and 21st century, but rather by illuminating as clearly as possible their thoughts and their wisdom as formed by the conceptual, social, economic and natural environment of their time. The translation offered here has resisted a temptation to make ancient views appear modern and agreeable with today’s biomedical reality. Such an approach, not infrequently met in recent renderings of ancient Chinese medical texts in Western languages, is not only a sign of disrespect for the intellectual integrity of ancient experts. It is also an obstacle blocking a recognition and appreciation of the never ending historical process of understanding nature and the management of human life as part of nature in China, since antiquity. Hence I have pursued here the same approach that has guided my translations of the ancient Chinese medical classics Huang Di nei jing su wen, Huang Di nei jing ling shu and Nan jing. Authors from previous centuries and millennia relied on metaphors and allegories to elucidate their understandings of human physiology and pathology. Modern pathology and physiology are no different. Such fields of science need to draw on metaphors and allegories to illustrate their findings.22 Disease names are a case in point. The Ben cao gang mu includes quotes with about 4500 core terms to specify all kinds of pathological conditions. Prior to the translation presented here, Prof. Zhang Zhibin and I traced them to their first appearance. Vol. I of the Dictionary of the Ben cao gangmu lists all of them with an explanation of their original meaning. The translation of chapters 47 through 52 provides, where appropriate, the literal meaning of disease terms. Occasionally, ancient single characters keep their meaning secret; in such cases, they are given in pinyin transcription. Notes are added to all occurrences of historical disease terms that are not self-explanatory, and readers are led to the relevant pages of Vol. I of the Dictionary. The heading of each entry repeats the numbers assigned to it in the table of contents, followed by the name, in Chinese characters and pinyin, of the substance discussed and the title of the earliest work on materia medica identified as its FE, i. e., “first evidence.” The translation of the names offers English colloquial names wherever available, a literal translation where meaningful, and scientific identifications where possible. Place names, designations of administrative structures, names of persons and book titles appear in the translation without additional notes. Readers interested in further details should consult volumes II and III of the Dictionary of the Ben cao

22 Cynthia Taylor and Bryan M. Dewsbury, On the Problem and Promise of Metaphor Use in Science and Science Communication. J Microbiol Biol Educ. 2018; 19(1): 19.1.46.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

gang mu, which respectively provide information on the geographic and administrative designations and on the persons and literary sources mentioned. A challenging feature of translating an ancient text on materia medica is the identification of natural substances recommended for medicinal use. In chapters 47 through 52 of the Ben cao gang mu, this applies to substances identified as fowls, domestic and wild animals and human substances - which are discussed in entries of their own - as well as to numerous herbal substances mentioned in recipes or in passing elsewhere. European scientists have been eager to identify herbal, animal and mineral substances they have encountered in China since the 17th century. From the beginning, this has proved to be a difficult endeavor. Different names were used for identical substances in different parts of the country; different pronunciations of an identical name in the dialects of different regions led to different writings. One and the same substance has been recorded with varying names in the course of history. An herb listed in an eighth century materia medica text might not have been available at a later time and was substituted by another herb sold under the same name. The marketing of fakes as substitutes was sufficiently widespread at any time for Li Shizhen to caution his readers in the first chapter of the Ben cao gang mu. In his descriptions of individual substances he devoted much space to such issues. The fact is, despite all the many attempts published over the past three centuries, an uncertainty remains as to the true identity of quite a few of the herbs and minerals recorded in historical Chinese materia medica works. This translation offers – with a caveat – identifications of the substances recorded in chapters 47 through 52 of the Ben cao gang mu based on the most reliable reference works available today. They include: Editing commission for Materia Medica of China, bian wei hui 中华本草编委会, National Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy Administration, Guo jia zhong yi yao guan li ju 国家医药管理中局, Materia Medica of China, Zhong hua ben cao 中华本草, 10 vols. Shanghai 1999. Francine, Fèvre and Georges Métailié, Dictionnaire RICCI des plantes de Chine. Association Ricci – Les Éditions du Cerf, Paris 2005. Hu Shiu-ying, An Enumeration of Chinese Materia Medica, The Chinese University Press, Hongkong 1980.  Needham, Joseph and Lu Gwei-Djen, Science and Civilisation in China, Vol 5, part 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1972.  Read, Bernard E., Chinese Materia Medica,,: Avian Drugs, Peking National History Bulletin 1932, repr. Taipei 1977.

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Read, Bernard E., Chinese Medicinal Plants from the Pen Ts’ao Kang Mu, 3rd edition. Peking Natural History Bulletin 1936, repr. Taipei 1977. Smith, F. Porter, Chinese Materia Medica - Vegetable Kingdom, rev. by G. A. Stuart, Shanghai 1911. 2nd revised edition Ku T’ing Book House, Taipei 1969. Wang Jiayin 王嘉荫, “Historical data on minerals in the Ben cao gang mu,” Ben cao gang mu de kuang wu shi liao 本草纲目的矿物史料, Ke xue chu ban she 科 学出版社, Shanghai 1957. Note: Chinese names of worms/bugs/insects, animals and plants may refer to different species and substances in different geographical regions of China. Also, a species or substance indicated by a name centuries ago may no longer be the species or substance identified today. The translation offered here provides only the most likely equations. Readers interested in more detailed information are advised to consult the literature listed above. Wherever a commonly known English name was available, such as “ginger” and “ginseng [root],” it was used in the translation. All other translations refer to the Latin name of a substance. For a tentative botanical identification of herbs mentioned in recipes and elsewhere in passing, see the list at the end of this volume.

3. Wang Shizhen’s preface of 1590 本草綱目原序 紀稱望龍光知古劍，覘寳氣辨明珠。故萍實商羊，非天明莫洞。厥後博 物稱華，辯字稱康，析寳玉稱倚頓，亦僅僅晨星耳。楚蘄陽李君東璧，一 日過予弇山園謁予，留飲數日。予窺其人，晬然貌也，癯然身也，津津然 譚議也，真北斗以南一人。解其装無長物，有本草綱目數十卷。謂予曰： 時珍，荊楚鄙人也。幼多羸疾，質成鈍椎。長耽典籍，若啖蔗飴。遂漁獵 羣書，摉羅百氏。凡子史經傳，聲韻農圃，醫卜星相，樂府諸家，稍有 得處，輒著數言。古有本草一書，自炎、皇及漢、梁、唐、宋，下迨國 朝，註解羣氏舊矣。第其中舛繆差譌遺漏，不可枚數，廼敢奮編摩之志， 僭纂述之權。歲歷三十稔，書考八百餘家，稿凡三易。複者芟之，闕者緝 之，譌者繩之。舊本一千五百一十八種，今增藥三百七十四種，分爲一十 六部，著成五十二卷。雖非集成，亦麤大備，僭名曰《本草綱目》，願乞

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Read, Bernard E., Chinese Medicinal Plants from the Pen Ts’ao Kang Mu, 3rd edition. Peking Natural History Bulletin 1936, repr. Taipei 1977. Smith, F. Porter, Chinese Materia Medica - Vegetable Kingdom, rev. by G. A. Stuart, Shanghai 1911. 2nd revised edition Ku T’ing Book House, Taipei 1969. Wang Jiayin 王嘉荫, “Historical data on minerals in the Ben cao gang mu,” Ben cao gang mu de kuang wu shi liao 本草纲目的矿物史料, Ke xue chu ban she 科 学出版社, Shanghai 1957. Note: Chinese names of worms/bugs/insects, animals and plants may refer to different species and substances in different geographical regions of China. Also, a species or substance indicated by a name centuries ago may no longer be the species or substance identified today. The translation offered here provides only the most likely equations. Readers interested in more detailed information are advised to consult the literature listed above. Wherever a commonly known English name was available, such as “ginger” and “ginseng [root],” it was used in the translation. All other translations refer to the Latin name of a substance. For a tentative botanical identification of herbs mentioned in recipes and elsewhere in passing, see the list at the end of this volume.

3. Wang Shizhen’s preface of 1590 本草綱目原序 紀稱望龍光知古劍，覘寳氣辨明珠。故萍實商羊，非天明莫洞。厥後博 物稱華，辯字稱康，析寳玉稱倚頓，亦僅僅晨星耳。楚蘄陽李君東璧，一 日過予弇山園謁予，留飲數日。予窺其人，晬然貌也，癯然身也，津津然 譚議也，真北斗以南一人。解其装無長物，有本草綱目數十卷。謂予曰： 時珍，荊楚鄙人也。幼多羸疾，質成鈍椎。長耽典籍，若啖蔗飴。遂漁獵 羣書，摉羅百氏。凡子史經傳，聲韻農圃，醫卜星相，樂府諸家，稍有 得處，輒著數言。古有本草一書，自炎、皇及漢、梁、唐、宋，下迨國 朝，註解羣氏舊矣。第其中舛繆差譌遺漏，不可枚數，廼敢奮編摩之志， 僭纂述之權。歲歷三十稔，書考八百餘家，稿凡三易。複者芟之，闕者緝 之，譌者繩之。舊本一千五百一十八種，今增藥三百七十四種，分爲一十 六部，著成五十二卷。雖非集成，亦麤大備，僭名曰《本草綱目》，願乞

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一言，以託不朽。予開卷細玩，毎藥標正名爲綱，附釋名爲目，正始也。 次以集解、辯疑、正誤，詳其土産形状也。次以氣味、主治、附方，著其 體用也。上自墳典，下及傳奇，凡有相關，靡不備採。如入金谷之園，種 色奪目；如登龍君之宫，寳藏悉陳；如對冰壺玉鑑，毛髮可指數也。博而 不繁，詳而有要，綜核究竟，直窺淵海。茲豈僅以醫書覯哉，實性理之精 微，格物之通典，帝王之秘籙，臣民之重寳也。李君用心加惠何勤哉。 噫！碔玉莫剖，朱紫相傾，弊也久矣。故辯專車之骨，必竢魯儒；博支機 之石，必訪賣卜。予方著《弇州巵言》，恚博古如《丹鉛》、《巵言》後 乏人也，何幸覩茲集哉。茲集也，藏之深山石室無當，盍鍥之以共天下後 世味《太玄》如子雲者。 時萬曆歲庚寅春上元日，弇州山人鳳洲王世貞拜撰。 Original Preface to the Ben cao gang mu by Wang Shizhen Historical annals speak of an ancient double-edged sword that was identified for its “dragon luster,” and of a shiny pearl that was discovered for its precious radiance. That is, [the delicious and auspicious nature of ] the fruit ping [seen growing on a river by the ruler of Chu] and [the significance of the appearance in the court of the Duke of Qi of ] the [one-legged bird] shang yang [as an omen of imminent rain] could not have been recognized [by Confucius] without an enlightenment bestowed on him by heaven. In later times, [Zhang] Hua (232-300), who was known for [compiling the encyclopedia] Bo wu [zhi], [ Ji] Kang (223-262), [the poet] who is recorded to have carefully chosen the characters he wrote down, and Yi Dun (of the Warring States period), who [was wealthier than his king and] knew how to distinguish [genuine and fake] precious stones, they were as rare as stars in the morning sky. One day, Mr. Li Dongbi from Qi [zhou] in Chu came to see me in my seclusion in Shan yuan, and he stayed with me as a guest for several days. I saw a man of gentle disposition with an excessively thin body. What he said was interesting and meaningful. He truly was a unique person south of the dipper! When he opened his bag, it contained nothing valuable, but tens of volumes of the Ben cao gang mu. He said to me: “[I am Li] Shizhen, a man from Jing chu. In my youth I often suffered from a wasting disease. Despite a modest intelligence, I was fascinated by reading the ancient canons and various kinds of literature, as if I were eating the sweetness of sugarcane. Hence I went fishing and hunting for all kinds of books, and I collected the works of hundreds of authors. Wherever among all the experts for philosophy and history, the classics and biographies, in music and poetry, agriculture and gardening, medicine, divination, astronomy and physiognomy, and collections of tunes I found something even

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of only slight value, I wrote it down in many words. In ancient times there was a ben cao work [on materia medica]. From the times of Yan [di, i.e., Shen nong] and Huang [di] through the Han, the Liang, the Tang, and the Song [dynasty] down to our present dynasty, it has long been commented upon and provided with explanations. However, it was stained by innumerable errors, inconsistencies, contradictions and omissions. I felt encouraged to take the will to study [this field] and edit [this work], and I exceeded my legitimate limits when I engaged in a compilation based on a new narrative. For more than 30 years I have examined the books of more than 800 authors. I have rewritten the manuscript three times. Where there were repetitions, I eradicated them. Where there were omissions, I filled them up. Where there were mistakes, I corrected them. The old editions included 1518 kinds [of pharmaceutical substances]; here now 374 kinds are added. [The entries] are divided into 16 sections, written up in 52 volumes. Even though [my work] may not be complete, it is quite comprehensive and hence I dared to give it the title Ben cao gang mu.23 It is my deepest desire to entrust it to you so that it will not be lost.” When I opened the volumes I was pleased to see that they were written in a meticulous manner. Each pharmaceutical substance is given a name as its label, that is, as its gang, to which are added explanations of [this and additional] names as mu. This is a proper beginning. Next follow “collected explanations,” “discussions of ambiguities,” “corrections of errors,” and detailed accounts of the places of origin and physical appearances. This is followed by [data on] “qi and flavors,” “control and therapy,” and “added recipes,” indicating the concrete usage [of the substances named]. Whether [these data] had been gathered from ancient landmark and later canonical texts above, and from legends and unusual sources below, all were relevant and nothing was chosen without thinking. [Reading these volumes] was like entering the Golden Valley Garden where all kinds of colors dazzle one’s eyes. It was like entering the palace of the Dragon Sovereign where all kinds of treasures are displayed. It was like standing in front of a crystal flask and a jade mirror clearly showing each [detail like an individual] hair. [The contents] are broadly arranged but not overabundant. They are detailed with a focus on what is important. They have summed up the results of careful studies. They allow a view into the depth of the sea. How could anyone consider this as a work dedicated exclusively to medicine! In fact, it offers the essential subtleties of natural principles. It is an encyclopedia based on the investigation of things. It is a work kept secret by emperors and kings. It is a treasure highly valued by officials and the people. The diligence and the passion devoted 23 Li Shizhen may have considered this title daring because he seemed to put his encyclopedia on a par with the, Tong jian gang mu 通鑑綱目, which was compiled by the wellknown song philosopher Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130 – 1200)

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

to it by Mr. Li are extraordinary! The failure to distinguish common stones and jade, and the confusion of red and purple colors, such malpractice has lasted for long. Hence to debate the reason for the carts loaded with one bone, one had to wait for the scholar [Confucius] from Lu.24 To recognize the stone from below the loom,25 it was essential to enquire with a fortune teller. I myself have written the Yan zhou zhi yan. What a pity that in future only a few people will be able to write as broadly based works such as ancient Dan qian and Zhi yan. So, I am all the more happy to see this collection! This collection must not be stored deep in the mountains in a stone chamber! It must be carved/printed to make it available for later generations all over the world like the work Tai xuan [jing] by Ziyun [(i. e., Yang Xiong) on the Yi jing]. Date: Wan li reign period. Year: Geng yin. On New Year’s Day. Respectfully written by Yan zhou shan ren Wang Shizhen in Feng zhou.

24 During the Warring States period, when Wu invaded Yue, they took home from the city of Kuai ji a collection of huge bones, with one of them filling one cart. Back home they enquired with Confucius about the origin of these bones and the “scholar from Lu” explained their origin. 25 A traveller once brought back a stone he had been given by a woman he had met when he tried to reach the source of a certain river. He approached the famous fortune-teller Yan Junping who told him that this was the stone forming the foundation of the loom of a celestial fairy.

4.本草綱目 Ben Cao Gang Mu Chapters 47 - 52 Translation.

本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 禽部目録 Section Fowl, Contents 第四十七卷 Chapter 47 李時珍曰：二足而羽曰禽。師曠禽經云：羽蟲三百六十，毛恊四時，色合 五方。山禽岩棲，原鳥地處。林鳥朝嘲，水鳥夜㖡。山禽咮短而尾修，水 禽咮長而尾促。其交也，或以尾臎，或以睛睨，或以聲音，或合異類。 雉、孔與蛇交之類。其生也，或以翼孚卵，或以同氣變，鷹化鳩之類。或 以異類化，田鼠化鴽之類。或變入無情。雀入水爲蛤之類。噫！物理萬殊 若此，學者其可不致知乎？五鳩、九扈，少皞取以名官；雄雉、鴟鴞，詩 人得之觀感。厥旨微矣。不妖夭，不覆巢，不殈卵，而庖人供六禽，翨音 翅氏攻猛鳥，硩蔟覆夭鳥之巢。聖人之於物也，用舍仁殺之意，夫豈徒然 哉？記曰：天産作陽。羽類則陽中之陽，大抵多養陽。於是集其可供庖藥 及毒惡當知者，爲禽部，凡七十七種。分爲四類：曰水，曰原，曰林，曰 山。舊本禽部三品，共五十六種。今併入一種，自獸部移入一種，蟲部移。 [Li] Shizhen: [Creatures] with two legs and feathers are called fowl. Shi Kuang in his Qin jing states: There are 360 creatures with feathers. Their fur corresponds to the four seasons; their colors correspond to the five cardinal directions. Mountain fowl live in rock caves. Fowl of the open country live on the ground. Forest fowl sing in the morning; water fowl cry at night. Mountain fowl have a short trunk and a

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long tail. Water birds have a long trunk and a short tail. When they mate, some do so by shaking their tails, some do so by glancing at each other, and some do so by making sounds. Some mate with other kinds [of animals. For example,] pheasants and peacocks mate with snakes. When [fowl] reproduce, some may hatch their eggs under their wings. Or their qi, because they are identical, undergo a change, such as when a goshawk transforms into a turtledove. It may also be that some other type [of animals] transforms [into a bird], such as when a field mouse transforms into a quail. It may also be that [a bird] transforms into some being without feelings, such as when a sparrow enters water and becomes a clam. Wow! The structure of things assumes a myriad appearances like that. Is this not something a learned person must know? Five kinds of turtledoves and nine kinds of tu birds were used by Shao Hao to designate official ranks. Male pheasants and owls have inspired poets. This is so subtle! [There were requirements] not to molest the young [of certain birds], not to overturn a nest [of certain birds], not to break open the eggs [of certain birds. On the other hand], a cook may offer six birds [for food. The] chi 翨, read chi 翅, shi [officials of Zhou times were ordered to] attack ferocious birds. And the [official designated as] “collector of nests” overturned the nests of those birds that indicated early death. That is, the attitude of the Sages toward things was to use them and to leave them, to keep them alive and to kill them - how could all this be meaningless! It is recorded: What heaven brings forth is yang. Feathered kinds [of animals], then, are yang in yang. That is, they basically serve to nourish the yang. Here now are collected data that must be known no matter wether [the birds] are offered to the cook or for medical use, or whether they are poisonous and malign. This is the section of fowl, including 77 items, divided in four groups: water [fowl], open country [fowl], forest [fowl], mountain [fowl]. In the [materia medica] volumes of former times, the section of fowl included three ranks with altogether 56 items. Here now one item was added. One item was moved here from the section of wild animals. One item was moved here from the section of worms/bugs. One item was moved here from the section of those that are known but are not in use. [The items recorded below are adopted from the following sources:] Shen nong ben cao jing 神農本草經: 5 items, annotated by Tao Hongjing 陶弘景 during Liang 梁. Ming yi bie lu 名醫别録: 11 items, annotated by Tao Hongjing 陶弘景 during Liang 梁. Tang ben cao 唐本草: 2 items, by Su Gong 蘇恭 during Tang 唐. Ben cao shi yi 本草拾遺: 26 items, by Chen Cangqi 陳藏器, during Tang 唐.

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Shi liao ben cao 食療本草: 2 items, by Meng Shen 孟詵 and Zhang Ding 張鼎 during Tang 唐. Kai bao ben cao 開寶本草: 1 item, by Ma Zhi 馬志, during Song 宋. Jia you ben cao 嘉祐本草: 1 item, by Zhang Yuxi 掌禹錫, during Song 宋. Rihua ben cao 日華本草: 1 item, by Da Ming 大明, a Song person 宋人. Tu jing ben cao 圖經本草: 1 item, by Su Song 蘇頌, during Song 宋. Shi wu ben cao 食物本草: 10 items, by Wang Ying 汪穎, during Ming 明. Ben cao gang mu 本草綱目: 5 items, by Li Shizhen 李時珍, during Ming 明.

【附註】： Additional comments [are based on the following sources]: Wei 魏 [dynasty]: Li Dangzhi 李當之, Yao lu 藥録 Wu Pu 吴普, 本草 Ben cao Song 宋 [dynasty]: Lei Xiao 雷斅, Pao zhi 炮炙 Qi [dynasty]: Xu Zhicai 徐之才, Yao dui 藥對 Tang 唐 [dynasty]: Zhen Quan 甄權, Yao xing 藥性 Xiao Bing 蕭炳, Si sheng 四聲 Tang 唐 [dynasty]: Li Xun 李珣, Hai yao 海藥 Sun Simiao 孫思邈, Qian jin 千金 Yang Sunzhi 楊損之, Shan fan 删繁 Nan Tang 南唐 [dynasty]: Chen Shiliang 陳士良, Shi xing 食性 Shu 蜀 [dynasty]: Han Baosheng 韓保昇, Chong zhu 重注

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu Song 宋 [dynasty]: Kou Zongshi 寇宗奭, Yan yi 衍義 Tang Shenwei 唐慎微, Zheng lei 證類 Chen Cheng 陳承, Bie shuo 别説 Jin 金 [dynasty]: Zhang Yuansu 張元素, Zhen zhu nang 珍珠囊 Yuan 元 [dynasty]: Li Gao 李杲, Fa xiang 法象 Wang Haogu 王好古, Tang ye 湯液 Wu Rui 吴瑞, Ri yong 日用 Zhu Zhenheng 朱震亨, Bu yi 補遺 Ming 明 [dynasty]: Xu Yongcheng 徐用誠, Fa hui 發揮 Ning Yuan 寧源, Shi jian 食鑒 Wang Ji 汪機, Hui bian 會編 Chen Jiamo 陳嘉謨, Meng quan 蒙筌

禽之一 Fowl, I 水禽類二十三種 Water Fowl: 23 kinds. 47-01 He 鶴, red crowned crane. FE Jia you 嘉祐 47-01-01 Ai he xue 白鶴血, white crane’s blood. 47-01-02 Nao 腦, [crane] brain. 47-01-03 Luan 卵, [crane] egg. 47-01-04 Gu 骨, [crane] bone. 47-01-05 Zhun zhong sha shi zi 肫中砂石子, sand found in the [crane’s] gizzard 47-02 Guan 鸛, white stork. FE Bie lu 别録 47-02-01 Gu 骨,[stork] bone. 47-02-02 Jiao gu ji zui 脚骨及嘴, leg bone and beak [of storks]. 47-02-03 Luan 卵, [stork] egg. 47-02-04 Shi 屎, [stork] droppings.

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47-03 Cang ji 鶬鷄, gray crane. FE Shi wu 食物 47-03-01 Rou 肉, meat [of a grey crane]. 47-03-A01 Su shuang 鷫鸘 47-04 Yang niao 陽烏, yang bird. FE Shi yi 拾遺 47-04-01 Zui 嘴, [yang bird] beak. 47-05 Tu qiu 鵚鶖, lesser adjutant. FE Shi wu 食物 47-05-01 Rou 肉, meat [of the lesser adjutant]. 47-05-02 Sui 髓, marrow [of the lesser adjutant]. 47-05-03 Hui 喙, beak [of the lesser adjutant]. 47-05-04 Mao 毛, feathers [of the lesser adjutant]. 47-06 Meng tong 䴌𪆏, meng tong, FE Gang mu 綱目 47-06-01 Fen 糞, droppings [of meng tong]. 47-07 Ti hu 鵜鶘, pelican. FE Jia you 嘉祐; i.e. tao e 淘鵝 47-07-01 Zhi you 脂油, [pelican] oil. 47-07-02 Zui 嘴, [pelican] beak. 47-07-03 She 舌, [pelican] tongue. 47-07-04 Mao pi 毛皮, [pelican] feathers and skin. 47-08 E 鵝, oriental swan goose. Fe Bie lu 别録 47-08-01 Bai e gao 白鵝膏, fat of white geese. 47-08-02 Rou 肉, [oriental swan goose] meat. 47-08-03 Cui 臎, [oriental swan goose] tail meat. 47-08-04 Xue 血, [oriental swan goose] blood. 47-08-05 Dan 膽, gallbladder/bile [of the Oriental swan goose]. 47-08-06 Luan 卵, [oriental swan goose] egg. 47-08-07 Xian 涎, [oriental swan goose] saliva. 47-08-08 Mao 毛, [oriental swan goose] feather. 47-08-09 Zhang shang huang pi 掌上黄皮, yellow skin from the sole of [an Oriental swan goose] foot. 47-08-10 Shi 屎, [oriental swan goose] droppings. 47-09 Yan 雁, wild goose. FE Ben jing 本經 47-09-01 Yan fang 雁肪, fat of wild geese. 47-09-02 Rou 肉, meat [of wild geese]. 47-09-03 Gu 骨, bone [of a wild goose]. 47-09-04 Mao 毛, feather [of a wild goose]. 47-09-05 Shi bai 屎白, white droppings [of a wild goose]. 47-10 Hu 鵠, whooper swan. FE Shi wu 食物, i.e., tian e 天鵝 47-10-01 Rou 肉, [swan] meat. 47-10-02 You 油, [swan] oil.

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47-10-03 Rong mao 絨毛, [swan] down 47-11 Bao 鴇, great bustard. FE Gang mu 綱目 47-11-01 Rou 肉, [bustard] meat 47-11-02 Fang 肪, [bustard] fat. 47-12 Mu 鶩, domestic duck. FE Bie lu 别録; i.e., ya 鴨, duck. 47-12-01 Mu fang 鶩肪, duck fat. 47-12-02 Rou 肉, meat [of domestic ducks]. 47-12-03 Tou 頭, [domestic duck] head. 47-12-04 Nao 腦, [domestic duck] brain. 47-12-05 Xue 血, [domestic duck] blood. 47-12-06 She 舌, [domestic duck] tongue. 47-12-07 Xian 涎, [domestic duck] saliva. 47-12-08 Dan 膽, [domestic duck] gallbladder/bile. 47-12-09 Zhun yi 肫衣, membrane of a [domestic duck] gizzard. 47-12-10 Luan 卵, [domestic duck] egg. 47-12-11 Bai ya tong 白鴨通, white duck droppings. 47-13 Fu 鳧, wild duck. FE Shi liao, i.e. ye ya 野鴨 47-13-01 Rou 肉, [wild duck] meat. 47-13-02 Xue 血, [wild duck] blood. 47-14 Pi ti 鸊鷉, grebe. FE Shi yi 拾遺 47-14-01 Rou 肉, [grebe] meat. 47-14-02 Gao 膏, [grebe] grease. 47-15 Yuan yang 鴛鴦, mandarin duck. FE Jia you 嘉祐 47-15-01 Rou 肉, [mandarin duck] meat. 47-16 Xi chi 鸂鶒, xi chi. FE Jia you 嘉祐 47-17 Jiao jing 鵁鶄, Chinese squacco heron. FE Shi yi 拾遺 47-17-01 Rou 肉, meat [of fishing cormorants]. 47-17-A01 Xuan mu 旋目, round eyes. 47-17-A02 Fang mu 方目, square eyes. 47-18 Lu 鷺, little egret. FE Shi wu 食物 47-18-01 Rou 肉, meat [of little egrets]. 47-18-02 Tou 頭, head [of little egrets]. 47-19 Ou 鷗, common gull. FE Shi wu 食物 47-19-01 Rou 肉, [common gull] meat. 47-20 Zhu yu 鸀鳿, zhu yu. FE Shi yi 拾遺 47-20-01 Mao, shi 毛屎, feather and droppings [of zhu yu]. 47-21 Lu ci 鸕鷀, common cormorant. FE Bie lu 别録 47-21-01 Rou 肉, meat [of common cormorants].

Chapter 47 47-21-02 Tou 頭, head [of common cormorants]. 47-21-03 Gu 骨, bone [of common cormorants]. 47-21-04 Hui 喙, beak [of common cormorants]. 47-21-05 Su 嗉, crop [of common cormorants]. 47-21-06 Chi yu 翅羽, wing feather [of common cormorants]. 47-21-07 Shu shui hua 蜀水花, droppings of common cormorants. 47-22 Yu gou 魚狗, common kingfisher. FE Shi yi 拾遺 47-22-01 Rou 肉, [common kingfishers] meat. 47-22-A01 Fei cui 翡翠, halcyon 47-23 Wen mu niao 蚊母鳥, mosquito-mother bird. FE Shi yi 拾遺 47-23-01 Chi yu 翅羽, wing feathers [of a mosquito-mother bird]. 上附方舊七，新十七 Recipes added to the entries above: Seven of old. 17 newly [recorded]

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本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 禽部 Section Fowl 第四十七卷 Chapter 47

禽之一 Fowl I 水禽類二十三種 Water Fowl Group: 23 kinds 47-01 鶴宋嘉祐 He, FE Song, Jia you Red-crowned crane. Grus japonensis P. L. S. Müller. 【釋名】仙禽綱目、胎禽。時珍曰鶴字，篆文象翹首短尾之形。一云白色 㿥㿥，故名。八公相鶴經云：鶴乃羽族之宗，仙人之驥，千六百年乃胎 産。則胎、仙之稱以此。世謂鶴不卵生者，誤矣。 Explanation of Names. Xian qin 仙禽, “the immortals’ fowl;” Gang mu. Tai qin 胎 禽, “fowl born from an embryo.” [Li] Shizhen: In seal script, the character he 鶴 looks like [a bird] with a raised head and a short tail. It is also said that the name results from it having “purely white feathers.” The Xiang he jing of the Eight Lords states: “The crane is the ancestor of all feathered animals. The immortals ride on them; they take 1,600 years to give birth to an embryo.” That is the reason why the names [of cranes] include the characters tai 胎, “embryo,” and xian 仙, “immortal.” The widespread assumption that they do not come to life through eggs is wrong.

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【集解】【禹錫曰】鶴有白有玄，有黄有蒼。入藥用白者，他色次之。 【時珍曰】鶴大於鵠，長三尺，高三尺餘，喙長四寸。丹頂赤目，赤頰青 脚、修頸凋尾，粗膝纖指。白羽黑翎，亦有灰色、蒼色者。嘗以夜半鳴， 聲唳雲霄。雄鳴上風，雌鳴下風，聲交而孕。亦啖蛇虺，聞降真香烟則 降，其糞能化石，皆物類相感也。按相鶴經云：鶴，陽鳥也，而遊于陰。 行必依洲渚，止不集林木。二年落子毛，易黑點，三年産伏。又七年羽翮 具，又七年飛薄雲漢，又七年舞應節，又七年鳴中律。又七年大毛落， 氄毛生，或白如雪，或黑如漆。百六十年，雌雄相視而孕。千六百年形始 定，飲而不食，乃胎化也。又按俞琰云：龜、鶴能運任脉，故多壽，無死 氣於中也。鶴骨爲笛，甚清越。 Collected Explanations. [Zhang] Yuxi: Cranes may be white, dark, yellow and dark blue. For use as a pharmaceutical substance, those of other colors are not as good. [Li] Shizhen: Cranes are bigger than swans, the hu 鵠. They are three chi long and more than three chi tall. Their beak is four cun long. They have a cinnabar-red crown, red eyes, red cheeks, and greenish feet, a slender neck and a ruffled tail, thick knees and fine toes. Their feathers are white with black plumes. They may also be grey or dark blue. They usually cry at mid-night with a sound reaching the skies. When a male crane cries upwind, and a female crane cries downwind, and when both sounds meet, a conception results. Cranes eat snakes. When they smell [the fumes of ] santalum [tree] they will descend. Their droppings can dissolve stones. Such are the interrelationships of things. The Xiang he jing states: “Cranes are yang-type birds, but they move in yin regions. When they travel they rely on islands; they do not stop or gather in forests. At the age of two years, their infantile feathers fall off and black dots appear instead. In their third year, they give birth [to eggs] and hatch them. After another seven years, all their feathers are fully developed. After another seven years, they fly to reach the Milky Way. After another seven years, they dance in correspondence with the seasons. After another seven years, they sing in harmonious tones. After another seven years, their big feathers fall off and down feathers grow. They may be white as snow or black as lacquer. After 160 years, conception takes place when a male and a female glance at each other. After 1,600 years the physical appearance [of their offspring] begins to be determined. They drink, but they do not eat anything, and the embryo transforms.” According to Yu Yan, “turtles and cranes can stimulate their controller vessel. Hence many live a long life. They have no deadly qi inside.” The bones of cranes can be made into flutes that give very clear, loud sounds.

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47-01-01 白鶴血。Bai he xue. White crane’s blood. 【氣味】鹹，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. ［主治］益氣力，補虚乏，去風益肺。《嘉祐》。 Control. It boosts the strength of qi, supplements conditions of depletion and weariness, removes wind and benefits the lung. Jia you. ［發明］【禹錫曰】按穆天子傳云：天子至巨蒐，二氏獻白鶴之血飲之。 云益人氣力也。 Explication. [Zhang] Yuxi: According to the Mu tian zi zhuan: When the Son of Heaven once met with the [people of the] Ju 巨 and the Sou 蒐,26 the two clans offered him white crane’s blood to drink, saying that it boosts the strength of human qi. 47-01-02 腦。Nao. [Crane] brain. 【主治】和天雄、葱實服之，令人目明，夜能書字。抱朴子。 Control. Consumed with aconitum [root] and scallion seeds it will clear one’s eyes allowing him to write characters at night. Baopu zi. 47-01-03 卵。Luan. [Crane] egg. 【氣味】甘、鹹，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】預解痘毒，多者令少，少者令不出。每用一枚煮，與小兒食之。 時珍。出活幼全書。 Control. Prevents smallpox by resolving its poison. In most cases it serves to minimize [the number of eruptions]; in a few cases it prevents them altogether. For each application boil a small [egg] and have the infant consume it. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Huo you quan shu. 26 Tai ping yu lan, ch. 916, entry he 鶴, “crane,” quoting the Mu tian zi zhuan 穆天子傳, writes Ju Sou zhi ren 巨蒐之人, “the people of the Ju and Sou [clans].”

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47-01-04 骨。Gu. [Crane] bone. 【主治】酥炙，入滋補藥。時珍。 Control. Roasted with butter it is added to nourishing and supplementing medications. [Li] Shizhen. 47-01-05 肫中砂石子。Zhun zhong sha shi zi. Sand found in the [crane’s] gizzard. 【主治】磨水服，解蠱毒邪。嘉祐。 Control. Ground with water and ingested it resolves the evil of gu poison. 27 Jia you. 47-02 鸛别録下品 Guan, FE Bie lu, lower rank White stork. Ciconia ciconia L. 【釋名】皂君詩疏、負釜同、黑尻。【時珍曰】鸛字，篆文象形。其背、 尾色黑，故陸機詩疏有皂君諸名。 Explanation of Names. Zao jun 皂君, “black gentleman;“ Shi shu. Fu fu 負釜, “carrying a cauldron on the back”, identical [source as above]. Hei kao 黑尻, “black buttocks.” [Li] Shizhen: The character guan 鸛 is seal script reflecting the physical appearance [of white storks]. Their back and their tail are black. Hence Lu Ji’s Shi shu has “black gentleman” and further such names. 【集解】【弘景曰】鸛有兩種：似鵠而巢樹者爲白鸛，黑色曲頸者爲烏 鸛。今宜用白者。【宗奭曰】鸛身如鶴，但頭無丹，項無烏帶，兼不善 唳，止以喙相擊而鳴。多在樓殿吻上作窠。嘗日夕觀之，並無作池養魚之 説。【時珍曰】鸛似鶴而頂不丹，長頸赤喙，色灰白，翅尾俱黑。多巢于 高木。其飛也，奮於層霄，旋繞如陣，仰天號鳴，必主有雨。其抱卵以 影，或云以聲聒之。禽經云：鸛生三子，一爲鶴。巽極成震，陰變陽也。 震爲鶴，巽爲鸛也。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: There are two kinds of storks. Those resembling swans and making their nests in trees are called bai guan 白鸛, “white 27 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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storks.” Those with black feathers and a curved neck are called wu guan 烏鸛, “black storks.” Nowadays, the white ones should be used [for therapeutic purposes]. [Kou] Zongshi: The body of storks resembles that of cranes, but their head has no cinnabar-red crown, and their neck has no black ribbon. Also, they do not love to cry. They cry when they stand, and they strike their beaks at each other. They often make their nests above the [owl-shaped fire-preventing] ornaments on palace buildings. [I] once observed them day and night, and there is nothing to the saying that they create their own ponds to raise fish. [Li] Shizhen: Storks look like cranes, but their crown is not cinnabar-red. They have a long neck and a red beak.Their color is grey and white. Wings and tail are all black. They often make nests in tall trees. When they fly they rise vigorously up into the clouds, where they circle as a group as if in a battle array. When they raise their head and cry loudly, there will be rain. They hatch their eggs with their shadow. Elsewhere it is said, they [hatch] them by making noises at them. The Qin jing states: “A stork generates three eggs. One of them produces a crane. When the trigram xun 巽 has reached its peak, it turns into the trigram zhen 震. This is a change from yin to yang. Zhen 震 is the crane; xun 巽 is the stork.” 【正誤】【藏器曰】人探巢取鸛子，六十里旱，能群飛激散雲也。其巢中 以泥爲池，含水滿中，養魚、蛇以哺子。鸛之伏卵恐冷，取礜石圍之，以 助燥氣。【時珍曰】寥郭之大，陰陽升降，油然作雲，沛然下雨。區區微 鳥，豈能以私忿使天壤赤旱耶？况鸛乃水鳥，可以候雨乎？作池、取石之 説，俱出自陸機詩疏、張華博物志，可謂愚矣。 Correction of Errors. [Chen] Cangqi: When someone finds a stork’s nest and steals its eggs, there will be a drought in an area of 60 li. [The storks] are able to flock together and forcefully disperse clouds. Inside their nests, they prepare from mud a small pond filled with water to raise fish and snakes which they feed to their young ones. When storks hatch their eggs, they fear they might turn cold. Hence, they bring in arsenolite to surround them and thereby warm their qi. [Li] Shizhen: The universe is without limits. Yin and yang rise and descend. It is out of themselves that they generate clouds and let rain fall copiously. A small bird, how could it be driven by its personal feelings? How can a bird like a stork, small as it is, halt the rain and cause a drought? Also, storks are water fowl. Can they foresee rain? Statements on their preparing a pond [in their nests] and on their bringing in minerals [to warm their eggs] are all taken from Lu Ji’s Shi shu and Zhang Hua’s Bo wu zhi. They are just foolish!

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47-02-01 骨。Gu. [Stork] bone. 【氣味】甘，大寒，無毒。【藏器曰】有小毒。入沐湯浴頭，令髮盡脱， 更不生也。又殺樹木。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, very cold, nonpoisonous. [Chen] Cangqi: They are a little poisonous. When they are added to hot water to be used to wash one’s hair and to bath one’s head, they will cause all of the hair to fall out, and never to grow again. Also, they kill trees. 【主治】鬼蠱諸疰毒，五尸心腹痛。别録。【甄權曰】亦可單炙黄研，空 心暖酒服方寸匕。【時珍曰】千金治尸疰，有鸛骨丸。 Control. All attachment-illness28 poison [resulting from] demon gu, and pain in the heart and abdomen [resulting from] the Five Corpse [qi]. Bie lu. Zhen Quan: They also can be fried until they turn yellow and are then ground to powder. Take one square cun size spoon with warm wine on an empty stomach. [Li] Shizhen: The Qian jin includes the “pills with stork bones” to cure corpse [qi] attachment-illness29. 47-02-02 脚骨及嘴。Jiao gu ji zui. Leg bone and beak [of storks]. 【主治】喉痺飛尸，蛇虺咬，及小兒閃癖，大腹痞滿，並煮汁服之，亦燒 灰飲服。藏器。 Control. Throat blockage and flying-corpse [qi]. 30 Snake bites. Sprain with aggregation-illness of children. 31 Abdominal obstacle-illness32 and fullness. Boil them 28 Zhu 疰, also zhu 注, “attachment-illness,” “influx-illnesss,” reflects a notion of a foreign pathogenic agent, originally of demonic nature, having attached itself to the human organism. BCGM Dict I, 688-695. 29 Shi zhu 尸疰, “corpse [qi] attachment-illness,” a type of zhu 疰, also zhu 注, “attachment-illness,” “influx-illnesss,” reflecting a notion of a foreign pathogenic agent, originally of demonic nature, having attached itself to the human organism. Here the qi of a corpse. BCGM Dict I, 461. 30 Fei shi 飛尸, “flying corpse [qi].” A condition with sudden outbreaks and changing appearance. BCGM Dict I, 155. 31 Pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” of painful lumps emerging from time to time in both flanks. BCGM Dict I, 371. 32 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” (1) a feeling of uncomfortable fullness and distension, (2) a pathological condition of uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I, 371.

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together to obtain a juice and ingest it. It is also possible to burn them and to ingest the ashes with a beverage. [Chen] Cangqi. 47-02-03 卵。Luan. [Stork] egg. 【主治】預解痘毒，水煮一枚，與小兒啖之，令不出痘，或出亦稀。時 珍。出活幼全書。 Control. To resolve smallpox poison prior to [an outbreak], boil one egg with water and have the child ingest it. This will prevent a smallpox outbreak. Or, if there is an outbreak, it will be minor. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Huo you quan shu. 47-02-04 屎。Shi. [Stork] droppings. 【主治】小兒天釣驚風，發歇不定。炒研半錢，入牛黄、麝香各半錢，炒 蠍五枚，爲末。每服半錢，新汲水服。時珍。 Control. Hauled-by-heaven fright wind33 of children with irregular outbreaks and remissions. Fry and grind [stork droppings] to obtain half a qian, add half a qian each of cow bezoar and musk, as well as five fried scorpions, and powder this. Each dose is one half qian. Ingest with freshly drawn water. [Li] Shizhen. 47-03 鶬鷄食物 Cang ji, FE Shi wu Gray crane. Grus lifordi Sharpe. 【釋名】鶬鴰爾雅、麋鴰爾雅、鴰鹿爾雅翼、麥雞。【時珍曰】按羅願 云：鶬麋，其色蒼，如麋也。鴰鹿，其聲也。關西呼曰鴰鹿，山東呼曰鶬 鴰，訛爲錯落，南人呼爲鶬雞，江人呼爲麥雞。 Explanation of Names. Cang gua 鶬鴰, Er ya. Mi gua 麋鴰, Er ya 爾雅. Gua lu 鴰鹿, Er ya yi. Mai ji 麥鷄. [Li] Shizhen: According to Luo Yuan, the cang mi 鶬 麋 are of dark-green color, reminiscent of elks, mi 麋. The gua lu 鴰鹿 [are called lu 鹿 because] their cry [resembles that] of deer, lu 鹿. In Guan xi they are called gua lu 鴰鹿. In Shan dong, they are called cang gua 鶬鴰, mistakenly written cuo luo 錯 落. The people in the South call them cang ji 鶬鷄. The people in the Jiang region call them mai ji 麥鷄. 33 Jing feng 驚風, “fright wind.” A condition characterized by jerking and arched back rigidity, eyeballs turned upward, and twitching hands and legs. BCGM Dict I, 261.

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【集解】【穎曰】鶬雞狀如鶴大，而頂無丹，兩頰紅。【時珍曰】鶬，水 鳥也，食于田澤洲渚之間。大如鶴，青蒼色，亦有灰色者。長頸高脚，群 飛，可以候霜。或以爲即古之鷫鸘，其皮可爲裘，與鳳同名者也。 Collected Explanations. [Wang] Ying: Cang ji are as big as cranes, but they do not have a cinnabar-red crown, and their two cheeks are red. [Li] Shizhen: The cang are water birds. They seek food in fields, in marshes, and on large and small islands. They are as big as cranes, and their color is greenish-dark blue. There are also those of grey color. They have a long neck and their legs reach high. When they fly in flocks, one may predict frost. They have been assumed to be the su shuang of antiquity. Their skin can be made into coats; they have the same name as phoenixes. 47-03-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of a grey crane]. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】殺蟲，解蠱毒。汪頴。 Control. It kills worms/bugs, and resolves gu poison. 34 Wang Ying. 【發明】【時珍曰】鶬，古人多食之。故宋玉小招云：鵠酸臇鳧煎鴻、 鶬。景差大招云：炙鴰蒸鳧煔鶉陳。今惟俚人捕食，不復充饌品矣。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The cang [ji] were often eaten by the ancients. Hence Song Yu in his Xiao zhao stated: “Swans prepared as sour dish; domestic ducks prepared as thick broth, swan geese and cang [ji] fried [in oil],” and Jing Chai in his Da zhao stated: “Roasted crows, steamed wild ducks, and boiled quails are served.” Nowadays, only the common people catch and eat them; [their meat] is no longer offered as a delicacy.

34 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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47-03-A01 鷫鸘。Su shuang. 【時珍曰】按羅願爾雅翼云：鷫鸘，水鳥，雁屬也。似雁而長頸，緑色， 皮可爲裘，霜時乃來就暖。故禽經云：鸘飛則霜，𪂕飛則雨。𪂕即商羊 也。又西方之鳳，亦名鷫鸘。 [Li] Shizhen: According to Luo Yuan in his Er ya yi, “the su shuang are water birds. They belong to the wild geese. They resemble wild geese but have a long neck, and are of green color. Their skin can be made into coats. At the time that frost falls they come here to seek warmth.” Hence the Qin jing states: “When the [su] shuang fly, there will be frost (shuang 霜); when the yu 𪂕 fly, there will be rain (yu 雨). The yu 𪂕 are identical with the shang yang 商羊. Furthermore, the phoenix in the West is also called su shuang.” 47-04 陽烏拾遺 Yang niao FE Shi yi Yang niao. Yang bird. 【釋名】陽鴉拾遺。 Explanation of Names. Yang ya, Shi yi. 【集解】【藏器曰】陽烏出建州。似鸛而殊小，身黑，頸長而白。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Yang birds come from Jian zhou. They look like storks but are much smaller. Their body is black. Their neck is long, and their face is white. 47-04-01 嘴。Zui. [Yang bird] beak. 【主治】燒灰酒服，治惡蟲咬成瘡。藏器。 Control. Burned to ashes and ingested with wine, it serves to cure sores resulting from the bites of malign worms/bugs. [Chen] Cang qi.

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47-05 鵚鶖食物 Tu qiu FE Shi wu Lesser Adjutant. Leptoptilos javanicus. 【釋名】扶老古今注、鴜䳓俗作鷀䳓。【時珍曰】凡鳥至秋毛脱秃。此鳥 頭秃如秋毨，又如老人頭童及扶杖之狀，故得諸名。説文作秃𪀖。 Explanation of Names. Fu lao 扶老, Gu jin zhu. Ci lao 鴜䳓, commonly written ci lao 鷀䳓. [Li] Shizhen: All birds shed their body feathers when autumn arrives, and become bald. These birds [always] have a bald head as if there were new feathers orderly growing in autumn. Also, they look like old men with a bare head supporting themselves with a walking stick. Hence the name [fu lao 扶老, “old man with a support”]. The Shuo wen writes: tu shu 秃𪀖. 【集解】【時珍曰】秃鶖，水鳥之大者也。出南方有大湖泊處。其狀如鶴 而大，青蒼色，張翼廣五六尺，舉頭高六七尺，長頸赤目，頭項皆無毛。 其頂皮方二寸許，紅色如鶴頂。其喙深黄色而扁直，長尺餘。其嗉下亦有 胡袋，如鵜鶘狀。其足爪如雞，黑色。性極貪惡，能與人闘，好啖魚、蛇 及鳥雛。詩云有鶖在梁即此。自元入我朝，常賦猶有鴜䳓之供獻。案飲膳 正要云：鴜䳓有三種，有白者，黑者，花者。名爲胡鴜䳓，肉色亦不同 也。又案景煥閒談云：海鳥鶢鶋，即今之秃鶖。其説與環氏吴紀所謂鳥之 大者秃鶖，小者鷦鷯相合。今潦年鶖或飛攵近市，人或怪駭。此又同魯人 怪鶢鶋之意，皆由不常見耳。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: The tu qiu 秃鶖 are large water birds. They originate in the South where they live on the big lakes. Their appearance resembles that of cranes, but they are bigger. They are of greenish-grey color. Their wingspan is five to six chi. When their head is raised, it reaches six to seven chi high. Their neck is long, and their eyes are red. Their head and neck have no feathers. On top of their head there is a red dot of about two square cun resembling the top of a crane. Their beak is dark yellow and flat and straight, with a length of more than one chi. Below their beak there is a bag resembling that of the pelican. Their feet and claws are those of chicken; they are black. Their nature is extremely greedy and malicious; they can enter into a fight with humans. They like to eat fish, snakes, and fledgling birds. When the Shi [jing] states “There is a qiu in Liang,” it referred to these [birds]. From the time of the Yuan dynasty to our [Ming] dynasty, the ci lao 鴜 䳓 have regularly been submitted as tribute [to the emperor]. According to the Yin shan zheng yao, “there are three kinds of ci lao 鴜䳓: a white one, a black one, and a piebald one. They are called hu ci lao 胡鴜䳓. They differ in the color of the meat.” Acccording to Jing Huan’s Xian tan, “the sea bird xian ju 鶢鶋 is today’s tu qiu 秃

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鶖.” This is in agreement with Mr. Huan’s Wu ji where it is stated: “The big birds are the tu qiu 秃鶖; the small ones are the jiao liao 鷦鷯.” In recent years, when there was torrential rain and tu qiu 秃鶖 came to fly close to the city,35 some people considered this a strange event. This is identical with the man from Lu (i.e., Confucius) who considered a yuan ju 鶢鶋 as strange. The cause is always something rarely seen. 47-05-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of the lesser adjutant]. 【氣味】鹹，微寒，無毒。【正要曰】甘，温。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. Zheng yao: Sweet, warm. 【主治】中蟲、魚毒。汪頴。補中益氣，甚益人，炙食尤美。作脯饈食， 强氣力，令人走及奔馬。時珍。出飲膳正要及古今注、禽經。 Control. Being struck by the poison of worms/bugs and fish. Wang Ying. It supplements the center and boosts the qi. It very much boosts [the qi of ] a person. If consumed roasted, it is especially delicious. Prepared as dried meat, it may serve as a delicacy. It adds to the strength of qi and allows one to run and catch up with a runaway horse. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Yin shan zheng yao and Gu jin zhu, as well as Qin jing. 47-05-02 髓。Sui. Marrow [of the lesser adjutant]. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】補精髓。正要。 Control. It supplements the essence-marrow. Zheng yao. 47-05-03 喙。Hui. Beak [of the lesser adjutant]. 【主治】魚骨哽。汪頴 Control. Choking on a fish bone. Wang Ying.

35 Pu 攵 is identical here with pu 攴, defined in the Shuo wen, pu bu 攴部, as xiao ji 小擊, “minor assault.”

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47-05-04 毛。Mao. Feathers [of the lesser adjutant]. 【主治】解水蟲毒。時珍。出埤雅。 Control. They resolve the poison of water worms/bugs. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Pi ya . 47-06 䴌𪆏音蒙童。綱目 Meng tong, read meng tong. FE Gang mu Meng tong. 【釋名】越王鳥綱目、鶴頂同、䴂鵰同。 Explanation of Names. Yue wang niao 越王鳥, “king of Yue bird,” Gang mu. He ding 鶴頂, identical [source as previous name]. Xiang diao 䴂鵰, identical [source as previous name]. 【集解】【時珍曰】案劉欣期交州志云：䴌𪆏即越王鳥，水鳥也。出九 真、交趾。大如孔雀。喙長尺餘，黄白黑色，光瑩如漆，南人以爲飲器。 羅山疏云：越王鳥狀如烏鳶，而足長口勾，末如冠，可受二升許，以爲酒 器，極堅緻。不踐地，不飲江湖，不唼百草，不食蟲魚，惟啖木葉。糞似 薰陸香，山人得之以爲香，可入藥用。楊慎丹鉛録云：䴌𪆏，即今鶴頂也。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: According to Liu Xinqi’s Jiao zhou zhi, the meng tong 䴌𪆏 are identical with the yue wang niao 越王鳥. These are water birds. They come from Jiu zhen and Jiao zhi. They are as big as peacocks. Their beak is more than one chi long, and of yellow, white and black color. It shines like lacquer. The people in the South use it to make drinking vessels. Luo shan shu: “The yue wang niao 越王鳥 look like the wu yuan 烏鳶, but their legs are long, and their beak is bent. Its tip resembles a cap. It can hold a volume of more than two sheng and serves to make wine vessels. It is extremely hard. [These birds] do not walk on land, do not drink in rivers or lakes, and do not feed on herbs, and do not eat worms/bugs and fish. They eat only tree leaves. Their droppings resemble mastic. The people in the mountains collect them and use them as incense. They can also be used as a pharmaceutical drug.” Yang Shen in his Dan qian lu stated: “The meng tong 䴌𪆏 are today’s he ding 鶴頂.”

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47-06-01 糞。Fen. Droppings [of meng tong]. 【主治】水和，塗雜瘡。竺法真羅山疏。 Control. Mixed with water they are applied externally for [curing] various kinds of sores. Zhu Fazhen, Luo shan shu. 47-07 鵜鶘宋嘉祐 Ti hu, FE Song Jia you Pelican. Pelecanus roseus philippensis Gmelin. 【釋名】犁鶘、鴮氵鸅音户澤、逃河一作淘、淘鵝。【禹錫曰】昔有人竊肉 入河，化爲此鳥，今猶有肉，因名逃河。【時珍曰】此俚言也。案山海經 云：沙水多犁鶘，其名自呼。後人轉爲鵜鶘耳。又吴諺云：夏至前來，謂 之犁鶘，言主水也；夏至後來，謂之犁塗，言主旱也。陸機云：遇小澤即 以胡盛水，戽涸取魚食，故曰鴮鸅，曰淘河。俗名淘鵝，因形也。又訛而 爲駝鶴。 Explanation of Names. Li hu 犁鶘, hu ze 鴮氵鸅 read as hu ze 户澤. Tao he 逃河, [first character] also written 淘. [Zhang] Yuxi: In antiquity there was a man who stole meat and entered a river where he transformed into a pelican. To this day, his flesh is still present. Hence it is called tao he 逃河, “fled into a river.” [Li] Shizhen: This is only hearsay. According to the Shan hai jing, “there are many pelicans at the Sandy Waters river. They cry out their own name.” People in later times changed [li hu 犁 鶘] to ti hu 鵜鶘. Also, according to a common saying in Wu, “when pelicans appear before Summer Solstice, they are called li hu 犁鶘. That is to say, rain will dominate. If they appear after Summer Solstice, they are called li tu 犁塗. That is to say, a drought will dominate.” Lu Ji stated: “When [pelicans] come to a lake in a small marshland filled with water, they dredge [the water] to eat the fish.” Hence they are called hu ze 鴮鸅, or tao he 淘河. Because of their physical appearance, they are popularly called tao e, “dredging geese” That was erroneously changed to tuo he 駝鶴. 【集解】【禹錫曰】鵜鶘，大如蒼鵝。頤下有皮袋，容二升物，展縮由 之，袋中盛水以養魚。云身是水沫，惟胸前有兩塊肉，列如拳。詩云：惟 鵜在梁，不濡其咮。咮，喙也，言愛其觜也。【時珍曰】鵜鶘處處有之， 水鳥也。似鶚而甚大，灰色如蒼鵝。喙長尺餘，直而且廣，口中正赤，頷 下胡大如數升囊。好群飛，沈水食魚，亦能竭小水取魚。俚人食其肉，取 其脂入藥。用翅骨、䯒骨作筒，吹喉、鼻藥甚妙。其盛水養魚、身是水沫

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之説，蓋妄談也。又案晁以道云：鵜之屬有曰漫畫者，以觜畫水求魚，無 一息之停。有曰信天緣者，終日凝立，不易其處，俟魚過乃取之。所謂信 天緣者，即俗名青翰者也，又名青莊。此可喻人之貪廉。 Collected Explanations. [Zhang] Yuxi: Pelicans are as big as grey geese. Below their cheeks they have a skin pouch that can hold two sheng of items. It stretches and shrinks in accordance [with the volume of its contents], and can be filled with water to nourish fish [in it]. It is said that the [pelican’s] body is of aquaeous foam and that only in front of its chest it has two pieces of meat, assembled like [two] fists. The Shi [jing] states: “Only the pelicans in Liang do not moisten their beak.” The character zhou 咮 is used here for hui 喙, “beak.” That is, they love their beak. [Li] Shizhen: Pelicans can be found everywhere. They are water birds. They resemble ospreys, the e 鶚, but are much bigger. They have the color of ashes, like grey geese. Their beak is longer than one chi 尺; it is straight and broad. The inside of their mouth is purely red. Below their chin they have a huge loaf, like a bag holding several sheng. They tend to fly in flocks, and they dive deeply into waters to consume fish. Also, they are able to empty smaller waters to catch fish. The common people eat their meat. They use their fat as a medication, and from their wing bones and tibia they prepare flutes to blow medication into [a patient’s] throat and nose with great success. As for the reports of their filling [their bag] with water to nourish fish, and their body consisting of aquaeous foam, now, that is truly nonsense. Furthermore, according to Chao Yidao, “there are certain kinds of pelicans, called man hua 漫畫, ‘[those creating] drawings that flow away’. They use their beak to make drawings in the water to catch fish, never resting even for the time of a breathing. There are also those called xin tian yuan 信天緣, ‘believers in heaven’s destiny’. They stand without movement all day long and do not change their place. They wait for a fish to pass by and catch it. They are commonly called qing han 青翰, also qing zhuang 青莊, which is a metaphor to designate someone who is corrupt and cheap.” 47-07-01 脂油。Zhi you. [Pelican] oil. 【時珍曰】剥取其脂，熬化掠取，就以其嗉盛之，則不滲漏。他物即透走 也。 [Li] Shizhen: Peel off a pelican’s fat and boil it to gather [the oil]. Then store it in its crop where it will not leak out. If kept in other materials it will seep away. 【氣味】鹹，温，滑，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, warm, smooth, nonpoisonous.

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【主治】塗癰腫，治風痺，透經絡，通耳聾。時珍。 Control. It is applied externally to obstruction-illness36 swelling, and serves to cure wind blockage. It penetrates the conduits and network [vessels] and opens deaf ears. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】淘鵝油性走，能引諸藥透入病所拔毒，故能治聾、 痺、腫毒諸病。 [Li] Shizhen: The nature of pelican oil is to run. It can lead all kinds of medications to reach the location of a disease and to pull out the poison. Hence it serves to cure all such diseases as deafness, blockage, and poison swelling.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 耳聾。用淘鵝油半匙，磁石一小豆，射香少許，和匀，以綿裹成挺子，塞 耳中，口含生鐵少許。用三五次即有效。青囊。 Deafness. Use one half spoon of pelican oil, a piece of magnetite, the size of a bean, and a small amount of musk. Blend the above ingredients evenly, and wrap them in a piece of silk fabric to make a small stick. Insert it into the ear. Also hold a small piece of cast iron in the mouth. Apply this three to five times, and it will be effective. Qing nang. 47-07-02 嘴。Zui. [Pelican] beak. 【氣味】鹹，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主】赤白久痢成疳，燒存性研末，水服一方寸匕。嘉祐。 Control. For long lasting red and white free-flux illness37 that has turned into gan-illness38 burn [the beak] by retaining its nature and grind it to powder. Ingest with water the amount held by one square cun size spoon. Jia you. 36 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 37 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 38 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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47-07-03 舌。She. [Pelican] tongue. 【主治】疔瘡。時珍。 Control. Pin-illness39 sores. [Li] Shizhen 47-07-04 毛皮。Mao pi. [Pelican] feathers and skin. 【主治】反胃吐食，燒存性，每酒服二錢。時珍。出普濟。 Control. For turned over stomach and vomiting of food burn [the feathers and the skin] while retaining their nature. Each time ingest, with wine, two qian. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Pu ji. 47-08 鵝别録上品 E, FE Bie lu, upper rank. Oriental swan goose. Anser cygnoides orientalis L. 【釋名】家雁綱目、舒雁。【時珍曰】鵝鳴自呼。江東謂之舒雁，似雁而 舒遲也。 Explanation of Names. Jia yan 家雁, Gang mu. Shu yan 舒雁. [Li] Shizhen: The geese cry as if calling themselves. In Jiang dong they are called shu yan, “easygoing geese,” [because] they look like wild geese, yan 雁, but their movements are easygoing, shu 舒, and slow. 【集解】【時珍曰】江淮以南多畜之。有蒼、白二色，及大而垂胡者。並 緑眼黄喙紅掌，善闘，其夜鳴應更。師曠禽經云：脚近臎者能步，鵝、鶩 是也。又云：鵝伏卵則逆月，謂向月取氣助卵也。性能啖蛇及蚓，制射 工，故養之能辟蟲虺。或言鵝性不食生蟲者，不然。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: They are raised in many places south of Jiang huai. They are of two colors, grey and white. Some are big and have a loaf hanging [below their chin]. Their eyes are green, their beaks yellow, and the bottom of their feet is red. They tend to fight. Their cries during the night correspond to the geng 更 hours (from approx. 7 p.m. – 5 a.m.). Shi Kuang’s Qin jing states: “Those with their legs close to their tails and that can walk, they are geese and ducks.” It also states: 39 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129.

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“When a goose hatches eggs, it will face the moon,” and that serves to acquire qi from the moon to assist [the development of ] the eggs. Their nature allows them to eat snakes and earthworms, and to check the [harmful] archer [creatures]. Hence, to raise geese can keep away bugs and worms. Some say that geese by nature do not eat living worms/bugs. That is not so. 47-08-01 白鵝膏。Bai e gao. Fat of white geese. 臘月煉收 Obtained by smelting in the 12th month 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】灌耳，治卒聾。别録。潤皮膚，可合面脂。日華。塗面急，令人 悦白。唇瀋，手足皴裂，消癰腫，解礜石毒。時珍。 Control. Poured into the ears it will cure sudden deafness. Bie lu. It moistens the skin, and can be mixed with facial cremes. Rihua. When applied to a worried face it will let it appear happy and white. [It cures] leaking lips and chapped hands and feet, and it dissolves swelling resulting from obstruction-illness. 40 It resolves the poison of arsenolite. [Li] Shizhen. 47-08-02 肉。Rou. [Oriental swan goose] meat. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【日華曰】白鵝：辛凉，無毒。蒼鵝：冷，有 毒，發瘡腫。【詵曰】鵝肉性冷，多食令人霍亂，發痼疾。【李廷飛 曰】嫩鵝毒，老鵝良。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. Rihua: White goose meat is acrid, cool, and has no poison. Grey goose meat is cold and has poison. It lets effuse swelling and sores. [Meng] Shen: Goose meat is cold in quality. If consumed in large quantities, it will cause in man cholera and ailments of obstinacy-illness. 41 Li Pengfei: Young geese have poison. Old geese are fine. 40 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 41 For various kinds of gu 痼, “obstinacy-illness,” see BCGM Dict I, 194.

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【主治】利五臟。别録。解五臟熱，服丹石人宜之。孟詵。煮汁，止消 渴。藏器。 Control. It opens the passage through the five long-term depots. Bie lu. It resolves heat in the five long-term depots. It is suitable for those people who ingest cinnabar minerals. [Meng] Shen. Boiled to obtain juice it will end melting with thirst. 42 [Chen] Cangqi. 【發明】【藏器曰】蒼鵝食蟲，主射工毒爲良；白鵝不食蟲，止渴爲勝。 【時珍曰】鵝氣味俱厚，發風發瘡，莫此爲甚，火熏者尤毒。曾目擊其 害。而本草謂其性凉利五臟，韓𢘅醫通謂其疏風，豈其然哉？又葛洪肘後 方云：人家養白鵝、白鴨，可辟、食射工。則謂白鵝不食蟲、不發病之 説，亦非矣。但比蒼鵝薄乎云耳。若夫止渴，凡發胃氣者皆能生津，豈獨 止渴者便曰性凉乎？參苓白术散乃治渴要藥，何嘗寒凉耶？ Explication. [Chen] Cangqi: Grey geese eat worm/bugs; [their meat] is good for resolving the poison of [harmful] archer43 [creatures]. White geese do not eat worms/ bugs; [their meat] is superior to end thirst. [Li] Shizhen: Both qi and flavor of geese are well developed. No other [meat] is equally violent in stirring up wind and causing the outbreak of sores. Scorched by fire it is particularly poisonous. I have seen with my own eyes the damage it may cause. And yet, the Ben cao states that its nature is cool and that it opens the passage through the five long-term depots. Han Mao’s Yi tong states that it disperses wind. How could this be so? Also, Ge Hong’s Zhou hou fang states: “Raising white geese and white ducks at home can keep away the [harmful] archer [creatures], because they eat them.” Hence, when it is said that white geese do not eat worms/bugs and prevent outbreaks of disease, then that is false too. But less so in regard to grey geese. As for its ending thirst, all [substances] that cause stomach qi to effuse are also able to generate body liquid. Why should one simply state that all those that end thirst have a cool nature? The “powder with ginseng [root], poria, and atractylodes [rhizome]” is an important medication to cure thirst. How could [its ingredients] be cold or cool? 47-08-03 臎。Cui. [Oriental swan goose] tail meat. 一名尾罌，尾肉也。 It is also called wei ying 尾罌. This is the meat on the tail [of geese]. 42 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 43 She gong 射工, “archer,” (1) a small bug in ancient times believed to live in water and be capable of “shooting” poison from its mouth at people, thereby cauing disease; (2) a condition caused by the archer’s poison. BCGM Dict. I, 432. See 42-15.

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【時珍曰】内則：舒雁臎不可食，爲氣臊可厭耳。而俗夫嗜之。 [Li] Shizhen: Nei ze: The tail flesh of shu yan 舒雁 is not edible. It emits qi that is foul and disgusting. Still, the common people love to eat it.” 【主治】塗手足皴裂。納耳中，治聾及聤耳。日華。 Control. It is applied to chapped hands and feet. Brought into the ears it serves to cure deafness and purulent ears. Rihua. 47-08-04 血。Xue. [Oriental swan goose] blood. 【氣味】鹹，平，微毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, mildly poisonous. 【主治】中射工毒者，飲之，并塗其身。陶弘景。解藥毒。【時珍曰】祈 禱家多用之。 Control. Those struck by the poison of [harmful] archer44 [creatures] drink it and apply it externally to their body. [Tao Hongjing]. It resolves the poison of medications. [Li] Shizhen: Specialists in saying prayers often use it. 47-08-05 膽。Dan. Gallbladder/bile [of the Oriental swan goose]. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】解熱毒及痔瘡初起，頻塗抹之，自消。時珍。 Control. It undoes heat poison and piles sores in their early stages. Repeatedly rub it into the affected region, and [the piles] will dissolve. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 痔瘡有核。白鵝膽二三枚，取汁，入熊膽二分，片腦半分，研匀，瓷器密 封，勿令泄氣，用則手指塗之，立效。劉氏保壽堂方。

44 She gong 射工, “archer,” (1) a small bug in ancient times believed to live in water and be capable of “shooting” poison from its mouth at people, thereby cauing disease; (2) a condition caused by the archer’s poison. BCGM Dict. I, 432. See 42-15.

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For piles sores with kernels. White-goose gall, two or three pieces. Remove their juice and add two fen of bear bile and one half fen of borneol. Grind until evenly mixed. Store this in a porcelain vessel and seal it tightly. Do not allow the qi to flow off. When it is to be used, apply it with a finger, and the effect will be immediate. Liu shi, Bao shou tang fang. 47-08-06 卵。Luan. [Oriental swan goose] egg. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】補中益氣。多食發痼疾。孟詵。 Control. They supplement the center and boost the qi. If consumed too often, they will cause obstinacy-illness. 45 Meng Shen 47-08-07 涎。Xian. [Oriental swan goose] saliva. 【主治】咽喉穀賊。時珍。 Control. Gullet intrusion by grain spikes. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】按洪邁夷堅志云：小兒誤吞稻芒，着咽喉中不能出 者，名曰穀賊。惟以鵝涎灌之即愈。蓋鵝涎化穀相制耳。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to Hong Mai’s Yi jian zhi, “when a child inadvertently swallows grain spikes that get stuck in the gullet and do not come out again, this is called ‘grain spikes intrusion’. One needs only to pour goose saliva [into the child’s throat] and this will result in a cure.” Goose saliva transforms grain spikes and is therefore able to check them. 47-08-08 毛。Mao. [Oriental swan goose] feather. 【主治】射工水毒。别録。小兒驚癇。又燒灰酒服，治噎疾。蘇恭。 Control. [Harmful] archer46 [creatures] water poison. Bie lu. Fright epilepsy of children. Also, burned to ashes and ingested with wine it cures choking. Su Gong. 45 For various kinds of gu 痼, “obstinacy-illness,” see BCGM Dict I, 194. 46 She gong 射工, “archer,” (1) a small bug in ancient times believed to live in water and be capable of “shooting” poison from its mouth at people, thereby cauing disease; (2) a condition caused by the archer’s poison. BCGM Dict. I, 432. See 42-15.

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【發明】【弘景曰】東川多溪毒，養鵝以辟之，毛羽亦佳，并飲其血。鵝 未必食射工，蓋以威相制耳。【時珍曰】禽經云：鵝飛則蜮沉。蜮即射工 也。又嶺南異物志云：邕州蠻人選鵝腹毳毛爲衣、被絮，柔暖而性冷。嬰 兒尤宜之，能辟驚癇。柳子厚詩云鵝毛禦臘縫山罽即此。蓋毛與肉性不同 也。 Explication. In the rivers in the East, there is much mountain stream poison. [The people there] raise geese to keep it away. [To ingest goose] hair and feathers is good too, together with the drinking of [goose] blood. The geese do not necessarily eat the [harmful] archer [creatures]. It is simply the potential of their strength that is able to check them. [Li] Shizhen: The Qin jing states: “When the geese fly, the worms will move deeper into the water.” With “worms,” yu 蜮, are meant here the [harmful] archer [creatures]. Also, the Ling nan yi wu zhi states: “The Man people in Yong zhou collect the down from a goose’s belly to make clothing and quilts. It is soft, warm, and of cold quality. It is especially appropriate for infants because [such fillings] keep away fright epilepsy.” When Liu Zihou wrote in his poem, “goose feathers protect one in the twelfth month, sewn into silk and woolen [garments],” he referred to this. The fact is, the nature of the feathers and of the meat [of geese] is not the same.

【附方】新二。 Added recipes: Two newly [recorded]. 通氣散。治誤吞銅錢及鉤繩。鵝毛一錢燒灰，磁石皂子大煅，象牙一錢， 燒存性，爲末。每服半錢，新汲水下。醫方妙選。 The “powder to enable the passage of qi.” It serves to cure [patients] who have inadvertently swallowed copper cash or a hook on a line. Goose feathers, one qian burned to ashes, a piece of magnetite as big as gleditsia fruit, calcined, and ivory, one qian, burned to ashes by retaining its nature, are [ground to] powder. Each time [let the patient] ingest one half qian. To be sent down with freshly drawn water. Yi fang miao xuan. 噎食病。白鵝尾毛燒灰，米湯每服一錢。 For choking-on-food disease: White goose tail feathers. Burn to ashes. Each time ingest, with rice decoction, one qian.

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47-08-09 掌上黄皮。Zhang shang huang pi. Yellow skin from the sole of [an Oriental swan goose] foot. 【主治】燒研，搽脚趾縫濕爛。焙研，油調，塗凍瘡良。時珍。出談埜翁 諸方。 Control. Burned and [the ashes] ground [to powder], this is applied to the toes where they are wet and rot. Baked over a slow fire, ground [to powder] and mixed with oil, it is applied to chilblains. Good. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the recipes of Tan Yeweng. 47-08-10 屎。Shi. [Oriental swan goose] droppings. 【主治】絞汁服，治小兒鵝口瘡。時珍。出秘録。蒼鵝屎：傅蟲、蛇咬 毒。日華。 Control. Squeeze out the liquid and ingest it for curing goose-mouth sores47 of children. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Mi lu. Grey goose feces: Applied to worm/bug and snake bite poison. Rihua.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 鵝口瘡。自内生出可治，自外生入不可治。用食草白鵝下清糞濾汁，入沙 糖少許搽之。或用雄鵝糞眠倒者燒灰，入麝香少許，搽之。並效。永類鈐 方。 Goose-mouth sores. If they have grown from inside toward the outside, they can be cured. If they grow from the outside toward the inside, they cannot be cured. Filter the liquid from the clear feces dropped by geese that feed on grass, add a little granulated sugar, and apply this to the skin. Or use the droppings of male geese sleeping with their body turned upside down, burn them to ashes, add a little musk, and apply this to the skin. Both ways are effective. Yong lei qian fang.

47 E kou [chuang] 鵝口[瘡], “goose-mouth [sores].” A white layer covering the mucous membranes and top of the tongue in a child’s mouth making it resemble a goose-mouth. BCGM Dict I, 141.

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47-09 雁本經上品 Yan FE Ben jing, upper rank Wild goose. Anser cygnoides L. 【釋名】鴻。【時珍曰】按禽經云：鳱以水言，自北而南；𪂢以山言，自 南而北。張華注云：鳱、𪂢並音雁。冬則適南，集于水干，故字從干；春 則嚮北，集于山岸，故字從厈。小者曰雁，大者曰鴻。鴻，大也。多集江 渚，故從江。梵書謂之僧娑。 Explanation of Names. Hong 鴻. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Qin jing, “yangeese 鳱 are referred to in the context of water, they move from the North to the South. Yan-geese 𪂢 are referred to in the context of mountains, they move from the South to the North.” In his comment, Zhang Hua remarked: 鳱 and 𪂢 are both read yan 雁. In winter, they move to the South and gather at the shores of the rivers, shui gan 水干. Hence the character [gan 鳱] is derived from the character gan 干. In spring, they move to the North and gather at mountainous shores, shan an 山 岸. Hence the character 𪂢 is derived from the character han 厈. The small ones are called yan 雁; the big ones are called hong 鴻. Hong 鴻 means “big.” Since they often gather at the shores of rivers, jiang 江, the character hong 鴻 includes the character jiang 江. In the texts of the Brahmans, they are called sengsuo 僧娑. 【集解】【别録曰】雁生江南池澤，取無時。【弘景曰】詩疏云：大曰 鴻，小曰雁。今雁類亦有大小，皆同一形。又有野鵝大于雁，似人家蒼 鵝，謂之駕鵝。雁在江湖，夏當産伏，故皆往北，恐雁門北人不食之也。 雖采無時，以冬月爲好。【恭曰】雁爲陽鳥，與燕往來相反，冬南翔，夏 北徂，孳育于北也。豈因北人不食之乎。【宗奭曰】雁熱則即北，寒則即 南，以就和氣。所以爲禮幣者，一取其信，二取其和也。【時珍曰】雁狀 似鵝，亦有蒼、白二色。今人以白而小者爲雁，大者爲鴻，蒼者爲野鵝， 亦曰鴚鵝，爾雅謂之鵱鷜也。雁有四德：寒則自北而南，止于衡陽，熱則 自南而北，歸于雁門，其信也；飛則有序，而前鳴後和，其禮也；失偶不 再配，其節也；夜則群宿而一奴巡警，晝則銜蘆以避繒繳，其智也。而捕 者豢之爲媒，以誘其類，是則一愚矣。南來時瘠瘦不可食，北嚮時乃肥， 故宜取之。又漢、唐書，並載有五色雁云。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Wild geese live close to ponds and marshes in the Jiang nan region. They can be collected at any time. Tao Hongjing: The Shi shu states: “The big ones are called hong 鴻; the small ones are called yan 雁.” Nowadays, the group of the yan 雁 includes both big ones and small ones, and they are of identical physical appearance. Furthermore, there are geese in the wilderness, ye e 野鵝, that are bigger than the wild geese, yan 雁. They resemble the grey geese raised by private

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households. They are named jia e 駕鵝, “harnessed geese.” The wild geese live around rivers and lakes. They lay eggs and hatch them in summer. Hence they all move to the North. This is because they assume that the people in the area north of the Yan men [pass] will not eat them. Even though there is no definite time for collecting wild geese, those [collected] in winter are considered to be the best. [Su] Gong: The wild geese are yang birds. In contrast to swallows, they fly to the South in winter, and they reach the North in summer. They raise their offspring in the North. Maybe this is because people in the North do not eat them. [Kou] Zongshi: When the weather becomes hot, wild geese fly toward the North, and when the weather turns cold they fly back to the South to reach [a region of ] gentle qi. They are given away as precious gifts, first, because of their reliability [seen in their regular coming and leaving], and second because of their gentle nature [due to their exposure to gentle qi]. [Li] Shizhen: Wild geese look like [domestic] geese. They, too, may be of two colors, grey and white. Today, the people call the white and small ones yan 雁 and the big ones hong 鴻. The grey ones are called ye e 野鵝 and also ge e 鴚鵝. The Er ya calls them lu lou 鵱鷜. The wild geese have four virtues: when it is cold, they move south from the North, and they stop at Heng yang 衡陽. When it is hot, they leave the South and fly to the North, returning to the Yan men [pass]. This is their [virtue of ] reliability. When they fly [in a flock], they adhere to an order. The ones in the front cry, and those who follow respond. This is their [virtue of adhering to] rites. When one of them has lost its mate, it will not enter a partnership again. This is their [virtue of ] moral integrity. At night, when a flock of wild geese sleeps, one servant will make rounds and stay on guard to protect the flock. During the day, they hold reed in their beak to evade being captured by a net. This is their [virtue of ] wisdom. Those that are caught are fed to act as a bait to lure others of their kind. That is the one aspect where they are stupid. When they come to the South, they are emaciated and cannot be eaten. When they return to the North, they are fat, and hence are good to be caught. Also, according to records in Han [shu] and Tang shu, there once was a kind of five-colored wild goose. 47-09-01 雁肪。Yan fang. Fat of wild geese. 【正誤】一名鶩肪。【弘景曰】鶩是野鴨，本經雁肪亦名鶩肪，是雁、鶩 相類而誤耳。 Correction of errors. An alternative name is mu fang 鶩肪, “duck fat.” [Tao] Hongjing: The mu 鶩 are wild ducks. In the Ben jing, yan fang 雁肪, “fat of wild geese,” is also called mu fang 鶩肪, “duck fat.” This is an error resulting from the fact that wild geese and ducks are closely related to each other.

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【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】風攣拘急偏枯，血氣不通利。久服，益氣不飢，輕身耐老。本 經。心鏡云：上證，用肪四兩鍊净。每日空心暖酒服一匙。長毛髮鬚眉。 别録。【詵曰】合生髮膏用之。殺諸石藥毒。吴普。治耳聾，和豆黄作 丸，補勞瘦，肥白人。日華。塗癰腫耳疳，又治結熱胸痞嘔吐。【時珍 曰】外臺治此證有雁肪湯。 Control. Wind contraction, cramping and tension with unilateral withering. Impediments of blood and qi flow. Consumed over an extended period, it boosts the qi and prevents hunger. It relieves the body of its material weight and helps to endure aging. Ben jing. The Xin jing states: For the above illness signs, take four liang of the fat and heat it to clean it. Every day ingest one spoon-full with warm wine on an empty stomach. It lets body hair, beards and eyebrows grow long. Bie lu. [Meng] Shen: It is used as an addendum to ointments for hair growth. It kills all mineral drug poisons. Wu Pu. It serves to cure deafness. Prepared with dried soybean sprouts to pills it supplements in cases of fatigue and emaciation, making one fat and giving a white complexion. Rihua. Smear on swelling resulting from obstruction-illness48 and gan-illness49 affecting the ears. Furthermore, it cures bound heat, chest obstacle-illness50 and vomiting. [Li] Shizhen: The Wai tai has a “decoction with yan fang” to cure these illness signs. 【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 生髮：雁肪日日塗之。千金方。 To promote the growth of hair: Wild geese fat is to be smeared on [the head] daily. Qian jin fang.

48 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 49 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 50 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” (1) a feeling of uncomfortable fullness and distension, (2) a pathological condition of uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I, 371.

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47-09-02 肉。Rou. Meat [of wild geese]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【思邈曰】七月勿食雁，傷人神。禮云：食雁去 腎，不利人也。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. Sun Simiao: Do not eat wild geese meat in the seventh month of the year lest it damage one’s spirit. Li [ji]: When eating wild geese, remove the kidneys. They are not beneficial to humans. 【主治】風麻痺。久食助氣，壯筋骨。日華。利臟腑，解丹石毒。時珍。 Control. Wind hemp[-like numbness] blockage. If consumed over an extended period of time, it supports the qi and strengthens sinews and bones. Rihua: It opens the passage through the long-term depots and short-term repositories. It resolves the poison of cinnabar minerals. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【弘景曰】雁肪人不多食，其肉亦應好。【宗奭曰】人不食雁， 謂其知陰陽之升降，少長之行序也。道家謂之天厭，亦一説耳。食之則治 諸風。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: People do not eat much wild geese fat. Their meat, though, is good. [Kou] Zongshi: People do not eat wild geese. They say that [wild geese] know of the rise and descent of yin and yang, of the orderly conduct of the young and the old. Daoists call them tian yan 天厭, “heaven’s wild geese.” This is to say the same. Eating them serves to cure all kinds of wind [disease]. 47-09-03 骨。Gu. Bone [of a wild goose]. 【主治】燒灰和米泔沐頭，長髮。孟詵。 Control. Burned to ashes, and mixed with the slop obtained by rinsing rice, they serve to wash the head to let the hair grow. Meng Shen. 47-09-04 毛。Mao. Feather [of a wild goose]. 【主治】喉下白毛，療小兒癇有效。蘇恭。自落翎毛，小兒佩之，辟驚 癇。日華。 Control. The white hair below the throat effectively cures children’s epilepsy. Su Gong. The plumes that have fallen off by themselves are worn by children to prevent fright-epilepsy. Rihua.

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【發明】【時珍曰】案酉陽雜俎云：臨邑人春夏羅取鴻雁毛以禦暑。又淮 南萬畢術云：鴻毛作囊，可以渡江。此亦中流一壺之意，水行者不可不知。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to the You yang za ju, “in spring and summer the people in Lin yi collect the feathers of the hong yan 鴻雁 to protect themselves against summer heat.” Also, the Wan bi shu of Huai nan [zi] states: “With a bag prepared from hong 鴻 feathers one can cross a river.” This is the idea underlying [the saying] “flowing midstream [when the boat has sunk], a pot [will serve to keep one afloat].” Those moving through waters must be familiar with this. 47-09-05 屎白。Shi bai. White droppings [of a wild goose]. 【主治】灸瘡腫痛，和人精塗之。梅師。 Control. For sores, swelling and pain resulting from cauterization therapy, mix them with human sperm and smear this onto the [affected region]. Mei shi. 47-10 鵠食物 Hu, FE Shi wu Whooper swan. Cygnus cygnus L. 【釋名】天鵝。【時珍曰】案師曠禽經云：鵠鳴哠哠，故謂之鵠。吴 僧贊 寧云：凡物大者，皆以天名。天者大也。則天鵝名義，蓋亦同此。羅氏謂 鵠即鶴，亦不然。 Explanation of Names. Tian e 天鵝, “heaven’s goose.” [Li] Shizhen: According to Shi Kuang’s Qin jing, “swans cry hao, hao 哠哠. Hence their name is written 鵠.” Seng Zanning, [a Buddhist monk] in Wu, stated: “All items that are big are named with the character tian 天, ‘heaven’.The character tian 天 is to say da 大, ‘big’.“ The meaning of the name tian e 天鵝 corresponds to this. When Mr. Luo stated that “hu 鵠 is identical with he 鶴,” he was wrong. 【集解】【時珍曰】鵠大于雁，羽毛白澤，其翔極高而善步，所謂鵠不浴 而白，一舉千里，是也。亦有黄鵠、丹鵠，湖、海、江、漢之間皆有之， 出遼東者尤甚，而畏海青鶻。其皮毛可爲服飾，謂之天鵝絨。案飲膳正要 云：天鵝有四等。大金頭鵝，似雁而長項，入食爲上，美于雁；小金頭 鵝，形差小；花鵝，色花；一種不能鳴鵝，飛則翔響，其肉微腥。並不及 大金頭鵝，各有所産之地。

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Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Swans are bigger than wild geese. Their feather hair is white and shining. They fly very high and they are good walkers. The saying “swans do not wash themselves and yet remain white; they lift themselves across one thousand li” is to the point. There are also yellow swans and cinnabar-red swans, and they are everywhere in the region of the lakes, the sea, the [Chang] jiang, and the Han [he]. Those originating in Liao dong are especially numerous. They fear the hunting falcons. Their skin and feathers can be made into clothing and personal adornment. This is called “heavenly goose floss”, tian e rong 天鵝絨. According to the Yin shan zheng yao, “there are four classes of swans: [One:] The ‘big golden head geese’, da jin tou e 大金頭鵝. They look like wild geese but have a longer neck. They are superior as food, and more delicious than wild geese. [Two:] The ‘small golden head geese’, xiao jin tou e 小金頭鵝. They are a bit smaller. [Three:] The ‘flowery geese’, hua e 花鵝. Their color is flowery. [Four:] A type of geese that is unable to cry. When they fly, their wings generate sounds. Their meat is a bit fishy. None of them reaches [the quality of the meat of ] the ‘“big golden head geese’. Each has its own place of origin.” 47-10-01 肉。Rou. [Swan] meat. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【穎曰】冷。【忽氏曰】熱。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Wang] Ying: Cold. Mr. Hu [Sihui]: Hot. 【主治】醃炙食之，益人氣力，利臟腑。時珍。 Control. Preserve [swan meat] with salt, fry it, and eat it. It boosts the strength of one’s qi. It frees the passage through the long-term depots and short-term repositories. [Li] Shizhen. 47-10-02 油。You. [Swan] oil. 冬月取肪鍊收。 This is fat obtained during the winter months and refined with heat. 【氣味】缺。 Qi and Flavor. Missing

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【主治】塗癰腫，治小兒疳耳。時珍。 Control. It is smeared on swelling resulting from obstruction-illness. 51 It serves to cure gan illness52 affecting the ears of children. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes. One newly [recorded]. 疳耳出膿。用天鵝油調草烏末，入龍腦少許，和傅立效。無則以雁油代 之。通玄論。 For suppurating ears associated with gan-illness. Use swan oil, blend it with aconitum [accessory tuber] powder, and add a small amount of borneol. Apply the mixture topically. Immediately effective. If not, than replace the [swan oil] with wild goose oil. Tong xuan lun. 47-10-03 絨毛。Rong mao. [Swan] down. 【主治】刀杖金瘡，貼之立愈。汪穎。 Control. Metal-inflicted wounds caused by knifes and rods. Paste them onto the [wound], and the effect will come immediately. Wang Ying. 47-11 鴇音保。綱目 Bao, read: bao 保, FE BCGM Great bustard. Otis tarda L. 【釋名】獨豹。【時珍曰】案羅願云：鴇有豹文，故名獨豹，而訛爲鴇 也。陸佃云：鴇性群居，如雁有行列，故字從𠤏。𠤏，音保，相次也。詩 云鴇行是矣。 Explanation of Names. Du bao 獨豹. [Li] Shizhen: According to Luo Yuan, “bustards are covered with the dots of a leopard. Hence they are called du bao 獨豹, ‘lonely leopards’.This has been mistakenly changed to bao 鴇.” Lu Dian states: “Bustards naturally flock together. Like wild geese they move in a certain order. Hence 51 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 52 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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the writing of their name with the element 𠤏.𠤏 is read bao 保. Its meaning is: to follow one another.” When the Shi [jing] speaks of “the movement of bustards,” this is what was meant. 【集解】【時珍曰】鴇，水鳥也。似雁而斑文，無後趾。性不木止，其飛 也肅肅，其食也齝，肥腯多脂，肉粗味美。閩語曰：鴇無舌，兔無脾。或 云純雌無雄，與他鳥合。或云鴇見鷙鳥，激糞射之，其毛自脱也。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Bustards are water birds. They resemble wild geese but have a spotted decor. They have no rear spurs. They do not rest in trees. Their flight is very solemn. They are ruminants. They eat and ruminate. They are plump with a lot of fat. Their meat is coarse; its flavor is delicious. In Fu jian it is said: Bustards have no tongue, rabbits have no spleen. It is said: There are only female [bustards], no males. They mate with other birds. Some say: When a bustard encounters a violent bird, it will discharge feces and spread it on that [bird], and the latter’s feathers will fall off by themselves. 47-11-01 肉。Rou. [Bustard] meat. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【時珍曰】禮記：不食鴇奥。奥者，膍胵也，深 奥之處也。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: The Li ji: “Do not eat a bustard’s profundity.” “Profundity” refers to [the bird’s] gizzard located in the [bird’s body’s] deep profundity. 【主治】補益虚人，去風痺氣。正要。 Control. Supplements and boosts [the qi of ] persons with depletion. It removes wind blockage qi. Zheng yao. 47-11-02 肪。Fang. [Bustard] fat. 【主治】長毛髮，澤肌膚，塗癰腫。時珍。 Control. Lets body hair and hair on the head grow. Moistens the muscles and the skin. To be smeared onto swelling caused by obstruction-illness. 53 [Li] Shizhen 53 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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47-12 鶩音木。别録上品 Mu, read mu, FE Bie lu, upper rank Domestic duck. Anas domestica L. 【釋名】鴨説文、舒鳧爾雅、家鳧綱目、𩿣鴄音末匹。【時珍曰】鶩，通 作木。鶩性質木而無他心，故庶人以爲贄。曲礼云：庶人執匹。匹，雙鶩 也。匹夫卑末，故廣雅謂鴨爲𩿣鴄。禽經云：鴨鳴呷呷，其名自呼。鳧能 高飛，而鴨舒緩不能飛，故曰舒鳧。 Explanation of Names. Ya 鴨, Shuo wen 説文. Shu fu 舒鳧, Er ya 爾雅. Jia fu 家鳧, Gang mu. Mo pi 𩿣鴄, read mo pi 末匹. [Li] Shizhen: Mu 鶩 is often written mu 木. Ducks are of the nature of wood; they have no second [thoughts in their] heart. Hence the masses present them as a valuable gift. The Qu li states: “The masses cherish pairs, pi 匹.“ Pi 匹 means “a pair of ducks.” Pi persons, pi fu 匹夫, are people of low status. Hence the Guang ya speaks of ducks as mo pi 𩿣鴄, i.e., “insignificant birds”. The Qin jing states: “Ducks cry ya ya 呷呷, as if calling their own name. Wild ducks, fu 鳧, can fly high, while common ducks, ya 鴨, are easygoing and cannot fly. This is why they are called shu fu 舒鳧, ‘easygoing [wild] ducks’.” 【正誤】【弘景曰】鶩即鴨。有家鴨、野鴨。【藏器曰】尸子云：野鴨 爲鳧，家鴨爲鶩，不能飛翔，如庶人守耕稼而已。【保昇曰】爾雅云： 野鳧，鶩。而本草鶩肪，乃家鴨也。【宗奭曰】據數説，則鳧、鶩皆鴨 也。王勃滕王閣序云落霞與孤鶩齊飛，則鶩爲野鴨明矣。勃乃名儒，必有 所據。【時珍曰】四家惟藏器爲是。陶以鳧、鶩混稱，寇以鶩爲野鴨，韓 引爾雅錯舒鳧爲野鳧，並誤矣，今正之。蓋鶩有舒鳧之名，而鳧有野鶩之 稱，故王勃可以通用，而其義自明。案周禮庶人執鶩，豈野鴨乎？國風弋 鳧與雁，豈家鴨乎。屈原離騷云：寧與騏驥抗軛乎？將與雞鶩争食乎？ 寧昂昂若千里駒乎？將汎汎若水中之鳧乎？此以鳧、鶩對言，則家也、野 也，益自明矣。 Corrections. [Tao] Hongjing: Mu 鶩 ducks are common ducks. There are domestic ducks, jia ya 家鴨, and wild ducks, ye ya 野鴨. [Chen] Cangqi: The Shi zi states: “Wild ducks, ye ya 野鴨, are fu 鳧. Domestic ducks are mu 鶩; they cannot fly.” They are like the masses who watch over their own ploughing and sowing, and care of nothing else. [Han] Baosheng: The Er ya states: “Wild ducks, ye fu 野鳧, are mu 鶩,” and the “duck fat”, mu fang 鶩肪, referred to in the Ben cao, is [the fat of the] domestic ducks, jia ya 家鴨. [Kou] Zongshi: According to all the statements, both fu 鳧 and mu 鶩 are common ducks, ya 鴨. Wang Bo in his Teng wang ge xu states: “With the sinking evening glow a lonely mu 鶩 flies.” Apparently, mu 鶩 is used for ye ya 野鴨, “wild duck,“ here. [Wang] Bo was a renowned scholar. He certainly had good reasons [for his wording.

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Li] Shizhen: Among the four authors [quoted], only [Chen] Cangqi was correct. Tao [Hongjing] confused fu 鳧 with mu 鶩. Kou [Zongshi] identified mu 鶩 as ye ya 野鴨, “wild ducks.” Han [Baosheng] quoted the Er ya’s erroneous identification of “easygoing ducks,” shu fu 舒鳧, as “wild ducks,” ye fu 野鳧. They were all wrong. Here their errors are corrected. The fact is, the mu 鶩 are named shu fu 舒鳧, and the fu 鳧 are named ye mu 野鶩. Hence Wang Bo may use any of these [names], and their meaning is clear. When the Zhou li states “the masses hold the mu 鶩,” how could this refer to “wild ducks”, ye ya 野鴨? When the Guo feng [of the Shi jing speaks of “catching] fu 鳧, wild ducks, and yan 雁, wild geese, with retrievable arrows,” how could this refer to “domestic ducks”, jia ya 家鴨? Qu Yuan in [his poem] Li sao said: “How [can you] be a match for a thoroughbred horse? Or will [you] compete with chicken and mu 鶩 for their food? How can [you] be as high-spirited as a horse that runs a thousand li? Or will [you] float at the surface like a fu 鳧 in water?” Through this juxtaposition of fu 鳧 and mu 鶩 it is clear by itself that [the latter] are the domestic [ducks], and [the former] are the wild [ducks]. 【集解】【時珍曰】案格物論云：鴨，雄者緑頭文翅，雌者黄斑色。但有 純黑、純白者。又有白而烏骨者，藥食更佳。鴨皆雄瘖雌鳴。重陽後乃肥 腯味美。清明後生卵，則内陷不滿。伏卵聞礱磨之聲，則毈而不成。無雌 抱伏，則以牛屎嫗而出之。此皆物理之不可曉者也。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Ge wu lun, “of the ya 鴨, ducks, the males have a green head and striped wings. The females are yellow and are spotted with color. Still, there are also purely black and purely white ones. Furthermore, there are those that are white and have black bones. They are even better for medicinal use and as food. All male ducks are mute, the female ones cry. After the double-yang [day],54 they become fat and their flavor is delicious. After the [solar term] Clear Brilliance,55 they generate eggs. Then their skin invaginates, and they are no longer filled. When they hatch eggs and hear the sounds of hulling and grinding, then the eggs will rot and fail to mature. If there is no duck to cover the eggs, [people] cover them with ox dung to have [their contents] hatch from them. All these innate principles of things must be known!” 47-12-01 鶩肪。Mu fang. Duck fat. 白鴨者良，鍊過用。 That taken from a white duck is the best. It is used after being refined by heating. 54 The ninth day of the ninth month. 55 Early fourth month.

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【氣味】甘，大寒，無毒。【思邈曰】甘，平。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, very cold, nonpoisonous. [Sun] Simiao: Sweet, balanced. 【主治】風虚寒熱，水腫。别録。 Control. Wind [intrusion into a state of ] depletion, with alternating feelings of cold and heat. Watery swelling. Bie lu.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 瘰癧汁出不止。用鴨脂調半夏末傅之。永類方。 For scrofula pervasion-illness,56 with unending leakage of liquid. Take duck fat, mix it with pinellia [root] powder, and apply it to the [affected part]. Yong lei fang. 47-12-02 肉。Rou. Meat [of domestic ducks]. 【氣味】甘，冷，微毒。【弘景曰】黄雌鴨爲補最勝。【詵曰】白鴨肉最 良。黑鴨肉有毒，滑中，發冷利、脚氣，不可食。目白者，殺人。【瑞 曰】腸風下血人不可食。【時珍曰】嫩者毒，老者良。尾臎不可食，見禮 記。昔有人食鴨肉成癥，用秫米治之而愈。見秫米下。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, slightly poisonous. [Tao] Hongjing: The meat of yellow female ducks is the very best to supplement. [Meng] Shen: The meat of white ducks is best. The meat of black ducks is poisonous. It smoothes the center, and causes cold free-flux illness57 and leg qi. 5859 It must not be eaten. [Meat of ] those with white eyes will kill one. [Wu] Rui: People with intestinal wind and discharge of blood must not eat [duck meat. Li] Shizhen: [The meat of ] young ducks is poisonous; that of old [ducks] is good. The tail meat is not edible. See the Li ji. Once a man who had consumed duck meat developed a concretion-illness. 60 He was treated with husked sorghum, and this brought the cure. See under shu mi (23-07). 56 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 57 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 58 Zheng lei, ch. 19, entry mu fang 鶩肪, “duck fat,“ quoting Meng Shen writes xia jiao qi 下 脚氣, “discharges leg qi.” 59 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248. 60 Zheng 癥. “concretion-illness,” a pathological condition of abdominal nodes/lumps that are hard and cannot be moved. BCGM Dict I, 676.

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【主治】補虚，除客熱，和臟腑，利水道，療小兒驚癇。别録。解丹毒， 止熱痢。日華。頭生瘡腫，和葱、豉煮汁飲之，去卒然煩熱。孟詵。並用 白鴨。 Control. It supplements depletion conditions, eliminates visitor heat, harmonizes the long-term depots and short-term repositories, opens the water ways, and cures fright epilepsy of children. Bie lu. It resolves cinnabar poison, 61 and ends heat freeflux illness. Rihua. For sores and swelling developing on one’s head, mix onions and fermented beans, boil them to obtain a juice, and drink this. It eliminates sudden vexation with heat. Meng Shen: Combine [this treatment] with white duck [meat]. 【發明】【劉完素曰】鶩之利水，因其氣相感而爲使也。【時珍曰】鴨， 水禽也。治水，利小便，宜用青頭雄鴨，取水木生發之象；治虚勞熱毒， 宜用烏骨白鴨，取金水寒肅之象也。 Explication. Liu Wansu states: The reason why duck [meat] frees the [passage of ] water lies in the correspondence of their qi. Hence it stimulates the passage [of water. Li] Shizhen: The duck is a water fowl. To treat watery free-flux [illness], a male duck with a greenish head should be used. This is based on the image of water generating wood. To treat depletion with exhaustion and heat poison, a white duck with black bones should be used. This is based on the image of metal and water being cold and strict.

【附方】舊三，新一。 Added recipes: Three of old; one newly [recorded]. 白鳳膏。葛可久云：治久虚發熱，咳嗽吐痰，咳血，火乘金位者。用黑嘴 白鴨一隻，取血，入温酒量飲，使直入肺經以潤補之。將鴨乾撏去毛，脇 下開竅去腸拭净，入大棗肉二升，參苓平胃散末一升，縛定。用沙甕一 箇，置鴨在内以炭火慢煨。將陳酒一瓶，作三次入之。酒乾爲度，取起， 食鴨及棗。頻作取愈。十藥神書。 White phoenix paste. Ge Kejiu states: It serves to cure long-lasting depletion and fever, cough with spitting of phlegm, coughing of blood, when fire has assumed the position of metal (i.e., the lung). Use a white duck with a black beak. Remove its blood and give it into warm wine and drink this. It will cause [the blood] to directly enter the lung conduit where it will moisten and supplement. Then remove the feathers from the dried duck, open it below the ribs, remove the intestines, and wash [the duck’s interior] before entering two sheng of date meat and one sheng of the “powder with ginseng [root] and [fu] ling to pacify the stomach.” Then firmly 61 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poison,” a skin ailment with red rashes. BCGM Dict I, 118

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suture [the opening], place the duck into an earthenware pot and simmer it over a charcoal fire. Then pour the contents of a bottle of long-stored wine into [the pot], and repeat this three times. When the entire wine has dried, remove the duck with the pulp [from the pot] and eat this. Repeat the procedure three times. When the wine has been totally consumed, eat the duck and the date pulp. This is to be repeated until [the disease] is cured. Shi yao shen shu. 大腹水病，小便短少。百一方用青頭雄鴨煮汁飲，厚蓋取汗。 For the disease of enlarged abdomen with water, with brief and diminished urination. The Bai yi fang boils a male duck with a greenish head and has [the patient] drink the juice. He is then to be thickly covered to make him sweat. 心鏡治十種水病垂死，用青頭鴨一隻，如常治切，和米并五味煮作粥食。 The Xin jing [recommends] to cure ten kinds of water disease with death impending: Use one duck with a greenish head. Prepare it as usual and cut it into slices. Add rice and the five spices and prepare a congee to be consumed [by the patient]. 又方：用白鴨一隻治净，以豉半升，同薑、椒入鴨腹中縫定，蒸熟食之。 Another recipe: Use a white duck, prepare it [as usual] and wash it clean. Then place half a sheng of fermented beans together with ginger and some spicy herbs into the duck’s abdomen and firmly suture it. Steam it and have [the patient] eat it. 47-12-03 頭。Tou. [Domestic duck] head. 雄鴨者良。 Those of male ducks are fine. 【主治】煮服，治水腫，通利小便。【恭曰】古方有鴨頭丸。 Control. Ingested boiled it serves to cure water swelling, and frees the passage of urine. [Su] Gong: Among the ancient recipes are the “pills with duck head.”

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 鴨頭丸。治陽水暴腫，面赤，煩燥喘急，小便澀，其效如神，此裴河东方 也。用甜葶藶炒二兩，熬膏，漢防己末二兩，以緑頭鴨血同頭全搗三千 杵，丸梧子大。每木通湯下七十丸，日三服。一加猪苓一兩。外臺秘要。

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Pills with duck head. They serve to cure sudden swelling with yang water, a red face, vexation and overexcitement with hasty panting, and rough urination. Its effects are divine. This is a recipe of Pei Hedong. Use two liang of fried, sweet wood Whitlow-grass simmered until it has transformed into a paste, two liang of powdered stephania [root], and the blood of a duck with a green head, and pound all these items, together with the head, 3,000 times. Then prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 70 such pills with akebia [herb] decoction, three times a day. In another [version of this recipe] one liang of polyporus sclerotium is added. Wai tai mi yao. 47-12-04 腦。Nao. [Domestic duck] brain. 【主治】凍瘡，取塗之良。時珍。 Control. Frostbite. Applied topically it is fine. [Li] Shizhen. 47-12-05 血。Xue. [Domestic duck] blood. 白鴨者良。 That from white ducks is fine. 【氣味】鹹，冷，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】解諸毒。别録。熱飲，解野葛毒。已死者，入咽即活。孟詵。熱 血，解中生金、生銀、丹石、砒霜諸毒，射工毒。又治中惡及溺水死者， 灌之即活。蚯蚓咬瘡，塗之即愈。時珍。 Control. Resolves all kinds of poison. Bie lu. Drunk hot it resolves the poison of yellow jessamine. If [the patient] has already lost his consciousness, bring [the duck blood] into his throat and he will come back to life. Meng Shen. Hot [duck] blood resolves all kinds of poisoning by crude gold, crude silver, elixir minerals, and arsenic, as well as the poison of the archer. 62 It also cures those struck by the malign and those who have drowned. Force [the person to ingest it] and he/she will come back to life. For lesions resulting from earthworm bites, a topical application will bring the cure. [Li] Shizhen. 62 She gong 射工, “archer,” (1) a small bug in ancient times believed to live in water and be capable of “shooting” poison from its mouth at people, thereby cauing disease; (2) a condition caused by the archer’s poison. BCGM Dict. I, 432. See 42-15.

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【附方】新三。 Added recipes: Three newly [recorded]. 卒中惡死。或先病痛，或卧而忽絶，並取雄鴨，向死人口斷其頭，瀝血入 口。外以竹筒吹其下部，極則易人，氣通即活也。肘後。 Sudden death/loss of consciousness resulting from being struck by the malevolent. [The patient] may have suffered from pain first, or he may have lied on a bed and [his life] suddenly ended. Take a male duck and cut off its head facing the mouth of the dead/unconscious person so that the blood drips into his mouth. Also, use a bamboo tube to blow into his lower [body] part (i.e., anus). When exhausted, change from one person [blowing] to another. Once the qi pass again, he will come back to life. Zhou hou. 解百蠱毒。白鴨血熱飲之。廣記。 To resolve all kinds of gu poison. 63 Drink the hot blood of a white duck. Guang ji. 小兒白痢似魚凍者。白鴨殺取血，滚酒泡服，即止也。摘玄方。 Children’s white free-flux illness64 [with a discharge] resembling fish jelly. Kill a white duck and collect its blood. [Have the child] ingest it with wine boiled to bubbling. This will stop [the disease] immediately. Zhai xuan fang. 47-12-06 舌。She. [Duck] tongue. 【主治】痔瘡殺蟲，取相制也。時珍。 Control. To kill the worms/bugs [causing] piles sores, use the [ability of a duck’s tongue] to check [worms]. [Li] Shizhen. 47-12-07 涎。Xian. [Domestic duck] saliva. 【主治】小兒痓風，頭及四肢皆往後，以鴨涎滴之。又治蚯蚓吹小兒陰 腫，取雄鴨抹之即消。時珍。出海上。 Control. Spasms wind of children, with head and the four limbs all bent backward. Drip duck saliva [into the infant’s mouth]. It also serves to cure swelling of a child’s 63 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 64 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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yin [member, (i.e., penis)] resulting from earthworms blowing into it. Rub a male duck’s [saliva onto the affected part. The swelling will be] dissolved immediately. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Hai shang. 47-12-08 膽。Dan. [Domestic duck] gallbladder/bile. 【氣味】苦、辛，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, acrid, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】塗痔核，良。又點赤目初起，亦效。時珍。 Control. Topically applied to piles and their nodes, it is fine. Also, dripped into eyes that have just begun to turn red, it is effective, too. [Li] Shizhen. 47-12-09 肫衣。Zhun yi. Membrane of a [domestic duck] gizzard. 即膍胵内皮也。 The skin inside the gizzard [of domestic fowl]. 【主治】諸骨硬，炙研，水服一錢，即愈，取其消導也。 Control. For all cases of bones stuck in the throat, roast and grind it, and ingest a dose of 1 qian with water. This will bring the cure. One makes use here of the [gizzard’s] ability to dissolve and guide. 47-12-10 卵。Luan. [Domestic duck] egg. 【氣味】甘、鹹，微寒，無毒。【詵曰】多食發冷氣，令人氣短背悶。小 兒多食，脚軟。鹽藏食之即宜人。【士良曰】生瘡毒者食之，令惡肉突 出。【弘景曰】不可合鼈肉、李子食，害人。合椹食，令人生子不順。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: Consumption of many [eggs] serves to release cold qi. It causes one to be short of [breath-]qi and to feel heart-pressure in the back. If a child consumes many [duck eggs], its legs will become soft. When eaten preserved with salt, they are good for one’s [health]. [Chen] Shiliang: When eaten in cases where poison has developed in a lesion, [the duck eggs] will cause the malign flesh to protrude. [Tao] Hongjing: [Duck eggs] must not be eaten together with turtle meat or plums lest they will harm one. If eaten together with mulberry fruits, they will disturb the birth process.

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【主治】心腹胸膈熱。日華。 Control. Heat in the heart, the abdomen, the chest and at the diaphragm. Rihua. 【發明】【時珍曰】今人鹽藏鴨子，其法多端。俗傳小兒泄痢，炙鹹卵食 之，亦間有愈者。蓋鴨肉能治痢，而炒鹽亦治血痢故耳。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Nowadays, duck eggs are preserved with salt, and there are many methods. According to a wide-spread tradition, children suffering from unimpeded free-flux illness65 are given roasted, salted eggs to eat. This may indeed sometimes result in a cure. The reason is, duck meat is able to cure free-flux illness, and roasted, salted [eggs] are also capable of curing bleeding free-flux illness. 47-12-11 白鴨通。Bai ya tong. White duck droppings. 即鴨屎也，與馬通同義。 These are duck droppings. The meaning is identical with that of “horse clearing.” 【氣味】冷，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Cool, nonpoisonous. 【主治】殺石藥毒，解結縛，散畜熱。别録。主熱毒、毒痢。又和雞子 白，塗熱瘡腫毒，即消。塗蚯蚓咬亦效。孟詵。絞汁服，解金、銀、銅、 鐵毒。時珍。 Control. They kill the poison of mineral drugs. They dissolve nodular ties, and disperse accumulated heat. Bie lu. They control heat poison, and poison free-flux illness. Also, mixed with chicken-egg white and topically applied they will resolve the poison in hot lesions with swelling. A topical application to wounds caused by earthworm bites is effective, too. Meng Shen. The liquid obtained from squeezing [duck feces] serves to resolve the poison of gold, silver, copper, and iron. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】舊一，新二。 Added recipes: One of old; two newly [recorded]. 石藥過劑。白鴨屎爲末，水服二錢，效。百一方。 For an overdose of mineral drugs. Prepare a powder from white duck feces, and ingest, with water, a dose of 2 qian. This is effective. Bai yi fang. 65 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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乳石發動，煩熱。用白鴨通一合，湯一盞漬之，澄清冷飲。聖惠方。 For effects resulting from stalactites, i.e., vexation with heat. Take one ge of white duck clearings and soak it in a small cup of hot water. Prepare a clear filtrate and drink it when it is cold. Sheng hui fang. 熱瘡腫痛不可忍。用家鴨糞同雞子清調傅，即消。聖惠。 For heat sores with swelling and unbearable pain. Mix the feces of domestic ducks with egg white and apply this [to the lesion. The swelling] will be dissolved. Sheng hui. 47-13 鳧食療 Fu. FE Shi liao Wild Duck.66 Anas platyrhynchos L. 【釋名】野鴨詩疏、野鶩同上、鸍音施、沉鳧。【時珍曰】鳧從几，音 殊，短羽高飛貌，鳧義取此。爾雅云：鸍，沉鳧也。鳧性好没故也。俗作 晨鳧，云鳧常以晨飛，亦通。 Explanation of Names. Ye ya 野鴨, “wild duck,” Shi shu. Ye wu 野鶩, “wild duck,” identical [source as above]. Shi 鸍, read shi 施. Chen fu 沉鳧. [Li] Shizhen: The character fu 鳧 is [the character “bird,” niao 鳥,] based on the character shu 几,67 read shu 殊. The image [of wild ducks] is to be able to fly high above with short feathers. The meaning of [the character] fu 鳧 is based on this. The Er ya states: Shi 鸍 is chen fu 沉鳧 (“deep sinking wild duck”) because wild ducks love to dive deep into the water. They are commonly called chen fu 晨鳧 (“early morning wild duck“) because wild ducks regularly fly in the early morning. This, too, applies. 【集解】【時珍曰】鳧，東南江海湖泊中皆有之。數百爲群，晨夜蔽天， 而飛聲如風雨，所至稻粱一空。陸機詩疏云：狀似鴨而小，雜青白色，背 上有文，短喙長尾，卑脚紅掌，水鳥之謹愿者，肥而耐寒。或云食用緑頭 者爲上，尾尖者次之。海中一種冠鳧，頭上有冠，乃石首魚所化也。並宜 冬月取之。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Wild ducks can be found everywhere around rivers, the sea, and lakes in the Southeast. Several hundred will flock together, and when they fly in the morning or at night they cover the sky. When they fly, this sounds like a rainstorm. They will stop in fields and eat up rice and other crops. Lu Ji in his Shi shu: “[Wild ducks] look like [domestic] ducks but are smaller. They are covered 66 Also identified as “mallard.” 67 Shu 几 is identified by the Shuo wen as “the manner how birds with short feathers fly.” They move with their neck stretched high resembling “the tip of a shoe that points upward,” ji ji 几几, a phrase found in the Shi jing.

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with white and greenish [feathers], and have marks on their back. They have a short beak and a long tail. Their legs are short, and their soles are red. They are circumspect, cautious water fowl. They are fat and can withstand cold.” It is said that “for consumption wild ducks with a green head are best. Those with a pointed tail are only secondary.” In the sea there is a type of [wild duck called] guan fu 冠鳧, “wild ducks with a crown,” as they have a crown, guan 冠, on top of their head. They are transformed shi shou yu 石首魚 (“stone head fish“). All of them are best to be collected in winter. 47-13-01 肉。Rou. [Wild duck] meat. 【氣味】甘，凉，無毒。【詵曰】九月以後，立春以前，即中食，大益病 人，全勝家者，雖寒不動氣。【日華曰】不可合胡桃、木耳、豆豉同食。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cool, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: Eaten after the ninth month and before Spring Begins, it massively boosts [the qi of ] sick people. It is in all respects better than [the meat of ] a domestic [duck]. Although cold in quality, it does not stir up qi. Rihua: It must not be eaten together with walnuts, wood ear fungi, or black bean sauce. 【主治】補中益氣，平胃消食，除十二種蟲。身上有諸小熱瘡，年久不愈 者，但多食之，即瘥。孟詵。治熱毒風及惡瘡癤，殺腹臟一切蟲，治水 腫。日華。 Control. It supplements the center and boosts the qi. It soothes the stomach and helps to digest food. It eliminates the 12 kinds of worms/bugs. If a body is covered with numerous small heat sores that could not be cured for years, [the patient] simply needs to consume much [wild duck meat], and he will be healed. Meng Shen. It serves to cure heat poison wind and malign sores with pimples. It kills all kinds of worms/bugs in the abdomen and the long-term depots. It serves to cure water swelling. Rihua 47-13-02 血。Xue. [Wild duck] blood. 【主治】解挑生蠱毒，熱飲探吐。時珍。出摘玄。 Control. To resolve stirred up gu poison, 68 drink [the blood] warm to induce vomiting. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Zhai xuan. 68 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of

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47-14 鸊鷉音梯。拾遺 Pi ti, read ti FE Shi yi Grebe. 【釋名】須鸁爾雅、水𩿤音扎正要。䴇𩾚日用、刁鴨食療、油鴨俗。【時 珍曰】鸊鷉、須鸁，並未詳。𩿤、刁、零丁，皆狀其小也。油，言其肥也。 Explanation of Names. Xu luo 須鸁, Er ya. Shui zha 水𩿤, read zha 札, Zheng yao. Ling ding 䴇𩾚, Ri yong. Diao ya 刁鴨, Shi liao. You ya 油鴨, “oil duck,” is a colloquial name. [Li] Shizhen: The meanings of pi ti 鸊鷉 and xu luo 須鸁 are not clear. The names zha 𩿤, diao 刁 and ling ding 䴇𩾚, they all describe something of small size. You 油, “oil,“ refers to [the grebe] being fat. 【集解】【藏器曰】鸊鷉，水鳥也。大如鳩，鴨脚連尾，不能陸行，常在 水中。人至即沉，或擊之便起。其膏塗刀劍不鏽。續英華詩云：馬銜苜蓿 葉，劍瑩鸊鷉膏，是也。【韓保昇曰】野鴨有與家鴨相似者，有全别者。 其甚小者名刁鴨，味最佳。【時珍曰】鸊鷉，南方湖溪多有之。似野鴨而 小，蒼白文，多脂味美。冬月取之，其類甚多。揚雄方言所謂野鳧甚小而 好没水中者，南楚之外謂之鸊鷉，大者謂之鶻鷉是也。 Collected Explanations. Chen Cangqi: The grebes are water birds, with the size of turtledoves. They have duck feet close to their tail. They cannot walk on the ground. They are always in the water. When a human being approaches, they will sink deep into the water. If one strikes at them, they simply rise [into the air]. Their grease smeared on a knife blade protects it against corrosion. The Xu ying hua has a poem: “A horse holds in its mouth leaves of alfalfa; and a sword shines after grebe grease is rubbed on it.” That is true. Han Baosheng: Some wild ducks are very similar to domestic ducks and some are entirely different. Those that are very small, they are called “sly ducks.” Their flavor is excellent. [Li] Shizhen: Grebes are present in large numbers on lakes and mountain streams in the South. They resemble wild ducks but are smaller. They have grey-white lines. They are fat and their flavor is delicious. They are collected in winter. There are many kinds of them. “Outside of Nan chu, the very small wild ducks that love to submerge in water,” as mentioned in Yang Xiong’s Fang yan, “are called pi ti 鸊鷉. Large ones are called hu ti 鶻鷉.” 47-14-01 Rou. 肉。[Grebe] meat. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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【主治】補中益氣。五味炙食，甚美。時珍。出正要。 Control. It supplements the center and boosts the qi. Consumed roasted with the five kinds of spices, it is very delicious. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Zheng yao. 47-14-02 膏。Gao. [Grebe] grease. 【主治】滴耳，治聾。藏器。 Control. Dripped into the ears it serves to cure deafness. [Chen] Cangqi. 47-15 鴛鴦 宋嘉祐 Yuan yang, FE Song, Jia you Mandarin duck. Aix galericulata L. 【釋名】黄鴨綱目、匹鳥。【時珍曰】鴛鴦終日並游，有宛在水中央之意 也。或曰：雄鳴曰鴛，雌鳴曰鴦。崔豹古今注云：鴛鴦雄雌不相離，人獲 其一，則一相思而死，故謂之匹鳥。涅槃經謂之婆羅迦鄰提。 Explanation of Names. Huang ya 黄鴨, “yellow duck,” Gang mu. Pi niao 匹鳥, “pairing birds.” [Li] Shizhen: Mandarin ducks swim together as pairs all day. The meaning [of their name yuan yang 鴛鴦] is: they circle, wan 宛, in the center, yang 央, of the water. Another explanation is: the cries of male mandarin ducks sound yang 鴛 and those of female mandarin ducks sound yuan 鴦. Cui Bao in his Gu jin zhu states: “A mated pair of male and female mandarin ducks never separates. When one is taken away by humans, the other one will think of the [partner] and die. Hence they are called pi niao, ‘pairing birds’.” The Nie pan jing calls them poluojialinti 婆羅迦鄰提. 【集解】【時珍曰】鴛鴦，鳧類也，南方湖溪中有之。棲于土穴中，大如 小鴨，其質杏黄色，有文采，紅頭翠鬣，黑翅黑尾，紅掌，頭有白長毛垂 之至尾。交頸而卧，其交不再。 Collected Explanations]. [Li] Shizhen: The mandarin ducks belong to the group of wild ducks, fu 鳧. They are present in the South, in lakes and mountain streams. They dwell in earthen caves. They look like small domestic ducks. They are of an apricot yellow color with a line decor. Their red head is flanked by green feathers on the neck. Their wing feathers and tail feathers are black. Their webbed feet are red. There is a streamer of long, white feathers starting at the head and extending to the tail. While they are sleeping, [a pair of mandarin ducks] join their necks. They will never join again [with another partner].

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47-15-01 肉。Rou. [Mandarin duck] meat. 【氣味】鹹，平，有小毒。【孫曰】苦，微温，無毒。【瑞曰】酸，無 毒。【詵曰】多食。令人患大風。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, a little poisonous. Sun [Simiao]: Bitter, slightly warm, nonpoisonous. [Wu] Rui: Sour, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: When consumed excessively, it lets a person suffer from massive wind. 69 【主治】諸瘻疥癬，以酒浸，炙令熱，傅貼瘡上，冷即易。嘉祐。清酒炙 食，治瘻瘡。作羹臛食之，令人肥麗。夫婦不和者，私與食之，即相愛 憐。孟詵。炙食，治夢寐思慕者。孫思邈。 Control. All kinds of fistulas, jie-illness70 and xuan-illness.71 Soak [the meat] in wine, then roast it until it is hot, and apply it to the sores. When it has cooled down, change it. Jia you. [Mandarin duck meat soaked in] clear wine, roasted, and consumed, serves to cure fistula sores. Eating the stewed meat will let one become fat and look beautiful. When a husband and his wife are not on good terms, have them eat [mandarin duck meat] without their knowledge. Then they will love each other again. Meng Shen. Consumed roasted it serves to cure longing for someone in dreams. Sun Simiao. 【附方】舊一，新一。 Added recipes: One of old; one newly [recorded. 五痔瘻瘡。鴛鴦一隻，治如常法，炙熟細切，以五味、醋食之。作羹亦 妙。食醫心鏡。 For the five kinds of fistulas with leaking sores: Prepare a mandarin duck as usual, roast it until well done, cut it into fine slices, blend it with the five spices and vinegar, and eat it. Prepared as a stew its effects are wondrous too. Shi yi xin jing. 血痔不止。鴛鴦一隻，治净切片，以五味、椒、鹽腌炙，空心食之。奉親 養老方。 For incessantly bleeding piles: Clean one mandarin duck and cut it into fine slices. Blend it with the five spices, Chinese pepper, and salt. Then roast it and eat it on an empty stomach. Feng qin yang lao fang. 69 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” may refer to sores caused by a massive intrusion of wind evil and also to conditions of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111. 70 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely defined skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 71 Xuan-illness 癬, skin illness with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 47-16 鸂鶒 音溪敕。宋嘉祐 Xi chi, read xi chi. FE Song, Jiao you

Xi chi. 【釋名】溪鴨異物志、紫鴛鴦。【時珍曰】按杜臺卿淮賦云：鸂鶒尋邪而 逐害。此鳥專食短狐，乃溪中敕逐害物者。其游于溪也，左雄右雌，群伍 不亂，似有式度者，故説文又作谿𪀦。其形大于鴛鴦，而色多紫，亦好並 遊，故謂之紫鴛鴦也。 Explanation of Names. Xi ya 溪鴨, “mountain stream duck.” Yi wu zhi. Zi yuan yang 紫鴛鴦, “purple Mandarin Duck.” [Li] Shizhen: According to Du Taiqing in his Huai fu, the xi chi go after the evil and expel what is harmful. These birds especially eat “[harmful] short fox [creatures].” That is, in mountain streams they are the ones that pursue harmful items. When they swim in a mountain stream, the male is on the left and the female is on the right. They never gather in a disorderly flock. It is as if they followed a specific order. This is why the Shuo wen calls them xi shi 溪𪀦, “mountain stream-pattern-bird”. They are bigger than mandarin ducks and their color is mostly purple. They like to swim in pairs. They are the zi yuan yang, “purple mandarin ducks,” of old. 【集解】【藏器曰】鸂鶒，南方有短狐處多有之。性食短狐也。所居處無 復毒氣，人家宜畜之。形小如鴨，毛有五采，首有纓，尾有毛如船柁形。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The xi chi are found in the South where there are plenty of [harmful] short fox [creatures]. It is their nature to eat [harmful] short fox [creatures]. Hence there are no more poisonous qi at locations where they live. It is good for families to raise xi chi. They look like small ducks. They have multi-colored feathers, and they have a tassel on the head. Their tail has feathers shaped like a boat’s helm. 47-16-01 肉。Rou. [Xi chi] meat. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。冬月用之。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. It is used [as medication] in winter. 【主治】食之，去驚邪及短狐毒。嘉祐。 Control. Eat it to expel fright evil and the poison of [harmful] short fox [creatures]. Jia you.

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47-17 鵁鶄音交睛。拾遺 Jiao qing, read jiao qing. FE Shi yi Chinese Squacco Heron. Nycticorax prasinosceles Swinhoe. 【釋名】交矑説文、茭雞俗、鳽音堅，出爾雅。【時珍曰】按禽經云：白 鷁相睨而孕，鵁鶄睛交而孕。又曰：旋目其名䴉，方目其名鴋，交目其名 鳽。觀其眸子，而命名之義備矣。説文謂之交矑，矑亦目瞳子也。俗呼茭 雞，云多居茭菰中，而脚高似雞。其説亦通。 Explanation of Names. Jiao lu 交矑, “crossed pupils;” Shuo wen. Commonly called: Jiao ji 茭鷄. Jian 鳽, read jian 堅. First recorded in Er ya. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Qin jing, “bai yi 白鷁 glance at each other from a distance and conception takes place. The fishing cormorants make eye contact and conceive.” It is also said: “Those with round eyes are called xuan 䴉. Those with square eyes are called fang 鴋. Those with crossed eyes are called jian 鳽.” When one looks at the eyes [of the respective fowl], the meaning of these names is apparent. The Shuo wen calls them jiao lu 交矑.72 Lu 矑 also means “pupil.” They are commonly called jiao ji 茭鷄 because they often stay among jiao gu 茭菇, and their legs reach as high as those of chicken, ji 鷄. This fits too. 【集解】【藏器曰】鵁鶄，水鳥也，出南方池澤。似鴨緑衣。人家養之， 馴擾不去。可厭火災。博物志云：鵁鶄巢于高樹，生子穴中，銜其母翼， 飛下飲食。【時珍曰】鵁鶄大如鳧、鶩，而高脚似雞，長喙好啄，其頂有 紅毛如冠，翠鬣碧斑，丹嘴青脛。養之可玩。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The fishing cormorants are water birds originating from ponds and marshes in the South. They resemble ducks dressed in green. When they are raised in a household, they are tame and do not leave. They are able to prevent fire disaster. The Bo wu zhi states: “The fishing cormorants have their nests in tall trees. They hatch their young in caves. A young one may hold with its beak on to its mother’s wing when she flies down to find food and drink on the ground.” [Li] Shizhen: The fishing cormorants are as big as wild ducks, fu 鳧, or as domestic ducks, mu 鶩, and they are as tall as chicken. They have a long beak and love to peck. On top of their head, there are red feathers shaped like a crown. They have an emerald green mane with blue-green spots. Their beak is cinnabar-red and their shins are greenish. They can be domesticated just for the fun of it.

72 Shuo wen, niao bu 鳥部, “section birds,” writes jiao lu 𪁉𪈒.

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47-17-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of Chinese Squacco Heron]. 【氣味】甘、鹹，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】炙食，解諸魚、蝦毒。時珍。 Control. Roast and eat it to resolve all kinds of poison of fish and shrimp. [Li] Shizhen. 【附録】 Appendix 47-17-A01 旋目。Xuan mu. Round eyes. 旋目。水鳥也，生荆郢間。大如鷺而短尾，紅白色，深目，目旁毛皆長而 旋。上林賦云交睛、旋目是矣。 The xuan mu 旋目 are water birds. They live in the region between Jing and Ying. They are as big as egrets, lu 鷺, but have a short tail, are red and white, and have deep-lying eyes. The feathers around their eyes are long and spiraling. The Shang lin fu speaks of jiao qing 交睛, “crossing eyeballs,” and xuan mu 旋目, “round eyes.” That is correct. 47-17-A02 方目。Fang mu. Square eyes. 方目。一名鴋，音紡，一名澤虞，俗名護田鳥，西人謂之蝦蟆護，水鳥 也。常在田澤中，形似鷗、鷺，蒼黑色，頭有白肉冠，赤足。見人輒鳴唤 不去。漁人呼爲烏雞，閩人訛爲姑雞。 The fang mu 方目 are also called fang 鴋, read fang 紡, and ze yu 澤虞, “marshland forester.” Their common name is hu tian niao 護田鳥, “birds guarding the fields.” The people in the West call them ha ma hu 蛤蟆護, “frog guardians.” They are water birds. They often stay in fields and marshes. Their physical appearance resembles gulls, ou 鷗, and egrets, lu 鷺. They are of grey and black color. On top of their head is a white flesh crown. Their legs are red. When approached by a person, they cry but do not leave. Fishermen call them “dark chicken,” wu ji 烏雞, and this name is distorted by the people in Min to gu ji 姑鷄, “damsel chicken.”

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47-18 鷺食物 Lu, FE Shi wu Little egret. Egretta garzetta L. 【釋名】鷺鷥禽經、絲禽陸龜蒙、雪客李昉所命、舂鋤爾雅、白鳥。【時 珍曰】禽經云：鸘飛則霜，鷺飛則露，其名以此。步于淺水，好自低昂， 如舂如鋤之狀，故曰舂鋤。陸機詩疏云：青、齊之間謂之舂鋤，遼東、 吴、揚皆云白鷺。 Explanation of Names. Lu si 鷺鷥, Qin jing. They were named si qin 絲禽, “silk fowl,“ by Lu Guimeng, and xue ke 雪客, “snow visitors,“ by Li Fang. Chong chu 舂 鋤, “pestle and hoe,” Er ya. Bai niao 白鳥, “white bird.” [Li] Shizhen: The Qin jing states: When the eagles, shuang 鸘, fly, there will be frost, shuang 霜. When the egrets, lu 鷺, fly, there will be dew, lu 露. This is where their names have originated. They step in shallow waters, and they tend to lower and raise [their head], just like a pestle and a hoe [are lowered and raised]. Hence they are also called chong chu 舂 鋤, “pestle and hoe.” Lu Ji in his Shi shu states:” In the region of Qing and Qi they are called chong chu 舂鋤, while in Liao dong, Wu and Yang they are called bai lu 白鷺, ‘white egret’.” 【集解】【時珍曰】鷺，水鳥也。林棲水食，群飛成序。潔白如雪，頸細 而長，脚青善翹，高尺餘，解指短尾，喙長三寸。頂有長毛十數莖，毿毿 然如絲，欲取魚則弭之。郭景純云：其毛可爲睫䍦。變化論云：鷺以目盼 而受胎。【頴曰】似鷺而頭無絲、脚黄色者，俗名白鶴子。又有紅鶴，相 類色紅，禽經所謂朱鷺是也。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: The egrets are water birds. They dwell in forests and eat in water. When they fly as a flock, they keep a good order. They are as spotlessly white as snow. They have a fine, long neck. They have greenish legs which they like to raise. They are more than a chi tall. They have claws and a short tail. Their beak is three cun long. From the top of their head tens of long feathers emerge, resembling strings of silk. When they intend to catch fish they remove these [feathers]. Guo Jingchun states: “[Egret] feathers can be made into a scarf.” The Bian hua lun states: “When egrets glance at each other, conception takes place.” [Wang] Ying: Those [birds] that resemble egrets but do not have the silk on their head, and whose legs are yellow, they are commonly called “white cranes.” Furthermore, there are red cranes. They are of similar shape but are red. They are the “red egrets,” referred to by the Qin jing.

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47-18-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of little egrets]. 【氣味】鹹，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】虚瘦，益脾補氣，炙熟食之。汪頴。 Control. For depletion emaciation. It boosts [the qi of ] the spleen and supplements qi. To be consumed roasted until well done. Wang Ying 47-18-02 頭。Tou. Head [of little egrets]. 【主治】破傷風，肢强口緊，連尾燒研，以臘猪脂調傅瘡口。救急方。 Control. Wound wind,73 with rigid limbs and lockjaw. Burn [the head] with the tail, and grind them to powder. Mix [the powder] with lard collected in the 12th month, and apply it to the opening of the wound. Jiu ji fang. 47-19 鷗食物 Ou, FE Shi wu. Common gull. Larus canus L. 【釋名】鷖音醫、水鴞。【時珍曰】鷗者浮水上，輕漾如漚也。鷖者，鳴 聲也。鴞者，形似也。在海者名海鷗，在江者名江鷗，江夏人訛爲江鵝 也。海中一種隨潮往來，謂之信鳧。 Explanation of Names. Yi 鷖, read yi 醫. Shui xiao 水鴞, “water owl.“ [Li] Shizhen: When gulls swim on water, they float as lightly as water bubbles, ou 漚. [Their name] yi 鷖 reflects the sound of their cries. [Their name] xiao 鴞, “owl,” reflects their shape. Those near the sea are called hai ou 海鷗, “sea gulls.” Those near rivers are called jiang ou 江鷗, “river gulls.” The people in Jiang xia distort this name to jiang e 江鵝, “river geese.” There is a kind of sea gull that comes and goes with the tides. It is called xin fu 信鳧, “trustworthy wild duck.” 【集解】【時珍曰】鷗生南方江海湖溪間。形色如白鴿及小白雞，長喙長 脚，群飛耀日，三月生卵。羅氏謂青黑色，誤矣。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Gulls live on rivers, seas, lakes, and mountain streams in the South. Their shape and color resemble those of white pigeons, ge 鴿, 73 Po shang feng , a condition of lockjaw, arched back rigidity, and convulsions. BCGM Dict I 379.

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and small white chicken, ji 鷄. They have a long beak and long legs. When a flock of them fly together, they shine like the sun. They lay eggs in the third month. Mr. Luo said they are greenish and black. He was wrong. 47-19-01 肉。Rou. [Common gull] meat. 【氣味】缺。 Qi and Flavor. Missing. 47-20 鸀鳿音燭玉。拾遺 Zhu yu read zhu yu, FE Shi yi Zhu yu. 【釋名】鸑鷟。【時珍曰】鸀鳿，名義未詳。案許慎説文云：鸑鷟，鳳屬 也。又江中有鸑鷟，似鳧而大，赤目。據此則鸀鳿乃鸑鷟聲轉。蓋此鳥有 文彩如鳳毛，故得同名耳。 Explanation of Names. Yue zhuo 鸑鷟. [Li] Shizhen: The meaning of the name zhu yu 鸀鳿 is not clear. Xu Shen’s Shuo wen states: “The yue zhuo 鸑鷟 are a type of phoenix. Also, there are yue zhuo 鸑鷟 on rivers that resemble wild ducks but are bigger and have red eyes.” That is, [the name] zhu yu 鸀鳿 is a reversal of the sounds of [the two characters] yue zhuo 鸑鷟. The fact is, this bird has a colored decor like a phoenix. Hence they have the same name. 【集解】【藏器曰】鸀鳿，山溪有水毒處即有之，因爲食毒蟲所致也。其 狀如鴨而大，長項，赤目斑觜，毛紫紺色，如鵁鶄色也。【時珍曰】案三 輔黄圖及事類合璧，並以今人所呼白鶴子者爲鸀鳿，謂其鳥潔白如玉也。 與陳氏似鴨紫紺之説不同。白鶴子狀白如鷺，長喙高脚，但頭無絲耳。姿 標如鶴，故得鶴名。林栖水食，近水處極多。人捕食之，味不甚佳。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The zhu yu 鸑鷟 are present at mountain streams where there is water poison. They move there because they eat poisonous worms/bugs. Their appearance resembles that of ducks, ya 鴨, but they are bigger and have a long neck, red eyes, and a spotted beak. Their feathers are purple and dark red, similar to the fishing cormorants. [Li] Shizhen: The [birds] called bai he zi 白鶴子, “white cranes,” by the [books] San fu huang tu and Shi lei he bi, as well as by today’s people, they are the zhu yu 鸀鳿, because “they are as spotlessly white as jade.” They are different from those of purple and dark red color resembling ducks, as mentioned by Mr. Chen [Cangqi]. The bai he zi 白鶴子 resemble white egrets,

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lu 鷺, with their long beak and long legs, but they lack the silk threads on the head. Their appearance is that of cranes, he 鶴. Hence they are named “[white] cranes.” They dwell in forests and take their food in waters. So most of them are at places near a water. People catch them to eat them, but their flavor is not very delicious. 47-20-01 毛屎。Mao shi. Feather and droppings [of zhu yu]. 【主治】燒灰水服，治溪毒、砂蝨、水弩、射工、蜮、短狐、蝦鬚等病。 亦可將鳥近病人，即能唼人身，訖，以物承之，當有沙出，其沙即含沙射 人之箭也。又可籠鳥近人，令鳥氣相吸。藏器。 Control. Burn [zhu yu feathers and droppings] to ashes and ingest [them] with water to treat the diseases resulting from mountain stream poison and [harmful creatures such as] sand lice, water crossbows, archers, 74 toads, short foxes, and shrimp whiskers. It is also possible to bring the bird near a patient and have it direct its gobbling sound at [the patient’s] body. Once it has stopped [to make such sounds], something is placed underneath the patient. Then sand will leave [the patient]. This sand is the sand that had been ejected at that person by [a harmful creature] holding it in its mouth. It is also possible to bring a bird in a cage near a patient, and have the bird’s qi being inhaled by him. [Chen] Cangqi. 【發明】【藏器曰】已上數病，大略相似，俱是山水間蟲含沙射影所致。亦 有無水處患者。或如瘧，或如天行寒熱，或有瘡無瘡。但夜卧時以手摩身 體，有辣痛處，熟視當有赤點如針頭，急捻之，以芋葉入内，刮出細沙，以 蒜封之則愈，否則寒熱漸深也。惟蝦須瘡最毒，十活一二，桂、嶺獨多。 但早覺時，以芋及甘蔗葉，屈角入肉，勾出其根如蝦須狀則愈。遲則根入至 骨，有如丁腫，最惡，好着人隱處。【時珍曰】水弩、短狐、射工、蜮，一 物也。陳氏分爲四，非矣。溪毒，有氣無形。砂蝨，沙中細蟲也。 Explication. [Chen] Cangqi: All the diseases mentioned above are similar, and they all are caused in mountain waters by worms/bugs that eject onto [a person’s] shadow the sand they hold in their mouth. A person may also contract such diseases without entering water. Some [of these diseases] are similar to malaria, others resemble epidemic alternating cold and heat sensations. Some are associated with sores, others have no sores. At night, when the patient feels his own body, there will be a sensation of heat and pain. When [the patients] lie on a bed at night and stroke their body with their hand, they may feel locations of a burning pain. When they take a 74 She gong 射工, “archer,” (1) a small bug in ancient times believed to live in water and be capable of “shooting” poison from its mouth at people, thereby causing disease; (2) a condition caused by the archer’s poison. BCGM Dict. I, 432. See 42-15.

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close look at them they discover red spots like needle heads. These [spots] are to be quickly twisted. Then a taro leaf is to be inserted, and fine sand is to be scraped out. Eventually [the wound] is to be closed with garlic, and this brings the cure. If no such [treatment is applied], the cold and heat will gradually penetrate deeper. Only the[so-called] shrimp whisker sores are extremely poisonous. Of ten [patients] one or two will survive. In Gui and Ling there are especially many [such cases]. At the earliest moment one senses [the appearance of the red spots, he is to] form a taro or sugar cane leaf into a roll and stick it into the flesh. Hook out their roots that look like shrimp whiskers, and this will bring the cure. If this is done belated, the root will penetrate into the bones, and there will be something like a pin-illness75 with swelling which is extremely malign. It prefers to affect a person’s private parts. [Li] Shizhen: Water crossbow [creatures], short fox [creatures], archer [creatures], and toads are all one and the same thing. When Mr. Chen [Cangqi] divided them into four different kinds, he was wrong. Mountain stream poison consists of qi but has no physical appearance. Sand lice are small worms/bugs in the sand. 47-21 鸕鷀别録下品 Lu ci, FE Bie lu, lower rank. Common cormorant. Phalacrocorax carbo L. 【釋名】鷧音意，爾雅、水老鴉衍義。【時珍曰】案韵書，盧與兹並黑 也。此鳥色深黑，故名。鷧者，其聲自呼也。 Explanation of Names. Yi 鷧, read yi 意; Er ya. Shui lao ya 水老鴉, “old crow in the water;” Yan yi. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Yun shu, both lu 盧 and ci 兹 mean “black.” The color of this bird is dark black. Hence the name [lu ci 鸕鷀]. The [name] yi 鷧 is derived from its own cry. 【集解】【時珍曰】鸕鷀，處處水鄉有之。似鶂而小，色黑。亦如鴉而長 喙微曲，善没水取魚。日集洲渚，夜巢林木，久則糞毒多令木枯也。南方 漁舟往往縻畜數十，令其捕魚。杜甫詩：家家養烏鬼，頓頓食黄魚。或謂 即此。又一種似鸕鷀，而蛇頭長項，冬月羽毛落盡，栖息溪岸，見人不能 行，即没入水者，此即爾雅所謂𩿒頭、魚鵁者，不入藥用。𩿒，音拗。 【藏器曰】一種頭細身長項上白者，名魚鵁，不入藥用。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Cormorants can be found everywhere around waters in the countryside. They resemble hawks, yi 鷧, but are smaller and they are black. There are also those resembling crows, ya 鴉, with a long, slightly curved beak. 75 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],” also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127-129.

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They are good at submerging into water to catch fish. In the daytime, they gather on sand bars and islets; at night they have their nests in the trees. After a long time, the poison of their droppings lets many of the trees rot. In the South, fishing boats often tie up and raise tens of them and let them catch the fish. Du Fu in his poem said: “Each family raises black/crow devils and therefore eats yellow fish in every meal.” Some say this is a reference to these [birds]. There is another type [of bird] that resembles cormorants. It dwells and rests at river banks. When it sees a human, it cannot run away but enters into the water. These are [the birds] called yao tou 𩿒 頭 and yu jiao 魚鵁 in the Er ya. They are not used medically. Yao 𩿒 is read yao 拗. [Chen] Cangqi: Those with a small head, a slim body, and a long neck that is white above, they are called yu jiao. They are not used medically. 【正誤】【弘景曰】此鳥不卵生，口吐其雛，亦一異也。 【藏器曰】此鳥胎生，從口出，如兔吐兒，故産婦執之易生。【宗奭 曰】人言孕婦忌食鸕鷀，爲其口吐雛。嘗官于澧州，公廨後有一大木，上 有三四十窠。日夕視之，既能交合，又有碧色卵殼布地。則陶、陳之説， 誤聽人言也。【時珍曰】一種鶂鳥，或作鷁，似鸕鷀而色白，人誤以爲白 鸕鷀是也。雌雄相睨，雄鳴上風，雌鳴下風而孕，口吐其子。莊周所謂白 鶂相視，眸子不運而風化者也。昔人誤以吐雛爲鸕鷀。蓋鶂、鷧音相近 耳。鶂善高飛，能風能水，故舟首畫之。又有似鶂而短項，背上緑色，腹 背紫白色者，名青鶂。一名烏𪇰。陶氏謂烏賊魚乃此鳥所化。或云即鴨， 非也。 Correction of Errors. [Tao] Hongjing: These birds do not lay eggs to produce offspring. They spit out their young from the mouth. This is something very strange. [Chen] Cangqi: These birds give birth from the uterus. [Their young] are emitted from the mouth. This is similar to how rabbits spit out their offspring. Hence midwives hold them to ease childbirth. [Kou] Zongshi: People say that pregnant women should not eat cormorants because they spit out their young from their mouth. When I served as an official in Li zhou, there was a big tree at the back of the office building. On top of it it had 30 to 40 [cormorant] nests. I observed them morning and evening, and [I saw that] they were able to mate. Also, the ground was covered with egg-shells of a blue-green color. That is, what Tao [Hongjing] and Chen [Cangqi] said was based on erroneous hearsay among the people. [Li] Shizhen: There are yi 鶂 birds, some write yi 鷁, that resemble cormorants but are white. The people erroneously consider them to be white cormorants. When a male and female glance at each other, the male sings from up-wind, the female sings from down-wind and conceives. Their young ones are spit out from the mouth. Zhuang Zhou: “When a male and a female white yi 鶂 glance at each other, they do not even move their pupils and [conception

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takes place through] wind transformation.” In ancient times, people believed that those who spit out their young are the cormorants. The fact is, that the pronunciation of yi 鶂 and yi 鷧 is similar. The yi 鶂 tend to fly very high; they are able to follow wind and water. That is why they are painted on the prows of boats. There is another kind [of fowl] similar to the yi 鶂, but with a short neck. It is green on its back. Those that are purple and white on their abdomen and on their back, they are called qing yi 青鶂. Another name is wu bu 烏𪇰. Mr. Tao [Hongjing] has said that cuttlefish are transformations of this bird. Some say they are ducks. That is wrong. 47-21-01 Rou. 肉。 Meat [of common cormorants]. 【氣味】酸、鹹，冷，微毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, salty, cool, and slightly poisonous. 【主治】大腹鼓脹，利水道。時珍。 Control. Enlarged abdomen with drum-size swelling. It makes the water ways passable. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】鸕鷀，别録不見功用。惟雷氏炮炙論序云：體寒腹 大，全賴鸕鷀。註云：治腹大如鼓體寒者，以鸕鷀燒存性，爲末，米飲 服之，立愈。切謂諸腹鼓大，皆屬于熱，衛氣並循于血脉則體寒。此乃水 鳥，其氣寒冷而利水。寒能勝熱，利水能去濕故也。又外臺云：凡魚骨哽 者，但密念鸕鷀不已即下。此乃厭伏之意耳。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The [therapeutic] effects of the common cormorants were not recorded in the Bie lu. It was only Mr. Lei who in his preface to the Pao zhi lun stated: “For a cold body with an enlarged abdomen, fully rely on the cormorant.” A comment stated: “To cure an enlarged abdomen resembling a drum, with the body feeling cold, [proceed as follows]. Burn [the meat of ] a common cormorant by retaining its nature, and grind [the residue] to powder, to be ingested with a rice beverage. This will result in an immediate cure.” My comment: All kinds of enlarged, drum-size abdomens are associated with heat. When the guardian qi all return to the blood vessels, the body will feel cold. This [bird, the cormorant,] is a water bird. Its qi is cold, and it frees the passage of water. Cold can overcome heat. Because it frees the passage of water it is able to eliminate moisture. Also, the Wai tai states: “Whenever someone has a fish bone stuck in his throat, he simply needs to silently recite the name lu ci 鸕鷀 until [the fish bone] has moved down.” This is based on the idea that [a cormorant consumes fish, and hence the reciting of its name serves] to “press down” [a fish bone].

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47-21-02 頭。Tou. Head [of common cormorants]. 【氣味】微寒。 Qi and Flavor. Slightly cold. 【主治】哽及噎，燒研，酒服。别録。 Control. For choking on something stuck in one’s throat, burn [a cormorant’s head] and grind [the residue]. To be ingested with wine. Bie lu. 47-21-03 骨。Gu. Bone[of common cormorants]. 【主治】燒灰水服，下魚骨哽。弘景。 Control. Burn [cormorant bones] to ashes, and ingest them with water. This serves to have a fish bone stuck in the throat move down. [Tao] Hongjing.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 雀卵面斑。鸕鷀骨燒研，入白芷末，猪脂和，夜塗旦洗。摘玄方。 For sparrow egg facial speckles: Burn the bones of a common cormorant [to ashes], grind them to powder, and add to this angelica dahurica [root] powder and lard. Apply this [to the face] at night and wash it away the next morning. Zhai xuan fang. 47-21-04 喙。Hui. Beak [of common cormorants]. 【主治】噎病，發即銜之，便安。范汪。 Control. For choking disease. In an acute case [the patient] should hold [a cormorant beak] in his mouth, and he will be at ease. Fan Wang. 47-21-05 Su. 嗉。 Crop [of common cormorants]. 【主治】魚哽，吞之最效。時珍。 Control. For fish bone stuck in the throat, swallow [a cormorant crop]. This is very effective. [Li] Shizhen.

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47-21-06 翅羽。Chi yu. Wing feathers [of common cormorants]. 【主治】燒灰，水服半錢，治魚哽噎即愈。時珍。出太平御覽。 Control. Burn [cormorant wing feathers] to ashes, and ingest, with water, one half qian, to treat choking on a fish bone stuck in the throat. This brings the cure. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Tai ping yu lan. 47-21-07 蜀水花。76 Shu shui hua. Droppings of common cormorants. 【别録曰】鸕鷀屎也。【弘景曰】溪谷間甚多，當自取之，擇用白處。市 賣者不可信。【頌曰】屎多在山石上，色紫如花，就石刮取。别録謂屎即 蜀水花，而唐面膏方中，二物並用，未知其的。【時珍曰】當以别録爲 正。唐方蓋傳寫之訛誤也。 Bie lu: These are cormorant droppings. [Tao] Hongjing: [Cormorant] droppings [can be found] in large quantities in mountain stream valleys. They are to be collected from there. For [medical] use the white parts are selected. Those sold on markets cannot be trusted. [Su] Song: [Cormorant] droppings [can be found] on mountain rocks. They are of purple color like flowers. They are to be scraped from the rocks. The Bie lu states: [These] droppings are shu shui hua 蜀水花, “flowers on the waters in Shu.” However, in the Tang era Mian gao fang, “Recipes for facial cremes,” both items are recommended simultaneously for use. It is not known which is true. [Li] Shizhen: The Bie lu must be right. The Tang era recipe results from an error in writing. 【氣味】冷，微毒。 Qi and Flavor. Cold, slightly poisonous. 【主治】去面上黑䵟黶誌。别録。療面瘢疵，及湯火瘡痕。和脂油傅丁 瘡。大明。南人治小兒疳蚘，乾研爲末，炙猪肉蘸食，云有奇效。蘇頌。 殺蟲。時珍。 Control. [Cormorant droppings] remove facial gloom and moles. Bie lu. They cure facial macules and blemishes, as well as scars resulting from scalding. Mix [the droppings] with fat or oil and smear this on pin[-illness] sores. 77 Da ming. 76 Shu shui hua 蜀水花, lit.: “Flowers on the waters in Shu/Sichuan. 77 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129.

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When, in the South, the people treat gan-illness78 caused by tapeworm, they grind dried [cormorant droppings] to powder, and dip roasted pork into it which is then consumed. It is said to be extremely effective. [Su] Song. [This recipe serves] to kill worms/bugs. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】舊二，新一。 Added recipes: Two of old. One newly [recorded]. 鼻面酒皶。鸕鷀屎一合，研末，以臘月猪脂和之。每夜塗旦洗。千金。 To treat wine sediments on nose and face. Grind one ge [of cormorant droppings] to powder, and mix it with lard collected in the 12th month. Each night this is to be smeared [onto the affected parts]; it is to be washed off at dawn. Qian jin. 魚骨哽咽。鸕鷀屎研，水服方寸匕，并以水和塗喉外。范汪方。 For a fish bone stuck in the throat: Grind cormorant droppings [to powder] and ingest, with water, [the amount held by] a one square cun size spoon. Also, mix [the droppings] with water and apply this externally to the throat. Fan Wang fang. 斷酒。鸕鷀屎燒研，水服方寸匕，日一服。外臺。 To end alcoholism: Burn cormorant droppings and grind them to powder. Ingest with water [the amount held by] a one square cun size spoon. To be ingested once per day. Wai tai. 47-22 魚狗拾遺 Yu gou, FE Shi yi Common kingfisher. Alcedo atthis L. 【釋名】鴗爾雅、天狗同、水狗同、魚虎禽經、魚師同、翠碧鳥。【時珍 曰】狗、虎、師，皆獸之噬物者。此鳥害魚，故得此類命名。 Explanation of Names. Li 鴗, Er ya. Tian gou 天狗, “heaven’s dog,“ identical [source as above]. Shui gou 水狗, “water dog,” identical [source as above]. Yu hu 魚虎, “fish tiger,“ Qin jing. Yu shi 魚師, “fish lion,“ identical [source as above]. Cui bi niao 翠碧鳥, “emerald green bird.“ [Li] Shizhen: Gou 狗, “dog,” hu 虎, “tiger,” and shi 師, “lion,” are all predatory animals. This bird harms fish. Hence it was given such names. 78 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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【集解】【藏器曰】此即翠鳥也。穴土爲窠。大者名翠鳥，小者名魚狗。 青色似翠，其尾可爲飾。亦有斑白者，俱能水上取魚。【時珍曰】魚狗， 處處水涯有之。大如燕，喙尖而長，足紅而短，背毛翠色帶碧，翅毛黑色 揚青，可飾女人首物，亦翡翠之類。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: These are the cui niao 翠鳥, “emerald birds.” They use earth caves as their nests. Large ones are called cui niao 翠鳥, “emerald birds.” Small ones are called yu gou 魚狗, “fish dogs.” They are blue-green like jadeite. Their tail can serve as attire. There are some with grey [feathers]. All of them are able to fish from above the water. [Li] Shizhen: “Fish dogs” are at many places at the side of waters. They are of the size of a swallow, yan 燕, and they have a pointed, long beak. Their legs are red and short. The feathers on their back are emerald green like jadeite. Their wing feathers are black with some scattered greenish ones. They can be used to dress up the head of a woman. They belong to the group of halcyons, fei cui 翡翠. 47-22-01 肉。Rou. [Common kingfisher] meat. 【氣味】鹹，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】魚哽，及魚骨入肉不出，痛甚者，燒研飲服。或煮汁飲亦佳。藏 器。 Control. For fish bones stuck in the throat or when a fish bone has entered the flesh and fails to come out again, with severe pain, burn [kingfisher meat] and grind [the residue] to powder to be ingested with a [cold] beverage. If drunk as a decoction, it is also excellent. [Chen] Cangqi. 【發明】【時珍曰】今人治魚骨哽，取得去腸，用陰陽瓦泥固煅存性，入 藥用。蓋亦取其相制之意。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: When nowadays people treat a fish bone stuck in the throat, they acquire [kingfisher meat] and remove the intestines. Then they place the meat between one tile on top and one below, and enclose all this firmly with clay. This is then calcined with the nature [of the meat] being preserved. This way it can be added to a medication. This is based on the idea that [since the kingfisher kills fish, its meat] can subdue [a fish bone].

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47-22-A01 翡翠。Fei cui. Halcyon. 【時珍曰】爾雅謂之鷸，出交、廣、南越諸地。飲啄水側，穴居生子，亦 巢于木，似魚狗稍大。或云：前身翡，後身翠，如鵝翠、雁翠之義。或 云：雄爲翡，其色多赤；雌爲翠，其色多青。彼人亦以肉作腊食之。方書 不見用，功應與魚狗相同。 [Li] Shizhen: The Er ya calls them yu 鷸. They come from all over Jiao guang and Nan yue. They drink and peck at the waterside. They live in caves and hatch their young there. They also build nests in trees. They resemble the common kingfisher, but are slightly bigger. Some say: “The front part of [the fei cui 翡翠] body is fei 翡, ‘green jade’, and the back part of its body is cui 翠, ‘jadeite’. This is a rationale similar to that underlying the names e cui 鵝翠, ‘goose jadeite’, and yan cui 雁翠, ‘wild goose jadeite’.” It is also said: “Male ones are fei 翡, and their color is mostly red. Females are cui 翠, and their color is mostly greenish.” The people there prepare dry meat from them, and eat it. It is not mentioned for [pharmaceutical] use in the recipe books. Its effects should be similar to those of the common kingfisher. 47-23 蚊母鳥拾遺 Wen mu niao, FE Shi yi. Mosquito-mother bird. 【釋名】吐蚊鳥、鷏爾雅，音田。 Explanation of Names. Tu wen niao 吐蚊鳥, “birds that spit out mosquitoes.” Tian 鷏; Er ya; read: tian 田. 【集解】【藏器曰】此鳥大如雞，黑色。生南方池澤茹藘中，江東亦多。 其聲如人嘔吐，每吐出蚊一二升。夫蚊乃惡水中蟲，羽化所生。而江東有 蚊母鳥，塞北有蚊母草，嶺南有虻母草。此三物異類而同功也。【時珍 曰】郭璞言：蚊母似烏𪇰而大，黄白雜文，鳴如鴿聲。嶺南異物志言：吐 蚊鳥，大如青鷁，大觜食魚。豈各地之産差異耶。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: These birds are as big as a chicken, and they are black. They live in the South, amidst marshlands and among madders. There are also many of them in Jiang dong 江東. Their cries sound like a person vomiting. With each [cry] they throw up one or two sheng of mosquitoes. Now,

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mosquitoes are bugs in foul waters. They are born through spontaneous transformation. In Jiang dong, there are “mosquito-mother birds,” wen mu niao 蚊母鳥. In Sai bei there are “mosquito-mother herbs,” wen mu cao 蚊母草, and in Ling nan there are “gadfly-mother trees,” meng mu mu 虻母木. Although these are of different kinds, they have identical [pharmaceutical] effects. [Li] Shizhen: Guo Pu states: “The ‘mosquito-mothers’, wen mu 蚊母, resemble the wu bu 烏𪇰, but are bigger. [Their feathers] have yellow and white streaks. Their cries resemble those of pigeons, ge 鴿.” The Ling nan yi wu zhi states: “The ‘birds that spit out mosquitoes’, tu wen niao 吐蚊鳥, are as big as the qing yi 青鷁. They have a large beak, and they eat fish.” Amazing how much the products of all places differ! 47-23-01 翅羽。Chi yu. Wing feathers [of mosquito-mother birds]. 【主治】作扇辟蚊。藏器。 Control. The wing feathers are made into fans to flap away mosquitoes. [Chen] Cangqi.

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本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 禽部目録 Section Fowl, Contents 第四十八卷 Chapter 48

禽之二 Fowl II 原禽類二十三種 Land Fowl Group, 23 kinds 48-01 Ji 鷄, chicken. FE Ben jing 本經 48-02 Zhi 雉, common pheasant. FE Bie lu 别録 48-03 Di zhi 鸐雉, Reeve’s pheasant. FE Shi liao 食療; i.e. shan ji 山鷄, mountain chicken. 48-04 Bi zhi 鷩雉, golden pheasant. FE Shi yi 拾遺; i.e. jin ji 錦鷄, brocade chicken 48-04-A01 Tu shou ji 吐綬鷄, turkey. 48-05 He ji 鶡鷄, brown-bird chicken. FE Shi yi 拾遺 48-06 Bai xian 白鷴, silver pheasant. FE Tu jing 圖經 48-07 Zhe gu 鷓鴣, Chinese francolin. FE Tang ben 唐本 48-08 Zhu ji 竹鷄, Chinese bamboo partridge. FE Shi yi 拾遺 48-08-A01 Shan ji 杉鷄, fir chicken. 48-09 Ying ji 英鷄, water rail. FE Shi yi 拾遺 48-10 Yang ji 秧鷄, sprout chicken. FE Shi wu 食物 48-11 Chun 鶉, common quail. FE Jia you 嘉祐 48-12 Yan 鷃, yellow legged button quail. FE Shi yi 拾遺 48-13 Yu 鷸, redshank. FE Shi yi 拾遺

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Ge 鴿, rock pigeon. FE Jiao you 嘉祐 Tu jue que 突厥雀, Pallas’ sand grouse. FE Shi yi 拾遺 Que 雀, house sparrow. FE Bie lu 别録 Hao que 蒿雀, wormwood sparrow. FE Shi yi 拾遺 Qiao fu niao 巧婦鳥, Eurasian wren. FE Shi yi 拾遺; i.e. jiao liao 鷦鷯, jiao liao. Yan 燕, swallow. FE Bie lu 别録 Shi yan 石燕, stone swallow. FE Rihua 日華 Fu yi 伏翼, Asian particolored bat. FE Ben jing 本經; i.e. bian fu 即蝙 蝠, bian fu. Lei shu 鸓鼠, complex-toothed flying squirrel. FE Ben jing 本經; i.e. fei sheng 飛生, flying and having life births. Han hao chong 寒號蟲, complex-toothed flying squirrel. FE Kai bao 開 寶.

上附方舊八十二新二百三十七 Recipes added to the entries above: 82 of old, 237 newly [recorded].

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 禽部 Section Fowl 第四十八卷 Chapter 48

禽之二 Fowl II 原禽類二十三種 Land Fowl Group: 23 kinds. 48-01 鷄本經上品 Ji. FE Ben jing, upper rank. Chicken. Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson. 【釋名】燭夜。【時珍曰】按徐鉉云：雞者稽也，能稽時也。廣志云：大 者曰蜀，小者曰荆。其雛曰鷇。梵書名雞曰鳩七咤。 Explanation of Names. Zhu ye 燭夜, “candle lighting up the night.” [Li] Shizhen: According to Xu Xuan, “ji 鷄 is ji 稽, ‘to check/examine’, because [chicken] are able to ‘examine the time [of the day and behave accordingly]’.” Guang zhi: “Large ones are called shu 蜀, small ones are called jing 荆. The chicks are called ku 鷇.” In Brahman texts chicken are called jiuqizha 鳩七咤. 【集解】【别録曰】雞生朝鮮平澤。【弘景曰】雞屬甚多。朝鮮乃在玄 菟、樂浪，不應總是雞所出也。【馬志曰】入藥取朝鮮者良爾。【頌 曰】今處處人家畜養，不聞自朝鮮來。【時珍曰】雞類甚多，五方所産， 大小形色往往亦異。朝鮮一種長尾雞，尾長三四尺。遼陽一種食雞，一種 角雞，味俱肥美，大勝諸雞。南越一種長鳴雞，晝夜啼叫。南海一種石 雞，潮至即鳴。蜀中一種鶤雞，楚中一種傖雞，並高三四尺。江南一種矮 雞，脚纔二寸許也。雞在卦屬巽，在星應昴，無外腎而虧小腸。凡人家無 故群雞夜鳴者，謂之荒雞，主不祥。若黄昏獨啼者，主有天恩，謂之盗 啼。老雞能人言者，牝雞雄鳴者，雄雞生卵者，並殺之即已。俚人畜雞無 雄，即以雞卵告竈而伏出之。南人以雞卵畫墨，煮熟驗其黄，以卜凶吉。 又以雞骨占年。其鳴也知時刻，其棲也知陰晴。太清外術言：蓄蠱之家，

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雞輒飛去。萬畢術言：其羽焚之，可以致風。五行志言：雄雞毛燒着酒中 飲之，所求必得。古人言雞能辟邪，則雞亦靈禽也，不獨充庖而已。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Chicken live in the plains and marshes of Chao xian. [Tao] Hongjing: There are many kinds of chicken. [They are raised] in Chao xian in Xuan tu and Le lang, but chicken do not only come from there. Ma Zhi: For medicinal applications, those from Chao xian are used; they are good. [Su] Song: Nowadays, everywhere households raise chicken. I have not heard that they come from Chao xian. [Li] Shizhen: There are many kinds of chicken; they come from everywhere. Their size, their shape and their color differ in many ways. In Chao xian, there is a type of “long-tail chicken,” their tail is three to four chi long. In Liao yang, there is a type of “food chicken,” and another type of “three legged wine cup chicken.” The flavor of both is fat and delicious – superior to all other chicken. In Nan yue, there is a type of “extended-crowing chicken;” they cry all day and night. In Nan hai, there is a type of “stone chicken.” They cry when the high tide comes. In Shu zhong there is a type of “towering chicken,” and in Chu zhong there is a type of “crude chicken.” Both are three to four chi tall. In Jiang nan, there is a type of “short chicken.” Their legs are just a little more than two cun long. Among the [eight] trigrams, chicken are associated with xun 巽. Among the constellations, they correspond to the Pleiades. They have no testes, and they lack the small intestine. Whenever all the cocks crow at night for no particular reason, the people speak of “misfortune chicken.” What this means is unclear. When a single chicken cries at dusk, this is a sign of heavenly grace, and [the people] speak of a “robber’s cry.” When an old chicken speaks with a human voice, when a hen crows like a rooster, or when a rooster lays eggs, just kill them to bring this to an end. Local people raise hens without a rooster: they report the eggs to the Kitchen God. Then they are hatched and [chicks] emerge from them. The people in the South paint eggs with ink and boil them. Then they examine the yolk for auspicious and inauspicious signs. Also, they use chicken bones to foretell a year’s fortune. They crow when they know it is time. They dwell knowing where it is dark and where it is bright. The Tai qing wai shu states: “In a household where gu 蠱 are kept, chicken will fly away.” The Wan bi shu states: “When chicken feathers are burned, the wind will rise.” The Wu xing zhi states: “When the feather of a rooster is burned, and ingested with wine, one’s wishes will come true.” In ancient times, people said that chicken were able to ward off evil. Hence chicken, too, should be considered a numinous fowl. They serve not only as food [for humans].

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48-01-01 諸鷄肉。Zhu ji rou. Meat of all kinds of chicken. 【氣味】食忌。【詵曰】雞有五色者，玄雞白首者，六指者，四距者，雞 死足不申者，並不可食，害人。【時珍曰】延壽書云：閹雞能啼者有毒。 四月勿食抱雞肉，令人作癰成漏，男女虚乏。【弘景曰】小兒五歲以下食 雞生蚘蟲。雞肉不可合葫蒜、芥、李食，不可合犬肝、犬腎食，並令人洩 痢。同兔食成痢，同魚汁食成心瘕，同鯉魚食成癰癤，同獺肉食成遁尸， 同生葱食成蟲痔，同糯米食生蚘蟲。 Qi and Flavor. Food taboos. [Meng] Shen: Chicken of five colors, black chicken with a white head, chicken with six claws or four spurs, and chicken that do not stretch their legs after being killed, they all are not edible. They harm humans. [Li] Shizhen: The Yan shou shu states.” [Meat of a] castrated rooster that can still crow is poisonous. In the fourth month do not eat the meat of a chicken hatching eggs lest it cause one to develop obstruction-illness79 and fistula, as well as depletion weariness in men and women.” [Tao] Hongjing: Children under five years of age that eat chicken will develop tapeworms. Chicken meat must not be consumed together with hu suan, mustard [seeds], and plums. It must not be consumed together with dog liver or dog kidneys. Both will cause outflow and free-flux illness. 80 If chicken meat is eaten together with rabbit meat, it causes free-flux illness. If consumed together with fish juice, it will cause heart conglomeration-illness.81 If it is consumed with carp, it will cause obstruction-illness with pimples. If consumed with otter meat, it will induce run-away corpse [qi].82 If consumed with fresh onions, it will cause worm/bug piles. If consumed with polished glutinous rice, it will generate tapeworms. 【發明】【宗奭曰】巽爲風爲雞。雞鳴于五更者，日將至巽位，感動其 氣而然也。今有風病人食之，無不發作。巽爲雞，信可驗矣。【震亨 曰】雞屬土而有金、木、火，又屬巽，能助肝火。寇言動風者，習俗所移 也。雞性補，能助濕中之火。病邪得之爲有助也。若魚肉之類皆然。且西 79 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 80 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 81 Jia 瘕, “empty[-lumps]-illness;” “conglomeration-illness,” a condition of painful abdominal nodes/lumps that sometimes move and sometimes do not move in accordance with the movement of the body’s qi. BCGM Dict I, 244. 82 Dun shi 遁尸, “run-away corpse [qi],” a condition of recurrent heart pain and acute panting. BCGM Dict I, 137.

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北多寒，中風者誠有之。東南氣温多濕，有風病者非風也，皆濕生痰，痰 生熱，熱生風耳。【時珍曰】禮記云：天産作陽，地産作陰。雞卵生而地 産，羽不能飛，雖爲陽精，實屬風木，是陽中之陰也。故能生熱動風，風 火相扇，乃成中風。朱駁寇説爲非，亦非矣。【頌曰】雞肉雖有小毒，而 補虚羸是要，故食治方多用之。 Explication. [Kou] Zongshi: Among the Eight Trigrams, xun 巽 represents wind, and it stands for chicken. Cocks crow in the early morning because the sun assumes its position at xun 巽. [The cocks] sense its qi and hence behave as they do. When a person suffering from wind disease eats chicken meat, this will inevitably cause an outbreak. That xun 巽 stands for chicken, that is clearly proven by this. Zhu Zhenheng: Chicken are associated with [the phase] soil, and they combine [the phases] metal, wood, and fire. Furthermore, they are associated with [the trigram] xun 巽. They are able to support liver fire. When Kou [Zongshi] said that [chicken meat] excites wind, then this is a development commonly known. The nature of chicken is to supplement. It is able to assist the fire within moisture. When [patients affected by] evil [qi] get it, it will assist [them to overcome them]. This is true with all kinds of fish and meat. Also, in the Northeast, there is much cold, and those struck by wind83 do indeed have a [wind disease]. In the Southeast, the qi are warm and there is much moisture. Those who have a wind disease have in fact not been affected by wind. It is always moisture that generates phlegm. The phlegm generates heat, and the heat generates wind. [Li] Shizhen: The Li ji states: What heaven produces is yang, what the earth produces is yin. Chicken come to life through eggs, and they are products of the earth. Their wings do not let them fly. Although they are yang essence, they do in fact belong to wind and wood. They constitute the yin in the yang. Hence they generate heat and stimulate wind. When wind and fire incite each other, this generates [the disease] struck by wind. Zhu Zhenheng refuted what [Kou] Zongshi said as wrong; he was wrong himself. [Su] Song: Chicken meat may be slightly poisonous, it nevertheless is important for supplementing depletion and leanness. Hence it is used in numerous recipes aiming at curing disease through food. 48-01-02 丹雄鷄肉。Dan xiong ji rou. Meat of cinnabar-red roosters. 【氣味】甘，微温，無毒。【扁鵲曰】辛。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly warm, no poison. Bian Que: Pungent. 83 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683.

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【主治】女人崩中漏下，赤白沃。通神，殺惡毒，辟不祥。本經。補虚， 温中，止血。能愈久傷乏瘡不瘥者。别録。補肺。孫思邈。 Control. Women’s collapsing center84 with leaking discharge and red and white downpour. It communicates with the divine, kills what is malign and poisonous, and repels what is inauspicious. Ben jing. It supplements depletion, warms the center, and stops bleeding. It is able to cure long-lasting harm and sores that fail to heal. Bie lu. It supplements the lung. Sun Simiao. 【發明】【普曰】丹雄雞，一名載丹。【宗奭曰】即朱雞也。【時珍 曰】雞雖屬木，分而配之，則丹雄雞得離火陽明之象，白雄雞得庚金太白 之象，故辟邪惡者宜之；烏雄雞屬木，烏雌雞屬水，故胎産宜之；黄雌雞 屬土，故脾胃宜之；而烏骨者，又得水木之精氣，故虚熱者宜之。各從其 類也。吴球云：三年羊扇雞，常食治虚損，養血補氣。 Explication. [Wu] Pu: Cinnabar-red roosters are also called zai dan 載丹, “carriers of cinnabar.” [Kou] Zongshi: These are just zhu ji 朱鷄, “red chicken”. [Li] Shizhen: Chicken, even though they are associated with [the phase] wood, they may still be further sub-divided. That is, cinnabar-red roosters reflect [the trigram] li 離, [the phase] fire, and yang brilliance. White roosters reflect [the trigram] geng, [the phase] metal, and major white. Hence, they are suitable for warding off what is evil and malign. Black roosters are associated with [the phase] wood. Black hens are associated with [the phase] water. Hence they are suitable for [women] during pregnancy and childbirth. Yellow hens are associated with [the phase] soil. Hence they are suitable for [ailments associated with] spleen and stomach. As for those with black bones, they have obtained the essence qi of water and wood. Hence they are suitable for [supplementing conditions of ] depletion associated with heat. This is always based on their group correspondences. Wu Qiu states: “If three year old yang ji 羊扇鷄 are consumed regularly, they will nourish one’s blood and supplement qi.”

【附方】新二。 Added recipes: Two newly [recorded]. 辟禳瘟疫。冬至日取赤雄雞作腊，至立春日煮食至盡，勿分他人。肘後方。 To ward off warmth-epidemics: On the day of Winter Solstice prepare preserved meat from a red rooster. When the day of Spring Begins has come, heat it and eat all of it. Do not share it with other persons. Zhou hou fang.

84 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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百蟲入耳。雞肉炙香，塞耳中引出。總録。 For an invasion of any of the hundreds of worms/bugs into one’s ears: Roast chicken meat until fragrant. Block the ear with it, and this will stimulate [the worms/bugs] to come out. Zong lu. 48-01-03 白雄鷄肉。Bai xiong ji rou. Meat of white roosters. 【氣味】酸，微温，無毒。【藏器曰】甘，寒。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, slightly warm, nonpoisonous. [Chen] Cangqi: Sweet, cold. 【主治】下氣，療狂邪，安五臟，傷中消渴。别録。調中除邪，利小便， 去丹毒風。日華。 Control. It causes qi to descend, cures craziness evil, pacifies the five long-term depots, as well as harm caused to the center and melting with thirst. 85 Bie lu. It harmonizes the center, and eliminates evil. It frees the flow of urine, and removes cinnabar poison86 wind. Rihua. 【發明】【藏器曰】白雄雞養三年，能爲鬼神所使。【時珍曰】按陶弘景 真誥云：學道山中，宜養白雞、白犬，可以辟邪。今術家祈禳皆用白雞， 其原本此。是乃異端一説耳，雞亦何神何妖哉？ Explication. [Chen] Cangqi: After a white rooster is raised for three years, it may be used for demon spirit services. [Li] Shizhen: In Tao Hongjing’s Zhen gao it is stated: “When someone studies the Dao in the mountains, he should raise white chicken and white dogs. They are able to ward off evil.” Nowadays, all specialists of [Daoist] techniques use white chicken when praying for exorcism. This goes back to that [report in T’ao Hongjing’s Zhen gao]. It is one of those reports based on strange principles. How could chicken be [in the service of ] spirits or goblins?

【附方】 舊三，新四。 Added recipes: Three of old, four newly [recorded]. 癲邪狂妄，自賢自聖，行走不休。白雄雞一隻煮，以五味和作羹粥食。心 鏡。 85 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 86 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poison,” a skin ailment with red rashes. BCGM Dict I, 118

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For peak-illness87 evil and madness with absurd behavior: [Patients] claim themselves to be a worthy person or a sage. They walk restlessly. Boil a white rooster, add the five spices, and prepare a broth to be consumed [by the patient]. Xin jing. 驚憤邪僻。治因驚憂怖迫，或激憤惆悵，致志氣錯越，心行違僻者。白雄 雞一頭，治如食法，真珠四兩，薤白四兩，水三升，煮二升，盡食之，飲 汁令盡。肘後。 For conditions of being frightened and angered, with evil and eccentric behavior. To cure [patients] who act against the rules because of fright and worry, or because they are enraged or disappointed, possibly because some aspiration failed to come true: Take one white rooster prepared as usual for food, four liang of genuine pearls, four liang of long-stamen chives, and three sheng of water. Boil this down to two sheng. Eat all of it, and drink the entire juice. Zhou hou. 卒然心痛。白雞一頭，治如食法，水三升，煮二升，去雞，煎取六合，入 苦酒六合，真珠一錢，煎取六合，納麝香二豆許，頓服之。肘後。 Sudden pain in the heart. One head of a white chicken is prepared as usual for food. Boil it in three sheng of water down to two sheng. Remove the chicken and fry it. Then take six ge, add bitter wine, six ge, and genuine pearls, one qian. Fry this and take six ge, mix it with about two bean-size pieces of musk, and [let the patient] eat this all at once. Zhou hou. 赤白痢下。白雄雞一隻，如常作臛及餛飩，空心食。心鏡。 For red and white free-flux illness88 discharge: Prepare one white rooster as usual to a broth or dumplings. Eat it on an empty stomach. Xin jing. 卒得欬嗽。白雞一隻，苦酒一斗，煮取三升，分三服，并淡食雞。肘後。 For sudden onset of coughing: Boil one white chicken in one dou of bitter wine down to three sheng. Ingest this in three parts, and eat the chicken without adding any spices. Zhou hou. 水氣浮腫。小豆一升，白雄雞一隻，治如食法，以水三斗煮熟食之，飲汁 令盡。肘後方。 For surface swelling because of water qi. Small beans, one sheng, and one white rooster are prepared as if for food. This is boiled with three dou of water, and the entire juice is ingested. Zhou hou fang. 87 Dian 癲, “peak-illness,” BCGM Dict I, 123, identical with dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125. 88 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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肉壞怪病。凡口鼻出腥臭水，以椀盛之，狀如鐵色蝦魚走躍，捉之即化爲 水，此肉壞也。但多食雞饌即愈。夏子益奇疾方。 For strange diseases of rotting flesh: Whenever a stinking liquid leaves from the nose and mouth, hold it in a bowl. When it has the color of iron, shrimps and fish [cast into it] will jump. When kept [in the liquid] they will dissolve to water. This is a condition of rotting flesh. To cure this one simply needs to consume much chicken [meat]. Xia Ziyi, Qi ji fang. 48-01-04 烏雄鷄肉。Wu xiong ji rou. Meat of black roosters. 【氣味】甘，微温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】補中止痛。别録。止肚痛，心腹惡氣，除風濕麻痺，諸虚羸，安 胎，治折傷并癰疽。生搗，塗竹木刺入肉。日華。 Control. It supplements the center, and ends pain. Bie lu. It ends abdominal pain resulting from malign qi in the stomach region and abdomen. It eliminates wind moisture with hemp[-like numbness] blockage. [It cures] all kinds of depletion and leanness, pacifies the fetus. It [serves to] cure fractures and injury, as well as obstruction- and impediment-illness. 89 Pound raw [meat], and apply it to a location where bamboo or wooden [splinters] have entered into the flesh. Rihua. 【發明】【時珍曰】按李廷飛云：黄雞宜老人。烏雞宜産婦，暖血。馬益 卿云：妊婦宜食牡雞肉，取陽精之全于天産者。此亦胎教宜見虎豹之意 耳。又唐 崔行功纂要云：婦人産死，多是富貴家，旁人擾攘，致婦驚悸氣 亂故耳。惟宜屏除一切人，令其獨産，更爛煮牡雞取汁，作粳米粥與食， 自然無恙，乃和氣之效也。蓋牡雞汁性滑而濡。不食其肉，恐難消也。今 俗産家，每産後即食雞啖卵，氣壯者幸而無恙，氣弱者因而成疾，皆由不 解此意也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to Li Tingfei, “yellow chicken [meat] is suitable for the aged. Black chicken [meat] is suitable for pregnant women. It warms the blood.” Ma Yiqing said: “Pregnant women should eat the meat of the rooster as this way they obtain yang essence entirely produced by heaven. This is the same idea as when [pregnant women are asked to] educate the fetus by watching tigers 89 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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and leopards.” Also, the Tang [author] Cui Xinggong in his Zuan yao stated: “Death during childbirth often occurs to women from rich families. This is due to the hustle and bustle associated with bystanders. They cause these women to be scared and bring their qi in disorder. The only appropriate measure [to prevent this] is to send away all other persons and have [the woman] give birth all by her own. In addition, [the meat of a black] rooster is to be macerated and boiled. The juice is to be prepared to a rice congee to be consumed [by the woman]. This will prevent all problems because the qi will be effectively harmonized.” The fact is, the nature of rooster juice is smooth and moistening. The meat itself must not be eaten because it can hardly be digested. Nowadays, it is common that women after each childbirth are given chicken [meat] and eggs to eat. Those whose qi are strong, they will enjoy this and have nothing to fear. But those whose qi are weak, they will fall ill as a result. This is always because they are not aware of the meaning pointed out above.

【附方】舊四，新六。 Added recipes: Four of old, six newly [recorded]. 補益虚弱。詵曰：虚弱人用烏雄雞一隻治浄，五味煮極爛。食生即反損 人。或五味淹炙食，亦良。 To supplement and add [qi] in conditions of depletion and weakness. [Meng] Shen: Persons in a condition of depletion and weakness [should] clean one black rooster and stew it together with the five spices until it is entirely mashed. If the chicken remains raw, contrary to [one’s intentions] it will harm that person. Or they immerse it [in a liquid with] the five spices, and then roast it. This way consumed it will be good too. 反胃吐食。用烏雄雞一隻，治如食法，入胡荽子半斤在腹内，烹食二隻愈。 For turned over stomach with vomiting of food: Take one black rooster and prepare it as usual for food. Fill its belly with half a jin of coriander seeds and boil it. Eat two of these and [the illness] will be cured. 老人中風，煩熱語澀。每用烏雄雞一隻，切，葱白一握，煮臛，下麻子 汁、五味，空心食之。養老書。 For old persons struck by wind.90 Vexing heat with difficulties to speak. For each such case take one black rooster, and cut it into pieces, and boil them to a broth 90 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683.

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together with a handful of onions. Then add juice of sesame and the five spices and [let the patient] consume this on an empty stomach. Yang lao shu. 脚氣煩懣。用烏雄雞一隻，治如食法，入米作羹食。養老書。 For leg qi91 with vexation and mental pressure: Take one black rooster, prepare it as usual for food, add rice to prepare a congee and [let the patient] consume it. Yang lao shu. 寒疝絞痛。用烏雄雞一頭，治如食法，生地黄七斤，同剉，着甑中蒸之， 以器盛取汁。清旦温服，至晚令盡。當下諸寒癖，訖，以白粥食之。久疝 不過三服。肘後。 For cold elevation-illness92 with twisting pain: Use one black rooster and prepare it as usual for food. Taken seven jin of Chinese foxglove [rhizome], cut all of this and steam it in an earthen jar. Then fill the juice into a container and [let the patient] ingest it warm the next morning. By night it should have been consumed entirely. Once all signs of cold-aggregation-illness93 are discharged, [the treatment] ends, and [the patient] is to consume a white congee. Elevation-illness that has lasted for long [will be cured] after no more than three ingestions. Zhou hou. 卒得欬嗽。烏雄雞一隻，治如食法，酒漬半日，飲之。肘後。 For sudden affliction with cough. Prepare one black rooster as usual for food. Immerse it in wine for half a day and drink this. Zhou hou. 腎虚耳聾。烏雄雞一隻治净，以無灰酒三升煮熟，乘熱食。三五隻，效。 For kidney depletion with deafness. Clean one black rooster conventionally, and boil it until done in three sheng of ash-free wine. Eat three to five chicken while they are still hot. This is effective. 狐尿刺瘡，棘人，腫痛欲死。破烏雞搨之，良。肘後方。 For sores resulting from fox urine piercing: When someone was pierced, and a swelling results with pain so strong that one wishes to die. Cut a black rooster into pieces and rub them on the affected region. This is good. Zhou hou fang. 猫眼睛瘡。身面生瘡，似猫兒眼，有光采，無膿血，但痛痒不常，飲食减 91 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248. 92 Shan [qi] 疝[氣], “elevation-illness [qi],” a pathological condition of (1) an item having entered the scrotum, with pain, sometimes ascending, sometimes descending, (2) a condition affecting the scrotum or a testicle, (3) of violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 419, 417. 93 Pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” of painful lumps emerging from time to time in both flanks. BCGM Dict I, 371.

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少，名曰寒瘡。多喫雞、魚、葱、韭，自愈。夏子益奇疾方 For cat-eye sores:94 Body and face are covered with sores resembling a cat’s eyes. They are with luster, but there is no pus or blood. There is just an occasional pain and itch. [The patient] has less appetite. This is called “cold sores.” [Patients should] eat lots of chicken, fish, onions, and Chinese chives. This will bring the cure. Xia Ziyi, Qi ji fang. 打傷攧撲及牛馬觸動，胸腹破陷，四肢摧折。以烏雞一隻，連毛杵一千二 百下，苦酒三升和匀。以新布搨病處，將膏塗布上。覺寒振欲吐，徐徐取 下，須臾再上。一雞少，頃再作，以愈爲度。肘後方。 For conditions of being hit and having fallen to the ground: If one was knocked by an ox or by a horse, with damage and caving in of chest and abdomen, or bone fracture in the four extremities. Take one black rooster and pound it, with feathers, 1,200 times. Mix the [resulting pulp] with three sheng of bitter wine. Then cover the affected part with a clean piece of cloth and smear the paste on the cloth. [The patient will] feel a cold, begins to tremble and has an urge to vomit. Gently remove [the cloth]. After some time, apply it again. If one chicken is not enough, wait a little and repeat this until it takes effect. Zhou hou fang. 48-01-05 黑雌鷄肉。Hei ci ji rou. Meat of black hens. 【氣味】甘、酸，温、平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, sour, warm, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】作羹食，治風寒濕痺，五緩六急，安胎。别録。安心定志，除 邪，辟惡氣，治血邪，破心中宿血，治癰疽，排膿，補新血，及産後虚 羸，益色助氣。日華。治反胃及腹痛，踒折骨痛，乳癰。又新産婦以一隻 治浄，和五味炒香，投二升酒中，封一宿取飲，令人肥白。又和烏油麻二 升熬香，末之，入酒中，極效。孟詵。 Control. Make a congee with it and eat it to treat wind-cold-dampness blockage, the five kinds of slackening, and the six kinds of tension. It pacifies the fetus. Bie lu. It removes evil and eliminates malign qi. It serves to cure blood evil, and breaks up resident blood in the heart. It serves to treat obstruction- and impediment-illness, 95 94 Mao yan jing chuang 猫眼睛瘡, “cat eye sores,” identical with han chuang 寒瘡, “cold sores.” BCGM Dict I, 206. 95 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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drains off pus, and supplements new blood. Furthermore, [when a woman following childbirth] suffers from depletion and emaciation, it improves her complexion, and assists her qi. Rihua. It serves to cure turned over stomach with abdominal pain, is good for treating regurgitation and abdominal pain, as well as pain resulting from sprains and bone fracture, and obstruction-illness96 in the female breast. Also, for women who have just given birth to a child: Clean one black [hen] and prepare [for food as usual]. Mix it with the five spices and roast it until fragrant. Throw [the meat] into two sheng of wine, seal it for one night, and [have her] drink [the liquid]. This will let her gain weight, and whitens her complexion. Also, if mixed with two sheng of wu you ma and stewed until it becomes fragrant, ground to powder, and ingested with wine, this is also very effective. Meng Shen. 【發明】【時珍曰】烏色屬水，牝象屬陰，故烏雌所治，皆血分之病，各 從其類也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Black is the color related to [the phase] water. The image of being female is associated with yin. Hence, all diseases cured with black hens are from the blood section. These [effects] are always based on their group correspondences.

【附方】新三。 Added recipes: Three newly [recorded]. 中風舌强不語，目睛不轉，煩熱。烏雌雞一隻治净，以酒五升，煮取二 升，去滓，分作三次，連服之。食葱薑粥，暖卧，取小汗。飲膳正要。 For being struck by wind,97 with a rigid tongue. [Patients are] unable to speak. Their eyeballs fail to turn around and they experience vexation with heat. Clean one black hen and prepare it [for food as usual]. Place it into five sheng of wine and boil this down until two sheng remain. Remove the dregs. Do this three times, and [let the patient] ingest one dose after another. Have [the patient] eat a congee prepared with onions and ginger, and let him lie down warmly [covered] to induce a slight sweating. Yin shan zheng yao. 96 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 97 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683.

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死胎不下。烏雞一隻去毛，以水三升，煮二升，去雞。用帛蘸汁摩臍下， 自出。婦人良方。 For a dead fetus that fails to be discharged. Take one black chicken and remove its feathers. Boil it in three sheng of water down to two sheng, and remove the chicken. Absorb the juice into a piece of silk fabric and rub with it the region below the navel. [The dead fetus] will be expelled as a result. Fu ren liang fang. 虚損積勞。治男女因積虚或大病後，虚損沉困，酸疼盗汗，少氣喘惙，或 小腹拘急，心悸胃弱，多卧少起，漸至瘦削。若年深，五臟氣竭，則難治 也。用烏雌雞一頭，治如食法，以生地黄一斤，切，飴糖一升，納腹内縛 定，銅器貯，于瓶中蒸五升米熟，取出，食肉飲汁，勿用鹽。一月一作， 神效。姚僧坦方。 For depletion detriment and accumulating exhaustion: To cure males and females who following accumulation, depletion or some major disease suffer from depletion detriment with deep-seated fatigue, soreness and robber sweat, shortness of qi with panting and sadness, and in some cases cramps with tension in the lower abdomen, as well as heart palpitation and stomach weakness, when they prefer to lie down and rarely get up, until eventually they experience emaciation to thinness. If such a condition has lasted for years, it will exhaust the qi of the five long-term depots, and hence it will be difficult to cure. Take one black hen and prepare it for food as usual. Then take one jin of fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome], cut into slices, and one sheng sugar, fill the [hen’s] belly with it, and tie it up firmly. Store it in a copper vessel. Steam it with five sheng rice until done. Then take it out, eat the meat and drink the juice. Do not use salt. Do this once a month. This is divinely effective. Yao Sengtan fang. 48-01-06 黄雌鷄肉。Huang ci ji rou. Meat of yellow hens. 【氣味】甘、酸、鹹，平，無毒。【日華曰】性温。患骨熱人勿食。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, sour, salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. Rihua: Its nature is warm. People suffering from heat in their bones must not consume it. 【主治】傷中消渴，小便數而不禁，腸澼洩痢，補益五臟，續絶傷，療五 勞，益氣力。别録。治勞劣，添髓補精，助陽氣，暖小腸，止洩精，補水 氣。日華。補丈夫陽氣，治冷氣疾着牀者，漸漸食之，良。以光粉、諸石 末和飯飼雞，煮食甚補益。孟詵。治産後虚羸，煮汁煎藥服，佳。時珍。

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Control. Harm caused to the center and melting with thirst. 98 Frequent and incessant flow of urine. Intestinal flush with unimpeded free-flux. It supplements the five long-term-depots, and connects what was severed and harmed. It cures the five kinds of exhaustion. It adds qi and strength. Bie lu. It serves to cure exhaustion suffering, adds to the marrow and supplements the essence, assists the yang qi, warms the small intestine, stops involuntary emission of essence/sperm, and supplements water qi. Rihua. It supplements the yang qi in males. It serves to cure cold qi illness with [patients] tied to their bed. In such cases it is to be eaten little by little, and has good effects. Boil a chicken fed with guang fen and powdered minerals of all sorts, and consume this. It will have an extreme value of supplementing and boosting [qi]. Meng Shen. To cure depletion and emaciation following childbirth, boil the juice and simmer the medication in it, and have [the patient] ingest this. Good. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】黄者土色，雌者坤象，味甘歸脾，氣温益胃，故所治 皆脾胃之病也。丹溪朱氏謂雞屬土者，當指此雞而發，他雞不得侔此。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Yellow is the color corresponding to the soil. Females are manifestations of [the trigram] kun 坤. A sweet flavor turns to the spleen. Warm qi benefit the stomach. Hence all diseases cured [with the meat of yellow hens] are those of spleen and stomach. When Mr. Zhu Danxi states that “chicken are assocated with the [phase] soil,” he says so with regard to these [yellow] chicken. Other chicken are different.

【附方】舊三，新六。 Added recipes: Three of old, six newly [recorded]. 水癖水腫。詵曰：腹中水癖水腫，以黄雌雞一隻，如常治浄，和赤小豆一 升同煮汁飲，日二夜一。 For water aggregation-illness,99 and water swelling. Meng Shen: For abdominal water aggregation-illness and water swelling take one yellow hen, clean it and prepare it for food as usual. Then boil it together with one sheng of small red beans and drink the juice, twice during daytime and once during the night. 時行黄疾。時行發黄，用金色脚黄雌雞，治如食法，煮熟食之，并飲汁令 盡，不過再作。亦可少下鹽豉。肘後方。 98 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 99 Pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” of painful lumps emerging from time to time in both flanks. BCGM Dict I, 371.

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For epidemic jaundice: when there is an epidemic outbreak of yellow [complexion]. Take a yellow hen with golden colored legs and prepare it for food as usual. Boil it until done and eat it. Also, drink all the juice. Do not repeat this more than once. One may add a little salt and fermented beans. Zhou hou fang. 消渴飲水，小便數。以黄雌雞煮汁冷飲，并作羹食肉。心鏡。 For [patients] drinking water because of melting with thirst, with frequent micturition. Stew a yellow hen to generate a juice and [let the patient] drink this chilled. In addition prepare a congee and [have him] eat the meat. Xin jing. 下痢禁口。黄肥雌雞一隻，如常爲臛，作麪餛飩，空心食之。心鏡。 For discharge with free-flux illness100 and clenched jaw: One yellow, fat hen is prepared as usual to a broth, and this then is prepared to a noodle soup to be eaten on an empty stomach. Xin jing. 脾虚滑痢。用黄雌雞一隻炙，以鹽、醋塗，煮熟食之。心鏡。 For spleen depletion and smooth free-flux illness: Roast one yellow hen, add salt and vinegar, and boil it until done. Eat this. Xin jing. 脾胃弱乏，人痿黄瘦。黄雌雞肉五兩，白麪七兩，切肉作餛飩，下五味煮 熟，空心食之。日一作，益顔色，補藏府。壽親。 For spleen and stomach weakness. Persons with dysfunction101 with jaundice102 and emaciation. Take five liang of a yellow hen’s meat and seven liang of white flour. Cut the meat and prepare dumplings. Add the five spices and boil until done. Eat this on an empty stomach. Once a day; it boosts the complexion and supplements the long-term depots and the short-term repositories. Shou qin. 産後虚羸。黄雌雞一隻，去毛，背上開破，入生百合三枚，白粳米半升縫 合，入五味汁中煮熟，開腹取百合并飯，和汁作羹食之，并食肉。聖濟。 For depletion and thinness following childbirth: Remove the feathers of one yellow hen. Cut it open from the back, and insert three pieces of fresh lilies and half a sheng of white polished non-glutinous rice. Sew it up, add the five spices, and boil it in its juice until done. Then open its belly and take out the lilies as well as the rice. Add the juice and prepare a congee which is to be consumed together with the meat. Sheng ji. 100 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 101 Wei 痿, “dysfunction,” 1. a condition of an atrophy and feebleness of the four extremities. 2. Identical with yin wei 陰痿, “dysfunction of the yin [member, i.e. penis].” BCGM Dict I, 526. 102 Wei huang 痿黄, “dysfunction and jaundice,” BCGM Dict I, 527.

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病後虚汗。傷寒後虚弱，日夜汗出不止，口乾心躁。用黄雌雞一隻，去腸 胃，治净，麻黄根一兩，水七大盞，煮汁三大盞，去滓及雞，入肉蓯蓉酒 浸一宿刮净一兩，牡蠣煅粉二兩，煎取一盞半，一日服盡。聖惠。 For depletion sweating following an illness. In the cases of depletion and weakness following a harm caused by cold, with incessant sweating during day and night. The mouth is dry and the heart is restless. Take one yellow hen and remove its intestines and the stomach, prepare it [for food as usual] and clean it. Then boil it with one liang of ephedra [herb] root in seven large cups of water until a juice is obtained that fills three large cups. Remove the dregs and the chicken, and add [to the juice] one liang of cistanche [stem] that has been soaked in wine for one night, and was cleaned, and two liang of calcined oyster powder. This is boiled down to one and a half cups to be ingested entirely in the course of one day. Sheng hui. 老人噎食不通。黄雌雞肉四兩，切，伏苓末二兩，白麪六兩，作餺飥，入 豉汁煮食，三五服效。養老書。 For old persons who cannot swallow food, with the passage blocked. Cut four liang of a yellow hen’s meat into pieces, and add two liang of Indian bread powder, and six liang white flour and make dumplings. Boil them in fermented soybean juice and have [the patient] consume this. Three to five servings will be effective. Yang lao shu. 48-01-07 烏骨鷄。Wu gu ji. Black bone chicken. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】補虚勞羸弱，治消渴，中惡鬼擊心腹痛，益産婦，治女人崩中帶 下，一切虚損諸病，大人小兒下痢禁口，並煮食飲汁，亦可搗和丸藥。時 珍。 Control. It supplements conditions of depletion, exhaustion, thinness, and weakness. It serves to cure melting with thirst, 103 and pain in heart and abdomen resulting from being struck by the malign or being hit by a demon. It boosts [the qi of ] women who have given birth, and serves to cure collapsing center104 and [further diseases of regions situated] below the belt. [It furthermore serves to cure] all diseases associated with depletion and injury, discharge with free-flow and clenched 103 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 104 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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jaw of adults and children. Boil [the chicken] to prepare a meal and [let the patient] drink the juice. It is also possible to pound it and prepare medicinal pills with it. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】烏骨雞，有白毛烏骨者，黑毛烏骨者，斑毛烏骨者， 有骨肉俱烏者，肉白骨烏者。但觀雞舌黑者，則肉骨俱烏，入藥更良。雞 屬木，而骨反烏者，巽變坎也，受水木之精氣，故肝腎血分之病宜用之。 男用雌，女用雄。婦人方科有烏雞丸，治婦人百病，煮雞至爛和藥，或并 骨研用之。按太平御覽云：夏侯弘行江陵，逢一大魁引小鬼數百行。弘潜 捉末後一小鬼問之。曰：此廣州大殺也，持弓戟往荆、揚二州殺人。若中 心腹者死，餘處猶可救。弘曰：治之有方乎。曰：但殺白烏骨雞，薄心即 瘥。時荆、揚病心腹者甚衆，弘用此治之，十愈八九。中惡用烏雞，自弘 始也。此説雖涉迂怪，然其方則神妙，謂非神傳不可也。鬼擊卒死，用其 血塗心下亦效。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: As for black bone chicken, there are those with white feathers and black bones, and others with black feathers and black bones. There are those with spotted feathers and black bones, and others whose bones and meat are all black, and those whose meat is white while their bones are black. If one sees a chicken with a black tongue, its meat and bones are all black, and their use as medication is even better. Chicken are associated with [the phase] wood. If contrary [to the color of wood] the bones are black, this is a transformation of [the trigram] xun 巽 to [the trigram] kan 坎, and indicates the effects of essence qi of water and wood. Hence it is appropriate to be used for diseases of the liver, kidneys, and blood section. Males use hens; females use roosters. The recipes recommended for women include “black chicken pills,” wu ji wan 烏鷄丸. They serve to cure the hundred diseases of women. Boil the chicken until it is mashed and add it to a medication. Or use it ground together with the bones. The Tai ping yu lan relates: “When Xiahou Hong once travelled in Jing ling, he met a big demon chief who led several hundred of small demons. Hong stealthily caught a small demon from the very end and asked him, what this was all about. He was told: ‘This is to carry out a massive killing in Guang zhou. We hold bows and lances and are on our way to Jing and Yang to kill people. Those struck into their heart and abdomen will die. If other [body] parts are hit, they can be saved.’ Hong asked [the demon] whether there was a recipe to cure [such victims], and [the demon] replied: ‘Simply kill a white chicken with black bones, cut it to thin slices and apply it to the region of the heart. This will bring the cure.’ At that time, in Jing and Yang many people suffered from a disease affecting heart and abdomen. Hong applied this recipe to cure them. Eight to nine out of ten were healed. To use black [bone] chicken for [treating patients] struck by

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the malign originated from Hong.” This story borders on the fantastic, but the recipe is of divine effects, and that is to say: it must have been transmitted by the gods. When someone suddenly dies because he was struck by a demon, smear the blood of a [black bone chicken] on the region below the heart. This will be effective too.

【附方】新三。 Added recipes: Three newly [recorded]. 赤白帶下。白果、蓮肉、江米各五錢，胡椒一錢，爲末。烏骨雞一隻，如 常治净，裝未爪腹煮熟，空心食之。 For red and white downpour with [diseases situated in the region] below the belt: Take five qian each of gingko, Indian lotus seeds and polished glutinous rice, as well as one qian of black pepper, and grind [these ingredients] to powder. Then take one black bone chicken, prepare it for food as usual and clean it. Fill the powder into its abdomen105 and boil this until done. Have [the patient] eat it on an empty stomach. 遺精白濁，下元虚憊者。用前方食之良。 For involuntary emission of seminal fluid with white and turbid appearance: For those who have discharged their original [qi], resulting in depletion and exhaustion, prepare the same recipe as listed above and have [the patient] consume it. This is good. 脾虚滑泄。烏骨母雞一隻治净，用豆蔻一兩，草果二枚，燒存性，摻入雞 腹内，紮定煮熟，空心食之。 For spleen depletion with smooth outflow prepare a black bone hen for food as usual and clean it. Take one liang of round cardamom, and two pieces of tsaoko [fruit], and burn [these two ingredients] while maintaining their nature. Then bring them into the abdomen of the chicken, sew it up firmly and boil it until done. Have [the patient] eat it on an empty stomach. 48-01-08 反毛鷄。Fan mao ji. Chicken with reversed feathers. 【主治】反胃。以一隻煮爛，去骨，入人參、當歸、食鹽各半兩，再同煮 爛，食之至盡。時珍。出乾坤生意。 Control. Turned over stomach. Boil one [chicken] until mashed. Remove the bones, fill it with two liang each of ginseng [root], angelica [root], and table salt, and boil 105 Wei gua 未爪, meaning unclear. The Jiang xi edition has mu gua 木瓜, chaenomeles fruit. The Zhang edition has ru ji 入雞, “add chicken.” The People’s Hygiene Press edition has mo ru 末入, “add the powder.”

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it again until mashed. Have [the patient] eat all of this. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Qian kun sheng yi. 【發明】【時珍曰】反毛雞，即翻翅雞也，毛翮皆反生向前。治反胃者， 述類之義耳。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: “Chicken with reversed feathers“ are chicken with reversed wings. All their feathers contrary to normal grow pointing to the front. To cure turned over stomach with them is based on the idea of like cures like. 48-01-09 泰和老鷄。Tai he lao ji. Aged chicken bred in Tai he. 【氣味】甘、辛，熱，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, pungent, hot, nonpoisonous. 【主治】内托小兒痘瘡。時珍。 Control. It stimulates the generation of infant smallpox sores from within. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】江西 泰和、吉水諸縣，俗傳老雞能發痘瘡，家家畜 之，近則五六年，遠則一二十年。待痘瘡發時，以五味煮爛，與兒食之， 甚則加胡椒及桂、附之屬。此亦陳文中治痘用木香、異功散之意，取其能 助濕熱發膿也。風土有宜不宜，不可以爲法。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: In all the counties of Tai he and Ji shui in Jiang xi, common people pass on among each other that aged chicken are able to stimulate the outbreak of smallpox sores. [Hence] all households raise them from as long as five to six years to ten to twenty years. When the smallpox sores are about to develop they boil [such aged chicken] with the five spices until mashed and feed the children with them. In serious cases, they add black pepper together with cassia and aconite. This is based on the same idea as the treatment of smallpox by Chen Wenzhong with the “powder with aucklandia [root] and unusual effects.” He makes use of their ability to assist dampness and heat to expel pus. Whether a recipe is suitable or not depends on the local conditions. One must not cling [to only one recipe] as if it were the rule. 48-01-10 鷄頭。Ji tou. Chicken head. 丹、白雄雞者良。 Those of cinnabar-red and white roosters are good.

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【主治】殺鬼，東門上者尤良。本經。治蠱，禳惡，辟瘟。時珍。 Control. Kills demons. Those from above a gate facing East are especially good. Ben jing. It serves to cure gu[-poison], 106 averts the malign, and wards off warmth-illness. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】古者正旦，磔雄雞，祭門户，以辟邪鬼。蓋雞乃陽 精，雄者陽之體，頭者陽之會，東門者陽之方，以純陽勝純陰之義也。千 金轉女成男方中用之，亦取此義也。按應劭風俗通云：俗以雞除門户。雞 乃東方之牲，東方既作，萬物觸户而出也。山海經祠鬼神皆用雄雞。而今 治賊風有雞頭散，治蠱用東門雞頭，治鬼痱用雄雞血，皆以禦死辟惡也。 又崔寔月令云：十二月，東門磔白雞頭，可以合藥。周禮：雞人凡祭祀禳 釁，供其雞牲。注云：禳郊及疆，却災變也。作宫室器物，取血塗釁隙。 淮南子曰：雞頭已瘻。此類之推也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: In ancient times on New Year’s day, [people] killed a rooster as sacrifice to the gate [god] to keep away evils and demons. The fact is, chicken are yang essence. Roosters are the embodiment of yang; their head is the gathering of yang. The gate facing East faces the direction of yang. Hence [this recipe] rests on the idea of pure yang being able to overcome pure yin. In the Qian jin [yao fang, a rooster’s head] is used in a recipe applied to transform a female into a male. This is based on the same idea. In Ying Shao’s Feng su tong the following is related. “The common people use chicken to ward off [evil] at their gate. Chicken are domestic animals associated with the East. When [the sun] appears in the East, all creatures hit the gate to move out.” According to the Shan hai jing, roosters were used whenever offerings were made to demons and spirits. Nowadays the “powder with chicken head” is used to cure robber wind. 107 To cure gu [poison], the head of a chicken from the East Gate is used. To cure demon[-caused] disablement, the blood of roosters is used. In all these cases [the underlying idea] is to resist death and to ward off the malign. Also, Cui Shi in his Yue ling states: “In the twelfth month chop off the head of a white chicken at the East Gate. It may be combined with a medication.” The Zhou li, in its section on Chicken and Man: “In all instances of offering sacrifices, a chicken is presented.” A commentary says: “To offer prayers in the outskirts and at the borders serves to avert disaster. When utensils are prepared for use in the palace chambers, [chicken] blood is smeared onto them [for 106 Gu du 蠱[毒], “gu[-poison].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 107 Zei feng 賊風, “robber wind.” A swift wind arriving from the South on the day of winter solstice. It “steals and harms the qi of central harmony,” causing pain without heat and various further pathological conditions. BCGM Dict I, 667.

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sacrificial purposes].” Huai nan zi: “Rooster heads cure fistula.” This is based [on the idea] of like suppressing like.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 卒魘死昏。東門上雞頭爲末，酒服之。千金方。 For sudden death and clouding: Grind the head of a chicken from above the East Gate to powder, and have it ingested with wine. Qian jin fang. 48-01-11 鷄冠血。Ji guan xue. Blood from a cockscomb. 三年雄雞良。 That from a rooster aged three years is good. 【氣味】鹹，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】烏雞者，主乳難。别録。治目淚不止，日點三次，良。孟詵。亦 點暴赤目。時珍。丹雞者，治白癜風。日華。並療經絡間風熱。塗頰，治 口喎不正；塗面，治中惡；卒飲之，治縊死欲絶，及小兒卒驚客忤。塗諸 瘡癬，蜈蚣、蜘蛛毒，馬嚙瘡，百蟲入耳。時珍。 Control. [Blood from the comb of the] black rooster controls difficult birth. Bie lu. To cure incessant tearsflow, drop a little into the eye, three times a day. That is good. Meng Shen. It can also be employed to drop it into eyes that have suddenly turned red. [Li] Shizhen. [Blood of ] the cinnabar-red rooster serves to cure white patches wind. Rihua. It also heals wind heat located in the conduits and network [channels]. Smear it onto the cheek to cure wryness of the mouth. Smear it onto the face to cure being struck by the malign. Force one to drink it to cure someone who has hanged himself and is close to death, also children who suffer from sudden fright and visitor’s hostility. 108 Smear it on all sores and xuan-illnesses,109 on sores resulting from the poison of centipedes and spiders and horse bites, as well as on an ear entered by any of the hundreds of worms/bugs. [Li] Shizhen. 108 Ke wu 客忤, “visitor‘s hostility.“ A sudden twisting pain, encountered outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen thought to result from the hostile acts of demons “visiting“ the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282. 109 Xuan-illness 癬, skin illness with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591.

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【發明】【時珍曰】雞冠血，用三年老雄者，取其陽氣充溢也。風中血脉則 口僻喎，冠血鹹而走血透肌，雞之精華所聚，本乎天者親上也。丹者陽中之 陽，能辟邪，故治中惡、驚忤諸病。烏者陽形陰色，陽中之陰，故治産乳、 目淚諸病。其治蜈蚣、蜘蛛諸毒者，雞食百蟲，制之以所畏也。高武痘疹正 宗云：雞冠血和酒服，發痘最佳。雞屬巽屬風，頂血至清至高，故也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: When using the blood from the comb of a three year old rooster, one makes use of its being filled to overflow with yang qi. When wind strikes the blood vessels, the [patient’s] mouth will be unilaterally wry. Blood from a cockscomb is salty and moves to the [patient’s] blood and penetrates his sinews; it is where the best of a chicken’s essence collects. That which has its origin in heaven seeks to rise. That which is cinnabar-red is the yang in the yang, and is able to ward off evil. Hence it serves to cure all diseases such as being struck by the malign, fright and [visitor’s] hostility. If it is black, it has a yang physical appearance and a yin color. This is yin in yang. Hence it serves to cure all diseases such as difficult birth and tear flow. That it serves to cure the poison of all such beings as centipedes and spiders, results from the fact that chicken eat all kinds of worms/bugs. That is, the [centipedes and spiders] are checked by what they fear. Gao Wu in his Dou zhen zheng zong states: “When the blood from a cockscomb is ingested mixed with wine, it is superb in causing the outbreak of smallpox.” Chicken are associated with [the trigram] xun 巽 and with wind. The blood from the crown of the head is extremely clear and extremely high up. That is the reason. 【附方】舊八，新十一。 Added recipes: Eight of old, eleven newly [recorded]. 益助陽氣。詵曰：丹雄雞冠血，和天雄、太陽粉各四分，桂心二分，丸服 之。 To reinforce yang qi. [Meng] Shen: Ingest pills prepared from blood from the cockscomb of a cinnabar-red rooster mixed with four fen each of aconitum [root] and tai yang fen,110 as well as two fen of shaved cassia bark. 鬼擊卒死。烏雞冠血，瀝口中令嚥。仍破此雞搨心下，冷乃棄之道邊， 妙。肘後 For demon stroke and sudden death. Drip blood from the cockscomb of a black rooster into [the patient’s] mouth and have him swallow it. In addition, cut this chicken into pieces and apply them to the region below the heart. Once [the meat] has turned cold discard it at the roadside. This is wondrous. Zhou hou. 110 Tai yang fen 太陽粉, “tai yang [stone/mineral] powder.” Unidentified substance. See BCGM 11-A22, tai yang shi 太陽石, “major yang stone/mineral.”

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卒死寢死。治卒死，或寢卧奄忽而絶，皆是中惡。用雄雞冠血塗面上，乾 則再上，仍吹入鼻中，并以灰營死人一周。肘後。 For sudden death, and death while sleeping. To cure sudden death, or a cut off [of one’s life] while sleeping, with all such conditions resulting from being struck by the malign. Smear the blood from a rooster’s cockscomb on the [patient’s] face. Once it has dried, apply it again. In addition, blow into the [patient’s] nose, and form a circle of ashes around the dead person. Zhou hou. 卒然忤死不能言。用雞冠血和真珠，丸小豆大。納三四丸入口中，效。肘 後方。 For sudden death resulting from a [visitor’s] hostility,111 with an inability to speak. Prepare pills the size of small beans from the blood of a cockscomb mixed with [powder made from] genuine pearls. Place three to four pills into [the patient’s] mouth. Effective. Zhou hou fang. 卒縊垂死。心下猶温者，勿斷繩。刺雞冠血滴口中，以安心神。或云：男 用雌，女用雄。肘後。 [Patients] dying a sudden death from hanging. As long as [the patient] is still warm in the region below his heart, do not cut the rope. Pierce the cockscomb to have blood drip into [the patient’s] mouth to pacify his heart spirit. It is said: For males use a hen, for females use a rooster. Zhou hou. 小兒卒驚，似有痛處，不知疾狀。用雄雞冠血少許，滴口中，妙。譚氏小 兒。 For sudden fright of children. It appears as if there were a specific location of pain, but there is no sign of an illness. Drip a small amount of blood from a rooster’s cockscomb into the [child’s] mouth. Wondrous. Tan shi xiao er. 小兒解顱。丹雄雞冠上血滴之，以赤芍藥末粉之，甚良。普濟。 For children with an open skull. Drip blood of a cinnabar-red rooster’s comb onto it. Spread powder of paeonia [root] over it. It is very good. Pu ji. 陰毒卒痛。用雄雞冠血，入熱酒中飲之，暖卧取汗。傷寒藴要。 For yin poison112 with sudden onset of pain. Have [the patient] drink hot wine into which blood from a cockscomb was given. [The patient] lies down and is covered warmly to induce sweating. Shang han yun yao. 111 Ke wu 客忤, “visitor‘s hostility.“ A sudden twisting pain, encountered outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen thought to result from the hostile acts of demons “visiting“ the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282. 112 Yin du 陰毒, “yin poison,” (1) a condition of harm caused by cold resulting in a flourishing of only yang qi, and a diminuition of yin qi. (2) an etiological agent of a poison qi with a cold quality. BCGM Dict I 633.

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女人陰血。女人交接違理，血出。用雄雞冠血塗之。集驗。 For females bleeding from their yin [organ]. This is bleeding of women resulting from excessive intercourse. Smear the blood from a cockscomb onto the location [of bleeding]. Ji yan. 爛弦風眼。雞冠血點之，日三五度。聖惠。 For festering [eyelid] rim with wind eye. Drip cockscomb blood into it; three to five times daily. Sheng hui. 對口毒瘡。熱雞血頻塗之，取散。皆效方 For poison sores on the nape. Repeatedly smear hot cockscomb blood onto it. This will disperse it. Jie xiao fang. 發背癰疽。用雄雞冠血滴疽上，血盡再换，不過五六雞，痛止毒散，數日 愈。保壽堂方。 For obstruction- and impediment-illness113 effusions on the back. Drip cockscomb blood onto the location of the impediment-illness. When the blood [of one rooster] is used up, change to another [rooster]. After no more than five to six roosters the pain will end and the poison is dispersed. After a few days the [patient] is healed. Bao shou tang fang. 浸淫瘡毒。不早治，周身殺人。以雞冠血塗之，日四五度。肘後。 For the poison of sores soaked [with pus and/or liquid]. If not cured at an early stage, they will cover the entire body and kill that person. Smear cockscomb blood onto them. Four to five times daily. Zhou hou. 燥癬作痒。雄雞冠血頻頻塗之。范汪方。 For dry xuan-illness114 with itch. Repeatedly smear cockscomb blood onto it. Fan wang fang. 馬咬成瘡，腫痛。用雞冠血塗之。䭸馬用雌雞，牝馬用雄雞。肘後方。 For sores resulting from the bite of a horse, with swelling and pain. Smear blood from a cockscomb on them. If the bite is from a steed, use the blood of a hen. If it is from a mare, use cockscomb blood. Zhou hou fang.

113 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 114 Xuan-illness 癬, skin illness with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591.

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蜈蚣咬瘡。雞冠血塗之。錢相公篋中方。 For sores resulting from the bite of a centipede. Smear blood from a cockscomb on it. Qian xiang gong, Jia zhong fang. 蜘蛛咬瘡。同上。 For sores resulting from the bite of a spider. Same [recipe] as above. 中蜈蚣毒。舌脹出口是也。雄雞冠血浸舌，并咽之。青囊雜纂。 For being struck by centipede poison, with the patient having a distended tongue that protrudes. Have [the patient] stick his tongue into cockscomb blood, and also swallow it. Qing nang za zuan. 諸蟲入耳。雞冠血滴入即出。勝金。 For invasion of all kinds of worms/bugs into the ear. Drip comb blood into [the ear] and they will come out. Sheng jin. 48-01-12 鷄血。Ji xue. Chicken blood. 烏雞、白雞者良。 That of black chicken and white chicken is good. 【氣味】鹹，平，無毒 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】踒折骨痛及痿痺，中惡腹痛，乳難。别録。治剥驢馬被傷，及馬 咬人，以熱血浸之。白癜風、癧瘍風，以雄雞翅下血塗之。藏器。熱血服 之，主小兒下血及驚風，解丹毒、蠱毒、鬼排陰毒，安神定志。【時珍 曰】肘後治驚邪恍惚大方中亦用之。 Control. Sprains and broken bones, with dysfunction115 and blockage. Being struck by the malign with abdominal pain. Difficult birth. Bie lu. It serves to cure wounds caused by a donkey or a horse, or the bite of a horse. Soak the [affected part] with hot [chicken] blood. For white patches wind, and pervasion-illness with ulcer wind:116 Smear blood taken from below the wings of a rooster on it. [Chen] Cangqi. 115 Wei 痿, “dysfunction,” 1. a condition of an atrophy and feebleness of the four extremities. 2. Identical with yin wei 陰痿, “dysfunction of the yin [member, i.e. penis].” BCGM Dict I, 526. 116 Li yang feng 癧瘍風, “pervasion-illness with ulcer wind.” A condition of white macules and dots appearing on the skin in the neck, on the chest and below the armpits, without itching or pain. BCGM Dict I, 315.

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Hot blood ingested serves to control bleeding of small children and fright wind. It resolves cinnabar poison117 and gu poison, 118 as well as demon push119 and yin poison.120 It pacifies the spirit and stabilizes the mind. [Li] Shizhen: The Zhou hou in a major recipe applies this also to cure fright evil and absent-mindedness.

【附方】舊一，新九。 Added recipes: One of old; nine newly [recorded]. 陰毒。雞血衝熱酒飲。 For yin poison: Pour chicken blood into hot wine, and then [let the patient] drink this. 鬼排卒死。用烏雄雞血塗心下，即甦。風俗通。 For demon push resulting in sudden death: Rub a black rooster’s blood onto the region below the heart, and [the patient] will be reborn. Feng su tong. 解百蠱毒。白雞血，熱飲之。廣記。 To resolve the hundred kinds of gu poison: [Let the patient] drink hot blood of white chicken. Guang ji. 驚風不醒。白烏骨雄雞血，抹唇上即醒。集成。 For fright wind with loss of consciousness. Rub blood of a white rooster with black bones on the [patient’s] lips and he will regain his consciousness. Ji cheng. 縊死未絶。雞血塗喉下。千金。 For [a person] who has tried to hang himself with his life not yet cut off. Smear chicken blood on the region below his throat. Qian jin.

117 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poison,” a skin ailment with red rashes. BCGM Dict I, 118 118 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 119 Gui pai 鬼排, “demon push.” A demon has given a human person a push. BCGM Dict I, 200. 120 Yin du 陰毒, “yin poison,” (1) a condition of harm caused by cold resulting in a flourishing of only yang qi, and a diminuition of yin qi. (2) an etiological agent of a poison qi with a cold quality. BCGM Dict I 633.

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黄疸困篤。用半斤大雄雞，背上破開，不去毛，帶熱血合患人胸前，冷則 换之。日换數雞，拔去積毒即愈。此雞有毒，人不可食，犬亦不食也。唐 瑶經驗方。 For a critical condition of yellow dan-illness/jaundice.121 Cut open a rooster of the size of half a jin from the back. Do not remove the feathers. Apply the chicken with its hot blood to the chest of the patient. Replace [the chicken] when it has cooled down. Use several chicken over a day. Once it has drawn out the accumulated poison, [the patient will be] cured. This chicken then has the poison and must not be eaten by humans. Dogs, too, will not eat it. Tang Yao, Jing yan fang. 筋骨折傷。急取雄雞一隻刺血，量患人酒量，或一椀，或半椀，和飲，痛 立止，神驗。青囊。 For fractures of bones and sinews. Quickly take a rooster and pierce it to let its blood. Assess the patient’s tolerance of amounts of wine. It may be one bowl or half a bowl. Have him drink [the wine mixed with the rooster’s blood]. The pain will end immediately. This is divinely effective. Qing nang. 雜物眯目不出。以雞肝血滴少許，即出。聖惠。 For an intrusion of any object into the eye. Drip a little blood from a chicken liver [into the eye and the object] will come out. Sheng hui. 蚰蜒入耳。生油調雞心血，滴入即出。總録。 For intrusion of a common house centipede into the ear. Mix fresh oil with blood from the heart of a chicken and drip it into [the ear]. It will come out immediately. Zong lu. 金瘡腸出。以乾人屎末抹入，桑皮線縫合，熱雞血塗之。生生編。 For a wound caused by a metal [weapon] with protruding intestines: Rub powdered dry human feces into the [wound] and seal it with threads made of sang [bai] pi. Then smear hot chicken blood on it. Sheng sheng bian. 48-01-13 肪。Fang. [Chicken] fat. 烏雄鷄者良 That of a black rooster is good. 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. 121 Huang dan 黃癉, yellow dan-illness; jaundice. BCGM Dict I, 225.

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【主治】耳聾。别録。頭秃髮落。時珍。 Control. Deafness. Bie lu. Bald head and loss of hair. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新一。 Added Recipe: One newly [recorded]. 年久耳聾。用鍊成雞肪五兩，桂心十八銖，野葛六銖，同以文火煎三沸， 去滓。每用棗許，以葦筒炙熔，傾入耳中。如此十日，耵聹自出，長寸許 也。千金翼。 For long-term loss of hearing: Gently boil three times to bubbling five liang of refined chicken fat, 18 zhu of shaved cassia bark, and six zhu of yellow jessamine. Remove the dregs. For each dose take an amount roughly the size of a date, fill it into a reed tube and heat it until [the fat] has melted. It is then repeatedly inserted into the ear. This is continued for ten days and the earwax, of a length of one cun, will come out as a result. Qian jin yi. 48-01-14 腦。Nao. [Chicken] brain. 白雄鷄者良 That of a white rooster is good. 【主治】小兒驚癇。燒灰酒服，治難産。蘇恭。 Control. Children’s fright epilepsy. Burned to ashes and ingested with wine, it serves to cure difficult birth. Su Gong. 48-01-15 心。Xin. [Chicken] heart. 烏雄雞者良。 That of a black rooster is good. 【主治】五邪。别録。 Control. The five kinds of evil. Bie lu.

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152 48-01-16 肝。Gan. [Chicken] liver. 雄鷄者良 That of a rooster is good.

【氣味】甘、苦，温，無毒。【時珍曰】微毒。内則云：食雞去肝，爲不 利人也。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, bitter, warm, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: It is slightly poisonous. Nei ze: When chicken is served for food, remove the liver. It is not beneficial to humans. 【主治】起陰。别録。補腎。治心腹痛，安漏胎下血，以一具切，和酒五 合服之。孟詵。療風虚目暗。治女人陰蝕瘡，切片納入，引蟲出盡，良。 時珍。 Control. It raises the yin [organ(i.e.,penis)] of males. Bie lu. It supplements the kidneys. To cure pain in the heart and abdomen, and to pacify a leaking fetus with discharge of blood, ingest one [chicken liver] cut into slices and soaked in five ge of wine. Meng Shen. It heals wind depletion and dim vision. To cure yin (i.e., vaginal) erosion sores of women, cut [a chicken liver] into pieces and insert them into the yin [organ (i.e., vagina)]. It will pull out all the worms/bugs. Good. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新三。 Added recipes. Three newly [recorded]. 陰痿不起。用雄雞肝三具，兔絲子一升，爲末，雀卵和丸小豆大。每服一 百丸，酒下，日二。千金。 For dysfunction of the [male] yin [organ] when it fails to have an erection: Prepare a powder with three pieces of rooster liver and one sheng of cuscuta seeds. Mix this with sparrow eggs and prepare pills the size of small beans. Twice a day ingest 100 pills with wine. Qian jin 肝虚目暗。老人肝虚目暗，烏雄雞肝一具切，以豉和米作羹成粥食之。養 老書。 For liver depletion with dim vision. For old people with liver depletion and dim vision, prepare a congee made of a black rooster’s liver cut into pieces, fermented beans, and rice, and have [the patient] eat this. Yang lao shu. 睡中遺尿。雄雞肝、桂心等分，搗丸小豆大。每服一丸，米飲下，日三 服。遺精，加白龍骨。

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For loss of urine while sleeping. Pound equal amounts of rooster liver and shaved cassia bark and prepare pills the size of small beans. Have [the patient] ingest one pill with rice water three times a day. In the case of an involuntary emission of seminal fluid, add white dragon bones. 48-01-17 膽。Dan. [Chicken] gallbladder/bile. 烏雄鷄者良 That of a black rooster is good. 【氣味】苦，微寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】目不明，肌瘡。别録。月蝕瘡，繞耳根，日三塗之。孟詵。燈心 蘸點胎赤眼，甚良。水化搽痔瘡，亦效。時珍。 Control. Eyes suffering from dim vision. Muscle sores. Bie lu. For lunar eclipse122 sores winding around the base of the ears, smear [chicken bile] on it three times a day. Meng Shen. Use a lampwick dipped into [chicken bile] to drip it into fetal red eye. This is very good. Dissolved in water and applied to piles sores it is effective too. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新四。 Added recipes: Four newly [recorded]. 沙石淋瀝。用雄雞膽乾者半兩，雞屎白炒一兩，研匀。温酒服一錢，以利 爲度。十便良方。 For sand and stone dripping [of urine]: Grind half a liang of dried rooster bile and one liang of fried white-excrements of chicken until mixed evenly. Ingest one qian with warm wine until [the urine] flows freely. Shi bian liang fang. 耳瘑肬目。黑雌雞膽汁塗之，日三。聖惠。 For lair-illness123 affecting the ears and wart eyes: Apply bile of black hens to [the affected part], three times a day. Sheng hui.

122 Yue shi 月蝕, “lunar eclipse,” a condition of chuang 瘡 ”sores” developing on the ears, nose, face, and to the side of the orifices in the anal and genital region. BCGM Dict I, 65. 123 Guo chuang 瘑瘡, “lair-illness sores,” a vaguely defined skin ailment associated with pain, itch and a gradual extension. BCGM Dict I, 203-204.

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眼熱流淚。五倍子、蔓荆子煎湯洗，後用雄雞膽點之。摘玄方。 For heat in the eyes with tear flow: Prepare a decoction of Chinese sumac gallnuts and vitex fruits to rinse [the eyes] and then drip bile [liquid] of a rooster into them. Zhai xuan fang. 塵沙眯目。雞膽汁點之。醫説。 For intrusion of dust and sand into the eyes: Drip chicken bile into them. Yi shuo. 48-01-18 腎。Shen. [Chicken] kidneys. 雄鷄者良 Those of a rooster are good. 【主治】齆鼻作臭，用一對與脖前肉等分，入豉七粒，新瓦焙研，以雞子 清和作餅，安鼻前，引蟲出。忌陰人、雞、犬見。十便良方。 Control. Stuffed nose with a bad odor. Bake one pair [of chicken kidneys] with equal amounts of meat from the front of a chicken’s neck and seven fermented soybeans on a new tile. Then grind it all to powder and mix it with egg white to prepare a pie. Place this pie in front of the nose to induce the worms/bugs to come out. Do not let a person of yin nature, a chicken or a dog witness this. Shi bian liang fang. 48-01-19 嗉。Su. [Chicken] crop. 【主治】小便不禁，及氣噎食不消。時珍。 Control. Incessant flow of urine, as well as qi[-induced] gullet occlusion with a failure of food to dissolve. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新三。 Added recipes: Three newly [recorded]. 氣噎不通。雞嗉兩枚連食，以濕紙包，黄泥固，煅存性，爲末，入木香、 沉香、丁香末各一錢，棗肉和丸梧子大。每汁下三丸。 For qi[-induced] gullet occlusion. Prepare two chicken crops as usual for food. Wrap them in wet paper and seal them with clay. Calcine this by retaining its nature and grind the result to powder. Add one qian each of aucklandia [root], aloes wood, and cloves powder and mix this with date pulp to prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest three pills with juice.

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小便不禁。雄雞喉嚨及膍胵，并屎白，等分爲末。麥粥清服之。衛生易簡 方。 For incessant flow of urine, prepare a powder from equal amounts of a rooster’s throat, the membrane of chicken gizzard, and white-excrements of chicken. Ingest this with the clear liquid from wheat porridge. Wei sheng yi jian fang. 發背腫毒。雞嗉及肫内黄皮，焙研。濕則乾摻，乾則油調搽之。醫林正宗。 For effusion on the back with swelling and poison: Roast chicken crop with the yellow skin from inside the gizzard and grind this. If [the effusion] is wet, apply the dried mixture. It if is dry, then mix it with oil to apply it. Yi lin zheng zong. 48-01-20 䏶胵裏黄皮。Pi chi li huang pi. Yellow skin of [chicken] gizzard. 一名雞内金。膍胵，音脾鴟，雞肫也。近人諱之，呼肫内黄皮爲雞内金。 男用雌，女用雄。 It is also called “gold inside the chicken.” 䏶胵 is read pi chi 脾鴟. It is the gizzard of chicken. For some time now, the people avoid this [term] and they call the yellow skin from inside a gizzard: “gold inside the chicken.” For males use that taken from a hen, and for a woman use that of a rooster. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】洩痢，小便頻遺，除熱止煩。别録。止泄精並尿血，崩中，帶 下，腸風，瀉血。日華。治小兒食瘧，療大人淋漓反胃，消酒積，主喉閉 乳蛾，一切口瘡，牙疳諸瘡。時珍。 Control. Outflow with free-flux illness.124 Repeated involuntary loss of urine. It eliminates heat and ends vexation. Bie lu. It stops outflow of essence/sperm and urine with blood, as well as collapsing center125 and [further women’s illnesses] below the belt, intestinal wind and outflow with blood. Rihua. It cures food malaria of children and heals adults with dripping [urine] and turned over stomach. It dis-

124 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 125 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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solves wine accumulations and controls throat closure because of nipple moths,126 as well as all kinds of oral sores, and all dental gan-illnes127 sores. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】舊二，新十八。 Added recipes: Two of old, 18 newly [recorded]. 小便遺失。用雞膍胵一具，并腸燒存性，酒服。男用雌，女用雄。集驗。 For involuntary loss of urine. Burn one chicken gizzard together with the intestines, with their nature retained, and ingest this with wine. For male [patients] use those of a hen, and for females use those from a rooster. Ji yan. 小便淋瀝，痛不可忍。雞肫内黄皮五錢，陰乾燒存性，作一服，白湯下， 立愈。醫林集要。 For urinary dripping with unbearable pain. Burn five qian of the yellow skin of [chicken] gizzard that was dried in the shadow, by retaining its nature. Ingest this as one dose with hot water. A cure is achieved immediately. Yi lin ji yao. 膈消飲水。雞内金洗晒乾、栝樓根炒各五兩，爲末，糊丸梧桐子大。每服 三十丸，温水下，日三。總録。 For diaphragm melting with [the patient] drinking water. Five qian each of rinsed “gold inside the chicken,” dried in the sun, and of roasted trichosanthes root are ground to powder to be prepared, together with a [wheat] paste,128 to pills the size of firmiana seeds. Each time [let the patient] ingest 30 pills with warm water, three times a day. Zong lu. 反胃吐食。雞膍胵一具，燒存性，酒調服。男用雌，女用雄。千金。 For turned over stomach with vomiting of food. Burn one chicken gizzard by retaining its nature. Ingest it with wine. For male [patients] use those of a hen, and for females use those from a rooster. Qian jin. 消導酒積。雞膍胵、乾葛爲末，等分，麪糊丸梧子大。每服五十丸，酒 下。袖珍方。 126 Ru e 乳蛾, “nipple moths,” a condition with red swelling and pain on both sides of the throat, in severe cases including the generation of pus forming white dots, as a major sign. Most likely referring to acute tonsillitis. BCGM Dict I, 410. 127 Ya gan 牙疳, “dental gan-illness,” with teeth and the gums festering and emitting a bad stench, the teeth aching and becoming lose, and the appearance of pus and blood. BCGM Dict I, 605. 128 Zheng lei ch. 19, entry dan xiong ji 丹雄雞, “cinnabar red rooster,” has lian mi wei wan 煉 蜜爲丸, “to be prepared to pills with melted honey,” instead of hu wan 糊丸.

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To dissolve and lead off wine accumulation. Grind equal amounts of chicken gizzard and dried grass-cloth to powder and use wheat paste to prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 50 pills with wine. Xiu zhen fang. 禁口痢疾。雞内金焙研，乳汁服之。 For clenched jaw with free-flux illness. 129 Bake “gold within the chicken”, grind it to powder, and ingest it with human milk. 小兒瘧疾。用雞膍胵黄皮燒存性，乳服。男用雌，女用雄。千金。 For malaria of children. Burn the yellow skin of chicken gizzard by retaining its nature, and ingest it with milk. For male [patients] use those of a hen, and for females use those from a rooster. Qian jin. 喉閉乳蛾。雞肫黄皮勿洗，陰乾燒末，用竹管吹之即破，愈。青囊方。 For throat blockage because of nipple moths.130 The yellow skin of chicken gizzard is, without having been cleansed, dried in the shadow, burned, and ground to powder. When this is blown [into the throat] with a bamboo tube, the [blockage] will be broken up immediately. Qing nang fang. 一切口瘡。雞内金燒灰傅之，立效。活幼新書。 For all kinds of oral sores. Burn the “gold inside the chicken” to ashes and apply them to [the affected parts]. This is immediately effective. Huo you xin shu. 鵝口白瘡：雞肫黄皮爲末，乳服半錢。子母秘録。 For white goose-mouth sores131. The yellow skin of chicken gizzard is ground to powder to ingest half a qian with milk. Zi mu mi lu. 走馬牙疳。經驗用雞肫黄皮不落水者五枚，枯礬五錢，研搽立愈。心鑑用 雞肫黄皮，燈上燒存性，入枯礬、黄柏末等分，麝香少許。先以米泔洗漱 後，貼之。 For running horse dental gan-illness. 132 Jing yan fang: Grind to powder five pieces of “gold inside the chicken” that have not been brought into water, with five qian of 129 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 130 Ru e 乳蛾, “nipple moths,” a condition with red swelling and pain on both sides of the throat, in severe cases including the generation of pus forming white dots, as a major sign. Most likely referring to acute tonsillitis. BCGM Dict I, 410. 131 E kou [chuang] 鵝口[瘡], “goose-mouth [sores].” A white layer covering the mucous membranes and top of the tongue in a child’s mouth making it resemble a goose-mouth. BCGM Dict I, 141. 132 Zou ma ya gan 走馬牙疳, “running horse dental gan-illness,” a dental gan-illness that develops abruptly and turns into a serious condition, with festering decay beginning at

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calcined alum and apply this [to the affected parts]. A cure is achieved immediately. Xin jian: The yellow skin of chicken gizzard is to be burned over a lamp fire by retaining its nature. To this are added equal amounts of calcined alum and phellodendron bark powder, and a small amount of musk. First rinse [the mouth] with rice water and then apply the [medication] to the [affected region]. 陰頭疳蝕。雞内金不落水拭净，新瓦焙脆，出火毒，爲細末。先以米泔水 洗瘡，乃搽之。亦治口疳。經驗方。 For gan-illness133 with erosion affecting the tip of the yin [organ, i.e., the penis]. Wipe clean, without using water, the “gold within the chicken” and bake it until crisp on a new tile. Once [it has cooled down and] its fire poison has left, grind it to a fine powder. First wash the sores with rice water, and then apply [the powder] to the [affected parts]. It also serves to cure oral gan-illness. Jing yan fang. 穀道生瘡，久不愈。用雞膍胵燒存性爲末，乾貼之，如神。總録。 For sores growing in the grain duct (i.e., anus) that have not been healed for an extended period of time. Burn chicken gizzard, by retaining its nature, and grind it to powder. Apply the dry [powder] to the [sores]. This is effective as if it were the work of spirits. Zong lu. 脚脛生瘡。雄雞肫内皮，洗净貼之。一日一易，十日愈。小山奇方。 For sores growing on the shin. Wash clean the skin from inside the gizzard of a rooster, and apply it to the [sores]. Change once per day. After ten days a cure is achieved. Xiaoshan qi fang. 瘡口不合。雞膍胵皮，日貼之。 For openings of sores that will not close: Apply chicken gizzard skin to it daily. 發背初起。用雞肫黄皮不落水者陰乾，臨時温水潤開貼之。隨乾隨潤，不 過三五個，即消。楊氏經驗方。 For effusion on the back in its very beginning. Dry yellow skin of a chicken gizzard, without having brought it into water, in the shadow and apply it [to the effusion] moistened with warm water when the time has come. When it has dried, moisten it again. After no more than three to five times [the effusion] will have dissolved. Yang shi jing yan fang. the teeth and gums and eventually causing the teeth to erode and fall out. BCGM Dict I, 704. 133 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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發背已潰。用雞肫黄皮，同綿絮焙末搽之，即愈。 For effusion on the back that has begun to fester. Bake yellow skin of chicken gizzard together with cotton fiber, grind this to powder, and apply it [to the affected area]. This will bring the cure. 金顋瘡蝕。初生如米豆，久則穿蝕。用雞内金焙、鬱金等分，爲末。鹽漿 漱了貼之。忌米食。總録。 For metal cheek sores134 with erosion. In the beginning they appear like rice grains. After an extended time, they develop into an erosion piercing through [the cheek]. Grind to powder equal amounts of baked “gold within the chicken” and turmeric [root]. Rinse [the affected parts] with brine, and then apply [the powder] to it. [Patients] are to abstain from rice dishes. Zong lu. 小兒疣目。雞肫黄皮擦之，自落。集要。 For wart eyes of children. Rub the yellow skin of chicken gizzard on them, and they will fall off as a result. Ji yao. 雞骨哽咽。活雞一隻打死，取出雞内金洗净，燈草裹，于火上燒存性。竹 筒吹入咽内，即消，不可見肉。攝生方。 For a chicken bone stuck in the throat. Beat a living chicken to death and remove the “gold inside the chicken.” Wash it clean and wrap it with rush. Burn it over a fire, by retaining its nature, and then blow [the powder] into the throat with a bamboo tube. This will dissolve [the bone]. Do not allow [the powder] to come into contact with flesh [lest it may cause it to rot]. She sheng fang. 48-01-21 腸。Chang. [Chicken] intestine. 男用雌，女用雄 Use those of a hen for males, and those of a rooster for females. 【主治】遺溺，小便數不禁。燒存性，每服三指，酒下。别録。止遺精、 白濁、消渴。時珍。 Control. Involuntary loss of urine, and incessant, repeated urination. Burn [the intestine] by retaining its nature. Each time ingest, with wine, a three fingers long sec-

134 Jin sai chuang 金顋瘡, “metal cheek sores” develop on the cheeks. In the beginning they appear like rice grains. In extreme cases they fester and pierce through the cheeks. BCGM Dict I, 257.

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tion. Bie lu. It ends involuntary loss of essence/sperm, white turbidity, and melting with thirst.135 [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】舊一。 Added recipes: One of old. 小便頻遺。心鏡用雄雞腸一具作臛，和酒服。普濟用雄雞腸，水煮汁服， 日三次。 For frequent involuntary loss of urine, the Xin jing [recommends] to prepare a broth from one whole rooster intestine to be ingested with wine. The Pu ji [fang recommends] to boil a rooster intestine in water and to ingest the juice three times a day. 48-01-22 肋骨。Lei gu. [Chicken] rib bone. 烏骨雞者良。 Those of a chicken with black bones are good. 【主治】小兒羸瘦，食不生肌。别録。 Control. Emaciation of infants, when food fails to generate muscles. Bie lu.

【附方】新二。 Added recipes: Two newly [recorded]. 小兒顖陷。因藏府壅熱，氣血不榮。用烏雞骨一兩，酥炙黄，生地黄焙二 兩，爲末。每服半錢，粥飲調下。聖惠方。 To treat sunken fontanel of children caused by obstruction of long-term depots and short-term repositories with heat, and a failure of qi and blood to circulate. Roast one liang of bones of a black[-bone] chicken with butter until they turn yellow. Then bake two liang of fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] and grind all of this to powder. Each time [let the child] ingest one half qian, mixed with porridge or a beverage. Sheng hui fang. 瘡中朽骨。久疽久漏，中有朽骨。以烏骨雞脛骨，實以砒石，鹽泥固濟， 煅紅出毒，以骨研末，飯丸粟米大。每以白紙撚送一粒入竅中，以拔毒。 膏藥封之，其骨自出。醫學正傳。 135 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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For a decaying bone in a wound: When an impediment-illness136 has lasted for long, and also has leaked for long, with a decaying bone inside. Fill the shin bone of a black bone chicken with arsenic and seal it with salt and clay. Calcine this until it is red and the poison has left. Then grind the bone to powder, and using cooked rice prepare pills of the size of millet [grains]. Wrap each of these pills in white paper and insert one into the hole to draw out the poison. Close [the wound] with a plaster medication. The bone will come out by itself. Yi xue zheng chuan. 48-01-23 距。Ju. [Chicken] spurs. 白雄鷄者良 Those of white roosters are good. 【主治】産難，燒研酒服。蘇恭。下骨哽，以雞足一雙，燒灰水服。時 珍。出外臺。 Control. Difficult birth. Burn it, grind it to powder, and ingest it with wine. Su Gong. To cause a bone stuck in a throat to move down, burn one spur to ashes and ingest them with water. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Wai tai. 48-01-24 翮翎。He ling. Shaft [of chicken feathers]. 白雄鷄者良 Those of a white rooster are good. 【主治】下血閉。左翅毛，能起陰。别録。治婦人小便不禁，消陰㿗，療 骨哽，蝕癰疽。止小兒夜啼，安席下，勿令母知。時珍。 Control. To discharge blocked blood. A feather from the left wing is able to cause an erection of the yin [organ (i.e., penis) of males]. Bie lu. It serves to cure incessant urine flow of women. It dissolves yin-breakdown-illness.137 It serves to heal a condition where a bone got stuck in the throat, and decaying obstruction- and im-

136 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277. 137 Yin tui 陰㿗, “yin breakdown-illness,“ identical with yin tui 陰㿉, “yin (i.e. scrotal) prominence-illness,” a condition of local swelling and pain affecting a male’s private parts. BCGM Dict I, 637/638.

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pediment-illness.138 It ends nocturnal crying of children. Place [a feather] under the [child’s] bed mat, and do not let the mother know about it. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】翅翮形鋭而飛揚，乃其致力之處。故能破血消腫，潰 癰下哽。按葛洪云：凡古井及五月井中有毒，不可輒入，即殺人。宜先以 雞毛試之，毛直下者無毒，回旋者有毒也。又感應志云：五酉日，以白雞 左翅燒灰揚之，風立至；以黑犬皮毛燒灰揚之，風立止也。巽爲風，雞屬 巽，於此可見。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The shaft of a feather is pointed and bent upward. It is a place of utmost strength. Therefore it is able to break through blood and to dissolve swelling, to cause obstruction-illness to burst open, and to make bones stuck in one’s throat to move down. According to Ge Hong, “all old wells and wells during the fifth month of the year have poison, and one should not enter them unprepared. As that would kill one. It is advisable to first test [the water] with a chicken feather. If it goes straight down, this indicates that there is no poison [in the well]. If the feather swirls down, [the water] is poisonous.” Also, the Gan ying zhi states: “On the five you days [of a 60 days circle],139 burn a feather from the left wing of a white chicken and spread the ashes. This will immediately produce a gust of wind. Then burn the hide and the hair of a black dog and spread the ashes about. This will immediately stop the wind.” The trigram xun 巽 is [associated with] wind. Chicken are associated with [the trigram] xun 巽, too. That is evident here.

【附方】舊二，新七。 Added recipes: Two of old, seven newly [recorded]. 陰腫如斗。取雞翅毛，一孔生兩莖者，燒灰飲服。左腫取右翅，右腫取左 翅，雙腫並取。古今録驗。 For a swelling of the yin[-organ] to the size of a dou-measure. Burn the feather – one where two shafts have grown from one pore - to ashes, and ingest them with some beverage. When the swelling is on the left, take a [feather from a] wing on the

138 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 139 Chicken are associated with the earthly branch you 酉 and with the trigam xun 巽. The latter, in turn, is associated with wind. Hence this treatment suggests to spread the ashes of burned chicken feathers on all five you days to generate wind.

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right. When the swelling is on the right, take one from a wing on the left.140 If the swelling is on both sides, use both [the right and left wing feathers]. Gu jin lu yan. 陰卒腫痛。雞翮六枝燒存性，蛇牀子末等分，隨左右傅之。肘後方。 For a sudden swelling and pain of the yin[-organ]. Burn six feather shafts, with their nature retained. [Mix the ashes] with equal amounts of powdered cnidium seeds and apply this [to the affected area], depending on whether the left or the right side [is affected]. Zhou hou fang. 婦人遺尿。雄雞翎燒灰，酒服方寸匕，日三。普濟方。 For involuntary less of urine of women. Burn a rooster feather to ashes and ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon with wine. Three times a day. Pu ji fang. 咽喉骨哽。白雄雞左右翮大毛各一枚，燒水服。外臺。 For a bone stuck in the throat. Burn one large feather from each wing of a white rooster to ashes, and ingest them with water. Wai tai. 腸内生癰。雄雞頂上毛并屎燒末，空心酒服。千金。 For obstruction-illness141 developing inside the intestines: Burn a feather from a rooster’s crown together with its excrements, and then grind this to powder to be ingested with wine on an empty stomach. Qian jin. 决癰代針：白鷄翅下兩邊第一毛，燒灰水服，即破。外臺 To open an obstruction-illness [with herbs] instead of a needle [therapy]. Burn the first feather on both wings of a white chicken to ashes to be ingested with water. This will break it open. Wai tai. 解蜀椒毒。雞毛燒烟吸之，并水調一錢服之。千金方。 To resolve the poison of Chinese pepper from Si chuan. Burn chicken feathers and inhale the smoke. Also ingest one qian [of the ashes] mixed with water. Qian jin fang. 馬汗入瘡。雞毛燒灰，酒服方寸匕。集驗方。 For horse sweat that has entered into a sore. Burn a chicken feather to ashes and ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon with wine. Ji yan fang. 140 Zuo zhong qu you chi you zhong qu zuo chi 左腫取右翅右腫取左翅, Zheng lei ch. 19, entry dan xiong ji 丹雄雞, “cinnabar red rooster,” quoting Gu jin lu yan has zuo zhong qu zuo chi you zhong qu you chi 左腫取左翅右取右翅, “when the swelling is on the left, take a [feather from a] wing on the left. When the swelling is on the right, take one from a wing on the right.” 141 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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蠼螋尿瘡。烏雞翅毛燒灰，油調傅之，蟲畏雞故也。瑣碎録。 For sores caused by the urine of an earwig. Burn a feather of the wing of a black chicken to ashes, mix them with oil, and apply this [to the affected area. This treatment] is based on the fact that worms are afraid of chicken. Suo sui lu. 48-01-25 尾毛。Wei mao. Tail feather of a chicken. 【主治】刺入肉中，以二七枚燒作灰，和男子乳封之，當出。孟詵。解蜀 椒毒，燒烟吸之，并以水調灰服。又治小兒痘瘡後生癰，燒灰和水傅之。 時珍。 Control. [To treat] a thorn that has entered one’s flesh, burn twice seven pieces to ashes and apply them, mixed with milk [let by a mother] for a male child, [to the location where the thorn has entered] and [the thorn] will come out. Meng Shen. To resolve Chinese pepper from Si chuan poison, burn [tail feathers of a chicken] and have [the patient] inhale the smoke. Also, mix the ashes and have them ingested with water. They also serve to cure obstruction-illness developing following the cure of a child of pox sores. Burn [a tail feather] to ashes, and smear them mixed with water onto [the affected area]. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新一。 Added Recipe: One newly [recorded]. 小便不禁。雄雞翎燒研，酒服方寸匕。外臺秘要。 For incessant flow of urine. Burn the tail feather of a rooster, grind [the ashes] to powder, and ingest with water the amount held by a square cun size spoon. Wai tai mi yao. 48-01-26 屎白。Shi bai. White parts of [chicken] excrements. 雄雞屎乃有白，臘月收之，白雞烏骨者更良。素問作雞矢。 Rooster excrements have white parts. Collect them in the winter months. Those from a white chicken with black bones are even better. The Su wen calls them ji shi 鷄矢, “chicken excrements.” 【氣味】微寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Slightly cold, nonpoisonous.

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【主治】消渴，傷寒寒熱。破石淋及轉筋，利小便，止遺尿，滅瘢痕。别 録。治中風失音痰迷。炒服，治小兒客忤蠱毒。治白虎風，貼風痛。日 華。治賊風、風痺，破血，和黑豆炒，酒浸服之。亦治蟲咬毒。藏器。下 氣，通利大小便，治心腹鼓脹，消癥瘕，療破傷中風，小兒驚啼。以水淋 汁服，解金銀毒。以醋和，塗蜈蚣、蚯蚓咬毒。時珍。 Control. For melting with thirst,142 and for harm caused by cold with alternating cold and heat sensations. It breaks through stone dripping [of urine] and [serves to treat] contorted sinews. It frees the flow of urine and ends involuntary loss of urine. It makes scars disappear. Bie lu. It serves to cure being struck by wind143 with loss of one’s voice and phlegm confusion.144 Ingested fried it serves to cure children affected by a visitor’s hostility145 and gu poison.146 To cure white tiger wind,147 smear it onto the [location] of the wind and pain. Rihua. To cure robber wind148 and wind blockage, and to break through blood [blockage] roast it with black beans, and have it ingested soaked in wine. It also serves to cure poisoning resulting from bites by worms/bugs. [Chen] Cangqi. It serves to discharge qi, and supports the free passage of fecal matter and urine. It serves to cure a drum-like distension of the heart and abdominal region. It dissolves concretion-illness and conglomeration illness,149 heals open wounds being struck by wind, and children suffering from fright and wailing. 142 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 143 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683. 144 Tan mi 痰迷, “phlegm confusion.” A condition of mental disturbande with forgetfulness, loss of consciousness and aphasia brought forth by an abundance of phlegm saliva. BCGM Dict I, 493. 145 Ke wu 客忤, “visitor‘s hostility.“ A sudden twisting pain, encountered outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen thought to result from the hostile acts of demons “visiting“ the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282. 146 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 147 Bai hu feng 白虎風, “white tiger wind.” A pain in the joints that increases during the night. BCGM Dict I, 47. 148 Zei feng 賊風, “robber wind.” A swift wind arriving from the South on the day of winter solstice. It “steals and harms the qi of central harmony,” causing pain without heat and various further pathological conditions. BCGM Dict I, 667. 149 Zheng jia 癥瘕, “concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness.” The two terms are often used interchangeably and do not signify two distinctly different conditions. Concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness result from a disharmony of cold and warmth

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Ingested dissolved in water and filtered, it dissolves the poison of gold and silver. Mixed with butter it is smeared [on locations] with a poisoning resulting from the bites of centipedes and earthworms. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【頌曰】按素問云：心腹滿，旦食不能暮食，名爲鼓脹。治之以雞 屎醴，一劑知，二劑已。王冰注云：本草雞屎利小便，並不治鼓脹。今方法 當用湯漬服之耳。【時珍曰】鼓脹生於濕熱，亦有積滯成者。雞屎能下氣消 積，通利大小便，故治鼓脹有殊功，此岐伯神方也。醴者，一宿初來之酒醅 也。又按范汪方云：宋 青龍中，司徒吏顔奮女苦風疾，一髀偏痛。一人令 穿地作坑，取雞屎、荆葉然之，安脛入坑熏之，有長蟲出，遂愈也。 Explication. Su Song: According to the Su wen, “when someone [suffers] from fullness in the heart and abdominal region, and is able to eat in the morning but not at dusk, this is called drum-like distension. This is cured with chicken droppings in sweet wine. One dose will result in an improvement; a second one will result in a cure.” Wang Bing in his comment stated: “In the Ben cao, chicken excrements [are recorded] to free the flow of urine, not to cure drum-like distension. The method applied today is to ingest it soaked in hot water.” [Li] Shizhen: Drum-like distension originates from moisture and heat, or from accumulation and stagnation. Chicken excrements are able to discharge qi and to dissolve accumulation, and to free the passage of fecal matter and urine. Hence they are extremely effective in curing drum-like distension. This is a divine recipe of Qi Bo. As for sweet wine, it is the unstrained wine from only the previous day. According to the Fan Wang fang, “during the qing long reign period of the Song Dynasty, the daughter of Yan Fen, an official in the ministry of education, suffered from a wind ailment with unilateral pain in her thighbone. Someone had a pit dug into the ground. He then placed chicken excrements and schizonepeta leaves there and had them burned. [The patient] then placed her thigh into the pit and had it fumigated. Long worms emerged from it and she was cured.”

【附方】舊十四，新三十一。 Added recipes: Fourteen of old, 31 newly [recorded]. 雞矢醴。普濟方云：治鼓脹，旦食不能暮食。由脾虚不能制水，水反勝 土，水穀不運，氣不宣流，故令中滿，其脉沉實而滑，宜雞矢醴主之。何 大英云：諸腹脹大，皆屬於熱。精氣不得滲入膀胱，别走于府，溢于皮裏 膜外，故成脹滿，小便短澀。雞矢性寒利小便，誠萬金不傳之寶也。用臘 月乾雞矢白半斤，袋盛，以酒醅一斗，漬七日。温服三盃，日三。或爲 resulting in a failure to transform beverages and food. Nodes form when the clash with the qi of the long-term depots. BCGM Dict I, 677.

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末，服二錢亦可。宣明用雞矢、桃仁、大黄各一錢，水煎服。正傳用雞矢 炒研，沸湯淋汁。調木香、檳榔末二錢服。一方：用雞矢、川芎藭等分爲 末，酒糊丸服。 Sweet wine with chicken excrements. Pu ji fang: To cure drum-like distension, when [the patient] is unable to eat in the morning. Because the spleen is depleted, [the phase soil] is unable to check the [phase] water, and the water in turn dominates the soil. As a result, water and grain fail to move, and the qi do not flow. Hence they cause fullness in the center. The [movement in the] vessels is in the depth, full and smooth. This may be controlled with chicken excrements sweet wine. He Daying: All abdominal distensions are associated with heat. The essence qi is unable to seep into the bladder, and moves to another short-term repository instead. It flows over into the realm between skin and membrane, and hence generates distension and a feeling of fullness, with urination being brief and rough. The nature of chicken excrements is cold, and they free the flow of urine. They are a treasure that cannot be exchanged for a myriad pieces of gold. Keep half a jin of the dry white of chicken excrements in a sack and soak it in one dou of wine for seven days. Take three cups of the warm [wine], three times a day. Or grind [the excrements] to powder, and ingest two qian. This is possible too. The Xuan ming uses one qian each of chicken excrements, peach kernels, and rhubarb root, to be ingested boiled in water. The Zheng chuan fries and grinds chicken excrements, boils them in water, and filters the liquid. This is to be ingested mixed with two qian each of aucklandia [root] and areca [nut] powder. An alternative recipe: Grind equal amounts of chicken excrements and Sichuan ligusticum [root] to powder, and prepare pills with flour to be ingested with wine. 牽牛酒。治一切肚腹、四肢腫脹，不拘鼓脹、氣脹、濕脹、水脹等。有峨 嵋一僧，用此治人得效，其人牽牛來謝，故名。用乾雞矢一升炒黄，以酒 醅三椀，煮一椀，濾汁飲之。少頃，腹中氣大轉動，利下，即自脚下皮皺 消也。未盡，隔日再作。仍以田螺二枚，滚酒瀹食，後用白粥調理。積善 堂經驗方。 Morning glory (qian niu 牽牛) wine: It serves to cure all kinds of distensions of the abdomen and the four limbs, not only drum-like distension, qi distension, dampness distension, and water distension. Once there was a monk in E mei who used this [wine] to cure someone and was successful. That man brought (qian 牽) an ox (niu 牛) to express his gratitude. Hence the name “qian niu 牽牛“ (for monring glory) wine. [To prepare this wine,] use one sheng of dried chicken excrements and fry them until they are yellow. Then boil them in three bowls of unstrained wine down to one bowl. Filter the liquid and drink it. After a short while, the qi in the

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abdomen will massively turn around, and a free flow discharge results. From below the legs the skin will wrinkle and [the swelling] disappears. When this process remains incomplete, repeat this two days later. In addition, eat two river snails boiled in wine, and then eat white porridge to adjust. Ji shan tang jing yan fang. 小兒腹脹，黄瘦。用乾雞矢一兩，丁香一錢，爲末，蒸餅丸小豆大。每米 湯下十丸，日三服。活幼全書 For abdominal distension of children and yellow emaciation. Grind one liang of dry chicken excrements with one qian of cloves to powder, and prepare steamed cakes the size of small beans. Each time ingest ten such pills with rice decoction, three times a day. Huo you quan shu. 心腹鼈癥及宿癥，并卒得癥。以飯飼白雄雞取糞，同小便于瓦器中熬黄爲 末，每服方寸匕，温酒服之，日四五服，或雜飯飼之，以消爲度，亦佳。 集驗方。 For turtle[-shaped] conglomeration-illness150 in the region of heart and abdomen. Also, for abiding concretion-illness151 and acute concretion-illness, boil excrements of a white rooster fed with cooked rice together with urine in an earthen vessel until yellow, and grind this to powder. Each dose is the amount held by a square cun spoon to be ingested with warm wine. Four to five times a day. Or feed [the rooster] with a kind of cereals [and apply its processed excrements] until [the conglomeration-illness] has dissolved. This is excellent too. Ji yan fang. 食米成瘕。好食生米，口中出清水。以雞矢同白米各半合，炒，爲末，以 水一鍾調服。良久，吐出如米形即瘥。昔慎道恭病此，肌瘦如勞，蜀僧道 廣處此方而愈。醫説。 For conglomeration-illness resulting from eating rice. If someone prefers to eat raw rice and generates clear water in his mouth. Fry one half ge each of chicken excrements with white rice, and grind them to powder. Ingest this in one zhong of water. After a long time, [the patient] will vomit out something like rice, and that is the cure. In former times, Shen Daogong suffered from this disease, and he became very emaciated as if suffering from consumption. Dao Guang, a monk from Sichuan, prepared this recipe and achieved his cure. Yi shuo.

150 Jia 瘕, “empty[-lumps]-illness;” “conglomeration-illness,” a condition of painful abdominal nodes/lumps that sometimes move and sometimes do not move in accordance with the movement of the body’s qi. BCGM Dict I, 244. 151 Zheng 癥. “concretion-illness,” a pathological condition of abdominal nodes/lumps that are hard and cannot be moved. BCGM Dict I, 676.

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反胃吐食。以烏骨雞一隻，與水飲四五日，勿與食。將五蒲蛇二條，竹刀 切與食。待雞下糞，取陰乾爲末，水丸粟米大，每服一分，桃仁湯下。五 七服即愈。證治發明。 For turned over stomach with vomiting food. Have one black-bone chicken drink only water for four to five days, without any food. Then cut two wu pu snakes152 with a bamboo knife into slices and feed them [to the chicken]. Collect its excrements, dry them in the shade, and then grind them to powder. Use water to prepare pills the size of millet [grains]. Each time ingest one fen with a decoction of peach kernels. After five to seven ingestions, a cure is achieved. Zheng zhi fa ming. 中諸菜毒，發狂，吐下欲死。用雞矢燒末，水服方寸匕。葛氏方。 For poisoning by all kinds of vegetables: with fits of madness, vomiting and discharge, close to dying. Burn chicken excrements and then grind them to powder. The amount held by a square cun size spoon is to be ingested with water. Ge shi fang. 石淋疼痛。雞矢白，日中半乾，炒香爲末。以酸漿飲服方寸匕，日二，當 下石出。古今録驗。 For stone dripping with pain. Place the white parts of chicken excrements in the sun at noon until they are half dried. Then fry them and grind them to powder. Ingest the amount held by one square cun size spoon with a Chinese lantern plant beverage, twice a day. The stones will be discharged. Gu jin lu yan. 小兒血淋。雞矢尖白如粉者，炒研，糊丸菉豆大。每服三五丸，酒下。四 五服效。 For blood dripping of children. Fry the tips of chicken excrements that are white like powder, pulverize them and prepare with flour pills the size of green beans. Each time ingest 35 pills, to be sent down with wine. This will be effective after four, five doses. 産後遺溺不禁。雞矢燒灰，酒服方寸匕。産寶。 For involuntary and incessant loss of urine following childbirth. Burn chicken excrements to ashes, and [let the woman] ingest with wine the amount held by a square cun size spoon. Chan bao. 轉筋入腹。其人臂脚直，其脉上下行，微弦。用雞矢爲末，水六合，和方 寸匕，温服。張仲景方。 For contorted sinews [with pain] entering the abdomen. The affected person’s arms and legs are stretched straight, the movement in the [patient’s] vessels is slightly string-like, above and below. Grind chicken excrements to powder. Add six ge of 152 Lit.: “snake with five cattails.“ Unidentifiable animal.

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water to the amount held by a square cun size spoon, and ingest this warm. Zhang Zhongjing fang. 中風寒痺，口噤，不知人。以雞矢白一升炒黄，入酒三升攪，澄清飲。葛 氏。 For being struck by wind153 with cold blockage, clenched jaw, and failure to recognize people. Fry one sheng of the white parts of chicken excrements until they turn yellow, and give this into three sheng of wine. Stir this and then wait until the liquid has become clear and [let the patient] drink it. Ge shi. 白虎風痛。詵曰：鋪飯於患處，以丹雄雞食之。良久，取熱糞封之。取 訖，使伏于患人牀下。 White tiger wind154 with pain. According to [Meng] Shen, apply cooked rice to the location of the suffering, and have a cinnabar-red rooster eat it. After an extended time, take [the rooster’s] hot excrements and cover the [affected region] with it. Take all the rest and place it underneath the bed of the patient. 破傷中風。腰脊反張，牙緊口噤，四肢强直。用雞矢白一升，大豆五升， 和炒黄，以酒沃之，微烹令豆澄下。隨量飲，取汗避風。經驗後方。 Open wounds struck by wind.155 Arched lower back and spine rigidity, lockjaw and clenched mouth, the four limbs stiff and extended straight. Burn one sheng of the white parts of chicken excrements with five sheng of large beans until they have become yellow, and soak this in wine. Then boil this a little and let the beans sink down. [Let the patient] drink [the liquid] as much as needed. Make him sweat and avoid wind. Jing yan hou fang. 産後中風。口噤瘈瘲，角弓反張。黑豆二升半，同雞矢白一升炒熟，入清 酒一升半，浸取一升，入竹瀝服，取汗。産寶。 Being struck by wind following childbirth. With clenched mouth and clonic spasms, and arched back rigidity. Thoroughly fry two and one half sheng of black beans with one sheng of the white parts of chicken excrements, give this into one 153 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683. 154 Bai hu feng 白虎風, “white tiger wind.” A pain in the joints that increases during the night. BCGM Dict I, 47. 155 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683.

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and a half sheng clear wine, have it soaked and take one sheng [of the liquid] and have [the patient] ingest this with bamboo stem juice to induce sweating. Chan bao. 角弓反張，四肢不隨，煩亂欲死。雞矢白一升，清酒五升，搗篩，合揚千 遍，乃飲。大人服一升，少小五合，日三服。肘後。 For arched back rigidity. The four limbs do not follow one’s wishes. [Patients] are vexed with confusion and are close to dying. Take one sheng of white chicken excrements and five sheng of clear wine. Pound [the excrements] and give [the powder] through a sieve. Then mix [the powder with the wine] and stir [the liquid] a thousand times, and [let the patient] drink this. Adults ingest one sheng; children and youngsters five ge. Three times a day. Zhou hou. 小兒口噤。面赤者屬心，白者屬肺。用雞矢白如棗大，綿裹，以水一合 煮，分二服。一方：酒研服之。千金。 For clenched mouth of children. When the face is red, this is associated with the heart. When it is white, it is associated with the lung. Boil the white parts of chicken excrements, the size of a date, wrapped in silk fabric, in one ge of water, and [have the child] ingest this in two portions. Another recipe: To be ingested, ground to powder, with wine. Qian jin. 小兒緊唇。燒雞矢白，研末傅之。有涎易去。聖惠。 For tight lips of children. Burn the white parts of chicken excrements, grind them to powder and apply [this to the lips]. Once saliva appears, remove it and exchange it for another [portion of the powder]. Sheng hui. 小兒驚啼：雞矢白燒灰，米飲服二字。千金方。 For children crying due to fright. Burn the white parts of chicken excrements to ashes, and have [the child] ingest two zi with a rice beverage. Qian jin fang. 頭風痺木。用臘月烏雞矢一升，炒黄爲末，絹袋盛，漬三升酒中。頻頻温 服令醉。千金方。 For head wind and blockage with [numbness like a] log. Fry one sheng of a black chicken’s excrements, collected during the twelfth month, until they have turned yellow and grind them to powder. Fill it into a thin silk bag and have it soak in three sheng of wine. Have [the patient] ingest this again and again until he is drunk. Qian jin fang. 喉痺腫痛。雞矢白含之嚥汁。聖惠 For throat closure with swelling and pain. [Let the patient] hold the white parts of chicken excrements in the mouth and swallow the juice. Sheng hui.

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牙齒疼痛。雞矢白燒末，綿裹咬痛處，立瘥。經驗方。 For toothache. Burn the white parts of chicken excrements and grind them to powder. Wrap this with silk and bite on it where the pain is located. Immediately effective. Jing yan fang. 鼻血不止。雞矢取有白色半截者，燒灰吹之。唐氏經驗方。 For incessant nosebleed. Cut off those halves of chicken excrements that are white, burn them to ashes and blow them [into the nostrils]. Tang shi jing yan fang. 牙齒不生。不拘大人、小兒。用雄雞矢、雌雞矢十五顆焙研，入麝香少 許，先以針挑破出血，傅之。年高者不過二十日，年少者十日必生。普濟 但用烏雞雌雄糞，舊麻鞋底燒存性，等分，入麝香少許，三日夜不住擦， 令熱爲佳。李察院 亮卿常用，有效。 For teeth that fail to grow. One identical recipe for both adults and children: Bake 15 each of rooster excrements and hen excrements, and grind them to powder. Add a little musk. First, pierce [the gums] with a needle to let out a little blood, and then apply the [medication] to it. In older persons in 20 days at most and in young people in ten days teeth will begin to grow. The Pu ji uses the excrements of black hens and roosters only. They are burned together with an equal amount of worn out hemp shoe soles, with their nature retained. To this is added a small amount of musk. This then is rubbed on the affected part for three days without interruption. It causes a feeling of heat, and this is fine. Li Liangqing, an official of the Investigation Bureau, has used this regularly, and it was effective. 耳聾不聽。雞矢白炒半升，烏豆炒一升，以無灰酒二升，乘熱投入服，取 汗。耳如鼓鼙勿訝。外臺。 For deafness. Fry half a sheng of the white parts of chicken excrements, and one sheng of black beans. This is to be entered, while still hot, into two sheng of ash-free wine and then ingested to induce sweating. [Patients] must not be surprised if this is accompanied by drumming sounds in their ears. Wai tai. 面目黄疸。雞矢白、小豆、秫米各二分，爲末，分作三服，水下，當有黄 汁出也。肘後方。 For jaundice with yellowish face and eyes. Two fen each of the white parts of chicken excrements, of small beans, and of husked sorghum are ground to powder to be ingested, with water, in three doses. This should stimulate the release of a yellow liquid. Zhou hou fang.

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子死腹中。雌雞糞二十一枚，水二升，五合煮之，下米作粥食。産寶。 For a dead child in the abdomen. 21 pieces of a hen’s156 excrements are boiled with two sheng of water down to five ge. This is prepared with rice to a porridge, and eaten [by the woman]. Chan bao. 乳妬乳癰。雞矢白炒研，酒服方寸匕，三服愈。産寶。 For jealousy breast157 and breast obstruction-illness.158 Fry the white parts of chicken excrements and grind them to powder. Ingest with wine the amount held by a square cun size spoon. After three ingestions, [the disease] will be cured. Chan bao. 乳頭破裂。方同上。 For cracked open breast nipples. Same recipe as above. 内癰未成。取伏雞屎，水和服，即瘥。千金。 For an internal obstruction-illness that has not yet formed [an effusion]. Collect the excrements of a hatching chicken, mix them with water and [let the patient] ingest this. This will cure [the disease]. Qian jin. 頭瘡白秃。雄雞屎末，和陳醬、苦酒洗之。千金。 For head sores with white baldness. Rooster excrements ground to powder are mixed with long-stored soy paste and vinegar to rinse the [affected region]. Qian jin. 消滅瘢痕。以猪脂三斤，飼烏雞一隻，三日後取矢，同白芷、當歸各一 兩，煎十沸，去滓，入鷹矢白半兩調傅。外臺。 To eliminate wound scars. Feed a black chicken with three sheng of lard, and collect the excrements after three days. Boil them together with one liang each of angelica dahurica [root] and angelica [root], bringing [the liquid] to boiling 10 times. Remove the dregs and add half a liang of the white parts of goshawk excrements, and apply this [to the affected area]. Wai tai. 耳中惡瘡。雞矢白炒研，傅之。聖惠。 For malign sores in the ear. Fry the white parts of chicken excrements and then grind them to powder. Apply this [to the affected area]. Sheng hui. 156 Zheng lei ch. 19, entry dan xiong ji 丹雄雞, “cinnabar red rooster,” has xiong ji 雄雞, “rooster,” instead of ci ji 雌雞, “hen.” 157 Du ru 妒乳, “jealousy breast.” A condition with milk blocked after delivery and the breasts turning red and swelling, being hot and painful, accompanied by fever. BCGM Dict I, 135. 158 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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瘰癧瘻瘡。雄雞矢燒灰，臘猪脂和，傅之。千金。 For scrofula pervasion-illness159 and fistula sores. Burn rooster excrements to ashes, and mix them with lard [gathered] in the twelfth month. To be applied externally. Qian jin. 食金中毒，已死。取雞矢半升，水淋取汁一升，飲之，日三。肘後方。 For poisoning resulting from eating gold, with the patient having died. Filter half a sheng of chicken excrements in water to obtain one sheng of liquid, and have [the patient] drink this. Three times a day. Zhou hou fang. 縊死未絶。雞矢白如棗大，酒半盞和，灌口鼻。肘後。 For someone who has committed suicide by hanging, with [his life] not yet cut. Mix date-size white parts of chicken excrements with half a small cup of wine, and force-feed this [to the patient] through his mouth and nose. Zhou hou. 尸脚拆裂，無冬夏者。雞屎煮湯，漬半日，取瘥乃止。千金。 For open legs as if of a corpse. Regardless of whether it is winter or summer. Soak [the legs] in a decoction prepared from chicken excrements for half a day until a cure is achieved. Qian jin. 射工溪毒。白雞矢白者二枚，以餳和，塗瘡上。肘後。 For the poison of the archer160 in mountain streams. Mix two pieces of the white parts of chicken excrements with malt-sugar and smear this onto the sores. Zhou hou. 骨疽不合，骨從孔中出。穿地作坑，口小裏大，深三尺。以乾雞屎二升， 同艾及荆葉搗碎，入坑内，燒令烟出。以疽口就熏，用衣擁之。勿令洩 氣。半日當有蟲出，甚效。千金方。 For an impediment-illness161 of bones that fails to close. The bone protrudes from the hole. Dig a pit three chi deep with a small opening and a large capacity. Then pound two sheng of dried chicken excrements together with common mugwort leaves and vitex negundo leaves, and give all this into the pit where it is burned so 159 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 160 She gong 射工, “archer,” (1) a small bug in ancient times believed to live in water and be capable of “shooting” poison from its mouth at people, thereby cauing disease; (2) a condition caused by the archer’s poison. BCGM Dict. I, 432. See 42-15. 161 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277.

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that smoke leaves [through the opening]. Then expose the opening of the impediment-illness to the fumes and cover [the entire body and the opening of the pit] with garments lest the qi will flow off. After half a day, worms will come out. Very effective. Qian jin fang. 陰毒腹痛。雞糞、烏豆、地膚子各一把，亂髮一團，同炒烟起，傾入好酒 一椀浸之，去滓熱服，即止。生生編。 For yin poison162 with abdominal pain. One handful each of chicken excrements, black beans and kochia [fruits] are fried together with one ball of human hair until smoke rises. Give this into one bowl of good wine to soak, and eventually remove the dregs. The hot [liquid] is to be ingested, and [the pain] will end. Sheng sheng bian. 小兒心痛。白烏雞屎五錢，晒研，松脂五錢，爲末，葱頭汁和丸梧子大， 黄丹爲衣。每醋湯服五丸。忌生冷、硬物，三四日立效。嬰童百問。 For pain in the heart of children. Five qian of the white parts of the excrements of a chicken with black [bones] are dried in the sun and [ground] to powder. Add five qian of pine resine,163 grind this to powder, and prepare – with the juice of onions - pills the size of wu seeds, coated with minium. Each time [have the child] ingest five pills with hot vinegar. Do not [allow it to] eat fresh, cold and stiff items. The effect is achieved within three to four days. Ying tong bai wen. 48-01-27 鷄子。Ji zi. Chicken egg. 即雞卵也。黄雌者爲上，烏雌者次之。 These are ji luan 鷄卵, chicken eggs. Those of yellow hens are best. Those of a black hen are second. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【思邈曰】微寒。畏醇醋。【鼎曰】不宜多食， 令人腹中有聲，動風氣。和葱、蒜食之，氣短；同韭子食，成風痛；共鼈 肉食，損人；共獺肉食，成遁尸；同兔肉食，成洩痢。妊婦以雞子、鯉魚 同食，令兒生瘡；同糯米食，令兒生蟲。【時珍曰】小兒患痘疹，忌食雞 子，及聞煎食之氣，令生翳膜。 162 Yin du 陰毒, “yin poison,” (1) a condition of harm caused by cold resulting in a flourishing of only yang qi, and a diminuition of yin qi. (2) an etiological agent of a poison qi with a cold quality. BCGM Dict I 633. 163 Zheng lei ch. 19, entry dan xiong ji 丹雄雞, “cinnabar red rooster,” has fen 粉, “powder,” instead of zhi 脂, “resine.”

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Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. Sun Simiao: Slightly cold. They fear unmixed vinegar. [Zhang] Ding: It is inadvisable to eat many. They cause sounds in the human abdomen in that they excite wind qi. If they are eaten together with onions and garlic, they cause shortness of [breath] qi. If eaten together with the seeds of Chinese chives, they generate wind pain. If eaten together with turtle meat, they will harm a person. If eaten together with otter meat, they will generate runaway corpse [qi influx]. 164 If eaten with rabbit meat, they will cause outflow and free-flux illness.165 If a pregnant woman eats eggs together with carp, her child will develop sores. If [chicken eggs] are eaten together with polished glutinous rice, they will cause worms/bugs to grow in the child. [Li] Shizhen: Children suffering from small-pox papules must not eat chicken eggs. When they smell the qi of fried eggs they will develop shade membranes [in their eyes]. 【主治】除熱火灼爛瘡、癇痓，可作虎魄神物。别録。【弘景曰】用欲毈 子，黄白混雜者，煮作之，極相似，惟不拾芥爾。又煮白，合銀口含，須 臾色如金也。鎮心，安五臟，止驚安胎，治妊娠天行熱疾狂走，男子陰囊 濕痒，及開喉聲失音。醋煮食之，治赤白久痢，及産後虚痢。光粉同炒 乾，止疳痢，及婦人陰瘡。和豆淋酒服，治賊風麻痺，醋浸令壞，傅疵 䵟。作酒，止産後血運，暖水臟，縮小便，止耳鳴。和蠟炒，治耳鳴、 聾，及疳痢。日華。益氣。以濁水煮一枚，連水服之，主産後痢。和蠟 煎，止小兒痢。藏器。小兒發熱，以白蜜一合，和三顆攪服，立瘥。孟 詵。太平御覽云：正旦吞烏雞子一枚，可以練形。岣嶁神書云：八月晦日 夜半，面北吞烏雞子一枚，有事可隱形。 Control. They serve to remove festering sores resulting from scalding and burning, as well as epilepsy with spasms. They can be prepared to fabricate amber, a divine item. Bie lu. [Tao] Hongjing: To prepare it, one boils hatched eggs with the egg white and yolk already mixed. [The result] very much resembles [amber]. But it fails to pick up even [small] mustard seeds. Also, boil the [egg] white and hold it together with silver in the mouth. After a while [the silver] will assume the color of gold. It serves to calm down the heart and to pacify the five long-term depots. It ends fright and pacifies a fetus. It serves to cure pregnant women madly running with heaven sent heat disease, and males with scrotal moisture and itching. Furthermore, it will open the throat for sounds in cases of a lost voice. Eaten boiled with vinegar, [chicken eggs] serve to cure long-lasting red and white free-flux illness, as well as depletion free-flux illness following childbirth. Fried and dried together 164 Dun shi 遁尸, “run-away corpse [qi],” a condition of recurrent heart pain and acute panting. BCGM Dict 137.I, 165 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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with lead carbonate, they end gan-illness166 with free-flux illness, and sores in the yin [organ (i.e., genital organ)] of pregnant women. Ingested mixed with wine filtrate prepared from soybeans, they serve to cure robber wind167 and hemp[-like numbness] blockage. Soaked in vinegar until they rot they are applied to facial blemishes and gloom. Prepared as wine, they will stop blood excitement following childbirth, warm the long-term depot of water, reduce urination, and end sounds in one’s ears. Fried with beeswax, they serve to cure sounds in one’s ears, deafness and gan-illness with free-flux illness.168 Rihua. They boost the qi. One [egg] boiled in muddy water if ingested with the water will control free-flux illness following childbirth. Fried together with beeswax, it stops free-flux illness of children. [Chen] Cangqi]. When children169 develop heat, mix three [eggs] with one ge of white honey, and have [the child] ingest this. It is immediately effective. Meng Shen. Tai ping yu lan: A black hen’s egg swallowed in the first month of the year will serve to keep one’s physical appearance fit. Gou lou shen shu: If one, at midnight on the last day of the eighth month, swallows one egg of a black hen while facing the North, this will enable one to be invisible when problems crop up. 【發明】【時珍曰】卵白象天，其氣清，其性微寒；卵黄象地，其氣渾， 其性温。卵則兼黄白而用之，其性平。精不足者補之以氣，故卵白能清 氣，治伏熱、目赤、咽痛諸疾；形不足者補之以味，故卵黄能補血，治下 痢、胎産諸疾；卵則兼理氣血，故治上列諸疾也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Egg white is the image of heaven. Its qi are clear, and its nature is slightly cold. Egg yolk is the image of the earth. Its qi are turbid, and its nature is warm. If of an egg both the egg white and the yolk are used, their [opposing] natures are balanced. Those with insufficient essence should use the qi [of eggs] to supplement it because egg white is able to clear the qi, and it serves to cure hidden heat, red eyes, and pain in the throat, all such ailments. Those [patients] with an insufficient physical appearance should make use of the flavor [of eggs] to supplement it because egg yolk is able to supplement blood, and it serves to cure discharge with free-flux illness, and all kinds of illnesses associated with the fetus 166 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 167 Zei feng 賊風, “robber wind.” A swift wind arriving from the South on the day of winter solstice. It “steals and harms the qi of central harmony,” causing pain without heat and various further pathological conditions. BCGM Dict I, 667. 168 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 169 Zheng lei ch. 19, entry dan xiong ji 丹雄雞, “cinnabar red rooster,” has da ren ji xiao er 大 人及小兒, “adults and children.”

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and childbirth. That is, eggs order [the flow of ] both qi and blood. Hence they serve to cure all the diseases mentioned above.

【附方】舊八，新二十三。 Added recipes: Eight of old. 23 newly [recorded]. 天行不解，已汗者。用新生雞子五枚，傾盞中，入水一雞子攪渾，别以水 一升煮沸投入，納少醬啜之，令汗出愈。許仁則方。 For epidemic [diseases] that are not resolved, and when sweating has set in. Pour the contents of five new eggs into a cup. Add water the size of one egg, and stir this until all is mixed. Then add one sheng of bubbling boiled water, as well as a small amount of [soy] sauce, and have [the patient] sip this. This will cause a sweating and brings the cure. Xu Renze fang. 天行嘔逆，食入即吐。雞子一枚，水煮三五沸，冷水浸少頃，吞之。外臺。 For epidemic vomiting and countermovement [of qi]. Once [the patient] eats, [the food] is thrown up again. One egg is boiled in water to bubbling three to five times, and then soaked in cold water for a short time before it is swallowed. Wai tai. 傷寒發狂，煩躁熱極。吞生雞子一枚，效。食鑑。 For harm caused by cold resulting in madness. [Patients] suffer from vexation with restlessness and extreme heat. [Let the patient] swallow one raw egg. Effective. Shi jian. 三十六黄。救急方用雞子一顆，連殼燒灰，研酢一合和之，温服，鼻中蟲 出爲效。身體極黄者，不過三枚，神效。外臺秘要。 For 36 kinds of jaundice. The Jiu ji fang [advises to] use one egg and burn it, with its shell, to ashes. They are ground and mixed with one ge of vinegar, to be ingested warm. Once worms emerge from [the patient’s] nose, the effect is evidenced. [Patients] whose body is extremely yellow need no more than three eggs to achieve divine effects. Wai tai mi yao. 白虎風病。藏器曰：取雞子揩病處，咒願，送糞堆頭上，不過三次瘥。白 虎是糞神，愛喫雞子也。 For the white tiger wind170 disease. [Chen] Cangqi: Rub the diseased location with an egg and say a spell with your wishes. Then throw [the egg] on top of a pile of

170 Bai hu feng 白虎風, “white tiger wind.” A pain in the joints that increases during the night. BCGM Dict I, 47.

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manure. A cure is achieved after three treatments at most. The White Tiger is the spirit of manure. It loves to eat chicken eggs. 身面腫滿。雞子黄白相和，塗腫處。乾再上。肘後方。 For swelling and fullness of body and face. Mix egg yolk and egg white and smear this on the location of the swelling. Once it has dried apply it again. Zhou hou fang. 年深哮喘。雞子略敲損，浸尿缸中三四日，煮食，能去風痰。集成。 For chronic roaring panting. Tap the egg slightly to break the shell and then soak it in a urine jar for three to four days. Then boil the egg and eat it. It will be able to eliminate wind phlegm. Ji cheng. 心氣作痛。雞子一枚打破，醋二合調服。肘後。 For pain caused by heart qi. Break open one egg, and ingest it mixed with two ge of vinegar. Zhou hou. 小兒疳痢肚脹。用雞子一箇開孔，入巴豆一粒去皮，輕粉一錢，用紙五十 重裹，于飯上蒸三度，放冷去殼研，入麝香少許，糊和丸米粒大。食後温 湯下二丸至三丸。經驗方。 For gan-illness171 of children with free-flux illness172 and abdominal distension. Pierce a hole into an egg and insert into it one croton seed kernel, with its skin discarded, and one qian of calomel. Wrap it with 50 layers of paper and have it steamed above rice three times. Wait until it has cooled down, remove the shell and grind [the egg]. Then add a small amount of musk, and prepare – with flour paste – pills of the size of rice grains. After meals ingest two to three pills with warm water. Jing yan fang. 預解痘毒。保和方用雞卵一枚，活地龍一條入卵内，飯上蒸熟，去地龍， 與兒食，每歲立春日食一枚，終身不出痘也。李氏用雞卵一枚，童便浸七 日，水煮食之，永不出痘。李捷用頭生雞子三五枚，浸厠坑内五七日，取 出煮熟與食，數日再食一枚，永不出痘。徐都司得于浙人之方。 For a preventive dissolution of smallpox poison. The Bao he fang [advises one] to insert one living earthworm into an egg and steam it above rice until done. Remove the earthworm and have the child eat [the egg]. If each year on the day of Spring Begins one [egg] is eaten, [that person] will not develop smallpox his entire life. Mr. Li [advised to] soak one chicken egg in boy’s urine for seven days, to boil it in water and eat it. This will prevent the outbreak of smallpox forever. Li Jie [advised to] soak 171 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 172 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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three to five firstborn chicken eggs in a latrine pit for five to seven days, then boil them until done and have them eaten. If one [such egg] is eaten for several days, [that person] will not develop smallpox his entire life. This is a recipe given by the people of Zhe [jiang] to Mr. Xu, military commissioner. 痘瘡赤瘢。雞子一箇，酒醅浸七日，白殭蠶二七枚，搗末，和匀，揩赤塗 之，甚效。聖惠。 For red scars left by smallpox. Soak one chicken egg in wine for seven days, and mix this evenly with two times seven white larvae of silkworms,173 ground to powder. Smear this on the red locations. Very effective. Sheng hui. 雀卵面皰。雞卵醋浸壞，取出傅之。聖惠。 For sparrow egg [speckles] and facial blisters. Soak chicken eggs in vinegar until they rot. Take them out and smear them on [the affected region]. Sheng hui. 妊娠時疾，令胎不傷。以雞子七枚，納井中令冷，取出打破吞之。子母秘 録。 For seasonal illnesses during pregnancy, causing the fetus not to move. Give seven chicken eggs into a well to let them cool down. Then take them out, break them open, and [have the woman] swallow them. Zi mu mi lu. 病欲去胎。雞子一枚，入鹽三指撮，服。張文仲方。 For a diseased [woman] intending to abort a fetus. [Have the woman] ingest a chicken egg with as much salt as can be picked up with three fingers. Zhang Wenzhong fang. 胎動下血。藏器曰：雞子二枚打破，以白粉和稀食之。 For fetal movement and discharge of blood. [Chen] Cangqi: Break open two eggs and mix them with chalk powder to prepare a thin [soup] and have [the woman] eat this. 子死腹中。用三家雞卵各一枚，三家鹽各一撮，三家水各一升，同煮，令 婦東向飲之。千金方。 For a child that has died in the abdomen. Take one chicken egg each from three different households, and as much salt from three households as can be picked up with three fingers, and boil this with water acquired, one sheng each, from three households. Let the woman face the East and drink this. Qian jin fang. 産後血多不止。烏雞子三枚，醋半升，酒二升，和攪，煮取一升，分四 服。拾遺。 173 These are larvae of silkworms infested with botrytis.

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For voluminous bleeding following childbirth that fails to end. Three eggs of a black chicken, one half sheng of vinegar and two sheng of wine are mixed and boiled down to one sheng. This is to be ingested in four portions. Shi yi. 産後心痛。雞子煮酒食，即安。備急方。 For pain in the heart following childbirth. Boil a chicken egg in wine and eat it. This will pacify the pain. Bei ji fang. 産後口乾，舌縮。用雞子一枚打破，水一盞攪服。經驗後方。 For a dry mouth following childbirth, with a recoiling tongue. Break open one egg, mix it with one cup of water and then [let the patient] eat it. Jing yan hou fang. 婦人白帶。用酒及艾葉煮雞卵，日日食之。袖珍方。 For white [discharge from below the] belt. Boil chicken eggs with wine and common mugwort leaves, and have [the woman] eat this every day. Xiu zhen fang. 頭風白屑。新下烏雞子三枚，沸湯五升攪，作三度沐之，甚良。集驗。 For head wind with white scaling. Three recently laid chicken eggs are mixed with five sheng of boiling water. This is used to wash [the head] three times. Very good. Ji yan. 腋下胡臭。雞子兩枚，煮熟去殼，熱夾，待冷，棄之三叉路口，勿回顧。 如此三次效。肘後方。 For barbarian stench emerging from below the armpits. Boil two chicken eggs until done and remove the shell. Hold one under each arm while they are still hot and wait until they have cooled down. Then discard them at a street forking, and you must not look back. If this is done three times it will be effective. Zhou hou fang. 乳石發渴。水浸雞子，取清生服，甚良。總録。 For thirst caused by stalactite minerals. Soak chicken eggs in water. Remove the clear [water] and ingest the raw eggs. Very good. Zong lu. 解野葛毒。已死者，以物開口後，灌雞子三枚。須臾吐出野葛，乃甦。肘 後。 To resolve yellow jessamine poison. When the patient has died already, forcefully open his mouth with some item and pour three eggs into him. After a while he will spit out the yellow jessamine, and regain his consciousness. Zhou hou. 胡蔓草毒：即斷腸草。一葉入口，百竅流血。惟急取鳳凰胎，即雞卵抱未 成雛者，已成者不用，研爛，和麻油灌之。吐出毒物乃生，少遲即死。嶺 南衛生方。

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For the “poison of the herbs of the Hu and the Man,” hu man cao.174 This is the “herb that cuts the intestines.” As soon as a single leaf has entered one’s mouth, he will bleed from all orifices. The only thing to do is to quickly get a “phoenix fetus”, and pound it until mashed. Mix the pulp with sesame oil and forcibly feed it into [the patient]. Once he spits out the poisonous item, he will survive. If [the treatment] is too late, he will die. Ling nan wei sheng fang. 癰疽發背。初作及經十日以上，腫赤焮熱，日夜疼痛，百藥不效者。用毈 雞子一枚，新狗屎如雞子大，攪匀，微火熬令稀稠得所，捻作餅子，于腫 頭上貼之，以帛包抹，時時看視，覺餅熱即易，勿令轉動及歇氣，經一宿 定。如日多者，三日貼之，一日一易，至瘥乃止。此方穢惡，不可施之貴 人。一切諸方皆不能及，但可備擇而已。千金方。 For obstruction- and impediment-illness175 with effusion on the back. In an early stage and when it has lasted for more than ten days, with swelling and redness and burning heat, as well as pain all day and night, with hundreds of medications having shown no effects. Take one infertile egg and recent dog excrements the size of a chicken egg, and stir them to be mixed evenly. Boil this over a mild fire until it has assumed a state of glue, and prepare a pie that is to be pasted on the top of the swelling. Cover this with silk, and take a look at it from time to time. When you notice that the pie has become hot, exchange it. Do not allow [the patient] to move; he must rest. After one night, this is fixed. If [the ailment] lasts for several days, [the pie] is to be pasted for three days, and it is to be exchanged every day. [The treatment] ends once a cure is achieved. This recipe is rather abominable; it cannot be resorted to when treating noble persons. It can be applied only when all other recipes have remained without effect. Qian jin fang. 蛛蠍蛇傷。雞子一個，輕敲小孔合之，立瘥。兵部手集。 For harm caused by spiders, scorpions, and snakes. Pierce a small hole into a chicken egg and place it onto [the location of the bite]. This will have an immediate effect. Bing bu shou ji. 蠼螋尿瘡。同上法。 For sores resulting from earwig urine. The same therapy as above. 174 Hu man cao 胡蔓草 and duan chang cao 斷腸草 are alternative designations of yellow jessamine, ye ge 野葛, also: gou wen 鉤吻. 175 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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身體發熱。不拘大人、小兒，用雞卵三枚，白蜜一合和服，立瘥。普濟方。 For body heat, regardless of whether an adult or a child is affected. Ingest three chicken eggs mixed with one ge of white honey. This will have an immediate effect. Pu ji fang. 48-01-28 卵白。Luan bai. Egg white. 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】目熱赤痛，除心下伏熱，止煩滿欬逆，小兒下泄。婦人産難，胞 衣不出，並生吞之。醋浸一宿，療黄疸，破大煩熱。别録。産後血閉不 下，取白一枚，入醋一半攪服。藏器。和赤小豆末，塗一切熱毒、丹腫、 顋痛，神效。冬月以新生者酒漬之，密封七日取出，每夜塗面，去䵟𪒟皶 皰，令人悦色。時珍。 Control. Eyes that are hot, red and ache. It eliminates heat hidden below the heart. It ends vexation, a feeling of fullness, and cough with [qi] counterflow, discharge with outflow of children, difficult births, failure of the placenta to leave. For all this swallow it raw. Soaked in vinegar for one night, it serves to cure jaundice, and breaks massive vexation with heat. Bie lu. When following childbirth the blood is blocked and fails to be discharged, give one [egg] white into half the amount of vinegar, stir it, and have [the woman] ingest this. [Chen] Cangqi. Mixed with the powder of small red beans it is smeared on all kinds of heat poison, cinnabar-red swelling, and aching cheeks with divine effects. In winter months, fresh [egg white] is soaked in wine and tightly sealed for seven days before it is taken out again. If applied on one’s face every night, it will remove dermal dark spots and sediment blisters, and gives back to man a joyous appearance. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【宗奭曰】産後血運，身痙直，口、目向上牽急，不知人。取雞 子一枚，去殼分清，以荆芥末二錢調服即安，甚敏捷，烏雞子尤善。 Explication. [Kou] Zongshi: For blood[-induced brain] movements, with the body suffering from spasm and being expanded to a straight position, with mouth and eyes being tightly pulled upward and [the patient] not recognizing anybody, take one chicken egg, remove its shell and separate the clear [contents]. Mix this with two qian of schizonepeta [spike] powder, have [the patient] ingest this, and he will find rest. [The effects] are immediate. Eggs of black chicken are particularly well suited.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】舊四，新六。 Added recipes: Four of old, six newly [recorded].

時行發黄。醋、酒浸雞子一宿，吞其白數枚。肘後方。 For seasonally epidemic jaundice. Swallow the whites of several eggs soaked in vinegar and wine for one night. Zhou hou fang. 下痢赤白。生雞子一個，取白攤連紙上日乾，折作四重，包肥烏梅十個， 安熨斗中，以白炭燒存性，取出碗覆，冷定研末，入水銀粉少許，和匀。 大人分二服，小兒三服，空心井花水調下。如覺微利，不須再服。證類。 For free-flux illness176 with red and white discharge. Spread the egg white of one fresh chicken egg on a piece of paper and let it dry under the sun. Then fold it to have four layers and use this to wrap ten fat smoked plums. Place this into a flat iron and burn it with white charcoal, by retaining its nature. Remove it and cover it with a bowl while it cools down. Then grind it to powder and add a small amount of calomel, and mix all this evenly. Adults divide this into two portions to be ingested. Children ingest three portions. To be ingested, on an empty stomach, mixed with clear well water. If [the patient] notices even a slight free flow, he must not ingest [the medication] a second time. Zheng lei. 蚘蟲攻心，口吐清水。以雞子一枚去黄，納好漆入雞子殼中和合。仰頭吞 之，蟲即出也。古今録驗。 For roundworms attacking the heart, with [patients] spitting clear water from their mouth. Remove the yolk of one egg, insert a small amount of good quality lacquer into the shell, and mix the [contents] evenly. This is to be swallowed with one’s head raised, and the worms will come out. Gu jin lu yan. 五種遁尸。其狀腹脹，氣急冲心，或磥磈踊起，或牽腰脊。以雞卵白七 枚，頓吞之，良。千金方。 For the five kinds of run-away corpse [qi]. 177 The signs include an abdominal distension, and qi urgency rushing against the heart. In some cases, boulders appear to rise; in some cases the lower back and spine are involved. Swallow the whites of seven chicken eggs. This is good. Qian jin fang. 咽塞鼻瘡及乾嘔頭痛，食不下。用雞子一枚，開一竅，去黄留白，着米 酢，煻火頓沸，取下更頓，如此三次。乘熱飲之，不過一二度即愈。廣濟 方。 176 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 177 Dun shi 遁尸, “run-away corpse [qi],” a condition of recurrent heart pain and acute panting. BCGM Dict 137.I,

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For a blocked throat and nasal sores. Dry retching, headache, and failure to ingest food. Open a hole in an egg, remove the yellow contents and keep the white. Add rice vinegar, boil this over a [mild] fire of hot ashes to bubbling, remove [the cauldron from above the fire, wait for a moment] and continue the heating again. This is to be repeated three times. Drink the liquid as long as it is hot. A cure is achieved after one or two doses. Guang ji fang. 面生皰瘡。雞子，以三歲苦酒浸之三宿，待軟，取白塗之。肘後。 For facial blister sores. Soak chicken eggs for three nights in bitter wine aged three years, and wait until they have softend. Then remove the white and smear it on [the blister sores]. Zhou hou. 湯火燒灼。雞子清和酒調洗，勤洗即易生肌。忌發物。或生傅之亦可。經 驗秘方。 For burns and scalding. Mix the clear contents of a chicken egg with wine and wash [the affected regions] with this. The more the washing is repeated the more easily new muscles will develop. Avoid all items that could stimulate an outbreak [of an older illness, or wind illness]. To smear raw [egg white on the burns and scaldings] is possible too. Jing yan mi fang. 頭髮垢䐈。雞子白塗之，少頃洗去，光澤不燥。瀕湖。 For dirty and greasy hair. Apply egg white to it and wash it off after a short while. [The hair] will become shiny and not look dry. Bin hu. 面黑令白：雞子三枚，酒浸，密封四七日。每夜以白傅面，如雪白也。普 濟。 To whiten a dark face. Three eggs are soaked in wine and kept tightly closed for four times seven days. Apply the [egg] white on the face each night, and it will become as white as snow. Pu ji. 塗面駐顔。雞子一枚，開孔去黄留白，入金華胭肢及硇砂少許，紙封，與 雞抱之，俟别卵抱出，乾以塗面。洗之不落，半年尚紅也。普濟。 To smear on the face to protect its complexion. Make a hole in an egg, remove the yellow contents, and keep the white. Then add small amounts of rouge from Jin hua and sal ammoniac, tightly close [the hole] with paper and return it to the hen to be hatched. Wait until the other eggs are hatched and remove [the one you had prepared to have its contents] dried and applied to the face. When [the face] is washed, it will not come off. After half a year it will still be red. Pu ji.

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48-01-29 卵黄。Luan huang. Egg yolk. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】醋煮，治産後虚痢，小兒發熱。煎食，除煩熱。鍊過，治嘔逆。 和常山末爲丸，竹葉湯服，治久瘧。藥性。炒取油，和粉傅頭瘡。日華。 卒乾嘔者，生吞數枚，良。小便不通者，亦生吞之，數次效。補陰血，解 熱毒，治下痢，甚驗。時珍。 Control. Boiled in vinegar it serves to cure depletion free-flux illness178 following childbirth, and heat developing in children. Eaten fried it removes vexation with heat, Refined it serves to treat vomiting with counterflow. Mix it with dichroa [root] powder to prepare pills. Ingested with bamboo leaves it serves to cure chronic malaria. Yao xing. Fry it and take the oil to be mixed with powder and smeared on head sores. Rihua. In the case of sudden dry retching swallow several fresh [egg yolks]. This is good. When urination fails to flow unimpeded, swallow fresh [egg yolk], too. The effect will show after several doses. It supplements yin blood, and resolves heat poison. It serves to cure discharge with free flow, and is very effective. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】雞子黄，氣味俱厚，陰中之陰，故能補形。昔人謂 其與阿膠同功，正此意也。其治嘔逆諸瘡，則取其除熱引蟲而已。【頌 曰】雞子入藥最多，而髮煎方特奇。劉禹錫傳信方云：亂髮雞子膏，治孩 子熱瘡。用雞子五枚煮熟，去白取黄，亂髮如雞子大，相和，於鐵銚中炭 火熬之。初甚乾，少頃即髮焦，乃有液出。旋取置椀中，以液盡爲度。取 塗瘡上，即以苦參末粉之。頃在武陵生子，蓐内便有熱瘡，塗諸藥無益， 而日益劇，蔓延半身，晝夜號啼，不乳不睡。因閲本草髮髲條云：合雞子 黄煎之，消爲水，療小兒驚熱、下痢。註云：俗中嫗母爲小兒作雞子煎， 用髮雜熬之，良久得汁，與小兒服，去痰熱，主百病。又雞子條云：療火 瘡。因是用之，果如神效也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Egg yolk has both strong qi and flavor qualities. It constitutes the yin in the yin. Hence it is able to supplement one’s physical appearance. When in ancient times, the people claimed it to have the same merits as donkey hide glue, this was based on the same idea. When it is used to cure vomiting with counterflow, and all kinds of sores, one makes use of its ability to remove heat and to pull out worms/bugs. Su Song: Eggs are often used as pharmaceutical substance. Recipes to have them burned together with hair are most extraordinary. Liu Yuxi 178 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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in his Chuan xin fang states: “The paste prepared from disheveled hair and chicken eggs serves to treat heat sores of children. Boil179 five chicken eggs until done, remove the white and keep the yolk. Mix it with a lump of disheveled hair the size of a chicken egg and fry this in an iron vessel on a charcoal fire. In the beginning, the mixture will be very dry. After a short while, the hair burns, and liquid is emitted. Turn it over and place it into a bowl until all liquid has left. Apply this to the sores, and spread sophora [root] powder on them. While living in Wu ling, I fathered a son who as a newborn developed heat and sores. We smeared all kinds of medications on them, but without any good effect; they turned to the worse day by day and spread across half its body. [The child] cried day and night. It neither took in milk, nor did it sleep. Eventually I read the Ben cao where in the entry on human hair it states: ‘Fried together with egg yolk and dissolved in water it serves to heal fright heat of children, as well as discharge with free-flux illness.’ A commentary said: ‘It is common that old women fry chicken eggs for children. They boil them together with hair, and after a considerable time they obtain a liquid which they have the children ingest. It removes phlegm with heat, and controls all hundreds of diseases.’ Also, in the entry on chicken eggs, it stated: ‘It cures fire sores’. Hence I used this [recipe], and obtained divine effects.”

【附方】舊三，新十一。 Added recipes: Three of old, 11 newly [recorded]. 赤白下痢。雞卵一枚，取黄去白，入胡粉滿殼，燒存性。以酒服一錢匕。 葛氏方。 For discharge with free-flux illness. 180 Remove from a chicken egg the yolk and keep the white. Fill the shell with lead carbonate and burn it by retaining its nature. Then ingest with wine as much as a one qian size spoon can hold. Ge shi fang. 妊娠下痢，絞痛。用烏雞子一枚，開孔去白留黄，入黄丹一錢在内，厚紙 裹定，泥固煨乾，爲末。每服三錢，米飲下。一服愈者是男，兩服愈者是 女。三因方。 For discharge with free-flux illness during pregnancy, with a twisting pain. Break a hole into an egg of a black hen. Remove the white and keep the yolk. Fill it with one qian of minium and wrap it securely with thick paper. Then seal it with clay, calcine it until dry, and grind it to powder. Each time ingest three qian, with rice water. If 179 Zheng lei ch. 19, entry dan xiong ji 丹雄雞, “cinnabar red rooster,” quoting Liu Yuxi’s Chuan xin fang does not have the two characters zhu shu 煮熟, “boil until done.” 180 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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the cure is achieved after one ingestion, the [woman is pregnant with a] boy. If the cure is achieved after two ingestions, it will be a girl. San yin fang. 子死腹中。雞子黄一枚，薑汁一合，和服，當下。 For a child that has died in the abdomen. Mix one egg yolk with ginger juice and have [the mother] ingest this. [The dead fetus] will be discharged. 小腸疝氣。雞子黄攪，温水服之。三服效。 For small intestine elevation-illness qi.181 Stir up egg yolks and eat them with warm water. After three ingestions, it will be effective. 小兒癇疾。雞子黄和乳汁攪服。不過三兩枚，自定。普濟。 For epilepsy ailments of children. Have [the child] ingest egg yolk mixed with human milk. After no more than two liang, [the child] will be stabilized as a result. Pu ji. 小兒頭瘡。煮熟雞子黄，炒令油出，以麻油、膩粉搽之。事林廣記。 For head sores of children. Boil egg yolk until done. Then roast it to have its oil come out. It is then mixed with sesame oil and calomel to be applied to the [affected region]. Shi lin guang ji. 鼠瘻已潰。雞卵一枚，米下蒸半日，取黄熬令黑。先拭瘡令乾，以藥納孔 中，三度即愈。千金方。 For mouse fistula182 already festering. Steam one chicken egg under rice for half a day. Take out the yolk and fry it until it turns black. First wipe dry the sore, and then insert the medication into the hole. After three such treatments, a cure is achieved. Qian jin fang. 脚上臭瘡。熟雞子黄一箇，黄蠟一錢，煎油塗之。 For odorous sores on the legs. Fry one egg yolk with one qian of beeswax, and smear the [resulting] oil onto the [sores]. 湯火傷瘡。熟雞子十個，取黄炒取油，入膩粉十文，攪匀，掃上，三五日 永除瘢痕。集驗方。

181 Shan qi 疝氣, “elevation-illness qi,” a pathological condition of (1) an item having entered the scrotum, with pain, sometimes ascending, sometimes descending, (2) a condition affecting the scrotum or a testicle, (3) of violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 419, 417. 182 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.”

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For harm and sores resulting from scalding and burns. Remove the yolks from ten boiled chicken eggs and fry them to obtain an oil. Add ten wen of calomel and stir this to mix [the ingredients] evenly. Spread this on the [sores]. After three to five days, all scars will have been removed forever. Ji yan fang. 杖瘡已破。雞子黄熬油搽之，甚效。唐瑶經驗方。 For sores resulting from flogging that have broken open. Fry egg yolk and smear the resulting oil on the [sores]. Very effective. Tang Yao’s Jing yan fang. 天泡水瘡。方同上。 For celestial blister water sores.183 Identical recipe as above. 消滅瘢痕。雞子五七枚煮熟，取黄炒黑，拭塗，日三。久久自滅。聖惠方。 To eliminate wound scars. Boil five to seven chicken eggs, remove the yolks, and fry them until they have turned black. Rub this [on the scars] three times a day. After a very long time, they will disappear as a result. Sheng hui fang. 妊娠胎漏，血下不止，血盡則子死。用雞子黄十四枚，以好酒二升，煮如 餳服之。未瘥再作，以瘥爲度。普濟方。 For fetal leaking during pregnancy. When the discharge of blood is not stopped, the fetus will die once all the blood has gone. Boil 14 chicken egg yolks in two sheng of good wine until this looks like malt-sugar, and have [the woman] ingest it. If no cure was achieved, repeat it until eventually a cure has been achieved. Pu ji fang. 耳疳出汁。雞子黄炒油塗之，甚妙。談埜翁方。 For gan-illness184 affecting the ears, with a sap emitted. Fry chicken egg yolk until oil is obtained and smear this [on the affected region]. Very effective. Tan Yeweng fang. 48-01-30 抱出卵殼。Bao chu luan qiao. Eggshell left by a hatched [chicken]. 【時珍曰】俗名混沌池、鳳凰蜕。用抱出者，取其蜕脱之義也。李石續博 物志云：踏雞子殼，令人生白癜風。 [Li] Shizhen: It is colloquially called hun dun chi 混沌池, “the pond of primordial chaos,“ or feng huang tui 鳳凰蜕, “phoenix slough.” To make use of [an eggshell] 183 Tian pao chuang 天泡瘡, “celestial blister sores.” A condition of sores with the appearance of blisters filled with water or pus, especially of children. BCGM Dict I, 503. 184 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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from which [a chick] has emerged after hatching is based on the meaning of a slough that has been shed. Li Shi in his Xu bo wu zhi: Stepping on an eggshell will cause one to develop white patches wind.185 【主治】研末，磨障翳。日華。傷寒勞復，熬令黄黑爲末，熱湯和一合 服，取汗出即愈。蘇頌。出深師方。燒灰油調，塗癬及小兒頭身諸瘡。酒 服二錢，治反胃。時珍。 Control. Grind [eggshells] to powder and rub them onto an obstruction shade. Rihua. In the case of a relapse, resulting from exhaustion, following a harm caused by cold, fry [eggshells] until their yellow color has turned to black, and grind them to powder. Ingest the [powder] mixed with one ge of hot water. Once [the patient] starts sweating, he is cured. Su Song, quoted from Shen shi fang. Burn [eggshells] to ashes and mix them with oil. Apply this to xuan-illness186 and to all kinds of sores on a child’s head and body. Two qian ingested with wine serve to cure turned over stomach. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】舊二，新七。 Added recipes: Two of old, seven newly [recorded]. 小便不通。雞子殼、海蛤、滑石，等分爲末。每服半錢，米飲下，日三。 聖惠方。 For blocked urination. Grind equal amounts of chicken eggshells, sea shells and talcum to powder. Each time ingest half a qian, to be sent down with rice water, three times a day. Sheng hui fang. 小兒煩滿欲死。雞子殼燒末，酒服方寸匕。子母秘録。 For vexation and a feeling of fullness of children. Nearing death. Burn chicken eggshells to powder and have [the child] ingest with wine the amount held by a square cun spoon. Zi mu mi lu. 癍痘入目。雞子殼燒研，入片腦少許，點之。鴻飛集。 For macule-illness with smallpox entering the eyes. Burn chicken eggshells, and then grind them to powder. Add a small amount of borneol and drip it [into the eyes]. Hong fei ji. 185 Bai dian feng 白癜風, “white patches wind.” A condition of white skin patches without itching and pain. BCGM Dict I, 46. 186 Xuan-illness 癬, skin illness with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591.

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頭瘡白秃。雞子殼七箇，炒研油和，傅之。秘録。 For head sores and white baldness. Fry seven chicken eggshells,187 grind them to powder and mix this with oil to be smeared on the [affected region]. Mi lu. 頭上軟癤。用抱出雞卵殼，燒存性，研末，入輕粉少許，清油調傅。危氏 方。 For soft pimples on the head. Burn eggshells after they are hatched, with their nature retained, and grind them to powder. Add a small amount of calomel, mix it with clear oil and apply [this to the affected region]. Wei shi fang. 耳疳出膿。用抱出雞卵殼，炒黄爲末，油調灌之，疼即止。杏林摘要。 For gan-illness188 affecting the ears, with festering. Burn chicken eggshells that are hatched until they are yellow and grind them to powder. Then mix them with oil and pour this [into the ear]. The pain will end. Xing lin zhai yao. 玉莖下疳。雞卵殼炒研，油調傅之。同上。 For gan-illness below the jade stalk (i.e., penis). Fry chicken eggshells and then grind them to powder. Mix this with oil and apply this to the [affected region]. [Source] identical with the one above. 外腎癰瘡。抱出雞卵殼、黄連、輕粉等分，爲細末。用鍊過香油調塗。醫 林正宗。 For sores on the external kidneys (i.e., scrotum) resulting from obstruction-illness.189 Grind to a fine powder equal amounts of chicken eggshells that are hatched, coptis [rhizome] and calomel. Mix this with refined sesame oil and apply this [to the affected region]. Yi lin zheng zong. 痘瘡惡證。癍痘倒陷，毒氣雍遏於裏，則爲便血、昏睡不醒，其證甚惡。 用抱出雞子殼去膜，新瓦焙研。每服半錢，熱湯調下。嬰兒以酒調，抹 唇、舌上，并塗風池、胸、背，神效。 187 Ji zi qiao 雞子殻, “eggshells,” Zheng lei ch. 19, entry dan xiong ji 丹雄雞, “cinnabar red rooster,” quoting Zi mu mi lu writes ji zi qi ge qu bai, pi 雞子七個去白、皮, “[take] seven chicken eggs and remove the eggwhite and the skin.” The People’s Hygiene edition draws attention to Pu ji fang ch. 408, tou tu chuang fang 頭禿瘡方, “recipes for a bald head,” where it says: ji zi qi mei yong huang 雞子七枚用黄. Hence the original idea is to only keep the yokes, not the eggshells. 188 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 189 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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For smallpox sores with malign signs. When the macule-illness with smallpox has turned around and has sunken in, when the poison qi is blocked and held back inside, then this causes urination/defecation with blood, and [patients] are clouded and sleep without waking up again. Such signs are extremely malign. [To treat such patients] use chicken eggshells that are hatched, remove their membrane, and bake them on a new tile, before grinding them. Each time [let the patient] ingest half a qian mixed with hot water. For babies [the medication] is to be mixed with wine to be rubbed on the lips and the tongue. Also, apply it to the feng chi [needle insertion hole190], to chest and back. Divinely effective. 48-01-31 卵殼中白皮。Luan qiao zhong bai pi. The white skin inside an eggshell. 【主治】久欬氣結，得麻黄、紫苑服，立效。别録。 Control. Chronic cough with qi nodes. Ingested together with ephedra [herb] and purple aster [root], it is immediately effective. Bie lu. 【發明】【時珍曰】按仙傳外科云：有人偶含刀在口，割舌，已垂未斷。 一人用雞子白皮袋之，摻止血藥於舌根。血止，以臘化蜜調冲和膏，敷雞 子皮上。三日接住，乃去皮，只用蜜、蠟勤敷，七日全安。若無速效，以 金鎗藥參治之。此用雞子白皮無他，但取其柔軟而薄，護舌而透藥也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Xian chuan wai ke, “once there was a person who inadvertently held a knife in his mouth and cut his tongue. [The tongue] was already falling off, but it was not severed entirely. Someone else then wrapped it with the white skin from [inside] a chicken eggshell, and he applied some medication to end the bleeding to the base of the tongue. When the bleeding ended, he melted beeswax, mixed it with honey and prepared a paste which he applied on top of the chicken [eggshell] skin. After three days [the severed part of the tongue] had connected again, and he removed the [eggshell] skin. Then he continued to apply only the beeswax, and after seven days all was entirely well. If no such fast effect can be obtained, treat [such injuries] with medication prepared for wounds by metal weapons and spears.” The use of the white skin from [inside] a chicken [eggshell] has no other meaning than to exploit its soft and thin nature to shield the tongue and have the medication permeate it.

190 I. e., GB-20 WHO

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【附方】新二。 Added recipes: Two newly [recorded]. 欬嗽日久。雞子白皮炒十四枚，麻黄三兩，焙爲末。每服方寸匕，飲下， 日二。必效方。 For long-lasting cough. Bake fourteen fried white skins from [the inside of ] a chicken [eggshell] with three liang of ephedra [herb], and grind this to powder. Each time ingest, with a liquid, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Twice a day. Bi xiao fang. 風眼腫痛。雞子白皮、枸杞白皮，等分爲末。吹鼻中，一日三次。聖濟總 録。 For wind eyes with swelling and pain. Grind equal amounts of the white skin from [inside] a chicken [eggshell] and the white skin of lycium [herb] to powder and blow this into [the patient’s] nose. Three times a day. Sheng ji zong lu. 48-01-32 鷄白蠹肥脂。Ji bai du fei zhi. A chicken’s white moth[-type] fat. 本經。【弘景曰】不知是何物。恐别一種耳。【藏器曰】今雞亦有白臺， 如卵而硬，有白無黄，云是牡雞所生，名父公臺。臺字似橐字，疑傳誤 也。【機曰】此本經文，列于黑雌雞條下，似指雌雞之肥脂，如蠹蟲之肥 白，因其似而名之也。【時珍曰】蠹，音妬。而藏器以爲橐，何耶？今牡 雞生子，亦時或有之，然不當有肥脂字，當以機説爲近。否則，必雌雞之 生腸也。本經有其名，不具其功，蓋脱簡之文。 [First recorded:] Ben jing. [Tao] Hongjing: I do not know what this is supposed to be. It is presumably something different. [Chen] Cangqi: Nowadays there is also a “white stand” in chicken; it looks like an egg and is hard. It has white [contents], but no yellow [contents]. It is said to be produced by male chicken. It is called fu gong tai 父公臺, “father-in-law’s stand,” with the character tai 臺, “stand,“ resembling the character tuo 橐, “bag.” Maybe this is a transmission error. [Wang] Ji: This is a quote from the Ben jing, where it is listed below the entry on hei ci ji 黑雌鷄, black hens. It seems to refer to the fat of hens. It looks like the white fat of moths, and the name is based on this similarity. [Li] Shizhen: The character 蠹 is read du 妬. How could [Chen] Cangqi identify it as tuo 橐? Today, it may indeed happen that roosters lay an egg. But the characters fei zhi 肥脂, “fat,“ are definitely out of place here. [Wang] Ji’s statement comes close to it. If not, it may be the birth canal of a hen. The Ben jing lists the name, but does not give its use. It is a corrupt text passage.

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

194 48-01-33 窠中草。Ke zhong cao.

The straw in a [chicken] nest. 【主治】頭瘡白秃，和白頭翁草燒灰，猪脂調傅。日華。天絲入眼，燒灰 淋清汁洗之，良。時珍。出不自秘方。 Control. For head sores and white baldness, burn it with pulsatilla herb to ashes, mix it with lard, and apply [it to the affected region]. Rihua. For “celestial silk-threads” that have entered the eyes: burn it to ashes, soak it [in water], strain [the liquid] and wash [the affected region] with the clear liquid. This is good. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Bu zi mi fang.

【附方】舊一新一。 Added recipes. One of old; one newly [recorded]. 小兒夜啼。雞窠草安席下，勿令母知。日華本草。 For children crying during the night. Place the straw from a chicken nest under the [child’s sleeping] mat, and do not let the mother know. Rihua ben cao. 産後遺尿。雞窠草燒末，酒服一錢匕。聖惠方。 For involuntary loss of urine following childbirth. Burn the straw from a chicken nest to ashes and generate a powder. Have [the patient] ingest with wine a portion held by a square cun spoon. Sheng hui fang.191 48-01-34 燖鷄湯。Xun ji tang. The water in which a chicken was reheated. 【主治】消渴，飲水無度，用燖雄雞水，濾澄服之。不過二雞之水愈，神 效。楊氏經驗方。 Control. For melting with thirst,192 when [patients] drink water endlessly. Filter the water in which a rooster was reheated, and ingest the [liquid]. [The illness] will be cured after [ingesting] the waters [from reheating] of no more than two chicken. Divinely effective. Yang shi jing yan fang.

191 This recipe is not listed in the Sheng hui fang. It is found in Pu ji fang, ch. 354, xiao bian pin shu bu jin 小便頻數不禁, “[Recipes for] frequent and unstoppable urination.” 192 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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【附方】新一。 Added Recipe: One newly [recorded]. 雞眼作痛。剥去皮，以燖雞湯洗之。簡便方。 For chicken eye/corn with pain. Peel off the skin, and wash the foot with water in which a chicken was reheated. Jian bian fang. 48-02 雉别録中品 Zhi. FE Bie lu, middle rank. Common pheasant. Phasianus colchicus L. 【釋名】野雞。【宗奭曰】雉飛若矢，一往而墮，故字從矢。今人取其尾 置舟車上，欲其快速也。漢 吕太后名雉。高祖改雉爲野雞。其實雞類也。 【時珍曰】黄氏韻會云：雉，理也。雉有文理也。故尚書謂之華蟲，曲禮 謂之疏趾。雉類甚多，亦各以形色爲辨耳。禽經云：雉，介鳥也。素質五 采備曰翬雉，青質五采備曰鷂雉，朱黄曰鷩雉，白曰鵫雉，音罩，玄曰海 雉。爾雅云：鷂雉，青質五采。鳪雉，黄色自呼。翟雉，山雉也，長尾。 鷮雉，長尾，走且鳴。秩秩，海雉也。梵書謂雉曰迦頻闍羅。 Explanation of Names. Ye ji 野鷄, “wild chicken.” [Kou] Zongshi: Pheasants fly like arrows; once they head for somewhere, they drop down there. Hence the character [zhi 雉] is based on the character shi 矢, “arrow.” Today, the people attach the tails of [pheasants] to their boats and carts, hoping that they move as fast as that [bird]. The queen mother Lü of the Han was named “Pheasant”, Zhi 雉. This is why [Emperor] Gao zu changed the name of pheasants [in common use] to “wild chicken.” [Pheasants] are indeed a type of chicken. [Li] Shizhen: The Huang shi yun hui states: “Zhi 雉 means ‘structure’, because pheasants have a decorative structure. Hence the Shang shu speaks of them as hua chong 華蟲, “worms/bugs of extravagance.” The Qu li calls them shu zhi 疏趾, ‘scattered toes’. There are many different kinds of pheasants, and they are named differently with respect to their shapes and colors.” The Qin jing states: “Pheasants are upright birds. Those with a colorful [plumage] on a white body, they are called hui zhi 翬雉, ‘variegated pheasants’. Those with a colorful [plumage] on a greenish body, they are called yao zhi 鷂雉, ‘hawkish pheasants’. Those with a red and yellow [plumage] are called bi zhi 鷩雉, ‘sultry-bird pheasants’. Those with a white [plumage] are called zhao zhi 鵫雉, ‘erect-bird pheasants’, with [the character zhuo 鵫] read here as zhao 罩. Black ones are called hai zhi 海雉, ‘sea pheasants’.” The Er ya states: “Yao zhi 鷂雉 have a greenish body with colorful [plumage]. Bu zhi 鳪雉 are yellow [pheasants] named after their own cries. Di zhi 翟雉, ‘plume-bird pheasants’, are mountain pheasants. They have a long tail. Jiao zhi

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鷮雉, ‘tall-bird pheasants’, have a long tail, and they walk and cry at the same time. Zhi zhi 秩秩 are a kind of sea pheasants.” In the Brahman texts, pheasants are called jiapinsheluo 迦頻闍羅. 【集解】【時珍曰】雉，南北皆有之。形大如雞，而斑色繡翼。雄者文采 而尾長，雌者文暗而尾短。其性好鬬，其名曰鷕。鷕，音杳。其交不再， 其卵褐色。將卵時，雌避其雄而潜伏之，否則雄食其卵也。月令：季冬， 雉始鴝。謂陽動則雉鳴而勾其頸也。孟冬，雉入大水爲蜃。蜃，大蛤也。 陸佃埤雅云：蛇交雉則生蜃。蜃，蛟類也。類書云：蛇與雉交蛇生子，曰 蟂。蟂，水蟲也。陸禋續水經云：蛇、雉遺卵於地，千年而爲蛟龍之屬， 似蛇四足，能害人。魯至剛俊靈機要云：正月蛇與雉交生卵，遇雷入土數 丈，爲蛇形，經二三百年成蛟飛騰。若卵不入土，仍爲雉耳。又任昉述異 記云：江淮中有獸名能，音耐，乃蛇精所化也。冬則爲雉，春復爲蛇。晋 時武庫有雉。張華曰：必蛇化也。視之果得蛇蜕。此皆異類同情，造化之 變易，不可臆測者也。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Pheasants are present everywhere in the South and in the North. Their appearance and their size are reminiscent of that of chicken, but their wings are striped as if embroidered. [Pheasant] cocks have a decorative coloring and a long tail. The hens have a dark pattern and their tails are short. It lies in their nature to engage in fights. Their cries sound like yao 鷕.193 鷕 is read yao 杳. They mate only once and do not meet again. Their eggs are brown. Before a hen lays its eggs, it escapes the cock and hides the [eggs], lest the cock will eat the eggs. According to the Yue ling, “in the final month of winter, pheasants begin to cry. It is said that when the yang [qi] move, then the [male] pheasants cry [to attract a hen] and bend their neck. During the first month of winter, pheasants enter into big waters and become shen 蜃. Shen 蜃 are large clams.” Li Dian in his Pi ya states: “When snakes mate with pheasants then they bring forth a shen 蜃.” The shen 蜃 are a kind of flood dragon, jiao 蛟. The Lei shu states: “When a snake mates with a pheasant, the snake will give birth to a son called xiao 蟂.” The xiao 蟂 are water-born worms/bugs. Lu Yin in his Xu shui jing states: “Snake and pheasant [after having mated] leave their eggs behind in the earth. A thousand years later, they evolve into a type of flood dragon. They resemble a snake, but have four legs, and they are able to harm humans.” Lu Zhigang in his Jun ling ji yao states: “When snakes and pheasants mate in the first month of the year, and produce eggs, if there happens to be thunder they will enter them into the ground, several zhang deep, 193 A literal translation of qi ming yue yao 其名曰鷕 is “Their name is yao.” However, a name yao 鷕 of common pheasants is nowhere attested. The Shuo wen, section niao 鳥, “birds,” explains: yao ci ji ming ye 鷕雌雉鳴也, “yao is the cry of female pheasants.” Hence the characters ming 名 is a writing error of the homophone character ming 鳴.

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where they assume the appearance of snakes. After two to three hundred years, they evolve into a flood dragon and fly high up. If the eggs are not [hidden] in the earth, they simply become pheasants.” Also, Ren Fang in his Shu yi ji states: “In the Jiang huai region there is a wild beast called 能, read nai 耐. This is a transformation product of snake essence/sperm. Once winter comes, it turns into a pheasant, and in spring it becomes a snake again. During the Jin era, there was a pheasant in Wu ku, and Zhang Hua said: ‘This must be a transformation product of a snake’. Upon closer examination, they found a snake slough.” These [stories] are of different type, but in essence they are identical. They evidence the variations of creation. It would be impossible to come up with them from one’s own imagination. 48-02-01 肉。Rou. [Pheasant] meat. 【氣味】酸，微寒，無毒。【恭曰】温。【日華曰】平，微毒。秋冬益， 春夏毒。有痢人不可食。【頌曰】周禮庖人供六禽，雉是其一，亦食品之 貴。然有小毒，不可常食，損多益少。【詵曰】久食令人瘦。九月至十一 月稍有補，他月則發五痔、諸瘡疥。不與胡桃同食，發頭風眩運及心痛。 與菌蕈、木耳同食，發五痔，立下血。同蕎麥食，生肥蟲。卵，同葱食， 生寸白蟲。自死爪甲不申者，殺人。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, slightly cold, and nonpoisonous. [Su] Gong: Warm. Rihua: Balanced, slightly poisonous. In autumn and winter it is beneficial. In spring and summer, it is poisonous. People suffering from free-flux illness194 must not eat it.195 [Su] Song: According to the Zhou li, cooks present six [kinds of ] birds [to the king.] Pheasants are one of them. Hence [their meat] is also a kind of precious food. However, [the meat] is slightly poisonous and must not be eaten regularly. It does more harm than good. [Meng] Shen: If eaten for a long time, it will cause emaciation. Between the ninth and the twelfth month, it may offer some supplementation. During the remaining months it generates the five kinds of piles, and all kinds of sores and jie-illness.196 It must not be eaten together with walnuts, lest it induce head wind, vertigo, and pain in the heart. If eaten together with champignons or wood ear fungi, it will generate the five kinds of piles, and cause immediate discharge of blood. If eaten together with buckwheat [flour], it will generate fat worms. If its 194 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 195 Instead of li 痢, “free-flux illness,“ Zheng lei ch. 19, zhi rou 雉肉, “pheasant meat,“ has gu ji 痼疾, “obstinacy-illness ailment.“ Further down in his Explication, Li Shizhen addresses a contradiction between the effects of pheasant meat and the advice to patients suffering from free-flux illness not to eat it. Obviously, this contradiction arose only when the original illness gu ji 痼疾 was erroneously changed to li 痢 in the Ben cao gang mu. 196 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

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eggs are eaten with onions, this will generated tapeworms. To eat [pheasants] that have died by themselves with their claws not stretched out straight will kill humans. 【正誤】【思邈曰】黄帝書云：丙午日勿食雞、雉肉，丈夫燒死目盲，女 人血死妄見。野雞肉同家雞子食成遁尸，尸鬼纏身。【弘景曰】雉非辰 屬，正是離禽。丙午不可食，明王於火也。【時珍曰】雉屬離火，雞屬巽 木。故雞煮則冠變，雉煮則冠紅，明其屬火也。春夏不可食者，爲其食蟲 蟻，及與蛇交，變化有毒也。能發痔及瘡疥，令人瘦病者，爲其能生蟲， 與雞肉同也。有鄙人者，假黄帝爲書，謂丙午日不可食，及成遁尸之説， 乃不經謬談。而陶氏和之，孫氏取之，皆誤矣。今正其誤。 Correction of Errors. [Sun] Simiao: A Huang di book states: On the days of bing 丙 and wu 午, do not eat chicken meat and pheasant meat, lest a male suffer from fatal burning and blindness, and a female suffer from bleeding to death and illusionary visions. When pheasant meat is eaten together with a chicken raised in one’s household, this will result in run-away corpse [qi], 197 and in a corpse demon pestering the body. [Tao] Hongjing: The pheasant is not associated with [the trigram] chen 辰. It definitely is a [trigram] li 離 bird. On bing and wu [days its meat] must not be eaten; this is evidence that it is ruled by fire. [Li] Shizhen: Pheasants are associated with [the trigram] li 離 and with [the phase] fire, while chicken are associated with the [trigram] xun 巽 and [the phase] wood. Hence, when chicken are boiled, their crown changes [its color]. When pheasants are boiled, their crown turns red. That evidences that [pheasants] are associated with fire. That they must not be eaten in spring and summer is because they eat worms and ants, and they mate with snakes. The [resulting] transformation products are poisonous. Hence [to eat pheasant meat in spring and summer] may generate piles and sores with jie-illness.198 That is lets humans become emaciated is because it is able to generate worms, just as is the case with chicken [meat]. Some crook wrote a book under the name of Huang Di stating that on bing and wu days [pheasant meat] must not be eaten lest it cause run-away corpse [qi]. Now, this is a non-classic, erroneous talk, even agreed with by Mr. Tao [Hongjing] and accepted by Mr. Yin. They all were wrong. Here now their errors are corrected. 【主治】補中，益氣力，止洩痢，除蟻瘻。别録。 Control. Supplements the center, boosts the strength of qi, ends outflow with freeflux illness,199 and eliminates ant fistula.200 Bie lu. 197 Dun shi 遁尸, “run-away corpse [qi],” a condition of recurrent heart pain and acute panting. BCGM Dict 137.I, 198 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 199 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 200 Yi lou 蟻瘻, “ant fistula.” A condition of many small swellings that appear strung together mostly around one’s neck. In sever cases they cover the entire body. BCGM Dict I, 629.

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【發明】【時珍曰】雉肉，諸家言其發痔，下痢人不可食，而别録用治 痢、瘻何邪？蓋雉在禽上應胃土，故能補中；而又食蟲蟻，故能治蟻瘻， 取其制伏耳。若久食及食非其時，則生蟲有毒，故不宜也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: All experts say that pheasant meat generates piles and discharge with free-flux illness, and hence must not be eaten by humans. And yet, the Bie lu recommends its use to cure free-flux illness and fistula. How can that be? The fact is, pheasants correspond to stomach and [the phase] soil. Hence they are able to supplement the center. Also, because they eat worms and ants, they are able to cure ant fistula. One makes use here of [the principle of ] control and submission. If eaten for a long time, and if eaten in the wrong season, it may generate worms/ bugs and is poisonous. Hence that is not advisable.

【附方】舊三，新一。 Added recipes: Three of old, one newly [recorded]. 脾虚下痢，日夜不止。野雞一隻，如食法，入橘皮、葱、椒、五味，和作 餛飩，煮，空心食之。食醫心鏡。 For spleen depletion and discharge with free-flux illness: When it fails to end after day and night, prepare one “wild chicken” for food as usual. Ad tangerine peels, onions, Chinese pepper, and the five spices, and mix all these to prepare dumplings. Steam them and have them eaten on an empty stomach. Shi yi xin jing. 産後下痢。用野雞一隻，作餛飩食之。同上。 For discharge with free-flux illness following childbirth. Prepare one pheasant to dumplings and eat them. Same [source] as above. 消渴飲水，小便數。用野雞一隻，五味煮取三升已來汁飲之。肉亦可食， 甚效。同上。 For drinking water because of melting with thirst,201 and frequent urination. Boil one “wild chicken” with the five spices, and drink three sheng of the resulting juice. The meat can also be eaten. Very effective. Same [source] as above. 心腹脹滿。野雞一隻，不拘雄雌，茴香炒、馬芹子炒、川椒炒、陳皮、生 薑等分，用醋以一夜蒸餅和雉肉作餡料，外以麪皮包作餛飩，煮熟食，仍 早服嘉禾散，辰服此，午服導氣枳殼丸。朱氏集驗方。 For extension of heart and abdomen with a feeling of fullness: Take one pheasant, regardless of whether it is a cock or a hen. Also, equal amounts of fried hui xiang, 201 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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fried ma qin zi, fried Chinese pepper from Sichuan, as well as tangerine peels and fresh ginger. Then prepare cakes, steamed with vinegar for one night, and mixe them with the pheasant meat to prepare a filling. This is covered on the outside with flour to prepare dumplings. Boil them until done and have them eaten. In addition, [patients] should early ingest the “powder with jia he,” and ingest this in the morning. At noon, they ingest the “pills with unripe oranges to lead the qi.” Zhu shi ji yan fang. 48-02-02 腦。Nao. [Pheasant] brain. 【主治】塗凍瘡。時珍。 Control. Smear it on frost sores. [Li] Shizhen. 48-02-03 嘴。Zui. [Pheasant] beak. 【主治】蟻瘻。孫思邈。 Control. Ant fistula.202 Sun Simiao. 48-02-04 尾。Wei. [Pheasant] tail. 【主治】燒灰和麻油，傅天火丹毒。時珍。 Control. Burn it to ashes, mix it with sesame oil, and apply it to treat celestial fire cinnabar poison.203 [Li] Shizhen. 48-02-05 屎。Shi. [Pheasant] excrements. 【主治】久瘧。時珍。 Control. Chronic malaria. [Li] Shizhen.

202 Yi lou 蟻瘻, “ant fistula.” A condition of many small swellings that appear strung together mostly around one’s neck. In sever cases they cover the entire body. BCGM Dict I, 629. 203 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poison,” a skin ailment with red rashes. BCGM Dict I, 118

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【附方】新一。 Added Recipe: One newly [recorded]. 久瘧不止。雄野雞屎、熊膽、五靈脂、恒山等分，爲末，醋糊丸黑豆大。 正發時，冷水下一丸。聖惠。 For chronic malaria that fails to end: Prepare a powder from equal amounts of a male “wild chicken’s” excrements, bear gall, flying squirrel droppings, and dichroa [root], and prepare with vinegar and flour pills of the size of black beans. When [the malaria] is just to break out, ingest one pill with cold water. Sheng hui. 48-03 鸐雉音狄食療 Di zhi, read di 狄, FE Shi liao. Reeve’s pheasant. Syrmaticus reevesii J.E. Gray. 【釋名】鸐雞禽經、山雞同上、山雉。【時珍曰】翟，美羽貌。雉居原 野，鸐居山林，故得山名。大者爲鷮。 Explanation of Names. Di ji 鸐雉, “plume-bird chicken,” Qin jing. Shan ji 山雞, “mountain chicken,” identical [source as above]. Shan zhi 山雉, “mountain pheasant.” [Li] Shizhen: Di 翟 means “an appearance of beautiful feathers.” Pheasants live in the plains and wilderness. “Plume-birds,” di 鸐, live in the mountains and forests. Hence their names [include the character] shan 山, “mountain.” The large ones are called jiao [zhi] 鷮[雉], “tall-bird pheasants,” 【集解】【頌曰】伊洛、江淮間一種雉，小而尾長者，爲山雞，人多畜之 樊中，即爾雅所謂鸐，山雞也。【時珍曰】山雞有四種，名同物異。似雉 而尾長三四尺者，鸐雉也。似鸐而尾長五六尺，能走且鳴者，鷮雉也，俗 通呼爲鸐矣。其二則鷩雉、錦雞也。鷮、鸐皆勇健，自愛其尾，不入叢 林，雨雪則岩伏木栖，不敢下食，往往餓死。故師曠云：雪封枯原，文禽 多死。南方隸人，多插其尾於冠。其肉皆美于雉。傳云：四足之美有麃， 兩足之美有鷮。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: In the region of Yi luo and Jiang huai there is a kind of pheasants that are small and have a long tail. These are the shan ji 山 鷄, “mountain chicken.” The people often raise them fenced-in. That is, the di 鸐, “plume-birds,“ mentioned in the Er ya, they are these shan zhi 山雉, “mountain chicken.”204 [Li] Shizhen: There are four kinds of “mountain chicken.” Their names are identical, but they are different items. Those that resemble pheasants but have a 204 The Er ya , however, section Shi niao, “explanation of birds,“ has shan zhi 山雉, “mountain pheasants,“ rather than shan ji 山雞, “mountain chicken.“

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tail three to four chi long, they are the di zhi 鸐雉, “plume-bird-pheasants.” Those that look like di 鸐, “plume-birds,” and have a tail five to six chi long, and that may cry while walking, they are the jiao 鷮, “tall-birds.” They are commonly called di 鸐, “plume-birds.” These two then are the bi zhi 鷩雉, “awesome-bird pheasants,” and the jin ji 錦鷄, “brocade chicken.” The jiao 鷮, “tall-birds,“ and the di 鸐, “plumebirds,“ are all strong and self-confident. They love their tails, and they do not enter bushes and forests. When rain and snow falls, they hide under cliffs and stay in the trees. They do not dare to come down, and hence they often starve to death. This is why Shi Kuang has stated: “When snow covers the dried up plains, those birds that are decorated, they often die.” The Li people in the South, they often stick their tails into their caps. Their meat is more delicious than that of other pheasants. As a saying goes: “Among four legged [animals, the meat of ] deer is most delicious. Among two-legged [animals, the meat of ] jiao 鷮 pheasants is most delicious.” 48-03-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of Reeve’s pheasant]. 【氣味】甘，平，有小毒。【詵曰】發五痔，久食瘦人。和蕎麥食，生肥 蟲。同豉食，害人。卵同葱食，生寸白蟲。餘並同雉。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, neutral, slightly poisonous. [Meng] Shen: It lets the five kinds of piles develop. Eaten over a long time it causes emaciation in humans. When eaten together with buckwheat, it generates fat worms. When eaten together with fermented soybeans, it harms one. The eggs eaten together with onions will generate a tapeworm. In all other respects it is identical with [what was said above on] pheasants. 【主治】五臟氣喘不得息者，作羹臛食。孟詵。炙食，補中益氣。時珍。 Control. For those who suffer from shortness of qi in the five long-term depots and who cannot breathe, prepare a broth [from this meat] and have [the patient] consume it. Meng Shen. Eaten fried it supplements the center and boosts the qi. [Li] Shizhen. 48-04 鷩雉敝、鼈二音拾遺 Bi zhi, read bi or bie, FE Shi yi Golden pheasant. Chrysolophus pictus L. 【釋名】山雞禽經、錦雞同上、金雞綱目、采雞周書、鵕䴊音峻儀。 【時珍曰】鷩性憋急耿介，故名。鵕䴊，儀容俊秀也。周有鷩冕，漢有鵕

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䴊冠，皆取其文明俊秀之義。鷩與鸐同名山雞，鸐大而鷩小。鷩與鷊同名 錦雞，鷊文在綬而鷩文在身。以此爲異，大抵皆雉屬也。按禽經云：首有 采毛曰山雞，腹有采色曰錦雞，項有采囊曰避株。是山雞、錦雞又稍有分 别，而俗通呼爲一矣。蓋是一類，不甚相遠也。 Explanation of Names. Shan ji 山鷄, “mountain chicken,” Qin jing. Jin ji 錦鷄, “brocade chicken,” identical [source] as above. Jin ji 金鷄, “gold chicken,” Gang mu. Cai ji 綵鷄, “colorful chicken,” Zhou shu. Jun yi 鵕䴊, “beautiful-appearance-birds,” read jun yi 峻儀. [Li] Shizhen: The bi 鷩 are by nature awesome, bie ji 憋急, and upright. Hence their name. The jun yi 鵕䴊 are of a beautiful, jun xiu 俊秀, appearance, yi rong 儀容. The Zhou had a bi mian 鷩冕, “awesome-bird crown.” The Han had a jun yi guan 鵕䴊冠, “beautiful-appearance-bird cap.” In both cases the [designations of these crowns and caps] referred to the honest bearing and beauty [of those birds]. The bi 鷩 and the di 鸐 are both called shan ji 山鷄, “mountain chicken,” with the di 鸐 being big, while the bi 鷩 are small. The bi 鷩 and the e 鷊 are both called jin ji 錦鷄, “brocade chicken,” with the e 鷊 being decorated on the neck, while the bi 鷩 are decorated on their entire body. This is how they are differentiated. But in general, they all belong to the group of pheasants. As the Qin jing states: “Those with colored feathers on their head, they are called shan ji 山鷄, ‘mountain chicken’, Those with a colorful abdomen, they are jin ji 錦鷄, ‘brocade chicken’. Those with a colorful bag on their nape, they are bi zhu 避株, ‘avoiders of trees’.” That is, the mountain chicken and the brocade chicken are different, and yet they are commonly called by just one name. The fact is, they are of the same group, and they are not too distant from each other. 【集解】【藏器曰】鷩似雉五色。山海經云：小華之山多赤鷩，養之禳火 災，是也。【時珍曰】山雞出南越諸山中，湖南、湖北亦有之。狀如小 雞，其冠亦小，背有黄赤文，緑項紅腹紅嘴。利距善鬬，以家雞鬬之，即 可獲。此乃爾雅所謂鷩，山雞者也。逸周書謂之采雞。錦雞則小於鷩，而 背文揚赤，膺前五色炫耀如孔雀羽。此乃爾雅所謂鶾，天雞者也。逸周書 謂之文鶾，音汗。二種大抵同類，而錦雞文尤燦爛如錦。或云錦雞乃其雄 者，亦通。劉敬叔異苑云：山雞愛其羽毛，照水即舞，目眩多死，照鏡亦 然。與鸐雞愛尾餓死，皆以文累其身者也。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The bi 鷩 are similar to pheasants; they have five colors. The Shan hai jing states: In the Xiao hua mountains there are plenty of red bi 鷩. [The people] raise them to avert fire catastrophes. That is indeed so. [Li] Shizhen: The “mountain chicken” come from all the mountains in Nan yue. They are also present in Hu nan and Hu bei. They are formed like small chicken, and their crown is small, too. On the back they have a yellow-red décor. Their nape is green,

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their abdomen is red, and their beak is red, too. It is good to keep a distance from them because they love to fight. If one has a rooster from one’s household fight with them, they can be caught. That is why the Er ya states: “The bi 鷩 are the shan ji 山 雞, ‚mountain chicken’.” The Yi Zhou shu names them cai ji 綵鷄, “colorful chicken.” The jin ji 錦鷄, “brocade chicken,” are smaller than the bi 鷩, and their back is covered by red décor. On their breast they have a multi-colored display reminiscent of the feathers of a peacock. That is why the Er ya states: “The han 鶾 are the tian ji 天 鷄, ‘heaven’s chicken’.” The Yi Zhou shu names them wen han 文鶾, read han 汗. The two kinds are basically of the same type, and the décor of the “brocade chicken” is particularly splendid, like brocade. Some say that the “mountain chicken” are their males. That is correct, too. Liu Jingshu in his Yi yuan states: “The ‘mountain chicken’ love their feathers. When they [see their] reflection in the water, they will dance. Their vision will be blurred, and they often die. The same is true when [they see] their reflection in a mirror.” The di 鸐 chicken starve to death because they love their tail. All these are cases of décor tearing down its holder’s body.

【附方】 Appendix. 48-04-A01 Tu shou ji 吐綬鷄.205 Turkey. 【時珍曰】出巴峽及閩、廣山中，人多畜玩。大如家雞，小者如鴝鵒。頭 頰似雉，羽色多黑，雜以黄白圓點，如真珠斑。項有嗉囊，内藏肉綬，常 時不見，每春夏睛明，則向日擺之。頂上先出兩翠角，二寸許，乃徐舒其 頷下之綬，長闊近尺，紅碧相間，采色煥爛，逾時悉斂不見。或剖而視 之，一無所睹。此鳥生亦反哺。行則避草木，故禽經謂之避株。食物本草 謂之吐錦雞，古今注謂之錦囊，蔡氏詩話謂之真珠雞，倦游録謂之孝鳥。 詩經謂之鷊，音厄，邛有旨鷊是矣。 [Li] Shizhen: They originate in the mountains of Ba xia and Min guang; the people there often raise them for fun. Big ones resemble domestic chicken. Small ones resemble the myna. Head and cheeks resemble those of pheasants. Their feathers are mostly of black color, with some yellow-white round dots, resembling genuine pearls. On their nape they have a crop with a meat ribbon inside that can normally not be seen. But in spring and summer, when it is a bright day, then it stretches it toward the sun and displays it. On top of [the neck] two emerald green horns 205 Tu shou ji 吐綬鷄, lit.: “A chicken spitting colored ribbons.”

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emerge first, around two cun long. Then slow by slow the ribbon unfolds underneath the chin, in a length and breadth of nearly a chi. Its color changes between red and bluish-green, and is very bright. After some time, it shrinks back and cannot be seen any longer. Once [the animal] was dissected to inspect the [ribbon], but nothing was found. This bird’s young ones feed their parents. When they walk, they avoid grass and trees. Hence the Qin jing calls them “avoiders of trees.” The Shi wu ben cao calls them “chicken that spit out brocade.” The Gu jin zhu calls them “brocade bags.” Mr. Cai in his Shi hua calls them “genuine pearl chicken.” The Juan you lu calls them “filial piety birds.” The Shi jing calls them e 鷊, read e 厄. This is [the meaning of the Shi jing phrase:] “There are beautiful e 鷊 on the hills.” 48-04-01 肉。Rou. [Golden pheasant] meat. 【氣味】甘，温，微毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, slightly poisonous. 【主治】食之令人聰慧。汪穎。養之禳火災。藏器。 Control. Eating it lets one become cleverer. Wang Ying. To raise them averts fire catastrophes. [Chen] Cangqi. 48-05 鶡鷄曷、渴二音。拾遺 He ji, read both he and ke, FE Shi yi. Brown-bird chicken. 【釋名】【時珍曰】其羽色黑黄而褐，故曰鶡。青黑色者名曰䲸，音介， 性耿介也。青鳳亦名鶡，取象於此也。 Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen: Their feathers are black, yellow and brown, he 褐. Hence they are called he 鶡. Those with blue-green and black colors are called jie 䲸, read jie 介, [because] by their nature they are honest and upright, geng jie 耿 介. The greenish phoenix is also called he 鶡, because it is of similar appearance. 【集解】【藏器曰】鶡雞出上黨。魏武帝賦云：鶡雞猛氣，其鬬期於必 死。今人以鶡爲冠。象此也。【時珍曰】鶡狀類雉而大，黄黑色，首有毛 角如冠。性愛其黨，有被侵者，直往赴鬬，雖死猶不置。故古者虎賁戴鶡 冠。禽經云: 鶡，毅鳥也.毅不知死，是矣。性復粗暴，每有所攫，應手摧 碎。上黨即今潞州。

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Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The he ji 鶡鷄, “brown-bird chicken,“ originate from Shang dang. Emperor Wu of Wei wrote a piece of prose, saying: “The he ji 鶡鷄 have violent qi. They fight until they must die.” Today there are people who prepare their cap with [the feathers of the] he 鶡, borrowing the [violent and courageous] image [of these birds. Li] Shizhen: The he 鶡, “brown-birds,“ are formed like pheasants, but they are bigger. They are of a yellow-black color. On their head their feathers form horns resembling a cap. By nature, they love their companions. If one of them is infringed upon, the [others] rush straight there to enter into the fight. Even when dead they seem not to settle. This is why in ancient times the brave ones wore a cap decorated with he 鶡 [feathers]. The Qin jing states: The he are resolute birds. They are so resolute that they do not know death. That is correct. By nature they are cruel. Whenever they catch [some prey], they immediately tear it to pieces. Shang dang is today’s Lu zhou. 48-05-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of brown-bird chicken]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】炙食，令人勇健。藏器。炙食，令人肥潤。汪穎。 Control. Eaten fried it lets humans be brave and strong. [Chen] Cangqi. Eaten fried it lets one be fat and moist. Wang Ying. 48-06 白鷳圖經 Bai xian, FE Tu jing. Silver pheasant.206 Lophura nycthemera L. 【校正】原附雉條，今分出。 Editorial Correction. [This bird] was originally appended to the entry zhi 雉, “pheasant.” Now it has been given its own entry. 【釋名】白鶾音寒、閑客。【時珍曰】按張華云：行止閑暇，故曰鷴。李 昉命爲閑客，薛氏以爲雉類，汪氏以爲白雉。按爾雅白雉名鶾，南人呼閑 字如寒，則鷴即鶾音之轉也。當作白鶾，如錦雞謂之文鶾也。鶾者，羽美 之貌。又西京雜記云：南粤王獻白鷴、黑鷴各一。蓋雉亦有黑色者，名鸕 雉，彼通呼爲鶾矣。 206 Bai xian 白鷳, lit.: “white pheasant.”

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Explanation of Names. Bai han 白雗, read han 寒. Xian ke 閑客, “idle visitor.” [Li] Shizhen: According to Zhang Hua, they walk and rest leisurely, xian 閑. Hence they are called xian 鷴, “idle-birds.” Li Fang calls them xian ke 閑客, “idle visitors.” Mr. Xue identifies them as belonging to the group of pheasants. Mr. Wang identifies them as white pheasants. According to the Er ya, white pheasants are called han 雗. People in the South pronounce [the character] xian 閑 as han 寒. That is, [the name] xian 鷳 is simply a distortion of the sound han 雗. Hence, [the correct name] must be bai han 白雗, in the same way as jin ji 錦鷄, “brocade chicken,” are called wen han 文雗, “decorated han.” Han 雗 is to describe the splendid appearance of the feathers. Also, the Xi jing za ji states: “The King of Nan yue207 presented one bai xian 白鷴, ‘white idle-bird’, and one hei xian 黑鷴, ‘black idle-bird’, as tributes.” The fact is, among the pheasants there are also those of black color, called lu zhi 鸕雉, “cormorant pheasants.” But there, they are generally called han 雗. 【集解】【頌曰】白鷴出江南，雉類也。白色，而背有細黑文。可畜，彼 人亦食之。【穎曰】即白雉也。【時珍曰】鷴似山雞而色白，有黑文如漣 漪，尾長三四尺，體備冠距，紅頰赤嘴丹爪，其性耿介。李太白言其卵可 以雞伏。亦有黑鷴。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: The bai xian 白鷴, “white idle-birds,” originate in the Jiang nan region. They belong to the group of pheasants. They are white, and on their back they have fine black lines. They can be raised. The people there eat them. [Wang] Ying: These are white pheasants. [Li] Shizhen: The “idle-birds” resemble “mountain chicken” but are white. They have black lines, like ripples. Their tail is three to four chi long. Their body is fully equipped with crest and spurs. They have red cheeks, a crimson-red beak, and cinnabar-red claws. By nature they are honest and upright. Li Taibai declared that “their eggs can be hatched by chicken.” There are also black “idle-birds.” 48-06-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of silver pheasants]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】補中解毒。汪頴。 Control. It supplements the center and resolves poison. Wang Ying.

207 Instead of yue 粵, Yu lan ch. 924, entry bai xian 白鷳, quoting Xi jing za ji, writes yue 越.

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48-07 鷓鴣唐本草 Zhe gu, FE Tang ben cao. Chinese francolin. Francolinus pintadeanus Scopoli. 【釋名】越雉。【時珍曰】按禽經云：隨陽，越雉也。飛必南翥。晋安曰 懷南，江左曰逐影。張華注云：鷓鴣其名自呼，飛必南向。雖東西回翔， 開翅之始，必先南翥。其志懷南，不徂北也。 Explanation of Names. Yue zhi 越雉, “pheasants of Yue.” [Li] Shizhen: According to the Qin jing, “the sui yang, 隨陽, ‘persecutors of yang’, are the yue zhi 越雉. When they fly, they must soar southward. In Jin an, they are called huai nan 懷南, ‘yearners for the South’, and in Jiang zuo, they are called zhu ying 逐影, ‘pursuers of the shadow’.” Zhang Hua commented: “The francolins cry out their own names. When they fly, they must fly toward the South. Even if they are circling toward the East or West, when they open their wings, they must first soar southward. Their mind yearns for the South. They never reach the North.” 【集解】【孔志約曰】鷓鴣生江南。形似母雞，鳴云鉤輈格磔者是。有鳥 相似，不作此鳴者，則非矣。【頌曰】今江西、閩、廣、蜀、夔州郡皆有 之。形似母雞，頭如鶉，臆前有白圓點如真珠，背毛有紫赤浪文。【時珍 曰】鷓鴣性畏霜露，早晚稀出，夜栖以木葉蔽身。多對啼，今俗謂其鳴曰 行不得哥也。其性好潔，獵人因以𥻿竿粘之。或用媒誘取。南人專以炙食 充庖，云肉白而脆，味勝雞、雉。 Collected Explanations. Kong Zhiyue: The francolins live in the Jiang nan region. When they walk, they resemble hens. They are those that cry gou zhou ge zhe. There are similar birds that do not cry like this. Hence they are no [francolins. Su] Song: Nowadays, all the zhou and prefectures of Jiang xi, Min guang, and Shu kui have them. They are shaped like hens, with the head similar to that of quails. The front of their chest has white, round dots, like genuine pearls. The feathers on their back have purple and crimson-red wave-like lines. [Li] Shizhen: Francolins by nature fear frost and dew. They rarely come out in the early morning and in the late evening. At night, they cover their body with tree leaves. Often they cry as a couple. Nowadays it is often said that their cry states xing bu de ge 行不得哥, “On my travels I fail to reach my brother.” These [birds] by nature prefer cleanliness. Hunters catch them with glue on a pole. Or they use a bait. The people in the South prefer them to be presented as fried food. They say the meat is white and crispy, and its flavor is superior to that of chicken and pheasants.

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48-07-01 肉。Rou. [Francolin] meat. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【日華曰】微毒。【詵曰】不可與竹笋同食，令 人小腹脹。自死者不可食。或言此鳥，天地之神每月取一隻饗至尊，所以 自死者不可食。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. Rihua: Slightly poisonous. [Meng] Shen: It must not be eaten together with bamboo shoots, lest it cause lower abdominal distension. Those that have died by themselves must not be eaten. It is said that the spirits of heaven and earth each month present one [francolin] to their highest authority. Hence, those that have died by themselves must not be eaten. 【主治】嶺南野葛、菌子毒，生金毒，及温瘧久病欲死者，合毛熬酒漬服 之，或生擣汁服，最良。唐本。酒服，主蠱氣欲死。日華。能利五臟，益 心力聰明。孟詵。 Control. For [curing] yellow jessamine and jun zi 菌子 poisoning from the Ling nan 嶺南 region, crude gold poisoning, and chronic warmth malaria bringing [patients] close to death, fry [the meat] together with the feathers and have this soak in wine to be ingested. Or have the raw [meat] pounded to obtain juice which is to be ingested. Very good. Tang ben. Ingested with wine it controls gu qi208 bringing one close to death. Rihua. It can free the passage209 in the five long-term depots, and boost the strength of the heart, thereby enhancing intelligence. Meng Shen. 【發明】【時珍曰】按南唐書云：丞相馮延巳，苦腦痛不已。太醫吴廷紹 曰：公多食山雞、鷓鴣，其毒發也。投以甘草湯而愈。此物多食烏頭、半 夏苗，故以此解其毒爾。又類説云：楊立之通判廣州，歸楚州。因多食鷓 鴣，遂病咽喉間生癰，潰而膿血不止，寢食俱廢。醫者束手。適楊吉老赴 郡，邀診之，曰：但先啖生薑一斤，乃可投藥。初食覺甘香，至半斤覺稍 寬，盡一斤，覺辛辣，粥食入口，了無滯礙。此鳥好啖半夏，毒發耳，故 以薑制之也。觀此二説，則鷓鴣多食，亦有微毒矣。而其功用又能解毒解 蠱，功過不相掩也。凡鳥獸自死者，皆有毒，不可食，爲其受厲氣也。何 獨鷓鴣即神取饗帝乎？鄙哉其言也！

208 Gu du qi 蠱[毒]氣, “gu[-poison] qi.” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 209 Zheng lei ch. 19, entry zhe gu 鷓鴣, has bu 補, “to supplement [qi],” instead of li 利, “to free the passage.”

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Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Nan tang shu, “when Prime Minister Fang Yansi once suffered from unending pain in his brain, the imperial physician Wu Tingshao declared: ‘Sir, since you have excessively eaten [meat of ] “mountain chicken” and francolin, their poison eventually has erupted.’ He advised him to ingest a decoction with glycyrrhiza [root], and achieved a cure. [“Mountain chicken” and francolin,] these animals frequently eat the seeds of aconitum [main tuber] and pinellia [root]. Hence their poison is resolved with this [decoction with gan cao].” Also, the Lei shuo states: “Mr. Yang Lizhi, a Prefectural Supervisor from Guang zhou, returned to Chu zhou. Because he ate a lot of francolin [meat], he subsequently fell ill and developed an obstruction-illness210 in his throat. It began to fester with pus and incessant bleeding. He could neither sleep nor eat. The hands of all physicians were tied. It so happened that Yang Jilao visited that prefecture and was asked to examine him. He said: ‘He must first be fed with one jin of fresh ginger, and only then he can be given a medication.’ When [the patient] started to eat [the ginger], he felt a sweet and aromatic sensation. Having consumed half a jin, he felt somewhat relieved. After having ingested the entire jin, he felt a hot, peppery sensation. Eventually he took porridge in his mouth and could eat it without any obstacle. This bird loves to eat pinellia root, and the poison [of pinellia root] erupts/effuses in it.211 Hence it can be checked with ginger.” Looking at these two statements, it is obvious that excessive consumption of francolin [meat] is slightly poisonous. On the other hand, it serves to resolve poison and to resolve the [poison qi of ] gu. Its use and its faults do not exclude each other. All fowl and beasts that die by themselves have poison. They must not be eaten lest their aggressive qi be taken in. How could it be that only the [dead] francolins are offered as a delicacy by the spirits to their thearch? This is just rubbish. 48-07-02 脂膏。Zhi gao. [Francolin] fat. 【主治】塗手皸瘃，令不龜裂。蘇頌。 Control. Applied to hands with chapped skin and chilblain, it prevents [the skin] from breaking open. Su Song.

210 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 211 Yi shuo ch. 6, Zhi hou yong writes jiu er du fa 久而毒發, “after an extended period the poison erupts in them,” rather than only du fa 毒發, “the poison erupted.”

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48-08 竹鷄拾遺 Zhu ji, FE Shi yi Chinese bamboo partridge. Bambusicola thoracica Temminck. 【釋名】山菌子藏器、雞頭鶻蘇東坡集、泥滑滑。【頴曰】山菌子即竹雞 也。【時珍曰】菌子，言味美如菌也。蜀人呼爲雞頭鶻。南人呼爲泥滑 滑，因其聲也。 Explanation of Names. Shan jun zi 山菌子, “mountain mushroom,” [Chen] Cangqi. Ji tou hu 鷄頭鶻, “chicken-head falcons,” Su Dongpo ji. Ni hua hua 泥滑滑. [Wang] Ying: Shan jun zi 山菌子 are zhu ji 竹鷄, “bamboo chicken.” [Li] Shizhen: The jun zi 菌子 [are named so because] their meat is as delicious as jun 菌, “mushrooms.” The people in Shu call them Ji tou gu 鷄頭鶻, “chicken-head falcons.” The people in the South call them ni hua hua 泥滑滑, because of the sounds [of their cries]. 【集解】【藏器曰】山菌子生江東山林間。狀如小雞，無尾。【時珍 曰】竹雞今江南、川、廣處處有之，多居竹林。形比鷓鴣差小，褐色多 斑，赤文。其性好啼，見其儔必鬭。捕者以媒誘其鬬，因而網之。諺云： 家有竹雞啼，白蟻化爲泥。蓋好食蟻也。亦辟壁虱。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The shan jun zi live in the mountain forests in the Jiang dong region. They are shaped like small chicken, and they have no tail. [Li] Shizhen: Nowadays, “bamboo chicken” are found everywhere in the Jiang nan and Chuan guang regions. They mostly live in bamboo groves. Their physical appearance is smaller than that of the francolin. They are of brown color with lots of spots and red stripes. By nature they love to cry. When they see others of their type they will inevitably enter into a fight. Hunters use bait to lure them into a fight and then catch them with a net. A proverb says: “When the ‘bamboo chicken’ cry in a house, the ants will transform to mud.” The fact is, they love to eat ants. They also keep away ticks/bedbugs.

【附録】 Appendix 48-08-A01 杉鷄。Shan ji. Fir chicken. 【時珍曰】按臨海異物志云：閩、越有杉雞，常居杉樹下。頭上有長黄 毛，冠頰正青色如垂縷。亦可食，如竹雞。

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[Li] Shizhen: According to the Lin hai yi wu zhi, “there are ‘fir chicken’ in the Min yue region that mostly stay underneath fir trees. On their head they have long, yellow feathers. Comb and cheeks are of genuinely greenish color. They look like hanging threads. [Fir chicken] can also be eaten, similar to the ‘bamboo chicken’.” 48-08-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of bamboo chicken]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【時珍曰】按唐小説云：崔魏公暴亡。太醫梁新 診之，曰：中食毒也。僕曰：好食竹雞。新曰：竹雞多食半夏苗也。命搗 薑汁折齒灌之，遂甦。則吴廷紹、楊吉老之治鷓毒，蓋祖乎此。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Tang xiao shuo, “Duke Cui of Wei suddenly died. Imperial physician Liang Xin examined him and said: ‘This is a case of food poisoning.’ A servant said: ‘He loved to eat ‘bamboo chicken’.” [Tang] Xin said: ‘Bamboo chicken often eat pinellia seedlings.’ He then ordered to pound ginger to obtain a juice. That was force-fed to [the patient] by breaking his teeth, whereupon he regained his consciousness.” When Wu Tingshao and Yang Jilao cured [patients] from francolin poisoning, they followed this precedence. 【主治】野雞病，殺蟲，煮炙食之。藏器。 Control. For wild fowl disease212 and to kill worms/bugs, eat it boiled or fried. [Chen] Cangqi. 48-09 英鷄拾遺 Ying ji, FE Shi yi Water rail. Rallus aquaticus L. 【集解】【藏器曰】英雞出澤州有石英處，常食碎石英。狀如雞而短尾， 體熱無毛，腹下毛赤，飛翔不遠，腸中常有石英。人食之，取英之功也。 今人以石英末飼雞，取卵食，終不及此。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Ying ji 英鷄, “quartz chicken,” originate from places with mineral quartz, shi ying 石英, in Ze zhou. They regularly eat crushed mineral quartz. Their shape resembles that of chicken,213 but their tail is short. Their body is hot and has no feathers. The feathers below the abdomen are red. They are unable to fly long distances. In their abdomen one regularly finds 212 Ye ji bing 野雞病, “wild fowl disease,” identical with zhi 痔, “piles.” BCGM Dict. I, 24. 213 Zheng lei ch. 19, entry ying ji 英鷄, has zhi 雉, “pheasant,“ instead of ji 雞, “chicken.“

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mineral quartz. When humans eat it, they wish to obtain the benefit of quartz. Nowadays, the people use powdered quartz to feed chicken and eat their eggs. But they never reach [the quality] of these [“quartz chicken”]. 48-09-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of water rails]. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】益陽道，補虚損，令人肥健悦澤，能食，不患冷，常有實氣而不 發也。藏器。 Control. It boosts the yang path. It supplements in the case of depletions and injuries. It lets one be fat, strong, happy, and lustrous. It enables one to eat, and not to suffer from cold. One is always replete with qi, and they do not effuse. [Chen] Cangqi. 48-10 秧鷄食物 Yang ji, FE Shi wu Sprout chicken. Rallus aquaticus L. 【集解】【時珍曰】秧雞大如小雞，白頰，長觜短尾，背有白斑。多居田 澤畔。夏至後夜鳴達旦，秋後即止。一種䳾音鄧雞，亦秧雞之類也。大如 雞而長脚紅冠。雄者大而色褐，雌者稍小而色斑。秋月即無，其聲甚大， 人並食之。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: “Sprout chicken” are of the size of a small chicken, with white cheeks, a long beak, and a short tail. Their back is covered with white dots. They often stay in fields and marshlands. After Summer Solstice they cry all night until dawn, and this ends only after [the beginning of ] autumn. There is a type of rail chicken, the deng 䳾, read deng 鄧, chicken, that are also of the group of “sprout chicken.” They are as big as chicken but with long legs and a red comb. Males are big and of brown color; hens are a bit smaller and of dotted color. In autumn, they are all gone. The sounds they make are very loud. The people eat them all. 48-10-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of sprout chicken]. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous.

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【主治】蟻瘻。汪頴。 Control. Ant fistula.214 Wang Ying. 48-11 鶉嘉祐 Chun, FE Jia you Common quail. Coturnix coturnix japonica Temminck et Schlegel. 【釋名】【時珍曰】鶉性醇，竄伏淺草，無常居而有常匹，隨地而安，莊 子所謂聖人鶉居是矣。其行遇小草即旋避之，亦可謂醇矣。其子曰鳼。 【宗奭曰】其卵初生謂之羅鶉，至秋初謂之早秋，中秋已後謂之白唐，一 物四名也。 Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen: Quails, chun 鶉, by nature are chun 淳, “honest.” They scurry and hide in shallow grass. They do not stay at one place permanently, but they have a permanent partner. Wherever they are, they will be content. This is what Zhuang zi meant when he said: “The sages live like quails.” When on their paths they come across small herbs, they turn away to avoid them. This, too, may be said to be “honest.” Their young ones are called wen 鳼. [Kou] Zongshi: When [their young ones] were just hatched from their eggs, they are called luo chun 羅鶉, “net quails.” At the beginning of autumn, they are called zao qiu 早秋, “early autumn.” After mid-autumn they are called bai tang 白唐. That is, one identical creature has four different names. 【集解】【禹錫曰】鶉，蝦蟆所化也。楊億談苑云：至道二年夏秋，汴人 鬻鶉者，車載積市，皆蛙所化，猶有未全變者。列子所謂蛙變爲鶉也。 【宗奭曰】鶉有雌雄，常於田野屢得其卵，何得言化也。【時珍曰】鶉大 如雞雛，頭細而無尾，毛有斑點，甚肥。雄者足高，雌者足卑。其性畏 寒，其在田野，夜則群飛，晝則草伏。人能以聲呼取之，畜令鬬搏。萬畢 術云：蝦蟆得瓜化爲鶉。交州記云：南海有黄魚，九月變爲鶉。以鹽炙食 甚肥美。蓋鶉始化成，終以卵生，故四時常有之。鴽則始由鼠化，終復爲 鼠，故夏有冬無。 Collected Explanations. [Zhang] Yuxi: Quails are transformation products of toads. Yang Yi in his Tan yuan stated: “In the 2nd year of [the reign period] zhi dao 至道 (995 – 997), in summer and autumn, when the people of Bian set out to sell quails, they transported them by cart to the market. They were all transformations of frogs that apparently had not completely transformed yet. That is as is said in Lie zi: ‘Frogs transform into quails’.” [Kou] Zongshi: The quails have roosters and hens, 214 Yi lou 蟻瘻, “ant fistula.” A condition of many small swellings that appear strung together mostly around one’s neck. In sever cases they cover the entire body. BCGM Dict I, 629.

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and their eggs are regularly found in the fields and wilderness. How could one say that they are transformations? [Li] Shizhen: Quails are as big as young chicken. Their head is small, and they have no tail. Their feathers are dotted. They are very fat. Roosters have long legs. Hens have short legs. By nature they fear cold. They are in the fields and wilderness. By night the fly as flocks. During daytime, they hide in the grass. The people catch them by [imitating] their sounds. They raise them to have them fight. The Wan bi shu states: “When a toad obtains a melon, it transforms into a quail.” The Jiao zhou ji states: “In the South Sea there is a yellow fish that transforms into a quail in the ninth month of the year. When eaten fried with salt it is very fat and delicious.” The fact is, quails begin to exist through transformation, and when this process has ended they hatch young ones from their eggs. Hence they are present in all four seasons. The ru 鴽, “birds resembling [quails],” come to exist through a transformation of rodents. In the end, they once again turn into rodents. Hence they are present in summer and they do not exist in winter. 48-11-01 肉。Rou. [Quail] meat. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【禹錫曰】四月以前未堪食。不可合猪肝食，令 人生黑子。合菌子食，令人發痔。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, neutral, nonpoisonous. [Zhang] Yuxi: It should not be eaten before the fourth month of the year. It must not be eaten together with pig liver,215 lest it let humans give birth to black sons. When eaten together with mushrooms, it will have humans develop piles. 【主治】補五臟，益中續氣，實筋骨，耐寒暑，消結熱。和小豆、生薑煮 食，止洩痢。酥煎食，令人下焦肥。嘉祐。小兒患疳，及下痢五色，旦旦 食之，有效。寇宗奭。 Control. It supplements the five long-term depots, and benefits the center by extending the qi. It fills the sinews and bones, lets one endure cold and summer heat, and dispels bound heat. Eaten boiled together with small beans and fresh ginger, it ends outflow with free-flux illness.216 Eaten boiled with butter, it will have one become fat in the lower burner. Jia you. When children suffer from gan-illness, 217 and from multi-colored discharge with free-flux illness, and eat it every morning, it will be effective. Kou Zongshi. 215 Zheng lei ch. 19, entry chun 鶉, has rou 肉, “meat,” instead of gan 肝, “liver.” 216 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 217 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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【發明】【時珍曰】按董炳集驗方云：魏秀才妻，病腹大如鼓，四肢骨 立，不能貼席，惟衣被懸卧。穀食不下者數日矣。忽思鶉食，如法進之， 遂運劇。少頃雨汗，莫能言，但有更衣狀。扶而圊，小便突出白液，凝如 鵝脂。如此數次，下盡遂起。此蓋中焦濕熱積久所致也。詳本草，鶉解熱 結，療小兒疳，亦理固然也。董氏所説如此。時珍謹按：鶉乃蛙化，氣性 相同，蛙與蝦蟆皆解熱治疳，利水消腫，則鶉之消鼓脹，蓋亦同功云。 Elucidation. [Li] Shizhen: According to Dong Bing’s Ji yan fang, “the wife of Cultivated Talent Wei suffered from an increase of her abdomen to the size of a drum. Her four limbs were emaciated to the bones. She was unable to approach her mat, and was able to lie down only in a hammock formed by her clothes and a quilt. For several days, she was unable to eat solid food. All of a sudden, she longed for eating a quail. It was prepared for food as usual, and she ingested it. She immediately experienced a violent vertigo. After a short while, she transpired as heavy as rain. She was unable to speak, but seemed to wish to change her clothes. When she was helped to the latrine, her urine was projected as a white liquid. It was as viscous as goose fat. This occurred several times. Once her discharges ended, she was able to rise. Now, this [illness] resulted from a long-term accumulation of moisture and heat in the central burner. When the Ben cao specifies that quail [meat] dissolves heat nodes and heals the gan-illness of children, this is based on the same principle.” What Mr. Dong said is correct. A comment by [Li] Shizhen: Quails are transformations of frogs; the nature of their qi is identical. Frogs and toads are all able to dissolve heat and to cure gan-illness. They free the flow of water, and they dispel swelling. The fact that quail [meat] dispels a drum-like swelling [of an abdomen] evidences that same function.

48-12 鷃拾遺 Yan, FE Shi yi. Yellow-legged buttonquail. Turnix tanki Blyth. 【釋名】鵪一作䳺、鸋音寧、鴽音如、鳸。【時珍曰】鷃不木處，可謂安 寧自如矣。莊子所謂騰躍不過數仞，下翔蓬蒿之間者也。張華註禽經，謂 之籬鷃即此。鵪則鷃音之轉也。青州謂之鴾母，亦曰鷃雀。又鳸有九種， 此其一也。 Explanation of Names. An 鵪, also written yan 䳺. Ning 𩾚, read ning 寧. Ru 鴽, read ru 如. Hu 鳸. [Li] Shizhen: Yan 鷃,“leisure-birds” do not live in trees. One might say, they live a peaceful, self-determined life. They are those [birds] of which Zhuang zi states that “they [do not fly but] can jump only a few ren, and then circle

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among garden daisies.” They are identical with the li yan 籬鷃 spoken of by Zhang Hua in his comments on the Qin jing. The character an 鵪 is a distortion of the reading of the character yan 鷃. In Qing zhou they are called mou mu 鴾母 and also yan que 鷃雀, “leisure-bird sparrows.” Also, the hu 鳸 are divided in nine different kinds, and the [“leisure-birds”] constitute one of them. 【集解】【藏器曰】鷃是小鳥，鶉類也。一名鴽。鄭玄註禮記，雉、兔、 鶉、鷃，以鷃爲鴽。人多食之。【時珍曰】鷃，候鳥也。常晨鳴如雞，趨 民收麥，行者以爲候。春秋運斗樞云立春雨水鶉、鵪鳴是矣。鵪與鶉兩物 也。形狀相似，俱黑色，但無斑者爲鵪也。今人總以鵪鶉名之。按夏小正 云：三月田鼠化爲鴽，八月鴽化爲田鼠。註云：鵪也。爾雅云：鶉子， 鳼。鴽子，鸋。註云：鵪，鶉屬也。鴽，鵪也。禮記云：鶉羹，鴽釀之以 蓼。註云：鴽小，不可爲羹，以酒蓼釀之，蒸煮食也。據數説，則鶉與鵪 爲兩物明矣。因其俱在田野，而形狀仿佛，故不知别之。則夫鶉也，始由 蝦蟆、海魚所化，終即自卵生，故有斑而四時常有焉；鷃也，始由鼠化， 終復爲鼠，故無斑而夏有冬無焉。本原既殊，性療當别，何可混邪？ Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The yan 鷃 are small birds; they belong to the group of quails. They are also called ru 鴽. Zheng Xuan commenting on the [listing of ] zhi 雉, “pheasants,” tu 兔, “rabbits,” chun 鶉, “quails,” and yan 鷃, “leisure-birds“ in the Li ji identified the yan 鷃 as ru 鴽. The people often eat them. [Li] Shizhen: The yan 鷃 are migratory birds. In the morning, they always cry like chicken. They urge the people to harvest the wheat. They serve travelers to know the time. This is what is meant in the Chun qiu yun dou shu when it states that “the quails and ‘leisure-birds’ cry on [the days of the solar terms] Spring Begins and Rain Water.” The an 鵪 and the chun 鶉 are actually two different items with very similar physical appearances. Both are of black color, and those that have no dots, they are the an 鵪. Nowadays, the people call them collectively an chun 鵪鶉. According to the Xia xiao zheng, “in the third month, the field rats transform into ru 鴽; in the eighth month, the ru 鴽 transform into field rats. A comment says. These are the an 鵪.” The Er ya states: “The chicks of quails are called wen 鳼; the chicks of the ru 鴽 are called ning 鸋.” A comment states: “The an 鵪 belong to the [category of ] chun 鶉, quails. The ru 鴽 are the same as the an 鵪.” The Li ji states: “Quail broth is [prepared] from ru 鴽 and wine made of knotweed, liao 蓼.” A comment states: “Ru 鴽 are small; they are unsuited to prepare a broth. They are to be prepared with wine and knotweed, and they are steamed and boiled to be served as food.” On the basis of all these statements it is clear now that chun 鶉, quails, and an 鵪 are two different items. Because both of them live in the fields and wilderness, and because their physical appearance is more or less the same, [the people] do not know how

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to distinguish them. Now, the chun 鶉, quails, came into being through a transformation of toads or sea fish. Eventually, they were hatched from eggs. Hence they have dots, and they are present throughout the four seasons. Yan 鷃, “leisure-birds,” came into being through a transformation of rats/mice. Eventually, they become rats again. Hence they have no dots, and exist in summer, but are absent in winter. Their origins differ, and by their nature and their therapeutic use they are to be distinguished. How could one confuse them! 48-12-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of yellow-legged button quails]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】諸瘡陰䘌。煮食去熱。時珍。 Control. All kinds of sores and hidden worms/bugs in the yin (i.e., genital) region. Eaten boiled it removes heat. [Li] Shizhen. 48-13 鷸音述。拾遺 Shu, read shu, Shi yi Redshank. Tringa totanus L. 【集解】【藏器曰】鷸如鶉，色蒼觜長，在泥塗間作鷸鷸聲，村民云田雞 所化，亦鵪、鶉類也。蘇秦所謂鷸、蚌相持者，即此。【時珍曰】説文 云：鷸知天將雨則鳴，故知天文者冠鷸。今田野間有小鳥，未雨則啼者是 矣。與翡翠同名而物異。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Redshanks look like quails, chun 鶉, Their color is ash grey, and they have a long beak. They live in the mud and their cries sound like shu shu 鷸鷸. The villagers say they are transformations of field chicken. They, too, belong to the category of an chun 鵪鶉, quails. When Su Qin spoke of shu 鷸, redshanks, and bang 蚌, clams, holding on to each other, he referred to this [bird]. [Li] Shizhen: The Shuo wen states: “When the redshanks know that heaven will send rain, they cry. Hence redshanks know the signs of heaven best.” Nowadays, in the fields and wilderness there are small birds that cry just before it rains. These are those [redshanks]. They have the same name as the fei cui 翡翠, halcyons, but they are different items.

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48-13-01 肉。Rou. [Redshank] meat. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】補虚，甚暖人。藏器。 Control. It supplements depletion, and intensely warms one. [Chen] Cangqi. 48-14 鴿宋嘉祐 Ge, FE Song, Jia you. Rock pigeon. Columba livia Gmelin. 【釋名】鵓鴿食療、飛奴。【時珍曰】鴿性淫而易合，故名。鵓者，其聲 也。張九齡以鴿傳書，目爲飛奴。梵書名迦布德迦。 Explanation of Names. Bo ge 鵓鴿, Shi liao. Fei nu 飛奴, “flying servants.” [Li] Shizhen: Pigeons by nature are licentious, and they easily mate, he 合. Hence their name, 鴿, “mating-bird.” The name bo 鵓 is a reference to the sound of their cry. Zhang Jiuling named them fei nu 飛奴, “flying servants,” because pigeons are employed to send letters. In Brahman texts they are called jiabudejia 迦布德迦. 【集解】【宗奭曰】鴿之毛色，於禽中品第最多，惟白鴿入藥。凡鳥皆雄 乘雌，此獨雌乘雄，故其性最淫。【時珍曰】處處人家畜之，亦有野鴿。 名品雖多，大要毛羽不過青、白、皂、緑、鵲斑數色。眼目有大小，黄、 赤、緑色而已。亦與鳩爲匹偶。 Collected Explanations. [Kou] Zongshi: The colors of pigeon feathers are the most variegated among all fowl. However, it is only the white pigeons that are used for preparing medications. All birds [mate in such a way that] the males ride the females. Only the [pigeons] have the females ride the males. Hence, by nature they are most licentious. [Li] Shizhen: Everywhere there are households that raise pigeons, and there are also wild pigeons. Although they appear in many variations, for the most part the colors of their feathers are greenish, white, black, green and magpie-like spotted. Their eyes may be big or small, yellow, red or green. They also mate with turtledoves.

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

220 48-14-01 白鴿肉。Bai ge rou.

Meat of the white pigeon. 【氣味】鹹，平，無毒。【詵曰】暖。 Qi and Flavor. Salty balanced, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: warm. 【主治】解諸藥毒，及人、馬久患疥，食之立愈。嘉祐。調精益氣，治惡 瘡疥癬，風瘡白癜，癧瘍風，炒熟酒服。雖益人，食多恐减藥力。孟詵。 Control. For resolving all kinds of poisons of medications, and for humans and horses chronically suffering from jie-illness,218 to eat [the meat of white pigeons] will result in an immediate cure. Jia you. To harmonize the essence and boost the qi, to cure malign sores, jie-illness and xuan-illness,219 wind itch and white patches, as well as pervasion-illness with ulcer wind,220 fry [the meat] until done and have [the patient] ingest it with wine. Even though it is beneficial to humans, if eaten excessively, it may decrease the strength of a medication. Meng Shen.

【附方】舊一，新一。 Added recipes: One of old; one newly [recorded]. 消渴飲水不知足。用白花鴿一隻，切作小片，以土蘇煎，含咽。心鏡。 For melting with thirst,221 and unrestrained drinking of water. Take one pigeon with white décor, cut it into small slices, fry it with radish, hold it in the mouth and swallow [the liquid]. Xin jing. 預解痘毒。每至除夜，以白鴿煮炙飼兒，仍以毛煎湯浴之，則出痘希少。 To resolve smallpox poison in advance: Each New Year’s eve, feed children with fried white pigeons, and wash them with a decoction prepared with boiled [pigeon] feathers. As a result, smallpox eruptions will be minimized.

218 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 219 Xuan-illness 癬, skin illness with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591. 220 Li yang feng 癧瘍風, “pervasion-illness with ulcer wind.” A condition of white macules and dots appearing on the skin in the neck, on the chest and below the armpits, without itching or pain. BCGM Dict I, 315. 221 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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48-14-02 血。Xue. [Pigeon] blood. 【主治】解諸藥、百蠱毒。時珍。出事林廣記。 Control. It resolves the poison of all kinds of medication, and of the hundreds of gu.222 [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Shi lin guang ji. 48-14-03 卵。Luan. [Pigeon] eggs. 【主治】解瘡毒、痘毒。時珍。 Control. They resolve sores with poison and smallpox poison. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 預解痘毒。小兒食之，永不出痘，或出亦希。用白鴿卵一對，入竹筒封， 置厠中，半月取出，以卵白和辰砂三錢，丸菉豆大。每服三十丸，三豆飲 下，毒從大小便出也。潜江方。 For resolving smallpox poison in advance: when they are fed to children, they will never experience an outbreak of smallpox, or if they break out, they will be very few. Take one pair of pigeon eggs, put them into a bamboo tube, and seal it. Then place it into a latrine, and remove it again after half a month. Then mix the egg white with three qian of cinnabar, and prepare pills of the size of green beans. Each time [have the child] ingest 30 pills together with the “three beans beverage.“223 The poison will leave [the body] through defecation and urination. Qian jiang fang. 48-14-04 屎。Shi. [Pigeon] excrements. 名左盤龍。【時珍曰】野鴿者尤良。其屎皆左盤，故宣明方謂之左盤龍也。

222 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 223 A famous recipe, allegedly dating from the time of legendary Bian Que, based on “black beans,” hei dou 黑豆, “green beans,” lü dou 綠豆, and “red beans,” hong dou 紅豆.

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They are named zuo pan long, “dragons coiled to the left.” [Li] Shizhen: [Excrements] of wild pigeons are especially good. Their excrements always coil to the left. Hence the Xuan ming fang speaks of them as “dragons coiled to the left.” 【氣味】辛，温，微毒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, warm, slightly poisonous. 【主治】人、馬疥瘡，炒研傅之。驢、馬，和草飼之。嘉祐。消腫及腹中 痞塊。汪穎。消瘰癧諸瘡，療破傷風及陰毒垂死者，殺蟲。時珍。 Control. Smear [pigeon excrements], fried and powdered, on jie-illness224 sores of humans and horses. For donkeys and horses, mix [the excrements] with the fodder, and feed them [with this]. Jia you. [Pigeon excrements] disperse swelling and obstacle-illness225 with lumps in the abdomen. Wang Ying. They disperse all kinds of fistula and scrofula pervasion-illness226 sores. They serve to heal wound wind and yin poison227 with impending death. They kill worms/bugs. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】舊四，新六。 Added recipes: Four of old; six newly [recorded]. 帶下排膿。宗奭曰：野鴿糞一兩，炒微焦，白术、麝香各一分，赤芍藥、 青木香各半兩，延胡索炒赤一兩，柴胡三分，爲末。温無灰酒空心調服一 錢。候膿盡即止，後服補子臟藥。 Discharge of pus from below the belt. [Kou] Zongshi: Wild pigeon excrements, one liang, fried until slightly burned. atractylodes [rhizome] and musk, one fen each. Paeonia [root] and aucklandia [root], one half liang each. Corydalis [tuber], fried until red, one liang. Bupleurum [root], three fen. Prepare a powder, and [let the woman] ingest one qian with warm wine, free of ashes, on an empty stomach. As soon as the pus is all gone, [the discharge] will end. After that, [have the woman] ingest medication to supplement the womb. 224 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 225 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” (1) a feeling of uncomfortable fullness and distension, (2) a pathological condition of uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I, 371. 226 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 227 Yin du 陰毒, “yin poison,” (1) a condition of harm caused by cold resulting in a flourishing of only yang qi, and a diminuition of yin qi. (2) an etiological agent of a poison qi with a cold quality. BCGM Dict I 633.

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破傷中風，病傳入裏。用左蟠龍即野鴿糞、江鰾、白僵蠶各炒半錢，雄黄 一錢，爲末。蒸餅丸梧子大。每服十五丸。温酒下，取效。保命集。 Open wounds struck by wind, with the disease having entered the interior. Use one half228 qian each of fried “dragons coiling to the left,” i.e., pigeon excrements, fried swim bladders of river fish, and fried white, stiff silkworms, as well as one qian of realgar, and [grind these ingredients] to powder. Then prepare steamed cake pills, the size of wu seeds. Each time, have [the patient] ingest 15 pills, to be sent down with warm wine. This will be effective. Bao ming ji. 陰症腹痛，面青甚者。鴿子糞一大抄，研末，極熱酒一鍾，和匀澄清，頓 服即愈。劉氏。 Yin conditions with abdominal pain: when the face has assumed an extremely greenish color. Grind a big handful of pigeon feces to powder, and mix it with one large cup of very hot wine. Strain this to obtain a clear liquid, and ingest this all at once. This will bring the cure. Mr. Liu. 蛕蟲腹痛。白鴿屎燒研，飲和服之。外臺。 Tape worms with abdominal pain. Burn a white pigeon’s excrements, grind them [to powder] and ingest this mixed with a beverage. Wai tai. 冷氣心痛。鴿屎燒存性，酒服一錢，即止。 For cold qi with heart pain: Burn pigeon feces, with their nature retained, and ingest one qian with wine. This will end [the illness]. 項上瘰癧。左盤龍，炒研末，飯和丸梧桐子大。每服三五十丸，米飲下。 張子和方。 Fistula with scrofula pervasion-illness229 on the nape: Burn “dragons coiling to the left,” grind them to powder and prepare, with cooked rice, pills as large as firmiana seeds. Each time ingest 30 to 50 pills with a rice beverage. Zhang Zihe fang. 頭痒生瘡。白鴿屎五合，醋煮三沸。杵傅之，日三上。聖惠。 For itch on the head with a generation of sores. Boil five ge of a white pigeon’s excrements in vinegar to bubbling three times. Pound [the excrements] and smear [the resulting paste] on the [affected region]. Three times daily. Sheng hui. 228 The Bao ming ji, in chapter Po shang feng lun 破傷風論, “On open wounds harmed by wind,“ 12, zuo long wan , “pills to assist dragons,“ writes wu 五, “five,“ insteand of ban 半, “half.“ 229 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329.

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頭瘡白秃。鴿糞研末傅之，先以醋泔洗浄。亦可燒研摻之。同上。 For head sores with white baldness: Grind pigeon excrements to powder, and apply this [to the affected region] which is to be washed clean with vinegar and the slop from rinsing rice beforehand. An alternative is to burn [the excrements], grind them [to powder] and apply this. [Source] identical with the one above. 反花瘡毒。初生惡肉如米粒，破之血出，肉隨生，反出於外。用鵓鴿屎三 兩，炒黄爲末。温漿水洗後，傅之。聖惠方。 For reversed-blossoms sores230 poison, when in the beginning there is a growth of malign flesh like rice kernels that will bleed when opened. When subsequently the flesh continues to grow, it may turn to the outside. Fry three liang of pigeon excrements until they are yellow, and pulverize this. Wash [the affected region] with warm fermented water of foxtail millet, and then apply [the powder] to it. Sheng hui. 鵝掌風。鴿屎白、雄雞屎，炒研，煎水日洗。 For goose-palm wind: Fry pigeon excrements and the excrements of a white rooster, and pulverize this. Boil [the powder] in water and wash [the affected body part] with it, daily. 48-15 突厥雀拾遺 Tu jue que, FE Shi yi. Pallas’ sand grouse.231 Syrrhaptes paradoxus Pallas. 【釋名】鵽鳩音奪、寇雉。【藏器曰】雀從北來，當有賊下，邊人候之， 故名。【時珍曰】案唐書云：高宗時，突厥犯塞，有鳴鵽群飛入塞。邊人 驚曰：此鳥一名突厥雀，南飛則突厥必入寇。已而果然。案此即爾雅：鵽 鳩，寇雉也。然則奪寇之義，亦由此矣。 Explanation of Names. Duo jiu 鵽鳩, read duo 奪. Kou zhi 寇雉, “invader pheasants.” [Chen] Cangqi: When the sparrows come from the North, this is a sign that robbers will descend. The border people look out for them as a sign. Hence the name. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Tang shu, “at the time of [Emperor] Gao zong, when the Turks started to invade the [northern] frontiers, a crying flock of Pallas’ sand grouses flew into the area. The border people were frightened and said: ‘These birds are also known as Turkish sparrows. When they fly to the South, the invaders are certain to come.’ Eventually this did happen, indeed.” That is, the duo 230 Fan hua chuang 反花瘡, “reversed-blossoms sores,” a condition of festering sores generating a flesh-growth assuming the shape of a flower. BCGM Dict I, 149. 231 Tu jue que 突厥雀, lit.: “Turkish sparrow.”

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jiu 鵽鳩 mentioned in the Er ya are the “invader pheasants.” Hence the meaning of “duo jiu 鵽鳩,” is derived from duo kou 奪寇, “invaders forcing their ways.” 【集解】【藏器曰】突厥雀，生塞北，狀如雀而身赤。【時珍曰】案郭璞 云：鵽鳩生北方沙漠地。大如鴿，形似雌雉，鼠脚無後趾，岐尾。爲鳥憨 急群飛。張華云：鵽生關西。飛則雌前雄後，隨其行止。莊周云：青鵽， 愛其子而忘其母。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The “Turkish sparrows” live in the Sai bei region. They are shaped like sparrows, but their body is red. [Li] Shizhen: According to Guo Pu,” the duo jiu 鵽鳩 live in the northern deserts. They are as big as pigeons, and from their physical appearance they resemble pheasant hens. Their legs are those of rodents, without a spur at the back. Their tail is forked. These are birds that when irritated fly in a flock.” Zhang Hua: “The duo 鵽 live in Guan xi. When they fly, the females fly first, and the males are behind. They follow [the females] in moving and resting.” Zhuang Zhou: “The greenish duo 鵽 love their sons and forget their mothers.” 48-15-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of Pallas’ sand grouse]. 【氣味】甘，熱，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】補虚暖中。藏器。 Control. It supplements depletions and warms the center. [Chen] Cangqi. 48-16 雀别録中品 Que, FE Bie lu, middle rank. House sparrow. Passer domesticus L. 【釋名】瓦雀、賓雀。【時珍曰】雀，短尾小鳥也。故字從小，從隹。 隹，音錐，短尾也。栖宿簷瓦之間，馴近階除之際，如賓客然，故曰瓦 雀、賓雀，又謂之嘉賓也。俗呼老而斑者爲麻雀，小而黄口者爲黄雀。 Explanation of Names. Wa que 瓦雀, “tiles sparrow.” Bin que 賓雀, “guest sparrow.” [Li] Shizhen: Sparrows are small birds with a short tail. Hence the character [que 雀] is derived from [the characters] xiao 小, “small,” and zhui 隹. 隹 is read zhui 錐, that is a “short tail.” They live between the eaves and tiles, wa 瓦, [of the roofs of houses]. They are tame enough to approach the door steps of a house, just like vis-

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iting guests, bin 賓. Hence they are called wa que 瓦雀, “tiles sparrows,” and bin que 賓雀, “guest sparrows.” They are also called jia bin 嘉賓, “esteemed guests.” Those that are old and spotted, they are commonly called ma que 麻雀, “spotty sparrows.” The small and yellow ones are the huang que 黄雀, “yellow sparrows.” 【集解】【時珍曰】雀，處處有之。羽毛斑褐，頷觜皆黑。頭如顆蒜，目 如擘椒。尾長二寸許，爪距黄白色，躍而不步。其視驚瞿，其目夜盲，其 卵有斑，其性最淫。小者名黄雀，八九月群飛田間。體絶肥，背有脂如披 綿。性味皆同，可以炙食，作鮓甚美。案逸周書云：季秋雀入大水爲蛤。 雀不入水，國多淫佚。又臨海異物志云：南海有黄雀魚，常以八月化爲黄 雀，十月入海爲魚。則所謂雀化蛤者蓋此類。若家雀則未常變化也。又有 白雀，緯書以爲瑞應所感。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Sparrows are everywhere. Their feathers are dotted brown. Their jaws and beak are black. Their head is similar to a clove of garlic and their eyes resemble [the small size and dark luster of the] seeds of Chinese pepper that are broken open. Their tail is about two cun long. Their claws and spurs are of yellow and white color. They hop and do not walk. They look around anxiously. Their eyes are blind at night. Their eggs are dotted. By nature, they are very licentious. Small ones are called huang que 黄雀, “yellow sparrows.” In the eighth and ninth month, they form flocks and fly into the fields. Their body is very fat. On their back is fat as if covered with silk floss. Their nature and flavor is always the same. They may be fried to be served as food. Minced and salted they are most delicious. According to the Yi zhou shu, “in late autumn sparrows enter big waters and become clams. When the sparrows fail to enter the waters, that is a sign of much licentiousness in the country.” Also, the Lin hai yi wu zhi states: “In the South Sea there are yellow sparrow fish. In the eighth month, they commonly transform into yellow sparrows. In the tenth month, [these sparrows] enter the water and turn into fish.” The reported transformation of sparrows into clams is of that same sort. House sparrows, though, do not undergo such transformation. Also, there are white sparrows. Non-orthodox texts identify them as auspicious omen. 48-16-01 肉。Rou. [Sparrow] meat. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【弘景曰】雀肉不可合李食，不可諸肝食。妊婦 食雀肉飲酒，令子多淫。食雀肉、豆醬，令子面䵟。凡服白术人忌之。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. [Tao] Hongjing: Sparrow meat must not be eaten together with plums, and it must not be eaten together with any type of

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liver. When pregnant women consume sparrow meat and drink wine, their sons will often be licentious. To eat sparrow meat and bean curd lets sons have facial gloom. All persons ingesting atractylodes [rhizome] must avoid it. 【主治】冬三月食之，起陽道，令人有子。藏器。壯陽益氣，暖腰膝，縮 小便，治血崩帶下。日華。益精髓，續五臟不足氣，宜常食之，不可停 輟。詵。 Control. If one eats it during the three months of winter, it will have the yang path (i.e., penis) rise, and lets one have children. [Chen] Cangqi. It strengthens the yang, and boosts the qi. It warms the lower back and the knees. It restrains the flow of urine and serves to cure blood collapse232 and [other diseases] below the belt [of women]. Rihua. It boosts essence and marrow. It extends insufficient qi in the five long-term depots. It should be eaten regularly; one must not cease [to consume it. Meng] Shen. 【發明】【宗奭曰】正月以前、十月以後，宜食之，取其陰陽静定未泄 也。故卵亦取第一番者。【頌曰】今人取雀肉和蛇牀子熬膏，和藥丸服， 補下有效，謂之驛馬丸。此法起于唐世，云明皇服之有驗。【時珍曰】聖 濟總録治虚寒雀附丸，用肥雀肉三四十枚，同附子熬膏丸藥，亦祖此意也。 Explication. [Kou] Zongshi: The [meat] is to be eaten before the first month and after the tenth month, so as to make use of its yin and yang [qi] being firmly present, before they flow off. Hence, of their eggs one also takes those laid first. [Su] Song: Nowadays, the people simmer sparrow meat and cnidium seeds to a paste which they combine with medication to be ingested as pills. They are effective in supplementing the lower [body regions], and they are called “posthorse pills.” This recipe came into use during the Tang era, and it is said that [Emperor] Ming huang ingested it successfully. [Li] Shizhen: The pills with sparrow [meat] and aconitum [accessory tubr] recorded in the Sheng ji zong lu for curing depletion cold, that use 30 to 40 pieces of fat sparrow meat and boil them with aconitum [accessory tuber] to a paste to be prepared to pills, they are based on the same idea.

【附方】新八。 Added recipes: Eight newly [recorded]. 補益老人。治老人臟腑虚損羸瘦，陽氣乏弱。雀兒五隻如常治，粟米一 合，葱白三莖，先炒雀熟，入酒一合，煮少時，入水二盞，下葱、米作粥 食。食治方。 232 Xue beng 血崩, blood collapse. Excessive vaginal bleeding, identical with beng zhong 崩中, collapsing center. BCGM Dict I, 594; 58.

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For supplementing and boosting old people. It serves to cure depletion injury of the long-term depots and short-term repositories with emaciation, as well as exhaustion and weakness of yang qi. [Take] five young sparrows, prepared as usual, one ge of millet, and three onion stalks. First fry the sparrows until done. Enter them into one ge of wine, and fry this a short time. Then add two qian of water, prepare a porridge with the onions and the corn, and [have the old person] eat this. Shi zhi fang. 心氣勞傷。朱雀湯：治心氣勞傷，因變諸疾。用雄雀一隻，取肉炙，赤小 豆一合，人參、赤伏苓、大棗肉、紫石英、小麥各一兩，紫苑、遠志肉、 丹參各半兩，甘草炙二錢半，細剉拌匀。每服三錢，用水一盞，煎六分， 去滓，食遠温服。奇效方。 For harm caused by overexertion of heart qi: Decoction with Red Sparrow. It serves to cure harm caused by overexertion of heart qi that may subsequently develop into all kinds of illness. Fry the meat of one male sparrow and add one ge of small red beans, as well as one liang each of ginseng [root], Indian bread, large date meat, amethyst, and wheat, half a liang each of purple aster [root], the wooden section between core and bark of polygala [root], and red sage, two and a half qian of fried glycyrrhiza [root], all finely cut and mixed. For each dose prepare three qian. In as much water as a small cup holds they are boiled until [the liquid is reduced] to six of ten parts. The dregs are removed, and the warm [liquid] is ingested a long time. Qi xiao fang. 腎冷偏墜疝氣。用生雀三枚，燎毛去腸，勿洗，以舶上茴香三錢，胡椒一 錢，縮砂、桂肉各二錢，入肚内，濕紙裹，煨熟，空心食之，酒下良。直 指方。 For kidney cold with unilaterally hanging [testis] associated with elevation-illness qi.233 Burn off the feathers of three raw sparrows, and remove their intestines. Do not wash them. Then fill into their abdomens three qian of imported fennel, one qian of black pepper, and two qian each of bastard cardamom [fruits] and unscraped bark from smaller younger branches of cinnamom-tree. They are then wrapped in moist paper and simmered until done to be eaten on an empty stomach. If ingested with wine, this is good. Zhi zhi fang. 小腸疝氣。用帶毛雀兒一枚去腸，入金絲礬末五錢縫合，以桑柴火煨成 炭，爲末。空心無灰酒服。年深者，二服愈。瑞竹堂方。 233 Shan qi 疝氣, “elevation-illness qi,” a pathological condition of (1) an item having entered the scrotum, with pain, sometimes ascending, sometimes descending, (2) a condition affecting the scrotum or a testicle, (3) of violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 419, 417.

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For small intestine elevation-illness [qi]: Remove the intestines from a sparrow still having its feathers and fill it with five qian of fibroferrite powder. Then sew it up and simmer it over a fire with mulberry firewood to generate charcoal. This is [ground to] powder and ingested, with ash-free wine, on an empty stomach. Those [cases] that have lasted for years will be cured after two doses. Rui zhu tang fang. 赤白痢下。臘月取雀兒，去腸肚皮毛，以巴豆仁一枚入肚，内瓶固濟，煅 存性，研末。以好酒煮黄蠟百沸，取蠟和丸梧子大。每服一二十丸。紅 痢，甘草湯下；白痢，乾薑湯下。普濟方。 For red and white free-flux illness234 discharge. Remove the intestines, the stomach, and the skin with the feathers from a sparrow caught in the twelfth month, and insert one croton seed kernel into its belly. Then store it in a tightly sealed jar and calcine it by retaining its nature. Grind [the contents] to powder. Then boil [this powder together with] yellow beeswax in good wine and have it reach a bubbling one hundred times. Take the beeswax and form pills of the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 10 to 20 pills. In cases of red free-flux illness, ingest [the pills] with a decoction of glycyrrhiza [root]. In cases of white free-flux illness, ingest them with a decoction of dried ginger. Pu ji fang 内外目障。治目昏生瞖，遠視似有黑花，及内障不見物。用雀兒十箇，去 毛翅足觜，連腸胃骨肉研爛，磁石煅，醋淬七次水飛、神麴炒、青鹽、肉 蓯蓉酒浸炙各一兩，兔絲子酒浸三日晒三兩，爲末。以酒二升，少入煉 蜜，同雀、鹽研膏和丸梧子大。每温酒下二十丸，日二服。聖惠方。 For inner and outer eye screen. To cure dim vision with the generation of a shade, with [patients] seeing something like black flowers in a distance, and inner screens that let one not see anything. Remove the feathers, feet and beaks of ten sparrows, and grind them to a pulp with their intestines, stomach, bones and flesh. Then take one liang each of magnetite that was calcined first, then dipped in vinegar seven times, and eventually refined by selecting those parts that float on a surface of water, of fried medicated leaven, greenish salt, and cistanche [stem] soaked in wind, further three liang of cuscuta seeds soaked in wine for three days and dried under the sun, and [grind all this to] powder. Then take two sheng of wine, add a small amount of melted honey to it and pound this together with the sparrows and salt to a paste that is then prepared to pills of the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 20 pills with warm wine, twice a day. Sheng hui fang.

234 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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48-16-02 雀卵。Que luan. Sparrow egg. 【氣味】酸，温，無毒。五月取之。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, warm, nonpoisonous. To be collected in the fifth month. 【主治】下氣，男子陰痿不起，强之令熱，多精有子。别録。和天雄、兔 絲子末爲丸，空心酒下五丸，治男子陰痿不起，女子帶下，便溺不利，除 疝瘕。孟詵。 Control. [Sparrow eggs] let the qi descend. When the yin [member (i.e., penis)] of males loses its function and has no erection, [sparrow eggs] will strengthen it and provide it with heat. This lets one have much essence and many children. Bie lu. Mixed with aconitum [root] and cuscuta seed powder, they are prepared to pills. Five such pills are ingested with wine on an empty stomach to cure loss of function of a male’s yin [member] and failure to have an erection, and [illnesses] of women below the belt, with urine not flowing freely. They eliminate elevation-illness with conglomeration-illness. Meng Shen. 【發明】【弘景曰】雀利陰陽，故卵亦然。術云：雀卵和天雄丸服之，令 莖不衰。【頌曰】按素問云：胸脇支滿者，妨於食，病至則先聞臊臭，出 清液，先唾血，四肢清，目眩，時時前後血。病名血枯，得之年少時，有 所大脱血，若醉入房中，氣竭肝傷，故月事衰少不來。治之以烏鰂魚骨、 藘茹，二物并合之，丸以雀卵，大如小豆，以五丸爲後飯，飲鰂骨汁，以 利腸中及傷肝也。飲後藥先爲後飯。本草三藥並不治血枯，而經法用之， 是攻其所生所起耳。【時珍曰】今人知雀卵能益男子陽虚，不知能治女子 血枯，蓋雀卵益精血耳。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: Sparrow [meat] frees the flow of yin and yang [qi]. Hence [sparrow] eggs have the same [effects]. The [experts in the recipe] arts state: “Sparrow eggs ingested with aconitum [root] will prevent the stalk [of males (i.e., penis)] from weakening.” [Su] Song: According to the Su wen, “a propping fullness in chest and flanks results from a blocked food [passage]. When the illness sets in, one first notices a foul stench. [The patient] emits a clear liquid. First the saliva is bloody, the four limbs are cool, the eyes are dizzy, and again and again he loses blood in the front [through urination] and behind [through defecation]. The disease is named blood decay. It is acquired in younger years either because of a massive loss of blood or because one has entered the women’s chambers in a state of drunkenness, with the result that the qi are exhausted and the liver is harmed. Hence the monthly affair is weak and diminished or entirely fails to arrive To cure this, cuttle-

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fish bones and spurge are combined, and pills of the size of small beans are prepared from these two items with sparrow eggs. Take five pills before a meal and drink cuttle fish juice to free the passage in the intestines in the center und to benefit the harmed liver.” After [the patient] has drunk [the juice], he ingests the medication first and eats afterwards. The Ben cao does not mention these three drugs as being able to cure blood desiccation. When they are used in therapy methods based on experience, they serve to act where [the illness] has arisen, where it has emerged. [Li] Shizhen: Nowadays, the people know that sparrow eggs fill a male’s yang depletion. They do not know that [these eggs] are able to cure blood desiccation in women. The fact is, sparrow eggs boost essence/sperm and blood. 48-16-03 肝。Gan. [Sparrow] liver. 【主治】腎虚陽弱。聖惠四雄丸用之。 Control. Kidney depletion, yang weakness. The “pills with the four ‘male’ [ingredients]”235 of the Sheng hui make use of it. 48-16-04 頭血。Tou xue. Blood from the [sparrow’s] head. 【主治】雀盲。别録。【弘景曰】雀盲，乃人患黄昏時無所見，如雀目夜 盲也。日日取血點之。 Control. Night blindness. Bie lu. [Tao] Hongjing: Night blindness is when a person suffers from an inability to see things at dusk, just like the sparrows that cannot see things at night. Twice a day, take blood [from the head of a sparrow] and drip it into the [patient’s] eye. 48-16-05 腦。Nao. [Sparrow] brain. 【氣味】平。 Qi and Flavor. balanced. 【主治】綿裹塞耳，治聾。又塗凍瘡。孟詵。【時珍曰】按張子和方：臘 月雀腦燒灰，油調塗之。亦可。 235 A recipe introduced in Sheng hui ch. 7. Four of its altogether eleven ingredients include the character xiong 雄, “male,” in their names: xiong que 雄雀, xiong ji 雄雞, xiong can e 雄蠶蛾, tian xiong 天雄, aconitum [root].

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Control. Wrapped with cotton and inserted into the ears, it serves to cure deafness. It may also be applied to treat loss of hearing. It may also be applied to frost sores. Meng Shen. [Li] Shizhen: According to Zhang Zihe fang, in the twelfth month, sparrow brain burned to ashes, mixed with oil and applied to [frost sores] may also be effective. 48-16-06 喙及脚脛骨。Hui ji jiao jing gu. [Sparrow] beak and shin bone. 【主治】小兒乳癖，每用一具煮汁服。或燒灰，米飲調服。時珍。 Control. For breast aggregation-illness236 of children, each time boil one and ingest the juice. Or burn to ashes, and ingest them mixed with a rice beverage. [Li] Shizhen. 48-16-07 雄雀屎。Xiong que shi. Male sparrow feces. 一名白丁香俗名、青丹拾遺、雀蘇炮炙論。 Alternative names: Bai ding xiang 白丁香, “white clove,” a common name. Qing dan 青丹, “greenish pellets/elixir,” Shi yi. Que su 雀蘇, Pao zhi lun. 【修治】【日華曰】凡鳥左翼掩右者是雄，其屎頭尖挺直。【斅曰】凡 使，勿用雀兒糞。雀兒口黄，未經淫者也。其雀蘇底坐尖在上是雄，兩頭 圓者是雌，陰人使雄，陽人使雌。臘月采得，去兩畔附着者，鉢中研細， 以甘草水浸一夜，去水焙乾用。【時珍曰】别録止用雄雀屎，雌雄分用， 則出自雷氏也。 Preparation. Rihua: All birds using their left wing to cover their right [wing]237 are males. Their excrements have a tip pointed upward. [Lei] Xiao: For all applications, do not use the excrements of young sparrows. Young sparrows have a yellow mouth; they have not engaged in mating yet. Sparrow excrements with a tip pointing upward are those of males. If both ends are round, they are those of females. Yin persons make use of male [sparrow excrements]; yang persons use female [sparrow excrements]. Collect the [excrements] in the twelfth month and remove anything sticking to the two ends. Grind [the excrements] in a bowl to a fine [powder] and have this soak in glycyrrhiza [root] water for one night. Then remove the water, dry it over fire, and use it. [Li] Shizhen [quoting the] Bie lu: Only use the excrements 236 Pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” of painful lumps emerging from time to time in both flanks. BCGM Dict I, 371. 237 Zheng lei ch. 9, que luan 雀卵, quoting Rihua zi writes you yan zuo 右掩左, “[those that] with their right [wing] cover their left [wing].“

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of male sparrows. The separate use of female and male [sparrow excrements] stems from Mr. Lei. 【氣味】苦，温，微毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, warm, slightly poisonous. 【主治】療目痛，决癰疽，女子帶下，溺不利，除疝瘕。别録。療齲齒。 陶弘景。和首生男子乳點目中，弩肉、赤脉貫童子者即消，神效。和蜜丸 服，治癥瘕久痼諸病。和少乾薑服之，大肥悦人。蘇恭。癰癤不潰者，點 塗即潰。急黄欲死者，湯化服之立甦。腹中痃癖諸塊、伏梁者，和乾薑、 桂心、艾葉爲丸服之，能令消爛。藏器。和天雄、乾薑丸服，能强陰。孟 詵。消積除脹，通咽塞口噤，女人乳腫，瘡瘍中風，風蟲牙痛。 Control. [Sparrow excrements] heal eye pain, and end obstruction-illness and impediment-illness. 238 [They serve to cure diseases of ] females below the belt, and when urination fails to flow freely. They eliminate elevation-illness with conglomeration-illness.239 Bie lu. They heal decayed teeth. [Tao] Hongjing. When dripped into the eyes mixed with the milk [of a mother] for her first-born son they will dissolve tumorous flesh growths and red vessels permeating the pupils. This is divinely effective. Ingested prepared with honey as pills, they serve to cure all kinds of obstinacy-illness,240 like concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness.241 Ingested with a small amount of dried ginger, they will make one quite fat and happy. Su Gong. For obstruction-illness with pimples that do not fester, apply [sparrow excrements to the affected region] and this will set off festering. For those who have suddenly turned yellow and are about to die, [let the patient] ingest [the excrements] dissolved in hot water, and they will come back to life immediately. For abdominal string-illness with aggregation-illness,242 all kinds of lumps and hidden

238 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 239 Shan jia 疝瘕, “elevation-illness with conglomeration-illness.” A lump-like swelling in the abdomen that alternately collects and then dissolves again. BCGM Dict I, 418. 240 For various kinds of gu 痼, “obstinacy-illness,” see BCGM Dict I, 194. 241 Zheng jia 癥瘕, “concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness.” The two terms are often used interchangeably and do not signify two distinctly different conditions. Concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness result from a disharmony of cold and warmth resulting in a failure to transform beverages and food. Nodes form when the clash with the qi of the long-term depots. BCGM Dict I, 677. 242 Pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” of painful lumps emerging from time to time in both flanks. BCGM Dict I, 371.

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beams,243 ingest [the excrements] prepared with dried ginger, shaved cassia bark and common mugwort leaves to pills. They let soddening disappear. [Chen] Cangqi. Ingested as pills prepared with aconitum [root] and dried ginger, they are able to stiffen the yin [(i. e., genital) member of males]. Meng Shen. They dissolve accumulations, and remove distension. They make a blocked throat with a tight mouth passable again. They [cure] swelling of the female breast, as well as sores and ulcers struck by wind,244 and wind worm teeth245 with pain. 【發明】【時珍曰】雀食諸穀，易致消化。故所治疝瘕積脹痃癖，及目瞖 弩肉，癰疽瘡癤，咽噤齒齲諸症，皆取其能消爛之義也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Sparrows eat all kinds of grain; and easily digest them. Hence one makes use of their ability to dissolve soddening when employing them to cure all kinds of illness signs such as elevation-illness with conglomeration-illness, accumulations, distensions, string-illness246 with aggregation-illness, as well as eye shades and tumorous flesh growth, obstruction-illness and impediment-illness, 247 sores with pimples, as well as clenched pharynx and decayed teeth.

【附方】舊六，新八。 Added recipes: Six of old, eight newly [recorded]. 霍亂不通，脹悶欲死，因傷飽取凉者。用雄雀糞二十一粒炒，研末，温酒 服。未效，再服。總録。 For cholera with constipation, when [patients] experience [an abdominal] distension with heart pressure and are about to die following harm caused by overeating 243 Fu liang 伏梁, “hidden beam,” a pathological accumulation shaped like a lower arm. It rises from the navel and reaches to below the heart. In serious cases, patients spit blood. BCGM Dict I, 175. 244 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683. 245 Chong ya 蟲牙, “worm teeth,” identical with qu chi 齲齒, “decayed teeth.” A condition with decaying teeth developing holes, turning black and emitting a bad odor. In severe cases hollow teeth may crack. Also, the decay may enter the gums resulting in swelling, pain and festering. BCGM Dict I, 392. 246 Xuan 痃, “string-illness,” a condition of acute pain located in the abdomen to the left and right of the umbilicus. BCGM Dict I, 591. 247 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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with cool [food]. Roast 21 sparrow excrement kernels, grind them to powder, and ingest them with warm wine. If this remains without effect, ingest [the same] again. Zong lu. 目中瞖膜。治目熱生赤白膜。以雄雀屎和人乳點上，自爛。肘後方。 For a shade membrane in the eye. This serves to cure heat in the eyes generating a red and white membrane. Drop male sparrow excrements and human milk into [the eyes] and [the membranes] will rot as a result. Zhou hou fang. 風蟲牙痛。雄雀屎，綿裹塞孔中，日二易之，效。外臺。 For wind worm teeth with pain. Wrap the excrements of male sparrows with silk floss and insert this into the holes. Exchange [the tampons] twice a day. Effective. Wai tai. 咽喉噤塞。雄雀屎末，温水灌半錢。外臺。 For blocked throat. Force-feed half a qian of male sparrow powder with warm water [to the patient]. Wai tai. 小兒口噤中風。用雀屎，水丸麻子大。飲下二丸，即愈。千金方。 For tight mouth of children being struck by wind.248 Prepare pills from sparrow excrements with water, as big as hemp seeds, and [have the child] ingest two pills with a beverage. This will bring the cure. Qian jin fang. 小兒不乳。用雀屎四枚，末之，着乳上與吮。總微。 For children who do not drink milk. Grind four pieces of sparrow excrements to powder, apply this to the breast nipples, and have [the child] suck there. Zong wei. 小兒痘黶。白丁香末，入麝少許，米飲服一錢。保幼大全。 For crusts after smallpox of children. Add a small quantity of musk to “white clove” (i. e., male sparrow feces) powder and [have the child] ingest this with one qian of rice beverage. Bao you da quan. 婦人吹乳。白丁香半兩，爲末。以温酒服一錢。聖惠。

248 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683.

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For inflated breast of women.249 Grind half a liang of “white clove” (i. e., male sparrow feces) to powder and [let the patient] ingest one qian with warm wine. Sheng hui. 破傷風瘡，作白痂無血者，殺人最急。以黄雀糞直者研末，熱酒服半錢。 普濟。 For wound wind250 sores. Those forming white crusts and failing to bleed will kill one very quickly. Grind to powder the straight sections of male sparrow excrements, and ingest one half qian with hot wine. Pu ji. 破决癰癤。諸癰已成膿，懼鍼者，取雀屎塗瘡頭，即易决。梅師方。 To break open obstruction-illness251 with pimples. For all kinds of obstruction-illness that already have developed pus, with [the patient] fearing to have them opened with a needle. Take sparrow excrements and apply them on top of the sores. This will easily open them. Mei shi fang. 瘭瘡作痛。用雀屎、燕窠土研，傅之。直指。 For flaming-heat-illness sores252 with pain. Use sparrow excrements and soil from a swallow’s nest, grind them [to powder] and apply this [to the affected region]. Zhi zhi. 浸淫瘡癬。洗浄，以雀屎、醬瓣和研，日塗之。千金翼。 For sores soaked [with pus and/or liquid]: Wash [the affected region] clean and apply to it, daily, a mixture of sparrow excrements and thyme leaf spurge ground to powder. Qian jin yi. 喉痺乳蛾。白丁香二十個，以沙糖和作三丸。每以一丸綿裹含嚥，即時遂 愈。甚者不過二丸，極有奇效。普濟方。 For throat blockage and nipple moths.253 Prepare three pills from 20 pieces of “white clove” (i. e., male sparrow feces) and granulated sugar. Each time wrap one pill with 249 Chui ru 吹乳, “inflated breast.” Identical with chui nai 吹奶, “inflated breast.” A condition with milk blocked after delivery and the breasts turning red and swelling. BCGM Dict I, 101. 250 Po shang feng 破傷風, “wound wind,” a condition of lockjaw, arched back rigidity and convulsions, resulting from wounds struck by wind. BCGM Dict I, 379. 251 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 252 Biao chuang 瘭瘡, “flaming-heat illness sores,” BCGM Dict I, 66. 253 Ru e 乳蛾, “nipple moths,” a condition with red swelling and pain on both sides of the throat, in severe cases including the generation of pus forming white dots, as a major sign.

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silk floss and hold it in the mouth [to have liquid flow into] the throat. This will soon result in a cure. [Even] serious cases do not require more than two pills. This is extremely and extraordinarily effective. Pu ji fang. 面鼻酒皶。白丁香十二粒，蜜半兩，早、夜點，久久自去。聖惠。 For wine sediments on face and nose. Apply early in the morning and at night 12 pieces of “white clove” (i. e., male sparrow feces) mixed with half a liang of honey. As a result, after a long time, [the sediments] will disappear. Sheng hui.

48-17 蒿雀拾遺 Hao que, FE Shi yi Wormwood sparrow. 【集解】【藏器曰】蒿雀似雀，青黑色，在蒿間，塞外彌多。食之，美於 諸雀。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Wormwood sparrows resemble [ordinary] sparrows. They are of greenish-black color, and are found among the wormwood. They are very numerous in the Sai wai region. As food they are more delicious than all other [kinds of ] sparrows. 48-17-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of wormwood sparrows]. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】食之，益陽道，補精髓。藏器。 Control. When eaten it benefits the yang path. It supplements essence and marrow. [Chen] Cangqi. 48-17-02 腦。Nao. Brain [of wormwood sparrows]. 【主治】塗凍瘡，手足不皸。藏器。 Control. Applied to frostbite it will prevent hands and feet from breaking open. [Chen] Cangqi. Most likely referring to acute tonsillitis. BCGM Dict I, 410.

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48-18 巧婦鳥拾遺 Qiao fu niao, FE Shi yi. Eurasian wren.254 Troglodytes troglodytes L. 【釋名】鷦鷯詩疏、桃蟲詩經、蒙鳩荀子、女匠方言、黄脰雀俗。【時珍 曰】按爾雅云：桃蟲，鷦。其雌曰鴱。揚雄方言云：自關而東謂之巧雀， 或謂之女匠。自關而西謂之襪雀，或謂之巧女。燕人謂之巧婦。江東謂之 桃雀，亦曰布母。鳩性拙，鷦性巧，故得諸名。 Explanation of Names. Jiao liao 鷦鷯, Shi shu. Tao chong 桃蟲, “peach worms/bugs,” Shi jing. Meng qiu 蒙鳩, “Mongolian turtledove,” Xun zi. Nü jiang 女匠, “female artisan,” Fang yan. Huang dou que 黄脰雀, “yellow neck sparrows,“ colloquial. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Er ya, the tao chong 桃蟲 are the jiao 鷦. Their females are called ai 鴱. Yang Xiong in his Fang yan states: “In the region from Guan eastward, they are called qiao que 巧雀, ‘skilled sparrows’. Sometimes they are called nü jiang 女匠, ‘female artisans’. In the region from Guan westward, they are called wa que 襪雀, ‘swallows with stockings’. Sometimes they are called qiao nü 巧女, ‘skilled females’. The inhabitants of Yan call them qiao fu 巧婦, ‘skilled women’. The people in the Jiang dong region call them tao que 桃雀, ‘peach sparrows’. Another name is bu mu 布母, ‘mother of cloths’.” Turtledoves are dull; the wrens are skilled. Hence they were given all these names. 【集解】【藏器曰】巧婦小於雀，在林藪間爲窠。窠如小袋。【時珍 曰】鷦鷯處處有之。生蒿木之間，居藩籬之上，狀似黄雀而小，灰色有 斑，聲如吹嘘，喙如利錐。取茅葦毛毳爲窠，大如雞卵，而繫之以麻髮， 至爲精密。懸於樹上，或一房、二房。故曰：巢林不過一枝，每食不過數 粒。小人畜馴，教其作戲也。又一種鳭鷯，爾雅謂之剖葦。似雀而青灰斑 色，長尾，好食葦蠹，亦鷦類也。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Wrens are smaller than sparrows. They build their nests in trees and bushes. Their nests resemble small bags. [Li] Shizhen: Wrens are present everywhere. They live among wormwood and they stay in hedges. Their appearance is that of yellow sparrows, but they are smaller. They are gray with spots. Their cries are loud as if they were to announce themselves. Their beak resembles a sharp awl. They use grass and reed, as well as feathers and down to build their nests that are as big as chicken eggs, and that are tied together with hemp fibers. This is done with utmost precision. They hang down from trees; sometimes just one chamber, or two chambers. Hence it is said that there is only one twig in the forest. When they eat, they consume not more than a few kernels. Children raise them as 254 Qiao fu niao 巧婦鳥, lit.: “skilled woman bird.”

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domestic pets and teach them to be playful. There is another type [called] diao liao 鳭鷯; named pou wei 剖葦, “reed cutters,” by the Er ya. They resemble sparrows but are of greenish-grey spotted color, and they have a long tail. They prefer to eat reed and moths and they too belong to the group of jiao 鷦. 48-18-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of the Eurasian wren]. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】炙食甚美，令人聰明。汪穎。 Control. Eaten fried it is very delicious and makes people intelligent. Wang Ying. 48-18-02 窠。Ke. Nest [of the Eurasian wren]. 【主治】燒烟熏手，令婦人巧蠶。藏器。治膈氣噎疾。以一枚燒灰酒服， 或一服三錢，神驗。時珍。出衛生易簡方。 Control. When the hands of women are exposed to the fumes of burning [nests of wrens], they will become better able to raise silkworms. [Chen] Cangqi. They serve to cure occlusion qi255 with gullet occlusion ailment. For this, one ingests with wine one [nest] burned to ashes, or one ingests three qian [of the ashes without wine]. Divinely effective. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Wei sheng yi jian fang. 48-19 燕别録中品 Yan, FE Bie lu, middle rank. Swallow.256 Riparia riparia L. 【釋名】乙鳥説文、玄鳥禮記、鷙鳥古今注、鷾鴯莊子、游波炮炙論、天 女易占。【時珍曰】燕字篆文象形。乙者，其鳴自呼也。玄，其色也。 鷹、鷂食之則死，能制海東青鶻，故有鷙鳥之稱。能興波祈雨，故有游波 之號。雷斅云：海竭枯江，投游波而立汎，是矣。京房云：人見白燕，主 生貴女，故燕名天女。 255 Ge qi 膈氣, “occlusion qi.” Gullet occlusion. A disease situated in the chest and diaphragm region with a sensation of an obstacle in the chest, heart-pressure, and pain, a failure of beverages and food to move through a bloecked esophagus. BCGM Dict I, 189. 256 Also knows as “sand martin.”

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Explanation of Names. Yi niao 乙鳥, “yi bird,” Shuo wen. Xuan niao 玄鳥, “dark bird,” Li ji. Zhi niao 鷙鳥, “ferocious bird,” Gu jin zhu. Yi er 鷾鴯, Zhuang zi. You po 游波, “going about to raise waves,” Pao zhi lun. Tian nü 天女, “celestial girl,” Yi zhan. [Li] Shizhen: The character yan 燕, “swallow,” in seal script is pictographic. Yi niao 乙鳥, “yi bird,” is how [swallows] call themselves. Xuan 玄, “dark,“ refers to their color. When goshawks and sparrow hawks eat them, they will die. They are able to subdue the qing hu 青鶻, “greenish falcons,” of the Hai dong region. Hence they are called zhi niao 鷙鳥, “ferocious birds.” They are able to let waves rise and they serve to entreat rain. Hence they also have the name you po 游波, “going about to raise waves.” Lei Xiao has stated: “When the seas are exhausted, and the rivers have dried, throw a you po 游波 there, and a flood will come immediately.” That is it. The Jing fang has stated: “When humans see white swallows, they will give birth to a noble girl.” Hence swallows are named tian nü 天女, “celestial girls.” 【集解】【别録曰】燕生高山平谷。【弘景曰】燕有兩種。紫胸輕小者是 越燕，不入藥用。胸斑黑而聲大者，是胡燕，可入藥用。胡燕作窠長，能 容二匹絹者，令人家富也。若窠户北向而尾屈色白者，是數百歲燕，仙經 謂之肉芝，食之延年。【時珍曰】燕大如雀而身長， 口豐頷，布翅岐 尾，背飛向宿，營巢避戊己日，春社來，秋社去。其來也，啣泥巢於屋宇 之下；其去也，伏氣蟄於窟穴之中。或謂其渡海者，謬談也。玄鳥至時祈 高禖，可以求嗣，或以爲吞燕卵而生子者，怪説也。或云燕蟄於井底，燕 不入屋，井虚也。燕巢有艾則不居。凡狐貉皮毛，見燕則毛脱。物理使然。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Swallows live on high mountains, on plains and in valleys. [Tao] Hongjing: There are two kinds of swallows. Those that have a purple chest and are quite small, they are the yue yan 越燕, “Yue swallows.” They are not used for pharmaceutical purposes. Those with a striped and black chest, and whose cry is massive, they are the hu yan 胡燕, “Hu swallows.” They can be used to prepare medications. The hu yan 胡燕 build long nests that can hold two bolts of tough silk. [If a house has such a nest] it will make the people rich. If a nest is above a door facing north and if the tail [of the swallows that have built it] is curled and of white color, it is a swallow of several hundred years. Such [animals] are called rou zhi 肉 芝 , “soma of meat,” in the classics of the hermits. To eat them will prolong one’s life. [Li] Shizhen: Swallows are as big as sparrows, but their body is longer. Their beak is shaped like a pair of tweezers and their chin appears filled. Their wings are widely spread, and their tail is forked. When they fly toward their nest, they approach it backward. They avoid wu ji days when they build their nest. On the day of Spring Sacrifice they arrive, and on the day of Autumn Sacrifice they leave. Upon their arrival, they hold mud in their beak to build a nest under the eaves of a house. When they leave, they restrain their qi [by avoiding to move and to feed] and hibernate in

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cave holes. Some say that they cross the sea. Such sayings are wrong. [When people say that] upon the arrival of the xuan niao 玄鳥, “dark birds,“ one makes sacrifices to beg for offspring, or that to swallow swallow eggs will have one give birth to a child, all this is nonsense. It is also said that swallows hibernate at the bottom of wells, and that when a swallow does not enter the house, the well is empty. When there are common mugwort leaves in a swallow’s nest, it will not rest in it. When a fox’s or a raccoon dog’s skin and fur are exposed to a swallow, their fur will fall off. This is caused by the structure underlying [the correspondence of ] things. 48-19-01 肉。Rou. [Swallow] meat. 【氣味】酸，平，有毒。【弘景曰】燕肉不可食，損人神氣，入水爲蛟龍 所吞。亦不宜殺之。【時珍曰】淮南子言：燕入水爲蜃蛤，故高誘註謂蛟 龍嗜燕，人食燕者不可入水，而祈禱家用燕召龍。切謂燕蟄而不化者，化 蛤之説未審然否？但燕肉既有毒，自不必食之。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, plain, poisonous. [Tao] Hongjing: Swallow meat must not be eaten, lest it harm one’s spirit qi. When [such a person] enters a water, he will be swallowed by the flood dragon. Also, it is not advisable to kill them. [Li] Shizhen: The Huai nan zi states: “When swallows enter a water, they transform into clams or toads”. Hence Gao You in his commentary states that “flood dragons love to eat swallows, and humans who have eaten swallows must not enter a water.”257 Swallows are used in certain sacrifices to attract dragons. I dare to say that swallows hibernate and do not transform. Is it not such that to state that they transform into clams is not based on sufficient research? Still, the meat of swallows is poisonous. Hence it must not be eaten. 【主治】出痔蟲、瘡蟲。别録。 Control. It serves to make worms/bugs leave piles and sores. Bie lu. 48-19-02 胡燕卵黄。Hu yan luan huang. Yolk of the eggs of Hu swallows. 【主治】卒水浮腫，每吞十枚。别録。 Control. For a sudden onset of surface water swelling. Swallow ten eggs each time. Bie lu. 257 The original Ben cao gang mu text does not have the character you 誘. It is inserted here based on the Sui shu, Jing ji zhi 經籍志. Still, the comments added to the Huai nan zi by Gao You do not include a text passage jiao long chi yan 蛟龍嗜燕. Li Shizhen erroneously attributes quotes from the Bo wu zhi and other texts to Gao You.

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48-19-03 秦燕毛。Qin yan mao. Feathers of swallows from Qin. 【主治】解諸藥毒。取二七枚燒灰，水服。時珍。 Control. They resolve all kinds of poisons of medications. Take two times seven feathers, burn them to ashes, and have them ingested with water. [Li] Shizhen. 48-19-04 屎。Shi. [Swallow] droppings. 【氣味】辛，平，有毒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, balanced, poisonous. 【主治】蟲毒鬼疰，逐不祥邪氣，破五癃，利小便，熬香用之。别録。 【頌曰】胡洽治疰病，青羊脂丸中用之。療痔，殺蟲，去目瞖。蘇恭。治 口瘡、瘧疾。孫思邈。作湯，浴小兒驚癇。弘景。 Control. Gu poison, 258 demon attachment-illness.259 [Swallows’ droppings] expel noxious evil qi. They break through the five protuberance-illnesses,260 and free the flow of urine. For an application, boil them until they become fragrant. Bie lu. [Su] Song: Hu Qia [recommends them] to cure [demon] attachment-illness disease261 in that they are applied as ingredients of the “pills with fat of greenish sheep.” They serve to heal piles, to kill worms/bugs, and to eliminate eye shades. Su Gong. They serve to cure oral sores, and malaria. Sun Simiao. Prepared as a decoction, they are used to bathe children suffering from fright epilepsy. [Tao] Hongjing.

258 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 259 Gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness,” also zhu 注, “attachment-illness,” “influx-illnesss,” reflects a notion of a foreign pathogenic agent, originally of demonic nature, having attached itself to the human organism. BCGM Dict I, 202, 688-695. 260 Wu long 五癃, “five kinds of protuberance-illness.” Reference to various, not clearly distinguished long 癃, “protuberance-illnesses,” associated with a passing of urine in small amounts, or a completely blocked passage. BCGM Dict I, 323, 541. 261 Zhu bing 疰病, “attachment-illness disease,” a condition identical with gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness.” BCGM Dict I, 535; 689.

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【附方】舊三，新三。 Added recipes: Three of old, three newly [recorded]. 解蠱毒。藏器曰：取燕屎三合炒，獨蒜去皮十枚和擣，丸梧子大。每服三 丸，蠱當隨利而出。 To resolve gu poison. Fry three ge of swallows’ droppings, and pound them together with 10 cloves of single-cloved garlic of which the skin was removed, and prepare pills of the size of wu seeds. Take three pills each time. The gu will leave [the body] together with the flow [of urine/fecal matter]. 厭瘧疾。藏器曰：燕屎方寸匕，發日平旦和酒一升，令病人兩手捧住吸 氣。慎勿入口，害人。 To suppress malaria illness: [Chen] Cangqi: On the morning of the day of an outbreak, mix the amount of swallows’ droppings held by a square cun size spoon with one sheng of wine. Then have the patient hold [the bowl] with his two hands to inhale the qi. He must be careful not to let [the liquid] enter his mouth lest he be harmed. 下石淋。用燕屎末，以冷水服五錢。旦服，至食時，當尿石水下。 To bring down stone dripping: Ingest with cold water five qian of powdered swallows’ droppings. If ingested in the morning, by the time of the meal the stones will be passed down with the urine. 通小便。用燕屎、豆豉各一合，糊丸梧子大。每白湯下三丸，日三服。千 金。 To free the passage of urine: Use one ge each of swallows’ droppings and fermented soybeans to prepare with flour pills of the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest three pills with clear hot water, three times a day. Qian jin. 止牙痛。用燕子屎，丸梧桐子大。於疼處咬之，丸化即疼止。袖珍。 To end toothache: Use swallows’ droppings to prepare pills of the size of firmiana seeds, and have [the patient] bite on them at the location of the pain. Once the pills dissolve, the pain will end. Xiu zhen. 小兒卒驚，似有痛處而不知。用燕窠中糞煎湯洗浴之。救急方。 For sudden fright of children, when there seems to be a painful location, but it is not known [where it might be]. Use the droppings found in a swallow nest to prepare a decoction, and bathe [the child] in it. Jiu ji fang.

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48-19-05 窠中土。Ke zhong tu. Soil in a [swallow] nest. 見土部 。 See the section “soils”. 48-19-06 燕蓐草。Yan ru cao. Swallows’ straw. 即窠草，見草部之九。 This is the straw found in nests. See sub-section 9 of the section “herbs”. 48-20 石燕 日華 Shi yan, FE Rihua Stone swallow. 【釋名】土燕綱目。 Explanation of Names. Tu yan 土燕, “soil swallow.” Gang mu. 【集解】【詵曰】石燕，在乳穴石洞中者。冬月采之堪食，餘月止可治 病。【炳曰】石燕似蝙蝠，口方，食石乳汁。【時珍曰】此非石部之石燕 也。廣志云：燕有三種，此則土燕，乳于巖穴者是矣。 Collected Explanations. [Meng] Shen: Stone swallows are those that live in stalactite caves. Those collected during the winter months can be eaten. Those [collected] during the remaining months can be used only to cure diseases. [Xiao] Bing: Stone swallows resemble bats. Their mouth is rectangular. They eat stalactite juice. [Li] Shizhen: These are not the stone swallows listed in the section “stones.” The Guang zhi states: There are three kinds of swallows. These are the soil swallows that breed in caves. 48-20-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of stone swallows]. 【氣味】甘，暖，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】壯陽，暖腰膝，添精補髓，益氣，潤皮膚，縮小便，禦風寒、嵐 瘴、温疫氣。日華。【詵曰】治法：取石燕二七枚，和五味炒熟，以酒一

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斗浸三日。每夜卧時飲一二盞，甚能補益，令人健力能食。 Control. It strengthens the yang and warms the lower back and the knees. It increases the essence and supplements the marrow. It is boosts the qi, moistens the skin, decreases urination, and protects one against wind cold, hazy miasma, and the qi of warmth epidemics. Rihua. [Meng] Shen: Therapy method: Mix two times seven stone swallows with the five spices, and fry this until done. Have this soak in one dou of wine for three days. Drink one or two cups before going to bed. It is a very capable of supplementing and boosting. It strengthens one and makes one want to eat. 48-21 伏翼本經上品 Fu yi, FE Ben jing, upper rank. Asian particolored bat. Vespertilio superans Thomas. 【校正】【時珍曰】本經上品有伏翼條，又有天鼠屎，今依李當之本草合 而爲一。 Editorial Correction. [Li] Shizhen: The Ben jing among the [substances categorized as] upper rank has an entry fu yi 伏翼. In addition it lists tian shu shi 天鼠屎, bat droppings. Here now, following the Li Dangzhi ben cao, the two are combined to form one entry. 【釋名】蝙蝠音編福、天鼠本經、仙鼠唐本、飛鼠宋本、夜燕。【恭 曰】伏翼者，以其晝伏有翼也。【時珍曰】伏翼，爾雅作服翼，齊人呼爲 仙鼠，仙經列爲肉芝。 Explanation of Names. Bian fu 蝙蝠, read bian fu 編福. Tian shu 天鼠, “heaven’s rats,” Ben jing. Xian shu 仙鼠, “hermit rats,“ Tang ben. Fei shu 飛鼠, “flying rats/ mice,” Song ben. Ye yan 夜燕, “nocturnal swallows.” [Su] Gong: They are [named] fu yi 伏翼, “hidden and winged,” because they remain hidden, fu 伏, during daytime, and they have wings, yi 翼. The people in Qi call them xian shu 仙鼠, “hermit rats/ mice,” and the Xian jing lists them as rou zhi 肉芝, “meat soma.” 【集解】【别録曰】伏翼生太山川谷及人家屋間。立夏後采，陰乾。天 鼠屎生合浦山谷。十一月、十二月采。【弘景曰】伏翼非白色倒懸者， 不可服。【恭曰】伏翼即仙鼠也。在山孔中食諸乳石精汁，皆千歲，純白 如雪，頭上有冠，大如鳩、鵲。陰乾服之，令人肥健，長生，壽千歲。 其大如鶉，未白者已百歲，而並倒懸，其腦重也。其屎皆白色，入藥當用 此屎。【頌曰】恭説乃仙經所謂肉芝者，然今蝙蝠多生古屋中，白而大者 蓋稀。其屎亦有白色，料其出乳石孔者，當應如此耳。【宗奭曰】伏翼日

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亦能飛，但畏鷙鳥不敢出耳。此物善服氣，故能壽。冬月不食，可知矣。 【時珍曰】伏翼形似鼠，灰黑色。有薄肉翅，連合四足及尾如一。夏出冬 蟄，日伏夜飛，食蚊蚋。自能生育，或云鼉虱化蝠，鼠亦化蝠，蝠又化魁 蛤，恐不盡然。生乳穴者甚大。或云燕避戊己，蝠伏庚申，此理之不可曉 者也。若夫白色者，自有此種爾。仙經以爲千百歲，服之令人不死者，乃 方士誑言也。陶氏、蘇氏從而信之，迂矣。按李石續博物志云：唐 陳子真 得白蝙蝠大如鴉，服之，一夕大泄而死。又宋 劉亮得白蝙蝠、白蟾蜍合仙 丹，服之立死。嗚呼！書此足以破惑矣。其説始載於抱朴子書，葛洪誤世 之罪，通乎天下。又唐書云：吐番有天鼠，狀如雀，大如貓，皮可爲裘。 此則别是一種鼠，非此天鼠也。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Bats live in the mountain valleys of Tai shan, and also in the houses of humans. They are to be collected after [the solar term] Summer Begins, and they are dried in the shadow. Bat droppings are produced in the mountain valleys of He pu, and they are collected during the 11th and 12th months. [Tao] Hongjing: Bats that are not white and do not hang upside down must not be eaten. [Su] Gong: Fu yi 伏翼 are identical with xian shu 仙鼠, “hermit rats/mice.” They live [like hermits] in mountain caves and they consume the essence juice of stalactites. They all reach an age of a thousand years. They are as purely white as snow, and they have a crown on their head. They are as big as turtledoves and magpies. When eaten after having been dried in the shadow, they let one be fat, strong, and live a long life of a thousand years. Those that are as big as quails and have not become white yet, have lived only for a hundred years. They all hang upside down, because their brain is heavy. Their droppings are always of white color. For medicinal application, only these white [droppings] are to be used. [Su] Song: [Su] Gong has mentioned the rou zhi 肉芝 referred to in the Xian jing. However, today’s bats mostly live in old houses. Hence white and big ones are rare. Their droppings may be white too. This is not surprising since they feed on what comes out of holes in the stalactites. [Kou] Zongshi: Bats can also fly during the day. But they fear birds of prey and therefore they do not dare to come out [during the day]. These things are good at ingesting qi. Hence they can reach longevity. This can be known because in the winter months they do not eat. [Li] Shizhen: Bats look like rats. They are of an ashen-black color. Their wings consist of thin meat linking their four feet and the tail. They come out in summer, and they hibernate in winter. They hide during the day, and they fly at night. They eat mosquitoes and blackflies. They give birth to their offspring. It is also said that tuo shi 鼉蝨, “alligator lice,“ transform into bats, and that rats, too, transform into bats, and that the bats, in turn, transform into kui ge 魁蛤, ark shells. I fear, that all these statements are not entirely correct. Those that live in stalactite caves are very big. Some say that swallows avoid [to build

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their nests on] wu 戊 and ji 己 days while bats hide on geng 庚 and shen 申 days. It remains unknown on what principles such [behavior] could be based. And as far as those of white color are concerned, this is just their natural appearance. When the Xian jing assumes that [these swallows] reach an age of hundreds, if not thousands of years, and that to ingest their [meat] lets one become an immortal, than these are nothing but lies spread by the recipe specialists. When Mr. Tao [Hongjing] and Mr. Su [Song] followed these [statements] and believed them, they simply clung to outworn notions. According to Li Shi’s Xu bo wu zhi, “Chen Zizhen of the Tang era had obtained a white bat that was as big as a crow. He ate it and that same evening he developed massive outflow and died.” Also, during the Song era, Liu Liang obtained an “immortals’ elixir made from white bats and white toads.” He ingested it and died immediately. Alas! I write these [events] here to bring such delusions to an end. Such sayings were first recorded in the Bao pu zi; it was Ge Hong’s crime to mislead the world, everywhere in the empire. Also, as the Tang shu states: “In Tu fan there are bats with the appearance of sparrows. They are as big as cats, and their skin lends itself to produce fur coats.” This, however, is yet another type of rat. This is not the [bat called] “heaven’s rat”, tian shu 天鼠. 48-21-01 伏翼。Fu yi. Bat [meat]. 【修治】【斅曰】凡使要重一斤者，先拭去肉上毛，及去爪、腸，留肉、 翅并觜、脚。以好酒浸一宿，取出以黄精自然汁五兩，塗炙至盡，炙乾 用。【時珍曰】近世用者，多煅存性耳。 Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: Whenever [bats] are employed [for medicinal use] take those that weigh one jin. First, rub off the fur on their meat, and remove their claws and intestines. Keep the meat and the wings, and also the beak and the feet. Then soak them in good wine for one night. After removing them [from the wine], smear 5 liang of natural polygonatum [root] juice on them and roast them until [the juice] has vanished entirely. Then roast them further until they have dried, and use [the result as medication]. [Li] Shizhen: In recent times, [bat meat] was used mostly after having been calcined by retaining its nature. 【氣味】鹹，平，無毒。【日華曰】微熱，有毒。【之才曰】莧實、雲實 爲之使。 Qi and Flavor. Salty balanced, nonpoisonous. Rihua: Slightly hot, poisonous.262 [Xu] Zhicai: Amaranthus seeds and cesalpinia fruits serve as its messengers. 262 According to Zheng lei ch. 19, entry fu yi 伏翼, this text is quoted from the Yao xing lun, not from Rihua ben cao.

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【主治】目瞑癢痛，明目，夜視有精光。久服令人憙樂，媚好無憂。本 經。【日華曰】久服解愁。療五淋，利水道。别録。主女人生子餘疾，帶 下病，無子。蘇恭。治久欬上氣，久瘧瘰癧，金瘡内漏，小兒鬾病驚風。 時珍。【藏器曰】五月五日，取倒懸者晒乾，和桂心、薰陸香燒烟，辟蚊 子。夜明砂、鼈甲爲末，燒烟，亦辟蚊。 Control. Dizzy eyes with itch and pain. It brightens the eyes and enables one to see things clearly at night. If ingested for a long-time, it lets one be happy and charming, without any grief. Ben jing. Rihua: Ingested for a long time it resolves worries. It heals the five kinds of [urine] dripping, and it opens the water ways. Bie lu. It controls illnesses of women following the birth of a child, diseases below the belt, and childlessness. Su Gong. It serves to cure long-lasting cough with rising qi, long-lasting malaria and scrofula pervasion-illness,263 as well as wounds caused by metal [weapons with blood] leaking internally, and drought-demon disease and fright wind in children. [Li] Shizhen. [Chen] Cangqi: In the fifth month, on the fifth day take [bats] hanging upside down and dry them in the sun. Then burn them together with shaved cassia bark and mastic to have the fumes free [the house] from mosquitoes. A powder prepared from bat droppings and turtle shells can also be burned to develop fumes that expel mosquitoes. 【發明】【時珍曰】蝙蝠性能瀉人，故陳子真等服之皆致死。觀後治金瘡 方，皆致下利，其毒可知。本經謂其無毒，久服憙樂無憂，日華云久服解 愁者，皆誤後世之言，適足以增憂益愁而已。治病可也，服食不可也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Bats by nature cause humans to have an outflow. Hence, when Chen Zizhen and others consumed them they all died. If one takes a close look at the recipes listed below to cure wounds caused by metal [weapons], they all cause discharge with free-flow. From this one can know of their being poisonous. When the Ben jing states that they are nonpoisonous, and that ingested for a long time they cause one to be happy and have no grief, and when the Rihua states that if ingested for a long time they resolve all worries, then these are statements that have deceived subsequent generations. They have served only to increase grief and to add new worries! [Bats] are suitable for treating disease, they are not suitable for being eaten.

263 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329.

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【附方】舊三，新八。 Added recipes: Three of old, eight newly [recorded]. 仙乳丸。治上焦熱，晝常好瞑。用伏翼五兩重一枚，連腸骨炙燥，雲實炒 五兩，威靈仙三兩，牽牛炒、莧實各二兩，丹砂、鉛丹各一兩，膩粉半 兩，爲末，蜜丸緑豆大。每服七丸，木通湯下，以知爲度。普濟。 Pills with the Milk of Immortals: They serve to cure heat in the upper burner, when one often prefers to sleep during daytime. Take one bat weighing five liang, fried with its intestines and bones until dry, five liang of fried cesalpinia fruits, three liang of Chinese clematis, two liang each of fried morning glory and amaranthus seeds, one liang each of cinnabar and minium, one half liang of calomel, and grind all these to powder. Then prepare pills with bee honey the size of green beans. Each time ingest seven pills with the decoction with akebia [herb]. The treatment ends when an effect shows. Pu ji. 久欬上氣。十年、二十年，諸藥不效。用蝙蝠除翅、足，燒焦研末，米飲 服之。百一方。 For a long-time cough with rising qi, when it has lasted for ten or even twenty years, with all medications applied having shown no effects. Remove the wings and feet of a bat, burn it and grind [the ashes] to powder. Ingest them with rice [wash water] beverage. Bai yi fang. 久瘧不止：范汪方用蝙蝠七個，去頭、翅、足，搗千下，丸梧子大。每服 一丸，清湯下。鷄鳴時一丸，禺中一丸 For a long-time malaria that fails to end: The Fan wan fang [recommends to] use seven bats, remove their head, wings and legs, and pound them a thousand times, then prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest one pill, to be sent down with clear hot water. One pill at the time when the cocks crow, and one pill at noon. 久瘧不止。伏翼丸：用蝙蝠一枚炙，蛇蜕皮一條燒，蜘蛛一枚去足炙，鼈 甲一枚醋炙，麝香半錢，爲末。五月五日午時研匀，入煉蜜和丸麻子大。 每温酒下五丸。聖惠方。 For a long-time malaria that fails to end: The “pills with bats.” One bat, fried. One shed-off snake skin, burned. One spider, with its legs removed, fried. One turtle shell, fried in vinegar. One half qian of musk. [Grind] all these items to powder and prepare an even mixture on the fifth day of the fifth month. Then mix this with refined honey and prepare pills the size of hemnp seeds. Each time ingest five pills with warm wine. Sheng hui fang.

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小兒驚癇。用入蟄蝙蝠一個，入成塊朱砂三錢在腹内，以新瓦合，煅存 性，候冷爲末。空心分四服，兒小分五服，白湯下。醫學集成。 For fright epilepsy of children: Take a bat that has entered hibernation, and insert a piece of cinnabar of three qian into its abdomen. Then place it on a new tile and calcine it, by retaining its nature. Wait until it has cooled down and [grind it to] powder. Have it divided into four portions, to be ingested on an empty stomach. Children ingest it divided into five portions. To be taken with clear hot water. Yi xue ji cheng. 小兒慢驚。返魂丹：治小兒慢驚及天弔夜啼。用蝙蝠一枚，去腸、翅，炙 黄焦，人中白、乾蠍焙、麝香各一分，爲末，煉蜜丸緑豆大。每服乳汁下 三丸。聖惠方。 For slow fright of children. The “elixir that causes the hun-soul to return.” It serves to treat slow fright of children, and hauled-by-heaven264 with nightly crying. Take one bat and remove its intestines and wings, and have it fried until it is burned to a yellow color. Then prepare a powder of one fen each of white sediments of human urine, baked dried scorpions, and musk and prepare pills with refined honey of the size of green beans. Each time [have the child] ingest three pills with human milk. Sheng hui fang. 多年瘰癧不愈。神效方：用蝙蝠一個，猫頭一個，俱撒上黑豆，燒至骨 化，爲末摻之，乾即油調傅，内服連翹湯。集要。 For scrofula pervasion-illness265 lasting for many years without ever being cured, a divinely effective recipe: Take one bat and one head of a cat, spread black beans on them and burn them until the bones transform. Then [grind this to] powder and apply it [to the affected region]. If it is dry, apply it mixed with oil. In addition, internally ingest the “decoction with forsythia [fruit].” Ji yao. 金瘡出血不止，成内漏。用蝙蝠二枚，燒末。水服方寸匕，當下水而血消 也。鬼遺方。 For wounds resulting from metal [weapons]. If the bleeding does not end and leaks into the interior. Burn two bats and [grind them to] powder. Ingest with water the amount held by a square cun spoon. This will cause the blood to dissolve and to be discharged as water. Gui yi fang. 264 Xiao er tian diao 小兒天弔, “children hauled-by-heaven,” BCGM Dict I, 566, identical with tian diao jing feng 天弔驚風, “hauled-by-heaven fright wind,” with the patient’s eyes turned upward as if “hauled by heaven,” BCGM Dict I, 502. 265 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329.

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腋下胡臭。用蝙蝠一個，以赤石脂末半兩塗遍，黄泥包固，晒乾，煅存 性。以田螺水調塗腋下，待毒氣上冲，急服下藥，行一二次妙。乾坤秘韞。 For barbarian stench under the armpits. Take one bat and completely cover it with half a liang of red halloysite. Then cover it firmly with yellow clay, let it dry in the sun, and calcine it by retaining its nature. Then mix this with river snail water and smear it into the armpits. As soon as the poison qi surges upward, quickly ingest a medication stimulating discharge. After one or two passages, [the effects] are wondrous. Qian kun mi yun. 乾血氣痛。蝙蝠一個，燒存性。每酒服一錢，即愈。生生編。 For dried up blood and qi pain: Burn one bat by retaining its nature. Each time ingest one qian with wine. This will result in a cure. Sheng sheng bian. 婦人斷産。蝙蝠一個燒研，以五朝酒酻調下。摘玄方。 To sterilize women: Burn one bat and grind it [to powder]. Ingest this mixed with unfiltrated “five day [fermentation] wine”. Zhai xuan fang. 48-21-02 腦。Nao. [Bat] brain. 【主治】塗面，去女子面皰。服之，令人不忘。藏器。 Control. Applied to the face, it removes facial blisters of women. Ingested, it lets one not become forgetful. [Chen] Cangqi. 48-21-03 血。Xue. 膽。Dan. [Bat] blood and bile. 【主治】滴目，令人不睡，夜中見物。藏器。【弘景曰】伏翼目及膽，術 家用爲洞視法。 Control. Dripped into the eyes it lets one not fall asleep, and enables one to see things during the night. [Chen] Cangqi. [Tao] Hongjing: Blood and bile of bats are used by [esoteric] arts specialists to make one see through [things]. 48-21-04 天鼠屎。Tian shu shi. Bat droppings. 本經 FE Ben jing. 【釋名】鼠法本經、石肝同上、夜明砂日華、黑砂星。【弘景曰】方家不 用，俗不識也。【李當之曰】即伏翼屎也，方言名天鼠爾。

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Explanation of Names. Shu fa 鼠法, Ben jing. Shi gan 石肝, “stone liver,“ identical [source] as above. Ye ming sha 夜明砂, “nocturnal clarity sand,“ Rihua. Hei sha xing 黑砂星, “black sand star.” [Tao] Hongjing: The recipe experts do not use them; the common people do not know of them. Li Dangzhi: These are bat droppings. The Fang yan names them tian shu 天鼠, “heaven’s rats.” 【修治】【時珍曰】凡采得，以水淘去灰土惡氣，取細砂晒乾焙用。其砂 乃蚊蚋眼也。 Preparation. [Li] Shizhen: Once they are gathered, they are washed to remove dust and malign qi. Then one selects fine sand[-like droppings] and dries them in the sun, and bakes them for use. The sand[-like droppings] are the eyes of mosquitoes and blackflies. 【氣味】辛，寒。無毒。【之才曰】惡白斂、白微。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, cold, nonpoisonous. [Xu] Zhicai: [Ingested together, bats’ droppings] abhor ampelopsis [root] and cynanchum [root]. 【主治】面癰腫，皮膚洗洗時痛，腹中血氣，破寒熱積聚，除驚悸。本 經。去面上黑皯。别録。燒灰，酒服方寸匕，下死胎。蘇恭。炒服，治瘰 癧。日華。治馬撲損痛，以三枚投熱酒一升，取清服立止，數服便瘥。蘇 頌。出續傳信方。擣熬爲末，拌飯，與三歲小兒食之，治無辜病，甚驗。 慎微。治疳有效。宗奭。治目盲障瞖，明目除瘧。時珍。 Control. Facial obstruction-illness266 with swelling; painful skin when washed. Blood and qi in the abdomen. They break through accumulations of cold and heat. They remove fright palpitation. Ben jing. They remove facial gloom. Bie lu. Burned to ashes, the amount held by a square cun spoon ingested with wine will cause a dead fetus to be discharged. Su Gong. Ingested fried, they serve to cure scrofula pervasion-illness.267 Rihua. They serve to treat [patients] having been pounced on by a horse, resulting in injury and pain. Put three pieces into one sheng of hot wine. Then take the clear liquid and ingest it. [The pain] will end immediately. After this was ingested several times, [the patient] will be cured. Su Song based on Xu chuan xin fang. Fry [the droppings] and [grind them to] powder. Mix it with rice and have

266 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 267 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329.

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children aged three years eat this. This serves to treat the disease of “innocence.” 268 Very effective. [Tang] Shenwei. They are effective when used to treat gan-illness.269 [Kou] Zongshi. They serve to treat blindness and obstructive shades. They clear the eyes and eliminate malaria. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】夜明砂及蝙蝠，皆厥陰肝經血分藥也，能活血消積。 故所治目瞖盲障，瘧鬾疳驚，淋帶，瘰癧癰腫，皆厥陰之病也。按類説 云：定海 徐道亨患赤眼食蟹，遂成内障，五年。忽夢一僧，以藥水洗之， 令服羊肝丸。求其方。僧曰：用洗净夜明砂、當歸、蟬蜕、木賊去節各一 兩，爲末。黑羊肝四兩，水煮爛和丸梧子大。食後熟水下五十丸。如法服 之，遂復明也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Bat droppings and bats are medications for the receding yin liver conduit and the blood section. They can quicken the flow of blood and dissolve accumulations. Hence they are able to cure eye shades and blindness, malaria, drought demon [diseases], gan-illness and fright, as well as dripping and [diseases of women below] the belt, scrofula pervasion-illness, 270 and obstruction-illness with swelling, as all these are diseases of the ceasing yin [conduits]. According to the Lei shuo, “Mr. Xu Daoheng of Ding hai suffered from red eyes. Once he ate crabs, and this resulted in an inner obstructive [shade]. Five years later, he suddenly dreamed of a Buddhist monk who gave a medication to him to rinse his [eyes], and he advised him to ingest the ‘pills with lamb liver’. When [Mr. Xu Daoheng] enquired about the recipe, the monk told him: ‘To rinse [the eyes] use one liang each of bats droppings, angelica [root], cicada sloughs and equisetum [herb] with the nodes removed, and [grind them to] powder. Then boil four liang of black lamb liver in water until it becomes a pappy substance and mix it [with the afore mentioned powder] to prepare pills of the size of wu seeds. Ingest 50 such pills with hot water after a meal.” [Mr. Xu Daohong] ingested [the pills] according to the rules, and [his eyes] became clear again.

268 Wu gu 無辜, “innocence,” a type of gan-illness accompanied by scrofula affecting the head and neck. BCGM Dict I, 537. 269 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 270 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329.

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内外障瞖。夜明砂末，扎入豬肝内，煮食飲汁，效。直指方。 For internal and external obstructive shades. Powdered bat droppings are inserted into a pig’s liver. This is boiled to be eaten, and the juice is to be drunk. Effective. Zhi zhi fang. 青盲不見。夜明砂，糯米炒黄一兩，柏葉炙一兩，爲末，牛膽汁和丸梧子 大。每夜卧時竹葉湯下二十丸。至五更，米飲下二十丸。瘥乃止。聖惠。 For green blindness with impaired vision. Prepare a powder of bat droppings, one liang of glutinous rice fried until yellow, and one liang of platycladus [tree] leaves, fried. Mix these with ox bile juice and prepare pills of the size of wu seeds. Each night at bedtime ingest 20 such pills with a decoction with bamboo leaves. Just before dawn, ingest another 20 pills with rice [wash water] beverage. Once a cure is achieved, end [the treatment]. Sheng hui. 小兒雀目。夜明砂炒研，猪膽汁和丸緑豆大。每米飲下五丸。 For sparrow eyes of children. Bat droppings are fried and ground [to powder]. Mix this with pig bile juice to prepare pills of the size of green beans. Each time [have the child] ingest five such pills with rice [wash water] beverage. 一方：加黄芩等分，爲末。米泔煮豬肝，取汁調服半錢。 Another recipe: Add an identical amount of scutellaria [root] and [ grind this to] powder. Then boil a pig’s liver in rice washing water and mix the juice with the [afore mentioned powder] and have [the patient] ingest one half qian. 五瘧不止。聖惠用夜明砂末，每冷茶服一錢，立效。 For the five kinds of malaria that fail to end. The Sheng hui271 uses powdered bat droppings, of which one qian is to be ingested each time with cold tea. Immediately effective. 又方：治瘧發作無時，經久不瘥。用蝙蝠糞五十粒，朱砂半兩，麝香一 錢，爲末，糯米飯丸小豆大，未發時，白湯下十丸。 Another recipe: To cure cases of malaria with irregular outbreaks that have lasted for a long time without being cured. Take 50 kernels of bat droppings, half a liang of cinnabar, and one qian of musk, and [grind these substances to] powder. Then 271 According to Zheng lei ch. 19, tian shu shi 天鼠屎, the following recipe is quoted from the Jian yao ji chong fang while the recipe introduced as you fang is found in Sheng hui fang ch. 52, section Zhi nue fa zuo wu shi zhu fang 治瘧發作無時諸方, “all recipes to cure malaria with outbreaks at irregular time intervals.”

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prepare pills with glutinous rice of the size of small beans. Ingest 10 such pills with clear hot water prior to an outbreak. 胎前瘧疾。夜明砂末三錢，空心温酒服。經驗秘方。 For malaria during pregnancy. Three qian of powdered bat droppings are to be ingested with warm wine on an empty stomach. Jing yan mi fang. 欬嗽不止。蝙蝠去翅足，燒焦爲末。一錢，食後白湯下。壽域神方。 For unending coughing. Remove the wings and legs of a bat, burn it until scorched, and [grind it to] powder. One qian is to be ingested after meals with clear hot water. Shou yu shen fang. 小兒鬾病。以紅紗袋盛夜明沙，佩之。直指方。 For drought-demon disease of children. Have them wear bat droppings in a bag made from red yarn. Zhi zhi fang. 一切疳毒。夜明砂五錢，入瓦瓶内，以精豬肉三兩薄切，入瓶内，水煮 熟。午前以肉與兒食，飲其汁，取下腹中胎毒。次用生薑四兩，和皮切 炒，同黄連末一兩，糊丸黍米大，米飲服，日三次。全幼心鑑。 All kinds of gan-illness272 poison. Five qian of bat droppings are filled into an earthenware bottle. Then three liang of fine pork meat, cut into thin slices, are filled into that same bottle, and this is boiled in water until done. Have the child eat the meat before noon, and drink the juice. This will remove the fetal poison that has remained in its abdomen. Then take four liang of fresh ginger, cut it with the skin retained, and fry it. Mix this with one liang of coptis [rhizome] powder, and prepare pills with wheat flour of the size of millet kernels. [Let the child] ingest them with rice [washing water] beverage, three times a day. Quan you xin jian. 聤耳出汁。夜明砂二錢，麝香一字，爲末。拭净摻之。聖濟。 For suppurating, purulescent ears. Two qian of bat droppings and one zi of musk are [ground to] powder. Wipe [the ears] clear and apply the [powder]. Sheng ji. 潰腫排膿。夜明砂一兩，桂半兩，乳香一分，爲末，入乾砂糖半兩。井水 調傅。直指方。 To break open a swelling and to drain pus. One liang of bat droppings, half a liang of cassia, and one fen of frankincense are [ground to] powder. Add half a liang of dried granulated sugar. Mix all this with well water and apply it [to the swelling]. Zhi zhi fang. 272 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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腋下胡臭。夜明砂末，豉汁調傅。 For barbarian stench under the armpits. Mix powdered bat droppings with soybean juice and apply this topically. 風蚛牙痛。夜明砂炒、吴茱萸湯泡炒，等分，爲末，蟾酥和丸麻子大。綿 裹二丸含之，吐涎。普濟方。 For toothache resulting from wind attack. [Grind]equal amounts of fried bat droppings and evodia [fruits], soaked in hot water and fried, to powder. Then use toadcake to prepare pills of the size of hemp seeds. Wrap two pills in silk fabric and hold them in the mouth. Spit out the saliva. Pu ji fang. 48-22 鸓鼠 累、壘二音。273本經下品 Lei shu, read lèi and lei. FE Ben jing, lower rank. Complex-toothed flying squirrel. Trogopterus xanthipes Milne-Edwards. 【校正】鼺鼠原在獸部，今據爾雅、説文移入禽部。 Editorial Correction. Flying squirrels were categorized as wild animals [in earlier materia medica works]. Here, following the Er ya and the Shuo wen, [the entry] has been moved into the section “fowl.” 【釋名】鼺鼠本經、鼯鼠爾雅、耳鼠山海經、夷由爾雅、鴺禽經、飛生鳥 弘景。【時珍曰】案許慎説文云：鸓，飛走且乳之鳥也。故字從鳥，又名 飛生。本經從鼠，以形似也。此物肉翅連尾，飛不能上，易至礧墜，故謂 之鸓。俗謂癡物爲鸓，義取乎此。亦名鼯鼠，與螻蛄同名。 Explanation of Names. Lei shu 鼺鼠, Ben jing. Wu shu 鼯鼠, Er ya. Er shu 耳鼠, Shan hai jing. Yi you 夷由, Er ya. Ti 鴺, Qin jing. Fei sheng niao 飛生鳥, [Tao] Hongjing. [Li] Shizhen: According to Xu Shen’s Shuo wen, “flying squirrels are birds that fly, walk, and breast-feed. Hence the character [lei 鸓] is based on [the character] niao 鳥, ‘bird’. Another name is fei sheng 飛生, ‘[a bird] that flies and has life births’.” The [name lei shu 鼺鼠, given in the] Ben jing is based on [the character] shu 鼠, “rat/ mouse,” because of the similarity of their physical appearances. These beings have wings of meat that are linked to the tail. They are unable to fly upward, but easily drop downward, lei zhui 礧墜, hence they are named lei 鸓, lit. “birds dropping down.” This is why insane beings are commonly called lei 鸓. Another name is wu shu 鼯鼠. This is also a name given to mole crickets, lou gu 螻蛄. 【集解】【别録曰】鼺鼠生山都平谷。【弘景曰】此鼠即鼯鼠，飛生鳥 也。狀如蝙蝠，大如鴟、鳶，毛紫色暗，夜行飛生。人取其皮毛與産婦持 273 Also written lei shu 鼺鼠.

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之，令易生。【頌曰】今湖岭山中多有之。南人見之，多以爲怪。【宗奭 曰】關西山中甚有。毛極密，但向下飛，不能致遠。人捕取皮爲暖帽。 【時珍曰】案郭氏註爾雅云：鼯鼠狀如小狐，似蝙蝠肉翅四足。翅、尾、 項、脇毛皆紫赤色，背上蒼艾色，腹下黄色，喙、頷雜白色。脚短爪長， 尾長三尺許。飛而乳子，子即隨母後。聲如人呼，食火煙。能從高赴下， 不能從下上高。性喜夜鳴。山海經云：耳鼠狀如鼠，兔首麋耳，以其尾 飛。食之不眯，可禦百毒，即此也。其形，翅聯四足及尾，與蝠同，故曰 以尾飛。生嶺南者，好食龍眼。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: The flying squirrels live in the plains and valleys of Shan dou. [Tao] Hongjing: These rats/mice are the flying squirrels, i.e., birds that fly and have life births. They are shaped like bats, and they are as big as owls and kites/ hawks, chi yuan 鴟鳶. Their fur is of purple-dark color. They move and fly during the night, and they have life births. The people remove their skin and fur and have women hold them while they give birth. This will make giving birth easy. [Su] Song: Nowadays, there are many of them in the mountains of Hu ling. When the people in the South see them, they consider them to be abnormal. [Kou] Zongshi: There are plenty of them in the mountains of Guan xi. Their fur is very dense. However, they only fly downward, and they cannot reach far. The people catch them and remove their skin to prepare warm caps. [Li] Shizhen: According to Guo [Pu’s] commentary on the Er ya, “giant flying squirrels are shaped like small foxes. With their meat wings and four feet, they resemble bats. The fur of their wings, tail, neck and flanks are of purple-red color. On their back they are of dark green mugwort color, and below their abdomen, their color is yellow. The beak and the chin are whitish. Their legs are short, but their claws are long. Their tail is about three chi long. They fly and breastfeed their offspring. Their young ones follow their mother. Their crying sounds like a human shouting. They consume the smoke rising from fire. They are able to dive downward from a high location, but they are unable to rise from below to a higher location. They love to cry during the night.” Shan hai jing: “The er shu 耳鼠, “ear rats,” are shaped like rats. They have the head of a rabbit, and the body of a Pére David’s deer , mi 麋. They fly with their tail. Eating them will not let one fall asleep. They protect against the hundreds of poisons.” These are the [flying squirrels] listed here. Their physical appearance, with their wings linked to their four feet and to their tail, is identical with that of bats. Hence [the Shan hai jing] states:”They fly with their tail.” Those that live in the Ling nan region love to eat dragon eye [fruit]. 【氣味】微温，有毒。 Qi and Flavor. Slightly warm, poisonous.

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【主治】墮胎，令易産。本經。 Control. It causes abortion and facilitates childbirth. Ben jing. 【發明】【頌曰】人取其皮毛與産婦，臨蓐時持之，令兒易生。而小品方 乃入服藥，用飛生一枚，槐子、故弩箭羽各十四枚合擣，丸梧子大，以酒 服二丸，即易産也。【時珍曰】鸓能飛而且産，故寢其皮，懷其爪，皆能 催生，其性相感也。濟生方治難産金液丸，用其腹下毛爲丸服之。 Explication. [Su] Song: The people remove their skin with the fur and give it to a woman to hold it in her hand when she is about to give birth. It makes childbirth easy. Also, the Xiao pin fang [suggests] to add them to medication to be ingested orally. It advises to use one fei sheng 飛生, giant flying squirrel, and 14 pieces each of sophora japonica seeds and used bow arrow feathers. These are to be pounded together and prepared to pills of the size of wu seeds. Two such pills are to be ingested with wine, to make childbirth easy. [Li] Shizhen: The flying squirrels can fly and they have life births. Hence, to sleep on their skin and to hold their claws will make childbirth easy. This is because the nature [of squirrels and of childbirth] agree with each other. The Ji sheng fang advises to treat difficult childbirth with the “pills with gold liquid,” jin ye wan 金液丸. The [yellow] fur below the abdomen is to be prepared to pills that are to be ingested. 48-23 寒號蟲宋開寶 Han hao chong, FE Song, Kai bao Complex-toothed flying squirrel. Trogopterus xanthipes Milne-Edwards. 【校正】自蟲移入此。 Editorial Correction. Moved here from the section “worms/bugs.” 【釋名】鶡鴠、獨舂。屎名五靈脂。【時珍曰】楊氏丹鉛録謂，寒號蟲即 鶡鴠，今從之。鶡鴠，詩作盍旦，禮作曷旦，説文作䳚鴠，廣志作侃旦， 唐詩作渴旦，皆隨義借名耳。揚雄方言云：自關而西謂之鶡鴠，自關而東 謂之城旦。亦曰倒懸。周、魏、宋、楚謂之獨舂。郭璞云：鶡鴠，夜鳴求 旦之鳥。夏月毛盛，冬月裸體，晝夜鳴叫，故曰寒號，曰鶡旦。古刑有 城旦舂，謂晝夜舂米也。故又有城旦、獨舂之名。月令云：仲冬，曷旦不 鳴。蓋冬至陽生漸暖故也。其屎名五靈脂者，謂狀如凝脂而受五行之靈氣 也。 Explanation of Names. He dan 鶡鴠, du chong 獨舂. Their droppings are called wu ling zhi 五靈脂. [Li] Shizehn: Mr. Yang, in his Dan qian lu, says: the han hao chong 寒號蟲 are the he dan 鶡鴠. This [identificatio] is followed here. The Shi [jing]

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writes he dan 盍旦. The Li [ji] writes he dan 曷旦. The Shuo wen has han dan 䳚 鴠. The Guang zhi writes kan dan 侃旦. The Tang shi writes he dan 渴旦. All these designations are based on the meaning [of dawn, dan 旦]. Yang Xiong, in his Fang yan, states: The han dan 䳚鴠 are called he dan 鶡鴠 to the West from Guan. They are called cheng dan 城旦 to the East of Guan. Another name is dao xian 倒懸, “hanging upside down.” In Zhou, Wei, Song and Chu, they were called du chong 獨舂. Guo Pu: The he dan 鶡鴠 are birds that cry all night urging dawn, dan 旦, to come. During the summer months, their fur is complete. During the winter months, they are naked. They cry during day and night, and hence are called han hao 寒號, “calling in the cold,” and also he dan 鶡旦. In ancient times a punishment known as cheng dan chong 城旦舂, “pestling at the city wall day after day“ existed. That is to say, [those sentenced to this punishment] had to pestle rice day and night. Hence [these animals] are also called cheng dan 城旦, “day after day at the city wall,“ and du chong 獨舂, “solitary pestling.” The Yue ling states: In mid-winter the he dan 曷旦 do not cry. This is because at Winter Solstice the yang recovers and it gradually warms up again. Their droppings are called wu ling zhi 五靈脂 because they look like congealed grease, zhi 脂, and they contain the magic, ling 靈, qi of all five, wu 五, phases. 【集解】【志曰】五靈脂出北地，寒號蟲糞也。【禹錫曰】寒號蟲四足， 有肉翅不能遠飛。【頌曰】今惟河東州郡有之。五靈脂色黑如鐵，采無 時。【時珍曰】曷旦乃候時之鳥也，五臺諸山甚多。其狀如小雞，四足有 肉翅。夏月毛采五色，自鳴若曰：鳯凰不如我。至冬毛落如鳥雛，忍寒而 號曰：得過且過。其屎恒集一處，氣甚臊惡，粒大如豆。采之有如糊者， 有粘塊如餹者。人亦以沙石雜而貨之。凡用以餹心潤澤者爲真。 Collected Explanations. [Ma] Zhi: The droppings of flying squirrels come from the North. These are the droppings of han hao chong 寒號蟲. [Zhang] Yuxi: The han hao chong have four feet. They have fleshy wings and cannot fly far. [Su] Song: Today, they exist only in the zhou and prefectures of Hedong. Wu ling zhi is black like iron. It can be gathered any time. [Li] Shizhen: The he dan 曷旦 are birds that observe the seasons. There are very many of them in the Wu tai mountains. They are shaped like small chicken, but with four legs and fleshy wings. During the summer months, their hair adopts all five colors. They cry as if they were to say: “even the phoenixes are not our equals.” When winter comes, their hair falls off [and they look] as if they were fledglings. They withstand the cold and cry: “We must overcome it, and we will overcome it.” Their droppings are collected at one place; and the qi released from them is extremely foul and malign. These are kernels of the size of beans. When they are gathered those [are picked] that are like a paste. Some are sticky pieces re-

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sembling sugar. There are people who mix them with sand when they sell them. For use [in medications], those are genuine that are moist and have a center [like] sugar. 48-23-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of flying squirrels]. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】食之，補益人。汪頴。 Control. When eaten, it supplements and benefits one. Wang Ying. 48-23-02 五靈脂。Wu ling zhi. Droppings [of flying squirrels]. 【修治】【頌曰】此物多夾砂石，絶難修治。凡用研爲細末，以酒飛去砂 石，晒乾收用。 Preparation. [Su] Song: This substance is often mixed with sand, and this makes its preparation very difficult. For all [medicinal] use, [the droppings] are to be ground to a fine powder. This is dissolved in wine to have the sand flow off. Then dry it in the sun and secure it for [medicinal] use. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。惡人參，損人。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. [The droppings] abhor ginseng [root]; [if consumed together] they will harm one. 【主治】心腹冷氣，小兒五疳，辟疫，治腸風，通利氣脉，女子血閉。開 寶。療傷冷積聚。蘇頌。凡血崩過多者，半炒半生，酒服，能行血止血。 治血氣刺痛甚效。震亨。止婦人經水過多，赤帶不絶，胎前産後血氣諸 痛，男女一切心腹、脇肋、少腹諸痛，疝痛，血痢腸風腹痛，身體血痺刺 痛，肝瘧發寒熱，反胃消渴，及痰涎挾血成窠，血貫瞳子，血凝齒痛，重 舌，小兒驚風，五癇癲疾，殺蟲，解藥毒，及蛇、蠍、蜈蚣傷。時珍。 Control. Cold qi in the heart and abdominal region. The five kinds of gan-illness274 of children. They protect against epidemic [qi]. They serve to cure intestinal wind, and they open and make passable the qi vessels. Blocked [menstrual] blood in women. Kai bao. They serve to heal accumulations of cold. Su Song: For all instances of 274 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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an excessive blood collapse, 275 one half [droppings] fried and one half fresh are to be276 ingested with wine. This can cause blood to pass on, and it can stop bleeding. They serve to cure piercing pain caused by blood and qi, and are very effective. [Zhu] Zhenheng. They end excessive menstrual bleeding of women, when red [discharge from below the] belt fails to end, and also all kinds of pain during pregnancy and following childbirth. All kinds of pain, of males and females, in the heart and abdomen, in the flanks, and in the lower abdomen, as well as elevation-illness [qi] 277 pain, bleeding free-flux illness278 with intestinal wind and abdominal pain, piercing pain resulting from blood blockage in the entire body, liver malaria with cold and heat effusion, upset stomach and melting with thirst, 279 and phlegm saliva with blood attached generating nests, blood passing through the pupils, blood coagulation with toothache, a doubled tongue,280 fright wind of children, the five kinds of epilepsy with peak-illness.281 They kill worms/bugs. They resolve the poison of medication. And harm caused by snakes, scorpions, and centipedes. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【宗奭曰】五靈脂引經有功，不能生血，此物入肝最速也。嘗有 人病目中瞖，往來不定，此乃血所病也。肝受血則能視，目病不治血，爲 背理也。用五靈脂之藥而愈。又有人被毒蛇所傷，良久昏憒。一老僧以 酒調藥二錢灌之，遂甦。仍以滓傅咬處，少頃復灌二錢，其苦皆去。問 之，乃五靈脂一兩，雄黄半兩，同爲末耳。其後有中蛇毒者，用之咸效。 【時珍曰】五靈脂，足厥陰肝經藥也。氣味俱厚，陰中之陰，故入血分。 肝主血，諸痛皆屬于木，諸蟲皆生于風。故此藥能治血病，散血和血而止 諸痛。治驚癇，除瘧痢，消積化痰，療疳殺蟲，治血痺、血眼諸症，皆屬 肝經也。失笑散，不獨治婦人心痛血痛，凡男女老幼，一切心腹、脇肋、 275 Xue beng 血崩, blood collapse. Excessive vaginal bleeding, identical with beng zhong 崩中, collapsing center. BCGM Dict I, 594; 58. 276 Dan xi xin fa ch. 5, chan hou 產後, “following delivery,” writes ban chao ban sheng wei mo jiu fu 半炒半生爲末酒服, “one half [droppings] fried and one half fresh are to be ground to powder to be ingested with wine.” 277 Shan qi 疝氣, “elevation-illness qi,” a pathological condition of (1) an item having entered the scrotum, with pain, sometimes ascending, sometimes descending, (2) a condition affecting the scrotum or a testicle, (3) of violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 419, 417. 278 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 279 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 280 Chong she 重舌, “doubled tongue.” A growth under the tongue, mostly in children, similar to a second tongue. BCGM Dict I, 92. 281 Dian 癲, “peak-illness,” BCGM Dict I, 123, identical with dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125.

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少腹痛，疝氣，并胎前産後，血氣作痛，及血崩經溢，百藥不效者，俱能 奏功，屢用屢驗，真近世神方也。又案李仲南云：五靈脂治崩中，非止治 血之藥，乃去風之劑。風，動物也。衝任經虚，被風傷襲營血，以致崩中 暴下，與荆芥、防風治崩義同。方悟古人識見，深奥如此。此亦一説，但 未及肝血虚滯，亦自生風之意。 Explication. [Kou] Zongshi: Flying squirrel droppings are an effective guiding [substance for medication supposed to pass through specific] conduits.282 They cannot generate blood. This substance is very fast to enter the liver. Once there was a man who had developed a shade in his eyes. It came after irregular intervals. This was a disease of the blood. When the liver receives blood, one can see. When [in the case of ] eye diseases, one fails to cure the blood [disease], then this is contrary to the underlying principles. When a medication with flying squirrel droppings was employed, [the patient] was cured. Also, there was a man who was hurt by a poisonous snake. For a long time, he remained muddle-headed. Eventually, an old monk forced him to ingest two qian of this medication mixed with wine, and he regained his consciousness. Then he applied the dregs to the location of the bite, and shortly thereafter once again forced him to ingest two qian, and all his suffering ended. When asked, [the recipe was given as follows:] 1 liang of flying squirrel droppings and half a liang of realgar are mixed and [ground to] powder. When later on someone was struck by snake poison, this was used and always proved to be effective. [Li] Shizhen: The droppings of flying squirrels are a medication for the foot ceasing yin conduit. It is strong in both qi and flavor. It is yin in yin, and hence enters the blood section. The liver controls the blood. All kinds of pain are associated with [the phase] wood, and all worms/bugs are generated by wind. Hence this medication is able to cure blood diseases. It disperses blood, it harmonizes blood, and it ends all kinds of pain. It serves to cure fright epilepsy, it ends malaria with free-flux illness,283 it dissolves accumulations and transforms phlegm, it heals gan-illness284 and kills worms/bugs. It serves to cure all kinds of pathological conditions related to blood blockage, and blood in the eyes, as they all are associated with the liver conduit. The “powder for those who have lost their ability to laugh,” shi xiao san 失笑散, not only cures pain in the heart and blood pain of women. It can equally show its effects in males and females, old and young, for all kinds of pain in the heart and abdomen, 282 Instead of yin jing 引經, Yan yi ch. 17, entry wu ling zhi 五靈脂, “droppings of flying squirrels,” writes xing jing xue 行經血, “it stimulates the passage of blood in the conduits.” 283 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 284 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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flanks and lower abdomen, for elevation-illness qi, 285 for [illnesses] during and following pregnancy, for pain caused by blood and qi, as well as for blood collapse286 and menstrual overflow, when all the hundreds of medications have failed to show an effect. As often as it is employed, as often it will be effective. It is truly a divine recipe of recent times. Also, as Li Zhongnan has said: “When the droppings of flying squirrels are used to cure collapsing center,287 it is not only a medication that cures the blood, it is also a remedy to remove wind. Wind is something that moves. When the throughway and the controller conduits are depleted, they will be harmed by wind, and the camp[-qi], the blood, are attacked. This results in a collapsing center with violent discharge. The idea is identical with the treatment of collapsing [center] with schizonepeta [spikes] and saposhnikovia leaf. This makes one understand that what the ancients saw was of such a profundity.” There is yet another opinion, but it is unrelated to depletion and blockage of liver blood. It is based on a spontaneous generation of wind.

【附方】舊六，新三十一。 Added recipes: Six of old, 31 newly [recorded]. 失笑散。治男女老少，心痛腹痛，少腹痛，小腸疝氣，諸藥不效者，能行 能止，婦人妊娠心痛，及産後心痛、少腹痛、血氣痛尤妙。用五靈脂、蒲 黄等分，研末。先以醋二盃調末，熬成膏，入水一盞，煎至七分，連藥熱 服。未止再服。一方以酒代醋。一方以醋糊和丸，童尿、酒服。和劑局方。 The “powder for those who lost the ability to laugh.” It serves to cure, in males and females, old and young, lower abdominal pain, small intestinal elevation-illness qi,288 when all kinds of medications have not shown an effect. It is able to stimulate passage, and to stop [passage]. For pain in the heart of pregnant women, for pain in the heart following childbirth, for abdominal pain, and pain resulting from blood and qi, it is especially wondrous. Take equal amounts of flying squirrel droppings 285 Shan qi 疝氣, “elevation-illness qi,” a pathological condition of (1) an item having entered the scrotum, with pain, sometimes ascending, sometimes descending, (2) a condition affecting the scrotum or a testicle, (3) of violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 419, 417. 286 Xue beng 血崩, blood collapse. Excessive vaginal bleeding, identical with beng zhong 崩中, collapsing center. BCGM Dict I, 594; 58. 287 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58. 288 Shan qi 疝氣, “elevation-illness qi,” a pathological condition of (1) an item having entered the scrotum, with pain, sometimes ascending, sometimes descending, (2) a condition affecting the scrotum or a testicle, (3) of violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 419, 417.

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and cattail pollen, and grind them to powder. Then mix the powder289 with two cups of vinegar, and heat this to generate a paste. This is given into a small cup of water, which is to be boiled until seven fen are left. Ingest this medication while it is still hot. If [the disease] has not ended [after one dose] ingest it again. In another recipe wine is used instead of vinegar. In yet another recipe, pills are prepared with vinegar and flour. They are to be ingested with boys’ urine and wine. He ji ju fang. 紫金丸。治産後惡露不快，腰痛，小腹如刺，時作寒熱，頭痛，不思飲 食。又治久有瘀血，月水不調，黄瘦不食。亦療心痛，功與失笑散同。以 五靈脂水淘浄炒末一兩，以好米醋調希，慢火熬膏，入真蒲黄末和丸龍眼 大。每服一丸，以水與童子小便各半盞，煎至七分，温服，少頃再服，惡 露即下。血塊經閉者，酒磨服之。楊氏産乳。 The “purple gold pills.” They serve to cure malign dew and unhappiness following childbirth, lower back pain, a feeling as if being stabbed in the lower abdomen, periodical outbreaks of sensations of cold and heat, and headache, as well as loss of one’s desire to eat and drink. They also serve to cure long-term stagnant blood, irregular menstruation, and yellow emaciation with a failure to eat. They further heal pain in the heart. Their effects are identical with those of the “powder for those who lost the ability to laugh.” Rinse clean one liang of flying squirrel droppings, fry it and powder it. Mix this with good rice vinegar to generate a thin liquid, and heat it over a slow fire to generate a paste. Add genuine cattail pollen powder and prepare pills of the size of dragon eyes. Each time ingest one pill. Boil one half cup each of water and boys’ urine down to seven fen, and ingest this while it is still warm. After a short while, ingest it again, and the malign dew will be discharged. In the case of blood clots and blocked menstruation, grind [the pills] with wine and ingest them. Yang shi chan ru. 五靈脂散：治丈夫脾積氣痛，婦人血崩諸痛。飛過五靈脂炒煙盡，研末。 每服一錢，温酒調下。此藥氣惡難吃，燒存性乃妙也。 The “powder with flying squirrel droppings.” It serves to cure spleen accumulation in males with qi pain, and all kinds of pain associated with blood collapse290 of women. Refine flying squirrel droppings through sublimation, and then fry them until they no longer develop smoke. Then grind them to powder. Each time ingest

289 He ji ju fang, ch. 9, shi xiao san 失笑散, “powder for those who lossed the ability to laugh,” writes tiao mo er qian 調末二錢, “mix it with two qian of the powder.” 290 Xue beng 血崩, blood collapse. Excessive vaginal bleeding, identical with beng zhong 崩中, collapsing center. BCGM Dict I, 594; 58.

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one qian, mixed with warm wine. This medication has a malign qi and is difficult to consume. When burned by retaining its nature, it is wondrous. 或以酒、水、童尿煎服，名抽刀散，治産後心腹、脇肋、腰胯痛，能散惡 血。如心煩口渴者，加炒蒲黄减半，霹靂酒下。腸風下血者，煎烏梅、柏 葉湯下。中風麻痺痛者，加草烏半錢，同童尿、水酒煎服。永類鈐方。 As an alternative, it may be ingested with wine, water and boys’ urine. This [version of the recipe] is called “powder to withdraw a knife.” It serves to cure pain in the heart following childbirth, as well as pain in the flanks, in the lower back and in the hips. It is capable of dispersing malign blood. When [the patient] suffers from heart vexation and thirst, add fried cattail pollen, reduce the amount to one half, and have [the powder] ingested with thunderbolt wine.291 In the case of intestinal wind with a discharge of blood, ingest it with a decoction prepared by boiling smoked plums and platycladus [tree] leaves. In the case of [a patient] having been struck by wind292 with hemp[-like numbness] blockage and pain, add half a qian of aconitum [accessory tuber], and ingest it after having boiled it with boys’ urine, water and wine. Yong lei qian fang. 産後血運。治産婦血運，不知人事。用五靈脂二兩，半生半炒，爲末。每 服一錢，白水調下。如口禁者，斡開灌之，入喉即愈。圖經。 For blood[-induced brain] movements following childbirth. It serves to cure blood[-induced brain] movements of women during childbirth, when they fail to recognize humans or things. Prepare a powder from two liang of flying squirrel droppings, with one half being fresh, and one half being fried. Each time [have the woman] ingest one qian mixed with clear water. In the case of lockjaw, forcefully open [the patient’s mouth] and pour the [medication into it]. Once it has entered her throat, she will be cured. Tu jing. 産後腹痛。五靈脂、香附、桃仁等分研末，醋糊丸，服一百丸。或用五靈 脂末，神麴糊丸，白术、陳皮湯下。丹溪方。 For abdominal pain following childbirth. Grind equal amounts of flying squirrel droppings, cyperus [root], and peach kernels to powder, and prepare pills with vinegar and flour. Ingest one hundred pills. Or prepare pills from flying squirrel drop-

291 “Thunderbold wine“ is a wine tempered by dipping an iron implement, heated until red, into it. 292 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683.

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pings powder with medicated leaven and flour, and ingest them with a decoction prepared from atractylodes [rhizome] and tangerine peels. Danxi fang. 兒枕作痛：五靈脂慢炒，研末。酒服二錢。産寶。 For pain caused by the infant’s headreast. Grind slowly fried flying squirrel droppings to powder, and [have the pregnant woman] ingest two qian with wine. Chan bao. 血氣刺痛。五靈脂生研三錢，酒一盞煎沸，熱服。靈苑方。 For piercing pain resulting from blood and qi. Grind three qian of fresh flying squirrel droppings to powder, and boil it to bubbling with one small cup of wine. Ingest while it is still hot. Ling yuan fang. 卒暴心痛。五靈脂炒一錢半，乾薑炮三分，爲末。熱酒服，立愈。事林廣 記。 For sudden, violent pain in the heart. One and a half qian of fried flying squirrel droppings and three fen of roasted dried ginger are ground to powder. When ingested with hot wine, a cure is achieved immediately. Shi lin guang ji. 心脾蟲痛，不拘男女。用五靈脂、檳榔等分，爲末，水煎石菖蒲調服三 錢。先嚼猪肉一二片。海上仙方。 For pain in the heart and in the spleen caused by worms/bugs, for both males and females. Grind equal amounts of flying squirrel droppings and areca [nuts] to powder. Then mix this with acorus [root] boiled in water, and ingest three qian. Prior to this, chew one or two pieces of pork. Hai shang xian fang. 小兒蚘痛。五靈脂末二錢，靈礬火飛半錢。每服一錢，水一盞，煎五分， 温服。當吐蟲出，愈。閻孝忠集效方。 For pain caused by tapeworms in children. Two qian of powdered flying squirrel droppings, and half a qian of white alum,293 sublimed with fire. Each dose consists of one qian. Boil this in one small cup of water down to five fen. [Have the child] ingest this while it is still warm. This will cause the worms to be vomited out, which is the cure. Yan Xiaozhong’s Ji xiao fang. 經血不止。五靈脂炒煙盡，研。每服二錢，當歸兩片，酒一盞，煎六分， 熱服。三五度取效。經效方 For incessant menstrual bleeding. Flying squirrel droppings are fried until there is no further smoke, and then they are ground to powder. Each time ingest two qian. 293 Xiao er yao zheng zhi jue 小兒藥證直訣, “Straightforward instructions on pharmaceutical substances and illness signs of children,” ch. 3, appendix: Yan shi xiao er fang lun 閻 氏小兒方論, “On Mr. Yan’s recipes for children,” has bai fan 白礬. Hence, ling fan 靈礬 is bai fan 白礬, “alumn.”

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Two pieces of angelica [root] are boiled in one small cup down to six fen. Ingest this while it is still hot. After three to five doses the effect is achieved. Jing xiao fang. 血崩不止。頌曰：用五靈脂十兩，研末，水五盌，煎三盌，去滓，澄清， 再煎爲膏，入神麴末二兩，和丸梧子大。每服二十丸，空心温酒下，便 止，極效。集要用五靈脂燒研，以鐵秤錘燒紅淬酒，調服。以效爲度。 For incessant blood collapse. 294 [Su] Song: Grind ten liang of flying squirrel droppings to powder. Boil it with five bowls of water down to three bowls. Let the liquid become clear and then boil it again to obtain a paste. Add two liang of medicated leaven powder, and prepare pills of the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 20 pills with warm wine on an empty stomach. This will stop [the blood collapse]. Very effective. The Ji yao uses burnt flying squirrel droppings ground to powder. This is to be ingested with wine into which an iron sliding weight has been dipped that had been heated until it was red. To be repeated until an effect is seen. 胎衣不下，惡血冲心。用五靈脂半生半炒，研末。每服二錢，温酒下。産 寶。 For failure of the placenta to descend, when malign blood pounds against the heart. Take flying squirrel droppings, one half of it fresh, the other half fried, and grind them to powder. Each time [let the woman] ingest two qian with warm water. Chan bao. 子腸脱出。五靈脂燒烟熏之。先以鹽湯洗浄。危氏。 For prolapse of the child’s intestine. Burn flying squirrel droppings to fumigate the [affected region]. Before this, wash it with brine. Mr. Wei. 吐血嘔血。五靈脂一兩，蘆薈三錢，研末，滴水丸芡子大，每漿水化服二 丸。 For blood spitting, and vomiting of blood. One liang of flying squirrel droppings and two qian of aloe are ground to powder. Drop water into it to prepare pills the size of qian seeds. Each time ingest two pills dissolved in fermented water of foxtail millet.295 又治血妄行入胃，吐血不止。五靈脂一兩，黄芪半兩，爲末。新汲水服二 錢。 Also, to cure blood that has excessively flown into the stomach, with unending vomiting of blood. One liang of flying squirrel droppings and half a liang of astragalus [root] are ground to powder. Ingest two qian with freshly drawn water. 294 Xue beng 血崩, blood collapse. Excessive vaginal bleeding, identical with beng zhong 崩中, collapsing center. BCGM Dict I, 594; 58. 295 This recipe is recorded in Sheng hui zong lu, ch. 69, section ou xue 嘔血, “vomiting of blood,” as wu ling zhi bing zi 五靈脂餅子, “flying squirrel droppings cake.”

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吐逆不止，不拘男女，連日粥飲湯藥不能下者，即效五靈脂治浄爲末，狗 膽汁和丸芡子大。每服一丸，煎生薑酒磨化，猛口熱吞，不得漱口，急將 温粥少許壓之。經驗。 When the vomiting and [qi] counterflow fail to end, no matter whether males or femals are concerned, and if for several consecutive days [a patient] is unable to ingest congee, beverages and decoction medication, [the following recipe] will be effective. Rinse flying squirrel droppings clean and grind them to powder. This is mixed with dog bile to prepare pills the size of qian seeds. Each time ingest one pill boiled in wine in which fresh ginger has been ground until it has completely dissolved. Immediately swallow all of it while it is still hot. One must not rinse the mouth. Then quickly eat a little warm congee to press [the medication] down. Jing yan. 化食消氣。五靈脂一兩，木香半兩，巴豆四十枚煨熟去油，爲末，糊丸菉 豆大。每白湯下五丸。普濟方。 To digest food and to dissolve qi. Prepare a powder of one liang of flying squirrel droppings, half a liang of aucklandia [root], and 40 pieces of croton seeds, cooked over a slow fire until done, with the oil removed. Prepare, with flour, pills the size of green beans. Each time ingest five pills with clear hot water. Pu ji fang. 久瘧不止。或一日一發，或一日二三發，或二三日一發。用五靈脂、頭垢 各一錢，古城石灰二錢，研末，飯丸皂子大。每服一丸，五更無根水下即 止，神效方也。海上。 For long-lasting malaria that fails to end. There may be two outbreaks per day, there may be two or three outbreaks per day, there may be one outbreak every second or third day. Prepare a powder of one qian each of flying squirrel droppings and dandruff, as well as two qian of lime from an ancient city wall and use cooked rice to prepare pills of the size of date seeds. Each time ingest one pill. Ingest it, before dawn, with water that has no root,296 and [the malaria outbreaks] will end. This is a divinely effective recipe. Hai shang. 消渴飲水。竹籠散：用五靈脂、黑豆去皮，等分，爲末。每服三錢，冬瓜 皮湯下，無皮用葉亦可，日二服。不可更服熱藥，宜八味丸去附子，加五 味子。若小渴者，二三服即止。保命集。 For melting with thirst297 leading one to drink water. The “bamboo basket powder.” Grind equal amounts of flying squirrel droppings and black beans, with the skin removed, to powder. Each time ingest three qian with a decoction prepared from 296 Water emerging from the brick wall of a well that has not been let free yet into the bottom of the well, is called “water without root.” See also 05-15. 297 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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Chinese wax gourd peels. If no peels are available, it may also be prepared from the leaves. Ingest this twice per day. Do not ingest further hot medication. The “pills with the eight substances,”298 but with aconitum [accessory tuber] omitted and schisandra seeds added, are appropriate. If the thirst is rather weak, it will end after two or three ingestions. Bao ming ji. 中風癱緩。迫魂散：用五靈脂研末，以水飛去上面黑濁、下面沙石，研 末。每服二錢，熱酒調下，日一服。繼服小續命湯。奇效方。 For having been struck by wind299 with paralysis. The “powder to pursue the hunsoul.” Grind flying squirrel droppings to powder, and use an aqueous sublimation to skim off the black dregs floating on the surface, and to remove the sand pebbles gathering on the bottom. Grind300 the [residue] to powder. Each time ingest two qian mixed with hot wine. Once per day. Then continue with ingesting the “minor dccoction to prolong life.” Qi xiao fang. 手足冷麻：〔寇曰〕風冷，氣血閉，手足身體疼痛冷麻，五靈脂二兩，没 藥一兩，乳香半兩，川烏頭一兩半，炮去皮，爲末，滴水丸如彈子大。每 用一丸，生薑温酒磨服。本草衍義。 For cold and numbness in hands and feet. [Kou] Zongshi. For conditions of wind cold when [the passage of ] blood and qi is blocked, and hands and feet, as well as the entire body, suffer from pain, cold and numbness. Two liang of flying squirrel droppings, one liang of myrrh, half a liang of frankincense, and one and a half liang of aconitum [main tuber], roasted with the skin removed, are ground to powder. Then water is dripped into it to prepare pills the size of bullets. Each time use one pill. To be ingested with fresh ginger ground in warm wine. Ben cao yan yi. 骨折腫痛。五靈脂、白及各一兩，乳香、没藥各三錢，爲末，熟水同香油 調，塗患處。乾坤秘韞。 For bone fracture with swelling and pain. One liang each of flying squirrel droppings and common bletilla [root], and three qian each of frankincense and myrrh are ground to powder. This is mixed with hot water and sesame oil, to be applied to the painful region. Qian kun mi yun. 298 Ba wei wan 八味丸, the “pills with eight ingredients,” include the following substances: rhemannia [root], Asiatic cornelian cherry, dioscorea [rhizome], poria, paeonia tree bark, alismatis [rhizome], cassia bark, aconitum accessory root. 299 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis,and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683. 300 The original text in Qi xiao liang fang, ch. 2, chui hun san 追魂散, “powder to pursue the hun-soul,” has yi gan yan mo 挹乾研末, “scoop it up, dry it and grind it to powder.”

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損傷接骨。五靈脂一兩，茴香一錢，爲末。先以乳香末于極痛處傅上，以小 黄米粥塗之。乃摻二末于粥上，帛裹，木牌子夾定，二五日效。儒門事親。 For bone setting after an injury. Grind one liang of flying squirrel droppings and one qian of fennel to powder. First apply powdered frankincense to the region that is most painful. Then smear millet porridge on it. Then spread the two powders on top of the porridge, and wrap it with silk fabric, and stabilize [the fracture] with a wooden plate. Within three to five days this will be effective. Ru men shi qin. 五疳潮熱，肚脹髮焦。不可用大黄、黄芩，損傷胃氣，恐生别症。五靈脂 水飛一兩，胡黄連五錢，爲末，雄猪膽汁丸黍米大。每服一二十丸，米飲 下。全幼心鑑。 For the five kinds of gan-illness301 with tidal fever. When the abdomen is distended and the hair is scorched, neither rhubarb root nor scutellaria [root] must be used lest they harm the bone qi, and generate additional disease conditions. One liang of flying squirrel droppings, [the dregs] skimmed off with water, and five qian of picrorhiza [rhizome] are ground to powder. With the bile of male pigs this is prepared to pills the size of millet seeds. Each time ingest ten to twenty pills, with water in which rice was washed. Quan you xin jian. 欬嗽肺脹。皺肺丸：用五靈脂二兩，胡桃仁八個，柏子仁半兩，研匀，滴 水和丸小豆大。每服二十丸，甘草湯下。普濟。 For coughing with lung distention. The “pills for a wrinkled lung.” Evenly grind two liang of flying squirrel droppings, eight walnut kernels, and half a liang of platycladus [tree] seed kernels to powder, and then drip water into it to prepare pills of the size of small beans. Each time ingest 20 pills, with a decoction prepared from glycyrrhiza [root]. Pu ji. 痰血凝結。紫芝丸：用五靈脂水飛、半夏湯泡，等分爲末，薑汁浸蒸餅丸 梧子大。每飲下二十丸。百一方。 For phlegm and blood coagulation with knots. The “ganoderma fungus pills.” Grind equal amounts of flying squirrel droppings, [the dregs] skimmed off with water, and pinellia [root], soaked in hot water, to powder. This is immersed in ginger juice to prepare steamed cake pills of the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest, with a [rice washing water] beverage, twenty pills. Bai yi fang. 酒積黄腫。五靈脂末一兩，入射香少許，飯丸小豆大。每米飲下一丸。普 濟方。 301 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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For wine accumulation with a yellow and swollen [face]. Add a little musk to one liang of flying squirrel droppings powder, and prepare pills with cooked rice of the size of small beans. Each time ingest one pill with water that had been used to wash/cook rice. Pu ji fang. 目生浮瞖。五靈脂、海螵蛸各等分，爲細末。熟猪肝日蘸食。明目經驗方。 For eyes developing floating shades. Equal amounts of flying squirrel droppings and cuttlebones are ground to a fine powder. Every day dip cooked pork liver into [this powder] and eat it. Ming mu jing yan fang. 重舌脹痛。五靈脂一兩，淘浄爲末，煎米醋漱。經驗良方。 For doubled tongue302 with swelling and pain. Rinse clean one liang of flying squirrel droppings and then grind them to powder. This is boiled with rice vinegar to rinse [the mouth]. Jing yan liang fang. 惡血齒痛。五靈脂末，米醋煎汁，含咽。直指方。 For malign blood [causing] toothache. Flying squirrel droppings powder is boiled in rice vinegar. The resulting juice is then held in the mouth, and swallowed. Zhi zhi fang. 血痣潰血。一人舊有一痣，偶抓破，血出一線，七日不止，欲死。或用五 靈脂末摻上，即止也。楊拱醫方摘要。 For blood moles that have broken open and bleed. In old times, there was a man with a mole. He inadvertently scratched it and it broke open. A thread of blood came out for seven days without end, and he was about to die. Someone applied flying squirrel droppings powder to it, and [the bleeding] stopped. Yang Gong, Yi fang zhai yao. 血潰怪病。凡人目中白珠渾黑，視物如常，毛髮堅直如鐵條，能飲食而不 語如醉，名曰血潰。以五靈脂爲末，湯服二錢，即愈。夏子益奇疾方。 For a strange disease “blood festering.” Whenever in someone’s eyes the white part turns muddy and black, while he sees things perfectly normal, with all his hair being rigid and straightened like iron pins, and he can drink and eat but fails to speak as if drunk, this is named “blood festering.” Grind flying squirrel droppings to powder and [let the patient] ingest two qian with hot water. This brings the cure. Xia Ziyi, Qi ji fang.

302 Chong she 重舌, “doubled tongue.” A growth under the tongue, mostly in children, similar to a second tongue. BCGM Dict I, 92.

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大風瘡癩。油調五靈脂末，塗之。摘玄方。 For massive wind303 [i. e.,] repudiation-illness sores. 304 Grind flying squirrel droppings to powder, mix it with oil, and apply this to the [affected region]. Zhai xuan fang. 蟲虺螫蠚。凡蜈蚣、蛇、蝎毒蟲傷，以五靈脂末塗之，立愈。金匱鉤玄。 For bites and stings of worms/bugs and poisonous snakes. Whenever someone was harmed by the poison of centipedes, snakes, and scorpions, and by worms/bugs, smear flying squirrel droppings ground to powder onto the [affected region]. This will result in an immediate cure. Jin kui go xuan. 毒蛇傷螫。305 For harm caused by poisonous snake bites.

303 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” may refer to sores caused by a massive intrusion of wind evil and also to conditions of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111. 304 Lai 癩, “lai-illness,” “repudiation-illness,” including cases of leprosy/Aussatz.” BCGM Dict I, 293. 305 Only the therapeutic indication is given. Chapter 48 ends here without a recipe added.

本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 禽部目録 Section Fowl, Contents 第四十九卷 Chapter 49

禽之三 Fowl III 林禽類一十七種 Forest Fowl Group: 17 kinds. 49-01 Ban jiu 斑鳩, pigeon. FE Jia you 嘉祐 49-02 Qing zhui 青䳡, greenish pigeon. FE Shi yi 拾遺; i.e. huang he hou 黄褐 侯, yellow-brown marquis. 49-03 Shi jiu 鳲鳩, common cuckoo. FE Shi yi 拾遺; i.e. bu gu 布穀, bu gu . 49-04 Sang hu 桑鳸, Chinese grosbeak. FE Shi wu 食物; i.e. la zi 蠟觜, waxy beak. 49-05 Bo lao 伯勞, shrike. FE Jia you 嘉祐 49-06 Qu yu 鸜鵒, crested mynah. FE Tang ben 唐本 49-07 Bai she 百舌, one hundred tongues. FE Shi yi 拾遺 49-08 Lian que 練鵲, paradise fly-catcher. FE Jia you 嘉祐 49-09 Ying 鶯, oriole. FE Shi wu 食物 49-10 Zhuo mu niao 啄木鳥, great spotted woodpecker. FE Jia you 嘉祐 49-11 Ci wu 慈烏, jackdaw. FE Jia you 嘉祐 49-12 Wu ya 烏鴉, large-beaked crow. FE Jia you 嘉祐 49-13 Que 鵲, Eurasian magpie. FE Bie lu 别録 49-14 Shan que 山鵲, red-beaked blue magpie. FE Shi wu 食物 49-15 Hu chao 鶻嘲, hoopoe. FE Jia you 嘉祐

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49-16 Du juan 杜鵑, lesser cuckoo. FE Shi yi 拾遺 49-17 Ying wu 鸚䳇, parrot. FE Shi wu 食物. 49-17-A01 Qin ji liao 秦吉了, Qin ji liao. 49-17-A02 Niao feng 鳥鳳, niao feng. 上附方舊五，新九。 Recipes added to the entries above: 5 of old, 9 newly [recorded].

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本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 禽部 Section Fowl 第四十九卷 Chapter 49

禽之三 Fowl III 林禽類一十七種 Forest Fowl Group, 17 kinds.

Pigeon.306

49-01 斑鳩宋嘉祐 Ban jiu, FE Song, Jia you Streptopelia orientalis, Latham.

【釋名】斑隹音錐、錦鳩范汪方、鵓鳩左傳註、祝鳩。【時珍曰】鳩也， 鵓也，其聲也。斑也，錦也，其色也。隹者，尾短之名也。古者庖人以尸 祝登尊俎，謂之祝鳩。此皆鳩之大而有斑者。其小而無斑者，曰隹，曰 𪆴，音葵，曰荆鳩，曰楚鳩也。鳩之子曰䳕鳩，曰役鳩，曰糠鳩，曰郎 臯，曰辟臯。楊雄方言混列諸鳩，不足據。 Explanation of Names. Ban zhui 斑隹, read zhui 錐. Jin jiu 錦鳩, Fan wang fang. Bo jiu 鵓鳩, Zuo zhuan zhu. Zhu jiu 祝鳩. [Li] Shizhen: The characters jiu 鳩 and bo 鵓 也 reflect the cry of these [birds]. The characters ban 斑, “spotted,“ and jin 錦, “brocade,“ “bright,“ refer to their coloring. The character zhui 隹 signifies their short tail. In antiquity, the cooks placed them for sacrifice on the sacrificial cutting block, and hence they named them zhu jiu 祝鳩, “sacrificial pigeons.“ All these are those pigeons that are big and spotted. Those that are small and have no dots, they are called zhui 隹, kui 𪆴, read kui 葵, jing jiu 荆鳩, and chu jiu 楚鳩. Their young ones are called fu jiu 䳕鳩, yi jiu 役鳩, kang jiu 糠鳩, lang gao 郎皋, and bi gao 辟皋. Yang Xiong in his Fang yan has presented a confused list of pigeons; it is not reliable. 【集解】【禹錫曰】斑鳩是處有之。春分化爲黄褐侯，秋分化爲斑䳡。 黄褐侯，青䳡也。【宗奭曰】斑鳩有有斑者，有無斑者，有灰色者，有 306 Also known as Oriental turtle dove.

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大者，有小者。雖有此數色，其用則一也。嘗養之數年，並不見春秋分變 化。【時珍曰】鳴鳩能化鷹，而斑鳩化黄褐侯之説，則不知所出處也。今 鳩小而灰色，及大而斑如梨花點者，並不善鳴。惟項下斑如真珠者，聲大 能鳴，可以作媒引鳩，入藥尤良。鳩性慤孝，而拙於爲巢，纔架數莖，往 往墮卵。天將雨即逐其雌，霽則呼而反之。故曰鷦巧而危，鳩拙而安。或 云雄呼晴，雌呼雨。 Collected Explanations. [Zhang] Yuxi: Pigeons are just everywhere. At Spring Equinox, they transform into huang he hou 黄褐侯. At Autumn Equinox, they transform into ban zhui 斑䳡. The huang he hou are the same as the qing zhui 青䳡. [Kou] Zongshi: Among the pigeons there are some with dots, and others without dots. Some are of grey color, some are big, some are small. Even though they appear in these different colors, their use [for medicinal purposes] is always the same. I have raised them for several years already, but neither in spring nor in autumn did I witness any transformation. [Li] Shizhen: It is said that the crying pigeons can transform into ying 鷹, goshawks, while the dotted pigeons transform into the huang he hou. I have no idea where [such sayings] may have originated. Nowadays, neither those pigeons that are small and of grey color, nor those that are big and dotted, as if spangled with pear blossoms, have a tendency to cry. Only those with dots resembling genuine pearls underneath their nape, their crying is rather loud. They can be used as baits to attract other pigeons. They are especially useful as medication. Pigeons are by nature modest and filial. But they are clumsy when they build nests. They make frames from a few stalks, and again and again their eggs fall out of them. When it is going to rain, [the males] chase away the females. When the rain ends, they call them back. Hence it is said that” the wrens, jiao 鷦, are clever and live in danger, while the pigeons, jiu 鳩, are clumsy and live in peace.” It is also said that “when the males cry, this is [a sign of impending] clear skies, while when the females cry, this is [a sign of impending] rain.” 49-01-01 鳩肉。Jiu rou. Meat of pigeons. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】明目。多食，益氣，助陰陽。嘉祐。久病虚損人食之，補氣。宗 奭。食之，令人不噎。時珍 Control. It clears the eyes. Eaten in large quantities it boosts the qi, and assists yin and yang. Jia you. When people who are ill for a long time, and who are depleted

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and injured, eat [such meat], it will supplement their qi. [Kou] Zongshi. To eat this [meat] prevents one from choking. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】范汪方治目有斑䳡丸，總録治目有錦鳩丸，倪惟德氏 謂斑鳩補腎，故能明目。竅謂鳩能益氣，則能明目矣，不獨補腎已爾。古 者仲春羅氏獻鳩以養國老，仲秋授年老者以鳩杖，云鳩性不噎，食之且復 助氣也 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The Fan Wang fang [lists] “pills with dotted pigeon” to cure [ailments of ] the eyes. The [Sheng ji] zong lu lists “pills with brocade pigeon” to cure [ailments of ] the eyes. Mr. Ni Weide has said that pigeons supplement the kidneys and hence are able to clear the eyes. My own opinion is: Pigeons can boost the qi, and hence they can clear the eyes. They do not just supplement the kidneys. In antiquity, in mid-spring, Mr. Luo supplied pigeons to nourish the country’s old, and in mid-autumn he distributed staffs with pigeon handles to the aged, stating: Pigeons by nature do not choke. To eat them will reinforce the qi. 49-01-02 血。Xue. [Pigeon] blood. 【主治】熱飲，解蠱毒，良。時珍。 Control. When drunk hot, it will resolve gu poison. 307 Good. [Li] Shizhen. 49-01-03 屎。Shi. [Pigeon] droppings. 【主治】治聤耳出膿疼痛，及耳中生耵聹，同夜明沙末，等分，吹之。時 珍。 Control. Painful festering ears emitting pus. Also, when earwax is generated in the ears. Add an equal amount of bat droppings [to pigeon droppings] and blow this [into the ear]. [Li] Shizhen.

307 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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Greenish pigeon. 【釋名】黄褐侯拾遺。 Explanation of Names. Huang he hou 黄褐侯, “yellow-brown marquis,“ Shi yi. 【集解】【藏器曰】黄褐侯，狀如鳩而緑褐色，聲如小兒吹竽。【時珍 曰】鳩有白鳩、緑鳩。今夏月出一種糠鳩，微帶紅色，小而成群，掌禹錫 所謂黄褐侯秋化斑隹，恐即此也。好食桑椹及半夏苗。昔有人食之過多， 患喉痺，醫用生薑解之愈。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The huang he hou 黄褐侯 resemble the pigeons, but are of green and brown color. Their cries sound like a child blowing a flute. [Li] Shizhen: There are white pigeons and green pigeons. Nowadays in summer a type of kang jiu 糠鳩 appears. They carry a little red color. They are small and they flock together. These may be those huang he hou 黄褐侯 that were said by Zhang Yuxi to transform to ban zhui 斑隹 in autumn. They love to eat mulberries and pinellia seedlings. When in the old times someone ate too many of them and suffered, as a result, of throat blockage, the physicians resorted to fresh ginger to dissolve [the blockage], and [their treatment] was successful 49-02-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of greenish pigeons]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】蟻瘻惡瘡。五味淹炙食之，極美。藏器。安五臟，助氣補虚損， 排膿活血，并一切瘡癤癰瘻。嘉祐。 Control. Ant-fistula308 with malign sores. Roast it with the five spices and eat it. Extremely delicious. [Chen] Cangqi. It calms down the five long-term storage depots, it supports the qi, and supplements conditions of depletion and injury. It discharges pus and quickens the blood. Also, [it can be used] for all kinds of sores, pimples, obstruction-illness,309 and fistula. Jia you. 308 Yi lou 蟻瘻, “ant fistula.” A condition of many small swellings that appear strung together mostly around one’s neck. In sever cases they cover the entire body. BCGM Dict I, 629. 309 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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49-03 鳲鳩拾遺 Shi jiu, FE Shi yi Common cuckoo. Cuculus canorus, L. 【釋名】布穀列子、鴶鵴音戛匊、獲穀爾雅註、郭公。【藏器曰】布穀， 鳲鳩也。江東呼爲獲穀，亦曰郭公。北人名撥穀。【時珍曰】布穀名多， 皆各因其聲似而呼之。如俗呼阿公阿婆、割麥插禾、脱却破袴之類，皆因 其鳴時可爲農候故耳。或云：鳲鳩即月令鳴鳩也，鳲乃鳴字之訛，亦通。 禽經及方言並謂鳲鳩即戴勝，郭璞云非也。 Explanation of Names. Bu gu 布穀, Lie zi. Jia ju 鴶鵴, read jia ju 戛匊. Huo gu 穫 穀, Er ya zhu. Guo gong 郭公. [Chen] Cangqi: The bu gu 布穀 are the shi jiu 鳲鳩. In Jiang dong, [these birds] are called huo gu 穫穀 and also guo gong 郭公. The people in the North call them bo gu 撥穀. [Li] Shizhen: The bu gu 布穀 have many names, and all of them refer to their cries. When the people call them a gong a po 阿公阿 婆, “father-in-law, mother-in-law,” ge mai cha he 割麥插禾, “cut wheat, plant grain,” and tuo que po ku 脱却破褲, “discard the tattered trousers,” then these are all references to agricultural work pursued when they cry. It is said that the shi jiu 鳲鳩 are [the birds] the Yue ling calls ming jiu 鳴鳩. The character shi 鳲 is an erroneous writing of the character ming 鳴. This is correct. The Qin jing and the Fang yan state that the shi jiu 鳲鳩 are the dai sheng 戴勝. According to Guo Pu, this is not the case. 【集解】【藏器曰】布穀似鷂長尾，牝牡飛鳴，以翼相拂擊。 【時珍曰】案毛詩疏義云：鳴鳩大如鳩而帶黄色，啼鳴相呼而不相集。不 能爲巢，多居樹穴及空鵲巢中。哺子朝自上下，暮自下上也。二月穀雨後 始鳴，夏至後乃止。張華禽經註云：仲春鷹化爲鳩，仲秋鳩復化爲鷹。故 鳩之目猶如鷹之目。列子云：鷂之爲鸇，鸇之爲布穀，布穀久復爲鷂。是 矣。禽經又云：鳩生三子，一爲鶚。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The bu gu 布穀 are similar to the sparrow hawks, yao 鷂, but have a long tail. The males and females fly and cry. They rub each other’s wings. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Mao shi shu yi, “the ming jiu 鳴鳩, ‘crying pigeons’, are as big as the [common] pigeons, but carry a yellow color. They cry at each other, but do not gather. They cannot build nests. They often live in holes in trees and in empty nests of magpies. In the morning, they feed their fledglings from upside down, and in the evening from below upward. After [the solar term] Grain and Rain, they begin to cry; they stop crying at Summer Solstice.” Zhang Hua, in his comment on the Qin jing states: “At mid-spring, the ying 鷹, goshawks, transform to pigeons, jiu 鳩. At mid-autum, pigeons, jiu 鳩, transform back again to ying 鷹, goshawks. This is why the eyes of pigeons resemble those of the goshawks,

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ying 鷹. Lie zi: ‘The sparrow hawks, yao 鷂, become buzzards, zhan 鸇, and the buzzards, zhan 鸇, become bu gu 布穀, cuckoos. After a long time, the bu gu 布穀, cuckoos, once again become sparrow hawks, yao 鷂.’ That is correct.” The Qin jing further states: “Pigeons, jiu 鳩, bring forth three fledglings. One of them becomes an osprey, e 鶚.” 49-03-01 肉。Rou. [Cuckoo] meat. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】安神定志，令人少睡。汪穎。 Control. It calms the spirit and fixes the mind. It makes one sleep less. Wang Ying. 49-03-02 脚脛骨。Jiao jing gu. Bones of feet and shin [of cuckoos]. 【主治】令人夫妻相愛。五月五日收帶之，各一，男左女右。云置水中， 自能相隨也。藏器。 Control. They stimulate love between husband and wife. They are to be worn on the fifth day of the fifth month, each [husband and wife] one. Males on the left, females on the right. It is said that if they are being placed in water, they can find each other. [Chen] Cangqi. 49-04 桑鳸食物 Sang hu, FE Shi wu. Chinese grosbeak. Eophona migratoria, Hartert. 【釋名】竊脂爾雅、青雀郭璞、蠟觜雀。【時珍曰】鳸意同扈，止也。左 傳少皞氏以鳥名官，九鳸爲九農正，所以止民無淫也。桑鳸乃鳸之在桑間 者，其觜或淡白如脂，或凝黄如蠟，故古名竊脂，俗名蠟觜。淺色曰竊。 陸機謂其好盗食脂肉，殆不然也。 Explanation of Names. Qie zhi 竊脂, Er ya. Qing que 青雀, “greenish sparrow,” Guo Pu. La zui que 蠟觜雀, “waxy beak sparrow.” [Li] Shizhen: Hu 鳸 means the same as hu 扈, that is, “to stop.” According to the Zuo zhuan, Mr. Shao Hao used [the names of ] birds to designate the ranks of officials. [The name] jiu hu 九鳸, “nine constrainers,” was given to the jiu nong zheng 九農正, “nine rectifiers of farming,” with

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the intention to end the licentiousness of the people.310 The sang hu 桑鳸, “mulberry constrainers,” are the hu 鳸 that live on mulberry trees. Their beak is sometimes bland-white like fat, sometimes sticky-yellow like wax. Hence, in ancient times they were called qie zhi 竊脂, “those who steal fat.” A common name is la zui 蠟觜, “waxy beak.” Those of weak color are called qie 竊, “thieves.” According to Lu Ji, they love to steal and eat fat meat. This is most likely not true. 【集解】【時珍曰】鳸鳥處處山林有之。大如鴝鵒，蒼褐色，有黄斑點， 好食粟稻。詩云：交交桑鳸，有鶯其羽，是矣。其觜喙微曲而厚壯光瑩， 或淺黄淺白，或淺青淺黑，或淺玄淺丹。鳸類有九種，皆以喙色及聲音别 之，非謂毛色也。爾雅云：春鳸鳻鶞]，夏鳸竊玄，秋鳸竊藍，冬鳸竊黄， 桑鳸竊脂，棘鳸竊丹，行鳸唶唶，宵鳸嘖嘖，老鳸鷃鷃，是矣。今俗多畜 其雛，教作戲舞。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Hu 鳸 birds can be found everywhere in mountain forests. They are as big as the mynahs, qu yu 鴝鵒. They are grey-brown, with yellow dots. They love to eat millet and rice. The Shi [jing] speaks of 交交桑 鳸，有鶯其羽, “they flit around, the sang hu, with their variegated wings.” Their beak is slightly curved, thick and shiny. Sometimes of light yellow, sometimes of light white color, sometimes of light greenish, sometimes of light black color, sometimes of light dark, and sometimes of light cinnabar color. There are nine different kinds of the hu 鳸 bird. They are differentiated according to the different colors of their beak and sounds of their cries. The color of their feathers is not mentioned. According to the Er ya, “[the following names] apply: for the spring-hu 鳸: fen chun 鳻鶞; for the summer-hu 鳸: qie xuan 竊玄; for the autumn-hu 鳸: qie lan 竊藍; for the winter-hu 鳸: qie huang 竊黄; for the mulberry-hu 鳸: qie zhi 竊脂; for the spine-hu 鳸: qie dan 竊丹, for the moving hu 鳸: yan yan 唶唶. For the nocturnal hu 鳸: ze ze 嘖嘖, and for the old hu 鳸: yan yan 鷃鷃.” Nowadays, their fledglings are often raised and trained to perform a show. 49-04-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of the Chinese grosbeak]. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 310 See Zuo zhuan, Zhao gong, 17th year, 左传·昭公十七年: Jiu hu wei jiu nong zheng 九扈 為九農正。Commentary by Du Yu 杜預: 扈有九種也……以九扈為九農之號，各随 其宜以教民事, “There exist nine kinds of hu, ‘constrainers.’ .. The [names of the] nine ‘constrainers’ were given as names to the nine [administrators of ] farming. Each was to teach the people to handle their affairs appropriately.“

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【主治】肌肉虚羸，益皮膚。汪穎。 Control. Sinew and flesh depletion and emaciation. It boosts the skin. Wang Ying. 49-05 伯勞宋嘉祐 Bo lao, FE Song, Jia you. Shrike. 【釋名】伯鷯夏小正註、博勞詩疏、伯趙左傳、鵙豳詩，音狊、鴂孟子， 音决。【時珍曰】案曹植惡鳥論云：鵙聲嗅嗅，故以名之。感陰氣而動， 殘害之鳥也。謂其爲惡聲者，愚人信之，通士略之。世傳尹吉甫信后妻之 讒，殺子伯奇，後化爲此鳥。故所鳴之家以爲凶者，好事傅會之言也。伯 勞，象其聲也。伯趙，其色皂也，趙乃皂訛。 Explanation of Names. Bo liao 伯鷯, Xia xiao zheng zhu. Bo lao 博勞, Shi shu. Bo zhao 伯趙, Zuo zhuan. Ju 鵙, Ju shi 豳詩, read ju 狊. Jue 鴂, Meng zi 孟子, read jue 决. [Li] Shizhen: According to Cao Zhi’s E niao lun, “shrikes cry ju ju. Hence this is their name. When they sense yin qi, they move. They are predatory birds. Some say that their sounds are malicious. That is believed by stupid people. Learned people dismiss this.” According to a tradition, a Yin Jifu believed his second wife’s gossip and killed his son Bo Qi. [Bo Qi] later transformed into this bird. Hence when people hear their cries and believe that this is a bad omen, then this is just to follow some hearsay. [The name] bo lao 伯勞 reflects the sound of their cries. [The name] bo zhao 伯趙 was given because of their black color. The character zhao 趙 is a mistaken writing of zao 皂, “black.” 【集解】【時珍曰】伯勞即鵙也。夏鳴冬止，乃月令候時之鳥。本草不 著形狀，而後人無識之者。郭璞注爾雅云：鵙似鶷𪆰而大。服虔云：鶷 𪆰，音轄軋，白項鴉也。張華註禽經云：伯勞形似鴝鵒。鴝鵒喙黄，伯勞 喙黑。許慎説文云：鴝鵒似鵙而有幘。顔師古註漢書謂鴂爲子規。王逸 註楚詞謂鴂爲巧婦。揚雄方言謂鵙爲鶡鴠。陳正敏遯齋閑覽謂鵙爲梟。李 肇國史補謂鴂爲布穀。楊慎丹鉛録謂鵙爲駕梨。九説各異。竊謂鵙既可以 候時，必非希見之鳥，今通攷其得失。王説已謬，不必致辯。據郭説，則 似今苦鳥。據張、許二説，則似今之百舌，似鴝鵒而有幘者。然鵙好單 栖，鳴則蛇結。而百舌不能制蛇，爲不同也。據顔説，則子規名鷤鴂，音 弟桂，伯勞名鴂，音决。且月令起于北方，子規非北鳥也。據揚説，鶡鴠 乃寒號蟲，惟晉地有之。據陳説，則謂其目擊，斷然以爲梟矣，而不具其 形，似與陳藏器鴞即梟之説不合。而爾雅鴟鴞一名鸋鴂，與此不同。據李 説，則布穀一名鴶鵴，字音相近，又與月令鳴鳩拂其羽相犯。據楊説，則 駕犁乃鷑鳩，小如鴝鵒，三月即鳴，與禮記五月鵙始鳴、豳風七月鳴鵙之

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義不合。八説不同如此，要之，當以郭説爲準。案爾雅謂鵲、鵙之醜，其 飛也翪，斂足竦翅也。既以鵲、鵙並稱，而今之苦鳥大如鳩，黑色，以四 月鳴，其鳴曰苦苦，又名姑惡，人多惡之。俗以爲婦被其姑苦死所化，頗 與伯奇之説相近，但不知其能制蛇否。淮南子云：伯勞之血塗金，人不敢 取。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: The bo lao are the ju 鵙. They cry during summer, and stop [crying] in winter. This is one of the birds indicating a year’s season mentioned in the Yue ling. The Ben cao fails to describe their physical appearance; hence people in later times were unable to speak of them. When Guo Pu commented on the Er ya, he stated: “The ju 鵙 resemble the xia zha 鶷𪆰, but are bigger.” Fu Qian stated: “The xia zha 鶷𪆰, read xia jia 轄軋, are crows with a white neck.” Zhang Hua in his comments on the Qin jing stated: “The physical appearance of the bo lao resembles that of the mynahs, qu yu 鴝鵒. The mynahs have a yellow beak; the shrikes have a black beak.” According to Xu Shen’s Shuo wen, “the qu yu 鴝鵒 resemble the ju 鵙, but they wear a headdress.” Yan Shigu in his comments on the Han shu stated that “the jue 鴂 are identical with the zi gui 子規.” Wang Yi in his comments on the Chu ci stated that “the jue 鴂 are identical with the wrens, qiao fu 巧婦. Yang Xiong in his Fang yan said that the ju 鵙 are identical with the he dan 鴠 鶡. Chen Zhengmin in his Dun zhai xian lan identified the ju 鵙 as owls, xiao 梟. Li Zhao in his Guo shi bu identified the jue 鴂 as cuckoos, bu gu 布穀. Yang Shen in his Dan qian lu identified the ju 鵙 as jia li 駕梨. These nine statements are all different. When it is said that the ju 鵙 are birds indicating the seasons of a year, they cannot be birds that are seen only rarely. Here now, [we] expound all the errors. Wang’s statement is wrong from the beginning and must not even be discussed. According to Guo Pu, [the ju 鵙] resemble today’s ku niao 苦鳥. According to Zhang Hua and Xu Shen, [the ju 鵙] resemble today’s bai she 百舌, and they resemble the qu yu 鴝 鵒 but with a headdress. Now, the ju 鵙 prefer to live alone. When they cry, snakes form knots. However, the bai she 百舌 are unable to check snakes. They are not identical with the [ju 鵙]. According to Yan [Shigu], the zi gui 子規 are named tan jue 鷤鴂, read di gui 弟桂. The bo lao are called 鴂, read jue 决. The Yue ling is based on [the seasons of ] the North. But the zi gui is not a bird of the North. According to Yang [Xiong], the he dan 鶡鴠 are identical with the han hao chong 寒號蟲. However, [the han hao chong 寒號蟲] exist only in Jin. Chen [Zhengmin] declared that he had seen [the birds] with his own eyes, and that they certainly are owls. But their physical appearances are not identical, and this is not in agreement with the statement by Chen Cangqi who said that the hao 鴞 are identical with the xiao 梟. Furthermore, in the Er ya, “the chi xiao 鴟鴞 are also named ning jue 鸋鴂,” and they are different again. According to Li [Zhaoguo], the cuckoos, bu gu 布穀, are

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also named jia jun 鴶鵴. The pronunciation of these characters is similar. However this is in contrast to the Yue ling where it is stated that the ming jue 鳴鳩, “crying pigeons,” whisk their own feathers. According to Yang [Shen], the jia li 駕犁 are the li jiu 鷑鳩. They are as small as the mynahs, qu yu 鴝鵒, and they begin to cry in the third month of the year. This is different from the Li ji where it is stated that the ju 鵙 begin to cry in the fifth month, and also from the reference “the ju 鵙 cry in the seventh month” in the Bin feng. All these eight statements differ like this. One must regard Guo [Pu’s] statement as correct. Comment: The Er ya speaks of the magpies, qie 鵲, and shrikes, ju 鵙, as ugly. When they fly, this is a fluttering. They hold their feet back and strongly flap their wings. The fact is, [the Er ya] speaks of magpies and shrikes together. But today’s ku niao 苦鳥 are as big as pigeons jiu 鳩. They are of black color, and they begin to cry in the fourth month. Their cries sound like ku ku. They are also called gu wu 姑惡, “a mother-in-law hated.” Many people hate them. It is commonly believed that they are transformations of a wife who died because of the suffering committed to her by her mother-in-law. That is quite similar to the story of Bo Qi. However, it is not known whether [the cries of these birds] are able to check snakes. The Huai nan zi states: “When the blood of the bo lao 伯勞 is smeared on gold, no one will dare to take it away.”

【附録】 Appendix. 49-05-A01 鷑鳩。Ji jiu. Hoopoe. 【時珍曰】鷑鳩，爾雅名鵧鷑，音批及。又曰：鴔鵖，音匹汲，戴勝也。 一曰鵯鵊，訛作批鵊鳥。羅願曰：即祝鳩也。江東謂之烏䳎，音匊，又曰 雅䳎。小于烏，能逐烏。三月即鳴，今俗謂之駕犁，農人以爲候。五更輒 鳴，曰架架格格，至曙乃止。故滇人呼爲榨油郎，亦曰鐵鸚鵡。能啄鷹、 鶻、烏、鵲，乃隼屬也。南人呼爲鳳凰皂隸，汴人呼爲夏雞。古有催明之 鳥，名唤起者，蓋即此也。其鳥大如燕，黑色，長尾有岐，頭上戴勝。所 巢之處，其類不得再巢，必相鬭不已。楊氏指此爲伯勞，乃謂批頰爲䳾 雞，俱誤矣。月令：三月戴勝降于桑。 Li jiu 鷑鳩, hoopoe. [Li] Shizhen: The li jiu 鷑鳩, the Er ya calls them pi ji 鵧鷑, read pi ji 批及. Another name is pi ji 鴔鵖, read pi ji 匹汲. These are the hoopoes. They are also called bei jia 鵯鵊. This has been distorted to pi jia 批鵊 birds. Luo Yuan: “These are the zhu jiu 祝鳩. In Jiang dong they are called wu ju 烏臼, read

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ju 匊, and also ya bai 雅䳎. They are smaller than crows, but they chase crows. They begin to cry in the third month of the year.” Nowadays, they are commonly called jia li 駕犁, that is “they draw a plough.” The peasants use them as indicators of [time and seasons]. In the early morning hours they suddenly start crying: jia, jia, ge, ge. At dawn, they stop. Hence the people in Dian call them zha you lang 榨油郎, “the guys who squeeze oil,“ or tie ying wu 鐵鸚鵡, “iron parrots.” They are able to attack goshawks, ying 鷹, falcons, hu 鶻, crows, wu 烏, and magpies, que 鵲. They themselves belong to the group of falcons, sun 隼. The people in the South call them feng huang zao li 鳳凰皂隸, “phoenix yamen runners.” The people in Bian call them xia ji 夏鷄, “summer chicken.” These are those birds that in antiquity urged [the people] to wake up; they were called huan qi 唤起, “those that arouse.“ These birds are as big as swallows. They are of black color, and they have a long, forked tail. On their head they wear a headdress. Where they build nests, other [birds] of the same group must not build nests, too, lest they fight each other without end. When Mr. Yang identified them as shrikes, bo lao 伯勞, when he claimed that the pi jia 批頰 are deng ji 䳾鷄, he was wrong both times. Yue ling: “In the third month, the dai sheng 戴勝 descend into the mulberry trees.” 49-05-01 毛。Mao. [Shrike] feather. 【氣味】平，有毒。 Qi and Flavor. Balanced, poisonous. 【主治】小兒繼病，取毛帶之。繼病者，母有娠乳兒，兒病如瘧痢，他日 相繼腹大，或瘥或發。他人有娠，相近亦能相繼也。北人未識此病。嘉祐。 Control. Transmission disease in children. Remove a feather [from the bird] and have [the child] wear it. As for “transmission disease,” when a pregnant woman breastfeeds an infant [that is not her own], and if this child contracts diseases such as malaria and free-flux illness,311 on the following day the transmission [from the child to the mother causes in the latter] an enlarged abdomen. In some cases she recovers, in others [the disease] breaks out. Even if a third woman is pregnant, a transmission may result if [an infant with a disease] comes close to her. The people in the North do not know of this disease. Jia you. 【發明】【時珍曰】案淮南子云：男子種蘭，美而不芳，繼子得食，肥而 不澤，情不相往來也。蓋情在腹中之子故也。繼病亦作鬾病，鬾乃小鬼之 名，謂兒羸瘦如鬾鬼也，大抵亦丁奚疳病。 311 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Huai nan zi, “when a male plants orchids, they may look beautiful, but they lack fragrance. When a stepson is fed, he may become fat, but he lacks luster. That is so because no emotions are exchanged.” The fact is, the emotions [of the breastfeeding woman] are with the child she bears in her womb [and not with the stepson at her breast]. The transmission disease, ji bing 繼病, (also: “step[-child] disease”) is also named ba bing 魃病, “drought-demon disease.” Ba 魃 is the name of a small demon. That is to say, the children are as thin and emaciated as a drought demon. Basically, this is also a gan-illness312 associated with a pin-slave condition. 49-05-02 踏枝。Ta zhi. Twigs treaded on [by a shrike]. 【主治】小兒語遲，鞭之即速語。嘉祐。 Control. Children with a retarded [begin of ] speech. Whip them [with such twigs], and they will quickly [learn to] speak. Jia you. 【發明】【時珍曰】案羅氏爾雅翼云：本草言伯勞所踏樹枝鞭小兒令速語 者，以其當萬物不能鳴時而獨能鳴之故，以類求之也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to Mr. Luo’s Er ya yi,” when it is said in the Ben cao that twigs treaded on by bo lao are used to whip children so that they quickly [learn to] speak, this is so because at a time when no other creature is able to cry, the [shrike] alone can cry. They are made use of [for whipping children] because they are of the same category [as those who learn to speak early].” 49-06 鸜鵒 音劬欲。唐本草 Qu yu, read qu yu. FE Tang ben cao. Crested mynah. Acridoteres cristatellus, L. 【釋名】鴝鵒周禮、哵哵鳥廣韻、八哥俗名、寒臯萬畢術。【時珍 曰】此鳥好浴水，其睛瞿瞿然，故名。王氏字説以爲其行欲也尾而足勾， 故曰鴝鵒，從勾從欲省，亦通。哵哵，其聲也。天寒欲雪，則群飛如告， 故寒臯。臯者，告也。 Explanation of Names. Qu yu 鴝鵒, Zhou li. Ba ba niao 哵哵鳥, Guang yun. Ba ge 八哥, common name. Han gao 寒皋, Wan bi shu. [Li] Shizhen: These birds love to 312 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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bathe, yu 浴, in water and their eyeballs look as if surprised, qu/ju 瞿. Hence their name. Mr. Wang [Anshi], in his Zi shuo, assumed that [these birds] mate by intersecting their tails and their feet. Hence, he states, “[the name qu yu 鴝鵒] is derived from the characters gou 勾, ‘to collude with’, and yu 欲, ‘desire’.” That makes sense too. The [name] ba ba 哵哵 [niao 鳥] reflects their cries. When the weather turns cold, han 寒, and when snow is about to fall, then they flock together as if they were called, gao 告. Hence [the name] han gao 寒皋. The character gao 皋 is gao 告. 【集解】【恭曰】鸜鵒，似鵙而有幘者是也。【藏器曰】五月五日取雛， 剪去舌端，即能效人言，又可使取火也。【時珍曰】鸜鵒巢於鵲巢、樹 穴，及人家屋脊中。身首俱黑，兩翼下各有白點。其舌如人舌，剪剔能作 人言。嫩則口黄，老則口白。頭上有幘者，亦有無幘者。周禮鴝鵒不逾 济，地氣使然也。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Gong: The qu yu 鸜鵒 are those that resemble the shrikes, ju 鵙, but wear a headdress. [Chen] Cangqi: On the fifth day of the fifth month their fledglings are taken away to cut off the tip of their tongue. This enables them to speak like humans. Also, they can be employed to take away [objects] from fire. [Li] Shizhen: The qu yu 鸜鵒 occupy the nests of the magpies, que 鵲. These may be holes in trees, or the ridges of houses. Both their head and their body are black, and they have white dots underneath of both of their wings. Their tongue resembles a human tongue. When cut short, they can speak human words. As long as they are young, their mouth is yellow. When they are old, the mouth is white. There are some with a headdress, and others that have no headdress. Zhou li: The qu yu 鴝 鵒 do not cross the [river] Ji. This is because of the qi of the territory. 49-06-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of the crested mynah]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【詵曰】寒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: Cold. 【主治】五痔止血，炙食，或爲散，飲服。唐本。炙食一枚，治吃噫下 氣，通靈。日華。治老嗽。臘月臘日取得，五味醃，炙食，或作羹食，或 搗散蜜丸服之。非臘日者不可用。孟詵。 Control. The five kinds of piles; it stops the bleeding. To be consumed fried, or as powder to be ingested with a beverage. Tang ben. One [qu yu 鸜鵒] eaten fried lets the qi pass downward and thereby serves to cure hiccup. A magic success. Rihua. It serves to cure long-term coughing. Catch [a bird] on the sacrificial day of the twelfth month. Preserve it with the five spices, fry it, and eat it, or consume it as

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a congee. Or pound it to powder, and ingest it as pills prepared with honey. If it was not collected on the sacrificial day [of the twelfth month] is must not be used. Meng Shen.

【附方】 Added recipes: (missing) 49-06-02 目睛。Mu jing. Eyeballs [of the crested mynah]. 【主治】和乳汁研，滴目中，令人目明，能見霄外之物。藏器。 Control. Ground together with human milk and dripped into the eyes, they clear one’s eyesight, permitting him to see items beyond the clouds. [Chen] Cangqi. 49-07 百舌拾遺 Bai she, FE Shi yi One Hundred Tongues. 【釋名】反舌、鶷𪆰音轄軋。【時珍曰】按易通卦驗云：能反復其舌如百 鳥之音，故名鶷𪆰，亦象聲，今俗呼爲牛屎哵哥，爲其形如鴝鵒而氣臭 也。梵書名舍羅。 Explanation of Names. Fan she 反舌. Xia jia 鶷𪆰, read xia jia 轄軋. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Yi tong gua yan, “they are able to revert, fan 反, and stretch again their tongue, she 舌, to repeat the cries of hundreds of birds. Hence the name xia jia 鶷𪆰.” It, too, reflects their cries. Nowadays, they are commonly called niu shi ba ge 牛屎哵哥, “a ba ge [bird smelling like] ox dung,” because from their physical appearance they resemble the qu yu 鴝鵒, crested mynahs, but the qi they emit are stinking. In Brahman texts they are called sheluo 舍羅. 【集解】【藏器】肖百舌，今之鶯也。【時珍曰】百舌處處有之，居樹 孔、窟穴中。狀如鴝鵒而小，身略長，灰黑色，微有斑點，喙亦尖黑，行 則頭俯，好食蚯蚓。立春後則鳴囀不已，夏至後則無聲，十月後則藏蟄。 人或畜之，冬月則死。月令：仲夏反舌無聲，即此。蔡邕以爲蝦蟆者，非 矣。陳氏謂即鶯，服虔通俗文以鶷𪆰爲白脰烏者，亦非矣。音雖相似，而 毛色不同。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: They imitate hundreds of tongues; they are the warblers/orioles, ying 鶯, of today. [Li] Shizhen: The bai she 百舌 are every-

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where. They live in tree holes and caves. Their physical appearance resembles that of the qu yu 鴝鵒, crested mynahs, but they are smaller. Their body is a little longer, and they are of ash-black color, with a few dots. Their beak, too, is pointed and black. When they walk, they lower their head as they love to eat earthworms. After [the solar term] Sping Begins, they cry and sing all the time. After [the solar term] Summer Solstice, they are quiet. After the tenth month, they hide themselves to hibernate. Some people raise them, but they die during winter. This is meant by the Yue Ling when it states that “after midsummer the fan she 反舌 are silent.” When Cai Yong thought they were [transformed] toads, he was wrong. Mr. Chen considered them to be warblers/orioles, and when Fu Qian in his Tong su wen identified the xia zha 鶷𪆰 as the bai dou niao 白脰烏, they, too, were both wrong. Their cries may be similar, but the colors of their feathers differ. 49-07-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of the “one hundred tongues” birds]. 【氣味】缺。 Qi and Flavor. Missing 【主治】炙食，治小兒久不語，及殺蟲。藏器。 Control. Eaten fried it serves to cure children who fail to learn how to speak for a long time. Also, it kills worms/bugs. [Chen] Cangqi. 49-07-01 窠。Ke , 糞。shi , Nest and droppings [of the “one hundred tongues” birds]. 【主治】諸蟲咬，研末塗之。藏器。 Control. For all bites of worms/bugs, grind them to powder and apply this to the [affected region]. [Chen] Cangqi. 49-08 練鵲宋嘉祐 Lian que, FE Song, Jia you Paradise flycatcher. Terpsiphone paradise, L. 【集解】【禹錫曰】練鵲似鴝鵒而小，黑褐色。食槐子者佳。冬春間采 之。【時珍曰】其尾有長白毛如練帶者是也。禽經云：冠鳥性勇，纓鳥性 樂，帶鳥性仁。張華云：帶鳥，練鵲之類是也。今俗呼爲拖白練。

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Collected Explanations. [Zhang] Yuxi: The lian que 練鵲 resemble the qu yu 鴝鵒, crested mynahs, but are smaller and of black and brown color. Those that eat sophora japonica seeds are fine. They are collected in winter and spring. [Li] Shizhen: These are those that have a tail with long and white feathers like a silk ribbon. According to the Qin jing, “birds with a comb are brave. Birds with tassels are joyful. Birds with ribbons are benevolent.” Zhang Hua: “The birds with a ribbon are the group the lian que belong to.” Nowadays, they are commonly called tuo bai lian 拖白練, “those that drag a white silk [ribbon].” 【氣味】甘，温、平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】益氣，治風疾。細剉炒香，袋盛浸酒中，每日取酒温飲服之。嘉 祐。 Controls They boost the qi. They serve to cure wind illness. Cut [the birds] into fine pieces, and fry them until a fragrant smell is generated. Fill a pouch with them to be immersed in wine. Each day ingest them with warm wine. Jia you. 49-09 鶯食物 Ying, FE Shi wu Oriole. Oriolus chinensis, L. 【釋名】黄鳥詩經、黄鸝説文、黧黄爾雅、倉庚月令爾雅作商庚、青鳥左 傳、黄伯勞。【時珍曰】禽經云：鸎鳴嚶嚶，故名。或云：鸎項有文，故 從賏。賏，項飭也。或作鶯，鳥羽有文也。詩云有鶯其羽是矣。其色黄而 帶黧，故有黄鸝諸名。陸機云：齊人謂之搏黍，周人謂之楚雀，幽州謂之 黄鸝，秦人謂之黄鸝鶹。淮人謂之黄伯勞，唐玄宗呼爲金衣公子，或謂之 黄袍。 Explanation of Names. Huang niao 黄鳥, “yellow bird,” Shi jing. Huang li 黄鸝,313 Shuo wen. Li huang 黧黄, Er ya. Shi geng 倉庚, Yue ling. In the Er ya, this is shang geng 商庚. Qing niao 青鳥, Zuo zhuan. Huang bo lao 黄伯勞. [Li] Shizhen: The Qin jing states: “Orioles, ying 鸎, cry ying ying 嚶嚶; hence their name.” Others say: the neck of the orioles has signs, hence [their name] is derived from the character ying 鸎, [because] the character ying 鸎 signifies a “string of pearls worn around one’s neck.” Elsewhere [the name is written] ying 鶯, because the feathers have signs. When the Shi [jing] states “with their variegated wings,” this is correct. Their color is yellow, huang 黄, with some dark stripes, li 黧. Hence they are named li huang 黧 313 The Shuo wen, section chui 隹, “short-tailed birds,” has li huang 離黄, not huang li 黄鸝.

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黄. According to Lu Ji, “the people in Qi call them tuan shu 摶黍. Those in Zhou call them chu que 楚雀. Those in You zhou call them huang li 黄鸝. Those in Qin call them huang li liu 黄鸝鶹. Those in Huai call them huang bo lao 黄伯勞.” The Tang [emperor] Xuan zong called them jin yi gong zi 金衣公子, “princes with a golden robe.” Some call them huang pao 黄袍, “yellow gown.“ 【集解】【時珍曰】鸎處處有之。大於鸜鵒，雌雄雙飛，體毛黄色，羽及 尾有黑色相間，黑眉尖觜，青脚。立春後即鳴，麥黄椹熟時尤甚，其音圓 滑，如織機聲，乃應節趨時之鳥也。月令云：仲春倉庚鳴。説文云：倉庚 鳴則蠶生。冬月則藏蟄，入田塘中，以泥自裹如卵，至春始出。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: The orioles are everywhere. They are bigger than the qu yu 鸜鵒, crested mynahs. Males and females fly as pairs. The feathers on their body are yellow. Their wings and tail are interspersed with black color. They have black eyebrows, a pointed beak, and greenish legs. After [the solar term] Spring Begins, they cry. This [crying] is especially active when the wheat is yellow, and the mulberry fruits are ripe. The sound [of their cries] is smooth and evasive, like the sound of a loom. These are birds that follow the seasons. According to the Yue ling, “the cang geng 倉庚 begins to cry in mid-spring.” According to the Shuo wen, “when the cang geng 倉庚 cry, the silkworms come to life.” In winter, they hide away to hibernate. They enter field ponds and rap themselves in mud resembling an egg in a shell. In spring they come out again. 49-09-01 肉。Rou. [Oriole] meat. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】補益陽氣，助脾。汪頴。食之不妬。時珍。 Control. It supplements and boosts the yang qi, and assists the spleen. Wang Ying. When eaten, it reduces jealousy. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【頴曰】此鳥感春陽先鳴，所以補人。【時珍曰】按山海經云： 黄鳥食之不妬。楊夔止妬論云：梁武帝 郄后性妬，或言倉庚爲膳療忌。遂 令茹之，妬果减半。 Explication. [Wang] Ying: When these birds sense the rise of yang [qi] in spring, they cry. Hence [their meat] supplements human [qi]. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Shan hai jing, “those who eat huang niao 黄鳥 will not be jealous.” Yang Kui, in his Zhi du lun, stated: “Empress Xi, wife of the Liang emperor Wu, was by nature jealous. Someone told [the emperor] that the cang geng 倉庚, served as food, heals

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jealousy. Hence he ordered her to eat [such meat], and, as a result, her jealousy was lessened to one half.” 49-10 啄木鳥宋嘉祐 Zhuo mu niao, FE Song, Jia you Great spotted woodpecker. Dendrocopos major L. 【釋名】斲木爾雅、鴷。【時珍曰】此鳥斲裂樹木取蠹食，故名。禽經 云：鴷志在木，鵜志在水。 Explanation of Names. Zhuo mu 斫木, “wood hacker,” Er ya. Lie 鴷. [Li] Shizhen: This bird hacks, zhuo 斲, the wood of trees, mu 木, to split them open, lie 裂, and remove moth[-like insects] for food. Hence the names. Qin jing: Woodpeckers set their mind on wood; pelicans set their mind on water. 【集解】【禹錫曰】異物志云：啄木有大有小，有褐有斑，褐者是雌，斑 者是雄，穿木食蠹，俗云雷公采藥吏所化也。山中一種大如鵲，青黑色， 頭上有紅毛者，土人呼爲山啄木。【時珍曰】啄木小者如雀，大者如鴉， 面如桃花，喙、足皆青色，剛爪利觜。觜如錐，長數寸。舌長於咮，其端 有針刺，啄得蠹，以舌鉤出食之。博物志云：此鳥能以觜畫字，令蟲自 出。魯至剛云：今閩、廣、蜀人、巫家收其符字，以收驚、療瘡毒也。其 山啄木頭上有赤毛，野人呼爲火老鴉，能食火炭。王元之詩云：淮南啄木 大如鴉，頂似仙鶴堆丹砂。即此也。亦入藥用，其功相同。 Collected Explanations. [Zhang] Yuxi: According to the Yi wu zhi, “there are big woodpeckers and there are small ones. Some are brown, some are dotted. The brown ones are the females. The dotted ones are the males. They bore holes into wood to eat the moth[-like insects found there]. It is commonly claimed that they are transformations of an official sent out by Lei gong to collect pharmaceutical substances. In the mountains, there are big ones like magpies, and they are of greenish-black color. Those that on their head have red feathers are called by the locals ‘mountain woodpeckers’, shan zhuo mu 山啄木.” [Li] Shizhen: Small woodpeckers resemble sparrows. Big ones resemble crows. Their face is [as colorful] as a peach flower. Their beak and their feet are all of greenish color. Their claws are strong, and their beak is sharp. Their beak is like an awl, several cun long. Their tongue is longer than their beak, and its tip is a needle suitable for piercing. When their pecking has reached a moth[-like insect], they use their tongue as a hook to pull it out and eat it. According to the Bo wu zhi, “these birds are able to draw characters with their beaks that let the moth[-like insects] leave [the wood] by themselves.” According to Lu Zhigang, “nowadays, among the people in Min, Guang and Shu there are sorcerers

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who gather [wood with such characters] for use as amulets to settle fright and heal sore poison.” The mountain woodpeckers have red feathers on their head. Hence, people in the wilderness call them huo lao ya 火老鴉, “old fire crow”. They can eat fire-hot charcoal. Wang Yuanzhi referred in a poem to exactly these birds when he stated: “The woodpeckers of Huai nan are as big as crows. Their head looks like that of the xian he 仙鶴, the ‘hermit cranes’, with cinnabar piled on top of it.” They are suitable for use as a pharmaceutical substance, with similar effects [as obtained from other woodpeckers]. 49-10-01 肉。Rou. [Woodpecker] meat. 【氣味】甘、酸，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, sour, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】痔瘻，及牙齒疳䘌。蟲牙，燒存性，研末，納孔子中，不過三 次。嘉祐。追勞蟲，治風癇。時珍。 Control. Piles with fistula. Hidden worms in teeth associated with a sweets-illness; worm teeth.314 Burn [the meat] with its properties retained, powder it and insert it into the cavities. No more than three times. Jia you. To chase away exhaustion worms/bugs. To cure wind epilepsy. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【禹錫曰】淮南子云：啄木愈齲，以類相攝也。荆楚歲時記云： 野人以五月五日貨啄木，主齒痛。【時珍曰】追勞、治癇、治瘻，皆取制 蟲之義也。 Explication. [Zhang] Yuxi: According to the Huai nan zi, “woodpecker [meat] cures tooth decay.” The reason is, [the withdrawing of moth-like insects from the wood, and of worms/bugs from the teeth] are closely related. According to the Jing chu sui shi ji, “the people living in the wilderness sell woodpeckers on the fifth day of the fifth month. They [are supposed] to control toothache.” [Li] Shizhen: The rationale of using [woodpecker meat] to chase away consumption [bugs], to cure epilepsy, and to cure fistula is based on [the woodpecker’s ability] to check worms/bugs.

314 Chong ya 蟲牙, “worm teeth,” identical with qu chi 齲齒, “decayed teeth.” A condition with decaying teeth developing holes, turning black and emitting a bad odor. In severe cases hollow teeth may crack. Also, the decay may enter the gums resulting in swelling, pain and festering. BCGM Dict I, 392.

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瘻瘡膿水，不止不合。用啄木一隻，或火老鴉亦可，鹽泥固濟，煅存性， 研末，酒下二錢匕。姚大夫方。 For fistula sores with [secretion of ] pus and water that do not end, and that do not close. Take one woodpecker – a mountain woodpecker, huo lao ya 火老鴉, is suitable too – and enclose it firmly with salt and mud. This is to be calcined, with its properties retained, and then ground to powder. The amount held by a two qian spoon is to be ingested with wine. Yao dai fu fang. 追勞取蟲。用啄木禽一隻，朱砂四兩，精猪肉四兩。餓令一晝夜，將二味 和匀，餵之至盡。以鹽泥固濟，煅一夜。五更取出，勿打破，連泥埋入土 中二尺。次日取出破開，入銀、石器内研末。以無灰酒入麝香少許，作一 服。須謹候安排，待蟲出，速鉗入油鍋煎之。後服局方嘉禾散一劑。胡雲 翱□□方。 To chase away exhaustion worms/bugs: Take one woodpecker, four liang of cinnabar, and four liang of fine pork. Let [the woodpecker] remain without food for one day and one night. Then mix the two substances evenly, and feed them [to the bird] until all is finished. Then firmly enclose [the bird] with salt and mud, and calcine it for one night. Remove it in the early morning, but do not break it open. Bury it, with the mud [cover], two chi deep in the earth. Remove it the next day and break it open. Place it into a silver or stone vessel and grind it to powder. Then add ash-free wine and a small amount of musk, and have [the patient] ingest all of this at once. Carefully wait at the [patient’s] side. Once the worms/bugs appear, take them up quickly with pincers and boil them in an oil pan. Then have [the patient] ingest one dose of the jia he powder315 [recorded in the] Ju fang. Hu yun’ao [□□]316 fang. 多年癇病。取臘月啄木鳥一箇，無灰酒三升。先以瓦罐鋪荆芥穗一寸厚， 安鳥於上，再以穗蓋一寸，傾酒入内，鹽泥固濟，炭火煅之，酒乾爲度。 放冷取出，爲末，入石膏二兩，鐵粉一兩，炮附子一兩，朱砂、麝香各一 分，龍腦一錢，共研匀。每服一錢，先服温水三兩口，以温酒一盞調服即 卧。發時又一服，間日再服，不過十服即愈。保幼大全。 315 The jia he san 嘉禾散, “jia he (lit. perhaps: “favored grain”) powder,“ includes the following substances: loquat leaves, Job’s tears seeds, white poria, ginseng [root], Vietnamese amomum fruit, areca [nuts], chebule, eucommia [bark], dendrobium [stem], agastache herb leaves, aucklandia [root], aquilaria [wood], tangerine peels, rice sprout, cloves, schisandra seeds, cardamom fruit, unripe tangerine peels, mulberry root bark, atractylodes [rhizome], medicated leaven, pinellia [root], glycyrrhiza [root], 316 Characters missing in the original Ben cao gang mu text.

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For epilepsy that has lasted for years. Catch one woodpecker in the twelfth month, and prepare three sheng of ash-free wine. First cover the inside of an earthen jar with a one cun thick layer of schizonepeta spikes, and place the bird on top of it. Then cover it with another layer of [schizonepta] spikes and pour the wine into [the jar]. Close it now firmly with salt and mud, and calcine it over a charcoal fire until the wine has dried completely. Wait until it has cooled down, and [grind it to] powder. Then add two liang of gypsum, one liang of iron powder, one liang of fried aconitum [accessory tuber], one fen each of cinnabar and musk, and one qian of borneol, and grind all this together until evenly mixed. Each dose to be ingested is one qian. At first have [the patient] ingest three or two mouthful of warm water. Then one qian [of the powder] is ingested mixed with warm wine, and [the patient is asked] to go to bed. When the next [epilepsy] outbreak occurs, have him ingest one more dose. On the second day have him ingest this once again. [The disease] is healed after no more than ten ingestions. Bao you da quan. 49-10-02 舌。She. [Woodpecker] tongue. 【主治】齲齒作痛，以綿裹尖，咬之。梅師。 Control. For toothache, wrap the tip in silk fabric and bite on it. Mei shi.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 啄木散。治蟲牙。啄木舌一枚，巴豆一枚，研匀，每以猪騣一莖，點少許 於牙根上，立瘥。聖惠。 Powder with woodpecker. It serves to cure worm teeth.317 Grind one woodpecker tongue and one croton seed to powder. Apply a small amount with a bristle to the root of the tooth in question. Immediately effective. Sheng hui. 49-10-03 血。Xue. [Woodpecker] blood. 【主治】庚日向西熱飲，令人面色如朱，光彩射人。時珍。出岣嶁神書。 317 Chong ya 蟲牙, “worm teeth,” identical with qu chi 齲齒, “decayed teeth.” A condition with decaying teeth developing holes, turning black and emitting a bad odor. In severe cases hollow teeth may crack. Also, the decay may enter the gums resulting in swelling, pain and festering. BCGM Dict I, 392.

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Control. On geng 庚 days, [let the patient] face west and drink it hot. This will cause that person to acquire a bright red, lustrous face. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Gou lou shen shu. 49-10-04 腦。Nao. [Woodpecker] brain. 【主治】魯至剛俊靈機要云：三月三日取啄木，以丹砂、大青拌肉，餌之 一年，取腦，和雄黄半錢，作十丸。每日向東水服一丸。久能變形，怒則 如神鬼，喜則常人也。 Control. Lu Zhigang in his Lun ling ji yao states: “Catch a woodpecker on the third day of the third month and feed it with cinnabar and Chinese indigo plant [leaves], mixed with meat. After one year, remove the brain and mix it with half a qian of realgar to prepare ten pills. Each day, facing east, one pill is to be ingested with water. After a long time, this will change the physical appearance. When [that person] is angry, he will resemble a spirit-demon. When he is happy, he is an ordinary person.” 49-11 慈烏宋嘉祐 Ci wu, FE Song, Jia you Jackdaw. Corvus monedula L. 【釋名】慈鴉嘉祐、孝烏説文、寒鴉。【時珍曰】烏字篆文，象形。鴉亦 作鵶，禽經鵶鳴啞啞，故謂之鵶。此鳥初生，母哺六十日，長則反哺六十 日，可謂慈孝矣。北人謂之寒鴉，冬月尤甚也。 Explanation of Names. Ci ya 慈鴉, “loving crow,” Jia you. Xiao wu 孝烏, “filial crow,” Shuo wen. Han ya 寒鴉, “cold crow.” [Li] Shizhen: The character wu 烏 in seal script is a pictograph. Ya 鴉 is also written ya 鵶. Qin ling: The cries of the ya 鵶 are ya ya 啞啞. Hence they are called ya 鵶. When these birds come to life, their mother feeds them for 60 days. Once they have grown up, they reversely feed [their mother] for 60 days. This may be called a loving, ci 慈, and filial, xiao 孝, [relationship]. The people in the North call them han ya 寒鴉, “cold crows.” In winter, [their cries] are especially [loud]. 【集解】【禹錫曰】慈烏北土極多，似烏鴉而小，多群飛作鴉鴉聲，不膻 臭，可食。【時珍曰】烏有四種：小而純黑，小觜反哺者，慈烏也；似慈 烏而大觜，腹下白，不反哺者，雅烏也；似鴉烏而大，白項者，燕烏也； 似鴉烏而小，赤觜穴居者，山烏也。山烏一名鷁，出西方。燕烏一名白

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脰，一名鬼雀，一名鶷𪆰，音轄軋。禽經云：慈烏反哺，白脰不祥，巨觜 善警，玄烏吟夜。又云：烏鳥背飛而向啼也。又蜀徼有火鴉，能銜火。 Collected Explanations. [Zhang] Yuxi: There are many “loving birds” in the North. They resemble crows, but are smaller. They often flock together when they fly, and they cry ya ya 鴉鴉. As long as they do not have the foul stench of mutton, they can be eaten. [Li] Shizhen: There are four kinds of crows: Those that are small and pure black. They have a small beak and they reversely feed [their mother]. These are the ci wu 慈烏, “loving crows.” There are those that resemble the “loving crows,” but have a large beak. They are white below their abdomen, and they do not reversely feed [their mother]. They are the ya wu 雅烏, “elegant crows.“ There are those that resemble the “elegant crows,” but are bigger and have a white nape. They are the yan wu 燕烏, “swallow crows.” There are those that resemble the “elegant crows,” but are smaller. They have a red beak and dwell in caves. They are the shan wu 山 烏, “mountain crows.” Another name of the “mountain crows” is yi 鷁, “fishhawk;” they originate in the West. The “swallow crows” are also named bai dou 白脰, “white necks,” and also gui que 鬼雀, “demon sparrows,” and 鶷𪆰, read xia zha 轄軋. According to the Qin jing, “the ci wu 慈烏, ‘loving crows’, reversely feed [their mother]. The bai dou 白脰, ‘white necks’, are omina of misfortune. Those with the huge beak are always on the alert. The xuan wu 玄烏,318 ‘dark crows’, cry at night.” It also states: “Crows fly in opposite directions and cry at each other.” Also, in Shu jiao there are “fire crows,” huo ya 火鴉. They are able to withstand fire. 49-11-01 肉。Rou. [ Jackdaw] meat. 【氣味】酸、鹹，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】補勞治瘦，助氣止咳嗽。骨蒸羸弱者，和五味淹炙食之，良。嘉 祐。【詵曰】北帝攝鬼録中亦用慈鴉卵。 Control. It serves to supplement exhaustion, and to cure emaciation. It assists the qi, and stops coughing. For [patients with] bone steaming,319 who are emaciated and depleted, copiously add the five spices, fry it, and [have them] eat it. Good. Jia you. [Meng] Shen: In the Bei di she gui lu, the use of jackdaw eggs is recommended, too. 318 The Qin jing has ai wu 哀烏, “grief crow,” sometimes written sang wu 喪烏, “funeral/loss crow,” instead of xuan wu 玄烏. 319 Gu zheng 骨蒸, “bone steaming,” (1) a pathological condition of an infectious consumptive disease with a development of vexing heat in the afternoon. (2) An illness sign of heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197.

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49-12 烏鴉宋嘉祐 Wu ya, FE in Song era, Jia you Large-beaked crow. Corvus macrorynchus Wagler. 【釋名】鴉烏小爾雅、老雅雅與鴉同、鸒音預、鵯鶋音匹居、楚烏詩義 問、大觜烏禽經。 Explanation of Names. Ya wu 鴉烏, Xiao er ya. Lao ya 老雅, “old elegance;“ [the character] ya 雅 is identical with the character ya 鴉. Yu 鸒, read yu 預. Pi ju 鵯鶋, read pi ju 匹居. Chu wu 楚烏, Shi yi wen. Da zui wu 大觜烏, “large beak crow,” Qin jing. 【集解】【時珍曰】烏鴉大觜而性貪鷙，好鳥善避繒繳，古有鴉經以占吉 凶。然北人喜鴉惡鵲，南人喜鵲惡鴉。惟師曠以白項者爲不祥，近之。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Crows have a large beak, and by nature they are greedy and fierce, and love to cry. They are good at evading silk nets laid out to capture them. In antiquity, a [book with the title] Crow classic served to interpret auspicious and inauspicious omina. The people in the North find pleasure in crows, and they abhor magpies. The people in the South, find pleasure in magpies and they abhor crows. Only Shi Kuang believed that those with a white nape signaled misfortune. He was close to the [truth]. 49-12-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of large-beaked crows]. 【氣味】酸、澀，平，無毒。【詵曰】肉澀臭不可食，止可治病。【藏器 曰】肉及卵食之，令人昏忘，把其毛亦然。蓋未必昏，爲其膻臭耳。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, astringent, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: Its meat is astringent, and smells bad. It must not be eaten. It is only of use to cure disease. [Chen] Cangqi: Eating the meat and the eggs causes clouding and forgetfulness. If one were to take the feathers, the effects would be the same. The fact is, even if [after eating this meat] no clouding results, there is still the foul stench of mutton. 【主治】瘦病欬嗽，骨蒸勞疾。臘月以瓦瓶泥固燒存性，爲末，每飲服一 錢。又治小兒癇疾及鬼魅。嘉祐。治暗風癇疾，及五勞七傷，吐血欬嗽， 殺蟲。時珍。 Control. Emaciation disease with coughing. Bone steaming and exhaustion illness.320 In the twelfth month place it into an earthen pot which is firmly closed 320 Gu zheng lao 骨蒸勞, “exhaustion because of bone steaming.” Identical with chuan shi 傳尸, “corpse [evil] transmission.” (1) An infectious consumptive disease. (2) Heat and

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with mud, and then burned with the properties [of the meat] being retained. This is then [ground to] powder. For each dose, ingest one qian with water. It also serves to cure epilepsy illness of children, and spirit [possession]. Jia you. It serves to cure dim vision wind and epilepsy illness, as well as the five kinds of exhaustion and the seven kinds of harm, and blood spitting with cough. It kills worms/bugs. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【頌曰】烏鴉今人多用治急風，而本經不著。宜於臘月捕取翅 羽、觜、足全者，泥固煅過，入藥治諸風。烏犀丸中用之，見和劑局方。 【時珍曰】聖濟總録治破傷中風，牙關緊急，四肢强直，有金烏散，煅過 入藥，品多不録。 Explication. [Su] Song: Crows are often used today by the people to cure acute wind, but this was not recorded in the Ben jing. One must catch [the bird] in the twelfth month, wrap it complete with feathers, beak and feet in mud and have it calcined. Then it may be used as medication to cure all kinds of wind. For an application in the “pills with crows and rhinoceros,” see the He ji ju fang. [Li] Shizhen: The Sheng ji zong lu recommends the “golden crow powder” for curing open wounds struck by wind with lockjaw and the four extremities stretched out and stiff. [For this, the crow meat] is calcined first and then added to a medication. The items [used as further ingredients] are too many to be recorded here.

【附方】新五。 Added recipes: Five newly [recorded]. 五勞七傷，吐血欬嗽。烏鴉一枚，栝樓穰一枚，白礬少許，入鴉肚中，縫 扎煮熟，作四服。壽域神方。 For the five kinds of exhaustion, and the seven kinds of harm: with blood spitting and coughing. Take one crow and insert one trichosanthes root stalk, as well as a small amount of alum, into its abdomen and sew it up again. Then boil it until done, and ingest it in four portions. Shou yu shen fang. 暗風癇疾。用臘月烏鴉一箇，鹽泥固濟，於瓶中煅過，放冷取出，爲末， 入朱砂末半兩。每服一錢，酒下，日三服，不過十日愈。 For dim vision wind with epilepsy illness: Catch one crow during the twelfth month and cover it firmly with salt and mud. Then calcine it in an earthenware pot, let it cool down, take it out, and [grind it to] powder. Add half a liang of cinnabar. Each time [let the patient] ingest one qian, with wine. Three times daily. The [disease] will be cured after no more than ten days. vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197.

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又方：用渾烏鴉一箇，瓶固煅研，胡桃七枚，蒼耳心子七枚，爲末。每服 一錢，空心熱酒下。並保幼大全。 Another recipe: Take one natural crow, seal it tightly in a jar, calcine and grind it. Then add seven walnuts and seven xanthium [stem] core sections and grind this to powder. Each time [let the patient] ingest one qian, on an empty stomach with hot wine. Both [recipes recorded in] Bao you da quan. 疝氣偏墜。即前胡桃、蒼耳方，加入新生兒胎衣一副，煅研入之。同上。 For elevation-illness qi321 with unilaterally dropped [testis]: To the recipe with walnuts and xanthium [stem and leaves] listed above add one fresh placenta of a newborn child, calcined and powdered. Same [source] as above. 經脉不通，積血不散，用烏鴉散主之。烏鴉去皮毛炙三分，當歸焙、好墨 各三分，延胡索炒、蒲黄炒、水蛭以糯米炒過各半兩，芫青糯米炒過一 分，爲末。每服一錢，酒下。總録。 For blocked passage in conduits and vessels: When blood accumulates and fails to disperse, use the “powder with crows,” to control this. Three fen of crow [meat], with the skin and feathers removed, fried; three fen each of baked angelica [root] and good ink, one half liang each of fried corydalis [tuber], fried cattail pollen, and of leeches fried with glutinous rice, as well as one fen of blister flies fried with glutinous rice, are ground to powder. Each dose is one qian, to be ingested with wine. Zong lu. 虚勞瘵疾。烏鴉一隻，絞死去毛腸，入人參片、花椒各五錢，縫合，水煮 熟食，以湯下。鴉骨、參、椒焙研，棗肉丸服。吴球便民食療。 For exhaustion-illness with consumption: Kill one crow by strangling it, and remove its feathers and intestines. Then insert into it five qian each of ginseng [root] slices and Chinese pepper, and sew it up. Boil it in water until done and eat it with the soup. [In addition,] the crow’s bones are to be baked with ginseng [root] and Chinese pepper over a slow fire and ground [to powder]. This is to be ingested as pills prepared with Chinese date meat. Wu Qiu, Bian min shi liao. 49-12-02 烏目。Wu mu. Crow eyes. 【氣味】無毒。 321 Shan qi 疝氣, “elevation-illness qi,” a pathological condition of (1) an item having entered the scrotum, with pain, sometimes ascending, sometimes descending, (2) a condition affecting the scrotum or a testicle, (3) of violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 419, 417.

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Qi and Flavor. Nonpoisonous. 【主治】吞之，令人見諸魅。或研汁注目中，夜能見鬼。藏器。 Control. Swallowed they enable one to see ghosts. Or they are ground to a juice to be poured into the eyes. This allows one to see demons at night. [Chen] Cangqi. 49-12-03 頭。Tou. [Crow] head. 【主治】土蜂瘻，燒灰傅之。聖惠。 Control. Earth wasp fistula. Burn [a head] to ashes and apply them [to the affected region]. Sheng hui. 49-12-04 心。Xin. [Crow] heart. 【主治】卒得欬嗽，炙熟食之。肘後。 Control. Sudden onset of coughing. Fry it until done and eat it. Zhou hou. 49-12-05 膽。Dan. [Crow] bile. 【主治】點風眼紅爛。時珍。 Control. Drip it into wind eyes that are red and fester. [Li] Shizhen. 49-12-06 翅羽。Chi yu. [Crow] wing feather. 【主治】從高墜下，瘀血搶心，面青氣短者，取右翅七枚，燒研酒服，當 吐血便愈。蘇頌。出肘後。治鍼刺入肉，以三五枚炙焦研末，醋調傅之， 數次即出，甚效。又治小兒痘瘡不出復入。時珍。 Control. When someone has fallen from some elevated location, with stagnant blood grasping his heart, his face greenish, and his [breath] qi short, remove seven feathers from a right wing, burn them, grind them and have them ingested with wine. This will make [the patient] spit blood, and he is cured. Su Song, quoted from the Zhou hou. To cure a situation where a needle or thorn has entered the flesh, take three to five feathers, fry them until they are burned, and grind them to powder. This is to be mixed with vinegar for topical application. When this is repeated

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several times, [the foreign object] will come out. Very effective. This also serves to cure children with pox sores that fail to come out and have entered [the skin] again. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 痘瘡復陷。十二月取老鴉左翅，辰日燒灰，用獖猪血和丸芡子大。每服一 丸，以獖猪尾血同温水化服，當出也。聞人規痘疹論。 For sunken eruptions of smallpox. In the twelfth month, remove the feathers of a crow’s left wing, and burn it to ashes on a chen 辰 day. Mix them with the blood of a castrated pig to prepare pills the size of qian seeds. Each time [let the patient] ingest one pill. [Let the patient] ingest it with the blood taken from the tail of a castrated pig and dissolved in warm water. [The pox] will come out. Wen Rengui, Dou zhen lun. 49-13 鵲别録下品 Que, FE Bie lu, lower rank Eurasian magpie. Pica pica L. 【釋名】飛駁烏陶弘景、喜鵲禽經、乾鵲新語。【時珍曰】鵲古文作舄， 象形。鵲鳴唶唶，故謂之鵲。鵲色駁雜，故謂之駁。靈能報喜，故謂之 喜。性最惡濕，故謂之乾。佛經謂之芻尼，小説謂之神女。 Explanation of Names. Fei bo wu 飛駁烏, “flying multi-colored bird,” Tao Hongjing. Xi que 喜鵲, “joy bird,” Qin jing. Gan que 乾鵲, “dry magpie,” Xin yu. [Li] Shizhen: The character que 鵲 in antiquity was written xi 舄, which was a pictograph. Magpies cry xi xi 唶唶. This is why they are named que 鵲 (a combination of the two characters xi 昔 and niao 鳥, “bird“). The magpies are of heterogenous coloring, bo za 駁雜. Hence their name bo 駁. They have magic abilities to announce future causes of joy, xi 喜, hence they are called xi 喜. By their nature they abhor moisture. Hence they are called gan 乾, “dry.“ In Buddhist classics they are called chuni 芻尼. In novels they are called shen nü 神女, “divine girl.“ 【集解】【時珍曰】鵲，烏屬也。大如鴉而長尾，尖觜黑爪，緑背白腹， 尾翮黑白駁雜。上下飛鳴，以音感而孕，以視而抱，季冬始巢，開户背太 歲向太乙。知來歲風多，巢必卑下。故曰乾鵲知來，狌狌知往。段成式 云：鵲有隱巢木如梁，令鷙鳥不見。人若見之，主富貴也。鵲至秋則毛毨 頭秃，淮南子云：鵲矢中猬，猬即反而受啄，火勝金也。

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Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: The magpies belong to the group of crows. They are as big as crows, but have a long tail, a pointed beak and black claws. Their back is green and their abdomen is white. Their tail feathers are colored both black and white. They fly up and down and cry. [Females] affected by the sound will become pregnant. [Males and females] embrace each other with their views. In the final month of winter they begin to build nests. The opening is turned away from Jupiter and faces [the star] Tai yi 太乙. They know in advance that there will be lots of wind in the next year, and hence their nests must be very low. Hence it is said: “Magpies know what lies ahead, gorillas know the past.” According to Duan Chengshi, “magpies build their nests hidden behind wood, such as beams, so that predatory birds cannot see them. If a human person sees one, this indicates future wealth and rank. In autumn, the feathers of the magpie become very thin, and their head turns bald.” According to Huai nan zi, “when magpie droppings strike a hedgehog, the hedgehog, contrary to [what one might assume] will be pecked [by the magpie]. This is because fire overcomes metal.” 49-13-01 雄鵲肉。Xiong que rou. Meat of male magpies. 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。【日華曰】凉。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. Rihua: cool. 【主治】石淋，消結熱。可燒作灰，以石投中解散者，是雄也。别録。 【藏器曰】燒灰淋汁飲之，令淋石自下。治消渴疾，去風及大小腸澀，并 四肢煩熱，胸膈痰結。婦人不可食。蘇頌。冬至埋鵲於圊前，辟時疾温 氣。時珍。出肘後。 Control. Stone dripping [of urine]. It dissolves knotted heat. It can be burned to ashes, and one may throw a stone into [the ashes]. If they disperse, these are [the ashes of a] male [magpie]. Bie lu. [Chen] Cangqi: Burn [the meat], strain the ashes [with water] and drink the juice. This will cause a discharge of the dripping stones. It serves to cure melting with thirst322 illness, and eliminates wind as well as rough [passage] through the small and large intestines, accompanied by vexing heat in the four extremities, and phlegm nodes in chest and diaphragm. Women must not eat it. Su Song. At Winter Solstice bury a magpie in front of a latrine. This will keep away seasonal illnesses of warmth qi. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Zhou hou.

322 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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【發明】【弘景曰】凡鳥之雌雄難别者，其翼左覆右者是雄，右覆左者是 雌。又燒毛作屑納水中，沉者是雌，浮者是雄。今云投石，恐止是鵲，餘 鳥未必爾。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: It is difficult to distinguish female and male birds. Whenever [such a question arises], those whose left wing lies on top of the right [wing], they are males. Those whose right [wing] lies on top of the left [wing], they are females. Also, burn the feathers, and give the crumbs into water. If they sink down, they belong to a female. If they float on the surface, they are of a male. When nowadays one is advised to cast a stone [into the ashes remaining after burning this bird to find out whether it is a male specimen], I guess this works only with magpies, not necessarily with other birds. 49-13-02 腦。Nao. [Magpie] brain. 【主治】【弘景曰】五月五日取鵲腦，入術家用。【時珍曰】按淮南萬畢 術云：丙寅鵲腦令人相思。高誘註云：取鵲腦雌雄各一，道中燒之，丙寅 日入酒中飲，令人相思。又媚藥方中亦有用之者，則陶氏所謂術家者，亦 此類耳。 Control. [Tao] Hongjing: On the fifth day of the fifth month, experts in the [occult] arts collect magpie brains to use them [for their purposes]. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Huai nan wan bi shu, “magpie brain [collected] on a bing yin 丙寅 day will make one lovesick.” Gao You commented on this: “One brain each taken from a female and male magpie, burned on the road, and on a bing yin 丙寅 day given into wine, will make one lovesick.” Also, to use [these brains] in pharmaceutical recipes stimulating women to have sex, such [practices] are of the same category as those of the experts of the occult arts mentioned by Mr. Tao [Hongjing]. 49-13-03 巢。Chao. [Magpie] nest. 【主治】多年者，燒之水服，療顛狂鬼魅及蠱毒，仍呼祟物名號。亦傅瘻 瘡，良。日華。正旦燒灰撒門内，辟盗。其重巢柴燒研，飲服方寸匕，一 日三服，治積年漏下不斷困篤者，一月取效。時珍。出洞天録及千金方。 重巢者，連年重産之巢也。

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Control. Old ones burned and ingested with water heal peak[-illness] with madness,323 associated with demon [attachment] and gu poison.324 [The patient] is to shout the name of the evil item haunting him. It is also good for topical application on fistula sores. Rihua. On New Year’s Day burn [a magpie brain] to ashes and spread them inside the gate. This will keep robbers away. Burn a repeatedly used nest, chong chao 重巢, with firewood and grind [the ashes to powder]. The amount held by a square cun spoon is ingested with a beverage, three times a day. This serves to cure mild leaking discharge [from the vagina] that has lasted for years. The effect will show within one month. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Dong tian lu and Qian jin fang. A chong chao 重巢 is a nest in which [fledglings] are hatched for several consecutive years. 【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 小便不禁。重鵲巢中草一箇，燒灰，每服二錢匕，以薔薇根皮二錢，煎湯 服之，日二。聖惠。 For incontinence of urine. Burn one portion of straw collected from a repeatedly used magpie nest to ashes. Each time ingest the amount of two qian held by a spoon. This is to be ingested with a decoction prepared from two qian of the root bark of rambling rose [root]. Twice daily. Sheng hui.

Red-beaked blue magpie.325

49-14 山鵲食物 Shan que, FE Shi wu Cissa erythyncha Boddaert.

【釋名】鷽渥、學二音爾雅、雗音汗，同上、山鷓俗名、赤嘴烏酉陽雜俎。 Explanation of Names. Xue 鸒, to be read either wo 渥 or xue 學, Er ya. Han 雗, read han 汗, same [source] as above. Shan zhe 山鷓, common name. Chi zui wu 赤嘴烏, “red beaked crow,“326 You yang za zu. 323 Kuang dian 狂顛, “madness and peak[-illness],” identical with dian kuang 顛狂, “peak[-illness] and madness.” A mental disturbance. BCGM Dict I, 124, 289. 324 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 325 Shan que 山鵲 , lit.: “mountain magpie.” 326 You yang za zu ch. 16 has chi zui niao 赤嘴鳥, “red beak bird,” not chi zui wu 赤嘴烏, “red beak crow.”

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【集解】【時珍曰】山鵲，處處山林有之。狀如鵲而烏色，有文采，赤觜 赤足，尾長不能遠飛，亦能食雞、雀。諺云：朝鷽叫晴，暮鷽叫雨。説文 以此爲知來事之鳥。字説云能效鷹、鸇之聲而性惡，其類相值則搏者，皆 指此也。鄭樵以爲喜鵲，誤矣。有文采如戴花勝，人名戴鵀、戴鳻。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: The mountain magpies can be found everywhere in mountain forests. Their appearance is that of magpies, but they are black with some stripes. They have a red beak and red legs. Their tail is so long that they cannot fly long distances. They also eat chicken and sparrows. A common saying is: “When the mountain magpies cry in the morning, it will be a fine day; when they cry at dusk, there will be rain.” Hence the Shuo wen considers them to be able to predict future events. According to the Zi shuo, “[magpies] ar2e able to imitate the cries of ying zhan 鷹鸇, hawks, and by their nature they are malign. When members of the same group meet, they start a fight.” That is the evidence. Zheng Qiao assumed them to be ordinary magpies, xi que 喜鵲. He was wrong. As the stripes [on their feathers] are colorful, the people call them dai ren 戴鵀 and dai fen 戴鳻. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】食之解諸果毒。汪頴 Control. When eaten, they resolve all kinds of fruit poison. Wang Ying. 49-15 鶻嘲宋嘉祐。鶻，骨、猾二音 Gu chao, FE Song, Jia you. 鶻 read gu 骨 or hua 猾. Hoopoe. Upupa epops L. 【釋名】鶻鵃爾雅、鶻鳩左傳、鶌鳩爾雅、鷽鳩渥、學二音、阿鵴雜俎、 𪈭鷜音藍吕。【時珍曰】其目似鶻，其形似鷽。鷽，山鵲也。其聲啁嘲， 其尾屈促，其羽如繿縷，故有諸名。阿鵴乃鷽鳩之訛也。陸佃云：凡鳥朝 鳴曰嘲，夜鳴曰㖡。此鳥喜朝鳴故也。禽經云：林鳥朝嘲，水鳥夜㖡，是 矣。 Explanation of names. Gu zhou 鶻鵃, Er ya. Gu jiu 鶻鳩, Zuo zhuan. Qu jiu 鶌鳩, Er ya. Qu jiu 鸒鳩, read wo 渥 or xue 學. E ju 阿鵴, Za zu. Lan lü 𪈭鷜 read lan lü 藍吕. [Li] Shizhen: Their eyes resemble those of falcons, gu 鶻; their physical appearance is reminiscent of the ju 鸒, i.e., mountain magpies, shan que 山鵲. Their cry is zhao chao 啁嘲. Their tail is bent and short. Their feathers resemble the threads of ragged garments, lan lü 繿縷, hence all these names. E ju 阿鵴 is a writing error for ju jiu 鸒鳩. Lu Dian: “All birds that cry in the morning, chao 朝, are called chao 嘲.

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Those that cry at night, ye 夜, they are called ye 㖡. The present birds love to cry in the morning; hence [their name].” Qin jing: “Forest birds cry in the morning; water birds cry at night.” That is correct. 【集解】【禹錫曰】鶻嘲，南北總有。似山鵲而小，短尾，有青毛冠，多 聲，青黑色，在深林間，飛翔不遠。北人呼爲𪈭鷜鳥。東都賦云：鶻嘲春 鳴，是也。【時珍曰】此鳥春來秋去，好食桑椹，易醉而性淫。或云鶻嘲 即戴勝，未審是否？鄭樵以爲鸜鵒，非矣。 Collected Explanations. [Zhang] Yuxi: The gu chao 鶻嘲 are everywhere in the South and in the North. They resemble the magpies, but are smaller and they have a short tail. They have a greenish feather crown, and they often cry. They are of greenish-black color. They live deep in the forests, and when they fly they circle in the air, but do not cover long distances. The people in the North call them lan lü niao 𪈭鷜 鳥.327 According to the Dong du fu, “the gu chao 鶻嘲 [begin to] cry in spring.” This is correct. [Li] Shizhen: These birds arrive in spring, and leave in autumn. They love to eat mulberries. They are easily intoxicated, and by their nature they are licentious. Some say, the gu chao 鶻嘲 are identical with the dai sheng 戴勝, but this has not been carefully examined yet. Zheng Qiao believes they are qu yu 鸜鵒, crested mynahs. He is wrong. 49-15-01 肉。Rou. [Hoopoe] meat. 【氣味】鹹，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】助氣益脾胃，主頭風目眩。煮炙食之，頓盡一枚，至驗。嘉祐。 今江東俚人呼頭風爲瘇頭。先從兩項邊筋起，直上入頭，頭悶目眩者是也。 Control. It supports the qi and boosts spleen and stomach. It controls head wind and visual dizziness. Eat it boiled and fried. One entire [bird’s meat] is to be finished; this will be effective. Jia you. Nowadays, the common people in Jiang dong call head wind zhong tou 瘇頭, “head suffering from a feeling of heaviness.” It begins by rising from the sinews of the two sides on one’s nape, and from there moves straight upward to enter the head. The head feels pressed and the vision is dizzy.

327 Zheng lei ch. 19, gu chao 鶻嘲, “hoopoe,” has qu qu 鸜鷜 instead of lou lan niao 𪈭鷜鳥.

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49-16 杜鵑拾遺 Du juan, FE Shi yi Lesser cuckoo.328 Cuculus poliocephalus Latham 【釋名】杜宇禽經、子巂音携、子規亦作秭歸、鶗鴂音弟桂，亦作鷤䳏、 催歸亦作思歸、怨鳥、周燕説文、陽雀。【時珍曰】蜀人見鵑而思杜宇， 故呼杜鵑。説者遂謂杜宇化鵑，訛矣。鵑與子巂、子規、鶗䳏、催歸諸 名，皆因其聲似，各隨方音呼之而已。其鳴若曰不如歸去。諺云：陽雀 叫，鶗鴂央，是矣。禽經云：江左曰子規，蜀右曰杜宇，甌、越曰怨鳥。 服虔注漢書，以鷤鴂爲伯勞，誤矣，名同物異也。伯勞一名鴂，音决，不 音桂。 Explanation of Names. Du yu 杜宇, Qin jing. Zi gui 子巂, read here xie 攜; zi gui 子 規, also written zi gui 秭歸; ti jue 鶗鴂, read here di gui 弟桂, also written ti gui 鷤 䳏; cui gui 催歸, also written si gui 思歸; yuan niao 怨鳥; zhou yan 周燕, Shuo wen. Yang que 陽雀. [Li] Shizhen: When the people in Shu see a cuckoo, they think of Du Yu 杜宇. Hence they call them Du juan 杜鵑, “Du’s cuckoos.” When they say that Du Yu has transformed into a cuckoo, then this is wrong. When the cuckoo is given names like zi gui 子巂, zi gui 子規, ti gui 鶗䳏, and cui gui 催歸, they all refer to its cries, and the [differences among the pronounciations of these names] result from local dialects. Their cries sound as if they were saying bu ru gui qu 不如歸去, “there is nothing better than to return.” A common saying is: “The yang que 陽雀 call; the di gui 鶗鴂 beg.” That is correct. According to the Qin jing, “in Jiang zuo [these birds] are called zi gui 子規; in Shu you they are called du yu 杜宇; in Ou yue 甌越 they are called yuan niao 怨鳥.” Fu Qian, in his comments on the Han shu, assumed the di gui 鶗鴂 to be identical with the bo lao 伯勞. That was wrong. The names are identical, but the items are different. Another name of the bo lao 伯勞 is jue 鴂, read jue 决; it is not read gui 桂. 【集解】【藏器曰】杜鵑小如鷂，鳴呼不已。蜀王本紀云：杜宇爲望帝， 淫其臣鼈靈妻，乃禪位亡去。時子規鳥鳴，故蜀人見鵑鳴而悲望帝。荆楚 歲時記云：杜鵑初鳴，先聞者主别離，學其聲令人吐血，登厠聞之不祥。 厭法，但作狗聲應之。異苑云：有人山行，見一群，聊學之，嘔血便殞。 人言此鳥啼至血出乃止，故有嘔血之事。【時珍曰】杜鵑出蜀中，今南方 亦有之。狀如雀、鷂而色慘黑，赤口有小冠。春暮即鳴，夜啼達旦，鳴必 向北，至夏尤甚，晝夜不止，其聲哀切。田家候之，以興農事。惟食蟲 蠹，不能爲巢，居他巢生子。冬月則藏蟄。

328 Du juan 杜鵑, lit.: “Du‘s cuckoo.”

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Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The du juan 杜鵑 are as small as the sparrow hawks, yao 鷂; they never stop crying. According to the Shu wang ben ji, “when Du Yu was ‘Observing Emperor’, he had sex with his minister Bie Ling’s wife. In the aftermath, he abdicated and fled. At that time, the zi gui bird’s cries were heard, and the people of Shu when they saw a juan 鵑 cry, they sadly remembered their ‘Observing Emperor’.” The Jing chu sui shi ji states: “When the du juan begin to cry, those who hear them first will leave [home]. Those who imitate their sounds will spit blood. To hear them while one is on the latrine, that is inauspicious. The method to overcome this is to answer by imitating the sounds of dogs.” Yi Yuan: “Once there was a man travelling in the mountains, when he saw a flock [of these birds]. He merely imitated their [sounds] and then vomited blood and died.” The people say that these birds cry until they bleed, and only then they stop. Hence there are such blood spitting events. [Li] Shizhen: The du juan 杜鵑 have come from Shu. Nowadays, they also live in the South. Their appearance is that of sparrows and sparrow hawks, but they are of a sad, black color. They have a red mouth and a small crown. In spring, in the evening they [begin to] cry, and they cry all night until dawn. While they cry, they will face north. In summer, their [crying] is particularly active. Day and night they do not stop. The sound is one of grief. Farmers observe them to take up their work in the fields. They eat nothing but worms/bugs and moth[-like insects]. They are unable to build nests. They settle in the nests of other [birds] to hatch their fledglings. In winter they hide away for hibernation. 49-16-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of Du’s cuckoo]. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】瘡瘻有蟲，薄切炙熱貼之，蟲盡乃已。時珍。 Control. Sores and fistula with the presence of worms/bugs. Cut [the meat] into thin slices, fry them and topically apply them while still hot to the [affected region]. When the worms/bugs are all gone, [the disease] has ended. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】按吕氏春秋云：肉之美者，巂燕之翠。則昔人亦嘗食 之矣。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Lü shi chun qiu, “among the meat that is delicious is that of the brightly colored ‘swallows from Gui’.” Hence, already in ancient times the people loved to eat it.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 49-17 鸚䳇食物 Ying wu, FE Shi wu Psittacula alexandri L.

【釋名】鸚哥俗名、乾臯。【時珍曰】按字説云：鸚䳇如嬰兒之學母語， 故字從嬰母。亦作鸚鵡。熊太古云：大者爲鸚䳇，小者爲鸚哥。則䳇義又 取乎此。師曠謂之乾臯，李昉呼爲隴客，梵書謂之臊陀。 Explanation of Names. Ying ge 鸚哥, common name. Gan gao 乾皋. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Zi shuo, “parrots are like babies, ying 嬰, who imitate the language of their mother, mu 母. Hence the characters [ying wu 鸚䳇] were derived from ying 嬰 and mu 母.” Another writing is ying wu 鸚鵡. Xiong Taigu stated: “The big ones are the ying wu 鸚䳇; the small ones are the ying ge 鸚哥.” This is the rationale behind the character wu 䳇. Shi Kuang called them gan gao 乾皋. Li Fang called them long ke 隴客. In Brahman texts they are called saotuo 臊陀. 【集解】【時珍曰】鸚䳇有數種：緑鸚䳇出隴、蜀，而滇南、交、廣近海 諸地尤多，大如烏、鵲，數百群飛，南人以爲鮓食。紅鸚䳇紫赤色，大亦 如之。白鸚䳇出西洋、南番，大如母雞。五色鸚䳇出海外諸國，大於緑而 小於白者，性尤慧利。俱丹咮鉤吻，長尾赤足，金睛深目，上下目瞼皆能 眨動，舌如嬰兒。其趾前後各二，異於衆鳥。其性畏寒，即發顫如瘴而 死，飼以餘甘子可解。或云：摩其背則瘖。或云：雄者喙變丹，雌者喙黑 不變。張思正倦游録云：海中有黄魚能化鸚䳇。此必又一種也。有秦吉 了、鳥鳳，皆能人言，並附於左。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: There are several kinds of parrots: The green parrots come from Long and Shu. In the coastal regions of Dian nan and Jiao and Guang are especially many. They are as big as crows and magpies, and hundreds of them flock together when they fly. The people in the South prepare them as minced food. The red parrots are of purple-red color. They are of an equal size. The white parrots come from Xi yang and Nan fan. They are as big as hens. Those parrots that are multi-colored, they come from various countries overseas. They are bigger than the green ones, and smaller than the white ones. By nature, they are particularly bright. They all alike have a cinnabar red beak formed like a hook, a long tail and red feet. Their eyeballs are golden, and they are deep in the eyes. They can wink with both the upper and the lower eyelids. Their tongue is that of an infant. They have two toes in front and behind, and with this they differ from all other birds. By nature they hate cold. [When they feel cold], they shiver as if suffering from miasma, and then they die. This can be resolved by feeding them with Indian gooseberry. 329 Also more specifically identified as “red-breasted parakeet.”

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It is said that rubbing their back results in deafness. Others say, the beak of the males changes to red; the beak of the females is black and does not change. Zhang Sizheng in his Juan you lu stated: “There are yellow fish in the sea that can transform into parrots.” These then must constitute yet another type. There are the qin ji liao 秦吉了 and the niao feng 鳥鳳, all of which are able to speak like humans. They are listed in the following appendix.

【附録】 Appendix 49-17-A01 秦吉了。Qin ji liao. Qin ji liao. 【時珍曰】即了哥也，唐書作結遼鳥，番音也。出嶺南 容、管、廉、邕諸 州峒中。大如鸜鵒，紺黑色，夾腦有黄肉冠，如人耳。丹咮黄距，人舌人 目，目下連頸有深黄文，頂尾有分縫。能效人言，音頗雄重。用熟雞子和 飯飼之。亦有白色者。 [Li] Shizhen: These are the liao ge. The Tang shu calls them jie liao niao 結遼鳥, which is a foreign sound. They come from the caves of Rong, Guang, Lian and Yong zhou in Ling nan. They are as big as the qu yu 鸜鵒 and of a dark purple-black color. Adjacent to their brain they have a crown that is yellow on the inside and looks like a human ear. Their beak is red, and their spurs are yellow. They have a human tongue and human eyes. Underneath the eyes and connecting with the neck they have deeply yellow lines. Both the crown and the tail are split. They are able to imitate human language with a voice that may be light or strong. They are fed with boiled chicken eggs and rice. There are also white variants. 49-17-A02 鳥鳳。Niao feng. Niao feng. 按范成大虞衡志云：鳥鳳出桂海左右兩江峒中，大如喜鵲，紺碧色。項毛 似雄雞，頭上有冠。尾垂二弱骨，長一尺四五寸，至秒始有毛。其形略似 鳳。音聲清越如笙簫，能度小曲合宫商，又能爲百鳥之音。彼處亦自難得。 According to Fan Chengda’s Yu heng zhi, “the niao feng 鳥鳳 come from the caves along the two rivers on the left and right of Gui hai. They are as big as magpies, xi que 喜鵲, and of a dark purple-bluish color. Their neck and tail resemble those of a rooster. On their head they have a crown. From their tail hang two weak bones that

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are one chi and four to five cun long. Only at their very end they have hair. Their physical appearance resembles that of a phoenix. The sound of their cries is clear and high-pitched, like that of reed-pipe wind instruments or vertical bamboo flutes. They are able to sing on different scales. Also, they are able to produce the sounds of all other birds. Even in those regions [where they live] it is difficult to acquire one.” 49-17-01 鸚䳇肉。Ying wu rou. Parrot meat. 【氣味】甘、鹹，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】食之已虚嗽。汪穎。 Control. To eat it will end depletion coughing. Wang Ying.

禽之四 Fowl IV 山禽類一十三種，附一種 Mountain Fowl: 13 kinds. Appendix: 1 kind 49-18 鳳凰拾遺 Feng huang, FE Shi yi Phoenix. 【釋名】瑞鶠。【時珍曰】禽經云：雄鳳雌凰，亦曰瑞鶠。鶠者，百鳥偃 伏也。羽蟲三百六十，鳳爲之長，故從鳥從凡。凡，總也。古作朋字，象 形。凰，美也，大也。 Explanation of Names. Rui yan 瑞鶠. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Qin jing, “the females are the feng 鳳; the males are the huang 凰. They are also called rui yan 瑞 鶠.” Yan 鶠 is: all the hundreds of birds lie, yan 偃, prostrate [when the phoenix appears]. Of all the 365 feathered worms/bugs, the phoenix occupies the highest position. Hence [the character feng 鳳] is derived from niao 鳥, “bird,” and fan 凡. Fan 凡 means zong 總, “all.” When the ancients created the character peng 朋, “friends,” they devised a pictograph [to illustrate togetherness]. Huang 凰 is to say: mei 美, “beautiful,” da 大, “big.”

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【集解】【時珍曰】鳳，南方朱鳥也。按韓詩外傳云：鳳之象，鴻前麟 後，燕頷雞喙，蛇頸魚尾，鸛顙鴛顋，龍文龜背。羽備五采，高四五尺。 翱翔四海，天下有道則見。其翼若竿，其聲若簫，不啄生蟲，不折生草。 不群居，不侣行。非梧桐不棲，非竹實不食，非醴泉不飲。山海經云：丹 穴之山有鳥，狀如雞，五采而文，飲食自然，自歌自舞，見則天下安寧。 蔡衡云：象鳳有五。赤多者鳳，青多者鸞，黄多者鵷，紫多者鸑鷟，白多 者鷫鸘。又群書立名各異，文繁不録。按羅存齋爾雅翼云：南恩州 北甘 山，壁立千仞，猿狖不能至。鳳凰巢其上，惟食蟲魚，遇大風雨飄墮其 雛，小者猶如鶴而足差短。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: The phoenix are [the birds called] zhu niao 朱鳥, “vermilion red bird,“ in the South. According to the Han shi wai zhuan, “the appearance of the phoenix is a swan goose as their front part, and a female unicorn as their back part. Their chin is that of swallows; their beak is that of chicken. They have a snake neck and a fish tail. Their forehead is that of storks, and their jaws are those of mandarin ducks. They have a dragon pattern [on their abdomen], and a turtle-shaped back. Their feathers are multi-colored. Their height is four to five chi. They hover above the four seas, and they can be seen as long as the empire follows the DAO. Their wings are like rods,330 and their voice is that of a bamboo flute. They do not peck living worms/bugs. They do not break living plants. They do not live in flocks. They do not walk with a companion. They do not dwell in any trees other than firmiana trees. They do not feed on any fruit other than bamboo fruit. They do not drink from any well other than a wine well.” The Shan hai jing states: “In the Dan xue mountains, there are birds with an appearance of chicken. They are of multi-colored decor. They drink and eat what nature offers. They sing by themselves and they dance by themselves. When they appear, the empire will be in peace and calm.” Cai Heng: “The phoenix has five different appearances. Those mostly red are the feng 鳳. Those mostly greenish are the luan 鸞. Those mostly yellow are the yuan chu 鵷鶵. Those mostly purple are the yue zhuo 鸑鷟, and those mostly white are the hu 鵠.” Also, they are named differently in the many books that mention them. The literature is too rich to quote it here in full. According to Lu Cunzhai’s Er ya yi, “the Bei gan mountain in Nan en zhou rises steeply a thousand ren high. Monkeys cannot reach up there. The phoenix build their nests on top of it. They feed on worms/ bugs and fish only. When strong winds and torrential rain occur, their fledglings fall down. The small ones resemble cranes with short legs.” 330 The Zhang edition has yu 竽, “an ancient musical instrument,” instead of gan 竿, “rod.” The People’s Hygiene Press edition following Xun zi, Jie bi pian 解蔽篇, quoting Yi shi 逸詩, changes gan 竿 to gan 干, citing a commentary by Yang Jing 楊倞: gan, dun ye 干， 楯也, “gan means ‘shield’.” Hence the text should read: “Their wings are like shields.”

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49-18-01 鳳凰臺。Feng huang tai. Phoenix base. Qi and Flavor. Acrid, balanced nonpoisonous. 【主治】勞損積血，利血脉，安神。治驚邪，癲癇雞癇，發熱狂走，水磨 服之。藏器。 Control. Exhaustion detriment, accumulation of blood. It frees the passage in blood vessels, and pacifies the spirit. To cure fright evil,331 peak-illness332 epilepsy, and chicken epilepsy,333 fever and mad running, grind it in water and ingest this. [Chen] Cangqi. 【發明】【藏器曰】鳳凰脚下白物如石者，名鳳凰臺。鳳雖靈鳥，時或來 儀。候其棲止處，掘土二三尺取之，狀如圓石、白似卵者，是也。然鳳非 梧桐不棲，非竹實不食，那復近地而有臺入土乎？正物有自然之理，不可 曉也。今有鳳處未必有竹，有竹處未必有鳳，恐是麟鳳洲有之。如漢時所 貢續絃膠，煎鳳髓造成者，曷足怪哉？【時珍曰】按吕氏春秋云：流沙之 西，丹山之南，有鳳鳥之卵，沃民所食。則所産之地不以爲異也。續絃 膠，洞冥記以爲鸞血作成。故雷公炮炙論云：斷弦折劍，遇鸞血而如初。 陳氏以爲鳳髓所作，要皆誑言，不必深辯。 Explication. [Chen] Cangqi: The phoenix have a white item underneath their feet that looks like a stone. It is called “phoenix base.” Even though the phoenix are magic birds, from time to time they assume a material appearance. Find out where they stay and dig two or three chi into the earth to get such a [base]. They are formed like a round stone, and they are white like an egg. That is true. However, the phoenixes rest only on firmiana trees, and they eat only bamboo fruit. How could it be that close to these locations a base entered the earth? What this item really is, and what its natural explanation is, this is not yet known. Nowadays, where the phoenix dwell, there is not necessarily bamboo present, and where there is bamboo, there are not necessarily phoenix present. Perhaps they exist in Lin feng zhou. For example, during the Han era, a “glue to connect strings” was presented [to the emperor]. It was prepared by boiling the marrow of phoenix. What is so unbelievable about this? 331 Jing xie 驚邪, “fright evil.” A condition caused be being frightened. BCGM Dict I, 268. 332 Dian 癲, “peak-illness,” BCGM Dict I, 123, identical with dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125. 333 Ji xian 雞癇, “chicken epilepsy,” a peak-illness condition which at the time of an outbreak lets the patient’s four limbs twitch, accompanied by shaking head and the body arching back, with spontaneous shaking. BCGM Dict I, 242.

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[Li] Shizhen: According to the Lü shi chun qiu, “to the west of the flowing sand desert and and to the south of the Dan shan there are phoenix eggs, and local people eat them.” Hence it should not come as a surprise that this is a place where [such eggs] are generated. As for the glue to connect strings, the Dong min ji assumes that it is produced from phoenix blood. Hence the Lei gong pao zhi lun states: “When a broken string and a broken sword come into contact with phoenix blood, they will be restored to their original condition.” When Mr. Chen [Cangqi] believes that it is prepared from phoenix marrow, then this is certainly false. It is not even worth to seriously discuss this. 49-19 孔雀别録下品 Kong que, FE Bie lu, lower rank. Green peafowl. Pavo muticus L. 【釋名】越鳥。【時珍曰】孔，大也。李昉呼爲南客。梵書謂之摩由邏。 Explanation of Names. Yue niao 越鳥. [Li] Shizhen: Kong 孔 is da 大, “big.“ Li Fang called [these birds] nan ke 南客, “Southern visitors.” The Brahman texts call them moyouluo 摩由邏. 【集解】【弘景曰】出廣、益諸州。方家罕用。【恭曰】交、廣多有，劍 南元無。【時珍曰】按南方異物志云：孔雀，交趾、雷、羅諸州甚多，生 高山喬木之上。大如雁，高三四尺，不减於鶴。細頸隆背，頭戴三毛長 寸許。數十群飛，棲遊岡陵。晨則鳴聲相和，其聲曰都護。雌者尾短無 金翠。雄者三年尾尚小，五年乃長二三尺。夏則脱毛，至春復生。自背至 尾有圓文，五色金翠，相繞如錢。自愛其尾，山棲必先擇置尾之地。雨則 尾重不能高飛，南人因往捕之。或暗伺其過，生斷其尾，以爲方物。若回 顧，則金翠頓减矣。山人養其雛爲媒，或探其卵，雞伏出之。飼以猪腸、 生菜之屬。聞人拍手歌舞則舞。其性妬，見采服者必啄之。北户録云：孔 雀不匹，以音影相接而孕。或雌鳴下風，雄鳴上風，亦孕。冀越集云：孔 雀雖有雌雄，將乳時登木哀鳴，蛇至即交，故其血、膽猶傷人。禽經云孔 見蛇則宛而躍者，是矣。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: [These birds] come from the zhou of Guang and Yi. The recipe experts rarely make use of them. [Su] Gong: There are many of them in Jiao and Guang. Originally they were absent from Jian nan. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Nan fang yi wu zhi, “very many peacocks are found in Jiao zhi and the zhou of Lei and Luo. They live on trees in mountains of high altitude. They are as big as wild geese, yan 雁, and they are three, four chi high, not smaller than cranes, he 鶴. They have a thin neck and a bulging back. On their head they

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carry three feathers about one cun long. Many of them form flocks to fly, and they approach the ridges of hills. In the morning, they cry like a choir. Their sounds say: dou hu 都護, ‘all protected’. Their females have a short tail, without 金翠 gold emerald decor. The males even at the age of three years still have short tails. When they have reached the age of five years, [their tails] have grown to a length of two, three chi. In summer, they lose their feathers. In spring, they grow again. From the back to the tail, [their feathers] have round marks of all five colors with gold emerald decor, surrounding them to give them an appearance of coins. They love their tail and when they stay in the mountains they inevitably first of all choose a location where they can lay down their tail. When it rains, the tail becomes heavy and they are unable to fly high. This is when the people in the South go after them to catch them. Some wait in the dark until they pass by and cut their tails off and deal with them as a local product. If [the peafowl] look back [and see their tail removed], the gold emerald décor will fade away. The people in the mountains raise the fledglings and use them to attract [others]. Or they remove their eggs [from their nests] and have a hen hatch them. They feed them with pig intestines and fresh vegetables. When [the peachicks] hear the people clap their hands and sing and dance, then they dance too. By nature, they are jealous. When they see someone with colorful garments, they inevitably peck that person.” Bei hu lu: Peafowl do not mate. They contact each other with their voices and shadows, and then become pregnant. Or, a female cries with the wind, and a male cries against the wind, and this, too, results in pregnancy.” Ji yu ji: “Although there are male and female peafowl, when the time comes to give birth, they mount a tree and cry pitifully. Then a snake approaches them and they copulate. Hence, their blood and their bile are likely to harm humans”. According to the Qin jing, “when a peacock sees a snake, it will jump as if it were winding.” That is correct. 49-19-01 肉。Rou. [Green peafowl] meat. 【氣味】鹹，凉，微毒。【藏器曰】無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, cool, slightly poisonous. [Chen] Cangqi: Nonpoisonous. 【主治】解藥毒、蠱毒。日華。 Control. It resolves the poison of pharmaceutical substances, and the poison of gu.334 Rihua 334 Gu du [qi] 蠱毒[氣], “gu-poison [qi].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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【發明】【時珍曰】按紀聞云：山谷夷人多食之，或以爲脯腊，味如雞、 鶩，能解百毒。人食其肉者，自後服藥必不效，爲其解毒也。又續博物志 云：李衛公言，鵝驚鬼，孔雀辟惡，鵁鶄厭火。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Ji wen, “the Yi people living in the mountain valleys often eat it, or they preserve it as dried meat. The flavor is that of chicken and ducks, and it is able to resolve the hundreds of poisons. When people consume this meat, pharmaceutical substances ingested afterwards will remain without effect; the reason is that it resolves poison.” Also, according to the Xu bo wu zhi, “Li Weigong says: ‘the geese frighten away ghosts. Peafowl keep away the malign. Fishing cormorans hate fire’.” 49-19-02 血。Xue. [Green peafowl] blood. 【主治】生飲解蠱毒，良。日華。 Control. Drunk fresh, it resolves gu poison. Good. Rihua. 【發明】【時珍曰】熊太古言，孔雀與蛇交，故血、膽皆傷人。而日華及 異物志言其血與首能解大毒，似不相合。按孔雀之肉既能解毒，何血獨傷 人耶？蓋亦猶雉與蛇交時即有毒，而蛇伏蟄時即無毒之意耳。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Xiong Taigu said that peafowl copulate with snakes. Hence both their blood and their bile harm humans. However, both the Rihua and the Yi wu zhi say that their blood and head can resolve massive poison. This appears to be a contradiction. Comment: If peacock meat can resolve poison, how can it be that the blood alone harms humans? Now, this is the same as when a pheasant copulates with a snake and then is poisonous, while when a snake as long as it hides to hibernate is nonpoisonous. 49-19-03 屎。Shi. [Green peafowl] droppings. 【氣味】微寒。 Qi and Flavor. Slightly cold. 【主治】女子帶下，小便不利。别録。治崩中帶下，可傅惡瘡。日華。 Control. Women’s [diseases] below the belt. Urine not passing freely. Bie lu. They serve to cure collapsing center335 and [further ailments] below the belt. They can be topically applied to malign sores. Rihua. 335 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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49-19-04 尾。Wei. [Green peafowl] tail. 【氣味】有毒。【宗奭曰】不可入目，令人昏翳。 Qi and Flavor. Poisonous. [Kou] Zongshi: It must not be brought into the eyes, lest it cause clouding and shade. 49-20 駝鳥拾遺 Tuo niao, FE Shi yi. Ostrich.336 Struthio camelus. 【釋名】駝蹄雞綱目、食火雞同上、骨托禽。【時珍曰】駝，象形。托亦 駝字之訛。 Explanation of Names. Tuo ti ji 駝蹄鷄, “camel hoofs chicken,” Gang mu. Shi huo ji 食火鷄, “fire eating chicken,“ [source] identical as above. Gu tuo qin 骨托禽, “fowl supported by bones.” [Li] Shizhen: The character tuo 駝, “hunchbacked,“ is a pictograph. The character tuo 托, “to support,“ is a mistaken writing of tuo 駝. 【集解】【藏器曰】駝鳥如駝，生西戎。高宗 永徽中，吐火罗獻之。高 七尺，足如橐駝，鼓翅而行，日三百里，食銅鐵也。【時珍曰】此亦是鳥 也，能食物所不能食者。按李延壽後魏書云：波斯國有鳥，形如駝，能飛 不高，食草與肉，亦噉火，日行七百里。郭義恭廣志云：安息國貢大雀， 雁身駝蹄，蒼色，舉頭高七八尺，張翅丈餘，食大麥，其卵如甕，其名駝 鳥。劉郁西域記云：富浪有大鳥，駝蹄，高丈餘，食火炭，卵大如升。費 信星槎勝覽云：竹步國、阿丹國俱出駝蹄雞，高者六七尺，其蹄如駝。 彭乘墨客揮犀云：骨托禽出河州，狀如鵰，高三尺餘，其名自呼，能食鐵 石。宋祁唐書云：開元初，康國貢駝鳥卵。鄭曉吾學編云：洪武初，三佛 臍國貢火雞，大於鶴，長三四尺，頸、足亦似鶴，鋭嘴軟紅冠，毛色如青 羊，足二指，利爪，能傷人腹致死，食火炭。諸書所記稍有不同，實皆一 物也。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The tuo niao 駝鳥, “camel birds,” resemble camels. They originate in Xi rong/Tibet. During the yong hui 永徽 reign period (650 – 655) of Emperor Gao zong, the Tu huo luo [country] presented them [to the emperor]. They are seven chi tall. Their feet resemble those of camels. They walk by flapping their wings. They cover a distance of 300 li per day. They eat copper and iron. [Li] Shizhen: They too are birds. They eat items that are not edible. Accord336 Tuo niao 駝鳥, lit.: “hunchbacked bird.”

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ing to Lin Yanshou’s Hou Wei Shu, “in Persia there are birds shaped like camels. They cannot fly high. They eat grass and meat, and they also consume fire. They walk 700 li a day.” Guo Yigong in his Guang zhi states: “The [country] An xi guo has presented [to the emperor] a large bird with the body of wild geese, and the hoofs of camels. They are of grey color. When they raise their head, they reach a height of seven to eight chi. When they spread their wings, they reach a width of more than one zhang. They eat barley. Their eggs are as big as a jar. They are called tuo niao, (lit.:) ‘hunchbacked/camel birds’.” Liu Yu in his Xi yu ji states: “In Fu lang there are large birds with camel hoofs. They are more than one zhang tall, and they eat fiery charcoal. Their eggs have the size of a sheng measure.” Fei Xin in his Xing cha lu states: “[The countries] Zhu bu guo and A dan guo, they both are the origins of camel-hoof chicken. They are six to seven chi tall. Their hoofs resemble those of camels.” Peng Cheng in his Mo ke hui xi states: “The gu tuo qin come from He zhou. They resemble the diao 鵰, golden eagle, and they are more than three chi tall. They cry their own name. They can eat iron and minerals.” Song Qi in his Tang shu states: “At the beginning of the kai yuan [reign period (713 – 741), the country] Kang guo presented [to the emperor] eggs of the tuo niao.” Zheng Xiao in his Wu xue bian states: “At the beginning of the hong wu [reign period (1368 – 1399), the country] San fo qi guo presented [to the emperor] a ‘fire chicken’, huo ji. It had a size larger than a crane, and was three to four chi long. Its neck and feet, too, resembled those of a crane. Its beak was pointed, and [on its head it had] a soft, red crown. Its feathers had the color of greenish sheep. Its feet had two fingers with claws so sharp that they could fatally injure a person’s abdomen. It ate fiery charcoal.” The records in all these text differ, but in fact they all refer to the same item. 49-20-01 屎。Shi. [Ostrich] droppings. 【氣味】無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Nonpoisonous. 【主治】人誤吞鐵石入腹，食之立消。藏器。 Control. When someone inadvertently has consumed iron and minerals and eats this, they will be dissolved immediately. [Chen] Cangqi.

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49-21 鷹本經中品 Ying, FE Bie lu. Middle rank Goshawk. Accipiter gentilis L. 【釋名】角鷹綱目、鷞鳩。【時珍曰】鷹以膺擊，故謂之鷹。其頂有毛 角，故曰角鷹。其性爽猛，故曰鷞鳩。昔少皡氏以鳥名官，有祝鳩、鳲 鳩、鶻鳩、雎鳩、鷞鳩五氏。蓋鷹與鳩同氣禪化，故得稱鳩也。禽經云： 小而鷙者皆曰隼，大而鷙者皆曰鳩，是矣。爾雅翼云：在北爲鷹，在南爲 鷂。一云：大爲鷹，小爲鷂。梵書謂之嘶那夜。 Explanation of Names. Jiao ying 角鷹, Gang mu. Shuang jiu 鷞鳩. [Li] Shizhen: The ying 鷹 is called ying 鷹 because it uses its chest, ying 膺, to attack. On its head it has a horn, jiao 角, of feathers. Hence it is [called] jiao ying 角鷹. It is by nature quick in action, shuang 爽, and violent. Hence it is called shuang jiu 鷞鳩. In ancient times, Mr. Shao Hao named his ministers after birds, and hence there were the five [ministers]: Mr. Zhu jiu 祝鳩, Mr. Shi jiu 鳲鳩, Mr. Gu jiu 鶻鳩, Mr. Ju jiu 雎鳩 and Mr. Shuang jiu 鷞鳩. Now, because the goshawk, ying 鷹, and the pigeon, jiu 鳩, are transformations of the same qi, the [goshawks] are also called jiu 鳩, pigeons. The Qin jing states: “All those that are small and fierce, they are called sun 隼, falcons. Those that are big and fierce, they are called jiu 鳩, pigeons.” That is correct. The Er ya yi states: “In the North, they are [called] ying 鷹, goshawks; in the South, they are [called] yao 鷂, sparrow hawks.” Elsewhere it is said: the big ones are the ying 鷹, goshawks, and the small ones are [called] yao 鷂, sparrow hawks. In Brahman texts they are called sinaye 嘶那夜. 【集解】【時珍曰】鷹出遼海者上，北地及東北胡者次之。北人多取雛養 之，南人八九月以媒取之。乃鳥之疏暴者。有雉鷹、兔鷹，其類以季夏之 月習擊，孟秋之月祭鳥。隋 魏彦深鷹賦頗詳。其略云：資金方之猛氣，擅 火德之炎精。指重十字，尾貴合盧。觜同鉤利，脚等荆枯。或白如散花， 或黑如點漆。大文若錦，細斑似纈。身重若金，爪剛如鐵。毛衣屢改，厥 色無常。寅生酉就，總號爲黄。二周作鷂，三歲成蒼。雌則體大，雄則形 小。察之爲易，調之實難。薑以取熱，酒以排寒。生於窟者好眠，巢於木 者常立。雙骹長者起遲，六翮短者飛急。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: The goshawks from Liao hai are the best. Those in the Hu regions in the North and North-East are second. The people in the North often remove the fledglings [from their nests] and raise them. The people in the South catch them with bait in the eighth and ninth months [of the year]. They belong to the fierce prey birds. There are zhi ying 雉鷹, pheasant goshawks, and tu ying 兔鷹, hare goshawks. They are of a group that practices attacking in the

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last month of summer, and in early autumn they kill [other] birds. During the Sui dynasty, Wei Yanshen in his Ying fu wrote a rather detailed account; a summary is like this: “Supplied by the violent qi of the cardinal direction of metal, and endowed with the fiery essence of the virtue of fire. Their claws are best when shaped like a cross; their tail is most precious when resembling a small jar. Their beak is formed like a hook and sharp, their legs appear like withered twigs. Some are white like scattered flowers; some are black like drops of lacquer. They have large patterns like silk fabric, and small dots resembling knots. Their body is heavy like gold/metal; their claws are hard like iron. Their feathers change all the time; their color does not remain the same. They come to live at a yin 寅 [time], and they mature at a you 酉 [time]. Their general name is huang 黄, yellow. After two weeks, they are the yao 鷂, sparrow hawks. After three years, they become the cang 蒼, grey [hawks]. Their females have a large body; their males have a small appearance. To observe them is easy; to tame them is really difficult. Ginger serves to remove heat; wine serves to eliminate cold. Those who have come to life in a cave, they prefer to sleep. Those with nests in trees, they usually stand up. Those with long wingspans rise slowly; those whose wings are short, they fly quickly.” 49-21-01 肉。Rou. [Goshawl] meat. 【氣味】缺。 Qi and Flavor. Missing. 【主治】食之，治野狐邪魅。藏器。 Control. Eating it serves to cure [ailments caused by] the evil spirits of wild foxes. [Chen] Cangqi. 49-21-02 頭。Tou. [Goshawk] head. 【主治】五痔，燒灰飲服。藥性。治痔瘻，燒灰，入麝香少許，酥酒服 之。治頭風眩運，一枚燒灰，酒服。時珍。出王右軍法帖及温隱居海上方。 Control. The five kinds of piles: burn [a head] to ashes and ingest them with a beverage. Yao xing. To cure piles fistula: burn [a head] to ashes, add a little musk, and ingest it with su wine.337 To treat head wind and dizziness with movement: burn one 337 According to Dou Pu’s 窦平 Jiu pu 酒谱, “A Guide to Wine,“ ch. Yi yu jiu 异域酒, “Wines of foreign countries:“ Tian zhu guo wei jiu wei su 天竺國謂酒為酥, “In India wine is called su 酥.”

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piece to ashes, and ingest them with wine. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Wang you jun fa tie and Wen Yinju’s Hai shang fang.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 頭目虚運。車風一箇，即鷹頭也，去毛焙，川芎一兩，爲末。酒服三錢。 選奇方。 For depletion and movement of head and eyes: [Take] one che feng 車風, i.e., the head of a a goshawk, remove its feathers and bake it. Then add one liang of ligusticum [root] and grind this to powder. Ingest three qian with wine. Xuan qi fang. 49-21-03 觜。Zui , 爪。zhao. [Goshawk] beak and claws. 【主治】五痔狐魅，燒灰水服。藏器。 Control. The five kinds of piles, and fox spirits: burn them to ashes and ingest them with water. [Chen] Cangqi. 49-21-04 睛。Jing. [Goshawk] eyeball. 【主治】和乳汁研之，日三注眼中，三日見碧霄中物，忌烟熏。藥性。 Control. Mix it with human milk and grind it. Drip this into the eye, three times a day.338 After three days [that person] will see items in the blue sky. Avoid smoke. Yao xing. 49-21-05 骨。Gu. [Goshawk] bone. 【主治】傷損接骨。燒灰，每服二錢，酒服。隨病上下，食前、食後。時 珍。 Control. Injuries and bone setting: Burn [the bones] to ashes. Each time ingest two qian. Ingest with wine, if the disease is in the upper parts [of the body], before meals. If it is in the lower parts, after meals. [Li] Shizhen. 338 Zheng lei ch. 19, ying shi 鷹屎, “goshawk droppings,” quoting Yao xing lun, has ye , “night,” instead of ri , “day.”

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49-21-06 毛。Mao. [Goshawk] feather. 【主治】斷酒。水煮汁飲，即止酒也。千金。 Control. To cut [one’s longing for] wine: Boil [the feathers] in water and drink the juice. This will stop [the longing for] wine. Qian jin. 49-21-07 屎白。Shi bai. [Goshawk] white droppings. 【氣味】微寒，有小毒。 Qi and Flavor. Slightly cold, slightly poisonous. 【主治】傷撻滅痕。本經。燒灰酒服，治中惡。藥性。燒灰，酒服方寸 匕，主邪惡，勿令本人知。蘇恭。消虚積，殺勞蟲，去面皰䵟𪒟。時珍。 Control. To remove scars resulting from injuries caused by flogging. Ben jing. Burned to ashes and ingested with wine, they serve to cure being struck by the malign. Yao xing. Burned to ashes, and the amount held by a square cun spoon ingested with wine, they will control the evil and malign. This must not come to the knowledge of that person. Su Gong. They dissolve depletion accumulations, and they kill exhaustion worms/bugs. They remove facial blisters and dermal dark spots. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【弘景曰】單用不能滅瘢。須合殭蠶、衣魚之屬爲膏，乃效。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: Used alone they cannot remove scars. It is essential to mix them with silkworm larvae and silverfish to prepare a paste. This then will be effective. 【附方】舊二，新四。 Added recipes: Two of old, four newly [recorded]. 奶癖。【寇曰】凡小兒膈下硬如有物，乃俗名奶癖者也。只服温脾化積丸 藥，不可轉瀉。用黄鷹屎白一錢，密陀僧一兩，舶上硫黄一分，丁香二十 一箇，爲末。每服一字，三歲已上半錢，用乳汁或白麪湯調下。並不轉 泄，一復時取下青黑物。 For breast-milk aggregation-illness.339 Kou [Zongshi]: Whenever children have a hardening below the diaphragm,340 as if there were some item, then this is common339 Pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” of painful lumps emerging from time to time in both flanks. BCGM Dict I, 371. 340 Yan yi ch. 16, ying shi bai 鷹屎白, “goshawk droppings,” has xie 脇, “ribs,” “flanks,” rather than ge 膈, “diaphragm.”

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ly called “breast-milk aggregation-illness.” If one is to simply have them ingest as medication the “pills to warm the spleen and transform accumulations,” then this will not cause [the aggregation] to be discharged. Take the white parts of the droppings of a yellow goshawk, one qian, litharge, one qian, sulphur imported from overseas, one fen, cloves, eleven pieces, and grind all these [ingredients] to powder. Each time [have the child] ingest one zi. [Children] above three years [ingest] half a qian. To be ingested mixed with human milk or with hot water in which noodles have been boiled. This will not cause a discharge but after some time a greenish-black item will be removed and passed down. 後服補藥，以醋石榴皮炙黑半兩，蛜𧌴一分，木香一分，麝香半錢，爲 末。每服一字，薄酒調下，連喫二服。 After this, [the child] is to ingest some supplementing medication: Pomegranate skin, fried in vinegar until black, half a liang. Scorpion, one fen. aucklandia [root], one fen. Musk, half a qian. Grind [all these ingredients] to powder. Each time have [the child] ingest one zi. To be ingested mixed with thin wine. Two doses are to be ingested one after another. 面皰。鷹屎白二分，胡粉一分，蜜和傅之。外臺。 For facial blisters. White droppings of goshawks, two fen. Lead carbonate, one fen. Mix these with honey, and apply this to the [affected region]. Wai tai. 滅痕。千金用鷹屎白和人精傅，日三。聖惠用鷹屎二兩，殭蠶一兩半，爲 末，蜜和傅。 To remove scars. Qian jin: Take the white droppings of goshawks, mix them with human sperm and apply this [to the scars], three times a day. The Sheng hui advises one] to take two liang of goshawk droppings and one and a half liang of silkworm larvae, to grind this to powder, then to mix this with honey and to apply [the paste to the affected region]. 總録用鷹屎白、白附子各一兩，爲末，醋和傅，日三五次，痕滅止。 [Sheng ji] zong lu: Take one liang each of white goshawk droppings and aconitum [accessory tuber], and grind them to powder. Mix this with vinegar and apply [the resulting paste to the affected region]. Three to five times a day. Stop [the treatment] once the scars are removed. 食哽。鷹糞燒灰，水服方寸匕。外臺。 For choking on food. Burn goshawk droppings to ashes, and ingest with water the amount held by a square cun spoon. Wai tai.

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49-22 鵰音凋綱目 Diao, read diao. FE Gang mu Golden eagle. Aquila chrysaetos L. 【釋名】鷲音就，山海經、鷻説文，音團。【時珍曰】禽經云：鷹以膺 之，鶻以猾之，隼以尹之，鵰以周之，鷲以就之，鷻以搏之。皆言其擊搏 之異也。梵書謂之揭羅闍。 Explanation of Names. Jiu 鷲, read jiu 就, Shan hai jing. Jiu 鷲, Shuo wen. Tuan 鷻, read tuan 團. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Qin jing, “the ying 鷹, goshawks, are named so for their [habit of attacking others with their] chest, ying 膺. The hu 鶻 are named so for their being cunning, hua 猾. The sun 隼, falcons, are named so for being so ordered. The diao 鵰, golden eagles, are named so for their thoughtfulness/ circumspection, zhou 周. The jiu 鷲, vultures, are named so for their accommodation, jiu 就, [to whatever food is available]. The tuan 鷻 are named so for their tendency to attack others.” They all are named in accordance with the way they fight and attack. In Brahman texts, [the diao] are called jieluodu 揭羅闍. 【集解】【時珍曰】鵰似鷹而大，尾長翅短，土黄色，鷙悍多力，盤旋空 中，無細不睹。皂鵰即鷲也，出北地，色皂。青鵰出遼東，最俊者謂之海 東青。羌鷲出西南夷，黄頭赤目，五色皆備。鵰類能搏鴻鵠、獐鹿、犬、 豕。又有虎鷹，翼廣丈餘，能搏虎也。鷹、鵰雖鷙而畏燕子，物無大小 也。其翮可爲箭羽。劉郁西域記云：皂鵰一産三卵者，内有一卵化犬。短 毛灰色，與犬無異，但尾背有羽毛數莖耳。隨母影而走，所逐無不獲者， 謂之鷹背狗。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: The golden eagles resemble the goshawks, but they are bigger. They have a long tail and short wings. Their color is that of yellow soil. They are ferocious and very strong. While they circle in the sky, there is not even the finest [item on the earth] that escapes their eyes. The zao diao 皂鵰, black golden eagles, are vultures, jiu 鷲. They come from the North, and their color is black. Greenish golden eagles come from Liao dong. The most beautiful ones are called hai dong qing 海東青. The Qiang jiu 羌鷲, vultures from Qiang, come from countries in the South-West. They have a yellow head and red eyes. [Their feathers are] of all five colors. Golden eagles are able to attack geese and swans, roebucks and deer, dogs and pigs. Furthermore, there are tiger-eagles with a wingspan of more than a zhang. They are able to attack a tiger. The goshawk and the golden eagle, as ferocious as they are, they are afraid of swallows. This is regardless of their size! The feathers of their wings can be used to prepare the feathers of an arrow. According to Liu Yu’s Xi shi ji, among the three eggs laid by a zao diao 皂鵰, black golden eagle, at

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one time, there is one that will transform to a dog. It has short hair and is of ashen color, and is not different from a dog. However, its tail and back have numerous feathers. When it runs, it follows the shadow of its mother. It catches whatever it pursues. It is called ying bei gou 鷹背狗, “dog with the back of a goshawk.” 49-22-01 骨。Gu. [Golden eagle] bone. 【氣味】缺。 Qi and Flavor. Missing. 【主治】折傷斷骨。燒灰，每服二錢，酒下，在上食後，在下食前，骨即 接如初。時珍。出接骨方。 Control. Fractures, injuries, broken bones. Burn [the bones] to ashes. Each time ingest two qian, with wine. If [the fracture/injury] is in the upper [part of the body, ingest the medication] after meals. If it is in the lower [part, ingest it] before meals. The bones will be connected as before [the fracture. Li] Shizhen, quoted from Jie gu fang. 【發明】【時珍曰】鷹、鶚、鵰骨，皆能接骨。蓋鷙鳥之力在骨，故以骨 治骨，從其類也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The bones of the goshawks, ying 鷹, the ospreys, e 鶚, and the golden eagles, diao 鵰, they all are able to reconnect bones. The fact is, the strength of these ferocious birds lies in their bones. Hence to cure bones with bones, this is based on their group correspondences. 49-22-02 屎。Shi. Droppings [of Golden eagles]. 【主治】諸鳥獸骨哽。燒灰，酒服方寸匕。時珍。出外臺秘要。 Control. All kinds of choking on bones of birds and animals. Burn [the droppings] to ashes, and ingest with wine the amount held by a square cun spoon. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Wai tai mi yao.

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49-23 鶚綱目 E, FE Gang mu Osprey. Pandion haliaetus L. 【釋名】魚鷹禽經、鵰雞詩疏、雎鳩周南、王雎音疽、沸波淮南子、下窟 烏。【時珍曰】鶚狀可愕，故謂之鶚。其視雎健，故謂之雎。能入穴取 食，故謂之下窟烏。翱翔水上，扇魚令出，故曰沸波。禽經云：王雎，魚 鷹也。尾上白者名白鷢。 Explanation of Names. Yu ying 魚鷹, “fish hawk,” Qin jing. Diao ji 鵰鷄, Shi shu. Ju jiu 雎鳩, Zhou nan. Wang ju 王雎, read ju 疽. Fei bo 沸波, Huai nan zi. Xia ku wu 下窟烏. [Li] Shizhen: The appearance of the osprey is astounding, e 愕. Hence they are called e 鶚. Their vision is as sharp as that of the [wang] ju [王]鴡.341 Hence they are called ju 雎. They can enter caves to acquire their food. Hence they are called xia gu wu 下窟烏, “crows that descend into caves.” They hover above the water, and flapping their wings like fans they cause fish to come out [of the water]. Hence they are called fei bo 沸波, “[those who make] the waves boil.” The Qin jing states: “The wang ju 王雎 are identical with the yu ying 魚鷹. Those with white color on their tail are called bai jue 白鷢.” 【集解】【時珍曰】鶚，鵰類也。似鷹而土黄色，深目好峙。雄雌相得， 鷙而有别，交則雙翔，别則異處。能翱翔水上捕魚食，江表人呼爲食魚 鷹。亦啖蛇。詩云關關雎鳩，在河之洲即此。其肉腥惡，不可食。陸機以 爲鷲，揚雄以爲白鷢，黄氏以爲杜鵑，皆誤矣。禽經云：鳩生三子，一爲 鶚鳩，尸鳩也。杜預以王雎爲尸鳩，或以此也。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Ospreys belong to the group of diao 鵰, golden eagles. They resemble ying 鷹, goshawks, and are of the yellow color of soil. Their eyes lie deep, and they love to stand upright. When males and females interact, this is rather ferocious, and then they separate again. When they have intercourse, they circle in the air together. Once they have separated, they live in different places. They are able to hover above water to catch the fish they eat. The people in Jiang biao call them shi yu ying 食魚鷹, “fish-eating goshawks.” They also devour snakes. The Shi states: “Guan, guan the ospreys cry, on the islet in the river.”342 This is a reference to these [birds]. Their meat is fishy and loathly, and cannot be eaten. Lu Ji identified them as jiu 鷲, vultures. Yang Xiong identified them as bai jue 白鷢. Mr. Huang identified them as du juan 杜鵑. They were all wrong. Qin jing: A pigeon may hatch three fledglings, and one of them will be an e jiu 鶚鳩, or shi jiu 尸鳩. Du Yu identified the wang ju 王雎 as the shi jiu 尸鳩. This may be so. 341 Wang ju 王鴡, an unidentified bird. 342 See the very first ode of the Shi jing.

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

328 49-23-01 骨。Gu. [Osprey] bone. 【主治】接骨。時珍。

Control. They reconnect bones. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新一。 Added Recipe: One newly [recorded]. 接骨。用下窟烏即鶚也，取骨燒存性，以古銅錢一箇，煅紅醋淬七次，爲 末，等分。酒服一錢，不可過多。病在下空心，在上食後服，極有效驗。 須先夾縛定，乃服此。唐 藺道人方。 For reconnecting bones. Take a xia gu wu 下窟烏, i.e., an osprey, and burn its bones by retaining their nature. Then calcine an old copper coin until it is red and dip it into vinegar seven times. Then grind equal amounts [of the bones and the copper coin] to powder and ingest one qian with wine. But one must not take too much. If the fracture is in the lower part [of the body, the medication is to be ingested] on an empty stomach. If it is in the upper part, it is to be ingested after meals. This has proved to be extremely effective. [The broken bones] must be fixed and stabilized before the medication is ingested. A recipe of the Tang era Daoist Lin. 49-23-02 觜。Zi. [Osprey] beak. 【主治】蛇咬。燒存性研末，一半酒服，一半塗之。時珍。 Control. Snake bites. Burn it by retaining its nature, and grind it to powder. Ingest one half with wine, and topically apply the other half to the [location of the bite]. [Li] Shizhen. 49-24 鴟别録下品 Chi, FE Bie lu. Lower Rank Black kite. Milvus korschun Gmelin. 【釋名】雀鷹詩疏、鳶詩經、鷣音淫、隼本作鵻，音筍、鷂。【時珍 曰】鴟、鳶二字，篆文象形。一云：鴟，其聲也。鳶，攫物如射也。隼， 擊物準也。鷂，目擊遥也。詩疏云：隼有數種，通稱爲鷂。雀鷹春化布 穀。爾雅謂之茅鴟，齊人謂之擊正，或謂之題肩。爾雅云：鷣，負雀也。 梵書謂之阿黎耶。

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Explanation of Names. Que ying 雀鷹, Shi shu. Yuan 鳶, Shi jing. Yin 鷣, read yin 淫. Sun 隼 was originally zhui 鵻, read sun 笋. Yao 鷂. [Li] Shizhen: The two characters chi 鴟 and yuan 鳶 are both seal script pictographs. Elsewhere it is said that chi 鴟 is a reference to the [bird’s] cries. Yuan 鳶 is to say: it dashes toward items as if shot. Sun 隼 is to say: it attacks items according to a certain standard, zhun 準. Yao 鷂 is to say: the eyes hit [items] far away, yao 遥. The Shi shu states: “There are different kinds of sun 隼. All of them are called yao 鷂. In spring, the black kites, que ying 雀 鷹, transform into cuckoos, bu gu 布穀. The Er ya calls them mao chi 茅鴟. The people in Qi call them ji zheng 擊正, and some call them ti jian 題肩.” The Er ya states: “The yin 鷣 are the fu que 負雀.” In Brahman texts they are called eliye 阿黎耶. 【集解】【弘景曰】鴟，即俗呼老鴟者。又有鵰、鶚，並相似而大。【時 珍曰】鴟似鷹而稍小，其尾如舵，極善高翔，專捉雞、雀。鴟類有數種。 按禽經云：善搏者曰鶚，竊玄者曰鵰，骨曰鶻，瞭曰鷂，展曰鸇，奪曰 鵽。又云：鶻生三子，一爲鴟。鶻，小於鴟而最猛捷，能擊鳩、鴿，亦名 鷸子，一名籠脱。鸇，色青，向風展翅迅摇，搏捕鳥雀，鳴則大風，一名 晨風。鵽，小於鸇，其脰上下，亦取鳥雀如攘掇也，一名鷸子。又月令： 二月鷹化爲鳩，七月鳩化爲鷹。列子云：鷂爲鸇，鸇爲布穀，布穀復爲 鷂。皆指此屬也。隼鶻雖鷙而有義，故曰鷹不擊伏，隼不擊胎。鶻握鳩而 自暖，乃至旦而見釋，此皆殺中有仁也。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: The black kites, chi 鴟, are commonly called lao chi 老鴟. Also, they resemble the golden eagles, diao 鵰, and the ospreys, e 鶚, but are bigger. [Li] Shizhen: The black kites, chi 鴟, look like the goshawks, ying 鷹, but are a bit smaller. Their tail is reminiscent of a rudder. They are capable of flying extremely high up in the sky, and they especially prey on chicken and sparrows. There are many different kinds of black kites, chi 鴟. According to the Qin jing, “those that are particularly good at preying, they are called e 鶚. Those secretly active in the darkness, they are called diao 鵰. Those that are small, they are called hu 鶻. Those able to see into a far distance, they are called yao 鷂. Those able to spread their wings [to fly with the wind], they are called zhan 鸇. Those that [catch sparrows] by stabbing them, they are called duo 鵽.” It also states: “The hu 鶻 hatch three fledglings. One of them is a chi 鴟. The hu 鶻 are smaller than the chi 鴟, and at the same time they are extremely ferocious. They are able to attack turtledoves and pigeons. They are also called yu zi 鷸子 and long tuo 籠脱. The zhan 鸇 are of greenish color. When they get ready to fly against the wind, they flap their wings rapidly. They prey on birds and sparrows. When they cry, this generates strong winds. Another name of them is chen feng 晨風, “morning wind.” The duo 鵽 are smaller than the zhan 鸇. They move their neck up and down and they take hold of birds and sparrows as if

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they were picking them. Another name of them is yu zi 鷸子.” Also, the Yu ling: “In the second month [of the year], goshawks transform to turtledoves. In the seventh month, the turtledoves transform into goshawks.” The Lie zi states: “The yao 鷂 become the zhan 鸇, and the zhan 鸇 become the bu gu 布穀. The bu gu 布穀 in turn become the yao 鷂.” They all belong to the same group. The sun 隼 and hu 鶻 may be ferocious, but they know how to behave. Hence it is said that the ying 鷹 do not attack from an ambush, and the sun 隼 do not attack eggs not yet hatched. The hu 鶻 may embrace a turtledove to warm themselves, and the next morning they let them go. All these are examples that even among those who kill each other there exists a humane attitude. 49-24-01 鴟頭。Chi tou. Head of a black kite. 【修治】【弘景曰】雖不限雌雄，雄者當勝。用須微炙，不用蠹者。古方 治頭面方有鴟頭酒。 Preparation. [Tao] Hongjing: Although there are no restrictions as to whether female or male [specimens are to be used], male ones are superior. To use them, they are to be slightly roasted. Do not use those that are worm/moth-eaten. Ancient recipes for treating head and face included a “wine with the head of a black kite.” 【氣味】鹹，平，無毒。【時珍曰】按段成式云：唐肅宗 張后專權，每進 酒寘鴟腦於内，云令人久醉健忘。則鴟頭亦有微毒矣。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: According to Duan Chengshi, “at the time of Tang Emperor Su zong, empress Zhang practiced an authoritarian rule. Everytime she presented wine [to the Emperor], she gave some black kite brain into it, as it was said that this lets the respective person be intoxicated for a long time, and makes him forgetful.” That is, black kite heads are slightly poisonous, too. 【主治】頭風目眩顛倒，癇疾。别録。 Control. Head wind with visual dizziness and peak inversion.343 Epileptic ailment. Bie lu.

343 Dian dao 顛倒, “peak inversion.” Illness sign of mental or emotional derangement. BCGM Dict I, 124.

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【附方】舊二。 Added recipes: Two of old. 癲癇瘈瘲。飛鴟頭三枚，鉛丹一斤，爲末，蜜丸梧子大。每酒服三丸，日 三次。千金。 For peak-illness344 with clonic spasms. Grind three heads of flying black kites and one jin of minium to powder, and prepare, with honey, pills of the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest three pills with wine; three times a day. Qian jin. 旋風眩冒。鴟頭丸：用鴟頭一枚炒黄，真䕡茹、白术各一兩，川椒半兩， 炒去汗，爲末，蜜和丸梧子大。每酒下二十丸。聖惠。 For vertigo wind and veiled eyes dizziness. “Pills with the head of a black kite:” Take one black kite head and roast it until it is yellow. One liang each of genuine spurge and atractylodes [rhizome]. Half a liang of Chinese pepper from Sichuan. Roast to remove the sweat, and grind to powder. Prepare pills, with honey, of the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 20 pills with wine. Sheng hui. 49-24-02 肉。Rou. Meat [of a black kite]. 【氣味】缺。 Qi and Flavor. Missing. 【主治】食之，治癲癇。孟詵。食之，消雞肉、鵪鶉成積。時珍。 Control. Eaten it serves to cure peak-illness with epilepsy. Meng Shen: Eaten it dissolves accumulations of chicken meat and quail. [Li] Shizhen. 49-24-03 骨。Gu. Bone [of a black kite]. 【主治】鼻衄不止。取老鴟翅關大骨，微炙研末，吹之。時珍。出聖濟總 録。 Control. Nosebleed that does not end. Take the big bone from the wing connection of an old black kite, roast it slightly, and grind it to powder to be blown [into the nose]. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Sheng ji zong lu.

344 Dian 癲, “peak-illness,” BCGM Dict I, 123, identical with dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125.

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49-25 鴟鵂拾遺 Chi xiu, FE Shi yi. Eurasian scops-owl. Otus scops L. 【釋名】角鴟説文、怪鴟爾雅、雚音丸、老兔爾雅、鉤鵅音格、鵋䳢音忌 欺、轂轆鷹蜀人所呼、呼咵鷹楚人所呼、夜食鷹吴人所呼。【時珍曰】其 狀似鴟而有毛角，故曰鴟，曰角。曰雚，雚字象鳥頭目有角形也。老兔， 象頭目形。鵂、怪，皆不祥也。鉤鵅、轂轆、呼咵，皆其聲似也。蜀人又 訛鉤格爲鬼各哥。 Explanation of Names. Jiao chi 角鴟, Shuo wen. Guai chi 怪鴟, Er ya. Wan 雚, read wan 丸. Lao tu 老兔, Er ya. Gou ge 鈎鵅, read ge 格. Ji qi 鵋䳢, read ji qi 忌欺. Gu lu ying 轂轆鷹, as the people in Shu call them. Hu kua ying 呼咵鷹, as the people in Chu call them. Ye shi ying 夜食鷹, as the people in Wu call them. [Li] Shizhen: Their appearance resembles that of the black kites, chi 鴟, but they have a feather horn, jiao 角. Hence their names chi 鴟 and jiao 角. They are called guan 雚, with the character guan 雚 being a pictograph referring to the head of the bird that is shaped as if it had horns. [The name] lao tu 老兔, “old hare,” is a pictograph based on the shape of the head. [The origin of the names] xiu 鵂 and guai 怪 is unclear. [The names] gou ge 鈎鵅, gu lu 轂轆, and hu kua 呼咵 are all similar in their pronunciation. The people in Shu, in addition, have mistaken gou ge 鈎格 as gui ge ge 鬼各哥. 【集解】【藏器曰】鉤鵅，即爾雅鵋䳢也。江東呼爲鉤鵅。其狀似鴟有 角，怪鳥也。夜飛晝伏，入城城空，入室室空。常在一處則無害。若聞 其聲如笑者，宜速去之。北土有訓狐，二物相似，各有其類。訓狐聲呼其 名，兩目如猫兒，大於鴝鵒，作笑聲，當有人死。又有鵂鶹，亦是其類， 微小而黄，夜能入人家，拾人手爪，知人吉凶。有人獲之，嗉中猶有爪 甲。故除爪甲者，埋之户内，爲此也。【時珍曰】此物有二種。鴟鵂大如 鴟鷹，黄黑斑色，頭目如猫，有毛角兩耳。晝伏夜出，鳴則雌雄相唤，其 聲如老人，初若呼，後若笑，所至多不祥。莊子云：鴟鵂夜拾蚤，察毫 末，晝出而不見丘山。何承天纂文云：鴟鵂白日不見人，夜能拾蚤虱。俗 訛蚤爲人爪，妄矣。一種鵂鶹，大如鴝鵒，毛色如鷂，頭目亦如猫，鳴則 後竅應之，其聲連囀，如云休留休留，故名曰鵂鶹。江東呼爲車載板，楚 人呼爲快扛鳥，蜀人呼爲春哥兒，皆言其鳴主有人死也。試之亦驗。説文 謂之䲵，音爵，言其小也。藏器所謂訓狐者，乃鴞也。所謂鵂鶹者，乃鴟 鵂之小者也。並誤矣。周禮硩蔟氏掌覆夭鳥之巢，以方書十日之號，十二 支之號，十二辰之號，十二歲之號，二十有八宿之號，懸其巢則去。續博 物志云：鵂鶹、鸛、鵲，其抱以聒。

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Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The gou ge 鈎鵅 are the ji qi 鵋䳢 of the Er ya. In Jiang dong they call them gou ge 鈎鵅. Their appearance resembles that of the black kites, chi 鴟, but they have horns, and hence are strange birds. During the night, they fly; during day, they hide. When they enter a city, the city will be empty. When they enter a room, the room will be empty. When they stay at one place for good, then there will be no harm. When their cries sound like laughter, they should quickly be driven away. In the North, there are the xun hu 訓狐, and the two items are similar. They both are of the same group. The xun hu 訓狐 cry as if they were calling their own name. Their head is similar to those of cats. They are bigger than the qu yu 鴝鵒.When they cry as if laughing, there must be someone dying. There are also the xiu liu 鵂鶹. They, too, are of this group, but they are smaller and of a yellow color. During the night, they enter the homes of humans, pick up their finger nails and then know of the good or bad fortunes of humans. Once someone caught one of them, and in its crop there were items resembling [finger and toe] nails. Hence those who cut their nails bury them inside their houses. [Li] Shizhen: Of this item there are two kinds. The chi xiu 鴟鵂 are as big as the chi ying 鴟鷹. They have a black and yellow color design. Their head and eyes resemble cats. Both their ears have horns of feathers. They lie hidden during daytime, and they appear at night. When they cry, females and males call each other. It sounds as if an old man were calling. In the beginning it is like shouting; in the end it is like laughing. Their arrival is often an inauspicious sign. Zhuang zi: “The chi xiu 鴟鵂 pick up fleas during nighttime; they can observe even the smallest items. When they come out during daytime, they are not able to see a mountain.” According to He Chengtian’s Zuan wen, “the chi xiu 鴟鵂 do not see a human person during the day; during nighttime they can pick up fleas and lice.” The fleas are commonly misidentified as human nail clippings. That is ridiculous. Another type are the xiu liu 鵂鶹. They are as big as the qu yu 鴝鵒, and the color of their feathers resembles that of the sparrow hawk, yao 鷂. Their head and eyes, too, resemble those of cats. When they cry, the aperture in their behind responds to this. The sounds of their cries are linked to and repeat each other, as if they were saying xiu liu xiu liu 休留休留, “stop, stay, stop stay.” This is why they are called xiu liu 鵂鶹. In Jiang dong, they are called che zai ban 車載板, “chariots carrying planks.” In Chu, the people call them kuai gang niao 快扛鳥, “birds carrying something on their shoulders.” In Shu, the people call them ge er 哥兒, “brothers.” Everywhere it is said that when they cry, a person is to die. Tests have shown this to be true. The Shuo wen calls them 䲵, read jue 爵; that is to say that they are small. According to [Chen] Cangqi, those called xun hu 訓 狐 are the xiao 鴞, and those called xiu liu 鵂鶹 are small chi xiu 鴟鵂. Both times he was wrong. According to the Zhou li, [so-called] “gentlemen collecting nests”

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wrote down on a board the names of each of the ten days [of a ten days period], the names of each of the twelve [earth] branches, the names of each of the twelve double hours, the names of each of the twelve years, and the names of each of the 28 constellations. He hung [these boards] above the nests [of theses birds] and this way caused them to leave. The Xu bo wu zhi states: “The xiu liu 鵂鶹, the guan 鸛 and the que 鵲, when they embrace each other, they are noisy.” 49-25-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of the Eurasian scops-owl]. 【氣味】缺。 Qi and Flavor. missing 【主治】瘧疾，用一隻，去毛腸，油煠食之。時珍。出陰憲副方。 Control. Malaria illness. Take one [bird], remove its feathers and intestines, fry it in oil, and eat it. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Yin xian fu fang.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 風虚眩運。大頭鷹閉殺去毛，煮食；以骨燒存性，酒服。便民食療。 For wind depletion with dizziness and vertigo. Kill a ying with a big head, and remove the feathers. Boil and eat it. Also, burn the bones with their nature retained, and ingest them with wine. Bian min shi liao. 49-25-02 肝。Gan. Liver [of the Eurasian scops-owl]. 【主治】入法術家用。時珍。 Control. Used by specialists in the magic arts. [Li] Shizhen. 49-26 鴞拾遺 Xiao, FE Shi yi. Asian barred owlet. Glaucidium cuculoides Vigors. 【釋名】梟鴟音嬌、土梟爾雅、山鴞晋灼、雞鴞十六國史、鵩漢書、訓狐 拾遺、流離詩經、𩴂魂。【時珍曰】鴞、梟、訓狐，其聲也。鵩，其色如

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服色也。俚人訛訓狐爲幸胡者，是也。鴟與鴞，二物也。周公合而詠之， 後人遂以鴟、鴞爲一鳥，誤矣。𩴂字韻書無考，當作匈擁切。𩴂魂、流 離，言其不祥也。吴球方作逐魂。梟長則食母，故古人夏至磔之，而其字 從鳥首在木上。 Explanation of Names. Jiao chi 梟鴟, read jiao 嬌. Tu jiao 土梟, Er ya. Shan xiao 山 鴞, Jin zhuo. Ji xiao 鷄鴞, Shi liu guo shi. Fu 鵩, Han shu. Xun hu 訓狐, Shi yi. Liu li 流離, Shi jing. Xiong hun 𩴂魂. [Li] Shizhen: Xiao 鴞, jiao 梟, and xun hu 訓狐 [are names reflecting] the cries of these [birds]. The fu 鵩 are named so because their color resembles that of garments, fu 服. Uneducated people misread xun hu 訓狐 as xin hu 幸胡. That is right. The chi 鴟 and the xiao 鴞 are two different items. The Duke of Zhou named them together in a poem, and hence people in later times identified the chi 鴟 and the xiao 鴞 as one bird. That is wrong. The character 𩴂 is not listed in rhyme books. It must be read [as xiong] cut apart as xiong 匈 and yong 擁. Xiong hun 𩴂魂 and liu li 流離 are said to be inauspicious signs. Wu Qiufang wrote zhu hun 逐魂. When the jiao 梟 have grown up, they eat their mother. Hence, the ancients cut them apart on the day of Summer Solstice, and the character [jiao 梟] is formed by a bird, niao 鳥, on top of a tree, mu 木. 【集解】【藏器曰】鴞即梟也，一名鵩。吴人呼爲𩴂魂，惡聲鳥也。賈誼 云：鵩似鴞，其實一物也，入室，主人當去。此鳥盛午不見物，夜則飛 行，常入人家捕鼠食。周禮硩蔟氏掌覆夭鳥之巢。註云：惡鳴之鳥，若 鴞、鵩、鬼車之屬。【時珍曰】鴞、鵩、鵂鶹、梟，皆惡鳥也，説者往往 混註。賈誼謂鵩似鴞，藏器謂鴞與訓狐爲二物，許慎、張華謂鴞鵩、鵂鶹 爲一物，王逸謂鵩即訓狐，陳正敏謂梟爲伯勞，宗懔謂土梟爲鴝鵒，各執 一説。今通攷據，并咨詢野人，則鴞、梟、鵩、訓狐，一物也。鵂鶹，一 物也。藏器所謂訓狐之狀者，鵂鶹也。鴞，即今俗所呼幸胡者是也，處處 山林時有之。少美好而長醜惡，狀如母雞，有斑文，頭如鴝鵒，目如猫 目，其名自呼，好食桑椹。古人多食之，故禮云不食鴞胖，謂脇側薄弱 也。莊子云：見彈而求鴞炙。前凉録云：張天錫言，北方美物，桑椹甘 香，雞鴞革饗。皆指此物也。按巴蜀異物志云：鵩如小雞，體有文色，土 俗因名之。不能遠飛，行不出域。盛弘之荆州記云：巫縣有鳥如雌雞，其 名爲鴞，楚人謂之鵩。陸機詩疏云：鴞大如鳩，緑色，入人家兇，賈誼所 賦鵩是也。其肉甚美，可爲羹臛，炙食。劉恂嶺表録云：北方梟鳴，人以 爲怪。南中晝夜飛鳴，與烏、鵲無異。桂林人家家羅取，使捕鼠，以爲勝 狸也。合諸説觀之，則鴞、鵩、訓狐之爲一物明矣。又按郭義恭廣志云： 鴞，楚鳩所生也，不能滋乳，如騾、駏驉焉。然梟長則食母，是自能孳乳 矣。抑所食者即鳩耶？淮南萬畢術云：甑瓦投之，能止梟鳴，性相勝也。

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Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The xiao 鴞 are identical with the jiao 梟. Another name is fu 鵩. The people in Wu, they call them xiong hun 𩴂魂. These are birds with a malign cry. Jia Yi: “The fu 鵩 resemble the xiao 鴞.” They are, indeed, one and the same item. When they enter a room, the persons in it must leave. In broad daylight, these birds cannot see. During the night, they fly. They regularly enter human homes to catch rodents for food. According to the Zhou li, Mr. Zhe zu ordered to have the nests of birds related to early death overturned. A comment states: “These are birds with a malign cry, like xiao 鴞, fu 鵩, and gui che 鬼車.” [Li] Shizhen: The xiao 鴞, fu 鵩, xiu liu 鵂鶹, and jiao 梟, they all are malign birds. Those who have discussed them, they have again and again mixed them up. Jia Yi identified the fu 鵩 as the xiao 鴞. [Chen] Cangqi thought the xiao 鴞 and xun hu 訓狐 were two different items. Both Xu Shen and Zhang Hua said that the xiao fu 鴞鵩 and the xiu liu 鵂鶹 were one and the same item. Wang Yi claimed that the fu 鵩 were identical with the xun hu 訓狐. Chen Zhengmin declared the jiao 梟 to be the bo lao 伯勞. Zong Lin said that the tu jiao 土梟 were the qu yu 鴝鵒. Every one of them had his own saying. Now, I have studied all [these texts], and I have consulted with people living in the wilderness. [The results of my research are] as follows. The xiao 鴞, jiao 梟, fu 鵩, and xun hu 訓狐 are one and the same item. The xiu liu 鵂 鶹 are one item. The appearance of the xun hu 訓狐 described by [Chen] Cangqi is that of the xiu liu 鵂鶹. The xiao 鴞 are identical with those commonly called xin hu 幸胡 today. They are found in mountain forests everywhere. As long as they are young, they are beautiful and good, and when they are grown up, they become ugly and malign. They look like hens with a design of stripes. Their head resembles that of the qu yu 鴝鵒, and their eyes resemble those of cats. They call their own names. They love to eat mulberries. The ancients often ate them. Hence the Li ji states: “Do not eat the lean parts of the xiao 鴞.” That is to say, the ribs on the side because they are thin and weak. Zhuang Zi: “[You] see the [crossbow’s] bullet, and already you request a roasted owl!” Qian liang lu: “Zhang Tianxi said: ‘In the North, there are beautiful things and the mulberries are sweet and fragrant. The ji xiao remove them to feast on them’.” All these [passages] refer to this item. According to the Ba Shu yi wu zhi, “the fu 鵩 resemble small chicken; their body has a colorful design. That is how the locals call them. They cannot fly long distances. When they walk, they do not leave their area.” Sheng Hong in his Jing zhou ji states: “In Wu county there are birds that resemble hens; they are called xiao 鴞. The people in Chu call them fu 鵩.” According to Lu Ji’s Shi shu, “the xiao 鴞 are as big as jiu 鳩, turtledoves. They are of green color. When they enter a person’s home, this will result in a brutal incidence. These are the fu 鵩 mentioned by Jia Yi in his poem. Their meat is extremely delicious, and may be served as broth, or be eaten roasted.” According to Liu Xun in

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his Ling biao lu yi, “in the North, the cries of the jiao 梟 are regarded by the people as something strange. In the South, they fly and cry all day and night, and they are not considered as something different from the wu 烏, crows, and que 鵲, magpies. In Guilin, all households catch them with nets, and let them catch rodents. They believe, they are superior to leopard cats.” If all these [records] are seen together, it is clear that the xiao 鴞, fu 鵩 and xun hu 訓狐 are one and the same item. Also, according to Guo Yigong’s Guang zhi, “the xiao 鴞 are hatched by the pigeons in Chu. They cannot reproduce, just as in the case of the mule, luo 騾, and the ju xu 駏驉.” But when the jiao 梟 have grown up, they eat their mother. That is, they can reproduce. Or are those they eat only turtledoves? The Huai nan wan bi shu states: “To throw an earthen pot or a tile at them can stop a jiao 梟 from crying. That is so because the nature of one overcomes that of the other.” 49-26-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of the Asian barret owlet]. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】鼠瘻，炙食之。藏器。風癇，噎食病。時珍。 Control. Mouse fistula. 345 Eat it roasted. [Chen] Cangqi. Wind epilepsy. Gullet occluding food disease. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新二。 Added recipes: Two newly [recorded]. 風癇。風癇，攷寶鑑第九卷名神應丹；惺神散，醫方大成下册。 Wind epilepsy.346 For wind epilepsy check the “elixir with divine response” in juan 9 of the Bao jian, and the “powder making one understand the spirits.” Yi fang da cheng, final volume. 噎食。取鵩鳥未生毛者一對，用黄泥固濟，煅存性，爲末。每用一匙，以 温酒服。壽域神方。 For gullet occluding food. Take one pair of fu 鵩 birds that have not grown feathers yet, and seal them tightly with clay. Then calcine them with their nature retained, 345 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.” BCGM Dict I, 329. 346 Feng xian 風癇, “wind epilepsy.” A condition of epilepsy resulting from the effects of wind evil. BCGM Dict I, 170.

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and grind this to powder. Each time ingest one spoon; ingest with warm wine. Shou yu shen fang. 49-26-02 頭。Tou. Head [of the Asian barret owlet]. 【主治】痘瘡黑陷。用臘月者一二枚，燒灰，酒服之，當起。時珍。出雲 岐子保命集。 Control. Pox sores that are black and have sunken in. Take one or two during the winter months, burn them to ashes, and ingest them with wine. They will rise again. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Yun qi zi bao ming ji. 49-26-03 目。Mu. Eyes [of the Asian barret owlet]. 【主治】吞之，令人夜見鬼物。藏器。 Control. When swallowed they let a person see demonic items during the night.347 [Chen] Cangqi. 49-27 鴆音沉去聲。别録下品 Chen, read chen. Fourth tone. FE Bie lu, lower rank Chen bird. 【校正】自外類移入此。 Editorial Correction. This has been moved here from [the list of substances referred to by the Ben cao tu jing as] those kinds omitted [in the Jia you ben cao]. 【釋名】𪆚日與運日同别録、同力鳥陶弘景。 Explanation of Names. Yun ri 𪆚日, identical with yun ri 運日, Bie lu. Tong li niao 同力鳥. [Tao] Hongjing. 【集解】【别録曰】鴆生南海。【弘景曰】鴆與𪆚日是兩種。鴆鳥狀如孔 雀，五色雜斑，高大，黑頸赤喙，出廣之深山中。𪆚日狀如黑傖雞，作聲 似云同力，故江東人呼爲同力鳥。並啖蛇，人誤食其肉立死，並療蛇毒。 昔人用鴆毛爲毒酒，故名鴆酒，頃不復爾。又海中有物赤色，狀如龍，名 347 Zheng lei ch. 19, xiao 鴞, “owl,” has ling ren ye zhong jian wu 令人夜中見物. “they let a person see items during the night,” instead of ling ren ye jian gui wu 令人夜見鬼物, “they let a person see demonic items during the night.”

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海薑，亦有大毒，甚於鴆羽。【恭曰】鴆鳥商州以南江嶺間大有，人皆諳 識，其肉腥有毒不堪啖。云羽畫酒殺人，亦是浪證。郭璞云：鴆大如鵰， 長頸赤喙，食蛇。説文、廣雅、淮南子，皆以鴆爲𪆚日。交、廣人亦云𪆚 日即鴆，一名同力鳥，更無如孔雀者。陶爲人所誑也。【時珍曰】按爾 雅翼云：鴆似鷹而大，狀如鴞，紫黑色，赤喙黑目，頸長七八寸。雄名運 日，雌名陰諧。運日鳴則晴，陰諧鳴則雨。食蛇及橡實。知木石有蛇，即 爲禹步以禁之，須臾木倒石崩而蛇出也。蛇入口即爛。其屎溺着石，石皆 黄爛。飲水處，百蟲吸之皆死。惟得犀角即解其毒。又楊廉夫鐵厓集云： 鴆出蘄州 黄梅山中，狀類訓狐，聲如擊腰鼓。巢於大木之顛，巢下數十步 皆草不生也。 Collected Explanations. The Bie lu says: The chen 鴆 live in Nan hai. [Tao] Hongjing: The chen 鴆 and the yun ri 𪆚日 are two different kinds. The chen 鴆 birds resemble the kong que 孔雀, peafowl. They have a five-color variegated décor, and are tall with a clumsy appearance. They have a black neck and a red beak. They come from deep in the mountains of Guang. The appearance of the yun ri 𪆚日 resembles that of black cang ji 傖鷄. Their cries sound as if they were saying tong li 同力, “join forces.” Hence the people in Jiang dong call them tong li niao 同力鳥, “birds that join their forces.” Those people who mistakenly eat their meat will die immediately. Both [can be used] to heal snake[-bite] poisoning. The ancients used the feathers of the chen 鴆 to prepare a poisonous wine; it was called chen wine. Nowadays this is not repeated. Also, in the sea there are items of red color, with the physical appearance of dragons. They are called hai jiang 海薑, “sea ginger,” and they, too, are very poisonous, even more so than chen 鴆 feathers. Su Gong: The chen 鴆 birds come from a large region between the rivers and mountains south of Shang zhou. The people [there] all know them very well. Their meat has a fishy odor. It is poisonous and cannot be eaten. It is said that if a [chen 鴆] feather is drawn through wine, this [wine will become poisonous and] can kill a person. However, there is no evidence to prove this. Guo Pu: “The chen 鴆 are as big as the diao 鵰, golden eagles. They have a long neck and a red beak, and they eat snakes.” The Shuo wen, the Guang ya and the Huai nan zi all identify the chen 鴆 as the yun ri 𪆚日. The people in Jiao and Guang, too, regard the yun ri 𪆚日 as being identical with the chen 鴆. An alternative name is tong li niao 同力鳥. They certainly do not resemble peafowl. [Tao] Hongjing was deceived by the people [there]. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Er ya yi, “the chen resemble the ying 鷹, but are bigger. Their physical appearance is that of the xiao 鴞. Their color is purple and black. They have a red beak and black eyes. Their neck is seven to eight cun long. Males are called yun ri 運日; females are called yin xie 陰諧. When the yun ri 運日 cry, the weather will be clear. When the yin xie 陰諧 cry it will rain. They eat snakes and acorns. When they realize that a tree or a

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rock hides a snake, they perform the ‘Step of Yu’ to detain it. After a short while, the tree will fall and the rock will collapse, and the snake comes out. Once the snake has entered the mouth [of the bird] it will rot. When their droppings and urine touch stones, they all turn yellow and rot. Where they drink water, all the worms/bugs that ingest that [same water] will die. It is only with a dose of rhinoceros horn that the poison can be resolved.” Also, according to Yang Lianfu’s Tie ya ji, “the chen originate from the Huang mei mountains in Qi zhou. Their appearance is that of the xun hu 訓狐. Their cries sound like the beating of a waist drum. Their nests are at the top of big trees. Below these nests in a distance of several tens of steps no herbs survive.” 49-27-01 毛。Mao. [Chen bird] feathers. 【氣味】有大毒。入五臟，爛殺人。别録。 Qi and Flavor. Very poisonous. They enter the five long-term depots. They rot and kill a person. Bie lu . 49-27-02 喙。Hui. [Chen bird] beak. 【主治】帶之，殺蝮蛇毒。别録。【時珍曰】蛇中人，刮末塗之，登時愈 也。 Control. Carry one on your body. It kills the poison of pit vipers. Bie lu. [Li] Shizhen: When a snake strikes one, scrape [the beak of a chen bird] to generate a powder, and apply it locally. A cure is achieved immediately. 49-28 姑獲鳥拾遺 Gu huo niao, FE Shi yi Wench bird. 【釋名】乳母鳥玄中記、夜行遊女同、天帝少女同、無辜鳥同、隱飛玄中 記、鬼鳥拾遺、譩譆杜預左傳注、鉤星歲時記。【時珍曰】昔人言此鳥産 婦所化，陰慝爲妖，故有諸名。 Explanation of Names. Ru mu niao 乳母鳥, “mother’s milk bird,” Xuan zhong ji. Ye xing you nü 夜行游女, “nighttime travelling girl,” identical [source]. Tian di shao nü 天帝少女, “young girl of the celestial emperor,” identical [source]. Wu gu niao 無 辜鳥, “innocent bird,” identical [source]. Yin fei 隱飛, “hidden flying,” Xuan zhong

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ji 玄中記. Gui niao 鬼鳥, “demon bird,” Shi yi. Yi xi 譩譆, Du Yu’s Zuo zhuan zhu. Gou xing 鈎星, Sui shi ji. [Li] Shizhen: The ancients said that this bird is the transformation of a woman giving birth. She had sinister, evil thoughts and became a goblin. Hence all these names. 【集解】【藏器曰】姑獲能收人魂魄。玄中記云：姑獲鳥，鬼神類也。衣 毛爲飛鳥，脱毛爲女人。云是産婦死後化作，故胸前有兩乳，喜取人子養 爲己子。凡有小兒家，不可夜露衣物。此鳥夜飛，以血點之爲誌。兒輒病 驚癇及疳疾，謂之無辜疳也。荆州多有之。亦謂之鬼鳥。周禮庭氏以救日 之弓，救月之矢，射夭鳥，即此也。【時珍曰】此鳥純雌無雄，七八月夜 飛，害人尤毒也。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The wench [bird] can snatch a person’s hun 魂 and po 魄 souls. Xuan zhong ji: “The wench birds belong to the group of demon-spirits. As long as they have a feather garment, they fly as birds. When the feathers are shed, they become women. It is said that they are transformations of women who died giving birth. Hence in front of their chest they have two breasts. They love to take away the children of humans to raise them as their own children. This is why in any house with a child, during the night its garments must not be displayed in the open. These birds fly at night and mark the [child’s] garments by a drop of blood. The child then will suddenly fall ill with fright epilepsy and gan-illness.348 This [disease] is called ‘gan-illness of the innocent’.” In Jing zhou this happens quite often. [The people] also call them gui niao 鬼鳥, “demon birds.” The Zhou li [has the following passage]: “Mr. Ting with a bow to rescue the sun and with arrows to rescue the moon, he shot a death-bringing bird.” This is the one [discussed here]. [Li] Shizhen: These birds are only females, there are no males. They fly at night in the seventh and eighth month. They harm humans and are extremely poisonous. 49-29 治鳥綱目 Zhi niao, FE Gang mu Zhi-bird. 【集解】【時珍曰】按干寶搜神記云：越地深山有治鳥，大如鳩，青色。 穿樹作窠，大如五六升器，口徑數寸，飭以土堊，赤白相間，狀如射侯。 伐木者見此樹即避之，犯之則能役虎害人，燒人廬舍。白日見之，鳥形 348 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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也；夜聞其鳴，鳥聲也。時或作人形，長三尺，入澗中取蟹，就人間火炙 食，山人謂之越祝之祖。又段成式酉陽雜俎云：俗説昔有人遇洪水，食都 樹皮，餓死化爲此物。居樹根者爲猪都，居樹中者爲人都，居樹尾者爲鳥 都。鳥都左脇下有鏡印，闊二寸一分。南人食其窠，味如木芝也。竊謂獸 有山都、山𤢖、木客，而鳥亦有治鳥、山蕭、木客鳥。此皆戾氣所賦，同 受而異形者與？今附於左。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: According to Gan Bao’s Sou shen ji, “in Yue di, deep in the forests, there are zhi birds. They are as big as turtledoves, and of greenish color. They pierce holes into trees to build their nests the size of a vessel holding five to six sheng. The holes [to the nests] are several cun in diameter, and they are decorated with soil and chalk to create red and white parallels, and they look like the targets of archers.349 When woodcutters see such trees, they avoid them. If they were to go against them, the [zhi birds] were to send tigers to harm these persons, and they will burn down their houses. When they are seen during daylight, they appear as birds. If one hears their cries during nighttime, it is the sound of birds. At times they assume the physical appearance of humans, and are three zhang long. They enter into ravines to remove crabs, and they roast them over fire and eat them among humans. The people living in the mountains call them ‘ancestors of the shamans/exorcists of Yue’.” Also, in Duan Chengshi’s You yang za ju it is said: “Legend has it that in an earlier time, a man was caught in a flooding. He ate the skin of the du trees, but eventually starved to death and was transformed into this item. Those who stay in the root of a [du 都-]tree, they are called zhu du 猪都. Those who stay in the middle of the tree, they are called ren du 人都. Those who stay at the tail end of the tree, they are called niao du 鳥都. The niao du 鳥都 below their ribs on the left side have a mirror-like seal, two cun, one fen wide. The people in the South eat their nests; they taste like ganoderma fungus.” I personally say: Among wild animals, there are shan du 山都, shan sao 山𤢖 and mu ke 木客, and among the birds, too, there are zhi niao 治鳥, shan xiao 山蕭 and mu ke niao 木客鳥. Perhaps is is such that they all were bestowed with an identical vicious qi but have assumed different physical appearances? Here they are attached below.

349 She gong 射工, “archer,” (1) a small bug in ancient times believed to live in water and be capable of “shooting” poison from its mouth at people, thereby cauing disease; (2) a condition caused by the archer’s poison. BCGM Dict. I, 432. See 42-15.

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【附録】 Appendix 49–29-A01 木客鳥。Mu ke niao. Tree visitor bird. 【時珍曰】按異物志云：木客鳥，大如鵲，千百爲群，飛集有度。俗呼黄 白色，有翼有綬，飛獨高者爲君長，居前正赤者爲五伯，正黑者爲鈴下， 緗色雜赤者爲功曹，左脇有白帶者爲主簿，各有章色。廬陵郡東有之。 [Li] Shizhen: According to the Yi wu zhi, “the tree visitor birds are as big as magpies, que 鵲. Hundreds and thousands of them flock together and fly in a certain order. They commonly have a leader who is of yellow-white color, has tassels at his wings, and flies high up alone. Those that are at the front [of the flock] and genuinely red, they are the wu bo 五伯. Those genuinely black, they are the ling xia 鈴下. Those of a light yellow color and blurred red, they are the gong cao 功曹. Those with a white belt at the left rib are called zhu bu 主簿. They all have colors corresponding with their different ranks. They are found east of Lu ling jun.” 49-29-A02 獨足鳥。Du zu niao. Single-leg bird. 一名。廣州志云：獨足鳥，閩、廣有之。大如鵠，其色蒼，其聲自呼。臨 海志云：獨足，文身赤口，晝伏夜飛，或時晝出，群鳥譟之，惟食蟲豸， 不食稻粱，聲如人嘯，將雨轉鳴。即孔子所謂一足之鳥，商羊者也。山海 經云：羭次之山，有鳥，狀如梟，人面而一足，名曰橐蜚，音肥，冬則 蟄，服之不畏雷。孫愐唐韻云：𪂅，土精也，似雁，一足黄色，毁之殺人。 They are also called shan xiao niao 山蕭鳥, “mountain syrinx bird.” Guang zhou zhi: “The single-leg birds exist in Min and Guang. They are as big as the hu 鵠, swans. Their color is gray, and their cries sound as if they were calling themselves.” Lin hai zhi: “The single-leg [birds] have a body with stripes, and a red mouth. During daytime they remain hidden; during the night they fly. Occasionally they come out during daytime, too. Flocks of [other] birds react to them with great noise. They eat nothing but worms and bugs. They do not eat rice and grain. Their cries sound like a human roaring. When it is going to rain they will cry. These are the single-leg birds mentioned by Confucius, the shang yang 商羊.” Shan hai jing: “In the mountains of Yu ci, there are birds resembling owls, the jiao 梟. They have a human face and one leg. They are called tuo fei 橐蜚, read fei 肥. In winter, they hibernate. Eating them lets one not be afraid of thunder.” According to Sun Mian’s Tang yun, “the zhi 𪂅

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are [transformations of ] the essence of soil. They resemble yan 雁, wild geese. They have one leg and are of yellow color. If one harms them, he will be killed.” 49-29-01 窠表。Ke biao. Nest [of zhi birds]. 【主治】作履𡲕，治脚氣。時珍。出雜俎。 Control. Sandals prepared from [such a nest] serve to cure leg qi.350 [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the [You yang] za zu. 49-30 鬼車鳥拾遺 Gui che niao, FE Shi yi Demon chariot bird. 【釋名】鬼鳥拾遺、九頭鳥同上、蒼鸆白澤圖、奇鶬。【時珍曰】鬼車， 妖鳥也，取周易載鬼一車之義。似鶬而異，故曰奇鶬。 Explanation of Names. Gui niao 鬼鳥, “demon bird,” Shi yi. Jiu tou niao 九頭鳥, “bird with nine heads,” identical [source] as above. Cang yu 蒼鸆, Bai ze tu. Qi cang 奇鶬. [Li] Shizhen: Gui che 鬼車 are vicious birds. [Their name] is based on the meaning of a passage in the Zhou yi: “A chariot carrying demons.” They resemble the cang 鶬, but are different. Hence their name qi cang 奇鶬, “abnormal cang.” 【集解】【藏器曰】鬼車，晦暝則飛鳴，能入人家，收人魂氣。相傳此鳥 昔有十首，犬齧其一，猶餘九首。其一常滴血，血着人家則兇。荆楚人夜 聞其飛鳴，但滅燈、打門、捩狗耳以厭之，言其畏狗也。白澤圖蒼鸆有九 首，及孔子與子夏見奇鶬九首，皆此物也。荆楚歲時記以爲姑獲者，非 矣。二鳥相似，故同名鬼鳥。【時珍曰】鬼車狀如鵂鶹而大者，翼廣丈 許，晝盲夜瞭，見火光輒墮。按劉恂嶺表録云：鬼車出秦中，而嶺外尤 多。春夏之交，稍遇陰晦，則飛鳴而過，聲如力車鳴。愛入人家，鑠人魂 氣。血滴之家，必有兇咎。便民圖纂云：冬月鬼車夜飛。鳴聲自北而南， 謂之出巢，主雨；自南而北，謂之歸巢，主晴。周密齊東野語云：宋 李 壽翁守長沙，曾捕得此鳥。狀類野鳧，赤色，身圓如箕。十頸環簇，有九 頭，其一獨無而滴鮮血。每頸兩翼，飛則霍霍並進。又周漢公主病，此鳥 飛至砧石即薨。嗚呼！怪氣所鍾，妖異如此，不可不知。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The gui che 鬼車 fly and cry at sunset and during the night. They can enter the homes of humans and snatch their hun-soul and qi. Legend has it that in former times these birds had ten heads. Once a dog bit 350 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

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one off, and nine heads have remained. From one of them blood drips constantly. When this blood comes into contact with the home of humans, this indicates misfortune. When the people of Jing and Chu hear them flying and crying at night, they put out their lamps, knock at their doors and twist the ears of their dogs to ward them off. It is said that they fear dogs. The Bai ze tu [says]: “The cang yu 蒼 鸆 have nine heads.” Also, Confucius and Zi Xia once saw a qi cang 奇鶬 with nine heads. All are this item. The Jing Chu sui shi ji identifies them as the wench [birds], but that is wrong. Because these two birds are similar to each other, they are both named gui niao 鬼鳥, “demon bird.” [Li] Shizhen: The appearance of the gui che 鬼 車 is similar to that of the xiu liu 鵂鶹. Big ones have a wingspan of more than one zhang. They are blind during the day, and they recognize things at night. When they see the shine of a fire, they will abruptly fall down. According to Liu Xun’s Ling biao lu yi, “the gui che 鬼車 come from Qin zhong. In Ling wai there are especially many. At the transition from spring to summer, when they encounter some darkness, they fly by crying. Their cries sound like a ricksha cart. They love to enter the houses of humans and weaken someone’s hun-soul and qi. Any house where their blood is dropped on will definitely be met by a catastrophe.” The Bian min tu zuan states: “In the winter months, the gui che 鬼車 fly during the night. Their cries [are heard] from the North to the South. That means, they have left their nests, and control rain. When [their cries are heard] from the South to the North, that means they return to their nests, and they control clear weather.” According to Zhou Mi’s Qi dong ye yu, “Li Shouweng, governor of Changsha during the Song, once caught this bird. From its appearance it resembled wild ducks, fu 鳧. It was of red color, and its body was round like a winnow basket. It is said that the bird looked like a wild duck. It had a circle of ten necks with nine heads. Fresh blood dripped from the one [neck] without [head]. Each of the necks had two wings. When it flew, [the wings] flapped rapidly while advancing forward.” Also, when the princess of Zhou and Han was severely ill, this bird came by flying and rested on an avil, whereupon she passed away. So deplorable! Anything that is such an accumulation of strange qi, and that is as viciously abnormal as this [bird], must be known to everybody! 49-31 諸鳥有毒拾遺 Zhu niao you du, FE Shi yi All poisonous birds. 凡鳥自死目不閉、自死足不伸、白鳥玄首、玄鳥白首、三足、四距、六 指、四翼、異形異色，並不可食。食之殺人。

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All birds that have died by themselves and have not closed their eyes, that have died by themselves and have not stretched out their feet, all white birds with a dark head, all dark birds with a white head, three feet, four spurs, six toes, four wings, those with an abnormal physical appearance and with abnormal color, they all must not be eaten. He who eats them will be killed.

本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 獸部目録 Section Four Legged Animals, Contents 第五十卷 Chapter 50 李時珍曰：獸者四足而毛之總稱，地産也。豢養者謂之畜。素問曰五畜爲 益是矣。周制庖人供六畜馬、牛、鷄、羊、犬、豕。六獸麋、鹿、狼、 麕、兔、野豕也。辨其死生鮮薧之物。獸人辨其名物。凡祭祀賓客，供其 死獸生獸。皮毛筋骨，入於玉府。冥氏攻猛獸，穴氏攻蟄獸。鳴呼!聖人 之於養生事死、辨物用物之道，可謂慎且備矣。後世如黄羊黄鼠，今爲御 供；犏尾貂皮，盛爲時用。山獺之異，狗寶之功，皆服食所須，而典籍失 載。羵羊之問，宣父獨知；鼨鼠之對，終軍能究。地生之羊，彭侯之肉， 非博雅君子，孰能别之? 况物之性理萬殊，人之用舍宜慎，蓋不但多識其名 而已也。於是集諸獸之可供膳食、藥物、服器者爲獸類，凡八十六種，分 爲五類：曰畜，曰獸，曰鼠，曰寓，爾雅釋獸有鼠屬、寓屬。邢昺注曰： 猴類漸肖於人，寄寓山林，故曰寓屬。曰怪。舊本獸部三品，共五十八 種。今並入五種，移一種入鱗部，一種入禽部，自蟲部移入三種。 [Li] Shizhen: Shou 獸, animal, is a general designation of [living beings] with four legs and body hair/fur. They reproduce on land. Those raised as livestock are called chu 畜. When the Su wen states: “The five domestic animals, wu chu 五畜, provide enrichment,” it correctly [refers to these animals]. The administrative structure of the Zhou included a cook who supplied [the Court] with [meals prepared from] six domestic animals, i.e., horse, cattle, chicken, sheep, dog and pig, and six [wild] animals, including Pére David’s deer, deer, wolf, river deer, hare/rabbit and wild boar. He distinguished between items delivered dead and alive, fresh and preserved. Persons in charge of four legged animals distinguished them according to their names. Dead or living animals were supplied for sacrifices and to host visitors. Their skin, fur, sinews and bones were stored in the Jade Palace treasury. A “Mr. Darkness” was responsible for [catching] ferocious four legged animals. A “Mr. Cave” was respon-

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sible for [catching] hibernating animals. Alas! The WAY how the sages raised living and handled dead [animals], how they distinguished items and how they made use of them, this can be said to have been cautious and well prepared. In later times, [animals] like the yellow sheep and the yellow rodent, nowadays they are supplied to the Court. The tail of the yak-ox351 and the skin of the marten are widely used. The exotic nature of the mountain otter, and the effects of the dogs’ bladder stones, are all required for [life-prolonging] ingestion. But there are no records of them in ancient texts. When asked about the spirit goats/sheep, fen yang 羵羊, [found deep in the earth],352 it was only Xuan fu353 who knew their identity. When confronted with a zhong rodent,354 Zong Jun knew how to examine it. The sheep living on land, and the meat of the peng hou,355 is there anyone apart from widely learned scholars who knew how to distinguish them? Also, the nature and the underlying principles of things/ beings appear in a myriad variations. When one makes use of them, this should be with caution. It is simply not enough to know their many names. In the following section, devoted to the group of four legged animals, [descriptions of ] all animals are gathered that may be supplied to prepare dietetics and ordinary meals, medication, garments and utensils. In all, these are 86 kinds, divided into five groups, i.e., domestic animals, [wild] animals, rodents, residential [animals], >The Er ya, [section] Shi shou (“explanation of animals”) has “those belonging to rodents” and “those belonging to residential [animals].” Xing Bing commented: “Monkeys to a certain degree resemble humans. They reside in the mountain forests. Hence they are said to be “those belonging to residential [animals].”< and strange [animals]. In older versions [of materia medica texts], the section “animals” was divided into three ranks, including 58 kinds. Today, five kinds are added. One kind was removed to the section “animals with scales.” One kind was removed to the section of domestic animals. Three kinds are moved here from the section “worms/bugs.” [The items recorded below were recorded in the following sources for the first time:] Shen nong ben cao jing 神農本草經: 15 items, annotated by Tao Hongjing 陶弘景 during Liang 梁. Ming yi bie lu 名醫别録: 11 items, annotated by Tao Hongjing 陶弘景 during Liang 梁. Tang ben cao 唐本草: 8 items, by Su Gong 蘇恭 during Tang 唐. 351 Offspring of a bull and a female yak. 352 A legendary sheep once found deep in the earth when a well was dug. 353 Xuan fu: alternative name of Confucius. 354 A legendary rodent with the skin of a leopard. 355 A legendary black dog-like animal without tail.

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Ben cao shi yi 本草拾遺: 16 items, by Chen Cangqi 陳藏器, during Tang 唐. Pao zhi lun 炮炙論, 1 item, by Lei Xiao 雷斅, during Tang 唐. Kai bao ben cao 開寶本草: 4 items, by Ma Zhi 馬志, during Song 宋. Jia you ben cao 嘉祐本草: 1 item, by Zhang Yuxi 掌禹錫, during Song 宋. Tu jing ben cao 圖經本草: 1 item, by Su Song 蘇頌, during Song 宋. Zheng lei ben cao 證類本草: 1 item, by Tang Shenwei 唐慎微, during Song 宋. Ben cao yan yi 本草衍義, 1 item, by Kou Zongshi 寇宗奭, during Song 宋. Ri yong ben cao 日用本草, 1 item, by Wu Rui 吳瑞, during Yuan 元. Shi wu ben cao 食物本草: 1 item, by Wang Ying 汪穎, during Ming 明. Shi jian ben cao 食鑒本草, 1 item, by Ning Yuan 寧源, during Ming 明. Ben cao gang mu 本草綱目: 5 items, by Li Shizhen 李時珍, during Ming 明. 【附注】 Additional comments [are based on the following sources]: Wei 魏 [dynasty]: Li Dangzhi 李當之, Yao lu 藥録 Wu Pu 吴普, 本草 Ben cao Song 宋 [dynasty]: Lei Xiao 雷斅, Pao zhi 炮炙 Qi [dynasty]: Xu Zhicai 徐之才, Yao dui 藥對 Tang 唐 [dynasty]: Zhen Quan 甄權, Yao xing 藥性 Sun Simiao 孫思邈, Qian jin 千金 Tang 唐 [dynasty]: Li Xun 李珣, Hai yao 海藥 Yang Sunzhi 楊損之, Shan fan 删繁 Xiao Bing 蕭炳, Si sheng 四聲 Tang 唐 [dynasty]: Meng Shen , Shi liao Nan Tang 南唐 [dynasty]: Chen Shiliang 陳士良, Shi xing 食性

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Song 宋 [dynasty] person: Da Ming 大明, Rihua 日華 Jin 金 [dynasty]: Zhang Yuansu 張元素, Zhen zhu nang 珍珠囊 Li Gao 李杲, Fa xiang 法象 Wang Haogu 王好古, Tang ye 湯液 Zhu Zhenheng 朱震亨, Bu yi 補遺 Ming 明 [dynasty]: Wang Ji 汪機, Hui bian 會編 Wang Lun 王綸, Ji yao 集要 Chen Jiamo 陳嘉謨, Meng quan 蒙筌

獸之一 Four Legged Animals I 畜類二十八種 Domestic Animals Group, 28 kinds 50-01 50-02 50-03 50-04 50-05 50-06 50-07 50-08 50-09 50-10 50-11 50-12 50-13 50-14 50-15 50-16

Zhu 豕, pig. FE Ben jing 本經 Gou 狗, dog. FE Ben jing 本經 Yang 羊, goat/sheep. FE Ben jing 本經 Huang niu 黃羊, Mongolian gazelle. FE Gang mu 綱目 Niu 牛, ox/buffalo/cow. FE Ben jing 本經 Ma 馬, horse. FE Ben jing 本經 Lu 驢, donkey. FE Tang ben cao 唐本草 Luo 騾, mule. FE Shi jian 食鑒 Tuo 駝, camel. FE Kai bao 開寶 Luo 酪, yogurt. FE Tang ben cao 唐本草 Su 酥, butter. FE Bie lu 别錄 Ti hu 醍醐, fine cream. FE Tang ben cao 唐本草 Ru fu 乳腐, milk curd. FE Jia you 嘉祐 E jiao 阿膠, donkey hide glue. FE Ben jing 本經 Huang ming jiao 黃明膠, ox hide glue. FE Gang mu 綱目 Niu huang 牛黃, ox bezoar. FE Ben jing 本經

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Zha da 鮓答, animal gall stone. FE Gang mu 綱目 Gou bao 狗寶, stomach and gall stones of dogs. FE Gang mu 綱目 Di ye jia 底野迦, theriac. FE Tang ben cao 唐本草 Zhu xue 諸血, all kinds of blood. FE Shi yi 拾遺 Zhu xiu gu 諸朽骨, all kinds of rotten bones. FE Shi yi 拾遺 Zhen rou 震肉, shocked meat. FE Shi yi 拾遺 Bai gu pi 敗鼓皮, decayed drum hide. FE Bie lu 别錄 Zhan 氈, felt. FE Shi yi 拾遺 Liu chu mao ti jia 六畜毛蹄甲, fur and nails of the six domestic animals. FE Ben jing 本經 50-26 Liu chu xin 六畜心, the hearts of the six domestic animals. FE Gang mu 綱目 50-27 Zhu rou you du 諸肉有毒, all kinds of poisonous meat. FE Shi yi 拾遺 50-28 Jie zhu rou du 解諸肉毒, how to resolve all kinds of meat poison. FE Gang mu 綱目 50-17 50-18 50-19 50-20 50-21 50-22 50-23 50-24 50-25

50-01 豕本經下品 Shi, FE Ben jing. Lower Rank Pig. Sus scrofa domestica Brisson. 【釋名】豬本經、豚同上、豭音加、彘音滯、豶音墳。【時珍曰】按許氏 説文云：豕字象毛足而後有尾形。林氏小説云：豕食不潔，故謂之豕。坎 爲豕，水畜而性趨下喜穢也。牡曰豭，曰牙；牝曰彘，曰豝，音巴，曰 䝏，音婁。牡去勢曰豶。四蹄白曰豥。豬高五尺曰豕厄，音厄。豕之子曰 豬，曰豚，曰豰，音斛。一子曰特，二子曰師，三子曰豵。末子曰幺。生 三月曰豯，六月曰䝋。何承天纂文云：梁州曰䝕，音攝；河南曰彘；吴、 楚曰豨，音喜。漁陽以大豬爲豝，齊、徐以小豬爲䝒，音鋤。【頌曰】按 揚雄方言云：燕、朝鮮之間謂豬爲豭，關東、西謂之彘，或曰豕，南楚曰 豨，吴、揚曰豬子。其實一種也。禮記謂之剛鬣。崔豹古今注謂之參軍。 Explanation of Names. Zhu 猪, Ben jing. Tun 豚, identical [source as] above. Jia 豭, read jia 加. Zhi 彘, read zhi 滯. Fen 豶, read fen 墳. [Li] Shizhen: According to Mr. Xu’s Shuo wen, “the character shi 豕 is a pictograph showing the hair, the feet and at the rear end the tail [of pigs].” Lin shi xiao shuo: “Pigs eat what is unclean. Hence they are called shi 豕. 356 [The trigram] kan 坎 [stands for water] and represents pigs. They are raised with water, and the nature [of both water and pigs] is to run and move down; they find joy in filth. Males are called jia 豭, and they are also called ya 牙, ‘teeth’. Females are called zhi 彘, they are called ba 豝, read ba 巴, they are called 356 Homophone with shi 屎, “excrements.“

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lou 䝏, read lou 婁. Males that have been castrated are called fen 豶. Those with four white trotters are called hai 豥. A pig as tall as five chi is called e 豕厄, read e 厄. Piglets are called zhu 猪, they are called tun 豚, they are called hu 豰, read hu 斛. [A sow giving birth to] a single piglet is called te 特. A [sow giving birth to] two piglets is called shi 師. A [sow giving birth to] three piglets is called zong 豵. A final piglet is called yao 幺. Those born in the third month are called xi 豨. Those [born] in the sixth month, they are called zong 䝋.” According to He Chengtian’s Zuan wen, “in Liang zhou [pigs] are called she 䝕, read she 攝. In He nan they are called zhi 彘. In Wu and Chu they are called xi 豨, read xi 喜. In Yu yang, big pigs are called ba 豝. In Qi and Xu, small pigs are called chu 䝒, read chu 鋤. [Su] Song: According to Yang Xiong’s Fang yan, in the regions of Yan and Chao xian, pigs are called jia 豭. In Guan dong they are called zhi 彘; some call them shi 豕. In Nan chu they are called xi 豨. In the region of Wu yang, they are called zhu zi 猪子. The fact is, they are all of one type. The Li ji calls them gang lie 剛鬣, ‘robust mane’. In Cui Hao’s Gu jin zhu, they are called can jun 參軍, ‘attached to the army’.” 【集解】【頌曰】凡豬骨細，少筋多膏，大者有重百餘斤。食物至寡，故 甚易畜養之，甚易生息。【時珍曰】豬天下畜之，而各有不同。生青、 兖、徐、淮者耳大；生燕、冀者皮厚；生梁、雍者足短；生遼東者頭白； 生豫州者味短；生江南者耳小，謂之江豬；生嶺南者白而極肥。豬孕四月 而生，在畜屬水，在卦屬坎，在禽應室星。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: All pigs have fine bones. They have few sinews, and much fat. Big ones weigh more than 100 jin. The items they eat are extremely modest. They are very easy to raise, and they very easily procreate. [Li] Shizhen: Pigs are raised everywhere, and there are many kinds. Those living in Qing, Yan, Xu and Huai, they have big ears. Those living in Yan and Ji have a thick skin. Those living in Liang and Yong, they have short legs. Those living in Liao dong, they have white heads. Those living in Yu zhou have short snouts. Those living in Jiang nan have small ears, and are called jiang zhu 江豬, “Yangzi pigs.” Those living in Ling nan, they are white and very fat. The pregnancy of pigs lasts four months, and then they give birth. Among the domestic animals, they are associated with [the phase] water. Among the trigrams, they are associated with [the trigram] kan 坎. Among the beasts/birds, they correspond to the stellar constellation shi 室, “House.”357

357 One of the 28 lunar lodgings in the northern quadrant of the ski.

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50-01-01 豭猪肉。Jia zhu rou. Meat of male pigs. 【氣味】酸，冷，無毒。凡豬肉：苦，微寒，有小毒。江豬肉：酸，平， 有小毒。豚肉：辛，平，有小毒。【别録曰】豭豬肉治病。凡豬肉能閉血 脉，弱筋骨，虚人肌，不可久食，病人金瘡者尤甚。【思邈曰】凡豬肉久 食，令人少子精，發宿病。豚肉久食，令人徧體筋肉碎痛乏氣。江豬多 食，令人體重。作脯，少有腥氣。【詵曰】久食殺藥，動風發疾。傷寒、 瘧、痢、痰痼、痔漏諸疾，食之必再發。【時珍曰】北豬味薄，煮之汁 清。南豬味厚，煮之汁濃，毒尤甚。入藥用純黑豭豬。凡白豬、花豬、豥 豬、牝豬、病豬、黄膘豬、米豬，並不可食。黄膘煮之汁黄，米豬肉中有 米。説文豕食於星下則生息米，周禮豕盲視而交睫者星，皆指此也。反烏 梅、桔梗、黄連、胡黄連，犯之令人瀉利；反蒼耳，令人動風。合生薑 食，生面䵟發風；合蕎麥食，落毛髮，患風病；合葵菜食，少氣；合百花 菜、吴茱萸食，發痔疾；合胡荽食，爛人臍；合牛肉食，生蟲；合羊肝、 雞子、鯽魚、豆黄食，滯氣；合龜、鼈肉食，傷人。凡煮豬肉，得皂莢 子、桑白皮、高良薑、黄蠟，不發風氣；得舊籬篾易熟也。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, cool, nonpoisonous. The meat of all pigs is bitter, mildly cold, and slightly poisonous. The meat of the Jiang pigs is sour, balanced and slightly poisonous. Piglet meat is acrid, balanced and slightly poisonous. Bie lu: The meat of male pigs serves to cure disease. All kinds of pork are able to close blood vessels, and to weaken sinews and bones. It causes depletion in a person’s muscles, and must not be eaten for an extended period of time. This applies in particular to patients suffering from wounds inflicted by metal [weapons/objects]. Sun] Simiao: All kinds of pork when consumed over an extended period of time will let one have less essence/sperm for children, and cause abiding disease. Long-term consumption of piglet meat will let a person’s entire body’s sinews and flesh turn painful and [suffer from a] lack of qi. A frequent consumption of [the meat of ] Jiang pigs lets a person’s body gain weight. If prepared as dried meat, it has a slight fishy smell. [Meng] Shen: Eaten over a long time, it kills [the effects] of medication, excites wind and causes an illness to break out. All illnesses such as harm caused by cold, malaria, freeflux illness,358 phlegm obstinacy-illness,359 and leaking piles, will inevitably break out again if one eats it. [Li] Shizhen: The flavor of the meat of pigs in the North is thin. If one boils it, the resulting juice is clear. The flavor of the meat of pigs in the South is dense. If one boils it, the resulting juice is thick, and very poisonous. For medication, only pure black male pigs are used. All white pigs, pigs with multi-col358 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 359 For various kinds of gu 痼, “obstinacy-illness,” see BCGM Dict I, 194.

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or appearance, pigs with four white trotters, female pigs, diseased pigs, pigs with yellow fat, and pigs with rice [grains] must not be eaten. [Pigs] with yellow fat [are those that when boiled produce] a yellow juice. Rice pigs are those with grains of rice in their meat. When the Shuo wen states: “When pigs eat under the stars, they will generate grains of rice,” and when the Zhou li states: “A pig that is blind and has its eyes closed, and that has a strong smell, [must not be eaten],” then both [these passages] refer to these [rice pigs. The effects of pork] act contrary to smoked plums, platycodon [root], coptis [rhizome], and picrorhiza [rhizome]. If one violates such rules, he will suffer from discharge and free flow. If [ingested] together with xanthium [stem and leaves], it will excite [one’s intestinal] winds. If eaten together with fresh ginger, it causes facial gloom and effuses wind. If eaten together with buckwheat, it will let one’s hair fall off, and makes one suffer from wind disease.If eaten together with malva herb, it will cause shortness of qi. If eaten together with shona cabbage and evodia [fruits], it will cause the development of hemorrhoids. If eaten together with coriander, it will let one’s navel rot. If eaten together with beef, it will generate worms/bugs. If eaten together with sheep liver, eggs, golden carps, dried soybean sprouts, it will block the flow of qi. If eaten together with tortoise and turtle meat, it will harm one. Whenever pork is boiled, and one adds gleditsia pods/seeds, mulberry tree bark, galanga [root] or yellow beeswax, no wind qi will be released. When pieces of a bamboo fence are added, it will be boiled easily. 【主治】療狂病久不愈。别録。壓丹石，解熱毒，宜肥熱人食之。拾遺。 補腎氣虚竭。千金。療水銀風，并中土坑惡氣。日華。 Control. It heals madness disease that has lasted for long without cure. Bie lu. It suppresses [the effects] of elixir minerals, and resolves heat poison. It is appropriate to be consumed by people who are fat and have heat. Shi yi. It supplements depletion-exhaustion of kidney qi. Qian jin. It heals mercury wind,360 and being struck by malign qi from a pit in the earth. Rihua. 【發明】【時珍曰】按錢乙治小兒疳病麝香丸，以豬膽和丸，豬肝湯服。 疳渴者，以豬肉湯或燖豬湯服。其意蓋以豬屬水而氣寒，能去火熱耶。 【弘景曰】豬爲用最多，惟肉不宜多食，令人暴肥，蓋虚風所致也。【震 亨曰】豬肉補氣，世俗以爲補陰，誤矣，惟補陽爾。今之虚損者，不在陽 而在陰。以肉補陰，是以火濟水。蓋肉性入胃便作濕熱，熱生痰，痰生則 氣不降而諸證作矣。諺云：豬不薑，食之發大風，中年氣血衰，面發黑䵟 也。【韓𢘅曰】凡肉有補，惟豬肉無補，人習之化也。 360 This is the only known occurrence of a term shui yin feng 水銀風, “mercury wind,” in the BCGM and any other earlier or contemporary medical-pharmaceutical text. Its etiology and signs remain uncldar.

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Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to Qian Yi, to cure gan-illness361 of children, the “pills with musk” are prepared as pills with pig’s gall, and they are to be ingested with pig liver decoction. In the case of gan-illness together with thirst, [the pills] are ingested with a pork decoction or with the hot liquid resulting from reheating pork. Maybe the underlying meaning is that pigs are associated with [the phase] water and that their qi are cold and hence are able to remove fire heat? [Tao] Hongjing: Pigs are most useful. Only pork should not be overeaten, lest it make one rapidly gain weight. This is because of depletion wind. [Zhu] Zhenheng: Pork supplements qi. The widespread belief that it supplements the yin [qi] is a mistake. It only supplements the yang [qi]. When nowadays those with depletion harm that is not situated in the yang but in the yin [section] resort to [pork] meat to supplement yin [qi], that is as if one were to use fire to assist water. The fact is, meat by nature enters the stomach and there becomes dampness heat. Heat generates phlegm, and when phlegm is generated then the qi cannot descend and all kinds of signs [of illness] emerge. A common saying is: “If pork is eaten without362 ginger, it will effuse massive wind. 363 In one’s middle years, the qi and the blood have weakened, and the face develops black gloom.” Han Mao: All kinds of meat have a supplementing [effect]. Only pork does not. [This knowledge] has resulted from the habits of the people.

【附方】舊五，新十五。 Added recipes. Five of old; 15 newly [recorded]. 禁口痢疾。臘肉脯煨熟食之，妙。李樓奇方。 For clenched jaw with free-flux illness.364 Dried preserved pork is to be eaten cooked over a slow fire until done. Wonderful. Li Lou, Qi fang. 小兒刮腸。痢疾，禁口閉目至重者。精豬肉一兩，薄切炙香，以膩粉末半 錢，鋪上令食，或置鼻頭聞香，自然要食也。活幼口議。 For brushed intestines of children. In the case of free-flux illness, with a very severe case of clenched jaw and closed eyes, one liang of fine pork is cut into thin slices that 361 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 362 Instead of zhu bu jiang 猪不薑, “pork without ginger,” Danxi zhai xuan, ch. 3, da feng men 大風門, “massive wind section,” writes zhu he jiang 猪和薑, “pork with ginger.” The meaning is exactly opposite. As not a single of the recipes attached below advises to consume pork together with ginger, the character he 和 may be correct. 363 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” may refer to sores caused by a massive intrusion of wind evil and also to conditions of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111. 364 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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are then roasted until an aroma develops. Add half a qian of calomel powder, and place it on the [child’s] bed to stimulate it to eat it. Or place it at the child’s nose and head to have it smell the aroma. It will want to eat it. Huo you kou yi. 上氣欬嗽，煩滿。用豬肉切作䭔子，豬脂煎熟食之。心鏡。 For rising qi with cough. If there is a feeling of vexation with fullness. Cut the pork and prepare dumplings. Fry them in lard until done and eat them. Xin jing. 浮腫脹滿，不食。用豬脊肉一雙，切作生，以蒜、薤食之。心鏡。 For surface swelling, with a feeling of distension and fullness, and a lack of appetite. Take the meat of both sides of the back of a pig, cut it raw, and eat it with garlic and long-stamen chives. Xin jing. 身腫攻心。用生豬肉以漿水洗，壓乾切膾，蒜、薤啖之，一日二次，下氣 去風，乃外國方也。張文仲方。 For a swollen body, attacking the heart. Take raw pork and rinse it with fermented water of foxtail millet.365 Press it until dry, and cut it into small pieces. Then eat it with garlic and long-stamen chives. Twice per day. The qi will descend and be released as wind. This is a recipe from a foreign country. Zhang Wenzhong fang. 破傷風腫。新殺豬肉，乘熱割片，貼患處。連换三片，其腫立消。簡便。 Wound wind366 with swelling. Freshly slaughtered pork is steamed and cut into pieces. They are to be locally applied to the location of the suffering. Three pieces one after another. The swelling will immediately decrease. Jian bian. 白虎風病。用豬肉三串，以大麻子一合，酒半盞相和，口含噀上。將肉擘 向病處，咒曰：相州 張如意、張得興，是汝白虎本師，急出。乃安肉於牀 下，瘥則送於路，神驗。近效。 For white tiger wind367 disease. Mix three strings of pork with one ge of hemp seeds and with half a bowl of wine, hold this in your mouth and spit it onto [the affected region]. Then break open the pork toward the location of the disease, and say [the following] incantation: “Zhang Ruyi and Zhang Dexing from Xiang zhou, you are the original masters of the white tiger. Quickly leave!” Then place the pork below the bed. Once [the disease] is cured, throw it on the street. Divinely effective. Jin xiao. 365 For jiang shui 漿水, “fermented water of foxtail millet,” see BCGM 05-33. 366 Po shang feng 破傷風, “wound wind,” wind stroke via wounds inflicted by metal objects/ weapons. A condition of lockjaw, arched back rigidity and convulsions. BCGM Dict I, 379. 367 Bai hu feng 白虎風, “white tiger wind.” A pain in the joints that increases during the night. BCGM Dict I, 47.

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風狂歌笑，行走不休。用豭豬肉一斤，煮熟切膾，和醬、醋食。或羹粥 炒，任服之。食醫心鏡。 For wind madness with singing and laughing, restless walking and running. Take one jin of pork from a male pig, boil it until done and cut it into slices. Have [the patient] eat them mixed with [soy] sauce and vinegar. Or roast it as a congee, and force [the patient] to ingest it. Shi yi xin jing. 解丹石毒，發熱困篤。用肥豬肉五斤，葱、薤各半斤，煮食或作臛食。必 腹鳴毒下，以水淘之，沙石盡則愈。千金翼。 For resolving the poison of elixir minerals, accompanied by fever and severe fatigue. Take five jin of fat pork, and one half jin each of onions and long-stamen chives. Boil and eat this. Or prepare a broth to be eaten. This will cause the abdomen to cry out, and the poison will be discharged. Wash the [feces] in a basket until it includes no more sand and stones. This will be the cure. Qian jin yi. 解鍾乳毒。下利不止，食豬肉則愈。千金翼。 For resolving the poison of stalactites, with discharge and free-flux that do not end. Eat pork, and this brings the cure. Qian jin yi. 服石英法。白石英一大两，袋盛，水三斗，煎四升，去石。以豬肉一斤， 鹽豉煮食。十日一作。同上。 Method to ingest quartz. One generous liang of white quartz is given into a bag and boiled with three dou of water down to four sheng. Discard the mineral and boil [the liquid] with one jin of pork and salted fermented beans. Prepare and eat this once per day. Same [source as] above.368 傷損不食。凡打撲傷損，三五日水食不入口者。用生豬肉二大錢，打爛， 温水洗去血水，再擂爛，以陰陽湯打和。以半錢用雞毛送入咽内，却以陰 陽湯灌下之。其食蟲聞香𥧡開瘀血而上，胸中自然開解。此乃損血凝聚心 間，蟲食血飽，他物蟲不來探故也。謂之騙通之法。邵氏。 Injuries resulting in an unwillingness to eat. Whenever someone was injured because of a beating or any other type of attack and for three to five days has ingested neither solid food nor water. Pound two large qian of fresh pork to a pulp and rinse this in warm water to remove the blood and the water. Once again pound it and mix it, while pounding, with “yin yang decoction.”369 Then bring one half qian of this with a chicken feather into the [patient’s] throat, and wash it down with “yangyang decoction.” The food worms/bugs [in the patient’s abdomen] smell the aroma. 368 This recipe is found in Wai tai ch. 37. The following recipe is listed in Qian jin yi. Both are erroneously attributed here. 369 A mixture of one half boiling water and one half cold water.

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They break through the stagnant blood and ascend. As a result, the [patient’s] chest opens and relaxes. The reason is, when after an injury blood coagulates and collects in the heart, worms/bugs eat this blood until they are full. For other things, worms/ bugs would not come by. This is called the “method of opening a passage through deception.” Mr. Shao. 打傷青腫：炙豬肉搨之。千金。 Greenish swelling resulting from an injury caused by a beating: Rub hot roasted pork onto [the affected region]. Qian jin. 小兒重舌。取三家屠肉，切指大，摩舌上，兒立啼。千金方。 A doubled tongue370 of children. Take meat slaughtered in three [different] households and cut it into pieces of the size of fingers. Rub [with them] the surface of the tongue. The child will scream immediately. Qian jin fang. 小兒痘瘡。豬肉煮汁洗方。譚氏方。 Smallpox lesions of children. Boil pork to obtain its juice and wash [the lesions] with it. Tan shi fang. 小兒火丹。豬肉切片貼之。 Fire cinnabar371 of children. Cut pork into sclices and apply them to the [affected region]. 漆瘡作癢。宜啖豬肉，嚼穄穀塗之。千金。 Lesions with an itch caused by lacquer. It is advisable to eat pork. Also, chew panicled millet and smear [the macerated paste] onto the [affected region]. Qian jin. 男女陰蝕。肥豬肉煮汁洗，不過三十斤瘥。千金方。 Erosion of the yin (i.e., genital) region of males and females. Boil fat pork to obtain its juice and wash [the affected region]. A cure is achieved with no more than 30 jin [pork having been boiled]. Qian jin fang. 山行辟蛭。山中草木上，有石蛭着人足，則穿肌入肉中，害人。但以臘豬 膏和鹽塗足脛趾，即不着人也。千金方。 To ward off leeches when passing through mountains. In the mountains, on herbs and trees there are stone leeches that attach themselves to the legs of humans. Then they bore a hole into the muscles and penetrate the flesh, thereby harming one. 370 Chong she 重舌, “doubled tongue.” A growth under the tongue, mostly in children, similar to a second tongue. BCGM Dict I, 92. 371 Huo dan 火丹, “fire cinnabar,” a condition of cinnabar-red poison displaying a color like fire that rushes through the skin, spreading with great speed. BCGM Dict I, 232.

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However lard from the twelfth month mixed with salt smeared on the legs, the shins and the toes prevents their attaching themselves to humans. Qian jin fang. 竹刺入肉。多年燻肉，切片包裹之，即出。救急方。 A bamboo splinter his entered the flesh. Meat that has been smoked for many years is cut into pieces. Once the [location] is covered with them, [the bamboo splinter] will come out. Jiu ji fang. 50-01-02 豭猪頭肉。Jia zhu tou rou. Meat from the head of a male pig. 已下並用豭豬者良，豶豬亦可。 For all [the recipes listed] below, the use of male pork is good. Pork from castrated pigs can also be used. 【氣味】有毒。【時珍曰】按生生編云：豬肉毒惟在首，故有病者食之， 生風發疾。 Qi and Flavor. Poisonous. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Sheng sheng bian, the poison of pork is found only in the head. Hence when someone with a disease consumes it, it will generate wind and cause the illness to break out. 【主治】寒熱五癃，鬼毒。千金。同五味煮食，補虚乏氣力，去驚癇五 痔，下丹石，亦發風氣。食療。 Control. Cold and heat sensations, the five kinds of protuberance-illness,372 demon poison. Qian jin. Consumed after boiling it with the five spices it supplements depletion and exhausted qi strength. It removes fright epilepsy and the five kinds of piles. It discharges elixir minerals, and it is also able to effuse wind qi. Shi liao. 50-01-03 臘猪頭。La zhu tou. The head of a pig obtained during the twelfth month. 燒灰，治魚臍瘡。 Burned to ashes, it serves to cure fish belly sores.373 372 Wu long 五癃, “five kinds of protuberance-illness.” Reference to various, not clearly distinguished long 癃, “protuberance-illnesses,” associated with a passing of urine in small amounts, or a completely blocked passage. BCGM Dict I, 323, 541. 373 Yu qi chuang 魚臍瘡, “fish belly sores,” a condition of chuang 瘡, “sores,” resembling the long and narrow shape of a fish belly. They have a white or slightly dark spot in their

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【發明】【時珍曰】按名醫録云：學究任道病體瘡腫黑，狀狹而長。北醫 王通曰：此魚臍瘡也。一因風毒藴結，二因氣血凝滯，三因誤食人汗而 然。乃以一異散傅之，日數易而愈。懇求其方。曰：但雪玄一味耳。任遍 訪四方無知之者。有名醫郝允曰：聖惠方治此，用臘豬頭燒灰，雞卵白調 敷，即此也。又圖纂云：五月戊辰日，以豬頭祀竈，所求如意。以臘豬耳 懸梁上，令人豐足。此亦厭禳之物也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Ming yi lu, “Ren Dao, a noted scholar, once suffered from lesions on his body, accompanied by swelling of a black color. [The lesions] were of a narrow and extended shape. Wang Tong, a northern physician, said: ‘These are fish belly sores.374 They are caused, first, by wind poison that has gathered in nodes. Second, by coagulation and stagnation of qi and blood. Third, by an inadvertent consumption of human sweat.’ He then applied [to the lesions] the ‘powder with one strange ingredient’. Every day it was exchanged [for a new application], and thus he achieved the cure. [The patient] asked him to reveal the recipe, and [the physician] responded: ‘It consists of only one ingredient: xue xuan 雪玄.’ Ren [Dao] searched for it in all directions, but nobody had ever heard of it. One renowned physician, Hao Yun, told him: ‘The Sheng hui fang [recommends to] apply it for curative purposes [as follows]. Burn the meat from a pig’s head obtained during the twelfth month to ashes, mix them with egg white and apply this to [the lesions]. This is it!’” Also, the Tu zuan states: “On the wu chen 戊辰 day of the fifth month, offer a pig’s head as a sacrifice to the [God of the] kitchen furnace, and ask to have your wishes granted. Hang the ear of a pig obtained during the twelfth month from a beam above. This will make one rich.” That is, [the head of a pig obtained during the twelfth month] is something that can be used for exorcism. 50-01-04 項肉。Xiang rou. Meat from a [pig’s] neck. 俗名槽頭肉。肥脆，能動風。 A common name is cao tou rou 槽頭肉, “meat from the trough.” It is fat and crispy, and can excite wind. 【主治】酒積，面黄腹脹。以一兩切如泥，合甘遂末一錢作丸，紙裹煨 香，食之，酒下，當利出酒布袋也。時珍。出普濟。 center, and are red on all four sides. Also, the swelling is painful and liquid seeps from it. BCGM Dict I, 650/651. 374 Yu qi chuang 魚臍瘡, “fish belly sores,” a condition of chuang 瘡, “sores,” resembling the long and narrow shape of a fish belly. They have a white or slightly dark spot in their center, and are red on all four sides. Also, the swelling is painful and liquid seeps from it. BCGM Dict I, 650/651.

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Control. Wine accumulations, with a yellow face and an abdominal distension. Chop one liang to a pulp, mix this with one qian of kansui [root] powder, and form pills. Wrap them in paper, heat them over a slow fire until they release an aromatic smell, and eat them. To be ingested with wine. This will cause the discharge of the cloth bag filled with wine.375 [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Pu ji. 50-01-05 脂膏。Zhi gao. Lard. 【修治】【時珍曰】凡凝者爲肪爲脂，釋者爲膏爲油，臘月煉浄收用。 【恭曰】十二月上亥日，取入新瓶，埋亥地百日用之，名膒脂。每升入雞 子白十四枚，更良。【弘景曰】勿令中水，臘月者歷年不壞。項下膏謂之 負革肪，入道家煉五金用。 Preparation. [Li] Shizhen: Congealed [fat] is fang 肪 and zhi 脂. [Fat that has] cleared up is gao 膏 and you 油, “oil.” It is refined in the twelfth month and stored [for future use]. [Su] Gong: On the first hai day of the twelfth month fill it into a new flask and bury it in the ground on a hai day for 100 days before using it. It is called “preserved fat.” It works even better when the egg white of 14 eggs is added to each sheng. [Tao] Hongjing: Do not let it come into contact with water. [When obtained] during the twelfth month, it will not go bad for an entire year. The fat from below the neck is called “fat bearing the hide.” The Daoists use it to refine the five metals.376 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。反烏梅、梅子。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. [When ingested together] it is opposed to smoked plums and plum seeds. 【主治】煎膏藥，解斑蝥、芫青毒。别録。解地膽、亭長、野葛、硫黄 毒，諸肝毒，利腸胃，通小便，除五疸水腫，生毛髮。時珍。破冷結，散 宿血。孫思邈。利血脉，散風熱，潤肺。入膏藥，主諸瘡。蘇頌。殺蟲， 治皮膚風，塗惡瘡。日華。治癰疽。蘇恭。悦皮膚。作手膏，不皸裂。陶 弘景。胎産衣不下，以酒多服，佳。徐之才。鬐膏：生髮悦面。别録。 375 In colloquial Chinese, persons addicted to alcoholic beverages are called jiu dai 酒袋, “wine bag,” just as someone constantly overeating is called fan nang 飯囊, “rice bag.” Overindulgance in wine drinking is said to generate, in the abdomen, something like a “cloth bag filled with wine,” jiu bu dai 酒布袋. The treatment suggested here is expected to cause the discharge of this “cloth bag filled with wine.” 376 The five metals are commonly identified as gold, silver, copper, lead and iron, or gold, silver, copper, iron and tin. The term is also used to refer to all metals in general.

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Control. Boiled fat medication serves to resolve the poison of cantharides and blister flies. Bie lu. It resolves the poison of oil beetles, (epicauta-)blister beetles, yellow jessamine, and sulphur, as well as the poison of all kinds of livers. It frees the passage through the intestines and the stomach, makes urine flow, and eliminates the five kinds of jaundice377 associated with water swelling. It makes the hair on the body and on the head grow. [Li] Shizhen. It breaks through nodes of cold and disperses stagnant blood. Sun Simiao. It clears the passage in the blood vessels, disperses wind heat, and moistens the lung. Added to medicinal ointments, it controls all kinds of lesions. Su Gong. It kills worms/bugs and serves to cure skin wind, and is topically applied to malign lesions. Rihua. It serves to cure obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.378 Su Gong. It lets the skin appear pleasant. Prepared as a hand crème, it prevents [the skin] from chapping. Tao Hongjing. When the placenta fails to be discharged, an ingestion, with wine, of large amounts is very good. Xu Zhicai. “Horse mane creme” stimulates the growth of hair and lets the face appear pleasant.

【附方】舊五，新二十八。 Added recipes. Five of old. 28 newly [recorded]. 傷寒時氣。豬膏如彈丸，温水化服，日三次。肘後方。 Harm caused by cold and seasonal qi. Let a piece of lard, of the size of a bullet, melt in warm water and ingest this. Three times a day. Zhou hou fang 五種疸疾。黄疸、穀疸、酒疸、黑疸、女勞疸，黄汗如黄蘗汁。用豬脂一 斤，温熱服，日三，當利乃愈。肘後方。 The five kinds of dan-illness. Yellow dan-illness/jaundice, grain dan-illness, wine dan-illness, black dan-illness, and dan-illness resulting from exhaustion with women. Yellow sweat resembling the juice of phellodendron bark. Ingest one jin of warm or hot lard, three times a day. This will cause a free outflow and that is the cure. Zhou hou fang 赤白帶下。煉豬脂三合，酒五合，煎沸頓服。千金方。 Red and white discharge from below the belt. Three ge of refined lard and five ge of wine are boiled to bubbling and ingested in one draft. Qian jin fang 377 Dan 疸, “dan-illness; jaundice.” Identical with huang dan 黄疸, “yellow dan-illness.” BCGM Dict I, 118. 378 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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小便不通。豬脂一斤，水二升，煎三沸，飲之立通。千金方。 Blocked passage of urine. One jin of lard and two sheng of water are boiled three times to bubbling. [Let the patient] drink this, and the passage will be freed immediately. Qian jin fang 關格閉塞。豬脂、薑汁各二升，微火煎至二升，下酒五合，和煎分服。千 金。 Blockage and closure. Two sheng each of lard and ginger juice are boiled, on a mild fire, down to two sheng. Add five ge of wine, and boil this. To be ingested in several portions. Qian jin. 痘瘡便秘四五日。用肥豬膘一塊，水煮熟，切如豆大，與食。自然藏府滋 潤，痂疕易落，無損於兒。陳文中方。 Smallpox lesions and constipation lasting for four, five days. One lump of lard is boiled in water until it is done. Then cut it into pieces of the size of beans and [let the patient] eat them. This is to moisten the long-term depots and short-term repositories, and the crusts [of the smallpox] will easily fall off, without harm to the child. Chen Wenzhong fang. 卒中五尸。仲景用豬脂一雞子，苦酒一升，煮沸灌之。肘後方。 Sudden stroke and the five kinds of corpse [qi attachment]. [Zhang] Zhongjing used [the following recipe]. One piece of lard of the size of a chicken egg and one sheng of bitter wine are boiled to bubbling and then force-fed [into the patient]. Zhou hou fang. 中諸肝毒。豬膏頓服一升。千金方。 Being struck by all kinds of liver poison. Ingest one sheng of lard in one draft. Qian jin fang. 食髮成瘕。心腹作痛，咽間如有蟲上下，嗜食與油者是也。用豬脂二升， 酒三升，煮三沸服，日三次。 Conglomeration-illness379 after eating hair, when heart and abdomen ache, and there is a feeling in the throat as if worms/bugs were moving up and down. Those who consume much food and oil have this. Boil two sheng of lard and three sheng of oil three times to bubbling and ingest this three times a day.380 379 Jia 瘕, “empty[-lumps]-illness;” “conglomeration-illness,” a condition of painful abdominal nodes/lumps that sometimes move and sometimes do not move in accordance with the movement of the body’s qi. BCGM Dict I, 244. 380 This recipe does not mention a source. It is quoted from Qian jin fang, ch. 10, Jian zhengji ju 堅癥積聚, “hardness concretion-illness, accumulations, collectionsm,” where it is listed as zhi fa zheng 治髮癥, “[recipe] to cure concretion-illness caused by hair.” Hence, the character jia 瘕 should be zheng 癥.

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上氣欬嗽。豬肪四兩，煮百沸以來，切，和醬、醋食之。心鏡。 Rising qi with cough. Four liang of lard are boiled a hundred times to bubbling. Then cut it, mix it with [soy] sauce and vinegar and eat this. Xin jing. 肺熱暴瘖。豬脂油一斤煉過，入白蜜一斤，再煉少頃，濾浄冷定。不時挑 服一匙，即愈。無疾常服，亦潤肺。萬氏方。 Lung heat with a sudden loss of voice. Add one jin of white honey to one jin of lard oil and refine this with heat again for a short while. Filter it clean and let it become cold and harden. Stir it up any time, ingest the amount held by one spoon, and this brings the cure. If ingested regularly without illness, it may also moisten the lung. Wan shi fang. 小兒噤風。小兒百日内風噤，口中有物如蝸牛，或如黄頭白蟲者。薄豬肪 擦之即消。聖惠方。 Lockjaw wind of children. Children less than 100 days old suffering from wind with lockjaw. In the mouth is something like a snail, or resembling a white worm with a yellow head. Rub this gently with lard, and it will disappear. Sheng hui fang. 小兒蚘病羸瘦。豬膏服之。千金方。 Tapeworm disease and emaciation of children. [Have them] ingest lard. Qian jin fang. 産後虚汗。豬膏、姜汁、白蜜各一升，酒五合，煎五上五下。每服方寸 匕。千金翼。 Depletion perspiration following childbirth. One sheng each of lard, ginger juice and white honey are boiled, with five ge of wine, five times to [bubbling] up with five times [of cooling] down. Each time ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon. Qian jin yi. 胞衣不下。豬脂一兩，水一盞，煎五七沸，服之當下。聖惠方。 Failure of the placenta to be discharged. One liang of lard and one cup of water are boiled five to seven times to bubbling. Once [the patient] ingests this [the placenta] will be discharged. Sheng hui fang. 吹奶寒熱。用豬肪冷水浸搨，熱即易之，立效。子母秘録。 Inflated breast381 with sensations of cold and heat. Soak lard in cold water and rub it onto [the affected region]. Once it has become hot, exchange it. Immediately effective. Zi mu mi lu. 381 Chui nai 吹奶, “inflated breast,” a condition with milk blocked after delivery and the breasts turning red and swelling. BCGM Dict I, 101.

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髮落不生。以酢泔洗浄，布揩令熱。以臘豬脂，入生鐵煮三沸，塗之遍 生。千金翼。 Hair falls out and does not grow again. Wash [the region in question] with vinegar and slop from rinsing rice. Then use a piece of cloth to wipe it until it becomes hot. Boil lard obtained in the twelfth month to which was added pig iron382 three times to bubbling and apply this [to the region in question. Hair] will grow everywhere. Qian jin yi. 冬月唇裂。煉過豬脂，日日塗之。十便良方。 Lip fissures in winter. Smear refined lard on it daily. Shi bian liang fang. 熱毒攻手。腫痛欲脱，豬膏和羊屎塗之。外臺。 Heat poison affecting the hands, with painful swelling, as if they were to fall off. Smear lard mixed with sheep dung on them. Wai tai. 手足皴破。豬脂着熱酒中洗之。千金方。 Chapped hands and feet. Wash them with lard dissolved in hot wine. Qian jin fang. 代指疼痛。豬膏和白墡土傅之。小品方。 Painful finger replacement.383 Mix lard with white chalk and apply this topically. Xiao pin fang. 口瘡塞咽。用豬膏、白蜜各一斤，黄連末一兩，合煎取汁熬稠，每服棗 許，日五服。千金。 Mouth sores with a blocked throat. Mix one jin each of lard and white honey and one liang of coptis [rhizome] powder, boil this, remove the juice and boil it down to a viscous paste. Each time [let the patient] ingest as much as a Chinese date, five times daily. Qian jin. 疥瘡有蟲。豬膏煎芫花，塗之。肘後。 Jie-illness384 with worms/bugs. Boil lard with daphne [herb], and smear it on [the affected region]. Zhou hou.

382 Qian jin yi, ch. 5, Sheng fa hei fa 生髮黑髮, “to grow hair and to blacken hair,” has bing xi yan tie sheng jian 並細研鐵生煎, “boil it together with finely ground pig iron.” 383 Dai zhi 代指, “painful finger replacement.” A condition of sores developing at the margins of one’s fingernails with the edges being inflamed, swollen and painful. BCGM Dict I, 117. 384 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

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瘻鼠瘰癧。用豬膏淹生地黄，煎六七沸，塗之。 Mouse fistula,385 [i. e.] scrofula pervasion-illness.386 Soak fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] in lard, boil this six, seven times to bubbling, and smear this on [the affected region].387 漏瘡不合。以紙纴粘臘豬脂納瘡中，日五夜三。千金翼。 Leaking sores that fail to close. Soak a paper spill in lard obtained in the twelfth month and insert this into the lesion. Five times during daytime; three times at night. Qian jin yi. 漆瘡作痒。豬膏頻塗之。千金。 Sores resulting from lacquer, with itch. Repeatedly smear lard on [the affected region]. Qian jin. 咽喉骨哽。吞豬膏一團，不瘥更吞之。千金方。 Choking on a bone. Swallow one lump of lard. If this does not cure it, swallow one again. Qian jin fang. 身面疣目。以豬脂揩之，令血出少許，神驗不可加。千金。 Wart eyes on the body and on the face. Rub them with lard and let a little blood come out of them. Divinely effective; topped by nothing. Qian jin. 誤吞鍼釘。豬脂多食令飽，自然裹出。普濟方。 Inadvertent swallowing of a needle or nail. Eat lard to repletion and [the object] will be wrapped [by the lard] and come out. Pu ji fang. 雜物入目。豬脂煮，取水面如油者，仰卧去枕點鼻中，不過數度，與物俱 出。聖惠方。 Any object that has entered the eyes. Boil lard and remove the oil-like water from the surface. [Let the patient] lie down on his back, with the headrest removed, and drip this into his nose. After only a few such applications, [the liquid] will come out again together with the object. Sheng hui fang. 蜈蚣入耳。炙豬肪掩耳，自出。梅師。 A centipede has entered the ear. Cover the ear with fried lard and it will come out. Mei shi. 385 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.” 386 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 387 The original Ben cao gang mu text fails to mention the source of this recipe. It is listen in Qian jin fang ch. 23, jiu lou 九漏, “nine kinds of leaking.”

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蟲蟻入耳。方法同上。 Worms/bugs and ants have entered an ear. Same method as above. 發背發乳。豬脂切片，冷水浸貼。日易四五十片，甚妙。救急方。 Effusion of the back;388 breast effusion.389 Cut lard into pieces, soak them in cold water, and apply them topically. Exchange these pieces 40 to 50 times a day. Very wondrous. Jiu ji fang. 50-01-06 腦。Nao. [Pig] brain. 【氣味】甘，寒，有毒。【時珍曰】禮記云：食豚去腦。孫真人食忌云： 豬腦損男子陽道，臨房不能行事，酒後尤不可食。延壽書云：今人以鹽酒 食豬腦，是自引賊也。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, poisonous. [Li] Shizhen: The Li ji states: “When pigs are eaten, the brain is to be removed.” Sun Zhenren’s Shi ji states: “A pig’s brain harms a male’s yang path and he is unable to perform in the bedroom. After having consumed wine, in particular, he must not eat it.” The Yan shou shu states: “Nowadays, people eat pig brain with salt and wine. This is like personally inviting a robber.” 【主治】風眩腦鳴，凍瘡。别録。主癰腫，塗紙上貼之，乾則易。治手足 皸裂出血，以酒化洗，并塗之。時珍。 Control. Wind dizziness and brain sounds. Frostbite. Bie lu. To control obstruction-illness390 with swelling, smear [pig brain] on a piece of paper and attach it to [the frostbite]. Exchange [the plaster] once it has dried. It also serves to cure bleeding chaps of hands and feet. Dissolve it in wine and wash [the affected region]. Also smear it on [the affected region]. [Li] Shizhen.

388 Fa bei 發背, “effusion of the back.” A condition of an obstruction-illness and an impediment-illness developking on one’s back. BCGM Dict I, 148. 389 Fa ru 發乳, “breast effusion.” A condition of a grave breast obstruction-illness, ru yong 乳癰, with local appearance and also severe headache and fever affecting the entiry body. BCGM Dict I, 148. 390 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded].

喉痺已破，瘡口痛者。豬腦髓蒸熟，入薑、醋喫之，即愈。普濟方。 For throat blockage that has broken open. When the opening of the sore aches. Steam pig brain until it is done, add ginger and vinegar, and [let the patient] eat this. This brings the cure. Pu ji fang. 50-01-07 髓。Sui. [Pig] marrow. 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】撲損惡瘡。頌。塗小兒解顱、頭瘡，及臍腫、眉瘡、瘑疥。服 之，補骨髓，益虚勞。時珍。 Control. Malign sores resulting from a beating or other kinds of injuries. [Su] Song. Applied topically, it dissolves sores on the skull and head of children, also navel swelling and eyebrow sores, as well as lair-illness391 and jie-illness.392 When ingested, it serves to supplement bone marrow, and it boosts [the qi in the case of ] depletion exhaustion. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】按丹溪治虚損補陰丸，多用豬脊髓和丸。取其通腎 命，以骨入骨，以髓補髓也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: [Zhu] Danxi cured depletion injury with the “pills to supplement the yin.” He often made use of marrow from a pig’s spine to prepare these pills. This is employing the [marrow’s] mandate to penetrate the kidneys. It is to enter bones with bones, and to supplement marrow with marrow. 【附方】新七。 Added recipes: Seven newly [recorded]. 骨蒸勞傷。豬脊髓一條，豬膽汁一枚，童便一盞，柴胡、前胡、胡黄連、烏 梅各一錢，韭白七根，同煎七分，温服。不過三服，其效如神。瑞竹堂方。 Bone steaming with exhaustion393 damage. One string of marrow from a pig’s spine, 391 Guo chuang 瘑瘡, “lair-illness sores,” a vaguely defined skin ailment associated with pain, itch and a gradual extension. BCGM Dict I, 203-204. 392 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 393 Gu zheng lao 骨蒸勞, “exhaustion because of bone steaming.” Identical with chuan shi 傳尸, “corpse [evil] transmission.” (1) An infectious consumptive disease. (2) Heat and

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a certain amount of pig bile, one cup of boys’ urine, and one qian each of bupleurum [root], peucedanum [root], picrorhiza [rhizome] and smoked plums, as well as seven roots of Chinese chives, are all boiled together. This then is divided into seven portions. To be ingested warm. Divinely effective. Rui zhu tang fang. 小兒解顱。豬牙車骨煎取髓，傅，日三。千金方。 Open skull of children. Boil a pig’s cheek bone to obtain its marrow. To be applied topically three times a day. Qian jin fang. 小兒臍腫。豬頰車髓十二銖，杏仁半兩，研傅。千金。 Umbilical swelling of children. Twelve zhu of marrow from a pig’s cheek bone and half a liang of apricot seeds are ground to powder to be applied topically. Qian jin. 小兒眉瘡。豬頸骨髓六七枚，白膠香二錢，同入銅器熬稠，待冷爲末，麻 油調塗。 Eyebrow sores of children. Marrow from six to seven neck bones of a pig and two qian of liquidambar [resine] are boiled in a copper pot until a thick paste has formed. Once it has cooled down it is [ground to] powder. [The powder] is to be mixed with sesame oil to be applied [to the affected region]. 小兒瘑瘡。豬牙車骨年久者搥碎，炙令髓出，熱取塗之。小品。 Lair-illness394 sores of children. Cheekbones of pigs that have [been kept for] many years are broken to small pieces which are then roasted to let the marrow come out. The hot [marrow] is applied to [the affected region]. Xiao pin. 小兒頭瘡。豬𩩅骨中髓，和膩粉成劑，火中煨香，研末。先温鹽水洗浄， 敷之。亦治肥瘡出汁。普濟方。 Sores on the head of children. The marrow from within the tube/tibia bone of a pig is mixed with calomel. The resulting preparation is then simmered in a fire until it develops an aroma. Then it is ground to powder. [The affected region] is first washed with warm brine, and then the [powder] is applied. It also may serve to cure fat sores emitting a juice. Pu ji fang. 小兒疳瘡。方同上。 Gan-illness395 sores of children. Same recipe as above. vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197. 394 Guo chuang 瘑瘡, “lair-illness sores,” a vaguely defined skin ailment associated with pain, itch and a gradual extension. BCGM Dict I, 203-204. 395 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease

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50-01-08 血。Xue. [Pig] blood. 【氣味】鹹，平，無毒。【思邈曰】澀，平。【時珍曰】服地黄、何首烏 諸補藥者忌之，云能損陽也。同黄豆食，滯氣。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Sun] Simiao: Astringent, balanced. [Li] Shizhen: At the time one ingests supplementing drugs such as Chinese foxglove [rhizome], , polygonum [root] and others, [pig] blood must be avoided. It is said that otherwise his yang is injured. When eaten together with soybeans, it lets the qi stagnate. 【主治】生血：療賁豚暴氣，及海外瘴氣。日華。中風絶傷，頭風眩運及 淋瀝。蘇恭。卒下血不止，清酒和炒，食之。思邈。清油炒食，治嘈雜有 蟲。時珍。壓丹石，解諸毒。吴瑞。 Control. It generates blood. It heals running piglet396 with violent qi. Rihua. Wind stroke with harm and [the qi flow] severed. Head wind with vertigo. Dripping [urine]. Su Gong. For sudden and incessant discharge of blood, mix [the blood] with clear wine, fry it, and ingest this. [Sun] Simiao: Consumed mixed with clear wine and fried, it serves to cure [intestinal] noises with the presence of worms/bugs. [Li] Shizhen: It serves to push down [in one’s body] elixir minerals, and resolves all kinds of poisons. Wu Rui. 【發明】【時珍曰】按陳自明云：婦人嘈雜，皆血液、淚、汗變而爲痰， 或言是血嘈，多以豬血炒食而愈，蓋以血導血歸原之意爾。此固一説，然 亦有蚘蟲作嘈雜者，蟲得血腥則飽而伏也。 Explication. According to Chen Ziming, intestinal noises of women are always caused by a change to phlegm of blood, body fluids, tears and sweat. Others say, these are noises made by the blood. They are often cured with a consumption of pig blood that has been fried. The underlying principle is to use blood to lead blood to return. This is definitely a solid explanation. But it also happens that tapeworms cause noises. When the worms sense the smell of blood, they are satisfied and lie down to hide.

category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 396 Ben tun 賁豚, “running piglet.” A condition of an accumulation associated with the kidneys. It assumes the shape of a piglet und affects the lower abdomen. It may ascend to the heart and moves upward and downward at irregular intervals. BCGM Dict I, 57.

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【附方】新五。 Added recipes: Five newly [recorded]. 交接陰毒，腹痛欲死。豭豬血乘熱和酒飲之。肘後。 Yin poison397 resulting from [sexual] intercourse, with abdominal pain making one wish to die. Take blood from a male pig and mix it, as long as it is hot, with wine, and drink this. Zhou hou. 中滿腹脹，旦食不能暮食。用不着鹽水豬血，漉去水，晒乾爲末，酒服取 洩，甚效。李樓奇方。 A feeling of fullness in the center, with abdominal distension. One eats at dawn and is unable to eat at night. Seep a pig’s blood that has not been treated with brine through a filter to remove the water. Dry [the remaining blood] in the sun and prepare a powder. Ingest this with wine to obtain a free outflow. Very effective. Li Lou, Qi fang. 杖瘡血出。豬血一升，石灰七升，和劑燒灰，再以水和丸，又燒，凡三 次，爲末敷之效。外臺。 Bleeding wounds resulting from caning. One sheng of pig blood and seven sheng of lime are mixed and burned to ashes. Add water again to prepare pills. Burn them again. Carry this out three times. Eventually prepare a powder, and apply this [to the wounds]. Effective. Wai tai. 中射罔毒。豬血飲之即解。肘後。 Poisoned by being struck by the archer.398 Drink a pig’s blood, and [the poison] will be resolved. Zhou hou. 蜈蚣入腹。豬血灌之。或飽食，少頃飲桐油，當吐出。 A centipede has entered the abdomen. Force-feed [the patient] with pig blood. Or [have him] eat to repletion, and after a short while [have him] drink vermicia oil. [The centipede] will be vomited out.

397 Yin du 陰毒, “yin poison,” (1) a condition of harm caused by cold resulting in a flourishing of only yang qi, and a diminuition of yin qi. (2) an etiological agent of a poison qi with a cold quality. BCGM Dict I 633. 398 She gong 射工, “archer,” (1) a small bug in ancient times believed to live in water and be capable of “shooting” poison from its mouth at people, thereby cauing disease; (2) a condition caused by the archer’s poison. BCGM Dict. I, 432. See 42-15.

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50-01-09 心血。Xin xue. [Pig] heart blood. 【主治】調朱砂末服，治驚癇癲疾。吴瑞。治卒惡死及痘瘡倒靨。時珍。 Control. Ingested mixed with cinnabar powder, it serves to cure fright epilepsy, and peak-illness. 399 Wu Rui. It serves to cure death from being suddenly [struck by the] malign, as well as small pox lesions and inverted moles. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】古方治驚風癲癇痘疾，多用豬心血，蓋以心歸心，以 血導血之意。用尾血者，取其動而不息也。豬爲水畜，其血性寒而能解毒 制陽故也。韓飛霞云：豬心血能引藥入本經，實非其補。沈存中云：豬血 得龍腦直入心經，是矣。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Ancient prescriptions for curing fright wind, peak-illness epilepsy, and smallpox illness, often made use of the heart blood of pigs. The underlying idea is to avail oneself of a heart to have [another] heart return, and to avail oneself of blood to guide blood. The blood of a tail is used to avail oneself of its nature to always move and never rest. Pigs are domestic animals associated with water. The nature of their blood is cold, and hence it is able to resolve poison and to keep the yang in check. Han Feixia states: “The heart blood of pigs can lead a medication into the respective [heart] conduit. The fact is, it does not serve to supplement it.” Shen Cunzhong states: “If borneol is added to a pig’s blood, it enters straight into the heart conduit.” That is correct.

【附方】新三。 Added recipes: Three newly [recorded]. 心病邪熱。蕊珠丸：用豬心血一箇，靛花末一匙，硃砂末一兩，同研，丸 梧子大。每酒服二十丸。奇效。 Heart disease with evil heat. The “pills from [the Palace of ] Unopened Flowers.” The blood from one pig’s heart, one spoon of indigo powder, and one liang of cinnabar powder are ground together and formed to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest, with wine, 20 pills. Qi xiao. 痘瘡黑陷。臘月收豶豬心血，瓶乾之，每用一錢，入龍腦少許，研匀酒 服。須臾紅活，神效。無乾血，用生血。沈存中方。 399 Dian 癲, “peak-illness,” BCGM Dict I, 123, identical with dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125.

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Smallpox lesions that are black and sunken. Fill a jar with the blood from the heart of a castrated boar, obtained in the twelfth month, and let it dry. Each time use one qian, add a small amount of borneol, grind [these two components] until they are evenly mixed, and [let the patient] ingest this with wine. After a short while, [the smallpox lesions] will become red and alive. Divinely effective. If no dried blood is available, use fresh blood. Shen Cunzhong fang. 婦人催生。開骨膏：用豬心血和乳香末，丸梧子大，硃砂爲衣。面東酒吞 一丸，未下再服。婦人良方。 To hasten a woman’s giving birth. The “paste that opens bones.” Mix the blood from the heart of a pig with frankincense powder, and form pills the size of wu seeds. [Have the woman ] take a position facing South and let her swallow, with wine, one pill. If [the child] does not come down, ingest this a second time. Fu ren liang fang. 50-01-10 尾血。Wei xue. [Pig] tail blood. 【主治】痘瘡倒靨，用一匙，調龍腦少許，新汲水服。又治卒中惡死。時 珍。 Control. Small pox lesions with inverted moles. Mix the amount held by a spoon with a small amount of borneol, and [let the patient] ingest this with freshly drawn water. It also serves to cure death from being suddenly struck by the malign. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】舊一，新一。 Added recipes: One of old; one newly [recorded]. 卒中惡死。斷豬尾取血飲，并縛豚枕之，即活。此乃長桑君授扁鵲法也。 出魏夫人傳。肘後方。 Death from being suddenly struck by the malign. Cut off the tail of a pig and [let the patient] drink its blood. Also, tie the pig up and let [the patient] use it as a headrest. This will bring him back to life. This is a method given by Chang sang jun to Bian Que. It was quoted from the biography of Wei fu ren. Zhou hou fang. 蛇入七孔。割母豬尾血，滴入即出也。千金方。 A snake has entered any of the seven orifices. Cut open a mother pig’s tail to obtain its blood. Drip it into [the orifice in question] and [the snake] will come out. Qian jin fang.

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50-01-11 心。Xin. [Pig] heart. 【氣味】甘、鹹，平，無毒。【頌曰】多食，耗心氣，不可合吴茱萸食。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Su] Song: When eaten in large amounts, it will waste the heart qi. It must not be eaten together with evodia [fruits]. 【主治】驚邪憂恚。别録。虚悸氣逆，婦人産後中風，血氣驚恐。思邈。 補血不足，虚劣。蘇頌。五臟：主小兒驚癇，出汗。蘇恭。 Control. Fright evil400 resulting in sorrow and rage. Bie lu. Depletion palpitation with countermovement of qi. Women being struck by wind401 following childbirth, with blood and qi being terrified. [Sun] Simiao. It supplements blood insufficiency, depletion and diminution. [Su] Song. [All] the five long-term depots: they control fright epilepsy of children, and induce sweating. Su Gong. 【發明】【劉完素曰】豬，水畜也，故心可以鎮恍惚。 Explication. Liu Wansu: Pigs are animals [associated with the phase] water. Hence [their] heart is able to calm absent-mindedness.

【附方】舊一，新三。 Added recipes: One of old; three newly [recorded]. 心虚自汗。不睡者。用豶豬心一箇，帶血破開，入人參、當歸各二兩，煮 熟去藥食之。不過數服即愈。證治要訣。 Heart depletion with spontaneous sweating. When [patients] cannot sleep. Open a castrated boar’s heart that is still filled with blood and enter into it two liang each of ginseng [root] and angelica [root]. Boil this until it is done, remove the pharmaceutical substances, and eat the [heart]. A cure is achieved after only a few such ingestions. Zheng zhi yao jue. 心虚嗽血。沉香末一錢，半夏七枚，入豬心中，以小便濕紙包，煨熟，去 半夏食之。證治要訣。

400 Jing xie 驚邪, “fright evil.” A condition caused be being frightened. BCGM Dict I, 268. 401 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683.

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Heart depletion with coughing up of blood. One qian of aloes wood powder and seven pieces of pinellia [root] are given into a pig’s heart. It is then wrapped in paper wetted with urine. This is then simmered over a slow fire until it is done. Remove the pinellia [root] and eat the [heart]. Zheng zhi yao jue. 産後風邪，心虚驚悸。用豬心一枚，五味、豉汁煮食之。心鏡。 Wind evil following childbirth. Heart depletion with fright and palpitations. Boil one heart of a pig together with the five spices and the juice from fermented beans and [let the patient] eat this. Xin jing. 急心疼痛。豬心一枚，每歲入胡椒一粒，同鹽、酒煮食。 Sudden pain in the heart. Take one heart of a pig and add to it as many black pepper grains as [the patient has lived through] years. Boil this with salt and wine and eat it. 50-01-12 肝。Gan. [Pig] liver. 入藥用子肝。 When added to a medication, use the liver from a piglet. 【氣味】苦，温，無毒。【時珍曰】餌藥人不可食之。合魚鱠食，生癰 疽；合鯉魚腸、子食，傷人神；合鵪鶉食，生面䵟。延壽書云：豬臨殺， 驚氣入心，絶氣歸肝，俱不可多食，必傷人。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, warm, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: People who are taking medicine must no eat it. If eaten mixed with [fresh] fish and minced fish, it will generate obstruction- and impediment-illness 402 Eaten mixed with carp intestines or roe, it will harm one’s spirit. Eaten mixed with quail, it will generate facial gloom. The Yan shou shu states: When a pig is about to be slaughtered, fright qi enter its heart. The flow of qi is interrupted, they return to the liver. Hence one cannot eat much of it. It will inevitably harm one. 【主治】小兒驚癇。蘇恭。切作生，以薑、醋食，主脚氣，當微洩。若先 利，即勿服。藏器。治冷勞臟虚，冷洩久滑，赤白帶下，以一葉薄批，揾 着訶子末炙之，再揾再炙，盡末半兩，空腹細嚼，陳米飲送下。蘇頌。補 肝明目，療肝虚浮腫。時珍。

402 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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Control. Fright epilepsy of children. [Su] Gong. Fresh [pig liver] cut into pieces and eaten together with ginger and vinegar controls leg qi,403 and will generate a mild outflow. If there was a free outflow from the beginning, it must not be ingested. [Chen] Cangqi. To cure cold exhaustion with depletion of long-term depots, cold outflow that has lasted for a long time, with soft, red and white [fecal matter], as well as [diseases of women] below the belt, take one thin [liver] lobe, press terminalia fruit powder into it, and roast this. Then press more [of the powder] into it and roast it again. Continue this until one half liang of the powder is used up. [Let the patient] chew this fine on an empty stomach, and send it down [in its body] with the liquid obtained from cooking long-stored rice. Su Song. It serves to supplement the liver and to clear the eyes. It heals liver depletion and surface swelling. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】肝主藏血，故諸血病用爲嚮導入肝。千金翼治痢疾有 豬肝丸，治脱肛有豬肝散，諸眼目方多有豬肝散，皆此意也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The liver is responsible for storing the blood. Hence for all kinds of blood diseases, it is made use of to guide [the medication] into the liver. Qian jin yi. To cure free-flux illness404 the “pills with pig liver” are available. To cure anal prolapse, the “powder with pig liver” is available. For all kinds of recipes for the eyes, the pig liver powder is often [used]. All these are [therapies] based on this idea.

【附方】舊六，新八。 Added recipes: Six of old. Eight newly [recorded]. 休息痢疾。豶豬肝一具切片，杏仁炒一兩，於浄鍋内，一重肝，一重杏 仁，入童子小便二升，文火煎乾。取食，日一次。千金。 Dormant free-flux illness.405 One liver of a castrated boar, cut into pieces, and one liang of roasted apricot seeds are given into a clean pot, with one level liver and one level apricot seeds. Add two sheng boys’ urine to this, and simmer it over a slow fire until it has dried. Eat this, once a day. Qian jin. 浮腫脹滿，不下食。豬肝一具洗切，着葱、豉、薑、椒炙食之。或單煮羹 亦可。心鏡。 Breast swelling and a feeling of fullness in the abdomen, with an inability to eat. Rinse one pig liver and cut it into pieces. Add onion, fermented soybeans, ginger 403 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248. 404 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 405 Xiu xi li 休息痢, “dormant free-flux illness.“ Free-flux illness that at times is dormant, at times is active and cannot be healed for an extended period of time. BCGM Dict I, 583.

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and Chinese pepper, and eat this. Or simply boil [the liver] alone in water to prepare a thick soup. This is possible, too. Xin jing. 身面卒腫。生豬肝一具細切，醋洗，入蒜、醋食之。勿用鹽。 Swelling at various locations on the body and the face. Cut one fresh pig liver into fine pieces, rinse them with vinegar, and eat them together with garlic and vinegar. Do not use salt.406 腫自足起。方法同上。 When the swelling emerges from the feet, the same method is used as above. 風毒脚氣。豬肝作生膾，食之取利。 Wind poison and leg qi.407 Prepare fresh minced meat with pig liver. When this is eaten, it will be beneficial. 水腫溲澀。豬肝尖三塊，菉豆四撮，陳倉米一合，同水煮粥食，毒從小便 出也。 Water swelling with rough urination. Three pieces of pig liver tips, four portions of green beans picked up with four fingers, and one ge of rice stored in a granary for a long time, are boiled together with water to prepare a congee. When this is eaten, the poison will leave [one’s body] together with the urine. 中蠱腹痛。支太醫秘方：以豬肝一具，蜜一升，共煎，分二十服，或爲丸 服。肘後。 Being struck by gu408 with abdominal pain. The Zhi tai yi mi fang [recommends]: One pig liver and one sheng honey are boiled together and ingested divided into 20 portions. Or this is ingested as pills. Zhou hou. 食即汗出。乃脾胃虚也。豬肝一斤薄切，瓦上曝乾爲末，煮白粥，布絞 汁，和，衆手丸梧子大。空心飲下五十丸，日五。心鏡。 One eats and sweats. This is a spleen and stomach depletion. Cut one jin of pig liver into thin slices, dry them on a tile in the sun, and [grind them to a] powder. Then boil a plain rice congee. [Give the congee into] a piece of cloth and wring it to ob406 The original text of the Ben cao gang mu fails to mention the source of this recipe. It is listed in Zhou hou fang ch. 3, zhi zu shen mian zhong man fang 治卒身面腫滿方, “recipes to cure sudden/violent bloating of body and face.” 407 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248. 408 Gu du [qi] 蠱毒[氣], “gu-poison [qi].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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tain a juice. Mix [the powder with the juice]. The hands of many persons shall form pills of the size of wu seeds [from the powder and the congee juice]. Ingest 50 such pills on an empty stomach, with a beverage, five times a day. Xin jing. 目難遠視。肝虚也。豬肝一具，細切，去皮膜，葱白一握，用豉汁作羹， 待熟，下雞子三箇，食之。普濟方。 Difficulties to see into the far distance. This is a liver depletion. One pig liver cut into fine pieces, with its outer membrane removed, and one handful of onions are [boiled] with the juice of fermented soybeans to a thick soup. Wenn this is done, add three chicken eggs, and eat this. Pu ji fang. 肝熱目赤，磣痛。用豬肝一具薄切，水洗浄，以五味食之。食醫心鏡。 Liver heat accompanied by red eyes, with a gritty feeling and pain. Cut one pig liver into thin slices and wash them clean with water. Add the five spices and eat this. Shi yi xin jing. 牙疳危急。豬肝一具煮熟，蘸赤芍藥末任意食之。後服平胃散二三貼，即 效。節要。 Dental gan-illness409 in a critical stage. Boil one pig liver until done and dip it into paeonia [root] powder. Eat this at will. Thereafter ingest two to three allowances of the “powder to level the stomach [qi].” This will have an effect. Jie yao. 女人陰痒。炙豬肝納入，當有蟲出。肘後。 Itch in a woman’s yin (i.e.,genital) region. Insert there a roasted pig liver, and the worms/bugs will come out. Zhou hou. 打擊青腫。炙豬肝貼之。千金。 Greenish swelling following an attack with beating. Roast pig liver and apply it to [the affected region]. Qian jin. 急勞瘦悴，日晚即寒熱，驚悸煩渴。用豶豬肝一具，切絲，生甘草末十五 兩，於鐺中布肝一重，摻甘草一重，以盡爲度，取童便五升，文武火煮 乾，擣爛，衆手丸梧子大。每空心米飲下二十丸，漸加至三十丸。聖惠方。 Acute exhaustion and emaciation with distress. With sensations of cold and heat during daytime and in the evening, fright palpitations, vexation, and thirst. The liver of a castrated boar cut into threads and 15 liang of fresh glycyrrhiza [root] are brought into a pot, spreading the liver [threads] as one layer and adding the gly409 Ya gan 牙疳, “dental gan-illness,” with teeth and the gums festering and emitting a bad stench, the teeth aching and becoming lose, and the appearance of pus and blood. BCGM Dict I, 605.

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cyrrhiza [root] as a second layer until [both ingredients] are used up. Then add five sheng of boys’ urine and boil this over an alternatingly mild and violent fire until it is dry. Pound this to a pulp and use the hands of many [persons] to prepare pills of the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest, on an empty stomach, 20 such pills with the water used to wash rice. Gradually increase the dose to 30 pills. Sheng hui fang. 50-01-13 脾。Pi. [Pig] spleen. 俗名聯貼。 Commonly called lian tie 聯貼, “joint attachment.” 【氣味】澀，平，無毒。【時珍曰】諸獸脾味如泥，其屬土也可驗。【思 邈曰】凡六畜脾，人一生莫食之。 Qi and Flavor. Rough, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: The flavor of the spleen of all animals resembles that of clay. This is proof of their association with [the phase] soil. [Sun] Simiao: The spleens of any of the six kinds of domestic animals must not be eaten in one’s entire lifetime. 【主治】脾胃虚熱，同陳橘紅、人參、生薑、葱白，陳米煮羹食之。蘇頌。 Control. [To cure] depletion heat of spleen and stomach, eat it boiled to a congee together with long stored [external] red [layers of ] tangerine peels, ginseng [root], fresh ginger, onions and stored rice. Su Song.

【附方】新二。 Added recipes: Two newly [recorded]. 脾積痞塊。豬脾七箇，每箇用新針一箇刺爛，以皮硝一錢擦之，七箇並 同，以瓷器盛七日，鐵器焙乾。又用水紅花子七錢，同搗爲末，以無灰酒 空心調下。一年以下者，一服可愈；五年以下者，二服；十年以下者，三 服。保壽堂方。 Spleen accumulation, obstacle-illness410 with lumps. Seven pig spleens are pierced with a new needle until they are mashed, and then rub this with one qian of impure mirabilite. Do this seven times. Then fill this into a porcelain container for seven days. Next bake it in an iron pot until it is dry. Add seven qian of water safflower seeds and pound this to powder. This is to be ingested mixed with ash-free wine 410 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” (1) a feeling of uncomfortable fullness and distension, (2) a pathological condition of uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I, 371.

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on an empty stomach. Cases that have lasted for less than one year can be cured with one ingestion. Those that have not lasted longer than five years, [will be cured] with two ingestions. For those that have lasted up to ten years, three ingestions [are required]. Bao shou tang fang. 瘧發無時。胡椒、吴茱萸、高良薑各二錢，爲末，以豬脾一條，作膾炒 熟，一半滚藥，一半不滚，以墨記定，並作餛飩煮熟。有藥者吞之，無藥 者嚼下，一服效。衛生家寶方。 Malaria outbreaks at any time. [Grind to] powder two qian each of black pepper, evodia [fruit] and galanga [root]. Then prepare one pig spleen to minced meat, and roast it until it is done. One half of it is filled with the [three] medicinal [substances]; the other half not. Use ink to identify [the two different portions] and boil them to prepare dumplings. Those with the medicinals are to be swallowed. Those without medicinals are to be chewed first before they are sent down [in one’s body]. One ingestion is effective. Wei sheng jia bao fang. 50-01-14 肺。Fei. [Pig] lung. 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。【頌曰】得大麻仁良。不與白花菜合食，令人 氣滯，發霍亂。八月和飴食，至冬發疽。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cool, nonpoisonous. [Su] Song: If combined with hemp seeds, it is good. It must not be eaten together with cauliflower, lest one’s qi stagnate and cause an outbreak of cholera. If eaten together with maltose during the eighth month, it will cause an outbreak of impediment-illness411 in winter. 【主治】補肺。蘇頌。療肺虚欬嗽，以一具竹刀切片，麻油炒熟，同粥 食。又治肺虚嗽血，煮，蘸薏苡仁末食之。時珍。出要訣諸方。 Control. It serves to supplement the lung. Su Song. To heal lung depletion with cough, cut one [pig lung] with a bamboo knife to pieces, fry it with sesame oil until it is done, and eat it with a congee. Also, to cure lung depletion with a coughing of blood, boil it, then dip it into Job’s teras seed powder and eat this. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the recipes of all kinds in the Yao jue.

411 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277.

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50-01-15 腎。Shen. [Pig] kidneys. 俗名腰子。 Commonly called yao zi 腰子. 【氣味】鹹，冷，無毒。【思邈曰】平。【日華曰】雖補腎，而久食令人 少子。【詵曰】久食令人傷腎。【頌曰】冬月不可食，損人真氣，兼發虚 壅。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, cool, nonpoisonous. [Sun] Simiao: Balanced. Rihua: Even though it serves to supplement the kidneys, when eaten over a long time, it lets one have less children. [Meng] Shen: Eaten over a long time, it harms one’s kidneys. [Su] Song: In winter it must not be eaten, lest it harm one’s true qi and causes outbreaks of depletion associated with obstruction. 【主治】理腎氣，通膀胱。别録。補膀胱水臟，暖腰膝，治耳聾。日華。 補虚壯氣，消積滯。蘇頌。除冷利。孫思邈。止消渴，治産勞虚汗，下痢 崩中。時珍。 Control. It regulates the kidney qi and opens the passage through the urinary bladder. Bie lu. It supplements the urinary bladder and the long-term water depot. It warms the lower back and the knees, and serves to cure deafness. Rihua. It serves to supplement a depletion and to strengthen the qi. It dissolves accumulations and stagnations. Su Song. It provides an end to cold free-flow. Sun Simiao. It ends melting with thirst.412 It serves to cure exhaustion following childbirth and depletion with sweating, discharge with free-flux illness413 and collapsing center.414 [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】豬腎，别録謂其理腎氣，通膀胱。日華亦曰補水臟膀 胱，暖腰膝。而又曰雖補腎，久食令人少子。孟詵亦曰：久食令人腎虚。 兩相矛盾如此，何哉？蓋豬腎性寒，不能補命門精氣。方藥所用，借其引 導而已。别録 理字、通字，最爲有理；日華暖腰膝、補膀胱水臟之説爲非 矣。腎有虚熱者，宜食之；若腎氣虚寒者，非所宜矣。今人不達此意，往 往食豬腎爲補，不可不審。又千金治消渴有豬腎薺苨湯，補腎虚勞損諸病 有腎瀝湯，方甚多，皆用豬羊腎煮湯煎藥，俱是引導之意。 412 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 413 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 414 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Of pig kidneys, the Bie lu says that they regulate one’s kidney qi. Rihua, too, says that they supplement the long-term water depot and the urinary bladder, that they warm the lower back and the knees. And it is also said: Even though they supplement the kidneys, eaten over a long time they let one have less children. [Meng] Shen also said: “Eaten over a long period of time they let one have a kidney depletion.” Now, with these two views contradicting each other, how can this be? The fact is, the nature of pig kidneys is cold; they are unable to supplement the essence qi in one’s Gate of Life. When used in a medicinal recipe, they simply serve to guide the [medicinals], and nothing else. When the Bie lu uses such characters as li 理, “to regulate,” and tong 通, “to free a passage,” then this makes very much sense. But when Rihua claims that [pig kidneys] warm the lower back and the knees, and that they supplement the urinary bladder and the long-term water depot, then this is wrong. When one’s kidneys are depleted and have heat, it is advisable to eat [pig kidneys]. But when the kidney qi are depleted and have cold, then it is not appropriate [to eat them]. Nowadays, no one has access to these principles. The people often eat pig kidneys for supplementation, but [in each individual case, whether this is appropriate or not] is to be examined carefully. Also, the Qian jin, for curing melting with thirst lists the “decoction with pig kidneys and apricot-leaved adenophora [root],” and to supplement in the case of kidney depletion and exhaustion injuries and all such diseases, it lists the “decoction for dripping kidneys.” There are many such recipes that make use, in decoctions and fried medicinals, of pig and lamb kidneys. They are all based on this same principle of [kidneys serving as] guides [of medicinal substances].

【附方】舊四，新十九。 Added recipes. Four of old. 19 newly [recorded]. 腎虚遺精，多汗，夜夢鬼交。用豬腎一枚，切開去膜，入附子末一錢，濕 紙裹煨熟，空心食之，飲酒一盃。不過三五服，效。經驗方。 Kidney depletion with involuntary loss of essence/sperm, with profuse sweating,415 and intercourse with demons in dreams during the night. Cut one pig kidney open, remove the membranes, and fill one qian of aconitum [accessory tuber] powder into it. Wrap it in moist paper and cook it over a small fire until it is done. Eat this on an empty stomach, and drink one cup of wine. An effect is achieved after no more than three to five ingestions. Jing yan fang.

415 Zheng lei ch. 18, tun luan 豚卵, “outer testicles of boars,” has dao han 盗汗, “robber sweat,” instead of duo han 多汗, “profuse sweating.”

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腎虚陰痿，羸瘦，精衰少力。用豶豬腎一對，去脂膜，切片，枸杞葉半 斤，以豉汁一盞，同椒、鹽煮羹食。經驗方。 Kidney depletion with a dysfunction of the yin (i.e., genital) member. With emaciation, poor [emission of ] essence/sperm and deficient strength. Take one pair of kidneys of a castrated boar, with the fat and the membranes removed and cut into pieces, one half jin of lycium [herb] leaves, and one small cap of the juice of fermented beans. These are boiled together with Chinese pepper and salt to prepare a thick soup that is then eaten. Jing yan fang. 腎虚腰痛。用豬腰子一枚，切片，以椒、鹽淹，去腥水，入杜仲末三錢在 内，荷葉包煨食之，酒下。本草權度。 Kidney depletion with lower back pain. Cut one pig liver to pieces, preserve it with Chinese pepper and salt, and discard the malodorous water. Then add three qian of eucommia [bark] powder, wrap this with a lotus leaf and stew this over a slow fire. Eat this, and let it move down with wine. Ben cao quan du. 閃肭腰痛。用豶豬腎一枚，批片，鹽、椒淹過，入甘遂末三錢，荷葉包煨 熱食，酒送下。儒門事親。 Sprain with lower back pain. Cut one kidney of a castrated boar into pieces and preserve them with Chinese pepper and salt. Then add three qian of kansui [root] powder, wrap this in a lotus leaf, stew it over a slow fire until it is done, and eat this. To be sent down with wine. Ru men shi qin. 老人耳聾。豬腎一對，去膜，切，以粳米二合，葱白二根，薤白七根，人 參二分，防風一分，爲末，同煮粥食。奉親養老方。 Deafness of old persons. Remove the membranes from a pair of pig kidneys, and cut them into pieces. Then prepare a powder consisting of two ge of white polished non-glutinous rice, two onion roots, seven roots of long-stamen chives, two fen of ginseng [root], and one fen of saposhnikovia leaf, and boil this together with [the kidney pieces] to a congee. [Let the patient] eat this. Feng qin yang lao fang. 老人脚氣，嘔逆者。用豬腎一對，以醋、蒜、五味治食之，日作一服。或 以葱白、粳米同煮粥食亦可。奉親養老方。 Leg qi416 of old persons. With vomiting and countermovement [of qi]. Take one pair of pig kidneys, cure them with vinegar, garlic and the five spices and eat this. Once per day. Or, boil [the kidneys] with onions and white polished non-glutinous rice to a congee. When this is eaten, it works too. Feng qin yang lao fang. 416 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

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卒然腫滿。用豬腎批開，入甘遂末一錢，紙裹煨熟食。以小便利爲效，否 則再服。肘後方。 Sudden swelling with a feeling of fullness. Cut open a pig liver, fill one qian of kansui [root] powder into it, wrap this in paper, cook it over a slow fire until it is done and eat this. Once the urine flows freely, it has been effective. If not, ingest it again. Zhou hou fang. 肘傷冷痛。豬腎一對，桂心二兩，水八升，煮三升，分三服。肘後。 Injured elbow with a feeling of cold, and pain.417 One pair of pig kidneys, two liang of shaved cassia bark, and eight sheng of water are boiled down to three sheng, to be ingested in three portions. Zhou hou. 卒得欬嗽。豬腎二枚，乾薑三兩，水七升，煮二升，稍服取汗。肘後方。 Sudden affliction with cough. Two pig kidneys, three liang of dried ginger, and seven sheng of water are boiled down to two sheng. The ingestion of a small amount will result in sweating. Zhou hou fang. 久嗽不瘥。豬腎二枚，去脂膜，入椒四七粒，水煮啖之。張文仲方。 Chronic cough that has not been healed. Two pig kidneys, with fat and membranes removed, and 47 grains of Chinese pepper are boiled in water to be eaten. Zhang Wenzhong fang. 心氣虚損。豬腰子一枚，水二碗，煮至一碗半，切碎，入人參、當歸各半 兩，煮至八分。喫腰子，以汁送下。未盡者，同滓作丸服。百一選方。 Depletion and injury of the heart qi. One pig kidney is boiled in two bowls of water down to one and a half bowls. Then it is cut to pieces, to which are added one half of a liang each of ginseng [root] and angelica [root]. This is then boiled down to 80%. Eat the kidneys and wash them down with the juice. If [the illness is not cured] completely, use the dregs to prepare pills and ingest them. Bai yi xuan fang. 酒積面黄，腹脹不消。豬腰子一箇，批開七刀，葛根粉一錢，摻上合定， 每邊炙三遍半，手扯作六塊，空心喫之，米湯送下。聖濟總録。 Wine accumulation418 with a yellow face. With an abdominal distension that fails to disappear. Open a pig kidney with seven cuts. Add one qian of pueraria root powder 417 The Zhou hou fang, ch. 1, zhi cu xin tong fang 治卒心痛方, “recipes to cure sudden heart pain,“ has xin fei shang dong 心肺傷動, “heart and lung injured.“ 418 Jiu ji 酒積, “wine accumulation.” A condition of “food accumulation” resulting from an excessive consumption of wine, often accompanied by a yellow facial complexion with

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into them and firmly close [the kidney] again. Roast each side three times and a little more, and then use your hands to tear [the kidney] apart into six pieces to be eaten on an empty stomach. To be sent down with rice slot. Sheng ji zong lu.419 久泄不止。豬腎一箇，批開，摻骨碎補末煨熟食之，神效。瀕湖集簡方。 Chronic outflow that fails to end. Cut one pig kidney open and add drynaria [root] powder into it. Cook this over a slow fire until it is done, and eat this. Divinely effective. Bin hu ji jian fang. 赤白下痢：腰痛。用猪腎二枚研爛，入陳皮、椒、醬，作餛飩，空心食 之。食醫心鏡。 Red and white discharge and free-flux illness.420 With lower back pain. Pound two pig kidneys to a pulp. Add tangerine peels, Chinese pepper, and fermented millet [water] and prepare dumplings to be eaten on an empty stomach. Shi yi xin jing. 赤白帶下。常炙豬腎食之。張文仲方。 Red and white outflow from below the belt. Regularly roast a pig kidney and eat this. Zhang Wenzhong fang. 崩中漏下。方同上。 Collapsing center421 with leaking discharge. Same recipe as above. 産後蓐勞，寒熱。用豬腎一對，切細片，以鹽、酒拌之。先用粳米一合， 葱、椒煮粥，鹽、醋調和。將腰子鋪於盆底，以熱粥傾于上蓋之，如作盫 生粥食之。濟生。 Childbed exhaustion following childbirth. With sensations of cold and heat. Cut one pair of pig kidneys into fine pieces and add salt and wine to them. Then boil one ge of white polished non-glutinous rice with onions and Chinese pepper to a congee, and mix this with salt and vinegar. Now place the kidney [pieces] on the bottom of a bowl and cover them with the hot congee in just the same way as one prepares any food covered by a congee. [Have the woman] eat this. Ji sheng. depletion swelling, a distended, swollen abdomen, as well as vomiting and diarrhea. BCGM Dict I, 272. 419 The Sheng ji zong lu has no such recipe. It is quoted here from Pu ji fang, ch. 175, jiu pi 酒 癖 “wine aggregation-illness.“ 420 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 421 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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産後虚汗，發熱，肢體疼痛，亦名蓐勞。永類鈐方用豬腎一對，切，水三 升，粳米半合，椒、鹽、葱白煮粥食。梅師用豬腎同葱、豉和成，作臛食 之。 Depletion with sweating following childbirth. With heat effusion, and painful limbs and body. Also called childbed exhaustion. The Yong lei qian fang [recommends] to cut one pair of pig kidneys into pieces, and to boil it with three sheng of water, half a ge of white polished non-glutinous rice, as well as Chinese pepper, salt and onions to a congee that is to be eaten. The Mei shi [fang recommends] to use a pig kidney and to mix it with onions and fermented beans to prepare a soup that is to be eaten. 小兒躽啼。小兒五十日以來，胎寒腹痛，躽啼弄舌，微熱而驚，此癇候 也。豬腎一具，當歸一兩，焙，以清酒一升，煮七合。每以杏仁大與嚥 之，日三夜一。聖惠方。 Children sticking out their chest and belly, and crying. When a child for the past 50 days has had fetal cold and abdominal pain, sticking out its chest and belly, crying and having its eyes turned upward, accumulating saliva and playing around with its tongue, accompanied by mild heat and fright, then these are signs of epilepsy. Bake one pig kidney and one liang of angelica [root] over a slow fire, and then boil this with one sheng of clear wine down to seven ge. Each time [have the child] swallow as much as the size of apricot seeds;422 three times a day, once at night. Sheng hui fang. 小兒頭瘡。豬腰子一箇，批開去心膜，入五倍子、輕粉末等分在内，以沙 糖和麵固濟，炭火炙焦，爲末。清油調塗。經驗良方。 Lesions on the head of children. One pig kidney is cut open and the heart and membranes are removed. Then equal amounts of Chinese sumac gullnuts and calomel powder are filled into it, and [the kidney] is sealed with brown sugar and wheat flour. This is then roasted over a charcoal fire, and burned to powder. Mix this with clear oil and apply it to [the affected region]. Jing yan liang fang. 傳尸勞瘵。豬腰子一對，童子小便二盞，無灰酒一盞，新瓷瓶盛之，泥 封，炭火温養，自戌至子時止。待五更初温熟，取開飲酒，食腰子。病篤 者，只一月效。平日瘦怯者，亦可用之。蓋以血養血，絶勝金石草木之藥 也。邵真人經驗方。

422 Instead of mei yi 每以, the Sheng hui fang, ch. 82, zhi xiao er tai han zhu fang 治小兒胎寒 諸方, “recipes to cure all cases of children having been exposed to cold in the womb, has mei fu qu ru 每服取如, “for each ingestion take as much as [the size of apricot seeds and let the child swallow this].“

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Corpse [evil qi] transmission423 and exhaustion-illness with consumption. Fill one pair of pig kidneys, two cups of a boy’s urine, and one cup of ash-free wine into a new porcelain vase and close it firmly with clay. Then add warmth to it over a charcoal fire, from the hours of xu [7 -9 pm] to the hourse of zi [11 pm – 1 am]. Wait until the early morning, when the warmth has processed [the contents of the vase]. Then open the [porcelain vase] to remove the kidneys and eat the kidneys with wine as a beverage. Even serious cases of the disease will be cured effectively within only one month. Patients who are emaciated and timid every day, can use this [recipe] too. The fact is, blood is used here to nourish blood. This is definitely superior to all pharmaceutical substances from the realms of metals and minerals, herbs and trees. Shao Zhenren, Jing yan fang. 癰疽發背初起者。用豶豬腰子一雙，同飛麪搗如泥，塗之即愈。 Obstruction-illness and impediment illness,424 with an effusion on the back that has just begun to rise. Take one kidney from a castrated boar and pound it together with wheat flour to a pulp. Apply this to [the affected region], and this will be effective. 50-01-16 𦚟。Yi. [Pig] pancreas. 𦚟音夷，亦作胰。【時珍曰】一名腎脂。生兩腎中間，似脂非脂，似肉非 肉，乃人物之命門，三焦發原處也。肥則多，瘦則少。蓋頤養賴之，故謂 之頤。 𦚟 is read yi 夷; it is also written yi 胰. [Li] Shizhen: Another name is shen zhi 腎 脂 (“kidney fat”). It grows between two kidneys. It looks like fat but it is not fat. It looks like meat but it is not meat. It is the ming men 命門, “gate of life,” in humans, and the location where the Triple Burner originates. When it is fat, many [Triple Burner qi originate from it]. Is a person emaciated, then only a few [Triple Burner qi will originate there]. The fact is, how nurtured fit, yi yang 頤養, someone is, that depends on it. Hence it is called yi 𦚟.425

423 Chuan shi 傳尸, “corpse [qi] transmission.” An infectious consumptive disease. BCGM Dict I, 97. 424 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 425 Yi 頤, “to nurture,” and yi 𦚟, “pancreas,” are homophones. Hence the second yi 頤 should be yi 𦚟.

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【氣味】甘，平，微毒。【頌曰】男子多食損陽。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, slightly poisonous. [Su] Song: If a male eats much of it, it will harm his yang [potency]. 【主治】肺痿欬嗽，和棗肉浸酒服。亦治痃癖羸瘦。藏器。又合膏，練繒 帛。療肺氣乾脹喘急，潤五臟，去皴皰䵟𪒟，殺斑蝥、地膽毒，治冷痢成 虚。蘇頌。一切肺病欬嗽，膿血不止。以薄竹筒盛，於糖火中煨熟，食上 啖之，良。心鏡。通乳汁。之才。 Control. For lung dysfunction and cough, mix it with date pulp, soak it in wine, and ingest this. It also serves to cure string-illness426 with aggregation-illness.427 [Chen] Cangqi. Also, mixed with a paste, it serves to purify white silk fabrics. It heals dried up lung qi with [lung] distension and hasty panting. It moistens the five long-term depots, and eliminates chapped skin, blisters, and dermal dark spots. It kills the poison of mylabris beetles and blister beetles, and serves to cure cold free-flux illness428 that has resulted in depletion. Su Song. All kinds of lung diseases with cough; incessant festering with blood. Fill [pancreas] into a thin bamboo tube and cook it mildly over a slow fire until it is done. Eat it prior to meals. Good. Xin jing. It frees the passage of milk sap. [Xu] Zhicai.

【附方】舊二，新九。 Added recipes. Two of old. Nine newly [recorded] 豬𦚟酒。治冷痢久不瘥。此是脾氣不足，暴冷入脾，舌上生瘡，飲食無 味，或食下還吐，小腹雷鳴，時時心悶，乾皮細起，膝脛酸痛，羸瘦，漸 成鬼氣；及婦人血氣不通，逆飯憂煩，四肢無力；丈夫痃癖，兩肋虚脹， 變爲水氣。服之皆效。此法出於傳尸方。取豬𦚟一具，細切，與青蒿葉相 和。以無灰酒一大升，微火温之，藥熟納𦚟中，使消盡。又取桂心末一小 兩，内酒中。每旦温服一小盞，午、夜各再一服，甚驗。忌熱麵、油膩等 食。崔元亮海上方 Pig pancreas wine. It serves to cure chronic free-flux illness that no [other medication has been able to] heal. It is effective in the treatment of all the following conditions. Spleen qi insufficiency. Sudden intrusion of cold into the spleen. Lesions developing on the tongue. Eating and drinking without sensing a flavor, or food that is eaten being thrown up again. Thunderous noises in the lower abdomen. Repeated 426 Xuan 痃, “string-illness,” a condition of acute pain located in the abdomen to the left and right of the umbilicus. BCGM Dict I, 591. 427 Pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” of painful lumps emerging from time to time in both flanks. BCGM Dict I, 371. 428 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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sensation of heart-pressure. Dry skin with fine [chaps] rising. Sour and painful knees and shins. Emaciation. Gradual formation of demon qi. Blocked passage of blood and qi in women. Food moving upward, contrary to its normal passage, with anxiety and vexation. The four limbs without strength. String-illness with aggregation-illness in males. Depletion distension of the two rip flanks, with a change to water qi. This method has its origin among the recipes for corpse [qi] transmission.429 Cut one pig pancreas into fine pieces and mix them with wormwood leaves. Then heat one sheng of ash-free wine over a mild fire and give the drug into it while it is still hot430 so that [the pancreas] dissolves completely. Then bring less than one liang of shaved cassia bark powder into the wine. Each morning at dawn ingest a small cup of the warm [liquid]. At noon, and at night ingest this again. Very effective. [During this treatment] abstain from food prepared with heated wheat and oil. Cui Yuanliang, Hai shang fang. 膜内氣塊。豬𦚟一具炙，蘸玄胡索末食之。衛生易簡方。 Qi lumps in the [diaphragm] membrane. Roast one pig pancreas, dip it into corydalis [tuber] powder, and eat this. Wei sheng yi jian fang. 肺氣咳嗽。豬𦚟一具，苦酒煮食，不過二服。肘後方。 Lung qi causing cough. One pig pancreas is boiled with bitter wine and eaten. No more than two ingestions [will have an effect]. Zhou hou fang. 二十年嗽。豬𦚟三具，大棗百枚，酒五升漬之，秋冬七日，春夏五日，絞 去滓，七日服盡，忌鹽 A cough that has lasted for 20 years. Three pig pancreases and one 100 Chinese dates are soaked in five sheng of wine, for seven days in autumn and winter, and for five days in spring and summer. Squeeze [the liquid] out [of the dates] and discard the dregs. Ingest [the entire liquid] within seven days. [For this time] abstain from salt. 遠年肺氣。豬𦚟一具，膩粉一兩，瓷瓶固濟，上留小竅，煅烟盡，爲末。 每服二錢，漿水下。 Lung qi [disorder] lasting for a long period of years. One pig pancreas and one liang of calomel are tightly sealed in a porcelain vase, but with a small hole left on top of it. Calcine this until no more smoke [leaves the hole] and then powder [the con429 Chuan shi 傳尸, “corpse [evil qi] transmission.” An infectious consumptive disease. BCGM Dict I, 97. 430 “While it is still hot“ is expressed more clearly in the Zheng lei, ch. 18, tun luan 豚卵, “piglet testicles,“ with the phrase cheng re 乘熱.

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tents of the vase]. Each time ingest two qian, and send them down with fermented water of foxtail millet.431 Sheng ji zong lu. 服石發熱。豬腎脂一具，勿中水，以火炙取汁。每服三合，日夜五六服， 石隨大便下。總録。 Effusion of heat following the ingestion of [elixir] minerals. One pig pancreas is not to be given into water [for cleansing] but roasted over a fire to collect its juice. Each time ingest three ge, five to six times by day and night. The minerals will be discharged through defecation. Zong lu. 撥雲去翳。用豬𦚟子一枚五錢，蕤仁五分，青鹽一錢，共搗千下，令如 泥。每點少許，取下膜翳爲效。孫氏集效方。 To wipe away clouds and remove shades [from the eyes]. One pig pancreas of five qian, five fen of prinsepia nuts, and one qian of greenish salt/halite are pounded together one thousand times until a clay-like pulp has formed. Each time drip a small amount [into the eyes]. Once a membrane shade has been brought down, the effect shows. Sun shi ji xiao fang. 赤白癜風。豬𦚟一具，酒浸一時，飯上蒸熟食。不過十具。壽域方。 Red and white patches wind. 432 One pig pancreas is soaked in wine for one double-hour period. Then it is steamed above rice, and eaten. No more than ten [ingestions of such] pieces [are required to achieve a cure]. Shou yu fang. 面粗醜黑，皮厚䵟𪒟者。豬𦚟五具，蕪菁子二兩，杏仁一兩，土瓜根一 兩，淳酒浸之。夜塗旦洗，老者少，黑者白，神驗。肘後 The face is rough, ugly and black. These are cases of dermal dark spots. Five pig pancreases, two liang of turnip seeds, one liang of apricot seeds, and one liang of cucumber gourd root are soaked in pure wine. This then is smeared on the affected regions] at night, and washed off at dawn. [The face of ] an old person will look younger; that of a black person will look whiter. Divinely effective. Zhou hou. 手足皴裂。以酒挼豬𦚟，洗并傅之。肘後。 Hands and feet have chaps. Rub a pig pancreas with wine, and use [the wine] to wash [the affected regions]. Also, apply [the pancreas] to them. Zhou hou. 唇燥緊裂。豬𦚟浸酒搽之。葉氏摘玄方。 The lips are desiccated, tense and have cracks. Soak a pig pancreas in wine and apply this to [the lips]. Ye shi zhai xuan fang. 431 For jiang shui 漿水, “fermented water of foxtail millet,” see BCGM 05-33. 432 Bai dian feng 白癜風, “white patches wind.” A condition of white skin patches without itching and pain. BCGM Dict I, 46.

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50-01-17 肚。Du. [Pig] stomach. 【氣味】甘，微温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly warm, nonpoisonous 【主治】補中益氣，止渴，斷暴痢虚弱。别録。補虚損，殺勞蟲。釀黄糯 米蒸搗爲丸，治勞氣，并小兒疳蚘黄瘦病。日華。主骨蒸熱勞，血脉不 行，補羸助氣，四季宜食。蘇頌。消積聚癥瘕，治惡瘡。吴普。 Control. It supplements the center, boosts the qi, and stops thirst. It interrupts violent free-flux illness,433 with depletion and weakness. Bie lu. It supplements depletion injury and kills exhaustion worms/bugs.434 Prepare yellow glutinous rice, steam it [with a pig stomach], pound [the two items] and form pills. They serve to cure exhaustion qi, and also the disease of gan-illness435 [caused by] roundworms, with yellow complexion and emaciation. Rihua. It controls bone steaming with heat and exhaustion,436 and blocked passage in the blood vessels. It supplements emaciation and assists the qi. It can be eaten during all four seasons. Su Song. It dissolves accumulations and collections, concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness.437 It serves to cure malign sores. Wu Pu. 【發明】【時珍曰】豬水畜而胃屬土，故方藥用之補虚，以胃治胃也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Pigs are domestic animals associated with [the phase] water, and their stomach is associated with [the phase] soil. Hence, in pharmaceutical recipes one uses it to supplement depletion. That is, the stomach is resorted to to cure the stomach.

433 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 434 Lao chong 勞蟲, “exhaustion worm/bug,” a bug capable of causing exhaustion. BCGM Dict I, 296. 435 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 436 Gu zheng lao 骨蒸勞, “exhaustion because of bone steaming.” Identical with chuan shi 傳尸, “corpse [evil] transmission.” (1) An infectious consumptive disease. (2) Heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197. 437 Zheng jia 癥瘕, “concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness.” The two terms are often used interchangeably and do not signify two distinctly different conditions. Concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness result from a disharmony of cold and warmth resulting in a failure to transform beverages and food. Nodes form when the clash with the qi of the long-term depots. BCGM Dict I, 677.

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補益虚羸。用豬肚一具，入人參五兩，蜀椒一兩，乾薑一兩半，葱白七 升，粳米半升在内，密縫，煮熟食。千金翼。 To supplement and boost depletion and emaciation. Fill into one pig stomach five liang of ginseng [root], one liang of Chinese pepper from Si chuan, one half liang of dried ginger, seven sheng of onions and one half sheng of nonglutinous rice, close it tightly, boil this until it is done, and eat this. Qian jin yi. 水瀉不止。用獖豬肚一枚，入蒜煮爛，搗膏，丸梧子大。每米飲服三十 丸。丁必卿云：予每遇五更必水瀉一次，百藥不效。用此方，入平胃散三 兩，丸服，遂安。普濟。 Water outflow that does not end. Fill garlic into the stomach of a castrated boar, boil it until it is mashed, and pound this to a paste to form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest, with rice slop, 30 pills. Ding Biqing states: I had water outflow once every early morning. Hundreds of medications showed no effect. I used this recipe, added three liang of the “powder to level the stomach [qi],” and ingested the pills. From this time on, I lived in peace. Pu ji. 消渴飲水，日夜飲水數斗者。心鏡用雄豬肚一枚，煮取汁，入少豉，渴即 飲之，肚亦可食。煮粥亦可。仲景豬肚黄連丸：治消渴。用雄豬肚一枚， 入黄連末五兩，栝樓根、白粱米各四兩，知母三兩，麥門冬二兩，縫定蒸 熟，搗丸如梧子大。每服三十丸，米飲下。食醫心鏡。 Melting with thirst438 [with an urge] to drink water. For those who drink several dou of water during day and night. The Xin jing [recommends to] boil one stomach of a male pig to obtain its juice to which is added a small amount of fermented soybeans. [The patient] drinks this when he is thirsty. The stomach can also be eaten. It is also possible to boil it to prepare a congee. [Zhang] Zhongjing’s pills with pig stomach and coptis [rhizome]: They dissolve thirst. Fill the stomach of a male pig with five liang of coptis [rhizome] powder, four liang each of trichosanthes root and white millet, three liang of anemarrhena [root], and two liang of ophiopogon [tuber], and close it firmly. Then steam it until it is done. Pound it to prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 30 pills, to be send down with rice slop. Shi yi xin jing. 老人脚氣。豬肚一枚，洗浄切作生，以水洗，布絞乾，和蒜、椒、醬、 醋、五味，常食。亦治熱勞。養老方。 438 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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Leg qi439 of old persons. Wash clean one pig stomach and cut it into pieces, and leave it raw. Having washed it with water, wrap it in a piece of cloth and wring this until it is dry. Add garlic, Chinese pepper, ginger and vinegar and the five spices, and eat this regularly. It also serves to cure heat exhaustion. Yang lao fang. 温養胎氣。胎至九月消息。用豬肚一枚，如常着五味，煮食至盡。千金髓。 To warm and nourish the qi of a fetus. To nourish the fetus when it has reached the ninth month of pregnancy. Prepare one pig stomach as usual with the five spices, boil it, and [have the mother] eat all of it. Qian jin sui. 赤白癜風。白煮豬肚一枚，食之頓盡。忌房事。外臺。 Red and white patches wind. 440 Boil one pig stomach in clear water, and eat all of it. [During this treatment] abstain from sexual intercourse. Wai tai. 疥瘡痒痛。豬肚一枚，同皂莢煮熟，去莢食之。救急。 Jie-illness441 sores with itch and pain. One pig stomach is boiled together with gleditsia [pods/seeds] until it is done. Remove the gleditsia pods/seeds and eat the [stomach]. Jiu ji. 頭瘡白秃。普濟用新破豬肚勿洗，熱搨之，須臾蟲出，不盡再作。孫氏方 用豬肚一箇，入砒一兩，札定，以黄泥固濟，煅存性，爲末，油和傅。以 椒湯洗。 Head sores with white baldness. The Pu ji [recommends to] heat the stomach from a pig just slaughtered without washing it first and to rub [with the hot stomach] the [region affected]. After a short while worms/bugs will leave it. As long as not all [worms/bugs] have left, repeat [this procedure]. The Sun shi fang [recommends to] fill one liang of arsenic into a pig stomach, fasten it and firmly seal it with yellow clay. Then calcine it by retaining its nature, and powder it. Mix [the powder] with oil, and apply it to [the affected region], which is then washed with a decoction. 蟲牙疼痛。用新殺豬肚尖上涎，絹包咬之。數次，蟲盡即愈。唐氏用枳殼 末拌之。 Painful worm teeth.442 Fill tough silk with the saliva from the tip of a stomach of a freshly killed pig and [let the patient] bite on it. After this is repeated a few times, 439 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248. 440 Bai dian feng 白癜風, “white patches wind.” A condition of white skin patches without itching and pain. BCGM Dict I, 46. 441 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 442 Chong ya 蟲牙, “worm teeth,” identical with qu chi 齲齒, “decayed teeth.” A condition with decaying teeth developing holes, turning black and emitting a bad odor. In severe cases hollow teeth may crack. Also, the decay may enter the gums resulting in swelling, pain and festering. BCGM Dict I, 392.

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all the worms/bugs will have vanished, and this is the cure. Mr. Tang adds unripe orange powder to it.443 50-01-18 腸。Chang. [Pig] intestines. 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cool, nonpoisonous 【主治】虚渴，小便數，補下焦虚竭。孟詵。止小便。日華。去大小腸風 熱，宜食之。蘇頌。潤腸治燥，調血痢臟毒。時珍。洞腸：治人洞腸挺 出，血多。孫思邈。洞腸，廣腸也。 Control. Depletion thirst. Frequent urination. They serve to supplement depletion and exhaustion of the lower burner. Meng Shen. They stop urination. Rihua. They should be eaten to remove wind and heat from the small and large intestines. Su Song. They moisten the intestines and serve to cure desiccation. They regulate bleeding free-flux illness444 with long-term depot poison. [Li] Shizhen. For the cavernous intestine: they serve to cure prolapse of the cavernous intestine, with much bleeding. Sun Simiao. The cavernous intestine is the wide intestine/rectum.

【附方】新三。 Added recipes: Three newly [recorded]. 腸風臟毒。救急用豬大腸一條，入芫荽在内，煮食。奇效用豬臟，入黄連 末在内，煮爛，搗丸梧子大。每米飲服三十丸。又方：豬臟入槐花末令 滿，縛定，以醋煮爛，搗爲丸如梧桐子大。每服二十丸，温酒下。 Intestinal wind with long-term depot poisoning. The Jiu ji [recommends] to fill one large pig intestine with coriander, and then boil and eat this. The Qi xiao [recommends] to fill a pig’s long-term depot with coptis [rhizome] powder,445 to boil it to a pulp, to pound this and to form pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 30 pills with rice slop. Another recipe: Fill a pig long-term depot with sophora japonica [tree] flower powder to its capacity, and tie it up firmly. Boil this with vinegar until 443 This recipe is recorded in Zheng lei, ch. 17, bai ma jing 白馬莖, “penis of a white horse,” as a quote from the Zhou hou fang. 444 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 445 The Qi xiao liang fang, ch. 51, Chang zhi lou men tong zhi fang 腸痔漏門通治方, “Section intestinal piles with leakage. Generally applicable therapeutic recipes,” has er liang cuo sui 二兩剉碎, “two liang, cut to pieces.”

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a pulp has formed. Pound this to prepare pills the size of wu tong seeds. Each time ingest 20 pills, to be sent down with warm wine. 脇熱血痢：方法同上。 Heat in the rib flanks with bleeding free-flux illness. Therapy identical with above. 臟寒洩瀉。體倦食减。用豬大臟一條，去脂洗浄，以吴茱萸末填滿，縛定 蒸熟，搗丸梧子大。每服五十丸，米飲下。奇效良方。 Cold in the long-term depots with outflow. With a tired body and waning appetite. Remove the membrane from one large intestine446 of a pig and wash it clean. Then cram it with evodia [fruit] powder, tie it up firmly, and steam it until it is done. Pound this to prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 50 pills, to be sent down with rice slop. Qi xiao liang fang. 50-01-19 脬。Pao. [Pig] urinary bladder. 亦作胞 Also written bao 胞, 【氣味】甘、鹹，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】夢中遺溺，疝氣墜痛，陰囊濕痒，玉莖生瘡。 Control. Involuntary loss of urine in dreams. Elevation-illness qi,447 with [a sensation of ] the pain dropping [into the scrotum]. Moist scrotum with itch. Sores developing on the jade stalk (i.e, penis). 【發明】【時珍曰】豬胞所主，皆下焦病，亦以類從爾。蘄有一妓，病轉 脬，小便不通，腹脹如鼓，數月垂死。一醫用豬脬吹脹，以翎管安上，插 入廷孔，捻脬氣吹入，即大尿而愈。此法載在羅天益衛生寶鑑中，知者頗 少，亦機巧妙術也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The diseases controlled by the urinary bladder of pigs are all those of the Lower Burner. This, again, is based on [the principle of treating like] with like. In Qi, there was a prostitute who suffered from a turned over urinary 446 Da zang 大臟, “large long-term depot,” is used here for da chang 大腸, “large intestine.” 447 Shan qi 疝氣, “elevation-illness qi,” a pathological condition of (1) an item having entered the scrotum, with pain, sometimes ascending, sometimes descending, (2) a condition affecting the scrotum or a testicle, (3) of violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 419, 417.

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bladder. Her urination was blocked, and her abdomen was distended like a drum. After several months she was on the verge of death. A physician inflated a pig bladder and tied it to the tubular shaft of a feather. This then was inserted into her vagina. [The physician] squeezed [the pig bladder] to have its qi enter [the prostitute’s bladder]. As a result, she emitted a large amount of urine and was healed. This method is recorded in Luo Tianyi’s Wei sheng bao jian. Only few people know of it. It, too, is certainly an ingenious, wondrous technique.

【附方】新八。 Added recipes: Eight newly [recorded]. 夢中遺溺。用豬脬洗炙食之。千金。 Involuntary loss of urine in dreams. Wash a pig urinary bladder, roast it, and eat it. Qian jin. 産後遺尿。豬脬、豬肚各一箇，糯米半升，入脬内，更以脬入肚内，同五 味煮食。醫林集要。 Involuntary loss of urine following childbirth. [Required are] one pig bladder and one pig stomach. Fill half a sheng of glutinous rice into the bladder, and place this bladder into the stomach. Boil this together with the five spices, and [have the woman] eat this. Yi lin ji yao. 産後尿牀。方法同上。 Bedwetting after childbirth. Therapy identical with above. 疝氣墜痛。用豬脬一枚，洗，入小茴香、大茴香、破故紙、川楝子等分填 滿，入青鹽一塊縛定，酒煮熟食之，酒下。其藥焙搗爲丸，服之。 Elevation-illness qi, with [a sensation of ] the pain dropping [into the scrotum]. Wash a pig urinary bladder clean and stuff it with equal amounts of fennel, star anise, scurfy peas, and Sichuan pagodatree seeds. Then add a piece of greenish salt/ halite, and tie it up firmly. Boil this in wine until it is done and eat the [bladder], to be sent down with wine. The pharmaceutical substances are to be baked over a slow fire, and they are then pounded to be ingested as pills. 消渴無度。乾豬胞十箇，剪破去蒂，燒存性，爲末。每温酒服一錢。聖濟 總録。 Melting with excessive thirst. Dry ten pig urinary bladders, and cut off their bases. Burn them with their nature retained, and [grind them to] powder. Each time ingest, with warm wine, one qian. Sheng ji zong lu.

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腎風囊癢。用豬尿胞火炙，以鹽酒吃之。救急。 Kidney wind with scrotal itch. Roast a pig urinary bladder, and eat it with salt and wine. Jiu ji. 玉莖生瘡，臭腐。用豬胞一枚，連尿，去一半，留一半，以煅紅新磚焙乾 爲末，入黄丹一錢。摻之，三五次瘥。先須以葱椒湯洗。奇效方。 Sores developed on the jade stalk (i.e., penis), with a foul stench and ulceration. Take one pig bladder filled with urine. Discard one half [of the urine] and retain the other half. This is baked dry on a new brick that has been calcined until it was red. [The dried substance] is then [ground to] powder. [The powder] is mixed with one qian of minium. This is applied to the [penis]. A cure is achieved after three to five applications. [The penis] is to be washed first with a decoction of onions and Chinese pepper. Qi xiao fang. 白秃癩瘡。洗刮令净，以豬胞乘熱裹之，當引蟲出。 White baldness with repudiation-illness sores.448 Wash and scrape [the affected region] until it is clean. Then apply to it a hot pig bladder. It will draw the worms/ bugs to come out. 50-01-20 膽。Dan. [Pig] gallbladder/bile. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cool, nonpoisonous 【主治】傷寒熱渴。别録。骨熱勞極，消渴，小兒五疳，殺蟲。蘇頌。敷 小兒頭瘡。治大便不通，以葦筒納入下部三寸灌之，立下。藏器。通小 便，敷惡瘡，殺疳𧏾，治目赤目翳，明目，清心臟，凉肝脾。入湯沐髮， 去膩光澤。時珍。 Control. Harm caused by cold, with heat and thirst. Bie lu. Bone heat with extreme exhaustion. The five gan-illnesses449 of children. It kills worms/bugs. Su Song. To be applied to head sores of children. To cure blocked defecation, insert a reed tube three cun deep into the anus, and pour the [bile] into it. Defecation will begin immediately. [Chen] Cangqi. It serves to free the passage of urine. It is applied to malign sores. It kills the hidden worms of gan-illness. It serves to cure red eyes, and 448 Lai 癩, “lai-illness,” “repudiation-illness,” including cases of leprosy/Aussatz.” BCGM Dict I, 293. 449 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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eye shades. It brightens one’s vision. It clears the heart long-term depot. It cools liver and spleen. With hot water added, it serves to wash hair. It removes grease and restores luster. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【成無己曰】仲景以豬膽汁和醋少許，灌穀道中，通大便神效。 蓋酸苦益陰潤燥而瀉便也。又治少陰下利不止，厥逆無脉，乾嘔煩者，以 白通湯加豬膽汁主之。若調寒熱之逆者，冷熱必行，則熱物冷服，下嗌之 後，冷體既消，熱性便發，故病氣自愈。此所以和人尿、豬膽鹹苦之物， 於白通熱劑之中，使其氣相從，而無拒格之患也。又云：霍亂病吐下已 斷，汗出而厥，四肢拘急，脉微欲絶者，通脉四逆湯加豬膽汁主之。蓋陽 氣太虚，陰氣獨勝。純與陽藥，恐陰氣格拒不得入。故加豬膽汁，苦入心 而通脉，寒補肝而和陰，不致格拒也。【汪機曰】朱奉議治傷寒五六日癍 出，有豬膽雞子湯。【時珍曰】方家用豬膽，取其寒能勝熱，滑能潤燥， 苦能入心，又能去肝膽之火也。 Explication. Cheng Wuji: [Zhang] Zhongjing mixed pig bile with a little vinegar and poured it into the “path of grain” (anus) to free the passage of defecation. A divinely effective [treatment]. The fact is, sour and bitter [flavor] boost the yin [qi], moisten what is desiccated, and this way stimulate outflow. Also, to cure incessant discharge and free-flow from the minor yin, with recession and countermovement and lack of [movement in the] vessels, as well as dry vomiting with vexation, the “decoction with a white [ingredient] to open passages”450 with pig bile added will control all this. In cases where one wishes to regulate cold and heat moving contrary to their normal passage, cold and hot [medication] must be applied. Hot items are to be ingested cold. Once they have passed down the throat, their cold body will dissolve, and their hot nature will be released. Hence the disease qi will be healed. This is why when salty and bitter items like human urine and pig bile are mixed with a hot preparation as is the [decoction with a] white [ingredient] to open passages,” their qi will follow each other, without any problems of [one or the other] being rejected. It is also said, when cholera with vomiting and discharge has been brought to an end, accompanied by sweating and recession, and the four limbs are stiff and tight, and the [movement in the] vessels being so feeble that one is about to die, this will be controlled by the “decoction to open the vessels with the four countermovements” to which is added pig bile. The fact is, [in such a case,] the yang qi are overly depleted, and only the yin qi prevail. If one were to use only yang medication, the yin qi might reject them and they were unable to enter. Hence pig bile is added. The bitter [flavor] enters the heart and opens the vessels. The cold [nature] supplements the liver and harmonizes the yin [qi]. This way, no rejection occurs. 450 Bai tong tang 白通湯, ‘decoction with a white [ingredient] to open passages’

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Wang Ji: When Zhu Fengyi cured harm caused by cold with macula emerging on the fifth and sixth day, he used the “decoction with pig bile and chicken eggs.” [Li] Shizhen: When the recipe experts use pig bile, they resort to the ability of its cold [nature] to overcome heat. Its smoothness can moisten dryness; its bitter [flavor] can enter the heart. It is also able to eliminate fire from the liver and the gallbladder.

【附方】舊六，新十四。 Added recipes: Six of old. 14 newly [recorded]. 少陰下利不止，厥逆無脉，乾嘔者，以白通湯加豬膽汁主之。葱白四莖， 乾薑一兩，生附子一枚，水三升，煮一升，入人尿五合，豬膽汁一合，分 服。仲景傷寒論。 Minor yin discharge with free-flux illness. 451 When it does not end, is associated with recession and countermovement and no [movement in the] vessels, and dry vomiting, then this is controlled by the “decoction with onion [stalks] that makes [vessels] passable” to which is added pig bile. Four onion stalks, one liang of dried ginger, one piece of fresh aconitum [accessory tuber], are boiled in three sheng of water down to one sheng. To this are added five ge of human urine and one ge of pig bile. This is ingested in two portions. [Zhang] Zhongjing, Shang han lun. 或瀉或止，久而不愈。二聖丸：用黄連、黄蘗末各一兩，以豬膽煮熟和丸 如菉豆大。量兒大小，每米飲服之。總微論。 [Free-flux illness] with alternating outflow and intermission, that has not been healed for a long time. The “pills of two sages”: One liang each of coptis [rhizome] and phellodendron bark powder are boiled with pig bile until done, and then formed to pills the size of green beans. The quantity of a dose depends on the age of the child. Each time [let the patient] ingest it with rice slop. Zong wei lun. 赤白下痢。十二月豬膽百枚，俱盛黑豆入内，着麝香少許，陰乾。每用五 七粒爲末。生薑湯調服。奇效方。 Red and white discharge with free-flux illness. Fill 100 pig gallbladders, collected in the twelfth month, with black beans, add a small amount of musk, and dry them in the shade. Each time grind five to seven such grains to powder, and ingest this mixed with a decoction of fresh ginger.452 Qi xiao fang. 451 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 452 The Qi xiao fang, ch. 13, Li men tong zhi fang 痢門通治方, Section free-flux illnesses. Generally applicable recipes, has: Ru hong li gan cao tang xia. Ru bai li sheng jiang tang xia 如紅痢甘草湯下，如白痢生薑湯下, “if it is a case of red free-flux illness, send it down

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濕𧏾下痢不止，乾嘔羸瘦，多睡面黄。以膽汁和薑汁、釅醋，同灌下部， 手急捻，令醋氣上至咽喉乃止，當下五色惡物及蟲而愈也。拾遺。 Moisture hidden-worms infestation discharge and free-flux illness453 that does not end and is accompanied by dry vomiting, emaciation, sleepiness and yellow face. Force-feed [pig] bile, ginger juice and thick vinegar into the [patient’s] lower body part (i.e., anus), and press it vehemently with your hands to let the vinegar qi rise. Stop once it has reached the throat. This will cause a discharge of multi-colored malign items together with the worms/bugs, and this is the cure. Shi yi. 熱病蝕𧏾上下。用豬膽一枚，醋一合，煎沸服，蟲立死也。梅師。 Heat disease with erosion and hidden worms/bugs affecting one’s upper and lower [body parts]. One pig gallbladder is boiled in one ge of vinegar to bubbling. Once ingested the worms/bugs will die immediately. Mei shi. 瘦病欬嗽。豬膽和人溺、薑汁、橘皮、訶黎勒皮同煮汁，飲之。拾遺方。 Emaciation disease with cough. Mix pig bile with human urine, ginger juice, tangerine peels, and terminalia fruit peel and boil them together to obtain a juice. Drink this. A Shi yi recipe. 小便不通。豬膽一枚，熱酒和服。又用豬膽連汁，籠住陰頭。一二時汁入 自通。 Blocked passage of urine. One portion of pig bile is ingested mixed with hot wine. Also, take a pig gallbladder with its bile inside and wrap this around the glans penis. After one or two hours the bile will have entered [the penis] and the flow [of urine] will be freed. 消渴無度。雄豬膽五箇，定粉一兩，同煎成，丸芡子大。每含化二丸，嚥 下，日二。聖濟總録。 Melting with excessive thirst. Five gallbladders of a boar are boiled together with one liang of lead carbonate until [a paste] has formed. This is formed into pills, the size of qian seeds. Each time hold two pills in your mouth, let them melt and send [the liquid] down the throat. Twice a day. Sheng ji zong lu. 傷寒癍出。豬膽雞子湯：用豬膽汁、苦酒各三合，雞子一箇，合煎三沸， 分服，汗出即愈。張文仲方。 Harm caused by cold with macule-illness. The “Decoction with pig bile and chicken eggs.” Boil three ge each of pig bile and bitter wine together with one chicken egg with a glycyrrhiza root decoction. If it is a case of white free-flux illness, send it down with a fresh ginger decoction.” 453 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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three times to bubbling, and [let the patient] ingest this in two portions. Once he sweats, the cure is achieved. Zhang Wenzhong fang. 疔瘡惡腫。十二月豬膽風乾，和生葱搗傅。普濟方。 Pin-illness454 sores with malign swelling. A pig gallbladder collected in the twelfth month is dried in the wind, and then pound together with fresh onions, to be applied [to the affected region]. Pu ji fang. 目翳目盲。豬膽，文火煎稠，丸黍米大。每納一粒目中，良。 Eye shade and blindness. [One] pig gall is boiled over a mild fire until it forms a dense paste. This is formed to pills the size of millet. Each time insert one such kernel into the eye. Good. 目赤腫痛。豬膽汁一枚，和緑鹽五分，點之。普濟方。 Red eyes with painful swelling. Mix one portion of pig bile with five fen of atacamite and drip this into the eyes. Pu ji fang. 火眼赤痛。豬膽一箇，銅錢三文，同置盞内蒸乾，取膽丸粟米大，安眼 中。聖惠方。 Red and painful fire eyes. One pig gallbladder and three copper coins are placed together in a cup and steamed there until [the gallbladder] is dry. Then prepare pills from the gallbladder the size of millet grains, and insert them into the eyes. Sheng hui fang. 拔白换黑。豬膽塗孔中，即生黑者。聖惠。 To pull out white [hair] and exchange it with black [hair]. Smear pig bile into the pores, and black [hair] will grow there. Sheng hui. 小兒初生。豬膽入湯浴之，不生瘡疥。姚和衆。 For newborn babies: Wash them with pig bile to which hot water was given. This will prevent the emergence of sores and jie-illness.455 Yao Hezhong. 産婦風瘡。因出風早。用豬膽一枚，柏子油一兩，和傅。杏林摘要。 Wind sores of a woman having given birth. The reason is that she was exposed to wind early. Mix one portion of pig bile with platycladus [tree] seed oil, and apply [this to the affected region]. Xing lin zhai yao. 454 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129. 455 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

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湯火傷瘡。豬膽調黄蘗末，塗之。外臺。 Sores resulting from harm caused by scalding and fire. Mix pig bile with phellodendron bark powder, and apply this [to the affected region]. Wai tai. 瘭疽出汁。生手足肩背，纍纍如赤豆，剥净，以豬膽塗之。千金。 Flaming heat-illness with impediment-illness, 456 with juice emitted. A string of grains resembling red beans develops on hands and feet, shoulders and back. Peel them off and apply pig bile there. Qian jin. 喉風閉塞。臘月初一日，取豬膽，不拘大小五六枚，用黄連、青黛、薄 荷、僵蠶、白礬、朴硝各五錢，裝入膽内，青紙包了。將地掘一孔，方深 各一尺。以竹横懸此膽在内，以物蓋定。候至立春日取出，待風吹，去膽 皮、青紙，研末密收。每吹少許神驗，乃萬金不傳之方。邵真人經驗方。 Throat wind,457 with closure. On the first day of the twelfth month collect five to six pig gallbladders, regardless of their size, fill them with five qian each of coptis [rhizome], indigo, mint, white stiff silkworms, alum, and mirabilite, and wrap this in greenish paper. Then dig a hole in the ground, one chi each wide and deep, hang the gallbladders on a bamboo pole into this hole, and cover it with something. Wait until the day of [the solar term] Spring Begins and take them out again. Expose them to wind and then remove the skin of the gallbladders, and the green paper, grind [the rest] to powder and keep it tightly sealed [for later use]. Each time blow a small amount [into the patient’s throat] and this will be of divine effect. It is a recipe that cannot be given away for a myriad pieces of gold. Shao Zhenren, Jing yan fang. 50-01-21 膽皮。Dan pi. [Pig] gallbladder skin. 【主治】目翳如重者，取皮曝乾，作兩股繩如筯大，燒灰，出火毒，點 之，不過三五度瘥。時珍。出外臺秘要。 Control. Eye shades as if there were double layers. Dry [gallbladder] skin in the sun and make two ropes as thick as chopsticks. Burn them to ashes and let the fire poison be emitted. Then drip [the ashes] into the eye, and a cure is achieved after no more than three two five applications. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Wai tai mi yao.

456 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277. 457 Hou feng 喉風, “throat wind,” a condition with mouth, tongue, and throat swelling and pain. BCGM Dict I, 217,

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50-01-22 膚。Fu. [Pig] skin. 【汪機曰】豬膚，王好古以爲豬皮，吴綬以爲燖豬時刮下黑膚，二説不 同。今攷禮運疏云：革，膚内厚皮也；膚，革外厚皮也。則吴説爲是。淺 膚之義。 Wang Ji: Wang Haogu thought zhi fu 猪膚 was the pig’s skin, zhi pi 猪皮. Wu Shou thought this was the black skin scraped off after parboiling a pig. These two statements differ. Here now we examine the Li yun shu where it is stated: Ge 革 is the thick skin inside of fu 膚. Fu 膚 is the thick skin outside of ge 革. Wu’s statement is correct; it means the superficial skin. 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous 【主治】少陰下利，咽痛。時珍。 Control. Minor yin discharge with free-flux illness. 458 Painful throat. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【張仲景曰】少陰下利，咽痛，胸滿心煩者，豬膚湯主之。用豬 膚一斤，水一斗，煮五升，取汁，入白蜜一升，白粉五合，熬香，分六 服。【成無己曰】豬，水畜也。其氣先入腎，解少陰客熱。加白蜜以潤燥 除煩，白粉以益氣斷利也。 Explication. Zhang Zhongjing: Discharge with free-flux illness, painful throat, a feeling of fullness in the chest, and heart vexation are all controlled by a decoction of pig skin. One jin of pig skin is boiled in one dou of water down to five sheng. The juice is mixed with one sheng of white honey and five ge of bai fen. This is simmered until a fragrant odor develops. To be ingested in six portions. Cheng Wuji: The pig is associated with [the phase] water. Its qi enter the kidneys first, and resolve visitor heat in the minor yin [section]. White honey is added to moisten what is dry, and to eliminate vexation. Bai fen serves to boost the qi and to end free-flux. 50-01-23 耳垢。Er gou. [Pig] earwax. 【主治】蛇傷狗咬，塗之。别録。 Control. Harm caused by snakes, and dog bites. Smear it [on the affected region]. Bie lu. 458 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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50-01-24 鼻唇。Bi and Chun. [Pig] nose and lips. 【氣味】甘、鹹，微寒，無毒。多食動風。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, slightly cool, nonpoisonous. Excessive consumption excites wind. 【主治】上唇：治凍瘡痛痒。思邈。煎湯，調蜀椒目末半錢，夜服治盗 汗。宗奭。鼻：治目中風翳，燒灰水服方寸匕，日二服。時珍。出千金。 Control. The upper lip: It serves to cure painful and itching frostbite sores. [Sun] Simiao. [Pig lip] boiled in water to prepare a decoction, with half a qian of Chinese pepper from Si chuan [as black as] eyes added, and ingested at night, serves to cure robber sweating. [Kou[ Zongshi. The nose: It serves to cure wind shades in the eyes. Burn it to ashes and ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon. Two ingestions daily. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Qian jin. 50-01-25 舌。She. [Pig] tongue. 【主治】健脾補不足，令人能食，和五味煮汁食。孟詵。 Control. It strengthens the spleen and supplements an insufficiency. It enables one to eat. Boil it mixed with the five spices and consume the juice. Meng Shen. 50-01-26 靨。Yan. [Pig] uvula. 音掩，俗名咽舌是矣，又名豬氣子。王璽曰：在豬喉系下，肉團一枚，大 如棗，微扁色紅。 Read yan 掩. This is the commonly named “gullet tongue.” Another name is shi qi zi 猪氣子, “master of pig qi.” Wang Xi: This is attached in the throat of pigs, facing downward. It is a ball-shaped piece of meat, the size of a Chinese date. It is slightly flat and of red color. 【主治】項下癭氣，瓦焙研末，每夜酒服一錢。時珍。 Control. Goiter qi below the nape. Bake it on a tile over a slow fire and grind it to powder. Each night ingest, with wine, one qian. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】見羊靨下。 Explication. See the [entry] “goat/sheep uvula”, below.

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【附方】新二。 Added recipes: Two newly [recorded]. 癭氣。杏林摘要用豬靨七枚，酒麴三錢，入水瓶中露一夜，取出炙食。二 服效。 Goiter qi. [For a therapy,] the Xing lin zhai yao takes seven pig uvulas and boils them with wine down to three qian. They are then filled in a bottle with water, to be left open for one night. Then they are taken out again, roasted, and ingested. Two ingestions will have an effect. 醫林集要開結散：豬靨焙四十九枚，沉香二錢，真珠砂罐煅四十九粒，木 香三錢，橘紅四錢，爲末。臨卧冷酒徐徐服二錢。五服見效，重者一料 愈。以除日合之。忌酸、鹹、油膩、澀氣之物。 The “Powder to untie knots” of the Yi lin ji yao: 49 baked pig uvulas, two qian of aloes wood, 49 calcined genuine pearls, two qian of aucklandia [root], and four qian of the [external] red [layer of ] tangerine peels are ground to powder. This is ingested, at the time one goes to bed, with cold wine in small portions. After five such ingestions it will be effective. [Even] in serious cases one preparation will result in a cure. Select an auspicious day for mixing it. [During such a treatment,] sour, salty, oily items and those with rough qi are to be avoided. 50-01-27 齒。Chi. [Pig] tooth. 【氣味】甘，平。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced. 【主治】小兒驚癇，五月五日取，燒灰服。别録。又治蛇咬。日華。中牛 肉毒者，燒灰，水服一錢。又治痘瘡倒陷。時珍。 Control. Fright epilepsy of children. Burn them to ashes on the fifth day of the fifth month, and ingest them. Bie lu. They also serve to cure snake bites. Rihua. For poisoning by beef, burn them to ashes, and ingest, with water, one qian. Also, they serve to cure smallpox sores that have sunken down. [Li] Shizhen. 50-01-28 骨。Gu. [Pig] bone. 【主治】中馬肝、漏脯、菓、菜諸毒，燒灰，水服方寸匕，日三服。頰 骨：燒灰，治痘陷；煎汁服，解丹藥毒。時珍。

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Control. For being struck by the poison of horse liver, by meat hung up under the eaves to dry in the wind, fruit and vegetables, burn [pig bones] to ashes and ingest, with water, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three ingestions per day. Cheekbones: Burned to ashes they serve to cure sunken down small pox [sores]. Ingestion of the juice obtained by boiling [pig teeth] resolves the poison of elixir medication. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新三。 Added recipes: Three newly [recorded]. 三消渴疾。豬脊湯：用豬脊骨一尺二寸，大棗四十九枚，新蓮肉四十九 粒，炙甘草二兩，西木香一錢，水五椀，同煎取汁，渴則飲之。三因方。 The three kinds of melting with thirst459 illness. Decoction with pig spine: Boil a piece of bone from a pig spine one chi and two cun long, 49 Chinese dates, 49 kernels of fresh Indian lotus seeds, two liang of roasted glycyrrhiza [root], and one qian of Western aucklandia [root] in five bowls of water, and [let the patient] drink the juice when he is thirsty. San yin fang 浸淫諸瘡。豬牙車骨年久者，椎破，燒令脂出，乘熱塗之。普濟方。 All kinds of sores soaked [with pus and/or liquid]. Crush an old cheekbone of a pig to pieces and heat them to let the fat come out. Smear this, as long as it is hot, onto [the affected region]. Pu ji fang. 下痢紅白。臘豬骨燒存性，研末，温酒調服三錢。 Discharge with free-flux illness, 460 red and white. Burn the bones of a pig collected in the twelfth month, with their nature retained, grind them to powder, and ingest three qian mixed with warm wine. 50-01-29 豚卵。Tun luan. [Pig] testicle. 【釋名】豚顛本經、豬石子。【别録曰】陰乾藏之，勿令敗。【頌曰】豚 卵，當是豬子也。【時珍曰】豚卵，即牡豬外腎也。牡豬小者多犗去卵， 故曰豚卵，濟生方謂之豬石子者是也。三因治消渴方中有石子薺苨湯，治 産後蓐勞有石子湯，並用豬腎爲石子，誤矣。 Explanation of Names. Tun dian 豚顛, “a pig’s peak;” Ben jing. Zhu shi zi 猪石子, “a pig’s pebbles.“ Bie lu: They are to be dried in the shade before they are stored, lest 459 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 460 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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they rot. [Su] Song: The name tun luan 豚卵 should correctly be zhu zi 猪子. [Li] Shizhen: tun luan 豚卵 refers to the outer kidneys of boars. When boars are young, their testicles are mostly cut out. Hence they are called tun luan 豚卵, “a pig’s eggs.” When the Ji sheng fang names them zhu shi zi 猪石子, “a pig’s pebbles,“ this is correct. The San yin lists, in a recipe for curing melting with thirst, a “decoction with pebbles and apricot-leaved adenophora [root], “ and to cure childbed exhaustion following delivery, a “decoction with pebbles.” In both cases it identifies pig kidneys as “pebbles”. That is a mistake. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】驚癇癲疾，鬼疰蠱毒，除寒熱賁豚，五癃，邪氣攣縮。本經。除 陰莖中痛。孫思邈。治陰陽易病，少腹急痛，用熱酒吞二枚，即瘥。時 珍。又古今録驗治五癇，莨菪子散中用之。 Control. Fright epilepsy and peak-illness. 461 Demon attachment-illness462 and gu poison. 463 They eliminate alternating sensations of cold and heat, running piglets464 and the five kinds of protuberance-illness,465 as well as evil qi with contraction. Ben jing. They eliminate pain in the yin stalk (i.e., penis). Sun Simiao. To cure diseases resulting from Yin-Yang exchange (i.e., sexual intercourse) and acute pain in the lower abdomen, swallow two [pig] testicles with hot wine, and this will bring the cure. [Li] Shizhen. Also, the Gu jin lu yan makes use of them in its “powder with henbane” to cure the five kinds of epilepsy.466 461 Dian 癲, “peak-illness,” BCGM Dict I, 123, identical with dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125. 462 Gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness,” also zhu 注, “attachment-illness,” “influx-illnesss,” reflects a notion of a foreign pathogenic agent, originally of demonic nature, having attached itself to the human organism. BCGM Dict I, 202, 688-695. 463 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 464 Ben tun 賁豚, “running piglet.” A condition of an accumulation associated with the kidneys. It assumes the shape of a piglet und affects the lower abdomen. It may ascend to the heart and moves upward and downward at irregular intervals. BCGM Dict I, 57. 465 Wu long 五癃, “five kinds of protuberance-illness.” Reference to various, not clearly distinguished long 癃, “protuberance-illnesses,” associated with a passing of urine in small amounts, or a completely blocked passage. BCGM Dict I, 323, 541. 466 The Wai tai, ch. 15, wu dian 五癲, “five kinds of peak-illness,” quotes the Gu jin lu yan with a lang dang zi san 莨菪子散, “black henban seeds powder,” and writes dian 癲, “peak-illness,” instead of xian 癇, “epilepsy.”

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驚癇中風，壯熱掣瘲，吐舌出沫。用豚卵一雙切細，當歸二分，以醇酒三 升，煮一升，分服。普濟。 Fright epilepsy; being struck by wind.467 In the case of strong heat with clonic convulsions, when [the patient’s] tongue is stuck out and foam leaves [his mouth], cut one pair of pig testicles into fine pieces and boil them, together with two fen of angelica [root] in three sheng of unmixed wine down to one sheng. [Let the patient] ingest this in several portions. Pu ji. 50-01-30 母猪乳。Mu zhu ru. Sow milk. 【時珍曰】取法：須馴豬，待兒飲乳時提後脚，急以手捋而承之。非此法 不得也。 [Li] Shizhen: The method to obtain it. This requires a tame pig. When its piglet drinks milk, lift it by its hind legs, rapidly rub [its tits] with your hands, and receive [the milk with a container]. It is only through this method that one is able to collect [sow milk]. 【氣味】甘、鹹，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】小兒驚癇，及鬼毒去來，寒熱五癃，綿蘸吮之。蘇恭。小兒天 弔，大人豬、雞癇病。日華。 Control. For fright epilepsy of children, periodically recurring demon poison, alternating sensations of cold and heat, and the five kinds of protuberance-illness,468 dip some silk floss [into sow milk and have the child] suck it. Su Gong. Hauled-byheaven469 [of children], and the diseases of pig [epilepsy] as well as chicken epilepsy470 of adults. Rihua. 467 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683. 468 Wu long 五癃, “five kinds of protuberance-illness.” Reference to various, not clearly distinguished long 癃, “protuberance-illnesses,” associated with a passing of urine in small amounts, or a completely blocked passage. BCGM Dict I, 323, 541. 469 Xiao er tian diao 小兒天弔, “children hauled-by-heaven,” BCGM Dict I, 566, identical with tian diao jing feng 天弔驚風, “hauled-by-heaven fright wind,” with the patient’s eyes turned upward as if “hauled by heaven,” BCGM Dict I, 502. 470 Ji xian 雞癇, “chicken epilepsy,” a peak-illness condition which at the time of an outbreak lets the patient’s four limbs twitch, accompanied by shaking head and the body arching

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【發明】【時珍曰】小兒體屬純陽，其驚癇亦生於風熱。豬乳氣寒，以寒 治熱，謂之正治。故錢乙云：初生小兒至滿月，以豬乳頻滴之，最佳。張 煥云：小兒初生無乳，以豬乳代之，出月可免驚癇痘疹之患。楊士瀛云： 小兒口噤不開，豬乳飲之甚良。月内胎驚，同硃砂、牛乳少許，抹口中甚 妙。此法諸家方書未知用，予傳之。東宫吴觀察子病此，用之有效。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The body of a child is of pure yang, and its fright epilepsy results from wind and heat. The qi of sow milk is cold, and when one uses cold to cure heat, then this is called a “proper cure.” Hence, Qian Yi states: “To frequently drip sow milk [into the mouth of ] a newborn child within its first month, that is best.” Zhang Hua states: “If there is no [mother’s] milk available for a newborn child, substitute it with sow milk. This will prevent suffering from fright epilepsy and smallpox papules during the coming months.” Yang Shiyin states: “When a child suffers from clenched jaws that fail to open, to let it drink sow milk is very good.” In the case of fetal fright within the [first] month, to smear [sow milk] together with cinnabar and a small amount of cow milk471 into its mouth is extremely wondrous. This method was not known to any of the authors of recipe books, and therefore was not recorded there. Hence I have added it here. The son of Surveillance [Commissioner] Wu, serving in the Eastern Palace, suffered from this disease. When this [method] was applied, it proved to be effective. 【附方】舊一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 斷酒白豬乳一升飲之。千金。 To break the habit of drinking wine. Drink one sheng of milk of a white sow. Qian jin. 50-01-31 蹄。Ti. [Pig] trotter. 已下並用母豬者。 For all [applications listed] below use those obtained from a sow. 【氣味】甘、鹹，小寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. back, with spontaneous shaking. BCGM Dict I, 242. 471 Instead of niu ru 牛乳, “cow milk,” the Pu ji fang quoting the Wei shi fang writes niu huang shao xu, qu zhu ru tiao xi 牛黄少許，取豬乳汁調稀, “[and] a small amount of cow bezoar mixed with a little sow milk.”

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【主治】煮汁服，下乳汁，解百藥毒，洗傷撻諸敗瘡。别録。滑肌膚，去 寒熱。蘇頌。煮羹，通乳脉，托癰疽，壓丹石。煮清汁，洗癰疽，漬熱 毒，消毒氣，去惡肉，有效。時珍。外科精要洗癰疽有豬蹄湯數方，用豬 蹄煮汁去油，煎衆藥蘸洗也。 Control. Boiled and the juice ingested, it will let [a woman’s] milk flow. It resolves the poison of the hundreds of medications, and serves to wash all kinds of rotting sores associated with damage resulting from flogging. Bie lu. It smoothens muscles and skin, and eliminates alternating sensations of cold and heat. Su Song. Boiled to prepare a thick soup, it opens the passage through the milk vessels, maintains [the passage of qi in the case of ] obstruction-illness and impediment-illness, 472 and suppresses [the effects] of elixir minerals. Boiled to prepare a clear juice, it serves to wash [regions affected by] obstruction-illness and impediment-illness, to cool heat poison, to disperse poison qi, and to remove malign flesh, and is effective. [Li] Shizhen. The Wai ke jing yao lists several recipes of “decoctions of pig trotters” to wash [regions affected by] obstruction-illness and impediment-illness. For these purposes, boil pig trotters, and remove the oil from the juice. [Then use this juice to] boil the remaining pharmaceutical substances [of the recipes], and either dip [the affected part into the resulting liquid] or use it to wash [the affected regions].

【附方】舊五，新二。 Added recipes: Five of old. Two newly [recorded]. 婦人無乳。外臺用母豬蹄一具，水二斗，煮五六升，飲之，或加通草六 分。廣濟用母豬蹄四枚，水二斗，煮一斗，去滓，入土瓜根、通草、漏蘆 各三兩，再煮六升，去滓，納葱、豉作粥或羹食之。或身體微熱，有少汗 出佳。未通再作。 When a woman fails to let milk. The Wai tai [recommends] to boil one pair of a sow’s trotters in two dou of water down to five or six sheng. [The woman is asked to] drink this. It is also possible to add six fen of tetrapanax pith. The Guang ji [recommends to boil] four sow trotters in two dou of water down to one dou, and removes the trotter. Then three qian each of cucumber gourd root, tetrapanax pith and stemmacantha [herb/root] are added [to the liquid] which is then boiled down to six sheng. The dregs are removed, and onions and fermented soybeans are added [to the liquid] to prepare a congee or thick soup that is to be consumed [by the woman]. In 472 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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some cases, the [patient’s] body feels slightly hot, and when a little sweat leaves, this is fine. If [the passage of the milk] is still not open, repeat this procedure. 癰疽發背。母豬蹄一雙，通草六分，綿裹煮羹食之。梅師。 Obstruction-illness and impediment-illness, with an effusion on the back. One pair of a sow’s trotters and six fen of tetrapanax pith are wrapped in silk fabric and boiled to prepare a thick soup. [Let the patient] eat this. Mei shi. 乳發初起：方同上。 Breast effusion473 that has just begun to emerge. Recipe identical with the one listed above. 天行熱毒攻手足，腫痛欲斷。用母豬蹄一具去毛，以水一斗，葱白一握， 煮汁，入少鹽漬之。肘後。 Epidemic heat poison. When it attacks hands and feet with painful swelling so severe that they seem to fall off. Remove the hair from one pair of sow trotters, and boil them in one dou of water together with a handful of onion [stalks]. Add a small amount of salt to the juice, and soak [the hands and feet] in it. Zhou hou. 老人面藥。令面光澤。用母豬蹄一具，煮漿如膠。夜以塗面，曉則洗去。 千金翼。 A facial medication for old people. To let the face regain its luster, boil a pair of sow trotters to prepare a soup as thick as glue. At night smear this onto the face. After having slept with it, wash it off. Qian jin yi. 硇砂損陰。豬蹄一具，浮萍三兩，水三升，煮汁半升，漬之。冷即出，以 粉傅之。外臺。 Harm caused to one’s yin [(i.e., genital) member] by sal ammoniac. One pair of pig trotters and three liang of ducksmeat are boiled in three sheng of water to obtain a juice of half a sheng. Soak the yin [(i.e., genital) member] in it, and withdraw it once [the juice] is cold. Then apply a [medicinal] powder to it. Wai tai. 50-01-32 懸蹄甲。Xuan ti jia. [Pig] trotter nail. 一名豬退。【思邈曰】酒浸半日，炙焦用。【時珍曰】按古方有用左蹄甲 者，又有用後蹄甲者，未詳其義也。 473 Ru fa 乳發, breast effusion, identical with fa ru 發乳, breast effusion. A condition of a grave ru yong 乳癰, breast obstruction-illness, with local appearance and also severe headache and fever affecting the entire body. BCGM Dict I, 148; 410.

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They are also called zhu tui 猪退. [Sun] Simiao: Soak [the trotter nails] in wine for half a day, roast them until they are scorched, and use [them as medication]. [Li] Shizhen: In ancient prescriptions, they used the nails of left trotters and also the nails of the hind trotters. It remains unclear what that was supposed to mean. 【氣味】鹹，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】五痔，伏熱在腹中，腸癰内蝕。本經。同赤木燒煙熏，辟一切惡 瘡。仲景。 Control. The five kinds of piles. Heat hidden in the abdomen. Intestinal obstruction-illness474 with internal erosion. Ben jing. Burn [the nails] with chi mu to generate fumes for fumigation to ward off all malign sores. [Zhang] Zhongjing.

【附方】舊二，新五。 Added recipes: Two of old. Five newly [recorded]. 肺氣𪖙喘。豬爪甲二枚燒灰，研，入麝香當門子一枚同研，茶服。普濟。 Loud panting of lung qi. Burn the nails of two pig trotters to ashes, and grind them [to powder], add one piece of “child at the gate”475 musk and grind all this again. Ingest [the resulting powder] with tea. Pu ji. 定喘化痰。用豬蹄甲四十九箇，洗净，每甲納半夏、白礬各一字，罐盛固 濟，煅赤爲末，入麝香一錢匕。每用糯米飲下半錢。經驗後方。 To settle panting and transform phlegm. Wash 49 nails from the trotters of pigs clean. To each nail add one zi of pinellia [root] and alum, fill this into a vase and close it firmly. Then calcine it until [the contents of the vase] turn red and powder them. Add the amount of musk held by a one qian spoon. Each time ingest one half qian with a glutinous rice beverage. Jing yan hou fang. 久欬喘急。豬蹄甲四十九枚，以瓶子盛之，安天南星一枚，蓋之，鹽泥固 濟，煅烟出爲度。取出，入款冬花半兩，麝香、龍腦少許，研匀。每服一 錢，食後煎桑白皮湯下。名黑金散。總録。

474 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 475 Dang men zi 當門子,”child at the gate,” is an alternative name of musk. Originally missing. Inserted here in accordance with Pu ji fang ch. 163, section “panting,“ recipe shen mi fang 神秘方, “divinely secret recipe.”

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Chronic cough with hectic panting. Fill 49 nails of pig trotters into a jar. Cover them with one piece of arisaema [root], and close the [jar] firmly with salt and clay. Then calcine it until smoke is emitted. Remove the [contents] and add half a liang of coltsfoot, and small amounts of musk, and borneol. All of this is ground to be powdered evenly. Each time ingest one qian. To be sent down, after meals, with a decoction of mulberry tree bark. [This remedy] is called “powder with black gold.” Zong lu. 小兒寒熱，及熱氣中人。用豬後蹄甲燒灰，乳汁調服一撮，日二服。千金。 Alternating sensations of cold and heat of children. These are cases of persons being struck by heat qi. Burn the nails of a pig’s hind trotters to ashes, and [have the child] ingest as much as can be taken up with three fingers, mixed with human milk. Two ingestions per day. Qian jin.476 痘瘡入目。豬蹄爪甲燒灰，浸湯濾浄，洗之甚妙。普濟方。 Smallpox sores entering the eyes. Burn the nails of pig trotters to ashes, soak them in hot water, and filter this to obtain a clean liquid. Wash the [affected eyes] with it. Very wondrous. Pu ji fang. 癍痘生翳。半年已上者，一月取效；一年者不治。用豬懸蹄甲二兩，瓦瓶 固濟，煅，蟬蜕一兩，羚羊角一分，爲末。每服一字，三歲已上三錢，温 水調服，一日三服。錢氏小兒方。 Macule-illness with smallpox and growth of [eye] shades. In those cases that have lasted for more than half a year, the effect is achieved within one month. Those that have lasted for one year, they cannot be cured. Two liang of nails of pig trotters are firmly sealed in a jar and calcined. Then [add] one liang of cicada sloughs, and one fen of antelope horn, and grind all this to powder. Each time [let small children] ingest one zi. Those three years and older, ingest 3 qian. To be ingested mixed with warm water. Qian shi xiao er fang. 小兒白秃。豬蹄甲七箇，每箇入白礬一塊，棗兒一箇，燒存性，研末，入 輕粉、麻油調搽，不過五上愈。 White baldness of children. Seven nails of pig trotters with one piece of alum for each [nail], and one Chinese date are burned to ashes, with their nature retained. They are then ground to powder to which are added calomel and sesame oil. This then is applied [to the affected region]. A cure is achieved after no more than five applications. 476 Actually, this recipe is from the Zheng lei, ch. 18, where it is said to have been quoted from the Shang han lei yao.

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50-01-33 尾。Wei. [Pig] tail. 【主治】臘月者，燒灰水服，治喉痺。和豬脂，塗赤秃髮落。時珍。出千 金。 Control. Burn tails collected during the twelfth month to ashes, and ingest them with water. This serves to cure throat blockage. Mixed with lard it is applied to red baldness associated with a loss of hair. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Qian jin. 50-01-34 毛。Mao. [Pig] hair. 【主治】燒灰，麻油調塗湯火傷，留竅出毒則無痕。時珍。出袖珍。 Control. Burned to ashes and mixed with sesame oil, this is smeared on harm caused by scalding and burns. Leave the holes [open] to let the poison come out, and there will be no scars. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Xiu zhen.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 赤白崩中.豬毛燒灰三錢，以黑豆一椀，好酒一碗半，煮一碗，調服。 Red and white collapsing center. 477 Burn three qian of pig hair to ashes. Then boil one cup of black beans with one and a half cup of good wine down to one cup, mix [this with the ashes] and ingest this. 50-01-35 屎。Shi. [Pig] feces. 一名豬零。【日華曰】取東行牡豬者爲良。【頌曰】今人又取南行豬零合 太乙丹。【時珍曰】古方亦有用豭豬屎者，各隨本方。豬零者，其形纍纍 零落而下也。 Another name is zhu ling 猪零"a pig’s fractionalized [excrements],“. Rihua states: [Feces] collected from boars moving eastward are good. [Su] Song: Nowadays, the people collect feces from pigs moving southward, and use them to prepare the “Tai yi elixir.” [Li] Shizhen: Wherever ancient prescriptions use the feces of castrated 477 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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boars, [in their preparation] always follow the original recipes. The [name] zhu ling, “a pig’s fractionalized [excrements],” refers to the shape of a bit-by-bit fractional defecation. 【氣味】寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】寒熱黄疸，濕痺。别録。主蠱毒，天行熱病。並取一升浸汁，頓 服。日華。燒灰，發痘瘡，治驚癇，除熱解毒，治瘡。時珍。血溜出血不 止，取新屎壓之。吴瑞。 Control. Alternating sensations of cold and heat, yellow djan-illness/jaundice,478 and moisture blockage. Bie lu. [Pig feces] control gu poison, 479 and epidemic heat disease. For both [these ailments] soak one sheng [pig feces in water] and ingest this juice at once. Rihua. Burned to ashes they promote the eruption of smallpox sores. They serve to cure fright epilepsy, eliminate heat, resolve poison, and serve to cure sores. [Li] Shizhen. For stagnant blood, and for open bleeding that fails to end, smear fresh [pig feces] onto the [respective location]. Wu Rui. 【發明】【時珍曰】御藥院方治痘瘡黑陷無價散、錢仲陽治急驚風癇惺惺 丸皆用之，取其除熱解毒也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The Yu yao yuan fang in its “priceless powder” to cure black and sunken smallpox sores, and Qian Zhongyang in his “intelligence pills” to cure acute fright wind epilepsy, both use them. They avail themselves of the ability [of pig feces] to remove heat and to resolve poison.

【附方】舊一，新十六。 Added recipes: One of old. 16 newly [recorded]. 小兒客忤，偃啼面青。豭豬屎二升，水絞汁，温浴之。 Children affected by visitor’s hostility, 480 when they lie on their back, wail, and have a greenish face. Soak two sheng of the feces of boars in water. Then wring this to obtain a juice. Warm it and wash the [child] with it. 478 Huang dan 黃癉, yellow dan-illness; jaundice. BCGM Dict I, 225. 479 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 480 Ke wu 客忤, “visitor‘s hostility.“ A sudden twisting pain, encountered outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen thought to result from the hostile acts of demons “visiting“ the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282.

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小兒夜啼。豬屎燒灰，淋汁浴兒，并以少許服之。聖惠方。 Children crying during the night. Burn pig feces to ashes. Soak them in water, and filter this to obtain a juice that is then used to wash the child. At the same time, have it ingest a small amount. Sheng hui fang. 小兒陰腫。豬屎五升，煮熱，袋盛，安腫上。千金方。 Swelling of a child’s yin (i.e., genital) parts. Five sheng of pig feces are boiled. Fill the hot [feces] into a bag and place this on the swelling. Qian jin fang. 霧露瘴毒，頭痛心煩，項强顫掉，欲吐。用新豬屎二升，酒一升，絞汁頓 服，取汗瘥。千金方。 Miasmatic poison resulting from dew and fog, accompanied by headache and heart vexation, a stiff neck and trembling, and an urge to vomit. Soak two sheng of fresh pig feces in one sheng of wine, and wring this to obtain a juice that is to be ingested warm. Once [the patient] begins to sweat, a cure is achieved. Qian jin fang. 中豬肉毒。豬屎燒灰，水服方寸匕。外臺。 Being struck by pork poison. Burn pig feces to ashes, and ingest, with water, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Wai tai. 44813 婦人血崩。老母豬屎燒灰，酒服三錢。李樓方。 Blood collapse482 of a woman. Burn the feces of an old sow to ashes, and [let the patient] ingest, with wine, three qian. Li Lou fang. 解一切毒。母豬屎，水和服之。千金。 To resolve all kinds of poison. Mix a sow’s feces with water and ingest this. Qian jin. 攪腸沙痛。用母豬生兒時抛下糞，日乾，爲末，以白湯調服。 Painful annoying-intestines sand.483 Use the excrements discharged by a sow while it gives birth to a suckling. Dry them under the sun and [grind them to] powder. Ingest this mixed with clear hot water. 口唇生核。豬屎絞汁温服。千金方。 481

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This recipe is not recorded in the Wai tai. It may be found in Qian jin fang ch. 24, jie shi du 解食毒, “to resolve food poisoning.”。

482 Xue beng 血崩, blood collapse. Excessive vaginal bleeding, identical with beng zhong 崩 中, collapsing center. BCGM Dict I, 594; 58. 483 Jiao chang sha 攪腸沙, “annoying-intestines sand,” identical with gan huo luan 乾霍亂, “dry cholera.” A condition of a twisting pain in the heart and abdomen, cold sweat leaving the body, with a feeling of distension and heart-pressure that makes one wish to die. BCGM Dict I, 247.

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Kernels growing in the mouth and on the lips. Wring a juice from pig feces and [let the patient] ingest it warm. Qian jin fang. 白秃髮落。臘月豬屎燒灰敷。肘後。 White baldness with loss of hair. Burn pig feces obtained in the twelfth month to ashes, and apply them [to the affected region]. Zhou hou. 疔瘡入腹。牡豬屎和水絞汁，服三合，立瘥。聖惠方。 Pin-illnes sores that enter the abdomen. Mix the feces of a boar484 with water, and wring this to obtain a juice. Ingest three ge of it, and there will be an immediate cure. Sheng hui fang. 十年惡瘡。母豬糞燒存性，傅之。外臺方。 Malign sores that have lasted for ten years. Burn the excrements of a sow with their nature retained, and apply them to [the affected region]. A recipe from the Wai tai fang. 消蝕惡肉。臘月豶豬糞燒存性一兩，雄黄、檳榔各一錢，爲末。敷洗。直 指方。 Erosion with malign flesh [growth]. Burn to ashes one liang of the excrements of castrated boars, with their nature retained. Add one qian each of realgar and areca [nuts] and grind all this to powder. Apply it [to the affected region, and later] wash it off again. Zhi zhi fang. 胻疽青爛。生於腨脛間，惡水淋漓，經年瘡冷，敗爲深疽青黑，好肉虚 腫，百藥不瘥，或瘥而復發。先以藥蝕去惡肉，後用豭豬屎散，甚效。 以豬屎燒，研爲末，納瘡孔令滿，白汁出，吮去更傅。有惡肉，再蝕去乃 傅，以平爲期，有驗。千金方。 Impediment-illness485 of the shins with greenish festering. When this develops on the shins, with malign water leaking out. In the course of several years, sores and cold develop letting [the flesh] rot with a deep-seated impediment-illness and greenish-black [color on the surface], while the good flesh develops hollow swelling, and the hundreds of medications have not brought a cure. Or, a cure was achieved and then [the disease] breaks out again. In such a case, one uses a medication first to remove the malign flesh. Then one applies the “powder with boar feces.” Very 484 The Sheng hui fang, ch. 64, zhi ding chuang zhu fang 治丁瘡諸方, “all recipes to cure pin-illness sores,” writes mu 母, “mother,” instead of mu 牡, “male.” This is probably correct. 485 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277.

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effective. Burn pig feces to ashes and grind them to powder. Fill the entire opening of the sores with this, and this will cause a white juice to come out. Suck this off, and apply the powder once more. If there is malign flesh, remove it repeatedly and apply [the powder each time] until the surface is flat. This is effective. Qian jin fang. 男女下疳。母豬糞，黄泥包，煅存性，爲末。以米泔洗浄，搽，立效。簡 便單方。 Gan-illness486 affecting males and females in their lower body parts. Wrap the excrements of sows in clay, calcine them with their nature retained, and prepare a powder. Use rice slop to wash [the affected region], and apply the powder to it. Immediately effective. Jian bian dan fang. 雀瘻有蟲。母豬屎燒灰，以臘月豬膏和敷，當有蟲出。千金。 Sparrow fistula with worms/bugs. Burn sow feces to ashes and mix them with lard obtained in the twelfth month. When this is applied [to the affected region], the worms/bugs will come out. Qian jin. 赤遊火丹。母豬屎，水絞汁，服并傅之。外臺。 Red roaming fire cinnabar.487 A sow’s feces is soaked in water, and wrung to obtain a juice. This is to be ingested and also to be applied topically. Wai tai. 50-01-36 潯猪湯。Xun zhu tang. Hot water used to boil a pig. 【主治】解諸毒蟲魘。蘇頌。産後血刺，心痛欲死，温飲一盞。汪機。治 消渴，濾浄飲一碗，勿令病人知。又洗諸瘡良。時珍。 Control. To resolve all kinds of poison, worms/bugs and nightmares. Su Song. In the case of blood piercing488 following childbirth with pain in the heart [so severe] that one is about to die, [have the woman] drink one cup of it warm. Wang Ji. To cure melting with thirst, 489 filter it to obtain a clean liquid and [let the patient] drink

486 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 487 Huo dan 火丹, “fire cinnabar,” a condition of cinnabar-red poison displaying a color like fire that rushes through the skin, spreading with great speed. BCGM Dict I, 232. 488 Xue ci 血刺, blood piercing. A condition of pain in the heart and abdomen caused by stagnant blood. BCGM Dict I, 594. 489 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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one bowl. But do not let the patient know [what he is drinking]. Also, it is good for washing all kinds of sores. [Li] Shizhen. 50-01-37 猪窠中草。Zhu ke zhong cao. Straw in a pigsty. 【主治】小兒夜啼，密安席下，勿令母知。日華。 Control. Place it secretly under the mat of children crying during the night, but do not let the mother know [the nature of the treatment]. Rihua. 50-01-38 縛猪繩。Fu zhu sheng. Rope used to bind pigs. 【主治】小兒驚啼，發歇不定，用臘月者燒灰，水服少許。藏器。 Control. For intermittent fright and crying of children, burn [a rope] collected in the twelfth month to ashes, and [have the child] ingest, with water, a small amount. [Chen] Cangqi. 50-02 狗 本經中品 Gou, FE Ben jing, middle rank. Dog. Canis familiaris L. 【釋名】犬説文、地羊。【時珍曰】狗，叩也。吠聲有節，如叩物也。或 云爲物苟且，故謂之狗，韓非云蠅營狗苟是矣。卷尾有懸蹄者爲犬，犬字 象形，故孔子曰：視犬字如畫狗。齊人名地羊。俗又諱之以龍，稱狗有烏 龍、白龍之號。許氏説文云：多毛曰尨，長喙曰獫，音斂，短喙曰猲，音 歇，去勢曰猗，高四尺曰獒，狂犬曰猘，音折。生一子曰𤢭、曰玂，音 其，二子曰獅，三子曰𤡆。 Explanation of Names. Quan 犬, Shuo wen. Di yang 地羊. [Li] Shizhen: Gou 狗 is kou 叩, “to knock.” The sounds of barking are segmented, as if one were knocking, kou 叩, at something. [Dogs] are also said to be of “careless behavior,” gou qie 苟且, and hence are called gou 狗. When Han Fei states: “Hectic fluttering like a fly and careless like a dog,” then this is correct. Those with a curly tail and trotters are called quan 犬. The character quan 犬 reflects [the dog’s] physical appearance. Hence Kong zi states: “A look at the character quan 犬 is like looking at the drawing of a dog.” The people in Qi call [dogs] di yang 地羊, “ground sheep.” It is customary to avoid [the dog’s name and] call it long 龍, “dragon.” It is said that among dogs there

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are black dragons and white dragons. Mr. Xu in his Shuo wen states: “Those with much hair are called meng 尨. Those with a long snout are called lian 獫, read lian 斂. Those with a short snout are called xie 猲, read xie 歇. Those that are castrated are called yi 猗. Those four chi tall are called ao 獒. Mad dogs are called zhe 猘，read zhe 折. [A dog] giving birth to a single puppy born is called hao 𤢭 or qi 玂，read qi 其. A [dog] giving birth to] two puppies is called shi 獅. A [dog] giving birth to] three puppies is called zong 𤡆.” 【集解】【時珍曰】狗類甚多，其用有三。田犬長喙善獵，吠犬短喙善 守，食犬體肥供饌。凡本草所用，皆食犬也。犬以三月而生，在畜屬木， 在卦屬艮，在禽應婁星。豺見之跪，虎食之醉，犬食番木鱉則死，物性制 伏如此。又遼東有鷹背狗，乃鷹産三卵，一鷹一鵰一犬也。以禽乳獸，古 所未聞。詳見鵰條。又有老木之精，狀如黑狗而無尾，名曰彭侯，可以烹 食。無情化有情，精靈之變也。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: There are many kinds of dogs. Used [for therapeutic purposes] are three. [These are, first,[ “field dogs” with a long snout; they are good at hunting. [Second,] “barking dogs” with a short snout; they are good at guarding. [Third] “food dogs” with a fat body; they are supplied as delicacy. The materia medica literature makes use of the “food dogs” only. Dogs are born in the third month. Among the domestic animals, they are associated with [the phase] wood. Among the trigrams, they are associated with gen 艮. Among the birds, they correspond to the stellar constellation lou 婁. When a Asian wild dog sees a [dog] it will go down on its knees. When a tiger eats a [dog] it will be drunk. When a dog eats strychnos [seeds], it will die. This is how the natures of things check each other. Also, in Liao dong there are “goshawk back dogs.” Now, goshaks lay three eggs. One of them is a goshawk, ying 鷹. One is a golden eagle, diao 鵰. One is a dog. That a bird can feed with its milk an animal, that is something unknown in ancient times. For details, see the “golden eagle,” diao 鵰, entry. Also, the essence of old trees may assume the appearance of a black dog, without tail. It is called peng hou 彭侯. It can be cooked to be served as food. This is a transformation of something that originally has no feelings into something with feelings; it involves the change of essence and spirit. 50-02-01 肉。Rou. [Dog] meat. 黄犬爲上，黑犬、白犬次之。 That of yellow dogs is best. Black dogs and white dogs are of secondary value.

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【氣味】鹹、酸，温，無毒。反商陸，畏杏仁。同蒜食，損人。同菱食， 生癲。【思邈曰】白犬合海鮋食，必得惡病。【時珍曰】鮋，小魚也。道 家以犬爲地厭，不食之。凡犬不可炙食，令人消渴。妊婦食之，令子無 聲。熱病後食之，殺人。服食人忌食。九月勿食犬，傷神。瘦犬有病，猘 犬發狂，自死犬有毒，懸蹄犬傷人，赤股而躁者氣臊，犬目赤者，並不可 食。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, sour, warm, nonpoisonous. [It’s nature] opposes phytolacca [root], and fears apricot seeds. Eaten together with garlic, it will harm one. Eaten together with water chestnuts, it generates peak-illness.490 [Sun] Simiao: If [the meat of ] a white dog is eaten together with sea you 鮋, a malign disease will be inevitable. [Li] Shizhen: You 鮋 is a small fish. The Daoists consider dogs as detested [food living on the] ground, and hence they do not eat them. Dog [meat] of all kinds must not be eaten roasted lest it cause melting with thirst.491 When pregnant women eat it, their children will be mute. If eaten after a heat disease, it will kill one. Those who ingest [life-prolonging elixirs] must not eat it. During the ninth month, dogs must not be eaten; this would harm one’s spirit. Emaciated dogs have a disease. Frenzied dogs cause madness. Dogs that have died without apparent cause are poisonous. [The meat of ] dogs with trotters will harm one. Those with red legs, and showing restlessness, they emit a foul qi. Dogs with red eyes. They all must not be eaten. 【主治】安五臟，補絶傷，輕身益氣。别録。宜腎。思邈。補胃氣，壯陽 道，暖腰膝，益氣力。日華。補五勞七傷，益陽事，補血脉，厚腸胃，實 下焦，填精髓，和五味煮，空心食之。凡食犬若去血，則力少不益人。孟 詵。 Control. It calms the five long-term depots. It supplements [conditions of ] harm with a cut [flow of qi]. It takes the weight from one’s body, and boosts the qi. Bie lu. It is good for the kidneys. [Sun] Simiao. It supplements the stomach qi. It strengthens the yang path (i. e., male potency). It warms the lower back and the knees. It boosts the strength of the qi. Rihua. It supplements the five kinds of exhaustion, and seven kinds of harm. It boosts the yang affairs (i. e., male sexual potency). It supplements the blood vessels. It extends the intestines and the stomach. It replenishes the lower burner. It fills the essence marrow. Boil it blended with the five spices, and eat it on an empty stomach. Whenever one eats dog [meat] and discards the blood, 490 Dian 癲, “peak-illness,” BCGM Dict I, 123, identical with dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125. 491 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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the strength [of the meat] will be diminished, and it no longer serves to boost the [qi]. Meng Shen. 【發明】【弘景曰】白狗、烏狗入藥用。黄狗肉大補虚勞，牡者尤勝。 【大明曰】黄犬大補益人，餘色微補。古言薯蕷凉而能補，犬肉暖而不 補。雖有此言，服終有益。但因食穢，不食者衆。【震亨曰】世言犬能治 勞損陽虚之疾，然人病多是陰虚。若陽果虚，其死甚易，亦安能措手哉？ 【時珍曰】脾胃屬土，喜暖惡寒。犬性温暖，能治脾胃虚寒之疾。脾胃温 和，而腰腎受廕矣。若素常氣壯多火之人，則宜忌之。丹溪獨指陰虚立 説，矯枉過偏矣。濟生治真陽虚憊諸虚證，有黄犬肉丸，藥多不載。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: White dogs and black dogs are used for medicinal purposes. The meat of yellow dogs massively supplements depletion and exhaustion. [The meat of ] males is best. Da Ming: [The meat of ] yellow dogs massively supplements and boosts one’s [qi]. [Meat of dogs of ] other colors has only a mild supplementing potential. In ancient times it was said that dioscorea [root] is cool and can supplement, while dog meat is warm and cannot supplement. Despite such statements, to eat it, in the end, is beneficial. Still, because [dogs] eat dirt, there are many [people] who do not eat [their meat]. [Zhu] Zhenheng: All the world says dog [meat] can cure illnesses of exhaustion injury with yang depletion. However, human diseases are often related to yin depletion. If someone indeed suffers from excessive yang depletion, he may die very easily. How could one offer any help? [Li] Shizhen: The spleen and the stomach are associated with the [phase] soil. They prefer warmth, and they abhor cold. The nature of dogs is warm and warming. [Dog meat] is able to cure illnesses of depletion cold affecting spleen and stomach. As long as spleen and stomach are warm and harmonized, the lower back and the kidneys receive the necessary support. Persons who by nature have strong qi and much fire, they should avoid it. When [Zhu] Danxi made his statement pointing out [the dog meat’s ability to supplement] yin depletion only, he went too far in the right direction. The Ji sheng lists the “pills with the meat of yellow dogs” to cure all kinds of depletion conditions of genuine yang depletion. The pharmaceutical substances [included in this recipe] are too many to be listed here.

【附方】舊三，新五。 Added recipes: Three of old. Five newly [recorded] 戊戌酒。大補元氣。用黄犬肉一隻，煮一伏時，搗如泥，和汁拌炊糯米三 斗，入麴如常釀酒。候熟，每旦空心飲之。養老方。

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Wu xu wine.492 It massively supplements the original qi. Boil the meat of a yellow dog for one entire day, and then pound it to a pulp. Mix the juice with three dou of glutinous rice prepared for a meal, add yeast as is done customarily in the making of wine, and wait until it is done. Drink this every morning on an empty stomach. Yang lao fang. 戊戌丸。治男子、婦人一應諸虚不足，骨蒸潮熱等證。用黄童子狗一隻， 去皮毛腸肚同外腎，於砂鍋内用酒醋八分，水二升，入地骨皮一斤，前 胡、黄芪、肉蓯蓉各四兩，同煮一日。去藥，再煮一夜。去骨，再煮肉如 泥，擂濾。入當歸末四兩，蓮肉、蒼术末各一斤，厚朴、橘皮末十兩，甘 草末八兩，和杵千下，丸梧子大。每空心鹽酒下五七十丸。乾坤秘韞。 Wu xu pills. They serve to cure conditions such as all kinds of depletion and insufficiency, bone steaming493 and heat waves of males and females. Take one young yellow dog and remove its skin, fur, intestines, stomach and also the external kidneys (i.e., testicles). Place [the rest] into an earthen pot together with eight fen of wine vinegar and two sheng of water. Then add one jin of lycium root bark, and four liang each of peucedanum [root], astragalus [root], and cistanche [stem]. Boil all this together for one day. Then remove the pharmaceutical substances, and boil [the liquid] once more for one night. Then remove the bones, and boil the meat again until it has turned into a pulp. Pound this and filter it. Then add four liang of angelica [root] powder, one jin each of Indian lotus seeds, and atractylodes [rhizome] powder, magnolia bark, ten liang of tangerine peels, and eight liang of glycyrrhiza [root] powder. Then pound this mixture one thousand times, and prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send down, with salt and wine, fifty to seventy pills. Qian kun mi yun. 脾胃虚冷，腹滿刺痛。肥狗肉半斤。以米同鹽、豉煮粥，頻食一兩頓。心 鏡。 Depletion cold of spleen and stomach. With a feeling of abdominal fullness, associated with piercing pain. Boil half a jin of fat dog meat with rice, salt and fermented soybeans to prepare a congee, and eat this repeatedly in doses of one liang. Xin jing. 492 Wu xu wine, wu xu jiu 戊戌酒, and wu xu pills, wu xu wan 戊戌丸, have yellow dogs as their main ingredients. Wu 戊 is identified in the Shuo wen, section xu 戌, as “among the Five Phases, soil is generated at wu 戊 and flourishes at xu 戌.” The Lun heng, section wu shi 物勢, states: “Xu 戌 is soil; its associated four-legged animal is the dog.” Among the Five Phases, the soil is associated with the color yellow. Hence wu xu 戊 戌 is a secret name for “yellow dog.” To prepare a pharmaceutical wine or pills with “dogs” may not have sounded agreeable. Hence the term wu xu 戊戌 was introduced for “yellow dog.” 493 Gu zheng 骨蒸, “bone steaming,” (1) a pathological condition of an infectious consumptive disease with a development of vexing heat in the afternoon. (2) An illness sign of heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197.

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虚寒瘧疾。黄狗肉煮臛，入五味，食之。 Depletion cold malaria illness. Boil the meat of a yellow dog to a broth, add the five spices, and eat this. 氣水鼓脹。狗肉一斤切，和米煮粥，空腹食之。心鏡。 Drum-like distension [of the stomach] with qi and water. Cut one jin of dog meat, boil it with rice to prepare a congee, and eat this on an empty stomach. Xin jing. 浮腫尿澀。肥狗肉五斤熟蒸，空腹食之。心鏡。 Surface swelling with rough urination. Steam five jin of fat dog meat and eat this on an empty stomach. Xin jing. 卒中惡死。破白狗搨心上，即活。肘後方。 Suddenly being struck to death by the malign. Cut [the meat of ] a white dog and [use the pieces] to rub the region above the [patient’s] heart. This will bring him back to life. Zhou hou fang. 痔漏有蟲。鈐方用狗肉煮汁，空腹服，能引蟲也。危氏用熟犬肉蘸藍汁， 空心食，七日效。 Piles fistula with worms/bugs. The Qin fang [recommends] to boil dog meat and ingest the juice on an empty abdomen. This will pull out the worms/bugs. Mr. Wei [recommends] to dip cooked dog meat in bile, and eat this on an empty stomach. The effect shows after seven days. 50-02-02 蹄肉。Ti rou. [Dog] paw meat. 【氣味】酸，平。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, balanced. 【主治】煮汁飲之，能下乳汁。别録。 Control. Boil it to obtain a juice that is to be drunk. This will let [a woman’s] milk descend. Bie lu. 50-02-03 血。Xue. [Dog] blood. 白狗者良。 That of a white dog is good.

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【氣味】鹹，温，無毒。【弘景曰】白狗血和白雞肉、烏雞肉、白鵝肝、 白羊肉、蒲子羹等食，皆病人。【時珍曰】黑犬血灌蟹燒之，集鼠。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, warm, nonpoisonous. [Tao] Hongjing: If the blood of a white dog is mixed with the meat of a white chicken, the meat of a black chicken, the liver of a white goose, the meat of a white sheep, or a thick soup prepared from typha pollen, it will cause a disease in man. [Li] Shizhen: When the blood of a black dog is filled into a crab, that is then burned, it will let rats/mice gather. 【主治】白狗血：治癲疾發作。烏狗血：治産難横生，血上搶心，和酒服 之。别録。補安五臟。日華。熱飲，治虚勞吐血，又解射罔毒。點眼，治 痘瘡入目。又治傷寒熱病發狂見鬼及鬼擊病，辟諸邪魅。時珍。 Control. The blood of white dogs serves to cure outbreaks of peak illness.494 The blood of black dogs serves to cure difficult births, transverse presentation, and blood rushing upward against the heart. Ingest it mixed with wine. Bie lu. It supplements and calms the five long-term depots. Rihua. Drunk hot, it serves to cure depletion exhaustion with blood spitting. Also, it resolves the poison of the archer.495 Dripped into the eyes, it serves to cure smallpox sores that have entered the eyes. Also, it serves to cure harm caused by cold, heat disease, and episodes of madness with visions of demons, as well as demon attack diseases. It wards off all kinds of evil seduction-specters.496 [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】術家以犬爲地厭，能禳辟一切邪魅妖術。按史記云： 秦時殺狗磔四門以禦灾，殺白犬血題門以辟不祥，則自古已然矣。又華佗 别傳云：瑯琊有女子，右股病瘡，痒而不痛，愈而復作。陀取稻糠色犬一 隻繫馬，馬走五十里，乃斷頭，向痒處合之。須臾一蛇在皮中動，以鉤引 出，長三尺許，七日而愈。此亦怪證，取狗之血腥，以引其蟲耳。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The experts of [longevity] techniques consider dogs to be detested [food from the] ground, and they are able to invoke magic techniques to ward off evil seduction-specters. According to the Shi ji, during the Qin era, dogs 494 Dian 癲, “peak-illness,” BCGM Dict I, 123, identical with dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125. 495 She gong 射工, “archer,” (1) a small bug in ancient times believed to live in water and be capable of “shooting” poison from its mouth at people, thereby cauing disease; (2) a condition caused by the archer’s poison. BCGM Dict. I, 432. See 42-15. 496 Xie mei 邪魅, evil seduction-specter, also known as gui xie 鬼邪,demon evil, and gui mei 鬼魅, demonic seduction-specter. An etiological agent capable of bringing forth sudden violent diseases, strange diseases and recurring diseases believed to be associated with the activity of demons by people since antiquity. Also, a condition of gui bing 鬼病, demon diseases of a sudden violent or unusual or recurrent nature that is difficult to explain. BCGM Dict I, 200; 571.

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were killed and their body parts were displayed at the four gates to keep out disaster. White dogs were killed and their blood was inscribed on the gates to ward off misfortune. Hence, such techniques have continued since ancient times. Also, the Hua Tuo bie zhuan states: “Once there was a woman in Lang ye who suffered from a sore on her thigh. It itched, but did not ache. When it appeared to be cured, it broke out again. [Hua] Tuo took a rice-chaff colored dog and tied it to a horse. After the horse had run 50 li, he had the head [of the dog] cut off and attached to the location of the itch. After a while, a snake began to move below the skin. It was drawn out of there with a hook and proved to be more than three chi long. Seven days later [the woman] was cured.” This is one of those strange conditions where the odor of a dog’s blood is used to draw worms/bugs out out [of a sore].

【附方】舊二，新四。 Added recipes: Two of old. Four newly [recorded]. 熱病發狂。傷寒、時氣、温病六七日，熱極發狂，見鬼欲走。取白狗從背 破取血，乘熱攤胸上，冷乃去之。此治垂死者亦活。無白犬，但純色者亦 可。肘後方。 Heat disease with outbreaks of madness. Harm caused by cold, [affliction with] seasonal qi, and warmth illness that has lasted for six, seven days. When the heat has reached an apex, an outbreak of madness occurs. [Patients have] visions of demons and wish to run. Take a white dog, break its back, obtain blood there, and, while it is still hot, spread it on the [patient’s] chest . It is to be removed again after it has turned cold. This also serves to cure someone who died from hanging. He will come back to life. If no white dog is at hand, any dog with an unmixed coloring will do, too. Zhou hou fang. 鬼擊之病。脇腹絞痛，或即吐血、衄血、下血，一名鬼排。白犬頭取熱血 一升，飲之。百一方。 Diseases associated with a demon attack. With a wringing pain in the rib flanks and abdomen. Or associated with blood spitting, nosebleed, and discharge of blood. Another name is “demon push.” 497 Take one sheng of hot blood from the head of a white dog and drink this. Bai yi fang. 小兒卒癇。刺白犬血一升，含之。并塗身上。葛氏方。 Sudden epilepsy of children. Pierce a white dog to obtain one sheng of its blood, and [have the child] hold it in its mouth. Also, smear it on its body. Ge shi fang. 497 Gui pai 鬼排, “demon push.” A demon has given a human person a push. BCGM Dict I, 200.

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卒得瘑瘡。常時生兩脚間。用白犬血塗之，立愈。肘後方。 Sudden affliction with lair-illness sores.498 When it regularly develops between the two feet. Smear the blood of a white dog on the [affected region]. A cure is achieved immediately. Zhou hou fang. 兩脚癬瘡。白犬血塗之，立瘥。奇效。 Xuan-illness499 sores affecting both feet. Smear the blood of a white dog on the [affected region], A cure is achieved immediately. Qi xiao. 疔瘡惡腫。取白犬血頻塗之，有效。肘後。 Pin-illness500 sores with a malign swelling. Take a white dog’s blood and repeatedly smear it on the [affected region]. This is effective. Zhou hou. 50-02-04 心血。Xin xue. [Dog] heart blood. 【主治】心痺心痛。取和蜀椒末，丸梧子大。每服五丸，日五服。時珍。 出肘後。 Control. Heart blockage with a painful heart. Take [the blood from the heart of a dog] and mix it with Chinese pepper from Si chuan powder to prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest five pills. Five ingestions per day. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Zhou hou. 50-02-05 乳汁。Ru zhi. [Dog] milk. 白犬者良。 That of a white dog is good. 【主治】十年青盲。取白犬生子目未開時乳，頻點之。狗子目開即瘥。藏 器。赤秃髮落，頻塗甚妙。時珍。 Indications. Green blindness that has lasted for ten years. Take the milk from a white dog with puppies that have not opened their eyes yet, and repeatedly drip 498 Guo chuang 瘑瘡, “lair-illness sores,” a vaguely defined skin ailment associated with pain, itch and a gradual extension. BCGM Dict I, 203-204. 499 Xuan-illness 癬, skin illness with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591. 500 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129.

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it into the [affected eyes]. Once the puppies open their eyes, [the patient will be cured]. [Chen] Cangqi. Red baldness with loss of hair. Repeatedly smear it on the [affected region]. Very wondrous. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新二。 Added recipes: Two newly [recorded]. 拔白。白犬乳塗之。千金。 Pull out white [hair] and apply the milk of a white dog to the [holes left]. Qian jin. 斷酒。白犬乳，酒服。千金。 To cut an addiction to wine. Drink the milk of a white dog with wine. Qian jin. 50-02-06 脂並𦚟。Zhi bing yi. [Dog] fat and pancreas. 白犬者良。 Those of white dogs are good. 【主治】手足皴皺。入面脂，去䵟𪒟。柔五金。時珍。 Control. Chapped skin and chilblains of hands and feet. As an ingredient in facial cremes, they serve to cure dermal dark spots. They soften the five metals. 501 [Li] Shizhen. 50-02-07 腦。Nao. [Dog] brain. 【主治】頭風痺，鼻中瘜肉，下部𧏾瘡。别録。猘犬咬傷，取本犬腦敷 之，後不復發。時珍。出肘後。 Control. Wind blockage in the head; tumorous flesh growths in the nose. Hidden worm sores in the lower [body] parts (i.e., genitals). Bie lu. [To treat] harm resulting from a rabid dog’s bite, remove that same dog’s brain and apply it to the [location of the bite]. There will be no relapse later on. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Zhou hou.

501 The five metals are commonly identified as gold, silver, copper, lead and iron, or gold, silver, copper, iron and tin. The term is also used to refer to all metals in general.

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【附方】新一。 Recipes. One newly [recorded] 眉髮火瘢不生者。蒲灰，以正月狗腦和敷，日三，則生。聖惠方。 Scars from burns where the eyebrows grew, and now do not grow again. Mix the ashes of charred typha pollen with the brain of a dog collected in the first month, and apply this [to the scars]. Three times a day, and [the eyebrows] will grow again. Sheng hui fang. 50-02-08 涎。Xian. [Dog] saliva. 【主治】諸骨哽脱肛，及誤吞水蛭。時珍。 Control. All kinds of choking on a bone, prolapsed rectum, and having inadvertently swallowed a leech. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新三。 Added recipes. Three newly [recorded]. 諸骨哽咽。狗涎頻滴骨上，自下。仇遠稗史。 All kinds of choking on a bone. Repeatedly drip dog saliva on the bone, and it will descend. Qiu Yuan, Bai shi. 大腸脱肛。狗涎抹之，自上也。扶壽精方。 Prolapsed large intestine from the rectum. Smear dog saliva on it, and it will move up again. Fu shou jing fang. 誤吞水蛭。以蒸餅半箇，絞出狗涎，喫之，連食二三，其物自散。德生堂 方。 Inadvertendly having swallowed a leech. [Feed a dog with] half a steamed cake to have it produce dog saliva that is then wrung out [from the cake].502 Then eat the [saliva]. Eat two or three [such portions] one after another, and the item will be dispersed. De sheng tang fang.

502 This is expressed more clearly in Pu ji fang, ch. 64, Yan hou men 咽喉門, “Section Throat [diseases]. Wu dun zhu wu 誤吞諸物, “inadvertently having swallowed some item,” quoting the De sheng tang fang: yu gou kou zhong zhuo yan zai bing shang 於狗口中繳涎 在餅上, “[… Take half a steamed cake and] let the saliva in a dog’s mouth assemble on a steamed cake. [Then eat the cake. …]”

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50-02-09 心。Xin. [Dog] heart. 【主治】憂恚氣，除邪。别録。治風痺鼻衄及下部瘡，狂犬咬。日華。 Control. The qi of worrying and rage. It eliminates evil [qi]. Bie lu. It serves to cure wind blockage with nosebleed, sores at the lower [body] parts (i.e., genitals), and bites of rabid dogs. Rihua. 50-02-10 腎。Shen. [Dog] kidneys. 【氣味】平，微毒。【時珍曰】内則食犬去腎，爲不利人也。 Qi and Flavor. Balanced. Slightly poisonous. [Li] Shizhen: The Nei jing [recommends to] eat dogs with their kidneys removed because they are not beneficial for humans. 【主治】婦人産後腎勞如瘧者。婦人體熱用豬腎，體冷用犬腎。藏器。 Control. Kidney exhaustion of women after having given birth, reminiscent of malaria. When the body of the woman is hot, use pig kidneys. When her body is cold, use dog kidneys. [Chen] Cangqi. 50-02-11 肝。Gan. [Dog] liver. 【時珍曰】按沈周雜記云：狗肝色如泥土，臭味亦然。故人夜行土上則肝 氣動，蓋相感也。又張華物類志云：以狗肝和土泥竈，令婦妾孝順。則狗 肝應土之説相符矣。 According to Shen Zhou’s Za ji, the color of a dog’s liver is similar to that of clay soil. Odor and flavor are similar to that [of clay soil] too. Hence, when at night one walks on the ground, his liver qi will be excited. This is so because [liver qi and soil] correspond to each other. Also, Zhang Hua in his Wu lei zhi states: “Paste onto the kitchen stove a mixture of dog liver and soil. This will let the wife and the concubine show filial obedience.” This agrees with what has been said about the corresponding natures of dog liver and soil. 【主治】肝同心腎搗，塗狂犬咬。又治脚氣攻心，切生，以薑、醋進之， 取洩。先洩者勿用。藏器。

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Control. Pound [dog] liver, heart and kidneys together, and smear [the resulting pulp] on the location of a rabid dog bite. It also serves to cure leg qi503 that attacks the heart. Cut a fresh [dog liver] open and add to it ginger and vinegar. This will cause an outflow. Those [patients] who suffer from an outflow already, they must not use [this medication]. [Chen] Cangqi. 【附方】舊一，新一。 Added recipes. One of old. One newly [recorded]. 下痢腹痛。狗肝一具，切，入米一升煮粥，合五味食。心鏡。 Discharge with free-flux illness504 and abdominal pain. Cut one dog liver, add one sheng of rice, and boil this to prepare a congee. Mix this with the five spices and [let the patient] eat this. Xin jing. 心風505發狂。黄石散：用狗肝一具批開，以黄丹、硝石各一錢半，研匀擦在 肝内，用麻縛定，水一升煮熟。細嚼，以本汁送下。楊氏家藏。 Heart wind with outbreaks of madness. The “powder with huang [dan] and [xiao] shi.” Cut open a dog liver. Then grind one and a half qian each of minium and nitrokalite until they are evenly mixed and fill this into the liver. Bind it with hemp securely, and boil this in one sheng of water until it is done. [Let the patient] chew this to fine pieces and send them down with its own juice. Yang shi jia cang. 50-02-12 膽。Dan. [Dog] gallbladder/bile. 青犬、白犬者良。 Those of greenish dogs and of white dogs are good. 【氣味】苦，平，有小毒。【斅曰】鮭魚插樹，立便乾枯；狗膽塗之，却 還榮盛。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, balanced and slightly poisonous. [Lei] Xiao: When a salmon is attached to a tree, it will become dry and wither immediately. Smear dog bile onto it, and it will flourish again. 【主治】明目。本經。【鼎曰】上伏日采膽，酒服之。敷痂瘍惡瘡。别 録。療鼻齆，鼻中瘜肉。甄權。主鼻衄、聤耳，止消渴，殺蟲，除積，能 503 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248. 504 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 505 Xin feng 心風, “heart wind.” A condition of a heart affection by wind evil. BCGM Dict I, 575.

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破血。凡血氣痛及傷損者，熱酒服半箇，瘀血盡下。時珍。治刀箭瘡。日 華。去腸中膿水。又和通草、桂爲丸服，令人隱形。孟詵。 Control. It clears the eyes. Ben jing. [Zhang] Ding: Collect [dog] bile on the first day of the hottest period in a year and ingest it with wine. Smear [dog bile] on crust ulcers and malign sores. Bie lu. It serves to heal stuffed nose with sediments, and tumorous flesh growths in the nose. Zhen Quan. It controls nosebleed and purulent ears. It stops melting with thirst.506 It kills worms/bugs and removes accumulations. It can break through [stagnant] blood. For all kinds of pain resulting from blood and qi, and injuries, ingest one half [of a dog’s bile] with hot wine. Any stagnant blood will be discharged entirely. [Li] Shizhen. It serves to cure sores caused by knife or arrow. Rihua. It removes pus and water from within the large intestine. Also, ingested mixed with tetrapanax pith and cassia to prepare pills, it enables one to make his physical appearance invisible. Meng Shen. 【發明】【慎微曰】按魏志云：河内太守劉勳女病左膝瘡痒。華佗視之， 用繩繫犬後足不得行，斷犬腹取膽向瘡口，須臾有蟲若蛇從瘡上出，長三 尺，病愈也。 Explication. [Tang] Shenwei: According to the Wei zhi, “the daughter of Liu Xun, governor of He nei, suffered from an itching sore on one of her knees. When Hua Tuo saw this, he tied the hind legs of a dog with a rope so that [the dog] could not move, cut open its abdomen, removed the gallbladder and placed it onto the open sore. After a short while, a snake-like worm, three chi long, came out of the sore, and the disease was cured.”

【附方】舊二，新七。 Added recipes. Two of old. Seven newly [recorded]. 眼赤澀痒。犬膽汁注目中，效。聖惠。 Red eyes, with a feeling of roughness and itch. Pour dog bile into the eyes. Effective. Sheng hui. 肝虚目暗。白犬膽一枚，螢火蟲二七枚，陰乾爲末，點之。聖惠。 Liver depletion with dim vision. One liver of a white dog and two times seven fireflies are dried in the shade and ground to powder. Drip this into the [patient’s eyes]. Sheng hui. 目中膿水。上伏日采犬膽，酒服之。聖濟總録。 506 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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Pus and water in the eyes. Collect dog bile on the first day of the hottest period of a year, and ingest it with wine. Sheng ji zong lu. 聤耳出膿。用狗膽一枚，枯礬一錢，調匀。綿裹塞耳内，三四次即瘥。奇 效良方。 Purulent ears, emitting pus. Mix one dog gallbladder and one qian of calcined alum evenly, wrap this in silk fabric and insert it into the ear. After three or four such applications, [the disease] will be cured. Qi xiao liang fang. 拔白换黑。狗膽汁塗之。千金。 To pull out white [hair] and replace it with black [hair]. Smear dog bile on [the respective region]. Qian jin. 血氣撮痛不可忍者。用黑狗膽一箇，半乾半濕，剜開，以篦子挑丸菉豆 大，蛤粉滚過。每服四十丸，以鐵淬酒送下，痛立止。經驗方。 Tugging pain caused by blood and qi. When it can no longer be endured. Take the gallbladder of a black dog with its contents that are half dry and half moist. Scoop them out of the opened [gallbladder], use a fine comb as a sieve to separate pills the size of green beans, and coat them with clamshell powder. Each time ingest 40 such pills, and send them down with wine in which [a red-hot] iron had been dipped. The pain will end immediately. Jing yan fang. 反胃吐食。不拘丈夫婦人老少，遠年近日。用五靈脂末，黄狗膽汁和，丸 龍眼大，每服一丸，好酒半盞磨化服。不過三服，即效。本事。 Turned-over stomach with vomiting of food. Regardless of whether [the patient] is a husband or wife, old or young, and whether [the disease] has lasted for years, or came up only recently. Mix flying squirrel droppings powder with the bile of a yellow dog, and prepare pills the size of dragon eyes. Each time ingest one pill. It is to be ingested dissolved in half a cup of good wine. It will be effective after no more than three ingestions. Ben shi. 痞塊疳積。五靈脂炒烟盡、真阿魏去砂研等分，用黄雄狗膽汁和，丸黍米 大。空心津嚥三十丸。忌羊肉、醋、麪。簡便。 Obstacle-illness507 with lumps, and gan-illness508 with accumulation. Mix equal amounts of flying squirrel droppings that have been roasted until no more smoke 507 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” (1) a feeling of uncomfortable fullness and distension, (2) a pathological condition of uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I, 371. 508 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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is emitted, and genuine asafetida that has been cleansed of sand, with the bile of a yellow dog and prepare pills the size of broomcorn millet. [Let the patient] swallow, with his own saliva, 30 pills on an empty stomach. [During such a treatment] he must avoid mutton, vinegar and noodles. Jian bian. 赤白下痢。臘月狗膽一百枚，每枚入黑豆充滿，麝香少許。每服一枚，赤 以甘草、白以乾薑湯送下。奇效良方。 Red and white discharge with free-flux illness.509 Each of 100 gallbladders of dogs510 collected in the twelfth month is filled with black beans and a small amount of musk. Each time ingest one [such gallbladder]. If the [discharge] is red, send it down with a decoction of glycyrrhiza [root]; if it is white, with a decoction of dried ginger. Qi xiao liang fang. 50-02-13 牡狗陰莖。Du gou yin jing. A male dog’s yin stalk (i.e., penis). 【釋名】狗精。六月上伏日取，陰乾百日。别録。 Explanation of Names. Gou jing 狗精, “a dog’s essence.” To be collected in the sixth month on the first day of the hottest period of a year, and to be dried in the shade for 100 days. Bie lu. 【氣味】鹹，平，無毒。【思邈曰】酸。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Sun] Simiao: Sour. 【主治】傷中，陰痿不起，令强熱大，生子，除女子帶下十二疾。本經。 治絶陽及婦人陰瘻。日華。補精髓。孟詵。 Control. Damaged center511 with dysfunction of the yin [member (i.e., penis), that is] its failure to rise. It will make it strong, hot and big to generate children. It eliminates the twelve diseases of women below the belt. Ben jing. It serves to cure severed 509 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 510 The recipe for a hei long dan 黑龍丹, “black dragon elixir,” recorded in Qi xiao liang fang, ch. 13, li ji tong zhi fang 痢疾通治方, “recipes for curing all kinds of free-flux illness,” is identical with the recipe quoted here except for recommending pig gallbladders instead of dog gallbladders. Hence the character gou 狗, “dog,” may be a mistaken writing of zhu 豬, “pig.” 511 Shang zhong 傷中, “damaged center,” a condition brought forth by damage inflicted upon any essential internal matter, such as essence qi and blood, not just central qi. BCGM Dict I, 428.

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yang [qi], and fistula developing in a woman’s yin (i.e., genital) region. Rihua. It supplements essence/sperm and marrow. Meng Shen. 50-02-14 陰卵。Yin luan. [Dog] testicles. 【主治】婦人十二疾，燒灰服。蘇恭。 Control. For the 18 illnesses of women, ingest them burned to ashes. Su Gong. 50-02-15 皮。Pi. [Dog] skin. 【主治】腰痛，炙熱黄狗皮裹之。頻用取瘥。燒灰，治諸風。時珍。 Control. Lower back pain. Wrap the [painful region] with dog skin that has been heated. After repeated applications, a cure is achieved. Burned to ashes, it serves to cure all kinds of wind. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】淮南萬畢術云：黑犬皮毛燒灰揚之，止天風。則治風 之義，有取乎此也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The Huai nan wan bi shu states: “Burn the skin and the fur of black dogs and throw them into the air. This will stop wind coming from heaven.” That is, the idea that [dog skin] is able to cure wind [disease in a human body] results from this [ability to stop wind in nature]. 50-02-16 毛。Mao. [Dog] hair. 【主治】産難。蘇恭。頸下毛：主小兒夜啼，絳囊盛，繫兒兩手。藏器。 燒灰湯服一錢，治邪瘧。尾：燒灰，敷犬傷。時珍。 Control. Difficult childbirth. Su Gong. Hair from below the neck: It controls crying of children during the night. Fill two crimson bags with it, and tie them to the hands of the child. [Chen] Cangqi. One qian burned to ashes and ingested with hot water serves to cure evil malaria. [Hair from] the tail: Burned to ashes it is applied to harm/bites caused by dogs. [Li] Shizhen.

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湯火傷瘡。狗毛細翦，以烊膠和毛敷之。痂落即瘥。梅師。 Harm and sores resulting from scalding and fire. Cut the hair of a dog into fine pieces. Then mix the hair with melted glue and apply this to the [affected region]. When the crust falls off, the cure is achieved. Mei shi. 50-02-17 齒。Chi. [Dog] tooth. 【氣味】平，微毒。 Qi and Flavor. Balanced. Slightly poisonous. 【主治】癲癇寒熱，卒風疿，伏日取之。别録。磨汁，治犬癇。燒研醋 和，敷發背及馬鞍瘡。同人齒燒灰湯服，治痘瘡倒陷，有效。時珍。 Control. For peak-illness,512 epilepsy, and alternating sensations of cold and heat, as well as various wind[-caused] disablements, collect them on the first day of the hottest period of a year. Bie lu. Ground [with water to obtain] a juice they serve to cure dog epilepsy.513 Burned, ground and mixed with vinegar, they are applied to effusion of the back514 and horse-saddle sores.515 Burned to ashes together with human teeth and ingested with hot water, they serve to cure smallpox sores that have sunken in. Effective. [Li] Shizhen. 50-02-18 頭骨。Tou gu. [Dog] skull. 黄狗者良。 Those of yellow dogs are good. 【氣味】甘、酸，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, sour, balanced, nonpoisonous. 512 Dian 癲, “peak-illness,” BCGM Dict I, 123, identical with dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125. 513 Quan xian 犬癇, “dog epilepsy.” A condition of a dian xian 癲癇, peak-illness with epilepsy, which, at the time of its outbreaks, causes contraction of the patient’s hands and feet. BCGM Dict I, 394. 514 Fa bei 發背, “effusion of the back.” A condition of an obstruction-illness and an impediment-illness developking on one’s back. BCGM Dict I, 148. 515 Ma an chuang 馬鞍瘡, “horse-saddle sores,” a condition of chuang 瘡, sores, developing below the buttocks. BCGM Dict I, 331.

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【主治】金瘡止血。别録。燒灰，治久痢、勞痢。和乾薑、莨菪炒見煙， 爲丸，空心白飲服十丸，極效。甄權。燒灰，壯陽止瘧。日華。治癰疽惡 瘡，解顱，女人崩中帶下。時珍。頷骨：主小兒諸癇、諸瘻，燒灰酒服。 蘇恭。 Control. It stops bleeding of wounds caused by metal objects/weapons. Bie lu. Burned to ashes it serves to cure long-lasting free-flux illness, 516 and exhaustion free-flux illness. Mix it with dried ginger and henbane, fry this until a smoke develops, and prepare pills. Ingest ten such pills with water in which rice has been cooked. Extremely effective. Zhen Quan. Burned to ashes, it strengthens [a male’s] yang (i. e., sexual potency) and ends malaria. Rihua. It serves to cure malign sores associated with obstruction-illness and impediment-illness, 517 open skull, collapsing center518 and [diseases] below the belt of women. [Li] Shizhen. Chin bones: To control all kinds of epilepsy of children, and all kinds of fistula, they are burned to ashes and ingested with wine. Su Gong.

【附方】舊三，新十。 Added recipes. Three of old. Ten newly [recorded]. 小兒久痢。狗頭燒灰，白湯服。千金。 Long-lasting free-flux illness of children. The head of a dog is burned to ashes, and ingested with clear hot water. Qian jin. 小兒解顱。黄狗頭骨炙，爲末，雞子白和，塗之。直指。 Open skull of children. The bones of the head of a yellow dog are burned and ground to powder. Mix [the powder] with egg white and smear it on the [open skull]. Zhi zhi. 赤白久痢。臘月狗頭骨一兩半，燒灰，紫笋茶末一兩，爲末。每服二錢， 米飲下。聖惠方。 Red and white long-lasting free-flux illness. One and a half liang of bones of the head of dogs collected during the twelfth month are burned to ashes. [Mix them with] one liang of purple bamboo shoot tea and prepare a powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with rice slot. Sheng hui fang. 516 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 517 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 518 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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赤白帶下不止者。狗頭燒灰，爲末。每酒服一錢，日三服。聖惠。 Red and white [discharge] from below the belt that does not end. Burn a dog head to ashes and grind them to powder. Each time[let the woman] ingest one qian with wine. Three times a day. Sheng hui. 産後血亂，奔入四肢，并違墮。以狗頭骨灰，酒服二錢，甚效。經驗後方。 Chaotic bleeding following childbirth. With [the blood] rushing into the four limbs, [the limbs] sagging and no longer following [the woman’s] will. Take the skull bones of a dog, burn them to ashes, and ingest two qian with wine. Very effective. Jing yan hou fang. 打損接骨。狗頭一個，燒存性，爲末。熱醋調塗，暖卧。衛生易簡。 Bonesetting after an injury caused by a blow. One dog head is burned by retaining its nature, and ground to powder. Mix this with hot vinegar and apply it to the [affected region. The patient] is to lie down covered warmly. Wei sheng yi jian. 附骨疽瘡。狗頭骨燒烟，日熏之。聖惠。 Bone-attached impediment-illness519 sores. Burn a dog’s skull bones until smoke develops and fumigate the [affected region] every day. Sheng hui. 癰疽癤毒。狗頭骨灰、芸薹子等分，爲末，醋和敷之。千金。 Obstruction-illness and impediment-illness,520 and pimples with poison. Burn the bones of a dog’s head to ashes, mix them with an equal amount of oil rape seeds, grind this to powder, and mix this with vinegar. To be applied to the [affected region]. Qian jin. 惡瘡不愈。狗頭骨灰同黄丹末等分，敷之。壽域方。 Malign sores that fail to heal. Mix equal amounts of ashes of a dog’s skull with minium powder, and apply this to [the sores]. Shou yu fang. 長肉生肌。老狗頭腦骨瓦炒二兩，桑白皮一兩，當歸二錢半，爲末。麻油 調敷。直指。 To grow flesh and generate muscles. Fry two liang of the skull bones of an old dog on a tile, mix this with one liang of mulberry tree bark and two and a half qian of 519 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277. 520 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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angelica [root], and grind this to powder. Mix this with sesame oil, and apply this topically. Zhi zhi. 鼻中瘜肉。狗頭灰方寸匕，苦丁香半錢，研末吹之，即化爲水。或同硇砂 少許，尤妙。朱氏集驗。 Tumorous flesh growth in the nose. The amount of ashes of a dog head held by a square cun spoon, and one half qian of bitter cloves are ground to powder. When this is blown [into the nose, the flesh growth] will transform into water. One may also add a small amount of sal ammoniac. Especially wondrous. Zhu shi ji yan. 夢中洩精。狗頭鼻梁骨燒研，卧時酒服一錢。 Outflow of essence/sperm while dreaming. The bone of a dog’s nasal column is burned and ground. [Let the patient] ingest with wine one qian when he goes to bed. 頭風白屑作痒。狗頭骨燒灰，淋汁沐之。聖惠方。 Head wind with white scaling. With itch. Burn the skull of a dog to ashes, [soak them in water], filter this to obtain the juice and wash the [affected region]. Sheng hui fang. 50-02-19 骨。Gu. [Dog] bone. 白狗者良。 Those of white dogs are good. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】燒灰，生肌，敷馬瘡。别録。燒灰，療諸瘡瘻及妬乳癰腫。弘 景。燒灰，補虚，理小兒驚癇客忤。蜀本。煎汁，同米煮粥，補婦人，令 有子。藏器。燒灰，米飲日服，治休息久痢。豬脂調，敷鼻中瘡。時珍。 Control. [Ingested] burned to ashes, they generate muscles, and are applied to horse[-saddle] sores.521 Bie lu. Burned to ashes, they heal all kinds of sores and fistula, as well as jealousy breast522 with obstruction-illness523 swelling. [Tao] Hongjing. 521 Ma an chuang 馬鞍瘡, “horse-saddle sores,” a condition of chuang 瘡, sores, developing below the buttocks. BCGM Dict I, 331. 522 Du ru 妒乳, “jealousy breast.” A condition with milk blocked after delivery and the breasts turning red and swelling, being hot and painful, accompanied by fever. BCGM Dict I, 135. 523 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break

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Burned to ashes, they supplement a depletion, and cure a child’s fright epilepsy and visitor’s hostility.524 Shu ben. A juice obtained by frying [dog bones] is boiled with rice to prepare a congee. This serves to supplement [a depletion of ] a woman, and lets her have children. [Chen] Cangqi. Burned to ashes, and ingested daily with rice slot, it serves to cure dormant long-lasting free-flux illness.525 Mixed with lard, it is applied to sores in the nose. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】舊二。 Two of old. 産後煩懣不食者。白犬骨燒研，水服方寸匕。千金翼。 Vexation and a feeling of fullness after childbirth. When [the woman] does not eat. Burn the bones of a white dog and grind [the ashes to powder]. Ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon with water. Qian jin yi. 桃李哽咽。狗骨煮湯，摩頭上。子母秘録。 Choking on a peach or plum. Boil dog bones to obtain a decoction, and rub this on the head [of the person choking]. Zi mu mi lu. 50-02-20 屎。Shi. [Dog] feces. 白狗者良。 Those of white dogs are good. 【氣味】熱，有小毒。丹房鑑源云：白狗糞煮銅。 Qi and Flavor. Hot. Slightly poisonous. Dan fang jing yuan: White dog excrements serve to [generate silver] by boiling them with copper. 【主治】疔瘡。水絞汁服，治諸毒不可入口者。蘇恭。瘭疽徹骨痒者，燒 灰塗瘡，勿令病者知。又和臘豬脂，敷瘻瘡、腫毒、疔腫，出根。藏器。 燒灰服，發痘瘡倒黶，治霍亂癥積，止心腹痛，解一切毒。時珍。

through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 524 Ke wu 客忤, “visitor‘s hostility.“ A sudden twisting pain, encountered outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen thought to result from the hostile acts of demons “visiting“ the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282. 525 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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Control. Pin-illness526 sores. [Soak dog feces] in water and wring this to obtain a juice. This serves to cure all kinds of poisons that should not have entered one’s mouth. Su Gong. For flaming heat-illness with impediment-illness527 penetrating the bones, associated with itch, burn [dog feces] to ashes and apply them to the sores. But do not let the patient know [the nature of the treatment]. Also, mixed with lard collected in the twelfth month it is smeared on fistula sores with swelling and poison, and on pin-illness with swelling to let the root [of the pin] come out. [Chen] Cangqi. Burned to ashes and ingested, it lets smallpox sores erupt that have sunken in, it serves to cure cholera with concretion-illness528 accumulation, it ends pain in the heart and abdomen, and it resolves all kinds of poison. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】狗屎所治諸病，皆取其解毒之功耳。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: When dog feces is used to cure all kinds of diseases, one always relies on its ability to resolve poison.

【附方】舊三，新五。 Added recipes. Three of old. Five newly [recorded]. 小兒霍亂卒起者。用白狗屎一丸，絞汁服之。 Cholera of children that has emerged all of a sudden. [Soak] one ball of the feces of a white dog [in water], wring this to obtain a juice, and [let the child] ingest this. 心痛欲死。狗屎炒研，酒服二錢，神效。 Pain in the heart bringing one close to death. Fry dog feces, grind [them to powder], and ingest this with wine. Divinely effective. 勞瘧瘴瘧久不愈。用白狗糞燒灰，發前冷水服二錢。聖惠方。 Exhaustion malaria and miasmatic malaria that have not been cured for a long time. Burn the excrements of a white dog to ashes and ingest, prior to an outbreak, two qian with cold water. Sheng hui fang.

526 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129. 527 Biao ju 瘭疽, “flaming heat impediment-illness,” initially emerges like a bean kernel from which a root reaches into the depth of the tissue. This is associated with extreme pain. It slowly increases in size and generates several tips filled with pus that look like clusters of rice grains. They often develop on the back of hands and feet. BCGM Dict I, 67. 528 Zheng 癥. “concretion-illness,” a pathological condition of abdominal nodes/lumps that are hard and cannot be moved. BCGM Dict I, 676.

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月水不調。婦人産後，月水往來，乍多乍少。白狗糞燒，末，酒服方寸 匕，日三服。千金。 Irregular menstruation. When a woman’s menstruation following a childbirth at times comes plentiful, at times comes scarcely, burn dog excrements, powder this, and [have the woman] ingest, with wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon. To be ingested three times per day. Qian jin. 魚肉成癥。并治諸毒。用狗糞五升燒，末，綿裹，於五升酒中浸二宿，取 清，日三服。癥即便出也。外臺。 When fish or meat form a concretion-illness. 529 They also serve to cure all kinds of poisons. Burn five sheng of dog excrements and [grind the ashes to] powder. Wrap them in silk fabric and immerse this in five sheng of wine for two nights. Remove the clear liquid530 and ingest it three times a day. The concretion-illness will be expelled through defecation. Wai tai. 漏脯中毒。犬屎燒，末，酒服方寸匕。肘後。 Poisoning from preserved meat that has been hung under the eaves to dry in the wind. Burn dog feces, [Grind the ashes to] powder, and ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon. Zhou hou.531 發背癰腫。用白犬屎半升，水絞取汁服，以滓敷之，日再。外臺。 Effusion of the back, 532 with obstruction-illness533 and swelling. [Soak] one half sheng of a white dog’s feces in water, wring this to obtain the juice, and [let the patient] ingest this. The dregs are applied to the [affected region]. Twice a day. Wai tai. 疔瘡惡腫。牡狗屎五月五日，燒灰塗敷，數易之。又治馬鞍瘡，神驗。聖 惠。

529 Zheng 癥. “concretion-illness,” a pathological condition of abdominal nodes/lumps that are hard and cannot be moved. BCGM Dict I, 676. 530 Zheng lei, ch. 17, mu go yin jing 牡狗陰莖, “yin stalk (i. e., penis) of dogs,” writes qu qing fen she fu 取清分十服, “remove the clear liquid and divide into ten portions for ingestion.” 531 Zheng lei, ch. 17, mu gou yin jing 牡狗陰莖, “yin stalk (i. e., penis) of dogs,” names Mei shi fang as source. 532 Fa bei 發背, “effusion of the back.” A condition of an obstruction-illness and an impediment-illness developking on one’s back. BCGM Dict I, 148. 533 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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Pin-illness534 sores with malign swelling. Burn the feces of a male dog collected on the fifth day of the fifth month to ashes and apply them [to the affected region]. Change the [application] frequently. It also serves to cure horse-saddle sores.535 Divinely effective. Sheng hui. 50-02-21 屎中粟。Shi zhong su. [Undigested] millet [found] in [dog] feces. 白狗者良，一名白龍沙。 That of white dogs is good. Another name is bai long sha, 白龍沙, “white dragon sand.“ 【主治】噎膈風病，痘瘡倒陷，能解毒也。時珍。 Control. Gullet occlusion and wind disease, smallpox sores sunken in. It is able to resolve poison. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新二。 Added recipes. Two newly [recorded]. 噎膈不食。黄犬乾餓數日，用生粟或米乾飼之。俟其下糞，淘洗米粟令 浄，煮粥，入薤白一握，泡熟去薤，入沉香末二錢食之。永類鈐方。 Gullet occlusion with an inability to eat. Let a yellow dog starve for several days, and then feed it with raw millet or dried rice. Wait until [the dog] discharges feces, wash it to obtain the millet. Clean [the millet] and boil it to obtain a congee. Add one handful of long-stamen chives, heat this until it bubbles, and remove the long-stamen chives again. Then add two qian of aloes wood powder, and [let the patient] eat the [congee]. Yong lei qian fang. 痘瘡倒黶。用白狗或黑狗一隻，餵以生粟米。候下屎，取未化米爲末，入 麝香少許，新汲水服二錢。保幼大全。 Smallpox sores that have sunken in. Feed a white dog or a black dog with raw millet and wait until it discharges feces. Remove the undigested corn and powder it. Add a small amount of musk, and [let the patient] ingest two qian of this with freshly drawn water. Bao you da quan. 534 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129. 535 Ma an chuang 馬鞍瘡, “horse-saddle sores,” a condition of chuang 瘡, sores, developing below the buttocks. BCGM Dict I, 331.

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50-02-22 屎中骨。Shi zhong gu. Bones in [a dog’s] feces. 【主治】寒熱，小兒驚癇。别録。 Control. Alternating sensations of cold and heat. Fright epilepsy of children. Bie lu.

50-03 羊本經中品 Yang. FE Ben jing, middle rank. Goat/sheep. Capra hircus L. Ovis aries L. 【校正】别録另出羊乳，今併爲一。 Editorial Correction. The Bie lu has a separate entry of goat milk. It has been integrated here into one entry. 【釋名】羖一作𦍩、羝音低、羯。【時珍曰】説文云：羊字象頭角足尾之 形。孔子曰：牛、羊之字，以形似也。董子云：羊，祥也。故吉禮用之。 牡羊曰羖，曰羝；牝羊曰𦍺，曰牂，音臧。白曰羒，黑曰羭，多毛曰羖 䍽，胡羊曰䍲羺，無角曰𦏆，曰䍫。去勢曰羯，羊子曰羔。羔五月曰羜， 音宁；六月曰𦎦，音務；七月曰羍，音達；未卒歲曰䍮，音兆。内則謂之 柔毛，又曰少牢。古今注謂之長髯主簿云。 Explanation of Names. Gu 羖 is also written gu 𦍩. Di 羝 is read di 低. Jie 羯. [Li] Shizhen: The Shuo wen states: “The character yang 羊 is a pictograph reflecting [the animal’s] head, horns, legs and tail. Kong zi: ‘The characters niu 牛, “ox,” and yang 羊, “goat/sheep,” reflect the physical appearance [of these animals]’.” Master Dong states: “Yang 羊 is xiang 祥, ‘auspicious’. Hence it is used in auspicious ceremonies.” Male goats/sheep are called gu 羖, and they are also called di 羝, “ram.” Female goats/sheep are called zi 𦍺, and they are also called zang 牂, read zang 臧. White [goats/sheep] are called fen 羒; black ones are called yu 羭. Those with much fur are called gu li 羖䍽. Those from the [region of the] Hu are called nai nou 䍲羺. Those without horns are called tong 𦏆, and they are also called tuo 䍫. Those that are castrated, they are called jie 羯. Young ones are called gao 羔, ”lamb.” Lambs of five months are called ning 羜, read ning 寧. Those of six months are called wu 𦎦, read wu 務. Those of seven months are called da 羍, read da 達. Those not yet one year old are called zhao 䍮, read zhao 兆. The Nei ze calls them rou mao 柔毛, “soft fur.” They are also called shao lao 少牢, “minor domestic sacrificial animal.” The Gu jin zhu calls them chang ran zhu bu 長髯主簿, “official registrar with a long beard.”

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【集解】【别録曰】羖羊生河西。【弘景曰】羊有三四種。入藥以青色羖 羊爲勝，次則烏羊。其䍲羺羊及虜中無角羊，止可啖食，爲藥不及都下 者，然其乳、髓則肥好也。【頌曰】羊之種類甚多，而羖羊亦有褐色、黑 色、白色者。毛長尺餘，亦謂之羖䍽羊，北人引大羊以此爲羊首，又謂之 羊頭。【詵曰】河西羊最佳，河東羊亦好。若驅至南方，則筋力自勞損， 安能補益人？今南方羊多食野草、毒草，故江、浙羊少味而發疾。南人食 之，即不憂也。惟淮南州郡或有佳者，可亞北羊。北羊至南方一二年，亦 不中食，何况於南羊，蓋土地使然也。【宗奭曰】羖䍽羊出陝西、河東， 尤狠健，毛最長而厚，入藥最佳。如供食，則不如北地無角白大羊也。又 同、華之間有小羊，供饌在諸羊之上。【時珍曰】生江南者爲吴羊，頭身 相等而毛短。生秦晋者爲夏羊，頭小身大而毛長。土人二歲而剪其毛，以 爲毡物，謂之綿羊。廣南 英州一種乳羊，食仙茅，極肥，無復血肉之分， 食之甚補人。諸羊皆孕，四月而生。其目無神，其腸薄而縈曲。在畜屬 火，故易繁而性熱也。在卦屬兑，故外柔而内剛也。其性惡濕喜燥，食鉤 吻而肥，食仙茅而肪，食仙靈脾而淫，食躑躅而死。物理之宜忌，不可測 也。契丹以其骨占灼，謂之羊卜，亦有一靈耶？其皮極薄，南番以書字， 吴人以畫采爲燈。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Gu yang 羖羊 live in He xi. [Tao] Hongjin: There are three, four kinds of goats/sheep. For use as medication the gu yang 羖羊 of greenish color are best. Black goats/sheep are the second best. The nai nou 䍲羺 goats/sheep and those from Lu zhong without horns can only be offered as food. Those that are not good enough to be used as medication, they nevertheless have rich and good milk and marrow. [Su] Song: There are very many kinds of goats/sheep, and among the gu yang 羖羊 there are those of brown color, black color, and white color. Those whose fur is longer than one chi, they are also called gu li 羖䍽 goats/sheep. The people in the North use large goats/sheep because of their [size] as the head of a goat/sheep [herd], and they call them yang tou 羊頭, “head of goats/sheep.”536 [Meng] Shen: The goats/sheep of He xi are the best. The goats/sheep of He dong are also good. When they are driven to the South, the strength of their sinews is injured through exhaustion. How could they supplement and boost humans? Nowadays, the goats/sheep in the South often eat wild herbs, poisonous herbs. Hence the goats/sheep of Jiang and Zhe have little flavor, and stimulate illness. Still, the people in the South eat them and are not at all worried. Only in the zhou and prefectures of Huai nan are also some very good ones, secondary only to those of the North. If goats/sheep from the North are brought to the South for one or two years, they can no longer be offered for food. How much more is this true for southern goats/sheep? The fact is, the condition of 536 Zheng lei, ch. 17, gu yang jiao 羖羊角, “ram horn,” quotes the Tu jing and writes qun shou 群首, “head of the herd,” instead of yang shou 羊首. This makes more sense.

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the local soil causes such [different qualities]. [Kou] Zongshi: The gu li 羖䍽 goats/ sheep originate in Shaan xi and He dong. They are rather fierce and healthy. Their fur is the longest and thickest. They are best suited for use as medication. But when served as food, they are not as good as the big white goats/sheep without horns from the North. Also, in the region of Tong and Hua, there are small goats/sheep. When they are offered as delicacies, they are superior to all other goats/sheep. [Li] Shizhen: Those living in Jiang nan, they are the wu yang 吳羊. Their head and body are of equal size, and their fur is short. Those living in Qin and Jin are the xia yang 夏羊, “summer goats/sheep.” They have a small head, a large body, and their fur is long. When they have reached the age of two years, the locals cut off their fur and prepare felt items with it. They call [these animals] “silk floss goats/sheep.” In Guang nan, in Ying zhou, there is a type of “milk goats/sheep”. They eat curculigo [root] and are extremely fat. There is no need to separate blood and meat; eating them is extremely supplementing for humans. All goats/sheep are four months pregnant and then give birth. Their eyes lack a spirit. Their intestines are thin and bent. Among the domestic animals, they are associated with [the phase] fire. Hence they multiply easily, and they are of hot nature. Among the trigrams, they are associated with dui 兑. Hence they are soft on the outside, and hard inside. By their nature they detest moisture and prefer dryness. They eat yellow jessamine, and that lets them become fat. When they eat curculigo [root] they build up animal fat. When they eat epimedium [herb], they turn licentious. When they eat rhododendron [flowers], they die. What is appropriate and what is forbidden, the innate principles of things cannot be measured. The Qi dan people use their bones for divination, and call this goat/sheep fortune-telling. But do [such bones] indeed have such intelligence? Their skin is extremely thin. The Nan fan people use it to write characters on it, and the Wu people paint colors on it and use it to make lanterns. 50-03-01 羊肉。Yang rou. Mutton. 【氣味】苦、甘，大熱，無毒。【詵曰】温。【頌曰】本經云甘，素問云 苦。蓋經以味言，素問以理言。羊性熱屬火，故配於苦。羊之齒、骨、五 臟皆温平，惟肉性大熱也。【時珍曰】熱病及天行病、瘧疾病後食之， 必發熱致危。妊婦食之，令子多熱。白羊黑頭、黑羊白頭、獨角者，並 有毒，食之生癰。禮曰：羊𣬹毛而毳者羶。又云：煮羊以杏仁或瓦片則 易糜，以胡桃則不臊，以竹䶉則助味。中羊毒者，飲甘草湯則解。銅器煮 之，男子損陽，女子暴下。物性之異如此，不可不知。【汪機曰】反半 夏、菖蒲。同蕎麵、豆醬食，發痼疾。同醋食，傷人心

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Qi and Flavor. Bitter, sweet, very hot, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: Warm. [Su] Song: The Ben jing identifies it as “warm;” the Su wen identifies it as “bitter.” That is, the [Ben] jing refers to its flavor; the Su wen refers to its innate principle. Goats/ sheep are by nature hot, and they are associated with [the phase] fire. Hence, this goes along with a bitter [flavor]. The teeth, bones and five long-term depots of goats/sheep are all warm and balanced. Only the nature of mutton is very hot. [Li] Shizhen: If [mutton] is consumed after one has suffered from a heat disease, an epidemic disease, or a malaria disease, it will cause critical outbreaks of heat. When pregnant women eat it, their children will often be hot. White goats/sheep with a black head, black goats/sheep with a white head, and those with only one horn, they are all equally poisonous. To eat them will generate obstruction-illness.537 The Li states: “The very fine wool that has been shed by goats/sheep has a characteristic stench.” It is also stated: When boiling mutton, add apricot seeds or pieces from a tile, and it will easily be cooked. Add walnuts and it will not have such a foul smell. To add bamboo rats/mice strengthens its flavor. Those struck by mutton poison will drink a glycyrrhiza [root] decoction, and [the poison] is easily resolved. [Mutton] boiled in copper utensils will harm a male’s yang potency, and it will cut the yin flow of women [leading to childlessness]. Things differ in their nature like this. One must know this. Wang Ji: [Mutton] is opposed to pinellia [root] and acorus [root]. Eaten together with buckwheat flour and fermented bean paste, it will cause obstinacy-illness. 538 Eaten together with vinegar, it will harm one’s heart. 【主治】暖中，字乳餘疾，及頭腦大風，汗出，虚勞寒冷，補中益氣，安 心止驚。别録。止痛，利産婦。思邈。治風眩瘦病，丈夫五勞七傷，小兒 驚癇。孟詵。開胃健力。日華。 Control. It warms the center. Ailments in the aftermath of childbirth. Massive head and brain wind with sweating. Depletion exhaustion with a sensation of cold and freezing. It supplements the center and boosts the qi. It pacifies the heart and ends fright. Bie lu. It ends pain. It helps women giving birth. [Sun] Simiao. It serves to cure wind dizziness and emaciation disease, the five kinds of exhaustion and seven kinds of damage of males, fright epilepsy of children. Meng Shen. It opens the stomach and gives strength. Rihua. 【發明】【頌曰】肉多入湯劑。胡洽方有大羊肉湯，治婦人産後大虚， 心腹絞痛，厥逆，醫家通用大方也。【宗奭曰】仲景治寒疝羊肉湯，服 之無不驗者。一婦冬月生産，寒入子户，腹下痛不可按，此寒疝也。醫 537 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 538 For various kinds of gu 痼, “obstinacy-illness,” see BCGM Dict I, 194.

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欲投扺當湯。予曰：非其治也。以仲景羊肉湯减水，二服即愈。【李杲 曰】羊肉有形之物，能補有形肌肉之氣。故曰補可去弱，人參、羊肉之 屬。人參補氣，羊肉補形。凡味同羊肉者，皆補血虚，蓋陽生則陰長也。 時珍曰】按開河記云：隋大總管麻叔謀病風逆，起坐不得。煬帝命太醫 令巢元方視之。曰：風入腠理，病在胸臆。須用嫩肥羊蒸熟，糝藥食之則 瘥。如其言，未盡劑而痊。自後每殺羊羔，同杏酪、五味日食數枚。觀 此，則羊肉補虚之功，益可證矣。 Explication. [Su] Song: Mutton is often added to decoction preparations. The Hu jia fang lists a “major decoction with mutton.” To cure massive depletion of women following childbirth, with twisting pain in the heart and abdomen, and recession with counterflow, all physicians use such a major recipe. [Kou] Zongshi: [Zhang] Zhongjing cured cold elevation-illness539 with a mutton decoction,540 and its ingestion never remained without effect. Once there was a woman who had given birth to a child during a winter month. Cold had entered her through her vagina. She felt pain from her abdomen down, and this region could not be touched. This was a case of cold elevation-illness. A physician wanted to give her the “decoction for resistance.”541 I said: “Such a therapy is wrong.” I gave her [Zhang] Zhongjing’s “decoction with mutton,” with the amount of water reduced, and after two ingestions she was cured. Li Gao: Mutton is an item with a physical appearance. It is able to supplement muscles and flesh that also have a physical appearance. Hence it is said: Supplementation removes weakness, this is what ginseng [root] and mutton are associated with. Ginseng [root] supplements the qi; mutton supplements the physical appearance. All items with a flavor identical with that of mutton serve to supplement blood depletion. The fact is, when yang is generated, yin will grow. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Kai he ji, “Ma Shumou, Commander-in-Chief during the Sui, suffered from wind with counterflow, and he was unable to rise or sit down. Emperor Yang di ordered the Imperial Physician Chao Yuanfang to examine him. He said: ‘Wind has entered his intersticial structures. The disease is deep in his chest. The required [therapy is] to steam tender, fat mutton until it is done, mix it with medication and [let the patient] eat this. This will cure the disease.’ They acted 539 Shan [qi] 疝[氣], “elevation-illness [qi],” a pathological condition of (1) an item having entered the scrotum, with pain, sometimes ascending, sometimes descending, (2) a condition affecting the scrotum or a testicle, (3) of violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 419, 417. 540 Jin kui, first ch., fu main han shan su she bin mai zheng zhi 腹满寒疝宿食病脉證治, “movement in the vessels, pathological signs and cure of abdominal fullness, cold elevation-illness and food remaining over night,” writes dang gui sheng jiang yang rou tang 當 歸生薑羊肉湯, “Mutton decoction with angelica [root] and fresh ginger.” 541 Di dang tang 扺當湯, “decoction for resistance.” Ingredients include leeches, gadflies, peach seeds and rhubarb root.

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as he had said, [The patient] was cured even before he had finished ingesting the entire preparation. From this time on, he regularly slaughtered lambs, and each day ate many of them with apricot yogurt, and the five spices.” The ability of mutton to supplement a depletion is clearly evident from looking at this example. 【附方】舊八，新十六。 Added recipes. Eight of old. 16 newly [recorded]. 羊肉湯。張仲景治寒勞虚羸及産後心腹疝痛，用肥羊肉一斤，水一斗，煮 汁八升，入當歸五兩，黄耆八兩，生薑六兩，煮取二升，分四服。胡洽方 無黄耆，千金方有芍藥。金匱要略。 Decoction with mutton. Used by Zhang Zhongjing to cure cold exhaustion with depletion and emaciation, as well as painful elevation-illness in heart and abdomen following childbirth. One jin of fat mutton is boiled in one dou of water down to a juice of eight sheng. This is boiled again, with five liang of angelica [root], eight liang of yellow vetch, and six liang of fresh ginger, down to two sheng. This is ingested in four portions. The Hu Qia fang [lists this recipe] without yellow vetch. The Qian jin fang has it with paeonia [root]. Jin kui yao lue. 産後厥痛。胡洽大羊肉湯：治婦人産後大虚，心腹絞痛，厥逆。用羊肉一 斤，當歸、芍藥、甘草各七錢半，用水一斗煮肉，取七升入諸藥，煮二升 服。 Painful recession following childbirth. Hu Qia’s “major decoction with mutton.” It serves to cure massive depletion of women following childbirth, with a twisting pain in the heart and abdomen, and recession with counterflow.542 Take one jin of mutton, and seven and a half qian each of angelica [root], paeonia [root], and glycyrrhiza [root]. Now, boil the mutton in one dou of water down to seven sheng. Then add all the drugs, boil [the liquid] down to two sheng, and [let the patient] ingest this. 産後虚羸，腹痛，冷氣不調，及腦中風，汗自出。白羊肉一斤，切治如 常，調和食之。心鏡。 Depletion emaciation following childbirth. With abdominal pain, cold qi that cannot be accommodated, her brain struck by wind,543 and with spontaneous sweating. 542 Jue ni 厥逆, “recession with counterflow,” an illness sign mostly appearing in the four extremities, as for instance: shou zu jue ni 手足厥逆, recession with counterflow in the hands and legs,” identical with shou zu han 手足寒, “hands and legs are cold.” BCGM Dict I, 463. 543 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech.

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One jin of mutton from a white goat/sheep is cut and prepared as usual. [Have the woman] eat this in suitable portions. Xin jing. 産後帶下。産後中風，絶孕，帶下赤白。用羊肉二斤，香豉、大蒜各三 兩，水一斗，煮五升，納酥一升，更煮二升服。千金方。 [Diseases] below the belt following childbirth. Struck by wind following childbirth. Being barred from pregnancy. Red and white discharge from below the belt. Boil two jin of mutton with three liang each of fermented soybeans and garlic in one dou of water down to five sheng. Add one sheng of butter, boil this again down to three sheng, and [let the patient] ingest this. Qian jin fang. 崩中垂死。肥羊肉三斤，水二斗，煮一斗三升，入生地黄汁一升，乾薑、 當歸各三兩，煮三升，分四服。千金。 Collapsing center544 with impending death. Three jin of fat mutton are boiled in two dou of water down to one dou and three sheng. Add to this one sheng of fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] juice, three liang each of dried ginger and angelica [root], and boil this down to three sheng. To be ingested in four portions. Qian jin. 補益虚寒。用精羊肉一斤，碎白石英三兩，以肉包之，外用荷葉裹定，於 一石米下蒸熟，取出去石英，和葱、薑作小餛飩子。每日空腹，以冷漿水 吞一百枚，甚補益。千金翼。 To supplement and boost in the case of depletion cold. Take one jin of fine mutton, and use this meat to wrap three liang of crushed milky quartz. This then is firmly covered with lotus leaves, and steamed, under one dan of rice, until done. Now take [the mutton] out again, remove the quartz, and prepare tiny dumplings with onions and ginger. Each day swallow 100 such dumplings with fermented water of foxtail millet.545 Very supplementing and boosting. Qian jin yi.546 壯陽益腎。用白羊肉半斤切生，以蒜、薤食之。三日一度，甚妙。心鏡。 To strengthen the yang (i.e., sexual potency) and boost the kidneys. Cut one half jin of raw mutton from a white sheep and eat it with garlic and long-stamen chives. Every third day once. Very wondrous. Xin jing. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683. 544 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58. 545 For jiang shui 漿水, “fermented water of foxtail millet,” see BCGM 05-33. 546 This recipe is not recorded in the Qian jin yi. It is quoted from the Wai tai, ch. 37, yang rou zhong cheng shi ying fu er fa 羊肉中蒸石英服餌法, “method to consume quartz steamed in mutton.”

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五勞七傷，虚冷。用肥羊肉一腿，密蓋煮爛，絞取汁服，并食肉。 The five kinds of exhaustion and seven kinds of harm. Depletion cold. Boil fat mutton from one leg in a tightly closed pot until it has turned into pulp. Wring this to obtain a juice and [let the patient] ingest it. In addition he is to eat the meat. 骨蒸久冷。羊肉一斤，山藥一斤，各爛煮，研如泥，下米煮粥食之。飲膳 正要。 Bone steaming547 with long-lasting cold. One jin of mutton and one jin of dioscorea [root] are separately boiled to a pulp and ground until they are soft like mud. Add rice and boil this to prepare a congee and [let the patient] eat this. Yin shan zheng yao. 骨蒸傳尸。用羊肉一拳大，煮熟，皂莢一尺炙，以無灰酒一升，銅鐺内煮 三五沸，去滓，入黑餳一兩。令病人先啜肉汁，乃服一合，當吐蟲如馬尾 爲效。外臺。 Bone steaming with corpse [qi] transmission.548 Boil a piece of mutton the size of a fist until done. Then boil one chi-long piece of gleditsia pods/seeds in one sheng of ash free wine in a copper pot three to five times to bubbling. Remove the dregs, and add [to the liquid] one liang of black malt sugar. Now let the patient first sip the mutton juice, and then ingest one ge [of the medical decoction]. Once he vomits worms resembling a horse tail, [the medication] was effective. Wai tai. 虚寒瘧疾。羊肉作臛餅，飽食之，更飲酒暖卧取汗。燕國公常見有驗。集 驗方。 Depletion cold with malaria. Prepare cakes with mutton and [let the patient] eat them to repletion. Then he is to drink wine and lie down warmly covered to let him sweat. The Duke of the state Yan regulary evidenced the effects [of this treatment]. Ji yan fang. 脾虚吐食。羊肉半斤作生，以蒜、薤、醬、豉、五味和拌，空腹食之。心 鏡。 Mix one half jin of raw mutton with garlic, long-stamen chives, soybean sauce, fermented beans, and the five spices. To be eaten on an empty abdomen. Xin jing.

547 Gu zheng 骨蒸, “bone steaming,” (1) a pathological condition of an infectious consumptive disease with a development of vexing heat in the afternoon. (2) An illness sign of heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197. 548 Chuan shi 傳尸, “corpse [evil qi] transmission.” An infectious consumptive disease. BCGM Dict I, 97.

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虚冷反胃。羊肉去脂作生，以蒜、薤空腹食之，立效。外臺。 Depletion cold with turned over stomach. Remove the fat from mutton and leave it raw.549 Then add garlic and long-stamen chives and eat this on an empty abdomen. Immediately effective. Wai tai. 壯胃健脾。羊肉三斤切，粱米二升同煮，下五味作粥食。飲膳正要。 To strengthen the stomach and invigorate the spleen. Cut three jin of mutton and boil them together with two sheng of millet. Add the five spices to prepare a congee, and eat this. Yin shan zheng yao. 老人膈痞，不下飲食。用羊肉四兩切，白麵六兩，橘皮末一分、薑汁搜如 常法，入五味作臛食，每日一次，大效。多能鄙事。 Diaphragm obstacle-illness550 of old people. When they can neither drink nor eat. Four liang of minced mutton, six liang of white flour, and one fen of powdered tangerine peels are prepared with ginger juice as usual. To this are added the five spices, and a broth is made. [Let the patient] eat this once a day. Very effective. Duo neng bi shi. 胃寒下痢。羊肉一片，莨菪子末一兩和，以綿裹納下部，二度瘥。外臺方。 Stomach cold discharge with free-flux illness. 551 One piece of mutton and one liang of henbane seeds are mixed and wrapped in silk fabric. This is inserted into the bottom part (anus). A cure is achieved after two such applications. Wai tai fang. 身面浮腫。當陸一升，水二斗，煮取一斗，去滓。羊肉一斤，切，入内煮 熟，下葱、豉、五味調和如臛法，食之。肘後方。 Surface swelling of body and face. One sheng of phytolacca [root] is boiled in two dou of water down to one dou. Remove the dregs. One jin of minced mutton is added [to the liquid] and boiled until done. Add onions, fermented beans, and the five spices and proceed as usual to prepare a broth. [Let the patient] eat this. Zhou hou fang. 腰痛脚氣。木瓜湯：治腰膝痛，脚氣。羊肉一脚，草果五枚，粳米二升， 回回豆即胡豆半升，木瓜二斤，取汁，入砂糖四兩，鹽少許，煮肉食之。 正要。 Lower back pain and leg qi. 552 The “decoction with chaenomeles fruit.” It serves to cure lower back pain and aching knees, as well as leg qi. The mutton from one leg of 549 Wai tai, ch. 8, wei fan 胃反, “stomach turnedover,” instead of zuo sheng 作生, “leave it raw,” writes zuo fu 作脯, “prepare dried meat.” 550 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” (1) a feeling of uncomfortable fullness and distension, (2) a pathological condition of uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I, 371. 551 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 552 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

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a sheep. Five tsaoko fruits. Two sheng of nonglutinous rice. One half sheng of Muslim beans, i.e., beans of the Hu. Two jin of chaenomeles fruit juice, plus four liang of brown sugar and a small amount of salt. [All these] are boiled with the meat. [Let the patient] eat this. Zheng yao. 消渴利水。羊肉一脚，瓠子六枚，薑汁半合，白麪二兩，同鹽、葱炒食。 正要。 Melting with thirst553 and free-flux of water. The mutton from one leg of a sheep, six bottle gourd seeds, one half ge of ginger juice, and two liang of white flour are fried with salt and onions to be eaten. Zheng yao. 損傷青腫。用新羊肉貼之。千金方。 Greenish swelling resulting from an injury. Place fresh mutton on it.554 Qian jin fang. 婦人無乳。用羊肉六兩，麞肉八兩，鼠肉五兩，作臛啖之。崔氏。 When a woman has no milk. Prepare a broth from six liang of mutton, eight liang of roebuck meat, and five liang of rat/mice meat, and [have the woman] eat this. Cui shi. 傷目青腫。羊肉煮熟熨之。聖惠方。 Harmed eyes with greenish swelling. Place a compress of hot mutton on them. Sheng hui fang.555 小兒嗜土。買市中羊肉一斤，令人以繩繫，於地上拽至家，洗浄，炒炙 食。或煮汁亦可。姚和衆。 When children love to eat soil. Buy one jin of mutton on the market, and have someone tie a rope to it. Then return home with the [mutton] dragged on the ground. [At home] wash it clean, fry it, and [let the child] eat it. Or boil it to obtain a juice. This is possible, too. Yao Hezhong. 頭上白秃。羊肉如作脯法，炙香，熱搨上，不過數次瘥。肘後方。 White baldness on the head. Prepare mutton as usual to preserve meat, fry it until a good smell develops, and place it hot on [the bald region]. A cure is achieved after only a few such applications. Zhou hou fang. 553 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 554 The complete recipe in Qian jin fang, ch. 25, bei ji fang 備急方, zhu ban shang sun 諸般 傷損, reads: xin sha yang rou cheng re 新殺羊肉乘熱, “mutton, just killed, while it is still hot.” 555 This recipe is not recorded in the Sheng hui fang. A similar recipe is found in Sheng ji zong lu, ch. 112, wai wu shang mu 外物傷目, “harm to the eyes caused by an extermaö object.“

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50-03-02 頭蹄。Tou ti. [Goat/sheep] head and trotters. 白羊者良。 Those of white goats/sheep are good. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【大明曰】凉。【震亨曰】羊頭蹄肉性極補水。 水腫人食之，百不一愈。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. Da Ming: Cool. [Zhu] Zhenheng: The nature of the head and the trotters of goats/sheep is to extremely supplement water. If someone with a water swelling eats them, he will never be cured. 【主治】風眩瘦疾，小兒驚癇。蘇恭。腦熱頭眩。日華。安心止驚，緩中 止汗補胃，治丈夫五勞骨熱，熱病後宜食之，冷病人勿多食。孟詵。心鏡 云：已上諸證，並宜白羊頭，或蒸或煮，或作膾食。療腎虚精竭。 Control. Wind dizziness with emaciation illness. Fright epilepsy of children. Su Gong. Brain heat and head dizziness. Rihua. They pacify the heart and end fright. They relax the center, end sweating, and supplement the stomach. They serve to cure a male’s five kinds of exhaustion and bone heat. It is advisable to eat them after a heat disease. People with a cold disease must not eat them in large amounts. Meng Shen. The Xin jing states: For all the conditions mentioned above, the head of white goats/sheep is suitable, to be eaten either steamed or boiled, or minced. They cure kidney depletion and exhaustion of essence/sperm.

【附方】新三。 Added recipes. Three newly [recorded]. 老人風眩。用白羊頭一具，如常治食之。 Wind dizziness of old people. Prepare the head of a white goat/sheep as usual and [let the patient] eat it. 五勞七傷。白羊頭蹄一具浄治，更以稻草燒烟，熏令黄色，水煮半熟，納 胡椒、畢撥、乾薑各一兩，葱、豉各一升，再煮去藥食。日一具，七日即 愈。千金。 The five kinds of exhaustion and the seven kinds of harm. Cleanse the head and a pair of trotters of a white goat/sheep, and expose them to the fumes rising from a straw fire until they have turned yellow. Then boil them in water until they are half done. Add one liang each of black pepper, long pepper, and dried ginger, and

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one sheng each of onions and fermented beans. Boil this again, and then remove the pharmaceutical substances. [Let the patient ingest] one set per day. A cure is achieved after seven days. Qian jin. 虚寒腰痛。用羊頭蹄一具，草果四枚，桂一兩，薑半斤，哈昔泥一豆許， 胡椒煮食。正要。 Depletion cold with lower back pain. One head and a pair of trotters of a goat/ sheep, four pieces of tsaoko fruit, one liang of cassia, half a jin of ginger, a bean size amount of asafetida, and black pepper are to be boiled and eaten. Zheng yao. 50-03-03 皮。Pi. [Goat/sheep] skin. 【主治】一切風及脚中虚風，補虚勞，去毛作羹、臛食。孟詵。濕皮卧 之，散打傷青腫；乾皮燒服，治蠱毒下血。時珍。 Control. All kinds of wind, as well as legs struck by depletion wind. It supplements depletion exhaustion. Remove the hair and prepare a congee or broth to be consumed [by the patient]. Meng Shen. [Let the patient] lie down on a wet skin to disperse greenish swelling resulting from a hit or injury. Burn a dry skin and ingest [the ashes] to cure gu poison556 with discharge of blood. [Li] Shizhen. 50-03-04 脂。Zhi. [Goat/sheep] fat. 青羊者良。 That of greenish goats/sheep is good. 【氣味】甘，熱，無毒。丹房鑑源云：柔銀軟銅。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, hot, nonpoisonous. The Dan fang jing yuan states: It serves to soften silver and copper. 【主治】生脂：止下痢脱肛，去風毒，産後腹中絞痛。思邈。治鬼疰。蘇 頌。胡洽方有青羊脂丸。去遊風及黑䵟。日華。熟脂：主賊風痿痺飛尸， 辟瘟氣，止勞痢，潤肌膚，殺蟲，治瘡癬。入膏藥，透肌肉經絡，徹風熱 毒氣。時珍。 556 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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Control. Fresh fat ends free-flux illness557 discharge with anal prolapse. It removes wind poison, and twisting pain in the abdomen [of women] following childbirth. [Sun] Simiao. It serves to cure demon attachment-illness.558 Su Song. The Hu Qia fang lists the “greenish goat/sheep fat pills.” They serve to remove roaming wind and [facial] gloom. Rihua. Refined fat controls robber wind,559 dysfunction560 and blockage, as well as flying corpse [qi]. It eliminates warmth-illness qi, ends exhaustion free-flux illness, moistens muscles and skin, kills worms/bugs and serves to cure sores with xuan-illness.561 Added to an ointment medication, it penetrates muscles, flesh, conduits and network [vessels], and disperses the poison qi of wind heat. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新十三。 Added recipes: Thirteen newly [recorded]. 下痢腹痛.羊脂、阿膠、蠟各二兩，黍米二升，煮粥食之。千金。 Free-flux illness discharge with abdominal pain. Two liang each of goat/sheep fat, donkey hide glue, and bees wax, and two sheng of broomcorn millet are boiled to prepare a congee to be eaten. Qian jin. 妊娠下痢。羊脂如棋子大十枚，温酒一升，投中頓服，日三。千金。 Free-flux illness562 discharge during pregnancy. Ten pieces of goat/sheep fat, each the size of a check game piece, are ingested with one sheng of warm wine in one draft. Three times per day. Qian jin. 虚勞口乾。千金用羊脂一雞子大，淳酒半升，棗七枚，漬七日食，立愈。 外臺用羊脂雞子大，納半斤酢中一宿，絞汁含之。 Depletion exhaustion with a dry mouth. The Qian jin [advises] to soak goat/sheep fat, the amount equivalent to a chicken egg, in half a sheng of pure wine, together 557 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 558 Gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness,” also zhu 注, “attachment-illness,” “influx-illnesss,” reflects a notion of a foreign pathogenic agent, originally of demonic nature, having attached itself to the human organism. BCGM Dict I, 202, 688-695. 559 Zei feng 賊風, “robber wind.” A swift wind arriving from the South on the day of winter solstice. It “steals and harms the qi of central harmony,” causing pain without heat and various further pathological conditions. BCGM Dict I, 667. 560 Wei 痿, “dysfunction,” 1. a condition of an atrophy and feebleness of the four extremities. 2. Identical with yin wei 陰痿,“dysfunction of the yin [member, i.e. penis].”BCGM Dict I, 526. 561 Xuan-illness 癬, skin illness with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591. 562 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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with seven Chinese dates, for seven days and [let the patient] eat this. Immediately effective. The Wai tai [advises] to soak goat/sheep fat, the amount equivalent to a chicken egg, in half a jin of vinegar for one night. Then this is to be squeezed to obtain the juice, and [the patient is asked] to hold it in his mouth. 卒汗不止。牛羊脂，温酒頻化，服之。外臺。 Sudden sweating that does not end. Dissolve ox and goat/sheep fat in warm wine and [let the patient] ingest this. Wai tai. 脾横爪赤。煎羊脂摩之。外臺。 Transverse spleen with a red [swelling like] a gourd. Fry goat/sheep fat and rub it on the [affected region]. Wai tai. 産後虚羸。令人肥白健壯，羊脂二斤，生地黄汁一斗，薑汁五升，白蜜三 升，煎如飴。温酒服一盃，日三。小品。 Depletion emaciation following childbirth. It lets one be fat, white, and strong. Goat/sheep fat, two jin; fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] juice, one dou; ginger juice, five sheng, and white honey, three sheng, are boiled until something like maltose is generated. [Let the patient] ingest, with warm wine, one cup, three times per day. Xiao pin. 婦人陰脱。煎羊脂頻塗之。廣利方。 Prolapse of the yin [section] of women. Boil goat/sheep fat and repeatedly apply it to the [affected region]. Guang li fang. 發背初起。羊脂、豬脂切片，冷水浸貼，熱則易之，數日瘥。外臺。 Effusion on the back563 in its early stage. Cut goat/sheep fat and pig fat into pieces. Give them into cold water and apply this [to the affected region]. As soon as it has become hot, exchange it. A cure is achieved within a few days. Wai tai. 牙齒疳𧏾。黑羖羊脂、莨菪子等分，入盃中燒烟，張口熏之。千金方。 Sweets-illness with hidden worms affecting the teeth.564 Give equal amounts of black ram fat and henbane seeds into a cup. Burn this to generate fumes. [Let the patient] open his mouth and fumigate the [affected teeth]. Qian jin fang. 563 Fa bei 發背, “effusion of the back.” A condition of an obstruction-illness and an impediment-illness developking on one’s back. BCGM Dict I, 148. 564 Gan ni 疳䘌, “sweets-illness with hidden worms.” Alternative writing gan ni 甘䘌. A condition of ni 䘌, “hidden worms,” disease brought forth by frequent consumption of sweet items, with the teeth turning black and rotting, or ulcers developing in the anal and genital areas, and festering with stench. BCGM Dict I, 184.

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小兒口瘡。羊脂煎薏苡根塗之。活幼心書。 Oral sores of children. Boil Job’s tears root in goat/sheep fat and apply this to the [affected region]. Huo you xin shu. 豌豆如疥赤黑色者。煎青羊脂摩之。千金方。 Pea[-like dermal eruptions] resembling jie-illness.565 When they are red-black, fry greenish goat/sheep fat and rub this on the [affected region]. Qian jin fang. 赤丹如疥，不治殺人。煎青羊脂摩之，數次愈。集驗。 Red cinnabar [poison] resembling jie-illness. If not cured, it will kill one. Boil greenish goat/sheep fat and rub it on the [affected region]. Several applications will result in a cure. Ji yan. 誤吞釘鍼。多食豬羊脂，久則自出。肘後。 Mistakenly having swallowed a pin or a needle. [Let the patient] eat lots of pig and/ or goat/sheep fat. After an extended period of time, [the object] will come out by itself. Zhou hou. 50-03-05 血。Xue. [Goat/sheep] blood. 白羊者良。 [That of ] white goats/sheep is good. 【氣味】鹹，平，無毒。【時珍曰】按夏子益奇疾方云：凡豬羊血久食， 則鼻中毛出，晝夜長五寸，漸如繩，痛不可忍，摘去復生。惟用乳石、硇 砂等分爲丸，臨卧服十丸，自落也。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: Xia Ziyi in his Qi ji fang states: “When the blood of pigs and goats/sheep is consumed for an extended period of time, hair will emerge from within one’s nose. It will grow five cun long within one day and one night. Gradually it assumes the strength of a rope, and is associated with unbearable pain. When cut off, it grows again. The only [therapy] is to prepare pills from equal amounts of stalactites and sal ammoniac, and to ingest ten such pills when going to bed. [The hair] will fall off by itself.” 【主治】女人血虚中風，及産後血悶欲絶者，熱飲一升即活。蘇恭。熱飲 一升，治産後血攻，下胎衣，治卒驚九竅出血，解莽草毒、胡蔓草毒，又 解一切丹石毒發。時珍。出延壽諸方。 565 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

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Control. Women with blood depletion that are struck by wind,566 and those with blood567 heart-pressure following childbirth, in a condition close to death, they drink one sheng hot568 [blood] and will come back to life. Su Gong. To drink one sheng hot [goat/sheep blood] serves to cure blood attack and helps to discharge the placenta. It serves to cure sudden fright with blood coming out of all nine orifices. It resolves the poison of illiceum [leaves] and the poison of yellow jessamine. 569 Furthermore, it resolves all effusions of poison [ingested with] elixir minerals. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Yan shou zhu fang. 【發明】【時珍曰】外臺云：凡服丹石人，忌食羊血十年，一食前功盡 亡。此物能制丹砂、水銀、輕粉、生銀、硇砂、砒霜、硫黄、乳石、鍾 乳、空青、曾青、雲母石、陽起石、孔公孽等毒。凡覺毒發，刺飲一升即 解。又服地黄、何首烏諸補藥者，亦忌之。嶺表録異言其能解胡蔓草毒。 羊血解毒之功用如此，而本草並不言及，誠缺文也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The Wai tai states: All persons ingesting elixir minerals must abstain from consuming goat/sheep blood for ten years. If prior to this [term] they consume [goat/sheep blood], the effects [of the elixir minerals] will be eliminated entirely. This substance is able to control the poison of all the following: cinnabar, mercury, calomel, native silver, sal ammoniac, arsenic, sulphur, stalactites, [water dripping from] stalactites, malachite, lamellar malachite, mica, tremolite, and the central segment of stalactites. Whenever one feels the effusion of such poison, he should pierce [a goat/sheep to obtain its blood and] drink one sheng of it. This will resolve [the poison]. Also, those who ingest supplementing remedies such as Chinese foxglove [rhizome] and polygonum [root], they must abstain from it. The Ling biao lu yi speaks of its ability to resolve the poison of yellow jessamine. Such is the ability of goat/sheep blood to resolve poison, but this is nowhere recorded in materia medica literature. This is truly an omission.

566 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683. 567 Zheng lei, ch. 17, gu yang jiao 羖羊角, “ram horn,“ has xue yun men 血暈悶, blood dizziness and heart-pressure.” 568 Zheng lei, ch. 17, gu yang jiao 羖羊角, “ram horn,“ has sheng 生, “raw/fresh,” instead of re 熱, “hot.” 569 Hu man cao 胡蔓草, “herb of the Hu and Man,” is an alternative designations of yellow jessamine, ye ge 野葛, also: gou wen 鉤吻.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】舊二，新五。 Added recipes. Two of old. Five newly [recorded].

衄血一月不止。刺羊血熱飲即瘥。聖惠。 Nosebleed for one month, and failing to end. Pierce a goat/sheep to obtain its blood and drink it warm. This will result in a cure. Sheng hui. 産後血攻，或下血不止，心悶面青，身冷欲絶者。新羊血一盞飲之。三兩 服妙。梅師。 Blood attack following childbirth. In some cases associated with an unending discharge of blood, heart-pressure and greenish facial complexion, with the body being cold and coming close to death. [Let the patient] drink one cup of fresh goat/sheep blood. Wondrously [effective] after two or three ingestions. Mei shi. 大便下血。羊血煮熟，拌醋食，最效。吴球便民食療。 Defecation with a discharge of blood. Boil goat/sheep blood until done, add vinegar and [let the patient] eat this. Very effective. Wu Qiu, Bian min shi liao. 硫黄毒發，氣悶。用羊血熱服一合，效。聖惠方。 Effusion of sulphur poison, with qi heart-pressure. Ingest one ge of hot goat/sheep blood. Effective. Sheng hui fang. 食菹吞蛭，蛭噉臟血，腸痛黄瘦。飲熱羊血一二升，次早化豬脂一升飲 之。蛭即下也。肘後方。 Inadvertently having swallowed leeches when eating pickled vegetables. The leeches will eat the blood of the long-term depots, resulting in visceral pain, a yellow complexion and emaciation. [Let the patient] drink one or two sheng of hot goat/sheep blood. The next morning [let the patient] drink one sheng of dissolved lard. The leeches will be discharged. Zhou hou fang. 誤吞蜈蚣。刺豬羊血灌之，即吐出。昔有店婦吹火，筒中有蜈蚣入腹，店 婦仆地，號叫可畏。道人劉復真用此法而愈。三元延壽書。 Inadvertently having swallowed a centipede. Pierce a pig and/or a goat/sheep to obtain its blood and fill it [into the patient’s throat. The centipede] will be thrown up. Once there was a woman in a shop who used a tube to blow into [and kindle] the fire. In [the tube] was a centipede that entered her abdomen. The shop woman fell to the ground and began to yell dreadfully. The Daoist Liu Fuzhen applied this method and achieved her cure. San yuan yan shou shu. 妊娠胎死不出，及胞衣不下，産後諸疾狼狽者。刺羊血熱飲一小盞，極 效。聖惠方。

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A fetus has died during pregnancy, and fails to come out, also: when the placenta is not discharged, and for all critical conditions following childbirth. Pierce a goat/ sheep to obtain its blood and [let the woman] drink a small cup of it while still hot. Very effective. Sheng hui fang. 50-03-06 乳。Ru. [Goat/sheep] milk. 白𦍺者佳。 That of white female goats/sheep is best. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】補寒冷虚乏。别録。潤心肺，治消渴。甄權。療虚勞，益精氣， 補肺、腎氣，和小腸氣。合脂作羹，補腎虚，及男女中風。張鼎。利大 腸，治小兒驚癇。含之，治口瘡。日華。主心卒痛，可温服之。又蚰蜒入 耳，灌之即化成水。孟詵。治大人乾嘔及反胃，小兒噦啘及舌腫，並時時 温飲之。時珍。解蜘蛛咬毒。【頌曰】劉禹錫傳信方云：貞元十一年，崔 員外言：有人爲蜘蛛咬，腹大如妊，徧身生絲，其家棄之，乞食。有僧教 啖羊乳，未幾疾平也。 Control. It supplements conditions of cold and depletion with weariness. Bie lu. It moistens heart and lung. It serves to cure melting with thirst.570 Zhen Quan. It heals depletion exhaustion and boosts essence qi. It supplements the qi of lung and kidneys. It harmonizes the qi of the small intestine. Prepared with fat as a congee, it supplements kidney depletion, and conditions of males and females struck by wind.571 Zhang Ding. It makes the large intestine passable, and serves to cure fright epilepsy of children. Kept in the mouth it serves to cure oral sores. Rihua. It can be ingested warm to control sudden pain in the heart. Also, when a common house centipede has entered one’s ear, pour [goat/sheep milk] into it. This will transform [the intruder] to water. Meng Shen. It serves to cure dry vomiting and turned over stomach, as well as retching and swollen tongue of children. For all these conditions [let the patients] regularly drink warm [goat/sheep milk]. [Li] Shizhen. It resolves the poison of spider bites. [Su] Song: Liu Yuxi in his Chuan xin fang states: “In 570 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 571 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis,and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683.

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the 11th year of the zhen yuan reign period (785 – 805), Cui yuan wai told [me the following story]. A person was bitten by a spider and his abdomen was bloated as if he were pregnant. Threads grew all over his body, and his family abandoned him so that he had to beg for food. Then a monk appeared and taught him to drink goat/ sheep milk. Before long his illness was cured.” 【發明】【弘景曰】牛羊乳實爲補潤，故北人食之多肥健。【恭曰】北人 肥健，由不啖鹹腥，方土使然，何關飲乳？陶以未達，故屢有此言。【時 珍曰】方土、飲食，兩相資之。陶説固偏，蘇説亦過。丹溪言反胃人宜時 時飲之，取其開胃脘、大腸之燥也。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: The milk of cows and goats/sheep is truly suited for supplementing and moistening. Hence the people in the North eat it and many of them are fat and strong. [Su] Gong: The people in the North are fat and strong because they do not consume salt and seafood. This is because of the local conditions; how could it be related to drinking milk? Tao [Hongjing] was unaware of this. Hence his statement was repeated again and again. [Li] Shizhen: Local conditions and beverages and food condition each other. Tao [Hongjing’s] statement was definitely one-sided, and Su [Gong] was wrong too. [Zhu] Danxi said that people with a turned over stomach should regularly drink it. This way one can make use of [goat/sheep milk’s potential] of opening a dried up stomach duct and large intestine.

【附方】舊一，新二。 Added recipes: One of old; two newly [recorded]. 小兒口瘡。羊乳細濾入含之，數次愈。小品方。 Oral sores of children. Filter a fine stream of goat/sheep milk into the [child’s] mouth to stay there for a while. After several such applications a cure is achieved. Xiao pin fang. 漆瘡作痒。羊乳敷之。千金翼。 Sores resulting from lacquer, with itch. Apply goat/sheep milk to the [affected region]. Qian jin yi. 面黑令白。白羊乳三斤，羊𦚟三副，和搗。每夜洗浄塗之，旦洗去。總録。 To generate a white complexion on a black face. White goat/sheep milk, three jin, and three goat/sheep pancreases are ground together. Each night the face is washed and [the pulp] is applied. In the morning it is washed off again. Zong lu.

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50-03-07 腦。Nao. [Goat/sheep] brain. 【氣味】有毒。【詵曰】發風病。和酒服，迷人心，成風疾。男子食之， 損精氣，少子。白羊黑頭，食其腦，作腸癰。 Qi and Flavor. Poisonous. Meng Shen: It causes wind disease. When ingested together with wine it confuses one’s heart, and generates wind illness. When males eat it, it will harm their essence qi, and decreases their offspring. The consumption of the brain of white goats/sheep with a black head generates intestinal obstruction-illness. 572 【主治】入面脂手膏，潤皮膚，去䵟𪒟，塗損傷、丹瘤、肉刺。時珍。 Control. Added to facial cremes and hand ointments it serves to moisten the skin, and removes dermal dark spots. It is applied to wounds, vermilion tumors,573 and corns. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新二。 Added recipes: Two newly [recorded]. 發丹如瘤。生綿羊腦，同朴消研，塗之。瑞竹堂方。 Vermilion effusion resembling a tumor. Fresh sheep brain and nitrokalite are ground together, to be applied to the [affected region]. Rui zhu tang fang. 足指肉刺。刺破，以新酒、酢和羊腦塗之，一合愈。古今録驗。 Corns on toes. Pierce the corn and apply a mixture of fresh wine, vinegar and goat/ sheep brain to it. [An application of ] one ge will result in a cure.574 Gu jin lu yan.

572 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 573 Dan liu 丹瘤, “vermilion tumor,” a condition of a red kernel-type swelling without a head developing on the head, in the face, or at the throat. The tumor itself does not ache or itch, but is accompanied by fever with an aversion to cold and pain affecting head and body. BCGM Dict. I, 119. 574 Instead of yi ge yu 一合愈, “[an application of ] one ge will result in a cure,” the Wai tai, ch. 29, rou ci fang 肉刺方, “recipes for corns,“ quoting the Gu jin lu yan writes: chang yi mian guo zhi liang 常以綿裹之良. “to permanently wrap them with a silk floss bandage is good.”

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

464 50-03-08 髓。Sui. [Goat/sheep] marrow.

【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】男子女人傷中，陰陽氣不足，利血脉，益經氣，以酒服之。别 録。却風熱，止毒。久服不損人。孫思邈。和酒服，補血。主女人血虚風 悶。孟詵。潤肺氣，澤皮毛，滅瘢痕。時珍。删繁治肺虚毛悴酥髓湯中用 之。 Control. Damaged center575 of males and females, and insufficiency of yin and yang qi. It makes the blood vessels passable, and boosts the conduit qi. To be ingested with wine. Bie lu. It removes wind heat, and ends poisoning. Ingested over an extended period of time it will not harm one. Sun Simiao. Ingested with wine it supplements blood. It controls blood depletion of women with wind heart-pressure. Meng Shen. It moistens the qi of the lung, and returns the lustre of skin and hair. It removes scars. [Li] Shizhen. To cure lung depletion with dried hair, the Shan fan [recommends] to make use of it in the “decoction with butter and marrow.”

【附方】新五。 Added recipes: Five newly [recorded]. 肺痿骨蒸。煉羊脂、煉羊髓各五兩，煎沸，下煉蜜及生地黄汁各五合，生 薑汁一合，不住手攪，微火熬成膏，每日空心温酒調服一匙，或入粥食。 飲膳正要。 Lung dysfunction with bone steaming.576 Five liang each of refined goat/sheep fat and of refined goat/sheep marrow are boiled to bubbling. Add five ge each of refined honey and fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] juice, as well as one ge of fresh ginger juice, and constantly stir this while heating it over a mild fire until it has turned into a paste. Each day [let the patient] ingest, with warm wine, on an empty stomach one spoon. Or he may eat it added to a congee. Yin shan zheng yao. 575 Shang zhong 傷中, “damaged center,” a condition brought forth by damage inflicted upon any essential internal matter, such as essence qi and blood, not just central qi. BCGM Dict I, 428. 576 Gu zheng 骨蒸, “bone steaming,” (1) a pathological condition of an infectious consumptive disease with a development of vexing heat in the afternoon. (2) An illness sign of heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197.

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目中赤翳。白羊髓敷之。千金。 Red shade in the eye. Apply the marrow of a white goat/sheep to it. Qian jin. 舌上生瘡。羊脛骨中髓和胡粉，塗之，妙。聖惠。 Sores growing on the tongue. Mix the marrow from a goat/sheep’s shinbone with lead carbonate and apply this to the [tongue]. Wondrous. Sheng hui. 白秃頭瘡。生羊骨髓調輕粉，搽之。先以泔水洗浄。一日二次，數日愈。 經驗方。 White baldness with sores on the head. Fresh goat/sheep bone marrow is mixed with calomel to be applied to the [affected region. This region] is to be washed first with water that has been used to wash rice. Twice per day. After several days a cure is achieved. Jing yan fang. 痘痂不落。痘瘡痂疕不落滅瘢方：用羊𩩅骨髓煉一兩，輕粉一錢，和成 膏，塗之。陳文中方。 Smallpox scabs that fail to fall off. When the scabs of smallpox sores fail to fall off. Recipe to eliminate scars. Refine one liang of the marrow of the tube/tibia bones of a goat/sheep and mix it with one qian of calomel to generate a paste to be applied to the [affected region]. Chen Wenzhong fang. 50-03-09 心。Xin. [Goat/sheep] heart. 下並用白羝羊者良。 For all the following applications: those of white rams are good. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【日華曰】有孔者殺人。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. Rihua: Those with holes will kill a person. 【主治】止憂恚膈氣。别録。補心。藏器。 Control. It ends grief and rage, and [disperses] occluded qi. Bie lu. It supplements the heart. [Chen] Cangqi.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded].

心氣鬱結。羊心一枚，咱夫蘭即回回紅花，浸水一盞，入鹽少許，徐徐塗 羊心上，炙熟食之，令人心安多喜。正要。 Pent-up and accumulated heart qi. One goat/sheep heart. Za’faran,577 that is, Muslim safflower, is soaked in a cup of water578, with a little salt added. Gently apply this to the goat/sheep heart, roast it until it is done, and [let the patient] consume it. This lets one’s heart be pacified and generates much joy. Zheng yao. 50-03-10 肺。Fei. [Goat/sheep] lung. 【氣味】同心。【詵曰】自三月至五月，其中有蟲，狀如馬尾，長二三 寸。須去之，不去令人痢下。 Qi and Flavor. Identical with those of the heart. [Meng] Shen: Between the third and fifth month they have worms/bugs resembling a horse tail, about two to three cun long. They must be removed lest they cause free-flux illness579 discharge. 【主治】補肺，止欬嗽。别録。傷中，補不足，去風邪。思邈。治渴，止 小便數，同小豆葉煮食之。蘇恭。通肺氣，利小便，行水解蠱。時珍。 Control. It supplements the lung and ends cough. Bie lu. For a damaged center,580 it supplements insufficiency and removes wind evil. [Sun] Simiao. It serves to cure thirst and ends frequent urination. To be eaten boiled with the leaves of small beans. Su Gong. It stimulates the passage of lung qi, frees the flow of urine, lets water pass and resolves gu [poison]. [Li] Shizhen.

577 The Yin shan zheng yao, ch. 2, ju zhen yi zhuan 聚珍异馔. Jiu yang xin 炙羊心, “rare delicacies, roasted sheep/goat heart,” writes zan fu lan san qian 咱夫蘭三錢, “three qian of zan fu lan.“ 578 The Yin shan zheng yao, ch. 2, ju zhen yi zhuan 聚珍异馔. Jiu yang xin 炙羊心, “rare delicacies, roasted sheep/goat heart,” writes mei gui shui 玫瑰水. “rose water.” 579 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 580 Shang zhong 傷中, “damaged center,” a condition brought forth by damage inflicted upon any essential internal matter, such as essence qi and blood, not just central qi. BCGM Dict I, 428.

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【附方】舊一，新六。 Added recipes: One of old. Six newly [recorded]. 久嗽肺痿作燥。羊肺湯：用羊肺一具洗浄，以杏仁、柿霜、真豆粉、真酥 各一兩，白蜜二兩，和匀，灌肺中，白水煮食之。葛可久方。 Chronic cough with lung dysfunction. Resulting in dryness. Goat/sheep lung decoction: Wash one goat/sheep lung clean. Then mix evenly one liang each of apricot seeds, persimmon frost, soybean seeds and genuine butter, as well as two liang of white honey. Fill this into the lung, boil it in clear water and [let the patient] eat this. Ge Kejiu fang. 欬嗽上氣，積年垂死。用莨菪子炒、熟羊肺切曝，等分爲末，以七月七日 醋拌。每夜服二方寸匕，粥飲下。隔日一服。千金。 Cough with rising qi. When it has lasted for years, with [the patient] being close to death. Equal quantities of roasted henbane seeds and cooked goat/sheep lung581 cut into pieces and dried in the sun are ground to powder. This is mixed with vinegar prepared on the seventh day of the seventh month. Each night ingest the amount held by two square cun spoons, and wash it down with a congee. Ingest it every second day. Qian jin. 水腫尿短。青羖羊肺一具，微煠切曝，爲末，莨菪子一升，以三年醋漬， 搗爛，蜜丸梧子大。食後麥門冬飲服四丸，日三。小便大利，佳。千金。 Water swelling with urination cut short. One lung of a greenish ram is gently fried, cut into pieces, dried in the sun and ground to powder. One sheng of henbane seeds is soaked in three-year-old vinegar and then it is ground to a pulp. [These two items] are prepared, with honey, to pills the size of wu seeds. After meals four such pills are ingested with an ophiopogon [tuber] beverage, three times a day. This will massively stimulate the flow of urine. Good. Qian jin. 小便頻數。下焦虚冷也。羊肺一具切作羹，入少羊肉，和鹽、豉食。不過 三具。集驗方。 Frequent urination. This is a depletion cold in the lower burner. Cut one goat/sheep lung into pieces and prepare a thick soup. Add a small amount of goat/sheep meat, as well as salt and fermented soybeans. [Let the patient] eat this. No more than three portions. Ji yan fang.

581 Qian jin fang, ch. 17, ji qi 積氣, “qi accumulation,” writes gan 肝, “liver,” instead of fei 肺, “lung.” The Wai tai, ch. 10, jiu shang qi fang 久上氣方, “recipes for qi ascending for a long time,” quotes this and writes fei 肺, “lung,”

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渴利不止。羊肺一具，入少肉，和鹽、豉作羹食。不過三具，愈。普濟方。 Thirst and free-flux [disease] that do not end. Add a little meat and salt to a goat/ sheep lung, prepare a thick soup, and [let the patient] eat this. A cure is achieved after no more than three portions. Pu ji fang. 解中蠱毒。生羊肺一具割開，入雄黄、麝香等分，吞之。濟生方。 To resolve gu poison.582 A fresh goat/sheep lung is cut open, and equal amounts of realgar and musk are filled into it. This is to be eaten. Ji sheng fang. 鼻中瘜肉。羊肺散：用乾羊肺一具，白术一兩，肉蓯蓉、通草、乾薑、芎 藭各二兩，爲末。食後米飲服五兩。千金方。 Flesh growths in the nose. Goat/sheep lung decoction: Grind one dried goat/sheep lung, one liang atractylodes [rhizome], and two liang each of cistanche [stem], tetrapanax pith, dried ginger and ligusticum [root] to powder. Consume five liang583 with a rice beverage after meals. Qian jin fang. 50-03-11 腎。Shen. [Goat/sheep] kidneys. 【氣味】同心。 Qi and Flavor. Identical with those of [a goat/sheep] heart. 【主治】補腎氣虚弱，益精髓。别録。補腎虚，耳聾陰弱，壯陽益胃，止 小便，治虚損盗汗。日華。合脂作羹，療勞痢甚效。蒜、薤食之一升，療 癥瘕。蘇恭。治腎虚消渴。時珍。 Control. They supplement kidney qi depletion weakness, and they boost essence and marrow. Bie lu. They supplement kidney depletion and deafness with yin weakness. They strengthen the yang and boost the stomach. They stop urination. They serve to cure depletion injury and robber sweat. Rihua. Mixed with fat and prepared as a congee, they are very effective in healing exhaustion and free-flux illness.584 One sheng eaten with garlic and long-stamen chives serves to heal concretion-illness and 582 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 583 Instead of wu liang 五兩, “five liang,” the Qian jin fang, ch. 6, shang qi qiao bing shang bi bing 上七竅病上鼻病, “diseases of the seven upper orifices. Diseases of the upper nose,” has fu wu fen bi jia zhi fang cun bi 服五分匕加至方寸匕, “ingest as much as is held by a five fen spoon, and increase this to as much as is held by a square cun spoon.” 584 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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conglomeration-illness.585 Su Gong. They serve to cure kidney depletion and melting with thirst.586 [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】千金、外臺、深師諸方，治腎虚勞損，消渴脚氣，有 腎瀝湯方甚多，皆用羊腎煮湯煎藥。蓋用爲引嚮，各從其類也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The Qian jin, the Wai tai and the Shen shi, all these texts list numerous recipes of a “decoction for kidney dripping” to cure kidney depletion with exhaustion injury, as well as melting with thirst and leg qi.587 All these medications use boiled goat/sheep kidneys. That is, to guide [a medication], this is always based on group correspondences [of substances].

【附方】舊三，新六。 Added recipes: Three of old. Six newly [recorded]. 下焦虚冷，脚膝無力，陽事不行。用羊腎一枚煮熟，和米粉六兩，錬成乳 粉，空腹食之，妙。心鏡。 Depletion cold in the lower burner. When the legs and knees lack strength, and the yang affair is inactive (i.e., impotence). Boil one goat/sheep kidney, mix it with six liang of rice powder, heat this to generate milk powder, and [let the patient] eat this on an empty stomach. Wondrous. Xin jing. 腎虚精竭。羊腎一雙切，於豉汁中，以五味、米糅作羹、粥食。心鏡。 Kidney depletion and essence exhaustion. Cut a pair of goat/sheep kidneys into pieces, place them into fermented soybean juice, and mix this with the five spices and rice to prepare a thick soup. [Let the patient] eat the congee. Xin jing. 五勞七傷，陽虚無力。經驗用羊腎一對，去脂切，肉蓯蓉一兩，酒浸一夕 去皮，和作羹，下葱、鹽、五味食。 The five exhaustions and seven damages. When the yang is depleted and lacks strength. The Jing yan uses one pair of goat/sheep kidneys, with the fat removed and cut into pieces, and one liang of cistanche [stems], soaked in wine for one night 585 Zheng jia 癥瘕, “concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness.” The two terms are often used interchangeably and do not signify two distinctly different conditions. Concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness result from a disharmony of cold and warmth resulting in a failure to transform beverages and food. Nodes form when the clash with the qi of the long-term depots. BCGM Dict I, 677. 586 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 587 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

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and with the skin removed, to prepare a thick soup to be eaten with scallions, salt and the five spices. 正要治陽氣衰敗，腰脚疼痛，五勞七傷。用羊腎三對，羊肉半斤，葱白一 莖，枸杞葉一斤，同五味煮成汁，下米作粥食之。 To cure yang qi weakness and deterioration, with pain in the lower back and legs, and the five kinds of exhaustion and the seven kinds of damage, the Zheng yao uses three pairs of goat/sheep kidneys, half a jin of goat/sheep meat, one onion stalk, and one jin of lycium [herb] leaves, and boils these items with the five spices to generate a juice, which then is prepared with rice as a congee to be eaten [by the patient]. 虚損勞傷。羊腎一枚，术一升，水一斗，煮九升服，日三。肘後方。 Depletion injury and exhaustion damage. One goat/sheep kidney, one sheng of atratylodes [rhizome], and one dou of water are boiled down to nine sheng. To be ingested three times per day. Zhou hou fang. 腎虚腰痛。千金用羊腎去膜，陰乾爲末。酒服二方寸匕，日三。 Kidney depletion with lower back pain. The Qian jin uses goat/sheep kidneys with the membrane removed, dried in the shade and ground to powder. The amount held by two square cun spoons is to be ingested with wine, three times per day. 正要治卒腰痛。羊腎一對，咱夫蘭一錢，水一盞浸汁，入鹽少許，塗抹腎 上，徐徐炙熟，空腹食之。 To cure sudden lower back pain, the Zheng yao advises to soak one qian of safflower in a cup of water,588 add a little salt to the juice and apply this to the outside of a pair of goat/sheep kidneys. The [kidneys] are then gently roasted until well done, to be eaten on an empty stomach. 老人腎硬。治老人腎藏虚寒，内腎結硬，雖服補藥不入。用羊腎子一對， 杜仲長二寸闊一寸一片，同煮熟，空心食之。令人内腎柔軟，然後服補 藥。雞峰備急方。 Kidney hardening in old men. The [following recipe] cures old men with kidney depletion cold, and knots and hardening of inner kidneys, who have ingested supplementing medication without effect. Boil one pair of goat/sheep kidneys together with one piece of eucommia [bark], two cun long, one cun broad, until well done, and [let the patient] eat this on an empty stomach. This will cause the inner kidneys to soften. Only afterwards [let the patient] ingest a supplementing medication. Ji feng bei ji fang. 588 The Yin shan zheng yao, ch. 2, ju zhen yi zhuan 聚珍异馔. Jiu yang xin 炙羊心, “rare delicacies, roasted sheep/goat heart,” writes mei gui shui 玫瑰水. “rose water.”

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脇破腸出。以香油摸手送入，煎人參、枸杞子汁温淋之。喫羊腎粥十日， 即愈。危氏。 Broken ribs with intestines protruding. Rub the hands with sesame oil and push [the intestines] into [the body]. Then rinse [the affected region] with a warm liquid obtained through boiling ginseng [root] and lycium [herb] seeds. [Let the patient] eat goat/sheep kidney congee for ten days, and he will be cured. Wei shi. 50-03-12 羊石子。Yang shi zi. Ram stone seeds. 即羊外腎也。 These are the testicles of goats/sheep. 【主治】腎虚精滑。時珍。本事金鎖丹用之。 Control. Kidney depletion and uncontrolled outflow of essence/sperm. [Li] Shizhen. The Ben shi [recommends] their use in the “golden lock elixir.”589 50-03-13 肝。Gan. [Goat/sheep] liver. 青羖羊者良。 Those of greenish-black rams are good. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。【頌曰】温。【弘景曰】合豬肉及梅子、小豆 食，傷人心。【思邈曰】合生椒食，傷人五臟，最損小兒。合苦筍食，病 青盲。妊婦食之，令子多厄。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. [Su] Song: Warm. [Tao] Hongjing: Eaten together with pork, plum seeds, and small beans, it will harm a person’s heart. [Sun] Simiao: Eaten together with fresh/raw Chinese pepper, it will harm a person’s five long-term depots, and this is most damaging to children. Eaten together with bitter bamboo shoots, it lets one contract green blindness. When eaten during pregnancy, it will have an adverse effect on the child. 【主治】補肝，治肝風虚熱，目赤暗痛，熱病後失明，並用子肝七枚，作 生食，神效。亦切片水浸貼之。蘇恭。解蠱毒。吴瑞。 Control. To supplement the liver, and to cure liver wind with depletion heat, when the eyes are red, vision is unclear, and the eyes are in pain, and also loss of eyesight following a heat disease, [let the patient] eat seven raw livers of young [goats/ 589 See Ben shi, ch. 3.

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sheep]. Divinely effective. Also, cut [a liver] into pieces, soak them in water, and apply this [to the affected eyes]. Su Gong. It resolves gu poison. 590 Wu Rui. 【發明】【時珍曰】按倪維德原機啓微集云：羊肝補，肝與肝合，引入肝 經。故專治肝經受邪之病。今羊肝丸治目有效，可徵。【汪機曰】按三元 延壽書云：凡治目疾，以青羊肝爲佳。有人年八十餘，瞳子瞭然，夜讀細 字。云别無服藥，但自小不食畜獸肝耳。或以本草羊肝明目而疑之。蓋羊 肝明目，性也，他肝則否。凡畜獸臨殺之時，忿氣聚於肝。肝之血不利於 目，宜矣。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to Ni Weide’s Yuan ji qi wei ji, goat/sheep liver supplements the liver, and it corresponds with [the human] liver. This is why it guides [other substances] to enter the liver conduit. Hence it especially serves to cure diseases where the liver conduit has received evil [intruders]. Here now the “pills with goat/sheep liver” are definitely effective to cure eyes. Wang Ji: According to the San yuan yan shou shu, “whenever one intends to cure an ailment of the eyes, the liver of greenish goats/sheep is best. There was a man of more than 80 years. His eyesight was perfect, and even at night he read small characters. He said, he had never ingested any medication. But since his youth he had never eaten the liver of domestic and wild animals. There are some who doubt the statements in the Ben cao that goat/sheep liver brightens one’s eyes. The fact is, goat/sheep liver is able to brighten the eyes, but the livers of other [animals] do not have this ability. When animals are about to be slaughtered, their qi of distress collect in their liver. The blood of the liver is not beneficial to the eyes. This may apply here.”

【附方】舊四，新十一。 Added recipes. Four of old. Eleven newly [recorded]. 目赤熱痛，看物如隔紗，宜補肝益睛。用青羊肝一具切洗，和五味食之。 心鏡。 The eyes are red and hot and they are in pain. When one sees items as if they were behind a gauze curtain it is advisable to supplement the liver and to boost the eyeballs. Cut one liver of a greenish goat/sheep into pieces and wash them. Mix them with the five spices and [let the patient] eat them. Xin jing. 肝虚目赤。青羊肝，薄切，水浸吞之，極效。龍木論。 590 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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Liver depletion with red eyes. Cut the liver of a greenish goat/sheep into thin slices, soak them in water and swallow them. This will be extremely effective. Long mu lun. 病後失明。方同上。 Loss of vision following a disease. Recipe identical with the one listed above. 小兒赤眼。羊肝切薄片，井水浸貼。普濟。 Children with red eyes. Cut a goat/sheep liver into thin slices, soak them in well water, and apply this to [the eyes]. Pu ji. 翳膜羞明有淚，肝經有熱也。用青羊子肝一具，竹刀切，和黄連四兩，爲 丸梧子大。食遠茶清下七十丸，日三服。忌鐵器、豬肉、冷水。醫鏡。 Shade membrane [in the eye] and being shy of light. If this is associated with tears, there is heat in the liver conduits. One liver of a greenish goat/sheep is cut, with a bamboo knife, into pieces. They are mixed with four liang of coptis [rhizome] and this mixture is prepared to pills the size of wu seeds. 70 such pills are to be [washed] down with clear tea a considerable time after meals. To be ingested three times per day. Iron utensils, pork and cold water are to be avoided [during the therapy]. Yi jing. 目病䀮䀮。以銅器煮青羊肝，用麪餅覆器上，鑽兩孔如人眼大，以目向上 熏之。不過三度。千金方。 Ailments of the eyes with blurred vision. Boil the liver of a greenish goat/sheep in a copper vessel, and cover the vessel with a flour pie. Pierce two holes [into this pie] as large as human eyes, and [let the patient] place his eyes above [these holes] to be fumigated. [A cure is achieved] after no more than three applications. Qian jin fang. 目病失明。青羖羊肝一斤，去脂膜切片，入新瓦盆内炕乾，同决明子半 升，蓼子一合炒，爲末。以白蜜漿服方寸匕，日三。不過三劑，目明。至 一年，能夜見文字。食療。 Ailments of the eyes with loss of vision. Remove the fat and the membranes from one jin of the liver of a greenish ram and cut it into pieces, place them into a basin covered with a new tile and dry them inside a heated brick bed. Then roast them with one half sheng of fetid cassia seeds and one ge of knotweed seeds, and grind all this to powder. [Let the patient] ingest, with honey broth, the amount held by a square cun spoon; three times per day. After no more than three dosages the eyes will be clear again. Within one year [the patient] will be able to read texts by night. Shi liao.

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不能遠視。羊肝一具，去膜細切，以葱子一勺炒，爲末，以水煮熟，去 滓，入米煮粥食。多能鄙事。 Inability to see into the distance. Remove the membrane from the liver of a goat/ sheep and cut it into small pieces. Roast them together with a spoonful of onion seeds, and grind all this to powder. Then boil this until well done, remove the dregs, add rice and boil this to prepare a congee. [Let the patient] eat this. Duo neng bi shi. 青盲内障。白羊子肝一具，黄連一兩，熟地黄二兩，同搗丸梧子大。食遠 茶服七十丸，日三服。崔承元病内障喪明，有人惠此方報德，服之遂明。 傳信方。 Green blindness with an inner screen. One liver of a white goat/sheep, one liang of coptis [rhizome], and two liang of processed Chinese foxglove [rhizome] are ground together to a pulp to prepare pills the size of wu seeds. [Let the patient] ingest 70 pills with tea long after meals. To be ingested three times per day. Cui Chengyuan suffered from an internal screen and lost his eyesight. Someone gave this recipe to repay an earlier kindness. Once he had ingested [the pills his eyes were] clear again. Chuan xin fang. 牙疳腫痛。羯羊肝一具煮熟，蘸赤石脂末，任意食之。醫林集要。 Dental gan-illness591 with swelling and pain. Boil one liver of a wether until well done, dip it into red halloysite powder, and eat this at will. Yi lin ji yao. 虚損勞瘦。用新豬脂煎取一升，入葱白一握煎黄，平旦服。至三日，以枸 杞一斤，水三斗煮汁，入羊肝一具，羊脊膂肉一條，麴末半斤，着葱、豉 作羹食。千金方。 Depletion injury with exhaustion and emaciation. Add one handful of onion [stalks] to one sheng of boiled, fresh lard, and boil this until it turns yellow. [Let the patient] ingest this in the early morning. On the third day, boil one jin of lycium [herb] in three dou of water and then add to the juice one liver of a goat/sheep, one strip of mutton taken from a goat/sheep’s backbone, one half jin of yeast powder, some scallions and fermented beans, and prepare a thick soup to be eaten [by the patient]. Qian jin fang. 病後嘔逆。天行病後嘔逆，食即反出。用青羊肝作生淡食，不過三度，食 不出矣。外臺。 Vomiting with countermovement [of qi] following a disease. When following an epidemic [patients] vomit with countermovement [of qi], that is, the food leaves 591 Ya gan 牙疳, “dental gan-illness,” with teeth and the gums festering and emitting a bad stench, the teeth aching and becoming lose, and the appearance of pus and blood. BCGM Dict I, 605.

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[the body] contrary to it normal path. Eat the raw liver of a greenish goat/sheep without further preparation. After no more than three such applications the food will no longer leave [the body contrary to its normal path]. Wai tai. 休息痢疾。五十日以上，一二年不瘥，變成疳，下如泔淀者。用生羊肝一 具切絲，入三年醋中吞之。心悶則止，不悶更服。一日勿食物。或以薑、 薤同食亦可。不過二三具。外臺。 Dormant free-flux illness.592 When it has lasted for more than 50 days, and has not been cured within one or two years, eventually developing into a gan-illness593 with a discharge resembling slop from rinsing rice with dregs. Cut a fresh goat/sheep liver into threads, give them into three year old vinegar and [let the patient] swallow this. Once he feels heart-pressure [the treatment] is to be stopped. If he does not feel heart-pressure he may ingest it again. He must not eat food for an entire day. It is also possible to eat [the liver threads] together with ginger and long-stamen chives. [A cure is achieved] with no more than two or three [livers]. Wai tai. 小兒癇疾。青羊肝一具，薄切水洗，和五味、醬食之。 Epilepsy ailment of children. One liver of a greenish goat/sheep is cut into thin slices to be washed with water. [Let the patient] eat them mixed with the five spices and [soy] sauce. 婦人陰𧏾作痒。羊肝納入引蟲。集簡方。 Hidden worms/bugs in the yin region of women, with itch. Insert a goat/sheep liver into [the vagina] to attract the worms/bugs. Ji jian fang. 50-03-14 膽。Dan. [Goat/sheep] gallbladder/bile. 青羯羊者良。 That of greenish rams is good. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】青盲，明目。别録。點赤障、白翳、風淚眼，解蠱毒。甄權。療 592 Xiu xi li 休息痢, “dormant free-flux illness.“ Free-flux illness that at times is dormant, at times is active and cannot be healed for an extended period of time. BCGM Dict I, 583. 593 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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疳濕，時行熱熛瘡，和醋服之，良。蘇恭。治諸瘡，能生人身血脉。思 邈。同蜜蒸九次，點赤風眼，有效。朱震亨。 Control. Green blindness. It clears the eyes. Bie lu. To be dropped into eyes with a red obstruction, a white shade, and wind tear eyes. It resolves gu poison.594 Zhen Quan. To heal gan-illness595 with moisture, seasonal heat and flaming-heat sores, ingest it mixed with vinegar. Good. Su Gong. It serves to cure all kinds of sores, and is able to generate blood vessels in the human body. [Sun] Simiao. Steamed with honey nine times it is dropped into red wind eyes. Effective. Zhu Zhenheng. 【發明】【時珍曰】肝開竅於目，膽汁减則目暗。目者，肝之外候，膽之 精華也。故諸膽皆治目病。夷堅志載：二百味草花膏治爛弦風赤眼，流淚 不可近光，及一切暴赤目疾。用羯羊膽一枚，入蜂蜜於内蒸之，候乾，研 爲膏。每含少許，並點之。一日淚止，二日腫消，三日痛定。蓋羊食百 草，蜂採百花，故有二百花草之名。又張三丰真人碧雲膏：臘月取羯羊膽 十餘枚，以蜜裝滿，紙套籠住，懸簷下，待霜出掃下，點之神效也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The orifice associated with the liver are the eyes. When the bile is reduced the eyes turn blind. The eyes are the external signs of the [condition of the] liver. They are the effulgence of the gallbladder. Hence all bile is able to cure ailments of the eyes. In the Yi jian zhi it is recorded: The “paste prepared from 200 herbs and blossoms” serves to cure festering [eyelid] rim associated with wind red eyes, also tears and an aversion to light, as well as all kinds of sudden red eye ailments. Fill one gallbladder of a wether with bee honey and steam this. Then dry this, grind it to powder, and prepare the paste. Each time [let the patient] hold a small amount in his mouth, and drip it into [his eyes]. Within one day, the flow of tears will end. Within two days, the swelling will decrease. Within three days, the pain is settled. The fact is, goats/sheep eat a hundred herbs, and bees gather [pollen] from a hundred blossoms. Hence the name “200 blossoms and herbs.” Also, there is Zhang Sanfeng’s “paste of bluish clouds.” More then ten gallbladders of a wether collected during the 12th month are filled with honey. They are then wrapped in paper, placed into a box, and this is hung under the eaves of the house. Wait until a frost appears on the outside [of the box], scrape it off and drop it into the [affected eyes]. Divinely effective. 594 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 595 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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【附方】舊三，新四。 Added recipes: Three of old. Four newly [recorded]. 病後失明。羊膽點之，日二次。肘後。 Loss of eyesight following a disease. Drip goat/sheep bile into the [eyes]. Twice per day. Zhou hou. 大便秘塞。羊膽汁灌入即通。千金。 Blocked defecation. Feed goat/sheep bile into the [anus] and the passage [of fecal matter] will be freed. Qian jin. 目爲物傷。羊膽二枚，雞膽三枚，鯉魚膽二枚，和匀，日日點之。聖惠方。 The eyes are harmed by an object. The [liquid contents of ] two gallbladders of goats/sheep, three gallbladders of chicken, and two gallbladders of carps are mixed evenly. Drop this into [the affected eye] every day. Sheng hui fang. 面黑皯皰。羖羊膽、牛膽各一箇，淳酒三升，煮三沸，夜夜塗之。肘後。 Black face with facial gloom and blisters. The gallbladders of one black ram and of one ox are boiled in three sheng of pure wine three times to bubbling. [The resulting liquid] is to be applied [to the face] every night. Zhou hou. 産婦面䵟。産婦面如雀卵色。以羊膽、豬胰、細辛等分，煎三沸。夜塗， 旦以漿水洗之。録驗。 Facial gloom of a woman who gives birth to a child. When the face of a woman giving birth to a child has assumed the color of sparrow eggs. Boil equal amounts of goat/sheep gallbladders, a pig’s pancreas, and as arum heteropoides [root] three times to bubbling, and apply [the resulting liquid to the face] at night. In the early morning wash the [face] with fermented water of foxtail millet.596 Lu yan. 代指作痛。崔氏云：代指乃五臟熱注而然。刺熱湯中七度，刺冷水中三 度，即以羊膽塗之，立愈，甚效。外臺方。 Painful finger replacement.597 Mr. Cui states: The condition of finger replacement has arisen because heat from the five long-term depots has flown into [the finger]. Stick [the finger] seven times into hot water, and then stick it three times into cold water. Then apply goat/sheep bile to it. A cure is achieved immediately. Very effective. Wai tai fang. 596 For jiang shui 漿水, “fermented water of foxtail millet,” see BCGM 05-33. 597 Dai zhi 代指, “painful finger replacement.” A condition of sores developing at the margins of one’s fingernails with the edges being inflamed, swollen and painful. BCGM Dict I, 117.

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小兒疳瘡。羊膽二枚，和醬汁灌下部。外臺。 Gan-illness598 sores of children. The [liquid contents of ] two gallbladders of goats/ sheep are mixed with [soy] sauce and poured [as an enema] into [the child’s] bottom. Wai tai. 50-03-15 胃。Wei. [Goat/sheep] stomach. 一名羊膍胵。 Another name is “goat/sheep gizzard.” 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【思邈曰】羊肚和飯飲久食，令人多唾清水，成 反胃，作噎病。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. [Sun] Simiao: The consumption of goat/sheep stomach with food and beverages over an extended period of time will let one develop much clear water saliva, and have his own stomach turn over. This causes a gullet occlusion disease. 【主治】胃反，止虚汗，治虚羸，小便數，作羹食，三五瘥。孟詵。 Control. Turned over stomach. To end depletion sweating, and to cure depletion emaciation, prepare a thick soup from it and [let the patient] eat this. Three to five [such treatments] will achieve a cure. Meng Shen.

【附方】舊一，新六。 Added recipes: One of old. Six newly [recorded]. 久病虚羸：不生肌肉，水氣在脇下，不能飲食，四肢煩熱者。用羊胃一 枚、白术一升，切，水二斗，煮九升，分九服，日三。不過三劑瘥。張文 仲方。 A long lasting disease with depletion emaciation. When no new muscles and flesh are generated, when water and qi gather below the flanks, when [patients] are unable to drink and eat, and when the four limbs are vexed with heat. Cut the stomach of one goat/sheep and one sheng of atractylodes [rhizome] into pieces, and boil this in one dou of water down to nine sheng. [Let the patient] ingest this divided into nine portions. Three times a day. A cure is achieved after no more than three dosages. Zhang Wenzhong fang. 598 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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補中益氣。羊肚一枚，羊腎四枚，地黄三兩，乾薑、昆布、地骨皮各二 兩，白术、桂心、人參、厚朴、海藻各一兩五錢，甘草、秦椒各六錢，爲 末，同腎入肚中，縫合蒸熟，搗爛晒乾，爲末。酒服方寸匕，日二。千金。 To supplement the center and boost the qi. Take one goat/sheep stomach and four goat/sheep kidneys. Then grind three liang of Chinese foxglove [rhizome], two liang each of dried ginger, kelp and lycium root bark, one liang and five qian each of atractylodes [rhizome], shaved cassia bark, ginseng [root], magnolia bark and sargassum, as well as six qian each of glycyrrhiza [root] and gentiana [root] to powder. This is stuffed, together with the kidneys, into the stomach. This then is stitched up and steamed until well done. Then it is pounded to a pulp, dried under the sun and ground to powder. The amount held by a square cun spoon is ingested with wine. Qian jin. 中風虚弱。羊肚一具，粳米二合，和椒、薑、豉、葱作羹食之。正要。 Being struck by wind599 with depletion weakness. One goat/sheep stomach and two ge of nonglutinous rice are mixed with Chinese pepper, ginger, fermented soybeans and onions to prepare a thick soup that is to be eaten [by the patient]. Zheng yao. 胃虚消渴。羊肚爛煮，空腹食之。古今録驗。 Stomach depletion with melting and thirst. The stomach of a goat/sheep is boiled until it has turned into a pulp. [Let the patient] eat this on an empty stomach. Gu jin lu yan. 下虚尿牀。羊肚盛水，煮熟，空腹食四五頓瘥。千金。 Bottom part depletion with bed-wetting. Fill a goat/sheep stomach with water600 and boil it until it is well done. [Let the patient] eat this on an empty stomach. A cure is achieved after four or five dosages. Qian jin. 項下瘰癧。用羊膍胵燒灰，香油調敷。 Scrofula pervasion-illness601 below the nape. Burn a goat/sheep stomach to ashes, mix them with sesame oil and apply this [to the affected region]. 599 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683. 600Qian jin fang, ch. 21, lin bi 淋閉, “[urinary] dripping and/or blockage,” writes: ling man. Xi liang tou 令满，繫兩頭, “fill [a goat/sheep stomach] with water, closely fasten the two ends [and boil it …]. 601 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329.

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蛇傷手腫。新剥羊肚一箇，帶糞，割一口，將手入浸，即時痛止腫消。集要 Harm caused by a snake with a swelling of a hand. Cut a hole into a freshly obtained goat/sheep stomach, still with its excrements in it, and [let the patient] insert the [affected] hand into it to be soaked. Within a short time the pain will end and the swelling decreases. Ji yao. 50-03-16 脬。Pao. [Goat/sheep] urinary bladder. 【主治】下虚遺溺。以水盛入，炙熟，空腹食之，四五次愈。孫思邈。 Control. Bottom part depletion with loss of essence/sperm. Fill it with water, and roast it until well done. [Let the patient] eat it on an empty stomach. A cure is achieved after this has been repeated four to five times. Sun Simiao. 50-03-17 𦚟。Yi. [Goat/sheep] pancreas. 白羊者良。 Those of white goats/sheep are good. 【主治】潤肺燥，諸瘡瘍。入面脂，去䵟𪒟，澤肌膚，滅瘢痕。時珍。 Control. It moistens a dried lung. For all sores and ulcers. Added to facial cremes it removes dermal dark spots, enriches the muscles and skin, and removes scars. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新三。 Added recipes: Three newly [recorded]. 遠年欬嗽。羊𦚟三具，大棗百枚，酒五升，漬七日，飲之。肘後方。 A cough lasting for many years. Three pancreases of goats/sheep602 and 100 Chinese dates are soaked in five sheng of wine for seven days. [Let the patient] drink this. Zhou hou fang. 婦人帶下。羊𦚟一具，以酢洗浄，空心食之，不過三次。忌魚肉滑物，犯 之即死。外臺。 602 Instead of yang yi 羊𦚟, “goat/sheep pancreases,” the Zhou hou fang, ch. 3, zhi cu shang qi ke sou 治卒上氣咳嗽, “to cure suddenly rising qi, with cough,” writes zhu yi 豬𦚟, “pig pancreases,”

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[Ailments] of women below the belt. One goat/sheep pancreas is washed clean with vinegar to be eaten on an empty stomach. [A cure is achieved] after eating this no more than three times. Fish, meat and slippery things are to be avoided [during the treatment]. If this prohibition is violated, [the patient] will die. Wai tai. 痘瘡瘢痕。羊𦚟二具，羊乳二升，甘草末二兩，和匀塗之。明旦，以豬蹄 湯洗去。千金。 Scars resulting from pox sores. Two goat/sheep pancreases, one sheng of goat milk, and two liang of glycyrrhiza [root] powder are mixed evenly and applied to the [scars]. This is then washed off with a decoction of pig trotters. Qian jin. 50-03-18 舌。She. [Goat/sheep] tongue. 【主治】補中益氣。正要用羊舌二枚，羊皮二具，羊腎四枚，蘑菰、糟 薑，作羹、肉汁食之。 Control. It supplements the center and boosts the qi. The Zheng yao [advises one] to prepare a thick soup and meat juice from two goat/sheep tongues, the skins of two goats/sheep, four goat/sheep kidneys, agaricus mushroom, and fermented ginger, to be eaten [by the patient]. 50-03-19 靨, 即會咽也。Ye. This is the uvula. 【氣味】甘、淡，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, bland, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】氣癭。時珍。 Control. Qi goiter. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】按古方治癭多用豬羊靨，亦述類之義，故王荆公癭詩 有内療煩羊靨之句。然癭有五：氣、血、肉、筋、石也。夫靨屬肺，肺司 氣。故氣癭之證，服之或效。他癭恐亦少力。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: In ancient recipes pig and goat/sheep uvulas were often used to cure goiter, and this was based on the idea that likes are associated with likes. Hence, Wang Jing gong in his “Poem on Goiter” speaks of “an internal treatment of vexation with goat/sheep uvula.” As it is, there are five kinds of goiter: Those associated with qi, blood, flesh, sinews, and stones. Now, the uvula is associated with the lung. The lung controls the qi. Hence to ingest [uvulas] in the case of

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qi goiter conditions may be effective. For the other kinds of goiter, [to ingest uvula] may possibly have a little effect too.

【附方】舊一，新二。 Added recipes: One of old. Two newly [recorded]. 項下氣癭。外臺用羊靨一具，去脂酒浸，炙熟，含之嚥汁。日一具，七日 瘥。 Qi goiter below the nape. The Wai tai makes use of one goat/sheep uvula, removes the fat and soaks it in wine. It is then roasted until well done and held in [the patient’s] mouth to swallow its juice. Once per day. A cure is achieved after seven days. 千金用羊靨七枚陰乾，海藻、乾薑各二兩，桂心、昆布、逆流水邊柳鬚各 一兩，爲末，蜜丸芡子大。每含一丸，嚥津。 The Qian jin makes use of seven goat/sheep uvulas that are dried in the shade, and grinds them to powder together with two liang each of sargassum and dried ginger, and one liang each of shaved cassia bark, kelp and liu xu from the bank of a river where the water flows against the main current. This then is prepared, with honey, to pills the size of qian seeds. Each time [let the patient] hold one pill in his mouth to swallow the [resulting] liquid. 雜病治例用羊靨、豬靨各二枚，昆布、海藻、海帶各二錢洗焙，牛旁子炒 四錢，右爲末，搗二靨和丸彈子大。每服一丸，含化嚥汁。 The Za bing zhi li makes use of two uvulas each of goats/sheep and pigs to be pounded together with a powder ground from two qian each of kelp and sargassum, washed and baked, and four qian of roasted arctium seeds, to prepare pills the size of a bullet. Each time [let the patient] ingest one such pill. He is to swallow the juice that is generated when [the pill] is held in his mouth. 50-03-20 睛。Jing. [Goat/sheep] eyeball. 【主治】目赤及翳膜。曝乾爲末，點之。時珍。出千金。熟羊眼中白珠二 枚，於細石上和棗核磨汁，點目翳羞明，頻用，三四日瘥。孟詵。 Control. Red eyes and a shade membrane. Dry [goat/sheep eyeballs] in the sun and grind them to powder that is dropped into the [patient’s eyes]. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Qian jin. Two dried white parts of a goat/sheep’s eyes are ground on a fine stone together with date kernels. The resulting juice is dropped into the

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eye suffering from shyness to light. Repeat this several times, and a cure is achieved within three to four days. Meng Shen. 【發明】【時珍曰】羊眼無瞳，其睛不應治目，豈以其神藏於内耶？ Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The eyes of goats/sheep lack a pupil. These eyes do not lend themselves to curing eye [afflictions. Without a pupil,] where should a spirit be stored in them? 50-03-21 筋。Jin. [Goat/sheep] sinew. 【主治】塵物入目，熟嚼納眦中，仰卧即出。千金翼。 Control. When dust has entered the eyes. Cook them and chew them and insert [the resulting paste] into the canthi [of the affected eye]. Then [let the patient] lie down on his back, and [the foreign objects] will come out. Qian jin yi. 50-03-22 羖羊角。Gu yang jiao. A black ram’s horn. 青色者良。 Those of greenish color are good. 【氣味】鹹，温，無毒。【别録曰】苦，微寒。取之無時。勿使中濕，濕 即有毒。【甄權曰】大寒。兔絲爲之使。鑑源云：羖羊角灰縮賀。賀，錫 也。出賀州。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, warm, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Bitter, slightly cold. They can be gathered at any time. Do not allow the interior to become moist. If it is moist, it will be poisonous. Zhen Quan: Very cold. Cuscuta [seeds] serve as messenger. The Jing yuan states: “The ashes of a black ram’s horns make he 賀 shrink.” He 賀 is tin. It originates from He zhou. 【主治】青盲，明目，止驚悸、寒洩。久服安心益氣，輕身。殺疥蟲。入 山燒之，辟惡鬼虎狼。本經。療百節中結氣，風頭痛，及蠱毒吐血，婦人 産後餘痛。别録。燒之，辟蛇。灰，治漏下，退熱，主山瘴溪毒。日華。 Control. Green blindness. They clear the eyes. They end fright, palpitations, and cold outflow. Ingested over an extended period of time, they pacify the heart, boost the qi, and relieve the body of its weight. They kill jie-illness603 worms/bugs. Burning them after one has entered the mountains, they keep away malign demons, 603 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

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tigers and wolves. Ben jing. They heal knotted qi in the hundred joints and wind headache, as well as gu poisoning604 with blood spitting, and pain remaining in women following childbirth. Bie lu. Burning them will keep away snakes. The ashes serve to cure leaking discharge. They push back heat, and they control mountain miasma and rivulet poison. Rihua.

【附方】舊三，新七。 Added recipes: Three of old. Seven newly [recorded]. 風疾恍惚，心煩腹痛，或時悶絶復甦。以青羖羊角屑微炒，爲末，無時温 酒服一錢。聖惠。 Absent-mindedness caused by a wind ailment. With heart vexation and abdominal pain, or an occasional heart-pressure which may end and then continue again. Mildly roast scraps from the horns of a greenish-black ram and grind them to powder. [Let the patient] ingest one qian with warm wine at any time. Sheng hui. 氣逆煩滿。水羊角燒研，水服方寸匕。普濟方。 Qi countermovement with vexation and a feeling of fullness. Burn the horns of water goats/sheep and grind [the ashes to powder]. [Let the patient] ingest, with water, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Pu ji fang. 吐血喘欬。青羖羊角炙焦二枚，桂末二兩，爲末。每服一匕，糯米飲下， 日三服。同上。 Blood spitting with cough. Two roasted horns of greenish-black rams and two liang of cassia powder are ground to powder. Each time [let the patient] ingest one spoon. To be sent down with a glutinous rice beverage. [Let the patient] ingest this three times a day. [Source] identical with the one above. 産後寒熱，心悶極脹百病。羖羊角燒末，酒服方寸匕。子母秘録 Alternating sensations of cold and heat following childbirth. With heart-pressure, extreme bloating, and the hundred related ailments. Burn the horns of a black ram and grind [the ashes] to powder. [Let the patient] ingest, with wine, the amount held by one square cun spoon. Zi mu mi lu. 水洩多時。羖羊角一枚，白礬末填滿，燒存性，爲末。每新汲水服二錢。 聖惠方。 604 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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Water outflow recurring again and again. Grind to powder one horn of a black ram filled with alum powder and burned by retaining its nature. Each time ingest, with freshly drawn water, two qian. Sheng hui fang. 小兒癇疾。羖羊角燒存性，以酒服少許。普濟。 Epilepsy ailments of children. Burn the horns of black rams with their nature retained and [let the child] ingest small amounts with wine. Pu ji. 赤秃髮落。羖羊角、牛角燒灰等分，豬脂調敷。普濟。 Red baldness with loss of hair. Burn equal amounts of the horns of a black ram and of an ox, mix the ashes with lard and apply this [to the affected region]. Pu ji. 赤癍瘭子。身面卒得赤癍，或瘭子腫起，不治殺人。羖羊角燒灰，雞子清 和塗，甚妙。肘後。 Red macules with flaming-heat seeds. When body and face are suddenly covered with red macules, or when flaming-heat seeds swelling emerges that kill one if he is not cured. Burn the horns of a black ram to ashes, mix them with egg white and apply this to the [affected region]. Very wondrous. Zhou hou. 打撲傷痛。羊角灰，以沙糖水拌，瓦焙焦爲末。每熱酒下二錢，仍探痛 處。簡便。 Harm and pain resulting from being hit and falls. Mix black ram horn ashes with sugar and water. Bake this on a tile, and grind this to powder. Each time [let the patient] ingest, with hot wine, two qian. Also, rub the region in pain. Jian bian. 脚氣疼痛。羊角一副，燒過爲末，熱酒調塗，以帛裹之，取汗，永不發也。 Leg qi605 with pain. Burn one pair of goat/sheep horns and grind [the ashes] to powder. Mix this with hot wine and apply it [to the affected region]. Wrap this with a silk fabric to cause a sweating. [The illness] will never break out again. 50-03-23 齒。Chi. [Goat/sheep] tooth. 三月三日取之。 To be collected on the third day of the third month. 【氣味】温。 Qi and Flavor. Warm. 605 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

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【主治】小兒羊癇寒熱。别録。 Control. Sheep epilepsy of children with alternating sensations of cold and heat. Bie lu. 50-03-24 頭骨。Tou gu. [Goat/sheep] skull bone. 已下並用羖羊者良。 For all the following applications: [the skull bones of ] black rams are good. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【時珍曰】按張景陽七命云：耶溪之鋌，赤山之 精。消以羊骨，鏷以鍛成。註云：羊頭骨能消鐵也。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: As Zhang Jingyang states in his Qi ming: “The pig iron of [the river] Ye xi is the essence of the Red Mountain. It is melted with a goat/sheep’s bones; they are used to forge unrefined iron.” A comment states: “The skull bones of a goat/sheep can be used to melt iron.” 【主治】風眩瘦疾，小兒驚癇。蘇恭。 Control. Wind dizziness and emaciation illness. Fright epilepsy of children. Su Gong. 50-03-25 脊骨。Ji gu. [Goat/sheep] backbone. 【氣味】甘，熱，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, hot, nonpoisonous. 【主治】虚勞寒中羸瘦。别録。補腎虚，通督脉，治腰痛下痢。時珍。 Control. Depletion exhaustion, with a cold center and emaciation. Bie lu. It supplements kidney depletion. It penetrates the supervisor vessel, and serves to cure lower back pain and free-flux illness606 discharge. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】舊一，新八。 Added recipes: One of old. Eight newly [recorded]. 老人胃弱。羊脊骨一具槌碎，水五升，煎取汁二升，入青粱米四合，煮粥 常食。食治方。 606 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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Stomach weakness of old men. One backbone of a goat/sheep is crushed to pieces and boiled with five sheng of water down to a juice of two sheng. Then four ge of greenish millet are added and a congee is boiled to be eaten regularly. Shi zhi fang. 老人虚弱。白羊脊骨一具剉碎，水煮取汁，枸杞根剉一斗，水五斗，煮汁 一斗五升，合汁同骨煮至五升，去骨，瓷合盛之。每以一合和温酒一盞調 服。多能鄙事。 Depletion weakness of old men. One backbone of a white goat/sheep is filed to pieces and boiled in water to obtain a juice. Then one dou of filed lycium [herb] root is boiled in five dou of water down to a juice of one dou and five sheng. Mix the two juices and boil them, together with the bones, down to five sheng. Remove the bones and store [the liquid] in a porcelain vase. For each [treatment] mix one ge with one cup of warm wine [and let the patient] ingest this. Duo neng bi shi. 腎虚腰痛。心鏡用羊脊骨一具，槌碎煮，和蒜、薤食，飲少酒妙。 Kidney depletion with lower back pain. The Xin jing makes use of one goat/sheep backbone. It is crushed to pieces, boiled and [the resulting juice] is eaten with garlic and long-stamen chives. [Let the patient] drink a little wine. Wondrous. 正要用羊脊骨一具槌碎，肉蓯蓉一兩，草果五枚，水煮汁，下葱、醬作羹 食。 The Zheng yao makes use of one goat/sheep backbone. It is crushed to pieces and boiled together with one liang of cistanche [stem] and five pieces of tsaoko fruit to obtain a juice. Add scallions and [soy] sauce to it to prepare a thick soup and [let the patient] eat this. 腎虚耳聾。羖羊脊骨一具炙研，磁石煅醋淬七次，白术、黄芪、乾薑炮、 白伏苓各一兩，桂三分，爲末。每服五錢，水煎服。普濟。 Kidney depletion with deafness. One backbone of a black ram is roasted and ground to powder. Magnetite is calcined and dipped into vinegar seven times. [These two items] are ground to powder together with one liang each of atractylodes [rhizome], astragalus [rhizome], processed dried ginger and white Indian bread, and three fen of cassia. Each dosage is five qian. To be ingested boiled in water. Pu ji. 虚勞白濁。羊骨爲末，酒服方寸匕，日三。千金。 Depletion exhaustion with white and turbid [urine]. Grind a goat/sheep [back] bone to powder and [let the patient] ingest, with wine, the amount held by one square cun spoon. Three times per day. Qian jin.

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小便膏淋。羊骨燒研，榆白皮煎湯，服二錢。聖惠方。 Greasy flow of urine. Burn a goat/sheep [back]bone and grind [the ashes] to powder. Boil white elm [tree] bark to a decoction [to wash down] a dosage of two qian [of the powder]. Sheng hui fang. 洞注下痢。羊骨灰，水服方寸匕。千金方。 Throughflux discharge with free-flux illness. 607 [Let the patient] ingest, with water, the ashes of a goat/sheep [back]bone; the amount held by a square cun spoon. Qian jin fang. 疳瘡成漏，膿水不止。用羊羔兒骨，鹽泥固濟，煅過研末五錢，入麝香、 雄黄末各一錢，填瘡口。三日外必合。總微論。 Gan-illness608 sores that develop into a leakage. When the flow of pus and water cannot be stopped. Take the [back]bone of a lamb and cover it tightly with salt and clay. This is then calcined and ground to powder. Five qian of this are mixed with one qian each of musk and realgar powder, and this is then stuffed into the openings of the sores. After three days the outer [openings] will close. Zong wei lun. 50-03-26 尾骨。Wei gu. [Goat/sheep] tail bone. 【主治】益腎明目，補下焦虚冷。正要。 Control. It boosts the kidneys and clears the eyes. It supplements the lower burner in the case of depletion and cold. Zheng yao.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes. One newly [recorded]. 虚損昏聾。大羊尾骨一條，水五碗，煮减半，入葱白五莖，荆芥一握，陳 皮一兩，麪三兩，煮熟，取汁搜麪作索餅，同羊肉四兩煮熟，和五味食。 多能鄙事。 Depletion injury with clouding and deafness. The tailbone of a big goat/sheep is boiled in five bowls of water down to one half [of the liquid]. To this are added five onion stalks, one handful of schizonepeta [spikes], one liang of tangerine peels and three liang of wheat flour. These are boiled until well done. The juice is then mixed 607 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 608 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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with further wheat flour to prepare noodles. They are then boiled with four liang of mutton to be eaten with the five spices. Duo neng bi shi. 50-03-27 脛骨。Hang gu. [Goat/sheep] shinbone. 音行，亦作䯒。又名𩩅骨，胡人名頗兒必。入藥煅存性用。 Read hang 行. Also written heng 䯒. Another name is tong gu. The Hu people call it po er bi. It is used in medications after being calcined by retaining its nature. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【詵曰】性熱，有宿熱人勿食。鑑源云：羊𩩅骨 伏硇。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: Its nature is hot. Persons with a long lasting heat must not eat it. The Jing yuan states: Goat/sheep shinbone suppresses [the effects of ] sal ammoniac. 【主治】虚冷勞。孟詵。脾弱腎虚，不能攝精，白濁，除濕熱，健腰脚， 固牙齒，去䵟𪒟，治誤吞銅鐵。時珍。 Control. Depletion cold exhaustion. Meng Shen. Spleen weakness. Kidney depletion with an inability to hold one’s essence/sperm. White, turbid [urine]. It eliminates dampness and heat, strengthens the lower back and legs, solidifies the teeth, removes dermal dark spots, and serves to cure [the effects] of having inadvertently swallowed copper and iron. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【杲曰】齒者骨之餘，腎之標。故牙疼用羊脛骨以補之。【時珍 曰】羊脛骨灰可以磨鏡，羊頭骨可以消鐵，故誤吞銅鐵者用之，取其相制 也。按張景陽七命云：耶溪之鋌，赤山之精。消以羊骨，鏷以鍛成。註 云：羊頭骨能消鐵也。又名醫録云：漢上 張成忠女七八歲，誤吞金簪子一 隻，胸膈痛不可忍，憂惶無措。一銀匠炒末藥三錢，米飲服之，次早大便 取下。叩求其方，乃羊脛灰一物耳。談野翁亦有此方，皆巧哲格物究理之 妙也。 Explication. [Li] Gao: The teeth are outgrowths of the bones; they are the outer manifestation of the kidneys. Hence for toothache one employs the shinbones of goats/sheep to supplement the [teeth]. [Li] Shizhen: The ashes of a goat/sheep’s shinbone can be used to polish a mirror. The skull bones of a goat/sheep can be used to melt iron. Hence they are resorted to when someone has inadvertently swallowed copper or iron. One makes use here of the fact that these items control each other. As Zhang Jingyang states in his Qi ming: “The pig iron of [the river] Ye xi is the essence of the Red Mountain. It is melted with a goat/sheep’s bones; they are used

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to forge unrefined iron.” A comment states: “The skull bones of a goat/sheep can be used to melt iron.” Also, the Ming yi lu states: “In Han shang, the daughter of Zhang Chengzhong, aged seven or eight years, inadvertently swallowed a golden hairpin and hence suffered from an unbearable pain in her chest and diagphragm region. Everyone was greatly worried and nobody knew how to handle this situation. A silversmith let her ingest, with a rice beverage, three qian of a roasted powder medication. The next morning, the [golden hairpin] was discharged through defecation. When begged, with a kowtow, to reveal the recipe, [the silversmith revealed the medication. It was based] on only one substance, the ashes of a goat/sheep’s shinbone.” Tan Yeweng also lists this recipe. All [these recipes] are the wondrous results of wise men studying the principles and researching the structure of things.

【附方】新十一。 Added recipes: Eleven newly [recorded]. 擦牙固齒。食鑑用火煅羊脛骨爲末，入飛鹽二錢，同研匀，日用。 To rub and solidify the teeth. The Shi jian uses shinbones of a goat/sheep, calcined over a fire and ground to powder. This is mixed and ground evenly with two qian of sublimed salt. To be applied daily. 又方：燒白羊脛骨灰一兩，升麻一兩，黄連五錢，爲末，日用。 Another recipe. One liang of the ashes of the shinbones of a white goat/sheep, one liang of cimicifuga [rhizome], and five qian of coptis [rhizome] are ground to powder. To be applied daily. 瀕湖方：用羊脛骨燒過、香附子燒黑各一兩，青鹽煅過、生地黄燒黑各五 錢，研用。 [Li] Binhu’s recipe: One liang each of the ashes of goat/sheep shinbones and of nutgrass seeds burned to be black, and five qian each of calcined greenish salt/halite and fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] burned to be black are ground together and used [to rub the teeth]. 濕熱牙疼。用羊脛骨灰二錢，白芷、當歸、牙皂、青鹽各一錢，爲末，擦 之。東垣方。 Dampness and heat associated with toothache. Two qian of the ashes of goat/sheep shinbones, and one qian each of angelica dahurica [root], angelica [root], gleditsia [pods/seeds], and greenish salt/halite are ground to powder to be rubbed on the [teeth]. Dongyuan fang.

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脾虚白濁。過慮傷脾，脾不能攝精，遂成此疾。以羊脛骨灰一兩，薑制厚 朴末二兩，麪糊丸梧子大。米飲下百丸，日二服。一加茯苓一兩半。濟生 方。 Spleen depletion with white and turbid [urine]. When excessive concerns have harmed the spleen, and the spleen is unable to retain the essence/sperm, then such an illness results. One liang of the ashes of goat/sheep shinbones, and two liang of magnolia bark powder prepared with ginger [juice] are prepared, with flour paste, to pills the size of wu seeds. [Let the patient] wash down, with a rice beverage, 100 pills, To be ingested twice per day. Another [recipe recommends] to add one and a half liang of poria. Ji sheng fang. 虚勞瘦弱。用頗兒必四十枚，以水一升，熬减大半，去滓及油，待凝任 食。正要。 Depletion exhaustion with emaciation and weakness. Boil 40 goat/sheep shinbones in one sheng of water down to one half. Remove the dregs and the oil, wait until it has congealed, and [let the patient] eat this. Zheng yao. 筋骨攣痛。用羊脛骨，酒浸服之。 Sinew spasm and aching bones. Soak goat/sheep shinbones in wine and [let the patient] ingest this. 月水不斷。羊前左脚脛骨一條，紙裹泥封令乾，煅赤，入棕櫚灰等分。每 服一錢，温酒服之。 Incessant menstruation. One shinbone from the left front leg of a goat/sheep is wrapped with paper and covered with clay. Once it has dried it is calcined until it turns red. Then add an equal amount of charred trachycarpus [stipule fiber]. Each time ingest one qian. To be ingested with warm wine. 䵟𪒟醜陋。治人面體黧黑，皮厚狀醜。用羖羊脛骨爲末，雞子白和敷，旦 以白粱米泔洗之。三日如素，神效。肘後。 Dermal dark spots causing an ugly appearance. To cure a dark complexion of face and body, with a thick skin and an ugly appearance. Grind the shinbone of a goat/ sheep to powder, mix it with egg white and apply [this to the affected body parts]. The next morning this is to be washed off with the slop from rinsing millet. After three days [the skin will be] white again. Divinely effective. Zhou hou. 誤吞銅錢。羊脛骨燒灰，以煮稀粥食，神效。談埜翁方。 Inadvertently having swallowed copper and iron. The ashes of the shinbone of a goat/sheep are boiled to prepare a water congee to be eaten [by the patient]. Divinely effective. Tan Yeweng fang.

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咽喉骨哽。羊脛骨灰，米飲服一錢。聖惠56093。 Choking on a bone stuck in the throat. [Let the patient] ingest one qian of the ashes of the shinbones of a goat/sheep with a rice beverage. Sheng hui. 50-03-28 懸蹄。Xuan ti. [Goat/sheep] trotters. 50-03-29 毛。Mao. [Goat/sheep] hair. 【主治】轉筋，醋煮裹脚。孟詵。又見氊。 Control. Contorted sinews. Boil [the hair] in vinegar and wrap it around the leg. Meng Shen. See also under zhan 氊, “felt.” 50-03-30 鬚。Xu. [Goat/sheep] whiskers. 羖羊者良。 Those of black rams are good. 【主治】小兒口瘡，蠼螋尿瘡，燒灰和油敷。時珍。出廣濟。 Control. Oral sores of children. Sores caused by the urine of earwigs. Burn [the whiskers] to ashes, mix them with oil and apply [this to the affected region]. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Guang ji.

【附方】新二。 Added recipes: Two newly [recorded]. 香瓣瘡。生面上耳邊，浸淫水出，久不愈。用羖羊鬚、荆芥、乾棗肉各二 錢，燒存性，入輕粉半錢。每洗拭，清油調搽。二三次必愈。聖惠方。 Fragrant clove sores.610 They develop on the face to the side of the ears, with liquid secretion, and have not been cured for a long time. Two qian each of a black ram’s whiskers, of schizonepeta [spikes], and the meat of dried Chinese dates are burned 609 53 This recipe is not recorded in the Sheng hui. It may be found in Pu ji fang, juan 401, wu tun zhu wu 誤吞諸物, “for inadvertently having swallowed any item.” 610 Xiang ban chuang 香瓣瘡,” fragrant clove sores.” A condition of chronic chuang 瘡, sores, developing in the face to the side of the ears with gradual immersion by filthy liquid. BCGM Dict I, 556.

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with their nature retained. To this is added one half qian of caolomel. Before each treatment first wash [the affected region] and wipe off [the secretion]. Then apply the [medication] mixed with oil. A cure is achieved after two or three such treatments. Sheng hui fang. 口吻瘡：方同上。 Oral sores. Recipe identical with the one above. 50-03-31 溺。Ni. [Goat/sheep] urine. 【主治】傷寒熱毒攻手足，腫痛欲斷。以一升，和鹽、豉搗，漬之。李時 珍。 Control. Harm caused by cold with heat poison attacking hands and feet, associated with swelling and pain bringing one close to death. Take one sheng [of goat/sheep urine] and pound it mixed with salt and fermented soybeans. [Let the patient] soak the [affected body parts] in this. Li Shizhen. 50-03-32 屎。Shi. [Goat/sheep] excrements. 青羖羊者良。 Those of greenish-black rams are good. 【氣味】苦，平，無毒。【時珍曰】制粉霜。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: They subdue sublimed calomel. 【主治】燔之，主小兒洩痢，腸鳴驚癇。别録。燒灰，理聤耳，并罯竹刺 入肉，治箭鏃不出。日華。燒灰淋汁沐頭，不過十度，即生髮長黑。和雁 肪塗頭亦良。藏器。【頌曰】屎納鯽魚腹中，瓦缶固濟，燒灰塗髮，易生 而黑，甚效。煮湯灌下部，治大人小兒腹中諸疾，疳濕，大小便不通。燒 煙熏鼻，治中惡心腹刺痛，亦熏諸瘡中毒、痔瘻等。治骨蒸彌良。蘇恭。 Control. Burned they control outflow and free-flux illness611 of children, with intestinal noises, and fright epilepsy. Bie lu. Burned to ashes, they serve to cure festering ears. Also, they are used to cover [the location where] bamboo splinters have pierced the flesh, and they offer a cure when arrowheads fail to come out. Rihua. Burn [the excrements] to ashes, [dissolve them in water], filter this and wash the head with it. 611 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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After no more than ten such applications long, black hair will grow. Mixed with wild geese fat and applied to the head, it also has good effects. [Chen] Cangqi. [Su] Song: Stuff the excrements into the abdomen of a golden carp, and seal this tightly in an earthen pot. Then burn this to ashes and smear it on the hair. This will facilitate the growth of black hair. Very effective. When boiled as a decoction and filled into one’s bottom (i.e., the anus), they serve to cure all kinds of illnesses in the abdomen of adults and children, as well as gan-illness612 and dampness, and blocked urination and defecation. To fumigate the nose with vapors emerging from burning [goat/sheep excrements] serves to cure being struck by the malign with a piercing pain in the heart and abdomen. Also, they can be used to fumigate all kinds of sores with poison, as well as leaking piles. They are very good for curing bone steaming.613 Su Gong.

【附方】舊五，新十六。 Added recipes: Five of old. 16 newly [recorded]. 疳痢欲死。新羊屎一升，水一升，漬一夜，絞汁頓服，日午乃食。極重 者，不過三服。總録。 Gan-illness with free-flux illness bringing one close to death. One sheng of fresh goat/sheep excrements is soaked in one sheng of water for one night. Wring [the mass] to obtain the juice and [let the patient] ingest this at once [in the early morning]. He has a meal only at noon. Even very serious cases need not ingest this more than three times. Zong lu. 嘔逆酸水。羊屎十枚，酒二合，煎一合，頓服。未定，更服之。兵部手集。 Vomiting with countermovement of sour water. Ten pieces of goat/sheep excrements are boiled with two ge of wine down to one ge. [Let the patient] ingest this at once. If this fails to achieve a stabilization, let him ingest [the recipe] again. Bing bu shou ji. 反胃嘔食：羊糞五錢，童子小便一大盞，煎六分，去滓，分三服。聖惠。 Turned over stomach with vomiting of food. Five qian of goat/sheep excrements are boiled with a large cup of boys’ urine down to six fen. Remove the dregs and [let the patient] ingest [the liquid] in three portions. Sheng hui. 612 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 613 Gu zheng 骨蒸, “bone steaming,” (1) a pathological condition of an infectious consumptive disease with a development of vexing heat in the afternoon. (2) An illness sign of heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197.

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小兒流涎。白羊屎頻納口中。千金。 Drooling of children. Feed repeatedly the excrements of a white goat/sheep into [the child’s] mouth. Qian jin. 心氣疼痛。不問遠近，以山羊糞七枚，油頭髮一團，燒灰酒服。永斷根。 孫氏集效方。 Heart qi pain. Regardless of whether this is chronic or acute. Burn seven pieces of mountain goat/sheep excrements with one ball of oily human hair to ashes and [let the patient] ingest them with wine. This will cut the root [of the illness] forever. Sun shi ji xiao fang. 妊娠熱病。青羊屎研爛塗臍，以安胎氣。外臺秘要。 Heat disease during pregnancy. Grind the excrements of a greenish goat/sheep to a pulp and apply this to the [woman’s] navel to pacify the qi of the fetus. Wai tai mi yao. 傷寒肢痛，手足疼欲脱。取羊屎煮汁漬之，瘥乃止。或和豬膏塗之，亦 佳。外臺。 Harm caused by cold with painful limbs. When hands and feet have a pain so severe that one wishes them to fall off. Soak them in the juice obtained from boiling goat/sheep excrements, and the illness will end. Or apply it mixed with lard to [the affected body parts]. This is good, too. Wai tai. 時疾陰腫。囊及莖皆熱腫。以羊屎、黄蘗煮汁洗之。外臺。 Swelling of yin [body parts] because of seasonal illness. When both the scrotum and the penis are hot and swollen. Wash them with the juice obtained from boiling goat/sheep excrements with phellodendron bark. Wai tai. 疔瘡惡腫。青羊屎一升，水二升，漬少時，煮沸，絞汁一升，頓服。廣濟 方。 Pin-illness614 sores with malign swelling. One sheng of the excrements of a greenish goat/sheep is soaked in two sheng of water for a little while. Then boil this to bubbling, and wring [the mass] to obtain one sheng of juice to be ingested at once. Guang ji fang.

614 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129.

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裏外臁瘡。羊屎燒存性，研末，入輕粉塗之。集要。 Sores on the in- and outside of the shanks. Burn goat/sheep excrements with their nature retained, and grind this to powder. Add qing fen and apply this to the [affected region]. Ji yao. 痘風瘡證。羊屎燒灰，清油調，敷之。全幼心鑑。 Sores resulting from smallpox and wind. Mix the ashes of burned goat/sheep excrements with clear oil and apply this to [the affected region]. Quan you xin jian. 小兒頭瘡。羊糞煎湯洗浄，仍以羊糞燒灰，同屋上懸煤，清油調塗。普濟。 Sores on the head of children. Boil a decoction of goat/sheep excrements to wash [the head] clean. Then mix the ashes of burned goat/sheep excrements with soot from under the roof and clear oil, and apply this [to the affected region]. Pu ji. 頭風白屑。烏羊糞煎汁洗之。聖惠。 Head wind with white scaling. Boil the excrements of a black goat/sheep and wash the [affected region] with the resulting juice. Sheng hui. 髮毛黄赤。羊屎燒灰，和臘豬脂塗之，日三夜一，取黑乃止。聖惠方。 Yellow-red hair. Apply the ashes of burned goat/sheep excrements mixed with lard obtained during the 12th month to [the hair]. Three times per day; once during the night. As soon as [the hair] is black, the treatment ends. Sheng hui fang. 木刺入肉。乾羊屎燒灰，豬脂和塗，不覺自出。千金。 A wooden splinter has entered the flesh. Apply the ashes of dried goat/sheep excrements mixed with lard. It will come out without one noticing it. Qian jin. 箭鏃入肉。方同上。 An arrowhead has entered the flesh. Recipe identical with the one above. 反花惡瘡。鯽魚一箇去腸，以羯羊屎填滿，燒存性。先以米泔洗過，搽之。 Reversed blossoms malign sores. 615 Remove the intestines of a golden carp and fill it with the excrements of a black ram. Burn it by retaining its nature. First wash [the affected region] with the slop obtained by rinsing rice, and then apply the [medication]. 瘰癧已破。羊屎燒五錢，杏仁燒五錢，研末，豬骨髓調搽。海上。

615 Fan hua chuang 反花瘡, “reversed-blossoms sores,” a condition of festering sores generating a flesh-growth assuming the shape of a flower. BCGM Dict I, 149.

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Scrofula pervasion-illness616 that has broken open. Five qian of burned goat/sheep excrements are ground to powder with five qian of heated apricot seeds. This is mixed with pig bone marrow, and applied to [the affected region]. Hai shang. 濕瘑浸淫。新羊屎絞汁塗之。乾者燒烟熏之。聖濟總録。 Moist lair-illness617 with secretion of liquid. Wring fresh goat/sheep618 excrements to obtain the juice and apply this to the [affected region]. If [the lair-illness] is dry, fumigate it with the vapors emerging from burning [the excrements]. Sheng ji zong lu. 雷頭風病。羊屎焙研，酒服二錢。普濟方。 Thundering head wind disease. Grind baked goat/sheep excrements and [let the patient] ingest two qian with wine. Pu ji fang. 慢脾驚風。活脾散：用羊屎二十一箇炮，丁香一百粒，胡椒五十粒，爲 末。每服半錢，用六年東日照處壁土煎湯調下。聖濟録。 Slow spleen fright wind. The “powder to enliven the spleen.” 21 burned pieces of goat/sheep excrements, 100 grains of cloves, and 50 grains of black pepper are ground to powder. Each time [let the patient] ingest one half qian. To be sent down with a decoction obtained by boiling the soil from a wall facing the East that has been exposed to the sun for six years. Sheng ji lu.619 50-03-33 羊胲子。Yang hai zi . [A goat’s/sheep’s] abdominal herbal lumps. 乃羊腹内草積塊也。 This is a lump of herbs that has formed in the abdomen of goats/sheep. 【主治】翻胃。煅存性，每一斤入棗肉、平胃散末一半，和匀。每服一 錢，空心沸湯調下。葉氏摘玄。 Control. Upset stomach. Calcine it by retaining its nature. For each treatment add to one jin [of the herbal lump] one half [jin of ] Chinese date meat and of the “pow616 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 617 Guo chuang 瘑瘡, “lair-illness sores,” a vaguely defined skin ailment associated with pain, itch and a gradual extension. BCGM Dict I, 203-204. 618 The Sheng ji zong lu, ch. 133, jin yin chuang 浸淫瘡, “sores soaked [with pus and/or liquid],“ has niu 牛, “ox,“ instead of yang 羊, “sheep/goat.” 619 This recipe is not recorded in the Sheng ji lu; it may be found in Pu ji fang, juan 372, indication: man pi feng 慢脾風, “slow spleen wind.”

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der to level the stomach [qi].” Mix all this evenly. Each time ingest one qian. To be sent down, on an empty stomach, mixed with bubbling hot water. Ye shi zhai xuan.

【附錄】 Appendix 50-03-A01 大尾羊。Da wei yang Big tail goat/sheep. 【時珍曰】羊尾皆短，而哈密及大食諸番有大尾羊。細毛薄皮，尾上旁 廣，重一二十斤，行則以車載之。唐書謂之靈羊，云可療毒。 [Li] Shizhen: Generally, the tails of goats/sheep are short. However, abroad, in the [countries of ] Ha mi and Da shi, there are goats/sheep with a big tail. They have fine hair and a thin skin, and their tail is flat and broad, weighing ten to 20 jin. When [the people there] move [from one place to another], they transport [these goats/sheep] in carts. The Tang shu calls them “magic goats/sheep,” and says that they can be used to heal poisoning. 50-03-A02 胡羊。Hu yang. Hu-region goats/sheep. 方國志云：大食國出胡羊。高三尺餘，其尾如扇。每歲春月割取脂，再縫 合之，不取則脹死。葉盛水東日記云：莊浪衛近雪山有饕羊。土人歲取其 脂，不久復滿。 The Fang guo zhi states: The “Hu-region goats/sheep” originate in the country Da shi. They are more than three chi tall. Their tail resembles a fan. Each year in the spring months [the people there] cut open [the tail] to remove its fat, and then they stitch it up again. If [the fat] is not removed, bloating results leading to [the animal’s] death. Ye Shen in his Shui dong ri ji states: In Zhuang lang wei close to the snow mountains there are so-called “greedy goats/sheep.” Every year, the locals remove their fat. Before long it has filled up again. 50-03-A03 Tao yang 洮羊 Goats/sheep from [Lin] tao. 出臨洮諸地，大者重百斤。郭義恭廣志云：西域驢羊，大如驢。即此類也。

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They come from all over Lin tao. Large ones weigh 100 jin. Guo Yigong in his Guang zhi states: “The ‘donkey goats/sheep’ in the Western regions are as big as donkeys. They are of the same group [as the goats/sheep from Lin tao].” 50-03-A04 𦍧羊。Ci yang. 此思切。Split [reading]: ci si. Ci goat/sheep. 出西北地，其皮蹄可以割黍。 They come from the Northwest. Their skin and trotters when cut produce lacquer. 50-03-A05 封羊。Feng yang. Hunch goat/sheep. 其背有肉封如駝，出凉州郡縣，亦呼爲駝羊。 On their back they have a meat hunch like a camel. They come from Liang zhou commandery. They are also called “camel goats/sheep.” 50-03-A06 地生羊。Di sheng yang. Earth-born goats/sheep. 出西域。劉郁出使西域記：以羊臍種土中，溉以水，聞雷而生，臍與地 連。及長，驚以木聲，臍乃斷，便能行，齧草。至秋可食，臍内復有種， 名壟種羊。段公路北户録云：大秦國有地生羊，其羔生土中，國人築墻圍 之。臍與地連，割之則死。但走馬擊鼓以駭之，驚鳴臍絶，便逐水草。吴 萊淵頴集云：西域地生羊，以脛骨種土中，聞雷聲，則羊子從骨中生。走 馬驚之，則臍脱也。其皮可爲褥。一云：漠北人種羊角而生，大如兔而肥 美。三説稍異，未知果種何物也。當以劉説爲是，然亦神矣。造化之妙， 微哉。 They come from the Western regions. Liu Yu in his Chu shi xi yu ji says: “Plant the navel cord of a goat /sheep in the earth and water it. When it hears a thunder, it will give birth [to a young goat/sheep]. Its navel cord connects it with the earth. Once it has grown up, one may frighten it by creating a sound with wooden items, and this will cut the navel cord. [The animal] is then able to move around and feed on herbs. By autumn it can be eaten. In its navel there is yet another seed that can be planted. [These animals] are called ‘goat/sheep planted in a field ridge’.” Duan Gonglu in his Bei hu lu states: “In the country of Da qin there are ‘earth-born goats/sheep’. Their

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lambs are born in the earth. The natives build walls around them to protect them. Their navel cord connects them with the earth. When it is cut, they will die. But if they hear the sounds of galloping horses, they are frightened and their umbilical cord is severed. It is then that they go after water and herbs.” Wu Lai in his Yuan ying ji states: “The earth-born goats/sheep of the Western regions, their shinbones are planted in the earth. When they hear the sounds of thunder, a lamb will be born from within the bone, and as soon as they are frightened by galloping horses, the umbilical cord is cast off. Its hide can be used to make quilts. Elsewhere it is stated: The people of Mo bei plant the gallbladder of a goat/sheep, and [a young one] will be born [in the earth]. It is as big as a rabbit, and it is fat and delicious.” These three accounts are all slightly different. I have no idea what item is really planted [in the earth]. The statement by Liu [Yu] should be true, but it is still miraculous. The wonders of creation are so subtle! 50-03-A07 羵羊。Fen yang. Spirit goats/sheep. 土之精也，其肝土也，有雌雄，不食，季桓子曾掘土得之。又千歲樹精， 亦爲青羊。 They are the essence of soil. Their liver corresponds to soil. There are female and male specimens. They never eat. Ji Huanzi once dug in the earth and obtained one. Also, the essence of a 1000 year old tree may become a greenish goat/sheep. 50-04 黃羊綱目 Huang yang, FE Gang mu. Yellow goat/sheep. Mongolian gazelle. 【釋名】羳羊音煩、繭耳羊。【時珍曰】羊腹帶黄，故名。或云，幼稚曰 黄，此羊肥小故也。爾雅謂之羳，出西番也。其耳甚小，西人謂之繭耳。 Explanation of names. Fan yang 羳羊, read fan 煩. Jian er yang 繭耳羊. [Li] Shizhen: The abdomen of this goat/sheep is yellow. Hence the name. Elsewhere it is stated that the young ones are called huang 黃, “yellow.” These goat/sheep are fat and small. Hence [their name]. The Er ya calls them fan 羳 because they originate from fan 番, “foreign countries.” As they have very small ears the people in the West call them jian er 繭耳, “cocoon ears.” 【集解】【時珍曰】黄羊出關西、西番及桂林諸處。有四種，狀與羊同， 但低小細肋，腹下帶黄色，角似羖羊，喜卧沙地。生沙漠，能走善卧，獨

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居而尾黑者，名黑尾黄羊。生野草内，或群至數十者，名曰黄羊。生臨洮 諸處，甚大而尾似麞、鹿者，名洮羊。其皮皆可爲衾褥。出南方桂林者， 則深褐色，黑脊白斑，與鹿相近也。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: The “yellow goats/sheep” are found everywhere in Guang xi, Western foreign countries and Gui lin. There are four different kinds. Their appearance is identical with that of goats/sheep, but they are small and have fine ribs. They are yellow underneath their belly, and their horns resemble those of black rams. They love to lie on sandy earth. Those born in the desert can run and love to lie down. Those living by themselves and having a black tail are called “black tail yellow goats/sheep.” Those born among wild herbs may flock together to form herds of several tens. They are called “yellow goats/sheep.” Those born anywhere in Lin tao that are very big, with their tail resembling that of a roebuck or deer, they are called “[Lin] tao goats/sheep.” Their hide can be used to make quilts. Those originating from Gui lin in the South, they are of dark brown color. They have a black back with white spots. They look very much like deer. 50-04-01 肉。Rou. [Yellow goat/sheep] meat. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。正要云：煮湯少味。腦不可食。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. The Zheng yao states: “When boiled in water it has little flavor. The brain must not be eaten.” 【主治】補中益氣，治勞傷虚寒。時珍。 Control. It supplements the center and boosts the qi. It serves to cure exhaustion harm and depletion cold. [Li] Shizhen. 50-04-02 髓。Sui. [Yellow goat/sheep] marrow. 【主治】補益功同羊髓。正要。 Control. Its effects of supplementing and boosting are identical with those of goat/ sheep marrow. Zheng yao.

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Ox/buffalo/cow. 【校正】别録上品牛乳、拾遺犢臍屎，今併爲一。 Editorial Correction. Cow milk, listed in the Bie lu as “upper rank”, and the “umbilical excrements of a calf ” listed [separately] in the Shi yi are integrated here. 【釋名】【時珍曰】按許慎云：牛，件也。牛爲大牲，可以件事分理也。 其文象角頭三、封及尾之形。周禮謂之大牢。牢乃豢畜之室，牛牢大，羊 牢小，故皆得牢名。内則謂之一元大武。元，頭也。武，足跡也。牛肥則 跡大。猶史記稱牛爲四蹄，今人稱牛爲一頭之義。梵書謂之瞿摩帝。牛之 牡者曰牯，曰特，曰犅，曰㹍；牝者曰㸺，曰牸。南牛曰𤙬，北牛曰𤚩。 純色曰犧，黑曰𤚎，白曰㹊，赤曰𤙡，駁曰犁。去勢曰犍，又曰犗。無角 曰牛。子曰犢，生二歲曰㸽，三歲曰犙，四歲曰牭，五歲曰𤘦，六歲曰犕。 Explanation of names. [Li] Shizhen: According to Xu Shen, “niu 牛 is jian 件 (combined characters of ren 人, “man” and niu 牛, “ox”). Oxen are large livestock animals. They can be used to work for humans, and to do certain tasks. The character depicts the [two] horns and the head as three [of its body parts], as well as the hunch and the tail.” The Zhou li calls them da lao 大牢, “large cattle pen.” Lao 牢 is the shed to raise livestock. Cattle pens are big while goat/sheep pens are small. Hence both are called lao 牢. The Nei ze calls them yi yuan da wu 一元大武, “one head, big footprints”. Yuan 元 stands for tou 頭, “the head.” Wu 武 stands for the footprints, zu ji 足跡. Because oxen are fat, their footprints are big. Also, the Shi ji calls oxen si ti 四蹄, “four hooves.” Nowadays, the people speak of yi tou 一頭, “one head.” In Sanskrit texts they are called qumodi 瞿摩帝. Male oxen are called gu 特, “bulls,” also gang 犅 or di 㹍. Females are called sha 㸺, “cow”, also zi 牸. Oxen are called wu 𤙬 in the South, and qin 𤚩 in the North. Those of pure color are called xi 犧; those of black color are called shu 𤚎. White ones are called yue 㹊, red ones are called xin 𤙡. Those of various colors are called li 犁. Those castrated are called jian 犍, “bullocks,” also: jie 犗. Those without horns are called niu 牛, “oxen.”620 A calf is called du 犢. When it has reached the age of two years, it is called bei 㸽. At the age of three years it is called can 犙. At the age of four years it is called si 牭. At the age of five yers it is called jie 𤘦. At the age of six years it is called bei 犕.

620 Based on Guang yun, ch.28, tuo, niu wu jiao ye 㸰，牛無角也, “㸰 are oxen without horns,” the Ren min wei sheng chu ban she 人民卫生出版社 edition has changed niu 牛 to tuo 㸰.

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【集解】【藏器曰】牛有數種，本經不言黄牛、烏牛、水牛，但言牛爾。 南人以水牛爲牛，北人以黄牛、烏牛爲牛。牛種既殊，入用當别。【時珍 曰】牛有𤚩牛、水牛二種。𤚩牛小而水牛大。𤚩牛有黄、黑、赤、白、駁 雜數色。水牛色青蒼，大腹鋭頭，其狀類豬，角若擔矛，能與虎闘，亦有 白色者，鬱林人謂之周留牛。又廣南有稷牛，即果下牛，形最卑小，爾雅 謂之犤牛，王會篇謂之紈牛是也。牛齒有下無上，察其齒而知其年，三歲 二齒，四歲四齒，五歲六齒，六歲以後，每年接脊骨一節也。牛耳聾，其 聽以鼻。牛瞳竪而不横。其聲曰牟，項垂曰胡，蹄肉曰𤜂，百葉曰膍，角 胎曰腮，鼻木曰牶，嚼草復出曰齝，腹草未化曰聖虀。牛在畜屬土，在卦 屬坤，土緩而和，其性順也。造化權輿云：乾陽爲馬，坤陰爲牛。故馬蹄 圓，牛蹄坼。馬病則卧，陰勝也；牛病則立，陽勝也。馬起先前足，卧先 後足，從陽也；牛起先後足，卧先前足，從陰也。獨以乾健坤順爲説，蓋 知其一而已。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: There are several kinds of oxen, but the Ben jing fails to name yellow oxen, black oxen, and water oxen/buffaloes. It only speaks of oxen. The people in the South regard water buffaloes as oxen; the people in the North regard yellow oxen and black as oxen. Since so many different kinds of oxen exist, when using them [for medication] one must distinguish among them. [Li] Shizhen: The oxen include the two kinds of qin niu 𤚩牛 and shui niu 水牛, “water buffaloes.” The qin niu 𤚩牛 are small; the water buffaloes are big. Among the qin niu 𤚩牛, there are those of yellow, black, red, and white color and others of mixed colors. Water buffaloes are greenish-blue. They have a big belly and a pointed head. Their appearance is that of pigs. Their horns are like spears, and enable them to fight with tigers. There are also white [oxen]. The people in Yu lin call them Zhou liu niu 周留牛. Also, in Guang nan are “millet oxen”, ji niu 稷牛. These are the guo xia niu 果下牛. Their appearance is very unbecoming and small. The Er ya calls them pi niu 犤牛, and these are the wan niu 紈牛 referred to in the Wang hui pian. The oxen have only lower teeth but no upper teeth. By inspecting their teeth one can know their age. By the age of three years they have two teeth. By the age of five years they have six teeth, and beginning with the age of six years, they acquire on additional spinal vertebra. The ears of oxen are deaf; they hear with their nose. The pupils of oxen are vertical rather than horizontal. Their cries sound mou 牟. The hanging part of the neck is called hu 胡. The meat from their trotters is called wei 𤜂. The gizzard is called pi 膍. The interior bones of their horns are called sai 䚡. The wooden latch fastened to their nose is called quan 牶. When they chew grass and it leaves [the stomach] again, this is called chi 齝 ”to ruminate.” Grass not yet digested in their stomach is called sheng ji 聖齏, “the sage’s minced vegetables.” Oxen are the cattle associated with [the phase] soil. Among the trigrams, they are associated with

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kun 坤. The soil is slow and harmonious, and the nature [of oxen] is obedient. The Zhao hua quan yu states: “[The trigram] qian 乾 and yang, they are the horses. [The trigram] kun 坤 and yin, they are the oxen. Hence the hooves of horses are round, while the hooves of oxen are cleft. When horses are ill, they lie down. This is yin dominance. When oxen are ill, they stand. This is yang dominance. When horses get up they stand first on their front legs. When they lie down, they begin with their hind legs. That is, they begin [to rise] with the yang [legs]. When oxen rise, they first stand on their hind legs. When they lie down, they begin with their front legs. That is, they begin [to rise] with their yin [legs]. One needs to discuss them only on the basis of their association with [the trigrams] qian and kun, and their being vigorous and docile as a result, and one knows them in all respects.” 50-05-01 黃牛肉。Huang niu rou. Yellow ox meat. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【弘景曰】𤚩牛惟勝，青牛爲良，水牛惟可充 食。【日華曰】黄牛肉微毒，食之發藥毒，動病，不如水牛。【詵曰】黄 牛動病，黑牛尤不可食。牛者，稼穡之資，不可多殺。若自死者，血脉已 絶，骨髓已竭，不可食之。【藏器曰】牛病死者，發痼疾痃癖，令人洞下 疰病。黑牛白頭者不可食。獨肝者有大毒，令人痢血至死。北人牛瘦，多 以蛇從鼻灌之，故肝獨也。水牛則無之。【時珍曰】張仲景云：噉蛇牛， 毛髮白而後順者是也。人乳可解其毒。内則云：牛夜鳴則庮，臭不可食。 病死者有大毒，令人生疔暴亡。食經云：牛自死、白首者食之殺人。疥牛 食之發痒。黄牛、水牛肉，合猪肉及黍米酒食，並生寸白蟲；合韭、薤 食，令人熱病；合生薑食，損齒。煮牛肉，入杏仁、蘆葉易爛，相宜。 【詵曰】惡馬食牛肉即馴，亦物性也。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. [Tao] Hongjing: Only [the meat of ] the qin niu is superior. That of greenish oxen is good. [The meat of ] water buffaloes may be used only as an addition to meals. Rihua: The meat of yellow oxen is slightly poisonous. Eating it may cause the poison of a medication to effuse, and it may excite a [dormant] disease. This is different from the [meat of ] water buffaloes. [Meng] Shen: [The meat of ] yellow oxen excites [dormant] diseases. That is, hairy oxen must be eaten even less. Oxen are used for farmwork. One must not kill many of them. When they die by themselves, the [flow of ] blood in their vessels is interrupted, and the marrow in their bones is used up. One must not eat them. [Chen] Cangqi: [Meat from] oxen that have died of a disease causes chronic illnesses such

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as a string-illness621 with an aggregation-illness622 to effuse. It lets one suffer from throughflux discharge and attachment-illness disease.623 [The meat] of black oxen with a white head must not be eaten. [The meat of ] those with only an isolated liver is very poisonous. It lets one die from free-flux illness624 with bleeding. In the North, the people often force-feed their emaciated oxen by inserting snakes through their nose. Hence they have an isolated liver. This is not the case with water buffaloes. [Li] Shizhen: Zhang Zhongjing states: “When oxen have eaten snakes, their hair will turn white and is bent toward their back.” That is in fact so. Human milk can be employed to resolve their poison. The Nei ze states: “Oxen that cry at night emit a bad stench. [Their meat] stinks and must not be eaten. [The meat of ] those that have died of a disease is very poisonous. It lets one develop pin-illness625 ending in a sudden death.” The Shi jing states: “To eat [the meat of ] oxen that have died by themselves and of those with a white head will kill one. An itch will develop when one eats [the meat of ] oxen with jie-illness. 626 If the meat of yellow oxen and of water buffaloes is eaten together with pork, glutinous millet and wine, these all together will generate tapeworms. Eaten together with Chinese chives and long-stamen chives, it will cause one to suffer from a heat disease. Eaten together with ginger it harms the teeth. When boiling beef, apricot seeds and reed leaves are added to have it soften easily. [These substances] are suitable for each other.” [Meng] Shen: When a malign horse has eaten beef, it will become tame. This lies in the nature of things. 【主治】安中益氣，養脾胃。别録。補益腰脚，止消渴及唾涎。孫思邈。 Control. It pacifies the center and boosts the qi, and nourishes spleen and stomach. Bie lu. It supplements and boosts lower back and legs. It ends melting with thirst627 and drooling. Sun Simiao.

621 Xuan 痃, “string-illness,” a condition of acute pain located in the abdomen to the left and right of the umbilicus. BCGM Dict I, 591. 622 Pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” of painful lumps emerging from time to time in both flanks. BCGM Dict I, 371. 623 Zhu bing 疰病, “attachment-illness disease,” a condition identical with gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness.” BCGM Dict I, 535; 689. 624 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 625 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129. 626 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 627 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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【發明】【時珍曰】韓𢘅言：牛肉補氣，與黄芪同功。觀丹溪 朱氏倒倉 法論而引申觸類，則牛之補土，可心解矣。今天下日用之物，雖嚴法不能 禁，亦因肉甘而補，皮角有用也。朱震亨倒倉論曰：腸胃爲積穀之室，故 謂之倉。倒者，推陳以致新也。胃屬土，受物而不能自運。七情五味，有 傷中宫，停痰積血，互相纏糾。發爲癱痪，爲勞瘵，爲蠱脹，成形成質， 爲窠爲臼，以生百病而中宫愆和，自非丸散所能去也。此方出自西域異 人。其法：用黄肥牡牛肉二十斤，長流水煮成糜，去滓，濾取液，再熬成 琥珀色收之。每飲一鍾，隨飲至數十鍾，寒月温飲。病在上則令吐，在下 則令利，在中則令吐而利，在人活變。吐利後渴，即服其小便一二碗，亦 可蕩滌餘垢。睡二日，乃食淡粥。養半月，即精神强健，沉痾悉亡也。須 五年忌牛肉。蓋牛，坤土也。黄，土色也。以順德配乾牡之用也。肉者胃 之藥也，熟而爲液，無形之物也。故能由腸胃而透肌膚，毛竅爪甲，無所 不到。在表者因吐而得汗，在清道者自吐而去，在濁道者自利而除。有如 洪水泛漲，陳莝順流而去，盎然涣然，潤澤枯槁，而有精爽之樂也。【王 綸云】牛肉本補脾胃之物，非吐下藥也，特飲之既滿而溢爾。借補爲瀉， 故病去而胃得補，亦奇法也。但病非腸胃者，似難施之。 Explicationl. [Li] Shizhen: Han Mao says: “Beef supplements the qi; it has the same effects as astragalus [root].” Looking at the analogies shown in Mr. Zhu Danxi’s Dao cang fa lun, everybody will understand that oxen supplement soil. Nowadays, strict laws have been passed for [saving] items that are in daily use, and yet [their killing] can not be prohibited. This is because the meat [of oxen] is sweet and supplementing, and their hide and horns can be made use of, too. Zhu Zhenheng in his Dao cang lun says: The intestines and the stomach are the chambers where the grain is collected. Hence they are called “granaries.” Dao 倒 is “to push back what is old and let arrive what is new.” The stomach is associated with [the phase] soil. It receives items and cannot move by itself. The seven emotions and the five spices may harm the central mansion (i.e., the stomach). Phlegm may stagnate and blood may collect, and both may interact, eventually leading to paralysis, leading to exhaustion-illness with consumption, and leading to gu628 bloating. Something with a physical appearance will form, and a substance will form. A nest will be generated, a mortar will be generated. The hundred diseases will disturb the harmony of the central mansion, and neither pills nor powders are able to eliminate them. This recipe originates from an unusual person from the Western regions. The method to prepare it is as follows. Boil 20 jin of a yellow, fat bull’s beef in water that has flowed over a long distance until it turns into a gruel. Remove the dregs, strain it, and obtain the liquid.This 628 Gu [du] 蠱[毒9, “gu[-poisoning].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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is to be heated again until it has assumed an amber color. Keep it then, and each time drink one cup. Continue to drink it tens of times. During the cold months drink it warm. When the disease is in the upper parts [of the body], this will let one vomit. When it is in the lower parts, this will let one have a free flow. When it is in the center, [patients] will experience both vomiting and free flow, causing various changes in that person. After vomiting and free flow, [the patient] will be thirsty, and he is to drink one or two bowls of his own urine. This too will cleanse him of whatever filth is still present. Then after having slept for two days he eats a bland porridge. With such a nourishment for half a month, his essence spirit will be strengthened, and even deep-seated ailments will all have disappeared. He must abstain from beef for five years. The fact is, oxen are [associated with the trigram] kun 坤 and with soil. Yellow is the color of soil. This [recipe] makes use of adhering to the potential of siding with [the trigram] qian 乾 and the male [wich is yang]. Meat is a medication aiming at the stomach. When cooked it becomes a liquid, that is an item without a physical appearance. Hence it is able to proceed from the intestines and the stomach all the way to the muscles and the skin, to the pores of the hair and to the [finger and toe] nails. There is no region [in the body] it does not reach. When [the disease] is in the [body’s] exterior, [meat] will cause vomiting and, as a result, [eliminate the disease] through sweating. When [the disease] is in the clear pathways [of the organism], it will [remove the disease] through vomiting. When it is in the turbid pathways, it will eliminate [a disease] through free-flow. This is just like a vast flooding that eliminates all dirt that has accumulated for a long time. [Patients] will be high spirited and vibrant; what had withered and was dry will be moistened, generating a joy of extreme wellbeing. Wang Lun: Beef is basically and item that supplements the [qi of ] spleen and stomach. It is not a medication to stimulate vomiting and discharge! If it is [prepared as juice and] drunk excessively, it will generate a feeling of fullness and overflow. That is, one makes use of its supplementing [potential] to generate an outflow. Hence the disease is eliminated and the stomach [qi] are supplemented. This, too, is an extraordinary method. However, if the disease is not in the intestines and the stomach, it is difficult to activate [the therapeutic potential of beef ].

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】新五。 Added recipes: Five newly [recorded].

小刀圭。韓飛霞曰：凡一切虚病，皆可服之。用小牛犢兒未交感者一隻， 臘月初八日或戊己日殺之，去血燖毛洗浄，同臟腑不遺分寸，大銅鍋煮 之。每十斤，入黄芪十兩，人參四兩，伏苓六兩，官桂、良薑各五錢，陳 皮三兩，甘草、蜀椒各二兩，食鹽二兩，淳酒二斗同煮，水以八分爲率， 文火煮至如泥，其骨皆槌碎，併濾取稠汁。待冷以甕盛之，埋於土内，露 出甕面。凡飲食中，皆任意食之，或以酒調服更妙。肥犬及鹿，皆可依此 法作之。 A small knife-shaped spatula.629 Han Feixia: This can be ingested [to treat] all kinds of depletion disease. Select a calf that has not been affected by sexual emotions yet and kill it on the eighth day of the 12th month or on a wu ji 戊己 day. Remove its blood and hair and wash it clean. Give it entirely, with all the long-term depots and short-term repositories, into a large copper pot and boil it. For each ten jin add ten liang of astragalus [root], four liang of ginseng [root], six liang of poria, five liang each of officially approved cassia and good ginger, three liang of dried tangerine peels, two liang each of glycyrrhiza [root] and Chinese pepper from Si chuan, two liang of table salt, and two dou of pure wine, and boil all these items together, with 80% water added, over a mild fire until they have transformed into a paste. The bones are crushed to pieces, and all of this is filtered to obtain a thick juice. Wait until it has cooled down and store it in an earthen jar. This is buried in the earth, with the opening left exposed. At all occasions of drinking and eating, [the juice] may be consumed at will. Some ingest it mixed with wine, and its effects are even more wondrous. Fat dogs and deer can be prepared the same way. 返本丸。補諸虚百損。用黄犍牛肉去筋膜，切片，河水洗數遍，仍浸一 夜，次日再洗三遍，水清爲度。用無灰好酒同入壜内，重泥封固，桑柴文 武火煮一晝夜，取出如黄沙爲佳，焦黑無用，焙乾爲末聽用。山藥鹽炒 過、蓮肉去心鹽炒過並去鹽、白茯苓、小茴香炒各四兩，爲末。每牛肉牛 斤，入藥末一斤，以紅棗蒸熟去皮和搗，丸梧子大。每空心酒下五十丸， 日三服。乾坤生意。 “Pills bringing one back to his roots.” They serve to supplement all kinds of depletion and the 100 injuries. Cut the beef from a yellow bull, with all sinews and membrances removed, into pieces, wash it with water from a river several times, and soak it [in water] for one night. The next day wash it again three times until the 629 The term dao gui 刀圭 denotes, first, a knife-shaped spatula used in ancient times to measure the amounts of drugs to be combined in filling a prescription, and, second, medicine or pharmaceutical treatment in general.

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water remains clear. Then give it together with good, ash-free wine into a jar and seal it tightly with clay. Heat [the jar] over a violent fire with mulberry firewood for one day and one night. Then remove [the beef ]. When it has assumed a condition like yellow sand, it is fine. When it has been scorched until it has become black, it cannot be used. Bake it until it has dried, [grind it to] powder and then make use of it [with the following recipe]. Dioscorea [root] and Indian lotus seeds, the latter with its core discarded, are roasted in salt and, the salt removed again, are ground to powder with four liang each of white poria and roasted fennel. Add to each half jin of the beef one jin of the powdered medication, grind this to a pulp together with red Chinese dates that have been steamed until done and whose skin was removed, and prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Each time wash down, on an empty stomach, with wine fifty pills. To be ingested three times per day. Qian kun sheng yi. 腹中痞積。牛肉四兩切片，以風化石灰一錢擦上，蒸熟食。常食痞自下。 經驗秘方。 Obstacle-illness630 accumulation in the abdomen. Cut four liang of beef to pieces and rub one qian of lime, that had been exposed to and transformed by wind, on them. Then steam them until they are done and eat them. When this is eaten regularly, the obstacle-illness accumulations will be discharged as a result. Jing yan mi fang. 腹中癖積。黄牛肉一斤，恒山三錢，同煮熟。食肉飲汁，癖必自消，甚 效。筆峰雜興。 Aggregation-illness631 accumulation in the abdomen. Boil one jin of meat of a yellow ox together with three qian of dichroa [root] until done. Eat the beef and drink the juice, and the aggregation-illness will dissolve as a result. Very effective. Bi feng za xing. 牛皮風癬。每五更炙牛肉一片食，以酒調輕粉敷之。直指方。 Ox hide wind xuan-illness.632 Every early morning eat one piece of roasted beef. Also, mix wine with caolomel and apply this to the [affected region]. Zhi zhi fang.

630 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” (1) a feeling of uncomfortable fullness and distension, (2) a pathological condition of uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I, 371. 631 Pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” of painful lumps emerging from time to time in both flanks. BCGM Dict I, 371. 632 Niu pi feng xuan 牛皮風癬, “ox hide wind xuan-illness”, a condition of xuan 癬, “xuan-illness” with a stubborn, thick and hard lesion, reminiscent of an ox’s neck skin. BCGM Dict I, 359.

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

510 50-05-02 水牛肉。Shui niu rou. Water buffalo beef.

【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【日華曰】冷，微毒。宜忌同黄牛。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. Rihua: Cold, slightly poisonous. In view of compatible and incompatible [items] it is identical with [beef from] yellow oxen. 【主治】消渴，止啘、洩，安中益氣，養脾胃。别録。補虚壯健，强筋 骨，消水腫，除濕氣。藏器。 Control. Melting with thirst. 633 It ends retching and outflow, pacifies the center, boosts the qi, and nourishes spleen and stomach. Bie lu. It supplements depletion and gives vigor. It strengthens the sinews and the bones. It dissolves water swelling, and eliminates dampness qi. [Chen] Cangqi.

【附方】舊二，新一。 Added recipes: Two of old. One newly [recorded]. 水腫尿澀。牛肉一斤熟蒸，以薑、醋空心食之。心鏡。 Water swelling and urine roughness. One jin of beef is steamed until done, and eaten, on an empty stomach, with ginger and vinegar. Xin jing. 手足腫痛。傷寒時氣，毒攻手足，痛腫欲斷。牛肉裹之，腫消痛止。范汪 方。 Painful swelling of hands and feet. In the case of harm caused by cold and seasonal qi, with poison attacking the hands and the feet, resulting in a painful swelling making one wish to have them cut off. Wrap them with beef,634 and the swelling will dissolve and the pain ends. Fan Wang fang. 白虎風痛，寒熱發歇，骨節微腫。用水牛肉脯一兩，炙黄，燕窠土、伏龍 肝、飛羅麪各二兩，砒黄一錢，爲末。每以少許，新汲水和作彈丸大，於 痛處摩之。痛止，即取藥抛於熱油鐺中。聖惠。

633 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 634 Wai tai, ch. 2, shang han shou zu yu tuo teng tong fang 傷寒手足欲脱疼痛方, “recipes for harm caused by cold with painful hands and feet about to fall off,” has sheng niu rou 生牛 肉, “raw/fresh beef.”

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White tiger wind635 pain. Sensations of cold and heat that come and go, and a slight swelling of joints. One liang of preserved buffalo beef is roasted until it has turned yellow. This is powdered together with two liang each of soil from a swallow’s nest, of soil from an oven, and of sublimed wheat flour, and one qian of raw arsenic. For each [treatment] prepare a small amount [of this powder] with freshly drawn water to pills the size of bullets, and rub the painful region with them. The pain will end. Then discard the medication into a pot with hot oil. Sheng hui. 50-05-03 頭蹄。Tou ti. [Ox] head and trotters. 水牛者良。 Those of water buffaloes are good. 【氣味】凉。食經云：患冷人勿食蹄中巨筋。多食令人生肉刺。 Qi and Flavor. Cool. The Shi jing states: Persons suffering from cold must not eat the big sinews from within the trotters. If eaten in large quantities they let one develop corns. 【主治】下熱風。孟詵。 Control. They serve to discharge heat and wind. Meng Shen. 【附方】舊一。 Added recipes: One of old. 水腫脹滿，小便澀者。用水牛蹄一具去毛，煮汁作羹，蹄切食之。或以水 牛尾條切，作腊食。或煮食亦佳。食醫心鏡。 Water swelling, with bloating and a feeling of fullness, and roughness of urine. Remove the hair from a water buffalo’s trotters and boil them to obtain a thick soup. Cut the trotters and eat them. Or cut one tail of a water buffalo to pieces and eat them as dried meat. Or to boil them and eat them, this is good, too. Shi yi xin jing. 50-05-04 鼻。Bi. [Ox] nose. 水牛者良。 Those of water buffaloes are good. 635 Bai hu feng 白虎風, “white tiger wind.” A pain in the joints that increases during the night. BCGM Dict I, 47.

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【主治】消渴，同石燕煮汁服。藏器。治婦人無乳，作羹食之，不過兩 日，乳下無限，氣壯人尤效。孟詵。療口眼喎斜。不拘乾濕者，以火炙 熱，於不患處一邊熨之，即漸正。宗奭。 Control. Melting with thirst.636 Boil it with stone swallows637 and ingest the juice. [Chen] Cangqi. To cure a woman who has no milk, prepare a thick soup [with ox nose] and [have the woman] eat it. After no more than two days, she will discharge milk without limits. This is especially effective for persons with vigorous qi. Meng Shen. It heals wryness of mouth and eyes. Regardless of whether it is dry or moist, roast [a nose] over fire until it is hot and place it on the side of the face that is not affected. [The wryness] will gradually develop back to normal. [Kou] Zongshi. 50-05-05 皮。Pi. [Ox] skin/hide. 水牛者良。 Those of water buffaloes are good. 【主治】水氣浮腫，小便澀少。以皮蒸熟，切，入豉汁食之。心鏡。熬膠 最良。詳阿膠。 Control. Superficial water and qi swelling, and rough and diminished urination. Steam the skin until it is done, cut it into the juice of fermented soybeans and [let the patient] eat this. Xin jing. Boiled to become a glue it is best. For details see [the entry] e jiao (50-14). 50-05-06 乳。Ru. [Cow] milk. 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。【弘景曰】𤚩牛乳佳。【恭曰】𤚩牛乳性平， 生飲令人利，熱飲令人口乾，温可也。水牛乳作酪，濃厚勝𤚩牛，造石蜜 須之。【藏器曰】黑牛乳勝黄牛。凡服乳，必煮一二沸，停冷啜之，熱食 即壅。不欲頓服。與酸物相反，令人腹中癥結，患冷氣人忌之。合生魚 食，作瘕。【時珍曰】凡取，以物撞之則易得。餘詳乳酪下。制秦艽、不 灰木。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. [Tao] Hongjing: The milk of cows is fine. [Su] Gong: The nature of cow milk is balanced. If drunk raw it lets one 636 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 637 See BCGM 48-20.

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have free-flow. If drunk hot it lets one have a dry mouth. It is advisable [to drink it] warm. Butter prepared from the milk of water buffaloes is thicker than that [prepared from the milk] of qin cows. It is required for the preparation of stone honey. [Chen] Cangqi: The milk of black cows is superior to that of yellow cows. Whenever one intends to ingest milk, one must boil it to bubbling once or twice, and drink it when it has cooled down again. If consumed hot, it will cause an obstruction. One does not wish to ingest it [in larger quantities] all at once.638 It is incompatible with sour items. [If milk and sour items are consumed together] this will cause concretions to develop in that person’s abdomen. People suffering from cold qi must avoid it. If consumed together with raw fish, it causes conglomeration-illness.639 [Li] Shizhen: Whenever one intends to take [milk from a cow], strike [the udder] with some item, and it will be easier to obtain it. For further details, [see] the entry on “cheese.” It checks [the effects of ] gentiana [root] and asbestos. 【主治】補虚羸，止渴。别録。養心肺，解熱毒，潤皮膚。日華。冷補， 下熱氣。和蒜煎沸食，去冷氣痃癖。藏器。患熱風人宜食之。孟詵。老 人煮食有益。入薑、葱，止小兒吐乳，補勞。思邈。治反胃熱噦，補益勞 損，潤大腸，治氣痢，除疸黄，老人煮粥甚宜。時珍。 Control. It supplements conditions of depletion and emaciation. It ends thirst. Bie lu. It nourishes heart and lung, resolves heat poison, and moistens the skin. Rihua. It is cold and supplements. It serves to discharge heat qi. When eaten after being boiled to bubbling with garlic, it removes cold qi and string-illness640 with aggregation-illness. 641 [Chen] Cangqi. Persons suffering from heat wind should consume it. Meng Shen. Boiled and eaten by old persons it is beneficial. When ginger and onions are added to it, it ends spitting of milk by children, and supplements exhaustion. [Sun] Simiao. It serves to cure turned over stomach and heat retching. It supplements and boosts in the case of exhaustion and injury. It moistens the large intestine. It serves to cure qi free-flux illness, 642 and removes the yellow [complexion 638 Zheng lei, ch.16, niu ru 牛乳, “cow milk,” and ch. 17, niu jiao sai 牛角䚡, “ox horn pith,” following jin an 今按, “present comment,” quoting Chen Cangqi’s Ben cao both have the four characters yu de jian xiao 欲得漸消, “with a tendency to consume increasingly smaller amounts,” following the character fu 服, “to ingest.” 639 Jia 瘕, “empty[-lumps]-illness;” “conglomeration-illness,” a condition of painful abdominal nodes/lumps that sometimes move and sometimes do not move in accordance with the movement of the body’s qi. BCGM Dict I, 244. 640 Xuan 痃, “string-illness,” a condition of acute pain located in the abdomen to the left and right of the umbilicus. BCGM Dict I, 591. 641 Pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” of painful lumps emerging from time to time in both flanks. BCGM Dict I, 371. 642 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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associated with] dan-illness.643 Boiled as a congee, it is most suited for old persons. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【震亨曰】反胃噎膈，大便燥結，宜牛羊乳時時嚥之，並服 四物湯爲上策。不可用人乳，人乳有飲食之毒，七情之火也。【時珍 曰】乳煎蓽茇，治痢有效。蓋一寒一熱，能和陰陽耳。按獨異志云：唐 太宗苦氣痢，衆醫不效，下詔訪問。金吾長張寶藏曾困此疾，即具疏以乳 煎蓽茇方。上服之立愈，宣下宰臣與五品官。魏徵難之，逾月不擬。上疾 復發，復進之又平。因問左右曰：進方人有功，未見除授，何也？徵懼， 曰：未知文武二吏。上怒曰：治得宰相，不妨授三品，我豈不及汝耶？即 命與三品文官，授鴻臚寺卿。其方用牛乳半斤，蓽茇三錢，同煎减半，空 腹頓服。 Explication. [Zhu] Zhenheng: [Persons suffering from] turned over stomach with gullet-occlusion, as well as from dried and congealed fecal matter, should repeatedly swallow the milk of cows or goats/sheep. And they should ingest, in addition, the “decoction with four items” as the best thing to do. They must not resort to human milk. Human milk has the poisons of beverages and food [consumed by the woman who contributed it] and also the fire of her seven emotions. [Li] Shizhen: Milk boiled with long pepper is an effective cure of free-flux illness. The fact is, one cold [item] and one hot [item] are able to harmonize yin and yang. According to the Du yi zhi, “Tang [emperor] Tai zong suffered from qi free-flux illness, which all physicians were unable to cure. [The court] issued a decree asking for [assistance]. Zhang Bocang, a Commander of the Imperial Insignia, had previously suffered from this illness himself. Hence he submitted a recipe [to ingest] milk boiled with long pepper. [The emperor] ingested it and he was cured immediately. He then ordered [Zhang Bocang] to be promoted to a civil servant of fifth rank. Wei Zheng resented this, and did not confer [the promotion to Zhang Bocang]. When the former illness affected [the emperor] a second time, he was given [the remedy suggested by Zhang Bocang] again, and he was cured once more. Hence he enquired from his entourage: ‘The person who submitted this recipe has performed a meritorious service, why is it that he has not been rewarded yet?’ [Wei] Zheng fearfully responded: ‘I did not know whether [he was to be promoted] to a civil or a military rank.’ The sovereign angrily responded: ‘This cure is worth a prime minister’s! He must receive promotion to third rank. How could it be that my [orders] are not fulfilled by you!’ Hence he decreed that [Zhang Bocang] be promoted to a civil service position of third rank, and made him a minister in the Bureau of Etiquette. His recipe was as follows. 643 Dan huang 癉黃, identical with huang dan 黃癉, yellow dan-illness; jaundice. BCGM Dict I, 225.

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Half a jin of cow milk was boiled with three qian of long pepper down to one half, to be consumed on an empty stomach in one draft.”

【附方】舊三，新八。 Added recipes: Three of old. Eight newly [recorded]. 風熱毒氣。煎過牛乳一升，生牛乳一升，和匀。空腹服之，日三服。千金 方。 Wind and heat poison qi. One sheng of boiled cow milk and one sheng of raw cow milk are mixed evenly to be ingested on an empty stomach. To be ingested three times a day. Qian jin fang. 小兒熱噦。牛乳二合，薑汁一合，銀器文火煎五六沸，量兒與服之。 Heat retching of children. Two ge of cow milk and one ge of ginger juice are boiled in a silver vessel over a mild fire five or six times to bubbling. Have the child ingest this with the quantity adjusted to its age.644 下虚消渴。心脾中熱，下焦虚冷，小便多者。生牛羊乳，每飲三四合。廣 利方。 Depletion in the lower [body section] and melting with thirst. 645 When heart and spleen are struck by heat, with the lower burner being depleted and cold, and profuse urination. Each time [let the patient] drink three or four ge of fresh cow or goat/sheep milk. Guang li fang. 病後虚弱。取七歲以下、五歲以上黄牛乳一升，水四升，煎取一升，稍稍 飲，至十日止。外臺方。 Depletion weakness following a disease. One sheng of the milk of a yellow cow not older then seven years and not younger than five years is to be boiled with one sheng of water down to one sheng. [Let the patient] drink this in small quantities for ten days when this is to end. Wai tai fang. 補益勞損。千金翼崔尚書方：鍾乳粉一兩，袋盛，以牛乳一升，煎减三分 之一，去袋飲乳，日三。又方：白石英末三斤和黑豆，與十歲以上生犢牸 牛食，每日與一兩。七日取牛乳，或熱服一升，或作粥食。其糞以種菜 食。百無所忌，能潤藏府，澤肌肉，令人壯健。 644 Zheng lei, ch. 16, niu ru 牛乳, “cow milk,” has liang er da xiao jia jian yu fu zhi 量兒大小 加減與服之, “Let the child ingest it with the amount increased or diminished in accordance with its age.” 645 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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To supplement and boost in the case of exhaustion and injury. A recipe by minister Cui recorded in the Qian jin yi. A sack filled with one liang of stalactite powder is to be boiled in one sheng of cow milk down to two thirds. Then remove the sack and drink the milk. Three times a day. Another recipe: Feed a cow older than ten years that has given birth to a calf with three jin of milky quartz powder mixed with black beans. Each day feed it with one liang. After seven days take the milk from that cow and either ingest one sheng hot, or prepare it to a congee and eat this. The [cow’s] dung can be used to grow vegetables for food. There are absolutely no taboos to be observed. [This recipe] can moisten the long-term depots and short-term repositories, enrich muscles and flesh, and let one be strong and robust. 脚氣痺弱。牛乳五升，硫黄三兩，煎取三升，每服三合。羊乳亦可。或以 牛乳五合，煎調硫黄末一兩服，取汗尤良。肘後。 Leg qi646 and blockage with weakness. Five sheng of cow milk and three liang of sulphur are boiled down to three sheng. Each time ingest three ge. The milk of goats/sheep can be used too. Or, one boils five ge of cow milk mixed with one liang of sulphur powder and ingests this. When a sweating results, this is all the better. Zhou hou. 肉人怪病。人頂生瘡五色，如櫻桃狀，破則自頂分裂，連皮剥脱至足，名 曰肉人。常飲牛乳自消。夏子益奇疾方。 The strange disease of “flesh man.” When multi-colored sores, with the appearance of cherries, develop on one’s top of the head. When they rupture they crack open from the top of the head with all the skin peeling off down to the feet. This is called “flesh man.” When [patients] regularly drink cow milk, [the sores] will dissolve as a result. Xia Ziyi in his Qi ji fang. 重舌出涎。特牛乳飲之。聖惠。 A doubled tongue647 with salivation. [Let the patient] simply drink cow milk. Sheng hui. 蚰蜒入耳。牛乳少少滴入即出。若入腹者，飲一二升即化爲水。聖惠方。 A centipede has entered an ear. Drip small amounts of cow milk into [the ear] and it will come out. If it has entered the abdomen, [let the patient] drink one or two sheng, and it will transform to water. Sheng hui fang.

646 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248. 647 Chong she 重舌, “doubled tongue.” A growth under the tongue, mostly in children, similar to a second tongue. BCGM Dict I, 92.

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蜘蛛瘡毒。牛乳飲之，良。生生編。 Spider sores poison. To drink cow milk is good. Sheng sheng bian. 50-05-07 血。Xue. [Ox] blood. 【氣味】鹹，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】解毒利腸，治金瘡折傷垂死，又下水蛭。煮拌醋食，治血痢便 血。時珍。 Control. It resolves poison and frees the flow through the intestines. It serves to cure sores resulting from metal objects/weapons], fractures, and other harm bringing one close to dying. Also, it serves to discharge leeches. Boil it mixed with vinegar and [let the patient] eat it. It serves to cure free flow with bleeding, and urination with blood. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】按元史云：布智兒從太祖征回回，身中數矢，血流滿 體，悶仆幾絶。太祖命取一牛，剖其腹，納之牛腹中，浸熱血中，移時遂 甦。又云：李庭從伯顔攻郢州，炮傷左脇，矢貫於胸，幾絶。伯顔命剖水 牛腹，納其中，良久而甦。何孟春云：予在職方時，問各邊將無知此術 者，非讀元史弗知也。故書於此，以備緩急。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Yuan shi, “[General] Bu zhi er was struck by several arrows when he was with [Emperor] Tai zu in his campaign against the muslim people. Blood flowed all over his body. He felt heart-pressure, fell to the ground and was close to dying. Tai zu ordered to cut open the abdomen of an ox, and to place [the general] into its abdomen, to be soaked in [the ox’s] hot blood. After a while, [the general] came back to life.” It is also stated that Li Ting, when he was with [general] Bo Yan in his attack on Ying zhou, was harmed in his left flank by a bullet shot, and an arrow went through his chest so that he was about to die. Bo Yan order to cut open the abdomen of a water buffalo and to place [Li Ting] inside of it. After a long time [Li Ting] came back to life.” He Mengchun states: “When I was stationed in that region, I enquired everywhere about this technique but nobody knew of it. Only those who have read the Yuan shi are aware of it.” Hence I have recorded it here to prepare [readers] for such an emergency.

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【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 誤吞水蛭，腸痛黄瘦。牛血熱飲一二升，次早化猪脂一升飲之，即下出 也。肘後。 When one inadvertently has swallowed a leech, with pain in the intestines, a yellow complexion and emaciation. [Let the patient] drink one or two sheng of hot ox blood. On the following day have him ingest one sheng of lard melted [in ox blood], and [the leech] will be discharged. Zhou hou. 50-05-08 脂。Zhi. [Ox] fat. 黄牛者良，煉過用。 That of yellow oxen is good. To be used after refinement. 【氣味】甘、温，微毒。多食發痼疾、瘡瘍。鑑源云：牛脂軟銅。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, slightly poisonous. Eaten in large quantities it will cause obstinate illnesses, sores and ulcers. The Jing yuan states: Ox fat softens copper. 【主治】諸瘡疥癬白秃，亦入面脂。時珍。 Control. All kinds of sores, jie-illness,648 xuan-illness,649 and white baldness. It can also be added to facial cremes. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新五。 Added recipes: Five newly [recorded]. 消渴不止。括樓根煎：用生括樓切十斤，以水三斗，煮至一斗,濾浄，入煉 浄黄牛脂一合，慢火熬成膏，瓶收。每酒服一杯，日三。總録。 Melting with thirst650 that does not end. The “decoction with trichosanthes root.” Cut ten jin of unprocessed trichosanthes [root] into pieces and [boil them] in three dou of water down to one dou. Filter it, and add one ge of refined and clean yellow ox fat. Stew this over a mild fire until it has transformed into a paste and store this in a bottle. Each time ingest, with wine, one cup. Three times per day. Zong lu. 648 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 649 Xuan-illness 癬, skin illness with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591. 650 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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腋下胡臭。牛脂和胡粉塗之，三度永瘥。姚氏。 Barbarian stench under the armpits. Mix ox fat with lead carbonate and smear it on the [armpits]. After three applications this will be cured forever. Yao shi. 食物入鼻。介介作痛不出。用牛脂一棗大，納鼻中吸入，脂消則物隨出 也。外臺651。 When food has entered the nose, with a recurring pain, and it does not come out. Stuff a piece of ox fat, as big as a Chinese date, into the nose and inhale. The fat will dissolve and the foreign object will eventually come out. Wai tai. 走精黄病。面目俱黄，多睡，舌紫，甚面裂，若爪甲黑者死。用豉半兩， 牛脂一兩，煎過，綿裹烙舌，去黑皮一重，濃煎豉湯飲之。三十六黄方。 Uncontrolled flow of essence/sperm with jaundice. The face and the eyes are all yellow. [Patients] sleep a lot, their tongue is purple, and in serious cases its surface is chapped.652 Once the nails have turned black they die. One half liang of fermented soybeans and one liang of ox fat are boiled together, wrapped in silk fabric and placed hot on the tongue. This will cause a layer of black skin to come off. [Then have the patient] drink a thick decoction of fermented soybeans. San shi liu huang fang. 50-05-09 髓。Sui. [Ox] marrow. 黑牛、黄牛、㸺牛者良，煉過用。 That of black oxen, of yellow oxen and of sha oxen is good. To be used after refinement. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】補中，填骨髓。久服增年。本經。安五臟，平三焦，續絶傷，益 氣力，止洩利，去消渴，皆以清酒暖服之。别録。平胃氣，通十二經脉。 思邈。治瘦病，以黑牛髓、地黄汁、白蜜等分，煎服。孟詵。潤肺補腎， 澤肌悦面，理折傷，擦損痛，甚妙。時珍 651 This recipe is not recorded in the Wai tai mi yao. It may be found in Qian jin fang,ch. 6, bi bing 鼻病, “diseases of the nose.”。 652 Instead of only shen mian lie 甚面裂, “in sever cases the surface is chapped,” Sheng ji zong lu, ch. 61, huang bin men 黄病門, “section: yellow diseases,” san shi liu huang 三十六 黄, “the 36 six kinds of yellow [diseases],” has shen ze she mian che lie 甚則舌面坼裂, “in severe cases, the surface of the tongue is cracked.”

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Control. It supplements the center, and refills bone marrow. Ingested over an extended period of time it prolongs one’s life. Ben jing. It pacifies the five long-term depots, balances the triple burner, and continues [life processes that are] cut or harmed. It boosts the strength of qi. It ends outflow and free flow. It removes melting with thirst.653 For all these [effects let the patients] ingest it warm with clear wine. Bie lu. It balances the qi of the stomach, and penetrates the twelve conduit vessels. [Sun] Simiao. To cure emaciation disease, equal amounts of yellow ox marrow, Chinese foxglove [rhizome] juice and white honey are boiled and ingested. Meng Shen. It moistens the lung and supplements the kidneys. It enriches the muscles and makes the face look happy. It restructures fracture damage, and can be applied to [regions with] painful injury. Very wondrous. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新三。 Added recipes: Three newly [recorded]. 補精潤肺，壯陽助胃。用煉牛髓四兩，胡桃肉四兩，杏仁泥四兩，山藥末 半斤，煉蜜一斤，同搗成膏，以瓶盛湯煮一日。每服一匙，空心服之。瑞 竹方。 To supplement essence/sperm and moisten the lung. It invigorates the yang and supports the stomach. Four liang of refined ox marrow, four liang of walnut meat, four liang of apricot seeds paste, one half jin of dioscorea [root] powder and one jin of refined honey are pounded together to generate a paste. This is filled into a bottle and boiled in hot water for one day. Each time ingest one spoonful. To be ingested on an empty stomach. Rui zhu fang. 勞損風濕。陸抗膏：用牛髓、羊脂各二升，白蜜、薑汁、酥各三升，煎三 上三下，令成膏。隨意以温酒和服之。經心録。 Exhaustion injury with wind and moisture. The “paste of Lu Kang”. Two sheng each of ox marrow and goat/sheep fat are to be boiled with three sheng each of white honey, ginger juice and butter, letting [the liquid] bubble up and cool down again three times until a paste has formed. This is ingested, with warm wine, at will. Jing xin lu. 手足皴裂。牛髓敷之。 Chapped skin cracks on hands and feet. Apply ox marrow to the [affected regions].

653 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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50-05-10 腦。Nao. [Ox] brain. 水牛、黄牛者良。 That of water buffaloes and yellow oxen is good. 【氣味】甘，温，微毒。【心鏡曰】牛熱病死者，勿食其腦，令生腸癰。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, slightly poisonous. Xin jing: When oxen have died of a heat disease, their brain must not be eaten lest it generate intestinal obstruction-illness. 654 【主治】風眩消渴。蘇恭。脾積痞氣。潤皴裂，入面脂用。時珍。 Control. Wind dizziness and melting with thirst. 655 Su Gong. Spleen accumulation and obstacle-illness656 qi. It moistens chapped skin cracks. It is added to facial cremes. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新四。 Added recipes: Four newly [recorded]. 吐血咯血，五勞七傷。用水牛腦一枚，塗紙上陰乾。杏仁煮去皮、胡桃 仁、白蜜各一斤，香油四兩，同熬乾，爲末。每空心燒酒服二錢匕。乾坤 秘韞。 Blood spitting and coughing up of blood, associated with the five kinds of exhaustion and seven kinds of harm. The brain of one water buffalo is smeared on a piece of paper to dry in the shade. One jin each of boiled apricot seeds, with their skin removed, walnut kernels and white honey are boiled together with one jin of white honey and four liang of sesame oil. Then this is dried and ground to powder. Each time [let the patient] ingest, with brandy, on an empty stomach the amount held by a two qian spoon. Qian kun mi yun.

654 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 655 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 656 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” (1) a feeling of uncomfortable fullness and distension, (2) a pathological condition of uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I, 371.

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偏正頭風。不拘遠近，諸藥不效者，如神。用白芷、芎藭各三錢，爲細 末。以黄牛腦子搽末在上，瓷器内加酒頓熟，乘熱食之，盡量一醉。醒則 其病如失，甚驗。保壽堂方。 Hemilateral and ordinary head wind. Regardless of whether it has lasted for long or began only recently, and when all medications applied have remained without effect. Divinely useful. Prepare a fine powder of three qian each of angelica dahurica [root] and ligusticum [root], apply the powder to the brain of a yellow ox, fill it into a porcelain jar, add wine and heat it until done. [Let the patient] eat this as long as it is still hot, and let him finish all of it so that he gets drunk. When he wakes up again, his disease appears to have gone. Very effective. Bao shou tang fang. 脾積痞氣。牛腦丸：治男婦脾積痞病，大有神效。黄㸺牛腦子一箇，去皮 筋，擂爛，皮硝末一斤，蒸餅六箇，晒研，和匀，糊丸梧子大。每服二十 丸，空心好酒下，日三服。百日有驗。聖濟總録657。 Spleen accumulation and obstacle-illness qi. The “pills with ox marrow.” They serve to cure spleen accumulation and obstacle-illness qi affecting males and females. They are certainly of divine effect. The brain of one yellow sha ox, with its skin and sinews removed and pound to a pulp, one jin of impure mirabilite powder, and six steam cakes, dried in the sun and ground to powder, are evenly mixed and prepared to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 30 pills. To be sent down on an empty stomach with good wine. To be ingested three times per day. The effect sets in within 100 days. Sheng ji zong lu. 氣積成塊。牛腦散：用牛腦子一箇，去筋，雄雞肫一箇，連皮黄，並以好 酒浸一宿，搗爛，入木香、沉香、砂仁各三兩，皮硝一碗，杵千下，入生 銅鍋内，文武火焙乾，爲末，入輕粉三錢，令匀。每服二錢，空心燒酒 服，日三服。同上。 Qi accumulations forming lumps. The “powder with ox brain.” One ox brain, with the sinews removed, and one chicken gizzard, with the yellow skin parts, are soaked in good wine for one night, and then ground to a pulp. To this are added three liang each of aucklandia [root], aloes wood and bastard cardamom fruit, and one bowl of impure mirabilite. These are pounded one thousand times and [the resulting substance] is baked in a copper pot over an alternatingly mild and violent fire until it has dried and can be ground to powder. This is mixed evenly with three qian of calomel. Each time ingest two qian. To be ingested on an empty stomach with brandy. To be ingested three times a day. [Source of this recipe:] identical with the one above. 657 Neither this nor the following recipe is recorded in the Sheng ji zong lu. Both may be found in Pu ji fang, juan 170, pi qi 痞氣, “obstacle-illness qi.”

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50-05-11 心。Xin. [Ox] heart. 已下黄牛者良。 For [applications listed] below, those of yellow oxen are good. 【主治】虚忘，補心。别録。 Control. Depletion with forgetfulness. It supplements the heart. Bie lu. 50-05-12 脾。Pi. [Ox] spleen. 【主治】補脾。藏器。臘月淡煮，日食一度，治痔瘻。和朴硝作脯食，消 痞塊。時珍。出千金、醫通。 Control. It supplements the spleen. [Chen] Cangqi. Boil it in bland (i.e., unsalted) water during the 12th month, and eat it once every day. This serves to cure piles fistula. Mixed with mirabilite and prepared as preserved food, it dissolves obstacle-illness658 lumps. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Qian jin and the Yi tong. 50-05-13 肺。Fei. [Ox] lung. 已下水牛者良。 For [applications listed] below, those of water buffaloes are good. 【主治】補肺。藏器。 Control. It supplements the lung. [Chen] Cangqi. 50-05-14 肝。Gan. [Ox] liver. 【主治】補肝，明目。别録。治瘧及痢，醋煮食之。孟詵。婦人陰䘌，納 之引蟲。時珍。

658 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” (1) a feeling of uncomfortable fullness and distension, (2) a pathological condition of uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I, 371.

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Control. It supplements the liver, and brightens the eyes. Bie lu. To cure malaria and free-flux illness, 659 eat it boiled in vinegar. Meng Shen. When women with hidden worms in their yin [region (i.e., vagina) have] it inserted there, it will attract the worms/bugs. [Li] Shizhen. 50-05-15 腎。Shen. [Ox] kidneys. 【主治】補腎氣，益精。别録。治濕痺。孫思邈。 Control. They supplement kidney qi, and boost the essence/sperm. Bie lu. They serve to cure moisture blockage. Sun Simiao. 50-05-16 胃。Wei. [Ox] stomach. 黄牛、水牛俱良。 Those of yellow oxen and water buffaloes are good. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【弘景曰】青牛腸胃，合犬肉、犬血食，病人。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. [Tao] Hongjing: To eat the intestines and the stomach of a greenish ox with the meat and blood of dogs will make one sick. 【主治】消渴風眩，補五臟，醋煮食之。詵。補中益氣，解毒，養脾胃。 時珍。 Control. Melting with thirst660 and wind dizziness. It supplements the five longterm depots. Eat it boiled in vinegar. [Meng] Shen. It supplements the center and boosts the qi. It resolves poison. It nourishes the spleen and the stomach. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 噉蛇牛毒。牛肚細切，水一斗，煮一升服，取汗即瘥。金匱要略。

659 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 660 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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Poisoned by beef of an ox that has devoured a snake. Cut the stomach of an ox into fine pieces and boil it in one dou of water until one sheng is left. [Let the patient] ingest this. Once he perspires the cure is achieved. Jin kui yao lue. 50-05-17 膍。Pi. [Ox] gizzard. 一名百葉。【時珍曰】膍，音毗，言其有比列也。牛、羊食百草，與他獸 異，故其胃有膍。有胘，有蜂窠，亦與他獸異也。胘即胃之厚處。 Another name is bai ye 百葉, “100 lobes.” [Li] Shizhen: Pi 膍 is read pi 毗, “side by side.” That is to say, [the 100 lobes of the gizzard] are arranged one next to the other, bi li 比列. Oxen and goats/sheep eat the hundreds of herbs, and this is different from all the other animals. Hence their stomach has a gizzard, an omasum, and a “bee nest,” and in this, too, they differ from all other animals. The omasum is the thick part of the stomach. 【主治】熱氣，水氣，治痢，解酒毒、藥毒、丹石毒發熱，同肝作生，以 薑、醋食之。藏器。 Control. Heat qi and water qi. It serves to cure free-flux illness.661 It resolves poisoning by wine and poisoning by medication, and heat generated by elixir mineral poison. Prepare it raw with [ox] liver, and eat it with ginger und vinegar. [Chen] Cangqi. 50-05-18 膽。Dan. [Ox] gallbladder/bile. 臘月黄牛、青牛者良。【弘景曰】膽原附黄條中，今拔出於此，以類相從 耳。 Those of yellow oxen and greenish oxen, collected in the 12th month, are good. [Tao] Hongjing: [The description of ox] gallbladder was originally attached to the entry on cow bezor. It has been moved here from there, because this is the group where it belongs. 【氣味】苦，大寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, very cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】可丸藥。本經。除心腹熱渴，止下痢及口焦燥，益目精。别録。 臘月釀槐子服，明目，治疳濕彌佳。蘇恭。釀黑豆，百日後取出，每夜吞 661 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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一枚，鎮肝明目。藥性。釀南星末，陰乾，治驚風有奇功。蘇頌。除黄殺 蟲，治癰腫。時珍。 Control. It can be used to prepare medical pills. Ben jing. It removes from the heart and the abdomen heat making one thirsty. It ends discharge with free-flux illness and a scorching dryness in one’s mouth. It boosts the essence of the eyes. Bie lu. Ingesting sophora japonica seeds processed with [ox bile] in the 12th month clears the eyes. It is particularly good to cure gan-illness662 with moisture. Su Gong. One black bean preserved [with bile], and removed [from the bile] after 100 days, is swallowed every evening to calm down the liver and clear the eyes. Yao xing. Arisaema [root] powder, preserved with [ox bile] and dried in the shade is extremely effective to cure fright wind. Su Song. It removes yellow [complexion] and kills worms/bugs. It serves to cure swelling resulting from an obstruction-illness.663 [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】淮南子萬畢術云：牛膽塗熱釜，釜即鳴。牛膽塗目， 莫知其誰。註云：能變亂人形。詳見本書。岣嶁云：蛙得牛膽則不鳴。此 皆有所制也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The Wan bi shu in the Huai nan zi states: “When ox bile is smeared on a hot cauldron, the cauldron will emit a sound. When ox bile is smeared on the eyes, it will make one unrecognizable.” A comment states: “It can significantly change the human appearance.” For details, see the original text. The Gou lou states: “When frogs are treated with ox bile they will no longer croak.” All these phenomena are associated with the mutual control exerted by things among each other.

【附方】舊一，新二。 Added recipes: One of old. Two newly [recorded]. 穀疸食黄。用牛膽汁一枚，苦參三兩，龍膽草一兩，爲末，和少蜜丸梧子 大。每薑湯下五十丸。 Grain jaundice resulting from food. The bile664 of one ox gallbladder is mixed with the powder of three liang of sophora [root] and one liang of gentiana herb. To this is 662 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 663 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 664 Sheng hui fang, ch. 55, “recipes to cure grain dan-illness,” writes niu dan gan zhe 牛膽乾者, “dried ox bile.“

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added a small amount of honey to prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Each time wash down, with a ginger decoction, 50 pills. 男子陰冷。以食茱萸665納牛膽中百日，令乾。每取二七枚，嚼，納陰中，良 久如火。千金。 Coldness of a male’s yin [member (i.e., penis)]. Place evodia [fruits] into ox bile and let them dry for one hundred days. Each time take two times seven [of the fruits], chew them and insert them into the yin [member]. After an extended period of time it feels like fire. Qian jin. 痔瘻出水。用牛膽、猬膽各一枚，膩粉五十文，麝香二十文，以三味和 匀，入牛膽中，懸四十九日取出，爲丸如大麥大。以紙撚送入瘡内，有惡 物流出爲驗也。經驗。 Piles fistula emitting water. Take one ox gallbladder, one hedgehog gallbladder, 50 wen of calomel, and 20 wen of musk. Mix the latter three substances evenly, and fill them into the ox gallbladder, Hang this up for 49 days and then remove the contents. Form them to pills the size of barley, wrap them in paper spills and insert these into the sores. Once the malign items flow out, [the treatment] was effective. Jing yan. 50-05-19 胞衣。Bao yi. [Cow] placenta. 【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 臁瘡不斂。牛胞衣一具，燒存性，研搽。海上方。 Sores on the shanks that do not close. Burn one cow placenta by retaining its nature, grind [the ashes to powder] and apply this to the [affected region]. Hai shang fang. 50-05-20 喉。Hou. [Ox] throat. 白水牛者良。 Those of white water buffaloes are good.

665 Shi zhu yu 食茱萸, presumably identical with wu zhu yu 吴茱萸, Evodia rutaecarpa ( Juss.) Benth. It has also been identified as Evodia danielli (Benn.) Hemsl.

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【主治】小兒呷氣。思邈。療反胃吐食，取一具去膜及兩頭，逐節以醋浸 炙燥，燒存性，每服一錢，米飲下，神效。時珍。出法天生意。 Control. When children swallow qi. [Sun] Simiao. To heal a turned over stomach with vomiting of food, take one [ox throat], remove its membrane and the two ends, soak the sections one by one in vinegar, dry them, and burn them with their nature retained. Each time ingest one qian, to be sent down with rice beverage. Divinely effective. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Fa tian sheng yi. 【發明】【時珍曰】牛喉嚨治呷氣、反胃，皆以類相從也。按普濟方云： 反胃吐食，藥物不下，結腸三五日至七八日，大便不通，如此者必死。昔 全州 周禅师得正胃散方於異人，十痊八九，君子收之，可濟人命。用白水 牛喉一條，去兩頭節并筋、膜、脂、肉及如阿膠黑片，收之。臨時旋炙， 用米醋一盞浸之，微火炙乾淬之，再炙再淬，醋盡爲度。研末，厚紙包 收。或遇陰濕時，微火烘之再收。遇此疾，每服一錢，食前陳米飲調下。 輕者一服立效。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: That an ox throat may serve to cure qi swallowing and turned over stomachs is always based on the fact that likes follow likes. According to the Pu ji fang, “in the case of a turned over stomach, with vomiting of food, and medication666 unable to move down, when the intestines are knotted for three to five days, or even for seven days, with no passage of fecal matter, under such circumstances [the patient] will certainly die. In ancient times, in Quan zhou, a Zen master had obtained the recipe of a ‘powder to correct the stomach’ from an unusual person. Of ten cases treated he cured eight or nine. A gentleman who has received it will be able to save human lives. [This recipe] makes use of one throat of a white water buffalo. The two end sections are removed, and also the sinews, membranes, fat, and meat, as well as black sections that look like donkey hide glue.667 The [rest] is stored [until needed]. When the time has come it is roasted and soaked in one bowl of rice vinegar. Then it is roasted over a mild fire until it is dry. Then it is are tempered and tempered and tempered again until all the vinegar is used up. Then it is ground to powder, and stored wrapped in thick paper. When the weather is cloudy and humid, warm it over a mild fire to keep it dry. When eventually one encounters this illness, [the patient is to] ingest one qian each time. [The remedy] is to be sent down mixed 666 Pu ji fang, ch. 36, wei fu men, zheng wei san 胃腑門.正胃散, “section: stomach short-term repository. Powder to correct the stomach,” instead of yao wu bu xia 藥物不下, “medication unable to move down,” writes yao shi ju bu xia 藥食俱不下, “medication and food are all alike unable to move down.” 667 Sheng ji fang, ch. 36, wei fu men, zheng wei san 胃腑門正胃散, “section: stomach shortterm repository. The powder to correct the stomach,” has you qu xia ru e jiao hei pian bu ke yong 有取下如阿膠黑片不可用,“if under the [parts] to be retained there are black pieces resembling donkey hide glue, they must not be used.“

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with a beverage prepared from long-stored rice. Mild cases will see an effect after only one ingestion.” 50-05-21 靨。Ye. [Ox] uvula. 水牛者良。 Those of water buffaloes are good. 【主治】喉痺氣癭，古方多用之。時珍。 Control. Throat blockage qi goiter. Ancient recipes made often use of it. [Li] Shizhen. 50-05-22 齒。Chi. [Ox] tooth. 【主治】小兒牛癇。外臺。 Control. Ox epilepsy of children. Wai tai.668 【發明】【時珍曰】六畜齒治六癇，皆比類之義也。耳珠先生有固牙法： 用牛齒三十枚，瓶盛固濟，煅赤爲末。每以水一盞，末二錢，煎熱含漱， 冷則吐去。有損動者，以末揩之。此亦以類從也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen. That the teeth of the six domestic animals serve to cure the six kinds of epilepsy [named after them] is based on the idea that likes go with likes. Mr. Erzhu had a method to stabilize teeth. He filled a flask with 30 ox teeth, closed it firmly, calcined them until they turned red, and ground them to powder. For each [treatment] he gave two qian of the powder into one bowl of water, heated it and [had the patient] hold [the liquid] in his mouth to rinse [his teeth]. When [the liquid] had cooled it was to be spit out. When teeth were injured and had become movable, the powder was rubbed on them. This, too, is based on [the principle] of likes follow likes. 50-05-23 牛角䚡。Niu jiao sai. Ox horn bone pith. 【釋名】角胎。【時珍曰】此即角尖中堅骨也。牛之有䚡，如魚之有鰓， 故名。胎者，言在角内也。【藏器曰】水牛、黄㸺牛者可用，餘皆不及。 久在糞土爛白者，亦佳。 668 According to the Zheng lei, ch. 17, niu jiao sai 牛角䚡, “ox horn pith,” this therapeutic indication originates from the Bie lu.

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Explanation of names. Jiao tai 角胎, “horn stuffing”. [Li] Shizhen: This is the hard bone inside the tip of the horns. Oxen have such bone stuffings, sai 䚡, just as fish have gills, sai 鰓. Hence the name. Tai 胎, “stuffing,” is to say: it is inside the horns. [Chen] Cangqi: Those of water buffaloes and yellow sha oxen can be used [for medication]. Those of all other [oxen] are not adequate. Those that have been kept in excrements or in the soil for a long time until eventually they have turned white, they, too, are good. 【氣味】苦，温，無毒。【甄權曰】苦、甘。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, warm, nonpoisonous. Zhen Quan: Bitter, sweet. 【主治】下閉血瘀血疼痛，女人帶下血，燔之酒服。本經。燒灰，主赤白 痢。藏器。黄牛者燒之，主婦人血崩，大便下血，血痢。宗奭。水牛者燒 之，止婦人血崩，赤白帶下，冷痢瀉血，水洩。藥性。治水腫。時珍。千 金徐王酒用之。 Control. It serves to discharge blocked [menstrual] blood and stagnant blood with pain, and [is used to treat] women bleeding from below the belt. To be ingested roasted and with wine. Ben jing. Burned to ashes it controls red and white freeflux illness.669 [Chen] Cangqi. That of yellow oxen when burned [to ashes] controls blood collapse670 of women, defecation with blood, and free-flux illness with blood. [Kou] Zongshi. That of oxen burned [to ashes] ends the blood collapse of women, and red and white [discharge] from below the belt, as well as cold free-flux illness, outflow with blood, and watery outflow. Yao xing. It serves to cure water swelling. [Li] Shizhen. The Qian jin has an “[ox horn bone pith] wine by Prince Xu” that makes use of it.671 【發明】【時珍曰】牛角䚡，筋之粹，骨之餘，而䚡又角之精也。乃厥 陰、少陰血分之藥，燒之則性澀，故止血痢、崩中諸病。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Ox horn pith consists of pure sinews, and is an extension of bones. And the pith itself is the essence of the horns. It is a medication associated with the ceasing yin and minor yin blood sections. When burned it acquires

669 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 670 Xue beng 血崩, “blood collapse.” Excessive vaginal bleeding, identical with beng zhong 崩 中, “collapsing center.” BCGM Dict I, 594; 58. 671 Qian jin fang, ch. 21, xiao ke lin bi fang 消渴淋閉方, “recipes for melting with thirst and [urinary] dripping and stoppage,” shui zhong 水腫, “water swelling,” writes 徐王煮散用 之, “a powder with boiled [ox horn pith] that makes use of it.”

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an astringent nature and hence ends all diseases such as free-flux illness with blood and collapsing center. 672

【附方】舊四，新二。 Added recipes: Four of old. Two newly [recorded]. 大腸冷痢。㸺牛角䚡燒灰，飲服二錢，日二次。 Cold free-flux illness from the large intestine. Burn the horn bone pith of a sha ox to ashes and ingest, with a beverage, two qian. Twice a day. 小兒滯下。㸺牛角胎燒灰，水服方寸匕。千金。 Diseases below the belt of children. The bone stuffing of sha oxen is burned to ashes and [the child is to] ingest, with water, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Qian jin 大便下血。黄牛角䚡一具，煅末，煮豉汁服二錢，日三，神效。近效方。 Defecation with a discharge of blood. The bone pith of one yellow ox is calcined and then ground to powder. This is boiled with the juice of fermented soybeans. Ingest two qian, three times a day. Divinely effective. Jin xiao fang. 赤白帶下。牛角䚡燒令煙斷、附子以鹽水浸七度去皮，等分爲末，每空心 酒服二錢匕。孫用和方。 Red and white [discharge] from below the belt. Grind to powder equal amounts of ox horn pith burned until there is no more smoke and aconitum [accessory tuber] soaked in brine seven times and with its skin removed. Each time [let the patient] ingest, on an empty stomach and with wine, the amount held by two qian spoons. Sun Yonghe fang. 鼠乳痔疾。牛角䚡燒灰，酒服方寸匕。塞上方。 Mouse breast piles illness. Burn ox horn pith to ashes and ingest, with wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Sai shang fang. 蜂蠆螫瘡。牛角䚡燒灰，醋和傅之。肘後方。 Sores resulting from bee and scorpion stings. Burn ox horn pith to ashes and apply them, mixed with vinegar, to the [affected region]. Zhou hou fang.

672 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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50-05-24 角。Jiao. [Ox] horn. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。【之才曰】平。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. [Xu] Zhicai: balanced. 【主治】水牛者，燔之，治時氣寒熱頭痛。别録。煎汁，治熱毒風及壯 熱。日華。㸺牛者，治喉痺腫塞欲死，燒灰，酒服一錢。小兒飲乳不快似 喉痺者，取灰塗乳上，嚥下即瘥。蘇頌。出崔元亮方。治淋破血。時珍。 Control. Burned [horns] of water buffaloes serve to cure alternating cold and heat sensations and headache caused by seasonal qi. Bie lu. The juice obtained from boiling [ox horns] serves to cure heat poison wind and strong heat. Rihua. Those of sha oxen serve to cure throat obstruction-illness,673 with swelling and blockage bringing one close to death. [Let the patient] ingest, with wine, one qian. When children do not immediately drink milk and if they seem to have a throat blockage-illness, apply the ashes [of water buffalo horns] to the mother’s breast nipples. When [the child] swallows them it will be cured. Su Song, quoted from Cui Yuanliang fang. It serves to cure dripping [urine] and breaks through [stagnating] blood. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】舊二，新一。 Added recipes: Two of old. One newly [recorded]. 石淋破血。牛角燒灰，酒服方寸匕，日五服。總録。 Stone dripping. To break up [stagnant] blood. Ingest, with wine, the amount of ox horns burned to ashes held by a square cun spoon. Ingest five times per day. Zong lu.674 血上逆心，煩悶刺痛。水牛角燒，末，酒服方寸匕。子母秘録。 Blood ascends and moves against the heart. With vexation, heart-pressure, and piercing pain. Burn the horns of a water buffalo to ashes and ingest, with wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Zi mu mi lu. 赤秃髮落。牛角、羊角燒灰等分，猪脂調塗。聖惠方。

673 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 674 This recipe is not recorded in the Zong lu. It may be found in Pu ji fang, ch. 215, sha shi lin 沙石淋, “sand and stone dripping.”

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Red baldness with loss of hair. Burn equal amounts of ox horns and goat horns to ashes, mix them with lard and apply this to the [affected region]. Sheng hui fang.675 50-05-25 骨。Gu. [Ox] bone. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】燒灰，治吐血鼻洪，崩中帶下，腸風瀉血，水瀉。日華。治邪 瘧。燒灰同猪脂，塗疳瘡蝕人口鼻，有效。時珍。出十便。 Control. Burned to ashes they serve to cure blood spitting and nose flood, collapsing center676 below the belt, as well as intestinal wind, blood outflow and water outflow. Rihua. They serve to cure evil malaria. Burned to ashes and mixed with lard they are applied to gan-illness677 sores with an erosion of one’s mouth and nose. Effective. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Shi bian. 【發明】【時珍曰】東夷以牛骨占卜吉凶，無往不中。牛非含智之物，骨 有先事之靈，宜其可入藥治病也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The Eastern Yi people use ox horns as auspicious or inauspicious signs for divination. Their predictions always come true. Oxen are beings without any wisdom, but their bones include the mysteries of future events. This makes them suitable for use as a medication to cure disease.

【附方】新二。 Added recipes: Two newly [recorded]. 鼻中生瘡。牛骨、狗骨燒灰，臘猪脂和敷。千金。 Sores growing in the nose. Burn ox bones and dog bones to ashes, mix them with lard obtained in the 12th month and apply [this to the affected region]. Qian jin. 水穀痢疾。牛骨灰同六月六日麴炒等分，爲末，飲服方寸匕。乃御傳方 也。張文仲方。 675 This recipe is not recorded in the Sheng hui fang. It may be found in Pu ji fang, ch. 48, chi tu 赤禿, “red baldness.” 676 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58. 677 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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Free-flux illness678 discharge of water and grain. Equal amounts of ox horn ashes and roasted leaven obtained on the sixth day of the sixth month are [ground to] powder. [Let the patient] ingest, with a beverage, the amount held by a square cun spoon. This is a recipe transmitted from the imperial [court]. Zhang Wenzhong fang. 50-05-26 蹄甲。Ti jia. [Ox] trotter hoof. 青牛者良。 Those of greenish oxen are good. 【主治】婦人崩中，漏下赤白。蘇恭。燒灰水服，治牛癇。和油，塗臁 瘡。研末貼臍，止小兒夜啼。時珍。出集要諸方。 Control. Collapsing center679 of women, red and white leaking discharge. Su Gong. Burned to ashes and ingested with water, they serve to cure ox epilepsy. Mixed with oil they are applied to shank sores. Ground to powder and pasted onto the navel they stop crying of children during the night. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Ji yao zhu fang.

【附方】新五。 Added recipes: Five newly [recorded]. 卒魘不寤。以青牛蹄或馬蹄臨人頭上，即活。肘後。 Fatal nightmares from which one does not awake. Place the trotters of greenish oxen or of a horse closely above the head of that person, and he will come back to life. Zhou hou. 損傷接骨。牛蹄甲一箇，乳香、没藥各一錢爲末，入甲内，燒灰，以黄米 粉糊和成膏，敷之。秘韞。 Injuries and bone setting. Take one ox trotter hoof. Grind one qian each of frankincense and myrrh to powder, insert this into the hoof, and burn it to ashes. Mix [the ashes] with dough made from glutinous millet powder to generate a paste. Apply this to [the affected region]. Mi yun. 牛皮風癬。牛蹄甲、驢糞各一兩，燒存性，研末，油調，抓破敷之。五七 日即愈。藺氏經驗方。 678 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 679 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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Ox-hide wind-xuan-illness.680 One liang each of ox trotter hoof and donkey manure are burned to ashes with their nature retained and ground to powder. Mix this with oil. Then scratch [the affected region] until it breaks open and apply [the medication] to it. A cure is achieved within five to seven days. Lin shi jing yan fang. 臁脛爛瘡。牛蹄甲燒灰，桐油和敷。海上方。 Festering sores on shanks and shins. Burn an ox trotter hoof to ashes, mix it with vermicia oil and apply it [to the affected region]. Hai shang fang. 玉莖生瘡。牛蹄甲燒灰，油調敷之。奚囊。 Sores developing on the jade stalk (i.e., penis). Burn an ox trotter hoof to ashes, mix them with oil and apply them to the [affected region]. Xi nang. 50-05-27 陰莖。Yin jing. [Ox] “yin stalk,” penis. 黄牛、烏牛、水牛並良。 Those of yellow oxen, black oxen, and water buffaloes are all good. 【主治】婦人漏下赤白，無子。蘇恭。 Control. Red and white leaking discharge of women. When they cannot have a child. Su Gong. 50-05-28 牯牛卵囊。Gu niu luan nang. Bull scrotum. 【主治】疝氣。一具煮爛，入小茴香、鹽少許，拌食。吴球。 Control. Elevation-illness qi.681 Boil one [scrotum] to a pulp, add a little fennel and salt, and eat this. Wu Qiu. 50-05-29 毛。Mao. [Ox] hair. 【主治】臍毛，治小兒久不行。蘇恭。耳毛、尾毛、陰毛，並主通淋閉。 時珍。 680 Xuan-illness 癬, skin illness with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591. 681 Shan [qi] 疝[氣], “elevation-illness [qi],” a pathological condition of (1) an item having entered the scrotum, with pain, sometimes ascending, sometimes descending, (2) a condition affecting the scrotum or a testicle, (3) of violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 419, 417.

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Control. Hair from the navel682 serves to cure children who do not begin to walk for an extended period of time. Su Gong. The hair from the ears, from the tail and from the yin (i.e., genital) region, they all open [urinary paths] in the case of dripping resulting from their blockage. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】古方牛耳毛、陰毛、尾毛，治淋多用之，豈以牛性順 而毛性下行耶？又治瘧病，蓋禳之之義耳。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: In ancient times, recipes often made use of the hair from the ears, the yin (i.e., genital) region, and the tail [of oxen] to cure dripping [urine]. How could it be that the nature of oxen is to comply and the nature of their hair is to move down? [The hair] also serves to cure malaria disease. Now, this is based on the idea that such a [calamity] can be averted by means of prayers.

【附方】舊一，新二。 Added recipes: One of old. Two newly [recorded]. 卒患淋疾。牛耳中毛燒取半錢，水服。尾毛亦可。集驗方。 For a sudden suffering from a dripping [urine] illness. Ingest, with water, half a qian of hair, burned to ashes, from within the ears of an ox. One can also use the hair from the tail. Ji yan fang. 小兒石淋。特牛陰毛燒灰，漿水服一刀圭，日再。張文仲方。 [Urine] stone dripping of children. Burn the hair from the yin [member (i.e., penis)] of an ox to ashes and ingest, with fermented water of foxtail millet,683 the amount held by a knife-shaped spatula. Twice per day. Zhang Wenzhong fang. 邪氣瘧疾。外臺用黑牛尾燒末，酒服方寸匕，日三服。一用牯牛陰毛七 根，黄荆葉七片，縛内關上，亦效。 Evil qi malaria illness. The Wai tai [advises one] to use ox hair burned to ashes. The amount held by a square cun spoon is to be ingested with wine. To be ingested three times per day. Another one: Tie seven hairs from a bull’s yin (i.e., genital) region and seven pieces of vitex negundo leaves to the nei guan [needle insertion hole, i.e., PC-6]. This, too, is effective.

682 Zheng lei, ch. 17, niu jiao sai 牛角䚡 has qi zhong 臍中. “in the navel.” 683 For jiang shui 漿水, “fermented water of foxtail millet,” see BCGM 05-33.

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50-05-30 口涎。Kou xian. [Ox] saliva. 【日華曰】以水洗老牛口，用鹽塗之，少頃即出。或以荷葉包牛口使耕， 力乏涎出，取之。 Rihua: Rinse the mouth of an old ox with water, and apply salt [to the inside of the mouth]. After a short while, [saliva] will be emitted. Or cover the mouth of an ox with lotus leaves and have the ox go ploughing. Once his strength fades, saliva will be emitted, and can be collected. 【主治】反胃嘔吐。日華。水服二匙，終身不噎。思邈。吮小兒，治客 忤。灌一合，治小兒霍亂。入鹽少許，頓服一盞，治喉閉口噤。時珍。出 外臺 胡居士方。 Control. Turned-over stomach with vomiting. Rihua. Two spoons ingested with water, and one will not suffer from choking for his entire life. [Sun] Simiao. When a child sucks it, this is to cure visitor’s hostility.684 One ge fed to a child will cure its cholera. With a little salt added and one bowl ingested in one draft, it serves to cure throat closure and clenched jaw. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Wai tai and the Hu Jushi fang.

【附方】新七。 Added recipes: Seven newly [recorded]. 噎膈反胃。集成用糯米末，以牛涎拌作小丸，煮熟食。危氏 Gullet occlusion and turned over stomach. The Ji cheng [lists a recipe advising one to] use glutinous rice ground to powder. This is mixed with ox saliva and formed to pills. Boil them until done and [let the patient] eat this. Wei shi. 得效香牛飲：用牛涎一盞，入麝香少許，銀盞頓熱。先以帛緊束胃脘，令 氣喘，解開，乘熱飲之。仍以丁香汁入粥與食。普濟 The “effective beverage with musk and ox [saliva].” Add a small amount of musk to a bowl of ox saliva and heat this in a silver bowl. First tie the stomach duct region [of the patient] with a silk ribbon tight enough to let him pant breathe. Then open [the ribbon again] and [let the patient] drink [the ox saliva] as long as it is still hot. In addition [let the patient] eat a congee prepared with cloves juice. Pu ji. 684 Ke wu 客忤, “visitor‘s hostility.“ A sudden twisting pain, encountered outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen thought to result from the hostile acts of demons “visiting“ the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282.

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千轉丹：用牛涎、好蜜各半斤，木鼈仁三十箇研末，入銅器熬稠。每以兩 匙和粥與食，日三服。 The “1000 turns elixir.” One half jin each of ox saliva and good honey, together with 30 momordica seeds are ground to powder. This is given into a copper pot where it is heated until it forms a thick mass. Each time give [the patient] two qian spoonfuls of it mixed with a congee to eat. To be ingested three times a day. 小兒流涎。取東行牛口中涎沫，塗口中及頤上，自愈。外臺方。 Drooling of children. Take the saliva from the mouth of an ox moving eastward and apply it into [the child’s] mouth as well as to its cheeks. This will bring the cure. Wai tai fang. 小兒口噤，身熱吐沫，不能乳。方同上。聖惠方。 Clenched jaws of a child. When its body is hot, it spits foam and cannot drink milk. The recipe is the same as the one above. Sheng hui fang. 損目破睛。牛口涎日點二次，避風。黑睛破者亦瘥。肘後。 Injured eyes and broken eyeball. Drip ox saliva [into the affected eye] twice a day, and shield it from wind. This also serves to cure a broken iris. Zhou hou. 身面疣目。牛口涎頻塗之，自落。千金。 Wart eyes on the body and the face. Repeatedly apply ox saliva to the [affected region. The warts] will fall off as a result. Qian jin. 50-05-31 鼻津。Bi jin. [Ox] nasal fluid. 【主治】小兒中客忤，水和少許灌之。又塗小兒鼻瘡及濕癬。時珍。出外 臺諸方。 Control. When children are hit by visitor’s hostility,685 mix it with water and feed a small amount [to the child]. Also, it is applied to nasal sores of children and moisture xuan-illness.686 [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the recipes of the Wai tai.

685 Ke wu 客忤, “visitor‘s hostility.“ A sudden twisting pain, encountered outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen thought to result from the hostile acts of demons “visiting“ the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282. 686 Xuan-illness 癬, skin illness with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591.

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50-05-32 耳垢。Er gou. [Ox] earwax. 烏牛者良。【時珍曰】以鹽少許入牛耳中，痒即易取。 That of black oxen is good. [Li] Shizhen: Give a small amount of salt into the ear of an ox. This will cause an itch, and the [earwax] is removed easily. 【主治】蛇傷，惡蛓毒。恭。蛓，毛蟲也。治癰腫未成膿，封之即散。疳 蟲蝕鼻生瘡，及毒蛇螫人，並敷之。時珍。 Control. Harm caused by snakes. Malign caterpillar poison. [Su] Gong. Pin 蘋 are hairy worms/bugs. [The earwax of an ox] serves to cure obstruction-illness687 with a swelling that has not begun to fester yet. When [such a swelling] is covered [with earwax,] it will disperse. It can also be applied to sores generated by gan-illness688 worms/bugs resulting in an erosion of the nose and when a poisonous snake has stung a person. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新三。 Added recipes: Three newly [recorded]. 疔瘡惡腫。黑牛耳垢敷之。聖惠方。 Pin-illness689 sores with malign swelling. Apply the earwax of a black ox to [the affected region]. Sheng hui fang. 脇漏出水不止。用烏牛耳垢傅之，即瘥。 Water leaking from the flanks. When this does not end. Cover it with the earwax of a black ox. This will bring the cure. 鼻衄不止。牛耳中垢、車前子末等分，和匀，塞之良。總録。 Nosebleed that does not end. Evenly mix equal amounts of the earwax from within the ears of an ox with plantago seed powder.690 Stuff this [into the nose]. Good. Zong lu. 687 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 688 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 689 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127-129. 690 Sheng ji zong lu, ch. 70, bi nü men 鼻衄門, “section: nosebleed,” nü bu zhi 衄不止, “unending nosebleed,” has he cheng ting zi 和成梃子, “mix … to form a stick [and stuff this into the nose].”

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50-05-33 溺。Ni. [Ox] urine. 黄犍㸺牛、黑牯牛者良。 That from a yellow bullock, from sha oxen and from black bulls is good. 【氣味】苦、辛，微温，無毒。【之才曰】寒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, acrid, slightly poisonous. [Xu] Zhicai: Cold. 【主治】水腫，腹脹脚滿，利小便。别録。 Control. Water swelling, abdominal swelling, a feeling of fullness in the legs. It frees the flow of urine. Bie lu.

【附方】舊三，新五。 Added recipes: Three of old. Five newly [recorded]. 水腫尿澀。小品用烏犍牛尿半升，空腹飲。小便利，良。肘後用黄犍牛 尿，每飲三升。老、幼减半。 Water swelling and rough urination. The Xiao pin691 [advises one to] drink half a sheng of a black bullock’s urine on an empty stomach. This will free the flow of urine. Good. The Zhou hou [advises one to] use the urine of a yellow bullock and each time drink three sheng. Old and young persons take one half of this. 水氣喘促，小便澀。用沙牛尿一斗，訶梨勒皮末半斤。先以銅器熬尿至三 升，入末熬至可丸，丸梧子大。每服茶下三十丸，日三服。當下水及惡物 爲效。普濟方。 Water qi with hurried panting and rough urination. Take one dou of sha ox urine, and half a jin of chebule skin powder. First boil the urine in a copper utensil down to three sheng. Then add the powder and boil this again until pills can be formed. The pills should have the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 30 pills, to be sent down with tea. To be ingested three times a day. When water and malign items are discharged, this shows the effect. Pu ji fang. 風毒脚氣。以銅器，取烏犢牛尿三升，飲之。小便利則消。肘後。

691 Zheng lei, ch.17, niu jiao sai 牛角䚡, “ox horn pith,“ writes Shi yi xin jing 食醫心鏡 instead of Xiao pin 小品.

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Wind poison and leg qi. 692 Collect three sheng of a black calf ’s urine in a copper utensil and [let the patient] drink this. When the flow of urine is freed, the [poison] is resolved. Zhou hou. 脚氣脹滿，尿澀。取烏犢牛尿一升，一日分服，消乃止。楊炎南行方。 Leg qi with bloating and a feeling of fullness. When urination is rough. Take one sheng of a black calf ’s urine and ingest this in several portions in the course of one day. When [the bloating] has dissolved, end [the treatment]. Yang Yan, Nan xing fang. 久患氣脹。烏牛尿一升，空心温服，氣散止。廣濟方。 Chronic suffering from qi swelling. Drink one sheng of warm urine of a black ox on an empty stomach. When the qi has dispersed, end [the treatment]. Guang ji fang. 癥癖鼓脹。烏牛尿一升，微火煎如稠飴，空心服棗許，當鳴轉病出。隔日 更服之。千金翼。 Concretion-illness693 and aggregation-illness694 with drum[-like abdominal] distension. One sheng of urine of a black ox is boiled over a slow fire until it forms a sugar-like syrup. [Let the patient] ingest, on an empty stomach, the size of a Chinese date. This will lead to sounds of [intestinal] turns, and the [concretions and aggregations causing the] disease will come out. Every second day ingest this [medication] again. Qian jin yi. 霍亂厥逆。服烏牛尿二升。千金方。 Cholera with receding [qi] and countermovement. Ingest two sheng of the urine of a black ox. Qian jin fang. 刺傷中水。服烏牛尿二升，三服止。梅師。 Harm resulting from being pierced, that has been exposed to water. Ingest two sheng of the urine of a black ox. When this has been ingested three times, [the illness] will end. Mei shi.

692 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248. 693 Zheng 癥. “concretion-illness,” a pathological condition of abdominal nodes/lumps that are hard and cannot be moved. BCGM Dict I, 676. 694 Pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” of painful lumps emerging from time to time in both flanks. BCGM Dict I, 371.

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50-05-34 屎。Shi. [Ox] dung. 稀者名牛洞。烏牯、黄牯牛者良。 Watery [ox dung] is called niu dong. That of black bulls and that of yellow bulls is good. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。鏡源云：牛屎抽銅暈。燒火，能養一切藥力。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. The Jing yuan states: Ox dung removes the nimbus of copper. Burned to a fire it is able to nourish all kinds of pharmaceutical recipes. 【主治】水腫惡氣。乾者燔之，敷鼠瘻惡瘡。别録。燒灰，敷灸瘡不瘥。 藏器。敷小兒爛瘡爛痘，及癰腫不合，能滅瘢痕。時珍。絞汁，治消渴， 黄癉，脚氣，霍亂，小便不通。蘇恭。 Control. Water swelling with malign qi. Once it has dried, burn it and apply it to mouse fistula695 and malign sores. Bie lu. Burn it to ashes and apply it to sores resulting from cauterization that fail to heal. [Chen] Cangqi. Apply it to festering sores and festering smallpox of children. Also, [apply it to] swelling resulting from obstruction-illness696 that fails to close. It can eliminate scars. [Li] Shizhen. The juice obtained from squeezing [ox dung] serves to cure melting with thirst697 and yellow dan-illness/jaundice,698 leg qi699 and cholera, as well as blocked urination. Su Gong. 【發明】【時珍曰】牛屎散熱解毒利溲，故能治腫、疸、霍亂、疳痢、傷 損諸疾。燒灰則收濕生肌拔毒，故能治癰疽、瘡瘻、爛痘諸疾也。宋書： 孫法宗苦頭創。夜有女人至，曰：我天使也。行創本不關善人，使者誤及 爾。但取牛糞煮敷之，即驗。如其言果瘥。此亦一異也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Ox dung disperses heat, resolves poison, and frees the flow of urine. Hence it is able to cure swelling, dan-illness, cholera, malaria-related free-flux illness,700 and injuries, all such illnesses. Burned to ashes it absorbs 695 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.” 696 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 697 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 698 Huang dan 黃癉, yellow dan-illness; jaundice. BCGM Dict I, 225. 699 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248. 700 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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moisture, generates muscles, and extracts poison. Hence it is able to cure obstruction-illness and impediment-illness,701 fistula, and festering smallpox, all such illnesses. Song shu: “Sun Fazong suffered from sores on his head. One night, a girl approached him and said: ‘I am a celestial messenger. Such roaming sores should not have affected a good person. It was sent to you by mistake. All you need to do now is to boil ox dung and apply it to [the sores]. This will be effective.’ He acted as he was told, and eventually was cured.” This, too, is a strange event.

【附方】舊七，新二十二。 Added recipes: Seven of old. 22 newly [recorded]. 水腫溲澀。黄牛屎一升，絞汁飲，溲利，瘥，勿食鹽。梅師。 Water swelling and rough urination. Squeeze the juice out of one sheng of a yellow ox’ s dung and drink this. Do not consume salt. Mei shi. 濕熱黄病。黄牛糞日乾爲末，麪糊丸梧子大。每食前白湯下七十丸。簡便 方。 Moisture and heat, with jaundice. Dry ox dung under the sun and grind it to powder. With flour dough prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Before each meal wash 70 pills down with clear hot water. Jian bian fang. 霍亂吐下不止，四肢逆冷。外臺用黄牛屎半升，水二升，煮三沸，服半 升，止。聖惠用烏牛糞絞汁一合，以百日兒乳汁一合和，温服。 Cholera with vomiting and discharge. When it does not end, and the four limbs are cold because of [qi] countermovement. The Wai tai [has a recipe advising one to] squeeze one ge of juice out of the dung of a black ox, mix it with the milk [of the mother] of a 100 days old infant, and [let the patient] drink it warm. 疳痢垂死。新牛屎一升，水一升，攪，澄汁服。不過三服。必效方。 Gan-illness702 with free-flux illness, 703 and impending death. Stir one sheng of fresh ox dung mixed with one sheng of water, wait until [the dregs] have settled, and ingest the juice. No more than three ingestions [are required to achieve a cure]. Bi xiao fang. 701 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 702 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 703 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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卒死不省，四肢不收。取牛洞一升，和温酒灌之。或以濕者絞汁亦可。此 扁鵲法也。肘後。 Sudden death and failure to regain consciousness. When [the patient is unable] to contract the four limbs. One sheng of ox dung is mixed with warm wine and fed [to the patient]. Or, squeeze moist [ox dung] to obtain the juice [and feed this to the patient]. This is possible, too. This is a method used by Bian Que. Zhou hou. 卒陰腎痛。牛屎燒灰，酒和敷之，良。梅師。 Sudden pain in the yin kidneys (i.e., testicles). Burn ox dung to ashes, mix it with wine, and apply it [to the affected region]. Good.704 Mei shi. 脚跟腫痛，不能着地。用黄牛屎，入鹽炒熱，罨之。王永輔惠濟方。 Legs and heels are swollen and ache, and they are unable to touch the earth. Add salt to the dung of a yellow ox, roast it until it is hot, and cover the [affected region]. Wang Yongfu, Hui ji fang. 妊娠腰痛。牛屎燒末，水服方寸匕，日三。外臺。 Painful lower back during pregnancy. Burn ox dung and [grind it to] powder. [Let the woman] ingest, with water, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times a day. Wai tai. 妊娠毒腫。𤚩牛屎燒灰，水服方寸匕，日三。并以酢和封。千金方。 Poison swelling during pregnancy. Burn the dung of a qin ox to ashes, and [let the patient] ingest, with water, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times per day. In addition, mix [the dung] with vinegar and cover [the swelling with it] Qian jin fang. 子死腹中。濕牛糞塗腹上，良。産寶。 A child has died in the abdomen. Apply moist ox dung to the [mother’s] abdomen. Good.705 Chan bao. 小兒口噤。白牛糞塗口中，取瘥。總録。 Clenched jaw of children. Apply the dung of a white ox inside of [the child’s] mouth, and this will result in a cure. Zong lu. 小兒夜啼。牛屎一塊安席下，勿令母知。食療。 704 Zheng lei, ch. 17, niu jiao sai 牛角䚡, “ox horn pith,” writes gan ji yi 乾即易, “when it has dried, replace it [with a moist mixture]” instead of liang 良, “good.” 705 Qian jin fang, ch. 2, fu ren fang shang zi si fu zhong 婦人方上子死腹中, “recipes for women. When a child has died in the abdomen,” writes li chu 立出, “will come out immediately,” instead of liang 良, “good.”

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Children crying during the night. Place one piece of ox dung underneath the mat, but do not let the mother become aware of this. Shi liao. 小兒頭瘡。野外久乾牛屎不壞者燒灰，入輕粉，麻油調搽。普濟。 Sores on the head of a child. Burn ox dung to ashes that has dried in the wilderness for a long time without rotting, add calomel, mix it with sesame oil, and apply it [to the sores]. Pu ji. 小兒白秃。牛屎厚封之。秘録。 White baldness of children. Cover [the affected region] with a thick layer of ox dung. Mi lu. 小兒爛瘡。牛屎燒灰封之，滅瘢痕。千金。 Festering sores of children. Cover them with the ashes of burned ox dung. This will eliminate the scars. Qian jin. 痘瘡潰爛。王兑白龍散：以臘月黄牛屎燒取白灰敷之，或卧之。即易痂 疕，而無瘢痕。 Festering smallpox sores. Wang Dui’s “white dragon powder.” Burn the dung of a yellow ox obtained during the 12th month to white ashes and apply them to the [affected region]. Or [let the patient] lie on them. As a result, a crust will form easily, and there will remain no scars. 癰腫不合。牛屎燒末，用雞子白和封，乾即易之，神驗也。千金月令。 Obstruction-illness706 with swelling that fails to close. Burn ox dung and grind [the ashes] to powder. Mix this with egg white and cover [the affected region] with it. Once it has dried, exchange it [for a new application]. Divinely effective. Qian jin, Yue ling. 鼠瘻瘰癧。千金五白膏：白牛屎、白馬屎、白羊屎、白雞屎、白猪屎各一 升，於石上燒灰，漏蘆末二兩，以猪膏一升，煎亂髮一兩，同熬五六沸塗 之，神驗。肘後治鼠瘻有核，膿血，用熱牛屎封之，日三。 Mouse scrofula,707 [i. e.,] scrofula pervasion-illness.708 The “five whites powder” of the Qian jin. One sheng each of the dung of a white ox, dung of a white horse, feces 706 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 707 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.” 708 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere

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of a white goat/sheep, droppings of a white chicken, and feces of a white pig are burned, on a stone, to ashes. This is boiled to bubbling five or six times together with two liang of stemmacantha [herb/root] powder, one sheng of lard and one liang of fried dishevelled [human] hair, to be applied to the [affected region]. The Zhou hou [suggests] to cure mouse fistula with kernels filled with pus and blood [as follows]. Cover [the affected region] with hot ox dung, three times per day. 蜣蜋瘻疾。熱牛屎封之，日數易，當有蜣蜋出。千金。 Dung beetle fistula illness. Cover the [affected region] with hot ox dung. Change several times per day. This will cause the dung beetles to come out. Qian jin. 乳癰初起。牛屎和酒敷之，即消。姚僧坦方。 Breast obstruction-illness in its initial stage. Mix ox dung with wine and apply this to the [affected region]. This will cause it to disappear. Yao Sengtan fang. 燥瘑瘡痒。熱牛屎塗之。千金。 Dry lair-illness sores709 with itch. Apply hot ox dung to the [affected region]. Qian jin. 瘡傷風水，痛劇欲死者。牛屎燒烟，熏令汁出即愈。外臺秘要。 Sores harmed by wind and water. With pain so severe that one wishes to die. Burn ox dung to ashes and fumigate [the affected region] until a juice is emitted. This is the cure. Wai tai mi yao. 跌磕傷損。黄牛屎炒熱封之，裹定即效。簡便。 Injuries resulting from falls and blows. Roast the dung of a yellow ox and cover [the affected region] with it while it is still hot. Fix it with a bandage. This will be effective. Jian bian. 湯火燒灼。濕牛屎搗塗之。姚和衆。惡犬咬傷。洗浄毒，以熱牛屎封之， 即時痛止。千金。 Burns and scalds resulting from hot water and fire. Pound moist ox dung and then apply it to the [affected region]. For harm caused by a mad dog bite, wash [the wound] and cleanse it to remove the poison, then cover it with hot ox dung. After a while the pain will end. Qian jin.

else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 709 Guo chuang 瘑瘡, “lair-illness sores,” a vaguely defined skin ailment associated with pain, itch and a gradual extension. BCGM Dict I, 203-204.

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蜂蠆螫痛。牛屎燒灰，苦酒和敷。千金方。 Painful sting by a bee or scorpion. Burn ox dung to ashes, mix it with bitter wine, and apply [this to the affected region]. Qian jin fang. 背瘡潰爛。黄黑牛糞多年者晒乾，爲末，入百草霜匀細，糝之。談埜翁方。 Festering sores on one’s back. The dung of a yellow ox that has been dropped many years ago is dried in the sun and ground to powder. To this is added the evenly fine ground soot scratched from within a chimney of a furnace where all kinds of herbs had been burned. Tan Yeweng fang. 50-05-35 黃犢子臍屎。Huang du zi qi shi. Excrements from the umbilicus of a yellow calf. 新生未食草者，收乾之。 Those of a newborn [calf ] that has not eaten herbs yet. Dry them after collecting them. 【主治】九竅四肢指岐間血出，乃暴怒所爲。燒此，末，水服方寸匕，日 四五服，良。藏器。出姚僧坦方。主中惡霍亂，及鬼擊吐血。以一升，和 酒三升，煮汁服。時珍。出肘後。 Control. Bleeding from the nine orifices and the finger tips of the four limbs resulting from extreme anger. Burn these [excrements], grind them to powder and ingest, with water, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Ingest this four to five times a day. Good. [Chen] Cangqi, quoted from Yao Sengtan fang. They control being struck by the malign with cholera, as well as demon attacks with blood spitting. Mix one sheng with three sheng of wine, boil this and ingest the juice. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Zhou hou. 50-05-36 屎中大豆。Shi zhong da dou. [Undigested] soybeans in [ox] dung. 洗晒收用。 Wash them, dry them in the sun, and then make use of them. 【主治】小兒驚癇，婦人難産。蘇恭。 Control. Fright epilepsy of children. Women with difficult birth. Su Gong.

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【附方】舊一，新二。 Added recipes: One of old. Two newly [recorded]. 小兒牛癇。白牛屎中豆，日日服之，良。總微論。 Ox epilepsy of children.710 Have them eat, every day, beans found in the dung of white oxen. Zong wei lun. 婦人難産。牛屎中大豆一枚，擘作兩片，一書父，一書子。仍合住，水吞 之，立産。昝殷産寶711。 Women with difficult birth. One soybean found in ox dung is cut in two pieces. Write [the character] “father” on one of them, and [the character] “child” on the other. Then add them together again, [have the mother] swallow them with water, and she will deliver immediately. Zan Yin, Chan bao. 齒落不生。牛屎中大豆十四枚，小開豆頭，以注齒根，數度即生。千金方。 Teeth fall out and do not grow again. Collect 14 soybeans from within ox dung. Open a little hole at their ends, and [squeeze them to] pour their juice onto the roots of the teeth. After several applications they will grow. Qian jin fang. 50-05-37 聖齏。Sheng ji 712 Undigested herbs from the intestines and the stomach of an ox. 【時珍曰】按劉恂嶺表録異云：廣之容南好食水牛肉，或炮或炙，食訖即 啜聖虀消之，調以薑、桂、鹽、醋，腹遂不脹。聖虀如青苔狀，乃牛腸胃 中未化草也。 [Li] Shizhen: According to Liu Xun’s Ling biao lu yi, “in Rong nan of Guang [xi, the people] like to eat buffalo beef. It may be roasted in a pan or over a fire. After their meals they chew ‘the sage’s minced vegetables’ to digest the [beef ]. They mix them with ginger, cassia [bark], salt and vinegar, and this prevents their stomach from bloating. ‘The sage’s minced vegetables’ look like greenish moss.” These are herbs from within the intestines and stomach of an ox, that have not been digested yet. 【主治】食牛肉作脹，解牛肉毒。時珍。 710 Niu xian 牛癇, “ox epilepsy,” a condition of a dian xian 癲癇, “peak-illness with epilepsy,” which, at the time of its outbreaks, makes the patient’s four limbs twitch and his eyes be fixed to look straight ahead, together with abdominal distension, to make him resemble an ox. BCGM Dict I, 360. 711 This recipe is not recorded in Zan Yin’s Chan bao. It may be found in Zheng lei ben cao, ch. 17, niu jiao sai 牛角䚡, “ox horn bone pith,” where a Chan shu 産書 is given as source. 712 Sheng ji 聖齏, lit.: “the sage’s minced vegetables.”

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Control. Bloating following the consumption of beef. They resolve the poison of beef. [Li] Shizhen. 50-05-38 齝草。Chi cao , read chi 痴。 Cud. 一名牛囀草。即牛食而復出者，俗曰回噍。 Alternative name: Niu zhuan cao 牛轉草, “herbs returned from [the stomach to the mouth of ] oxen.” These are [herbs] eaten by an ox that have left [the stomach] and returned [to the mouth]. A common name is hui jiao 回噍, “returned to be chewed again.” 【主治】絞汁服，止噦。藏器。療反胃，霍亂，小兒口噤風。時珍。 Control. Squeeze [cud] to obtain its juice and ingest it. This ends retching. [Chen] Cangqi. It heals turned over stomach and cholera, as well as clenched jaw wind of children. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】牛齝治反胃噎膈，雖取象回噍之義，而霑濡口涎爲 多，故主療與涎之功同。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Ox cud serves to cure turned over stomach and gullet occlusion. Even though this is based on the idea of resorting to the image of “returned to be chewed again,” its therapeutic potential is identical with that of saliva because [cut] is moistened by much saliva.

【附方】新四。 Added recipes: Four newly [recorded]. 反胃噎膈。大力奪命丸：牛囀草、杵頭糠各半斤，糯米一升，爲末，取黄 母牛涎和，丸龍眼大，煮熟食之。入砂糖二兩尤妙。醫學正傳。 Turned-over stomach and gullet occlusion. The “powerful pills to seize one’s fate.” One half jin each of ox cud and of chaff collected from the tip of a pestle, and one sheng of glutinous rice are ground to powder. This is mixed with the saliva of a yellow cow to prepare pills the size of dragon eye fruit. Boil them until well done and eat them. With two liang of sugar added they are especially wondrous. Yi xue zheng chuan.

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霍亂吐利不止。用烏牛齝草一團，人參、生薑各三兩，甜漿水一升半，煮 汁五合，服。劉涓子鬼遺方。 Cholera with vomiting and free-flow [discharge]. When it does not end. Three liang each of the cud of a black ox, ginseng [root], and fresh ginger are boiled with one sheng and a half of sweet fermented water of foxtail millet.713 Boil this down to obtain a juice of five ge, and [let the patient] ingest this. Liu Juanzi gui yi fang. 小兒流涎。用牛噍草絞汁，少少與服。普濟方。 Drooling of children. Squeeze the juice out of ox cud and [have the child] ingest it little by little. Pu ji fang. 初生口噤。十日内者，用牛口齝草絞汁灌之。聖惠。 Clenched jaw of a newborn. When this happens within the first ten days of life. Squeeze the juice out of ox cud and feed it [to the child]. Sheng hui. 50-05-39 鼻牶。Bi juan, read juan 卷。 Wooden stick penetrating the nose [of an ox]. 穿鼻繩木也。 This is the wooden piece penetrating the nose [of an ox] to fasten the reins. 【主治】木牶：主小兒癇。别録。治消渴，煎汁服，或燒灰，酒服。時 珍。草牶：燒研，傅小兒鼻下瘡。别録。燒灰，吹纏喉風，甚效。時珍。 Control. The wooden nose-stick. It controls the epilepsy of children. Bie lu. To cure melting with thirst,714 boil it and ingest the juice. Or, burn it to ashes and ingest them with wine. [Li] Shizhen. The nose-stick made from herbs: Burn it and grind it to powder that is applied to sores below the nose of children. Bie lu. Burn it to ashes and blow them [into a patient’s mouth to cure] throat-constricting wind.715 Very effective. [Li] Shizhen.

713 For jiang shui 漿水, “fermented water of foxtail millet,” see BCGM 05-33. 714 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 715 Chan hou feng 纏喉風, throat-constricting wind, a condition of hou bi 喉痹, throat blockage, with a rapid onset, a swelling of throat and cheeks, and a closure of the throat that makes it impossible to ingest even a liquid. BCGM Dict I, 74

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【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 消渴。牛鼻木二箇洗剉，男用牝牛，女用牡牛，人參、甘草各半兩，大白 梅一箇，水四碗，煎三碗，熱服甚妙。普濟方。 Melting with thirst. Two wooden nose-sticks of an ox, cleansed and cut into pieces, for males those of a cow, for females those of a bull, are boiled in four bowls of water with half a liang each of ginseng [root] and glycyrrhiza [root], as well as one large pickled plum, down to three bowls. [Let the patient] ingest the liquid as long as it is hot. Very wondrous. Pu ji fang. 50-06 馬本經中品 Ma. E Ben jing, middle rank. Horse. 【校正】别録上品出馬乳，今併爲一。 Editorial Correction. The [entry on] horse milk first appeared in the upper ranks in the Bie lu. Now it was integrated here. 【釋名】【時珍曰】按許慎云：馬，武也。其字象頭、髦、尾、足之形。 牡馬曰𨽥，音質，曰兒；牝馬曰騇，曰騍，曰草。去勢曰騸。一歲曰䭴， 音注；二歲曰駒；三歲曰騑；四歲曰駣，音桃。名色甚多，詳見爾雅及説 文。梵書謂馬爲阿濕婆。 Explanation of names.[Li] Shizhen: According to Xu Shen, “the character ma 馬, ‘horse’, stands for wu 武, ‘fierce’, ‘military’. The character reflects the shape of the [horse’s] head, mane, tail and feet.” Male horses are called zhi 騭, “stallion,” read zhi 質, and they are also called er 兒. Female horses are called she 騇, and they are also called ke 騍, and cao 草. Those castrated are called shan 騸. Those one year old are called zhu 䭴, read zhu 注.716 Those of two years are called ju 駒. Those of three years are called fei 騑. Those of four years are called tao 駣, read tao 桃. They have many names and colors. For details see the Er ya and the Shuo wen. In Sanskrit texts horses are named eshipo 阿濕婆. 【集解】【别録曰】馬出雲中。【弘景曰】馬色類甚多，入藥以純白者爲 良。其口、眼、蹄皆白者，俗中時有兩三爾。小小用則不必拘也。【時珍 曰】别録以雲中馬爲良。雲中，今大同府也。大抵馬以西北方者爲勝，東 南者劣弱不及。馬應月，故十二月而生。其年以齒别之。在畜屬火，在辰 716 Shuo wen, section: ma 馬, “horse,” writes: 𩡧，讀若弦; “𩡧 is read xian 弦.”

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屬午。或云：在卦屬乾，屬金。馬之眼光照人全身者，其齒最少。光愈 近，齒愈大。馬食杜衡善走，食稻則足重，食鼠屎則腹脹，食雞糞則生骨 眼。以僵蠶、烏梅拭牙則不食，得桑葉乃解。掛鼠狼皮於槽亦不食。遇侮 馬骨則不行。以猪槽飼馬，石灰泥馬槽，馬汗着門，並令馬落駒。繫獼猴 於厩，辟馬病。皆物理當然耳。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Horses originate in Yun zhong. [Tao] Hongjing: There are very many different kinds of horses. For medical use, those purely white are good. Of those with a white mouth, [white] eyes and [white] hooves, one occasionally finds two or three. When only very small amounts are required, one needs not stick to [those of white color]. [Li] Shizhen: The Bie lu considers horses from Yun zhong to be good [for medicinal application]. Yun zhong is today’s Da tong prefecture. In general, horses from the North-West regions are superior. Those from the South-East are weak and of lower quality. Horses correspond to the moon. Hence they are born after 12 months. Their age can be discerned from their teeth. Among the domestic animals, they are associated with [the phase] fire. Among the hours of the day, they are associated with wu 午, “noon.” It is said, among the trigrams, they are associated with qian 乾, and they belong to [the phase] metal. When the eyesight of a horse covers the entire body of a human person, its teeth are very small. The more nearsighted they are, they bigger grow their teeth. When horses consume asarum caulescens [roots], they are good at running. Those consuming rice have heavy legs. Those eating the excrements of rats have a bloated abdomen. When they eat the droppings of chicken, they will develop corns. When one rubs their teeth with white stiff silkworms and smoked plums, they will not eat. This is resolved with mulberry leaves. When the hide of a weasel is hung above their trough, then, too, they will not eat. When they come across the bones of a seahorse,717 they will stop walking. When one uses a pig’s trough to feed a horse, or when one covers a horse trough with lime, and if a door is stained with the sweat of a horse, a [female] horse will loose its foal. When a rhesus-monkey is tied to a stable, horse diseases will be kept away. This is all because of the natural principles innate in things. 50-06-01 肉。Rou. [Horse] meat. 以純白牡馬者爲良。 That of purely with stallions is good. 717 The Zhang edition has hai ma 海馬, “sea horse,” instead of wu ma 侮馬.

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【氣味】辛、苦，冷，有毒。【詵曰】有小毒。【士良曰】有大毒。 【思邈曰】無毒。【日華曰】只堪煮食，餘食難消。漬以清水，搦洗血盡 乃煮。不然則毒不出，患疔腫。或曰以冷水煮之，不可蓋釜。【鼎曰】馬 生角，馬無夜眼，白馬青蹄，白馬黑頭者，並不可食，令人癲。馬鞍下肉 色黑及馬自死者，並不可食，殺人。馬黑脊而斑臂者，漏，不可食。【蕭 炳曰】患痢、生疥人勿食，必加劇。妊婦食之令子過月。乳母食之令子疳 瘦。【詵曰】同倉米、蒼耳食，必得惡病，十有九死。同薑食，生氣嗽。 同猪肉食，成霍亂。食馬肉毒發心悶者，飲清酒則解，飲濁酒則加。【弘 景曰】秦穆公云：食駿馬肉不飲酒，必殺人。【時珍曰】食馬中毒者，飲 蘆根汁、食杏仁可解。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, bitter, cold, poisonous. [Meng] Shen: Slightly poisonous. [Chen] Shiliang: Very poisonous. [Sun] Simiao: Nonpoisonous. Rihua: The only possible way is to boil it and then eat it. Consumed prepared all other ways it will be difficult to digest it. Soak it in clear water, take it into the hand and wash it until all blood is removed. Then boil it. If not done so, the poison will not come out and [those who eat it will] suffer from pin-illness718 with swelling. Some say when cold water is used to boil it, one must not cover the cauldron. [Zhang] Ding: When a horse grows horns, when a horse lacks “night eye” [spots on its knees], when a white horse has greenish hooves, when a white horse has a black head, all these must not be eaten, lest they let one develop a peak-illness.719 When the meat of a horse below the saddle is black, and when a horse dies of itself, they, too, must not be eaten, lest they kill one. Horses with a black back and leaking spots on their front legs, they must no be eaten. Xiao Bing: Persons suffering from free-flux illness720 and those developing jie-illness, 721 they must not eat [horse meat], lest their [disease] became more serious. When a pregnant woman eats [horse meat], the delivery of the child will pass its due date. When a nursing mother eats it, the child will develop gan-illness,722 followed by emaciation. [Meng] Shen: When [horse meat] is eaten together with long stored rice or xanthium [stem and leaves], a malign disease will develop inevitably. Nine out of ten [such cases] will die. Eaten together with pork, it will 718 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129. 719 Dian 癲, “peak-illness,” BCGM Dict I, 123, identical with dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125. 720 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 721 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 722 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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generate cholera. Those who feel heart-pressure after consuming horse meat poison will drink clear wine to dissolve it. When they drink turbid wine, [the poisoning] will become more serious. [Tao] Hongjing: Duke Mu of Qin states: “To eat the meat of a steed and not drink wine, must kill one.” [Li] Shizhen: When one has eaten horse meat with poison in it, this can be resolved by drinking the juice of reed roots, or by eating apricot seeds. 【主治】傷中除熱下氣，長筋骨，强腰脊，壯健强志，輕身不飢。作脯， 治寒熱痿痺。别録。煮汁，洗頭瘡白秃。時珍。出聖惠。 Control. In the case of damaged center,723 it will eliminate heat and discharge qi. It extends sinews and bones, strengthens the lower back and the spine, makes one robust, strengthens the mind and relieves the body of its weight. It does not let one become hungry. Prepared as preserved food, it serves to cure alternating sensations of cold and heat, as well as dysfuntion724 and blockage. Bie lu. The juice obtained by boiling it serves to wash sores on the head with white baldness. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Sheng hui.

【附方】舊一。 Added recipes: One of old. 豌豆瘡毒。馬肉煮清汁，洗之。兵部手集。 Pea sores poison. Boil horse meat to obtain a clear juice and wash [the affected regions] with it. Bing bu shou ji. 50-06-02 鬐膏。Qi gao. [Horse] mane fat. 鬐，項上也。白馬者良。 Qi 鬐 is the mane on a horse’s nape. Those of white horses are good. 【氣味】甘，平，有小毒。【鑑源云】馬脂柔五金。

723 Shang zhong 傷中, “damaged center,” a condition brought forth by damage inflicted upon any essential internal matter, such as essence qi and blood, not just central qi. BCGM Dict I, 428. 724 Wei 痿, “dysfunction,” 1. a condition of an atrophy and feebleness of the four extremities. 2. Identical with yin wei 陰痿, “dysfunction of the yin [member, i.e. penis].” BCGM Dict I, 526.

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Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, slightly poisonous. The Jing yuan states: Horse fat softens the five metals.725 【主治】生髮。别録。治面䵟，手足皴粗。入脂澤，用療偏風口喎僻。時 珍。 Control. It generates hair. Bie lu. It serves to cure facial gloom, and chapped skin roughness of hands and feet. Applied as an ointment, it is used to cure unilateral wind with wryness of the mouth. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】按靈樞經云：卒口僻急者，頰筋有寒，則急引頰移， 頰筋有熱，則縱緩不收。以桑鉤鉤之，以生桑灰置坎中坐之，以馬膏熨其 急頰，以白酒和桂末塗其緩頰，且飲美酒，噉炙肉，爲之三拊而已。靈樞 無註本，世多不知此方之妙。竊謂口頰喎僻，乃風中血脉也。手足陽明之 筋絡於口，會太陽之筋絡於目。寒則筋急而僻，熱則筋緩而縱。故左中寒 則逼熱於右，右中寒則逼熱於左，寒者急而熱者緩也。急者皮膚頑痺，榮 衛凝滯。治法急者緩之，緩者急之。故用馬膏之甘平柔緩，以摩其急，以 潤其痺，以通其血脉。用桂、酒之辛熱急束，以塗其緩，以和其榮衛，以 通其經絡。桑能治風痺，通節竅也。病在上者，酒以行之，甘以助之。故 飲美酒，噉炙肉云。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Ling shu jing, “when all of a sudden the mouth is wry and tense, this is because there is cold in the sinews of the cheeks. In such a situation, it is essential to immediately pull the cheek to move [to its proper position]. When the sinews of the cheeks have heat, they are relaxed and cannot be contracted. One pulls them [into their original position] with a hook made of mulberry wood. One fills a pit with fresh mulberry ashes and [has the patient] sit on them. Then one applies a horse fat compress to the tense cheek, and applies white wine mixed with cassia powder to the relaxed cheek. In addition, [one has the patient] drink excellent wine, and eat roasted meat. Clap [the cheeks] three times, and a cure is achieved.”726 There exist no commentary volumes to the Ling shu, and hardly anybody is aware of the wondrous nature of this recipe. [People] secretly say that wry mouth and cheeks result from wind striking the blood vessels. The hand and feet yang brilliance sinews wind around the mouth. They connect with the major yang sinews winding around the eyes. When [struck by] cold, the sinews become tense and cause wryness. When [struck by] heat, the sinews relax and become loose. Hence, when the left side is struck by cold, heat closes in on the right. When the right side is struck by cold, then heat closes in on the left. Cold [sinews] are tense; 725 The five metals are commonly identified as gold, silver, copper, lead and iron, or gold, silver, copper, iron and tin. The term is also used to refer to all metals in general. 726 A rather condensed quote from Ling shu ch. 13.

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hot [sinews] are relaxed. In the case of tense [sinews], the skin is dense and blocked. The camp and the guardian [qi] congeal and become sluggish. The method to cure this is to cause tense [sinews] to relax, and to cause relaxed [sinews] to be tense. Hence one makes use of the sweet, balanced, soft and relaxed nature of horse fat and rubs it on the tense [sinews]. This serves to moisten blockages and to penetrate the blood vessels. One makes use of the acrid, hot, tense and binding nature of cassia wine and applies it to relaxed [sinews]. This serves to harmonize camp and guardian [qi], and to penetrate the conduits and network [vessels]. Cassia is able to cure wind blockage, and to penetrate the sinew apertures. When the disease is in the upper part [of the body], wine serves to transport the [medication] there, and sweet [substances serve to] assist them. Hence [patients are advised to] drink excellent wine and to eat roasted meat. 50-06-03 乳。Ru. [Horse] milk. 【時珍曰】漢時以馬乳造爲酒，置挏馬之官，謂挏撞而成也。挏，音同。 [Li] Shizhen: During Han times horse milk was used to make wine, and an official position of “horse poker” was established. That is to say, [the wine] was made by poking [horse milk]. Tong 挏 is read tong 同. 【氣味】甘，冷，無毒。【思邈曰】性冷利。同魚鱠食，作瘕。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. [Sun] Simiao: Its nature is cold and it frees the flow [of urination/defecation]. Eaten together with minced fish it generates conglomeration-illness.727 【主治】止渴治熱。别録。作酪，性温，飲之消肉。蘇恭。 Control. It ends thirst and serves to cure heat. Bie lu. One uses it to prepare yogurt. Its nature is warm. When drunk it dissolves meat. Su Gong. 50-06-04 心。Xin. [Horse] heart. 已下並用白馬者良。 For all the following applications: [the hearts of ] white horses are good. 727 Jia 瘕, “empty[-lumps]-illness;” “conglomeration-illness,” a condition of painful abdominal nodes/lumps that sometimes move and sometimes do not move in accordance with the movement of the body’s qi. BCGM Dict I, 244.

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【主治】喜忘。别録。肘後方：治心昏多忘。牛、馬、猪、雞心乾之，爲 末。酒服方寸匕，日三，則聞一知十。【詵曰】患痢人食馬心則痞悶加甚。 Control. Forgetfulness. Bie lu. Zhou hou fang: To cure heart clouding and forgetfulness. Dry the hearts of oxen, horses, pigs, and chicken and grind them to powder. Ingest, with wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times a day. This will let one hear one item and make one know ten. [Meng] Shen: When someone who suffers from free-flux illness728 eats the heart of a horse, an obstacle-illness729 and heart-pressure will become very serious.730 50-06-05 肺。Fei. [Horse] lung. 【主治】寒熱，小兒莖萎。【掌禹錫曰】小兒無莖萎，疑誤。【時珍 曰】按千金方無小兒二字。 Control. Alternating sensations of cold and heat. Dysfunction of a child’s stalk (i.e., penis). Zhang Yuxi: Children do not have “dysfunction of their stalk (i.e., penis).” This may be731 an error. [Li] Shizhen: The Qian jin fang does not have the two characters for “children.” 50-06-06 肝。Gan. [Horse] liver. 【氣味】有大毒。【弘景曰】馬肝及鞍下肉，殺人。【時珍曰】按漢武帝 云：食肉毋食馬肝。又云：文成食馬肝而死。韋莊云：食馬留肝。則其毒 可知矣。方家以豉汁、鼠矢解之。 Qi and Flavor. Very poisonous. [Tao] Hongjing: The liver of horses and the meat from below the saddle kill a person. [Li] Shizhen: According to Han Wu di, “one should eat the meat but not the liver of horses.”732 He also said: “Wen Cheng eat 728 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 729 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” (1) a feeling of uncomfortable fullness and distension, (2) a pathological condition of uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I, 371. 730 Zheng lei, ch. 17, bai ma jing 白馬莖, “penis of a white horse,” quoting Meng Shen writes bu de shi 不得食, “… must not eat [the heart of a horse],” instead of shi ma xin ze fu men jia shen 食馬心則痞悶加甚, “ … eats the heart of a horse, an obstacle-illness and heart-pressure will become very serious 。· 731 Zheng lei, ch. 17, bai ma jing 白馬莖, “penis of a white horse,” has bi 必, “must be,” instead of yi 疑, “may be.” 732 According to the Shi ji, this first statement is attributed to Han Jing di 漢景帝.

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horse liver and died.” Wei Zhuang states: “When one eats horse [meat], the liver is put aside.” From this one knows that it is poisonous. The recipe masters use the juice of fermented soybeans and rat/mice excrements to resolve [the poison]. 【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 月水不通，心腹滯悶，四肢疼痛。用赤馬肝一片炙研，每食前熱酒服一 錢。通乃止。聖惠。 Blocked menstruation. Sluggish [qi] in heart and abdomen, with heart-pressure and pain in the four limbs. Roast one piece of the liver of a red horse and grind it [to powder]. Each time ingest one qian, with hot wine, before meals. The pain will end. Sheng hui. 50-06-07 腎。Shen. [Horse] kidneys. 【時珍曰】按熊太古冀越集云：馬有墨在腎，牛有黄在膽，造物之所鍾 也。此亦牛黄、狗寶之類，當有功用。惜乎前人不知，漫記於此以俟。 [Li] Shizhen: According to Xiong Taigu’s Ji Yue ji, horses have black ink in their kidneys, oxen have a yellow [substance] in their gallbladder. These are concentrations generated during the creation of things. They are of the same group as “ox yellow” (i.e., cow bezoar) and “dog’s gems” (i.e., stones found in the gallbladder of dogs). They certainly are of [pharmaceutical] use. Unfortunately, the people in former times were not aware of them. They are recorded here in all detail waiting for [further knowledge]. 50-06-08 白馬陰莖。Bai ma yin jing. Yin stalk (i.e., penis) of a white horse. 【修治】【藏器曰】凡收，當取銀色無病白馬，春月游牝時，力勢正强 者，生取陰乾，百日用。【斅曰】用時以銅刀破作七片，將生羊血拌蒸半 日，晒乾，以粗布拭去皮及乾血，挫碎用。 Preparation. [Chen] Cangqi: To collect [this item] one must choose a white horse of silver color and free of any disease when it mates with a female horse in spring and is strong and stiff. Take it from a life [horse], and dry it in the shade. It can be used after 100 days. [Lei] Xiao: When it is to be used, cut it with a copper knife into seven pieces. Mix them with fresh goat/sheep blood, steam this for half a day and dry it in the sun. Wipe the skin and dry blood away with a coarse cloth. For use [as a medication] break [the pieces] into small crumbs.

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【氣味】甘、鹹，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】傷中，絶脉陰不起，强志益氣，長肌肉肥健，生子。本經。小兒 驚癇。别録。益丈夫陰氣。【詵曰】陰乾，同肉蓯蓉等分，爲末，蜜丸梧 子大。每空心酒下四十丸，日再。百日見效。【甄權曰】主男子陰痿，房 中術偏用之。 Control. Damaged center.733 Severed vessels with an inability of the yin [member (i.e., penis)] to rise. It strengthens the mind and boosts the qi. It lets muscles and flesh grow to be fat and strong. It enables one to have offspring. Ben jing. Fright epilepsy of children. Bie lu. It boosts the yin qi of males. [Meng] Shen: Dry it in the shade, and grind it together with an equal amount of cistanche [stem] to powder. This is prepared, with honey, to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time [let the patient] wash down on an empty stomach with wine 40 such pills. Twice per day. The effect will show after 100 days. Zhen Quan: It controls yin dysfunction of males. It is particularly used for the arts of the bedchamber. 50-06-09 駒胞衣。Ju bao yi. [Horse] placenta. 【主治】婦人天癸不通。煅存性爲末，每服三錢，入麝香少許，空腹新汲 水下，不過三服，良。孫氏集效。 Control. Failure of menstruation to start in women. Calcine it by retaining its nature and grind it to powder. Each time [have the woman] ingest three qian. Add a little musk and [have her] wash it down on an empty stomach with fresh drawn water. No more than three ingestions required. Good. Sun shi, Ji xiao. 50-06-10 眼。Yan. [Horse] eye. 白馬者，生殺取之。 Collect it from white horses just slaughtered. 【氣味】平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Balanced, nonpoisonous. 733 Shang zhong 傷中, “damaged center,” a condition brought forth by damage inflicted upon any essential internal matter, such as essence qi and blood, not just central qi. BCGM Dict I, 428.

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【主治】驚癇腹滿瘧疾。别録。小兒鬾病，與母帶之。蘇恭。 Control. Fright epilepsy, a feeling of abdominal fullness, and malaria illness. Bie lu.734 For demonic diseases of children, give it to its mother to wear it [on her body]. Su Gong. 50-06-11 夜眼。Ye yan. Night eyes. 在足膝上。馬有此能夜行，故名。 They are located above the knees. Horses that have them can walk at night. Hence the name. 【主治】卒死尸厥，齲齒痛。時珍。 Control. Sudden death and corpse[-like condition because of ] recession. Aching decayed teeth. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】舊一，新二。 Added recipes: One of old. Two newly [recorded]. 卒死尸厥。用白馬前脚夜目二枚，白馬尾十四莖，合燒，以苦酒丸如小豆 大。白湯灌下二丸，須臾再服，即甦。肘後。 Sudden death and corpse[-like condition because of qi] recession. Burn two night eyes from the front legs of a white horse together with 14 strains taken from the tail of a white horse, and form pills, with bitter wine, the size of small beans. Force-feed two such pills with clear hot water [to the patient]. After a short while add a second ingestion, and he will be revitalized. Zhou hou. 蟲牙齲痛。用馬夜眼如米大，綿裹納孔中，有涎吐去，永斷根源。或加生 附子少許。 Decayed, painful worm teeth.735 Wrap a horse’s night eyes as big as a rice grain in silk and fill it into the hole [of the tooth. The patient is to] spit out the saliva. This will cut off the root [of the pain] forever. Or one may add a little fresh aconitum [accessory tuber]. 736 734 This statement is quoted from the Ben jing, not from the Bie lu. 735 Chong ya 蟲牙, “worm teeth,” identical with qu chi 齲齒, “decayed teeth.” A condition with decaying teeth developing holes, turning black and emitting a bad odor. In severe cases hollow teeth may crack. Also, the decay may enter the gums resulting in swelling, pain and festering. BCGM Dict I, 392. 736 This recipe is recorded in Zheng lei, ch. 17, bai ma jing 白馬莖, “penis of a white horse,” as a quote from the Zhou hou fang.

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玉機微義用馬夜眼燒存性，敷之，立愈。 The Yu ji wei yi advises one to burn a horse’s night eyes with their nature retained and apply [the resulting ashes] to the [teeth]. Immediately effective. 50-06-12 牙齒。Ya chi. [Horse] tooth. 已下並用白馬者良。 For all the following applications: [the teeth] of white horses are good. 【氣味】甘，平，有小毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, slightly poisonous. 【主治】小兒馬癇。水摩服。别録。燒灰唾和，塗癰疽丁腫，出根效。藏 器。 Control. Horse epilepsy737 of children. [Have the children] ingest them ground in water. Bie lu. Burn them to ashes, mix them with saliva and apply this to a swelling associated with obstruction-illness and impediment-illness,738 and pin-illness. 739 It is effective because it eliminates the root [of the disease].

【附方】舊一，新三。 Added recipes. One of old; three newly [recorded]. 腸癰未成。馬牙燒灰，雞子白和，塗之。千金方。 Intestinal obstruction-illness740 that has not formed [an abscess] yet. Burn horse teeth to ashes, mix them with egg white, and apply this to the [affected region]. Qian jin fang. 737 Ma xian 馬癇, “horse epilepsy,” a condition of a dian xian 癲癇, peak-illness with epilepsy, which, at the time of its outbreaks, makes the patient’s four limbs twitch, his mouth open wide and his head shake and make horse sounds, as well as tend to arch backwards. BCGM Dict I. 333. 738 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 739 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129. 740 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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疔腫未破。白馬齒燒灰，先以針刺破乃封之，用濕麪圍腫處，醋洗去之， 根出大驗。肘後。 Swelling associated with a pin-illness that has not broken open yet. Burn the teeth of white horses to ashes, then pierce open, with a needle, [the swelling] and cover it [with the ashes]. With wet flour form a circle around the swelling, and wash it off with vinegar. This will remove the root [of the disease] and is very effective. Zhou hou. 赤根疔瘡。馬牙齒搗末，臘猪脂和敷，根即出也。燒灰亦可。千金方。 Pin-illness sores with a red root. Crush horse teeth to powder and mix it with lard gathered in the 12th month. This will cause the root to come out. [An application of the teeth] burned to ashes is possible, too. Qian jin fang. 蟲牙作痛。馬牙一枚，煆熱投醋中，七次，待冷含之，即止。唐瑶經驗方。 Painful worm teeth.741 One horse tooth is calcined to become hot and is then thrown into vinegar. Continue this seven times. Wait until it has cooled down and [let the patient] keep it in his mouth. This will end [the pain]. Tang Yao, Jing yan fang. 50-06-13 骨。Gu. [Horse] bone. 【氣味】有毒。 Qi and Flavor. Poisonous. 【主治】燒灰和醋，敷小兒頭瘡及身上瘡。孟詵。止邪瘧。燒灰和油，敷 小兒耳瘡、頭瘡、陰瘡、瘭疽，有漿如火灼。敷乳頭飲兒，止夜啼。時 珍。出小品、外臺諸方。 Control. Burned to ashes and mixed with vinegar, to be applied to sores on the head of children and to sores on their body. Meng Shen. They end evil malaria. Burned to ashes and mixed with oil they are applied to children suffering from ear sores, sores on the head, sores on the yin [member (i.e., penix)], and flaming-heat illness with impediment illness742 releasing a thick liquid and burning like fire. [The ashes] 741 Chong ya 蟲牙, “worm teeth,” identical with qu chi 齲齒, “decayed teeth.” A condition with decaying teeth developing holes, turning black and emitting a bad odor. In severe cases hollow teeth may crack. Also, the decay may enter the gums resulting in swelling, pain and festering. BCGM Dict I, 392. 742 Biao ju 瘭疽, “flaming heat impediment-illness,” initially emerges like a bean kernel from which a root reaches into the depth of the tissue. This is associated with extreme pain. It slowly increases in size and generates several tips filled with pus that look like clusters of rice grains. They often develop on the back of hands and feet. BCGM Dict I, 67.

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applied to the [mother’s] breast nipples to have the child drink them will end crying during the night. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the recipes in the Xiao pin and Wai tai. 【附方】舊一。 Added recipes: One of old. 辟瘟疫氣。絳袋盛馬骨佩之，男左女右。肘後方。 To ward off warmth-illness epidemic qi. Wear at the waist a red pouch filled with horse bones.743 Males on the left, females on the right. Zhou hou fang. 50-06-14 頭骨。Tou gu. [Horse] skull bone. 【氣味】甘，微寒，有小毒。【韓保昇曰】大熱。【藏器曰】頭骨埋於午 地，宜蠶；浸於上流，絶水蜞蟲。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, slightly poisonous. Han Baosheng: Very hot. [Chen] Cangqi: Skull bones buried in soil oriented toward the South are good for [raising] silkworms. Soaked in water flowing upstream, they kill leeches. 【主治】喜眠，令人不睡。燒灰，水服方寸匕，日三夜一。作枕亦良。别 録。治齒痛。燒灰，敷頭、耳瘡。日華。療馬汗氣入瘡痛腫，燒灰敷之， 白汁出，良。時珍。 Control. Sleepiness. They do not let one fall asleep. Burn them to ashes and ingest, with water, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times per day, once during the night. To prepare a headrest from them is good, too. Bie lu. They serve to cure toothache. Burned to ashes, they are applied to sores on the head and in the ears. Rihua. The painful swelling resulting from horse sweat having entered a sore. Burn them to ashes and apply them [to the affected region]. A white juice will come out. Good. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新三。 Added recipes: Three newly [recorded]. 膽虚不眠。用馬頭骨灰、乳香各一兩，酸棗仁炒二兩，爲末。每服二錢， 温酒服。聖惠。 Gallbladder depletion with sleeplessness. Burn the bones of a horse skull to ashes, mix them with one liang of frankincense, and two liang of roasted sour Chinese 743 Zheng lei, ch. 17, bai ma jing 白馬莖, “penis of a white horse,” instead of ma gu 馬骨, “horse bone,” writes ma ti xie 馬蹄屑, “crumbs scratched from a horse hoof.”

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date kernels, and [grind all this to] powder. Each time ingest two qian. To be ingested with warm wine. Sheng hui.744 膽熱多眠。馬頭骨灰、鐵粉各一兩，朱砂半兩，龍腦半分，爲末，煉蜜丸 梧子大。每服三十丸，竹葉湯下。聖惠方。 Gallbladder heat with much need to sleep. One liang each of a horse skull burned to ashes and cinnabar, and half a fen of borneo campher are ground to powder, and prepared, with refined honey, to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 30 such pills, to be sent down with a bamboo leaf decoction. Sheng hui fang. 臁瘡潰爛三四年。馬牙匡骨燒研，先以土窖過，小便洗數次，搽之。 Festering shank sores. When they have lasted for three to four years. Burn horse palate bones and grind the [ashes] to powder. First store [the powder] in an earth pit for some time. Then cleanse [the shank sores] with urine several times, and apply [the powder] to the [affected region]. 50-06-15 脛骨。Jing gu. [Horse] shin bone. 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】煅存性，降陰火，中氣不足者用之，可代黄芩、黄連。朱震亨。 Control. Calcined with their nature retained they bring down yin fire. [Persons] with insufficient internal qi use this. It can be used instead of scutellaria [root] and coptis [rhizome]. Zhu Zhenheng. 50-06-16 懸蹄。Xuan ti. [Horse] trotters. 赤白馬俱入用。 Those of red and white horses can all be used. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【甄權曰】熱。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. Zhen Quan:745 hot. 744 This recipe is not recorded in the Sheng hui. It may be found in Sheng ju zong lu, ch. 42, dan xu bu mian 膽虚不眠, “gallbladder depletion with sleeplessness.” 745 Zheng lei, ch. 17, bai ma jing 白馬莖, “penis of a white horse,” attributes this qi quality to the Yao jue, not to the Yao xing lun. Hence the reference to Zhen Quan may be an error.

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【主治】驚邪瘈瘲，乳難，辟惡氣鬼毒，蠱疰不祥。本經。止衄血内漏， 齲齒。赤馬者治婦人赤崩，白馬者治白崩。别録。主癲癇、齒痛。蜀本。 療腸癰，下瘀血帶下，殺蟲。又燒灰入鹽少許，摻走馬疳蝕，甚良。時 珍。出鉤玄諸方。赤馬者辟温瘧。孟詵。 Control. Fright evil,746 clonic spasms, difficulties to produce milk. They ward off malign qi and demon poison. [They serve to cure] inauspicious gu attachment-illness.747 Ben jing. They end nosebleed and inner leakage, and [they heal] tooth decay. Those of red horses serve to cure red collapse of women. Those of white horses serve to cure leaking discharge and white collapse. Bie lu. They control peak-illness748 with epilepsy, and toothache. Shu ben. They heal intestinal obstruction-illness.749 They cause the discharge of stagnant blood, and they kill worms/bugs. Also, burned to ashes with a little salt added, they are applied to erosions associated with running horse gan-illness.750 Very good. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the recipes of Gou xuan. Those of red horses ward off warmth malaria. Meng Shen.

【附方】舊四，新五。 Added recipes: Four of old. Five newly [recorded]. 損傷瘀血在腹。用白馬蹄燒烟盡，研末。酒服方寸匕，日三夜一，血化爲 水也。劉涓子鬼遺方。 Stagnant blood in the abdomen associated with an injury. Burn the trotters of a white horse until no more smoke is emitted, and grind [the ashes] to powder. Ingest, with wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times a day, once during the night. The blood will transform to water. Liu Juanzi gui yi fang.

746 Jing xie 驚邪, “fright evil.” A condition caused be being frightened. BCGM Dict I, 268. 747 Gu zhu 蠱疰, “gu-attachment-illness,” a condition of abdominal fullness with accumulations, pain and emaciation brought forth by gu poison, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. The illness takes many different forms. BCGM Dict I, 193. 748 Dian 癲, “peak-illness,” BCGM Dict I, 123, identical with dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125. 749 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 750 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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婦人血病。方同上。 Blood diseases of women. Recipe identical with the one above. 五色帶下。白馬左蹄燒灰，酒服方寸匕，日三。外臺。 Multicolored discharge from below the belt. Burn the left trotters of a white horse to ashes, and [let the patient] ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times a day. Wai tai. 腸癰腹痛。其狀兩耳輪甲錯，腹痛，或繞臍有瘡如粟，下膿血。用馬蹄灰 和雞子白塗，即拔毒氣出。千金。 Intestinal obstruction-illness751 with abdominal pain. This shows as chapped skin on both ears and abdominal pain, or as sores the size of millet grains surrounding the navel, and discharge of pus and blood. Mix horse trotter ashes with egg white and apply this [to the affected regions]. This will draw the poison qi to come out. Qian jin. 蟲蝕肛爛，見五臟則死。以猪脂和馬蹄灰，綿裹導入下部。日數度，瘥。 肘後。 Festering anus associated with erosion caused by worms/bugs. Once the five longterm depots appear, [the patient] will die. Mix the ashes of horse trotters with lard, wrap this in silk, and insert it into the lower body part (i. e., anus). Continue this several times a day until a cure is achieved. Zhou hou. 齲齒疼痛。削白馬蹄塞之，不過三度。千金。 Painful tooth decay. Cut a white horse’s trotters into small pieces and block [the holes in the teeth] with them. No more than three applications [are required to achieve a cure]. Qian jin. 赤禿頭瘡，出膿，晝開夜合。馬蹄燒灰，生油調塗。聖惠方。 Red baldness with sores on the head that fester, are open during the day and close during the night. Burn horse trotters to ashes, mix them with fresh oil and apply this [to the affected region]. Sheng hui fang. 小兒夜啼。馬蹄末敷乳上，飲之。總録。 Children crying during the night. Apply horse trotter powder to the [mother’s] breast nipples to have [the child ingest it while] drinking. Zong lu.752 751 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 752 This recipe is not recorded in the Zong lu. It may be found in Pu ji fang, juan 361, ye ti 夜 啼, “night crying.”

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辟禳瘟疫。以絳囊盛馬蹄屑佩之，男左女右。肘後。 To ward off warmth-illness epidemics. Fill horse trotter scraps753 into a red pouch and wear it at the waist. Males on the left, female on the right. Zhou hou. 50-06-17 皮。Pi. [Horse] hide. 【主治】婦人臨産，赤馬皮催生，良。孟詵。治小兒赤秃，以赤馬皮、白 馬蹄燒灰，和臘猪脂敷之，良。時珍。出聖惠。 Control. For women close to giving birth, the hide of red horses speeds up childbirth. Good. Meng Shen. It serves to cure red baldness of children. Burn the hide of red horses and trotters of a white horse to ashes, mix them with lard collected in the 12th month, and apply this to the [affected region]. Good. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Sheng hui. 50-06-18 鬐毛。Qi mao. Hair from a [horse] mane. 即騣也。一名鬣。 This is the mane. Another name is jie 鬣, “mane.” 氣味】有毒。 Qi and Flavor. Poisonous. 【主治】小兒驚癇，女子崩中赤白。别録。【思邈曰】赤用赤馬，白用白 馬。燒灰，服止血，塗惡瘡。日華。 Control. Fright epilepsy of children. Red and white [discharge] associated with collapsing center754 of females. Bie lu. [Sun] Simiao: For red [discharge] use [hair from the mane of ] a red horse; for white [discharge] use [hair from the mane of ] a white horse. Burned to ashes and ingested it will end the bleeding. [Also,] to be applied on malign sores. Rihua.

753 Zheng lei, ch. 17, bai ma jing 白馬莖, “penis of a white horse,” adds the two characters er liang 二兩, “two liang.” 754 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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50-06-19 尾。Wei. [Horse] tail. 【主治】女人崩中，小兒客忤。時珍。 Control. Collapsing center of females. Children visited by the hostile. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】馬尾，濟生方治崩中，十灰散中用之。又延壽書云： 刷牙用馬尾，令齒疏損。近人多用燒灰揩拭，最腐齒齦。不可不知。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: A horse tail, the Ji sheng fang [has a recipe advising one to use it to] cure collapsing center. It is used in the “powder with ten ashes.” Also, the Yan shou shu states: “To brush the teeth with horse tail [hair] will damage the teeth.” More recently, the people often use ashes to rub [their teeth]. This is extremely suited to let the gums rot. One must know this.

【附方】舊二。 Added recipes: Two of old. 小兒客忤。小兒中馬毒客忤。燒馬尾煙於前，每日熏之，瘥乃止。聖惠方。 Children visited by the hostile. When children are struck by horse poison and visitor’s hostility.755 Burn a horse tail and let the smoke rise in front [of the child]. Fumigate it every day. Stop [the treatment] when a cure is achieved. Sheng hui fang. 腹內蛇癥：白馬尾切細，酒服。初服五分一匕，次服三分一匕，更服二分 一匕，不可頓服，殺人。千金翼。 Abdominal snake concretion-illness.756 Cut a white horse’s tail into fine pieces, to be ingested with wine. At first, ingest a spoon filled with five parts [out of ten]. Next ingest a spoon filled with three parts [out of ten]. Then again ingest a spoon filled with two parts [out of ten]. The entire dose must not be ingested at once. This would kill one. Qian jin yi.

755 Ke wu 客忤, “visitor‘s hostility.“ A sudden twisting pain, encountered outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen thought to result from the hostile acts of demons “visiting“ the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282. 756 She zheng 蛇癥, “snake concretion-illness,” a condition of zheng 癥, “concretion-illness,” that forms when someone inadvertently consumes living bugs/worms or snakes that gather in the abdomen. BCGM Dict I, 438.

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50-06-20 腦。Nao. [Horse] brain. 【氣味】有毒。【詵曰】食之令人癲。 Qi and Flavor. Poisonous. [Meng] Shen: To eat this lets one have a peak-illness.757 【主治】斷酒，臘月者温酒服之。孫思邈。 Control. It ends an addiction to wine. Ingest it collected in the 12th month with warm wine. Sun Simiao. 50-06-21 血。Xue. [Horse] blood. 【氣味】有大毒。【詵曰】凡生馬血入人肉中，一二日便腫起，連心即 死。有人剥馬傷手，血入肉，一夜致死。 Qi and Flavor. Very poisonous. [Meng] Shen: Whenever fresh horse blood enters one’s flesh, a swelling will rise within one to two days. Once it has reached the heart, [that person] will die. Once there was a person who dissected a horse and injured his own hand. Blood entered his flesh, and within one night he died. 50-06-22 汗。Han. [Horse] sweat. 【氣味】有大毒。【弘景曰】患瘡人觸馬汗、馬氣、馬毛、馬尿、馬屎 者，並令加劇。【詵曰】馬汗入瘡，毒攻心欲死者，燒粟幹灰淋汁浸洗， 出白沫，乃毒氣也。嶺南有人用此得力。 Qi and Flavor. Very poisonous. [Tao] Hongjing: When a person suffering from sores is exposed to horse sweat, horse qi, horse hair, horse urine or horse feces, his ailment will become more serious. [Meng] Shen: When horse sweat enters a sore, with the poison attacking the heart so that one comes close to dying, burn millet stalks to ashes. [Soak them in water,] filter this, and use the juice to wash [the affected region]. When a white foam comes out, this is the poison qi. In the Ling nan region persons have used this with success.

757 Dian 癲, “peak-illness,” BCGM Dict I, 123, identical with dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125.

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【附方】新二。 Added recipes: Two newly [recorded]. 黥刺雕青。以白馬汗搽上，再以汗調水蛭末塗之。子和。 Greenish tattoo engraving. Smear the sweat of a white horse on it. In addition apply leeches powder mixed with [horse] sweat to it. [Zhang] Zihe. 飲酒欲斷。刮馬汗，和酒服之。千金。 When one wishes to stop drinking wine. Scrape sweat from a horse, mix it with wine and ingest this. Qian jin. 50-06-23 白馬溺。Bai ma ni. Urine of white horses. 【氣味】辛，微寒，有毒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, slightly cold, poisonous. 【主治】消渴，破癥堅積聚，男子伏梁積疝，婦人瘕積，銅器承飲之。别 録。洗頭瘡白秃。漬惡刺瘡，日十次，愈乃止。孟詵。熱飲，治反胃殺 蟲。時珍。 Control. Melting with thirst.758 It breaks open concretion-illness759 hardness, accumulation and collection. In males, [it breaks open] hidden beams760 with accumulation and elevation-illness.761 In females, [it breaks open] conglomeration-illness accumulation. To drink it, it is to be stored in copper utensils. Bie lu. Wash sores on the head and white baldness [with the urine].762 [Use it to] soak sores resulting from malign piercings, ten times per day. End [the treatment] when a cure is achieved. Meng Shen. Drunk hot it serves to cure turned over stomach, and kills worms/bugs. [Li] Shizhen. 758 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 759 Zheng 癥. “concretion-illness,” a pathological condition of abdominal nodes/lumps that are hard and cannot be moved. BCGM Dict I, 676. 760 Fu liang 伏梁, “hidden beam,” a pathological accumulation shaped like a lower arm. It rises from the navel and reaches to below the heart. In serious cases, patients spit blood. BCGM Dict I, 175. 761 Shan [qi] 疝[氣], “elevation-illness [qi],” a pathological condition of (1) an item having entered the scrotum, with pain, sometimes ascending, sometimes descending, (2) a condition affecting the scrotum or a testicle, (3) of violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 419, 417. 762 This indication was copied from a Rihua zi quote in Zheng lei ch. 17, bai ma jing 白馬莖, “penis of a white horse.”

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【發明】【時珍曰】馬尿治癥瘕有驗。按祖台之志怪云：昔有人與其奴皆 患心腹痛病。奴死剖之，得一白鼈，赤眼仍活。以諸藥納口中，終不死。 有人乘白馬觀之，馬尿墮鼈而鼈縮。遂以灌之，即化成水。其人乃服白馬 尿而疾愈。此其徵效也。反胃亦有蟲積者，故亦能治之。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Horse urine is known to be an effective remedy to cure concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness.763 According to Zu Taizhi’s Zhi guai, “once a man and his servant suffered from a painful disease in the heart and abdomen. When the servant had died, he was dissected and a white turtle was found [in his body]. It had red eyes and was still alive. All kinds of medicinal drugs were fed into its mouth, but it did not die. Then someone riding a white horse came by and saw it. The horse peed on the turtle, and the turtle began to shrink. Then [the horse urine] was forcefed to [the turtle], and it transformed into water. That man then ingested urine of a white horse, and his illness was cured.” That is proof of its effects. A turned over stomach may also be caused by worm/bug accumulations. Hence [the urine of a white horse] is capable of curing this too.

【附方】舊二，新七。 Added recipes: Two of old. Seven newly [recorded]. 肉癥思肉。用白馬尿三升，飲之。當吐肉出，不出者死。 Meat concretion-illness764 resulting from one’s craving to eat meat. Eat three sheng of the urine of a white horse. This will cause the meat to be thrown up. When it fails to come out, [the patient] will die.765 食髮成瘕。咽中如有蟲上下是也。白馬尿飲之，佳。千金。 Conglomeration-illness resulting from eating hair. [Patients have a feeling] as if worms/bugs were moving up and down in their throat. [To cure] this, [let the patients] drink the urine of a white horse. Excellent. Qian jin.

763 Zheng jia 癥瘕, “concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness.” The two terms are often used interchangeably and do not signify two distinctly different conditions. Concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness result from a disharmony of cold and warmth resulting in a failure to transform beverages and food. Nodes form when the clash with the qi of the long-term depots. BCGM Dict I, 677. 764 Zheng 癥. “concretion-illness,” a pathological condition of abdominal nodes/lumps that are hard and cannot be moved. BCGM Dict I, 676. 765 This recipe was copied from a Qian jin fang quote in Zheng lei ch. 17, bai ma jing 白馬莖, “penis of a white horse.”

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伏梁心積。銅器承白馬尿一升，旦旦服之，妙。小品。 Hidden beams766 with accumulation in the heart. [Let the patient] every morning drink the urine of a white horse kept in a copper utensil. Wondrous. Xiao pin. 婦人乳腫。馬尿塗之，立愈。産寶。 Breast swelling of women. Apply horse urine to it. Immediately effective. Chan bao. 兒赤疵生身上者。馬尿頻洗之。千金。 Red blemishes of children. Those growing on their body. Repeatedly wash the [affected region] with horse urine. Qian jin. 蟲牙疼痛。隨左右含馬溺，不過三五度瘥。千金方。 Painful worm teeth.767 [Patients are to] hold horse urine in their mouth, depending on [the location of the pain] on the left or right side. After no more than three to five applications, a cure is achieved. Qian jin fang. 利骨取牙。白馬尿浸茄科三日，炒，爲末，點牙即落。或煎巴豆點牙亦 落。勿近好牙。鮑氏。 To benefit the bones and to remove teeth. Eggplant soaked in the urine of a white horse for three days is roasted and ground to powder. When this is dropped on a tooth, it will fall out. Another method is: Fry croton seeds, [soak them in white horse urine, grind them to powder] and drop [the powder] on the tooth, and it will fall out, too. Do not come close [with the medication] to teeth in good condition. Bao shi. 狐尿刺瘡，痛甚者。熱白馬尿漬之。千金。 Sores resulting from being pierced by fox urine. When the pain is extreme. Soak [the affected region] with hot urine of a white horse. Qian jin. 痞塊心痛。僵蠶末二錢，白馬尿調服，并敷塊上。摘玄方。 Pain in the heart resulting from an obstacle-illness768 lump. Two qian of silkworm powder are mixed with the urine of a white horse. This is to be ingested, and also to be applied to the lump. Zhai xuan fang. 766 Fu liang 伏梁, “hidden beam,” a pathological accumulation shaped like a lower arm. It rises from the navel and reaches to below the heart. In serious cases, patients spit blood. BCGM Dict I, 175. 767 Chong ya 蟲牙, “worm teeth,” identical with qu chi 齲齒, “decayed teeth.” A condition with decaying teeth developing holes, turning black and emitting a bad odor. In severe cases hollow teeth may crack. Also, the decay may enter the gums resulting in swelling, pain and festering. BCGM Dict I, 392. 768 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” (1) a feeling of uncomfortable fullness and distension, (2) a pathological condition of uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and ab-

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50-06-24 白馬通。Bai ma tong. White horse dung. 【時珍曰】馬屎曰通，牛屎曰洞，猪屎曰零，皆諱其名也。凡屎必達胴腸 乃出，故曰通，曰洞。胴，即廣腸也。 [Li] Shizhen: Horse dung is called tong 通, “passage.” Ox dung is called dong 洞, “cavern.” The excrements of pigs are called ling 零, “nought.” These are all designations meant to avoid [the real] name [of excrements]. All excrements must reach the large intestine, dong chang 胴腸, and are then emitted. Hence they are called tong 通, or dong 洞. Dong 胴 means “wide intestine.” 【氣味】微温，無毒。鑑源云：馬屎煴火，養一切藥力。 Qi and Flavor. Slightly warm, nonpoisonous. The Jing yuan states: Horse urine is a flameless fire. It nourishes the strength of all kinds of medications. 【主治】止渴，止吐血、下血、鼻衄、金瘡出血、婦人崩中。别録。敷 頂，止衄。徐之才。絞汁服，治産後諸血氣，傷寒時疾當吐下者。藏器。 治時行病起合陰陽垂死者，絞汁三合，日夜各二服。又治杖瘡、打損傷瘡 中風作痛者，炒熱，包熨五十遍，極效。孟詵。絞汁灌之，治卒中惡死。 酒服，治産後寒熱悶脹。燒灰水服，治久痢赤白。和猪脂，塗馬咬人瘡， 及馬汗入瘡，剥死馬骨刺傷人，毒攻欲死者。時珍。出小品諸方。 Control. It ends thirst. It ends blood spitting, discharge with blood, and nosebleed. Also, bleeding from sores/wounds caused by metal objects/weapons, and collapsing center769 of women. Bie lu. Smeared on one’s head it ends nosebleed. Xu Zhicai. The juice obtained by squeezing it is ingested to cure all kinds of blood and qi [ailments] following childbirth, and seasonal illnesses of harm caused by cold with vomiting and discharge. [Chen] Cangqi. To cure patients who had sex after just having risen from a seasonal disease and are close to death now, squeeze [horse dung] to obtain [a liquid of ] three ge, and [have them] ingest them twice each day and each night. Also, to cure painful sores resulting from flogging, and wounds resulting from injuries that have been exposed to wind, roast it until it is hot, wrap it, and press it [on the affected region] 50 times. Very effective. Meng Shen. When the juice obtained from squeezing [horse dung] is forcefed to [a patient] it cures death from being suddenly struck by the malign. Ingested with wine, it serves to cure alternating feelings of cold and heat following childbirth, with heart-pressure and bloating. Burned to ashes and ingested with water, it serves to cure long-lasting free-flux dominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I, 371. 769 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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illness770 with red and white [discharge]. Mixed with lard it is smeared on sores resulting from a horse biting a person, and on sores where horse sweat has entered, and when the bones of a dead horse that is cut open have injured a person, and the poison attacking [that person], bringing him close to death. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the recipes of the Xiao pin.

【附方】舊五，新十五。 Added recipes: Five of old, 15 newly [recorded]. 吐血不止。燒白馬通，以水研，絞汁一升服。梅師方。 Bloodspitting that does not end. Burn the dung of white horses, and grind [the ashes] with water. Squeeze this to obtain one sheng of juice, and [let the patient] ingest it. Mei shi fang. 衄血不止。録驗用綿裹白馬屎塞之。千金用赤馬糞絞汁，飲一二升，并滴 鼻内。乾者浸水亦可。 Nosebleed that does not end. The Lu yan [recommends to] insert into the [nose] the dung of a white horse wrapped in silk floss. The Qian jin has one squeeze the dung of a red horse to obtain its juice, and drink one or two sheng. At the same time, [the juice] is to be dropped into the nose. When the dung has dried, it is also possible to soak it in water, [and then apply it]. 口鼻出血。用赤馬糞燒灰，温酒服一錢。鈐方。 Bleeding from mouth and nose. Burn the dung of a red horse to ashes and ingest, with warm wine, one qian. Qian fang. 久痢赤白。馬糞一丸燒灰，水服。肘後方。 Long-term free-flux illness with red and white [discharge]. Burn one horse dung pill to ashes and ingest it with water. Zhou hou fang. 卒中惡死。吐利不止，不知是何病，不拘大人小兒，馬糞一丸，絞汁灌 之。乾者水煮汁亦可。此扁鵲法也。肘後。 Death following being suddenly struck by the malign. When vomiting and free flow do not end, and one does not know which disease it might be, regardless of whether adults or children are affected, squeeze the juice out of one horse dung pill

770 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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and force-feed it [to the patient]. When [the dung] is dry, the juice obtained from boiling it in water can be used too. This is a method of Bian Que. Zhou hou. 攪腸沙痛，欲死者。用馬糞研汁飲之，立愈。經驗方。 Annoying-intestines sand771 with pain. When [patients] are close to dying. [Let the patient] drink the juice obtained by pounding horse dung. Immediately effective. Jing yan fang. 小兒卒忤。馬屎三升燒末，以酒三斗，煮三沸，取汁浴兒。避風。千金。 When children are suddenly [visited by the] hostile. Burn three sheng horse dung to ashes and grind them to powder. This is to be boiled, with three dou of wine, three times to bubbling. Then use the juice to bathe the child. Keep [the child] away from wind. Qian jin. 小兒躽啼，面青腹强，是忤客氣。新馬糞一團，絞汁灌之。總録。 Children pushing forward their chest and belly and weeping. When their face is greenish, and their abdomen tense, this is the qi of visiting hostility. Squeeze the juice from one fresh ball of horse dung and force-feed it [to the child]. Zong lu.772 傷寒勞復。馬屎燒末，冷酒服方寸匕，便驗。聖惠方。 Relapse into harm caused by cold because of exhaustion. Burn horse dung [and grind the ashes to] powder, and ingest, with cold wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Effective. Sheng hui fang.773 熱毒攻肢，手足腫痛欲脱。以水煮馬屎汁漬之。外臺。 Heat poison attacks the limbs. When hands and feet are swollen and ache, as if they were about to fall off. Soak [the affected regions] with the juice obtained by boiling horse dung in water. Wai tai.

771 Jiao chang sha 攪腸沙, “annoying-intestines sand,” identical with gan huo luan 乾霍亂, “dry cholera.” A condition of a twisting pain in the heart and abdomen, cold sweat leaving the body, with a feeling of distension and heart-pressure that makes one wish to die. BCGM Dict I, 247. 772 This recipe is not recorded in the Zong lu. It may be found in Qian jin fang ch. 5, ke wu 客忤, “visitor’s hostility.” 773 This recipe is not recorded in the Sheng hui fang. It may be found in Wai tai ch. 2, shang han lao fu shi fu fang 傷寒勞復食復方, “recipes for relapse into harm caused by cold because of exhaustion and because of food.”

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風蟲牙痛。白馬屎汁，隨左右含之，不過三口愈。聖惠。 Wind worm teeth with pain.774 [Let the patient] hold in his mouth the juice obtained from the dung of a white horse,775 depending on [the location of the pain] on the left or right side. After no more than three mouthfuls, a cure is achieved. Sheng hui. 鼻齆不聞。新馬屎汁，含滿口，灌入即通。聖惠776。 Stuffed nose and inability to smell. Fill the mouth with fresh horse dung juice, and have it pour [with the head bent backward] into [the nose]. This will open its passage. Sheng hui. 筋骨傷破。以熱白馬屎傅之，無瘢。千金。 Sinews and bones harmed and broken. Apply hot dung of a white horse to [the affected regions]; no scars will remain. Qian jin. 疔腫傷風，作腫。以馬屎炒熨瘡上五十遍，極效。聖惠方777。 Pin-illness778 with swelling and harm caused by wind. Resulting in a swelling. Roast horse dung and press it hot on the sores, 50 times. Extremely effective. Sheng hui fang. 多年惡瘡，或痛痒生釁。用馬糞并齒同研爛，敷上，不過數次。武丞相在 蜀時，脛有瘡，痒不可忍，用此而瘥。兵部手集。 Malign sores having lasted for many years. In some cases with painful and itching small knots. Grind horse dung together with teeth to a pulp and apply this to [the affected region]. No more than a few [applications are required]. When Grand 774 Chong ya 蟲牙, “worm teeth,” identical with qu chi 齲齒, “decayed teeth.” A condition with decaying teeth developing holes, turning black and emitting a bad odor. In severe cases hollow teeth may crack. Also, the decay may enter the gums resulting in swelling, pain and festering. BCGM Dict I, 392. 775 Both Sheng hui fang ch. 34, zhi chi teng zhu fang 治齒疼諸方, “all kinds of recipes to cure toothache,” and Wai tai ch. 22, chi tong fang 齒痛方, “toothache recipes,” have bai ma niao 白馬尿, “urine of a white horse,” instead of bai ma shi zhi 白馬屎汁, “juice obtained from the dung of a white horse.” 776 This recipe is not recorded in the Sheng hui fang. It may be found in Pu ji fang ch. 56, bi weng 鼻齆, “stuffed nose.” 777 This recipe is not recorded in the Sheng hui fang. It may be found in Pu ji fang ch. 273, zhu ding chuang, “all pin-illness sores.” The substance recommended there is lü ma shi 驢 馬屎,“donkey and horse dung”。 778 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129.

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Councilor Wu was stationed in Shu, his shinbones had sores with an unbearable itch. He resorted to this [therapy] and was cured. Bing bu shou ji. 諸瘡傷水，或傷風寒痛劇。用馬屎燒烟熏，令汁出愈。千金方。 All kinds of sores harmed by water. And those harmed by wind cold with severe pain. Burn horse dung and fumigate [the sores] with the smoke. Once they emit a juice, the cure is achieved. Qian jin fang. 凍指欲墮。馬糞煮水，漬半日，即愈。千金。 A finger with frostbite close to falling off. Boil horse dung in water, and soak [the finger] in it for half a day. This will result in a cure. Qian jin. 積聚脹滿。白馬糞同蒜搗膏，敷患處，效。活人心統。 Accumulation and collection, with bloating and a feeling of fullness. Pound horse dung with garlic and apply it to the location of the suffering. Huo ren xin tong. 一切漏疾。白馬通汁，每服一升，良。千金。 All kinds of leaking illnesses. Each time ingest one sheng of white horse dung juice. Good. Qian jin. 50-06-25 屎中粟。Shi zhong mi. Millet grains in [horse] dung. 【主治】金創，小兒寒熱客忤不能食。蘇恭。治小兒脇痛。時珍。千金有 馬通粟丸。 Control. Wounds resulting from metal [objects/weapons]. Alternating sensations of cold and heat of children visited by the hostile and unable to eat. Su Gong. They serve to cure children with pain in the flanks. [Li] Shizhen. The Qian jin lists “pills with millet grains in horse dung.”

【附方】舊一。 Added recipes: One of old. 剥馬中毒，被骨刺破欲死。以馬腸中粟屎搗敷，以尿洗之，大效。絞汁飲 之亦可。外臺。 Poisoned while skinning a horse. Stung by a bone with an open wound bringing one close to death. Pound the millet grain dung from within the intestines of a horse, and apply this [to the wound]. Then wash it with urine. Very effective. To squeeze [the dung] and drink the juice, this works, too. Wai tai.

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50-06-26 白馬頭蛆。Bai ma tou qu. Maggots on the head of a white horse. 見蟲部。 See the section “worms/bugs.” 50-06-27 馬絆繩。Ma ban sheng. A rope tied to make [enemy] horses stumble. 【主治】煎水，洗小兒癇。蘇恭。燒灰，摻鼻中生瘡。時珍。 Control. Boiled in water it is used to wash children with epilepsy. Su Gong. Burned to ashes it is applied to sores growing inside one’s nose. [Li] Shizhen. 50-06-28 東行馬蹄下土。Dong xing ma ti xia tu. Soil from underneath the hooves of horses going eastward. 【弘景曰】作方術，可知女人外情。【時珍曰】淮南萬畢術云：東行白馬 蹄下土，合三家井中泥，置人臍下，即卧不能起也。 [Tao] Hongjing: With the techniques of the recipe [experts] it can be used to let one know whether a wife has an extra-marital love affair. [Li] Shizhen: The Huai nan wan bi shu states: “When the soil from underneath the hooves of a white horse going eastward and the mud from the wells of three households are placed below a person’s navel, that person will lie down and he will not be able to get up again.” 50-07 驢唐本草 Lü. FE Tang ben cao. Donkey. Equus asinus L. ［釋名］〔時珍曰〕驢，臚也。臚，腹前也。馬力在膊，驢力在臚也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Lü 驢 is lu 臚. Lu 臚 is the front side of the abdomen. The strength of a horse lies in its shoulders, bo 膊. The strength of a lü 驢, “donkey,“ lies in the lu 臚, “front side of the abdomen.“ 【集解】【時珍曰】驢，長頰廣額，磔耳修尾，夜鳴應更，性善馱負。有 褐、黑、白三色，入藥以黑者爲良。女直、遼東出野驢，似驢而色駁，鬃 尾長，骨格大，食之功與驢同。西土出山驢，有角如羚羊，詳羚羊下。東 海島中出海驢，能入水不濡。又有海馬、海牛、海猪、海獾等物，其皮皆

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供用。【藏器曰】海驢、海馬、海牛皮毛在陸地，皆候風潮則毛起。物性 如此。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Donkeys have long cheeks and a broad forehead, ears that hang down and a long tail. At night, they cry every two hours. By nature they are good at carrying loads. They exist in three colors: brown, black and white. For use as therapeutic drugs, the white ones are good. Wild donkeys come from the regions of the Nü zhi and from Liao dong. They resemble donkeys but are multi-colored. They have a long mane and a long tail, and a big bone structure. Consumed as food they have the same effects as donkeys. The lands in the West produce mountain donkeys. They have horns like antelopes; for details see the [entry on] “antelopes.” The islands in the East Sea produce sea donkeys. They can enter a water without wetting themselves. There are also creatures such as sea horses, sea oxen and sea badgers. The hides of all of them can be used. [Chen] Cangqi: The fur of sea donkeys, sea horses and sea oxen staying on the mainland rises upward in accordance with the tides. Such is the nature of creatures. 50-07-01 肉。Rou. [Donkey] meat. 已下通用烏驢者良。 From here on downward, to use that of black donkeys is good. 【氣味】甘，凉，無毒。【思邈曰】酸，平。【吴瑞曰】食驢肉，飲荆芥 茶，殺人。妊婦食之，難産。同鳧茈食，令人筋急。病死者有毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cool, nonpoisonous. [Sun] Simiao: Sour, balanced. Wu Rui: When one eats donkey meat and at the same time drinks schizonepeta [spike] tea, he will die. When pregnant women eat it, they will have a difficult childbirth. Eaten together with water chestnuts, it will let one’s sinews be tense. [The meat of donkeys] that have died of an illness is poisonous. 【主治】解心煩，止風狂。釀酒，治一切風。日華。主風狂，憂愁不樂， 能安心氣。同五味煮食，或以汁作粥食。孟詵。補血益氣，治遠年勞損， 煮汁空心飲。療痔引蟲。時珍。野驢肉功同。正要。 Control. It resolves heart vexation, and ends wind craziness. Used for brewing wine it serves to cure all kinds of wind. Rihua. It controls wind craziness, worrying and an inability to be joyful. It is able to pacify the heart qi. It is eaten boiled together with the five spices, or consumed as a congee prepared with its juice. Meng Shen. It supplements blood and boosts the qi. To cure exhaustion harm that has lasted for many years, boil it and drink the juice on an empty stomach. It heals piles and

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pulls out worms/bugs. [Li] Shizhen. The effects of the meat of wild donkeys are the same. Zheng yao. 【發明】【宗奭曰】驢肉食之動風，脂肥尤甚，屢試屢驗。日華子以爲止 一切風狂，未可憑也。 Explication. [Kou] Zongshi: The consumption of donkey meat stimulates the movement of wind. This is particularly severe when it is fat. This was tested often, and has proven to have this effect equally often. Rihua zi believes that it ends all kinds of wind craziness. This is unreliable. 50-07-02 頭肉。Tou rou. Meat from the head [of a donkey]. 【主治】煮汁，服二三升，治多年消渴，無不瘥者。又以漬麴醖酒服，去 大風動摇不伏者。孟詵。亦洗頭風風屑。日華。同薑虀煮汁日服，治黄疸 百藥不治者。時珍。〇出張文仲方。 Control. Two to three sheng of the juice obtained by boiling it serve, ingested, to cure melting with thirst779 lasting over many years. There is no case that is not cured. Also ingested after being soaked in warm wine with yeast, it serves to remove unending780 swaying movements because of massive wind.781 Meng Shen. It is also used to wash [the head to cure] head wind and wind scraps. Rihua. To ingest, every day, the juice obtained by boiling [meat from the head of a donkey] with minced ginger serves to cure yellow dan-disease/jaundice782 that has not been cured by a hundred medications before. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Zhang Wenzhong fang.

【附方】舊一。 Added recipes. One of old. 中風頭眩，心肺浮熱，肢軟骨疼，語蹇身顫。用烏驢頭一枚，如食法，豉 汁煮食。心鏡。

779 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 780 Qian jin fang, ch. 26, niao shou 鳥獸, “birds and beasts,” entry lü 驢, “donkey,” has xiu 休, “to rest,” instead of fu 伏, “to hide.” 781 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” may refer to sores caused by a massive intrusion of wind evil and also to conditions of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111. 782 Huang dan 黃癉, yellow dan-illness; jaundice. BCGM Dict I, 225.

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Struck by wind783 with dizzy head. When heart and lung are affected by floating heat, the limbs and cartilage ache, language is slowed and the body trembles. Prepare the head of a black donkey as usual for food, boil it in the juice of fermented soybeans, and [let the patient] eat it. Xin jing. 50-07-03 脂。Zhi. [Donkey] fat. 【主治】敷惡瘡疥癬及風腫。日華。和酒服三升，治狂癲，不能語，不識 人。和烏梅爲丸，治多年瘧，未發時服二十丸。又生脂和生椒搗熟，綿裹 塞耳，治積年聾疾。孟詵。和酒等分服，治卒欬嗽。和鹽塗身體手足風 腫。時珍。出千金。 Control. It is applied to malign sores, jie-illness,784 xuan-illness785 and all kinds of wind swelling. Rihua. Three sheng ingested mixed with wine serve to cure madness and peak-illness,786 when [patients] cannot speak and do not recognize persons. Mixed with smoked plum [meat] and prepared to pills, it serves to cure malaria that has lasted for many years. [Let the patient] ingest 20 such pills prior to an outbreak. Also, when fresh [donkey] fat and fresh Chinese pepper are ground together until done, wrapped in silk and inserted into the ears, this serves to cure deafness illness that has accumulated over the years. Meng Shen. Ingested with an equal amount of wine, it serves to cure sudden cough. Mixed with salt, it is applied to the entire body, hands and feet [to cure] wind swelling. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Qian jin.

【附方】舊一，新一。 Added recipes: One of old. One newly [recorded]. 滴耳治聾。烏驢脂少許，鯽魚膽一箇，生油半兩，和匀，納樓葱管中七 日，取滴耳中，日二。聖惠。 Dropped into the ears to cure deafness. A small amount of fat of a black donkey, one gallbladder of a golden carp, and half a liang of fresh oil are mixed evenly. This 783 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683. 784 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 785 Xuan-illness 癬, skin illness with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591. 786 Kuang dian 狂顛, “madness and peak[-illness],” identical with dian kuang 顛狂, “peak[-illness] and madness.” A mental disturbance. BCGM Dict I, 124, 289.

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is then filled into a bunching onion tube, and to be dropped, for seven days, into the ears. Twice per day. Sheng hui. 眼中瘜肉。驢脂、白鹽等分，和匀，注兩目眦頭，日三次，一月瘥。千金。 Flesh growths in the eyes. Equal amounts of donkey fat and white salt are mixed evenly to be dropped into the canthi of the two eyes. Three times a day. A cure is achieved after one month. Qian jin. 50-07-04 髓。Sui. [Donkey] marrow. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】耳聾。時珍。 Control. Deafness. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新二。 Added recipes: Two newly [recorded]. 多年耳聾。重者用三兩度，初起者一上便效。用驢前脚脛骨打破，向日中 瀝出髓，以瓷盒盛收。每用綿點少許入耳内，側卧候藥行。其髓不可多 用，以白色者爲上，黄色者不堪。 Deafness that has lasted for many years. In severe cases use doses of three liang. In early cases, when [deafness] has just begun, one application will be effective. Break open the shinbone of a front leg of a donkey, and let its marrow flow off in the direction of the sun. Store it in a porcelain vessel. Each time use a silk fabric to drop a small amount into the ear. Then [let the patient] lie down turned to the side and wait for the medication to show its effects. One must not use too much of the marrow. That of white color is best. That of yellow color is not suitable. 又方：驢髓以針砂一合，水二合，浸十日。取清水少許，和髓攪匀，滴少 許入耳中。外以方新磚半箇燒赤，潑醋，鋪磁石末一兩在磚上，枕之至 晚。如此三度，即通。並普濟方。 Another recipe. Soak donkey marrow with one ge of needle scraps and two ge of water for ten days, then add a small amount of clear water and mix it evenly with the marrow. Drop a small amount into the [deaf ] ear. For an external [treatment], heat half a fresh brick until it is red, splash vinegar on it and then spread one liang of magnetite powder on the brick. Then [let the patient use the brick] as a headrest

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well into the night. After this has been done three times, [his ears] will be open again. Both [recipes quoted] from Pu ji fang. 50-07-05 血。Xue. [Donkey] blood. 【時珍曰】熱血，以麻油一盞，和攪去沫，煮熟即成白色。此亦可異，昔 無言及者。 [Li] Shizhen: One bowl of sesame oil is stirred together with hot [donkey] blood, and the foam is discarded. Then boil this until done, that is, once it has assumed a white color. This may be considered strange, and it has not been mentioned in ancient times. 【氣味】鹹，凉，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, cool, nonpoisonous. 【主治】利大小腸，潤燥結，下熱氣。時珍。 Control. It opens the passage through the large and small intestines, moistens dryness nodes, and serves to discharge heat qi. [Li] Shizhen. 50-07-06 乳。Ru. [Donkey] milk. 【氣味】甘，冷利，無毒。【思邈曰】酸，寒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold and freeing the flow [of urination/defecation], nonpoisonous. [Sun] Simiao: Sour, cold. 【主治】小兒熱急黄。多服使利。唐本。療大熱，止消渴。孫思邈。小兒 熱，急驚邪赤痢。蕭炳。小兒癇疾客忤，天弔風疾。日華。卒心痛連腰臍 者，熱服三升。孟詵。蜘蛛咬瘡，器盛浸之。蚰蜒及飛蟲入耳，滴之當化 成水。藏器。頻熱飲之，治氣鬱，解小兒熱毒，不生痘疹。浸黄連取汁， 點風熱赤眼。時珍。出千金諸方。 Control. Heat, tension, and jaundice of children. Eaten in large amounts, it stimulates free flow. Tang ben. It heals severe heat, and ends melting with thirst.787 Sun Simiao. Heat of children. Acute fright evil788 and red free-flux disease. Xiao Bing.

787 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 788 Jing xie 驚邪, “fright evil.” A condition caused be being frightened. BCGM Dict I, 268.

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Epilepsy illness of children, visited by the hostile789, and hauled-by-heaven790 wind illness. Rihua. For sudden pain in the heart connecting with the lower back and the navel, [let the patient] ingest three sheng hot [donkey milk]. [Chen] Cangqi. To frequently drink hot [donkey milk] serves to cure pent-up qi, resolves heat qi poison in children and prevents the development of smallpox papules. Soak coptis [rhizome] [in donkey milk] and drip this into red eyes affected by wind heat. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the recipes of the Qian jin.

【附方】舊一，新三。 Added recipes: One of old. Three newly [recorded]. 心熱氣癇。黑驢乳，暖服三合，日再服。廣利方。 Heart heat and wind epilepsy. Three ge of the milk of a black donkey are ingested warm. Ingest twice a day. Guang li fang. 小兒口噤。驢乳、猪乳各二升，煎一升五合服。千金。 Clenched jaw of children. Two sheng each of donkey milk and pig milk are boiled down to one sheng and five ge to be ingested [by the child]. Qian jin. 重舌出涎。方同上。 Doubled tongue791 with an emission of saliva. Recipe identical with the one above. 撮口胎風。先炙兩乳中三壯，後用此方大驗。用烏驢乳一合，以東引槐枝 三寸長十根，火煨，一頭出津，拭净，浸乳中。取乳滴口中甚妙。聖惠方。 Pursed mouth and fetal wind. First apply three moxa cauterizations between the two breasts. Then apply the following recipe, and it will be very effective. One ge of a black donkey’s milk and ten sophora japonica tree twigs of three cun length that have grown toward the East are heated over a fire until a liquid comes out of one end. This is wiped off and [the twigs] are soaked in milk. The milk is then dripped into the [child’s] mouth. Very wondrous. Sheng hui fang.

789 Ke wu 客忤, “visitor‘s hostility.“ A sudden twisting pain, encountered outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen thought to result from the hostile acts of demons “visiting“ the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282. 790 Xiao er tian diao 小兒天弔, “children hauled-by-heaven,” BCGM Dict I, 566, identical with tian diao jing feng 天弔驚風, “hauled-by-heaven fright wind,” with the patient’s eyes turned upward as if “hauled by heaven,” BCGM Dict I, 502. 791 Chong she 重舌, “doubled tongue.” A growth under the tongue, mostly in children, similar to a second tongue. BCGM Dict I, 92.

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50-07-07 陰莖。Yin jing. [Donkey] yin stalk; penis. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】强陰壯筋。時珍。 Control. It stiffens the yin [member (i.e., penis)], and envigorates [its] sinew. [Li] Shizhen. 50-07-08 駒衣。Ju yi. [Donkey] placenta. 【主治】斷酒。煅研，酒服方寸匕。外臺。 Control. It cuts [one’s addiction to] wine. Calcined, ground [to powder] and the amount held by a square cun spoon is to be ingested with wine. Wai tai. 50-07-09 皮。Pi. [Donkey] hide. 【主治】煎膠食之，治一切風毒，骨節痛，呻吟不止。和酒服更良。孟 詵。煎膠食，主鼻洪吐血，腸風血痢，崩中帶下。其生皮覆瘧疾人良。日 華。詳見阿膠。 Control. Eaten boiled to a glue, it serves to cure all kinds of wind poison, bone joint pain, and groaning that do not end. Ingested with wine it is even better. Meng Shen. Eaten boiled to a glue, it controls nose flood and bloodspitting, intestinal wind and bleeding free-flux illness,792 and collapsing center793 below the belt. To cover a person suffering from a malaria illness with a fresh [donkey] hide has good results. Rihua. For details see [the entry on] e jiao (50-14).

【附方】舊一，新一。 Added recipes: One of old. One newly [recorded]. 中風喎僻，骨疼煩躁者。用烏驢皮燖毛，如常治净蒸熟，入豉汁中，和五 味煮食。心鏡。 792 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 793 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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Unilaterally wry mouth following being struck by wind.794 Those with aching bones and vexation with restlessness. Remove with heat the fur from the hide of a black donkey, prepare it as usual, clean it, and steam it until well done. Then give it into the juice of fermented soybeans, add the five spices, boil all this and [let the patient] eat it. Xin jing. 牛皮風癬。生驢皮一塊，以朴硝醃過，燒灰，油調搽之。名一掃光。李樓 奇方。 Ox-hide wind xuan-illness.795 One fresh donkey hide is pickled with mirabilite and burned to ashes. These are mixed with oil and applied to the [affected region]. This is called “one sweep to release the lustre.” Li Lou qi fang. 50-07-10 毛。Mao. [Donkey] fur. 【主治】頭中一切風病，用一斤炒黄，投一斗酒中，漬三日。空心細飲令 醉，暖卧取汗。明日更飲如前。忌陳倉米、麪。孟詵。 Control. All kinds of wind diseases in the head. Roast one jin until it has turned yellow, and soak it in one dou of wine for three days. [Let the patient] drink [the wine] until he is drunk and have him lie down late to make him sweat. The next day he is to continue drinking as on the previous [day]. He is to abstain from long-stored rice and wheat flour. Meng Shen.

【附方】新二。 Added recipes: Two newly [recorded]. 小兒客忤。剪驢膊上旋毛一彈子，以乳汁煎飲。外臺。 Children visited by the hostile.796 Cut a bullet size lump of curled fur from the front leg of a donkey and [have the child] drink it boiled in milk. Wai tai. 794 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis,and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683. 795 Niu pi feng xuan 牛皮風癬, “ox hide wind xuan-illness”, a condition of xuan 癬, “xuan-illness” with a stubborn, thick and hard lesion, reminiscent of an ox’s neck skin. BCGM Dict I, 359. 796 Ke wu 客忤, “visitor‘s hostility.“ A sudden twisting pain, encountered outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen thought to result from the hostile acts of demons “visiting“ the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282.

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襁褓中風。取驢背前交脊中毛一拇指大，入麝香豆許，以乳汁和，銅器中 慢炒，爲末。乳汁和，灌之。千金。 A newborn struck by wind.797Remove a piece, the size of a thumb, of fur from the beginning of a donkey’s spine, add a bean size amount of musk, and mix this with milk. Then slowly roast this in a copper utensil and grind the result to powder. This is mixed with milk and forcefed to the [child]. Qian jin. 50-07-11 骨。Gu. [Donkey] bone. 【主治】煮湯，浴歷節風。孟詵。牝驢骨煮汁服，治多年消渴，極效。時 珍。 Control. A decoction obtained by boiling [donkey bones] is used to bathe [patients with] pervading joints wind.798 Meng Shen. To ingest the juice obtained by boiling the bones of female donkeys serves to cure melting with thirst799 that has lasted for many years. Extremely effective. [Li] Shizhen. 50-07-12 頭骨。Tou gu. [Donkey] skull bone. 【主治】燒灰和油，塗小兒顱解。時珍。 Control. Burned to ashes and mixed with oil, they are applied to the open skull of children. [Li] Shizhen. 50-07-13 懸蹄。Xuan ti. [Donkey] trotters. 【主治】燒灰，敷癰疽，散膿水。和油，敷小兒解顱，以瘥爲度。時珍。

797 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683. 798 Li jie feng 歷節風, “pervading joints wind,” a condition of tong feng 痛風, “pain wind,” characterized by spontaneous sweating, shortness of qi/breath, aching joints, and difficulties in bending and stretching. BCGM Dict I, 314. 799 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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Control. Burned to ashes and applied to obstruction-illness and impediment-illness,800 they disperse pus and water. Mix them with oil and apply this to the open skull of a child until a cure is achieved. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】舊一，新三。 Added recipes: One of old. Three newly [recorded]. 腎風下注，生瘡。用驢蹄二十片燒灰，密陀僧、輕粉各一錢，麝香半錢， 爲末，敷之。奇效方。 Kidney wind flowing downward, resulting in sores. Burn 20 pieces from donkey trotters to ashes, add one qian each of litharge and calomel, as well as one half qian of musk, and grind all this to powder. Apply this to the [affected region]. Qi xiao fang. 天柱毒瘡，生脊大椎上，大如錢，赤色，出水。驢蹄二片，胡粉熬一分， 麝香少許，爲末。醋和塗之。乾則摻之。聖惠。 Celestial pillar poisoning sores.801 They develop above the large vertebra of the spine, have the size of a coin, are of red color and emit water. Two pieces from donkey trotters, one fen of boiled lead carbonate, and a small amount of musk are ground to powder. This is mixed with vinegar to be applied to [the affected region]. Remove it when it has dried. Sheng hui. 飲酒穿腸。飲酒過度，欲至穿腸者。用驢蹄硬處削下，水煮濃汁，冷飲 之。襄州散將樂小蠻，得此方有效。經驗方。 Wine drinking resulting in holes pierced in the intestines. When one has excessively drunk wine and has come close to a state where holes are pierced in the intestines, scrape the hard part from a donkey’s trotters, boil them in water until a thick juice has formed, and [let the patient] drink this cold. Yue Xiaoman, a detached general from Xiang zhou, obtained this recipe, and it was successful. Jing yan fang. 鬼瘧不止。用白驢蹄剉炒、砒霜各二分，大黄四兩，菉豆三分，雄黄一 分，朱砂半分，研，丸梧子大。未發平旦冷水服二丸，即止。七日忌油。 肘後。 800 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 801 Tian zhu du chuang 天柱毒瘡, “celestial pillar poisoning sores,” a condition of chuang 瘡, “sores,” the size of a coin developing at the location of the Great Hammer needle insertion hole (GV-14) in the neck, with yellow liquid seeping incessantly. BCGM Dict I, 504.

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Demonic malaria that does not end. Two fen each of roasted trotters of a white donkey and of arsenic, four liang802 of Chinese rhubarb, three fen of green beans, one fen of realgar, and half a fen of cinnabar are ground to powder and prepared to pills of the size of wu seeds. [Let the patient] prior to an outbreak in the early morning ingest, with cold water, two pills, and [the disease] will end. For seven days he must abstain from oil. Zhou hou. 50-07-14 溺。Ni. [Donkey] urine. 【氣味】辛，寒，有小毒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, cold, slightly poisonous. 【主治】浸蜘蛛咬瘡，良。藏器。治反胃噎病，狂犬咬傷，癬癘惡瘡，並 多飲取瘥。風蟲牙痛，頻含漱之，良。時珍。出千金諸方。 Control. Soak [the region with] sores from the bite of a spider. Good. [Chen] Cangqi. It serves to cure turned over stomach with gullet occlusion, harm caused by bites of mad dogs, as well as xuan-illness803 and epidemic li[-wind] resulting in malign sores. In all these cases, to drink a lot [of donkey urine] will result in a cure. For wind worm teeth804 with pain, repeatedly hold [the urine] in your mouth and rinse the [teeth] with it. Good. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the recipes of the Qian jin. 【發明】【震亨曰】一婦病噎，用四物加驢尿與服，以防其生蟲，數十帖 而愈。【時珍曰】張文仲備急方言：幼年患反胃，每食羹粥諸物，須臾吐 出。貞觀中，許奉御兄弟及柴、蔣諸名醫奉敕調治，竟不能療。漸疲困， 候絶旦夕。忽一衛士云：服驢小便極驗。遂服二合，後食止吐一半。哺時 再服二合，食粥便定。次日奏知，則宫中五六人患反胃者同服，一時俱 瘥。此物稍有毒，服時不可過多。須熱飲之。病深者七日當效。後用屢驗。 Explication. [Zhu] Zhenheng: There was a woman suffering from gullet occlusion. I gave her to ingest the “[decoction with] four items” and added some donkey urine to prevent the development of worms/bugs. After several tens of doses she was cured. [Li] Shizhen: Zhang Wenzhong in his Bei ji fang states: “In my youth, I 802 Zhou hou fang, ch. 3, zhi han re zhu nue fang 治寒熱諸瘧方, “all recipes to cure malaria with alternating sensations of cold and heat,” writes fen 分 instead of liang 兩. 803 Xuan-illness 癬, skin illness with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591. 804 Chong ya 蟲牙, “worm teeth,” identical with qu chi 齲齒, “decayed teeth.” A condition with decaying teeth developing holes, turning black and emitting a bad odor. In severe cases hollow teeth may crack. Also, the decay may enter the gums resulting in swelling, pain and festering. BCGM Dict I, 392.

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suffered from turned over stomach. Whenever I ate a thick soup or congee, after a short while it was all thrown up again. During the zhen guan reign period (627649), Chief Stewart Xu, his brothers, and all the famous physicians called Chai and Jiang, received an imperial order to cure me, but none of them was able to heal [my disease]. Gradually it turned ever more serious, and my death was expected any morning or night. Then all of a sudden a guard stated: ‘To ingest donkey urine is most effective.’ Hence [I] was given two ge to ingest. The next time I ate, I vomited only one half. Then I was fed again with two ge, and when I ate a congee, my condition remained all stable. The next day, a memorial was presented to the emperor, and five or six persons in the palace who suffered from turned over stomach were all given [donkey urine] to ingest. They were all cured at the same time. This item is slightly poisonous, and when ingesting it, it must not be overdone. It is to be drunk hot. Even if the disease is deep-seated, it will be cured within seven days. Later it has been used often with success.”

【附方】新三。 Added recipes: Three newly [recorded]. 狐尿刺瘡。烏驢尿頓熱漬之。千金。 Sores resulting from being pierced by fox urine. Immediately soak the [affected region] in hot urine of a black donkey. Qian jin. 白玷風。驢尿、薑汁等分，和匀頻洗。聖濟録。 White patches wind.805 Equal quantities of donkey urine and ginger juice are mixed evenly to repeatedly wash [the affected region] with this [mixture]. Sheng ji lu.806 耳聾。人中白一分，乾地龍一條，爲末，以烏驢駒尿一合和匀，瓷器盛 之。每滴少許入耳。聖惠。 Deafness. One fen of white sediments of human urine and one dried earthworm are ground to powder. This is evenly mixed with the urine of a black donkey foal807 and stored in a porcelain vessel. For each [treatment], drip a small amount into the ears. Sheng hui.

805 Bai dian feng 白癜風, “white patches wind.” A condition of white skin patches without itching and pain. BCGM Dict I, 46. 806 This recipe is not recorded in the Sheng ji lu. It may be found in Sheng hui fang ch. 24, zhi bai dian feng zu fang 治白癜風諸方, “all recipes to cure white patches wind.” 807 Sheng hui fang, ch. 36, er long zhu fang 耳聾諸方, “all recipes for deafness,” writes xiao lü er niao 小驢兒尿, “urine of small donkey kids.”

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50-07-15 屎。Shi. [Donkey] dung. 【主治】熬之，熨風腫漏瘡。絞汁，主心腹疼痛，諸疰忤。癥瘕，反胃不 止，牙齒痛。治水腫，每服五合良。畫體成字者爲燥水，用牝驢尿；不成 字者爲濕水，用䭸驢尿。唐本。燒灰吹鼻，止衄甚效。和油，塗惡瘡濕 癬。時珍。 Control. Heat it and have it applied as a compress on wind swelling with leaking sores. The juice obtained by squeezing it controls pain in the heart and abdominal region, as well as all kinds of attachment-illness808 resulting from the hostile. Concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness.809 Unending turned over stomach. Toothache. To cure water swelling each time ingest five ge. Good. If one draws a character on [the patient’s] body that remains visible, this is a dryness water [swelling], and the urine of female donkeys is to be used. If no character remains visible, this is a moisture water [swelling], and the urine of a stallion [is to be used]. Tang ben.810 Burned to ashes and blown into the nose it very effectively ends nosebleed. Mixed with oil it is applied to malign sores and moist xuan-illness.811

【附方】新四。 Added recipes: Four newly [recorded]. 卒心氣痛。驢屎絞汁五合，熱服即止。肘後方。 Sudden heart qi pain. [Let the patient] ingest, hot, five ge of juice obtained by squeezing donkey dung, and [the pain] will end. Zhou hou fang. 經水不止及血崩。用黑驢屎燒存性，研末，麪糊丸梧子大。每空心黄酒下 五七十丸，神妙。龔雲林醫鑑。 808 Zhu [bing] 疰[病], “attachment-illness [disease],” a condition identical with gui zhu 鬼 疰, “demon attachment-illness.” BCGM Dict I, 535; 689. 809 Zheng jia 癥瘕, “concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness.” The two terms are often used interchangeably and do not signify two distinctly different conditions. Concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness result from a disharmony of cold and warmth resulting in a failure to transform beverages and food. Nodes form when the clash with the qi of the long-term depots. BCGM Dict I, 677. 810 The 42 characters 癥瘕……唐本 following Zheng lei, ch. 18, lü shi 驢屎，”donkey dung,” should refer to the pharmaceutical effects of donkey urine, lü ni 驢溺, rather than to those of donkey dung. Hence in the present passage the character shi 屎 should always be niao 尿. 811 Xuan-illness 癬, skin illness with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591.

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Unending menstrual flow. And also blood collapse.812 Burn the dung of a black donkey by retaining its nature and grind it to powder. This is to be prepared, with wheat flour, to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time wash down, with yellow wine and on an empty stomach, 50 to 70 pills. Divinely wondrous. Gong Yunlin, Yi jian. 疔瘡中風，腫痛。用驢屎炒，熨瘡上五十徧，極效。普濟方。 Pin-illness813 sores struck by wind. With a painful swelling. Roast donkey dung and press it as a hot compress onto the sores, 50 times. Very effective. Pu ji fang. 小兒眉瘡。黑驢屎燒研，油調塗，立效。聖惠方。 Eyebrow sores of children. Burn the dung of a black donkey and grind it to powder, mix it with oil and apply it [to the sores]. Immediately effective. Sheng hui fang. 50-07-16 耳垢。Er gou. [Donkey] earwax. 【主治】刮取塗蠍螫。崔氏。 Control. Scrape [it out of the donkey’s ears] and apply it to the location of scorpion stings. Cui shi. 50-07-17 尾軸垢。Wei zhou gou. Filth from the rod of a [donkey’s] tail. 【主治】新久瘧無定期者。以水洗汁，和麪如彈丸二枚，作燒餅。未發前 食一枚，發時食一枚，效。恭。 Control. Malaria, regardless of whether it is a new or an old case, with irregular [outbreaks]. The juice obtained from washing [the tail] is mixed with flour and prepared to pills the size of a bullet. Two such pills are fried to prepare cakes. [The patient] is to eat one of them prior to an outbreak, and the other one during the outbreak. Effective. [Su] Gong.

812 Xue beng 血崩, blood collapse. Excessive vaginal bleeding, identical with beng zhong 崩 中, collapsing center. BCGM Dict I, 594; 58. 813 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129.

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50-07-18 溺下泥。Ni xia ni. Clay underneath a [donkey] urine [puddle]. 【主治】傅蜘蛛傷。藏器。 Control. It is applied to regions harmed by a spider [bite]. [Chen] Cangqi. 50-07-19 驢槽。Lü cao. Donkey trough. 【主治】小兒拗哭不止，令三姓婦人抱兒卧之，移時即止，勿令人知。藏 器。 Control. Unending obstinate crying of children. Have the women of three different families hold the child and place it into [a donkey trough]. [The crying] will end immediately. Do not let other people become aware of this [treatment]. [Chen] Cangqi. 【發明】【時珍曰】錦囊詩云：繫蟹懸門除鬼疾，畫驢掛壁止兒啼。言關 西人以蟹殼懸之，辟邪瘧；江左人畫倒驢掛之，止夜啼。與驢槽止哭之義 同，皆厭禳法耳。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The Jin nang shi states: “Fasten a crab and hang it on the door to ward off demonic illness. Draw a [picture of a] donkey and hang it on the wall to end the crying of children.” It is said that the people of Guan xi hang a crab shell [on the door] to repudiate evil malaria. And the people of Jiang zuo draw a donkey upside down and hang [the drawing on the wall] to end the crying [of a child] during the night. This is identical with the idea of ending a [child’s] crying by placing it in a donkey trough. All these are exorcistic methods to escape misfortune. 50-08 騾食鑒 Luo. FE Shi jian. Mule. 【釋名】【時珍曰】騾古文作驘。從馬，從𦝠，諧聲。 Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen: The character luo 騾 in ancient texts was written luo 驘, a pictophonic character consisting of ma 馬 and luo 【嬴-女】. 【集解】【時珍曰】騾大于驢而健于馬，其力在腰。其後有鎖骨不能開， 故不孳乳。其類有五：牡驢交馬而生者，騾也；牡馬交驢而生者，爲駃 騠，音决題；牡驢交牛而生者，爲馲𩢷，音宅陌；牡牛交驢而生者，爲䮰

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𩦺，音謫蒙；牡牛交馬而生者，爲駏驉。今俗通呼爲騾矣。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Mules are bigger than donkeys and stronger than horses. Their strength lies in their lower back. At their back they have a bone lock that does not open. Hence they cannot have offspring. They are of five kinds. Those born from a male donkey mating with a horse. They are the luo 騾. Those born from a male horse mating with a donkey. They are the jue ti 駃騠, read jue ti 决題. Those born from a male donkey mating with a cow. They are the zhai mo 馲 𩢷, read zhai mo 宅陌. Those born from an ox mating with a female donkey. They are the zhe meng 䮰𩦺, read zhe meng 謫蒙. And there are those born from the mating of an ox with a horse. They are the ju xu 駏驉. Nowadays, they are all alike commonly called luo 騾, “mules.” 50-08-01 肉。Rou. [Mule] meat. 【氣味】辛、苦，温，有小毒。【寧原曰】騾性頑劣，肉不益人，孕婦食 之難産。【時珍曰】古方未見用騾者，近時小籍時有其方云。按吕氏春秋 云：趙簡子有白騾甚愛之。其臣陽城 胥渠有疾。醫云：得白騾肝則生，不 得則死。簡子聞之，曰：殺畜活人，不亦仁乎？乃殺騾取肝與之。胥渠病 愈。此亦剪鬚以救功臣之意，書之于此，以備醫案。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, bitter, warm, slightly poisonous. Ning Yuan: Mules are by nature stubborn. Their meat is not good for humans. When a pregnant woman eats it, she will have a difficult delivery. [Li] Shizhen: In ancient recipes mules do not appear. Nowadays, they are occasionally included in the recipes of minor literature. According to the Lü shi chun qiu, “Zhao Jianzi had a white mule that he loved very much. When his official Yangcheng Xuqu had an illness, a physician said that he could survive if he was given the liver of a white mule, and that he would die if not. When [Zhao] Jianzi heard of this, he said: ‘To kill a domestic animal to save the life of a person, is not this applied humanity, too?’ Hence he had the mule killed and gave its liver to him. The disease of Xuqu was cured as a result.” This is similar to [the ancient case] where [a sovereign] cut off his hair to rescue an official who had rendered outstanding service. It is recorded here to prepare physicians for future such cases. 50-08-02 蹄。Ti. [Mule] trotter. 【主治】難産。燒灰，入麝香少許，酒服一錢。普濟方。

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Control. Difficult birth. Burn them to ashes, add a little musk, and [let the patient] ingest, with wine, one qian. Pu ji fang. 50-08-03 屎。Shi. [Mule] dung. 【主治】打損諸瘡，破傷中風，腫痛，炒焦裹熨之，冷即易。時珍。 Control. Injuries resulting from being hit and all kinds of [related] sores, open wounds struck by wind,814 swelling and pain. Roast it until scorched, wrap it and apply it as a hot compress to the [affected region]. When it has cooled down, exchange it [for a hot compress again]. [Li] Shizhen. 50-09 駝 宋開寶 Tuo. FE Song, Kai bao. Camel. Camelus bactrianus ferus Przewalski. 【釋名】橐駝漢書、駱駝。【時珍曰】駝能負囊橐，故名。方音訛爲駱駝 也。 Explanation of Names. Tuo tuo 橐駝, Han shu. Luo tuo 駱駝. [Li] Shizhen: Camels, tuo 駝, can carry bags, nang tuo 囊橐. Hence their name. In local pronunciation this is distorted to luo tuo 駱駝. 【集解】【馬志曰】野駝、家駝生塞北、河西。其脂在兩峰内，入藥俱 可。【頌曰】野駝，今惟西北番界有之。家駝，則此中人家蓄養生息者， 入藥不及野駝。【時珍曰】駝狀如馬，其頭似羊，長項垂耳，脚有三節， 背有兩肉峰如鞍形，有蒼、褐、黄、紫數色，其聲曰𡇼，其食亦齝。其性 耐寒惡熱，故夏至退毛至盡，毛可爲毼。其糞烟亦直上如狼烟。其力能負 重，可至千斤，日行二三百里。又能知泉源水脉風候。凡伏流人所不知， 駝以足踏處即得之。流沙夏多熱風，行旅遇之即死，風將至駝必聚鳴，埋 口鼻于沙中，人以爲驗也。其卧而腹不著地，屈足露明者名明駝，最能行 遠。于闐有風脚駝，其疾如風，日行千里。土番有獨峰駝。西域傳云：大 月氏出一封駝，脊上有一封隆起若封土，故俗呼爲封牛，亦曰𤛑牛。穆天 子傳謂之牥牛，爾雅謂之犦牛，嶺南 徐聞縣及海康皆出之。南史云：滑國 有兩脚駝，諸家所未聞也。 Collected Explanations. Ma Zhi: Wild camels and domesticated camels come from Sai bei and He xi. Their fat is stored in their two humps. [Fat from] both can be 814 Po shang zhong feng 破傷中風, “open wounds struck by wind.” A condition of lockjaw, arched back rigidity, and convulsions. BCGM Dict I, 379.

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used as medication. [Su] Song: Nowadays, wild camels exist only in the foreign lands in the North-West. Domesticated camels are bred and raised by the people living in these regions. They are not as suited for medicinal use as wild camels. [Li] Shizhen: The physical appearance of camels is like that of horses. Their head resembles that of goats/sheep. They have a long neck and hanging ears. Their legs have three joints. On their back they have two meat humps formed like a saddle. There are those of grey, brown, yellow and purple color. Their cries sound like jie and they ruminate their food. By nature they can stand cold and dislike heat. Hence when summer comes they shed off all their fur. The fur can be used to produce shag wool. The smoke from [burning] their dung rises straight upward like that of [burned] wolf [dung]. They are strong enough to carry heavy loads up to 1000 pounds, and they move 200 to 300 li per day. Also, they can sense water wells and water veins and weather. Whenever there is an underground, hidden stream that humans are not aware of, camels point their trotters at the respective location and let the humans find them. In summer, there are sandstorms and hot winds. When travelling [humans] are exposed to them, they may die. When such winds are about to come up, the camels will flock together and cry. And they bury their nose and mouth in the sand. The people consider this as reliable. Those [camels] that lie down without their belly touching the ground, and with their feet bent and exposed to the light, they are called ming tuo 明駝, “shining camels.” They are able to move very long distances. In Yu tian there are “wind leg camels.” They are as fast as the wind. They move 1000 li per day. In Tu bo there are the “single hump camels.” The Xi yu zhuan states: “In Da rou zhi exist single hump camels. On their back they have one hump that emerges majestically like a heap of soil, feng tu 封土. Hence they are commonly called feng niu 封牛, “heap oxen.” They are also called yong niu 𤛑牛.” The Mu tian zi zhuan calls them fang niu 牥牛. The Er ya calls them bao niu 犦牛. They come from everywhere in Xu wen county and Hai kang in the Ling nan region. The Nan shi states: “In Hua guo there are camels with two legs.” No expert ever has heard of them. 50-09-01 駝脂。Tuo zhi. Camel fat. 即駝峰。脂在峰内，謂之峰子油，入藥以野駝者爲良。【宗奭曰】家駝 峰、蹄最精，人多煮熟糟食。 This is the camel hump. The fat is in the hump, and it is called “hump oil.” For use as a medication, that of wild camels is good. [Kou] Zongshi: The humps and trotters of

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domesticated camels are extremely fine. The people often boil them until well done and eat them with the grains used for distilling. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【鑑源曰】能柔五金。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. Jing yuan: It can soften the five metals.815 【主治】頑痺風瘙，惡瘡毒腫死肌，筋皮攣縮，踠損筋骨。火炙摩之，取 熱氣透肉。亦和米粉作煎餅食之，療痔。開寶。治一切風疾，皮膚痺急， 及惡瘡腫毒漏爛，並和藥傅之。大明。主虚勞風有冷積者，以燒酒調服 之。正要。 Control. Stubborn blockage and wind itch. Malign sores poison swelling with dead muscles. Contracted sinews and skin. Fracture injuries of sinews and bones. Rubbed roasted by fire on the [affected regions] it removes fire qi penetrating the flesh. Also, mixed with rice flour and consumed as steam cakes it serves to cure piles. Kai bao. To cure all kinds of wind illness, numbness and stiffness of the skin, as well as malign sores poison swelling that is leaking and festering, apply [camel fat] mixed with [an appropriate] medication. Da Ming. To control depletion exhaustion wind with cold accumulations [let the patient] ingest it mixed with brandy. Zheng yao.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 周痺。野駝脂鍊浄一斤，入好酥四兩，和匀。每服半匙，加至一匙，日三 服。聖濟總録。 Circling blockage. Give one jin refined and cleared fat of a wild camel into four liang of good butter, and mix this evenly. Each time ingest half a spoon, and increase the amount to one full spoon. Ingest three times a day. Sheng ji zong lu. 50-09-02 肉。Rou. [Camel] meat. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】諸風下氣，壯筋骨，潤肌膚，主惡瘡。大明。 Control. All kinds of wind associated with a discharge of qi. It strengthens sinews and bones, moistens muscles and skin, and controls malign sores. Da Ming. 815 The five metals are commonly identified as gold, silver, copper, lead and iron, or gold, silver, copper, iron and tin. The term is also used to refer to all metals in general.

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50-09-03 乳。Ru. [Camel] milk. 【氣味】甘，冷，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】補中益氣，壯筋骨，令人不飢。正要。 Control. It supplements the center and boosts the qi. It strengthens sinews and bones. It lets one not become hungry. Zheng yao. 50-09-04 黃。Huang. [Camel] bezoar. 【氣味】苦，平，微毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, balanced, slightly poisonous. 【主治】風熱驚疾。時珍。 Control. Wind heat fright illness. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】駱駝黄，似牛黄而不香。戎人以亂牛黄，而功不及之。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Camel bezoar is similar to cow bezoar, but has no aroma. The Rong people substitute it viciously for cow bezoar, but the [pharmaceutical] effects are not as good. 50-09-05 毛。Mao. [Camel] wool. 【主治】婦人赤白帶下，最良。蘇恭。頷毛療痔，燒灰，酒服方寸匕。時 珍。出崔行功纂要。 Control. Red and white discharge from below the belt of women. Very good. Su Gong. The wool from the cheeks cures piles. It is burned to ashes, and the amount held by a square cun spoon is ingested with wine. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Cui Xinggong, Zuan yao.

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【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 陰上疳瘡。駝絨燒灰，水澄過，入炒黄丹等分，爲末，搽之即效。龔氏經 驗方。 Gan-illness816 sores on the yin[-member, i.e., penis]. Burn camel wool to ashes, wash them with water, add an equal amount of roasted minium, and grind this to powder. Apply this to [the affected region] and an effect is achieved. Gong shi jing yan fang. 50-09-06 屎。Shi. [Camel] dung. 【主治】乾研㗜鼻，止衄。寇宗奭。燒烟，殺蚊虱。博物志。 Control. Dry it, grind it to powder and inhale this into the nose. This will end nosebleed. Kou Zongshi. The smoke resulting from burning it kills mosquitoes and lice. Bo wu zhi. 50-10 酪 音洛。唐本草 Luo. read luo , FE Tang ben cao. Yogurt. 【釋名】潼音董。 Explanation of Names. Dong 潼, “muddy,”817 read dong 棟. 【集解】【恭曰】牛、羊、水牛、馬乳，並可作酪。水牛乳作者，濃厚味 勝。𤚩牛、馬乳作酪性冷。驢乳尤冷，不堪作酪也。【藏器曰】酪有乾、 濕，乾酪更强。【時珍曰】酪潼，北人多造之。水牛、𤚩牛、犛牛、羊、 馬、駝之乳，皆可作之。入藥以牛酪爲勝，蓋牛乳亦多爾。按飲膳正要 云：造法用乳半杓，鍋内炒過，入餘乳熬數十沸，常以杓縱横攪之，乃傾 出罐盛。待冷，掠取浮皮以爲酥。入舊酪少許，紙封放之即成矣。又乾酪 法：以酪晒結，掠去浮皮再晒，至皮盡，却入釜中炒少時，器盛、曝令可 作塊，收用。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Gong: The milk of cows, goats/sheep, water buffaloes, and horses can all alike be prepared as yogurt. That prepared from water buffalo 816 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 817 Considering the pronunciation and the implied meaning of tong 潼, this should be dong 湩, “muddy,” “milk.” The same applies below.

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milk is thick and has a superior flavor. Yogurt prepared from the milk of qin cows and horses is by nature cold. Donkey milk is particularly cold; it does not lend itself to be prepared as yogurt. [Chen] Cangqi: Yogurt may be dry and moist. Dry yogurt is the stronger one. [Li] Shizhen: Yogurt is often produced by the people in the North. It can be prepared from the milk of water buffaloes, qin cows, yaks, goats/ sheep, horses and camels alike. For use as a medication, cow yogurt is superior. The reason is, there is plenty of cow milk. According to the Yin shang zheng yao,818 “the method to prepare it is as follows. Give half a ladle of milk into a pot and heat it. Then add more milk and boil it to bubbling several times, always stirring it with a ladle. Then pour the milk into a jar, wait until it has cooled down and skim off the skin from the surface, which is butter. Then add a little older yogurt, seal [the jar] with paper, and store it. After a while, [the yogurt] will have formed. Also, there is a method to prepare dry yogurt. Let yogurt dry in the sun and congeal. Remove the skin from the surface and expose it to the sun again. [Continue this] until all the skin has been removed. Then fry it in a pot for a short while and fill it into a vessel. By exposing it to the sun, it can be formed into chunks. They are to be stored for later use.” 【氣味】甘、酸，寒，無毒。【時珍曰】水牛、馬、駝之酪冷，𤚩牛、羊 乳酪温。【詵曰】患冷、患痢人勿食羊乳酪，合酢食，成上瘕。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, sour, cold, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: [The nature of ] yogurt prepared from [the milk of ] water buffaloes, horses and camels is cold. The [nature of ] yogurt prepared from [the milk of ] qin cows and goats/sheep is warm. [Meng] Shen: Persons suffering from cold, and those suffering from free-flux illness819 must not consume goat/sheep milk yogurt. When it is eaten together with vinegar, it will cause upper conglomeration-illness. 【主治】熱毒，止渴，解散發利，除胸中虚熱，身面上熱瘡、肌瘡。唐 本。止煩渴熱悶，心膈熱痛。日華。潤燥利腸，摩腫，生精血，補虚損， 壯顔色。時珍。 Control. Heat poison. It ends thirst. It resolves, disperses, opens up and frees a flow. It removes from within the chest depletion heat, as well as heat sores and muscle sores on the body and the face. Tang ben. It ends melting with thirst,820 heat and heart-pressure, as well as heat and pain in the heart and diaphragm region. Rihua. 818 This method of preparing yogurt is not recorded in the Yin shang zheng yao. It is recorded in the Shen yin shu, final chapter. 819 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 820 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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It moistens dryness and frees the passage through the intestines. It is rubbed on a swelling. It generates essence and blood. It supplements depletion injuries, and strengthens one’s complexion. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】按戴原禮云：乳酪，血液之屬，血燥所宜也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to Dai Yuanli, “yogurt prepared from milk is of one category with blood liquid, and is suitable for [treating cases of ] blood dryness.”

【附方】舊三。 Added recipes: Three of old. 火丹癮𤺋。以酪和鹽煮熱，摩之即消。千金翼。 Fire cinnabar821 and dormant papules. Mix yogurt with salt and heat it until it is hot. Rub this [on the affected region], and [the swelling] will dissolve. Qian jin yi. 蚰蜒入耳。華佗方：用牛酪灌入即出。若入腹，則飲二升，即化爲黄水。 廣利方。 A common house centipede has entered an ear. Recipe of Hua Tuo. Pour cow yogurt into [the affected ear] and [the centipede] will come out. If it has entered the stomach, then drink two sheng and it will transform to yellow water. Guang li fang. 馬出黑汗：水化乾酪灌之。藏器。 Black sweat emitted by a horse. Transform dry yogurt with water into a liquid and feed this to [the horse]. [Chen] Cangqi. 50-11 酥别錄上品 Su. FE Bie lu, upper rank. Butter. 【釋名】酥油北虜名馬思哥油。 Explanation of Names. Su you 酥油, “butter oil.” The Northern Slaves call it masigeyou 馬思哥油, “masige” oil.” 【集解】【弘景曰】酥出外國，亦從益州來。本牛羊乳所作也。【恭 曰】酥乃酪作，其性與酪異。然牛酥勝羊酥，其犛牛酥復勝家牛也。【思 邈曰】沙牛、犛牛乳者爲上，白羊者次之。【詵曰】水牛酥與羊酥同功。 821 Huo dan 火丹, “fire cinnabar,” a condition of cinnabar-red poison displaying a color like fire that rushes through the skin, spreading with great speed. BCGM Dict I, 232.

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其羊酥勝牛酥。【汪機曰】牛乳冷，羊乳温。牛酥不離寒，病之兼熱者宜 之；羊酥不離温，病之兼寒者宜之。各有所長也。犛酥雖勝，然而難得。 【時珍曰】酥乃酪之浮面所成，今人多以白羊脂雜之，不可不辨。按臞仙 神隱云：造法以牛乳入鍋煎二三沸，傾入盆内冷定，待面結皮，取皮再 煎，油出去渣，入在鍋内，即成酥油。一法：以桶盛牛乳，以木棍安板， 搗半日，候沫出，撇取，煎，去焦皮，即成酥也。凡入藥，以微火溶化濾 浄用之良。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: Butter has originated in foreign countries. In addition, it comes from Yi zhou. It is made from the milk of cows and goats/ sheep. [Su] Gong: Butter is made from yogurt, but its nature differs from that of yogurt. The sour quality of cow butter is superior to that of goat/sheep butter, and yak butter is superior to that of domestic cows. [Sun] Simiao: That made from the milk of cows and yaks is best. That of white goats/sheep comes next. [Meng] Shen: The effects of buffaloe butter and goat/sheep butter are identical. Goat/sheep butter is superior to cow butter. Wang Ji: Cow milk is cold; goat/sheep milk is warm. Cow yogurt is still cold, and it is suitable for patients who are hot. Goat/sheep yogurt is still warm, and it is suitable for patients who are simultaneously suffering from cold. Each has its advantages. Yak yogurt may be superior, but it is difficult to obtain. [Li] Shizhen: Butter forms on the surface of yogurt. Nowadays, the people often mix it with the fat of white goats/sheep. This must be carefully distinguished. According to the Qu xian shen yin, the method to prepare [butter] is as follows. Give milk into a pot and boil it two, three times to bubbling. Then pour it into a jar and wait until is has cooled down, and a skin has formed on its surface. Remove the skin and heat it again. When an oil appears remove the dregs and give it into a pot, where it eventually becomes butter oil. Another method: Keep cow milk in a wooden bucket and pound it with a wooden pestle for half a day. When foam appears, skim it off and boil it. Remove the scorched skin and butter is generated. Whenever it is to be used in a medication, melt it over a mild fire, filter it and then use the clean [butter]. Good. 50-11-01 㸺牛。Sha niu, 白羊酥。bai yang su. Sand cow and white goat/sheep butter. 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】補五臟，利大小腸，治口瘡。别録。除胸中客熱，益心肺。思 邈。除心熱肺痿，止渴止嗽，止吐血，潤毛髮。日華。益虚勞，潤臟腑， 澤肌膚，和血脉，止急痛。治諸瘡。温酒化服，良。時珍。

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Control. It supplements the five long-term depots, frees the passage through the large and small intestines, and serves to cure oral sores. Bie lu. It removes from the chest visiting heat, and boosts heart and lung. [Sun] Simiao. It removes heart heat and lung dysfunction. It ends thirst and it ends cough. It ends blood spitting, and gives lustre to one’s hair on the body and on the head. Rihua. It boosts depletion exhaustion, and moistens the long-term depots and short-term repositories. It moistens muscles and skin, harmonizes the blood vessels, and ends acute pain. It serves to cure all kinds of sores. To be ingested solved in water. Good. [Li] Shizhen. 50-11-02 犛牛酥。Li niu su. Yak butter. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】去諸風濕痺，除熱，利大便，去宿食。思邈。合諸膏，摩風腫踠 跌血瘀。藏器。 Control. It removes all kinds of wind and moisture blockages, removes heat, frees the flow of fecal matter, and removes food remaining in the body overnight. [Sun] Simiao. Mixed with all kinds of pastes, it is rubbed on wind swelling and blood stagnation following a brawl or a fall. [Chen] Cangqi. 【發明】【時珍曰】酥本乳液，潤燥調營，與血同功。按生生編云：酥能 除腹内塵垢，又追毒氣發出毛孔間也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Butter is basically milk liquid. It moistens dryness and regulates the camp [qi]. It has the same effects as blood. According to the Sheng sheng bian, “butter is able to remove from within the abdomen dust and dirt. Also, it drives away poison qi and emits them through the hair pores.” 【附方】舊二，新一。 Added recipes: Two of old. One newly [recorded]. 蜂螫。用酥塗之，妙。聖惠。 Bee stings. Apply butter to them. Wondrous. Sheng hui. 蟲咬。以酥和盐塗之。聖惠方。 Worm/bug bites. Apply butter mixed with salt to them. Sheng hui fang. 眯目。以酥少許，隨左右納鼻中。垂頭少頃，令流入目中，物與涙同出 也。聖濟總録。

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When foreign objects have entered the eyes. A small amount of butter is inserted into the nose, depending on [which side the eye is affected] into the left or right [nostril]. Then [let the patient lie down] with his head bent822 backward for a short while so that [the butter] flows into the eyes. The foreign object will come out together with tears. Sheng ji zong lu. 50-12 醍醐唐本草 Ti hu. FE Tang ben cao. Fine cream. ［集解］〔弘景曰〕佛書稱乳成酪，酪成酥，酥成醍醐。色黃白作餅，甚 甘肥，是也。〔恭曰〕醍醐出酥中，乃酥之精液也。好酥一石，有三四升 醍醐。熟抨煉，貯器中待凝，穿中至底便津出，取之。陶言黃白作餅，乃 未達之言也。〔韓保昇曰〕在酥中，盛冬不凝、盛夏不融者，是也。〔宗 奭曰〕作酪時，上一重凝者爲酥，酥上如油者爲醍醐。熬之即出，不可多 得，極甘美，用處亦少。〔斅曰〕醍醐乃酪之漿。凡用以重綿濾過，銅器 煎三兩沸用。〔藏器曰〕此物性滑，物盛皆透；惟鷄子殼及壺盧盛之，乃 不出也。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: Buddhist scriptures say that milk is made to yogurt, yogurt is made to butter, and butter is made to fine cream. Its color is yellow-white, and it is used to make cakes. It is very sweet and fat. That is correct. [Su] Gong: Fine cream originates out of butter; it is the essence liquid of butter. One shi of good butter will yield three to four sheng of fine cream. Process it by whipping and refining it with heat. Then store it in a container and wait until it has congealed. When it has [congealed] down to the bottom, [the fine cream] will leave as a liquid. This is to be removed. When Tao [Hongjing] said that “it is yellow-white and used to make cakes,” his words were not based on an understanding. Han Baosheng: This is the stuff in butter that does not congeal all winter long, and that does not melt all summer long. [Kou] Zongshi: When one prepares yogurt, the layer that congeals on top of it, that is butter. That which is like oil on the surface of butter, that is fine cream. It comes out when [butter] is heated. But the amounts are limited. It is very sweet and delicious, and its uses are few. [Lei] Xiao: Fine cream is the thick juice of yogurt. To make [medicinal] use of it, it is to be filtered through some thick fabric and it is to be boiled in a copper vessel two or three times to bubbling. [Chen] Cangqi: The nature of this item is very smooth. It leaks out of all items. Only when it is stored in eggshells and bottle gourds it will not come out. 822 ´Sheng ji zong lu, ch. 113, mi mu 眯目, “dust in the eyes,” adds the character wo 臥, “to lie down.”

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【氣味】甘，冷利，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold and freeing the flow [of urination/defecation], nonpoisonous. 【主治】風邪痺氣，通潤骨髓，可爲摩藥，功優於酥。唐本。添精補髓， 益中填骨。久服延年，百鍊彌佳。孫思邈。主驚悸，心熱頭疼，明目，傅 腦頂心。日華。治月蝕瘡，潤養瘡痂最宜。宗奭。 Control. Blocked qi resulting from wind evil. It penetrates and moistens bones and marrow. It can be used as a medication for massage. Its effects surpass those of butter. Tang ben. It adds to one’s essence and supplements the marrow. It boosts the center and fills the bones. Ingested over an extended period of time, it extends one’s years of life. Refined a hundred times it is particularly valuable. Sun Simiao. It controls fright palpitation, heart heat and headache, clears the eyes. To be applied in the center on top of the head. Rihua. It serves to cure lunar eclipse sores,823 and is very appropriate to moisten itching sores with crusts. [Kou] Zongshi. 【發明】【機曰】酥、酪、醍醐，大抵性皆潤滑，宜於血熱枯燥之人，其 功亦不甚相遠也。 Explication. [Wang] Ji: Generally speaking, the nature of butter, yogurt and fine cream is moist and soft. They are appropriate for persons withered and dried because of blood heat. Their effects do not differ significantly.

【附方】舊三，新二。 Added recipes. Three of old. Two newly [recorded]. 風虚濕痺。醍醐二兩，温酒每服一匙，效。心鏡。 Wind depletion with blockage resulting from moisture. Two liang of fine cream with warm wine. Each time ingest one spoon. Effective. Xin jing. 中風煩熱，皮膚瘙痒。醍醐四兩，每服半匙，温酒和服，日一。 Struck by wind824 with vexation and heat. When the skin itches. Four liang of fine cream. Each time ingest half a spoon. To be ingested mixed with warm wine. Once per day. 823 Yue shi 月蝕, “lunar eclipse,” a condition of chuang 瘡，”sores” developing on the ears, nose, face, and to the side of the orifices in the anal and genital region. BCGM Dict I, 65. 824 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis,and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683.

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一切肺病，咳嗽膿血不止。用好酥五十斤，煉三遍，當出醍醐。每服一 合，日三服，以瘥爲度，神效。外臺。 All lung diseases. With pus and blood coughed up incessantly. Fifty jin of good butter are refined with heat three times. This will let fine cream emerge. Each time ingest one ge. To be ingested three times a day until a cure is achieved. Divinely effective. Wai tai. 鼻中涕血。以三鍊酥中精液灌鼻中。日三夜一，良。外臺。 Snivel with blood in the nose. Pour the essence liquid obtained from within butter by refining it with heat three times into the nose. Three times during daytime; once during the night. Good. Wai tai. 小兒鼻塞不通，不能食乳。劉氏用醍醐二合，木香、零陵香各四分，湯煎 成膏。塗頭上，并塞鼻中。外臺。 Stuffed nose of children. When it is blocked, and [the child] cannot consume milk. Liu shi: Two ge of fine cream and four fen each of aucklandia [root] and fragrant loosestrife [herb] are boiled in clear water to form a paste. This is applied to the top of the head and is inserted into the nose. Wai tai. 50-13 乳腐 宋嘉祐 Ru fu. FE Song Jia you. Milk curd. 【釋名】乳餅。 Explanation of Names. Ru bing 乳餅, “milk cake.” 【集解】【時珍曰】諸乳皆可造，今惟以牛乳者爲勝爾。按臞仙神隱書 云：造乳餅法，以牛乳一斗，絹濾入釜，煎五沸，水解之。用醋點入，如 豆腐法，漸漸結成，漉出以帛裹之。用石壓成，入鹽甕底收之。又造乳團 法：用酪五升煎滚，入冷漿水半升，必自成塊。未成，更入漿一盞。至 成，以帛包，搦，如乳餅樣收之。又造乳線法：以牛乳盆盛，晒至四邊 清水出，煎熱，以酸嬭漿點成。漉出揉擦數次，扯成塊，又入釜盪之。取 出，捻成薄皮，竹簽捲扯數次，掤定晒乾，以油煠熟食。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: It can be prepared from all kinds of milk. But today, only that from cow milk is considered superior. According to Quxian’s Shen yin shu, the method to prepare milk cakes is as follows. One dou of cow milk is filtered into a pot and boiled to bubbling five times. Then dissolve this in water, and drip some vinegar into it, the same way as bean curd is produced. Gradually it

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will congeal. Then the [water] is filtered off, and the remainder is wrapped with silk fabric. Then it is pressed with a stone to be completed. Add some salt and store it on the bottom of a jar. Also, a method to prepare milk balls. Boil five sheng of yogurt, and add half a sheng of cold fermented water of foxtail millet.825 As a result, lumps will form. If they do not form, add another cup of fermented [water of ] foxtail millet. When [the lumps] have formed, wrap them in silk fabric and handle them the same way as milk cakes. Also, a method to prepare milk threads. Fill cow milk into a basin and expose it to the sun until a clear liquid appears at the four sides. Boil this until it is hot, and drip some yogurt into it. Then filter the liquid off, knead [the remaining substance], and spread it, and repeat this several times. Then pull [the substance] together to form a lump. This is once again given into a pot and heated. Then it is taken out again and twisted to form a thin skin. This is alternatingly rolled around a bamboo stick and pulled together several times. Finally, it is fixed by spreading it [on a plate] to be dried in the sun. It is eaten hot, fried in oil. 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。【詵曰】水牛乳凉，𤚩牛乳温。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: Water buffalo milk is cool. Qin cow milk is warm. 【主治】潤五臟，利大小便，益十二經脉。微動氣。孟詵。治赤白痢，切 如豆大，麪拌，酸漿水煮二十沸，頓服。小兒服之，彌良。蕭炳。 Control. It moistens the five long-term depots, frees the flow of fecal matter and urine, and boosts the 12 conduit vessels. It slightly excites the qi. Meng Shen. To cure red and white free-flux illness,826 cut it into pieces the size of beans, mix it with flour, and boil it in sour fermented water of foxtail millet 20 times to bubbling. [Let the patient] eat this all at once. When children ingest it, it yields good results. Xiao Bing.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 血痢不止。乳腐一兩，漿水一鍾，煎服。普濟方。 Bleeding free-flux illness that does not end. One liang of milk curd is boiled in one cup of fermented water of foxtail millet,827 to be ingested. Pu ji fang.

825 For jiang shui 漿水, “fermented water of foxtail millet,” see BCGM 05-33. 826 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 827 For jiang shui 漿水, “fermented water of foxtail millet,” see BCGM 05-33.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 50-14 阿膠828本經上品 E jiao. FE Ben jing, upper rank.

Donkey hide glue. 【釋名】傅致膠本經。〇【弘景曰】出東阿，故名阿膠。【時珍曰】阿 井，在今山東 兖州府 阳谷县東北六十里，即古之東阿縣也。有官舍禁之。 酈道元水經註云：東阿有井大如輪，深六七丈，歲常煮膠以貢天府者，即 此也。其井乃濟水所注，取井水煮膠，用攪濁水則清。故人服之，下膈疏 痰止吐。蓋濟水清而重，其性趨下，故治淤濁及逆上之痰也。 Explanation of Names. Fu zhi jiao 傅致膠, Ben jing. [Tao] Hongjing: It comes from Dong e 東阿. Hence it is called e jiao 阿膠, “glue from E.” [Li] Shizhen: E jing 阿 井, the “E well,” is located 60 li north-east of today’s Yang gu county in Yan zhou in Shan dong. This is the ancient Dong e county. There is an official post prohibiting access to it. Li Daoyuan in his Shui jing zhu states: “There is a well in Dong e, [with an opening] as big as a wheel. It is six to seven zhang deep. Each year it is used to boil a glue that is send to the [Emperor’s] Heavenly Palace as a tribute.” This is [the well] referred to here. The [water from the] well flows into the River Ji. When the water from the well is taken to boil glue, even if it is stirred with turbid water, the latter will become clear. Hence the people drink it. It descends to the diaphragm region, removes phlegm and ends vomiting. The fact is, the water of the River Ji is clear and heavy, and its nature is to rush downward. Hence it serves to cure silted turbidity and plegm moving upward against its normal direction. 【集解】【别録曰】阿膠出東平郡 東阿縣，煮牛皮作之。【弘景曰】今 东都亦能作之。用皮有老少，膠有清濁。熬時須用一片鹿角即成膠，不爾 不成也。膠有三種：清而薄者，畫家用；清而厚者名覆盆膠，入藥用；濁 而黑者不入藥，但可膠物爾。【頌曰】今鄆州亦能作之，以阿縣城北井 水作煮者爲真。其井官禁，真膠極難得，貨者多僞。其膠以烏驢皮得阿井 水煎成乃佳爾。今時方家用黄明膠，多是牛皮。本經阿膠亦用牛皮，是二 皮可通用。但今牛皮膠制作不甚精，止可膠物，故不堪入藥也。陳藏器言 諸膠皆能療風止洩補虚，而驢皮膠主風爲最，此阿膠所以勝諸膠也。【時 珍曰】凡造諸膠，自十月至二三月間，用沙牛、水牛、驢皮者爲上，猪、 馬、騾、駝皮者次之，其舊皮鞋履等物者爲下。俱取生皮水浸四五日，洗 刮極净。熬煮，時時攪之，恒添水。至爛，濾汁再熬成膠，傾盆内待凝， 近盆底者名坌膠，煎膠水以鹹苦者爲妙。大抵古方所用多是牛皮，後世乃 貴驢皮。若僞者皆雜以馬皮、舊革鞍靴之類，其氣濁臭，不堪入藥。當以 黄透如琥珀色，或光黑如瑿漆者爲真。真者不作皮臭，夏月亦不濕軟。 828 E jiao 阿膠, lit.: “glue from E.”

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Collected Explanations. Bie lu: E glue comes from Dong e county in Dong ping commandery. It is prepared by boiling ox hide. [Tao] Hongjing: Nowadays it can also be produced in Dong du. The [ox] hide used may be old or young, and there are clear and turbid variations of the glue. When [the hide is] boiled, one must add a deer horn. Otherwise [the glue] will not form. There are three kinds of this glue. It may be clear and thin. This is the one used by painters. It may be clear and thick. This is called “glue from a covered pot.” It is used for medical application. That which is turbid and black is not used for medicinal application. It is simply used to glue things. [Su] Song: Nowadays, it can also be produced in Yun zhou. That which is produced with water from the well north of E xian cheng is the genuine one. Since access to the well is officially forbidden, genuine [e] jiao is very difficult to obtain, and merchants often offer fakes. When the glue is prepared by boiling the hide of black donkeys in the water from the E well, then it is fine. Today, recipe experts use yellow bright glue, which is mostly made from ox hide. The donkey hide glue listed in the Ben jing was also made from ox hide. That is, both kinds of hide can be used. But the ox hide glue produced today is not very fine; it should be used only to glue things and is not appropriate for medicinal application. Chen Cangqi states that “all kinds of glue are able to heal wind, stop outflow, and supplement depletion. But the glue prepared from donkey hide is best to control wind.” Hence, dokey hide glue is superior to all other kinds of glue. [Li] Shizhen: When a glue of whatever type is produced, this is done between the tenth and the second or third months. The best hides are those of cows, water buffaloes and donkeys. Those of pigs, horses, mules and camels are secondary. Old hide and [leather of ] shoes and sandals is inferior. In general, one soaks fresh hide in water for four or five days. Then washes it and scrubs it until it is very clean. This is boiled with constant stirring, while more water is added all the time. When [the hide] has turned into a pulp, filter off the juice and boil [the rest] again until it forms a glue. Pour this into a basin and wait until it has congealed. That which is close to the bottom of the basin is called “ glue bringing [items] together.” When the water used to boil the glue is salty and bitter, then [the effects of the glue] are wondrous. In general, in ancient recipes they mostly resorted to ox hide. In later times, the hide of donkeys was appreciated. Fake [donkey hide glue] kinds are those prepared from horse hide, from old shoes, from saddles, or boots. Their qi is turbid and with a bad odor. They are not suited for medicinal use. [Genuine donkey hide glue] should be yellow and transparent, like amber. Those with a black luster like black jade and lacquer are genuine, too. Genuine [donkey hide glue] does not smell like hides/leather. Also, in summer it will not turn moist and soft.

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【修治】【弘景曰】凡用皆火炙之。【斅曰】凡用，先以猪脂浸一夜，取 出，於柳木火上炙燥研用。【時珍曰】今方法或炒成珠，或以麪炒，或以 酥炙，或以蛤粉炒，或以草灰炒，或酒化成膏，或水化膏，當各從本方也。 Preparation. [Tao] Hongjing: For all applictions, [donkey hide glue] is to be roasted over fire. [Lei] Xiao: For all applications, [donkey hide glue] is first soaked in lard for one night. Then it is removed [from the lard] and roasted over a fire fueled with willow wood until it has dried and can be ground for further use. [Li] Shizhen: Today’s methods [to process donkey hide glue include] roasting it to form pearl[like bullets], roasting it with flour, roasting it with butter, roasting it with powdered clam shells, roasting it with herbal ashes, or to dissolve it in wine to form a paste, or to dissolve it in water to form a paste. In each case one should follow the original recipe. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【别録曰】微温。【張元素曰】性平味淡，氣味 俱薄，浮而升，陽也。入手少陰、足少陰、厥陰經。得火良。薯蕷爲之 使。畏大黄。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Slightly warm. Zhang Yuansu: Its nature is balanced, its flavor is bland. Both qi and flavor are weak. It rises to the surface and is yang. It enters the hand minor yin,829 foot minor yin, and ceasing yin conduits. When it is exposed to fire, this is good. Dioscorea [root] serves as its messenger; it fears rhubarb root. 【主治】心腹内崩，勞極洒洒音蘚如瘧狀，腰腹痛，四肢酸痛，女子下 血，安胎。久服輕身益氣。本經。丈夫小腹痛，虚勞羸瘦，陰氣不足，脚 酸不能久立，養肝氣。别録。堅筋骨，益氣止痢。藥性。【頌曰】止洩 痢，得黄連、蠟尤佳。療吐血衄血，血淋尿血，腸風下痢，女人血痛血 枯，經水不調，無子，崩中帶下，胎前産後諸疾。男女一切風病，骨節疼 痛，水氣浮腫，虚勞咳嗽喘急，肺痿唾膿血，及癰疽腫毒。和血滋陰，除 風潤燥，化痰清肺，利小便，調大腸聖藥也。時珍。 Control. Internal collapse in heart and abdomen. Extreme exhaustion with sounds of shivering, with 洒 read xian here, similar to malaria. Pain in the lower back and abdomen. Soreness and pain in the four limbs. Discharge of blood by women. It pacifies the fetus. Ingested over an extended period of time, it takes the weight off the body and boosts the qi. Ben jing. Pain in the lower abdomen of males. Depletion exhaustion and emaciation. Insufficient yin qi. Soreness in the legs so that one cannot stand for a long time. It nourishes the liver qi. Bie lu. It hardens sinews and bones, boosts the qi and ends free-flux illness.830 Yao xing. [Su] Song: It ends outflow 829 Tang ye ben cao, ch. 6, e jiao 阿膠, “donkey hide glue,” writes“ hand major yin.“ 830 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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and free-flux illness. [Ingested] together with coptis [rhizome] and beeswax it is especially good. It heals blood spitting and nosebleed, blood dripping and urination with blood, as well as intestinal wind and discharge with free-flux illness. In women, bleeding pain and blood desiccation, irregular menstruation, and childlessness. Collapsing center831 and discharge from below the belt, as well as all illnesses prior to and following childbirth. All kinds of wind diseases of males and females, pain in bones and joints, surface swelling with water and qi. Depletion exhaustion, cough, and hectic panting. Lung dysfunction, and saliva mixed with pus and blood, also the poison of obstruction-illness and impediment-illness832 swelling. It harmonizes blood and nourishes the yin. It eliminates wind and moistens dryness. It is a sagelike medicine that frees the flow of urine, and regulates the large intestine. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【藏器曰】諸膠皆主風、止洩、補虚，而驢皮主風爲最。【宗奭 曰】驢皮煎膠，取其發散皮膚之外也。用烏者，取烏色屬水，以制熱則 生風之義，如烏蛇、烏鴉、烏雞之類皆然。【時珍曰】阿膠大要只是補血 與液，故能清肺益陰而治諸證。按陳自明云：補虚用牛皮膠，去風用驢皮 膠。成無己云：陰不足者補之以味，阿膠之甘以補陰血。楊士瀛云：凡治 喘嗽，不論肺虚肺實，可下可温，須用阿膠以安肺潤肺。其性和平，爲肺 經要藥。小兒驚風後瞳人不正者，以阿膠倍人參煎服最良。阿膠育神，人 參益氣也。又痢疾多因傷暑伏熱而成，阿膠乃大腸之要藥。有熱毒留滯 者，則能疏導；無熱毒留滯者，則能平安。數説足以發明阿膠之藴矣。 Explication. [Chen] Cangqi: All kinds of glue control wind, end outflow, and supplement a depletion, but donkey hide is the best to control wind. [Kou] Zongshi: When donkey hide is boiled to become a glue, one makes use of its ability to disperse through the skin toward the outside. When one uses black [hide], one resorts to the color black as it is associated with [the phase] water. This is based on the principle of [water] checking heat which in turn has generated wind. This same principle underlies [the use of ] black snakes, black crows and black chicken. [Li] Shizhen: The major significance of E glue lies in [its ability to] supplement blood and liquids. Hence it is able to clear the lung, boost the yin [qi] and cure all kinds of illness conditions. According to Chen Ziming, “to supplement a depletion one uses ox hide glue. To remove wind one uses donkey hide glue.” Cheng Wuji states: 831 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58. 832 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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“Yin insufficiencies are supplemented with flavor, and the sweet [flavor] of E glue is used to supplement yin blood.” Yang Shining states: “Whenever one cures cough, regardless of whether it is a case of lung depletion or lung repletion, and regardless of whether one induces a discharge or induces a warming, it is essential to use E glue to pacify the lung and to moisten the lung. Its nature is harmonious and balanced; it is a medication essentially required by the lung conduits. When in children following a fright wind the pupil in the eyes is no longer positioned straight, have them ingest E glue boiled together with ginseng [root] as the very best [therapy]. E glue nourishes one’s spirit; ginseng [root] boosts the qi. Also, free-flux illness833 is often caused by harm caused by cold resulting in hidden heat, and E glue is an essential remedy for the large intestine. When stagnant heat poison remains [in the body, E glue] is able to lead it [to the outside]. When no stagnant heat poison stays [inside the body, E glue] will be able to balance and pacify [a condition].” All these statements should be sufficient to make known the value of E glue.

【附方】舊四，新十四。 Added recipes. Four of old. 14 newly [recorded]. 攤緩偏風。治攤緩風及諸風，手脚不遂，腰脚無力者。驢皮膠微炙熟。先 煮葱豉粥一升，别貯。又以水一升，煮香豉二合，去滓入膠，更煮七沸， 膠烊如餳，頓服之。及暖喫葱豉粥。如此三四劑即止。若冷喫粥，令人嘔 逆。廣濟方。 Partial paralysis wind. It serves to cure paralysis wind and all [other] kinds of wind, when hands and legs no longer follow [one’s intentions], and lower back and legs have lost their strength. Mildly roast donkey hide glue until it is well done. First boil one sheng of an onion and fermented bean congee, and lay it aside. Then boil two ge of aromatic fermented beans in one sheng of water, remove the dregs and add the glue. This is then boiled to bubbling seven times, causing the glue to dissolve like malt-sugar. When this is ingested all at once, [the patient] will feel warm, and he should eat the onion-bean congee now. When he has taken three to four such doses, [the illness] will end. If he eats the congee cold, he will vomit with a countermovement [of food/qi]. Guang ji fang. 肺風喘促，涎潮眼竄。用透明阿膠切炒，以紫蘇、烏梅肉焙研等分，水煎 服之。直指。 Lung wind and panting. With profuse salivation and blurred vision. Cut transparent donkey hide glue into pieces and roast them. Then boil them in water together 833 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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with equal amounts of perilla [herb] and the meat of smoked plums, baked and ground, and [let the patient] ingest this. Zhi zhi. 老人虚秘。阿膠炒二錢，葱白三根，水煎化，入蜜二匙，温服。 Depletion blockage of old persons. Boil two qian of roasted donkey hide glue and three onion roots in water to have them dissolve, add two spoons of honey, and ingest this warm. 胞轉淋閟。阿膠三兩，水二升，煮七合，温服。千金方。 Revolving placenta with dripping [resulting from] blockage. Boil three liang of donkey hide glue in two sheng of water down to seven ge, and [let the patient] ingest this warm. Qian jin fang. 赤白痢疾。黄連阿膠丸：治腸胃氣虚，冷熱不調，下痢赤白，裏急後重， 腹痛，小便不利。用阿膠炒過，水化成膏一兩，黄連三兩，伏苓二兩，爲 末，搗丸梧子大。每服五十丸，粟米湯下，日三。和劑局方。 Red and white free-flux illness. 834 The “pills with coptis [rhizome] and donkey hide glue.” They serve to cure intestinal and stomach qi depletion, when cold and heat are out of balance, resulting in red and white discharge with free-flux illness, with internal cramps, a feeling of heaviness in the behind, abdominal pain and failure of urine to flow freely. Roasted E glue is dissolved in water to generate one liang of a paste. This is pounded together with three liang of coptis [rhizome] and two liang of [white] poria to powder, to be prepared to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 50 such pills, and wash them down with a millet decoction. Three times a day. He ji ju fang. 吐血不止。千金翼用阿膠炒二兩，蒲黄六合，生地黄三升，水五升，煮三 升，分三服。經驗治大人、小兒吐血。用阿膠炒、蛤粉各一兩，辰砂少 許，爲末。藕節搗汁，入蜜調服。 Blood spitting that does not end. The Qian jin yi [advises one to] boil two liang of roasted donkey hide glue, six ge of cattail pollen, and three sheng of fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] in five sheng of water down to three sheng, and [let the patient] ingest this in three portions. The Jing yan [advises one to] cure blood spitting of adults and children [as follows]. One liang each of roasted donkey hide glue and powdered clam shells are ground, together with a small amount of cinnabar, to powder. Also, pound lotus root nodes to obtain a juice. Add honey, mix [all of this] and [let the patient] ingest this.

834 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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肺損嘔血，并開胃。用阿膠炒三錢，木香一錢，糯米一合半，爲末。每服 一錢，百沸湯點服，日一。普濟。 Lung injury with vomiting of blood. It also serves to open the stomach [as an appetizer]. Three qian of roasted donkey hide glue, one qian of aucklandia [root], and one ge and a half of glutinous rice are ground to powder. Each time ingest one qian. To be ingested with water boiled to a hundred bubblings. Once per day. Pu ji. 大衄不止，口耳俱出。用阿膠炙半兩，蒲黄半兩，每服二錢，水一盞，生 地黄汁一合，煎至六分，温服。急以帛繫兩乳。聖惠。 Massive nosebleed that does not end. Leaving also from mouth and ears. Use half a liang of roasted donkey hide glue and half a liang of cattail pollen. For each ingestion two qian are boiled in one cup of water with one ge of fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] down to six [of ten] parts. To be ingested warm. Also, tightly fasten the two breasts with a silk fabric. Sheng hui. 月水不調。阿膠一錢，蛤粉炒成珠，研末，熱酒服即安。一方入辰砂末半 錢。 Irregular menstruation. One qian of donkey hide glue is roasted with clam shell powder to generate pearl[-size bullets] which are then ground to powder. When this is ingested with hot wine [the menstruation] will be calmed down. Another recipe adds half a qian of cinnabar. 月水不止。阿膠炒焦爲末，酒服二錢。秘韞。 Menstruation that does not end. Roast donkey hide glue until it is scorched and can be ground to powder. [Let the patient] ingest, with wine, two qian. Mi yun. 妊娠尿血。阿膠炒黄爲末，食前粥飲下二錢。聖惠。 Urination with blood during pregnancy. Roast donkey hide glue until it turns yellow and grind this to powder. Wash down two qian prior to meals with a congee beverage. Sheng hui. 妊娠血痢。阿膠二兩，酒一升半，煮一升，頓服。 Bleeding free-flux illness835 during pregnancy. Two liang of donkey hide glue are boiled in one sheng and a half of wine down to one sheng, to be ingested all at once.836 妊娠下血不止。阿膠三兩炙，爲末，酒一升半煎化服，即愈。

835 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 836 This recipe is recorded in Zheng lei, ch. 16, e jiao 阿膠, “donkey hide glue,” as a quote from Yang shi’s Chan ru.

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Discharge of blood during pregnancy that does not end. Three liang of donkey hide glue are ground to powder and boiled in one sheng and a half of wine until it has dissolved. [Have the woman] ingest [this] and a cure is achieved. 又方：用阿膠末二兩，生地黄半斤擣汁，入清酒二升，分三服。梅師方。 Another recipe. Two liang of donkey hide glue powder and the juice obtained by pounding half a jin of fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] are given into two sheng of clear wine. This is to be ingested divided into three portions. Mei shi fang. 妊娠胎動。删繁用阿膠炙研二兩，香豉一升，葱一升，水三升，煮取一 升，入膠化服。 Movements of a fetus during pregnancy. The Shan fan [advises one to] use two liang of roasted donkey hide glue, one sheng of aromatic fermented soybeans, and one sheng of onions to be boiled down in three sheng of water to one sheng. To this is added the donkey hide glue, to be ingested after it has dissolved.837 産寶膠艾湯：用阿膠炒二兩，熟艾葉二兩，葱白一升，水四升，煮一升， 分服。 The “Chan bao decoction with donkey hide glue and common mugwort leaves.” Two liang of roasted donkey hide glue, two liang of cooked common mugwort leaves and one liang of onions are boiled in four sheng of water down to one sheng. To be ingested in several portions. 産後虚閟。阿膠炒、枳殼炒各一兩，滑石二錢半，爲末，蜜丸梧子大。每 服五十丸，温水下。未通，再服。和劑局方。 Depletion and heart-pressure following childbirth. One liang each of roasted donkey hide glue and fried unripe oranges, and two qian and a half of talcum are ground to powder, to be prepared, with honey, to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 50 such pills, to be sent down with warm wine. If this remains without result, ingest [the medication] again. He ji ju fang. 久嗽經年。阿膠炒、人參各二兩，爲末。每用三錢，豉湯一盞，入葱白少 許，煎服，日三次。聖濟總録。 Cough lasting for years. Two liang each of roasted donkey hide glue and ginseng [root] are ground to powder. Each time take three qian and boil them together 837 Instead of ru jiao hua fu 入膠化服, “add [e] jiao and ingest it after it has dissolved,”, Wai tai, ch. 33, ren zhen tai dong fang 妊娠胎動方, “recipes when during pregnancy the fetus moves,” has qu zi xia e jiao geng jian. Jiao yang fu 去滓下阿膠更煎，膠烊服, “remove the sediments, add donkey hide glue and boil it again. Once the [e] jiao has melted, ingest [the liquid].”

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with one cup of fermented soybean decoction and a small amount of onions. To be ingested three times a day. Sheng ji zong lu. 50-15 黃明膠 綱目 Huang ming jiao. FE Gang mu. Ox hide glue.838 【釋名】牛皮膠食療、水膠外臺、海犀膏。 Explanation of Names. Niu pi jiao 牛皮膠, “ox hide glue.” Shi liao. Shui jiao 水膠, “water [buffalo] glue.” Wai tai. Hai xi gao 海犀膏, “sea rhinoceros paste.” 【正誤】【權曰】白膠，一名黄明膠。【頌曰】今方家所用黄明膠多是牛 皮。本經阿膠亦用牛皮，是二膠亦通用。但今牛皮膠製備不精，故不堪 用，止以膠物耳。而鹿角膠，本經謂之白膠，處處能作。但功倍于牛膠， 故鮮有真者。【時珍曰】案本經，白膠一名鹿角膠，煮鹿角作之；阿膠一 名傅致膠，煮牛皮作之。其説甚明。黄明膠即今水膠，乃牛皮所作，其色 黄明，非白膠也，但非阿井水所作耳。甄權以黄明爲鹿角白膠，唐慎微又 采黄明諸方附之，並誤矣。今正其誤，析附阿膠之後。但其功用亦與阿膠 仿佛。苟阿膠難得，則真牛皮膠亦可權用。其性味皆平補，宜于虚熱。若 鹿角膠則性味熱補，非虚熱者所宜，不可不致辯也。 Correction of Errors. [Zhen] Quan: White glue is also called “yellow bright glue.” [Su] Song: The “yellow bright glue” used by recipe experts nowadays is mostly [prepared from] ox hide. The e jiao listed in the Ben jing is made from ox hide, too. Both these kinds of glue can be used for all purposes. However, the ox hide glue produced today is not fine. Hence it is not suited for a [medicinal] use, but only to glue things. The deer horn glue is called “white glue” in the Ben jing. It can be produced everywhere. Its effects are several times stronger than those of ox [hide] glue. Hence genuine [deer horn glue] is rare. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Ben jing, “white glue” is also called “deer horn glue.” It is produced by boiling deer horn. E jiao is also called fu zhi jiao; this is produced by boiling ox hide. These explanations are very clear. “Yellow bright glue” is today’s “water [buffalo] glue”, made from ox hide. It is of a yellow, bright color. This is not “white glue.” And it is not made with water from the E well. Zhen Quan holds that “yellow bright [glue]” is “white glue” made from deer horns, and Tang Shenwei collected numerous recipes with “yellow bright [glue]” and added them here. Both were wrong. Here now their errors are corrected. [The correction] is added separately following [the entry of ] donkey hide glue (5014). Still, the [therapeutic] functions of [ox hide glue] are similar to those of donkey 838 Huang ming jiao 黃明膠, lit.: “yellow bright glue.”

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hide glue. Whenever donkey hide glue is difficult to obtain, genuine ox hide glue can be legitimately resorted to, too. Their nature and flavor are both balanced and supplementing; they are suited for depletion and heat. As for deer horn glue, its nature and flavor are hot and supplementing. It is suited only for conditions other than depletion and heat. It is absolutely necessary to distinguish between them. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】吐血、衄血、下血、血淋，下痢，妊婦胎動血下，風濕走注疼 痛，打撲傷損，湯火灼瘡，一切癰疽腫毒，活血止痛，潤燥，利大小腸。 時珍。 Control. Blood spitting, nosebleed, blood discharge, blood dripping with discharge and free-flux illness.839 In women, movements of the fetus and blood discharge. Wind running and moisture flowing with pain. Injuries resulting from being hit. Burning and sores resulting from hot water and fire. All kinds of poison in swelling resulting from obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.840 It quickens the blood and ends pain. It moistens dryness, and frees the passage through the large and small intestines. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新二十四。 Added recipes. 24 newly [recorded]. 肺痿吐血。黄明膠炙乾、花桑葉陰乾各二兩，研末。每服三錢，生地黄汁 調下。普濟方。 Lung dysfunction and blood spitting. Two liang each of “yellow bright glue,” roasted and dried, and mulberry leaves, dried in the shade, are ground to powder. Each time ingest three qian, to be sent down mixed with fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] juice. Pu ji fang. 肺破出血，或嗽血不止。用海犀膏即水膠一大片炙黄，塗酥再炙，研末。 用白湯化三錢服之，即止。斗門方。 Blood leaving from a torn lung. Or if one coughs up blood without end. Roast one large piece of “sea rhinoceros paste,” i.e., water [buffalo] glue, until it has assumed 839 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 840 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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a yellow color. Then smear butter on it and roast it again, and grind this to powder. Next dissolve three qian in clear, hot water, [let the patient] ingest this, and [his illness] will end. Dou men fang. 吐血咯血。黄明膠一兩切片炙黄，新綿一兩燒研。每服一錢，食後米飲 服，日再。食療。 Blood spitting and coughing up of blood. Cut one liang of “yellow bright glue” into pieces and roast them until they have assumed a yellow color. Burn them together with one liang of new cotton and grind [the ashes] to powder. Each time [let the patient] ingest one qian. To be ingested after meals with a rice beverage. Twice per day. Shi liao. 衄血不止。黄明膠盪耎，帖山根至髮際。三因 Nosebleed that does not end. Let “yellow bright glue” soften in hot water and apply this to a region reaching from the shan gen [needle insertion hole between the inner canthi] to the hairline. San yin. 妊娠下血。黄明膠二兩，酒煮化，頓服之。肘後方。 Discharge of blood during pregnancy. Two liang of “yellow bright glue” are heated in wine until they have dissolved. [Let the patient] ingest this all at once. Zhou hou fang. 欬嗽不瘥。黄明膠炙研。每服一錢，人參末二錢，薄豉湯二盞，葱白少 許，煎沸。嗽時温呷三五口，即止。食療。 A cough that is not cured. Roast “yellow bright glue” and grind it to powder. Each time [let the patient] ingest one qian. To be boiled to bubbling [together with] two qian of ginseng [root] powder, two cups of a thin decoction of fermented beans, and a small amount of onions. At the moment he coughs, [the patient] is to sip three to five mouthfuls of this warm. This will end [the cough]. Shi liao. 腎虚失精。水膠三兩，研末。以酒二盌化服，日三服。千金。 Kidney depletion with loss of essence/sperm. Three liang of water [buffalo] glue are ground to powder, to be ingested dissolved in two cups of wine. To be ingested three times a day. Qian jin. 面上木痺。牛皮膠化，和桂末厚塗一二分，良。葉氏摘玄方。 Numbness in the face. Dissolve ox hide glue and mix it with cassia powder. Apply this [to the affected region] in a layer one or two tens [of one cun] thick. Good. Ye shi zhai xuan fang.

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寒濕脚氣。牛皮膠一塊細切，麪炒成珠，研末。每服一錢，酒下，其痛立 止。萬氏。 [Intrusion of ] cold and dampness resulting in leg qi. 841 One lump of ox hide glue is cut into fine pieces. They are roasted together with flour to generate pearl[-size bullets]. Grind these to powder and each time ingest one qian. To be sent down with wine. The pain will end immediately. Wan shi. 風濕走痛。牛皮膠一兩，薑汁半盃，同化成膏，攤紙上，熱貼之，冷即 易，甚效。一加乳香、没藥一錢。鄧筆峰方。 [Intrusion of ] wind and dampness resulting in running pain. One liang of ox hide glue is dissolved in half a cup of ginger juice to form a skin cream. This is smeared on a piece of paper and applied hot to the [affected region]. When it has cooled down it is to be replaced [with a hot one]. Another [recipe suggests] to add one qian [each] of frankincense and myrrh. Deng bi feng fang. 脚底木硬。牛皮膠，生薑汁化開，調南星末塗上，烘物熨之。 The sole of the foot has turned hard like wood. Ox hide glue is dissolved in fresh ginger juice, mixed with arisaema [root] powder, and applied to [the affected region]. Then exert pressure on it with a hot item. 尸脚坼裂。烊膠着布上，烘貼之。千金方。 Corpse leg with cracks. Melt the glue and apply it to a piece of cloth. Apply this hot to the [affected region]. Qian jin fang. 破傷中風。黄明膠燒存性，研末。酒服二錢，取汗。普濟方。 Open wounds struck by wind.842 Burn “yellow bright glue” by retaining its nature and grind it to powder. [Let the patient] ingest, with wine, two qian to let him sweat. Pu ji fang. 跌撲傷損。真牛皮膠一兩，乾冬瓜皮一兩剉，同炒存性，研末。每服五 錢，熱酒一鍾調服。仍飲酒二三鍾，暖卧，微汗痛止，一宿接元如故。藺 氏。 Wounds resulting from a fall or a blow. One liang of genuine ox hide glue and one liang of dried, filed Chinese wax gourd peel are burned together with their nature retained, and ground to powder. Each time [let the patient first] ingest five qian, mixed in a cup with hot wine. Then have him drink another two or three cups, and 841 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248. 842 Po shang zhong feng 破傷中風, “open wounds struck by wind.” A condition of lockjaw, arched back rigidity, and convulsions. BCGM Dict I, 379.

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lie down under a warm cover. When he slightly perspires, the pain will end. Within short, he will be restored to his original health. Lin shi. 湯火傷灼。水煎膠如糊，冷掃塗之。斗門。 Burns and scalds resulting from hot water and fire. Boil the glue in water to form a paste. Once it has cooled down it is to be applied to the [affected region]. Dou men. 一切腫毒，已成未成。用水膠一片，水漬耎，當頭開孔貼之。未有膿者自 消，已潰者令膿自出。王燾外臺秘要。 All kinds of swelling with poison. For those that have manifested themselves [in festering] and for those that have not yet manifested themselves [in festering]. Soak one piece of water [buffalo] glue in water until it has softened. Then open a hole on the peak [of the swelling] and apply [the glue] there. As long as no pus has developed yet, [the swelling] will dissolve as a result. When it already has started festering, the pus will come out. Wang Dao, Wai tai mi yao. 諸般癰腫。黄明膠一兩，水半升化開，入黄丹一兩煮匀，以翎掃上瘡口。 如未成者，塗其四圍自消。本事方。 All kinds of obstruction-illness843 with swelling. One liang of “yellow bright glue” is dissolved in half a sheng of water. To this is added one liang of minium, and all of this is boiled [to prepare an] even [mixture]. Spread this with a feather on the opening of the sores. If [the swelling] has not fully formed yet, apply [the medication] to its four sides and it will dissolve as a result. Ben shi fang. 便毒初起。水膠溶化，塗之即散。直指方 Poison in the region of relief [through urination and defecation] in its beginning stage. Dissolve water [buffalo] glue and apply it to the [affected region]. This will cause [the poison] to disperse. Zhi zhi fang. 乳癤初發。黄明水膠，以濃醋化，塗之立消。楊起簡便方。 Pimples on the breast, when they begin to effuse. Dissolve “yellow bright water [buffalo] glue” in thick vinegar and apply this to the [affected region. The pimples] will dissolve immediately. Yang Qi, Jian bian fang. 背疽初發。阮氏經驗方用黄明牛皮膠四兩，酒一盌，重湯頓化，隨意飲 盡。不能飲者，滚白湯飲之。服此毒不内攻，不傳惡症。談埜翁試效方以 新瓦上燒存性，研末，酒二盌服之。唐氏經驗方又加穿山甲四片，同燒存 性。云極妙無比。 843 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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Impediment illness on the back, when it begins to erupt. The Yuan shi jing yan fang [suggests to] dissolve four liang of “yellow bright” ox hide glue all at once in one bowl of wine in a hot water bath, and to finish drinking it at will. For those who cannot drink this, boil [the glue] in clear hot water, and [let the patient] drink this. When this is ingested, the poison will not attack internally, and it will not be further transmitted to generate malign illness conditions. Tan Yeweng in his Shi xiao fang [advises one to] burn [the glue] on a new tile by retaining its nature and grind it to powder to be ingested with two bowls of wine. Tang shi in his Jing yan fang [suggests to] add four pieces of pangolin scales [to the glue] and burn them together with their nature retained. He states that this is extremely wondrous, beyond any comparison. 瘰癧結核。黑牛皮膠溶化，攤膏貼之。已潰者，將膏搓作線，長寸許，紝 入孔中，頻换拭之，取效。楊氏經驗。 Nodular kernels of scrofula pervasion-illness.844 Dissolve black ox hide glue to turn into a paste, spread it out [on a piece of paper] and apply this to the [affected region]. When they have begun to fester, rub the paste to form thin threads, about one cun long, and insert them into the opening. Replace [the spills] repeatedly until [the treatment] is effective. Yang shi jing yan. 小兒痘瘢。黄明膠炒，研末，温酒調服一錢匕。痘已出者，服之無瘢；未 出者，服之瀉下。 Smallpox scars of children. Roast “yellow bright glue” and grind it to powder. [Let the patient] ingest, mixed with warm wine, the amount of one qian on a spoon. When the smallpox has broken out already, ingesting this will prevent the forming of scars. When it has not broken out yet, ingesting this will cause outflow discharge. 物入耳中。以麻繩剪令頭散，着膠粘上，徐引出之。千金。 A foreign object has entered an ear. Cut a hemp rope845 to have one end fall apart. Apply glue to it and slowly extract [the object] with it to come out [of the ear]. Qian jin.

844 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 845 Instead of ma sheng 麻繩, “hemp rope,” Qian jin fang ch. 6, er ji 耳疾, “illnesses of the ear,” writes gong xian 弓弦, “bowstring.” Pu ji fang ch. 55, bai chong ru er 百蟲入耳, “any of the hundred worms/bugs have entered the ears,” quoting the Sheng hui fang, changed this to ma sheng 麻繩, “hemp rope.”

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 50-16 牛黃本經上品 Niu huang. FE Ben jing, upper rank.

Ox bezoar. 【釋名】丑寶。【時珍曰】牛屬丑，故隱其名。金光明經謂之瞿盧折娜。 Explanation of Names. Chou bao 丑寶, “chou treasure.” [Li] Shizhen: The oxen are associated with chou 丑, (the 2nd of the Earth Branches). Hence, this designation serves to hide their [real] name. The [Buddhist sutra] Jin guang ming jing 瞿盧折娜 names [ox bezoar] quluzhena. 【集解】【别録曰】牛黄生隴西及晋地，特牛膽中得之，即陰乾百日使 燥，無令見日月光。【普曰】牛死則黄入膽中，如雞子黄也。【弘景 曰】舊云神牛出入鳴吼者有之，夜視有光走入牛角中，以盆水承而吐之， 即墮落水中。今人多就膽中得之。一子大如雞子黄，相重疊。藥中之貴， 莫復過此。一子及三二分，好者直五六千至一萬也。多出梁州、益州。 【恭曰】牛黄今出萊州、密州、淄州、青州、巂州、戎州。牛有黄者，必 多吼唤，喝迫而得者，謂之生黄，最佳。黄有三種：散黄粒如麻豆；漫黄 若雞卵中黄糊，在肝膽間；圓黄爲塊，形有大小，並在肝膽中。多生于𤚩 特牛，其𤙬牛未聞有黄也。【頌曰】今出登、萊州。他處或有，不甚佳。 凡牛有黄者，身上夜有光，眼如血色，時復鳴吼，恐懼人。又好照水， 人以盆水承之，伺其吐出，乃喝迫，即墮下水中，取得陰乾百日。一子如 雞子黄大，重疊可揭折，輕虚而氣香者佳。然人多僞之，試法但揩摩手 甲上，透甲黄者爲真。【雷曰】此有四種。喝迫而得者，名生神黄。殺死 在角中得者，名角中黄。牛病死後心中剥得者，名心黄，初在心中如黄漿 汁，取得便投水中，沾水乃硬，如碎蒺藜及豆與帝珠子者是也。肝膽中得 者名肝黄，大抵皆不及生黄爲勝。【宗奭曰】牛黄輕鬆，自然微香。西戎 有犛牛黄，堅而不香。又有駱駝黄，極易得，亦能相亂，不可不審之。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Ox bezoar originates from Long xi and Jin di; it is found in the gallbladder of bulls. It is then dried in the shade for 100 days to have it desiccate. It must not be exposed to the light of sun and moon. [Wu] Pu: When an ox dies, its “yellow” enters the gallbladder. It resembles the yellow [yoke] of chicken [eggs]. [Tao] Hongjing: In ancient times it was said that divine oxen that howl when they come and go have it. At night one can see a light that enters into their horns. When a basin with water is held in front of them, they will spit into it, and [the bezoar] drops into the water. Nowadays, people mostly obtain it from within the gallbladder. One specimen is as big as an egg yolk. It looks as if it were formed of several layers. Among all expensive medications, no other drug will surpass its [price]. Even smallest amounts, if they are of good quality they are worth 5000 to

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6000 up to 10 000. They mostly come from Liang zhou and Yi zhou. [Su] Gong: Ox yellow/bezoar nowadays comes from Lai zhou, Mi zhou, Zi zhou, Qing zhou, Sui zhou, and Rong zhou. When an ox has a bezoar, it will howl often. Those obtained by shouting at them and beating them are called “fresh yellow/bezoar.” They are the very best. There are three kinds of [ox] yellow/bezoar: [First,] “dispersed yellow/bezoar.” These are small grains, the size of hemp seeds and beans. [Second,] “extended yellow/bezoar.” It looks like the yellow paste in a chicken egg, and is located between liver and gallbladder. [Third], “round yellow/gallbladder.” It forms lumps, sometines big, sometimes small. They are located between liver and gallbladder. They mostly develop in the bulls of qin oxen. The wu oxen [of the South] are not known to develop [ox] yellow/bezoar. [Su] Song: Nowadys, [ox bezoar] originates from Deng [zhou] and Lai zhou. Occasionally it is found in other regions, too, but is not as good there. All oxen that carry yellow/bezoar emit a light on their body during the night. Their eyes have the color of blood. They howl frequently, and they terrify humans. They love to see their mirror image in water. People hold a water basin in front of them and wait for [the oxen] to spit out [the bezoar. To stimulate this], they shout at them. Eventually, [the oxen throw up the bezoar and] it drops into the water. Once they have obtained it, they dry it in the shade for 100 days. One specimen is as big as the yolk in a chicken egg. It consists of several layers that can be broken up. Those are best that are light and hollow and have an aromatic scent. However, people often adulterate them. To test them, one applies some substance to a fingernail. If it penetrates the nail and lets it turn yellow, it is genuine. Lei [Xiao]: There are four kinds. [First,] those obtained by shouting [at the ox]. They are called “fresh and divine yellow/bezoar.” [Second,] those found in the horns after killing [an ox]. They are called “yellow/bezoar inside the horns.” [Third,] those found when dissecting the heart of an ox that died of a disease. They are called “heart yellow/ bezoar.” At first, when they are still in the heart, they appear as a thick yellow liquid. Once removed they are tossed into water. Moistened by the water they harden. They resemble broken tribulus [herb], beans and di zhu seeds.846 [Fourth], those found in liver and gallbladder. They are called “liver yellow/bezoar.” In general, they are not as good as “fresh yellow/bezoar.” [Kou] Zongshi: Ox yellow/bezoar is light and soft. It has a natural, fine scent. In Xi rong they have yak yellow/bezoar. It is solid and has no aroma. There is also camel yellow/bezoar. It is very easy to obtain, and can be confused [with genuine ox bezoar]. One must carefully examine [all specimens]. 【修治】【斅曰】凡用，單搗，細研如塵，絹裹定，以黄嫩牛皮裹，懸井 中一宿，去水三四尺，明早取之。 846 Unidentifiable substance. A term di zhu zi 帝珠子, “emperor’s pearl seeds,” is attested in Chinese literature nowhere else.

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Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: For a [medicinal] use, simply pound [the bezoar] to a fine powder, like dust. Then wrap this in silk, and further wrap this in yellow, tender ox hide. This then is suspended in a well for one night, about three to four chi above the water [surface]. The next morning it is removed. 【氣味】苦，平，有小毒。【日華曰】甘，凉。【普曰】無毒。【之才 曰】人參爲之使。得牡丹、昌蒲，利耳目。惡龍骨、龍膽、地黄、常山、 蜚蠊，畏牛膝、乾漆。【時珍曰】别録言牛黄惡龍膽，而錢乙治小兒急驚 疳病，凉驚丸、麝香丸皆兩用之，何哉？龍膽治驚癇解熱殺蟲，與牛黄主 治相近，亦肝經藥也，不應相惡如此。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, balanced, slightly poisonous. Rihua: Sweet, cool. [Wu] Pu: Nonpoisonous. [Xu] Zhicai: Ginseng [root] serves as its messenger. [Ingested] with paeonia root bark and acorus [root], it opens ears and eyes. It abhors dragon bones, gentiana [herb], Chinese foxglove [rhizome], dichroa [root], and flying cockroaches, and it fears achyranthes [root] and dried lacquer. [Li] Shizhen: The Bie lu states that ox yellow/bezoar abhors gentiana [herb]. But when Qian Yi cures acute fright and gan-illness847 of children, the “pills to cool fright” and the “pills with musk,” they all make use of these two substances. How can this be? Gentiana [herb] serves to cure fright epilepsy; it resolves heat and kills worms/bugs. Its therapeutic indications are close to those of bezoar. It, too, is a pharmaceutical drug associated with the liver conduits. They should not abhor each other as was [stated by Xu Zhicai]. 【主治】驚癇寒熱，熱盛狂痓，除邪逐鬼。本經。療小兒百病，諸癇熱， 口不開，大人狂顛，又墮胎。久服，輕身增年，令人不忘。别録。主中風 失音口噤，驚悸，天行時疾，健忘虚乏。日華。安魂定魄，辟邪魅，卒中 惡，小兒夜啼。甄權。益肝膽，定精神，除熱，止驚痢，辟惡氣，除百 病。思邈。清心化熱，利痰凉驚。寧原。痘瘡紫色，發狂譫語者可用。時 珍。出王氏方。 Control. Fright epilepsy with alternating sensations of cold and heat, and craziness and spasms when the heat has reached a peak. It eliminates evil and wards off demons. Ben jing. It cures the hundreds of diseases of children, all kinds of epilepsy with heat, when the mouth does not open. Madness and peak-illness848 of adults. Also, it causes abortions. Ingested over an extended period of time, it relieves the body of its weight and adds to one’s years of life. It prevents one from being forget847 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 848 Kuang dian 狂顛, “madness and peak[-illness],” identical with dian kuang 顛狂, “peak[-illness] and madness.” A mental disturbance. BCGM Dict I, 124, 289.

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ful. Bie lu. It controls being struck by wind,849 with loss of one’s voice and clenched jaw. Blood lockjaw of women, with fright and palpitation. Epidemic seasonal illnesses. Forgetfulness and depletion weakness. Rihua. It pacifies the hun-soul and stabilizes the po-soul, and wards off the evil seduction-specter. [It serves to cure] suddenly being struck by the malign, and crying of children during the night. Zhen Quan. It boosts liver and gallbladder, stabilizes the essence spirit, removes heat, ends fright with free-flux illness,850 eliminates evil qi, and ends the hundreds of diseases. [Sun] Simiao. It clears the heart and transforms heat. It frees the passage of phlegm, and cools down fright. Ning Yuan. It can be used [to cure] pox sores of purple color, and outbreaks of craziness with delirious speech. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Wang shi fang. 【發明】【李杲曰】牛黄入肝，治筋病。凡中風入臟者，必用牛、雄、 腦、麝之劑，入骨髓，透肌膚，以引風出。若風中腑及血脉者用之，恐引 風邪流入於骨髓，如油入麪，莫之能出也。【時珍曰】牛之黄，牛之病 也。故有黄之牛，多病而易死。諸獸皆有黄，人之病黄者亦然。因其病在 心及肝膽之間，凝結成黄，故還能治心及肝膽之病。正如人之淋石復能治 淋也。按宋史云：宗澤知萊州，使者取牛黄。澤云：方春疫癘，牛飲其毒 則結爲黄。今和氣流行，牛無黄矣。觀此，則黄爲牛病，尤可徵矣。 Explication. Li Gao: Ox yellow/bezoar enters the liver; it serves to cure sinew diseases. Whenever someone was struck by wind that has then entered the long-term depots, it is essential to resort to pharmaceutical preparations based on ox [yellow/ bezoar], realgar, borneol, and musk. They enter the bones and the marrow and penetrate muscles and skin, from where they lead wind to the outside. If they are applied once wind has struck the short-term repositories and the blood vessels, it is to be feared that they guide the wind evil to flow into the bones and their marrow, just like oil [flows] into dough. Then [the wind evil] cannot be made to come out again. [Li] Shizhen: The yellow/bezoar of oxen is a sign of a disease of oxen. This is why oxen with yellow/bezoar are often sick and die easily. All animals have yellow/bezoar. There are also humans who suffer from yellow/bezoar. Because the disease is located between heart, liver and gallbladder, when it congeals it becomes yellow/bezoar. Hence it is able, in turn, to cure diseases of heart, liver and gallbladder. Just like stones from [urinary] dripping can in turn be used to cure [urinary] dripping. According to the Song shi, when Zong Ze was stationed in Lai zhou, emissaries were sent [to Lai 849 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis,and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683. 850 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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zhou] to obtain ox yellow/bezoar. [Zong] Ze stated: “At the time of spring epidemics, oxen drink a specific poison and this contracts in them to form yellow/bezoar. Nowadays, only harmonious qi are present everywhere, and the oxen have no yellow/ bezoar.” Considering this, yellow/bezoar is an ox disease. This is most obvious.

【附方】舊四，新四。 Added recipes. Four of old. Four newly [recorded]. 初生三日，去驚邪，辟惡氣。以牛黄一豆許，以赤蜜如酸棗許，研匀，綿 蘸，令兒吮之，一日令盡。姚和衆方。 For newborns of three to four days, it serves to remove fright evil,851 and to ward off malign qi. A roughly bean size amount of ox yellow/bezoar and a roughly sour date size of red honey are ground and mixed evenly. Dip silk floss into this and have the child suck it. The entire dose is to be completed in the course of one day. Yao Hezhong fang. 七日口噤。牛黄爲末，以淡竹瀝化一字，灌之。更以猪乳滴之。外臺。 Lockjaw [of newborns] within seven days. Grind ox yellow/bezoar to powder, dissolve it in one zi of bamboo stem juice, and feed this [to the child]. In addition, drip pig milk into [its mouth].852 Wai tai. 初生胎熱，或身體黄者。以真牛黄一豆大，入蜜調膏，乳汁化開，時時滴 兒口中。形色不實者，勿多服。錢氏小兒方。 Fetal heat in a newborn. In some cases the entire body is yellow. Add a bean size amount of genuine ox yellow/bezoar to honey, mix this and generate a paste. Dissolve this in milk to be dripped into the [child’s] mouth from time to time. If [the child’s] physical appearance and complexion appear not to be replete, do not have it ingest much. Qian shi xiao er fang. 小兒熱驚。牛黄一杏仁大，竹瀝、姜汁各一合，和匀與服。總微論。 Heat and fright of children. An apricot seed size amount of ox yellow/bezoar and one ge each of bamboo stem juice and ginger853 juice are mixed evenly, to be ingested [by the child]. Zong wei lun. 851 Jing xie 驚邪, “fright evil.” A condition caused be being frightened. BCGM Dict I, 268. 852 Instead of di zhi 滴之, “drip it,” Zheng lei ch. 16, niu huang 牛黄, “ox bezoar,” quoting Sheng hui fang writes dian kou zhong cha 点口中差, “drip it into the mouth and this will result in a cure.” 853 Xiao er wei sheng zhong wei lun, ch. 5, jing xian fang zhi 驚癇方治, “recipes for fright epilepsy,” writes ge 葛, pueraria [root], instead of jiang 姜, “ginger.”

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驚癇嚼舌，迷悶仰目。牛黄一豆許，研，和蜜水灌之。廣利方。 Fright epilepsy with tongue chewing. Perplexity with heart-pressure and eyes directed upward. Grind a roughly bean size amount of ox yellow/bezoar, mix it with honey and water, and force-feed it [to the patient]. Guang li fang. 小兒驚候。小兒積熱毛焦，睡語，欲發驚者。牛黄六分，朱砂五錢，同 研。以犀角磨汁，調服一錢。總微論。 Fright signs of children. When children with accumulated heat and scorched hair, and speaking while asleep,854 are about to develop fright. Six fen of ox yellow/bezoar and five qian of cinnabar are ground together. Mix this with the juice obtained from rubbing rhinoceros horn [in water], and [let the patient] ingest one qian. Zong wei lun. 腹痛夜啼。牛黄一豆許，乳汁化服。仍書田字於臍下。聖惠方。 Abdominal pain and crying during the night. A roughly bean size amount of ox yellow/bezoar is dissolved in milk to be ingested [by the patient]. Also, write the character “field” below its navel. Sheng hui fang. 痘瘡黑陷。牛黄二粒，朱砂一分，研末。蜜浸臙脂，取汁調搽，一日一 上。王氏痘疹方。 Pox sores and black indentations. Two pellets of ox yellow/bezoar and one fen of cinnabar are ground to powder. Then take the juice of rouge soaked in honey, mix this [with the powder] and apply [this to the affected region], once a day. Wang shi dou zhen fang. 50-17 鮓答綱目 Zha da. FE Gang mu. Animal gall stone. 【集解】【時珍曰】鮓答生走獸及牛馬諸畜肝膽之間，有肉囊裹之，多至 升許，大者如雞子，小者如栗，如榛。其狀白色，似石非石，似骨非骨， 打破層叠。嘉靖庚子年，蘄州 侯屠殺一黄牛得此物，人無識者。有番僧 云：此至寶也，牛、馬、猪畜皆有之，可以祈雨。西域有密咒，則霖雨立 至。不知咒者，但以水浸搬弄，亦能致雨。後攷陶九成輟耕録所載鮓答， 即此物也。其言曰：蒙古人禱雨，惟以浄水一盆，浸石子數枚，淘漉玩 弄，密持咒語，良久輒雨。石子名鮓答，大者如雞卵，小者不等，乃走獸 854 Xiao er wei sheng zhong wei lun, ch. 5, jing xian fang zhi 驚癇方治, “recipes for fright epilepsy,” writes shui zhong kuang yu 睡中狂語, “speaking madly during sleep,” instead of shui yu 睡語, “speaking during sleep.”

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腹中所産，獨牛、馬者最妙，蓋牛黄、狗寶之類也。又按京房易占云：兵 强主武，則牛腹生石。據此則鮓答、狗寶同一類也。但生于狗腹者爲狗寶 耳。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Zha da grows between liver and gallbladder of all domestic animals, as are running animals, oxen and horses. It is wrapped in meat, and may reach a weight of up to one sheng. Big ones are like chicken eggs. Small ones are like millet grains or hazelnuts. They have a white color and resemble stones, but they are not stones. They resemble bones, but they are not bones. When they are broken, several layers appear. In the year geng zi 庚子 of the jia jing reign period (1522 – 1566), a man named Hou in Qi zhou slaughtered a yellow ox and found this item. Nobody knew what it might be. A foreign Buddhist monk stated: “This is extremely precious. Domestic animals, as are oxen, horses and pigs, they all have them. They may serve to pray for rain. In Western regions a secret incantation is practiced. As a result a continuous rain will begin immediately. Those who do not know this incantation, they simply soak it in water and play with it. This, too, may result in rain.” Later, Tao Jiucheng’s Chuo geng lu was consulted, and the zha da listed there was the object [found by Mr. Hou. The Chuo geng lu] says: “When the people in Mongolia pray for rain, they soak several such stones in a basin filled with clean water. They wash them, filter the liquid and play with them with their hands, and fervently say incantations. After an extended period of time, there is always rain. The stones are called zha da. Big ones are as large as chicken eggs; small ones are of various [sizes]. They grow in the stomach/abdomen of running animals. But only those of oxen and horses are especially wondrous. Actually, they are in one group with ox yellow/bezoar and ‘dog gems’ (50-18).” Also, according to the Jing fang yi zhan, “[in regions] with strong soldiers who are actively engaged in warfare, oxen grow such stones in their stomach/abdomen.” Based on this, zha da is of the same group as “dog gems.” However, only those growing in a dog’s stomach/ abdomen are “dog gems.” 【氣味】甘、鹹，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】驚癇毒瘡。時珍。 Control. Fright epilepsy and poison sores. [Li] Shizhen.

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50-18 狗寶綱目 Gou bao. FE Gang mu. Stomach and gallstones of dogs.855 【集解】【時珍曰】狗寶生癩狗腹中，狀如白石，帶青色，其理層叠，亦 難得之物也。按賈似道悦生隨抄云：任丘縣民家一犬甚惡，後病衰，爲衆 犬所噬而死。剖之，其心已化，似石非石，其重如石，而包膜絡之如寒 灰，觀其脉理猶是心，不知何緣致此？嘗聞人患石淋，有石塊刀斧不能 破。又嘗見龍脛骨中髓皆是白石，虎目光落地亦成白石，星之光氣也落則 成石，松亦化石，蛇、蟹、蠶皆能成石。萬物變化如此，不可一概斷也。 時珍嘗静思之，牛之黄，狗之寶，馬之墨，鹿之玉，犀之通天，獸之鮓 答，皆物之病，而人以爲寶也。人靈於物而猶不免此病，况物乎？人之病 淋有沙石者，非獸之鮓答乎？人之病癖有心似金石者，非狗之寶乎。此皆 囿於物而不能化者，故禽鳥有生卵如石者焉。按程氏遺書載：有波斯人發 閩中古塚，棺内俱盡，惟心堅如石。鋸開觀之，有山水青碧如畫，傍有一 女，靚粧憑欄。蓋此女有愛山癖，朝夕注意，故融結如此。又宋潜溪文集 載：臨川 浮屠法循，行般舟三昧法，示寂後火焚，惟心不化，出五色光， 有佛像高三寸，非骨非石，百體具足。又徽水有優婆塞，行禪觀之法，及 死火葬，心内包觀音像如刻成。此皆志局於物，用志不分，精靈氣液因感 而凝形，正如孕女感異像而成鬼胎之類，非祥也，病也，有情之無情也。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: “Dog gems” grow in the stomach of leprous dogs. Their appearance is that of white stones, with some greenish color. They have a structure of several layers. These items are difficult to obtain. According to Jia Sidao’s Yue sheng sui chao, “the people in Ren qiu county had an extremely malign dog. Eventually it was weakened by a disease, and bitten to death by numerous other dogs. Its heart had transformed. It resembled a stone, but was not a stone. It was as heavy as a stone, and a cover of membranes made it look like cold lime. Upon closer inspection, the structure of its vessels was still that of a heart. No one knew what had happened. [I] have heard that once there was a man who suffered from [urinary] stone dripping. One of the stones was so hard, it could not be broken apart with a knife or ax. Also, [I] have observed that the marrow in the shinbones of dragons is a white stone, and when the rays of a tiger’s eyes fall on the ground, they will become white stones. When the ray qi of stars fall on the ground, they turn into stones. Pines also transform into stones. Snakes, crabs, and silkworms, they all can form stones. The myriad things undergo such transformations, and this is not to be grasped by one decision only.” [I, Li] Shizhen have calmly thought about this. The yellow/bezoar of oxen, the “gems” of dogs, the “ink” of horses, the “jade” of deer, the 855 Gou bao 狗寶, lit.: “dog gem.”

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“penetration of heaven” of rhinos, and the zha da of certain animals, they all are associated with disease, and still they are considered precious by humans. Humans are more intelligent than all other beings, and yet they are unable to avert such diseases. How can this be? When someone suffers from [urinary] dripping with sand, is this not the zha da of animals? When someone suffers from an addiction to something, and his heart is as [hard as] metal and stone, are these not the “dog’s gems”? All these are examples of internal failures of beings to undergo transformations. Hence, there are birds that lay eggs resembling stones. The Cheng shi yi shu records the story of “a man from Persia who opened a tomb in Min. There was nothing left in the coffin except for the heart that was as hard as a stone. When it was sawed open, it contained a landscape of greenish-bluish color, like a painting. To the side there was a beautiful woman leaning on a fence. The fact is, this woman in her love was addicted to mountains. From morning to evening, she thought of nothing else. Hence, [the interior of her heart and the mountains she looked at] fused and formed concretions like this.” Also, the Song Qianxi wen ji records the following story. “In Lin chuan, there was a Buddhist who acted in accordance with the Buddhist doctrines. In particular, he practiced the precepts outlined in the Pratyutpanna Samādhi [Sūtra]. After he had passed away, he was cremated, and only his heart did not transform. It emitted rays of five colors, and it contained a three cun high image of Buddha that was neither a bone nor a stone. All parts of the body were present in perfect detail. Also, in Hui shui there was nun named You who practiced Zen meditation. When she had died she was cremated. Her heart contained a Guan yin image that looked as if carved.” All these events result from one’s mind concentrating on something with undivided attention. Eventually, one’s essence and spirit qi and liquids will, because of such emotions, congeal and assume a physical appearance. This is the same as when a pregnant woman’s emotions are affected by some extraordinary appearance which then transforms into a demon fetus. Such occurrences are not auspicious. They are disease. They are signs of something without emotions existing within those who have emotions. 【氣味】甘、鹹，平，有小毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, balanced, slightly poisonous. 【主治】噎食及癰疽瘡瘍。時珍。 Control. Gullet occluding food and sores and ulcers associated with obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.856 [Li] Shizhen. 856 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing

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【附方】新四。 Added recipes. Four newly [recorded]. 噎食病，數月不愈者。用狗寶爲末。每服一分，以威靈仙二兩，鹽二錢， 搗如泥，將水一鍾攪匀，去滓調服，日二。不過三日愈，後服補劑。杏林 摘要。 Gullet occluding food disease. When it has lasted for several months without being cured. Grind a “dog gem” to powder. Each time [let the patient] ingest one fen. Pound two liang of Chinese clematis and two qian of salt to a pulp, and mix this evenly with one cup of fermented water of foxtail millet.857 Remove the dregs and mix [the liquid with the “dog gem” powder]. This is to be ingested, twice per day. A cure is achieved after no more than three days. After this [let the patient] ingest supplementing preparations. Xing lin zhai yao. 狗寶丸。治癰疽發背諸毒，初覺壯熱煩渴者。用癩狗寶一兩，臘月黑狗 膽、臘月鯉魚膽各一枚，蟾酥二錢，蜈蚣炙七條，硇砂、乳香、没藥、輕 粉、雄黄、烏金石各一錢，粉霜三錢，麝香一分，同爲末。用首生男兒乳 一合，黄蠟三錢，熬膏和丸緑豆大。每服一丸或三丸，以白丁香七枚研， 調新汲水送下。暖卧，汗出爲度。不過三服立效，後食白粥補之。濟生方。 The “pills with dog gem.” They serve to cure all kinds of poison associated with obstruction-illness and impediment-illness858 and effusion on the back,859 when a sensation of strong heat, vexation and thirst has just come up. One liang of a leprous dog’s gems and one gallbladder of a black dog collected in the 12th month as well as one gallbladder of a carp collected in the 12th month, further: two qian of toad-cake, seven roasted centipedes, one qian each of sal ammoniac, frankincense, myrrh, calomel, realgar and coal, also: three qian of sublimed calomel and one fen of musk are ground to powder. Then simmer [this powder] together with one ge of milk [produced by a mother] for her first-born son and three qian of yellow wax to a paste and prepare pills the size of green beans. Each time [let the patient] ingest one or three such pills. They are to be sent down with fresh drawn water mixed with seven pieces of white clove (i. e., male sparrow feces). Cover [the patient] warmly against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 857 For jiang shui 漿水, “fermented water of foxtail millet,” see BCGM 05-33. 858 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 859 Fa bei 發背, “effusion of the back.” A condition of an obstruction-illness and an impediment-illness developking on one’s back. BCGM Dict I, 148.

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and have him lie down until he sweats. An effect is achieved after no more than three ingestions. Afterwards [the patient] is to eat a white congee as a supplementation. Ji sheng fang. 赤疔瘡。狗寶丸：用狗寶八分，蟾酥二錢，龍腦二錢，麝香一錢，爲末， 好酒和丸麻子大。每服三丸，以生葱三寸同嚼細，用熱葱酒送下，暖卧， 汗出爲度。後服流氣追毒藥，貼拔毒膏，取愈。通玄論。 Red pin-illness860 sores. The “pills with dog gem.” Eight fen of “dog gem,” two qian of toad-cake, two qian of borneol, and one qian of musk are ground to powder to be formed, mixed with good wine, to pills the size of hemp seeds. Each time [let the patient] ingest three pills. They are to be chewed together with a three cun long fresh piece of onion, and this is then sent down with hot onion wine. Cover [the patient] warmly and have him lie down until he sweats. After this, [have him ingest] a medication to stimulate qi flow and remove poison, and apply an ointment to extract poison. This will bring a cure. Tong xuan lun. 反胃膈氣。丁丹厓祖傳狗寶丸：用硫黄、水銀各一錢，同炒成金色，入狗 寶三錢，爲末。以雞卵一枚，去白留黄，和藥攪匀，紙封泥固，煻火煨半 日，取出研細。每服五分，燒酒調服，不過三服見效。楊氏頤真堂方。 Turned over stomach with occlusion qi. Ding Danya’s pills with “dog gem” transmitted by the ancestors. One qian each of sulphur and mercury are fried together until they have assumed a golden color. To this add three qian of “dog gem,” and grind all this to powder. Then mix this evenly with a chicken egg after removing the eggwhite and retaining the eggyolk. Wrap this in paper and firmly cover it with clay, and subject this to the mild heat above a fire for half a day. Then remove [the contents from the wrapping] and grind them to a fine powder. Each time ingest five fen, to be ingested mixed with brandy. An effect will be apparent after no more than three ingestions. Yang shi, Yi zhen tang fang. 50-19 底野迦唐本草 Di ye jia. FE Tang ben cao. Theriac. 【集解】【恭曰】出西戎。彼人云：用豬膽作之。狀似久壞丸藥，赤黑 色。胡人時將至此，甚珍重之。試用有效。【頌曰】宋時南海亦或有之。 860 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129.

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Collected Explanations. [Su] Gong: It comes from the Xi rong. The people there state that it is made from pig861 bile. Its appearance is that of pills that have been left to rot for a long time. It is of red-black color. The Hu people occasionally bring it here. They highly value it. Tests have shown itsr effects. [Su] Song: During the Song era, it was available at some places in the South. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter,862 cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】百病中惡，客忤邪氣，心腹積聚。唐本草。 Control The hundreds of diseases and being struck by the malign, being visited by the hostile,863 and evil qi, as well as accumulations and collections in heart and abdomen. Tang ben cao. 50-20 諸血拾遺 Zhu xue. FE Shi yi. All kinds of blood. 【集解】【時珍曰】獸畜有水陸之産，方土之殊，寒熱温凉之不同，有毒 無毒之各異。陳氏概以諸血立條，主病似欠分明，姑存其舊而已。其各血 主治，俱見本條。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Wild animals and domestic animals may be born in water and on land. The regions [where they live] and the [climates they grow up with], cold and heat, warm and cool, are all different, as are discrepancies in their being poisonous or nonpoisonous. Hence Mr. Chen [Cangqi] set up an entry for “all kinds of blood.” It appeared rather unclear as to which diseases [“all kinds of blood”] were to control. Hence [the entry] is kept here in its old version. For the abilities of all kinds of blood to control and cure [specific diseases] see the respective entries. 【氣味】甘，平。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced.

861 Zheng lei, ch. 16, di ye jia 底野迦, has zhu dan 諸膽, “all/any bile,” instead of zhu 豬膽, “pig bile.” 862 Zheng lei, ch. 16, di ye jia 底野迦, has xin 辛, “acrid,” instead of ku 苦, “bitter.” 863 Ke wu 客忤, “visitor‘s hostility.“ A sudden twisting pain, encountered outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen thought to result from the hostile acts of demons “visiting“ the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282.

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【主治】補人身血不足，或患血枯，皮上膚起，面無顔色者，皆不足也， 並宜生飲。又解諸藥毒、菌毒，止渴，除丹毒，去煩熱。藏器。 Control. They supplement insufficient human blood. When [patients] suffer from blood desiccation, with sections of the skin rising and loss of complexion, these are are all conditions of [blood] insufficiency, and it is always appropriate to drink fresh [blood]. Also, [all kinds of blood] resolve all kinds of medicinal poison and the poison of mushrooms, end thirst, eliminate cinnabar poison and remove vexation with heat. [Chen] Cangqi. 50-21 諸朽骨拾遺 Zhu xiu gu. FE Shi yi. All kinds of rotten bones. 【集解】【時珍曰】朽骨不分何骨，然亦當取所知無毒之骨可也。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen. When [using rotten bones for medicinal purposes] one does not distinguish which bones [should be selected]. However, one must see to it that one takes bones of [animals] that were free of poison. 【主治】骨蒸。東墻腐骨磨醋，塗痕令滅。又塗癧瘍風瘡癬白爛者，東墻 向陽也。藏器。治風牙痛，止水痢。時珍。 Control. Bone steaming.864 Rotten bones from a wall facing East. Grind them with vinegar and apply this to scars. They will vanish. Also, for an application to pervasion-illness with ulcer wind sores,865 and to xuan-illness866 with white festering, [select rotten bones] from a wall facing East since this is directed toward yang. [Chen] Cangqi. They serve to cure wind toothache, and they end watery free-flux illness.867 [Li] Shizhen.

864 Gu zheng 骨蒸, “bone steaming,” (1) a pathological condition of an infectious consumptive disease with a development of vexing heat in the afternoon. (2) An illness sign of heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197. 865 Li yang feng 癧瘍風, “pervasion-illness with ulcer wind.” A condition of white macules and dots appearing on the skin in the neck, on the chest and below the armpits, without itching or pain. BCGM Dict I, 315. 866 Xuan-illness 癬, skin illness with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591. 867 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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【附方】舊一，新三。 Added recipes. One of old. Three newly [recorded]. 骨蒸發熱。多取諸朽骨，洗浄土氣，釜煮；入桃柳枝各五斗，煮枯；再入 棘針三斗，煮减半；去滓，以酢漿水和之，煮三五沸。令患者正坐散髮， 以湯從頂淋之，唯熱爲佳。若心悶，可少進冷粥。當得大汗，出惡氣。汗 乾乃粉身，食豉粥。拾遺。 Bone steaming with an effusion of heat. Collect numerous rotten bones of all kinds, wash them to clean them of the qi of soil, and boil them in a cauldron. Then add five dou each of peach and willow twigs, and boil this until it is entirely dry. Then again add three dou of red date [tree] thorns, and boil this down to one half. Remove the dregs, mix [the liquid] with vinegar and fermented water of foxtail millet,868 and boil this three to five times to bubbling. Let the patient sit straight with loose hair, and pour the decoction from the peak of his head on him. To be good, it must be hot. If he feels heart-pressure, he may be given some cold congee to eat. Eventually he will sweat profusely, with all the malign qi leaving. When the sweat has dried, the body is to be powdered, and [the patient] is to eat congee prepared from fermented soybeans. Shi yi. 水痢不止。朽骨灰、六月六日麴炒，等分，爲末，飲服方寸匕。乃御傳方 也。張文仲方。 Water free-flux illness that does not end. Roast equal parts of rotten bone ashes and yeast gathered on the sixth day of the sixth month, and ingest, with a liquid, the amount held by a square cun spoon. This is a recipe transmitted by the imperial court. Zhang Wenzhong fang. 風牙作痛。東墻下朽骨，削牙，煻火中煨熱，病處咬之，冷即易。外臺秘 要。 Painful wind teeth.869 From rotten bones from the bottom of a wall facing east pieces are cut [the size of the aching] tooth.870 They are heated above a mild fire,871 and one of them is bitten on at the location of the disease, to be replaced [with a hot piece] when it has cooled down. Wai tai mi yao. 868 For jiang shui 漿水, “fermented water of foxtail millet,” see BCGM 05-33. 869 Feng ya 風牙, “wind tooth,” a condition of toothache and exposure of tooth roots brought about by feng xie 風邪, “wind evil.“ BCGM Dict I, 171. 870 This is stated more clearly in Wai tai, ch. 22, ya teng tong ji chong fang 牙疼痛及蟲方, “recipes for toothache and worms/bugs,“ quoting Bi xiao fang as xiao zhi ru teng ya chi xu da 削之如疼牙齒許大, “cut them to pieces approximately the size of the aching tooth.” 871 Wai tai, ch. 22, ya teng tong ji chong fang 牙疼痛及蟲方, “recipes for toothache and worms/bugs,“ quoting Bi xiao fang writes hui 灰, “ashes,” instead of huo 火, “fire.”

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打擊青腫。墻上朽骨，和唾於石上磨，塗之，乾即易。千金。 Greenish swelling resulting from a blow. Rotten bones from a wall are ground, together with saliva, on a stone to be applied [to the affected region]. When this has dried, replace it. Qian jin. 50-22 震肉拾遺 Zhen rou. FE Shi yi. Shocked meat. 【集解】【藏器曰】此六畜爲天雷所霹靂者，因其事而用之也。【時珍 曰】按雷書云：雷震六畜肉，不可食，令人成大風疾。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: This is to make use of [meat of ] six kinds of domestic animals because [of certain therapeutic properties they have obtained] resulting from their exposure to the clap of thunder during a thunderstorm. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Lei shu, the meat of domestic animals shocked by thunder claps must not be eaten lest it let one suffer from a massive wind872 illness. 【主治】小兒夜驚，大人因驚失心，作脯食之。藏器。 Control. Fright of children during the night, and for adults who have lost their heart/senses following fright. Prepare it to preserved food and [let the patient] eat it. [Chen] Cangqi. 50-23 敗鼓皮别錄下品 Bai gu pi. FE Bie lu, lower rank. Decayed drum hide. 【校正】原在草部，宋本移入獸部。 Editorial Correction. Originally listed in the “herbs” section, the Song [ben cao] edition moved it to the “animals” section. 【集解】【宗奭曰】此是穿敗者，不言是何皮，馬、驢皮皆可爲之，當以 黄牛皮者爲勝。唐 韓退之所謂牛溲、馬勃，敗鼓之皮，醫師收畜，待用無 遺者也。今用處絶少，尤好煎膠。 Collected Explanations. [Kou] Zongshi: These are worn and torn [drum hides], regardless of which [animal they originally were obtained from]. They can be made 872 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” may refer to sores caused by a massive intrusion of wind evil and also to conditions of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111.

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from [the hide of ] horses and donkeys alike, but those made from the hide of yellow oxen are the best. They were meant by Han Tuizhi of the Tang when he said: “The urine of oxen and puffballs, as well as the hide of broken drums, the physicians collect them, and there is nothing they will not eventually make use of.” Nowadays they are used in very few places. They are particularly good when boiled to become glue. 【氣味】平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】中蠱毒。别録。【弘景曰】燒作屑，水和服之。病人即唤蠱主姓 名，往呼本主取蠱即瘥，與白蘘荷同功。治小便淋瀝，塗月蝕耳瘡，並燒 灰用。時珍。出藥對。 Control. Struck by gu poison.873 Bie lu. [Tao] Hongjing: They are burned, cut to scraps, and ingested with water. The patient shouts the name of the person who was the master of the gu. When the original master follows the call and comes by, he removes the gu, and the [patient] is cured. White Japanese ginger [rhizoma] has the same effect. It serves to cure urinary dripping of children, and it is applied to lunar eclipse874 ear sores. For both these usages [a decayed drum hide] is burned to ashes. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Yao dui.

【附方】舊三。 Added recipes. Three of old. 中蠱毒。梅師方云：凡中蠱毒，或下血如鵝肝，或吐血，或心腹切痛，如 有物咬。不即治之，食人五臟即死。欲知是蠱，但令病人吐水，沉者是， 浮者非也。用敗鼓皮燒灰，酒服方寸匕。須臾，自呼蠱主姓名。 Struck by gu poison. The Mei shi fang states: When one was struck by gu poison, he may experience a discharge of blood resembling goose liver, or he may spit blood, or he may feel a cutting pain in heart and abdomen, as if he were bitten by something. When this is not cured right away, it will eat his five long-term depots and he will die. If one wishes to determine whether indeed this is a case of gu, let the patient spit into water. When [the spittle] sinks down, it is [a case of gu]. When it remains at the surface, it is not. Burn a decayed drum hide to ashes and [let the patient] in873 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 874 Yue shi 月蝕, “lunar eclipse,” a condition of chuang 瘡，”sores” developing on the ears, nose, face, and to the side of the orifices in the anal and genital region. BCGM Dict I, 65.

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gest, with wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon. After a short while he will call the name of the gu master. 外臺秘要云：治蠱，取敗鼓皮廣五寸，長一尺，薔薇根五寸，如拇指大， 水一升，酒三升，煮二升，服之。當下蠱蟲，即愈。 The Wai tai mi yao states: To cure gu, a piece of decayed drum hide, five cun wide and one chi long, and a five cun long root of rambling rose, as big as a thumb, are boiled in one sheng of water and three sheng of wine down to two sheng, to be ingested [by the patient]. This will cause the discharge of the gu worms/bugs, and the cure [of the patient]. 月蝕瘡。集驗用救月蝕鼓皮，掌大一片，以苦酒三升漬一宿，塗之。或燒 灰，猪脂調塗。外臺。 Lunar eclipse sores. To save one from lunar eclipse [sores], the Ji yan [advises one to] use a piece of drum hide, the size of one’s palm, soak it in three sheng of bitter wine for one night, and then apply it to [the affected region]. Or have it burned to ashes, mix it with lard and apply [this to the affected region]. Wai tai. 50-24 氈拾遺 Zhan. FE Shi yi. Felt. 【集解】【時珍曰】氊屬甚多，出西北方，皆畜毛所作。其白、其黑者， 本色也。其青、烏、黄、赤者，染色也。其氊毯、褐𦇧、氍毹、氆氌等稱 者，因物命名也。大抵入藥不甚相遠。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: There are many different kinds of felt. They originate in the north-western regions, and they are all made from the hair/wool of domestic animals. White and black are their genuine colors. Greenish, dark, yellow and red are dyed colors. Zhan tan 氊毯, he li 褐𦇧, qu shu 氍毹 and pu lu 氆氌, are designations related to the various items [i.e., rugs and fabrics, produced with felt]. When used in medications, they are more or less of the same quality. 50-24-01 烏氈。Wu zhan. Dark felt. 【氣味】無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Nonpoisonous.

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【主治】火燒生瘡，令不着風水，止血，除賊風。燒灰，酒服二錢匕，治 産後血下不止。久卧吸人脂血，損顔色，上氣。藏器。 Control. Sores resulting from burns; it keeps them from being exposed to wind and water, ends bleeding, and removes robber wind.875 Burned to ashes and the amount held by a two qian spoon ingested with wine serves to cure incessant bleeding following childbirth. If one lies down on it for a long time, it will absorb his fat and blood, damage his complexion, and cause qi to ascend. [Chen] Cangqi. 【附方】新四。 Added recipes: Four newly [recorded]. 墜損疼痛。故馬氊兩段，酒五升，鹽一抄，煮熱裹之，冷即易，三五度 瘥。廣濟方。 Injury and pain after a fall. Two pieces of old horse felt and a little salt are heated in five sheng of wine. Wrap the [affected region] with the hot [felt]. When it has cooled down, replace it. A cure is achieved after three to five applications. Guang ji fang. 牙疳鼻疳。氁褐不拘紅黑燒存性、白礬燒枯各一錢，尿桶白碱一錢半，燒 過，同研搽，神效。簡便。 Dental gan-illness876 and nose gan-illness. One qian each of brown felt, regardless of whether it is more red or black, burned by retaining its nature, and of alum, burned to be completely dry, and one qian and a half of the white sediments from a urine bucket, burned, are ground together and applied to [the affected region]. Divinely effective. Jian bian. 夜夢魘寐。以赤𦇧一尺，枕之即安。肘後。 Nightmares. [Let the patient sleep on] a one chi long piece of red felt as a headrest, and he will be pacified. Zhou hou. 赤白崩漏。氊燒灰，酒服二錢。白崩用白氊，紅崩用紅氊。海上。 Red and white collapse leaking.877 Burn felt to ashes and [let the patient] ingest, with wine, two qian. For white collapse use white felt; for red collapse use red felt. Hai shang. 875 Zei feng 賊風, “robber wind.” A swift wind arriving from the South on the day of winter solstice. It “steals and harms the qi of central harmony,” causing pain without heat and various further pathological conditions. BCGM Dict I, 667. 876 Ya gan 牙疳, “dental gan-illness,” with teeth and the gums festering and emitting a bad stench, the teeth aching and becoming lose, and the appearance of pus and blood. BCGM Dict I, 605. 877 Beng lou 崩漏, “collapse leaking,” identical with beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” a condition of excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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50-25 六畜毛蹄甲 本經下品 Liu chu mao ti jia. FE Ben jing, lower rank. Fur and nails of the six domestic animals. 【集解】【弘景曰】六畜，謂牛、羊、豬、馬、雞、駝也。驢、騾亦其 類。各條已有主療，亦不必出此矣。【時珍曰】此係本經一品，姑存以見 古蹟。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: The six domestic animals include oxen, goats/sheep, pigs, horses, chicken and camels.878 Donkeys and mules belong to this group, too.879 Their therapeutic effects are described in their respective entries, and must not be outlined here. [Li] Shizhen: These are items tied to the Ben jing, they are retained here for the time being to offer evidence of remnants from antiquity. 【氣味】鹹，平，有毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, poisonous. 【主治】鬼疰蠱毒，寒熱驚癇，癲痓狂走。駱駝毛尤良。本經。 Control. Demon attachment-illness880 and gu poison.881 Alternating sensations of cold and heat with fright epilepsy. Peak-illness882 with spasms and crazy running. [Felt prepared from] the wool of camels is particularly good. Ben jing.

878 Zheng lei, ch. 18, liu chu mao ti jia 六畜毛蹄甲, “hair and hoof nails of the six domestic animals,” writes gou 狗, “dog,” instead of tuo 駝, “camel.” 879 Zheng lei, ch. 18, liu chu mao ti jia 六畜毛蹄甲, “hair and hoof nails of the six domestic animals,” adds the seven characters: luo tuo fang ji bing shao yong 駱駝方家并少用, “white horses with a black mane and camels are rarely used by recipe experts.” 880 Gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness,” also zhu 注, “attachment-illness,” “influx-illnesss,” reflects a notion of a foreign pathogenic agent, originally of demonic nature, having attached itself to the human organism. BCGM Dict I, 202, 688-695. 881 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 882 Dian 癲, “peak-illness,” BCGM Dict I, 123, identical with dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125.

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50-26 六畜心綱目 Liu chu xin. FE Gang mu. The hearts of the six domestic animals. 【集解】【時珍曰】古方多用六畜心治心病，從其類也。而又有殺時驚氣 入心，怒氣入肝、諸心損心、諸肝損肝之説，與之相反。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: In ancient recipes the hearts of the six domestic animals were often used to cure diseases of the heart. This is based on their group correspondences. But there are also sayings such as, when [an animal] is killed, fright qi enters its heart, anger qi enter its liver. [Hence,] all [animal] hearts injure [human] hearts, and all [animal] livers injure [human] livers. They contradict [the usage in ancient times]. 【主治】心昏多忘，心虚作痛，驚悸恐惑。時珍。 Control. Confused heart/senses and forgetfulness, painful heart depletion, fright with palpitation and fear and delusions. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新二。 Added recipes: Two newly [recorded]. 健忘。心孔昏塞，多忘喜誤。取牛、馬、猪、雞、羊、犬心，乾之爲末。 向日酒服方寸匕，日三服，聞一知十。外臺883。 Forgetfulness. When the heart holes are clouded and blocked, and when one often forgets and tends to make mistakes. Take the hearts of oxen, horses, pigs, chicken, goats/sheep and dogs, dry them and grind them to powder. The amount held by a square cun spoon is to be ingested, with wine and facing the sun, three times a day. [This will make one alert to the point that] he hears one thing and knows ten. Wai tai. 蛕蟲心痛。用六畜心，生切作四臠，縱横割路，納朱砂或雄黄于中，吞 之，蟲死即愈。集驗。 Pain in the heart resulting from roundworms. Cut the fresh hearts of the six domestic animals into thin slices, and cut horizontal and vertical grooves into them. Fill them with cinnabar or realgar, and have the patient] swallow them. Once the worms have died, he will be cured. Ji yan. 883 This recipe is not recorded in the Wai tai. It may be found in Pu ji fang ch. 17, xin jian wang 心健忘, “forgetfullness,“ where it is said to be quoted from Sheng hui fang. The Sheng hui fang has no such recipe.

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50-27 諸肉有毒拾遺 Zhu rou you du. FE Bie lu, lower rank. All kinds of poisonous meat. 牛獨肝

Oxen with only one liver.

黑牛白頭

Black oxen with a white head.

牛馬生疔死 羊獨角

Oxen and horses that have died following a pin-illness.884

Goats/sheep with only one horn.

黑羊白頭

Black sheep/goats with a white head.

白羊黑頭 White sheep/goats with a black head. 猪羊心肝有孔 馬生角

Pigs and goats/sheep that have a heart or liver with holes.

Horses with horns.

馬鞍下黑肉 馬肝

Black meat underneath the saddle of a horse.

Horse liver.

馬無夜眼

Horses without night eyes.

白馬黑頭 White horses with a black head. 白馬青蹄 White horses with greenish trotters.. 猘犬肉

Meat of rabid dogs.

犬有懸蹄

Dogs with suspended trotters.

六畜自死首北向 north.

The six domestic animals that have died with their head facing

六畜自死口不閉 The six domestic animals that have died with their mouth not closed. 六畜疫病瘡疥死 The six domestic animals that have died of epidemics, with sores and jie-illness. 885 諸畜帶龍形

All domestic animals with the physical appearance of a dragon.

諸畜肉中有米星 鹿白臆

Deer with a white breast.

鹿文如豹 獸歧尾

All domestic animals with rice stars in their meat.

Deer with leopard design. Animals with a forked tail.

884 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and

festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127-129. 885 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

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Animals with two heads.

諸獸赤足

All animals with red feet.

禽獸肝青

Birds and animals with a greenish liver.

諸獸中毒箭死

All animals that have died from a poisoned arrow.

脯沾屋漏

Preserved food moistened from a leaking roof.

脯曝不燥

Preserved meat exposed to the sun without having dried.

米甕中肉脯

Preserved meat kept in rice jars.

六畜肉熱血不斷 祭肉自動

Meat of the six domestic animals that continues bleeding.

Meat used in sacrifices that moves by itself.

諸肉經宿未煮 All kinds of meat that have been kept overnight without being boiled. 六畜五臟着草自動 The five long-term depot [organs] of the six domestic animals that move by themselves when touched with an herb. 六畜肉得鹹、酢不變色 Meat of the six domestic animals that does not change its color when treated with salt and vinegar. 生肉不斂水 肉煮不熟

Fresh meat that does not absorb water. Meat that is boiled but does not reach a condition of well done.

肉煮熟不斂水

Boiled meat that does not absorb water.

六畜肉墮地不沾塵 Meat of the six domestic animals that does not accept dust when dropped on the ground. 肉落水浮

Meat that remains at the surface when dropped into water.

肉汁器盛閉氣

Meat juice stored in a container closed from the qi/air.

六畜肉與犬，犬不食者 Meat of the six domestic animals given to dogs that is not eaten by the dogs. 乳酪煎膾

Minced meat fried in cheese.

已上並不可食，殺人病人，令人生癰腫疔毒。 All [kinds of meat] listed above must not be eaten. They either kill one, or they will make one sick. They let one suffer from swelling associated with obstruction-illness,886 and the poison of pin-illness.887

886 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 887 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127-129.

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諸心損心. All hearts of [animals] harm the heart [of humans]. 諸肝損肝. All livers of [animals] harm the liver [of humans]. 六畜脾一生不可食. The spleen of of the six domestic animals must not be eaten at any time during one’s life. 諸腦損陽滑精. All kinds of brain will damage one’s yang and make his essence/ sperm flow off easily. 諸血損血敗陽. All kinds of [animal] blood harm the blood [of humans] and let their yang rot. 諸脂燃燈損目. All lamps burning with the fat [of animals] will harm one’s eyes. 經夏臭脯，痿人陰，成水病. Preserved food kept throughout summer that has assumed a bad odor will cause one’s yin’s dysfunction, and leads to water disease. 魚餒肉敗. Putrid fish and spoiled meat. 本生命肉，令人神魂不安. hun-soul feel uneasy.

[Eating] one’s own meat will make one’s spirit and

春不食肝. In spring do not eat livers. 夏不食心. In summer do not eat hearts. 秋不食肺. In autumn do not eat lungs. 冬不食腎. In winter do not eat kidneys. 四季不食脾

During all four seasons do not eat spleens.

50-28 解諸肉毒綱目 Jie zhu rou du. FE Gang mu. How to resolve all kinds of meat poison. 中六畜肉毒。Poisoning by the meat of any of the six domestic animals. 六畜乾屎末，伏龍肝末，黃檗末，赤小豆燒末，東壁土末，白扁豆，並水 服。飲人乳汁，頭垢一錢，水服。起死人，豆豉汁服。 Dried, powdered excrements of the six domestic animals. Powdered soil from an oven. Powdered phellodendron [bark]. Powdered burned red small beans. Powdered soil from a wall facing east. White Egyption kidney beans. All [to be ingested] with water. Drinking of human milk together with one qian of filth from one’s head, ingested with water,. To make a dead person rise again, have him ingest the juice of fermented soybeans.

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馬肉毒。Poisoning by horse meat. 蘆根汁，甘草汁，嚼杏仁，飲美酒。 Reed root juice. glycyrrhiza [root] juice. Chew apricot seeds. To be drunk with delicious wine. 馬肝毒。Poisoning by horse liver. 猪骨灰，狗屎灰，牡鼠屎，人頭垢，豆豉，並水服。 Pig bones burned to ashes. Dog feces burned to ashes. Feces of male rats. Filth from a human head. Fermented soybeans. All to be ingested with water. 牛馬生疔。Pin-illness888 resulting from [eating] ox and horse [meat]. 澤蘭根擂水，猪牙灰，水服，生菖蒲擂酒，甘菊根擂水，甘草煎湯服，取 汗。 Lycopus herb root pounded in water, and the ashes of pig teeth are to be ingested with water. Fresh acorus [root] pounded with wine, chrysanthemum root pounded in water, fried glycyrrhiza [root] to be ingested with hot water. This will cause sweating. 牛肉毒。Poisoning by beef. 猪脂化湯飲，甘草湯，猪牙灰，水服。 Drink lard dissolved in hot water. Decoction of glycyrrhiza [root]. The ashes of pig teeth. To be ingested with water. 獨肝牛毒。Poisoning by beef of a single liver ox. 人乳服之。 Ingest human milk. 狗肉毒。Poisoning by dog meat. 杏仁研水服。 Grind apricot seeds and ingest them with water. 羊肉毒。Poisoning by mutton. 甘草煎水服。 Ingest glycyrrhiza [root] boiled in water. 猪肉毒。Poisoning by pork. 杏仁研汁，猪屎絞汁，韭菜汁，樸硝煎汁，猪骨灰調水，大黃湯。 888 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127129.

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Juice obtained by grinding apricot seeds. The juice obtained by squeezing pig excrements. Chinese chives juice. The juice obtained by boiling mirabilite. Pig bone ashes mixed with water, rhubarb root decoction. 藥箭肉毒。Poisoning by meat from [an animal killed with a] medicated arrow. 大豆煎汁，鹽湯。 Soybeans boiled in water. Brine. 諸肉過傷。Harm caused by excessive [consumption] of all kinds of meat. 本畜骨灰水服，生韭汁，芫荽煎汁。 Ingest the ashes of the bones of the domestic animal in question. Fresh Chinese chives juice. The juice obtained by boiling coriander. 食肉不消還。Failure to digest consumed meat. 飲本汁即消，食本獸腦亦消。 Drink juice [from boiling the meat] of the respective [animal] and it will dissolve. Eating the brain of that same animal will also let [the meat] dissolve.

本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 獸部目録 Section Four Legged Animals, Contents 第五十一卷 Chapter 51

獸之二

Wild Animals II 獸類三十八種 Animals Group, 38 kinds, [Wild] Four Legged 51-01 Shi 獅, lion. FE Gang mu 綱目 51-02 Hu 虎, tiger. FE Bie lu 别録 51-02-A01 Qiu er 酋耳, qiu er. 51-02-A02 Bo ma 駮馬, parti-colored horse. 51-02-A03 Qu sou 渠搜, trench digger. 51-02-A04 Huang yao 黄腰, yellow lower back. 51-03 Bao 豹, leopard. FE Bie lu 别録 51-04 Mo 貘, tapir. FE Tu jing 圖經 51-04-A01 Nie tie 囓鐵, those that gnaw on iron. 51-04-A02 An 豻, an. 51-04-A03 Tiao tu 狡兔, wily hare/rabbit. 51-05 Xiang 象, elephant. FE Kai bao 開寶 51-06 Xi 犀, rhinoceros. FE Ben jing 本經 51-07 Li niu 犛牛, hairy ox. FE Gang mu 綱目 51-07-A01 Wei niu 犩牛, wei ox. 51-07-A02 Tang niu 𤛋牛, tangoxu. 51-07-A03 Hai niu 海牛, sea ox.

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51-07-A04 Yue zhi niu 月支牛, yue zhi ox, 51-07-A05 Shan niu 山牛, mountain ox. 51-08 Mao niu 牦牛, yak. FE Gang mu 綱目 51-09 Ye ma 野馬, wild horse. 51-10 Ye zhu 野猪, wild boar. 51-11 Hao zhu 豪猪, porcupine. FE Gang mu 綱目 51-12 Xiong 熊, bear. FE Ben jing 本經 51-12-A01 Pi 羆, pi. Tui 魋, tui. 51-13 Ling yang 麢羊, antilope. FE Ben jing 本經 51-13-A01 Shan lu 山驢, mountain donkey. 51-14 Shan yang 山羊, mountain goat. 51-15 Lu 鹿, deer. FE Ben jing 本經 51-16 Mi 麋, Pére David’s deer. FE Ben jing 本經 51-17 Shuang tou lu 雙頭鹿, two headed deer. FE Shi yi 拾遺 51-18 Ji 麂, muntjac. FE Kai bao 開寶 51-19 Zhang 麞, roebuck. FE Bie lu 别録 51-20 She 麝, musk deer. FE Ben jing 本經 51-21 Ling mao 靈貓, civet cat. FE Shi yi 拾遺 51-22 Mao 貓, cat. FE Shu ben cao 蜀本草 51-23 Li 貍, leopard cat. FE Bie lu 别録 51-24 Feng li 風貍, wind leopard cat. FE Shi yi 拾遺 51-25 Hu 狐, fox. FE Bie lu 别録 51-26: He 貉, raccoon dog. FE Yan yi 衍義 51-27 Tuan 貒, sand badger. FE Tang ben cao 唐本草 51-28 Huan 貛, badger. FE Shi wu 食物 51-29 Mu gou 木狗, wood dog. FE Gang mu 綱目 51-30 Chai 豺, Asian wild dog. FE Tang ben cao 唐本草 51-31 Lang 狼, wolf. FE Shi yi 拾遺 51-32 Tu 兔, hare, rabbit. FE Bie lu 别録 51-33 Bai bi 敗筆, decayed writing brush. FE Tang ben cao 唐本草 51-34 Shan ta 山獺, mountain otter. FE Gang mu 綱目 51-35 Shui ta 水獺, water otter. FE Bie lu 别録 51-36 Hai ta 海獺, sea otter. FE Shi yi 拾遺 51-37 Wu nu shou 腽肭獸, wu nu animal. FE Kai bao 開寶 51-38 Hua 猾, hua. FE Pao zhi lun 炮炙論 Entries 1 through 38 include recipes: 87 of old, 146 newly [recorded].

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獸之三 Four Legged Animals III 獸類一十二種 Animals Group, 12 kinds, [Wild] Four Legged 51-39 Shu 鼠, rat, mouse. FE Bie lu 别録 51-39-A01 Zhong shu 鼨鼠, zhong rat/mouse. 51-39-A02 Ping shu 䶄鼠, ping rat/mouse. 51-39-A03 Li ai 𪖂𪕭, li ai [rat/mouse]. 51-39-A04 Qu jing 鼩鼱, qu jing [rat/mouse]. 51-39-A05 Shui shu 水鼠, water rat/mouse. 51-39-A06 Bing shu 冰鼠, ice rat/mouse. 51-39-A07 Huo shu 火鼠, fire rat/mouse. 51-39-A08 Tu shu 鼠突 鼠, tu rat/mouse. 51-39-A08 Jue shu 蟨鼠, jue rat/mouse. 51-40 Yan shu 鼹鼠, mole. FE Bie lu 别録 51-41 Yin shu 隱鼠, hidden rat/mouse. FE Shi yi 拾遺 51-42 Shi shu 鼫鼠, squirrel. FE Gang mu 綱目 51-43 Zhu liu 竹䶉, bamboo rat/mouse. FE Gang mu 綱目 51-44 Tu bo shu 土撥鼠, marmot. FE Shi yi 拾遺 51-45 Shao shu 貂鼠, marten. FE Gang mu 綱目 51-46 Huang shu 黄鼠, ground squirrel. FE Gang mu 綱目 51-47 You shu 鼬鼠, weasel. FE Gang mu 綱目; i.e., shu lang 鼠狼, rat/mouse wolf. 51-48 Xi shu 鼷鼠, house mouse. FE Shi yi 拾遺 51-49 Shi she shu 食蛇鼠, snake eating rat/mouse. FE Gang mu 綱目 51-50 Wei 猬, hedgehog. FE Ben jing 本經 Entries 39 through 50 include recipes: 40 of old, 68 newly [recorded].

獸之三 Four Legged Animals IV 寓類怪類共八種 Residential and Strange [Animals] Group, 8 kinds 51-51 Mi hou 獼猴, macaque. FE Zheng lei 證類 51-51-A01 Que 玃, que. 51-51-A02 Ju 豦, ju.

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51-52 Rong 狨, gibbon. FE Shi yi 拾遺 51-52-A01 Yuan 猿, yuan. 51-52-A02 Du 獨, single. 51-53 Guo ran 果然, proboscis monkey. FE Shi yi 拾遺 51-53-A01 Meng song 蒙頌, meng song. 51-53-A02 Can hu 獑猢, can hu. 51-54 Xing xing 猩猩, orangutan. FE Gang mu 綱目 51-54-A01 Ye nü 野女, wild girl. 51-55 Fei fei 狒狒, fei fei. FE Shi yi 拾遺 51-55-A01 Shan du 山都, shan du. 51-55-A02 Shan hui 山𤟤, shan hui. 51-55-A03 Mu ke 木客, wooden visitor. 51-55-A04 Shan xiao 山𤢖, shan siao. 51-55-01 Rou 肉, [fei fei] meat. 51-56 Wang liang 罔兩, wang liang. FE Gang mu 綱目 51-57 Peng hou 彭侯, peng hou. FE Gang mu 綱目 51-58 Feng 封, feng. FE Gang mu 綱目 Entries 51 through 58 include recipes: 1 of old, none newly [recorded].

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本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 獸部 Section Four Legged Animals 第五十一卷 Chapter 51

獸之二 Four Legged Animals II 獸類三十八種 Animals Group, 38 kinds, [Wild] Four Legged 51-01 獅綱目 Shi , FE Gang mu Lion. Felis leo L. 【釋名】狻猊音酸倪，爾雅作狻麑、虓許交切。【時珍曰】獅爲百獸長， 故謂之獅。虓，象其聲也。梵書謂之僧伽彼。説文云：一名白澤。今考瑞 應圖，白澤能言語，非獅也。 Explanation of Names. Suan ni 狻猊, read suan ni 酸倪. The Er ya writes suan ni 狻麑. Xiao 虓 is split read xu 許 and jiao 交. [Li] Shizhen: The lion is the leader of the hundreds of animals. Hence it is called shi, (a character composed of the two components quan 犭, “dog” + shi 師, “master”) [The name] xiao is a reflection of its roar. In Brahman texts it is called sengjiabi. The Shuo wen states: “Another name is bai ze 白澤.” According to a recent consultation of the Rui ying tu, “bai ze 白澤 [are animals that] can speak.” They are not lions. 【集解】【時珍曰】獅子出西域諸國，狀如虎而小，黄色，亦如金色猱 狗，而頭大尾長。亦有青色者，銅頭鐵額，鉤爪鋸牙，弭耳昂鼻，目光如 電，聲吼如雷。有耏髯，牡者尾上茸毛大如斗，日走五百里，爲毛蟲之 長。怒則威在齒，喜則威在尾。每一吼則百獸辟易，馬皆溺血。爾雅言其 食虎豹。虞世南言其拉虎吞貔，裂犀分象。陶九成言其食諸禽獸，以氣吹 之，羽毛紛落。熊太古言其乳入牛、羊、馬乳中，皆化成水。雖死後，虎 豹不敢食其肉，蠅不敢集其尾。物理相畏如此。然博物志載：魏武帝至白 狼山，見物如貍，跳至獅子頭殺之。唐史載高宗時，伽毘耶國獻天鐵獸，

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能擒獅、象。則獅雖猛悍，又有制之者也。西域畜之，七日内取其未開目 者調習之，若稍長則難馴矣。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Lions come from all possible countries in the West. Their appearance is that of tigers, but they are smaller and of yellow color. They also resemble the golden-colored nao 猱 dog, but their head is bigger and their tail is longer. There are also those of greenish color, with a copper head, an iron forehead, claws that are hooks, and teeth that are a saw. They have drooping ears and an upright nose. The light of their eyes resembles lightning, and their roar is like thunder. They have whiskers. Males have on their tail a fuzzy tassel as big as a dou measure. During one day, they run over a distance of 500 li. They are the leaders of hairy animals. When they are angry, they bare their awesome teeth. When they are happy, they move their awesome tail. Their roars let the hundreds of animals stay away, and make horses urinate blood. The Er ya claims that “they eat tigers and leopards.” Yu Shinan says: “They draw away tigers and swallow the pi (a mythical bear-like animal); they split open a rhinoceros and they cut in parts an elephant.” Tao Jiucheng states: “When they [are about] to eat a fowl or an animal, they blow qi at them, and feathers and hair will fall off.” Xiong Taigu: “When their milk is added to the milk of a cow, a goat/sheep and a horse, the latter will dissolve into water. Even after a lion has died, a tiger or a leopard will not dare to eat its meat and flies will not dare to gather at its tail.” Such is the principle of beings that are in fear of each other. And yet, the Bo wu zhi records: “Once when Emperor Wu di of Wei went to Bai lang mountain, he saw an animal resembling a li 狸, leopard cat, that jumped on a lion’s head and killed it.” The Tang shi records that “at the time of [Emperor] Gao zong, the country Ji bi ye sent as a tribute an animal [called] ‘Heaven’s Iron’, that was able to catch lions and elephants.” That is, even though lions are fierce and violent, there are still others that are able to check them. [People] in the Western regions raise them. Within seven days after the birth [of a cub], they remove them [from their parents] as long as they have not opened their eyes yet, and tame them. Once they have grown a bit, it is difficult to domesticate them. 51-01-01 屎。Shi. [Lion] feces. 【時珍曰】陶氏註蘇合香，誤以爲獅屎。陳氏正其誤，言獅屎極臭，赤黑 色。今考補於此。 [Li] Shizhen: In his comments on gum storax, Mr. Tao wrongly assumed it to be lion feces. Mr. Chen corrected this error, stating that “lion feces is extremely malodorous, and of red-black color.” Following some research, it is added here now.

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【主治】服之破宿血，殺百蟲。燒之去鬼氣。藏器。 Control. Ingested it breaks up stagnant blood, and kills the hundreds of worms/ bugs. Burned, it [serves to] remove demon qi. [Chen] Cangqi. 51-02 虎别録中品 Hu, FE Bie lu, middle rank. Tiger. Panthera tigris L. 【釋名】烏䖘音徒，左傳作於菟，漢書作烏檡、大蟲肘後、李耳。【時珍 曰】虎，象其聲也。魏子才云：其文從虍從几，象其蹲踞之形。從人者非 也。揚雄方言云：陳、魏之間，謂之李父。江淮、南楚之間，謂之李耳， 或謂之䖚䖘。自關東、西謂之伯都。珍按：李耳當作狸兒。蓋方音轉狸爲 李，兒爲耳也。今南人猶呼虎爲貓，即此意也。郭璞謂虎食物，值耳則 止，故呼李耳，觸其諱。應邵謂南郡 李翁化爲虎，故呼李耳。皆穿鑿不經 之言也。爾雅云：虎，淺毛曰虦貓，音棧。白虎曰甝，音含。黑虎曰虪， 音育。似虎而五指曰貙，音傴。似虎而非真曰彪。似虎而有角曰虒，音嘶。 Explanation of Names. Wu tu 烏䖘, read tu 徒. The Zuo zhuan writes it yu tu 於 菟. The Han shu writes it wu zhai 烏檡. Da chong 大蟲, Zhou hou. Li er 李耳. [Li] Shizhen: [The name] hu 虎 reflects its roar. Wei Zicai states: “This character is a combination of hu 虍, ‘tiger’, and ji 几, ‘small table’, symbolizing the appearance of a crouching [tiger]. It is wrong [to assume the lower segment of the character were borrowed from the character] ren 人, ‘man’.” Yang Xiong in his Fang yan states: “In the region of Chen and Wei, they call [tigers] li fu 李父, ‘elder Li’. In the regions of Jiang, Wei, and Southern Chu, they call them li er 李耳, or alternately wu tu 䖚䖘. East and west of Guan, they call them bo du 伯都.” [Li Shi]zhen: Li er 李耳 should be written Li er 狸兒. The fact is, in that local dialect, li 狸 was changed to li 李, and er 兒 was changed to er 耳. Nowadays, the people in the South continue to call tigers mao 猫, “cats.” That is the same meaning. When Guo Pu states: “When tigers eat an animal, they stop at its ears, er 耳. Hence they are called li er 李耳, reflecting this taboo,” and when Ying Shao says: “Mr. Li from Nan jun transformed into a tiger. Hence they are called Li er 李耳,” then these are farfetched interpretations not found in classical texts. The Er ya states: “Those tigers with short, qian 淺, fur are called zhan mao 虦猫, read zhan 棧. White tigers are called han 甝, read han 含. Black tigers are called yu 虪, read yu 育. Those resembling tigers but having five toes, they are called yu 貙, read yu 傴. Those resembling tigers without actually being tigers, they are called biao 彪. Those resembling tigers but having a horn, they are called si 虒, read si 嘶.”

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【集解】【頌曰】虎，本經不載所出，今多山林處皆有之。【時珍曰】按 格物論云：虎，山獸之君也。狀如猫而大如牛，黄質黑章，鋸牙鉤爪，鬚 健而尖，舌大如掌，生倒刺，項短鼻齆。夜視，一目放光，一目看物，聲 吼如雷，風從而生，百獸震恐。易通卦驗云：立秋虎始嘯，仲冬虎始交。 或云月暈時乃交。又云虎不再交，孕七月而生。又云虎知衝破，能畫地觀 奇偶以卜食。今人效之，謂之虎卜。虎噬物，隨月旬上下而齧其首尾。其 搏物，三躍不中則捨之。人死於虎，則爲倀鬼，導虎而行。虎食狗則醉， 狗乃虎之酒也。聞羊角烟則走，惡其臭也。虎害人、獸，而猬、鼠能制 之，智無大小也。獅、駮、酋耳、黄腰、渠搜能食虎，勢無强弱也。抱朴 子云：虎五百歲則變白。又海中有虎鯊能變虎。古有貙虎變人，貙人變虎 之説，亦自有是理也。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: The origins of tigers are not recorded in the Ben jing. Today, they are found in many mountain and forest regions. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Ge wu lun, “tigers are the lords of mountain animals. Their appearance is that of cats, but they are as big as an ox. They are basically yellow, with black stripes. Their teeth are saws, and their claws are hooks. Their whiskers are strong and pointed. Their tongue is as big as the palm of a hand, and grows inverted spikes. They have a short neck and a nose that is stopped up. When they observe [things] during the night, one of their eyes emits rays, and the other one sees them. Their roar sounds like thunder. It makes wind surge, and shocks and scares all animals.” The Yi tong gua yan states: “At the [solar term] Autumn Begins, tigers begin to roar. In mid-winter they begin to mate.” Elsewhere it is said that “they mate when the moon has a halo.” It is also said that “they do not mate a second time. They are pregnant for seven months before they give birth.” It is also said that “tigers know how to break through [a herd of prey animals to catch one individual animal], and that they are able to draw, [with their paws,] a plan on the ground and forecast [the position of ] their prey based on the appearance of odd and even [numberlines].” Nowadays, the people imitate them, and call this “tiger forecast.” When tigers bite an animal, it depends on whether it is the first or second half of the coming month that they gnaw either on their head or tail. When they fight with other animals, they jump on them three times. If they do not succeed, they give up. When a human being was killed by a tiger, he/she becomes a “tiger ghost.” In future, it will guide the tigers. When tigers eat a dog, they become intoxicated. Dogs affect tigers like wine. As soon as they smell the smoke of a goat’s horn, they run away, because they abhor such odor. Tigers harm humans and animals, but hedgehogs and rodents are able to check them. That is, [an animal’s] wisdom does not depend on its being large or small. Lions, bo 駮 [animals], qiu er 酋耳 [animals], huang yao 黄腰 [animals], and

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qu sou 渠搜 [ animals] are able to eat tigers.889 That is, [an animal’s] potential does not depend on its being strong or weak. The Bao pu zi states: “When tigers have reached the age of 500 years, they will turn white. Also, in the sea there are tiger sharks that can change to become tigers. In ancient times there were reports of yu 貙 tigers that changed into human beings, and of yu 貙 persons who changed into tigers, and they certainly had an underlying reason.”

【附方】 Appendix 51-02-A01 酋耳。Qiu er. Qiu er. 瑞應圖云：酋耳似虎絶大，不食生物，見虎、豹即殺之，太平則至。郭璞 云：即騶虞也。白虎黑文，尾長於身。 The Rui ying tu states: “The qiu er resemble tigers but they are definitely larger. They do not eat living beings; when they see tigers and leopards, they will kill them, and this marks the beginning of great peace.” Guo Pu states: “These are zou yu 騶虞, i.e., white tigers with black lines, and their tail is longer than their own body.” 51-02-A02 駮。Bo. Bo. 山海經云：駮狀如馬，白身黑尾，一角鋸牙，能食虎、豹。周書謂之兹 白。説苑云：師曠言鵲食猬，猬食駿馬義，駿馬義食豹，豹食駮，駮食虎。 The Shan hai jing states: The bo 駮 have an appearance of a horse, with a white body and a black tail. They have one horn that is the tooth of a saw. They can eat tigers and leopards. The Zhou shu calls them zi bai 兹白. The Shuo yuan states: “Shi Kuang says: ‘Magpies eat hedgehogs. Hedgehogs eat bo yi 駿馬義. Bo yi eat leopards. Leopards eat bo. Bo 駮 eat tigers’.” 51-02-A03 渠搜。Qu sou. Trench digger. 逸周書云：渠搜，西戎露犬也，能食虎、豹。一云犴，胡犬也，能逐虎。 889 For bo [animals], qiu er [animals], huang yao [animals], and qu sou [animals] see the following appendices 51-02-A01 through 51-02-A04

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The Yi Zhou shu states: “The qu sou 渠搜 are the lu 露 dogs in the Xi rong region. They can eat tigers and leopards.” Elsewhere it is said: “They are the an 犴, i.e., dogs living in the Hu region. They can chase tigers.” 51-02-A04 黄腰。Huang yao. Yellow lower back. 蜀志名黄腰獸。鼬身貍首，長則食母，形雖小，而能食虎及牛、鹿也。又 孫愐云：豰，音斛，似豹而小，腰以上黄，以下黑，形類犬，食獼猴，名 黄腰。 The Shu zhi calls them “huang yao shou 黄腰獸, ‘wild animals with a yellow lower back.’ Their body is that of a weasel, and their head is that of a raccoon dog. Once they have grown up, they will eat their own mother. Their physical appearance may be small, but they are able to eat tigers and oxen, and also deer.” Also, Sun Mian states: “The hu 豰, read hu 斛, resemble leopards, but are smaller. From the lower back upward they are yellow, and downward they are black. Their physical appearance is that of a dog. They eat rhesus monkeys. They are called ‘yellow lower back’, huang yao 黄腰.” 51-02-A05 䶂鼠。Zhuo shu. Zhuo rat/mouse. 見猬下 See under the entry “hedgehog.” 51-02-01 虎骨。Hu gu. Tiger bone. 【修治】【頌曰】虎骨用頭及頸骨，色黄者佳。凡虎身數物，俱用雄虎者 勝。藥箭射殺者不可入藥，其毒浸漬骨血間，能傷人也。【時珍曰】凡用 虎之諸骨，並槌碎去髓，塗酥，或酒，或醋，各隨方法，炭火炙黄入藥。 Preparation. [Su] Song: For tiger bones, use the skull and neck bones.890 Those of yellow color are fine. For all items from a tiger [to be used for pharmaceutical purposes], those taken from male tigers are always best. Those killed by poisonous arrows must not be used as medication. The poison has seeped into their bones and blood, and can be harmful to humans. [Li] Shizhen: Whenever one wishes to make 890 Instead of jing 頸, “neck,” Zheng lei, ch. 17, hu 虎, “tiger,” quoting the Tu jing writes jing 脛, “shin.”

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use of tiger bones, they are to be crushed to pieces and the marrow is to be removed. Then apply to them butter, wine or vinegar, each according to the respective method, roast them over a charcoal fire until they are yellow, and add them to a medication. 【氣味】辛，微熱，無毒。【之才曰】平。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, slightly hot, nonpoisonous. [Xu] Zhicai: Balanced. 【主治】除邪惡氣，殺鬼疰毒，止驚悸，治惡瘡鼠瘻。頭骨尤良。别録。 治筋骨毒風攣急，屈伸不得，走注疼痛，治尸疰腹痛，傷寒，温氣，温 瘧，殺犬咬毒。甄權。雜朱畫符，療邪。頭骨作枕，辟惡夢魘。置户上， 辟鬼。陶弘景。煮汁浴之，去骨節風毒腫。和醋浸膝，止脚痛腫，脛骨尤 良。初生小兒煎湯浴之，辟惡氣，去瘡疥，驚癇鬼疰，長大無病。孟詵。 追風定痛健骨，止久痢脱肛，獸骨骾咽。時珍。 Control. They remove evil and malign qi. They kill the poison of demon attachment-illness.891 They end fright with palpitation. They serve to cure malign sores and mouse fistula.892 Skull bones are particularly good. Bie lu. They serve to cure sinew and bone poison wind with contraction and tension, an inability to bend or stretch [one’s limbs], and running influx pain. They serve to cure corpse [qi] attachment-illness893 with abdominal pain, harm caused by cold with warmth qi, and warmth malaria. They kill the poison of dog bites. Zhen Quan. Mixed with cinnabar to draw amulets, they heal [the attacks of ] evil. [A tiger’s] skull prepared to a headrest keeps away malign dreams, nightmares. Placed above the door, they ward off demons. Tao Hongjing. The juice obtained from boiling them is used for washing [patients] to remove the swelling of bone joints resulting from wind poison. Soaked in vinegar [it serves to wash] the knees to end painful swelling of one’s legs. The bones of [a tiger’s] shin are especially good. A decoction of fried [tiger bones] used to bathe a newborn child will keep away from it malign qi, remove sores in general and jie-illness894 in particular, and [cure] fright epilepsy and demon attachment-illness, so that [the child] grows up without any disease. Meng Shen. They ward off wind, stabilize pain and strengthen one’s bones. They end chronic free-flux illness,895 [cure] prolapse 891 Gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness,” also zhu 注, “attachment-illness,” “influx-illnesss,” reflects a notion of a foreign pathogenic agent, originally of demonic nature, having attached itself to the human organism. BCGM Dict I, 202, 688-695. 892 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.” 893 Shi zhu 屍疰, “corpse [qi] attachment-illness,” a condition identical with gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness.” See above. 894 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 895 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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of the rectum, and [relieve one from] choking on an animal bone stuck in one’s throat. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【頌曰】李絳兵部手集有虎骨酒，治臂脛痛。崔元亮海上方治腰 脚不隨，並有虎脛骨酒方。【宗奭曰】風從虎者，風，木也；虎，金也。 木受金制，焉得不從。故虎嘯而風生，自然之道也。所以治風病攣急，屈 伸不得，走疰，骨節風毒，癲疾驚癇諸病，皆此義也。【汪機曰】虎之强 悍，皆賴於脛，雖死而脛猶矻立不仆，故治脚脛無力用之。【時珍曰】虎 骨通可用。凡辟邪疰，治驚癇温瘧，瘡疽頭風，當用頭骨；治手足諸風， 當用脛骨；腰背諸風，當用脊骨，各從其類也。按吴球諸證辨疑云：虎， 陰也；風，陽也。虎嘯風生，陽出陰藏之義，故其骨能追風定痛。虎之一 身筋節氣力，皆出前足，故以脛骨爲勝。 Explication. [Su] Song: Li Jiang’s Bing bu shou ji lists a “wine with tiger bones” that serves to treat pain in the arms and shins. Cui Yuanliang in his Hai shang fang [recommends for curing paralysis] when lower back and legs do not follow [one’s will] a recipe for a “wine with tiger shin bones.” Kou Zongshi: That winds follow tigers is based on the association of wind with [the phase] wood, and of tigers with [the phase] metal. Wood is checked by metal. How could [winds] not follow [tigers]. Hence, when tigers roar, winds come up. That is the DAO/WAY of nature. Hence the curing [with tiger bones] of all diseases such as wind disease with contraction and tension, of an inability to bend and stretch one’s limbs, of suffering from running influx,896 of wind poison in bone joints, and of peak illness with fright epilepsy, is based on this relationship. Wang Ji: The strength and the ferocious nature of tigers depend on their shins. Even after having died, it looks as if the shins could still stand up without support. Hence they are used to cure a lack of strength in feet and shins. [Li] Shizhen: All the bones of tigers can be used. Whenever one intends to keep away evil [qi] attachment-illness, and to cure fright epilepsy, warmth malaria, sores, impediment-illness897 and head wind, the use of [tiger] skull bones is advisable. To cure all kinds of wind affecting hands and legs, the use of shin bones is advisable. For all kinds of wind affecting the lower back and the spine, the use of backbones is advisable. This is always based on their group correspondences. As Wu Qiu in Zhu zheng bian yi has stated: “Tigers are yin; the wind is yang. When winds come up because tigers roar, this is because when yang [qi] emerge yin [qi] 896 Zou zhu 走注, “running influx,” identical with zou zhu 走疰, “running attachment-illness,” a condition of pain moving in the limbs and body so that the exact location of the pain cannot be determined. BCGM Dict I, 704/705. 897 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277.

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are concealed. Hence their bones are able to ward off wind and to stabilize pain. The strength of the qi of sinews and joints of the tiger’s entire body originates from the front legs. Hence the shin bones are best.”

【附方】舊十，新八。 Added recipes: Ten of old. Eight newly [recorded]. 健忘驚悸。預知散：用虎骨酥炙、白龍骨、遠志肉等分，爲末。生姜湯 服，日三服。久則令人聰慧。永類鈐方。 A bad memory, and fright with palpitation. The “powder enabling one to know in advance.” Equal amounts of tiger bones roasted in butter, white dragon bones and the wooden section between core and bark of polygala [root] are ground to powder, to be ingested with a fresh ginger decoction. Three ingestions per day. [Ingested] for an extended period of time, it lets one become intelligent. Yong lei qian fang. 臂脛疼痛。虎骨酒治之，不計深淺皆效。用虎脛骨二大兩，搗碎炙黄，羚 羊角屑一大兩，新芍藥二大兩，切。三物以無灰酒浸之，養至七日，秋冬 倍之。每日空腹飲一盃，若要速服，即以銀器物盛，於火爐中暖養三二 日，即可服也。兵部手集。 Pain in the arms and shins. When tiger bone wine is used to cure this, it will always be effective, regardless of whether [the pain] is in the depth or at the surface. Take two major liang of tiger shin bones. Pound them to pieces, and roast them until they have turned yellow. Then cut one major liang of antilope horn pieces and two major liang of fresh paeonia [root], and soak all three items in ash-free wine for seven days. In fall and winter this period should be twice as long. Each day drink one cup on an empty stomach. If it is necessary to ingest it quickly, store it in a silver utensil, and keep it warm in a fire stove for three or two days. Then it may be ingested. Bing bu shou ji. 腰脚不隨，攣急冷痛。取虎脛骨五六寸，刮去肉膜，塗酥炙黄，搗細，絹 袋盛之，以瓶盛酒一斗浸之，煻火微温，七日後，任情飲之，當微利便效 也。 Lower back and the feet [are paralyzed and] do not follow one’s will. With contractions, tension and cold pain. Take a tiger shin bone of five to six cun length and scrape off the meat and the membranes. Then smear butter on it and roast it until it has turned yellow. Pound this to a fine [powder], and fill it into a silk pouch to be soaked in a vase filled with one dou of wine. This is to be slightly warmed over a chaff fire. After seven days drink as much as you like. There will be a slight free-flux of defecation, and this shows the effect.

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又方：虎腰脊骨一具，前兩脚全骨一具，並於石上以斧槌碎，安鐵床上， 文炭火炙，待脂出則投無灰濃酒中密封，春夏七日，秋冬三七日，任性日 飲三度。患十年以上者，不過三劑；七年以下者，一劑必瘥。崔元亮海上 方。 Another recipe. One pair of a tiger’s lower back and spine bones, and one pair of complete bones of the two feet are together pounded with a hatchet on a stone to small pieces. These are placed on an iron bed to be roasted above a mild charcoal fire. Once the fat has left, throw [the roasted bones] into [a container with] ash-free wine and seal it tightly. In spring and summer for seven days; in autumn and winter for three times seven days. Then drink as much as you like, three times a day. Those who have suffered for at least ten years will need no more than three doses. Those [who have suffered for] up to seven years will definitely be cured with one dose. Cui Yuanliang, Hai shang fang. 白虎風痛走注，兩膝熱腫。用虎脛骨，塗酥炙黄、黑附子炮裂去皮各一 兩，爲末。每服二錢，酒下，日再服。經驗後方。 White tiger wind898 pain. Running influx, with the two knees being hot and swollen. Take tiger shin bone, smear butter on them and roast them until they have turned yellow. One liang of this plus an equal amount of black aconitum [accessory tuber] processed and cracked open, with the skin removed, are [ground to] powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with wine. To be ingested twice a day. Jing yan hou fang. 歷節痛風。虎脛骨酒炙三兩，没藥半兩，爲末。每服二錢，温酒下，日三 服。聖濟總録。 Painful pervading joints wind. Three liang of tiger shin bones roasted in wine and half a liang of myrrh are [ground to] powder. Each time ingest two qian; to be sent down with warm wine. Three ingestions per day. Sheng ji zong lu. 歷節走痛，百節皆痛不可忍。用虎頭骨一具，塗酥炙黄槌碎，絹袋盛，置 二斗清酒中，浸五宿，隨性飲之，妙。聖惠方。 Pervading joints running pain. The hundred joints are intolerably painful. Take one complete tiger skull bone, smear butter on it and roast it until it has turned yellow. Pound this to small pieces, fill them into a silk pouch, and soak this in two dou of clear wine for five consecutive nights. Then drink as much as you like. Wondrous. Sheng hui fang. 898 Bai hu feng 白虎風, “white tiger wind.” A pain in the joints that increases during the night. BCGM Dict I, 47.

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筋骨急痛。虎骨和通草煮汁，空肚服半升，覆卧，少時汗出爲效。切忌熱 食，損齒。小兒不可與食，恐齒不生。食療。 Sinews and bones with violent pain. Boil tiger bones with tetrapanax pith, and [let the patient] ingest, on an empty stomach, half a sheng. Then [have him] lie down, warmly covered. If after a short while a sweating appears, [the treatment was] effective. [During the treatment] absolutely forbidden are hot meals. They would harm the teeth. Children must not be given [this medication] to eat. Otherwise their teeth might not develop. Shi liao. 休息痢疾，經年不愈。取大蟲骨黄焦，搗末。飲服方寸匕，日三，取效。 張文仲方。 Dormant free-flux illness899 that has not been cured for years.900 Burn tiger bones until they have assumed a yellow color, and pound them to powder. Ingest, with a beverage, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times a day, until the effect shows. Zhang Wenzhong fang. 痔漏脱肛。虎脛骨兩節，以蜜二兩炙赤，搗末，蒸餅丸梧子大。每凌晨温 酒下二十丸，取效。勝金。 Piles with leakage, and prolapsed rectum. Two segments of tiger shin bones are roasted with honey until they turn red. This is [gorund to] powder to be prepared, with steam cakes, to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 20 pills with warm wine before dawn, until the effect shows. Sheng jin. 肛門凸出。虎骨燒末，水服方寸匕，日三。外臺。 Prolapse of the rectum. Burn tiger bones and [grind them to] powder. Ingest, with water, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times a day. Wai tai. 獸骨骾咽。虎骨爲末，水服方寸匕。外臺。 Choking on an animal bone stuck in the gullet. [Grind to] powder a tiger bone and ingest, with water, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Wai tai. 惡犬咬傷。虎骨刮末，水服方寸匕，并傅之。小品方。 Harm caused by a bite of a malign dog. Scrape a powder from tiger bones and ingest, with water, the amount held by a square cun spoon. At the same time, apply [the powder] to the [affected region]. Xiao pin fang. 899 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 900Zheng lei, ch. 17, hu gu 虎骨, “tiger bone,“ writes shi 時, “hours,“ instead of nian 年, “years.“

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湯火傷灼。虎骨炙焦研敷，神效。龔氏易簡方。 For harm caused by scalding and burns. Roast tiger bones and grind them to powder to be applied [to the affected region]. Divinely effective. Gong shi yi jian fang. 月蝕疳瘡。虎頭骨二兩搗碎，豬脂一斤，熬膏塗之。神效方。 Lunar eclipse901 with gan-illness902 sores. Grind two liang of tiger skull bones to small pieces, and simmer them, together with one jin of lard, to a paste to be applied to [the affected region]. Shen xiao fang. 小兒白秃。虎骨末，油調塗之。普濟。 White baldness of children. Mix tiger bone powder with oil and apply it to [the affected region]. Pu ji. 足瘡嵌甲。以橘皮湯浸洗，輕剪去甲，以虎骨末敷之，痛即止。便民圖纂。 Feet sores with embedded nails. Wash [the feet] with a decoction of tangerine peels and cautiously cut off the nails. Then apply tiger bone powder to the [feet], and the pain will end. Bian min tu zuan. 臁脛爛瘡。以虀汁洗拭，刮虎骨末敷之。便民圖纂。 Festering sores of shanks and shins. Wash [the affected regions] with the juice of fermented vegetables and apply the powder scraped off from tiger bones to them. Bian min tu zuan. 51-02-02 威骨。Wei gu. [A tiger’s] awe-inspiring bone. 【藏器曰】虎有威骨如乙字，長一寸，在脇兩傍，破肉取之。尾端亦有， 不及脇骨。令人有威，帶之臨官佳。無官則爲人所憎。 [Chen] Cangqi: Tigers have “awe-inspiring bones” shaped like the character yi 乙. They are one cun long, and they are found on both sides of the rib flanks. One can obtain them when the flesh is cut open. At the end of the tail there is yet another one, but its quality is not equal to that of the bones from the rib flanks. They let one appear awe-inspiring. This is helpful as long as one is an official. If [one wears them] without being in an official position, he will be detested by the people. 901 Yue shi 月蝕, “lunar eclipse,” a condition of chuang 瘡，”sores” developing on the ears, nose, face, and to the side of the orifices in the anal and genital region. BCGM Dict I, 65. 902 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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51-02-03 肉。Rou. [Tiger] meat. 【氣味】酸，平，無毒。【宗奭曰】微鹹。【弘景曰】俗方言：熱食虎 肉，壞人齒。【詵曰】正月勿食虎，傷神。【時珍曰】虎肉作土氣，味不 甚佳。鹽食稍可。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Kou] Zongshi: Slightly salty. Tao Hongjing: A proverb says: To eat hot tiger meat lets rot one’s teeth. Meng Shen: During the first month of a year do not eat tiger [meat] lest it harm the spirit. [Li] Shizhen: Tiger meat emits soil qi; its flavor is not very fine. Eaten mixed with salt, a little of it can be [tolerated]. 【主治】惡心欲嘔，益氣力，止多唾。别録。食之治瘧，辟三十六種精 魅。入山虎見畏之。孟詵。 Control. Malign [feeling in the] center with an urge to vomit. It boosts the strength of qi; it ends an excessive [production of ] saliva. Bie lu. Eating it serves to cure malaria. It wards off the 36 kinds of spirit seduction-specters. If one goes into the mountains and tigers realize [that he has eaten their meat], they will be afraid of him. Meng Shen.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 脾胃虚弱，惡心不欲飲食。虎肉半斤切，以葱、椒、醬調，炙熟，空心冷 食。壽親養老方。 Depletion and weakness of spleen and stomach. Malign [feeling in the] center, with an unwillingness to drink and eat. Cut one half jin of tiger meat, roast it until done mixed with onions, Chinese pepper and [soy] sauce, and consume this cold on an empty stomach. Shou qin yang lao fang. 51-02-04 膏。Gao. [Tiger] balm. 【主治】狗齧瘡。别録。納下部，治五痔下血。孟詵。服之治反胃，煎 消，塗小兒頭瘡白秃。時珍。 Control. Sores resulting from dog bites. Bie lu. Entered into one’s bottom section, it serves to cure the five kinds of bleeding piles. Meng Shen. Ingesting it serves to

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cure turned over stomach. Fry [the meat in oil] to have it dissolved, and apply this to head sores and white baldness of children. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 一切反胃。虎脂半斤切，清油一斤，瓦瓶浸一月，密封勿令洩氣。每以油 一兩，入無灰酒一盞，温服，以瘥爲度。油盡再添。壽域神方。 All kinds of turned over stomach. Cut one half jin of tiger balm into slices, and soak it in clear oil in an earthenware jar for one month. [The jar] is to be tightly sealed, and no qi must be allowed to flow out. Each time take one liang of this oil, add one cup of ash-free wine, and ingest this warm. Stop when the cure is achieved. When the oil is used up [before a cure is achieved], add it again. Shou yu shen fang. 51-02-05 血。Xue. [Tiger ] blood. 【主治】壯神强志。【時珍曰】獵人李次口云：熱刺虎之心血飲之，能壯 神志。又抱朴子云：三月三日殺取虎血、鴨血等，以合種之，初生草似胡 麻子，取其實合用，可以移形易貌。 Control. It strengthens the spirit and envigorates the mind. [Li] Shizhen: The hunter Li Cikou said: To drink the hot blood obtained by piercing the heart of a tiger can strengthen spirit and mind. Also, the Bao pu zi states: Mix equal amounts of blood from a tiger and a duck killed on the third day of the third month [and further items] and plant them together in the earth. The plant that will grow there first resembles til/sesame. Its fruits used together [with those of the other plants growing there] can alter one’s shape and change one’s appearance.903

903 This is a severely shortened quotation from the Bao pu zi, juan 19.The original wording is: “Take the hide from the head of a white tiger killed on the third day of the third month, the blood from the top of the body of a living camel, tiger blood, a purple ribbon, shoe lace, and the herb fu pin, and plant all this mixed in the earth on the third day of the third month. The first herb that will grow there looks like a sesame seedling; eventually it will have a fruit. Use this fruit for a second planting. Each time [the plant] grows, each generates something different. Repeat the planting seven times, and then use the fuit to prepare a medication. This then can be used to change and transform one’s physical shape and alter one’s appearance, enabling one to fly in the air or to walk on the bottom of a water.”

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51-02-06 肚。Du. [Tiger] stomach. 【主治】反胃吐食。取生者勿洗，存滓穢，新瓦固煅存性，入平胃散末一 兩和匀。每白湯服三錢，神效。時珍。出保壽堂方。 Control. Turned over stomach with food thrown up again. Take a fresh [tiger stomach], do not wash it, and calcine it, by retaining its nature, with its sediments and dirt on a new tile. Add one liang of the “powder to level the stomach [qi],” and mix this evenly. Each time ingest three qian with clear hot water. Divinely effective. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Bao shou tang fang. 51-02-07 腎。Shen. [Tiger] kidney. 【主治】瘰癧。【時珍曰】千金治瘰癧，雌黄芍藥丸中用之。袁達禽蟲述 云：虎腎懸于腹，象口隱於頤。 Control. Scrofula pervasion-illness.904 [Li] Shizhen: The Qian jin [recommends] it as an ingredient of the “pills with orpiment and paeonia [root]” to cure scrofula pervasion-illness. Yuan Da in his Qin chong shu states: A tiger’s kidneys are suspended in its abdomen; an elephant’s mouth lies hidden between its cheeks. 51-02-08 膽。Dan. [Tiger] gallbladder. 【主治】小兒驚癇。藏器。小兒疳痢，神驚不安，研水服之。孟詵。 Control. Fright epilepsy of children. [Chen] Cangqi. For gan-illness905 with freeflux illness906 of children, and for a frightened spirit finding no rest, grind it with water and ingest this. Meng Shen.

904 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 905 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 906 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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51-02-09 睛。Jing. [Tiger] eyeball. 【修治】【頌曰】虎睛多僞，須自獲者乃真。【斅曰】凡使虎睛，須問獵 人。有雌有雄，有老有嫩，有殺得者。惟中毒自死者勿用之，能傷人。虎 睛以生羊血浸一宿，漉出，微火焙乾，搗粉用。【時珍曰】千金治狂邪， 有虎睛湯、虎睛丸，並用酒浸，炙乾用。 Preparation. [Su] Song: Tiger eyeballs [sold on the market] are mostly fakes. Genuine ware can be obtained from [tigers] captured by oneself. [Lei] Xiao: Whenever one is about to use a tiger eyeball, he must enquire from the hunter whether [the animal from which it was taken] was a male or a female, whether it was old or young, and whether he had obtained it from a [tiger he himself had] killed. Only those from [tigers] that have died from poison must not be used [as medication]. A tiger’s eyeballs are to be soaked in fresh sheep blood for one night, after which [the liquid] is filtered off. [The eyeballs] are then baked over a slow fire until they are dry, and then they are pounded into a fine powder that is to be used. [Li] Shizhen: For curing madness evil, the Qian jin lists the “decoction with tiger eyeballs” and the “pills with tiger eyeballs.” In each case, [the eyeballs] are to be soaked in wine, roasted to dry them, and then supplied for use [as medication]. 【主治】癲疾。别録。瘧病，小兒熱疾驚悸。孟詵。驚啼客忤，疳氣，鎮 心安神。日華。明目去翳。時珍。 Control. Peak illness.907 Bie lu. Malaria disease. Heat illness of children with fright and palpitation. Meng Shen. Fright with wailing and visitor’s hostility.908 Gan-illness909 qi. It presses down the [excited] heart and pacifies the spirit. Rihua. It clears the eyes and removes shades. [Li] Shizhen.

907 Dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125. 908 Ke wu 客忤, “visitor‘s hostility.“ A sudden twisting pain, encountered outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen thought to result from the hostile acts of demons “visiting“ the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282. 909 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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【附方】舊二，新一。 Added recipes: Two of old. One newly [recorded]. 虎睛丸。治癇疾發作，涎潮搐搦，時作譫語。虎睛一對，微炒，犀角屑、 大黄、遠志去心各一兩，巵子仁半兩，爲末，煉蜜丸緑豆大。每温酒服二 十丸。 The “pills with tiger eyeballs.” They serve to cure outbreaks of epilepsy illness with an overproduction of saliva, and convulsions, and, during its outbreaks, incoherent speech. One pair of tiger eyeballs, mildly fried, and one liang each of rhinoceros horn crumbs, rhubarb root and polygala [root] with its center removed, and half a liang of gardenia [fruit] kernels are powdered and, using refined honey, prepared to pills the size of green beans. Each time [let the patient] ingest, with warm wine, 20 pills. 小兒驚癇掣瘲。用虎睛細研，水調灌之，良。經驗後方。 Fright epilepsy of children, with clonic convulsions. Grind tiger eyeballs to a fine powder, mix this with water and force-feed this [to the patient]. Good. Jing yan hou fang. 小兒夜啼。用大蟲眼睛一隻，爲散，以竹瀝調少許與喫。姚和衆方。 Children wailing during the night. Take one single tiger eyeball and [grind it to] powder. Mix this with bamboo stem juice and [have the child] eat small amounts of it. Yao Hezhong fang. 邪瘧時作。生虎睛一枚，臘月猪血少許，朱砂、阿魏各一分，爲末。端午 日取粽尖七枚和，丸黍米大，每綿包一丸，塞耳中，男左女右。聖惠方。 Occasional outbreaks of evil malaria. One fresh tiger eyeball, a small amount of pig blood collected during the twelfth month, and one fen each of cinnabar and asafetida are ground to powder. On the fifth day of the fifth month take seven tips of rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves, and mix them [with the powder] to prepare pills the size of glutinous millet. Each pill is wrapped with silk fabric and inserted into an ear. Males [use the ear] on the left; females on the right. Sheng hui fang. 51-02-10 虎魄。Hu po. Amber. 【藏器曰】凡虎夜視，一目放光，一目看物。獵人候而射之，弩箭纔及， 目光即墮入地，得之如白石者是也。【宗奭曰】陳氏所謂乙骨及目光墮地 之説，終不免於誣也。【時珍曰】乙骨之説不爲怪。目光之説，亦猶人縊

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死則魄入於地，隨即掘之，狀如麩炭之義。按茅亭客話云：獵人殺虎，記 其頭項之處，月黑掘下尺餘方得，狀如石子、琥珀。此是虎之精魄淪入地 下，故主小兒驚癇之疾。其説甚詳。寇氏未達此理耳。 [Chen] Cangqi: When tigers look during the night, one of their eyes emits a ray and the other sees something. A hunter waits for this moment and shoots them. The moment the arrow hits [the tiger], the ray from the eye will fall on the ground. If there one finds something resembling a white stone, then this is amber. [Kou] Zongshi: Mr. Chen’s statements on the bones [shaped like the character] yi 乙 and on the rays from an eye falling on the ground are total nonsense. [Li] Shizhen: What was said on the bones [shaped like the character] yi 乙 is not entirely strange. And as far as the rays from [the tiger’s] eye are concerned, this is reminiscent of a person’s suicide by hanging when his po-soul enters the ground. It can be dug out and is shaped like a lump of charcoal. According to the Mao ting ke hua, “when a hunter has killed a tiger, he will sign the place where the head of the tiger hit the ground. During the dark night he will then dig there more than one chi deep and obtain something shaped like a stone. This is amber. It is the tiger’s essence po-soul that has penetrated into the ground. It controls the illness of fright epilepsy of children,” This is exactly to the point. Mr. Kou was not familiar with this principle. 【主治】驚邪，辟惡鎮心。藏器。 Control. Fright evil.910 It wards off the malign and presses down the [excited] heart. [Chen] Cangqi. 51-02-11 鼻。Bi. [Tiger] nose. 【主治】癲疾，小兒驚癇。别録。懸户上，令生男。弘景。【時珍 曰】按河魚圖云：虎鼻懸門中一年，取熬作屑，與婦飲，便生貴子。勿令 人及婦知，知則不驗。又云：懸于門上，宜子孫帶印綬。此與古者胎教欲 見虎豹，皆取其勇壯之義同也。 Control. Peak-illness911 and fright epilepsy of children. Bie lu. Hung above the door, a boy will be born. [Tao] Hongjing. [Li] Shizhen: According to the He yu tu, “when a tiger nose is hung in the gate of a house for a year, then burned and ground to crumbs and given to one’s wife to be ingested, she will give birth to a son. Neither the wife herself nor anybody else must be informed of this procedure. If they knew 910 Jing xie 驚邪, “fright evil.” A condition caused be being frightened. BCGM Dict I, 268. 911 Dian 癲, “peak-illness,” BCGM Dict I, 123, identical with dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125.

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it, it would not be effective.” It is also said, “hung above the gate, it will let children and grandchildren enter official careers.” This is based on the same idea as when in ancient times to educate her fetus [a pregnant woman] was asked to look at [drawings of ] tigers and leopards to [let the fetus] obtain their courage and strength. 51-02-12 牙。Ya. [Tiger] tooth. 【主治】丈夫陰瘡及疽瘻。孫思邈。殺勞蟲，治猘犬傷，發狂。刮末，酒 服方寸匕。時珍。 Control. A husband’s sores in his yin (i.e., genital) region, and impediment-illness912 with fistula. Sun Simiao. It kills exhaustion worms/bugs. It serves to cure harm caused by a frenzied dog, resulting in madness. Scrape a powder [from a tiger tooth] and ingest, with wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 白虎風痛。大虎牙一副四個，赤足蜈蚣十條，酒浸三日，晒乾，天麻二 兩，乳香、没藥各一兩，麝香半兩，爲末。每服二錢，温酒下，一日三 服。聖濟總録。 White tiger wind913 with pain. Four large tiger teeth and ten red-feet centipedes are soaked in wine for three days. Then dry them in the sun and grind this together with two liang of gastrodia [tuber], one liang each of frankincense and myrrh, and half a liang of musk to powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with warm wine. Three ingestions per day. Sheng ji zong lu. 51-02-13 爪。Zhua. [Tiger] claw. 【頌曰】爪并指、骨、毛俱可用，以雄虎爲勝。 [Su] Song: Claws, toes, bone and hair can all be used. Those from a male tiger are the best. 912 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277. 913 Bai hu feng 白虎風, “white tiger wind.” A pain in the joints that increases during the night. BCGM Dict I, 47.

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【主治】繫小兒臂，辟惡魅。别録。【時珍曰】外臺辟鬼魅，用虎爪、蟹 爪、赤朱、雄黄爲末，松脂和丸，每正旦焚之。 Control. When fastened to a child’s arm it will keep away malign seduction specters. Bie lu. [Li] Shizhen: The Wai tai [recommends] to keep away demon goblins by means of pills prepared, with pine resin, from a powder including tiger claws, crab claws, atractylodes [rhizome], and realgar, and burned every morning. 51-02-14 皮。Pi. [Tiger] hide. 一名臯毘。見莊子。 Another name is “praised assistance,” gao pi 臯毘. See Zhuang zi. 【主治】瘧疾。藏器。辟邪魅。時珍。 Control. Malaria illness. [Chen] Cangqi. It repudiates evil seduction specters. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】按應劭風俗通云：虎者陽物，百獸之長，能辟鬼魅， 今人卒中惡病，燒皮飲之，或繫衣服，亦甚驗也。起居雜記云：虎、豹皮 上睡，令人神驚。其毛入瘡，有大毒。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to Ying Shao’s Feng su tong, “tigers are yang items; they are the leaders of the hundreds of animals, and they are able to ward off demons and seduction specters. Nowadays, when someone suffers from the disease of being suddenly struck by the malign, he burns [tiger] hide and ingests it. Or he fastens it to his garments. This, too, is very effective.” The Qi ju za ji states: “To sleep on the hide of a tiger or leopard let’s one’s spirit be frightened. When its hair enters a sore, it will cause a massive poisoning.” 51-02-15 鬚。Xu. [Tiger] whisker. 【主治】齒痛。弘景。段成式酉陽雜俎云：許隱齒痛，仙人鄭思遠拔虎鬚 令插之，痛即愈。 Control. Toothache. [Tao] Hongjing. Duan Chengshi in his You yang za zu states: When Xu Yin suffered from toothache, the hermit Zheng Siyuan pulled out from a tiger a whisker and asked [the patient] to insert it [between the teeth]. The pain then was cured.

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51-02-16 屎。Shi. [Tiger] feces. 【主治】惡瘡。别録。鬼氣。藏器。療瘭疽痔漏。燒研酒服，治獸骨骾。 時珍。 Control. Malign sores. Bie lu. Demon qi. [Chen] Cangqi. Flaming heat-illness with impediment-illness,914 piles with leakage. Burned, ground and ingested with wine, they serve to cure choking on bones of an animal stuck in the gullet. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】舊一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 瘭疽。着手、足、肩、背，累累如米起，色白，刮之汁出，愈而復發。虎 屎白者，以馬尿和之，晒乾燒灰粉之。千金。 Flaming heat-illness with impediment-illness. With strings of eruptions resembling rice grains on hands, feet, shoulder and back. They are of white color, and when scratched they emit a juice. When healed, they eventually break out again. Mix the white parts of tiger feces with horse urine. Dry this in the sun, burn it to ashes, and grind it to powder. Qian jin. 51-02-17 屎中骨。Shi zhong gu. Bones in [tiger] feces. 【主治】爲屑，治火瘡。别録。破傷風。時珍。 Control. Ground to crumbs it serves to cure sores caused by burns. Bie lu. Wound wind.915 [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 斷酒。虎屎中骨燒灰，酒服方寸匕，即不飲。千金方。 914 Biao ju 瘭疽, “flaming heat impediment-illness,” initially emerges like a bean kernel from which a root reaches into the depth of the tissue. This is associated with extreme pain. It slowly increases in size and generates several tips filled with pus that look like clusters of rice grains. They often develop on the back of hands and feet. BCGM Dict I, 67. 915 Po shang feng 破傷風, “wound wind,” wind stroke via wounds inflicted by metal objects/ weapons. A condition of lockjaw, arched back rigidity and convulsions. BCGM Dict I, 379.

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To cut [addiction to] wine. Burn a bone found in a tiger’s feces to ashes, and ingest, with wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon. This will let one not drink [wine anymore]. Qian jin fang. 51-03 豹别録中品 Bao, FE Bie lu, middle rank. Leopard. Panthera pardus L. 【釋名】程列子、失刺孫。【時珍曰】豹性暴，故曰豹。按許氏説文云： 豹之脊長，行則脊隆豸豸然，具司殺之形，故字從豸、從勺。王氏字説 云：豹性勺物而取，程度而食，故字從勺，又名曰程。列子云：青寧生 程，程生馬。沈氏筆談云：秦人謂豹爲程，至今延州猶然。東胡謂之失刺 孫。 Explanation of Names. Cheng 程, Lie zi. Shi ci sun 失刺孫. [Li] Shizhen: Leopards by nature are ferocious, bao 暴. Hence they are called bao 豹. According to Xu Shen’s Shuo wen, “leopards have a long spine, and when they move they bulge their spine upward like a the zhi 豸.916 Their appearance is that of a killer, si sha 司殺. Hence the character bao 豹 is composed of zhi 豸 and shao 勺,” Mr. Wang in his Zi shuo states: “Leopards by nature obtain items by ladling, shao 勺, them, and they eat as much as their capacity, cheng 程, allows. Hence the character [bao 豹] includes the character shao 勺, ‘ladle’, and they are also named cheng 程, ‘capacity’.” The Lie zi states: “The qing ning [plants or worms/bugs] give birth to the cheng, (“leopards”). The cheng give birth to horses.” Mr. Shen’s Bi tan states: “The people in Qin call leopards cheng 程. To this day they are still called thus in Yan zhou. In the Dong hu region, they are called shi ci sun 失刺孫, the “grandchild that has lost its thorn’.” 【集解】【弘景曰】豹至稀有，入用亦鮮，惟尾可貴。【恭曰】陰陽家有 豹尾神，車駕鹵簿有豹尾車，名可尊重耳。真豹有何可貴？未審陶據奚 説。【頌曰】今河洛、唐、郢間或有之。然豹有數種。山海經有玄豹。 詩有赤豹，尾赤而文黑也。爾雅有白豹，即貘也，毛白而文黑。郭璞註 云：貘能食銅鐵。與貘同名。不知入藥果用何類。古今醫方鮮見。【宗奭 曰】豹毛赤黄，其文黑，如錢而中空，比比相次。又有土豹，毛更無紋， 色亦不赤，其形亦小。此各有種，非能變形也，聖人假喻耳，恐醫家不 知，故書之。【時珍曰】豹，遼東及西南諸山時有之。狀似虎而小，白面 團頭，自惜其毛采。其文如錢者，曰金錢豹，宜爲裘。如艾葉者，曰艾葉 豹，次之。又西域有金線豹，文如金線。海中有水豹，上應箕宿。禽蟲述 云：虎生三子，一爲豹。則豹有變者，寇氏未知耳爾。豹畏蛇與䶂鼠，而 916 A fabulous reptile without feet.

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獅、駮、渠搜能食之。淮南子云：猬令虎申，蛇令豹止，物有所制也。廣 志云：狐死首丘，豹死首山，不忘本也。豹胎至美，爲八珍之一。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: Leopards are extremely rare. And they are also rarely used [for therapeutic purposes]. Only their tail is highly valued. [Su] Gong: The yinyang specialists have a “leopard tail god.” [When the Emperor went on tour,] the guard of honor included a “leopard tail chariot.” That shows the veneration shown to the [leopard’s] name. But what is so valuable of a leopard? I have not found out on what Tao’s statement may have been based. [Su] Song: Nowadays, leopards may be found in the He luo, Tang and Ying regions. But there are several kinds of leopards. The Shan hai jing lists a “dark leopard.” The Shi lists a “red leopard,” with a red tail and black lines. The Er ya lists a “white leopard, that is, in fact, a tapir. It has a white fur and black lines.” Guo Pu comments: “It can eat copper and iron. Its name is also that of the tapir.” I do not know which of these various kinds is used for medicinal purposes. They are rarely mentioned in medical recipes of all times. [Kou] Zongshi: The fur of leopards is red and yellow, with black lines. They resemble coins that have a hole in their center, and that are arranged one next to another. Also, there are “local leopards” that have no lines at all, and their color is not red either. They are small. These are all specific kinds, and they are unable to change their appearance from one to another. [Such claims] are unfounded analogies introduced by the sages [of antiquity]. It may well be that physicians are not aware of this, and therefore it is written here. [Li] Shizhen: Leopards can be found in the mountains of Liao dong and the Southwest. They look like tigers but they are smaller. Their face is white, and their head is round. They take great care of their fur that has lines designed like coins. They are called “gold coin leopards,” and [their fur] is suitable for producing fur coats. Those with [lines designed] like common mugwort leaves, they are called “common mugwort leaves leopards.” They are of secondary value. Also, in the Western regions there are “brocade leopards.” Their lines resemble gold threads. In the sea there are water leopards. They correspond above with their respective constellation. The Qin chong shu states: “Tigers give birth to three cubs, with one of them becoming a leopard.” So, among the leopards are some that result from a transformation, a fact not known by Mr. Kou. Leopards fear snakes and zhuo shu rodents. But they are eaten by lions, bo and qu sou.917 The Huai nan zi states: “Hedgehogs let tigers groan, and snakes let leopards stop.” This shows how each animal is checked by another one. The Guang zhi states: “When a fox dies, its head faces the hills. When a leopard dies, its head faces the mountains. They do not forget where they came from. A leopard fetus is extremely delicious. It is one of the ‘eight treasures’.” 917 For bo 駮, qu shou 渠搜 and zhuo shu 䶂鼠, see 51-02-A02

, A03, A05.

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51-03-01 肉。Rou. [Leopard] meat. 【氣味】酸，平，無毒。【思邈曰】温，微毒。正月勿食，傷神損壽。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Sun] Simiao: Warm, slightly poisonous.918 It must not be eaten during the first month, lest it harm the spirit and decrease longevity. 【主治】安五臟，補絶傷，輕身益氣，久服利人。别録。壯筋骨，强志 氣，耐寒暑，令人猛健。日華。辟鬼魅神邪，宜腎。孫思邈。 Control. It calms the long-term depots, supplements extreme harm, takes the weight from one’s body and boosts the qi. Ingested over a long period of time, it is beneficial for man. Bie lu. It strengthens sinews and bones, envigorates mind and qi, helps to endure cold and summer heat, and lets man be fierce and strong. Rihua. It keeps away demons, seduction specters and spirit evil. It is well suited for kidney [treatment]. Sun Simiao. 【發明】【詵曰】豹肉令人志性粗豪，食之便覺，少頃消化乃定。久食亦 然。【宗奭曰】此獸猛捷過虎，故能安五臟，補絶傷，輕身，壯筋骨也。 Explication. Meng Shen: Leopard meat lets one’s mind and nature become straightforward. One will notice this the moment he has eaten it. After it has been digested for a short while, [this condition] will be stabilized. When eaten over a long time, it has the same effect. [Kou] Zongshi: These animals are fiercer and swifter than tigers. Hence [their meat ] is able to calm the five long-term depots, to supplement extreme harm, to take the weight from one’s body, and to strengthen sinews and bones. 51-03-02 脂。zhi. [Leopard] fat. 【主治】合生髮膏，朝塗暮生。孟詵。亦入面脂。時珍。 Control. Added to ointments stimulating the growth of hair, when applied in the morning, [the hair] will grow that same evening. Meng Shen. It can also be added to facial cremes. [Li] Shizhen.

918 Qian jin fang, ch. 26, shi zhi fang 食治方, bao rou 豹肉, “recipes for dietary cures. Leopard meat,” writes wu du 無毒, “nonpoisonous.”

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51-03-03 鼻。Bi. [Leopard] nose. 【主治】狐魅，同狐鼻，水煮服。藏器。【時珍曰】按外臺治夢與鬼交及 狐狸精魅，載崔氏方中用之。 Control. Fox seduction specter. In the same way as fox nose, it is boiled in water and then ingested. [Chen] Cangqi. [Li] Shizhen: The Wai tai [recommends] it for curing intercourse with demons in dreams, and fox and leopard cats essence seduction specters, as was recorded for [therapeutic] use in the Cui shi fang. 51-03-04 頭骨。Tou gu. [Leopard] skull. 【主治】燒灰淋汁，去頭風白屑。孟詵。作枕辟邪。時珍。〇出五行志。 Control. Burned to ashes, [soaked in water] and filtered, the juice obtained serves to remove head wind with white scaling. Meng Shen. Prepared as a headrest, it wards off evil. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Wu xing zhi. 51-03-05 皮。Pi. [Leopard] hide. 【藏器曰】不可藉睡，令人神驚。其毛入人瘡中，有毒。【時珍曰】按林 邑記云：廣西南界有唼臘蟲，食死人尸，不可驅逐。惟以豹皮覆之，則畏 而不來。 [Chen] Cangqi: It must not be used to sleep on it, lest it frighten one’s spirit. When its hair enters sores, it will cause poisoning. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Lin yi ji, in the border regions south of Guangxi are the sha la 唼臘 worms/bugs. They eat the corpses of dead people, and it is impossible to keep them away. There is only one way. When [the corpse] is covered with a leopard hide, they are afraid and will not come. 51-04 貘音陌。亦作貊。宋圖經 Mo, read mo 陌. Also written mo 貊. FE Song, Tu jing. Tapir. Tapirus indicus L. 【校正】原附豹下，今分出。

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Editorial Correction. Originally, [the tapir] was treated in an appendix attached to the “leopard” entry. Now, it has been given a separate [entry]. 【釋名】【時珍曰】按陸佃云：皮爲坐毯卧褥，能消膜外之氣，故字從膜 省文。 Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen: According to Lu Dian, “when the hide is used as a mattress to sit or lie on, it is able to dissolve qi that have collected outside of the membranes. Hence the character mo 貘 includes a shortened version of the character mo 膜, ‘membrane’.“ 【集解】【頌曰】郭璞云：似熊而頭小脚卑，黑白駁文，毛淺有光澤。能 舐食銅鐵，及竹骨蛇虺。其骨節强直，中實少髓。或云與爾雅貘，白豹 同名。唐世多畫貘作屏，白樂天有贊序之。今黔、蜀及峨眉山中時有。 貘，象鼻犀目，牛尾虎足。土人鼎釜，多爲所食，頗爲山居之患，亦捕以 爲藥。其齒骨極堅，以刀斧椎鍛，鐵皆碎，落火亦不能燒。人得之詐充佛 牙、佛骨，以誑俚俗。【時珍曰】世傳羚羊角能碎金剛石者即此，物相畏 耳。按説文云：貘似熊，黄白色，出蜀中。南中志云：貘大如驢，狀似 熊，蒼白色，多力，舐鐵消千斤，其皮温暖。埤雅云：貘似熊，獅首豺 髲，鋭鬐卑脚，糞可爲兵切玉，尿能消鐵爲水。又有齧鐵、豻、昆吾兔， 皆能食銅鐵，亦貘類也。並附之。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: Guo Pu states that “they look like bears, but have a small head and short legs. They are black with white spots. Their fur is short and lustrous. They are able to lick and eat copper and iron, and also bamboo stems and poisonous snakes. Their bones and joints are strong and straight, and they are filled inside with a little marrow.” Elsewhere it is said that the tapir mentioned in the Er ya is also named “white leopard.” During the Tang Dynasty, screens were often decorated with drawings of tapirs. Bai Letian wrote a eulogy on them. Nowadays they occasionally appear in the mountains of Qian, Shu and E mei. Tapirs have the nose of an elephant, and the eyes of a rhinoceros, the tail of an ox and the feet of a tiger. They often eat from the cooking vessels and cauldrons of the local population. They cause considerable suffering to those living in the mountains. When they catch them, they use them for medicinal purposes. Their teeth and bones are extremely hard; they break the iron of knives, hatches, and hammers. In a fire they cannot be burned. The people fake them as teeth and bones of Buddha, and deceive those who are ignorant. [Li] Shizhen: It has been transmitted for generations that with an antelope’s horn one can break a diamond. This is a similar [assumption] of how things are afraid of each other. According to the Shuo wen, tapirs resemble bears. They are of yellow and white color,919 and they come from Shu. The Nan zhong 919 Shuo wen, section zhi 豸, writes hei 黑, “black,”

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zhi states: “Tapirs are as big as donkeys, and their appearance is that of bears. They are of gray and white color, and they are very strong. When they lick iron, they dissolve 1000 jin. Their hide is warm.” The Pi ya states: Tapirs look like bears. They have the head of a lion, and the hair of a Asian wild dog. They have a sharp mane and small legs. When their feces is applied to a weapon, it will be able to cut jade, and their urine is able to dissolve iron to water.” There are also [animals like] nie tie 齧鐵, “those that gnaw on iron,” an 豻 [dogs] and kun wu tu 昆吾兔, “hares/rabbits from Kun wu.” They all are able to eat copper and iron. They are of the same group as tapirs. They are added here as an appendix.

【附録】 Appendix 51-04-A01 嚙鐵。Nie tie. Those that gnaw on iron. 【時珍曰】按神異經云：南方有獸，角足大小狀如水牛，毛黑如漆，食鐵 而飲水，糞可爲兵，其利如鋼，名曰囓鐵。唐史云：吐火羅獻大獸，高七 尺，食銅鐵，日行三百里。 [Li] Shizhen: According to the Shen yi jing, “in the South are animals with horns and legs shaped like those of water buffalos. Their fur is black like lacquer. They eat iron and drink water. Their feces can be applied to weapons, which then are as sharp as steel. They are called nie tie 嚙鐵, ‘[those that] gnaw on iron’.” The Tang shi states: “The [country] Ye huo luo submitted as tribute a huge animal. It was seven chi tall and it ate copper and iron. It could travel 300 li within a day.” 51-04-A02 犴。An. An. 禽書云：豻應井星，胡狗也。狀似狐而黑，身長七尺，頭生一角，老則有 鱗，能食虎豹、蛟龍、銅鐵。獵人亦畏之。 The Qin shu states: “The an 豻 correspond to the constellation jing 井. They are dogs found in the region of Hu. Their appearance is one of black foxes. Their body is seven chi long, and their head grows one horn. Once they have become old, they have scales. They can eat tigers, leopards, flood dragons, dragons, copper and iron. The hunters fear them, too.”

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51-04-A03 狡兔。Jiao tu. Wily hare/rabbit. 拾遺記云：狡兔生昆吾山，形如兔，雄黄雌白，食丹石、銅鐵。昔吴王武 庫兵器皆盡，掘得二兔，一白一黄，腹中腎、膽皆鐵，取鑄爲劍，切玉如 泥。 The Shi yi ji states: “The jiao tu live in the Kun wu mountains. Their appearance is that of hares/rabbits. Males are yellow, females are white. They eat cinnabar, stones, copper and iron. Once in ancient times, the King of Wu’s armory had no more weapons when two hares7rabbits were dug out. One was white; the other was yellow. The kidney and the gallbladder in their abdomen were all of iron. They were melted and forged to swords that cut through jade as if it were mud.” 51-04-01 皮。Pi. [Tapir] hide. 【主治】寢之，可驅温癘，辟濕氣、邪氣。蘇頌。 Control. If one sleeps on it it is able to ward off warmth epidemics and to remove dampness qi und evil qi. Su Song. 51-04-02 膏。Gao. [Tapir] fat. 【主治】癰腫，能通肌骨。【時珍曰】段成式云：貘膏性利，銅、鐵、瓦 器盛之悉透，惟以骨盛則不漏。 Control. Obstruction-illness920 with swelling. It is able to penetrate muscles and bones. [Li] Shizhen: Duan Chengshi states: “Tapir fat is by nature fluid; when copper, iron or earthen ware containers are filled with it, it will always seep through. Only if those made of bones are filled with it, it will not leak out.” 51-04-03 尿。Niao. [Tapir] urine. ［主治］吞銅、鐵入腹者，水和服之，即化爲水。 920 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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Control. When someone has swallowed copper or iron that have entered his abdomen, he is to ingest [tapir urine] mixed with water. This will transform [copper and iron] to water. 51-05 象 宋 開寶 Xiang, FE Song, Kai bao Elephant: Elephas maximus L. 【釋名】【時珍曰】許慎説文云：象字篆文，象耳、牙、鼻、足之形。王 安石字説云：象牙感雷而文生，天象感氣而文生。故天象亦用此字。南越 志云：象聞雷聲則牙花暴出，逡巡復没。古語云：犀因望月文生角，象爲 聞雷花發牙。伽耶出北户録。 Explanation of Names. Li Shizhen: Xu Shen in his Shuo wen states: “The character xiang 象 is seal script. It reflects the shape of [the animal’s] ears, teeth, nose and legs.” Wang Anshi in his Zi shuo states: “When the teeth of elephants (xiang 象) are affected by thunder, they grow lines. There are celestial phenomena (xiang 象) that grow lines when they are affected by qi. Hence the designation of these celestial phenomena also uses this character.” The Nan yue zhi states: “When elephants hear the sound of thunder, their teeth all of a sudden develop a pattern. After a while it vanishes again.” In ancient times it was said: “A rhinoceros that looks to the moon will grow lines on its horn. When an elephant hears a thunder, a pattern effuses on its teeth.” The [designation] jia ye 伽耶 [of elephants] originates from the Bei hu lu. 【集解】【頌曰】爾雅云：南方之美者，有梁山之犀、象焉。今多出交 趾、潮、循諸州。彼人捕得，争食其肉，云肥堪作炙。陳藏器云：象具十 二生肖肉，各有分段，惟鼻是其本肉，炙食、糟食更美。又膽不附肝，隨 月在諸肉間，如正月即在虎肉也。徐鉉云：象膽隨四時，春在前左足，夏 在前右足，秋後左足，冬後右足也。淳化中一象春斃。太宗命取膽不獲， 使問鉉。鉉以此對，果得于前左足。世傳荆蠻山中亦有野象。然楚、粤之 象皆青黑，惟西方拂林、大食諸國，乃多白象。樊綽雲南記、平居誨於闐 行程記皆言其事。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: The Er ya states: “Among the beautiful things of the South are the rhinoceroses and the elephants of Liang shan.” Nowadays, they mostly come from the zhou of Jiao zhi, Chao and Xun. When the people there hunt them down, they compete to eat their meat. They say it is fat921 and can be fried. Chen Cangqi states: “Elephants have twelve different kinds of meat in accordance 921 Zheng lei, ch. 16, xiang ya 象牙, “ivory,” has fei cui 肥脆, “fat and brittle,” instead of only fei 肥, “fat.”

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with the twelve animals of the zodiac. Each may be found at a specific segment [of the elephant’s body]. Only the nose is of its own meat. Eaten fried or prepared with the dregs left after the fermentation of alcoholic beverages, it is even more delicious. Also, their gallbladder is not attached to their liver. It follows the moon and moves throughout the different kinds of meat. For example, in the first month it is situated in the meat that corresponds to the [zodiac animal] tiger.” Xu Xuan states: “The gallbladder of an elephant moves in accordance with the four seasons. In spring it is in its front left leg. In summer it is in its front right leg. In autumn it is in its hind left leg. In winter it is in its hind right leg.” During the chun hua reign period (990 – 994), an elephant was killed in spring. [Emperor] Tai zong requested to obtain its gallbladder, but it could not be found. He sent someone to ask [Xu] Xuan, who informed him of these [movements]. Hence they found it in its front left leg. Tradition has it that there are wild elephants in the Jing man mountains. All elephants in Chu and Ao are greenish-black, while only those in the West in the countries of Fu lin and Da shi are mostly white. Fan Chuo in his Yun nan ji and Ping Juhui in his Yu tian xing cheng ji both report these things. 【時珍曰】象出交、廣、雲南及西域諸國。野象多至成群。番人皆畜以 服重，酋長則飾而乘之。有灰、白二色，形體擁腫，面目醜陋。大者身 長丈餘，高稱之，大六尺許。肉倍數牛，目纔若豕，四足如柱，無指而 有爪甲，行則先移左足，卧則以臂着地。其頭不能俯，其頸不能回，其 耳下軃。其鼻大如臂，下垂至地。鼻端甚深，可以開合。中有小肉爪，能 拾針芥。食物飲水皆以鼻卷入口，一身之力皆在于鼻，故傷之則死。耳後 有穴，薄如鼓皮，刺之亦死。口内有食齒，兩吻出兩牙夾鼻，雄者長六七 尺，雌者纔尺餘耳。交牝則在水中，以胸相貼，與諸獸不同。許慎云：三 年一乳。古訓云：五歲始産，六十年骨方足，其性能久識。嗜芻、豆、甘 蔗與酒，而畏烟火、獅子、巴蛇。南人殺野象，多設機穽以陷之。或埋象 鞋於路，以貫其足。捕生象則以雌象爲媒而誘獲之，飼而狎之，久則漸解 人言。使象奴牧之，制之以鉤，左右前却罔不如命也。其皮可作甲鞔鼓， 濕時切條，可貫器物。【甄權曰】西域重象牙，用飾牀座。中國貴之以爲 笏。象每蜕牙，自埋藏之，崑崙諸國人以木牙潜易取焉。【日華曰】象蹄 底似犀，可作帶。 [Li] Shizhen: Elephants originate in Jiao, Guang, Yun nan and all countries of Western regions. Wild elephants often flock together in herds. The people there raise them to carry heavy loads. Tribe chiefs have them decorated to ride on them. There are those of grey and others of white color. Their physical appearance is extremely plump, with ugly face and eyes. Big ones reach a length of more than one zhang. Their height measures more than six chi. Their meat is that of several oxen,

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while their eyes are those of pigs. Their four legs resemble pillars. They have no toes, but they have nails. When they go, they first move their left leg. When they lie down they touch the ground with their “arms.” They cannot bow their head, and they cannot turn their neck. Their ears hang downward. Their nose is as big as an arm and hangs down to the ground. Hence the tip of their nose reaches very deep. It can open and close, and in its midst is a small meat claw permitting [the elephants] to pick up even needles and mustard seeds. To eat items and to drink water they roll up their nose to feed them into their mouth. The entire strength of their body is concentrated in their nose. Hence they will die once it is injured. Behind their ears they have a hole with a very thin skin like that of a drum. If pierced there, they will die, too. Inside their mouth they have teeth for eating. From their mouth two further teeth emerge on each side of the nose. Those of males are six to seven chi long. Those of females extend just over one chi. When they mate they move into a water, and, unlike all other animals, they touch each other with their breasts. Xu Shen states: “They give birth once within three years.” Ancient sources state: “When they are five years old they begin to have offspring. After sixty years, their bones have reached maturity.” By nature they have a long memory. They prefer to eat straw, beans, sugarcane, and wine. But they fear smoke, lions, and snakes. To kill wild elephants, the people in the South often design a trap to capture them. Or they cover an “elephant shoe” [trap] on their road to fasten their legs. Once they have caught an elephant alive, if it is a female elephant they use it as a bait to attract and catch [a male elephant]. Then they raise and tame it until eventually it comes to understand human language. They employ elephant slaves to tend them. They control them with a hook, and their orders to turn left or right, move ahead or go back are always followed. Their skin can be stretched across a frame to construct a drum. When cut into stripes as long as it is wet it can serve to tie together objects. Zhen Quan: In the West, they value elephant teeth. They use them to decorate beds and seats. In China [ivory] is considered noble and it is used to prepare the tablet held before the breast by officials when received in audience by the emperor. Each time elephants lose their teeth, they will bury them themselves to hide them. The people in the Kun lun countries replace them with wooden teeth before removing them. Rihua: The sole of an elephant’s hoof resembles that of a rhinoceros, and can be used to prepare a belt.

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51-05-01 牙。Ya. [Elephant] tooth, ivory. 真臘風土記云：象牙，殺取者上也。自死者次之，蜕于山中多年者下矣。 或謂一歲一换牙者，非也。 The Zhen la feng tu ji states: “Ivory is best when removed from [an elephant that was] killed. Those obtained from [elephants] that have died a natural death are second. Those that have fallen off in the moutains many years ago are inferior.” Some say that each year they replace their teeth. That is wrong. 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】諸鐵及雜物入肉，刮牙屑和水敷之，立出。治癇病。刮齒屑，炒 黄研末，飲服。開寶。諸物刺咽中，磨水服之亦出。舊梳屑尤佳。蘇頌。 主風癇驚悸，一切邪魅精物，熱疾骨蒸及諸瘡，並宜生屑入藥。時珍。 Control. Whenever an iron or any other object has entered one’s flesh, scrape some crumbs from ivory and apply them with water to the [respective location. The object] will come out immediately. Kai bao. Whenever an object has pierced into one’s throat, grind [ivory] in water and [let the patient] ingest this. [The objects] will come out immediately. Crumbs from an old comb [made of ivory] are particularly well suited for this. Su Song. It controls wind epilepsy, with fright and palpitation, all kinds of evil goblins and spirit items, heat illness, bone steaming922 and all kinds of sores. For all these it is appropriate to add fresh [ivory] crumbs to a medication. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】世人知然犀可見水怪，而不知沉象可驅水怪。按周禮 壺涿氏掌水蟲，欲殺其神者，以橭木貫象齒而沉之，則其神死而淵爲陵。 註云：橭木，山榆也。以象齒作十字，貫于木而沉之，則龍、罔象之類死 也。又按陶貞白云：凡夏月合藥，宜置象牙于傍。合丹竈，以象牙夾竈， 得雷聲乃能發光。觀此，則象之辟邪，又不止于驅怪而已，宜乎其能治心 肝驚癇、迷惑邪魅之疾也。而昔人罕解用之，何哉？ Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Everybody knows that rhinoceros [horn] burned [to ashes] makes water monsters visible. But people do not know that ivory sunk deep [into water] can remove water monsters. According to the Zhou li, the “’Gentleman for Sprinkling from the Pot’ controlled water worms/bugs. When he set out to kill 922 Gu zheng 骨蒸, “bone steaming,” (1) a pathological condition of an infectious consumptive disease with a development of vexing heat in the afternoon. (2) An illness sign of heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197.

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these spirits, he tied ivory to gu 橭 wood and sank it deep into the water. As a result, the spirits were killed, and even a deep abyss turned into an earthen hill.” A commentary states: “Gu wood is mountain elm wood. Prepare a cross from ivory and tie it to the wood to sink it deep into the [water]. This will kill such creatures as dragons and wang xiang.”923 Also, according to Tao Zhenbai, “whenever during the summer months one prepares a medication, it is advisable to place ivory to its side. When a furnace is operated to prepare an elixir, ivory should line it on both sides. When it is affected by the sound of thunder, it will emit rays.” In view of this, the ability of ivory to eliminate evil is not limited to driving away monsters. It is also suitable for curing illnesses such as heart and liver fright epilepsy, as well as bewildering caused by evil goblins. Still, the people in former times rarely understood to make use of it. Why?

【附方】舊二，新四。 Added recipes. Two of old. Four newly [recorded]. 小便不通，脹急者。象牙生煎服之。救急。 Blocked urination. With distension and hectic [movement of qi]. Fry fresh ivory and ingest the [liquid]. Jiu ji. 小便過多。象牙燒灰，飲服之。總録。 Excessive urination. Burn ivory to ashes and ingest them with a beverage. Zong lu.924 痘疹不收。象牙屑，銅銚炒黄紅色，爲末。每服七八分或一錢，白水下。 王氏痘疹方。 Smallpox macula that fail to close. Fry ivory crumbs in a copper vessel until they have assumed a yellow-red color, and grind them to powder. Each time ingest seven to eight fen or one qian. To be ingested with clear water. Wang shi dou zhen fang. 諸獸骨鯁。象牙磨水吞之。永類方。 All kinds of animal bones and fishbones stuck in the throat. Grind ivory to powder and [let the patient] swallow this with water. Yong lei fang. 骨刺入肉。象牙刮末，以水煮白梅肉調塗，自軟。簡要濟衆。

923 Wang xiang 罔象, a monster, see 51-56. 924 This recipe is not listed in the Zong lu. It may be found in Pu ji fang ch. 216, xiao bian li duo 小便利多, “excessive urination.”

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A bone has pierced into the flesh. Scrape ivory to obtain a powder, mix it with pickled plum fruit meat boiled in water, and apply this to the [affected region]. [The bone] will soften as a result. Jian yao ji chong. 鍼箭入肉。象牙刮末，水和敷之，即出也。 A needle or an arrow have pierced into the flesh. Scrape ivory to obtain a powder, mix it with water and apply it to the [affected region. The foreign object] will come out immediately. 51-05-02 肉。Rou. [Elephant] meat. 【氣味】甘、淡，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, bland, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】燒灰，和油塗秃瘡。多食令人體重。開寶。生煮汁服，治小便不 通。燒灰飲服，治小便多。日華。 Control. Burned to ashes and mixed with oil it is topically applied to baldness sores. Eaten in large quantities, it lets one’s body put on weight. Kai bao. To ingest the juice obtained by boiling fresh [elephant meat] will cure blocked urination. To ingest, with a beverage, the ashes obtained by burning [elephant meat] will serve to cure excessive urination. Rihua. 【發明】【時珍曰】按吕氏春秋云：肉之美者，旄象之約。又爾雅翼云： 象肉肥脆，少類猪肉，味淡而含滑。則其通小便者，亦淡滲滑竅之義。燒 之則從火化，故又能縮小便也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Lü shi chun qiu, “aged elephant [meat] is one of the most delicious meats.” Also, the Er ya yi states: “Elephant meat925 is fat and crisp. It faintly resembles pork. The flavor is blant and when held in one’s mouth it is slippery.” This is the meaning underlying its ability to free the passage of urine and to seep into and smoothen orifices. When burned it is transformed by the fire, and hence is able to restrict urination.

925 Er ya yi, ch. 18, xiang 象, “elephant,“ writes bi rou wei jiu 鼻肉爲炙, “the meat from the nose roasted.“

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51-05-03 膽。Dan. [Elephant] gallbladder/bile. 【修治】【斅曰】凡使勿用雜膽。其象膽乾了，上有青竹文斑光膩，其味 微帶甘。入藥勿便和衆藥，須先擣成粉，乃和衆藥。 Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: Whenever one is about to [make use of an elephant gallbladder] he should see to it that it is not any other [animal’s] gallbladder. When an elephant’s gallbladder has been dried, its surface is shiny and greasy with greenish bamboo marks. Its flavor is slightly sweet. When it is to be added to a medication, it must not simply be mixed with the other drugs. It is first to be pounded to powder, and this then is mixed with the other drugs. 【氣味】苦，寒，微毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, slightly poisonous. 【主治】明目治疳。日華。治瘡腫，以水化塗之。治口臭，以綿裹少許貼 齒根，平旦漱去，數度即瘥。海藥。 Control. It clears the eyes and serves to cure gan-illness. 926 Rihua. To cure sores and swelling, dissolve it in water and apply this to the [affected region]. To cure bad mouth odor, wrap a small amount in silk floss and attach this to the root of the teeth. The next morning rinse [the mouth] and remove it. A cure is achieved after several such [treatments]. Hai yao.927 【發明】【時珍曰】象膽明目，能去塵膜也，與熊膽同功。雷斅炮炙論云 象膽揮粘是矣。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Elephant gallbladder/bile clears the eyes. It is able to remove membranes caused by dust. Lei Xiao in his Pao zhi lun states: With elephant gallbladder one wipes off glue. That is correct. 【附方】新一。 Added Prescriptions. One newly [recorded]. 内障目翳，如偃月，或如棗花。用象膽半兩，鯉魚膽七枚，熊膽一分，牛 膽半兩，麝香一分，石决明末一兩，爲末，糊丸菉豆大。每茶下十丸，日 二。總録。 926 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 927 Zheng lei, ch. 16, xiang ya 象牙, “ivory,“ names as source the Nan hai yao pu.

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Internal screens and eye shades. Those resembling a crescent moon, or a Chinese date flower. Take half a liang of elephant gallbladder, seven carp fish gallbladders, one fen of a bear’s gallbladder, half a liang of an ox gallbladder, one fen928 of musk, and one liang of abalone powder, and grind all these to powder to be prepared, with flour, to pills the size of green beans. Each time ingest, with tea, ten pills. Twice a day. Zong lu. 51-05-04 睛。Jing. [Elephant] eyeball. 【主治】目疾，和人乳滴目中。藏器。 Control. For eye diseases, mix them with human milk and drip this into the eyes. [Chen] Cangqi. 51-05-06 皮。Pi. [Elephant] hide. 【主治】下疳，燒灰和油敷之。又治金瘡不合。時珍。 Control. To remove gan-illness, 929 burn [elephant hide] to ashes, mix them with oil, and apply this to the [affected region]. It also serves to cure wounds inflicted by metal objects/weapons that do not close. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】象肉壅腫，人以斧刃刺之，半日即合。故近時治金瘡 不合者，用其皮灰。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The meat of elephants is extremely plump. When the people use axes or a knife to [cut or] pierce it, [the hide] will close again within half a day. Hence in recent times, the hide burned to ashes has been employed to cure wounds inflicted by metal objects/weapons that fail to close. 51-05-07 骨。Gu. [Elephant] bone. 【主治】解毒。時珍。胸前小横骨，燒灰酒服，令人能浮。開寶。 928 Sheng ji zong lu, ch. 112, nei zhang yan zhen hou yong yao 内障眼針後用藥, “medication to be applied following a needle treatment of internal screens in the eyes,” writes qian ,”qian,” instead of fen , “fen.” 929 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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Control. They resolve poison. [Li] Shizhen. A small vertical bone in front of their chest if burned to ashes and ingested with wine will allow one to float [on the surface of water]. Kai bao.

【附方】新一。 Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 象骨散。治脾胃虚弱，水穀不消，噫氣吞酸，吐食霍亂，泄瀉膿血，臍腹 疼痛，裏急頻併，不思飲食諸證。用象骨四兩炒，肉豆蔻炮、枳殼炒各一 兩，訶子肉炮、甘草各二兩，乾姜半兩炮，爲末。每服三錢，水一盞半， 煎至八分，和滓熱服，食前，日三次。宣明方。 The powder with elephant bones. It serves to cure such conditions as depletion weakness of spleen and stomach, with a failure to digest water and grain, belching qi, sour regurgitation, throwing up of food, cholera, outflow with pus and blood, painful navel and abdomen, often associated with internal tension, as well as unwillingness to drink and eat. Elephant bones, four liang, fried, one liang each of roasted nutmeg and fried unripe oranges, two liang each of roasted fruit meat of terminalia fruits and glycyrrhiza [roots], as well as half a liang of dried ginger are ground to powder. Each time ingest three qian. Boil them in one and a half cups of water down to eight fen. Ingest this together with the dregs before meals. Three times a day. Xuan ming fang. 51-06 犀本經中品 Xi, FE Ben jing, middle rank Rhinoceros. Rhinoceros indicus L. 【釋名】兕。【時珍曰】犀字，篆文象形。其牸名兕，亦曰沙犀。爾雅翼 云：兕與牸字音相近，猶羖之爲牯也。大抵犀、兕是一物，古人多言兕， 後人多言犀，北音多言兕，南音多言犀，爲不同耳。詳下文。梵書謂犀曰 朅伽。 Explanation of Names. Si 兕. [Li] Shizhen: The character xi 犀 is seal script reflecting the physical appearance [of the animals]. Their females, zi 牸, are called si 兕; another name is sha xi 沙犀, “sand rhinoceros.” The Er ya yi states: The readings of the characters si 兕 and zi 牸 are similar. This is like the [similarity of readings of the characters] gu 羖, a black ram, and gu 牯, “female ram.” Generally speaking, xi 犀 and si 兕 refer to one and the same item. The ancients called the [rhinoceros] si 兕; later it was called xi 犀. The pronunciation in the North is mostly si 兕; in the South

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it is mostly xi 犀. That is the difference, as will be outlined in more detail below. In Sanskrit writings, the rhinoceros is called qiejia 詙伽. 【集解】【别録曰】犀出永昌山谷及益州。永昌，即今滇南也。【弘景 曰】今出武陵、交州、寧州諸遠山。犀有二角，以額上者爲勝。又有通天 犀角，上有一白縷，直上至端，夜露不濡，入藥至神驗。或云此是水犀 角，出水中，漢書所謂駭雞犀者，置米飼雞，皆驚駭不敢啄。置屋上，烏 鳥不敢集。又有牸犀，角甚長，文理似犀，不堪入藥。【恭曰】牸是雌 犀，文理膩細，斑白分明，俗謂之斑犀。服用爲上，入藥不如雄犀。【藏 器曰】犀無水陸二種，但以精粗言之。通天者，腦上之角，經千歲，長且 鋭，白星徹端，能出氣通天，則能通神、破水、駭雞，故曰通天。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Rhinoceroses come from the mountain valleys of Yong chang, and from Yi zhou. Yong chang is today’s Dian nan. [Tao] Hongjing: Nowadays they come from the far away mountains of Wu ling, Jiao zhou and Ning zhou. Rhinoceroses have two horns. Those on their forehead are best. There is also a “communicating with heaven” rhinoceros horn. It has a white thread on its upper side reaching upward to its end. It does not turn moist from the dew during the night. Added to medications it is of divine effect. Some say that these are horns of water rhinoceroses, emerging from water. As for the “rhinoceros [horn] that scares chicken” mentioned in the Han shu, if it is placed with rice to feed chicken, they will all be scared and do not dare to peck. If placed on a roof, black crows do not dare to gather there. Furthermore, there are zi xi 牸犀, “female rhinoceroses,” with an especially long horn and a similar pattern of lines. But they are not suitable for use as medication. [Su] Gong: The zi 牸 are female rhinoceroses. The design pattern [of their horns] is very fine, with white spots clearly discernible. They are commonly called “spotted rhinoceroses.” They are best for being ingested, but as a medication they are not as good as [horns of ] male rhinoceroses. [Chen] Cangqi: There are not two different kinds of water and land rhinoceroses. But they may be discerned in terms of a fine or rough quality. Those “communicating with heaven” are horns on the [animal’s] brain. They have lasted for a thousand years. They are long and pointed, with white star[-like patterns] covering their entire length. As they are able to emit qi that connect with heaven, they are able to connect with the spirits, to split water and to scare chicken. Hence they are called “communicating with heaven.” 抱朴子言此犀刻爲魚，銜之入水，水開三尺是也。 The Bao pu zi states: “If this rhinoceros [horn] is carved in the shape of fish and held in one’s mouth, he can enter a water, and the water will split open three feet wide.”

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【頌曰】犀角，今以南海者爲上，黔、蜀者次之。犀似水牛，猪首、大 腹、卑脚。脚似象，有三蹄。黑色。舌上有刺，好食棘刺。皮上每一孔生 三毛，如豕。有一角、二角、三角者。爾雅云：兕似牛，犀似豕。郭璞注 云：兕一角，色青，重千斤。犀似水牛，三角，一在頂上，一在額上，一 在鼻上。鼻上者食角也。又名奴角，小而不橢。亦有一角者。 [Su] Song: Nowadays, the rhinoceros horns of Nan hai are superior. Those from Qian and Shu are of secondary value. Rhinoceroses are similar to water buffaloes. They have the head of a pig, a large abdomen and short feet. Their feet resemble those of elephants; they have three hoofs. Their color is black. They have a thorn on their tongue, and they love to eat Chinese spine dates. On their skin each hole grows three hairs, just like pigs. Some have one horn, others have two, and still others have three horns. The Er ya states: “The si 兕 resemble buffaloes; the xi 犀 resemble pigs.” Guo Pu states: “The si 兕 have one horn; its color is greenish. It weighs one thousand jin. The xi 犀 resemble water buffaloes. They have three horns. One on the top of their head; one on their forehead; one on their nose. The one on their nose is the shi jiao 食角, a ‘horn with which to eat’. It is also called nu jiao 奴 角, ‘servant horn’. It is small and not bent. There are also those with only one horn.” 劉恂嶺表録異云：犀有二角。一在額上爲兕犀，一在鼻上爲胡帽犀。牯犀 亦有二角，皆謂之毛犀，而今人多傳一角之説。此數種角俱有粟文，觀紋 之粗細爲貴賤。貴者有通天花文，犀有此角者，必自惡其影，常飲濁水， 不欲照見也。絶品者有百物之形。或云犀之通天者乃其病，理不可知也。 角文有倒插者，一半已下通；有正插者，一半以上通；有腰鼓插者，中斷 不通。其類極多，故波斯呼象牙爲白暗，犀角爲黑暗，言難識也。犀中最 大者墮羅犀，一株重七八斤，云是牯犀額角。其花多作撒豆斑，色深者， 堪作帶胯。斑散色淺者，可作器皿耳。或云兕乃犀之雌者，亦似水牛而青 色，皮堅厚可以爲鎧，未知的否。 Liu Xun in his Ling biao lu yi states: “Rhinoceroses have two horns. The one on the forehead is called si xi 兕犀; the one on the nose is called hu mao xi 胡帽犀, ‘rhinoceros [horn like] a cap of the Hu people.’ The gu xi 牯犀 also have two horns. Both of them are called mao xi 帽犀.” Nowadays, though, the people transmit only the saying of [rhinoceroses having] one horn. All these different kinds of horns have a millet-like design, and it is the appearance of this design which defines their value. Those that are highly valued, they have a floral design communicating with heaven. Rhinoceroses with such a horn necessarily detest their own image. They always drink from turbid waters where they do not see themselves reflected. Those of best quality may have many different appearances. Some say that what rhinoceroses communicate with heaven is their disease. But no underlying principle of this

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is known. Some of the designs on these horns are just limited to certain sections. They may cover only the lower half. They may have an “upright” limitation and cover the upper half. There are those of “waist-bulge” limitation; they do not cover the middle section. Their kinds are very many. Hence in Persia they speak of ivory as the “white secret” and of rhinoceros horns as “black closure,” which is to say: they are difficult to identify. The biggest [horns of ] rhinoceroses are those called duo [he] luo xi, “rhinoceroses from the country Duo [he] luo”; they weigh seven to eight jin. It is said that these are horns of the forehead of rhinoceros bulls. They often have a design of sprinkled bean-like spots. Those of a dark color can be used to make hip straps [as required for carrying arrows and swords]. Those with scattered spots and of a light color can be used to produce household utensils. Some say that the si 兕 are the female rhinoceroses. They, too, resemble water buffaloes and are of greenish color. Their hide is firm and thick, and can be used to prepare armors. Whether this is true or not is not known. 唐醫吴士臯言：海人取犀，先於山路多植朽木，如猪羊棧。其犀前脚直， 常依木而息，爛木忽折，倒仆久不能起，因格殺之。又云：犀每歲一退 角，必自埋于山中，海人潜作木角易之，再三不離其處。若直取之，則後 藏于别處，不可尋矣。 The Tang physician Wu Shigao says: “The people at the sea when they set out to capture a rhinoceros, at first they plant rotten trees on roads in the mountains, like a pen to keep in pigs and goats. When a rhinoceros’ front feet are numb, it often leans on a tree to rest. The rotten treas will suddenly break, and [the animal] falls to the ground, lies there for a long time and is unable to rise. Hence [the people] can kill it.” He also states: “Rhinoceroses shed their horns once a year, and they inevitably bury them themselves in the mountains. The people at the sea exchange it for a wooden substitute, and [the rhinoceros] will not chose another location [and repeat shedding its horns there] twice or three times. If [the people] were to simply remove [the horns without leaving a substitute, the animal would] hide [its horns] at another location where they cannot be found.” 【李珣曰】通天犀乃胎時見天上物過，形于角上，故曰通天。但于月下以 水盆映之則知。按五溪記云：山犀食竹木，其小便即竟日不盡。夷獠以弓 矢采之，名曰黔犀。又異物志云：山東海水中有牛，樂聞絲竹。彼人動 樂，則牛出聽，因而采之。有鼻角、頂角，以鼻角爲上。本草止知山犀， 未見水犀。 Li Xun: The “rhinoceros [horns] communicating with heaven” are those forming when some item is seen to pass through heaven while they are still in the mother’s womb. The appearance [of this item] shows on the horn. Hence they are called

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“communicating with heaven.” [The design] can be recognized only if [the horn] is placed into a water basin under moonlight, as it will shine then. According to the Wu xi ji, “mountain rhinoceroses eat bamboo and trees. They urinate all day long. The hunters of the Yi people capture them with bow and arrows, and they call them ‘black rhinoceroses’.” Also, the Yi wu zhi states: “In Shan dong in the sea are buffaloes that love to listen to string music. The people there make such music, and as a result the buffaloes come out of the sea to listen. Hence they are captured. They have a horn on their nose and a horn on their skull. The horn on the nose is best.” The Ben cao knows only the mountain rhinoceroses; the water rhinoceroses are not mentioned there. 【宗奭曰】川犀、南犀紋細，烏犀有紋顯露，黄犀紋絶少，皆不及西番 者，紋高、雨脚顯也。物象黄、外黑者爲正透，物象黑、外黄者爲倒透。 蓋以烏色爲正，以形像肖物爲貴。既曰通犀，必須文頭顯著，黄黑分明， 有雨脚潤滑者爲第一。 Kou Zongshi: The line design of rhinoceros [horns] from Chuan and from the South is fine. The line design of [the horns of ] black rhinoceroses is quite distinctly visible, while that of [the horns of ] yellow rhinoceroses is extreme small. But none of them reaches those from Western foreign countries. Their line design is elevated and clearly shows a rain drop [pattern]. When such an item appears to be yellow but has a black outside, this is “proper transparency.” When such an item appears to be black but has a yellow outside, this is a reverse transparency. The fact is, a black color is the proper color, and those whose physical shape and appearance correspond to the item itself, they are valued highly. Hence, when one speaks of “communicating rhinoceros [horns]”, they must have a visible line design, with yellow and black being clearly separated. Those with a rain drop [design] that are at the same time moist and smooth, they are the best. 【時珍曰】犀出西番、南番、滇南、交州諸處。有山犀、水犀、兕犀三 種，又有毛犀似之。山犀居山林，人多得之，水犀出入水中，最爲難得。 並有二角，鼻角長而額角短。水犀皮有珠甲，而山犀無之。兕犀即犀之牸 者，亦曰沙犀，止有一角在頂，文理細膩，斑白分明，不可入藥。蓋牯 角文大，而牸角文細也。洪武初，九真曾貢之，謂之獨角犀是矣。陳藏器 謂犀無水陸，郭璞謂有三角，蘇頌謂毛犀爲牯犀，皆出訛傳，今並正之。 毛犀即犛牛也，見本條。犀角紋如魚子形，謂之粟紋。紋中有眼，謂之粟 眼。黑中有黄花者爲正透，黄中有黑花者爲倒透，花中復有花者爲重透， 併名通犀，乃上品也。花如椒豆斑者次之，烏犀純黑無花者爲下品。其通 天夜視有光者名夜明犀，故能通神開水，飛禽走獸見之皆驚。又山海經有 白犀，白色。開元遺事有辟寒犀，其色如金，交趾所貢，冬月暖氣襲人。

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白孔六帖有辟暑犀，唐文宗得之，夏月能清暑氣。嶺表録異有辟塵犀，爲 簪梳帶胯，塵不近身。杜陽編有蠲忿犀，云爲帶，令人蠲去忿怒。此皆希 世之珍，故附見之。 Li Shizhen: Rhinoceroses come from all places such as are Western foreign countries, Southern foreign countries, Dian nan and Jiao zhou. There are three kinds of them: mountain rhinoceroses, water rhinoceroses, and si 兕 rhinoceroses. Furthermore, there are “hairy rhinoceroses” that are similar. The mountain rhinoceroses live in mountain forests; they are often captured by humans. Water rhinoceroses leave and enter water. They are most difficult to capture. Both have two horns. The horn on the nose is long, and the one on the forehead is short. The hide of water rhinoceroses has pearl-like scales; the mountain rhinoceroses do not have them. The si 兕 rhinoceroses are the female rhinoceroses. They are also called “sand rhinoceroses.” They have only one horn on top of their head, and it has a fine line pattern in which white spots are clearly discernible. It cannot be used as medication. The fact is, the horn of bulls has large lines; the lines of the females are fine. At the beginning of the hong wu reign period (1368 – 1399), [the country] Jiu zhen once sent one as tribute; they called it “single horn rhinoceros.” That was one of those. Chen Cangqi says that rhinoceroses do not have water and land [kinds]. Guo Pu says they have three horns. Su Song says the “hairy rhinoceroses” are the rhinoceros bulls. All these statements are based on erroneous transmissions. Here now [I] shall correct them. The “hairy rhinoceroses” are in fact old buffaloes. See the respective entry. When a rhinoceros horn has a line pattern resembling a fish roe, it is called “millet line pattern.” When there are eyes in the line patterns, they are called “millet eyes.” If there is a yellow design in a black [surface], this is called “proper transparency.” If there is a black design in a yellow [surface], this is called “reverse transparency.” If within the design there is still another design, this is a “double transparency.” They all are called “communicating rhinoceroses,” and they occupy the top rank. Those with a design of spots resembling spicy beans are second. Black rhinoceroses that are purely black without any design, they occupy the lowest rank. Those communicating with heaven and emitting rays during the night, they are called “night brilliance rhinoceroses.” Hence they are able to communicate with spirits and to split open water. When flying birds and moving animals see them, they are all frightened. Furthermore, the Shan hai jing records “white rhinoceroses” of white color. The Kai yuan yi shi has a record of “cold repelling rhinoceroses.” Their color is that of gold. The [country] Jiao zhi sent one as tribute. In winter it emitted warm qi affecting humans. The Bai kong liu tie has a record of “heat repelling rhinoceroses.” Tang [Emperor] Wen zong obtained one. In summer months it was able to cool summerheat qi. The Ling biao lu yi has a record of “dust repelling rhinoceroses.” [Their horns] can be made

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into hairpins, combs and belts. [Wearing them] keeps dust away from one’s body. The Du yang bian has a record of “anger avoiding rhinoceroses.” It says, when [their horns] are worn as a belt, they prevent this person from getting angry. All these are rare gems found in the world. Hence they are added here for reference. 51-06-01 犀角。Xi jiao. Rhinoceros horn. 番名低密。 In foreign lands it is called dimi 低密. 【修治】【弘景曰】入藥惟雄犀生者爲佳。若犀片及見成器物皆被蒸煮， 不堪用。【頌曰】凡犀入藥有黑白二種，以黑者爲勝，角尖又勝。生犀不 獨未經水火者，蓋犀有捕得殺取者爲上，蜕角者次之。【宗奭曰】鹿取 茸，犀取尖，其精鋭之力盡在是也。以西番生犀磨服爲佳，入湯、散則屑 之。【斅曰】凡使，勿用奴犀、牸犀、病水犀、攣子犀、無潤犀。惟取烏 黑肌皺、拆裂光潤者錯屑，入臼杵，細研萬匝乃用。【李珣曰】凡犀角鋸 成，當以薄紙裹于懷中蒸燥，乘熱搗之，應手如粉。故歸田録云：翡翠屑 金，人氣粉犀。 Preparation. Tao Hongjing: For use as a medication only fresh specimens from male rhinoceroses are the best. Rhinoceros [horn] pieces and [horns] prepared as household utensils that have been exposed to steaming are no longer suitable for use. [Su] Song: There are two kinds, black and white, of rhinoceros [horns] that are used as medication. Black specimens are superior. And if the horn is pointed, it is even better. Of fresh rhinoceros [horns] that have not been affected by water or fire yet, those are the best that are obtained from a rhinoceros that had just been killed. Horns that are shed are of secondary quality. [Kou] Zongshi: Of deer one takes the pilose antlers, and of rhinoceros [horns] one takes those that are pointed because it is in them that all their essence is collected. Fresh rhinoceros [horns] obtained from Western foreign lands and ingested ground are best. If they are to be used in a decoction or as powder, one resorts to their crumbs. [Lei] Xiao: For whatever application, do not make use of [the horns of ] nu xi, “servant rhinoceroses,” of zi xi, “female rhinoceroses,” of diseased water rhinoceroses, and of twin rhinoceroses. [Also, do not use those horns that have dried and] lack moisture. Make use only of black, wrinkled specimens that are cracked and lustrous. They are scraped to crumbs, placed into a mortar, and finely ground ten thousandfold before use. Li Xun: Whenever a rhinoceros horn was sawed off, it must be wrapped in thin paper and held on one’s bosom to have it steamed and dried [by the warmth of human qi].

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It is then ground while it is still hot, and prepared to powder. Hence the Gui tian lu states: With jadeite one can turn gold into crumbs. With human qi one can turn rhinoceros [horns] to powder. 【氣味】苦、酸、鹹，寒，無毒。【别録曰】微寒。【李珣曰】大寒，無 毒。【甄權曰】牯犀角，甘、辛，有小毒。【張元素曰】苦、酸，寒，陽 中之陰也。入陽明經。【之才曰】松脂爲之使。惡雷丸、雚菌。【時珍 曰】升麻爲之使。惡烏頭、烏喙。【斅曰】忌鹽，及妊婦勿服，能消胎氣。 Qi and flavor. Bitter, sour, salty, cold, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Slightly cold. Li Xun: Very cold, nonpoisonous. Zhen Quan: The horns of rhinoceros bulls: Sweet, acrid, mildly poisonous. Zhang Yuansu: Bitter, sour, cold, yin in yang. They enter yang brilliance conduits. [Xu] Zhicai: Pine resine serves as their guide. [Ingested together,] they abhor thunderball fungus and guan jun fungus. 930 [Li] Shizhen: Cimicifuga [rhizome] serves as their guide. [Ingested together,] they abhor aconitum [main tuber] and wu hui. [Lei] Xiao: They must not be used together with salt. Pregnant women must not ingest them lest they caused the fetal qi to dissolve. 【主治】百毒蠱疰，邪鬼瘴氣，殺鉤吻、鴆羽、蛇毒，除邪，不迷惑魘 寐。久服輕身。本經。傷寒温疫，頭痛寒熱，諸毒氣。令人駿健。别録。 辟中惡毒氣，鎮心神，解大熱，散風毒。治發背癰疽瘡腫，化膿作水。療 時疾，熱如火，煩毒入心，狂言妄語。藥性。治心煩，止驚，鎮肝明目， 安五臟，補虚勞，退熱消痰，解山瘴溪毒。日華。主風毒攻心，毷氉熱 悶，赤痢，小兒麩豆，風熱驚癇。海藥。燒灰水服，治卒中惡心痛，飲食 中毒，藥毒熱毒，筋骨中風，心風煩悶，中風失音，皆瘥。以水磨服，治 小兒驚熱。山犀、水犀，功用相同。孟詵。磨汁，治吐血、衄血、下血， 及傷寒畜血，發狂譫語，發黄發斑，痘瘡稠密，内熱黑陷，或不結痂，瀉 肝凉心，清胃解毒。時珍。 Control. The hundreds of poisons, gu-attachment-illness, evil demons, miasmatic qi. They kill the poison of yellow jessamine, and of the feathers of the zhen bird and of snakes. They remove evil, and prevent one from being confused by nightmares. Ingested over a long time they relieve one’s body of its weight. Ben jing. Harm caused by cold, warmth epidemics. Headache and alternating sensations of cold and heat. All kinds of poison qi. They make one strong. Bie lu. They check being struck by the malign and poison qi. They calm down the spirit in the heart. They resolve massive heat, disperse wind poison, and serve to cure effusion on the back931 associated with 930 Guan jun 雚菌, an unidentifiable substance. 931 Fa bei 發背, “effusion of the back.” A condition of an obstruction-illness and an impediment-illness developking on one’s back. BCGM Dict I, 148.

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obstruction- and impediment illness, 932 sores and swelling. They transform pus to water, and heal seasonal illness, heat hot as a fire, vexation, and poison that has entered one’s heart, as well as mad talking and crazy language. Yao xing. They serve to cure heart vexation. They end fright. They cool the liver and clear the eyes. They pacify the five long-term depots, and supplement depletion exhaustion. They drive back heat and resolve phlegm. They resolve mountain miasma and rivulet poison. Rihua. They control wind poison that attacks one’s heart, restlessness with heat and heart pressure, red free-flux illness,933 children’s bran bean [sores], wind heat and fright epilepsy. Hai yao. Burned to ashes and ingested with water, they serve to cure suddenly being struck by the malign with pain in the heart, poisoning resulting from beverages and food, drug poisoning, and heat poison, sinews and bones struck by wind,934 heart wind with vexation and heart pressure, being struck by wind with loss of one’s voice. They all are cured. Ground in water and ingested, they serve to cure fright heat of children. The effects achieved with [the horns of ] mountain rhinoceroses and water rhinoceroses are all alike. Meng Shen. The juice resulting from grinding serves to cure blood spitting, nosebleed, discharge with blood, and harm caused by cold with stored up blood, fits of madness and incoherent language, jaundice and the effusion of spots, densely concentrated smallpox sores with internal heat and black indentations, or when they fail to form a crust. It drains the liver and cools the heart. It clears the stomach and resolves poison. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】犀角，犀之精靈所聚，足陽明藥也。胃爲水穀之海， 飲食藥物必先受之，故犀角能解一切諸毒。五藏六府，皆禀氣于胃，風邪 熱毒，必先干之。故犀角能療諸血，及驚狂斑痘之證。抱朴子云：犀食百 草之毒，及衆木之棘，所以能解毒。凡蠱毒之鄉，有飲食，以此角攪之， 有毒則生白沫，無毒則否。以之煮毒藥，則無復毒勢也。北户録云：凡中 毒箭，以犀角刺瘡中，立愈。由犀食百毒棘刺也。昔温嶠過武昌 牛渚磯， 下多怪物。嶠然犀角照之，而水族見形。淮南子云：犀角置穴，狐不敢 歸。則犀之精靈辟邪不惑，于此益可見矣。 Explication. The horn of the rhinoceros is the location where the essence and magic force of the rhinoceros gathers. It is a medication for the foot-yang brilliance [sec932 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 933 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 934 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683.

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tion]. The stomach is the sea where water and grain collect. Beverages, food and medication must be received there first. Hence rhinoceros horns are able to resolve all kinds of poison. The five long-term depots and six short-term repositories, they all are supplied with qi by the stomach. Wind, evil [qi], heat and poisons, they must first be active there. Hence rhinoceros horns are able to heal all kinds of blood [illness], as well as such conditions as fright, madness, dermal spots, and smallpox. The Bao pu zi states: “Rhinoceroses eat the poisons of the hundreds of herbs, and the thorns of a multitude of trees. Hence they are able to resolve poison. In regions where gu poisoning935 is prevalent, [people test] beverages and food by mixing this horn with them. If [a beverage or food] contains such poison, a white foam develops. If they contain no poison, this is not the case. If [such horns] are used for boiling poisonous medications, the poison will have lost all its strength.” The Bei hu lu states: “Whenever one was struck by a poisonous arrow, he pierces a rhinoceros horn into the wound, and this will bring an immediate cure. The reason is: rhinoceroses eat the hundreds of poisons and thorns. Once Wen Qiao passed through [Mount] Niu zhu ji in Wu chang. Below he saw numerous strange creatures. Qiao burned rhinoceros horn to throw a light on them, and the physical appearance of water inhabitants became visible.” The Huai nan zi states:936 “When a rhinoceros horn is placed into the cave of a fox, [the fox] will not dare to return there.” This is clear evidence that there should be no doubt of the rhinoceros [horn’s] spirit and magic force to repudiate evil.

【附方】舊六，新七。 Added recipes: Six of old. Seven newly [recorded]. 吐血不止，似鵝鴨肝。用生犀角、生桔梗各一兩爲末。每酒服二錢。總録。 Unending blood spitting. [The discharge] being similar to goose or duck liver. Prepare a powder from one liang each of fresh rhinoceros horn and fresh platycodon [root]. Each time ingest, with wine, two qian. Zong lu. 中忤中惡，鬼氣。其證或暮夜登厠，或出郊外，驀然倒地，厥冷握拳，口 鼻出清血，須臾不救，似乎尸厥，但腹不鳴，心腹暖爾。勿移動，令人圍 935 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 936 The following statement is not part of Hua inan zi versions available today. The Yu lan, ch. 890, xi 犀, “rhinoceros,” quotes this passage and mentions the Huai inan wan bi shu as its source.

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繞，燒火打鼓，或燒蘇合香、安息香、麝香之類，候醒乃移動。用犀角五 錢，麝香、朱砂各二錢五分，爲末。每水調二錢服，即效。華佗方。 Being struck by the hostile,937 and being struck by the malign. These are demon qi. The condition is such: Someone goes to the latrine in the evening or during the night, or goes to the countryside, and suddenly falls to the ground. He experiences a ceasing [qi] cold and his fists are clenched. His mouth and nose emit clear blood. After a short while he cannot be rescued. This is similar to a corpse[-like condition because of qi] recession, but there are no sounds in the abdomen. Heart and abdomen are still warm. He must not be moved elsewhere. Let people surround him, burn fires and beat drums. Or burn such items as gum storax, benzoin resin, and musk. Only after he has regained his consciousness he may be relocated. Prepare a powder of five qian of rhinoceros horn, and two qian, five fen each of musk and cinnabar. Each time [let the patient] ingest two qian mixed with water. Immediately effective. Hua Tuo fang. 卧忽不寤。若以火照之則殺人。但唾其面，痛齧其踵及大趾甲際，即活。 以犀角爲枕，即令不魘。 Someone lies down and fails to wake up again. If he is lit with fire, this will kill that person. But if one spits in his face, and painfully bites his heel and the ream of the nail of his big toe, he will come back to life. Prepare a pillow with rhinoceros horn, and he will not be subject to nightmares. 小兒驚癇，不知人，嚼舌仰目者。犀角濃磨水服之，立效。爲末亦可。廣 利方。 Fright epilepsy of children. With unconsciousness, wagging of the tongue, and eyes being directed upward. Grind rhinoceros horn in water to obtain a thick juice and [have the child] ingest this. Immediately effective. To use a powder is possible, too. Guang li fang. 痘瘡稠密，不拘大人小兒。生犀于澀器中，新汲水磨濃汁，冷飲服之。錢 氏小兒方。 Dense concentration of smallpox sores. Regardless of whether the patient is grown up or a child. Give fresh rhinoceros [horn] into a vessel with a rough surface and grind it with fresh drawn water to obtain a thick juice to be ingested with a cold beverage. Qian shi xiao er fang.

937 Ke wu 客忤, “visitor‘s hostility.“ A sudden twisting pain, encountered outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen thought to result from the hostile acts of demons “visiting“ the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282.

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消毒解熱。生犀角尖，磨濃汁，頻飲之。同上。 To disperse poison, and to resolve heat. Grind the pointed end of a fresh rhinoceros horn [with water] to obtain a thick juice. Drink this repeatedly. [Source] identical with the one above. 服藥過劑。犀角燒末，水服方寸匕。外臺。 Overdose of medication. Burn rhinoceros [ashes and grind them] to powder. Ingest, with water, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Wai tai. 中毒煩困。方同上。 Poisoning with vexation and sleepiness. Recipe identical with the one above. 食雉中毒。吐下不止。用生犀角末方寸匕，新汲水調服，即瘥。聖惠方。 Poisoning resulting from eating a pheasant. With unending vomiting and discharge. Mix the amount of fresh rhinoceros horn held by a square cun spoon with fresh drawn water, and ingest this. Immediately effective. Sheng hui fang. 蠼螋尿瘡。狀如茱萸，中央白膿，惡寒壯熱。磨犀角汁塗之。千金方。 Sores resulting from earwig urine. Their appearance is that of evodia [fruit], with white pus in its center. [Patients] have an aversion to cold, and experience strong heat. Grind rhinoceros horn [with water] to obtain a juice and smear this on the [affected region]. Qian jin fang. 瘭疽毒瘡，喜着十指，狀如代指，根深至肌，能壞筋骨，毒氣入臟殺人。 宜燒鐵烙之，或灸百壯，日飲犀角汁取瘥。千金方。 Flaming-heat-illness with impediment-illness938 associated with poison sores. Preferably affecting the ten fingers. The appearance is that of finger replacement.939 Their root reaches deep into the muscles, and is able to destroy sinews and bones. When the poison qi enter the long-term depots, they will kill a person. It is advisable to cauterize them with a hot iron, or to burn a hundred cones of moxa and to daily drink a juice [obtained through boiling] rhinoceros horn. This will bring the cure. Qian jin fang.

938 Biao ju 瘭疽, “flaming heat impediment-illness,” initially emerges like a bean kernel from which a root reaches into the depth of the tissue. This is associated with extreme pain. It slowly increases in size and generates several tips filled with pus that look like clusters of rice grains. They often develop on the back of hands and feet. BCGM Dict I, 67. 939 Dai zhi 代指, “painful finger replacement.” A condition of sores developing at the margins of one’s fingernails with the edges being inflamed, swollen and painful. BCGM Dict I, 117.

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山嵐瘴氣。犀角磨水服之，良。集簡方。 Mountain haze and miasmatic qi. Grind rhinoceros horn in water and ingest this. Good. Ji jian fang. 下痢鮮血。犀角、地榆、生地黄各一兩，爲末，煉蜜丸彈子大。每服一 丸，水一升，煎五合，去滓温服。聖惠方940。 Free-flux illness 941 with a discharge of fresh blood. One liang [each of ] rhinoceros horn, sanguisorba [root] and fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] are ground to powder to form, with refined honey, pills the size of bullets. Each time ingest one pill. It is boiled in one sheng of water down to five ge. Remove the dregs and ingest [the liquid] as long as it is warm. Sheng hui fang. 51-07 犛牛毛、俚、來三音。《綱目》 Li niu, three readings: mao, li, lai. FE Gang mu Hairy ox.942 【釋名】毛犀廣志、貓牛漢書註、犘牛音麻、㸲牛音作、竹牛昨夢録、犨 牛音抽。【時珍曰】犛者，髦也，其髦可爲旌旄也。其體多長毛，而身角 如犀，故曰毛犀。汲冢周書作犛牛，顔師古作貓牛，爾雅作犘牛，音皆相 近也。山海經作㸲牛，西人呼爲竹牛，因角理如竹也。或云竹即㸲音之 轉，而犨又竹音之轉也。楊慎丹鉛録云：毛犀即彖也。狀如犀而角小，善 知吉凶。古人呼爲貓猪，交、廣人謂之猪神是矣。 Explanation of Names. Mao xi 毛犀, Guang zhi. Mao niu 猫牛, Han shu zhu. Ma niu 犘牛, read ma 麻. Zuo niu 㸲牛, red zuo 作. Zhu niu 竹牛, Zhou meng lu. Chou niu 犨牛, read chou 抽. [Li] Shizhen: Mao 犛 is “mane“, mao 髦. Their mane can be used to decorate banners. Their body has much long hair, and they have horns like rhinoceroses. Hence they are called mao xi 毛犀, “hairy rhinoceros.” The Ji zhong zhou shu lists them as mao niu 犛牛. Yan Shigu writes mao niu 猫牛, “cat ox.” The Er ya lists them as ma niu 犘牛. The readings are all similar. The Shan hai jing has zuo niu 㸲牛, and the people in the West call them zhu niu 竹牛, because the patterns on their horns resemble bamboo. Elsewhere it is said that zhu 竹 is a modified reading of zuo 㸲, and chou 犨 in turn is a modified reading of zhu 竹. Yang Shen in his Dan qian lu states: “Mao xi 毛犀, ‘hairy rhinoceroses’, are tuan 彖. They are shaped 940 This recipe is not listed in the Sheng hui fang. It may be found in Pu ji fang ch. 212, xue li 血痢, “free-flux illness with blood.” 941 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 942 This animal has also been identified as yak, bos gunniens L., identical with mao niu 牦牛, 51-08.

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like rhinoceroses, but they have a small horn. They can serve to predict auspicious and inauspicious events in future. The ancients called them mao zhu 猫猪, ‘cat hogs’. These are those called zhu shen 猪神, ‘hog spirits’, by the people in Jiao and Guang.” 【集解】【時珍曰】犛牛出西南徼外，居深山中野牛也。狀及毛、尾俱同 牦牛，牦小而犛大，有重千斤者，其尾名曰氂，亦可爲旌旄纓帽之用。 唐、宋 西徼諸州貢之。中山經云：荆山多犛牛。郭璞註云：牦牛之屬也， 其色黑。又昨夢録云：西夏竹牛重數百斤，角甚長而黄黑相間，製弓極 勁。彼人以僞犀角，卒莫能辨。曹昭格古論云：毛犀即犛牛也，角之花 斑，皆類山犀而無粟紋。其理似竹，不甚爲奇，故謂毛犀。觀此，則犛之 角勝于牦，而牦之毛尾勝于犛也。又有野牛與此相類者，並附于左。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Mao niu 犛牛 come from outside of the Southwest. These are wild oxen living deep in the mountains. Their body, their hair and their tail are all identical with those of yaks. But yaks are small and the mao 犛 [niu 牛] are big. Some are a thousand jin heavy. Their tail is called mao 牦. It, too, can be used to decorate banners with a tassel. During the Tang and the Song, all the countries from the Western border regions sent them as their tributes. The Zhong shan jing states: “In the Jing shan mountains there are many mao niu 犛牛“. Guo Pu in his comment states: “The mao 犛 belong to the group of oxen. They are of black color.” Also, the Zuo meng lu states: “The zhu niu 竹牛 in Xi xia are several hundred jin heavy. Their horn is very long, with interspersed yellow and black colors. It can be used to make an extremely powerful bow. The local people declare it falsely to be a rhinoceros horn, and nobody is able to distinguish the one from the other.” Cao Zhao in his Ge gu lun states: “The mao xi 毛犀, ‘hairy rhinoceros’, is the mao niu 犛 牛. The design pattern of the spots on their horns are all of the type of shan xi 山犀, ‘mountain rhinoceroses’, but they lack the millet line design. The pattern resembles that of bamboo, but it is nothing special. Hence one speaks of mao xi 毛犀, ‘hairy rhinoceroses’.” Seen from this perspective, the horn of the mao 犛 is superior to that of the mao 牦, and the hair and tail of the mao 牦 is superior to that of the mao 犛. In addition, there exist wild oxen that belong to the same group. Their entries are attached below.

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【附方】 Appendix. 51-07-A01 犩牛。Wei niu , read wei 危。 Wei ox.943 又名夔牛。如牛而大，肉重數千斤，出蜀山中。 Alternative name: kui niu 夔牛. Similar to an ox, but larger. The meat weighs several thousand jin. They come from the mountains of Shu. 51-07-A02 𤛋牛. Tang niu Tang ox. 廣志云：出日南及潯州 大賓縣。色青黄，與蛇同穴。性嗜鹽，人裹手塗鹽 取之。其角如玉，可爲器。 The Guang zhi states: “They come from Ri nan and from Da bing xian in Xun zhou. Their color is greenish yellow. They inhabit the same caves as snakes. By nature they love to eat salt. Humans catch them with gloves smeared with salt. Their horns are like jade, and lend themselves to prepare utensils.” 51-07-A03 海牛。Hai niu. Sea cow.944 齊地志云：出登州海島中。形似牛，鼉脚鮎毛，其皮甚軟，可供百用。脂 可然燈。環宇志名潜牛，廣志名牜牛。 冗 The Qi di zhi states: “They originate from the sea island Deng zhou. Their physical appearance is that of oxen. They have alligator legs and catfish fur. Their skin is extremely soft, and may be used for hundreds of purposes. Their fat can be burned in lamps.” The Huan yu zhi names them qian niu 潛牛. The Guang zhi names them rong niu 牜牛. 冗

943 Identified by B. E. Read as Tibetan Yak. 944 Identified by B. E. Read as Sea Cow, Rhytina Gigas L., an animal which became extinct in 1768.

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51-07-A04 月支牛。Yue zhi niu. Yue zhi ox.945 玄中記云：出西胡及大月氏國。今日割取肉，明日其創即復合也。 The Xuan zhong ji states: “They come from Xi hu and the country of the Da yue shi. When they are dissected today to obtain their meat, the next day their wounds have closed again.” 51-07-A05 山牛。Shan niu. Mountain ox. 狀如牛，而角有枝，如鹿茸。 Their shape is that of oxen, but their horns have ramifications, like a deer’s antlers. 51-07-01 角。Jiao. [Hairy ox] horn. 【氣味】酸、鹹，凉，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, salty, cool, nonpoisonous. 【主治】驚癇熱毒，諸血病。時珍。 Control. Fright epilepsy with heat poison. All kinds of blood diseases. [Li] Shizhen. 51-07-02 黃。Huang. [Hairy ox] bezoar. 【氣味】 Qi and Flavor. (Missing.) 【主治】驚癇癲狂。 Control. Fright epilepsy, peak-illness,946 madness. 【發明】【時珍曰】犛牛亦有黄，彼人以亂牛黄，但堅而不香，云功用亦 相近也。其角亦可亂犀，但無粟紋，蘇頌圖經誤以爲牯犀角者是也。亦可 用，而功不及犀，昨夢録、格古論説之詳矣。 945 Identified by B. E. Read as an ox from Western Mongolia and Sinkiang. 946 Dian 癲, “peak-illness,” BCGM Dict I, 123, identical with dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125.

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Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Mao niu 犛牛 have bezoar, too. Some people confuse it with niu huang, “ox yellow/bezoar.” But this is hard and has no aroma. It is said that their usages are similar, too. Their horn can be confused with that of rhinoceroses, but it lacks the millet line design. Su Song in his Tu jing falsely assumes that these are the horns of rhinoceros bulls. They can be used, too, but their effects do not come close to those of rhinoceros [horns]. In the Zuo meng lu and the Ge gu lun, this is explained in detail. 51-08 牦牛 音毛。綱目 Mao niu, read mao. FE Gang mu. Yak. Bos grunniens L. 【釋名】犣牛音鬣，爾雅、犏牛音偏。【時珍曰】牦與旄同，或作毛。後 漢書云：冉駹夷出牦牛，一名犣牛，重千斤，毛可爲旄，觀此則旄牛之 名，蓋取諸此。顔師古云：牦牛即犏牛也。而葉盛水東日記云：毛牛與封 牛合，則生犏牛，亦類毛牛，偏氣使然。故謂之犏。然則犏又毛之遺種耶。 Explanation of Names. Lie niu 犣牛, read lie 鬣, Er ya. Pian niu 犏牛, read pian 偏. [Li] Shizhen: Mao 牦 and mao 旄 are identical. Sometimes it is written mao 毛. The Hou Han shu states: From the Ran mang yi [tribe] originate the mao niu 牦牛; also called lie niu 犣牛. They are one thousand jin heavy, and their hair can be used to decorate pennants. Apparently, this is the origin of their being called mao niu 旄 牛, “pennant oxen.” Yan Shigu states: “Mao niu 牦牛 are pian niu 犏牛.” Ye Sheng in his Shui dong ri ji states: “When a mao niu 毛牛 mates with a feng niu 封牛, this results in the birth of a pian niu 犏牛. They, too, belong to the group of mao niu 毛 牛. Because they are influenced by one-sided, pian 偏, qi, they are called pian 犏.” That is, the pian [niu] 犏[牛] are the offspring of the mao [niu] 毛[牛]. 【集解】【時珍曰】牦牛出甘肅 臨洮，及西南徼外，野牛也。人多畜養 之。狀如水牛，體長多力，能載重，迅行如飛，性至粗梗。髀、膝、尾、 背、胡下皆有黑毛，長尺許。其尾最長，大如斗，亦自愛護，草木鉤之， 則止而不動。古人取爲旌旄，今人以爲纓帽。毛雜白色者，以茜染紅色。 山海經云：潘侯之山有旄牛，狀如牛而四足節生毛。即此也。其肉味美， 故吕氏春秋云：肉之美者，牦、象之肉也。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: The yak come from Lin tao in Gan su, and also from outside of the Southwest. They are wild oxen, and many people raise them. Their appearance is that of water buffaloes. They have a long body and are very strong so that they can lift heavy loads. They run as fast as if they were flying.

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By their nature they are extremely rough. Black hair, roughly one chi long, hangs from their hips, knees, tail, back and chin. Their tail is very long. It is big as a dipper. [The yaks] themselves try hard to protect it. When it is hooked up by herbs or trees, they stop and do not move on. The ancients used [their tails] as decorations on their pennants. Today, the people attach them to their hats as tassels. If they see some white strands in that hair, they dye it with alizarin red. The Shan hai jing states: “In the Pan hou mountains are yaks with the appearance of oxen, but the joints of their four legs grow hair.” These are [the animals] described here. Their meat has a delicious flavor. Hence the Lü shi chun qiu states: “Delicious meat, that is the meat of yaks and elephants.” 51-08-01 喉靨。Hou ye. [Yak] uvula. 【主治】項下癭氣。時珍。 Control. Goiter qi below the neck. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】牦牛，古方未見用者，近世臞仙壽域方載治癭氣方， 用其喉靨，亦因類之義也。其方用犏牛喉脆骨二寸許一節，連兩邊扇動脆 骨取之，或煮或燒，仰卧頓服。仍取巧舌，即靨子也，嚼爛噙之，食頃乃 嚥。病人容貌必瘦减，而癭自内消矣。不過二服即愈，云神妙無比也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The yak does not appear to have been used [for therapeutic purposes] in ancient recipes. More recently, the Qu xian shou yu fang recorded a recipe to cure goiter qi with an application of its uvula. This was based on the principle of likes. The prescription is as follows: Use one section of a little more than two cun from a yak’s throat gristle. One takes the gristles flanking it on both sides. It may be boiled or burned. Let the patient lie on his back and ingest [the decoction or powder] all at once. Then remove the false tongue [from the animal], which is in fact the uvula, and have the patient hold it in his mouth, chewing it until it is macerated. This takes as long as a meal, and then he is to swallow it. The appearance of the patient will turn thinner as the goiter dissolves internally. A cure is achieved after no more than two ingestions. [The Qu xian shou yu fang] states that it is divinely effective like nothing else.

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51-09 野馬綱目 Ye ma, FE Gang mu. Wild horse. 【集解】【時珍曰】按郭璞云：野馬似馬而小，出塞外。今西夏、甘肅及 遼東山中亦有之。取其皮爲裘，食其肉，云如家馬肉，但落地不沾沙耳。 爾雅云：驨如馬，一角似鹿茸。不角者，騏也。山海經云：北海有獸，狀 如馬，色青，名曰騊駼。此皆野馬類也。 Collected explanations. [Li] Shizhen: According to Guo Pu, “wild horses resemble horses, but are smaller. They originate from Sai wai.” Today they are also present in Xi xia, Gan su and the Liao dong mountains. Their hide is made into fur coats, and [the people there] eat the meat. They say, it resembles the meat of domestic horses, but when it falls to the ground sand will not stick to it. The Er ya states: “The xi 驨 resemble horses, but they have one horn similar to a deer’s antler. Those without horn, they are the qi 騏.” The Shan hai jing states: “In the Bei hai region there are animals that have the appearance of horses. They are of greenish color, and they are called tao tu 騊駼.” They all belong to the group of wild horses. 51-09-01 肉。Rou. [Wild horse] meat. 【氣味】甘，平，有小毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, slightly poisonous.947 【主治】人病馬癇，筋脉不能自收，周痺肌肉不仁。思邈。心鏡治上證， 用肉一斤，豉汁煮熟，入五味、葱白，作腌腊及羹粥，頻食之。白煮亦可。 Control. Humans suffering from horse epilepsy,948 with an inability of sinews and vessels to contract by themselves, a circling blockage, and numbness of muscles and flesh. [Sun] Simiao. The Xin jing advises one to treat the conditions just mentioned as follows. Take one jin of meat and boil it with the juice from fermented beans until well done. Then add the five spices and onions, and prepare preserved meat and congee to be eaten repeatedly. [Ingesting it] boiled in clear water only is possible, too. 947 Qian jin fang, ch. 26, shi zhi fang 食治方. Niao shou di wu 鳥獸第五, “recipe for dietary cures. Bird and beasts, Nr. 5,” writes xin ping wu du 辛平無毒, “acrid, balanced, nonpoisonous.” 948 Ma xian 馬癇, “horse epilepsy,” a condition of a dian xian 癲癇, peak-illness with epilepsy, which, at the time of its outbreaks, makes the patient’s four limbs twitch, his mouth open wide and his head shake and make horse sounds, as well as tend to arch backwards. BCGM Dict I. 333.

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51-09-02 陰莖。Yin jing. [Wild horse] yin stalk. Penis. 【氣味】酸、鹹，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, salty, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】男子陰痿縮，少精。孫思邈。 Control. Yin dysfunction and withdrawal [of the penis into the abdomen] of males. Scarcity of sperm. Sun Simiao. 【發明】【時珍曰】野馬，孫思邈千金方載有功用，而本草不收，今采補 之。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Wild horse is recorded by Sun Simiao in his Qian jin fang as having [therapeutic] effects, but it had not been accepted in the Ben cao. Here now it has been added. 51-10 野猪唐本草 Ye zhu, FE Tang ben cao Wild boar. Sus scrofa L. 【集解】【宗奭曰】野豬，陝、洛間甚多。形如家豬，但腹小脚長，毛色 褐，作群行。獵人惟敢射最後者。若射中前者，則散走傷人。其肉赤色如 馬肉，食之勝家豬，牝者肉更美。【詵曰】冬月在林中食橡子。其黄在膽 中，三歲乃有，亦不常得。【時珍曰】野豬處處深山中有之，惟關西者時 或有黄。其形似豬而大，牙出口外，如象牙。其肉有至二三百斤者。能 與虎闘。或云：能掠松脂、曳沙泥塗身，以禦矢也。最害田稼，亦啖蛇 虺。淮南子曰：野彘有艽莦槎櫛，堀虚連比，以象宫室，陰以防雨，景以 蔽日。亦其知也。范致能虞衡志云：嶺南一種嬾婦，似山猪而小，善害田 禾。惟以機軸紡織之器置田所，則不復近也。 Collected Explanations. [Kou] Zongshi: There are very many wild boars in the Shaan and Luo regions. Their physical appearance resembles domestic pigs, but they have a smaller abdomen and longer legs. Their color is brown, and they move in herds. Hunters dare to shoot only the very last ones. If they were to shoot one from the middle [of the herd], then [all the others] would swarm out to run after and harm the humans. Their meat is red like that of horses, and eating it is superior to domestic pork. The meat of the females is even more delicious. [Meng] Shen: During the winter months, they eat oak seeds in the forests. When they have reached the age of three years, the bezoar has formed in their gallbladder. But

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it is difficult to get a hold of. [Li] Shizhen: Deep in the mountains wild boars are everywhere. But only those in Guan xi at times may have bezoar. From their physical appearance they resemble pigs, but they are larger, and teeth appear from their mouth like the tusks of elephants. Their meat may weigh two or three hundred jin. They can fight with tigers. It is said that they closely pass by pines to scrape off the resine [with their fur], and that they haul sand and clay to cover their body, this way protecting themselves against arrows. They severely damage crops in the fields, and they also eat snakes. Huai nan zi: “Wild pigs use all kinds of plants to build caves that are interconnected, looking like rooms in a palace.” Fan Zhineng in his Yu heng zhi states: “In Ling nan there is a type of lan fu, “lazy housewife.” They resemble pigs, but are smaller. They damage the cereals in the field. It is only after shafts from machines used for spinning and weaving have been placed in the fields that they do not come close to them again.” 51-10-01 肉。Rou. [Wild boar] meat. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【宗奭曰】微動風。【詵曰】不發病、减藥力， 與家豬不同。但青蹄者不可食，微動風。【時珍曰】服巴豆藥者忌之。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Kou] Zongshi: It slightly excites wind. [Meng] Shen: It prevents the outbreak of disease, and it diminishes the strength of medication. Here it differs from domestic pork. However, [the meat of ] those with greenish trotters must not be eaten. It slightly excites wind. [Li] Shizhen: It must be avoided while one ingests croton seeds. 【主治】癲癇，補肌膚，益五臟，令人虚肥，不發風虚氣。孟詵。炙食， 治腸風瀉血，不過十頓。日華。 Control. Peak-illness949 epilepsy. It supplements muscles and skin. It boosts the [qi of the] five long-term depots. It lets one become fluffy obese, and blocks the effusion of wind and depletion qi. Meng Shen. Eaten roasted, it serves to cure intestinal wind and outflow of blood. No more than ten meals [are required to achieve these effects]. Rihua.

949 Dian 癲, “peak-illness,” BCGM Dict I, 123, identical with dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125.

708

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】舊一。 Added recipes: One of old.

久痔下血。野豬肉二斤，着五味炙，空腹食之。作羹亦得。食醫心鏡。 Long lasting piles with discharge of blood. Two jin of wild boar meat, to which are added the five spices, are roasted and eaten on an empty stomach. To prepare a thick soup is possible, too. Shi yi xin jing. 51-10-02 脂。Zhi. [Wild boar] lard. 臘月鍊過取之。 Take that which was refined during the twelfth month. 【主治】鍊浄和酒日三服，令婦人多乳，十日後，可供三四兒。素無乳者 亦下。孟詵。悦色，除風腫毒瘡疥癬。日華。 Control. Ingested refined [wild boar] lard with wine, three times a day, lets a woman have much milk. After ten days, she will be able to support three or four infants. Even for those who have never had milk, it has an immediate let down effect. Meng Shen. It lets one appear happy. It removes wind swelling poison, and serves to cure jie-illness950 and xuan-illness.951 Rihua. 51-10-03 黃。Huang. [Wild boar] bezoar. 【氣味】辛、甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】金瘡，止血生肉。療癲癇，水研如棗核許服之，日二服，效。唐 本。研水服，治血痢疰病。藏器。治惡毒風，小兒疳氣，客忤天弔。日華。 Control. Wounds inflicted by metal objects/weapons. It stops bleeding and generates the growth of flesh. To heal peak-illness952 epilepsy, grind it in water and ingest the amount of a Chinese date pit, three times a day. Effective. Tang ben. Ingested ground in water, it serves to cure free-flux illness with bleeding, and attachment 950 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 951 Xuan-illness 癬, skin illness with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591. 952 Dian 癲, “peak-illness,” BCGM Dict I, 123, identical with dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125.

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disease.953 [Chen] Cangqi. It serves to cure malign poison wind, gan-illness954 qi of children, and [children] hauled-by-heaven955 following visitor’s hostility.956 Rihua. 51-10-04 膽。Dan. [Wild boar] gallbladder/bile. 【主治】惡熱毒氣。孟詵。鬼疰癲癇，小兒諸疳，水研棗許服，日二。時 珍。出衛生方。 Control. Malign heat poison qi. Meng Shen. For demon attachment-illness,957 peak-illness and epilepsy, and all kinds of gan-illness of children, grind it in water and [let the patient] ingest the amount of a Chinese date. Twice a day. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from Wei sheng fang. 51-10-05 齒。Chi. [Wild boar] tooth. 【主治】燒灰水服，治蛇咬毒。藏器。 Control. Burned to ashes and ingested with water, it serves to cure snake bite poisoning. [Chen] Cangqi. 51-10-06 頭骨。Tou gu. [Wild boar] skull. 【主治】邪瘧。聖惠方中用之。 Control. Evil malaria. Used by Sheng hui fang. 953 Zhu bing 疰病, “attachment-illness disease,” a condition identical with gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness.” BCGM Dict I, 535; 689. 954 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 955 Xiao er tian diao 小兒天弔, “children hauled-by-heaven,” BCGM Dict I, 566, identical with tian diao jing feng 天弔驚風, “hauled-by-heaven fright wind,” with the patient’s eyes turned upward as if “hauled by heaven,” BCGM Dict I, 502. 956 Ke wu 客忤, “visitor‘s hostility.“ A sudden twisting pain, encountered outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen thought to result from the hostile acts of demons “visiting“ the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282. 957 Gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness,” also zhu 注, “attachment-illness,” “influx-illnesss,” reflects a notion of a foreign pathogenic agent, originally of demonic nature, having attached itself to the human organism. BCGM Dict I, 202, 688-695.

710

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded].

積年下血。野豬頭一枚，桑西枝一握，附子一枚，同入瓶内煅過，爲末， 每服二錢，粥飲空心服。聖惠方。 Discharge of blood lasting several years. One head of a wild boar, one handful of mulberry twigs growing toward the West, and one aconitum [accessory tuber] are given into a jar. There they are calcined and ground to powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be ingested with a congee or a beverage on an empty stomach. Sheng hui fang. 51-10-07 外腎。Wai shen. [Wild boar] testicles. 【主治】連皮燒存性，研，米飲服，治崩中帶下，及腸風瀉血，血痢。日 華。 Control. Burn them with their skin with their nature retained, and grind this to powder, to be ingested with a rice beverage. They serve to cure collapsing center958 below the belt, and intestinal wind with discharge of blood, and free-flux illness with blood. Rihua. 51-10-08 皮。Pi. [Wild boar] skin. 【主治】燒灰，塗鼠瘻惡瘡。時珍。外臺方中用。 Control. Burned to ashes it is smeared on mouse fistula959 and malign sores. [Li] Shizhen. Used as such in recipes listed in the Wai tai. 51-11 豪猪綱目 Hao zhu, FE Gang mu Porcupine. Hystrix hodgsoni Gray. 【釋名】蒿猪唐本、山猪通志、豲𧱬音原俞、𧱂豬音丸、鸞豬。【時珍 曰】説文云：豪豕，鬣如筆管者。能激毫射人故也。郭璞曰：吴、楚呼爲 鸞豬。星禽云：璧水𧱬，豪豬也。 958 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58. 959 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.”

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Explanation of Names. Hao zhu 蒿猪, Tang ben. Shan zhu 山猪, “mountain pig,“ Tong zhi. Yuan yu 豲𧱬, read yuan yu 原俞. Wan zhu 𧱂猪, read wan 丸. Luan zhu 鸞猪. [Li] Shizhen: The Shuo wen states: “The porcupines, hao zhu 豪豕, are named so because [the quills of ] their mane have the size of tubes holding a writing brush; they can shoot their sharp hair, hao 毫, at humans.” Guo Pu: “The [people of ] Wu and Chu call them luan zhu 鸞猪.” The Xing qin states: “The Bi shui yu 壁水豲 are the hao zhu 豪猪, ‘porcupines’.“ 【集解】【頌曰】豪豬，陝、洛、江東諸山中並有之。髦間有豪如箭，能 射人。【時珍曰】豪豬處處深山中有之，多者成群害稼。狀如豬，而項脊 有棘鬣，長近尺許，粗如筯，其狀似笄及猬刺，白本而黑端。怒則激去， 如矢射人。羌人以其皮爲鞾。郭璞云：𧱂豬自爲牝牡而孕也。張師正倦遊 録云：南海有泡魚，大如斗，身有棘刺，能化爲豪豬，巽爲魚，坎爲豕， 豈巽變坎乎？ [Su] Song: Porcupines are present in all the mountains of Shaan, Luo and Jiang dong. In their mane they have quills like arrows, and they can shoot them at humans. [Li] Shizhen: Porcupines are everywhere deep in the mountains. Many of them form herds and destroy the crops. They have the size of pigs, but on their neck and back they have thorn-like quills, more than one chi long and rough like chopsticks. They are shaped like hairpins, or like the spikes of hedgehogs. They are white at the base and black at the end. When [porcupines] are angry, they release them violently, and shoot them at people as if they were arrows. The Qiang people use their skin to prepare boots. Guo Pu states: “Each wan zhu 𧱂猪 is male and female by itself and can become pregnant.” Zhang Shizheng in his Juan you lu states: “In Nan hai is a bubble fish big as a dipper. On its body it has thorns, and it can transform into a porcupine.” [The trigram] xun 巽 stands for fish, [the trigram] kan 坎 stands for pigs. How could a xun 巽 change to be a kan 坎? 51-11-01 肉。Rou. [Porcupine] meat. 【氣味】甘，大寒，有毒。【頌曰】不可多食。發風，令人虚羸。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, very cold, poisonous. [Su] Song: One must not eat large amounts. It releases wind and lets one have depletion emaciation. 【主治】多膏，利大腸。蘇頌。 Control. Being very oily, it opens the passage through the large intestine. Su Song.

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51-11-02 肚及屎。Du shi. [Porcupine] stomach and dung. 【氣味】寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】水病，熱風，鼓脹。同燒存性，空心温酒服二錢匕。用一具即 消。孟詵。乾燒服之，治黄疸。蘇恭。連屎燒研，酒服，治水腫，脚氣， 奔豚。時珍。 Control. Water diseases, abdominal distension. Burn them together with their nature retained, and ingest, on an empty stomach and with warm wine, the amount held by two qian-size spoons. Following the use of one such pair, [the disease] will dissolve. Meng Shen. Dry, burn, and ingest them to cure yellow dan-illness/jaundice.960 Su Gong. Burn [the stomach] together with its dung, and grind [the ashes to powder]. This is to be ingested with wine. It serves to cure water swelling, leg qi961 and running piglets.962 [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【詵曰】此豬多食苦參，故能治熱風水脹，而不治冷脹也。【時 珍曰】豪豬本草不載，惟孟氏食療本草 猬條説之。 Explication. [Meng] Shen: Since these pigs often eat sophora [root], [stomach and dung applied as medication] can cure heat, wind and water swelling, and they are unable to cure cold distension. [Li] Shizhen: The Ben cao does not list porcupines. Only Mr. Meng lists them in his Shi liao ben cao in the entry on hedgehogs. 51-12 熊本經上品 Xiong, FE Ben jing, upper rank. Bear. Ursus arctus arctus L. 【釋名】【時珍曰】熊者雄也。熊字篆文象形。俗呼熊爲豬熊，羆爲人 熊、馬熊，各因形似以爲别也。述異記云：在陸曰熊，在水曰能，即鯀所 化者。故熊字從能。續搜神記云：熊居樹孔中，東土人擊樹，呼爲子路則 起，不呼則不動也。又狒狒亦名人熊，見本條。

960 Huang dan 黃癉, yellow dan-illness; jaundice. BCGM Dict I, 225. 961 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248. 962 Ben tun 賁豚, “running piglet.” A condition of an accumulation associated with the kidneys. It assumes the shape of a piglet und affects the lower abdomen. It may ascend to the heart and moves upward and downward at irregular intervals. BCGM Dict I, 57.

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Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen: Xiong 熊, “bear,“ is xiong 雄, “male.” The character xiong 熊 is seal script reflecting the [animal’s] physical appearance. In common language, bears are called zhu xiong 猪熊, “pig bears.” Brown bears, pi 羆, are called ren xiong 人熊, “human bears,“ and ma xiong 馬熊, “horse bears.” They all are named because of their appearance. The Shu yi ji states: “On land, bears are called xiong 熊, in the water they are called neng 能. This transformation [of the character] goes back to Gun.963 That is, the character xiong 熊 has originated from [the character] neng 能.” The Xu sou shen ji states: “Bears live in tree holes. The people in the East strike the trees and shout zi lu, 子路 and as a result [the bears] will rise. If they were not to shout, [the bears] would not move.” Also, the fei fei, too, are called ren xiong 人熊, “human bears.” See the respective entry. (51-55) 【集解】【别録曰】熊生雍州山谷。十一月取之。【弘景曰】今東西諸山 皆有之，自非易得。【頌曰】今雍、洛、河東及懷慶衛山中皆有之。形類 大豕，而性輕捷，好攀緣，上高木，見人則顛倒自投于地。冬蟄入穴，春 月乃出。其足名蹯，爲八珍之一，古人重之，然胹之難熟。熊性惡鹽，食 之即死。出淮南子。【時珍曰】熊如大豕而竪目，人足黑色。春夏膘肥 時，皮厚筋弩，每升木引氣，或墮地自快，俗呼跌膘，即莊子所謂熊經鳥 申也。冬月蟄時不食，飢則舐其掌，故其美在掌，謂之熊蹯。其行山中雖 數千里，必有跧伏之所，在石巖枯木中，山人謂之熊舘。劉敬叔異苑云： 熊性惡穢物及傷殘，捕者置此物于穴，則合穴自死。或爲棘刺所傷出血， 爪之，至骨即斃也。陸佃埤雅云：其膽春近首，夏在腹，秋在左足，冬在 右足。熊、羆皆壯毅之物，屬陽，故書以喻不二心之臣，而詩以爲男子之 祥也。 Collected explanations. The Bie lu: Bears live in the mountain valleys of Yong zhou. They are captured in the 11th month. [Tao] Hongjing: Nowadays they are everywhere in the mountains in East and West. It is not easy to capture them. [Su] Song: Nowadays they are everywhere in Yong, Luo, He dong, as well as Huai qing and Wei shan. From their physical appearance they belong to the group of pigs, but by nature they are light and quick, and they love to climb high up in trees. When they see humans, they drop down to the ground. In winter, they hibernate in caves, and in spring they come out again. Their paws are called fan 蹯, and they are one of the eight delicacies. The ancients highly valued them. But it is difficult to cook them to get them well done. Bears by nature hate salt. When they eat it, they will die. Quoted from the Huai nan zi. [Li] Shizhen: Bears resemble large pigs, but they have vertical eyes and human feet. Their color is black. In spring and summer, when they are fat, their skin is thick and their sinews are [like the strings of ] crossbows.964 963 Gun: legendary father of Yu, the Great. 964 Er ya yi, ch. 19, xiong 熊, “bear,“ writes nu 駑, “have lost their function.“

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When they climb on trees to inhale qi, they may find pleasure in dropping down to the ground. This is commonly called “the tumbling fat.” It corresponds to the saying in Zhuang zi: “To pass one’s time like a bear, and to stretch oneself like a bird.” When they move through the mountains, every several thousand miles they need a place to crouch and lie down. These may be stone caves or dead trees. The people in the mountains call them “bear lodge.” Liu Jingshu in his Yi yuan states: “Bears by nature hate dirt and being injured. When hunters place [dirty] items at their caves, they will close their cave and die. Or [the hunters place in front of a cave] something hurt by thorns, and [a bear] leaves the cave to grab it. [If the thorns] will reach to its bones, it will perish as a result.” Lu Dian in his Pi ya states: “In spring, [a bear’s] gallbladder is close to its head.965 In summer it is in its abdomen. In autumn it is in its left foot. In winter it is in its right foot.” Bears and brown bears are strong and resolute animals; they belong to the yang [category of all phenomena]. Hence in the literature they are depicted as “loyal subjects.” The Shi even portrays them as “auspicious portents [in dreams indicating the birth] of sons.”

【附録】 Appendix 51-12-A01 羆。Pi and 魋。Tui , read tui 頽。 Pi. Tui. 【時珍曰】熊、羆、魋，三種一類也。如豕色黑者，熊也；大而色黄白 者，羆也；小而色黄赤者，魋也。建平人呼魋爲赤熊，陸機謂羆爲黄熊， 是矣。羆，頭長脚高，猛憨多力，能拔樹木，虎亦畏之。遇人則人立而攫 之，故俗呼爲人熊。關西呼豭熊。羅願爾雅翼云：熊有豬熊，形如豕；有 馬熊，形如馬。即羆也。或云羆即熊之雄者。其白如熊白，而理粗味减， 功用亦同。 [Li] Shizhen: Xiong 熊, pi 羆 and tui 魋 are three kinds of one identical group. Those resembling pigs and of black color, these are the xiong. Those larger and of yellow-white color, these are the pi. Those smaller and of yellow-red color, these are the tui. The people in Jian ping refer to the tui 魋 as “red bears.” Lu Ji speaks of the pi 羆 as “yellow bears.” That is correct. The pi have a long head and high legs. They are ferocious and very strong. They are able to pull out trees. Even tigers fear them. When they encounter humans, they will stand up like humans and seize that [person]. Hence they are commonly called “human bears.” In Guan xi they call them 965 Pi ya, ch. 3, xiong 熊, “bear,” writes zai 在, “at,” instead of jin 近, “near.”

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“boar bears.” Luo Yuan in his Er ya yi states: “Among the bears are the ‘pig bears’. Their physical appearance is that of pigs. And there are ‘horse bears’. Their physical appearance is that of horses. These are the pi.” Some say, the pi are just male bears. Their white [fat] resembles the white [fat] of bears. Its consistency is rough, and its flavor is weaker. Their [pharmaceutical] effects, though, are identical. 51-12-01 脂。Zhi. [Bear] fat. 【釋名】熊白。【弘景曰】脂即熊白，乃背上肪，色白如玉，味甚美，寒 月則有，夏月則無。其腹中肪及身中脂，煎鍊過亦可作藥而不中噉。 Explanation of Names. Xiong bai 熊白, “bear white.” [Tao] Hongjing: The fat is “bear white,” xiong bai 熊白. This is the fat on [the bear’s] back. Its color is white, like jade. Its flavor is very delicious. It is present in cold months; it is not present during summer months. The fat from within its abdomen and from whithin its body can be used, after being fried/refined, for medication, too, but is not added to meals. 【修治】【斅曰】凡取得，每一斤入生椒十四個，同鍊過，器盛收之。 [Lei] Xiao: Once one has obtained [bear fat], 14 pieces of jiao are added to each jin. Then this is melted and kept in a vessel. 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。【别録曰】微温。【日華曰】凉。其脂燃燈， 烟損人眼，令失光明。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Slightly warm. Rihua: Cool. When the fat is burned to light a lamp, the smoke will injure one’s eyes. They will lose their clarity. 【主治】風痺不仁，筋急，五臟腹中積聚，寒熱羸瘦，頭瘍白秃，面上皯 皰。久服强志不飢，輕身長年。本經。飲食嘔吐。别録。治風，補虚損， 殺勞蟲，酒鍊服之。日華。長髮令黑，悦澤人面。蘇恭。治面上䵟𪒟及 瘡。藥性。 Control. Wind blockage with numbness and tightness of sinews. Accumulations in the five long-term depots and in the abdomen. Alternating sensations of cold and heat, and emaciation. Sores on the head, and white baldness. Facial gloom and blisters. Ingested over a long time, it strengthens one’s mind and prevents hunger; it takes away the body’s material weight and extends one’s years of life. Ben jing. When drunk or eaten, it causes vomiting. Bie lu. To cure wind, supplement depletion injuries, and to kill exhaustion worms/bugs, ingest it melted with wine. Rihua.

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It makes the hair on the head grow and turn black. It gives one a happy and moist face. Su Gong. It serves to cure dermal dark spots and sores. Yao xing.

【附方】舊二，新一。 Added recipes: Two of old. One newly [recorded]. 令髮長黑。熊脂、蔓荆子末等分，和匀，醋調塗之。聖惠方。 It lets one’s hair on the head grow long and be black. Equal amounts of bear fat and powdered vitex fruits are evenly mixed. Then they are blended with vinegar to be applied to the [respective region]. Sheng hui fang. 髮毛黄色。以熊脂塗髮梳散，入床底，伏地一食頃，即出，便盡黑。不過 用脂一升，效。千金。 The hair on the head and on the body turns yellow. Smear bar fat on the hair and distribute it with a comb on the head. Then take a position underneath the bed and stay there lying prostrate for the time of a meal. Then leave this position, and [the hair] will be all black. An effect is achieved by applying less than one sheng of fat. Qian jin. 白秃頭癬。熊白傅之。 White baldness, and xian-illness on one’s head. Apply bear white to the [affected region].966 51-12-02 肉。Rou. [Bear] meat. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【别録曰】微温。【弘景曰】有痼疾不可食熊 肉，令終身不除。【鼎曰】若腹中有積聚寒熱者食之，永不除也。十月勿 食之。傷神。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Slightly warm. [Tao] Hongjing: Those suffering from obstinate illness must not eat bear meat; it would never be emitted again. Ding: If one eats it while he has accumulations in his abdomen and experiences alternating sensations of cold and heat, he will never emit it again. It must not be eaten during the tenth month, lest it harm one’s spirit.

966 No source is given here. According to Zheng lei ch. 16, xiong zhi 熊脂, “bear fat,“ it was listed in Yang shi chan ru.

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【主治】風痺，筋骨不仁。功與脂同。孫思邈。補虚羸。孟詵。 Control. Wind blockage. Sinews and bones are numb. The effects are identical with those of [bear] fat. Sun Simiao. It supplements depletion emaciation. Meng Shen. 【發明】【時珍曰】按劉河間云：熊肉振羸，兔目明視。因其氣有餘，以 補不足也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to Liu Hejian, “bear meat beafs up what is thin; it gives one the clear vision of rabbit eyes. Because of its surplus of qi, it supplements what is insufficient.”

【附方】舊二。 Added recipes. Two of old. 中風痺疾。中風，心肺風熱，手足風痺不隨，筋脉五緩，恍惚煩燥。熊肉 一斤切，入豉汁中，和葱、薑、椒、鹽作腌腊，空腹食之。 Struck by wind967 with blockage illness. For being struck by wind, with heart and lung experiencing wind heat, hands and feet suffering from wind blockage and being unable to follow one’s intentions, the sinews and vessels experiencing the five kinds of slackening, with absent-mindedness, vexation and restlessness, cut one jin of bear meat and give this into fermented bean juice. Then add onions, ginger and Chinese pepper and salt and prepare pickled meat. To be eaten on an empty stomach. 脚氣風痺，五緩筋急。用熊肉半斤，如上法食之。並食醫心鏡。 Leg qi968 with wind blockage. With the five kinds of slackening and sinew tightness. Prepare half a jin of bear meat the same way as outlined above and eat this. Both [the one above and the present recipe quoted from] Shi yi xin jing. 51-12-03 掌。Zhang. [Bear] paw. 【修治】聖惠方云：熊掌難胹，得酒、醋、水三件同煮，熟即大如皮毬也。 Preparation. The Sheng hui fang states: “It is difficult to cook bear paws to be well done. They are to be boiled with wine, vinegar and water. When done, they have acquired the size of a ball.” 967 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683. 968 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

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【主治】食之可禦風寒，益氣力。日華。 Control. Eating them can prevent wind cold. They boost the strength of the qi. Rihua. 51-12-04 膽。Dan. [Bear] gallbladder/bile. 【頌曰】熊膽陰乾用。然多僞者，但取一粟許滴水中，一道若線不散者爲 真。【時珍曰】按錢乙云：熊膽佳者通明。每以米粒點水中，運轉如飛者 良。餘膽亦轉，但緩爾。周密齊東埜語云：熊膽善辟塵。試之以浄水一 器，塵幕其上，投膽米許，則凝塵豁然而開也。 [Su] Song: Bear gallbladder/bile is used after having been dried in the shade. However, there are many fake specimens around. All there is to be done is to throw a small piece of the size of a millet kernel into water. If it sinks like a straight line without dispersing, it is genuine. [Li] Shizhen: According to Qian Yi, “good specimens are lustrous. Each time throw a piece of the size of a millet grain into water. If it moves swirling as if flying, it is good. The gallbladders/bile of other [animals] swirl too, but slower.” Zhou Mi in his Qi dong ye yu states: “Bear gallbladders are well suited to keep away dust. Test this by filling a vessel with clear water. Then spread dust on its surface and throw a piece of [bear] gallbladder/bile of the size of a rice grain into it. The dust will congeal and a wide, clear space will open.” 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。【權曰】惡防己、地黄。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. [Zheng] Quan: [Ingested together,] it abhors stephania [root] and Chinese foxglove [rhizome]. 【主治】時氣熱盛，變爲黄疸，暑月久痢，疳䘌心痛，疰忤。蘇恭。治諸 疳、耳鼻瘡、惡瘡，殺蟲。日華。小兒驚癇瘈瘲，以竹瀝化兩豆許服之， 去心中涎，甚良。孟詵。退熱清心，平肝明目，去翳，殺蛕、蟯蟲。時珍。 Control. Yellow dan-illness/jaundice969 resulting from plentiful heat associated with seasonal qi. Long-term free-flux illness 970 during summerheat months. Gan-illness971 with hidden worms, heart pain. Attachment-illness and [presence of ] the hostile. Su Gong. It serves to cure all kinds of gan-illness, ear and nose sores, and malign sores. It kills worms/bugs. Rihua. Fright epilepsy of children, with clonic 969 Huang dan 黃癉, yellow dan-illness; jaundice. BCGM Dict I, 225. 970 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 971 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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spasm. Melt two pieces of the size of beans with bamboo stem juice and ingest this to remove saliva from within the heart. Very good. Meng Shen. It drives back heat and cools the heart. It balances the liver and clears the eyes. It removes eye shades, and kills roundworms and pinworms. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】熊膽，苦入心，寒勝熱，手少陰、厥陰、足陽明經藥 也。故能凉心平肝殺蟲，爲驚癇疰忤、翳障疳痔、蟲牙蚘痛之劑焉。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Bear gallbladder/bile has a bitter flavor that enters the heart. [Its] cold overcomes heat. This is a drug [passing through] the hand minor yin, the ceasing yin, and the foot yang brilliance conduits. Hence it is able to cool the heart, level the kidney [qi], and kill worms/bugs. It is a remedy for fright epilepsy and attachment-illness with [a presence of ] the hostile, for eye shades and screens, gan-illness and piles, for worms/bugs in one’s teeth, and roundworms with pain.

【附方】舊四，新六。 Added recipes: Four of old. Six newly [recorded]. 赤目障翳。熊膽丸：每以膽少許化開，入冰片一二片，銅器點之，絶奇。 或淚痒，加生姜粉些須。齊東埜語。 Red eyes with an obstructive shade. Pills with bear gallbladder/bile. For each [treatment], melt a small amount of [bear] bile [in water] and add one or two pieces of borneol. Give this into a copper vessel and drip it [into the eyes]. Decidedly extraordinarily [effective]. If [the illness is accompanied by] tear flow and itch, add a small amount of fresh ginger powder. Qi dong ye yu. 初生目閉。由胎中受熱也。以熊膽少許蒸水洗之，一日七八次。如三日不 開，服四物加甘草、天花粉。全幼心鑑。 Closed eyes of newborns. This is because of heat obtained as a fetus. Steam a small amount of bear gallbladder and wash [the child’s eyes] with the water, seven to eight times a day. If [the eyes] fail to open within three days, [have the child] ingest the “[decoction] with the four items,” to which are added glycyrrhiza [root] and trichosanthes [root]. Quan you xin jian. 小兒鼻蝕。熊膽半分，湯化抹之。聖惠方。 Nasal erosion of children. Half a fen of bear bile is to be dissolved in hot water, and this is to be applied to the [affected region]. Sheng hui fang. 十年痔瘡。熊膽塗之神效，一切方不及也。外臺。

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Piles sores lasting for ten years. Smear bear bile onto it. Divinely effective. No other recipe comes close to this one. Wai tai. 腸風痔漏。熊膽半兩，入片腦少許研，和豬膽汁塗之。壽域方。 Intestinal wind and piles leakage. Add to half a liang of bear bile a small amount of borneol, and grind this. Mix [the resulting powder] with pig bile and smear it onto [the affected region]. Shou yu fang. 蛕蟲心痛。熊膽一大豆，和水服之，大效。外臺。 Roundworms with heart pain. Mix bear bile of the amount of a large bean with water and ingest this. Very effective. Wai tai. 小兒驚癇。方見主治。 Fright epilepsy of children. For the recipe, see “controls.” 風蟲牙痛。熊膽三錢，片腦四分，每以豬膽汁調少許搽之。攝生方。 Wind worm teeth972 with pain. Three qian of bear bile and four fen of borneol are mixed with a small amount of pig bile and applied to the [affected region]. She sheng fang. 水弩射人。熊膽塗之。更以雄黄同用，酒磨服，即愈。斗門方。 Water crossbow [poison] by the archer. 973 Smear bear bile onto the [affected region]. In addition, ingest it ground together with realgar in wine. This will bring the cure. Dou men fang. 諸疳羸瘦。熊膽、使君子末等分，研匀，瓷器蒸溶，蒸餅丸麻子大。每米 飲下二十丸。保幼大全。 All kinds of gan-illness974 with emaciation. Grind equal amounts of bear bile and quisqualis [fruit] powder to achieve an even mixture. Give this into a porcelain vessel and steam it. Then prepare steam cakes of the size of hemp seeds. Each time send down 20 pills with rice beverage. Bao you da quan. 972 Chong ya 蟲牙, “worm teeth,” identical with qu chi 齲齒, “decayed teeth.” A condition with decaying teeth developing holes, turning black and emitting a bad odor. In severe cases hollow teeth may crack. Also, the decay may enter the gums resulting in swelling, pain and festering. BCGM Dict I, 392. 973 She gong 射工, “archer,” (1) a small bug in ancient times believed to live in water and be capable of “shooting” poison from its mouth at people, thereby cauing disease; (2) a condition caused by the archer’s poison. BCGM Dict. I, 432. See 42-15. 974 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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51-12-05 腦髓。Nao sui. [Bear] brain. 【主治】諸聾。蘇恭。療頭旋。摩頂，去白秃風屑，生髮。日華。 Control. All kinds of deafness. Su Gong. It heals head spin. Rubbed ono the top of the skull it removes white baldness and wind crumbs, and makes the hair grow. Rihua. 51-12-06 血。Xue. [Bear] blood. 【主治】小兒客忤。蘇恭。 Control. Children visited by the hostile.975 Su Gong. 51-12-07 骨。Gu. [Bear] bones. 【主治】作湯，浴歷節風，及小兒客忤。孟詵。 Control. Prepare a hot decoction and bathe [patients with] wind pervading their joints. Also, children visited by the hostile. Meng Shen. 51-13 麢羊本經中品 Ling yang, FE Ben jing, middle rank. Antilope. Saiga tatarica L. 【釋名】羚羊俗、麙羊音鈐、九尾羊。【時珍曰】按王安石字説云：鹿則 比類，而環角外向以自防，麢則獨棲，懸角木上以遠害，可謂靈也。故字 從鹿，從靈省文。後人作羚。許慎説文云：麙，山羊也，大而細角。山海 經作羬，云狀如羊而馬尾。費信星槎勝覽云：阿丹國羚羊，自胸中至尾， 垂九塊，名九尾羊。 Explanation of Names. Antilopes are commonly called qian yang 麙羊, read qian 鈐, or jiu wei yang 九尾羊, “goats with nine tails.” [Li] Shizhen: According to Wang Anshi’s Zi shuo, they are closely related to the deer, lu 鹿. Their horns are bent to the outside to serve as self-defense. Antilopes, ling 麢, in contrast, live alone and they 975 Ke wu 客忤, “visitor‘s hostility.“ A sudden twisting pain, encountered outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen thought to result from the hostile acts of demons “visiting“ the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282.

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hang [themselvers with] their horns on a tree to ward off their enemies. This may be said to be ingenious, ling 靈. Hence the character [ling 麢, antelope] is a combination of the characters lu 鹿, “deer,” and ling 靈, “ingenious.” Later on, the people changed it to ling 羚. Xu Shen in his Shuo wen states: “The qian 麙 are mountain goats, but they are larger and have thinner horns.” The Shan hai jing writes qian 羬, stating that “their appearance is that of goats, but their tail is that of horses.” Fei Yan in his Xing cha sheng lan states: “The antilopes of the country of A dan from their chest to their tail have nine chunks [of hair] hanging down. Hence they are called ‘goats with nine tails’.” 【集解】【别録曰】羚羊角出石城及華陰山谷。采無時。【弘景曰】今出 建平、宜都諸蠻山中及西域。多兩角，一角者爲勝。角多節，蹙蹙圓繞。 别有山羊角極長，惟一邊有節，節亦疏大，不入藥用。乃爾雅名羱羊者， 羌夷以爲羚羊，能陟峻坂。【恭曰】羚羊，南山、商、洛間大有，今出梁 州，真州、洋州亦貢。其角細如人指，長四五寸，而文蹙細。山羊或名野 羊，大者如牛，角可爲鞍橋。又有山驢，大如鹿，皮可作靴，有兩角，大 小如山羊角，俗人亦用之。陶氏所謂一邊有粗文者是此，非山羊也。【藏 器曰】山羊、山驢、羚羊，三種相似，而羚羊有神，夜宿防患，以角掛樹 不着地。但角彎中深鋭緊小，有掛痕者爲真。如此分别，其疏慢無痕者非 也。真角，耳邊聽之集集鳴者良。陶言一角者謬也。 Collected explanations. Bie lu: Antilope horns originate from the mountain valleys of Shi cheng and Hua yin.976 They are obtained any time. [Tao] Hongjing: Nowadays, they come from all the mountains of the Man people in Jian ping and Yi du, and from Western countries. Most of them have two horns. Those with one horn only are superior. The horns have many nodes, narrowly winding around [the horns]. In addition, there are mountain goats with a very long horn. It has nodes on only one side, and they are distant from each other. [Such horns] are not used as medication. Now, those called yuan yang 羱羊 in the Er ya, they are identified by the Qiang and Yi people as antilopes. They can climb high on steep mountain sides. [Su] Gong: Antilopes are massively present in the regions of Nan shang, Shang and Luo. Nowadays, they come from Liang zhou. Zhen zhou and Yang zhou send them too. Their horns are thin like a human finger, with a length of four to five cun and a fine and dense line pattern. The mountain goats are also called “wild goats.” Large ones resemble oxen. Their horns can be used to construct saddle frames. There are also mountain donkeys; they are as big as deer. Their hide can be used to make boots. They have two horns as big as those of mountain goats. The local people use 976 Zheng lei, ch. 17, ling yang jiao 羚羊角, “antelope horn,” writes shi cheng shan chuan gu ji hua yin shan 石城山川谷及華陰山, “from the river valleys of the Shi cheng mountains, and from the Huan yin mountains.”

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them, too. These are the ones of which Mr. Tao has said that they have a crude line pattern on one side only. These are not the mountain goats. [Chen] [Cangqi: The three kinds of mountain goats, mountain donkeys, and antilopes are quite similar, but the antelope is the one with a spirit. During the night it takes preventive measures. It hangs itself with its horns on a tree so that it does not touch the ground. Hence, only those horns are genuine, that have deep, sharp, and small indentures close to each other, and marks from hanging [from a tree]. Those with indentures that are distant from each other and rather crude, and that have no such marks, they are false. When a genuine horn is held at one’s ear and one hears some sounds in it, then this is a good one. When Tao [Hongjing] said that those of [animals with] one horn only [are superior], he was wrong. 【頌曰】今秦、隴、龍、蜀、金、商州山中皆有之，戎人多捕得來貨。其 形似羊，青色而大。其角長一二尺，有節如人手指握痕，又最堅勁。郭璞 註爾雅云：麢似羊而大，其角細而圓鋭，好在山崖間。羱似吴羊，其角大 而橢，出西方。本草諸註各異。觀今所市者，與爾雅之羱羊，陶註之山 羊，蘇註之山驢，大都相似。今人相承用之，以爲羚羊。其細角長四五寸 者，往往彎中有磨角成痕處。詳諸説，此乃真羚羊角，而世多不用何也？ 又閩、廣山中，出一種野羊，彼人亦謂之羚羊也。陳氏謂耳邊聽之鳴者 良。今牛羊諸角但殺之者，聽之皆有聲，不獨羚角也。自死角則無聲矣。 [Su] Song: Nowadays they are present in all the mountains of Qin, Long, Long, Shu, Jin and Shang zhou. The Rong often capture them for commercial purposes. Their physical appearance resembles that of goats. But their color is greenish, and they are bigger. Their horns are one, two chi long. They have nodes as if they had been held by the fingers of a human hand. Also, they are extremely hard. Guo Pu in his comments on the Er ya states: “The antilopes resemble goats, but they are bigger. Their horns are thin, round and pointed. They prefer to live on mountain cliffs. The yuan 羱 resemble goats from Wu. Their horns are larger and bent. They originate from the West.” The comments in the Ben cao are all different. Looking at those on the markets nowadays, they are more or less similar to the yuan yang 羱羊 referred to in the Er ya, to the mountain goats in Tao [Hongjing’s] comments, and to the mountain donkeys in Su [Song’s] comments. Nowadays, the people use all of them interchangeably, and consider them to be antelope horns. Their thin horns of four, five cun length often in their indentures have marks as if resulting from rubbing these horns. A close look at them shows that these are genuine antelope horns. But why are they only rarely made use of ? Also, there is a type of wild goats originating from the mountains of Min and Guang. The people there call them antelopes, too. Mr. Chen has said that “those are good that let one hear a sound in them when held

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at his ear.” However, no matter whether these are horns of oxen or goats, when they have been killed, they all let one hear sounds, not only those of antilopes. Those that have died by themselves, [their horns] remain without sounds. 【宗奭曰】諸角附耳皆集集有聲，不如有掛痕一説爲盡之。然有僞作者， 宜察焉。【時珍曰】羚羊似羊，而青色毛粗，兩角短小；羱羊似吴羊，兩 角長大；山驢，驢之身而羚之角，但稍大而節疏慢耳。陶氏言羚羊有一角 者，而陳氏非之。按寰宇志云：安南 高石山出羚羊，一角極堅，能碎金剛 石。則羚固有一角者矣。金剛石出西域，狀如紫石英，百鍊不消，物莫能 擊，惟羚羊角扣之，則自然冰泮也。又貘骨僞充佛牙，物亦不能破，用此 角擊之即碎，皆相畏耳。羚羊皮，西人以作座褥。 [Kou] Zongshi: All horns, when held close to one’s ear, emit sounds. [To test whether a horn is genuine or not, this method] is not as good as to look for marks left from [an antilope’s] hanging [with its horns in trees]. Still, there are fake specimens, and it is essential to closely examine them. [Li] Shizhen: Antilopes are similar to goats, but they are of greenish color, and their fur is rough. Their two horns are short and small. The yuan yang 羱羊 resemble goats from Wu. Their two horns are long and massive. The mountain donkeys have the body of donkeys and the horns of antilopes. But they are somewhat bigger and the nodes [on their horns] are more distanced. Mr. Tao [Hongjing] has stated that there are antilopes with only one horn. This was refuted by Mr. Chen [Cangqi]. According to the Huan yu zhi, “there comes an antelope from the Gao shi mountains in An nan with one very hard horn. It is able to break to pieces diamonds”. So, it is for sure that there are antilopes with only one horn. Diamonds come from Western regions; they have the appearance of amethysts. Even heating them a hundred times will not dissolve them. There is nothing that could break them. Only when struck with an antilope’s horn, they will melt like ice by themselves. Also, tapir bones falsely substituted for the Buddha’s teeth are so hard that nothing can break them. But if struck with this horn, they will break to pieces. These all are examples of [the results of ] items fearing each other. Westerners use the hide of antilopes to make cushions and pillows.

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【附録】 Appendix 51-13-A01 山驢。Shan lu. Mountain donkey. 【恭曰】見上文。【時珍曰】南史云：滑國出野驢，有角。廣志云：驢羊 似驢。山海經云：晋陽 懸甕之山、女几之山、荆山、綸山，並多閭，郭 璞註云：閭即𧱬也。似驢而岐蹄，馬尾，角如麢羊，一名山驢。俗人亦用 其角以代羚羊。又北山經云：太行之山，有獸名䮝，狀如麢羊，而四角馬 尾，有距善旋，其鳴自叫。此亦山驢之類也。 [Su] Gong: See the text above. [Li] Shizhen: The Nan shi states: “Wild donkeys come from Hua country; they have horns.” The Guang zhi states: “Donkey goats are similar to donkeys.” The Shan hai jing states: “In Jin yang in the Xuan weng mountains, in the Nü ji mountains, in the Jing mountains, in Jing shan and in Lun shan there are everywhere many lü 閭.” Guo Pu commented: “The lü 閭 are the yu 𧱬. They resemble donkeys but they have forked hoofs, a horse tail, and horns like antilopes. Another name is ‘mountain donkeys’. The local people use their horns as a substitute for antelope horns.” Also, the Bei shan jing states: “In the Tai xing mountains are animals called hun 䮝. Their appearance is that of antelopes, but they have four horns, a horse tail, and spurs. They love to whirl around, and with their cries they shout their own name.” They, too, belong to the group of mountain donkeys. 51-13-01 羚羊角。Ling yang jiao. Antelope horn. 【修治】【斅曰】凡用，有神羊角甚長，有二十四節，内有天生木胎。此 角有神力，扺千牛。凡使不可單用，須要不拆元對，繩縛，鐵銼銼細，重 重密裹，避風，以旋旋取用，搗篩極細，更研萬匝入藥，免刮人腸。 Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: For all usages, there are the divine goat’s horns. They are very long and have 24 nodes. Inside of them there is a natural filling of wood. These horns have a divine strength. They could beat a thousand oxen. When applied [for medical treatment] they must not be used alone. One must not separate the original pair [of horns of one animal. It is essential to] tie them together, wrap them tightly, and keep them away from wind until eventually they are to be used. Then pound them and give them through a sieve to obtain an extremely fine powder. Grind this again a myriad times, and then add it to a medication. This way one protects the human intestines from being scratched.

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【氣味】鹹，寒，無毒。【别録曰】苦，微寒。【甄權曰】甘，温。能縮 銀。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, cold, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Bitter, slightly cold. Zhen Quan: Sweet, warm. It can make silver shrink.977 【主治】明目，益氣起陰，去惡血注下，辟蠱毒，惡鬼不祥，安心氣，常 不魘寐。本經。除邪氣驚夢，狂越僻謬，療傷寒時氣寒熱，熱在肌膚，濕 風注毒，伏在骨間，及食噎不通。久服，强筋骨輕身，起陰益氣，利丈 夫。别録。治中風筋攣，附骨疼痛。作末蜜服，治卒熱悶及熱毒痢血，疝 氣。摩水塗腫毒。孟詵。治一切熱毒風攻注，中惡毒風，卒死昏亂不識 人，散産後惡血衝心煩悶，燒末酒服之。治小兒驚癇，治山瘴及噎塞。藥 性。治驚悸煩悶，心胸惡氣，瘰癧惡瘡，溪毒。藏器。平肝舒筋，定風安 魂，散血下氣，辟惡解毒，治子癇痙疾。時珍。 Control. It clears the eyes. It boosts the qi and raises the yin [member (i.e., penis)]. It removes malign blood with outpour discharge. It keeps away gu poison,978 and inauspicious, malign demons. It pacifies the heart qi and prevents nightmares. Ben jing. It removes evil qi with fright dreams, and jumping in madness with eccentric and delirious [language]. It heals harm caused by cold and alternating sensations of cold and heat resulting from seasonal qi, heat in the muscles and the skin, dampness and wind979 and influx poison hidden in the bones, as well as choking on food that fails to pass through [the throat]. Ingested over a long time, it strengthens sinews and bones and relieves the body of its weight. It raises the yin [member (i.e., penis)] and boosts the qi, thus being of advantage for males. Bie lu. It serves to cure wind stroke, with contorsion of sinews and pain attached to the bones. Ground to powder and ingested with honey, it serves to cure sudden heat with heart pressure and heat with free-flux illness 980 and bleeding, as well as elevation-illness qi.981 Ground in water it is topically applied to swelling with poison. Meng Shen. It serves to cure 977 Zheng lei, ch. 17, ling yang jiao 羚羊角, “antelope horn,” quoting the Yao xing lun, does have the four characters wen neng suo yin 温能縮銀 978 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 979 Instead of shi feng 濕風, “dampness and wind,” Zheng lei, ch. 17, ling yang jiao 羚羊角, “antelope horn,” writes wen feng 温風, “warm(th and) wind.” 980 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 981 Shan [qi] 疝[氣], “elevation-illness [qi],” a pathological condition of (1) an item having entered the scrotum, with pain, sometimes ascending, sometimes descending, (2) a condition affecting the scrotum or a testicle, (3) of violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 419, 417.

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all kinds of heat poison, with wind attack pouring [into the body], being struck by the malign with poison wind, sudden death with unconsciousness and an inability to recognize people. It disperses malign blood rushing, after childbirth, to the heart with vexation and heart pressure. [For these purposes] burn it [to ashes, grind them] to powder, and ingest this with wine. It serves to cure fright epilepsy of children. It serves to cure mountain miasma and gullet occlusion with blockage. Yao xing. It serves to cure fright palpitation, vexation and heart pressure, malign qi in heart and chest, scrofula pervasion-illness,982 malign sores, and mountain stream poison. [Chen] Cangqi. It levels liver [qi], and unties sinews. It fixes wind and pacifies the hun-soul. It disperses blood and discharges qi. It keeps away the malign and resolves poison. It serves to cure an infant’s epilepsy with spasms. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】羊，火畜也，而羚羊則屬木，故其角入厥陰肝經甚 捷，同氣相求也。肝主木，開竅于目。其發病也，目暗障翳，而羚羊角能 平之。肝主風，在合爲筋，其發病也，小兒驚癇，婦人子癇，大人中風搐 搦，及筋脉攣急，歷節掣痛，而羚角能舒之。魂者，肝之神也，發病則驚 駭不寧，狂越僻謬，魘寐卒死，而羚角能安之。血者，肝之藏也，發病則 瘀滯下注，疝痛毒痢，瘡腫瘻癧，産後血氣，而羚角能散之。相火寄于肝 膽，在氣爲怒，病則煩懣氣逆，噎塞不通，寒熱及傷寒伏熱，而羚角能降 之。羚之性靈，而筋骨之精在角，故又能辟邪惡而解諸毒，碎佛牙而燒烟 走蛇虺也。本經、别録甚著其功，而近俗罕能發揚，惜哉。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Goats are “fire” animals. In contrast, antilopes are associated with [the phase] water. Hence their horns immediately enter the ceasing yin conduit of the liver. This is [based on the principle] that like qi search their likes. The liver rules/is ruled by the wood. Its orifice are the eyes. When a disease erupts from it, vision turns dim with screens and shades in the eyes, and antelope horn can level all this. The liver rules/is ruled by wind. It is linked to the sinews. When a disease erupts from it, this may be fright epilepsy of children, infants’s epilepsy of women, wind stroke of adults with convulsions, as well as contraction with tightness of sinews and vessels, pervading joints [wind] and clonic pain, and antelope horn can relax all these. The hun-soul is the spirit of the liver. When a disease erupts from it, this may be shock and restlessness, jumping in madness and eccentric and delirious [language], and nightmares with sudden death, and antelope horn can pacify all this. The blood is stored in the liver. When a disease erupts from it, this may be

982 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329.

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blood stasis with discharge and outflow, elevation-illness983 with pain, and poison free-flux illness, sores with swelling, scrofula pervasion-illness,984 and [ailments associated with] blood and qi following childbirth, and antelope horn can disperse all this. The minister fire resides in liver and gallbladder. Its associated qi is anger. In the case of a disease, there may be vexation and mental pressure, with qi flowing contrary to their normal direction. Choking with [food] being unable to pass through [the throat], alternating sensations of cold and heat, and harm caused by cold with hidden heat, and antelope horn can bring all this down. The antelope by nature is ingenious, and the essence of its sinews and bones is in its horns. Hence it is also able to ward off the evil and the malign, and to resolve all kinds of poison. It breaks to pieces Buddha’s teeth, and when burned its smoke will drive away snakes. Its effects are described in all details in the Ben jing and the Bie lu. And yet, today there is rarely made full use of it. This is truly sad.

【附方】舊七，新四。 Added recipes: Seven of old. Four newly [recorded]. 噎塞不通。羚羊角屑爲末，飲服方寸匕，并以角摩噎上。外臺。 Choking with [food] unable to pass through [the throat]. [Grind] antelope horn crumbs to powder, and ingest, with a beverage, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Also, rub the surface outside of the choking with an [antelope] horn. Wai tai. 胸脇痛滿。羚羊角燒末，水服方寸匕。子母秘録。 Pain and a sensation of fullness in chest and flanks. Burn antelope horn to [ashes and grind them to] a powder. Ingest, with water, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Zi mu mi lu. 腹痛熱滿。方同上。 Abdominal pain, with heat and a sensation of fullness. Recipe identical with the previous one.

983 Shan [qi] 疝[氣], “elevation-illness [qi],” a pathological condition of (1) an item having entered the scrotum, with pain, sometimes ascending, sometimes descending, (2) a condition affecting the scrotum or a testicle, (3) of violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 419, 417. 984 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329.

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墮胎腹痛，血出不止。羚羊角燒灰三錢，豆淋酒下。普濟。 Miscarriage with abdominal pain, and unending bleeding.985 Burn antelope horn to ashes and ingest three qian with wine filtrate prepared from soybeans. Pu ji. 産後煩悶，汗出，不識人。千金用羚羊角燒末，東流水服方寸匕。未愈再 服。 For vexation and heart pressure following childbirth, with sweating and an inability to recognize people, the Qian jin uses antelope horn burned to [ashes and ground to] powder, to be ingested with water flowing toward the East, as much as is held by a square cun spoon. If no cure is achieved, ingest this again. 又方：加芍藥、枳實等分炒，研末，湯服。 Another recipe. Add equal amounts of paeonia [root] and unripe bitter oranges, and fry this. Then grind this to powder, and ingest it with warm [water]. 血氣逆煩。羚羊角燒末，水服方寸匕。肘後方。 Blood and qi counter-movement with vexation. Burn antilope horn to [ashes and grind them to] a powder. Ingest, with water, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Zhou hou fang. 臨産催生。羚羊角一枚，刮尖爲末，酒服方寸匕。産寶。 To speed up childbirth. Scrape the tip of one antelope horn and powder it. Ingest, with wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Chan bao. 小兒下痢。羚羊角中骨燒末，飲服方寸匕。秘録。 Discharge with free-flux illness 986 of children. Burn the bone in an antilope’s horn [and grind the ashes to] a powder. Ingest, with a beverage, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Mi lu. 遍身赤丹。羚羊角燒灰，雞子清和，塗之神效。外臺。 Red cinnabar987 covering the entire body. Burn antelope horn to ashes and mix them with egg white. Then apply this to the [affected regions]. Divinely effective. Wai tai. 赤癍如瘡，瘙痒，甚則殺人。羚羊角磨水，摩之數百遍爲妙。肘後方。

985 Pu ji fang, ch. 343, ren zhen zhu ji men 妊娠諸疾門. Duo tai hou xue bu chu 墮胎後血不 出, “section: all kinds of pregnancy illnesses. If following a miscarriage the blood fails to leave [the body],” writes xue bu chu 血不出, “the blood fails to leave [the body].” 986 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 987 Chi dan 赤丹, “red cinnabar,” a condition of dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poison,” with massive heat poison and red skin rash. BCGM Dict I, 85.

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Red macules like sores. With an itch that in extreme cases may kill a person. Grind antelope horn in water, and rub it hundreds of times [on the affected regin]. This is wondrous. Zhou hou fang. 山嵐瘴氣。羚羊角末水服一錢。集簡方。 Haze and miasma qi in mountains. Ingest, with water, one qian of antelope horn ground to powder. Ji jian fang. 51-13-02 Rou 肉。[Antelope] meat. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】惡瘡。藏器。和五味炒熟，投酒中，經宿飲之，治筋骨急强，中 風。北人恒食，南人食之，免蛇蟲傷。孟詵。 Control. Malign sores. [Chen] Cangqi. Mix it with the five spices, and roast it until well done. Then give this into wine, let it rest overnight, and drink this. This serves to cure tightness and stiffness of sinews and bones, and wind stroke. The people in the North eat it all the time. The people in the South eat it to prevent harm caused by snakes and worms/bugs. Meng Shen. 51-13-03 肺。Fei. [Antelope] lung. 【氣味】同肉。 Qi and Flavor. Identical with the meat. 【主治】水腫鼓脹，小便不利。時珍。 Control. Water swelling, with drum-like bloating, and an inability to urinate. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】羚羊肺，本草不收。千金翼載太醫山璉韋司業水腫莨 菪丸用之，蓋取其引藥入肺，以通小便之上源也。其方用羚羊肺一具，沸 湯微煠過，曝乾爲末。莨菪子一升，用三年酢浸一伏時，蒸熟搗爛，和丸 梧子大。每用四丸，麥門冬湯食後服，候口中乾、妄語爲驗。數日小便大 利即瘥。無羚羊，以青羊亦可代之。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Antilope lung is not recorded in the Ben jing. The Qian jin yi records a case of the Imperial Physician Shan Lian using it when he cured Wei Siye’s water swelling with henbane. That is, he made use of [antelope horn’s] ability

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to guide medication to the [patient’s] lung, so as to make the upper source of urination passable again. The recipe uses one lung of an antelope. This is boiled in water until bubbling, and then mildly fried and dried in the sun to prepare a powder. One sheng of henbane seeds is soaked in three year old vinegar for an entire day. [These two ingredients] are steamed until well-done and ground to a pulp to prepare pills of the size of wu seeds. Each time use four pills. They are ingested after meals with a decoction of ophiopogon [tuber]. Once [the patient’s] mouth is dry, and his language is meaningless, [the medication] has been effective. After a few days, his urine will flow copiously, and this is the cure. If no antelope is available, [the lung of a] greenish goat may be used instead. 51-13-04 膽。Dan. [Antelope] gallbladder/bile. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold. Nonpoisonous. 【主治】面上皯𪒟如雀卵色，以酒二升，同煮三沸，塗四五次良。時珍。 Control. Dermal dark spots, with the color of sparrow eggs. Burn [the gallbladder] with two sheng of wine three times to bubbling. Then apply it to [the affected region] four or five times. Good. [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】新一。 Recipes. One newly [recorded]. 面䵴。羚羊膽、牛膽各一枚，醋二升，同煮三沸，頻塗之。外臺。 Facial speckles. One piece each of an antilope’s and an ox’s gallbladder are boiled in two sheng of vinegar three times to bubbling. Then repeatedly apply this to the [affected region]. Wai tai. 51-13-05 鼻。Bi. [Antelope] nose. 【主治】炙研，治五尸遁尸邪氣。時珍。外臺方中用之。 Control. Fried and ground to powder, it serves to cure evil qi such as the five kinds of corpse [qi] and run-away corpse [qi].988 [Li] Shizhen. It was used for these purposes in the Wai tai. 988 Dun shi 遁尸, “run-away corpse [qi],” a condition of recurrent heart pain and acute panting. BCGM Dict 137.I,

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51-14 山羊日用 Shan yang, FE Ri yong. Mountain goat. Nemorrhedus goral Hardwicke. Capra ibex L. Ovis ammon L. 【釋名】野羊圖經、羱羊。【時珍曰】羊之在原野者，故名。 Explanation of Names. Ye yang 野羊, “wild goat,” Tu jing. Yuan yang 羱羊. [Li] Shizhen: These are goats, yang 羊, in the wilderness, yuan ye 原野. Hence the name. 【集解】【弘景曰】山羊即爾雅羱羊，出西夏，似吴羊而大角、角橢 者，能陟峻坂，羌夷以爲羚羊，角極長，惟一邊有節，節亦疏大，不入 藥用。【恭曰】山羊大如牛，或名野羊，善闘至死，角堪爲鞍橋。【頌 曰】閩、廣山中一種野羊，彼人謂之羚羊，其皮厚硬，不堪炙食，其肉頗 肥。【吴瑞曰】山羊似羚羊，色青。其角有掛痕者爲羚羊，無者爲山羊。 【時珍曰】山羊有二種。一種大角盤環，肉至百斤者。一種角細者，説文 謂之萈羊，音桓。陸氏云：羱羊狀如驢而群行，其角甚大，以時墮角，暑 天塵露在上，生草戴行。故代都賦云：羱羊養草以盤桓。 Collected explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: Mountain goats are the yuan yang 羱羊 mentioned in the Er ya. They originate from Xi xia. Those resembling Wu goats with larger and curved horns are able to climb steep mountainsides. The Qiang and the Yi people believe them to be antilopes. Their horns are very long, and have nodes on only one side. These nodes are widely distanced from each other; [the horns] are not used as medication. [Su] Gong: Mountain goats are as big as oxen. Sometimes they are called wild goats. They love to engage in fightings until they die. Their horns can be used to build saddle frames. [Su] Song: There is a type of wild goats in the mountains of Min and Guang, called “antilopes” by the people there. Their hide is thick and solid; it cannot be roasted to be prepared as food. Their meat is quite fat. Wu Rui: Mountain goats resemble antilopes. Their color is greenish. Those whose horns have marks left from [the antilopes’ custom of ] hanging themselves up [in trees], they are antilopes. Those who do not have [these marks], they are mountain goats. [Li] Shizhen: There are two kinds of mountain goats. One has large horns that are curved. Their meat weighs a hundred jin. The others have thin horns. The Shuo wen calls them huan yang 莧羊, read huan 桓. Mr. Lu states: “The yuan yang 羱羊 have the appearance of donkeys989 and move in herds. Their horns are very large, and from time to time they shed them.” During days of summerheat, dust collects and herbs grow on them even though they are moving. Hence the Dai du fu states: “The yuan yang 羱羊 cultivate herbs to stay with them.” 989 Pi ya, ch. 5, shi shou 釋獸, yuan yang 羱羊, “explaining animals: the yuan yang,” writes luo 騾, “mule,” instead of lü 驢, “donkey.”

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51-14-01 肉。Rou. [Mountain goat] meat. 【氣味】甘，熱，無毒。【頌曰】南方野羊，多噉石香薷，故腸臟頗熱， 不宜多食之。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, hot, nonpoisonous. [Su] Song: Wild goats in the South eat lots of mosla herb. Hence their intestines store considerable heat. It is not advisable to eat much of it. 【主治】南人食之，肥軟益人，治冷勞，山嵐瘧痢，婦人赤白帶下。蘇 頌。療筋骨急强、虚勞，益氣，利産婦，不利時疾人。吴瑞。 Control. The people in the South eat it. It is fat, soft and boosts [the qi of ] humans. It serves to cure cold exhaustion and mountain haze malaria with free-flux illness,990 as well as red and white discharge of women from below the belt. Su Song. It heals tightness and stiffness of sinews and muscles, as well as depletion exhaustion. It boosts the qi, and is good for women giving birth. It is not good for people suffering from seasonal illness. Wu Rui. 51-15 鹿 本經中品。 Lu, FE Ben jing, middle rank. Deer.991 Cervus elaphus L. 【校正】本經上品白膠、中品鹿茸，今併爲一條。 Editorial Correction. The Ben jing lists white glue among its upper rank [entries], and antlers among its middle rank [entries]. Here now they are brought together in one single entry. 【釋名】斑龍。【時珍曰】鹿字篆文，象其頭、角、身、足之形。爾雅 云：鹿牡曰䴥，音加；牝曰麀，音攸；其子曰麛，音迷；絶有力曰 ，音 堅。斑龍名出澹寮方。按乾寧記云：鹿與遊龍相戲，必生異角。則鹿得稱 龍，或以此與？梵書謂之密利迦羅。 Explanation of Names. Ban long 斑龍, “spotted dragon.” [Li] Shizhen: The character lu 鹿 is seal script; it reflects the physical appearance of [the animal’s] head, horns, body and feet. The Er ya states: “Male deer are called jia 䴥, read jia 加. Females are called you 麀, read you 攸. Their offspring is called mi 麛, read mi 迷. Those that are very strong, they are called jian , read jian 堅.” The name ban long 990 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 991 More specifically identified as The Sika Deer.

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斑龍 originated from the Dan liao fang. According to the Qian ning ji, “when deer play with wandering dragons, they will grow a different type of horns.” So, this may be the reason why deer are called dragons. Sanskrit texts call them Milijialuo 密利 迦羅. 【集解】【時珍曰】鹿，處處山林中有之。馬身羊尾，頭側而長，高脚而 行速。牡者有角，夏至則解，大如小馬，黄質白斑，俗稱馬鹿。牝者無 角，小而無斑，毛雜黄白色，俗稱麀鹿，孕六月而生子。鹿性淫，一牡常 交數牝，謂之聚麀。性喜食龜，能别良草。食則相呼，行則同旅，居則環 角外向以防害，卧則口朝尾閭，以通督脉。殷仲堪云：鹿以白色爲正。述 異記云：鹿千歲爲蒼，又五百歲爲白，又五百歲爲玄。玄鹿骨亦黑，爲脯 食之，可長生也。埤雅云：鹿乃仙獸，自能樂性，六十年必懷璚于角下， 角有斑痕紫色，行則有涎，不復急走。故曰：鹿戴玉而角斑，魚懷珠而鱗 紫。沈存中筆談云：北狄有駝鹿，極大而色蒼黄，無斑。角大而有文，堅 瑩如玉，茸亦可用。名苑云：鹿之大者曰麈，群鹿隨之，視其尾爲準。其 尾能辟塵，拂氈則不蠹，置茜帛中，歲久紅色不黯也。 Collected explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Deer are present everywhere in mountain forests. They have a horse body and a goat tail. Their head is inclined to one side, and long. They have long legs and they move fast. Males have horns; they are shed at Summer Solstice. They are as big as small horses. Basically they are yellow, with white spots. The people call them horse deer. Females have no horns. They are smaller and do not have spots. Their fur is mixed yellow and white. They are commonly called you lu 麀鹿. They are pregnant for six months before they give birth. Deer by nature are licentious. One male regularly mates with several females. This is called “gathering of female deer.” By their nature, they love to eat tortoises, and they are able to distinguish good herbs [from bad herbs]. When they feed, they call each other. When they move, they roam together. When they rest, they turn their horns to the outside to ward off what could hurt them. When they lie down, they bring their mouth close to the hole [below] their tail. This way their supervisor vessel remains passable. Yin Zhongkan states: “White deer are the proper ones.” The Shu yi ji states: “When deer have reached an age of a thousand years, they turn grey. After another 500 years, they turn white. And after yet another five hundred years, they turn dark. The bones of dark deer are black too. When eaten as preserved food, they can extend one’s life span.” The Pi ya states: “Deer are hermit/immortal animals. They have a nature of being joyous by themselves. Every 60 years they will grow some fine jade below their horns. Their horns have marks of purple color. When they move and develop saliva, they will not continue to run fast. Hence it is said: ‘Deer wear jade and their horns become spotted. A fish carrying a pearl has

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purple scales’.” Shen Cunzhong in his Bi tan states: “In Bei di exist ‘camel deer’/Pére David’s deer. They are very big and their color is grey-yellow. They are not spotted. Their horns are big and have a line design. They are hard and lustrous like jade. Their hairy horns can be used too.” The Ming yuan states: “Big deer are called zhu 麈, ‘leader of a herd’. All the other deer follow them. They regard its tail as their guide. Their tail can serve as a duster. When used to stroke felt, it will not be targeted by moths. When woven into fabric made of madder, the red color will not fade away for many years.” 51-15-01 鹿茸。Lu rong. A stag’s pilose antlers. 修治】【别録曰】四月、五月解角時取，陰乾，使時燥。【恭曰】鹿茸， 夏收之陰乾，百不收一，且易臭，惟破之火乾大好。【斅曰】凡使鹿茸， 用黄精自然汁浸兩日夜，漉出切焙搗用，免渴人也。 Preparation. Bie lu: Collect them during the fourth and fifth month when the [animals] shed their horns.Then dry them in the shade, and see to it that they are kept dry at all times. [Su] Gong: If a stag’s pilose antlers are collected during summer and then dried in the shade, one will not be able to preserve one out of one hundred. They easily acquire a bad stench. There is only one way to obtain good specimens in that they are broken to pieces and these then are dried over a fire. [Lei] Xiao: Whenever a stag’s pilose antlers are prepared for [pharmaceutical] use, soak them for two days and nights in the natural juice of polygonatum [roots].Then filter this to remove [the antlers], cut them to pieces, bake them over a slow fire, and pound them before making use of them. This way they do not let the one [who ingests them] become thirsty. 又法：以鹿茸鋸作片，每五兩用羊脂三兩，拌天靈蓋末塗之，慢火炙令内 外黄脆，以鹿皮裹之，安室中一宿，則藥魂歸矣。乃慢火焙乾，搗末用。 【日華曰】只用酥炙炒研。【宗奭曰】茸上毛，先以酥薄塗匀，于烈焰中 灼之，候毛盡微炙。不以酥，則火焰傷茸矣。【時珍曰】澹寮、濟生諸 方，有用酥炙、酒炙及酒蒸焙用者，當各隨本方。 Another method is to saw a stag’s antlers to pieces. Then three liang goat fat for every five liang [of antler pieces] are mixed with powdered human skull bones, and this is smeared on the [antler pieces]. They are then fried over a slow fire until they have turned yellow and crispy inside and outside. Then they are wrapped with deer hide and allowed to rest in a room for one night. This allows the hun-soul of the medication to return. Then bake them again over a slow fire until they are dry,

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pound them to powder, and use them. Rihua: Use only those fried in butter and then ground to powder. [Kou] Zonghsi: First apply a thin layer of butter evenly on the hairy surface of the antlers, and then scorch them in the flames of a violent fire. Wait until all the hair is removed, and then use a weaker fire to roast them. If no butter is applied, the flames of the fire will damage the antlers. [Li] Shizhen: All the recipes recorded in the Dan liao and the Ji sheng have [the antlers] fried with butter, fried with wine and steamed with wine and then baked over fire before using them [as medication]. One must always follow the respective recipe. 【發明】【抱朴子曰】南山多鹿，每一雄遊，牝百數至，春羸瘦，入夏惟 食菖蒲即肥。當角解之時，其茸甚痛。獵人得之，以索繫住取茸，然後斃 鹿，鹿之血未散也。【宗奭曰】茸，最難得不破及不出却血者，蓋其力盡 在血中故也。世以如紫茄者爲上，名茄子茸，取其難得耳。然此太嫩，血 氣未具，其實少力。堅者又大老，惟長四五寸，形如分岐馬鞍，茸端如瑪 瑙紅玉，破之肌如朽木者最善，人亦將麋茸僞爲之，不可不察。按沈存中 筆談云：月令冬至麋角解，夏至鹿角解。陰陽相反如此，今人以麋、鹿茸 作一種者，疏矣。或刺麋、鹿血以代茸，云茸亦血，此大誤矣。麋茸利 補陽，鹿茸利補陰，須佐以他藥則有功。凡含血之物，肉差易長，筋次 之，骨最難長。故人自胚胎至成人，二十年骨髓方堅。惟麋、鹿角自生 至堅，無兩月之久，大者至二十餘斤。計一日夜須生數兩，凡骨之生，無 速于此。雖草木易生，亦不及之。此骨之至强者，所以能補骨血，堅陽 道，益精髓也。頭者諸陽之會，上鍾于茸角，豈可與凡血爲比哉？【時珍 曰】按熊氏禮記疏云：鹿是山獸，屬陽，情淫而遊山，夏至得陰氣解角， 從陽退之象。麋是澤獸，屬陰，情淫而遊澤，冬至得陽氣而解角，從陰退 之象也。餘見角下。 Explication. Bao pu zi: In Nan shan, there are many deer. When one male moves on, a hundred females will arrive. In spring they are emaciated. When summer comes they only eat acorus [root] and become fat. When it is time to shed their horns, and when their antlers cause them extreme pain, this is the time for hunters to capture them. They tie them and remove the antlers. Only afterwards they slaughter the deer. This way, the deer’s blood has not dissipated [from the antlers] yet. [Kou] Zongshi: Antlers that are not broken and have not lost the blood, they are most difficult to obtain. The fact is, their strength lies entirely in their blood. Those of eggplant-purple color are best. They are called “eggplant-antlers.” They are preferred [over others] because they are so difficult to obtain. However, being very soft, and because their blood and qi are incomplete, their strength is actually minor. Hard specimens in turn are too old. Only those of four to five cun length, shaped like a forked horse saddle, with the tip of the antlers resembling agate or red jade,

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and if, when broken, their interior looks like rotten wood, they are the best. There are persons who sell a stag’s pilose antlers as fake [deer antlers]; one must examine them. According to Shen Cunzhong’s Bi tan, “the Yue ling [states] that ‘Pére David’s deer shed their horns at Winter Solstice, while deer shed their horns at Summer Solstice.’ This shows their antagonistic yin and yang associations. Nowadays, the people consider Pére David’s deer and deer to be of the same group; that is far from true! Some pierce Pére David’s deer and deer to use their blood as a substitute for antlers, stating that antlers are [used because of their] blood. That is a great mistake. The antlers of Pére David’s deer benefit and supplement the yang; stag antlers benefit and supplement the yin. When used to support other medicinal drugs, they exert their strength. In all beings with blood, the meat grows most easily. The sinews are next. The growth of bones is most difficult. Hence in humans, from the time of conception in the womb it takes 20 years until eventually their bones and marrow are solidified. In contrast, it takes the horns of Pére David’s deer and deer not even two months to develop from their first origins to having assumed a solid state. Big ones may reach a weight of 20 or more jin, and on a single day and night they grow several liang of hair. Among all the [animals] that grow bones, there is not a single [animal growing bones] that fast. Herbs and trees may grow easily, but even they do not reach the [speed of growth of Pére David’s deer and deer horns]. As their horns are the strongest, they can serve to supplement bones and blood [of humans], harden the yang path (i.e., the penis), and benefit essence and marrow. The head is where all the yang [qi] gather They are concentrated above in the antlers. How could they be compared with other kinds of blood?” [Li] Shizhen: According to Mr. Xiong’s Li ji shu, “deer are mountain animals. They are associated with yang. They are licentious and roam through the mountains. On Summer Solstice they receive yin qi and shed their horns. This is in correspondence with the retreat of yang. The Pére David’s deer are animals living in the marshes. They are licentious and roam through the marshes. On Winter Solstice they receive yang qi and shed their horns. This is in accordance with the retreat of yin.” For more on this, see the entry on [deer] horn. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【别録曰】酸，微温。【甄權曰】苦、辛。麻勃 爲之使。【詵曰】鹿茸不可以鼻嗅之。中有小白蟲，視之不見，入人鼻必 爲蟲顙，藥不及也。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Sour, slightly warm. Zhen Quan: Bitter, acrid. Ma bo serves as their guide. [Meng] Shen: One must not bring one’s nose close to a stag’s antlers. Inside of them are small, white worms/bugs. They are invisible to one’s eyes. Once they have entered one’s nose, they cause [deep in the

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nasal cavity an abscess, called] forehead [invaded by] worms/bugs. It cannot be reached by medication. 【主治】漏下惡血，寒熱驚癇，益氣强志，生齒不老。本經。療虚勞，洒 洒如瘧，羸瘦，四肢酸疼，腰脊痛，小便數利，洩精溺血，破瘀血在腹， 散石淋癰腫，骨中熱疽癢，安胎下氣，殺鬼精物，久服耐老。不可近丈夫 陰，令痿。别録。補男子腰腎虚冷，脚膝無力，夜夢鬼交，精溢自出，女 人崩中漏血，赤白帶下，炙末，空心温酒服方寸匕。壯筋骨。日華。生精 補髓，養血益陽，强筋健骨，治一切虚損，耳聾目暗，眩運虚痢。時珍。 Control. Leaking discharge of malign blood. Alternating sensations of cold and heat, fright epilepsy. They boost the qi and strengthen the mind. They let one’s teeth grow and prevent aging. Ben jing. They heal depletion exhaustion, with [sweat] spilling similar to malaria. Emaciation. Soreness of the four limbs. Painful lower back and spine. Frequent free-flow of urine. Outflow of essence/sperm and urine with blood. They break through stagnant blood in the abdomen. They disperse [urinary] stone dripping and obstruction-illness992 swelling. Heat in the bones with impediment-illness.993 They nourish the bones. They pacify the fetus and discharge qi. They kill demons and essence beings. Ingested for a long time, they keep one from aging. They must not be brought close to a male’s yin [member (i.e., penis)] lest they cause dysfunction. Bie lu. To supplement depletion cold in the lower back and the kidneys, [and to cure] lack of strength in feet and knees, intercourse with demons in dreams during the night, spontaneous outflow of essence/sperm, in women collapsing center994 with leakage of blood, as well as red and white discharge below the belt, roast them and grind them to powder to be ingested on an empty stomach with warm wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon.995 They strengthen sinews and bones. Rihua. They generate essence/sperm and supplement the marrow. They nourish blood and boost the yang [qi]. They strengthen the sinews and build up bones. They serve to cure all depletion injuries, deafness and dimmed vision, vertigo, and depletion free-flux illness.996 [Li] Shizhen. 992 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 993 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277. 994 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58. 995 These indications are quoted from Yao xing lun. 996 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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【發明】【時珍曰】按澹寮方云：昔西蜀藥市中，嘗有一道人貨斑龍丸， 一名茸珠丹。每大醉高歌曰：尾閭不禁滄海竭，九轉靈丹都謾説。惟有斑 龍頂上珠，能補玉堂關下穴。朝野遍傳之。其方蓋用鹿茸、鹿角膠、鹿角 霜也。又戴原禮證治要訣治頭眩運，甚則屋轉眼黑，或如物飛，或見一爲 二，用茸珠丹甚效。或用鹿茸半兩，無灰酒三盞，煎一盞，入麝香少許， 温服亦效。云茸生于頭，類之相從也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Dan liao fang, “in ancient times, on a market in Western Shu there once was a man of the DAO who sold Spotted Dragon Pills. He also called them Antler Jewel Elixir, and he was always very drunk and sang with a loud voice: ‘When the hole under the tail is not blocked, and all the waters of the ocean flow off, there is no need to talk about the magic elixirs that have undergone nine refinements. It is only the jewel on top of the spotted dragon that is capable of supplementing the jade hall and of closing the orifice below’. The rulers and the common public, they all availed themselves of it. Now, this recipe made use of pilose antlers of stags, deer horn glue, and lu jiao shuang, ‘deer horn frost’.” Also, Dai Yuanli’s Zheng zhi yao jue for curing vertigo, with spinning rooms and blackened vision, or [hallucinations] as if things were flying, or seeing each item doubled, recommended “Antler Jewel Elixir” as most effective. Some [recipes] use half a liang of a stag’s pilose antlers boiled down in three cups of ash-free wine to one cup. To this is added a small amount of musk. This then is ingested warm, and it is very effective. It is said: since antlers grow on [a deer’s] head, their effects are directed at [the head of humans] as it belongs to the same group.

【附方】舊一，新八。 Added recipes: One of old. Eight newly [recorded]. 斑龍丸。治諸虚。用鹿茸，酥炙或酒炙亦可、鹿角膠炒成珠、鹿角霜、陽 起石煅紅酒淬、肉從容酒浸、酸棗仁、柏子仁、黄芪蜜炙各一兩，當歸、 黑附子炮、地黄九蒸九焙各八錢，辰朱砂半錢，各爲末，酒糊丸梧子大。 每空心温酒下五十丸。澹寮。 Spotted dragon pills. They serve to cure all kinds of depletion. [To prepare them] use one liang each of [the following ingredients]. A stag’s pilose antlers fried with butter - it is also possible to use those fried with wine; deer horn glue fried until it has formed pearls; deer horn frost/powder; tremolite-asbestos calcined until red and then quenched with wine; cistanche [stem] soaked in wine; kernels of sour Chinese dates; platycladus [tree] seed kernels, and astragalus [root] roasted in honey, furthermore eight qian each of angelica [root], roasted black aconitum [accessory tuber], Chinese foxglove [rhizome] nine times steamed and nine times baked, as well

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as half a qian of cinnabar sand. All these [ingredients] are ground to powder and prepared, with wine and flour, to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send down 50 pills with warm wine on an empty stomach. Dan liao. 鹿茸酒。治陽事虚痿，小便頻數，面色無光。用嫩鹿茸一兩，去毛切片， 山藥末一兩，絹袋裹，置酒瓶中，七日開瓶，日飲三盞。將茸焙，作丸 服。普濟方。 Stag pilose antlers wine. It serves to cure depletion and dysfunction of yang matters (i. e., male sexual potency), frequent urination, and loss of facial luster. Take one liang of tender stag pilose antlers, remove the fur, cut them to pieces, and wrap them together with one liang of dioscorea [root] powder in a silk pouch. This is placed in an earthenware jug filled with wine. After seven days open it, and drink three cups per day. Also, bake the antlers, prepare them to pills, and ingest them. Pu ji fang. 腎虚腰痛，不能反仄。鹿茸炙、兔絲子各一兩，舶茴香半兩，爲末，以羊 腎二對，法酒煮爛，搗泥和丸梧子大，陰乾。每服三十五丸，温酒下，日 三服。本事方。 Kidney depletion and lower back pain. With an inability to turn to the side. One liang each of roasted stag pilose antlers and cuscuta seeds, and half a liang of fennel imported by ships are ground to powder. Also, two pairs of goat kidneys are prepared as usual in wine until mashed. Pound [the powder] with the pulp until evenly mixed, prepare pills the size of wu seeds, and dry them in the shade. Each time ingest 35 pills, to be sent down with warm wine. Three ingestions per day. Ben shi fang. 精血耗涸，耳聾口渴，腰痛白濁，上燥下寒，不受峻補者。鹿茸酒蒸、當歸 酒浸各一兩，焙爲末，烏梅肉煮膏搗丸梧子大。每米飲服五十丸。濟生方。 For patients with a complete drying-up of essence/sperm and blood, with deafness, thirst and lower back pain, and white and turbid [outflow], dryness above and cold below, and if these [patients] do not tolerate a massive supplementation: One liang each of stag pilose antlers steamed with wine and angelica [root] soaked in wine. Bake these [two ingredients] over a slow fire and powder them. Also, boil smoked plum meat and pound it to a paste to be prepared [with the powder] to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time [let the patient] ingest, with a rice beverage, 50 pills. Ji sheng fang. 腰膝疼痛傷敗者。鹿茸塗酥炙紫，爲末，每温酒服一錢。續千金方。 Lower back pain and pain in the knees. Resulting from an injury. Smear butter on stag pilose antlers, roast them until they have turned purple, and grind them to powder. Each time ingest, with warm wine, one qian. Xu qian jin fang.

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小便頻數。鹿茸一對，酥炙爲末。每服二錢，温酒下，日三服。鄭氏家傳 方。 Frequent urination. One pair of stag pilose antlers is roasted with butter and ground to powder. Each time ingest two qian. To be sent down with warm wine. Ingest three times per day. Zheng shi jia chuan fang. 虚痢危困，因血氣衰弱者。鹿茸酥炙一兩爲末，入麝香五分，以燈心煮棗 肉，和丸梧子大。每空心米飲下三五十丸。濟生方。 Depletion free-flux illness 997 in a critical state, because of a weakening of blood and qi. Roast one liang of stag pilose antlers in butter and grind this to powder. Add five fen of musk. Mix this with Chinese date pulp boiled with rush, and prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send down, with a rice beverage on an empty stomach, 30 to 50 pills. Ji sheng fang. 飲酒成泄，骨立不能食，但飲酒即泄。用嫩鹿茸酥炙、肉蓯蓉煨一兩，生 麝香五分，爲末，陳白米飯丸梧子大。每米飲下五十丸。名香茸丸。普濟 方。 Outflow resulting from drinking wine. With [the patient] being emaciated and unable to eat. Once he drinks wine, though, this will result in outflow. Grind tender stag pilose antlers roasted with butter, one liang of stewed cistanche [stem],998 and five fen of fresh musk to powder and prepare this with old white rice to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time send 50 pills down with a rice beverage. They are called “aromatic antler pills.” Pu ji fang. 室女白帶。因衝任虚寒者。鹿茸酒蒸焙二兩，金毛狗脊、白斂各一兩，爲 末，用艾煎醋，打糯米糊丸梧子大。每温酒下五十丸，日二。濟生。 White [discharge from below the] belt of an unmarried girl. Resulting from depletion cold of both the supervisor and the controller vessels. Two liang of stag pilose antlers steamed with wine and baked over a slow fire, plus one liang each of cibotium [rhizome] and ampelopsis [root], are ground to powder. Together with common mugwort leaves boiled in vinegar and glutinous rice ground to a pulp, [the powder] is prepared to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time [let the patient] send down, with warm wine, 50 pills, twice per day. Ji sheng.

997 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 998 Pu ji fang, ch. 208, zhu xie 諸瀉, “all kinds of free-flow,” quoting Wei shi writes dou kou 豆蔻, “round cardamom,” instead of cong rong 蓯蓉, “cistanche stem.”

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51-15-02 角。Jiao. [Deer] horn. 【頌曰】七月採角。以鹿年久者，其角更好。煮以爲膠，入藥彌佳。【斅 曰】鹿角要黄色緊重尖好者。此鹿食靈草，所以異衆鹿也。 [Su] Song: Collect these horns in the seventh month. The older the deer, the better. When boiled until they have turned into a glue they are an excellent ingredient of medication. [Lei] Xiao: Good deer horns are those that are of yellow color, hard, heavy, and pointed. Such deer have eaten magic herbs. Hence [their horns] differ from those of all the other deer. 【修治】【詵曰】凡用鹿角、麋角，並截段錯屑，以蜜浸過，微火焙，令 小變色，曝乾，搗篩爲末。或燒飛爲丹，服之至妙。以角寸截，泥裹，于 器中大火燒一日，如玉粉也。【時珍曰】按崔行功纂要方鹿角粉法：以鹿 角寸截，炭火燒過，搗末，水和成團，以絹袋三五重盛之，再煅再和，如 此五度，以牛乳和，再燒過研用。 Preparation. [Meng] Shen: For all [medicinal] applications of deer horn and Pére David’s deer horn, they are cut into small segments and then scraped to crumbs. These are then soaked in honey and mildly baked over a slow fire to let their color undergo a slight change. Then they are dried in the sun, ground and sifted, and prepared to powder. Or they are burned and prepared, though sublimation, to an elixir that, when ingested, is wondrously [effective]. Or one cun-long segments of the horn are wrapped in clay and burned in a vessel over a large fire for one day. Then they have turned into a jade-like powder. [Li] Shizhen: According to Cui Xinggong’s Zuan yao fang, the method to prepare a deer horn powder is as follows. Deer horn cut into one cun-long segments is burned over a charcoal fire and then ground to powder. This is mixed with water and prepared to pellets. Then fill a silk pouch with them, generating three to five layers. Calcine this and mix it again [with water], and repeat this five times. Then mix it with cow milk, burn it once more, grind it, and use it [as medication]. 【氣味】鹹，温，無毒。杜仲爲之使。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, warm, nonpoisonous. eucommia [bark] serves as its guide. 【主治】惡瘡癰腫，逐邪惡氣，留血在陰中。除少腹血痛，腰脊痛，折傷 惡血。益氣。别録。猫鬼中惡，心腹疼痛。蘇恭。水磨汁服，治脱精尿 血，夜夢鬼交。醋磨汁塗瘡瘍癰腫熱毒。火炙熱，熨小兒重舌、鵝口瘡。 日華。蜜炙研末酒服，輕身强骨髓，補陽道絶傷。又治婦人夢與鬼交者， 清酒服一撮，即出鬼精。燒灰，治女子胞中餘血不盡欲死，以酒服方寸 匕，日三，甚妙。孟詵。

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Control. Malign sores, obstruction-illness999 swelling. It removes evil and malign qi, and stagnant blood in the yin (i. e., genital) section. It removes blood and pain from the lower abdomen, pain from the lower back and spine, malign blood resulting from fractures and injury. It boosts the qi. Bie lu. Cat demons and being struck by the malign. Pain1000 in the heart and abdomen. Su Gong. To ingest the juice obtained from grinding it in water serves to cure loss of essence/sperm and urination with blood. Intercourse with demons in dreams during the night. Smear the juice obtained from grinding it in vinegar on sores, obstruction-illness swelling, heat poison. Heated over fire until hot, it is used to iron a doubled tongue1001 of children. Goose-mouth sores. Rihua. Roasted in honey, ground to powder and ingested with wine it serves to remove the weight of one’s body and strengthens the bones and the marrow. It supplements the yang path and ends injuries. Also, to cure women who dream of intercourse with demons, one pinch ingested with clear wine will make the demon essence leave. Burned to ashes it serves to cure blood that has remained in a woman’s uterus making her wish to die. [Have her] ingest, with wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times a day. Very wondrous. Meng Shen. 【發明】【時珍曰】鹿角，生用則散熱行血，消腫辟邪；熟用則益腎補 虚，强精活血；鍊霜熬膏，則專于滋補矣。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Deer horn used fresh disperses heat and makes the blood move. It dissolves swelling and removes evil. Used prepared it boosts the [qi of the] kidneys and supplements depletion. It strengthens the essence/sperm and quickens the blood. Refined to frost and simmered to a paste, it turns into a nourishing-supplementing [remedy].

【附方】舊十六，新十九。 Added recipes: 16 of old. 19 newly [recorded]. 服鹿角法。鹿角屑十兩，生附子三兩去皮臍，爲末。每服二錢，空心温酒 下。令人少睡，益氣力，通神明。彭祖方。 Method to ingest deer horn. Ten liang of deer horn crumbs and three liang of fresh aconitum [accessory tuber] with the skin removed are ground to powder. Each time 999 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 1000 Zheng lei, ch. 17, lu er 鹿茸, “deer antlers,“ writes zhu 疰, “attachment-illness,” instead oft teng 疼, “pain.“ 1001 Chong she 重舌, “doubled tongue.” A growth under the tongue, mostly in children, similar to a second tongue. BCGM Dict I, 92.

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ingest two qian, to be sent down with warm wine on an empty stomach. This makes one wish to sleep very little, boosts the strength of the qi, and helps one to penetrate [things] with his spirit-brilliance. Peng zu fang. 腎消尿數。鹿角一具，炙搗篩，温酒每服方寸匕，日二。外臺。 Kidney dissolution with frequent urination. One pair of deer horn is roasted, ground and passed through a sieve. [The resulting fine powder] is ingested, with warm wine, in the amount held by a square cun spoon. Twice per day. Wai tai. 骨虚勞極，面腫垢黑，脊痛不能久立，血氣衰憊，髮落齒枯，甚則喜唾。 用鹿角二兩，牛膝酒浸焙一兩半，爲末，煉蜜丸梧子大。每服五十丸，空 心鹽酒下。濟生。 Extreme bone depletion exhaustion. With the face swollen and covered by a black layer. The spine aches and one cannot stand for long. [Patients] are fatigued because blood and qi have waned. The hair has fallen out and the teeth have dried. In extreme cases they wish to spit. Two liang of deer horn and one and a half liang of achyranthes [root] soaked in wine and baked over a slow fire are ground to powder. Use this to prepare, with refined honey, pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 50 pills with salt and wine on an empty stomach. Ji sheng. 腎虚腰痛，如錐刺不能動摇。鹿角屑三兩，炒黄研末。空心温酒服方寸 匕，日三。肘後方。 Kidney depletion with lower back pain as if one had been stung with an awl, and an inability to move or sway. Roast three liang of deer horn crumbs until they have assumed a yellow color and grind them to powder. Ingest, on an empty stomach with warm wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times per day. Zhou hou fang. 卒腰脊痛，不能轉側。鹿角五寸燒赤，投二升酒中，浸一宿飲。梅師。 Sudden lower back pain and painful spine. With an inability to turn to the side. Heat five cun [long segments] of deer horn and give them into two sheng of wine. Let them soak for one night and drink [the liquid]. Mei shi. 婦人腰痛。鹿角屑熬黄研，酒服方寸匕，日五六服。楊氏産乳。 Lower back pain of women. Heat deer horn crumbs until they have turned yellow, and grind them. Ingest, with wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon Five to six ingestions per day. Yang shi chan ru. 妊娠腰痛。鹿角截五寸長，燒赤，投一升酒中，又燒又浸，如此數次，細 研。空心酒服方寸匕。産寶。

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Lower back pain of a pregnant woman. Cut deer horn into segments of five cun length. Heat them until they are red and give them into one sheng of wine. Then heat them again, and soak them again, and repeat this several times. Eventually grind them to a fine powder and ingest, with wine on an empty stomach, the amount held by one square cun spoon. Chan bao. 産後腹痛，血不盡者。鹿角燒研，豉汁服方寸匕，日二。子母秘録。 Abdominal pain following childbirth. When the bleeding does not exhaust itself. Burn deer horn and grind this. Ingest, with fermented soybean juice, the amount held by one square cun spoon. Twice per day. Zi mu mi lu. 妊娠下血不止。鹿角屑、當歸各半兩，水三盞，煎减半，頓服，不過二 服。普濟方。 Discharge of blood by a pregnant woman. When it does not end. One half liang each of deer horn crumbs and angelica [root] are boiled in three cups of water down to one half. This is ingested at once. No more than two ingestions required. Pu ji fang. 胎死腹中。鹿角屑三寸匕，煮葱豉湯和服，立出。百一。 A fetus has died in the abdomen. The amount of deer horn crumbs held by three [square] cun spoons is boiled with a decoction of onions and fermented soybeans to be ingested. [The fetus] will leave immediately. Bai yi. 墮胎血瘀不下，狂悶寒熱。用鹿角屑一兩爲末，豉湯服一錢，日三。須臾 血下。聖惠方。 Blood stagnation following a miscarriage/induced abortion. [The blood] fails to move down, resulting in madness, heart pressure and alternating sensations of cold and heat. Grind one liang of deer horn crumbs to powder, and [let the woman] ingest, with fermented soybean decoction, one qian. Three times per day. The blood will move down after a short while. Sheng hui fang. 胞衣不下。鹿角屑三分爲末，姜湯調下。産乳。 Failure of the placenta to move down. Powder three fen of deer horn crumbs, and [let the woman] send them down mixed with ginger decoction. Chan ru. 産後血運。鹿角一段，燒存性，出火毒，爲末，酒調灌下即醒。楊拱醫方 摘要。 Blood[-induced brain] movements after childbirth. Burn one segment of deer horn by retaining its nature. [Wait] until the fire poison has left. Grind this to powder and mix this with wine. Forcibly send this down [into the woman] and she will regain her consciousness. Yang Gong, Yi fang zhai yao.

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婦人白濁，滑數虚冷者。鹿角屑炒黄爲末，酒服二錢。婦人良方。 White and turbid [discharge] of women. When [the woman’s movement in the vessels] is smooth and frequent, indicating depletion cold. Roast deer horn crumbs until they have turned yellow and grind them to powder. [Let the woman] ingest two qian with wine. Fu ren liang fang. 筋骨疼痛。鹿角燒存性，爲末。酒服一錢，日二。 Aching sinews and bones. Burn deer horn by retaining its nature, and grind this to powder. Ingest, with wine, one qian. Twice per day. 食後喜嘔。鹿角燒末二兩，人參一兩，爲末。薑湯服方寸匕，日三。肘後 方。 A tendency to vomit after meals. Two liang of deer horn burned and ground to powder, and one liang of ginseng [root] are prepared as a powder to be ingested, in the amount held by a square cun spoon, with ginger decoction. Three times per day. Zhou hou fang. 小兒噦疾。鹿角粉、大豆末等分，相和乳調，塗乳上飲之。古今録驗。 Retching illness of children. Mix equal amounts of deer horn powder and soybean powder with the mother’s milk, apply this to the mother’s breast, and have [the child] drink this. Gu jin lu yan. 小兒瘧疾。鹿角生研爲末，先發時以乳調一字服。千金。 Malaria illness of children. Grind fresh deer horn to powder and [have the child] ingest one zi of this mixed with its mother’s milk prior to an outbreak. Qian jin. 小兒滯下赤白者。用鹿角灰、髮灰等分，水服三錢，日二。千金方。 Red and white discharge from below the belt of a child. [Have the child] ingest, with water, three qian of a mixture of equal amounts of deer horn ashes and hair from the head burned to ashes. Twice per day. Qian jin fang. 小兒重舌。鹿角末塗舌下，日三。姚和衆方。 Doubled tongue1002 of children. Smear deer horn powder to the region below the tongue. Three times per day. Yao Hechong fang. 小兒流涎，脾熱也。鹿角屑末，米飲服一字。普濟方。 Flow of saliva of a child. This is spleen heat. [Have the child] ingest one zi of deer horn crumbs [ground to] powder with a rice beverage. Pu ji fang. 1002 Chong she 重舌, “doubled tongue.” A growth under the tongue, mostly in children, similar to a second tongue. BCGM Dict I, 92.

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面上皯皰。鹿角尖磨濃汁，厚塗之，神效。 Facial gloom and blister. Rub the tips of deer horn to obtain a thick juice and smear this on the [affected region] as a thick layer. Divinely effective. 面上風瘡。鹿角尖磨酒塗之。聖惠810030。 Wind sores on the face. Rub the tips of deer horn with wine and smear [the resulting juice] onto the [affected region]. Sheng hui. 咽喉骨骾。鹿角爲末，含之嚥津。斗門方。 Choking with a bone stuck in one’s throat. [Let the patient] hold powdered deer horn in his mouth and swallow the resulting liquid. Dou men fang. 蹉跌損傷，血瘀骨痛。鹿角末，酒服方寸匕，日三。千金方。 Injury resulting from stumbling and falling, with stagnant blood and aching bones. Ingest, with wine, powdered deer horn, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times a day. Qian jin fang. 竹木入肉不出者。鹿角燒末，水和塗上，立出。久者不過一夕。千金方。 A bamboo or wood splinter has entered the flesh, and fails to come out again. Burn deer horn, grind this to powder, mix it with water and smear this on top of [the location of the splinter]. It will come out immediately. Those that have been in place for an extended period of time will require no more than one night [to come out]. Qian jin fang. 蠼螋尿瘡。鹿角燒末，苦酒調敷。外臺。 Sores resulting from earwig urine. Burn deer horn, grind this to powder, mix it with bitter wine and apply this [to the affected region]. Wai tai. 五色丹毒。鹿角燒末，豬脂和敷。肘後方。 Multi-color cinnabar poison. 1004 Burn deer horn, grind this to powder and mix this with hog fat to be smeared [on the affected region]. Zhou hou fang. 發背初起。鹿角燒灰，醋和塗之，日五六易。千金。 Effusion of the back1005 in its beginning. Burn deer horn to ashes, mix them with vinegar and smear this on the [affected region]. Change the application five or six times per day. Qian jin. 1003 This recipe is not listed in the Sheng hui. It may be found in Pu ji fang ch. 52, mian chuang 面瘡, “facial sores.” 1004 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poison,” a skin ailment with red rashes. BCGM Dict I, 118 1005 Fa bei 發背, “effusion of the back.” A condition of an obstruction-illness and an impediment-illness developking on one’s back. BCGM Dict I, 148.

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乳發初起。不治殺人。鹿角磨濃汁塗之。并令人嗍去黄水，隨手即散。梅 師方。 Breast effusion1006 in its beginning. If not cured, it will kill that person. Rub deer horn to obtain a thick juice and smear this on the [affected region]. Also, let someone suck the yellow water [from the woman’s inflated breast]. This will disperse it immediately. Mei shi fang. 吹奶焮痛。鹿角屑炒黄爲末，酒服二錢。仍以梳梳之。唐氏經驗方。 Inflated breast1007 with radiating heat pain. Roast deer horn crumbs until they have turned yellow and grind them to powder. [Let the patient] ingest two qian with wine. In addition, move a comb over the [inflated breast]. Tang shi jing yan fang. 下注脚瘡。鹿角燒存性，入輕粉同研，油調塗之。集要。 Downward influx with foot sores. Burn deer horn by retaining its nature. Add calomel and grind both together. Mix this with oil and smear it on the [affected region]. Ji yao. 癤毒腫毒。鹿角尖磨濃汁塗之，甚妙。瀕湖方。 Pimples with poison, swelling with poison. Rub the tip of deer horn to obtain a thick juice and smear it on [the affected region]. Very wondrous. Binhu fang. 癰疽有蟲。鹿角燒，末，苦酒和塗。磨汁亦可。 Obstruction-illness and impediment-illness1008 with a presence of worms/bugs. Deer horn burned and ground to powder is mixed with bitter wine and smeared on [the affected region]. Juice obtained through rubbing [deer horn with wine] is possible, too. 妖魅猫鬼，病人不肯言鬼。以鹿角屑搗末，水服方寸匕，即言實也。録驗。 Goblin-spirits and cat demons. When the patient is unwilling to mention the demons. Grind deer horn crumbs to powder and [have the] patient ingest, with water, the amount held by a square cun spoon. As a result, he will mention the facts. Lu yan. 1006 Ru fa 乳發, breast effusion, identical with fa ru 發乳, breast effusion. A condition of a grave ru yong 乳癰, breast obstruction-illness, with local appearance and also severe headache and fever affecting the entire body. BCGM Dict I, 148; 410. 1007 Chui nai 吹奶, “inflated breast,” a condition with milk blocked after delivery and the breasts turning red and swelling. BCGM Dict I, 101. 1008 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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51-15-03 白膠。Bai jiao. White [deer horn] glue. 一名鹿角膠。本經。粉名鹿角霜。【甄權曰】白膠，一名黄明膠。【時 珍】正誤見黄明膠 Alternative name: Lu jiao jiao 鹿角膠, “deer horn glue.” The Ben jing names the powder lu jiao shuang 鹿角霜, “deer horn frost.” Zhen Quan: Another name of the “white glue” is huang ming jiao 黄明膠 , “yellow bright glue.” [Li] Shizhen: For a correction of this error see [the entry] “yellow bright glue,” huang ming jiao 黄明 膠 (51-15). 【修治】【别録曰】白膠生雲中，煮鹿角作之。【弘景曰】今人少復煮 作，惟合角弓用之。其法：先以米瀋汁漬七日令軟，煮煎如作阿膠法耳。 又一法：剉角令細，入乾牛皮一片，即易消爛。不爾，雖百年無一熟也。 【恭曰】鹿角、麋角，但煮濃汁重煎，即爲膠矣，何必使爛？欲求爛亦 不難，陶未見耳。【詵曰】作膠法：細破寸截，以河水浸七日令軟，方煮 之。【斅曰】采全角鋸開，並長三寸，以物盛，于急水中浸一百日取出， 刀刮去黄皮，拭净。以醶醋煮七日，旋旋添醋，勿令少歇。戌時不用着 火，只從子至戌也。日足，角軟如粉，搗爛，每十兩入無灰酒一鎰，煮成 膠，陰乾研篩用。 Preparation. Bie lu: White [deer horn] glue originates in Yun zhong. It is prepared by boiling deer horn. [Tao] Hongjing: Nowadays, the people rarely prepare it by repeated boiling, as they make use of it only when constructing horn bows. The method is as follows. First soak [deer horn] in water in which rice had been washed until, after seven days, it has become soft. Then it is boiled the same way as in the preparation of donkey hide gelatin. Another method: Cut the horn into fine pieces and add one piece of dried cow hide. This will let it easily turn into something mashed [in water]. Otherwise even boiling it for a hundred years will not cause it to be well-done. [Su] Gong: Deer horn and Pére David’s deer horn can be transformed into a glue only through boiling them to obtain a thick juice, and then boiling them again. Why should it be essential to have it mashed? Well, if one wants to have it mashed, this is not at all difficult. Only Tao [Hongjing] was not aware of it. [Meng] Shen: The method to prepare glue: Break [deer horn] into fine segments of one cun length. Then soak it in river water1009 for seven days until it has become soft. Then boil it. [Lei] Xiao: Saw a complete horn into segments of three cun length. Give them into a container filled with fast flowing water and let them soak for 100 days 1009 Zheng lei, ch. 17, lu er 鹿茸, “deer antler,“ writes fen shui 饙水, “steaming water,“ instead of he shui 河水, “river water.“

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before taking them out again. Remove the yellow skin with a knife, and wipe them clean. Then boil them in brine and vinegar for seven days. Stir [the liquid] without pause and add vinegar when necessary. At the xu hours (7 p. m. – 9 p. m.) it must be removed from the fire. The boiling lasts only from the zi [hours] (11 p.m. – 1 a.m.) to the xu hours (7 p.m. – 9 p.m.). After these days have passed, the horn will be soft like a powder, and it is then pounded until it is mashed. For each application bring ten liang into one yi of ash-free wine, and boil this until the glue has formed. Dry it in the shade, grind it to powder, sift it and then use it. 【時珍曰】今人呼煮爛成粉者，爲鹿角霜。取粉熬成膠，或只以濃汁熬成 膏者，爲鹿角膠。按胡濙衛生方云：以米泔浸鹿角七日令軟，入急流水中 浸七日，去粗皮，以東流水、桑柴火煮七日，旋旋添水，入醋少許，搗 成霜用。其汁加無灰酒，熬成膠用。又邵以正濟急方云：用新角三對， 寸截，盛于長流水浸三日，刮净，入楮實子、桑白皮、黄蠟各二兩，鐵鍋 中水煮三日夜，不可少停。水少即添湯。日足，取出刮净，晒研爲霜。韓 𢘅醫通云：以新鹿角寸截，囊盛，于流水中浸七日，以瓦缶入水，桑柴火 煮，每一斤入黄蜡半斤，以壺掩住，水少旋添。其角軟，以竹刀刮净，搗 爲霜用。 [Li] Shizhen: Nowadays the people call the powder obtained by boiling [the horn] until it is mashed [and then drying and grinding it] “deer horn frost.” They then boil this powder to prepare the glue. Others simply boil it with a thick juice to form a paste and regard this as deer horn glue. According to Hu Ying’s Wei sheng fang, “deer horn is soaked in water that has been used to wash rice for seven days to let it become soft. Then it is given into fast flowing water to soak for another seven days. Then the crude skin is removed and it is boiled on a mulberry firewood fire in water flowing toward the East for seven days again. The liquid is constantly stirred, and water is added when necessary. A small amount of vinegar is added, and eventually [the horns] are pounded to generate the ‘frost’. This then is used. To the juice one adds ash-free wine and boils it to eventually obtain the glue which is then ready for use.” Also, Shao Yizheng in his Ji ji fang states: “Cut three pairs of new horns into segments of one cun length. Then give them into a vessel filled with water that has passed over a long distance and have them soak in there for three days. Then scrape them clean and add two liang each of paper mulberry fruit, mulberry tree bark, and yellow beeswax, and boil this in an iron cauldron filled with water for three days and nights. There must be no break. Once the water has decreased, new water is added. When the required days have passed, remove [the horns from the liquid] and scrape them clean. Then dry them in the sun and grind them to obtain the ‘frost’.” Han Mao in his Yi tong states: “Cut new deer horns into one cun segments and fill them

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into a pouch. This is soaked in flowing water for seven days. Then it is given into an earthenware pot with water and boiled over a mulberry firewood fire. For each jin, half a jin of yellow beeswax is added. Keep the pot covered all the time. When the water has diminished, stir it and add more. Once the horns are soft, scrape them clean with a bamboo knife and pound them to generate the ‘frost’ which is then ready to be used.” 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【别録曰】温。得火良，畏大黄。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Warm. Good when exposed to fire. It fears rhubarb root. 【主治】傷中勞絶，腰痛羸瘦，補中益氣。婦人血閉無子，止痛安胎。久 服輕身延年。本經。療吐血下血，崩中不止，四肢作痛，多汗淋露，折跌 傷損。别録。男子損臟氣，氣弱勞損，吐血。婦人服之，令有子，安胎去 冷，治漏下赤白。藥性。炙搗酒服，補虚勞，長肌益髓，令人肥健，悦顔 色。又治勞嗽，尿精尿血，瘡瘍腫毒。時珍。 Damaged center1010 and exhaustion cut [of qi flow]. With lower back pain and emaciation. It supplements the center and boosts the qi. For women whose bleeding is closed and who have no children. It stops pain and pacifies the fetus. Ingested over a long time, it takes the weight from one’s body and extends his years of life. Ben jing. It heals blood spitting and discharge of blood, unending collapse of the center, pain in the four extremities, profuse sweating and [sweat] dripping like dew [drops]. Fractures resulting from falls, and injuries. Bie lu. Injured long-term depot1011 qi of males and exhaustion injury, blood spitting. When women ingest it, they will have a son. It pacifies the fetus and removes cold. It serves to cure leaking discharge of red and white color. Yao xing. Roasted, pounded and ingested with wine it supplements depletion exhaustion, makes the muscles grow and boosts the marrow. It lets one become fat and strong, and have a happy complexion. Also, it serves to cure exhaustion cough, and urination with essence/sperm, as well as urination with blood, and sores and ulcers with swelling and poison. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【斅曰】凡使，鹿角勝于麋角。【頌曰】今醫家多用麋茸、麋 角，云力緊于鹿也。【時珍曰】蘇東坡良方云：鹿陽獸，見陰而角解；麋 陰獸，見陽而角解。故補陽以鹿角爲勝，補陰以麋角爲勝。其不同如此， 1010 Shang zhong 傷中, “damaged center,” a condition brought forth by damage inflicted upon any essential internal matter, such as essence qi and blood, not just central qi. BCGM Dict I, 428. 1011 Zheng lei, ch. 17, bai jiao 白膠, “white glue,” writes nan zi shen zang qi 男子腎臟氣, “the qi of male kidney long-term depots,” instead of 男子損臟氣, “Injured long-term depot qi of males.”

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但云鹿勝麋，麋勝鹿，疏矣。按此説與沈存中鹿茸利補陰，麋茸利補陽之 説相反。以理與功推之，蘇説爲是。詳見茸下。 Explication. [Lei] Xiao: Deer horn is better than Pére David’s deer horn. [Su] Song: Nowadays, physicians often use the young pilose antlers of Pére David’s deer, and Pére David’s deer horns. They say, their strength is greater than that of deer. [Li] Shizhen: Su Dongpo in his Liang fang states: “The deer are yang animals. Once they encounter yin [qi], they shed their horns. The Pére David’s deer are yin animals. Once they encounter yang [qi], they shed their horns. Hence, deer horns are best to supplement yang [qi], while Pére David’s deer horns are best to supplement yin [qi]. This is their difference. However, to state that deer are superior to Pére David’s deer, or that Pére David’s deer are superior to deer, that is far from appropriate.” Now, this is exactly opposite to the statement by Chen Cunzhong that deer pilose antlers benefit and supplement the yin, while Pére David’s deer pilose antlers benefit and supplement the yang. If these [two contradictory statements] are judged on the basis of underlying principles and their effects, then Su [Song’s] statement should be correct. For details see the entry “pilose antlers.”

【附方】舊七，新一。 Added recipes: Seven of old. One newly [recorded]. 異類有情丸。韓氏醫通云：此方自製者。凡丈夫中年覺衰，便可服餌。蓋 鹿乃純陽，龜、虎屬陰，血氣有情，各從其類，非金石草木比也。其方用 鹿角霜，治法見上，龜板酒浸七日，酥炙研，各三兩六錢，鹿茸燻乾，酒 洗净，酥塗炙，研，虎脛骨，長流水浸七日，蜜塗酥炙，各二兩四錢，水 火煉蜜，入豶豬脊髓九條，搗丸梧子大。每空心鹽湯下五七九十丸，如厚 味善飲者，加豬膽汁一二合，以寓降火之義。 The “pills to make different kinds become fond of each other.” The Han shi yi tong states: “This is a recipe to be prepared by oneself. It can be ingested by middle-aged men who feel weak. The fact is, deer are pure yang. Tortoises and tigers are yin. The nature of their blood and qi is that of their [yin and yang] category. This is always based on their group correspondences, and it is different from metals, minerals, herbs or woods. This recipe makes use of three liang six qian each of deer horn frost – for the method to prepare it, see above –and of tortoise shell soaked in wine for seven days, roasted in butter and ground to powder. [Furthermore:] two liang four qian each of pilose antlers of deer smoked until dry, washed clean in vinegar, roasted after being covered with butter, and ground to powder, and of shinbones of a tiger, soaked for seven days in water that has run a long distance, roasted in butter after being covered with honey, [furthermore] honey refined in water and over fire, and

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nine threads of marrow from the spine of a castrated pig. All [these ingredients] are ground to prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 50, 70 or 90 such pills to be sent down, on an empty stomach, with brine. If [the patient] loves to eat and drink a lot, add one or two ge of pig bile to bring down his internal fire.” 盗汗遺精。鹿角霜二兩，生龍骨炒、牡蠣煅各一兩，爲末，酒糊丸梧子 大。每鹽湯下四十丸。普濟。 Robber sweat and involuntary loss of essence/sperm. Two liang of deer horn frost, and one liang each of roasted fresh dragon bones and calcined oyster shells are ground to powder to be prepared, with wine and flour, to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 40 such pills to be sent down with brine. Pu ji. 虚勞尿精。白膠二兩，炙爲末，酒二升和，温服。外臺。 Depletion exhaustion and urination with essence/sperm. Two liang of white glue are roasted, [ground to] powder and mixed with two sheng of wine, to be ingested warm. Wai tai. 虚損尿血。白膠三兩炙，水二升煮一升四合，分服。外臺。 Depletion injury and urination with blood. Three liang of white glue are roasted and boiled in two sheng of water down to one sheng, four ge. This is divided into several portions to be ingested separately. Wai tai. 小便不禁。上熱下寒者，鹿角霜爲末，酒糊和丸梧桐子大，每服三四十 丸，空心温酒下。普濟。 Unending urination. For those with heat above and cold below. Grind deer horn frost to powder and prepare this, with wine and flour, to pills the size of firmiana seeds. Each time ingest 30 to 40 pills, to be send down with warm wine on an empty stomach. Pu ji. 小便頻數。鹿角霜、白茯苓等分，爲末，酒糊丸梧子大，每服三十丸，鹽 湯下。梁氏總要。 Frequent urination. Equal amounts of deer horn frost and white poria are ground to powder and prepared, with wine and flour, to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 30 pills, to be sent down with hot brine. Liang shi zong yao. 男子陽虚，甚有補益。方同上。 Yang depletion of males. It very much serves to supplement and boost [the qi]. Recipe identical with the one above. 湯火灼瘡。白膠水煎，令稠，待冷塗之。斗門方。

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Sores resulting from burns and scalds. Boil white glue in water until it has turned into a thick liquid. Wait until it has cooled and smear it on the [affected regions]. Dou men fang. 51-15-04 齒。Chi. [Deer] tooth. 【主治】鼠瘻，留血，心腹痛。不可近丈夫陰。蘇恭。 Control. Mouse sores, stagnant blood, and pain in heart and abdomen. They must not be brought close to a man’s yin [member (i.e., penis)]. Su Gong. 51-15-05 骨。Gu. [Deer] bone. 【氣味】甘，微熱，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly hot, nonpoisonous. 【主治】安胎下氣，殺鬼精物，久服奈老，可酒浸服之。孟詵。作酒，主 内虚，續絶傷，補骨除風。思邈。燒灰水服，治小兒洞注下痢。時珍。 Control. It pacifies the fetus and discharges qi. It kills demon and essence items. Ingested over an extended period of time, it helps to grow old. It can be ingested soaked in wine. Meng Shen. Prepared as a wine, it controls internal depletion, connects cuts and wounds, supplements the bones and removes wind. [Sun] Simiao. Burned to ashes and ingested with water, it serves to cure outpour discharge and free-flux illness 1012 of children. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 補益虚羸。鹿骨煎：用鹿骨一具，枸杞根二升，各以水一斗，煎汁五升， 和匀，共煎五升，日二服。千金。 To supplement and boost depletion and emaciation. The “decoction with deer bones.” One deer bone and two sheng of lycium [herb] root are separately boiled in one dou of water down to five sheng. Then the two liquids are mixed, and boiled down again to five sheng. To be ingested twice per day. Qian jin.

1012 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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51-15-06 肉。Rou. [Deer] meat. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【詵曰】九月已後，正月已前，堪食。他月不可 食，發冷痛。白臆者豹文者，並不可食。鹿肉脯炙之不動，及見水而動， 或曝之不燥者，並殺人。不可同雉肉、蒲白、鮠魚、蝦食，發惡瘡。禮記 云：食鹿去胃。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: It can be eaten after the ninth month and before the first month. During the other months, it must not be eaten, lest it cause cold and pain. [Meat from animals] with a white front, or with a leopard design, must not be eaten either. When preserved deer meat is roasted and fails to move, or when it moves when it is exposed to water, or when it is exposed to the sun and fails to dry, all such meat will kill one. It must not be eaten together with pheasant meat, the white parts of acorus standing above the mud, catfish and shrimps. This would cause malign sores. The Li ji states: “When eating deer, discard the stomach.” 【主治】補中益氣力，强五臟。生者療中風口僻，割片薄之。别録。華佗 云：中風口偏者，以生肉同生椒搗貼，正即除之。補虚瘦弱，調血脉。孟 詵。養血生容，治産後風虚邪僻。時珍。外臺有鹿肉湯。 Control. It supplements the center, boosts the strength of the qi and strengthens the five long-term depots. Fresh [deer meat] serves to heal being struck by wind,1013 with a slanted mouth. Cut it into pieces and apply them [to the affected region.]. Bie lu. Hua Tuo states: “For being struck by wind with a slanted mouth, pound fresh [deer] meat together with fresh Chinese pepper to a pulp and apply this [to the affected region]. Once [the mouth] has returned to its proper condition, remove the [pulp].” It supplements depletion emaciation and weakness, and adjusts the blood vessels. Meng Shen. It nourishes the blood and generates complexion. It serves to cure the evil of wind [intrusion into a condition of ] depletion following childbirth. [Li] Shizhen. The Wai tai lists a “decoction with deer meat.” 【發明】【思邈曰】壺居士言鹿性多警烈，能别良草，止食葛花葛葉、鹿 葱、鹿藥、白蒿、水芹、甘草、薺苨、齊頭蒿、山蒼耳，他草不食。處必 山岡，故産則歸下澤。饗神用其肉者，以其性烈清浄也。凡藥餌之人，久 食鹿肉，服藥必不得力，爲其食解毒之草制諸藥也。【弘景曰】野獸之 1013 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683.

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中，麞、鹿可食生，則不羶腥。又非十二辰屬，八卦無主，且温補，于人 生死無尤，道家許聽爲補，過其餘，雖雞、犬、牛、羊補益，于亡魂有愆 責，並不足食。【宗奭曰】三祀皆以鹿腊，亦取此義，且味亦勝他肉。 【時珍曰】邵氏言：鹿之一身皆益人，或煮，或蒸，或脯，同酒食之良。 大抵鹿乃仙獸，純陽多壽之物，能通督脉，又食良草，故其肉、角有益無 損。陶説亦妄耳。 Explication. Hu Jushi states that “deer by nature are easily alarmed and stern. They are able to distinguish between good [and bad] herbs. All they eat are pueraria flowers and pueraria leaves, false hellebore, smilacina herb, artemisia sieversiana herb, Chinese celery, glycyrrhiza [root], apricot-leaved adenophora [root], Japanese artemisia, and mountain xanthium [stem and leaves]. They do not eat other herbs. They only live in low hill regions, and when they are to give birth they return to the marshes in the lowlands. For sacrifices to the spirits, their meat is resorted to because their nature is stern, clear and clean. People who ingest medication will deprive their medications of their strength when they eat deer meat over a long time. This is because [deer] eat herbs that resolve poison, and therefore will control [the strength of ] all medications.” [Tao] Hongjing: Among the wild animals, the [meat of ] Pére David’s deer and deer can be eaten. As long as it is fresh, it does not have the rank odor [of other wild animals]. Also, [Pére David’s deer and deer] are not associated with the twelve celestial bodies, and they are not controlled by the eight trigrams. Furthermore, [their meat] is warm and supplementing, and has no specific effect on human life or death. Daoists permit it to be prepared as dried/ preserved food, because [its flavor] surpasses all the other [animals’ meat]. However, even though [the meat] of chicken, dogs, oxen and goats/sheep is supplementing and boosting [too, eating it] is a transgression against the departed hun-souls [of these animals]. Hence it must not be eaten. [Kou] Zongshi: The fact that dried deer meat is resorted to in the performance of the three sacrifices to the gods is based on the same idea. Also, the flavor [of deer meat] is superior to other kinds of meat. [Li] Shizhen: Mr. Shao states: “The entire body of deer boosts [the qi of ] humans. Regardless of whether it is boiled, or steamed, or prepared as preserved food, it is good when eaten together with wine.” Basically, the deer is an animal of the hermits. It is an item of pure yang and many years of life. [Its meat] can pass through the supervisor vessel. Also, since it eats good herbs, its meat and horns do only have a boosting but no harming effects. What Tao [Hongjing] said was unfounded.

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51-15-07 頭肉。Tou rou. Meat from the head [of a deer]. 【氣味】平。 Qi and Flavor. Balanced. 【主治】消渴，夜夢鬼物，煎汁服，作膠彌善。蘇恭。【宗奭曰】頭可釀 酒，須於作漿時，稍益葱、椒。 Control. Melting with thirst, 1014 night-time dreams of demonic beings. The juice obtained by boiling it is ingested. It is especially suited for preparing glue. Su Gong. [Kou] Zongshi: The head can be used to brew wine, and when it is used to prepare jiang, one should add some onions and Chinese pepper.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 老人消渴。鹿頭一箇，去毛煮爛，和五味，空心食，以汁嚥之。鄙事。 Melting with thirst of old people. One deer head, with its fur removed, is boiled to a pulp, mixed with the five spices and eaten on an empty stomach. To be swallowed with the juice. Bi shi. 51-15-08 蹄肉。Ti rou. Meat from the trotters [of a deer]. 【氣味】平。 Qi and Flavor. Balanced. 【主治】諸風，脚膝骨中疼痛，不能踐地，同豉汁、五味煮食。孫思邈。 Control. All kinds of wind. In the case of pain in the legs, the knees and the bones, making it unable to tread on the ground, it is to be eaten boiled together with the juice of fermented soybeans and the five spices. Sun Simiao.

1014 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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51-15-09 脂。Zhi. [Deer] fat. 【主治】癰腫死肌，温中，四肢不隨，頭風，通腠理。不可近陰。蘇恭。 【時珍曰】此乃本經麋脂正文，而蘇氏以註鹿脂，二脂功或同耶？ Control. Obstruction-illness1015 with swelling, and dead muscles. It warms the center. When the four limbs do not follow one’s will. Head wind. It penetrates the skin structures. It must not come into close contact with one’s yin (i.e., genital) region. Su Gong. [Li] Shizhen: This is the original text on Pére David’s deer fat from the Ben jing. But Mr. Su [Gong] used it as a comment on deer fat. Are the effects of the two kinds of fat in some respect identical?

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 面上皯皰：鹿脂塗之，日再。聖惠方。 Facial gloom and blisters. Apply deer fat to them. Twice per day. Sheng hui fang. 51-15-10 髓。Sui. [Deer] marrow. 煉净入藥。 Thoroughly refined it is added to medications. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】丈夫女子傷中絶脉，筋急痛，欬逆，以酒和，服之良。别録。同 蜜煮服，壯陽道，令有子。同地黄汁煎膏服，填骨髓，壯筋骨，治嘔吐。 日華。補陰强陽，生精益髓，潤燥澤肌。時珍。 Control. Damaged center1016 of males or females with the [flow through] vessels interrupted, when the sinews are tense and ache, with cough and [qi] moving contrary to their normal flow, to ingest it mixed with wine is good. Bie lu. Ingested boiled 1015 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 1016 Shang zhong 傷中, “damaged center,” a condition brought forth by damage inflicted upon any essential internal matter, such as essence qi and blood, not just central qi. BCGM Dict I, 428.

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with honey it strengthens [a male’s] yang paths, and helps him to have children. Boiled with Chinese foxglove [rhizome] juice and ingested as a paste, it fills up bone marrow, strengthens sinews and bones, and serves to cure vomiting. Rihua. It supplements the yin and strengthens the yang. It generates essence/sperm and boosts the marrow. It moistens dryness and enriches the muscles. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【頌曰】髓可作酒，唐方多有其法。【時珍曰】鹿髓，近方稀用 者。删繁方治肺虚毛悴，酥髓湯用之。御藥院方滋補藥，用其脊髓和酒熬 膏丸藥，甚爲有理。白飛霞醫通云：取鹿腦及諸骨髓鍊成膏，每一兩，加 鍊蜜二兩鍊匀，瓷器密收，用和滋補丸藥劑甚妙。凡腰痛屬腎虚寒者，以 和古方摩腰膏，薑汁化一粒擦腎堂，則暖氣透入丹田如火，大補元陽。此 法甚佳，人鮮知之。 Explication. [Su] Song: [Deer] marrow can be used to make wine; the method is described in many recipes of the Tang. [Li] Shizhen: Deer marrow is used only rarely in recipes of more recent times. The Shan fan fang [advises one to] use it in the “decoction with butter and marrow” to cure lung depletion with haggard hair. A “nourishing and supplementing medication” in the Yu yao yuan fang resorts to marrow from a [deer’s] spine boiled mixed with wine to a paste and prepared to pills. This makes great sense. Bai Feixia’s Yi tong states: “Refine deer brain and marrow from all the bones to generate a paste, for each [dose] refine one liang of it with two liang of refined honey until mixed evenly and store this in a tightly sealed porcelain vessel. When this is used together with nourishing and supplementing pills as a medication, its [effects] are very wondrous.” For all lower back pain associated with a depletion cold in the kidneys, it may be used with the ointments to rub the lower back recommended in ancient recipes. A pellet [size quantity of deer marrow] dissolved in ginger juice and applied to the shen tang (i.e., shen shu 腎腧, needle insertion hole, BL-23) will cause warm qi to seep into the cinnabar field like fire and massively supplement the original yang. This method is very fine, but only few people are aware of it.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes. One newly [recorded]. 鹿髓煎。治肺痿欬嗽，傷中脉絶，用鹿髓、生地黄汁各七合，酥、蜜各一 兩，杏仁、桃仁各三兩去皮炒，酒一升，同搗取汁，先煎杏仁、桃仁、地 黄汁减半，入三味煎如稀餳。每含一匙嚥下，日三。聖濟。 Decoction with deer marrow. To cure lung dysfunction with cough, and damaged center with the [flow through] vessels interrupted, use seven ge each of deer marrow

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and fresh Chinese foxglove [rhizome] juice, one liang each of butter and honey, three liang each of apricot and peach seeds, with their skin removed and roasted and pounded together in one sheng of wine to a juice. First fry the apricot and peach seeds in the Chinese foxglove [rhizome] juice down to one half, and add the remaining three substances. This is then fried until it has turned into something like thin malt-sugar. Each time [let the patient] hold a spoonful in his mouth and then swallow it. Three times a day. Sheng ji. 51-15-11 腦。Nao. [Deer] brain. 【主治】入面脂，令人悦澤。蘇頌。刺入肉内不出，以腦敷之，燥即易， 半日當出。深師。 Control. Added to facial creams, it makes one appear happy and adds lustre [to his complexion]. Su Song. When a thorn has penetrated one’s flesh and fails to come out again, apply [deer] brain to [the affected region], and replace it [with fresh brain] once it has dried. [The thorn] will come out within half a day. Shen shi. 51-15-12 精。Jing. [Deer] essence/sperm. 【主治】補虚羸勞損。時珍。 Control. It supplements depletion, emaciation, exhaustion and injury. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【韓𢘅曰】王師授予鹿䘒丸方，云：鹿禀純陽，而䘒者，天地初 分之氣，牝牡相感之精也。醫書稱鹿茸、角、血、髓大有補益，而此䘒則 入神矣。其法：用初生牡鹿三五隻，苑圃馴養。每日以人參煎湯，同一切 草藥，任其飲食。久之，以硫黄細末和入，從少至多，燥則漸减，周而復 始。大約三年之内，一旦毛脱筋露，氣盛陽極。却以牝鹿隔苑誘之，欲交 不得，則精洩于外。或令其一交，即設法取其精，瓦器收之，香粘如餳， 是爲䘒也。用和鹿角霜一味爲丸，空心鹽酒下，大起胎羸虚瘵危疾，凡服 滋補丸藥，用此入鍊蜜和劑絶妙。【時珍曰】按老子云：骨弱筋柔而握 固。未知牝牡之合而䘒作者，精之至也。䘒，音子催切，赤子陰也。今作 鹿精之名，亦未爲穩。 Explication. Han Mao: My teacher Wang taught me how to prepare the “pills with a deer’s genital strength.” Deer are concentrated yang, and their genitals contain the qi originating from the earliest separation of heaven and earth. They are the essence underlying the mutual affection among males and females. The medical literature

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attests deer hairy antlers, horns, blood and marrow a massive supplementing and boosting effect, but their genital strength, it enters one’s spirit. The method [to prepare these pills is as follows]. Five newborn male deer are kept and raised in a fenced in park. Each day they are fed with a ginseng [root] decoction and with all kinds of medicinal herbs. After an extended period of time, a fine sulphur powder is added. One begins with a small amount and this is continually increased. When [the animals] become restless, gradually reduce the amount again. When the beginning [of the smallest dose] is reached, start this circle again. Probably after three years, [the deer] will shed their fur, and their sinew (i.e., penis) will lay open. It will be completely filled with yang qi. Then place female deer on the other side of the fence to attract [the male deer. The latter] wish to mate, but are unable to do so. Hence their essence/sperm flows off to the outside. Or one lets them mate and devises a method to gather their essence/sperm. This is then kept in an earthenware vessel. It has an aromatic scent and is sticky like malt-sugar, and this is the “genital strength” [of deer]. It is used together with deer horn frost to prepare pills, to be sent down on an empty stomach with salt and wine. They are very helpful to cure critical conditions such as fetal emaciation and depletion consumption. Whenever one ingests nourishing and supplementing medicinal pills, he may add [deer essence/ sperm] in refined honey to the medication, and the effects will be wondrous. [Li] Shizhen: According to Lao zi, “[a newborn baby] has weak bones and soft sinews but its hands are nevertheless able to firmly grasp something. And even though it is not aware yet of the sexual union of man and wife, its genital strength [lets its penis show an erection]. This is so, because its essence/sperm is present already.” The character 䘒 is read zui, from split reading zi 子 and cui 催. It is the yin [member, i.e., penis] of boys. Nowadays it is used to designate the essence/sperm of deer, but this is not widely accepted. 51-15-13 血。Xue. [Deer] blood. 【主治】陰痿，補虚，止腰痛鼻衄，折傷，狂犬傷。蘇恭。和酒服，治肺 痿吐血，及崩中帶下。日華。諸氣痛欲危者，飲之立愈。汪頴。大補虚 損，益精血，解痘毒、藥毒。時珍。 Control. Yin dysfunction. It supplements depletion. It ends lower back pain, nosebleed, fractures, and harm caused by mad dogs. Su Gong. Ingested together with wine, it serves to cure lung dysfunction with blood spitting, and collapsing center1017 1017 Beng zhong 崩中, “collapsing center,” excessive vaginal bleeding outside of a menstruation period. BCGM Dict I, 58.

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with discharge from below the belt. Rihua. Whenever a pain caused by qi is about to become critical, to drink it achieves an immediate cure. Wang Ying. It massively supplements depletion injury, boosts essence and blood, and resolves smallpox poison and medicinal poison. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【頌曰】近世有服鹿血酒者，云得於射生者，因采捕入山失道， 數日飢渴將委頓。惟獲一生鹿，刺血數升飲之，飢渴頓除。及歸，遂覺 血氣充盛異人。有效而服之者，刺鹿頭角間血，酒和飲之更佳。【時珍 曰】近世韓飛霞補益方有斑龍晏法，孫氏解痘毒有陰陽二血丸，皆古所未 知者。而沈存中又以刺血代茸爲非，亦一説也。 Explication. [Su] Song: In recent times some people ingest deer blood with wine. They say, “there once was a hunter who entered the mountains to shoot [a deer] and obtain [its blood] while it was still alive. But he lost his way and after several days he was so hungry and thirsty that he felt very exhausted. Eventually he caught a living deer, pierced it and drank several sheng of its blood. As a result, his hunger and thirst were all gone. When he returned home, he felt like a different person, filled with blood and qi. To ingest it and experience its effects, deer blood is obtained by piercing the animal on its head between the horns. When drunk with wine it is especially fine.” [Li] Shizhen: In recent times, Han Feixia had a recipe to supplement and boost based on a method of “speckled dragon feast.” Mr. Sun had the “pills with the two kinds of blood, yin and yang,” to resolve smallpox poison. All of this was not yet known in antiquity. Also, another statement is that of Shen Cunzhong who said that it was wrong to puncture [a deer to obtain its] blood as a substitute for its hairy antlers.

【附方】新三。 Added recipes. Three newly [recorded]. 斑龍晏。用馴養牡鹿一二隻，每日以人參一兩煎水與飲，將滓拌土産草料 米豆，以時餵之，勿雜他水草。百日之外露筋，可用矣。晏法：夜前减其 食，次早將布縛鹿於床，首低尾昂，令有力者抱定前足，有角者執定角， 無角者以木囊頭拘之，使頭不動。用三稜針刺其眼之大眦前毛孔，名天池 穴。以銀管長三寸許插向鼻梁，坐定，咂其血，飲藥酒數盃。再咂再飲， 以醉爲度。鼻中流出者，亦可接和酒飲。飲畢避風，行升降工夫，爲一晏 也。用生肌藥敷鹿穴，養之。月可一度，一鹿可用六七年。不拘男女老 少，服之終身無疾而壽，乃仙家服食丹方二十四品之一也。藥酒以八珍散 加沉香，木香煮之。

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Speckled dragon feast. One or two male deer are raised and fed by having them drink, each day, one liang of an aqueous ginseng [root] decoction. Also, mix the dregs [of this decoction] with locally produced fodder, rice and beans, and have [the deer] eat this from time to time. Do not give it any additional water and herbs. After 100 days, a deer’s sinew (i.e., penis) can be used [as follows]. The “method to feast.” On the previous night decrease the food. The next morning, tie the deer with a piece of cloth onto a bench, with its head hanging down and its tail raised. Then have a strong person hold its front legs. If the [deer] has horns, they are to be held to fix [the head]. If it has no horns, a wooden frame is applied to keep its head from moving. Then take a needle with three edges and pierce the hole located in front of the inner canthi of the eyes, named “celestial pond hole.” Next a silver tube of three cun length is punctured there toward the bridge of the nose, and [the patient] in a stable seating position is to suck the blood. Then he is to drink several cups of medicinal wine, and again suck and again drink until he is intoxicated. If blood flows out of the [animal’s] nose it, too, can be collected and is drunk together with wine. After he has ended the drinking, [the patient] must avoid an exposure to wind, and he is to make gymnastic movements of raising and lowering [his body]. This then is one feast. Now apply a medication to make the muscles grow to the hole pierced into the deer, and further nourish it. This can be done once a month, and one deer can be used for six to seven years. Regardless of whether men or women, old or young persons ingest [such deer blood], they will not fall ill their entire life and enjoy longevity. This is just one of the 24 items of elixir recipes consumed by hermits. The medicinal wine [mentioned above] is prepared with the “powder with the eight jewels” boiled [in wine] together with aloes wood and aucklandia [root]. 陰陽二血丸。治小兒痘瘡，未出者稀，已出者减。用鹿血、兔血，各以青 紙盛，置灰上，晒乾，乳香、没藥各一兩，雄黄、黄連各五錢，朱砂、麝 香各一錢，爲末。煉蜜丸緑豆大。每服十丸，空心酒下。兒小者减之。孫 氏集效方。 The “pills with the two kinds of blood, yin and yang.” They serve to cure smallpox sores of children. There will be few if [the pills are ingested] prior to their appearance. They will be decreased if [the pills are ingested] once they have appeared. Fill a piece of greenish paper with deer blood and one with hare/rabbit blood, place them on ashes, and have them dry under the sun. [These two ingredients] are ground to powder together with one liang each of frankincense and myrrh, five qian each of realgar and coptis [rhizome], as well as one qian each of cinnabar and musk. [This powder] is prepared, with refined honey, to pills the size of green beans. Each time

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[let the patient] ingest ten such pills, to be sent down, on an empty stomach, with wine. For children the dose is reduced. Sun shi ji xiao fang. 鼻血時作。乾鹿血炒枯，將酒酻薰二三次，仍用酒酻半盃和服之。 Occasional nosebleed episodes. Roast dried deer blood until it is completely desiccated. Then expose it, two or three times, to the steam above [heated] wine and ingest it, mixed with half a cup of this wine. 51-15-14 腎。Shen. [Deer] kidneys. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】補腎氣。别録。補中，安五臟，壯陽氣，作酒及煮粥食之。日華。 Control. They supplement the kidney qi. Bie lu. They supplement the center, pacify the five long-term depots and strengthen the yang qi. They can be used to make wine, and are eaten boiled to a congee. Rihua.

【附方】舊一。 Added recipes. One of old. 腎虚耳聾。用鹿腎一對，去脂膜，切，以豉汁入粳米二合煮粥食。亦可作 羹。聖惠方。 Kidney depletion and deafness. One pair of kidneys cut into pieces after fat and membranes are removed is boiled with two ge of nonglutinous rice in the juice of fermented soybeans to a congee to be ingested [by the patient]. One may alternatively prepare this as a gruel. Sheng hui fang. 51-15-15 膽。Dan. [Deer] gallbladder/bile. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】消腫散毒。時珍。 Control. It decreases swelling and disperses poison. [Li] Shizhen.

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51-15-16 筋。Jin. [Deer] sinew. 【主治】勞損續絶。蘇恭。塵沙眯目者，嚼爛挼入目中，則粘出。時珍。 Control. Life threatening exhaustion injury. Su Gong. When dust or sand has got into one’s eyes, he is to chew [deer sinews] until they have turned into a paste, and insert this into the eyes. [The dust] will be emitted with the paste. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】舊一。 Added recipes. One of old. 骨鯁。鹿筋漬軟，搓索令緊，大如彈丸。持筋端吞至鯁處，徐徐引之，鯁 着筋出。外臺。 Choking on a bone. Soak deer sinews [in water] until they have become soft. Then rub them with the hands to form a rope, and let this harden again. The size is that of a bullet pill. Hold the sinew and push one end down the throat to the location of the bone, and carefully pull it out. The bone will stick to the sinew and come out. Wai tai. 51-15-17 靨。Ye. [Deer] uvula. 【主治】氣癭，以酒漬，炙乾，再浸酒中，含嚥汁，味盡更易，十具乃 愈。深師。 Control. Goiter caused by qi. Soak it in wine, roast it until it has dried, then soak it in wine again, hold it in the mouth and swallow the juice. When the flavor is exhausted, replace it [with a fresh piece]. Ten such applications will bring the cure. Shen shi. 51-15-18 皮。Pi. [Deer] hide. 【主治】一切漏瘡，燒灰和豬脂納之，日五六易，愈乃止。時珍。 Control. All kinds of leaking sores. Burn it to ashes and apply them, mixed with lard, to [the affected region]. Replace [the ashes with fresh ashes] after five to six days. End [the therapy] once a cure is achieved. [Li] Shizhen.

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51-15-19 糞。Fen. [Deer] excrements. 【主治】經日不産，乾、濕各三錢，研末，薑湯服，立效。經驗。 Control. The due date has passed and a birth has not happened. Three qian each of dry and moist [deer excrements] are ground to powder, to be ingested with a ginger decoction. Immediately effective. Jing yan. 51-15-20 胎糞。Tai fen. [Deer] fetus excrements. 【主治】解諸毒。【時珍曰】按范曄後漢書云：冉駹夷出鹿，食藥草，其 胎中麑糞可療毒也。 Control. They resolve all kinds of poison. [Li] Shizhen: According to Fan Ye’s Hou Han shu, “the deer originating in [the region of the] Ran mang yi [tribe] have eaten medicinal herbs. The excrements of the young deer in their fetus can serve to heal poisoning.” 51-16 麋本經下品 Mi. FE Ben jing, lower rank. Pére David’s deer. Elaphurus davidianus Milne-Edwards. 【釋名】【時珍曰】陸佃云：麋喜音聲。班固云：麋性淫迷。則麋之名義 取乎此。爾雅云：牡曰麔，音咎；牝曰麎，音辰；其子曰䴠，音夭。 Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen: Lu Dian states: “Pére David’s deer love the sound of music.” Ban Gu states: “Pére David’s deer by nature are licentious, yin mi 淫迷.” This is the idea underlying their name mi 麋. The Er ya states: “Males are called jiu 麔, read jiu 咎. Females are called chen 麎, read chen 辰. Their young ones are called yao 䴠, read yao 夭.” 【集解】【别録曰】麋生南山山谷及淮海邊。十月取之。【弘景曰】今海 陵間最多。千百爲群，多牝少牡。【時珍曰】麋，鹿屬也。牡者有角。鹿 喜山而屬陽，故夏至解角；麋喜澤而屬陰，故冬至解角。麋似鹿而色青 黑，大如小牛，肉蹄，目下有二竅爲夜目。故淮南子云：孕女見麋而子四 目也。博物志云：南方麋千百爲群，食澤草。踐處成泥，名曰麋畯，人因 耕獲之。其鹿所息處，謂之鹿場也。今獵人多不分别，往往以麋爲鹿。牡 者猶可以角退爲辨，牝者通目爲麀鹿矣。

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Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Pére David’s deer live in the Nan shan mountain valleys and at the coastline of the Huai hai. They are gathered in the tenth month. [Tao] Hongjing: Nowadays, there are very many in the Hai ling region. Hundreds or thousands form a herd. These are mostly males, with less females. [Li] Shizhen: Pére David’s deer are of one group with deer. Their males have horns. Deer prefer mountains and are associated with yang; hence they shed their horns at Summer Solstice. Pére David’s deer prefer marshlands and are associated with yin. Hence they shed their horns at Winter Solstice. In their appearance, Pére David’s deer resemble deer, but their color is greenish-black, and their size is that of small oxen. Their trotters are fleshy, and they have two openings underneath their eyes that are their “night eyes.” Hence the Huai nan zi states: “When a pregnant woman sees a Pére David’s deer, her child will have four eyes.” The Bo wu zhi states: “In the South, Pére David’s deer form herds of hundreds to thousands [of animals]. They eat the herbs of the marshes. Where they trample, the soil turns into mud. Hence they are called ‘Pére David’s deer, officials in charge of agriculture’, and the people use this land for agriculture. Where the deer rest, these places are called ‘deer field’. Nowadays, hunters are unable to distinguish between the two. Often, they believe Pére David’s deer to be deer. Still, males can be distinguished on the basis of their shedding their horns. The females [of both kinds] are generally listed as ‘female deer’.” 51-16-01 麋脂。Mi zhi , Pére David’s deer fat. 一名宮脂。本經。【時珍曰】别録言十月取脂，煉過收用。而周禮冬獻 狼，夏獻麋。註云：狼膏聚，麋膏散。聚則温，散則凉，以順時也。 Alternative name: Gong zhi 宫脂, “fat of the palace.” [Li] Shizhen: The Bie lu states: “The fat is collected in the tenth month. It is refined to be used.” But the Zhou li [states]: “In winter, wolves are submitted as tribute; in summer Pére David’s deer are submitted as tribute.” The commentary states: “Wolf paste is concentrated; Pére David’s deer paste is loose. What is concentrated serves to warm; what is loose serves to cool down. This is in agreement with the respective season of the year.” 【氣味】辛，温，無毒。忌桃、李，畏大黄。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, warm, nonpoisonous. Peaches and plums are to be avoided [when ingesting the fat]; [ingested together,] it fears rhubarb root. 【主治】癰腫惡瘡，死肌，寒風濕痺，四肢拘緩不收，風頭腫氣，通腠 理。本經。柔皮膚，不可近陰，令痿。别録。治少年氣盛，面生瘡皰，化 脂塗之。時珍。

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Control. Obstruction-illness1018 with swelling and malign sores. Dead muscles. Cold wind and dampness blockage. The four limbs slacken and cannot be contracted. Wind head swelling qi. It penetrates the skin structures. Ben jing. It softens the skin. It must not be brought into contact with the yin [member of males (i.e., penis)] lest it cause its dysfunction. Bie lu. It serves to cure abounding qi in one’s youth when the face grows sores and blisters. Melt the fat and apply it to [the affected region]. [Li] Shizhen. 【正誤】【弘景曰】人言麋一牡輒交十餘牝，交畢即死。其脂墮地，經 年，人得之名曰遁脂，酒服至良。夫麋性乃爾淫快，不應痿人陰。一方言 不可近陰，令陰不痿，此乃有理。【恭曰】遊牝畢即死者，虚傳也。遍問 山澤人，無此説。 Correction of Errors. [Tao] Hongjing: People say that one male Pére David’s deer frequently mates with ten females, and that it dies at the conclusion of such mating. When its fat falls onto the earth, humans may collect it several years later, and they call it “escaped fat.” When ingested with wine, it is very good. Now, Pére David’s deer by nature are extraordinarily licentious. [Hence their fat] should not cause dysfunction to a person’s yin [member (i.e., penis)]. Another recipe states that “it must not be brought into contact with a [male’s] yin [member] because this would prevent the yin [member] from ending to function.” This is reasonable. [Su] Gong: That they die when their activity with females is concluded, that is an unfounded story. I have asked the people everywhere in the mountains and in the marshes. There is no such talk. 51-16-02 肉。Rou. [Pére David’s deer] meat. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【詵曰】多食令人弱房，發脚氣。妊婦食之，令 子目病。【弘景曰】不可合豬肉、雉肉食，發痼疾。合蝦及生菜、梅、李 食，損男子精氣。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: When eaten in large quantities, it lets one become weak in the [arts of the] bedchamber and it causes outbreaks of leg qi. 1019 When pregnant women eat it, their children will have an eye disease. [Tao] Hongjing: It cannot be eaten together with pork and pheasant meat, 1018 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 1019 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

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lest it let one suffer from an ailment of obstinacy-illness.1020 Eaten together with fresh/raw vegetables and plums, it will injure the essence qi /sperm of males. 【主治】益氣補中，治腰脚。孟詵。補五臟不足氣。禹錫。 Control. It boosts qi and supplements the center. It serves to cure lower back and leg [pain]. Meng Shen. It supplements insufficient qi in the five long-term depots. [Zhang] Yuxi. 【發明】【時珍曰】按陸農師云：鹿以陽爲體，其肉食之燠；麋以陰爲 體，其肉食之寒。觀此，則别録麋脂令人陰痿，孟詵言多食肉令人弱房， 及角、肉不同功之説，亦此意也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to Lu Nongshi, the body of deer is constituted of yang. To eat their meat generates warmth. The body of Pére David’s deer is constituted of yin. To eat their meat generates cold. Seen from this perspective, this is the meaning underlying the statement in the Bie lu that Pére David’s deer fat causes dysfunction of one’s yin [member (i.e., penis)], and underlying the statement of Meng Shen that eating much of its meat lets one be weak in the bedchamber, and that the horns and the meat have different effects. 51-16-03 茸。Rong. [Pére David’s deer] pilose antlers. 【修治】與鹿茸同。 Preparation. Identical with that of pilose deer antlers. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】陰虚勞損，一切血病，筋骨腰膝酸痛，滋陰益腎。時珍。 Control. Yin depletion and exhaustion injury. All kinds of blood illness. Sour pain in the sinews, the bones, the lower back and the knees. They increase yin [qi] and they boost the kidney [qi]. [Li] Shizhen. 51-16-04 麋角。Mi jiao. Pére David’s deer horn. 【修治】【斅曰】麋角以頂根上有黄毛若金線，兼旁生小尖，色蒼白者爲 上。【詵曰】凡用麋角，可五寸截之，中破，炙黄爲末，入藥。【時珍 1020 For various kinds of gu 痼, “obstinacy-illness,” see BCGM Dict I, 194.

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曰】麋、鹿茸角，今人罕能分别。陳自明以小者爲鹿茸，大者爲麋茸，亦 臆見也。不若親視其采取時爲有準也。造麋角膠、麋角霜，並與鹿角膠、 鹿角霜同法。又集靈方云：用麋角一雙，水浸七日，刮去皮，錯屑，以銀 瓶盛牛乳浸一日，乳耗再加，至不耗乃止。用油紙密封瓶口。别用大麥鋪 鍋中三寸，上安瓶，再以麥四周填滿。入水浸一伏時，水耗旋加，待屑軟 如麵取出。焙研成霜用。 Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: At the base of the top of their horns, Pére David’s deer have a yellow fur resembling a gold coin, with small tips on both sides. Those of pallid color are best. [Meng] Shen: When Pére David’s deer horns are to be used, they ought to be cut into five cun long pieces, and these pieces are to be broken open in the middle. They are roasted until they have assumed a yellow color, ground to powder and then added to medications. [Li] Shizhen: Today, people are rarely able to distinguish between pilose antlers and horns of Pére David’s deer and ordinary deer. Chen Ziming assumed small ones to be pilose antlers of deer, and big ones to be those of Pére David’s deer. That was his subjective view. A better approach is to personally inspect [the original horns and the animals] they were obtained from. Pére David’s deer horn glue and Pére David’s deer horn frost are prepared the same way as ordinary deer horn glue and deer horn frost. Also, the Ji ling fang states: “Soak one pair of Pére David’s deer horn in water for seven days, scrape off its skin, and rub it to crumbs. They are soaked in cow milk kept in a silver vase for one day. Once [the crumbs] have absorbed all the milk, add more until no more is absorbed. Then tightly close the opening of the vase with oil paper. Apart from it, place a three cun thick layer of barley on the bottom of a pot and place the [silver] vase on top of it. Next cover it on all four sides with barley. Then add water to soak for a day and night. Once all the water is absorbed, add more. This is to be continued until the crumbs have softened to something like dough, and then they are removed to be baked and ground to a frost. Then they can be used.” 【氣味】甘，熱，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, hot, nonpoisonous. 【主治】風痺，止血，益氣力。别録。刮屑熬香，酒服，大益人。弘景。 出彭祖傳中。酒服，補虚勞，添精益髓，益血脉，暖腰膝，壯陽悦色。療 風氣，偏治丈夫。日華。作粉常服，治丈夫冷氣及風，筋骨疼痛。若卒心 痛，一服立瘥。漿水磨泥塗面，令人光華，赤白如玉可愛。孟詵。滋陰養 血，功與茸同。時珍。 Control. Wind blockage. It stops bleeding, and boosts the strength of qi. Bie lu. Srape crumbs [off the horns], boil them until they develop a scent, and ingest them with wine. This will massively boost one. [Tao] Hongjing, as quoted from Peng zu

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zhuan. Ingested with wine, it supplements depletion exhaustion, increases essence and boosts marrow. It boosts the blood vessels, warms up lower back and knees, strengthens the yang (male potency) and makes one look happy. It heals wind qi, and is especially suited to cure males. Rihua. Prepared to powder and ingested regularly, it serves to cure, in males, cold qi and wind, as well as painful sinews and bones. If one was suddenly struck by pain in the heart, one dose ingested brings an immediate cure. If ground together with thick fermented water of foxtail millet1021 to a pulp and applied to the face it lets one have a brilliant complexion, with an amiable red and white appearance like jade. Meng Shen. It reinforces yin and nourishes blood. The effects are identical with those of pilose antlers. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【詵曰】麋角常服，大益陽道，不知何因與肉功不同也。煎膠與 鹿角膠同功，茸亦勝鹿茸，仙方甚重之。【恭曰】麋茸功力勝鹿茸，角煮 膠亦勝白膠。詳見鹿茸、鹿角下。【日華曰】麋角屬陰，故治腰膝不仁， 補一切血病也。【時珍曰】鹿之茸角補陽，右腎精氣不足者宜之；麋之茸 角補陰，左腎血液不足者宜之。此乃千古之微秘。前人方法雖具，而理未 發出，故論者紛紜。又楊氏家藏方治虚損有二至丸，兩角並用。但其藥性 過温，止宜於陽虚寒濕血痺者耳，於左腎無與焉。孫思邈千金方言：麋角 丸凡一百一十方，惟容成子羔所服者，特出衆方之外，子羔服之羽化。今 觀其方，比二至丸似可常服，並集於下。 Explication. [Meng] Shen: A regular ingestion of Pére David’s deer horn massively boosts the yang path. [I] do not know why its effects differ from those of the meat. Glue obtained by boiling [Pére David’s deer horn] has the same effects as glue prepared from deer horn. The antlers [of Pére David’s deer] are superior to the antlers of ordinary deer. The recipes devised by hermits greatly value them. [Su] Gong: The strength of Pére David’s deer horn is superior to that of ordinary deer horn, and the glue obtained by boiling these horns, it, too, is superior to white glue. For details, see the [entry on] “deer antlers” and “deer horn.” Rihua: Pére David’s deer horns are associated with yin. Hence they serve to cure numbness of lower back and knees, and they supplement all kinds of blood diseases. [Li] Shizhen: The antlers and horns of deer supplement the yang; they are suitable for [treating] insufficient essence qi of the right kidney. The antlers and horns of Pére David’s deear supplement the yin; they are suitable for [treating] insufficient blood liquid of the left kidney. This has been a subtle secret in all times. The people in former times made use of this in their recipes, but they failed to spell out the underlying principles. Hence their statements appear quite confused. Also, the Yan shi jia cang fang lists the “pills with the two perfect [ingredients]” to cure depletion injury, simultaneously using the 1021 For jiang shui 漿水, “fermented water of foxtail millet,” see BCGM 05-33.

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horns of both [Pére David’s deer and ordinary deer]. However, the nature of this medication is overly warm, and it is advisable only for cases of yang depletion and cold blockage resulting from cold and moisture. The left kidney is not involved here. Sun Simiao in his Qian jin fang states: “There are 110 recipes for pills with Pére David’s deer horn. But only that ingested by Rongcheng Zigao stands apart from all the other ones. Having ingested it, Zigao ascended to heaven.” When looking at it today, it appears to be better suited for regular ingestion than the “pills with the two perfect [ingredients].” Both are recorded below.

【附方】新五。 Added recipes: Five newly [recorded]. 麋角丸。補心神，安臟腑，填骨髓，理腰脚，能久立，聰耳明目，髮白更 黑，貌老還少。凡麋角，取當年新角連腦頂者爲上，看角根有斫痕處亦堪 用。蜕角根下平者不堪。取角五具，或四具、三具、二具、一具爲一劑。 去尖一大寸，即各長七八寸，取勢截斷，量把鎊得。即于長流水中，以竹 器盛懸浸十宿。如無長流水處，即於浄盆中滿着水浸，每夜易换。軟即將 出，削去皺皮，以利鎊鎊取白處，至心即止。以清粟米泔浸兩宿，初經一 宿即乾，握瀝去舊水，置新絹上曝乾，擇去惡物粗骨皮及鎊不匀者。以無 灰美酒於大磁器中浸，經兩宿，其藥及酒俱入浄釜中。初用武火煮一食 久，後以文火微煎，如蟹目沸。以柳木篦徐徐攪，不得住手。時時添酒， 以成煎爲度。煎時皆須平旦下手，不得經宿。仍看屑消如稀膠，即以牛乳 五升，酥一斤，以次漸下後項藥。仍以麋角一條，炙令黄爲末，與諸藥同 製之。檳榔、通草、秦艽、肉蓯蓉、人參、兔絲子酒浸兩宿别搗晒乾、甘 草各一兩，右搗爲末。將膠再煎一食頃，似稀稠粥即止火。少時投諸藥末 相和，稠粘堪作丸，即以新器盛貯，以衆手一時丸如梧子大。如粘手，着 少酥塗手。其服餌之法：空腹以酒下之，初服三十丸，日加一丸，加至五 十丸爲度，日二服，至一百日内，忌房室。服經一月，腹内諸疾自相驅 逐，有微利勿怪。漸後多泄氣能食。患氣者，加枳實、青木香各一兩。服 至二百日，面皺光澤。一年，齒落更生，强記，身輕若風，日行數百里。 二年，令人肥飽少食。七十已上服之，却成後生。三年，腸作筋髓，預見 未明。四年，常飽不食，自見仙人。三十下服之不輟，顔一定而不變。修 合時須在浄室中，勿令陰人、雞、犬、孝子等見。婦人服之尤佳。如飲酒 食麪，口乾眼澀内熱者，即服三黄丸微利之。如此一度發動已後，方始調 暢也。千金。 The pills with Pére David’s deer horn. They supplement heart and spirit, pacify the long-term depots and short-term repositories, fill up bones and marrow, and structure lower back and legs so that one can stand for a long time. They clear the

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ears and brighten the eyes, let white hair turn black again, and revert an appearance of old age into one of youth. The Pére David’s deer horns [used for this medication should] always [be chosen and prepared as follows]. Take fresh horns of the same year with the attached skull as suited best. If at the base of the horns some marks are discernible, they, too, can be used. Horns that have been shed and are not flat at the base must not be used. To prepare one dose, take five pairs, or four, or three or two or just one pair. Remove a one large cun segment from the tip. The remainder will be about seven to eight cun long and is cut, according to its appearance, in segments of equal weight. These are filled into a bamboo container to be suspended in water that has run a long distance and soak there for ten days. If no place with water that has run a long distance is available, it can also be given into a pot filled with clean water to soak there. The water is to be replaced with new water every night, and [the bamboo container] is removed once [the horns] have softened. Now the creased skin is scraped off, and the rest is cut with a sharp item to obtain the white parts. Stop when the core is reached. [The white parts] are soaked in clear millet slop for two nights. At first now, they are left for one night to dry. Then they are held in the hand to have the old water drip off and subsequently are placed on a piece of new, tough silk to dry in the sun. Remove all bad items such as crude bones and skin, and those parts cut out uneven, and soak the [good parts] in ash-free delicious wine in a large porcelain vessel. After two nights, the drug and the wine are given into a clean cauldron. This is first heated above a strong fire for as long as it takes to have a meal. Then it is slightly heated above a mild fire with a bubbling like crab eyes. Gently stir [the liquid] with a comb made from willow wood, and never let your hand rest. Again and again refill the wine until the boiling has reached completion. This episode of boiling must begin in the morning, and must not be continued into the following night. Once one notices that the [horn] crumbs have melted into something like a thin glue, one adds five sheng of cow milk and one jin of butter and gradually, one by one, the following drugs. One horn of a Pére David’s deer horn is roasted until it has assumed a yellow color and ground to powder to be further processed with all the remaining drugs. One liang each of areca [nuts], tetrapanax pith, gentiana [root], cistanche [stem], ginseng [root] and cuscuta seeds, the latter soaked in water, pounded and dried in the sun separately, and glycyrrhiza [root] are ground to powder. Now take the glue and boil it twice for as long as it takes to take a meal. Once it has assumed the appearance of a watery, thick congee, the firing ends. After a short while the powder is given into [the glue] and both are mixed to prepare a thick paste that can be formed to pills. [The paste] is filled into a new vessel, and formed to pills the size of wu seeds by many persons [to speed up the work]. If [the paste] sticks to the hands, apply a small amount of butter to them. The method to

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ingest [the pills is as follows]. Wash them down with wine on an empty stomach. At the beginning, ingest 30 pills, and increase the dose by one pill per day to a maximum of 50 pills, with two ingestions per day. For 100 days, all sexual activity is to be avoided. Once [the pills] are ingested for one month, all ailments in the abdomen will expel each other. A slight free flow [of defecation] is normal. Gradually, there will be an increased outflow of qi, [and the patient] can eat. If he suffers from the [outflow of ] qi, he may add one liang each of unripe bitter oranges and aucklandia [root]. Once he has ingested [these pills] for 200 days, his facial wrinkles will have been replaced by a shining lustre. Within one year, teeth that had fallen out have grown again, the memory will be strengthened, and the body will feel as light as wind, capable of moving several hundred li per day. After two years, [the pills] will make one fat without consuming much food. When someone beyond the age of 70 ingests them, he will become a young man again. After three years, his intestines will have developed sinews and marrow, and he can foresee what remains unclear [to others]. After four years, he will always feel to have dined to repletion even though he has eaten nothing, and he will perceive himself as an hermit/immortal. If someone below the age of 30 ingests these [pills], his complexion will be fixed once and forever, with no further change. The [pills] are to be prepared in a clean room, and yin persons (i.e., wome), chicken, dogs and men in a state of filial piety (i.e., mourning) are not allowed as witnesses. They work even better when women ingest them. If after [taking the pills together with] drinking wine and eating noodles, one feels dryness in his mouth, roughness in his eyes and heat in his interior, he should ingest the “pills with the three [ingredients with the character] yellow [in their name]” to stimulate a mild free flow [of defecation]. After one such stimulation, the recipe can be taken without further concerns. Qian jin. 二至丸。補虚損，生精血，去風濕，壯筋骨。用鹿角鎊細，以真酥一兩， 無灰酒一升，慢火炒乾，取四兩；麋角鎊細，以真酥二兩，米醋一升煮 乾，慢火炒乾，取半兩；蒼耳子酒浸一宿焙，半斤；山藥、白茯苓、黄芪 蜜炙各四兩；當歸酒浸焙，五兩；肉蓯蓉酒浸焙、遠志去心、人參、各二 兩，熟附子一兩。通爲末，酒煮糯米糊丸梧子大。每服五十丸，温酒、鹽 湯任下，日二服。楊氏家藏方。 The “pills with the two perfect [ingredients].” They supplement depletion injury, generate essence and blood, remove wind moisture, and strengthen sinews and bones. Cut deer horn into fine pieces and fry them together with one liang of genuine butter and one sheng of ash-free wine over a slow fire until [the liquid] has dried. Take four liang of this. Now cut Pére David’s deer horn into fine pieces, and boil them together with two liang of genuine butter and one sheng of rice vinegar until

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[the liquid] has dried. Boil it over a slow fire until [the liquid] has dried. Take half a liang of this. Furthermore, half a jin of xanthium seeds soaked in wine for one night and baked, four liang each of dioscorea [root], white poria, and roasted astragalus [root], five liang of angelica [root] soaked in wine and baked, and two liang each of cistanche [stem] soaked in wine and baked, polygala [root] with its core removed, and ginseng [root], as well as one liang of prepared aconitum [accessory tuber], are all together [ground to] powder, boiled in wine, and formed with glutinous rice flour to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 50 pills, to be sent down with warm wine or brine. Ingest twice a day. Yang shi jia cang fang. 麋角丸。治五痿，皮緩毛瘁，血脉枯槁，肌膚薄着，筋骨羸弱，飲食不 美，四肢無力，爪枯髮落，眼昏唇燥。用麋角屑一斤，酒浸一宿，大附子 生去皮臍一兩半，熟地黄四兩。用大麥米一升，以一半藉底，以一半在 上，以二布巾隔覆，炊一日，取出藥、麥各焙，爲末，以浸藥酒，添清酒 煮麥粉爲糊，和杵三千下，丸如梧子大。每服五十丸，食前用温酒或米湯 送下，日三服。 Pills with Pére David’s deer horn. They serve to cure the five kinds of dysfunction, flabby skin and withered hair, desiccated blood vessels, thinness of muscles and skin, frailness of sinews and bones, loss of thirst and appetite, weakness of the four limbs, dryness of nails and loss of hair, as well as dim vision and scorched lips. [To prepare the pills] use one jin of Pére David’s deer horn scraps soaked in wine for one night, one and a half liang of fresh, large aconitum [accessory tuber] with skin and navel removed, and four liang of processed Chinese foxglove [rhizome]. Also, take one sheng of pearl barley and cover the bottom [of a pot] with one half of it. [Place the three drugs on this layer] and cover them with the second half [of da mai mi]. The [three layers] are to be separated with two pieces of cloth. Then this is cooked for one day. Take out the drugs and the barley, bake them and [separately] grind them to powder. Soak the drugs in wine. Give the powdered barley into clear wine and boil it until it has turned into a paste. Then mix [the drugs with the paste], pound this 3000 times, and prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 50 pills before meals, to be sent down with warm wine or with rice soup. Ingest them three times a day. 一方只用麋角鎊屑，酥炒黄色五兩，熟附子末半兩，酒糊丸服。 Another recipe1022 makes use of only five liang of Pére David’s deer horn filed to scraps and roasted in butter until they have assumed a yellow color and half a liang 1022 No source is given of this recipe. It is recorded in Ji feng pu ji fang 雞峰普濟方, ch. 4, bu xu 補虚, “[recipes] to supplement a depletion.“

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of processed aconitum [accessory tuber] powder, to be prepared, with wine and flour, to pills that are to be ingested. 麋角霜丸。補元臟，駐顔色。用麋角一副，水浸七日，刮去皺皮，鎊爲 屑，盛在一銀瓶内，以牛乳汁浸一日，常令乳高二寸，如乳耗更添，直候 不耗，用油單數重密封瓶口，别用大麥一斗，安在别甑内，約厚三寸，上 安麋角瓶，更用大麥周圍填實，露瓶口，不住火蒸一伏時，如鍋内水耗， 即旋添熱湯，須頻看，角屑粉爛如麪，即住火取出，用細篩子漉去乳，焙 乾，每料八兩；附子炮裂去皮、乾山藥各三兩。右爲末，蒸棗肉和丸如梧 子大。每服十五丸至二十丸，空心用温鹽酒送下。煉蜜丸亦可。總録。 Pills with Pére David’s deer horn frost. They supplement the original long-term depot (i. e., the kidneys), and serve to maintain one’s complexion. Soak one pair of Pére David’s deer horns in water for seven days. Then scrape off the wrinkled skin, and file them to scraps. Fill them into a silver bottle and soak them in cow milk for one day. See to it that the milk is always two cun high. When the level of the milk decreases, add further [milk and continue this] until the level of the milk remains stable. Now tightly close the opening of the bottle with several layers of oil paper. In addition, give one dou of barley into a second bottle; the layer should be around three cun thick. Place the bottle with the Pére David’s deer horn [scraps] on top of it. Then cover this all around with further barley, but leave the opening of the bottle open. Steam this over a fire continuously for a full day. When the water in the pot is used up, add further hot water. Repeatedly check the horn scraps powder whether it has turned into a paste like dough. Once this is the case, stop the fire and remove [the paste]. Now use a fine sieve to filter and remove the milk. Bake [the remaining substance] until it has dried. For each dose, prepare eight liang. Now, three liang each of aconitum [accessory tuber], roasted and with its skin removed, and dried dioscorea [root] are ground [together with the eight liang of processed Pére David’s deer horn scraps] to powder to be prepared, with steamed date pulp, to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest 15 to 20 pills. They are to be sent down on an empty stomach with warm salt wine. A preparation of pills with refined honey is possible, too. Zong lu. 麋角丸。彭祖云：使人丁壯不老，房室不勞損，氣力顔色不衰者，莫過麋 角。 Pills with Pére David’s deer horn. Peng zu states: Among the [remedies] that let a man remain strong and not turn old, that prevent fatigue caused by sexual activity and preserve the strength of qi and one’s complexion, nothing is superior to Pére David’s deer horn.

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其法：刮爲末十兩，用生附子一枚合之，雀卵和丸，日服二十丸，温酒 下，二十日大效。亦可單熬爲末酒服，亦令人不老，但性緩不及附子者。 彭祖服食經。 The preparation method. Scrape [Pére David’s deer horn to obtain] a powder of 10 liang and mix this with one piece of fresh aconitum [accessory tuber]. This is mixed with sparrow eggs to prepare pills. Each time ingest 20 pills per day, to be sent down with warm wine. A massive effect will show within 20 days. It is also possible to boil [the Pére David’s deer horn] alone, grind this to powder, and ingest it with wine. This, too, will prevent one from ageing. But [with this method] its nature is slow and does not reach [the effects of a preparation with] aconitum [accessory tuber]. Peng zu fu shi jing. 51-16-05 骨。Gu. [Pére David’s deer] bone. 【主治】虚勞至良。煮汁釀酒飲，令人肥白，美顔色。禹錫。 Control. For depletion exhaustion: very good. Boil them to obtain a juice to brew a wine. When drunk, this lets one become fat and have a white [color], with a beautiful complexion. [Zhang] Yuxi. 51-16-06 皮。Pi. [Pére David’s deer] hide. 【主治】作靴、韈，除脚氣。孟詵。 Control. Prepared as boots and sandals it removes leg qi.1023 Meng Shen. 51-17 雙頭鹿拾遺 Shuang tou lu, FE Shi yi. Two headed deer. 【釋名】荼苜机。【時珍曰】荼苜机，音蔡荗机，番言也。出博物志。舊 本訛作荼 机，又作余義，亦荼苜之訛也。 Explanation of Names. Tu mu ji 荼苜機. Li Shizhen: [Originally read] tu mu ji 荼 苜機, it came to be read cai shu ji 蔡茂機. This is a foreign word. It originates from

1023 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

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the Bo wu zhi. In old versions, it was erroneously written as tu ju ji 荼 机.1024 It is also written yu yi 餘義. This, too, is an erroneous version of tu mu 荼苜. 【集解】【藏器曰】按張華博物志云：荼苜机出永昌郡，是兩頭鹿名也， 似鹿兩頭。其胎中屎以四時取之。范曄後漢書云：雲陽縣有神鹿，兩頭， 能食毒草。華陽國志云：此鹿出雲南郡熊舍山。即余義也。【時珍曰】按 盛弘之荆州記云：武陵郡 雲陽山 點蒼山，産兩頭獸，似鹿，前後有頭，一 頭食，一頭行，山人時或見之。段成式雜俎云：雙頭鹿矢名耶希。夷人謂 鹿爲耶，謂屎爲希。按唐韻屎字又音希。即此義也。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: According to Zhang Hua’s Bo wu zhi, the tu mu ji/cai shu ji 1025originates from Yong chang commandery. The name refers to two headed deer. They resemble deer with two heads. The feces from within their fetus can be collected during the fourth month. Fan Ye in his Hou Han shu states: “In Yun yang1026 county, there are divine deer. They have two heads and they can eat poisonous herbs.” The Hua yang guo zhi states: “These kinds of deer originate from Xiong she mountain in the southern commandery of Yun yang. They are the yu yi 余義.” [Li] Shizhen: According to Sheng Hongzhi’s Jing zhou ji, “on Dian can mountain in Yun yang in Wu ling commandery,1027 two headed beasts are born. They resemble deer with one head at the front and one at the end. One head eats, the other head moves on. The people in the mountains every now and then see them”. Duan Chengshi in his Za ju states: “The excrements [of a fetus]1028 of a two headed deer are called ye xi 耶希. The Yi people call deer ye 耶, and they speak of feces as xi 希.” According to the Tang yun, the character shi 屎 is also read xi 希. That is the reason [for naming them ye xi 耶希]. 51-17-01 胎中屎。Tai zhong shi. Feces from within a fetus [of two headed deer]. 【主治】敷惡瘡，蛇虺毒。藏器。

1024 The Jiang xi edition has tu ju ji 荼苴机. 1025 Zheng lei, ch. 16, cai ju ji 蔡苴机, writes cai yu yi 蔡余義 . 1026 Zheng lei, ch. 16, cai ju ji 蔡苴机, has yun yang 雲陽, too. Hou han shu, ch. 86, Nan man xi nan yi lie zhuan 南蠻西南夷列傳, “Southern Man and Southwestern Yi biographies,” writes yun nan 雲南, Yun nan. 1027 Instead of Yun yang shan dian can shan 雲陽山點蒼山, Yu lan, ch. 913, liang tou shou 兩 頭獸, “two-headed animals,” writes xi you yang shan 西有陽山, “to the West there is mount Yang shan.” 1028 You yang za zu, ch. 16, mao pian 毛篇, “hair,” writes tai shi 胎矢, “fetus excrements.”

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Control. To be applied to malign sores, and [wounds caused by] snake poison. [Chen] Cangqi. 51-18 麂宋開寶附 Ji, FE Song, Kai bao, Appendix. Muntjac Muntiacus reevesi Ogilby. 𪊨即古麂字。【時珍曰】麂味甘旨，故從旨。又字説云：山中有虎，麂必 鳴以告，其聲几几然，故曰麂。大者曰麖。 Explanation of Names. Ji 𪊨 is the ancient writing of the character ji 麂. Li Shizhen: The flavor of muntjacs, ji 麂, is sweet and delicious, zhi 旨. Hence [the character] originates from zhi 旨. Also, the Zi shuo states: “When a tiger is in the mountains, the muntjacs will shout to alert [each other]. Their cries sound like ji ji 几几. Hence they are called ji 麂. Large ones are called jing 麖.” 【集解】【馬志曰】麂生東南山谷。【頌曰】今有山林處皆有之，而均、 房、湘、漢間尤多，乃麞類也。按爾雅云：麂，大麕，旄毛狗足。謂毛長 也。南人往往食其肉，然堅韌不及麞味美。其皮作履舄，勝於諸皮。又有 一種類麂而大者名麖，不堪藥用。山海經云：女几之山多麖麂。即此。 【宗奭曰】麂，麞屬而小於麞。其口兩邊有長牙，好闘。其皮爲第一，無 出其右者，但皮多牙傷痕。其聲如擊破鈸。四方皆有，山深處頗多。【時 珍曰】麂居大山中，似麞而小，牡者有短角，黧色豹脚，脚矮而力勁，善 跳越。其行草莽，但循一徑。皮極細膩，靴、韈珍之。或云亦好食蛇。符 瑞志有銀麂，白色。今施州山中出一種紅麂，紅色。 Collected Explanations. Ma Zhi: The muntjac live in mountain valleys in the South-East. [Su] Song: Nowadays they are everywhere in mountain forests. And there are especially many in the region of Jun, Fang, Xiang and Han. They belong to the group of roebucks. According to the Er ya, “muntjacs are big roebucks. The have a yak’s tail and feet like dogs.” That is to say, they have long fur. The people in the South often eat their meat. But it is hard to chew, and does not equal the delicious flavor of roebucks. From their hide they prepare shoes, and they are superior to those made from other kinds of hide. There is also a bigger type of muntjac. It is called jing 麖. It does not lend itself for pharmaceutical purposes. The Shan hai jing states: “In the Nu ji mountain, there are many jing muntjacs.” This is a reference to them. [Kou] Zongshi: The muntjacs belong to the same group as roebucks, but they are smaller. From both sides of their mouth long teeth protrude, and they love to fight. Their hide is the best. None is better. But their hide has many scars resulting from damages caused by the teeth [of other muntjacs]. Their cries sound as if one

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had struck a broken cymbal. They are in all four cardinal directions. Especially many live deep in the mountains. [Li] Shizhen: Muntjacs live in big mountains. They resemble roebucks but are smaller. Their males have short horns. They are of black color and have the legs of leopards. Their legs are short and at the same time strong. They are good at running and jumping, and they pass through wildlands. But they always follow the same path. Their hide is very fine and greasy, and itis valued for preparing shoes and stockings. Occasionally it is said that they eat snakes. The Fu rui zhi mentions “silver muntjacs” of white color. Nowadays there are “red muntjacs” originating in the mountains of Shi zhou. They are of red color. 51-18-01 肉。Rou. [Muntjac] meat. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】五痔病。煠熟，以薑、醋進之，大有效。藏器。 Control. The five kinds of piles disease. Fry [the meat] until done, and ingest it with ginger and vinegar. Very effective. [Chen] Cangqi. 51-18-02 頭骨。Tou gu. [Muntjac] skull bone. 【氣味】辛，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】燒灰飲服，治飛尸。藏器。 Control. Burned to ashes and ingested with a beverage, they serve to cure flying corpse [qi]. [Chen] Cangqi. 51-18-03 皮。Pi. [Muntjac] hide. 【主治】作鞾、韈，除濕氣脚痺。時珍。 Control. When used to prepare shoes and stockings, it removes dampness qi with leg blockage. [Li] Shizhen.

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51-19 麞别録中品 Zhang, FE Bie lu, middle rank. Roebuck. Capreolus pygargus Pall. 【釋名】麕。音君，亦作麏。【時珍曰】獵人舞采，則麞、麋注視。麞喜 文章，故字從章。陸氏曰：麞性驚慞，故謂之麞。又善聚散，故又名麕。 囷，圓倉也。爾雅云：麕，牡曰麌，音語；牝曰麜，音栗；其子曰麆，音 助。大者曰麃，音庖。古語云：四足之美有麃，是矣。 Explanation of Names. Jun 麕, read jun 君. Also written jun 麏. [Li] Shizhen: When hunters brandish some varicolored silk, roebucks and Pére David’s deer will stare at it. Roebucks love décor. Hence the character [zhang 麞] is based on the character zhang 章, “embroidered pattern.” Mr. Lu: “Roebucks are by nature fearful and in a state of alarm, zhang 慞. Hence they are called zhang 麞. Also, they like to gather and disperse. Hence another designation is jun 麕. This is qun 囷, a ‘round granary’.” The Er ya states: “Male roebucks are called yu 麕, read yu 語. Females are called li 麜, read li 栗. Their offspring is called zhu 麆, read zhu 助. Large ones are called pao 麃, read pao 疱.” An ancient saying goes: “The pao are a four legged delicacy.” That is correct. 【集解】【頌曰】麞，今陂澤淺草中多有之。其類甚多，麕乃總名也。有 有牙者，有無牙者，其牙不能噬齧。【時珍曰】麞，秋冬居山，春夏居 澤。似鹿而小，無角，黄黑色，大者不過二三十斤。雄者有牙出口外，俗 稱牙麞。其皮細軟，勝於鹿皮，夏月毛毨而皮厚，冬月毛多而皮薄也。符 瑞志有銀麞，白色。云王者刑罰中理則出。運斗樞云：樞星散爲麞鹿。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: Roebucks are frequently present in marshlands and regions with low grass. There are many kinds of them, and their general designation is yu 麕. There are some with [protruding] teeth, and others that have no [protruding] teeth. These teeth cannot be used to chew food. [Li] Shizhen: Roebucks live in the mountains in fall and winter, and they live in marshlands in spring and summer. They resemble deer but are smaller, and they have no antlers. They are of yellow-black color. Large ones do not weigh more than 20 to 30 jin. Males have teeth protruding from their mouth, and they are called “tooth roebucks.” Their hide is fine and soft, and it is superior to deer hide. During summer months their fur recedes and their hide is thick. During winter months, their fur increases and the skin is soft. The Fu rui zhi lists “silver roebucks” of white color, and it says that they appear when the ruler applies punishments with reason. The Yun dou shu states: “When the pivot star1029 disperses, this generates roebucks.” 1029 Shu xing 樞星: one of the seven stars forming the constellation Big Dipper.

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【正誤】【詵曰】麞中往往得香如栗子大，不能全香。亦治惡病。【時珍 曰】麞無香，有香者麝也。俗稱土麝，呼爲香麞是矣。今正之。 Correction of Errors. [Meng] Shen: In roebucks one often finds an aromatic substance, as big as a chestnut. It is not entirely aromatic. It also serves to cure malign diseases. [Li] Shizhen: Roebucks have no aromatic substance. Those that have an aromatic substance are the musk deer. This is because those that are commonly called “local musk deer,” they are also called “aromatic roebucks.” This is now corrected. 51-19-01 肉。Rou. [Roebuck] meat. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【詵曰】八月至十一月食之，勝羊。十二月至七 月食之，動氣。多食令人消渴。若瘦惡者，食之發痼疾。不可合鵠肉食， 成癥疾。又不可合梅、李、蝦食，病人。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: When eaten from the eighth to the eleventh month, it is superior to mutton. Eaten from the 12th month to the seventh month, it excites one’s qi. Eaten in large quantities, it lets one suffer from melting with thirst.1030 If persons with malign emaciation eat it, it will release an obstinacy-illness.1031 It must not be eaten together with swan meat, lest it generate concretion illness.1032 Also, it must not be eaten together with mei plums, li plums, and shrimps, lest it make one ill. 【主治】補益五臟。别録。益气力，悦澤人面。思邈。酿酒有袪風之功。 寧原。 Control. It supplements and boosts the five long-term depots. Bie lu. It boosts the strength of the qi, and lets one’s face appear pleased and lustrous. [Sun] Simiao. When prepared as wine, it serves to eliminate wind.1033 Ning Yuan. 【發明】【弘景曰】俗云白肉是麞。其膽白，易驚怖也。【詵曰】肉同麋 肉釀酒，良。道家以其肉供養星辰，名爲白脯，云不屬十二辰，不是腥 膩，無禁忌也。【時珍曰】麞膽白性怯，飲水見影輒奔，道書謂麋鹿無魂 1030 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 1031 For various kinds of gu 痼, “obstinacy-illness,” see BCGM Dict I, 194. 1032 Zheng lei, ch. 17, roebuck deer bone, quoting Tao Yinju writes gu 痼, “obstinacy-illness,” instead of ji 疾, “illness.” 1033 Shi jian ben cao, 1. ch., shou bu 獸部, zhang 麞, “section: animals, roebuck,” writes bu xia 補下, “supplements the bottom [parts of the body].” This is also the therapeutic potential of their bones.

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也。【藏器曰】人心粗豪者，以其心肝曝乾爲末，酒服一具，便即小膽。 若怯者食之，則轉怯不知所爲。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: The so-called “white meat” refers to roebucks. Its bile is white, and it is easily frightened and alarmed. [Meng] Shen: If the meat is brewed together with the meat of Pére David’s deer to a wine, this is good. The Daoists use this meat to make offerings, and they call it “white preserve.” They say, “it is associated with the twelve celestial bodies, does not have a bad odor or greasy nature, and is not burdened with any taboo.” [Li] Shizhen: Roebucks have a white bile, and they are timid by nature. When they drink water and see their own reflection they will run away. The Daoist texts say that “Pére David deer1034 and [ordinary] deer have no hun soul.” [Chen] Cangqi: For a person with a bold character, dry heart and liver [of a roebuck] under the sun, powder them and have that person ingest this with wine all at once. As a result he will be less daring. If a timid person eats this, then he will be even more timid and he will not know how to act.

【附方】舊一，新一。 Added recipes. One of old. One newly [recorded]. 通乳。麞肉煮食，勿令婦知。子母秘録。 To stimulate the passage of milk. Have the woman eat boiled roebuck meat without being aware of it. Zi mu mi lu. 消瘤。用麞肉或鹿肉剖如厚脯，炙熱搨之。可四炙四易，出膿便愈。不 除，再以新肉用之。外臺秘要。 To let a tumor melt away. Cut roebuck meat or deer meat into pieces resembling thick preserved meat. Roast them until they are hot and rub them on [the affected region]. Repeat the roasting four times and exchange [cooled down meat with hot meat] four times. When pus appears, the cure is achieved. If no removal is achieved, carry this procedure out again with new meat. Wai tai mi yao. 51-19-02 髓腦。Sui nao. [Roebuck] marrow and brain. 【主治】益氣力，悦澤人面。别録。治虚風。【時珍曰】千金治暗風薯蕷 煎，治虚損天門冬煎，並用之。【頌曰】唐方有麞髓煎並麞骨酒，並補下。

1034 You yang za zu xu ji 酉陽雜俎續集, ch. 8, writes zhang 麞, “roebuck,” instead of mi 麋, “Pére David’s deer.”

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Control. They boost the strength of qi, and make one’s face look pleasant. Bie lu. They serve to cure depletion wind. [Li] Shizhen: The Qian jin uses it to cure dim-vision wind with a “decoction with dioscorea [root],“ and to cure depletion injury with a “decoction with asparagus [root].” [Su] Song: Recipes of the Tang era include a “decoction with roebuck marrow” and a “wine with roebuck bones.” Both serve to supplement the lower [body parts]. 51-19-03 骨。Gu. [Roebuck] bone. 【氣味】甘，微温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】虚損洩精。别録。益精髓，悦顔色。日華。【時珍曰】千金治産 後虚損有麞骨湯，煮汁煎藥。 Control. Depletion injury with involuntary emission of essence/sperm. Bie lu. They boost essence and marrow. They give one a pleasant complexion. Rihua. [Li] Shizhen: To cure depletion injury following childbirth, the Qian jin lists a roebuck bone decoction. [The bones] are boiled and the juice is used to prepare a medication. 51-20 麝本經上品 She, FE Ben jing, upper rank. Musk deer. Moschus moschiferus L. 【釋名】射父爾雅、香麞。【時珍曰】麝之香氣遠射，故謂之麝。或云麝 父之香來射，故名，亦通。其形似麞，故俗呼香麞。梵書謂麝香曰莫訶婆 伽。 Explanation of Names. She fu 射父. Er ya. Xiang zhang 香麞. [Li] Shizhen: The aromatic qi of musk deer are discharged, she 射, over a long distance. Hence [the animals] are called 〕 she 麝, “deer discharging.” It is also said that the aromatic [qi] of a male, fu 父 , musk deer come discharged, she 射. Hence their name [she fu 射父, “male discharger”]. This makes sense, too. Their physical appearance resembles that of roebucks. Hence they are commonly called “aroma roebucks.” Sanskrit texts refer to musk, (lit: “the aroma of musk deer“) as mokepojia 莫訶婆伽. 【集解】【别録曰】麝生中臺山谷，及益州、雍州山中。春分取香，生者 益良。【弘景曰】麝形似麞而小，黑色，常食柏葉，又噉蛇。其香正在陰 莖前皮内，别有膜袋裹之。五月得香，往往有蛇皮骨。今人以蛇退皮裹

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香，云彌香，是相使也。麝夏月食蛇、蟲多，至寒則香滿，入春臍内急 痛，自以爪剔出，着屎溺中覆之，常在一處不移。曾有遇得，乃至一斗五 升者，此香絶勝殺取者。昔人云是精、溺凝作，殊不爾也。今出羌夷者多 真好，出隨郡、義陽、晋溪諸蠻中者亞之。出益州者形扁，仍以皮膜裹 之，多僞。凡真香，一子分作三四子，刮取血膜，雜以餘物，裹以四足膝 皮而貨之，貨者又復僞之。彼人言但破看一片，毛共在裹中者爲勝。今惟 得活者看取，必當全真耳。【頌曰】今陝西、益、利、河東諸路山中皆 有，而秦州、文州諸蠻中尤多。蘄州、光州或時亦有，其香絶小，一子纔 若彈丸，往往是真，蓋彼人不甚作僞爾。其香有三等。第一生香，名遺 香，乃麝自剔出者，然極難得，價同明珠。其香聚處，遠近草木不生或 焦黄也。今人帶香過園林，則瓜果皆不實，是其驗也。其次臍香，乃捕 得殺取之。其三心結香，乃麝見大獸捕逐，驚畏失心，狂走墜死。人有得 之，破心見血流出脾上，作乾血塊者，不堪入藥。又有一種水麝，其香更 奇，臍中皆水，瀝一滴於斗水中，用洒衣物，其香不歇。唐 天寶中，虞 人曾一獻之，養於囿中，每以針刺其臍，捻以真雄黄，則臍復合，其香倍 于肉麝。此説載在酉陽雜俎，近不復聞有之，或有之而人不識矣。【慎微 曰】楊億談苑云：商汝山中多麝，遺糞常在一處不移，人以是獲之。其性 絶愛其臍，爲人逐急，即投巖，舉爪剔裂其香，就縶而死，猶拱四足保其 臍。故李商隱詩云：投巖麝自香。許渾詩云：尋麝采生香。【時珍曰】麝 居山，麞居澤，以此爲别。麝出西北者香結實，出東南者謂之土麝，亦可 用，而力次之。南中靈貓囊，其氣如麝，人以雜之。見本條。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Musk deer live in the valleys of Tai shan, and also in the mountains of Yi zhou and Yong zhou. When fresh musk is collected at Spring Equinox, this is best. [Tao] Hongjing: The physical appearance of musk deer resembles that of roebucks, but they are smaller. They are of black color, and they regularly eat platycladus [tree] leaves. Also, they devour snakes. Their aroma is situated inside the skin exactly in front of their yin stalk (i.e., penis), enclosed by a separate membrane bag. When the musk is collected during the fifth month, it often includes skin and bones of snakes. Nowadays, the people use snake slough to wrap musk. They claim that this increases its aroma because [snake slough and musk] stimulate each other. In summer, musk deer eat many snakes and worms/bugs. When cold arrives, their aroma is fully developed. By the time of spring, they feel an acute pain inside their navel, and with their nails they pick out [the musk] and cover it with their feces and urine. This is always done at the same location; they never change it. Once someone found up to one dou and five sheng [of musk]. Such musk is so much better than that obtained from [an animal that has been] killed. In ancient times the people said that [musk] is coagulated essence/sperm and urine. That is definitely not the case. Nowadays [musk] originating from the Qiang and Yi is mostly genuine

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and of good quality. That originating from the Man regions, such as Sui commandery, Yi yang, and Jin xia, is of inferior quality. [Musk] originating from Yi zhou is flat and it is wrapped in skin and membranes. It is often faked. It is always such that one part of genuine musk is divided into three or four parts. A bloody membrane is cut and [the musk] is mixed with some other things. This is then wrapped in the skin from the knees of the four legs and sold. The merchants then further adulterate it. The people there say that one must break open one piece and inspect it. Those with hair inside are best. Today the only way [to be sure that musk is genuine] is to obtain a living [musk deer] and to watch the removal [of musk]. This will certainly be genuine. [Su] Song: [Musk deer] are present everywhere in Shaan xi, Yi [zhou], Li [zhou] and all the mountains in the He dong region. And there are particularly many in the Man regions of Qin zhou and Wen zhou. Sometimes they also appear in Qi zhou and Guang zhou. Their musk is very small. One piece is just as big as a bullet. But it is mostly genuine because the people there are not very much into producing fakes. Their aroma/musk is available on three levels. The first is fresh aroma/musk. It is called “bequeathed aroma/musk.” It is picked out by the musk deer themselves. But it is very difficult to obtain. Its price is that of shining pearls. Where the aroma collects on the ground, no herbs or trees will grow nearby or far away, or at least they will burn and assume a yellow color. When someone who carries musk passes through a garden or forest, no melon or fruit will ripen. That is the evidence [that he has obtained musk of best quality]. The next level is that of “navel aroma/musk.” It is obtained from [an animal] that has been killed. The third [level] is that of “musk nodes from the heart.” When a musk deer realizes that a large animal pursues it to catch it, it is extremely frightened, loses control over its heart, runs away madly, falls down and dies. When someone finds it, the blood from the broken heart has flown out onto the spleen where it has coagulated to form lumps of blood. They are not suited for medical use. There is also a type of water musk deer. Their aroma is quite peculiar. Their navel is filled with water. If one drop is given into a dou of water and if garments are washed in it, the aroma will remain with them for a long time. During the tian bao reign period (742 – 756) of the Tang era, the people from Yu once submitted one [such animal] as a tribute. It was then raised in an enclosed area. Whenever the navel was pierced with a needle [to gather some of the aromatic liquid, the wound] was filled with genuine realgar afterwards, and the navel closed again. The aroma [obtained this way] was many times superior to that from [musk deer with] solid [rather than liquid] musk. This story was recorded in the You yang za ju. In more recent times, one has no longer heard of such things. Maybe they still exist, but no one knows of them. [Tang] Shenwei: Yang Yi in his Tan yuan states: “There are many musk deer in the Shang and Ru mountains. They

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defecate always at the same spot, and never go elsewhere. This is why the people can catch them there. By their nature, [musk deer] very much love their navel. When they are pursued and their situation becomes critical, they throw themselves off a cliff. With their claws/nails they tear open their aroma. They hold it and die, with their four legs raised in a manner that they protect the navel. Hence Li Shangyin in a poem stated: ‘The musk deer throw themselves off cliffs to withdraw1035 their aroma’. Xu Hun stated in a poem: “’Musk deer are pursued to gather fresh aroma’.” [Li] Shizhen: Musk deer live in the mountains. Roebucks live in marshlands. That is the difference. The aroma of musk deer from the North-West is solid and firm. That originating from the South-East is called “local musk.” It, too, can be used [for medical purposes] but its strength is inferior. In the scrotum of the zibet in the South, the qi [smell] like musk. The people mix it [with musk]. See the respective entry. (51-21) 51-20-01 麝臍香。She qi xiang. Musk.1036 【修治】【斅曰】凡使麝香，用當門子尤妙。以子日開之，微研用，不必 苦細也。 Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: Whenever musk is employed, to use the “child at the gate” is the very best. Open it on a zi day, and grind it a little before use. One must not try hard to generate a fine [powder]. 【氣味】辛，温，無毒。【甄權曰】苦、辛。忌大蒜。【李廷飛曰】麝香 不可近鼻，有白蟲入腦，患癩。久帶其香透關，令人成異疾。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, warm, nonpoisonous. Zhen Quan: Bitter, acrid. It must not be used together with garlic. Li Tingfei:1037 Musk must not be brought close to one’s nose, lest white worms/bugs enter his brain, and he will suffer from repudiation-illness. 1038 When one carries the aroma on his body for a long time, it will penetrate the interior and cause him to develop strange illnesses. 【主治】辟惡氣，殺鬼精物，去三蟲蠱毒，温瘧驚癇。久服，除邪，不夢 1035 The Li Yishan shi ji, 1. ch., Shang yu 商於, writes tui 退, “to withdraw.” Zheng lei, ch. 16, she xiang 麝香, “musk,” quoting a poem of Li Shangyin also writes tui 退, “to withdraw.” 1036 She qi xiang 麝臍香, lit.: “aroma from a musk deer’s navel.” 1037 Yuan shi, ch. 197, Li Pengfei zhuan 李鵬飛傳, “biography of Li Pengfei,” writes peng 鵬 instead of ting 廷. 1038 Lai 癩, “lai-illness,” “repudiation-illness,” including cases of leprosy/Aussatz.” BCGM Dict I, 293.

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寤魘寐。本經。療諸兇邪鬼氣，中惡，心腹暴痛，脹急痞滿，風毒，去面 䵴、目中膚翳，婦人産難墮胎，通神仙。别録。佩服及置枕間，辟惡夢， 及尸疰鬼氣。又療蛇毒。弘景。【抱朴子云】入山辟蛇，以麝香丸着足爪 中有效。因麝噉蛇，故以厭之也。治蛇、蠶咬，沙蝨溪瘴毒，辟蠱氣，殺 臟腑蟲，治瘧疾，吐風痰，療切虚損惡病。納子宫，暖水臟，止冷帶下。 日華。熟水研服一粒，治小兒驚癇客忤，鎮心安神，止小便利。又能蝕一 切癰瘡膿水。藥性。又云：入十香丸服，令人百毛九竅皆香。除百病，治 一切惡氣及驚怖恍惚。孟詵。療鼻窒，不聞香臭。好古。通諸竅，開經 絡，透肌骨，解酒毒，消瓜果食積，治中風，中氣，中惡，痰厥，積聚癥 瘕。時珍。 Control. It drives away malign qi, kills demon essence items, removes the three worms/bugs and gu poison, 1039 and [cures] warmth malaria and fright epilepsy. Ingested over a long time, it removes evil and prevents one from having nightmares during sleep. Ben jing. It serves to heal all kinds of brutal evil and demon qi, being struck by the malign, with violent pain in heart and abdomen, distension and tightness, obstacle-illness1040 and fullness, as well as wind poison. It removes facial speckles, skin shades in the eyes, and [heals] women with difficult birth and loss of a fetus. It lets one communicate with spirit immortals. Bie lu. Carried on one’s body or placed in a pillow, it keeps malign dreams away, as well as corpse attachment-illness and demon qi. Also, it heals snake poison. [Tao] Hongjing. Bao pu zi states: When entering the mountains, to keep away snakes, to hold a musk pill between the toes will be effective. The reason is, musk deer devour snakes. Hence one uses [musk] to scare [snakes] away. It serves to cure snake and silkworm bites, as well as the poison of sand worms/bugs, stream miasma-illness. It keeps away gu qi, and kills worms/bugs in the long-term depots and short-term repositories. It serves to cure malaria illness, and spitting of wind-phlegm. It heals all kinds of depletion injury and malign diseases. Inserted into the uterus it will warm the long-term depot of water and end cold in the region below the belt. Rihua. One kernel ground in hot water is ingested to cure fright epilepsy and visitor’s hostility1041 of children. It presses the [excited] heart and pacifies the spirit. It ends free-flow of urine. Also, it is able 1039 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 1040 Pi 痞, “obstacle-illness,” (1) a feeling of uncomfortable fullness and distension, (2) a pathological condition of uncomfortable distension and fullness in the chest and abdominal region. When pressed there is no pain. BCGM Dict I, 371. 1041 Ke wu 客忤, “visitor‘s hostility.“ A sudden twisting pain, encountered outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen thought to result from the hostile acts of demons “visiting“ the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282.

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to eat away pus and water from all kinds of obstruction-illness1042 sores. Yao xing. It is further stated that [musk] added to the “pills with the ten aromatic [ingredients]” will let all of one’s hair and the nine orifices emit an aromatic scent. It eliminates the hundred diseases, and serves to cure all kinds of malign qi, as well as being horrified and absentmindedness. Meng Shen. It heals a stuffed nose unable to smell aromatic scents or bad odors. [Wang] Haogu. It penetrates all orifices and opens the conduits and network [vessels]. It passes through muscles and bones, resolves the poison of wine, and melts away accumulations resulting from [excessive consumption of ] melon and fruit. It serves to cure being struck by wind,1043 being struck by qi, being struck by the malign, phlegm recession, and all kinds of accumulation- and collection-, concretion- and conglomeration-illnesses. 1044 [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【李杲曰】麝香入脾治内病。凡風病在骨髓者宜用之，使風邪得 出。若在肌肉用之，反引風入骨，如油入麪之不能出也。【朱震亨曰】五 臟之風，不可用麝香以瀉衛氣。口鼻出血，乃陰盛陽虚，有升無降，當補 陽抑陰，不可用腦、麝輕揚飛竄之劑。婦人以血爲主，凡血海虚而寒熱盗 汗者，宜補養之，不可用麝香之散，琥珀之燥。【嚴用和曰】中風不省 者，以麝香、清油灌之，先通其關，則後免語蹇癱痪之證，而他藥亦有效 也。【時珍曰】嚴氏言風病必先用麝香，而丹溪謂風病、血病必不可用， 皆非通論。蓋麝香走竄，能通諸竅之不利，開經絡之壅遏。若諸風、諸 氣、諸血、諸痛、驚癇、癥瘕諸病，經絡壅閉，孔竅不利者，安得不用爲 引導以開之通之耶？非不可用也，但不可過耳。濟生方治食瓜果成積作脹 者用之，治飲酒成消渴者用之，云果得麝則壞，酒得麝則敗，此得用麝之 理者也。 Explication. Li Gao: Musk enters the spleen and serves to cure internal diseases. Whenever one suffers from a wind disease in the bones and marrow, it is advisable to use it. It drives out wind evil. If used for [illnesses] in the muscles and the flesh, contrary [to one’s intention] it will draw wind to enter the bones. This is then as if oil had entered dough; it can never be extracted again. Zhu Zhenheng: For wind 1042 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 1043 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683. 1044 Zheng jia 癥瘕, “concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness.” The two terms are often used interchangeably and do not signify two distinctly different conditions. Concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness result from a disharmony of cold and warmth resulting in a failure to transform beverages and food. Nodes form when the clash with the qi of the long-term depots. BCGM Dict I, 677.

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in the five long-term depots, musk must not be used lest it let the guardian qi flow off. When blood leaves from mouth and nose, this is a case of yin fullness and yang depletion. [The blood] rises and fails to move down. In such a case one must supplement the yang and restrain the yin, and it is not correct to resort to remedies such as camphor and musk that are light and soaring, or to the drying effects of amber. Women are ruled by blood. Whenever they experience a depletion of the sea of blood, alternating sensations of cold and heat, and robber sweat, it is advisable to treat them with supplementing and nourishing [remedies]. One must not resort to the dispersing effects of musk, or to the drying effects of hu bo. Yan Yonghe: When someone has been struck by wind1045 and has lost his consciousness, force-feed him with musk and clear oil. At first this will open his orifices to avoid that later he shows signs of impeded language and paralysis. Other medications will also be effective. [Li] Shizhen. When Mr. Yan says that for wind disease one must first apply musk, and [Zhu] Danxi says for wind disease and for blood disease it must definitely not be used, both their statements are based on ignorance. The fact is, musk runs fast. It is able to penetrate all orifices that are blocked, and to open obstructed conduits and network [vessels]. Now, if any disease such as wind [disease], qi [disease], blood [disease], pain, and epilepsy, as well as concretion- and collection-illness is associated with blocked conduits and network [vessels], and with obstructed orifices, why should one not resort to [musk] and use it to open [the vessels] and penetrate [the orifices]? It is wrong [to say] it must not be used. It is just that this must not be overdone. The Ji sheng fang uses it to cure distention resulting from accumulations caused by excessive consumption of melon and fruit, and it uses it to cure melting with thirst resulting from drinking wine. It is said that when fruits are contacted by musk, they will rot, and when wine is contacted by musk, it will decay. This catches the principle underlying the use of musk.

【附方】舊七，新十三。 Added recipes. Seven of old. 13 newly [recorded]. 中風不省。麝香二錢，研末，入清油二兩，和匀灌之，其人自甦也。濟生。 Being struck by wind and loss of consciousness. Grind two qian of musk to powder, and mix this with two liang of clear oil. Force-feed this [to the patient], and he will regain his consciousness. Ji sheng. 1045 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683.

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中惡客忤，項强欲死。麝香少許，乳汁調塗兒口中取效。醋調亦可。廣利 方。 Being struck by the malign and visitor’s hostility, 1046 when the nape is stiff and [the child is] close to dying. A small amount of musk, mixed with milk, is applied to the inside of the child’s mouth. This will be effective. One may also mix [the musk] with vinegar. Guang li fang. 小兒驚啼，發歇不定。真麝香一字，清水調服，日三。廣利。 Fright and wailing of children. With irregular outbreaks and pauses. [Have the child] ingest one zi of genuine musk with clear water. Three times a day. Guang li. 小兒中水。單以麝香如大豆三枚，奶汁調，分三四服。 A child struck by water. Mix an amount of musk equivalent to three large beans with milk and [have the child] ingest this in three or four portions.1047 破傷風水，毒腫痛不可忍。麝香末一字納瘡中，出盡膿水，便效。普濟。 Wound wind1048 with water. With unbearable poison swelling and pain. Insert one zi of musk powder into the wound to let the entire pus and water come out. Simply effective. Pu ji. 中惡霍亂。麝香一錢，醋半盞，調服。聖惠方。 Being struck by the malign with cholera. One qian of musk is ingested mixed with half a cup of vinegar. Sheng hui fang. 小兒邪瘧。以麝香研墨，書去邪辟魔四字於額上。經驗。 Children with evil malaria. Grind an inkstick with musk and write the following four characters on [the child’s] forehead: Remove evil, repudiate goblins. Jing yan. 諸果成積，傷脾作脹，氣急。用麝香一錢，生桂末一兩，飯和，丸菉豆 大。大人十五丸，小兒七丸，白湯下。蓋果得麝則落，木得桂即枯故也。 濟生。 Accumulations generated by [excessive consumption of ] all kinds of fruit. With harm to the spleen generating distension, and hectic [breathing of ] qi. One qian of 1046 Ke wu 客忤, “visitor‘s hostility.“ A sudden twisting pain, encountered outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen thought to result from the hostile acts of demons “visiting“ the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282. 1047 The source of this recipe is not given here. It is found in Zheng lei ch. 16, she xiang 麝香, “musk, quoting Yang shi chan ru. 1048 Po shang feng 破傷風, “wound wind,” wind stroke via wounds inflicted by metal objects/weapons. A condition of lockjaw, arched back rigidity and convulsions. BCGM Dict I, 379.

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musk and one liang of unprocessed cassia powder are mixed with cooked rice and formed to pills the size of green beans. Adults take 15 pills, children seven pills, to be sent down with clear hot water. The reason [underlying this therapy is]: When fruit come into contact with musk, they fall down. When wood comes into contact with gui, it will wither. Ji sheng. 消渴飲水。因飲酒或食果實過度，雖能食而口渴飲水，數尿。以麝香當門 子，酒和作十餘丸，枳椇子煎湯送下。蓋麝香敗酒壞果，枳椇亦敗酒也。 濟生。 Melting with thirst, 1049 and [an urge to] drink water. This is a result of excessively drinking wine and eating fruits. [Patients] are able to eat, but they are thirsty and drink water, and frequently urinate. Mix “child at the gate” musk with wine and prepare ten or more pills to be sent down with honey tree fruit seeds decoction. The fact is, musk lets wine decay and makes fruits rot. Honey tree fruit, too, lets wine decay. Ji sheng. 偏正頭痛，久不除者。晴明時，將髮分開，用麝香五分，皂角末一錢，薄 紙裹置患處。以布包炒鹽于上熨之，冷則易。如此數次，永不再發。簡便 單方。 Hemilateral and ordinary headache. For those that last a long time. On a clear day loosen the hair. Wrap five fen of musk and one qian of gleditsia powder in thin paper and place it on the location where the suffering is. Also, wrap some roasted salt in fabric and place it as a hot compress on top of it. Replace it when it has cooled down. If this is repeated several times, [the headache] will return never again. Jian bian dan fang. 五種蠱毒。麝香、雄黄等分爲末，以生羊肝如指大，以刀割開，裹藥吞 之。衛生。 The five kinds of gu poison.1050 Grind equal amounts of musk and realgar to powder. Also, cut open, with a knife, a fresh goat/sheep liver, the size of a finger, and insert the drugs into it to be swallowed [by the patient]. Wei sheng. 口内肉毬。有根如線五寸餘，如釵股，吐出乃能食物，捻之則痛徹心者， 麝香一錢研水服之，日三，自消。夏子益奇疾方。 1049 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 1050 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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Flesh balls in the mouth. Their root is a thread of five cun length, resembling a hair pin. When they are thrown out, [the patient] is able to eat. When they are twisted, he will feel a pain penetrating his heart. One qian of musk is ground to powder to be ingested with water, three times a day. They will melt as a result. Xia Ziyi, Qi ji fang. 催生易産。續十全方：麝香一錢，水研服，立下。 To hasten birth and facilitate delivery. Xu shi quan fang: One qian of musk is ground in water to be ingested [by the woman. The baby] will descend immediately. 濟生勝金散：治人弱難産。麝香一錢，鹽豉一兩，以舊青布裹之，燒紅爲 末，以秤錘淬酒，服二錢即下。郭稽中云：婦人産難及横逆生者，乃兒枕 破而敗血裹子，服勝金散逐其敗血，自生也。 The “powder superior to gold” from the Ji sheng: It serves to cure a weak person facing a difficult childbirth. One qian of musk and one liang of salted, fermented soybeans are wrapped in a used piece of greenish cloth. This is then burned, and ground to powder, and dipped with a counterpoise into wine. Have [the woman] ingest two qian and [the baby] will descend. Guo Zizhong states: When a woman has a difficult childbirth with the child lying in a transverse or inverse position, the headrest of the child is broken and decayed blood has enclosed the fetus. Ingesting the “powder superior to gold” will drive out the decayed blood, and [the child] will be born. 死胎不下。麝香當門子一枚，桂心末二錢，温酒服，即下。本事方。 A dead fetus fails to descend. [Have the woman] ingest one piece of “child at the gate” musk and two qian of shaved cassia bark powder with warm wine, and [the fetus] will descend. Ben shi fang. 痔瘡腫毒。麝香當門子、印城鹽等分，塗之。不過三次。外臺。 Piles sores and swelling with poison. Apply equal amounts of “child at the gate” musk and salt from Yin cheng to [the affected region]. No more than three times. Wai tai. 鼠咬成瘡。麝香封之妙。經驗。 Rat bites resulting in sores. Apply musk to them. Wondrous. Jing yan. 蠶咬成瘡。蜜調麝香傅之。廣利方。 Silkworm bites resulting in sores. Apply honey mixed with musk to them. Guang li fang. 山嵐瘴氣。水服麝香三分解之。集簡方。

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[Struck by] miasmatic qi in the haze of mountains. Three fen of musk ingested with water will resolve them. Ji jian fang. 蟲牙作痛。香油抹筯頭，蘸麝香末，綿裹炙熱咬之。换二三次，其蟲即 死，斷根，甚妙。醫方摘要。 Painful worm teeth. Apply sesame oil to the ends of a chopstick and dip it into musk powder. Wrap it in a piece of cloth, heat it and [let the patient] bite on it. Replace it two or three times. This will let the worms die and cuts the root [of the pain]. Very wondrous. Yi fang zhai yao. 51-20-02 肉。Rou. [Musk deer] meat. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【詵曰】蠻人常食之，似麞肉而腥氣，云食之不 畏蛇毒也。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: The Man people often eat it. It resembles roebuck meat but has malodorous qi. It is said that eating it lets one not fear snake poison. 【主治】腹中癥病。時珍。 Control. Intraabdominal concretion-illness.1051 [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes. One newly [recorded]. 小兒癥病。麝肉二兩切焙，蜀椒三百枚炒，搗末，以雞子白和丸小豆大。 每服二三丸，湯下，以知爲度。范汪方。 Concretion-illness of children. Two liang of musk deer meat are cut into slices and baked. 300 grains of Chinese pepper from Si chuan are roasted and pounded to powder. [Both these substances] are mixed with egg white and prepared to pills the size of small beans. Each time [have the child] ingest two or three pills, to be sent down with hot water. Continue until an effect shows. Fan Wang fang.

1051 Zheng 癥. “concretion-illness,” a pathological condition of abdominal nodes/lumps that are hard and cannot be moved. BCGM Dict I, 676.

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51-21 靈猫拾遺 Ling mao, FE Shi yi. Civet cat. Viverra zibetha L. 【釋名】靈貍作蛉者非、香貍雜俎、神貍離騷註、類。【時珍曰】自爲牝 牡，又有香氣，可謂靈而神矣。 Explanation of Names. Ling li 靈狸, “magic leopard cat.” When [ling 靈] is written ling 蛉, that is wrong. Xiang li 香狸, “aromatic leopard cat,” Za ju. Shen li 神狸, “divine leopard cat,” Li sao zhu. Lei 類. [Li] Shizhen: [These animals] are both male and female. Also, they have aromatic qi. They may be said to be both “magic” and “divine.” 【集解】【藏器曰】靈貓生南海山谷，狀如貍，自爲牝牡。其陰如麝，功 亦相似。按異物志云：靈貍一體自爲陰陽。刳其水道連囊，以酒洒陰乾， 其氣如麝。若雜入麝香中，罕能分别，用之亦如麝焉。【頌曰】香貍出南 方，人以作膾生，如北地狐生法，其氣甚香，微有麝氣。【時珍曰】按段 成式言，香貍有四外腎，則自能牝牡者，或由此也。劉郁西域記云：黑契 丹出香貍，文似土豹，其肉可食，糞溺皆香如麝氣。楊慎丹鉛録云：予在 大理府見香貓如貍，其文如金錢豹。此即楚辭所謂乘赤豹兮載文貍，王逸 註爲神貍者也。南山經所謂亶爰之山有獸焉，狀如貍而有髦，其名曰類， 自爲牝牡，食者不妬。列子亦云：亶爰之獸，自孕而生，曰類。疑即此物 也。又星禽真形圖：心月狐有牝牡兩體，其神貍乎？珍按：劉、楊二説與 異物志所説相合，則類即靈貍無疑矣。類、貍字音亦相近也。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Civet cats live in the mountain valleys of the Nan hai region. They look like leopard cats, and they are both male and female. Their yin members are like those of musk deer, and their effects are similar. According to the Yi wu zhi, “civet cats combine yin and yang within one body. If one cuts out their water paths1052 together with their scrotum, when sprinkled with wine and dried in the shade, the qi [emitted] are those of musk deer. If mixed with musk, it is hard to distinguish one from the other. Their usage is identical with that of musk.” [Su] Song: Civet cats originate in the South. The people there use its fresh [meat] to prepare preserved [meat], similar to the way how in northern regions fresh fox [meat is preserved]. Their qi are very aromatic; a bit like musk. [Li] Shizhen: According to Duan Chengshi, “civet cats have four external kidneys.” Hence they can act as males and as females. Liu Yu in his Xi yu ji states: “Civet cats originate from the region of the black Qidan/Khitan. The [skin] décor is that of leopards. Their meat is edible. Their feces and urine smell like musk qi.” Yang Shen in his Dan qian 1052 “Water paths,“ here: their entire reproductive system.

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lu states: “When I was in Da li prefecture, I saw a civet cat resembling a fox, li 貍. Its [skin] décor, wen 文, was that of a gold-coin leopard. It is mentioned in the Chu ci phrase ‘riding a red leopard and holding a wen li 文貍’. As Wang Yi commented, [wen li 文貍] is a reference to shen li 神貍, “divine leopard cat,” (i.e., civet cat). The Nan shan jing mentions ‘a beast living in the mountains of Dan yuan. It looks like a fox but has long hair. It is named lei. It can act as male and as female. Eating it lets one not become jealous.’ Also, the Lie zi states: ‘The beasts of Dan yuan can cause pregnancy by themselves and give birth. They are called lei.’ Perhaps this is the same being. Furthermore, the Xing qin zhen xing tu [refers to so called] ‘heart moon leopard cats’ that have a male and a female body. Could these be the “divine leopard cats”? [Li Shi]zhen comments: The reports by Liu [Yu] and Wang [Yi] agree with the contents of the Yi wu zhi. Hence it is without doubt that the lei are the civet cats. The reading of the characters lei 類 and li 狸 is similar. 51-21-01 肉。Rou. [Civet cat] meat. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 51-21-02 陰。Yin. [Civet cat] yin [member (i.e., penis)]. 【氣味】辛，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Acrid, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】中惡鬼氣，飛尸蠱疰，心腹卒痛，狂邪鬼神，鬼瘧疫氣，夢寐邪 魘，鎮心安神。藏器。 Control. Being struck by malign demon qi. Flying corpse [qi] and gu attachment-illness.1053 Sudden pain in heart and abdomen. Madness resulting from evil demons and spirits. Demon malaria, epidemic qi. Nightmares. It presses down the [excited] heart and calms the spirit. [Chen] Cangqi.

1053 Gu zhu 蠱疰, “gu-attachment-illness,” a condition of abdominal fullness with accumulations, pain and emaciation brought forth by gu poison, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. The illness takes many different forms. BCGM Dict I, 193.

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51-22 猫蜀本草 Mao, FE Shu ben cao. Cat. Felix domestica L. 【釋名】家貍。【時珍曰】貓，苗、茅二音，其名自呼。陸佃云：鼠害苗 而貓捕之，故字從苗。禮記所謂迎貓爲其食田鼠也。亦通。格古論云：一 名烏圓。或謂蒙貴即貓，非矣。 Explanation of Names. Jia li 家狸, “house leopard cat.” [Li] Shizhen: Mao 猫 can be read miao 苗 and mao 茅. This name reflects how [this animal] calls itself. Lu Dian states: “Mice damage young plants, miao 苗, and cats, mao 猫, catch them. Hence, the character [mao 猫] originates from miao 苗. When the Li ji calls them ying mao 迎猫, ‘cats that are welcome’, this is because they eat field mice.” This makes sense too. The Ge gu lun states: “They are also called wu yuan 烏圓.” Sometimes it is said that the meng gui 蒙貴 are cats. That is wrong. 【集解】【時珍曰】貓，捕鼠小獸也，處處畜之。有黄、黑、白、駁數 色，貍身而虎面，柔毛而利齒。以尾長腰短，目如金銀，及上齶多稜者爲 良。或云：其睛可定時。子、午、卯、酉如一線，寅、申、巳、亥如滿 月，辰、戌、丑、未如棗核也。其鼻端常冷，惟夏至一日則暖。性畏寒而 不畏暑，能畫地卜食，隨月旬上下齧鼠首尾，皆與虎同，陰類之相符如 此。其孕也，兩月而生，一乳數子，恒有自食之者。俗傳牝貓無牡，但以 竹箒掃背數次則孕，或用斗覆貓於竈前，以刷箒頭擊斗，祝竈神而求之亦 孕。此與以雞子祝竈而抱雛者相同。俱理之不可推者也。貓有病，以烏藥 水灌之，甚良。世傳薄荷醉貓，死貓引竹，物類相感然耳。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Cats catch mice and other small animals. They are raised everywhere. They may be of different colors, yellow, black, white, and multicolored. They have the body of a leopard cat and the face of a tiger. Their fur is soft, and their teeth are sharp.Those with a long tail and a short waist, whose eyes resemble gold and silver, and whose palate has many edges, they are good. It is said that their eyes permit to tell the time. During zi, wu, mao and you hours [their eyes] are like threads. During yin, shen, si and hai hours, they are like a full moon. During chen, xu, chou, and wei hours, they resemble date kernels. Their nose is short and always cold, with one exception on the one day of Summer Solstice, when it warms up. [Cats] only fear cold; they do not fear summerheat. They draw plans on the ground to forecast the whereabouts of their prey. Depending on whether it is at the beginning or at the end of a month, they eat the head or the tail of a mouse. In all these regards, they are like tigers. This is how yin kinds agree with each other. They, too, are pregnant for two months before they give birth. One litter comprises

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several kittens. It is a regular occurrence that [mothers] eat their [own offspring]. A common saying is: When a female cat has no male, one simply brushes it with a bamboo comb on its back several times, and it will become pregnant. Or cover a cat in front of a stove with a dou vessel and strike the vessel with a broom stick, at the same time praying to the god of the stove, and it will become pregnant too. This is the same as taking a chicken and pray to the [god of the] stove to let [the chicken] hatch a fledgling. Both [such sayings] have no reason they could be traced to. When a cat has a disease it is to be forcefed with lindera [root] water, with very good results. Tradition has it that mint makes a cat drunk, and that [the place where] a dead cat [is buried] draws bamboo to it. This is how the different kinds of beings correspond to each other. 51-22-01 肉。Rou. [Cat] meat. 【氣味】甘，酸，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, sour, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】勞疰，鼠瘻蠱毒。 Control. Exhaustion attachment-illness. Mouse fistula. 1054 Gu poison. 1055 【發明】【時珍曰】本草以貓、貍爲一類註解。然貍肉入食，貓肉不佳， 亦不入食品。故用之者稀。胡濙易簡方云：凡預防蠱毒，自少食貓肉，則 蠱不能害。此亦隋書所謂貓鬼野道之蠱乎。肘後治鼠瘻核腫，或已潰出膿 血者，取貓肉如常作羹，空心食之，云不傳之法也。昔人皆以癧子爲鼠涎 毒所致，此乃淮南子所謂狸頭治癙及鼠齧人瘡。又云，狐目狸腦，鼠去其 穴，皆取其相制之義耳。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The Ben jing regards cats and leopard cats as one kind. However, the meat of leopard cats is edible. The meat of cats is not good, and it is not used as food. Hence it is rarely resorted to [as medication]. Hu Ying in his Yi jian fang states: “To prevent one from being affected by gu poison, 1056he should eat cat meat from his youth on. Then the gu cannot cause any harm.” This is another 1054 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.” 1055 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 1056 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means

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reference to the gu of cats and demons on roads in the wilderness, as mentioned in the Sui shu. To cure mouse fistula1057 with kernels and swelling, and those that have begun to fester and emit blood, the Zhou hou resorts to cat meat prepared as the usual gruel, and to be eaten on an empty stomach, stating “this is a method not transmitted [in public].” In ancient times, the people assumed that pervasion-illness seeds are caused by the poison in the saliva of mice. This is referred to in the Huai nan zi as “leopard cat skulls serve to cure mouse-illness and mice eat up sores of humans.” It is also said: “The eyes of foxes and the brain of leopard cats drive mice out of their caves.” All these [sayings] are based on the principle of [different beings] controlling each other. 51-22-02 頭骨。Tou gu. Skull bone [of cats]. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】鬼疰蠱毒，心腹痛，殺蟲治疳，及痘瘡變黑，瘰癧鼠瘻惡瘡。時 珍。 Control. Demon attachment-illness1058 and gu poison. Pain in the heart and abdomen. They kill worms/bugs and they serve to cure gan-illness. 1059 Also, smallpox sores that have turned black. Scrofula pervasion-illness, 1060 [i. e.,] mouse fistula1061 and malign sores. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】古方多用貍，今人多用貓，雖是二種，性氣相同，故 可通用。孫氏治痘瘡倒黶，用人、貓、豬、犬四頭骨。方見人類。 of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 1057 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.” 1058 Gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness,” also zhu 注, “attachment-illness,” “influx-illnesss,” reflects a notion of a foreign pathogenic agent, originally of demonic nature, having attached itself to the human organism. BCGM Dict I, 202, 688-695. 1059 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 1060 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 1061 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.”

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Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Ancient recipes often made use of leopard cats. Today, the people often use cats. Even though these are two different variants, their nature and their qi are identical. Hence both can be used. To cure inverted smallpox sores and inverted black moles, Mr. Sun resorted to skull bones of humans, cats, pigs and dogs. For such recipes, see the [entries on] human [substances].

【附方】新九。 Added recipes. Nine newly [recorded]. 心下鼈瘕。用黑貓頭一枚燒灰，酒服方寸匕，日三。壽域。 Turtle-shaped conglomeration-illness below the heart. Burn the head of a black cat to ashes and ingest, with wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times per day. Shou yu. 痰齁發喘。貓頭骨燒灰，酒服三錢便止。醫學正傳。 Phlegm roaring with panting. Burn the skull bones of a cat to ashes and ingest, with wine, three qian. It will stop immediately. Yi xue zheng chuan. 貓鬼野道，病歌哭不自由。臘月死貓頭燒灰，水服一錢匕，日二。千金方。 [Struck by] a cat demon on a road in the wilderness. The disease manifests itself in involuntary fits of singing and wailing. Burn the head of a cat that died in the 12th month to ashes and ingest, with water, the amount held by a one qian spoon. Twice a day. Qian jin fang. 多年瘰癧不愈。用貓頭、蝙蝠各一個，俱撒上黑豆，同燒存性，爲末摻 之。乾則油調。内服五香連翹湯，取效。集要。 Scrofula pervasion-illness lasting for many years, without being cured. Sprinkle black beans over one cat head and one bat and burn both with their nature retained. Grind them to powder and mix them. The dry [powder] is mixed with oil [to be applied to the affected region. In addition,] internally ingest the “decoction with the five aromatic ingredients and forsythia [fruit].” This will be effective. Ji yao. 走馬牙疳。黑貓頭燒灰，酒服方寸匕。壽域方。 Running horse dental gan-illness. Burn the head of a black cat to ashes and ingest, with wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Shou yu fang. 小兒陰瘡。貓頭骨燒灰，傅之即愈。 Sores in the yin (i.e., genital) region of children. Burn the skull bones of a cat to ashes and apply them to the [affected region]. This will bring the cure.

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鼠咬瘡痛。貓頭燒灰，油調敷之，以瘥爲度。趙氏方。 Painful sores resulting from rat bites. Burn the head of a cat to ashes, mix them with oil and apply them to the [affected region] until a cure is achieved. Zhao shi fang. 收斂癰疽。貓頭一箇煅研，雞子十箇煮熟去白，以黄煎出油，入白蠟少 許，調灰敷之，外以膏護住，神妙。醫方摘要。 To keep obstruction- and impediment-illnesses1062 from bursting open. Calcine one head of a cat and grind it to powder. Boil ten eggs and remove the egg white. Fry the yoke to let the oil come out, and add a small amount of white beeswax. Mix this with the ashes [of the calcined cat head] and apply this to the [affected region]. Cover the outside with an ointment. Yi fang zhai yao. 對口毒瘡。貓頭骨燒存性，研。每服三五錢，酒服。吴球便民食療方。 Poison sores on the nape. Burn the skull bones of a cat with their nature retained, and grind them to powder. Each time ingest three to five qian. To be ingested with wine. Wu Qiu, Bian min shi liao fang. 51-22-03 腦。Nao. [Cat] brain. 紙上陰乾。 To be spread on a piece of paper and dried in the shade. 【主治】瘰癧鼠瘻潰爛，同莽草等分，爲末，納孔中。時珍。出千金。 Control. Purulent scrofula pervasion-illness,1063 [i. e.,] mouse fistula. 1064 Grind equal amounts of [cat brain and] illiceum [leaves] to powder, and insert this into the holes [of the sores]. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Qian jin.

1062 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 1063 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 1064 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.”

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51-22-04 眼睛。Yan jing. Eyeball [of cats]. 【主治】瘰癧鼠瘻，燒灰，井華水服方寸匕，日三。出外臺。 Control. Scrofula pervasion-illness, [i. e.,] mouse fistula. Burn [eyeballs of cats] to ashes, and ingest, with the first water drawn from a well in the morning, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times a day. Quoted from the Wai tai.1065 51-22-05 牙。Ya. [Cat] tooth. 【主治】小兒痘瘡倒黶欲死，同人牙、豬牙、犬牙燒炭，等分，研末，蜜 水服一字，即便發起。時珍。 Control. Smallpox sores of children, with inverted black moles, bringing [the patient] close to dying. Burn [cat teeth] together with human teeth, hog teeth and dog teeth over a charcoal fire and grind equal amounts to powder. [Have the child] ingest one zi with honey water. This will cause the pustules to emerge. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】痘瘡歸腎則變黑。凡牙皆腎之標，能入腎發毒也。内 有貓牙，又能解毒，而熱證亦可用云。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: When smallpox sores retreat to the kidneys, they will turn black. All teeth are outward signs of the kidneys. They are able to enter the kidneys and let the poison effuse. If [the medication] includes cat teeth, they will be able to resolve the poison. They can also be used for illness signs of heat. 51-22-06 [Cat] tongue. 【主治】瘰癧鼠瘻，生晒研敷。千金。 Control. Scrofula pervasion-illness,1066 [i. e.,] mouse fistula.1067 Dry a fresh [cat tongue] in the sun, grind it to powder, and apply it to [the affected region]. Qian jin.

1065 This recipe is not recorded in the Wai tai. It may be found in Qian jin fang ch. 23, jiu lou 九漏, “nine kinds of leaking.” 1066 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 1067 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.”

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51-22-07 涎。Xian. [Cat] saliva. 【主治】瘰癧，刺破塗之。時珍。 Control. Scrofula pervasion-illness. Pierce [the affected region] and apply [cat saliva] to the opened [holes. Li] Shizhen. 51-22-08 肝。Gan. [Cat] liver. 【主治】勞瘵殺蟲，取黑貓肝一具，生晒研末，每朔、望五更酒調服之。 時珍。出直指。 Control. Exhaustion-illness with consumption; it kills worms/bugs. One fresh cat liver is dried in the sun and ground to powder. On each first and each 15th day of the lunar month ingest it, with wine, prior to dawn in the morning. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Zhi zhi. 51-22-09 胞衣。Bao yi. [Cat] placenta. ［主治］反胃吐食，燒灰，入朱砂末少許，壓舌下，甚效。時珍。出楊氏 經驗。 Control. Turned over stomach with vomiting of food. Burn [a cat placenta] to ashes, add a small amount of cinnabar powder, and hold this underneath the tongue. Very effective. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Yang shi jing yan. 51-22-10 皮毛。Pi mao. [Cat] fur. 【主治】瘰癧諸瘻，癰疽潰爛。時珍。 Control. All kinds of sores associated with scrofula pervasion-illness.1068 Obstruction-illness and impediment-illness1069 associated with putrescence. [Li] Shizhen. 1068 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 1069 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

804

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】新六。 Added recipes. Six newly [recorded].

乳癰潰爛見内者。猫兒腹下毛，坩鍋内煅存性，入輕粉少許，油調封之。 濟生秘覽。 Breast obstruction-illness1070 with putrescence. When the interior [of the breast] is visible. Hair collected from below the abdomen of a kitten is calcined in a crucible by retaining its nature. Add a small amount of calomel, mix it with oil and apply this to [the affected region]. Ji sheng mi lan. 瘰癧鼠瘻。以石菖蒲生研盫之，微破，以貓兒皮連毛燒灰，用香油調傅。 内服白斂末，酒下，多多爲上。仍以生白斂搗爛，入酒少許，傅之效。證 治要訣。 Scrofula pervasion-illness, [i. e.,] mouse fistula.1071 Rub the cover of the [fistula] with fresh acorus [root] until they open a bit. Burn the skin of kitten with its fur to ashes, mix them with sesame oil and apply this [to the open sores]. Internally [let the patient] ingest ampelopsis [root] powder, to be sent down with wine, the more the better. Also, pound fresh ampelopsis [root] to a pulp, add a little wine, and apply this to [the affected region]. Effective. Zheng zhi yao jue. 鬢邊生癤。貓頸上毛、豬頸上毛各一把，鼠屎一粒，燒研，油調傅之。壽 域。 Pimples growing to the side of the hair on the temples. One handful of fur from a cat’s neck and one handful of hair from a pig’s neck are burned together with one grain of mouse feces and ground to powder. This is mixed with oil to be applied to [the affected region]. Shou yu. 鬼舐頭瘡。貓兒毛燒灰，膏和傅之。千金。 Sores developing on a head licked by a demon. Burn fur of a kitten to ashes, mix them with fat and apply this to [the affected region]. Qian jin. 鼻擦破傷。貓兒頭上毛煎碎，唾粘傅之。衛生易簡。 Damage caused by wiping the nose. Cut hair from the head of kitten, and apply them mixed with saliva to [the affected region]. Wei sheng yi jian. 鼠咬成瘡。貓毛燒灰，入麝香少許，唾和封之。貓鬚亦可。救急易方。 1070 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 1071 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.”

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Sores resulting from mouse/rat bites. Burn the fur of a cat to ashes, add a small amount of musk, mix this with saliva, and apply it to [the affected region]. Cat whiskers can also be used. Jiu ji yi fang. 51-22-11 尿。Niao. [Cat] urine. 以薑或蒜擦牙、鼻，或生葱紝鼻中，即遺出。 Rub [a cat’s] teeth and nose with ginger or garlic, or insert a fresh onion thread into its nose, and [the cat’s urine] will be released. 【主治】蜒蚰諸蟲入耳，滴入即出。時珍。出儒門事親。 Control. When slugs or any type of worms/bugs have entered one’s ear, drip [the urine] into it and they will come out. Quoted from the Ru men shi qin. 51-22-12 屎。Shi. [Cat] excrements. 【修治】臘月采乾者，泥固，燒存性，收用。 Preparation. [Cat excrements] collected during the 12th month and dried are wrapped in clay and burned with their nature retained. This is then held for later use. 【主治】痘瘡倒陷不發，瘰癧潰爛，惡瘡蠱疰，蠍螫鼠咬。時珍。痘黶有 無價散，見人類。燒灰水服，治寒熱鬼瘧，發無期度者，極驗。蜀本草。 Control. Inverted and sunken smallpox sores that fail to effuse; scrofula pervasion-illness1072 with putrescence; malign sores and gu attachment-illness,1073 scorpion stings and mouse/rat bites. [Li] Shizhen. For smallpox moles a “priceless powder” is available. See the entries on human substances. [Cat excrements] burned to ashes and ingested with water serve to cure alternating sensations of cold and heat associated with demon attachment-illness. For outbreaks that occur at unspecific times, it is highly effective. Shu ben cao.1074 1072 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 1073 Gu zhu 蠱疰, “gu-attachment-illness,” a condition of abdominal fullness with accumulations, pain and emaciation brought forth by gu poison, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. The illness takes many different forms. BCGM Dict I, 193. 1074 This recipe is quoted in Zheng lei, ch. 17, li gu 狸骨, “leopard cat bone,” with a reference to the Tang ben zhu 唐本注, “Annotations to the Tang edition [of materia medica].”

806

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】舊一，新七。 Added recipes. One of old. Seven newly [recorded].

小兒瘧疾。烏貓屎一錢，桃仁七枚，同煎，服一盞立瘥。温居士方。 Malaria illness of children. One qian of feces of a black cat and seven peach seeds are boiled together. Ingest one cup and a cure will be achieved immediately. Wen Jushi fang. 腰脚錐痛，支腿者。貓兒屎燒灰，唾津調，塗之。永類鈐方。 Stabbing pain in the lower back and legs, [especially so] when the legs are stretched out. Burn the feces of kitten to ashes, mix them with saliva and apply this to [the affected region]. Yong lei qian fang 蠱疰腹痛。雄貓屎燒灰，水服。外臺。 Gu attachment-illness with abdominal pain. Burn the excrements of a male cat to ashes and ingest them with water. Wai tai. 瘰癧潰爛。臘月貓屎，以陰陽瓦合，鹽泥固濟，煅過研末，油調搽之。儒 門事親。 Scrofula pervasion-illness1075 with putrescence. Cat feces collected during the 12th month are enclosed by two tiles, one on top and one below, and tightly sealed with clay. This is then calcined, ground to powder and mixed with oil to be applied to [the affected region]. Ru men shi qin. 鬼舐頭秃。貓兒屎燒灰，臘豬脂和，傅之。千金。 Baldness where a demon has licked a head. Burn cat feces to ashes, mix them with lard collected during the 12th month and apply this to [the affected region]. Qian jin. 鼠咬成瘡。貓屎揉之，即愈。壽域方。 Sores resulting from a mouse/rat bite. Apply cat excrements to them; this will bring the cure. Shou yu fang. 蠍螫作痛。猫兒屎塗之，三五次即瘥。心鏡。 Pain resulting from a scorpion sting. Smear the feces of kitten onto [the affected region]. A cure is achieved after three to five such [applications]. Xin jing. 齁哮痰欬。貓糞燒灰，砂糖湯服一錢。葉氏摘玄。 Roaring panting with phlegm cough. Burn cat feces to ashes and [let the patient] ingest, with sugar water, one qian. Ye shi zhai xuan. 1075 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329.

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Leopard cat.1076

807

51-23 狸别録 Li, FE Bie lu. Felis bengalensis Kerr.

【釋名】野貓。【時珍曰】按埤雅云：獸之在里者，故從里，穴居薶伏之 獸也。爾雅云：貍子曰𧳙，音曳。其足蹯，其迹禸，音鈕，指頭處也。 Explanation of Names. Ye mao 野猫, “wild cat.” [Li] Shizhen: According to the Pi ya, these are animals1077 living inside, li 里, [a cave/one’s house]. Hence [the character li 狸] originates from li 里, because these are animals living hidden in caves. The Er ya states:The cubs of leopard cats are called ye 𧳙, red ye 曳. Their feet are the pan 蹯. The prints of their paws are [called] niu 禸, read niu 鈕. 【集解】【弘景曰】貍類甚多，今人用虎貍，無用貓貍者，然貓貍亦好。 又有色黄而臭者，肉亦主鼠瘻。【頌曰】貍，處處有之。其類甚多，以虎 斑文者堪用，貓斑者不佳。南方一種香貍，其肉甚香，微有麝氣。【宗奭 曰】貍形類貓，其文有二，一如連錢，一如虎文，皆可入藥。肉味與狐不 相遠。江南一種牛尾貍，其尾如牛，人多糟食，未聞入藥。【時珍曰】貍 有數種。大小如狐，毛雜黄黑有斑，如貓而圓頭大尾者爲貓貍，善竊雞、 鴨，其氣臭，肉不可食。有斑如貙虎，而尖頭方口者爲虎貍，善食蟲鼠果 實，其肉不臭，可食。似虎貍而有黑白錢文相間者，爲九節貍，皮可供裘 領。宋史安陸州貢野貓、花貓，即此二種也。有文如豹，而作麝香氣者 爲香貍，即靈貓也。南方有白面而尾似牛者，爲牛尾貍，亦曰玉面貍，專 上樹木食百果，冬月極肥，人多糟爲珍品，大能醒酒。張揖廣雅云：玉面 貍，人捕畜之，鼠皆帖伏不敢出也。一種似貓貍而絶小，黄斑色，居澤 中，食蟲、鼠及草根者，名𤜢，音迅。又登州島上有海貍，貍頭而魚尾也。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: There are very many kinds of leopard cats. Today, the people use the tiger leopard cats; they do not use the cat leopard cats. Still, the cat leopard cats are fine, too. Also, there are some that are of yellow color and that have an odor. And their meat controls mouse/rat fistula. [Su] Song: Leopard cats are everywhere. Their kinds are very many. Those with a tiger stripe décor are most suited for use [in medications]. Those with the stripes of cats are not so good. In the South, there is a type of aromatic leopard cats. Their meat is very aromatic, including some mild musk qi. [Kou] Zongshi: The physical appearance of leopard cats is that of cats. They are of two different decors. One is like a string of coins, the other is a tiger décor. Both can be used in medications. The flavor of

1076 Also known as “wild cat.” 1077 Pi ya, ch. 4, li 貍, “leopard cat,” writes li zhi 貍豸, instead of shou 獸, “animal.”

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their meat is not much different from that of foxes. In Jiang nan1078 is a type of ox tail leopard cats. Their tail resembles that of oxen. The people often eat them [preserved] with the marc remaining from distilling wine. I have not heard that they were used in medications. [Li] Shizhen: There are several kinds of leopard cats. Large ones resemble foxes. Their fur is variegated with yellow and black stripes. Those that resemble cats and have a round head and a big tail, they are the cat leopard cats. They love to steal chicken and ducks. They are of an malodorous qi, and their meat is not edible. Those with the stripes of yu tigers,1079 a pointed head and a square mouth, they are the tiger leopard cats. They prefer to eat worms/bugs, mice, and fruit. Their meat is not malodorous; it is edible.Those that resemble tiger leopard cats with a mixed black and white coin décor, they are the “nine nodes leopard cats.” Their hide can be used to produce coats and scarfs. According to the Song shi, “An lu zhou once sent a wild cat and a flower cat as tribute [to the emperor]. These were the two kinds referred to here [as tiger leopard cat and nine nodes leopard cat]. Those with a décor like a leopard, and dispensing qi with a musk aroma, they are the aroma leopard cats. They are magic leopard cats. In the South those with a white face and a tail reminiscent of oxen, they are the ox tail leopard cats. They are also called jade face leopard cats. They are experts in climbing up into trees to eat all kinds of fruit. During winter months they are very fat. The people often preserve them with the marc from brewing wine as a precious delicacy that is very much able to disperse the negative effects of drinking wine. Zhang Yi in his Guang ya states: “The jade face leopard cats are caught and raised by the people. They cause all the mice to remain hidden and not come out.” One type that resembles cat leopard cats but is very small, is colored with yellow stripes, lives in the marshlands, and eats worms/bugs, mice/rats and herbs and roots, they are the xun 𤜢 (lit.: animal + rapid), read xun 迅. Also, on Deng zhou island are sea leopard cats. They have the head of a leopard cat and the tail of a fish. 51-23-01 肉。Rou. [Leopard cat] meat. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【詵曰】温。正月勿食，傷神。【時珍曰】内 則：食貍去正脊，爲不利人也。反藜蘆。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: Warm. Must not be eaten during the first month lest it damage one’s spirit. [Li] Shizhen: According to 1078 Zheng lei, ch. 17, li gu 狸骨, “leopard cat bone,” writes xi 西, “West,” instead of nan 南, “South.” 1079 For yu tigers, yu hu 貙虎, see 51-02, Explanation of Names.

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the Nei ze, to eat leopard cats one must remove the spine lest it harm one. [Ingested together,] it is opposed to veratrum [root]. 【主治】諸疰。别録。治温鬼毒氣，皮中如鍼刺。時珍。出太平御覽。作 羹臛，治痔及鼠瘻，不過三頓，甚妙。蘇頌。出外臺。補中益氣，去遊 風。孫思邈。 Control. All kinds of attachment-illness.1080 Bie lu. It serves to cure poison qi of warmth and demons, with a feeling in the skin as if there were needles piercing. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Tai ping yu lan. Prepared as a thick soup or broth, it serves to cure piles and mouse fistula.1081 A very wondrous effect is achieved after no more than three doses. Su Song, quoted from the Wai tai. It supplements the center and boosts qi. It removes roaming wind. Sun Simiao.

【附方】新二。 Added recipes. Two newly [recorded]. 腸風痔瘻，下血年深日近者。如聖散：用臘月野貍一枚蟠在罐内，炒大棗 半升，枳殼半斤，甘草四兩，豬牙皂莢二兩，同入罐内蓋定，瓦上穿一 孔，鹽泥固濟，煅令乾。作一地坑，以十字瓦支住罐子，用炭五秤，煅至 黑煙盡、青煙出取起，濕土罨一宿，爲末。每服二錢，鹽湯下。一方：以 狸作羹，其骨燒灰酒服。楊氏家藏方。 Intestinal wind and piles fistula. When blood has been discharged for years already or only recently. The “sage-like powder”: One wild leopard cat caught during the 12th month is coiled into a jar. One half sheng of roasted dates, half a jin of unripe oranges, four liang of glycyrrhiza [root], and two liang of small gleditsia [pods/seeds]1082 are all given into that jar, too, which is then tightly sealed. From above pierce a hole into the bottle and cover it with salt mud. Calcine this until it is dry. Then dig a pit in the ground and place the jar into it, supported by cross-shape tiles. Then calcine this with five cheng of charcoal until the black smoke is exhausted and a greenish smoke rises. Now remove [the jar] and have it fomented with humid soil for one night. Finally, prepare a powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with brine. Another recipe. Prepare a thick soup from leopard cat meat. Also burn its bones to ashes, and ingest them with wine. Yang shi jia cang fang. 1080 Zhu [bing] 疰[病], “attachment-illness [disease],” a condition identical with gui zhu 鬼 疰, “demon attachment-illness.” BCGM Dict I, 535; 689. 1081 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.” 1082 Zhu ya zao jia 豬牙皂莢, lit.: “gleditsia seeds/pots as small as pig teeth.”

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風冷下血，脱肛疼痛。野貍一枚，大瓶盛之，泥固，火煅存性，取研，入 麝香二錢。每食前米飲服二錢。聖惠方。 Wind cold with a discharge of blood. With a painful prolapsed rectum. Fill one wild leopard cat into a large jar, cover it with clay, and calcine it with fire by retaining its nature. Remove [the leopard cat from the jar] and grind it to powder to which are added two qian of musk. Each time ingest, before meals, with a rice beverage two qian. Sheng hui fang. 51-23-02 膏。Gao. [Leopard cat] fat. 【主治】鼷鼠咬人成瘡，用此摩之，并食狸肉。時珍。 Control. Sores resulting from mouse and rat bites. Apply this [fat] to them, and at the same time eat leopard cat meat. [Li] Shizhen. 51-23-03 肝。Gan. [Leopard cat] liver. 【主治】鬼瘧。時珍。 Control. Demon malaria. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes: One newly [recorded]. 鬼瘧經久，或發或止。野貓肝一具，瓶盛，熱豬血浸之，封口，懸乾去 血，取肝研末；猢猻頭骨、虎頭骨、狗頭骨各一兩，麝香一分，爲末，醋 糊丸芡子大。發時手把一丸嗅之。仍以緋帛包一丸繫中指上。聖惠方。 Demon malaria that has lasted for a long time. Sometimes it breaks out, and then it ends again. One liver of a wild cat is filled into a bottle. Add hot pig blood to soak [the liver in it]. Close the opening, hang [the bottle] at a dry place until all the blood is gone. Then remove the liver and grind it to powder. Also, one liang each of macaque skull bones, tiger skull bones and dog skull bones, and one fen of musk are ground to powder. [Mix the two powders and] use vinegar and flour to prepare pills the size of qian seeds. At the moment of an outbreak, hold one pill in one hand and smell it. Another pill is fastened with red silk to the middle finger. Sheng hui fang.

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51-23-04 陰莖。Yin jing. Yin stalk (i.e., penis) [of a cat] 【主治】女人月水不通，男子陰㿗，燒灰，東流水服。别録。 Control. Blocked menstruation of women. Yin breakdown-illness1083 of males. Burn [the penis] to ashes and ingest them with water flowing eastward. Bie lu. 51-23-05 骨。Gu. [Leopard cat] bones. 頭骨尤良。 Skull bones are particularly good. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】風疰尸疰，鬼疰毒氣，在皮中淫躍，如鍼刺著，心腹痛，走無常 處，及鼠瘻惡瘡。别録。燒灰酒服，治一切遊風。日華。炒，末，治噎 病，不通飲食。藥性。燒灰水服，治食野鳥肉中毒。頭骨炙研或燒灰，酒 服二錢，治尸疰、邪氣腹痛及痔瘻，十服後見驗。孟詵。【宗奭曰】炙 骨，和雄黄、麝香爲丸服，治痔及瘻甚效。殺蟲，治疳痢瘰癧。時珍。 Control. Wind attachment-illness, corpse attachment-illness, demon attachment-illness,1084 poison qi, with a feeling of an excessive jumping in one’s skin, as if pierced by a needle. Heart and abdominal pain moving around without staying at a place permanently. Also, mouse fistula1085 and malign sores. Bie lu. Burned to ashes and ingested with wine they serve to cure all kinds of roaming wind. Rihua. Roasted and ground to powder they serve to cure choking illness with blocked passage of beverages and food. Yao xing. Burned to ashes and ingested with water, they serve to cure poisoning resulting from eating wild birds. Skull bones roasted and ground [to powder] or burned to ashes, and an amount of two qian ingested with wine, serve to cure corpse attachment-illness, evil qi causing abdominal pain and piles fistula. Af1083 Yin tui 陰㿗, “yin breakdown-illness,“ identical with yin tui 陰㿉, “yin (i.e. scrotal) prominence-illness,” a condition of local swelling and pain affecting a male’s private parts. BCGM Dict I, 637/638. 1084 Gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness,” also zhu 注, “attachment-illness,” “influx-illnesss,” reflects a notion of a foreign pathogenic agent, originally of demonic nature, having attached itself to the human organism. BCGM Dict I, 202, 688-695. 1085 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.”

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ter ten doses the effect will show. Meng Shen. [Kou] Zongshi: The bones ingested roasted and, mixed with realgar and musk, prepared to pills serve to cure piles and fistula. Very effective. They kill worms/bugs. They serve to cure gan-illness1086 and scrophula. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【頌曰】華佗治尸疰有貍骨散，用其頭。【時珍曰】貍骨、貓骨 性相近，可通用之。衛生寶鑑治諸風心癇神應丹，用貍全身燒過入藥。 Explication. [Su] Song. Hua Tuo referring to a “powder with [leopard cat] bones” to cure corpse [qi] attachment-illness resorts to the skull. [Li] Shizhen: The natures of leopard cat bones and of cat bones are similar. They may both be used interchangeably. For curing all kinds of wind heart epilepsy the Wei sheng bao jian lists the “elixir with a divine response.” It makes use of an entire body of a leopard cat that is burned and then used to prepare a medication.

【附方】舊一，新一。 Added recipes. One of old. One newly [recorded]. 瘰癧腫痛久不瘥。用貍頭、蹄骨，並塗酥炙黄，爲散。每日空心米飲下一 錢匕。聖惠。 Scrophula with painful swelling that has not been cured for a long time. Apply butter to the head and the hoof bones of a leopard cat, roast them until they have turned yellow and grind them to powder. Once per day wash down, on an empty stomach, with a rice beverage the amount held by a one qian spoon. Sheng hui. 瘰癧已潰。貍頭燒灰，頻傅之。千金。 Scrophula with purulescence. The head of a leopard cat is burned to ashes to be repeatedly applied to the [affected region]. Qian jin. 51-23-06 屎。Shi. [Leopard cat] excrements. 五月收乾。 To be collected and dried during the fifth month. 【主治】燒灰，水服，主鬼瘧寒熱。孟詵。燒灰，和臘豬脂，敷小兒鬼舐 頭瘡。千金。 1086 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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Control. Burned to ashes and ingested with water, they control alternating cold and heat sensations associated with demon malaria. Meng Shen. Burned to ashes and mixed with lard collected during the 12th month they are applied to sores resulting from a demon licking the head of a child. 51-24 風狸拾遺 Feng li, FE Shi yi. Wind leopard cat. 【校正】原附貍下，今分出。 Editorial Correction. Originally listed as an appendix to leopard cat. Now given a separate entry. 【釋名】風母綱目、風生獸同、平猴同、狤𤟎音吉屈。【時珍曰】風貍能 因風騰越，死則得風復生，而又治風疾，故得風名。狤𤟎言其詰崛也。 Explanation of Names. Feng mu 風母, “wind mother,” Gang mu. Feng sheng shou 風 生獸, “animal coming to life by wind.” Identical [source]. Ping hou 平猴, identical [source]. Ji qu 狤𤟎, read ji qu 吉屈. [Li Shi]zhen: Wind leopard cats are able to rise and jump with the wind. When they have died and are touched by wind they come back to life again, and they are able to cure wind illness. Hence they are named “wind [leopard cats].” They are also called ji qu 狤𤟎 because of their ability to curve, jie 詰, and coil, jue 崛. 【集解】【藏器曰】風貍生邕州以南。似兔而短，棲息高樹上，候風而吹 至他樹。食果子，其尿如乳，甚難得，人取養之乃可得。【時珍曰】今考 十洲記之風生獸，廣州異物志之平猴，嶺南異物志之風母，酉陽雜俎之狤 𤟎，虞衡志之風狸，皆一物也。但文有大同小異爾。其獸生嶺南及蜀西徼 外山林中，其大如狸如獺，其狀如猿猴而小，其目赤，其尾短如無，其色 青黄而黑，其文如豹。或云一身無毛，惟自鼻至尾一道有青毛，廣寸許， 長三四分。其尿如乳汁，其性食蜘蛛，亦啖薰陸香。晝則踡伏不動如猬， 夜則因風騰躍甚捷，越巖過樹，如鳥飛空中。人網得之，見人則如羞而叩 頭乞憐之態。人撾擊之，倏然死矣，以口向風，須臾復活。惟碎其骨、破 其腦乃死。一云刀斫不入，火焚不焦，打之如皮囊，雖鐵擊其頭破，得風 復起。惟石菖蒲塞其鼻，即死也。一云此獸常持一杖，指飛走悉不能去， 見人則棄之。人獲得，擊打至極，乃指示人。人取以指物，令所欲如意 也。二説見十洲記及嶺南志，未審然否？ Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Wind leopard cats live south of Yong zhou. They resemble hares/rabbits but are shorter. They perch on high trees waiting

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for a gale to reach another tree. They eat fruit. Their urine is like milk. It is extremely difficult to collect. The people raise these [animals] so that they may collect [their urine]. [Li] Shizhen: Checking now the references in the Shi zhou ji to the feng sheng shou 風生獸, in the Guang1087 zhou yi wu zhi to the ping hou 平猴, in the Ling nan yi wu zhi to the feng mu 風母,1088 in the Xi yang za zu to the ji qu 狤𤟎, and in the Yu heng zhi to the feng li 風狸, they all concern one and the same creature. However, their decors may be slightly different. Those animals living in the Ling nan region and in the mountain forests outside of Xi jiao in Shu, they are as big as a leopard cat or otter. Their physical appearance is that of monkeys, but they are smaller. They have red eyes, and their tail is so short that it looks as if they had no [tail] at all. Their color is greenish-yellow and black. Their décor is that of leopards. Some say that “their entire body has no fur, except for a path reaching from the nose to the tail which is covered with greenish fur and that is one cun broad and three to four fen long. Their urine is like a milk sap. By nature they eat spiders and they also feed on mastic. During daytime, they lie hidden coiled like a hedgehog and do not move. During the night, they jump very high with the wind, crossing cliffs and passing above trees – like birds flying in the air. The people catch them with nets. When they see the humans, they evoke an impression as if they were shy. They bend their head and seem to beg for mercy. When one beats them, they immediately seem to be dead. They turn their mouth toward the wind and within a short moment they come back to life. It is only when their bones are crashed and their brain is broken open that they are truly dead. It is also said that “with a knife one cannot hack them, with a fire one cannot scorch them, and when striking them with the fist it is as if one struck a leather bag. Even if their head is broken with an iron utensil, as soon as they are touched by wind, they rise again. Only when their nose is blocked with acorus [root], then they will die.” Elsewhere it is said that “these animals often hold a stick and when they point it at [other animals] that fly or run by, these [other animals] will be unable to leave. When they see a human, they will drop [the stick]. But when that person severely hits [the animal], then it will point [the stick] at that person. When a human grabs the stick and points it at another human, the latter will have to follow the requests of the former.” For these two accounts see the Shi zhou ji and the Ling nan zhi. But it has not been researched whether they are based on facts.

1087 Yu lan, ch. 908, feng mu 風母, writes nan zhou 洲, “Nan zhou,” instead of guang zhou 廣 洲, “Guang zhou.” 1088 Yu lan, ch. 908, feng mu 風母, writes xing 猩, “orangutan,” instead of mu 母.

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51-24-01 腦。Nao. Brain [of wind leopard cats]. 【主治】酒浸服，愈風疾。時珍。出嶺南志。和菊花服至十斤，可長生。 十洲記。 Control. Ingested soaked in wine it cures wind illness. [Li] Shizhen, quoting from Ling nan zhi. Up to ten jin ingested together with chrysanthemum flowers will extend one’s life time. Shi zhou ji. 51-24-02 尿。Niao. Urine [of wind leopard cats]. 【主治】諸風。藏器。大風疾。虞衡志。 Control. All kinds of wind. [Chen] Cangqi. Major wind illness. Yu heng zhi. 51-25 狐别録下品 Hu. FE Bie lu, lower rank. Fox. Vulpes vulpes L. 【釋名】【時珍曰】埤雅云：狐，孤也。狐性疑，疑則不可以合類，故其 字從孤省。或云狐知虚實，以虚擊實，實即孤也，故從孤，亦通。 Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen: The Pi ya 埤雅 states: “Hu 狐 is gu 孤, ‘alone’, ‘isolated’. The foxes, hu 狐, are by nature suspicious. As they are suspicious, they are unable to associate with their kind. Hence the character [hu 狐, ‘fox’,] is an abbreviation of gu 孤, ‘alone’.” Elsewhere [the Pi ya] says: “Foxes [and wolves] know about the best time to catch their prey. They use the best time to attack their prey, that is, when their prey is isolated [from other animals of their kind]. Hence [the name of foxes, hu 狐,] originates from [the character] gu 孤, ‘alone’, ‘isolated’.” This is likely, too. 【集解】【弘景曰】江東無狐，狐出北方及益州。形似貍而黄，善爲魅。 【恭曰】形似小黄狗，而鼻尖尾大，全不似貍。【頌曰】今江南亦時有 之，汴、洛尤多。北土作膾生食之。其性多疑審聽，故捕者多用罝。【時 珍曰】狐，南北皆有之，北方最多。有黄、黑、白三種，白色者尤稀。尾 有白錢文者亦佳。日伏于穴，夜出竊食。聲如嬰兒，氣極臊烈。毛皮可爲 裘，其腋毛純白，謂之狐白。許慎云：妖獸，鬼所乘也。有三德，其色中 和，小前大後，死則首丘。或云狐知上伏，不度阡陌。或云狐善聽冰，或

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云狐有媚珠。或云狐至百歲，禮北斗而變化，爲男女淫婦以惑人。又能擊 尾出火。或云狐魅畏狗。千年老狐，惟以千年枯木然照，則見真形。或云 犀角置穴，狐不敢歸。山海經云：青丘之山，有狐九尾，能食人。食之不 蠱。【鼎曰】狐魅之狀，見人或叉手有禮，或祗揖無度，或静處獨語，或 裸形見人也。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: There are no foxes in the Jiang dong region. Foxes come from the North and from Yi zhou. Their physical appearance resembles that of leopard cats, but they are yellow. They have a tendency to turn into goblins. [Su] Gong: From their physical appearance they resemble small, yellow dogs. But their nose is pointed, and they have a massive tail. In their entirety they do not resemble leopard cats. [Su] Song: Nowadays, they occasionally are present in the Jiang nan region. There are especially many in Bian and Luo. In the North, they preserve fresh [fox meat] and eat it. By nature, [foxes] are often suspicious and they use their ears to examine [their environment]. Hence hunters often resort to nets [to catch them]. [Li] Shizhen: Foxes are present everywhere in the South and the North, but there are many more in the North. They are of three kinds: yellow, black, and white. Those of white color are escpecially rare. Those whose tail has a décor of white streaks, they are fine, too. During daytime they lie hidden in their caves. At night they appear and steal food. Their cries are like those of children, and their qi has an extremely foul smell. Their fur and hide can be used to prepare coats. The fur in their armpits is purely white; it is called “fox white.” Xu Shen states: “Goblin animals are possessed by demons. They have three characteristics. Their color is neutral. They are small in front and large at their end. When they die, their head faces the hills.” It is also said that “foxes know how to ascend and how to lie hidden, and that they do not cross pathways in the fields.” It is also said that “they love to hear the sounds of ice.” It is also said that “foxes have a pearl stimulating seduction.” It is also said that “foxes reach the age of 100. They devote themselves to the Big Dipper and transform to a male or a female or a licentious woman to seduce another person. Also, they can strike their tail to produce fire.” It is also said that “fox goblins fear dogs. A fox that is 1000 years old can be seen in its original physical appearance if it is exposed to the light generated by burning a dead tree of 1000 years.” It is also said that “if a rhinoceros horn is placed in their cave, the foxes do not dare to return there.” The Shan hai jing states: “In the mountains of Qing qiu there are foxes with nine tails. They can eat humans. If [humans] eat them they will not be affected by gu.” 1089 [Zhang] Ding: The appearance of fox goblins is such that when they see hu1089 Gu [du] 蠱[毒], “gu[-poisoning].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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mans, they may cross their front legs as is customary in ceremonies, or they commit endless bows with their front legs clasped, or they may speak when they are alone at a quiet place, or they appear to humans naked. 51-25-01 肉。Rou. [Fox] meat. 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。【詵曰】有小毒。禮記云：食狐去首，爲害人也。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen. Slightly poisonous. The Li ji states: When eating fox [meat], the head is to be discarded lest it harm one. 【主治】同腸作臛食，治瘡疥久不瘥。蘇恭。煮炙食，補虚損，及五臟邪 氣，患蠱毒寒熱者，宜多服之。孟詵。作膾生食，暖中去風，補虚勞。蘇 頌。 Control. Prepared together with [fox] intestines as a gruel to be eaten, it serves to cure sores with pimples that have not been cured for a long time. Su Gong. Eaten boiled and roasted, it supplements depletion injury and reaches the evil qi in the five long-term depots. Those suffering from alternating sensations of cold and heat associated with gu poison1090 are advised to ingest it. Meng Shen. Fresh [meat] eaten chopped into small pieces warms the center, eliminates wind, and supplements depletion exhaustion. Su Song.

【附方】舊一。 Added recipes. One of old. 狐肉羹。治驚癇恍惚，語言錯謬，歌笑無度，及五臟積冷，蠱毒寒熱諸 病。用狐肉一片及五臟治浄，入豉汁煮熟，入五味作羹，或作粥食。京中 以羊骨汁、鯽魚代豉汁，亦妙。食醫心鏡。 Fox meat gruel. It serves to cure fright epilepsy associated with absent-mindedness, a faulty language, and excessive singing and laughing. Further all such diseases as cold accumulations in the five long-tern depots, and alternating sensations of cold and heat associated with gu poison. Wash one piece of fox meat and the five longterm depots, add the juice of fermented soybeans and boil this until done. Then add the five spices and prepare a gruel. Or prepare a congee for food. In the capital, they 1090 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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use a broth obtained by boiling goat/sheep bones, or golden carps, instead of the juice of fermented soybeans. This is wondrous, too. Shi yi xin jing. 51-25-02 五臟及腸肚。Wu zang ji chang du. The five long-term depots, the intestines and the stomach [of foxes]. 【氣味】苦，微寒，有毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, slightly cold, poisonous. 【主治】蠱毒寒熱，小兒驚癇。别録。補虚勞，隨臟而補，治惡瘡疥。生 食，治狐魅。日華。作羹臛，治大人見鬼。孟詵。肝燒灰，治風癇及破傷 風，口緊搐强。時珍。古方治諸風心癇有狐肝散，及衛生寶鑑神應散、普 濟方治破傷中風金烏散中並用之。 Control. Alternating sensations of cold and heat associated with gu poison. Fright epilepsy of children. Bie lu. They supplement depletion exhaustion. For supplementation [of a long-term depot, i. e., a patient’s liver, use] the corresponding long-term depot [i. e., a fox liver]. They serve to cure malign sores with pimples. Eaten fresh/ raw, they serve to cure fox goblins [attachment-illness]. Rihua. Prepared as a gruel, they serve to cure visions of demons by adults. Meng Shen. A [fox] liver burned to ashes serves to cure wind epilepsy and wound wind,1091 with tight mouth and jerking with stiffness. [Li] Shizhen. Ancient recipes for curing all kinds of wind and heart epilepsy include a “powder with fox liver,” and the “powder with divine response” recorded in the Wei sheng bao jian, as well as the “powder with black gold” to cure open wounds struck by wind1092 listed in the Pu ji fang, they all make use of them.

【附方】新四。 Added recipes. Four newly [recorded]. 勞瘧瘴瘧。野狐肝一具陰乾，重五日五更初，北斗下受氣爲末，粳米飯作 丸菉豆大。每以一丸緋帛裹，繫手中指，男左女右。聖惠。 Exhaustion malaria, miasmatic malaria. The liver of a wild fox is dried in the shade. Then, on the fifth day of the fifth month, at the fifth1093 double-hour, it is placed 1091 Po shang feng 破傷風, “wound wind,” wind stroke via wounds inflicted by metal objects/weapons. A condition of lockjaw, arched back rigidity and convulsions. BCGM Dict I, 379. 1092 Po shang zhong feng 破傷中風, “open wounds struck by wind.” A condition of lockjaw, arched back rigidity, and convulsions. BCGM Dict I, 379. 1093 Sheng hui fang, ch. 52, zhi lao nue zhu fang 治勞瘧諸方, “all recipes for exhaustion malaria,” does not have the character wu 五, “fifth.”

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under the Big Dipper to receive its qi, and it is then ground to powder. This is prepared, with glutinous rice, to pills the size of green beans. Each time wrap one pill with silk fabric and tie this to the [patient’s] middle finger; this is the left [middle finger] of males, and the right [middle finger] of women. Sheng hui. 鬼瘧寒熱。野狐肝膽一具，新瓶内陰乾，阿魏一分，爲末，醋糊丸芡子 大。發時男左女右把一丸嗅之。仍以緋帛包一丸，繫手中指。聖惠。 Alternating sensations of cold and heat associated with demon malaria. One liver and one gallbladder of a wild fox are filled into a new bottle and dried in the shade. They are then ground, together with one fen of asafetida, to powder. This is prepared, with vinegar and flour, to pills the size of qian seeds. At the time of an outbreak, males hold one pill in their left hand and women hold one pill in their right hand to smell it. In addition, one pill is wrapped in silk fabric, and tied to the [patient’s] middle finger. Sheng hui. 中惡蠱毒。臘月狐腸燒末，水服方寸匕。千金。 Being struck by the malign and gu poison.1094 The intestines of a fox caught during the 12th month are burned to ashes, and the amount held by a square cun spoon is ingested with water. Qian jin. 牛病疫疾。恭曰：狐腸燒灰，和水灌之，勝獺也。 Oxen suffering from epidemic illness. [Su] Gong: Burn fox intestines to ashes and force-feed them with water [to the animal]. They are superior to [the intestines of ] an otter. 51-25-03 膽。Dan. [Fox] gallbladder/bile. 臘月收之。 To be collected in the 12th month. 【主治】人卒暴亡，即取雄狐膽，温水研灌，入喉即活。移時者無及矣。 蘇頌。出續傳信方。辟邪瘧，解酒毒。時珍。萬畢術云：狐血漬黍，令人 不醉。高誘註云：以狐血漬黍米、麥門冬，陰乾爲丸。飲時以一丸置舌下 含之，令人不醉也。

1094 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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Control. When someone all of a sudden perishes, grind the [dried] gallbladder of a male fox with warm water and force-feed this [to that person]. Once it has entered his throat, he will come back to life. If some time is allowed to elapse, nothing can be done. Su Song, quoted from the Xu chuan xin fang. It ends evil malaria, and resolves wine poison. [Li] Shizhen. The Wan bi shu states: “Millet soaked in fox blood prevents one from getting drunk”. Gao Yu commented: “Take fox blood to soak millet and ophiopogon [tuber], dry them in the shade and prepare them to pills. When drinking [wine], place one such pill underneath the tongue. This will prevent one from getting drunk.”

【附方】新一。 Added recipes. One newly [recorded]. 狐膽丸。治邪瘧發作無時。狐膽一箇，硃砂、砒霜各半兩，阿魏、麝香、 黄丹、菉豆粉各一分，爲末，五月五日午時，粽子尖和丸梧子大。空心及 發前，冷醋湯服二丸。忌熱物。聖惠方。 The “pills with fox gallbladder.” They serve to cure malaria with irregular outbreaks. One fox gallbladder, two liang each of cinnabar and arsenic, and one fen each of asafetida, musk, minium, and green bean powder are ground to powder. At noon of the fifth day of the fifth month, mix this with the tips of glutinous rice dumplings and prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Two such pills are to be ingested, with cold vinegar soup, on an empty stomach prior to an outbreak. [During the therapy, a consumption of ] hot items is to be avoided. Sheng hui fang. 51-25-04 陰莖。Yin jing. Yin stalk (i.e., penis) of a fox. 【氣味】甘，微寒，有毒。【思邈曰】有小毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, poisonous. [Sun] Simiao: Slightly poisonous. 【主治】女子絶産，陰中痒，小兒陰㿗卵腫。别録。婦人陰脱。時珍。 Control. Female infertiliy. Itch in the yin (i.e., genital) region. Yin breakdown-illness1095 and swollen testes of children. Bie lu. Prolapse of the yin (i.e., uterus) of women. [Li] Shizhen.

1095 Yin tui 陰㿗, “yin breakdown-illness,“ identical with yin tui 陰㿉, “yin (i.e. scrotal) prominence-illness,” a condition of local swelling and pain affecting a male’s private parts. BCGM Dict I, 637/638.

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【附方】新一。 Added recipes. One newly [recorded]. 小兒陰腫。狐陰莖炙，爲末，空心酒服。千金方。 Swollen yin [member (i.e., penis)] of children. Burn the yin [member] of a fox, grind it to powder, and [have the child] ingest this with wine on an empty stomach. Qian jin fang. 51-25-05 頭。Tou. [Fox] head. 【主治】燒之辟邪。同貍頭燒灰，傅瘰癧。時珍。千金。 Control. Burned it wards off evil. Burn it together with the head of a leopard cat and apply this to scrophula. [Li] Shizhen, [quoted from the] Qian jin. 51-25-06 目。Mu. [Fox] eye. 【主治】破傷中風。時珍。 Control. Open wounds struck by wind.1096 [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】狐目治破傷風，方見劉氏保壽堂方，云神效無比。臘 月收取狐目陰乾，臨時用二目一副，炭火微燒存性，研末，無灰酒服之。 又淮南萬畢術云：狐目、貍腦，鼠去其穴。謂塗穴辟鼠也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Fox eyes serve to cure wound wind.1097 For a recipe, see Mr. Liu’s Bao shou tang fang. It is said to be “divinely effective, like nothing else.” Collect fox eyes during the 12th month and dry them in the shade. When the time has come [to treat such a patient], burn one pair of eyes over a mild charcoal fire with their nature retained, grind them to powder, and [let the patient] ingest them with ash-free wine. Also, the Huai nan wan bi shu states: “Fox eyes and a leopard cat’s brain serve to remove mice from their cave.” That is: When [fox eyes and a leopard cat’s brain] are applied to that cave the mice will be kept away.”

1096 Po shang zhong feng 破傷中風, “open wounds struck by wind.” A condition of lockjaw, arched back rigidity, and convulsions. BCGM Dict I, 379. 1097 Po shang feng 破傷風, “wound wind,” wind stroke via wounds inflicted by metal objects/weapons. A condition of lockjaw, arched back rigidity and convulsions. BCGM Dict I, 379.

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51-25-07 鼻。Bi. [Fox] nose. 【主治】狐魅病，同豹鼻煮食。時珍。 Control. Fox goblin disease. To be eaten boiled together with the nose of a leopard. [Li] Shizhen. 51-25-08 唇。Chun. [Fox] lips. 【主治】惡刺入肉，杵爛，和鹽封之。聖惠。 Control. Malign thorns having entered the flesh. Pound [fox lips] to a paste, mix it with salt and cover the [location where the thorn has intruded]. Sheng hui. 51-25-10 口中涎液。Kou zhong yan ye. Saliva liquid from the mouth [of a fox]. 【主治】入媚藥。【嘉謨曰】取法：小口瓶盛肉，置狐常行處。狐爪不 得，徘徊于上，涎入瓶中，乃收之也。 Control. It is used in seductive medication. [Chen] Jiamo: The method to obtain it. Fill meat into a bottle with a small opening and place it at a location where foxes often pass by. Since the fox will be unable to remove the meat with its claws, it will move [its head] here and there above [the opening] and its saliva will enter the bottle. From there it can be obtained. 51-25-11 四足。Si zu. The four feet [of a fox]. 【主治】痔漏下血。時珍。 Control. Leaking piles with a discharge of blood. [Li] Shizhen.

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【附方】新一。 Added recipes. One newly [recorded]. 痔漏，反花瀉血者。用狐手足一副陰乾，穿山甲、猬皮各三兩，黄明膠、 白附子、五靈脂、蜀烏頭、川芎藭、乳香各二兩，剉細，入砂鍋内固濟候 乾，炭火煅紅，爲末。入木香末一兩，以芫荽煎酒調下二錢，日三服，屢 效。永類鈐方。 Leaking piles. Reversed blossom [sores]1098 with free flow of blood. Dry one pair each of front and hind legs of a fox in the shade. Also, three liang each of pangolin scales and hedgehog skin, and two liang each of yellow bright glue, aconitum [accessory tuber], flying squirrel droppings, Si chuan aconitum [main tuber], ligusticum [root], and frankincense are cut into fine pieces. [All these items] are filled into an earthenware pot. This is tightly sealed and set aside until it has dried. It is then calcined over a charcoal fire until it has turned red and ground to powder. To this is added one liang of aucklandia [root] powder. Wash down two qian of this [powder] mixed with wine in which coriander was boiled. To be ingested three times a day. If repeated several times, it will be effective. Yong lei qian fang. 51-25-12 皮。Pi. [Fox] skin. 【主治】辟邪魅。時珍。 Control. Keeps evil goblins away. [Li] Shizhen. 51-25-13 尾。Wei. [Fox] tail. 【主治】燒灰辟惡。日華。頭尾燒灰，治牛疫，和水灌之。 Control. Burned to ashes it wards off the malign. Rihua. Head and tail burned to ashes serve to cure epidemic-illnesses affecting oxen. To be force-fed mixed with water. 51-25-14 雄狐屎。Xiong hu shi. Excrements of a male fox. 【恭曰】在竹、木及石上，尖頭者是也。 [Su] Gong: Those found on bamboo, wood and stones that have a pointed tip. 1098 Fan hua chuang 反花瘡, “reversed-blossoms sores,” a condition of festering sores generating a flesh-growth assuming the shape of a flower. BCGM Dict I, 149.

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【主治】燒之辟惡。别録。去瘟疫氣。蘇恭。治肝氣心痛，顔色蒼蒼如死 灰狀而喘息者，以二升燒灰，和薑黄三兩搗末，空腹酒下方寸匕，日再， 甚效。蘇頌。出崔元亮海上方。療惡刺入肉，燒灰，和臘月豬脂封之。千 金。 Control. Burned they keep away the malign. Bie lu. They remove warmth-illness and epidemic qi.1099 Su Gong. To cure those with heart pain caused by liver qi, with a greenish complexion resembling the ash-like appearance of dead persons and with a roaring breathing emitted by their throat, burn two sheng to ashes, mix them with three liang of turmeric, and pound this to powder. [Let the patient] wash down, with wine and on an empty stomach, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Rihua. Very effective. Su Song, quoted from Cui Yuanliang’s Hai shang fang. They heal flesh where a malign thorn has entered. Burn them to ashes, mix them with lard obtained in the 12th month, and cover [the region where the thorn has intruded]. Qian jin.

【附方】舊一，新一。 Added recipes. One of old. One newly [recorded]. 鬼瘧寒熱。雄狐屎、蝙蝠屎各一分，爲末，醋糊丸芡子大。發時男左女 右，手把一丸嗅之。1100 Alternating sensations of cold and heat associated with demon malaria. One fen each of feces of a male fox and of bat dung are ground to powder to be prepared with vinegar and flour to pills the size of qian seeds. At the time of an outbreak, males hold one such pill in their left hand and women in their right hand to smell it. 一切惡瘻，中有冷瘜肉者。用正月狐糞乾末，食前新汲水下一錢匕。日 二。千金方。 All kinds of malign fistula. Those with cold flesh growths inside. Dry fox excrements gathered in the first month and grind this to powder. The amount held by a one qian spoon is to be sent down with fresh drawn water prior to meals. Qian jin fang.

1099 Zheng lei, ch. 18, hu yin jing 狐陰莖, “fox penis,” writes bing 病, “disease,” instead of qi 氣. 1100 The source of this recipe is not given here. It may be found in Sheng hui fang ch. 52, zhi gui nue zhu fang 治鬼瘧諸方, “all kinds of recipes to cure demonic malaria.“

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51-26 貉音鶴。衍義 He, read he. FE Yan yi. Raccoon dog. Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray. 【校正】原係猯下，今分出。 Editorial Correction. Originally recorded under tuan 繫, sand badger. Now listed in a separate entry. 【釋名】【時珍曰】按字説云：貉與獾同穴各處，故字從各。説文作貈， 亦作狢。爾雅：貈子曰貊，音陌。其雌曰𧴙，音惱。原本以貊作貆者，訛 矣。 Explanation of Names. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Zi shuo, “raccoon dogs, he 貉, and sand badgers share one cave but live there separately, ge 各. Hence the character [he 貉] originates from [the character] ge 各”. The Shuo wen writes he 貈, and it also writes he 狢. Er ya: “The offspring of he 貈 are called mo 貊, read mo 陌. Their females are called nao 𧴙, read nao 惱.” The original version had huan 貆 instead of mo 貊. That was an error. 【集解】【宗奭曰】貉形如小狐，毛黄褐色。【時珍曰】貉生山野間。狀 如貍，頭鋭鼻尖，斑色。其毛深厚温滑，可爲裘服。與獾同穴而異處，日 伏夜出，捕食蟲物，出則獾隨之。其性好睡，人或蓄之，以竹叩醒，已而 復寐，故人好睡者謂之貉睡。俗作渴睡，謬矣。俚人又言其非好睡，乃耳 聾也，故見人乃知趨走。考工記云：貉逾汶則死，土氣使然也。王浚川言 北曰狐，南曰貉，星禽書言氐土貉是千歲獨狐化成者，並非也。 Collected Explanations. [Kou] Zongshi: The physical appearance of raccoon dogs is similar to that of small foxes. Their fur is of yellow-brown color. [Li] Shizhen: Raccoon dogs live in the wilderness of mountains. Their shape is reminiscent of leopard cats. They have a pointed head and a sharp nose, and their color is striped. Their fur is deep, thick, warm and soft; and can be made into garments. They live in one cave together with badgers, but occupy different locations. During daytime they remain hidden; at night they come out. They prey on worms/bugs and [similar] creatures. When [a raccoon dog] leaves [its cave], the badger will follow it. By nature they love to sleep. Some people raise them. When they knock them with a bamboo stick, they wake up, and [when the knocking] has ended, they fall asleep again. This is why persons who love to sleep are said to have a “raccoon dog’s sleep, ” he shui 貉睡. This is commonly written as ke shui 渴睡, “yearning for sleep.” But that is wrong. Common people also say that “it is not so that [raccoon dogs] love to sleep, they are deaf. Hence, when they see a human, they quickly run away.” The Kao

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gong ji states: “When raccoon dogs cross the Wen [river], they will die. This is because of the [different] qi of the soil.” Wang Junchuan says: “In the North they are called ‘foxes’. In the South they are called ‘raccoon dogs’.” The Xing qin shu states: “Raccoon dogs of the Di land are the results of a transformation of 1000 year old lonely foxes.” They are all wrong. 51-26-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of raccoon dogs] 【氣味】甘，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】元臟虚勞及女子虚憊。蘇頌。 Control. Depletion exhaustion of the original long-term depot (i. e., kidneys), and depletion and fatigue of women. 51-27 猯音湍。唐本草 Tuan, read tuan. FE Tang ben cao. Sand badger. Meles chinesis Gray. 【釋名】獾㹠藏器、豬獾。【時珍曰】貒，團也，其狀團肥也。爾雅云： 貒子曰貗，其足蹯，其迹禸。蹯，足掌也。禸，指頭跡也。 Explanation of Names. Huan tun 獾㹠, “badger piglet,” Meng shen. Zhu huan 猪 獾, “pig badger.” [Li] Shizhen: Tuan 猯 is tuan 團, “round.” Their shape is round and fat. The Er ya states: The offspring of sand badgers are called lou 貗. Their feet are [called] fan 蹯; their foot prints are [called] rou 禸. Fan 蹯 is the sole underneath the feet. Rou 禸 is the mark left by the tip of the toes. 【集解】【頌曰】貒，似犬而矮，尖喙黑足，褐色。與獾、貉三種，大抵 相類，而頭、足小别。郭璞註爾雅云：貒，一名獾。以爲一物，然方書説 其形狀差别也。【宗奭曰】貒肥矮，毛微灰色，頭連脊毛一道黑，短尾， 尖嘴而黑。蒸食極美。【時珍曰】貒即今豬獾也。處處山野有之。穴居， 狀似小豬㹠，形體肥而行鈍。其耳聾，見人乃走。短足短尾，尖喙褐毛， 能孔地食蟲蟻瓜果。其肉帶土氣，皮毛不如狗獾。蘇頌所註乃狗獾，非貒 也。郭璞謂獾即貒，亦誤也。 Collected Explanations. [Su] Song: Sand badgers resemble dogs but are shorter. They have a pointed snout and black feet. They are of brown color. The three kinds of [sand badgers], badgers, and raccoon dogs are very similar, with only minor dif-

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ferences in view of their head and feet. Guo Pu in his comments on the Er ya states: “The tuan 猯, sand badgers, are also called huan 獾, badgers.” They are one and the same creature. Still, recipes say that they differ in physical appearance and shape. [Kou] Zongshi: Sand badgers are fat and short. Their fur has an ash-like color. Head and back are covered by a streak of black fur. Their tail is short. Their mouth is pointed and black. When steamed to be eaten, it is extremely delicious. [Li] Shizhen: Sand badgers are today’s pig badgers. They are present everywhere in the wilderness of mountains. They live in caves, and their shape is like that of piglets. Their physical appearance is fat, and their movements are clumsy. They are deaf. When they see a human, they run away. They have short feet and a short tail, a pointed mouth, and brown fur. They can dig holes in the earth and they eat worms/ bugs, ants, and fruit. Their meat carries the qi of soil. Their hide and their fur are not as good as those of dog badgers. [The animals] described by Su Song in his comment are dog badgers. He was wrong. Guo Pu said that “badgers are in fact sand badgers.” That was wrong, too. 51-27-01 肉。Rou. Meat [of a sand badger]. 【氣味】甘、酸，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, sour, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】水脹久不瘥，垂死者，作羹食之，下水大效。蘇恭。聖惠用粳 米、葱、豉作粥食。服丹石動熱，下痢赤白久不瘥，煮肉露一宿，空腹和 醬食，一頓即瘥。瘦人煮和五味食，長肌肉。孟詵。【宗奭曰】野獸中惟 貒肉最甘美，益瘦人。治上氣虚乏，欬逆勞熱，和五味煮食。吴瑞。 Control. Water swelling that has not been cured for a long time, with the patient about to die. Prepare [the meat] as a gruel and [let the patient] eat this. Washed down with water, it is very effective. Su Gong. The Sheng hui uses glutinous rice, onions and fermented soybeans to prepare a congee meal. In the case one’s heat was excited by ingesting elixir minerals, with free-flux disease and a discharge of red and white fecal matter that cannot be cured, boil meat and leave it in the open for one night. Eat it then together with [soy] sauce on an empty stomach. One dose and a cure is achieved. When emaciated people eat it boiled and mixed with the five spices, it lets the muscles and the flesh grow. Meng Shen. [Kou] Zongshi: Among all the wild animals, the meat of sand badgers is the sweetest and most delicious. It serves to boost emaciated people. It serves to cure rising qi with depletion weariness,

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cough with [qi] countermovement, exhaustion and heat. To be eaten boiled with the five spices. Wu Rui. 51-27-02 膏。Gao. Fat [of a sand badger]. 【主治】蜣蜋蠱毒，胸中哽噎，怵怵如蟲行，欬血，以酒和服，或下，或 吐，或自消也。崔行功。 Control. [Diseases caused by] dung beetles and gu poison.1101 Choking on gullet occlusion with fear, as if worms/bugs were moving there. Cough with blood. Ingest [the fat] mixed with wine. This may lead to a discharge, or to vomiting, or [the foreign agent] will dissolve. Cui Xinggong. 51-27-03 胞。Bao. Placenta [of a sand badger]. 【主治】蠱毒，以臘月乾者，湯摩如雞子許，空腹服之。唐本草。 Control. Gu poison. Rub a [placenta], dried during the 12th month, with hot water to obtain something roughly the size of a chicken egg and ingest this on an empty stomach. Tang ben cao. 51-27-04 骨。Gu. Bone [of a sand badger]. 【主治】上氣欬嗽，炙研，酒服三合，日二，取瘥。孟詵。 Control. For rising qi causing cough. Roast [the bones] and grind them to powder. Ingest three ge with wine. Twice a day. This will result in a cure. Meng Shen. 51-28 獾食物 Huan. FE Shi wu. Badger. Meles meles L. 【釋名】狗獾音歡、天狗。【時珍曰】獾又作貆，亦狀其肥鈍之貌。蜀人 呼爲天狗。 1101 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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Explanation of Names. Gou huan 狗獾, read huan 歡, “dog badger.” Tian gou 天狗, “heaven’s dog.” [Li] Shizhen: Huan 獾 is also written huan 貆 to reflect their fat and clumsy appearance. The people in Shu call them “heaven’s dogs,” tian gou 天狗. 【集解】【汪頴曰】狗獾，處處山野有之，穴土而居，形如家狗而脚短， 食果實。有數種相似。其肉味甚甘美，皮可爲裘。【時珍曰】貒，豬獾 也；獾，狗獾也。二種相似而略殊。狗獾似小狗而肥，尖喙矮足，短尾深 毛，褐色。皮可爲裘領。亦食蟲蟻瓜果。又辽东 女真地面有海獾皮，可供 衣裘，亦此類也。 Collected Explanations. Wang Ying: Dog badgers are everywhere in the wilderness of the mountains. They live in earth caves. Their physical appearance is that of domestic dogs, but their legs are short, and they eat fruit. There are several kinds, all very similar. The flavor of their meat is very sweet and delicious. Their hide can be used to make garments. [Li] Shizhen: The tuan 猯, sand badgers, are identical with the zhu huan 猪獾, pig badgers, while the huan 獾, badgers, are the gou huan 狗獾, dog badgers. These two kinds are similar, but there are minor differences. The dog badgers resemble small dogs and are fat. Their snout is pointed, and their feet are short. They have a short tail and a deep fur. Their color is brown. Their hide can be used to make garments and scarfs. They, too, eat worms/bugs, ants, melons, and fruit. Also, in Liao dong and in the Nü zhen region, there are “sea badgers.” Their skin can be used to make garments. They, too, are of this type. 51-28-01 肉。Rou. [Badger] meat. 【氣味】甘、酸，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, sour, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】補中益氣，宜人。汪頴。小兒疳瘦，殺蛕蟲，宜噉之。蘇頌。功 與貒同。時珍。 Control. It supplements the center and boosts the qi. It suits humans. Wang Ying. Gan-illness1102 with emaciation of children. It kills roundworms. It is suitable to be eaten. Su Song. The effects are identical with those of sand badger [meat]. [Li] Shizhen.

1102 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

830

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 51-29 木狗綱目 Mu gou. FE Gang mu.

Wood dog. 【集解】【時珍曰】按熊太古冀越集云：木狗生廣東 左、右江山中。形如 黑狗，能登木。其皮爲衣褥，能運動血氣。元世祖有足疾，取以爲袴，人 遂貴重之，此前所未聞也。珍嘗聞蜀人言：川西有玄豹，大如狗，黑色， 尾亦如狗。其皮作裘、褥，甚暖。冬月遠行，用其皮包肉食，數日猶温， 彼土亦珍貴之。此亦木狗之屬也。故附見于此云。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: According to Xiong Taigu’s Ji Yue ji, “wood dogs live in the mountains of the Zuo [jiang and] You jiang region in Guang dong. Their physical appearance resembles that of black dogs. They are able climb on trees. Their hide is used to make garments and cotton-padded mattresses that stimulate the movement of one’s blood and qi. Yuan [emperor] Shi zu once suffered from an illness affecting his feet. [To alleviate his problems,] he had his trousers made from [wood dog hide]. Ever since the people have highly valued it. Before this episode it had never been heard of.” [I, Li Shi]zhen once heard the people in Shu say: In the Chuan xi region there are “dark leopards.” They are as big as dogs and of black color. Their tail, too, is similar to that of dogs. Their hide is used to make garments and padded mattresses that are very warming. When in winter one has to travel a long distance, one uses this hide to wrap meat as one’s food. It will remain warm for several days. The people there greatly value these [animals], too. They belong to [the same species as] wood dogs. Hence they were added to appear here. 51-29-01 皮。Pi. [Wood dog] hide. 【主治】除脚痺風濕氣，活血脉，暖腰膝。時珍。 Control. It removes blockage wind and dampness qi from the legs, quickens the movement of blood in the vessels, and warms the lower back and the knees. [Li] Shizhen.

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51-30 豺音儕。唐本草 Chai, read chai. FE Tang ben cao. Asian wild dog. Cuon alpinus Pallas. 【釋名】犲狗。【時珍曰】按字説云：豺能勝其類，又知祭獸，可謂才 矣，故字從才。埤雅云：豺，柴也。俗名體瘦如豺是矣。 Explanation of Names. Chai gou 豺狗, “chai dog.” [Li] Shizhen: According to the Zi shuo, “Asian wild dogs are able to successfully compete with their own kinds. Also, they know how to wield power over other animals. They can be said to be gifted, cai 才. Hence the character [chai 豺] originates from [the character] cai 才.” The Pi ya states: “Chai 豺 is chai 柴, ‘firewood’. A common saying is ‘a body as thin as an Asian wild dog’.” 【集解】【時珍曰】豺，處處山中有之，狼屬也。俗名犲狗，其形是狗而 頗白，前矮後高而長尾。其體細瘦而健猛，其毛黄褐而鬇鬡，其牙如錐而 噬物，群行虎亦畏之。又喜食羊，其聲如犬，人惡之，以爲引魅不祥。其 氣臊臭可惡。羅願云：世傳狗爲犲之舅，見狗輒跪，亦相制耳。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Asian wild dogs are everywhere in the mountains. They are related to wolves. Their common name is Asian wild dog. Their physical appearance resembles that of dogs, but they are somewhat white. They are low at their front, and high behind, with a long tail. Their body is slender and thin, and at the same time strong and ferocious. Their fur is yellow-brown and disheveled. Their teeth resemble awls and serve to bite [other] creatures. When they move as packs, even tigers fear them. Also, they love to eat goats/sheep, and their cries sound like those of dogs. Humans abhor them. They believe they attract goblins and bad luck. Their qi have a despisable, malodorous stench. Luo Yuan states: “Tradition has it that dogs are the mother’s brothers of Asian wild dogs. Hence when [Asian wild dogs] see dogs, they kneel down.” This, too, is because of a relationship of one controlling the other. 51-30-01 肉。Rou. [Asian wild dog] meat. 【氣味】酸，熱，有毒。【詵曰】豺肉食之，損人精神，消人脂肉，令人 瘦。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, hot, poisonous. [Meng] Shen: When Asian wild dog meat is eaten, it injuries one’s essence spirit. It dissolves one’s fat and flesh, and lets one become emaciated.

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

832 51-30-02 皮。Pi. [Asian wild dog] hide. 【氣味】熱。 Qi and Flavor. Hot.

【主治】冷痺，脚氣，熟之以纏裹病上，即瘥。蘇恭。療諸疳痢，腹中諸 瘡，煮汁飲，或燒灰酒服之。其灰亦可傅䘌齒瘡。孟詵。又曰：頭骨燒灰 和酒灌解槽牛馬，便馴良附人。治小兒夜啼，百法不效，同狼屎中骨燒灰 等分，水服少許，即定。時珍。出總録911030。 Control. Cold blockage and leg qi.1104 The processed [hide] is placed on the region affected by the disease. This will bring a cure. Su Gong. To heal all kinds of gan-illness1105 and free-flux illness,1106 boil it and drink the resulting juice. Or burn it to ashes and ingest them with wine. They can also be applied to sores associated with hidden-worms teeth. Meng Shen. It is also said: “If burned to ashes, mixed with wine and given into their trough, oxen and horses [eating this] will be tamed and easily attach themselves to humans.” It serves to cure children wailing during the night, when all the hundred other methods have failed. Burn equal amounts of [Asian wild dog hide and] bones found in wolf excrements to ashes and [have the child] ingest a small amount with water. This will end [the wailing]. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Zong lu. 51-31 狼拾遺 Lang. FE Shi yi. Wolf. Canis lupus L. 【釋名】毛狗。【時珍曰】禽書云：狼逐食，能倒立，先卜所向，獸之良 者也。故字從良。爾雅云：牡曰獾，牝曰狼，其子曰獥，音叫。 Explanation of Names. Mao gou 毛狗, “hairy dog.” [Li] Shizhen: The Qin shu states: “When wolves pursue their prey, they are able to do a handstand. They know in advance where [an animal they pursue] is headed for. They are good, liang 良, animals. 1103

90

This recipe is not recorded in the Zong lu. It may be found in Pu ji fang ch. 361, ye ti 夜啼, “nocturnal wailing.”

1104 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248. 1105 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 1106 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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Hence the character [lang 狼, wolf ] originates from [the character] liang 良, ‘good’.” The Er ya states: “Male [wolves] are called huan 獾; females are called lang 狼. Their cubs are called jiao 獥, read jiao 叫.” 【集解】【藏器曰】狼大如狗，蒼色，鳴聲則諸孔皆沸。【時珍曰】狼， 犲屬也，處處有之。北方尤多，喜食之。南人呼爲毛狗是矣。其居有穴。 其形大如犬而鋭頭尖喙，白頰駢脇，高前廣後，脚不甚高，能食雞、鴨、 鼠物。其色雜黄黑，亦有蒼灰色者。其聲能大能小，能作兒啼以魅人，野 俚尤惡其冬鳴。其腸直，故鳴則後竅皆沸，而糞爲蜂煙，直上不斜。其性 善顧而食戾踐藉。老則其胡如袋，所以跋胡疐尾，進退兩患。其象上應奎 星。【頴曰】狽足前短，先知食所在；狼足後短，負之而行，故曰狼狽。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Wolves are as big as dogs. They are of grey color. The sounds of their cries let all orifices bubble from boiling.1107 [Li] Shizhen: Wolves are related to Asian wild dogs. They are everywhere, but there are especially many in the North. [The people there] love to eat them. They are [the animals] called “hairy dogs” by the people in the South. They live in caves. Their physical appearance is bigger than that of dogs, and they have a sharp head and a pointed mouth. Their cheeks and the flanks above the ribs are white. They stand high at their front, and broad behind. Their legs do not reach very high. They can eat chicken, ducks, and mice. Their color is mixed yellow-black. There are also those of ash-grey color. The sound of their cries may be loud or low. They are able to cry like children to bewitch humans. The common people living in the wilderness especially abhor their cries in winter. Their intestines pass straight [through their body]. Hence, when they cry, the orifices at their behind all bubble as if from boiling and their excrements appear like a cloud of bees that ascends straight upward and does not move to the side. By nature, they are very circumspect and when they eat they act like wild. When they grow old, their whiskers grow like a bag. Hence, no matter whether they move forward or retreat, they suffer from either stumbling over that bag or from being hindered by their tail. Their corresponding manifestation [in the sky] above is the kui 奎 star. [Wang] Ying: The bei 狽1108 have short front legs.They know where their prey is. The wolves have short legs behind. They shoulder [the bei] when they move. Hence the expression lang bei 狼狽, “to stick together in a critical situation.”

1107 Zheng lei, ch. 18, lang jin 狼筋, “wolf sinew,” writes ti 涕, “[moves all orifices to] tears,” instead of fei 沸, “to boil.” 1108 Bei 狽 is a legendary animal.

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51-31-01 狼筋。Lang jin. Wolf sinew. 【藏器曰】狼筋如織絡袋子，又若筋膠所作，大小如鴨卵。人有犯盗者， 熏之即脚攣縮，因之獲賊也。或言是狼䏶下筋，又言是蟲所作，未知孰 是。【時珍曰】按李石續博物志云：唐時有狼巾，一作狼筋，狀如大蝸， 兩頭光，帶黄色。有段祐失金帛，集奴婢於庭焚之，一婢臉瞤，乃竊器 者。此即陳氏所謂狼筋也。愚謂其事蓋術者所爲，未必實有是理，而羅氏 爾雅翼解爲狼䏶中筋，大於雞卵，謬矣。 Chen] Cangqi: A “wolf sinew” looks like a knitted pouch. Or, as if sinews had been glued together. Its size is that of a duck egg.When the people [catch] a thief, they fumigate him [with a wolf sinew] and his legs will show contractions. This is evidence that they caught a robber. Some say, that this is the sinew from below a wolf ’s gizzard. Others say, they are produced by worms/bugs. No one knows who/ what is correct. [Li] Shizhen: According to Li Shi’s Xu bo wu zhi, “during the Tang era, there was a ‘wolf cloth’, lang jin 狼巾, also written lang jin 狼筋, ‘wolf sinew’, of the size of a big snail. It emitted light at both ends, and was of yellow color. Once, Duan You lost a gold brocade. He gathered his servants in the courtyard and burned [a lang jin]. One servant-girl’s eyes began to blink. She was the one who had stolen the item.” This is the “wolf sinew” mentioned by Mr. Chen [Cangqi]. I myself say, that this was just a trick. The fact is, there is no principle to support this as fact. Also, when Mr. Luo [Yuan] in his Er ya yi pointed out that these are sinews from within the gizzard of a wolf, and had the size of a duck egg, he was mistaken. 51-31-02 肉。Rou. [Wolf ] meat. 【氣味】鹹，熱，無毒。味勝狐、犬。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, hot, nonpoisonous. Its flavor is superior to that of foxes and dogs. 【主治】補益五臟，厚腸胃，填骨髓，腹有冷積者宜食之。時珍。飲膳正 要。 Control. It supplements and boosts [the qi of ] the five long-term depots, strengthens the intestines and the stomach, and fills in bones1109 and marrow. Those with cold accumulations in their abdomen, they should eat it. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Yin shan zheng yao. 1109 Yin shang zheng yao, ch. 3, shou pin 獸品, lang 狼, “animals. Wolf,” writes jing 精, “essence,” instead of gu 骨, “bones.”

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51-31-03 膏。Gao. [Wolf ] fat. 【主治】補中益氣，潤燥澤皺，塗諸惡瘡。時珍。 Control. It supplements the center and boosts the qi. It moistens dryness and adds lustre to wrinkles. It is applied to all kinds of malign sores. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】臘月煉净收之。禮記云：小切狼臅膏，與稻米爲𩚉。 謂以狼胸臆中膏，和米作粥糜也。古人多食狼肉，以膏煎和飲食。故内則 食狼去腸，周禮獸人冬獻狼，取其膏聚也。諸方亦時用狼之靨、牙、皮、 糞，而本草並不著其功用，止有陳藏器述狼筋疑似一説，可謂缺矣。今通 據飲膳正要諸書補之云。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Refine, clear and store it during the 12th month. The Li ji states: “They cut the fat from within a wolf ’s chest into small pieces and use them to prepare with rice a thin gruel.”1110 That is to say, the fat from within a wolf ’s breast is mixed with rice to prepare a congee. In ancient times the people often ate wolf meat. They boiled the fat and mixed it with beverages and food. Hence, the Nei ze [advises one] when eating wolf to discard the intestines, and the Zhou li records that “hunters in winter presented wolves [as tribute to the emperor].” They had collected their fat. Many recipes made use of wolf uvula, teeth, hide and excrements, but all the Ben cao works fail to record their effects. Only Chen Cangqi mentioned that doubtful story of a so-called “wolf sinew.” This may be said to be an omission. Hence these [substances] are supplemented here based on texts such as the Yin shan zheng yao. 51-31-04 牙。Ya. [Wolf ] teeth. 【主治】佩之，辟邪惡氣。刮末水服，治猘犬傷。燒灰水服方寸匕，治食 牛中毒。時珍。出小品諸方。 Control. Worn on one’s belt, they keep away evil and malign qi. Scraped to powder and ingested with water, they serve to cure harm caused by frenzied dogs. Burned to ashes, and the amount held by a square cun spoon ingested with water serves to cure poisoning resulting from eating beef. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the recipes of the Xiao pin.

1110 Li ji, Nei ze 内則 has yi 酏, “thin gruel,” instead of 𩚉.

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51-31-05 喉靨。Hou yan. Uvula [of a wolf ]. 【主治】噎病，日乾爲末，每以半錢入飯内食之，妙。聖惠。 Control. Choking disease. Dry it in the sun and grind it to powder. Each time add a qian to cooked rice and [let the patient] eat this. Wondrous. Sheng hui. 51-31-06 皮。Pi. [Wolf ] hide. 【主治】暖人，辟邪惡氣。嗉下皮，搓作條，勒頭，能去風止痛。正要。 淮南萬畢術云：狼皮當户，羊不敢出。 Control. It warms one. It keeps away evil and malign qi. Rub the hide from below the throat with the hands to form a long strip and tie this around [the patient’s] head. This will eliminate wind and ends pain. Zheng yao. The Huai nan wan bi shu states: Place wolf hide at the gate, and the goats/sheep will not dare to leave the compound. 51-31-07 尾。Wei. [Wolf ] tail. 【主治】繫馬胸前，辟邪氣，令馬不驚。正要。 Control. Tied to the chest of horses, it will keep evil qi away, and prevents horses from being scared. Zheng yao. 51-31-08 屎。Shi. [Wolf ] excrements. 【主治】瘰癧，燒灰，油調封之。又治骨哽不下，燒灰，水服之。時珍。 出外臺、千金方。 Control. Scrophula. Burn them to ashes, mix them with oil and cover [the affected region] with this. Also, to cure choking with a bone that fails to move down, burn them to ashes and ingest them with water. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Wai tai and the Qian jin fang.

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51-31-09 屎中骨。Shi zhong gu. Bones found in the excrements [of wolves]. 【主治】小兒夜啼，燒灰，水服二黍米大，即定。又能斷酒。千金。 Control. Wailing of children during the night. Burn them to ashes and ingest, with water, an amount equal to two grains of millet. This will end [the wailing]. It also helps to end [addiction] to wine. Qian jin.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes. One newly [recorded]. 破傷風。狼虎穿腸骨四錢炙黄，桑花、蟬蜕各二錢，爲末。每服一錢，米 湯調下。若口乾者，不治。經驗方。 Wound wind.1111 Four qian of bones that have passed the intestines of wolves and tigers are roasted until they have turned yellow. They are then ground to powder together with two qian each of mulberry flowers and cicada slough. Each time ingest one qian, mixed with rice soup. If [the patient] has a dry mouth, this is incurable. Jing yan fang. 51-32 兔别録中品 Tu. FE Bie lu, middle rank. Hare/rabbit. Lepus spp. 【釋名】明眎。【時珍曰】按魏子才六書精藴云：兔子篆文象形。一云： 吐而生子，故曰兔。禮記謂之明眎，言其目不瞬而瞭然也。説文：兔子曰 婏，音萬。狡兔曰㕙，音俊，曰毚，音讒。梵書謂兔爲舍迦。 Explanation of Names. Ming shi 明視, “clear eyesight.” [Li] Shizhen: According to Wei Zicai’s Liu shu jing yun, “[the character tu 兔] of tu zi 兔子, hare/rabbit, in seal script is to reflect [the animal’s] physical appearance.” Elsewhere it is said: “It spits, tu 吐, to give birth to its offspring, zi 子. Hence it is named tu 兔.” The Li ji speaks of them as ming shi 明視, “clear eyesight,” stating that their eyes are clear and do not blink. In the Shuo wen, “the offspring of hares/rabbits are called wan 婏, read wan 萬. Wily hares/rabbits are called jun 㕙, read jun 俊, and they are also called chan 毚, read chan 讒.” In Sanskrit texts hares/rabbits are referred to as sheshejia 舍舍迦。 1111

Po shang feng 破傷風, “wound wind,” wind stroke via wounds inflicted by metal objects/weapons. A condition of lockjaw, arched back rigidity and convulsions. BCGM Dict I, 379.

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【集解】【頌曰】兔處處有之，爲食品之上味。【時珍曰】按事類合璧 云：兔大如貍而毛褐，形如鼠而尾短，耳大而鋭。上脣缺而無脾，長鬚而 前足短。尻有九孔，趺居，趫捷善走。舐雄毫而孕，五月而吐子。其大者 爲㲋 大，音綽，似兔而大，青色，首與兔同，足與鹿同。故字象形。或謂兔無 雄，而中秋望月中顧兔以孕者，不經之説也。今雄兔有二卵。古樂府有雄 兔脚撲速，雌兔眼迷離，可破其疑矣。主物簿云：孕環之兔，懷於左腋， 毛有文采，至百五十年，環轉於腦，能隱形也。王廷相雅述云：兔以潦爲 鼈，鼈以旱爲兔。熒惑不明，則雉生兔。 Collected Explanations. Hares/rabbits are found everywhere. They are among the top flavors of food. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Shi lei he bi, “hares/rabbits are as big as leopard cats with brown fur. Their physical appearance resembles that of rats/mice with a short tail. Their ears are big and pointed. Their upper lip has a gap, and they have no spleen. They have long whiskers and their front feet are short. Their bottom has nine orifices. They rest on the insteps [of their hind feet], are nimble, and love to run. [Females] lick the fine hair of males and are pregnant as a result. After five months they spit out their offspring. Large ones are the chuo 㲋, read chuo 綽. They resemble hares/rabbits, but are bigger and of greenish color. Their head is the same as that of hares/rabbits and their feet are those of deer. Hence, the character reflects their physical appearance. Some say that hares/rabbits have no males and that they become pregnant when in mid-autumn they look at the hare/rabbit in the moon. But this is not an accepted saying. Today, male hares/rabbits have two testes. The Gu yue fu has [the following lines]: ‘A male hare/ rabbit quickly pounces with its legs. The female hare/rabbit has its eyes blurred.’ This is to end all doubts [whether hares/rabbits have males or not].” The Zhu wu bu states: “Hares/rabbits breed a jade ring in their armpit and their fur is of beautiful color. When they reach an age of 150 years, this ring moves to their brain and they are able to hide their physical appearance.” Wang Tingxiang in his Ya shu states: “Under heavy rain, hares/rabbits may transform into turtles. Once the flood has dried, they transform into hares/rabbits again. When Mars is not bright, pheasants give birth to hares/rabbits.” 51-32-01 Rou 肉。[Hare/rabbit] meat. 【氣味】辛，平，無毒。【詵曰】酸，冷。【時珍曰】甘，寒。按内則 云：食兔去尻，不利人也。風俗通云：食兔髕多，令人面生髕骨。【弘 景曰】兔肉爲羹，益人。妊娠不可食，令子缺唇。不可合白雞肉及肝、心 食，令人面黄。合獺肉食，令人病遁尸。與薑、橘同食，令人心痛、霍 亂。又不可同芥食。【藏器曰】兔尻有孔，子從口出，故妊婦忌之，非獨 爲缺唇也。大抵久食絶人血脉，損元氣、陽事，令人痿黄。八月至十月可 食，餘月傷人神氣。兔死而眼合者殺人。

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Qi and Flavor. Acrid, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Meng] Shen: Sour, freezing cold. [Li] Shizhen: Sweet, cold. According to the Nei ze, “when eating hare/rabbit, the buttocks are to be discarded; they are not beneficial to man.” The Feng su tong states: “If one eats many kneecaps of hares/rabbits, he will grow kneecap bones in his face.” [Tao] Hongjing: Hare/rabbit meat prepared as a thick soup boosts humans. During pregnancy it must not be eaten, lest the child will have a harelip. It must not be eaten together with the meat of white chicken, and also not with their liver and heart lest one’s face assume a yellow complexion. If eaten together with the meat of otters, it will let one suffer from the disease “run-away corpse [qi].”1112 Eaten together with ginger and tangerine peels, it causes heart pain and cholera. Also, it must not be eaten together with mustard [seeds]. [Chen] Cangqi: Hares/rabbits have a hole in their bottom, and they spit out their offspring. Hence pregnant women must avoid them. And this is not only because of [the possibility of ] a harelip. When eaten over a long time, it will cut one’s blood vessels, harm his original qi and his yang affairs (i.e., sexual potency). It makes one lean and appear yellow. It can be eaten from the eighth to the tenth month. [Eaten] during the other months it will harm one’s spirit qi. When a hare/rabbit has died and its eyes are closed, [eating its meat] will kill one. 【主治】補中益氣。别録。熱氣濕痺，止渴健脾。炙食，壓丹石毒。日 華。臘月作醬食，去小兒豌豆瘡。藥性。凉血，解熱毒，利大腸。時珍。 Control. It supplements the center and boosts the qi. Bie lu. Heat qi. Dampness blockage.1113 It ends thirst and strengthens the spleen. Eaten roasted,1114 it suppresses the poison of elixir minerals. Rihua. Prepared and consumed as a sauce during the 12th month, it removes from children pea sores. Yao xing. It cools the blood, resolves heat poison, and frees the passage through the large intestine. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【宗奭曰】兔者，明月之精。有白毛者，得金之氣，入藥尤效。 凡兔至秋深時可食，金氣全也，至春、夏則味變矣。然作醬必用五味，既 患豌豆瘡，又食此物，發毒太甚，恐斑爛損人。【時珍曰】兔至冬月齕木 皮，已得金氣而氣内實，故味美。至春食草麥，而金氣衰，故不美也。今 俗以飼小兒，云令出痘稀，蓋亦因其性寒而解熱耳。故又能治消渴，壓丹 石毒。若痘已出，及虚寒者宜戒之。劉純治例云：反胃，結腸甚者難治， 常食兔肉則便自行。又可證其性之寒利矣。 1112 Dun shi 遁尸, “run-away corpse [qi],” a condition of recurrent heart pain and acute panting. BCGM Dict 137.I, 1113 The four characters re qi shi pi 熱氣濕痺 are found in Zheng lei, ch.17, , tu tou gu 兔頭 骨, “a hare/rabbits head bones,” as a commentary quoting Chen Cangqi ben cao. 1114 Zheng lei, ch. 17, tu tou gu 兔頭骨, “a hare/rabbits head bones,” quoting Rihua zi writes sheng 生, “raw,” instead of jiu 炙, “roasted.”

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Explication. [Kou] Zongshi: Hares/rabbits are the essence of the bright moon. Those with white fur, they have acquired the qi of metal. They are particularly suited to be added to a medication. Hares/rabbits can be eaten until late in autumn. This is [the annual period] when the qi of metal are complete. By spring and autumn, their flavor has changed. At any rate, to prepare a sauce with them, the five spices must be used. Now, when patients suffering from bean sores eat this item, the poison will be emitted overly excessive, speckles and festering will result, harming that person. [Li] Shizhen: During winter months, hares/rabbits eat the bark of trees. This way they obtain metal qi, and their internal qi are replete. Hence their flavor is delicious. By spring, they eat herbs and wheat. Their metal qi weaken. Hence they no longer have a delicious flavor. Nowadays, they are commonly used to feed children. It is said that this reduces the appearance of smallpox. This is based on their being of cold nature and their ability to resolve heat. Hence they are also able to cure melting with thirst,1115 and to press down the poison of elixir minerals. Once the smallpox have erupted, and if one is affected by depletion cold, one should abstain from [eating hares/rabbits]. Liu Chun in his Zhi li stated: “For a turned over stomach, and in the case of severe intestinal knottings that are difficult to cure, it is advisable to continuously eat hare/rabbit meat and [the ailment] will recede as a result.” This, too, is evidence of its cold and passage freeing nature.

【附方】舊一。 Added recipes. One of old. 消渴羸瘦。用兔一隻，去皮、爪、五藏，以水一斗半煎稠，去滓澄冷，渴 即飲之。極重者不過二兔。崔元亮海上方。 Melting with thirst, accompanied by emaciation. Remove the hide, claws and five long-term depots of a hare/rabbit, and fry it with one and a half dou of water until a thick paste has formed. [Filter the liquid to] remove the dregs and let it cool down. When [the patient] is thirsty, [have him] drink it. Even for the most serious cases, no more than two hares/rabbits will be required. Cui Yuanliang, Hai shang fang. 51-32-02 血。Xue. [Hare/rabbit] blood. 【氣味】鹹，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, cold, nonpoisonous. 1115 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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【主治】凉血活血，解胎中熱毒，催生易産。時珍。 Control. It cools blood, and it quickens blood. It resolves the heat poison in the uterus. It facilitates birth and eases childbirth. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新六。 Added recipes. Six newly [recorded]. 蟾宫丸。乾坤秘韞治小兒胎毒，遇風寒即發痘疹，服此可免，雖出亦稀。 用兔二隻，臘月八日刺血於漆盤内，以細麪炒熟和丸緑豆大。每服三十 丸，緑豆湯下。每一兒食一劑，永安，甚效。 The “moon (lit.: ‘toad palace’) pills.” Qian kun mi yun: They serve to cure fetal poisoning of children which, when they encounter wind cold, causes the outbreak of smallpox papules. To ingest these [pills] serves to avoid [such outbreaks], and if they occur nevertheless, they will be only a few. Pierce two hares/rabbits on the eighth day of the 12th month to let their blood onto a lacquer plate. Then mix this with fine flour that has been roasted and prepare pills the size of green beans. Each time [have the child] ingest 30 pills, to be sent down with a green bean decoction. Whenever a child eats just one single dose, it will be safe forever. Very effective. 楊氏經驗方加硃砂三錢，酒下。名兔砂丸。 Yang shi jing yan fang: If three qian of cinnabar are added, and if they are sent down with wine, they are called “pills with hare/rabbit and cinnabar.” 兔血丸。小兒服之，終身不出痘瘡，或出亦稀少。臘月八日，取生兔一隻 刺血，和蕎麥麪，少加雄黄四五分，候乾，丸如菉豆大。初生小兒以乳汁 送下二三丸。遍身發出紅點，是其徵驗也。但兒長成，常以兔肉啖之，尤 妙。劉氏保壽堂方。 The “pills with hare/rabbit blood.” When children ingest them, they will not experience the appearance of smallpox sores for their entire life. And if they appear, they will be very few. On the eighth day of the 12th month, pierce a living hare/rabbit to let its blood. Blend it with buckwheat flour and add a little realgar, about four or five fen. Once this has dried, prepare pills the size of green beans. Newborn children are to wash down, with milk, two or three pills. As a result, red dots will appear all over their body, and this is proof of the effects [of the treatment]. But when children grow up, they should regularly be fed with hare/rabbit meat. This is particularly wondrous. Mr. Liu’s Bao shou tang fang. 催生丹。治産難。臘月兔血，以蒸餅染之，紙裹陰乾，爲末。每服二錢， 乳香湯下。指迷方。

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“The elixir to speed up birth.” It serves to cure [women with] difficult deliveries. During the 12th month, use a steam cake to absorb hare/rabbit blood. This is then wrapped in paper, dried in the shade, and ground to powder. Each time [have the woman] ingest two qian, to be sent down with a frankincense decoction. Zhi mi fang. 心氣痛。瑞竹堂方用臘兔血和茶末四兩，乳香末二兩，搗丸芡子大。每温 醋化服一丸。 Heart qi pain. Rui zhu tang fang: Mix the blood of a hare/rabbit obtained during the 12th month with four liang of tea powder and two liang of frankincense powder, and pound all this to prepare pills the size of qian seeds. Each time ingest one pill dissolved in warm vinegar. 談埜翁方：臘月八日，取活兔血和麪丸梧子大。每白湯下二十一丸。 Tan Yeweng fang: On the eighth day of the 12th month let a living hare’s/rabbit’s blood, mix it with dough and prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Each time wash down, with clear hot water, 21 pills. 51-32-03 腦。Nao , [Hare/rabbit] brain. 【主治】塗凍瘡。别録。催生滑胎。時珍。同髓治耳聾。蘇恭。 Control. To be applied on frostbite sores. Bie lu. It speeds up birth and smoothens [the passage of ] a fetus. [Li] Shizhen. Together with marrow, it serves to cure deafness. Su Gong.

【附方】舊二，新二。 Added recipes. Two of old. Two newly [recorded]. 催生散。用臘月兔腦髓一箇，攤紙上令匀，陰乾，剪作符子，于面上書生 字一箇。候母痛極時，用釵股夾定，燈上燒灰，煎丁香酒調下。博濟方。 Powder to speed up birth. Spread the brains of a hare/rabbit evenly on a piece of paper and let it dry in the shade. Then cut [the shape of ] a talisman child [from this paper] and write the character “life/birth” on its face. Once the mother feels very heavy labor pains, fix [the paper] with a hairpin, burn it over a lampwick to ashes, and have her wash down these mixed with wine in which cloves had been boiled. Bo ji fang. 催生丹。臘月取兔腦髓一箇，塗紙上吹乾，入通明乳香末二兩，同研令 匀。於臘日前夜，安卓子上，露星月下。設茶果，齋戒焚香，望北拜告

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曰：大道弟子某，修合救世上難生婦人藥，願降威靈，佑助此藥，速令生 産。禱畢，以紙包藥，露一夜。天未明時，以豬肉搗，和丸芡子大，紙袋 盛，懸透風處。每服一丸，温醋湯下。良久未下，更用冷酒下一丸，即 産。乃神仙方也。經驗方。 Elixir to speed up birth. During the 12th month take the brain marrow1116 of one hare/rabbit, smear it onto a piece of paper and blow at it to let it dry. Add two liang of transparent frankincense powder and grind these two items together until they are mixed evenly. On the night before the day of the winter sacrifice, place [the powder] on a table,1117 and let it remain exposed to the stars and the moon. Then prepare tea and fruit, abstain from meat, burn incense, and say the following prayer: “This student of the Great DAO has prepared this medication to assist all women in the world who have difficulties to give birth. It is hoped that a powerful authority will be sent down to support this medication so that [this woman] may quickly give birth.” After the end of this prayer, the medication is wrapped in paper and exposed for one night. Prior to dawn, it is pounded with pork to prepare pills the size of qian seeds. They are then filled into a paper bag and hung up at a windy place. Each time [have the woman] ingest one pill, to be sent down with warm vinegar wine. If [the child] fails to come down for an extended period of time, [have the woman] wash another pill down with cold wine, and she will give birth immediately. This is a divine recipe of the immortals. Jing yan fang. 手足皸裂。用兔腦髓生塗之。聖惠。 Chapped hands and feet. Apply raw brains of a hare/rabbit to the [affected region]. Sheng hui. 發腦發背，及癰疽熱癤惡瘡。用臘月兔頭搗爛，入瓶内密封，惟久愈佳。 每用塗帛上厚封之，熱痛即如冰也。頻换取瘥乃止。勝金。 Brain effusion, effusion of the back.1118 These are obstruction-illnesses and impediment-illnesses,1119 heat pimples, and malign sores. Pound the head of a hare/rabbit obtained in the 12th month to pulp, fill it into a bottle and seal this tightly. The longer 1116 Zheng lei, ch. 17, tu tou gu 兔頭骨, “hare/rabbit skull,” quoting the Tang ben annotations writes gao 膏, “paste,” instead of sui 髓, “marrow.” 1117 Zheng lei, ch. 17, tu tou gu 兔頭骨, “hare/rabbit skull,” writes zhuo 桌, “table,” instead of zhuo 卓, “eminent.” 1118 Fa bei 發背, “effusion of the back.” A condition of an obstruction-illness and an impediment-illness developking on one’s back. BCGM Dict I, 148. 1119 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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it is in there, the better. For each use, smear a thick layer on a piece of cloth and cover [the affected region]. Heat and pain will become ice cold. [The application] is exchanged several times until a cure is achieved. Sheng jin. 51-32-04 骨。Gu. [Hare/rabbit] bone. 【主治】熱中，消渴，煮汁服。别録。【頌曰】崔元亮海上方治消渴羸 瘦，小便不禁，兔骨和大麥苗煮汁服，極效。煮汁服，止霍亂吐利。時 珍。外臺用之。治鬼疰，瘡疥刺風。日華。【藏器曰】醋磨塗久疥，妙。 Control. Heat in the center. Melting with thirst.1120 Boil them and ingest the juice. Bie lu. [Su] Song: Cui Yuanliang in his Hai shang fang [resorts to hare/rabbit bones] to cure emaciation associated with melting with thirst, and incessant urination. Ingest the juice obtained by boiling hare/rabbit bones with barley seedlings. Extremely effective. Ingesting the juice obtained from boiling will end vomiting and free flow [defecation] associated with cholera. [Li] Shizhen. The Wai tai uses it. It serves to cure demon attachment-illness,1121 as well as sores and jie-illness,1122 with piercing wind. Rihua. [Chen] Cangqi: Rubbed with vinegar it is topically applied to jie-illnesses that have lasted for long. Wondrous. 51-32-05 頭骨。Tou gu. Skull bone [of hares/rabbits]. 臘月收之。 They are to be collected during the 12th month. 【氣味】甘、酸，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, sour, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】頭眩痛，癲疾。别録。連皮毛燒存性，米飲服方寸匕，治天行嘔 吐不止，以瘥爲度。蘇頌。出必效方。連毛燒灰酒服，治産難下胎，及産 後餘血不下。日華。陸氏用葱湯下。燒末，傅婦人産後陰脱，癰疽惡瘡。 水服，治小兒疳痢。煮汁服，治消渴不止。時珍。 1120 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567. 1121 Gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness,” also zhu 注, “attachment-illness,” “influx-illnesss,” reflects a notion of a foreign pathogenic agent, originally of demonic nature, having attached itself to the human organism. BCGM Dict I, 202, 688-695. 1122 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

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Control. Head dizziness and pain; peak illness.1123 Bie lu. Burn them complete with hide and fur with their nature retained. Ingest, with a rice beverage, the amount held by a square cun spoon to cure unending epidemic vomiting.1124 Continue until a cure is achieved. Su Song, quoted from the Bi xiao fang. Burned to ashes together with the fur1125 and ingested with wine, they serve to cure a difficult childbirth and help the fetus to descend, also when excess blood fails to be discharged following a childbirth. Rihua. Mr. Lu uses an onion decoction to wash this down. Burned [to ashes and ground] to powder, they are applied to vaginal prolapse of women following childbirth, and on malign sores associated with obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.1126 Ingested with water, they serve to cure gan-illness1127 and free-flux illness 1128 of children. To ingest the juice obtained from boiling them will cure unending melting with thirst. 1129 [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】舊一，新一。 Added recipes. One of old. One newly [recorded]. 預解痘毒。十二月取兔頭煎湯浴小兒，除熱去毒，令出痘稀。飲膳正要。 To resolve smallpox poison in advance. Boil the head of a hare/rabbit obtained in the 12th month and wash the child with the juice. This will drive out the heat and eliminate the poison, and hence causes only a few smallpox [papules] to appear. Yin shan zheng yao. 産後腹痛。兔頭炙熱摩之，即定。必效。 For abdominal pain following childbirth, roast a head until it is hot, and rub [the abdomen] with it. This will stabilize [the condition]. Bi xiao. 1123 Dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125. 1124 Zheng lei, ch. 17, tu tou gu 兔頭骨, “hare/rabbit skull,” writes bu xia shi 不下食, “fails to have food move down,” rather than bu zhi 不止 1125 Zheng lei, ch. 17, tu tou gu 兔頭骨, “hare/rabbit skull,” writes lian mao sui 連毛髓, “together with its fur and [brain] marrow.” 1126 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 1127 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 1128 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 1129 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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51-32-06 肝。Gan. [Hare/rabbit] liver. 【主治】目暗。别録。明目補勞，治頭旋眼眩。日華。和决明子作丸服， 甚明目。切洗生食如羊肝法，治丹石毒發上衝，目暗不見物。孟詵。 Control. Dim vision. Bie lu. It clears the eyes and supplements exhaustion. It serves to cure head spin and visual dizziness. Rihua. If mixed with fetid cassia seeds and ingested as pills, it very effectively clears the eyes. Cut, rinsed and eaten raw in the same way as goat/sheep liver is prepared, it serves to cure an outbreak, with a rushing upward, of the poison of elixir minerals, with dim vision and an inability to see objects. Meng Shen. 【發明】【時珍曰】按劉守真云：兔肝明目，因其氣有餘，以補不足也。 眼科書云：兔肝能瀉肝熱。蓋兔目瞭而性冷故也。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to Liu Shouzhen, “hare/rabbit liver clears the eyes because it has surplus qi that may serve to supplement where there is an insufficiency.” The Yan ke shu states: “Hare/rabbit liver is able to drain heat from one’s liver. The reason is that the eyes of hares/rabits are sunken in, and hence their nature is cold.”

【附方】新一。 Added recipes. One newly [recorded]. 風熱目暗。肝腎氣虚，風熱上攻，目腫暗。用兔肝一具，米三合，和豉 汁，如常煮粥食。普濟。 Wind heat and dim vision. When the qi of one’s liver and kidneys are depleted, wind heat rises to strike above, and the eyes are swollen with dim vision as a result. Mix one liver of a hare/rabbit with three ge of rice and the juice of fermented soybeans and eat this prepared as the usual congee. Pu ji. 51-32-07 皮毛。Pi mao. Hide and fur [of hares/rabbits]. 臘月收之。 To be collected during the 12th month. 【主治】燒灰，酒服方寸匕，治産難及胞衣不出，餘血搶心，脹刺欲死 者，極驗。蘇恭。煎湯，洗豌豆瘡。藥性。頭皮灰：主鼠瘻及鬼疰，毒氣

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在皮中如鍼刺者。毛灰：主灸瘡不瘥。藏器。皮灰：治婦人帶下。毛灰： 治小便不利。餘見敗筆下。時珍。 Control. Burned to ashes, the amount held by a square cun spoon ingested with wine is extremely effective to cure difficult childbirth and1130 failure of the placenta to be released, with excess blood rushing against the heart and stabbing [pain] in the intestines making one wish to die. Extremely effective. Su Gong. Boiled to a decoction, it serves to rinse pea sores. Yao xing. The ashes obtained from burning the hide of the head control mouse fistula,1131 as well as the poison qi of a demon attachment-illness1132 causing a pain as if pierced by a needle in the skin. Ashes obtained from burning the fur, they control wounds resulting from cauterization that fail to heal. [Chen] Cangqi. Ashes obtained from burning the hide, they serve to cure [diseases] below the belt of women. Ashes obtained from burning the fur, they serve to cure failure of urine to flow freely. For more, see under the entry of “decayed writing pen/brush.” (51-33) [Li] Shizhen. 【附方】舊一，新一。 Added recipes. One of old. One newly [recorded]. 婦人帶下。兔皮燒烟盡，爲末。酒服方寸匕，以瘥爲度。外臺。 [Diseases] below the belt of women. Burn the hide of a hare/rabbit until no more smoke develops, and grind [the ashes] to powder. Ingest, with wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon, and continue this until a cure has been achieved. Wai tai. 火燒成瘡：兔腹下白毛貼之。候毛落即瘥。百一。 Fire burnings that have developed to sores. Paste the white fur from below the abdomen of a hare/rabbit on them. Once the fur falls off, a cure is achieved. Bai yi. 51-32-08 屎。Shi. [Hare/rabbit] excrements. 臘月收之。 To be collected during the 12th month. 1130 Zheng lei, ch. 17, tu tou gu 兔頭, “hare/rabbit head bone,” writes chan nan hou 産難後, “following a difficult delivery,” instead of chan nan ji 産難及, “a difficult delivery and …” 1131 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.” 1132 Gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness,” also zhu 注, “attachment-illness,” “influx-illnesss,” reflects a notion of a foreign pathogenic agent, originally of demonic nature, having attached itself to the human organism. BCGM Dict I, 202, 688-695.

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【釋名】明月砂聖惠、翫月砂集驗、兔蕈炮炙論。 Explanation of Names. Ming mu sha 明目砂, “sand to clear the eyes,” Sheng hui. Wan yue sha 翫月砂, “sand to please the [eyes that are as round as the] moon,” Ji yan. Tu xun 兔蕈, “a hare’s/rabbit’s fungi,” Pao zhi lun. 【主治】目中浮瞖，勞瘵五疳，疳瘡痔瘻，殺蟲解毒。時珍。 Control. Floating shades in the eyes, exhaustion consumption and the five gan-illnesses,1133 gan-illness sores and piles fistula. They kill worms/bugs and resolve poison. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】兔屎能解毒殺蟲，故治目疾、疳勞、瘡痔方中往往用 之。諸家本草並不言及，亦缺漏也。按沈存中良方云：江陰 万融病勞，四 體如焚，寒熱煩躁，一夜夢一人腹擁一月，光明使人心骨皆寒。及寤而孫 元規使人遺藥，服之遂平。扣之，則明月丹也，乃悟所夢。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen. The excrements of hares/rabbits are able to resolve poison and to kill worms/bugs. Hence they are often used in recipes to cure ailments of the eyes, gan-illness and exhaustion, as well as sores and piles. Still, no author has ever mentioned them in the ben cao works, and this is another omission. According to Shen Cunzhong’s Liang fang, “Wan Rong of Jiang yin suffered from exhaustion. His four limbs felt like burning and he had alternating sensations of cold and heat, making him vexed and restless. One night he dreamed of a person who held a moon in his abdomen, and its light caused his heart and bones to feel cold. Then he fell asleep again, and [soon later] Sun Yuangui send someone to bring a medication. Once he had ingested it, he had regained his health. When he examined it, it was the ‘bright moon elixir’. He then understood his dream.”

【附方】舊二，新五。 Added recipes. Two of old. Five newly [recorded]. 明月丹。治勞瘵，追蟲。用兔屎四十九粒，硇砂如兔屎大四十丸粒，爲 末，生蜜丸梧子大。月望前，以水浸甘草一夜，五更初取汁送下七丸。有 蟲下，急鉗入油鍋内煎殺。三日不下，再服。蘇沈良方。 The “elixir to brighten the eyes.” It serves to cure exhaustion consumption, and wards off worms/bugs. 49 grains of hare/rabbit droppings and 49 grains of sal ammoniac, the size of hare/rabbit droppings, are ground to powder to be prepared, with fresh honey, to pills the size of wu seeds. Before full moon, glycyrrhiza [root] 1133 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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is soaked in water for one night. Early in the next morning wash down seven pills with the juice. Once worms/bugs are discharged, they are to be gripped with pincers immediately, given into a cauldron with oil, and fried until they have died. If no [worms/bugs] are discharged within three days, [the medication] is to be ingested again. Su Shen liang fang. 五疳下痢。兔屎炒半兩，乾蝦蟆一枚燒灰，爲末，綿裹如蓮子大，納下 部，日三易之。聖惠方。 The five kinds of gan-illness1139 associated with discharge and free-flux illness.1140 One half liang of roasted hare/rabbit droppings and one dried frog/toad are burned to ashes and ground to powder. This is wrapped into silk [to prepare a pill] the size of a lotus seed to be inserted into [the patient’s] bottom. To be exchanged three times a day. Sheng hui fang. 大小便秘。明月砂一匙安臍中，冷水滴之令透，自通也。聖惠。 Major [defecation] and minor relief [urination] blocked. Place one spoonful of hare/rabbit droppings on the navel and drip ice-cold water on it until it has thoroughly seeped through [the droppings]. This will open the passage [of fecal matter and urine]. Sheng hui. 痔瘡下血，痛疼不止者。用翫月砂慢火炒黄，爲末。每服二錢，入乳香五 分，空心温酒下，日三服。即兔糞也。集驗方。 Piles sores with discharge of blood and unending pain. Roast hare/rabbit droppings over a slow fire until they have turned yellow, and grind them to powder. Each time ingest two qian together with five fen of frankincense, to be sent down, with warm wine, on an empty stomach. Ingest three times a day. [The name wan yue sha, “sand to please the [eyes that are as round as the] moon,”] refers to hare/rabbit droppings. Ji yan fang. 月蝕耳瘡。望夜，取兔屎納蝦蟆腹中，同燒末，傅之。肘後。 Lunar eclipse1141 ear sores. On the night of full moon, insert hare/rabbit droppings into the abdomen of a frog/toad, burn all this [to ashes] and grind them to powder to be applied to the [affected region]. Zhou hou. 1139 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 1140 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 1141 Yue shi 月蝕, “lunar eclipse,” a condition of chuang 瘡,”sores” developing on the ears, nose, face, and to the side of the orifices in the anal and genital region. BCGM Dict I, 65.

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痘瘡入目生瞖。用兔屎日乾，爲末。每服一錢，茶下即安。普濟方。 Smallpox sores have entered the eyes, generating a shade. Dry hare/rabbit droppings under the sun and grind them to powder. Each time ingest one qian. When this is sent down with tea, health will be restored. Pu ji fang. 痘後目瞖。直往山中東西地上，不許回顧，尋兔屎二七粒，以雌雄檳榔各 一箇同磨，不落地井水調服。百無一失，其效如神。藺氏經驗方。 Shades in the eyes following smallpox. Proceed directly to the Eastern or Western area of a mountain. Do not look back. Search for two times seven grains of hare/ rabbit droppings, and grind them to powder together with one male and one female areca [nut]. Ingest this mixed with water from a well that has not dropped onto the ground. There will not be one failure [of this treatment] in a hundred cases. The effects are divine. Lin shi jing yan fang. 51-33 敗筆唐本草 Bai bi. FE Tang ben cao. Decayed writing brush. 【集解】【時珍曰】上古殺青書竹帛，至蒙恬以兔毫作筆。後世復以羊、 鼠諸毛爲之，惟兔毫入藥用。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: In high antiquity, books were written on bamboo slips. Then Meng Tian [was the first] to use the hair of hares/rabbits to prepare writing brushs. In later times, they were also produced from the fur of goats/ sheep and mice. Only [those made from] the fine hair of hares/rabbits, though, are used for medicinal purposes. 51-33-01 筆頭灰。Bi tou hui. Ashes of the tip of a writing brush. 【氣味】微寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Slightly cold. Nonpoisonous. 【主治】水服，治小便不通，小便數難淋瀝，陰腫脱肛，中惡。唐本。酒 服二錢，治男子交婚之夕莖萎。藥性。酒服二錢，治難産。漿飲服二錢， 治咽喉痛，不下飲食。時珍。出范汪方。 Control. Ingested with water, they serve to cure blocked urination, frequent and difficult urination with dripping, swollen yin (i.e., genital region) and prolapsed anus, as well as being struck by the malign. Tang ben. Two qian ingested with wine serve

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to cure penile wilting (i.e., erectile dysfunction) of males on the wedding night. Yao xing. Two qian ingested with wine serve to cure difficult childbirth. Two qian ingested with starch soup serve to cure a painful throat with an inability to bring down beverages and food. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Fan Wang fang. 【發明】【時珍曰】筆不用新而用敗者，取其沾濡膠墨也。膠墨能利小 便、胎産故耳。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: One does not use new writing brushs but resorts to decayed ones because this way one gets those soaked with glue and ink. This is because glue and ink are able to free the flow of urine and the delivery of a fetus.

【附方】舊二，新一。 Added recipes. Two of old. One newly [recorded]. 小便不通，數而微腫。用陳久筆頭一枚燒灰，水服。外臺。 Blocked urination. When it is frequent and [the urethra] is slightly swollen. Burn the head of one fairly old writing brush to ashes, and ingest them with water. Wai tai. 心痛不止。敗筆頭三箇燒灰，無根水服，立效。經驗方。 Unending pain in the heart. Burn the tips of three decayed writing brushs to ashes and ingest them with water that has no root.1137 Immediatley effective. Jing yan fang. 難産催生。勝金方聖妙寸金散：用敗筆頭一枚燒灰，研，生藕汁一盞調 下，立産。若母虚弱及素有冷疾者，温汁服之。 Difficult delivery, to speed up birth. The Sheng jin fang’s “sagely wondrous powder with a little gold”: Burn the tip of one decayed writing brush to ashes and grind them to powder to be sent down with the juice of a fresh lotus root. Childbirth will set in immediately. If the mother suffers from depletion weakness and has always been affected by cold ailments, [the ashes] are to be ingested with warm juice. 陸氏治難産第一方：用兔毫筆頭三箇燒灰，金箔三片，以蠟和丸，酒服。 The first recipe of Mr.Lu to cure difficult childbirth. Burn the heads of three writing brushs prepared from hare/rabbit hair to ashes, add three pieces of gold foil, and use beeswax to prepare pills. To be ingested with wine.

1137 Water emerging from the brick wall of a well that has not been let free yet into the bottom of the well, is called “water without root.” See also 05-15.

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51-34 山獺綱目 Shan ta. FE Gang mu. Mountain otter. Lutra lutra chinensis Gray. 【集解】【時珍曰】山獺出廣之宜州嵠峒及南丹州，土人號爲插翹。其性 淫毒，山中有此物，凡牝獸皆避去，獺無偶則抱木而枯。猺女春時成群入 山，以采物爲事。獺聞婦人氣，必躍來抱之，次骨而入，牢不可脱，因扼 殺之。負歸，取其陰一枚，直金一兩，若得抱木死者尤奇貴。峒獠甚珍重 之，私貨出界者罪至死。然本地亦不常有，方士多以鼠璞、猴胎僞之。試 之之法，但令婦人摩手極熱，取置掌心，以氣呵之，即趯然而動，蓋陰氣 所感也。此説出范石湖虞衡志、周草窗齊東野語中，而不載其形狀，亦缺 文也。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Mountain otters originate from the region of the Liao, the cave people in Yi zhou in Guang, and from Nan dan zhou. The locals call them cha qiao, “[those that] raise their tail.” Their nature is of a fierce licentiousness. Wherever in the mountains these creatures exist, all other female animals stay away from them. If these otters do not find a mate, they embrace a tree and wither [as they lose their seminal fluid there]. In spring, the girls of the Yao go in groups into the mountains to collect herbs. When otters smell the qi of these females, they will jump onto and embrace them. They then penetrate1138 the bones [of these girls with a hard penis] so firmly that they cannot be separated. Hence [the people] strangle [the animal] and carry it back home. There they remove the penis and [sell it] for one liang of gold. If they find a [mountin otter] that has died while embracing a tree, it is even more valuable. The Liao people in the caves value them highly. If a hunter carries one personally away from that region, he will be punished with death. Because even there, they are rather rare. Recipe masters often fake them with moist mice/rats and monkey fetuses. To test whether [it is a genuine otter penis], have a woman rub [the item] until it is very hot. Then place it into her palm and have her breathe out onto it. As a result [a genuine one] will jump and move. This is because it is excited by [the woman’s] yin qi. This report originates from Fan Shihu’s Yu heng zhi, and from Zhou Caochuang’s Qi dong ye yu. The physical appearance [of the animal] is not recorded. Some text is missing.

1138 Qi dong ye yu, ch. 20, shan ta zhi jian du 山獺治箭毒, “mountain otters to cure arrow poison,” writes ci gu 刺骨, “penetrate the bones,” rather than ci gu 次骨, “next [they penetrate] the bones.”

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51-34-01 陰莖。Yin jing. [Mountain otter] yin stalk, penis. 【氣味】甘，熱，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, hot, nonpoisonous. 【主治】陽虚陰痿，精寒而清者，酒磨少許服之。獠人以爲補助要藥。時 珍。 Control. Yang depletion; yin dysfunction. When the essence/sperm is cold and clear, grind [the otter penis] with wine and ingest a small amount. The hunters believe it to be an important remedy for supplementation. [Li] Shizhen. 51-34-02 骨。Gu. [Mountain otter] bone. 【主治】解藥箭毒，研少許敷之，立消。時珍。 Control. They resolve the poison of medicated arrows. Grind them to powder and apply this to the [affected region. The poison] will be dispersed immediately. [Li] Shizhen. 51-35 水獺别録下品 Shui ta. FE Bie lu, lower rank. Water otter. Lutra lutra L. 【釋名】水狗。【時珍曰】王氏字説云：正月、十月獺兩祭魚，知報本反 始，獸之多賴者。其形似狗，故字從犬，從賴。大者曰獱，音賓，曰猵， 音編。又桓寬鹽鐵論以獨爲猵，群爲獺，如猨之與獨也。 Explanation of Names. Shui gou 水狗, “water dog.” [Li] Shizhen: Mr. Wang in his Zi shuo states: “During the first and the tenth month, otters twice sacrifice fish. They know that they must pay debts of gratitude to those animals they depend on (lai 賴) most. Their physical appearance resembles that of dogs. Hence the character [ta 獺, otter] originates from [the characters] quan 犬 , ‘dog’, and lai 賴 , ‘to depend on’. Large ones are called bin 獱, read bin 賓, they are also called bian 猵, read bian 編.” Furthermore, Huan Kuan in his Yan tie lun refers to single [otters] as bian 猵, and to a pack as ta 獺. This is similar to the association of the yuan 猨 with the du 獨.1139

1139 See 51-52-A01 and A02.

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【集解】【弘景曰】獺多出溪岸邊。有兩種，入藥惟取以魚祭天者。一 種獱獺，形大而頭如馬，身似蝙蝠，不入藥用。【頌曰】江湖多有之。 四足俱短，頭與身尾皆褊，毛色若故紫帛。大者身與尾長三尺餘。食魚， 居水中，亦休木上。嘗縻置大水甕中，在内旋轉如風，水皆成旋渦。西 戎以其皮飾毳服領袖，云垢不着染。如風霾翳目，但就拭之即去也。【時 珍曰】獺狀似青狐而小，毛色青黑，似狗，膚如伏翼，長尾四足，水居食 魚。能知水信爲穴，鄉人以占潦旱，如鵲巢知風也。古有熊食鹽而死，獺 飲酒而斃之語，物之性也。今川、沔漁舟，往往馴畜，使之捕魚甚捷。亦 有白色者。或云獱獺無雌，以猨爲雌，故云猨鳴而獺候。 Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjing: Otters often appear on the banks of mountain streams. There are two kinds. For medicinal use only those are resorted to that sacrifice to heaven. The other type are the bin otters. They are of big physical appearance, and their head resembles that of a horse, while their body is reminiscent of a bat. They are not used for medicinal purposes. [Su] Song: Rivers and lakes have many of them. Their four feet are all short; their head and their body down to its tail are all flat. The color of its fur is one of old, purple silk. Large ones are more than three chi long from head to tail. They eat fish, and they live in waters, but they also rest on trees. At one time, [an otter] was tied up and put into a large water basin. In there it rotated like wind, and all the water whirled around. The Xi rong people use their hide to make collars and sleeves for decorative garments, saying that no dirt will ever attach to and stain them. Just like when wind or haze creates a shade in front of the eyes, one just has to wipe it off and it will be gone. [Li] Shizhen: Otters look like young foxes, but are smaller. Their fur is of greenish-black color. They resemble dogs, and their hide resembles that of bats. They have a long tail and four feet. They live in waters and eat fish. They are aware of the regularities of water’s [coming and going], and prepare caves accordingly. The villagers use them as early signs of floods and droughts. This is similar to [observing] magpies that know [the regularities of ] wind. In ancient times a saying was: “When a bear eats salt, it will die. When an otter drinks wine, it will be killed.” That is the nature of creatures. Today, fishing boats in Chuan and Mian often tame and raise them and employ them to catch fish. They are very fast at that. There are also some of white color. Some say that “bin otters have no females, and that they accept monkeys as their females. Hence it is said: The monkeys cry, and the otter expects them.”

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51-35-01 肉。Rou. [Water otter] meat. 【氣味】甘、鹹，寒，無毒。【思邈曰】甘，温。【弘景曰】不可雜兔肉 食。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. [Sun] Simiao: Sweet, warm. [Tao] Hongjing: It must not be eaten mixed with hare/rabbit meat. 【主治】煮汁服，療疫氣温病，及牛馬時行病。别録。水氣脹滿，熱毒 風。日華。骨蒸熱勞，血脉不行，榮衛虚滿，及女子經絡不通，血熱，大 小腸秘。消男子陽氣，不宜多食。蘇頌。 Control. To ingest the juice obtained from boiling [the meat] heals warmth diseases associated with epidemic qi, and also seasonal diseases affecting oxen and horses. Bie lu. Distention and a feeling of fullness resulting from water qi, and heat poison wind. Rihua. Bone steaming and heat exhaustion,1140 when the passage in the blood vessels is blocked, the camp and guardian [qi] are depleted with a feeling of fullness, and blockage of conduits and network [vessels] in women. Furthermore, blood heat, and blocked large and small intestines. It dissolves the yang qi of males, and should not be eaten often. Su Song. 【發明】【詵曰】患熱毒風水虚脹者。取水獺一頭，去皮，連五臟及骨、 頭炙乾爲末。水服方寸匕，日二服，十日瘥。若冷氣脹者，服之甚益也。 只治熱，不治冷，爲其性寒耳。 Explication. [Meng] Shen: For those who suffer from heat1141 poison wind, and water depletion swelling. Remove the hide from one head of a water otter, and roast it together with the five long-term depots and the bones and the head1142 until they are dry, and grind them to powder. The amount held by a square cun spoon is to be ingested with water. Ingest twice a day. Within ten days a cure is achieved. If it is a case of cold qi distension, it is very boosting. It only serves to cure heat, not to cure cold [conditions], as its nature is cold.1143 1140 Gu zheng lao 骨蒸勞, “exhaustion because of bone steaming.” Identical with chuan shi 傳屍, “corpse [evil] transmission.” (1) An infectious consumptive disease. (2) Heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197. 1141 Zheng lei, ch. 18, ta gan 獺肝, “otter liver,” writes huan han re 患寒熱, “to suffer from alternating cold and heat sensations.” 1142 Zheng lei, ch. 18, ta gan 獺肝, “otter liver,” writes tou, wei deng 頭尾等, “…, head and tail.” 1143 Zheng lei, ch. 18, ta gan 獺肝, “otter liver,” instead of wei qi xing han er 爲其性寒耳, “as its nature is cold,” writes bu ke yi gai er 不可一概爾, “it is unable [to eliminate cold and heat] together.”

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折傷。水獺一箇支解，入罐内固濟，待乾煅存性，爲末。以黄米煮粥攤患 處，糝獺末於粥上，布裹之。立止疼痛。經驗後方。 Explication. Harm associated with fractures. Dissect one water otter, give it into a jar and seal this tightly. Once it has dried, calcine it by retaining its nature, and then grind it to powder. Boil yellow rice to a congee and apply this to the ailing region. Spread the otter powder on the congee and bandage this with some cloth. The pain will end immediately. Jing yan hou fang. 51-35-02 肝。Gan. [Water otter] liver. 【頌曰】諸畜肝葉，皆有定數。惟獺肝一月一葉，十二月十二葉，其間又 有退葉。用之須見形乃可驗。不爾多僞也。 [Su] Song: The livers of all animals have a fixed number of lobes. Only the otter is an exception. Its liver has one lobe in the first month, and 12 lobes in the 12th month. And between them there are additional lobes that have retreated. When using them [for medicinal purposes], one must inspect their physical appearance as evidence [of their being genuine]. If they are different, they are mostly fakes. 【氣味】甘，温，有毒。【甄權曰】鹹，微熱，無毒。【頌曰】肉及五臟 皆寒，惟肝温也。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, warm, poisonous. Zhen Quan: Salty, slightly hot, nonpoisonous. [Su] Song: The meat and the five long-term depots are all cold. Only the liver is warm. 【主治】鬼疰蠱毒，止久嗽，除魚鯁，並燒灰酒服之。别録。治上氣咳 嗽，虚勞瘦病。藥性。傳尸勞極，虚汗客熱，四肢寒瘧及産勞。蘇頌。殺 蟲。時珍。 Control. Demon attachment-illness and gu poison.1144 It heals long-lasting cough, eliminates choking on fish bones. For all these [indications] burn it to ashes to be ingested with wine. Bie lu. It serves to cure ascending qi with cough, depletion exhaustion and emaciation disease. Yao xing. Corpse [qi] transmission with extreme 1144 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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exhaustion. Depletion sweating and visitor heat. Cold malaria affecting the four limbs and exhaustion from childbirth. Su Song. It kills worms/bugs. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【宗奭曰】獺肝治勞，用之有驗。【頌曰】張仲景治冷勞有獺肝 丸，崔氏治九十種蠱疰、傳尸骨蒸、伏連殗殜、諸鬼毒癘疾有獺肝丸，二 方俱妙。【詵曰】疰病，一門悉患者，以肝一具火炙，末，水服方寸匕， 日再服之。【葛洪云】尸疰鬼疰，乃五尸之一，又挾諸鬼邪爲害。其病變 動，乃有三十六種至九十九種。大略使人寒熱，沉沉默默，不知病之所 苦，而無處不惡。積月累年，淹滯至死。死後傳人，乃至滅門。覺有此 候，惟以獺肝一具，陰乾爲末，水服方寸匕，日三。以瘥爲度。【時珍 曰】按朝野僉載云：五月五日午時，急砍一竹，竹節中必有神水，瀝取和 獺肝爲丸，治心腹積聚病甚效也。 Explication. [Kou] Zongshi: Otter liver serves to cure exhaustion. Its use is effective. [Su] Song: For curing cold exhaustion, Zhang Zhongjing mentions “pills1145 with otter liver.” For curing the 90 kinds of gu attachment-illness,1146 corpse [qi] transmission1147 and bone steaming,1148 hidden link1149 and progressing calamity,1150 all kinds of demon poison and epidemic illnesses, Mr. Cui lists the “pills with otter liver.” Both recipes are equally wondrous. [Meng] Shen: When an entire household suffers from attachment-illness disease,1151 roast one liver over fire to ashes and [let the patients] ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon. To be ingested twice a day. Ge Hong: Corpse [qi] attachment-illness1152 and demon attachment-illness 1145 Jin kui ch. shang 上, xue bi xu lao bing mai zheng bing zhi fu fang 血痺虚勞病脉證并治 附方, “vessel movements and illness signs of blood blockage and depletion exhaustion, together with an appendix of recipes for their cure,” has san wan 散, “powder and pills,” instead of only wan 丸, “pills.” 1146 Gu zhu 蠱疰, “gu-attachment-illness,” a condition of abdominal fullness with accumulations, pain and emaciation brought forth by gu poison, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. The illness takes many different forms. BCGM Dict I, 193. 1147 Chuan shi 傳尸, “corpse [evil qi] transmission.” An infectious consumptive disease. BCGM Dict I, 97. 1148 Gu zheng 骨蒸, “bone steaming,” (1) a pathological condition of an infectious consumptive disease with a development of vexing heat in the afternoon. (2) An illness sign of heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197. 1149 For fu lian 伏連, “hidden link,” identical with chuan shi 傳尸, “corpse [evil qi] transmission,” see BCGM Dict I, 175 1150 Ye die 殗殜, “progressing calamity,” a condition identical with chuan shi 傳屍, “corpse [evil] transmission.” BCGM Dict I, 623. 1151 Zhu bing 疰病, “attachment-illness disease,” a condition identical with gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness.” BCGM Dict I, 535; 689. 1152 Shi zhu 屍疰, “corpse [qi] attachment-illness,” a condition identical with gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness.” See above.

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are one type of the five corpse [qi transmission illnesses]. Depending on the harm caused by all kinds of demon evil, the disease assumes different manifestations. All in all, there are 36 to 99 kinds. Generally speaking, they let one have alternating sensations of cold and heat. [Patients] remain deeply silent, and one does not know what disease they suffer from. There is no location [of their body] that is not in a malign state. This may last for months or even years, until eventually [the patients] die. Once they have died, [the disease qi] are transmitted to another person, and this leads to a decimation of the entire household. Whenever one assumes that it is this condition, the only way to act is to dry an otter liver in the shade. grind it to powder, and [let the patient] ingest the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times a day, until a cure is achieved. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Chao ye qian zai, “one quickly fells a bamboo on the fifth day of the fifth month at noon. In the nodes of the bamboo there will be divine water. Have it trickle out and use it to prepare pills with the otter liver. They will be very effective to cure accumulation and collection disease in heart and abdomen.”

【附方】舊二，新一。 Added recipes. Two of old. One newly [recorded]. 鬼魅。獺肝末水服方寸匕，日三。千金翼。 Demons and goblins. Ingest otter liver powder with water; the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times a day. Qian jin yi. 腸痔有血。獺肝燒末，水服一錢。肘後方。 Intestinal piles. For those bleeding. Burn an otter liver [to ashes] and grind them to powder. Ingest, with water, one qian. Zhou hou fang. 下血不止。用獺肝一副煮熟，入五味食之妙。飲膳正要。 [Chronic piles] with unending bleeding.1153 Boil one entire otter liver until done, add the five spices, and eat this. Wondrous. Yin shan zheng yao. 51-35-03 腎。Shen. [Water otter] kidneys. 【氣味】同肉。 Qi and Flavor. Identical with those of [water otter] meat. 1153 Yin shang zheng yao ch. 2, shi liao zhu bing “food to heal all kinds of diseases,” ta gan geng 獺肝羹, “otter liver broth,” has jiu zhi xia xue bu zhi 久痔下血不止, “chronic piles with unending bleeding.”

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【主治】益男子。蘇頌。 Control. They boost [the qi of ] males. Su Song. 51-35-04 膽。Dan. [Water otter] gallbladder/bile. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】眼翳黑花，飛蠅上下，視物不明。入點藥中。蘇頌。 Control. Eye shades with dark “cotton threads,” “flies” moving up and down, and an inability to see an item clearly. To be added to [eye] drop medications. Su Song. 【正誤】【宗奭曰】古語云：蟾肪軟玉，獺膽分盃。謂以膽塗竹刀或犀角 篦上，畫酒中即分也。嘗試之不驗，蓋妄傳耳。但塗盃唇，使酒稍高于盞 面耳。不可不正之。 Correction of Errors. [Kou] Zongshi: An ancient saying1154 goes: “The fat of toads softens jade; the fat of otters divides [the contents of ] a cup.” That is to say, if one applies otter fat to a bamboo knife or a comb made of rhino horn and strikes [the knife or the comb] through [a cup of ] wine, its [contents] will be separated [into two parts]. It was tried but did not work. Apparently, this is a meaningless tradition. However, if [otter fat] is applied to the rim of a cup, it can be filled with wine a little higher than the cup’s surface. The [false tradition] needs to be corrected.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes. One newly [recorded] 月水不通。獺肝丸：用乾獺膽一枚，乾狗膽、硇砂、川椒炒去汗、目各一 分，水蛭炒黄十枚，爲末，醋糊丸菉豆大。每服五 丸，當歸酒下，日一 服。聖惠方。 Pills with otter gallbladder for blocked menstruation.1155 One dried otter gallbladder, plus one fen each of dried dog gallbladder, sal ammoniac and Chinese pepper from Sichuan, roasted until no more liquid is effused, as well as ten leeches, roasted until 1154 Yan yi, ch. 16, ta 獺, “otter,“ has Ben cao xu li 本草敘例 instead of gu yu 古語, “an ancient saying.” 1155 This recipe is listed in Sheng hui fang, ch. 72 as one of zhi fu ren yue shui bu tong zhu fang 治婦人月水不通諸方, “all recipes to cure women with blocked menses,“ where it has no name. As the recipe does not have otter liver as an ingredient, a proper name should be ta dan wan 獺膽丸, “pills with otter gallbladder/bile.“

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they have assumed a yellow color, are ground to powder. This is prepared, with vinegar and dough, to pills the size of green beans. Each time [let the patient] ingest five pills, to be sent down with angelica [root] wine, once per day. Sheng hui fang. 51-35-05 髓。Sui. [Water otter] marrow. 【主治】去瘢痕。時珍。 Control. Removes wound scars. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】按集異記云：吴主 鄧夫人爲如意傷頰，血流啼叫，太 醫云：得白獺髓，雜玉與琥珀傅之，當滅此痕。遂以百金購得白獺，合膏 而痊。但琥珀太多，猶有赤點如痣。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Ji yi ji, “Mrs. Deng, wife of the ruler of Wu, had her cheek injured by a ru yi.1156 She bled and cried loudly. One of the Imperial Physicians said: ‘The fat of a white otter is to be mixed with [powdered] jade and amber, and this is to be applied [to the wound]. This will prevent the formation of a scar’. Then a white otter was purchased for one hundred pieces of gold. It was prepared to a paste, and a complete cure was achieved. However, if too much amber were to be used, there would still be red dots resembling moles.” 51-35-06 骨。Gu. [Water otter] bone. 【主治】含之，下魚骨鯁。陶弘景。煮汁服，治嘔噦不止。藥性。 Control. Held in the mouth, they cause a fish bone stuck in the throat to move down. Tao Hongjing. The juice obtained from boiling [otter bones] serves to cure unending vomiting and retching. Yao xing. 51-35-07 足。Zu. [Water otter] feet. 【主治】手足皴裂。蘇恭。煮汁服，治魚骨鯁，并以爪爬喉下。藏器。爲 末酒服，殺勞瘵蟲。時珍。 Control. Chapped skin cracks on hands and feet. Su Gong. The juice obtained from boiling [otter feet] serves to cure choking on fish bones. In addition, scratch the [pa1156 Ru yi 如意: the S-shaped object held by officials in front of them when called to an audience.

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tient’s] throat downward with the claw [of an otter]. [Chen] Cangqi. Powdered and ingested with wine, they kill exhaustion-consumption worms/bugs. [Li] Shizhen. 51-35-08 皮毛。Pi mao. [Water otter] hide and fur. 【主治】煮汁服，治水癊病。亦作褥及履屧着之。藏器。産母帶之。易 産。張傑。 Control. The juice obtained from boiling [otter hide and fur] serves to cure water hidden-illness1157 disease. They also serve to produce padded mattresses and shoes. [Chen] Cangqi. If a mother close to childbirth wears them, delivery will be easy. Zhang Jie. 51-35-09 屎。Shi. [Water otter] excrements. 【主治】魚臍瘡，研末水和敷之，即膿出痛止。【藏器曰】亦主驢馬蟲 顙，及牛疫疾，研水灌之。治下痢，燒末，清旦飲服一小盞，三服愈。赤 用赤糞，白用白糞。時珍。出古今録驗。 Control. Fish belly sores.1158 Grind [otter excrements] to powder, mix it with water and apply [this] to the [ affected region]. This will cause the pus to come out, and the pain ends. [Chen] Cangqi: Also, to control [illnesses of ] donkeys and horses caused by worms/bugs, as well as epidemic ailments affecting oxen, grind [otter excrements to powder] and force-feed this with water [to the animals]. To cure discharge with free-flux illness, 1159 burn [otter excrements and grind the ashes] to powder. Ingest a small cup with a beverage in the early morning. Three doses will result in a cure. For red [discharge] use red excrements; for white [discharge] use white excrements. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Gu jin lu yan.

1157 Shui yin 水癊, “water hidden-illness,” identical with shui zhong 水腫, “water swelling,“ edema. BCGM Dict I, 474. 1158 Yu qi chuang 魚臍瘡, “fish belly sores,” a condition of chuang 瘡, “sores,” resembling the long and narrow shape of a fish belly. They have a white or slightly dark spot in their center, and are red on all four sides. Also, the swelling is painful and liquid seeps from it. BCGM Dict I, 650/651. 1159 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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51-36 海獺拾遺 Hai ta. FE Shi yi. Sea otter. Enhydris marina Schreb. 【集解】【藏器曰】海獺生海中。似獺而大如犬，脚下有皮如人胼拇，毛 着水不濡。人亦食其肉。海中又有海牛、海馬、海驢等，皮毛在陸地，皆 候風潮，猶能毛起。説出博物志。【時珍曰】大獱小獺，此亦獺也。今人 以其皮爲風領，云亞于貂焉。如淳註博物志云：海獱頭如馬，自腰以下似 蝙蝠，其毛似獺，大者五六十斤，亦可烹食。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Sea otters live in the sea. They resemble otters, but are as big as dogs. Below their legs they have a skin resembling a callous thumb. When their fur is immersed in water, it will not become wet. The people eat their meat. In the sea, there are also sea oxen, sea horses, and sea donkeys. When their hide and fur is placed on dry land and exposed to wind, the fur will still be able to rise. This report originates from the Bo wu zhi. [Li] Shizhen: The big [otters named] bin 獱 and the small [ones known as] otters, they are all alike otters. Today, the people use their hide to prepare collars to protect themselves from the wind. It is said, they are inferior to martens. As Ru Chun noted in his comment on the Bo wu zhi: “Sea otters have a head like a horse. From their lower back downward they resemble a bat. Their fur is similar to that of otters. Big ones may weigh 50 to 60 jin. They, too, can be prepared to be eaten.” 51-37 腽肭獸上烏忽切，下女骨切。宋開寶 Wu nu shou. Split reading of the first: wu hu; split reading of the second: nü gu. FE Song, Kai bao. Wu nu animal.1160 【釋名】骨豽説文作貀，與肭同、海狗。【时珍曰】唐韻：腽肭，肥貌。 或作骨貀，訛爲骨訥，皆番言也。 Explanation of Names. Gu nu. The Shuo wen writes: na 貀, identical with na 肭, castor. Hai gou 海狗, “sea dog.” [Li] Shizhen: The Tang yun [states]: Wu nu are fat. Elsewhere [the name is] written gu nu 骨貀, which is wrongly written gu ne 骨訥. All these are foreign words. 【集解】【藏器曰】骨豽獸，生西番突厥國，胡人呼爲阿慈勃他你。其狀 似狐而大，長尾。臍似麝香，黄赤色，如爛骨。【甄權曰】腽肭臍是新羅 1160 The wu nu animals, also pronounced wa na, have been variously identified as 1. beavers, castor fiber L. and 2. fur-seals, callorhinus ursinus L. A definite identification seems impossible.

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國海内狗外腎也。連而取之。【李珣曰】按臨海志云：出東海水中。狀若 鹿形，頭似狗，長尾。每日出即浮在水面，崑崙家以弓矢射之，取其外腎 陰乾百日，味甘香美也。【頌曰】今東海旁亦有之。舊説似狐長尾。今滄 州所圖乃是魚類，而豕首兩足。其臍紅紫色，上有紫斑點，全不相類，醫 家多用之。異魚圖云：試其臍，于臘月衝風處，置盂水浸之，不凍者爲真 也。【斅曰】腽肭臍多僞者。海中有獸號曰水烏龍，海人取其腎，以充腽 肭臍，其物自别。真者，有一對則兩重薄皮裹丸核；其皮上自有肉黄毛， 一穴三莖。收之器中，年年濕潤如新。或置睡犬頭上，其犬忽驚跳若狂者 爲真也。【宗奭曰】今出登、萊州。其狀非狗非獸，亦非魚也。但前即似 獸而尾即魚。身有短密淡青白毛，毛上有深青黑點，久則亦淡，腹脇下全 白色。皮厚韌如牛皮，邊將多取以飾鞍韉。其臍治腹臍積冷，精衰，脾腎 勞極有功，不待别試也。似狐長尾之説，今人多不識之。【時珍曰】按唐 書云：骨貀獸出遼西、營州及結骨國。一統志云：腽肭臍出女直及三佛齊 國。獸似狐，脚高如犬，走如飛，取其腎漬油名腽肭臍。觀此，則似狐之 説非無也。蓋似狐似鹿者，其毛色爾；似狗者，其足形也；似魚者，其尾 形也。入藥用外腎而曰臍者，連臍取之也。又異物志云：豽獸出朝鮮，似 貍，蒼黑色，無前兩足，能捕鼠。郭璞云：晋時召陵 扶夷縣獲一獸，似狗 豹文，有角兩脚。據此則豽有水陸二種，而藏器所謂似狐長尾者，其此類 與？ Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The gu nu animals live in the country of Tu jue in the Western foreign regions. The Hu people call them acebotani. Their appearance is similar to that of foxes, but they are bigger, and they have a long tail. At their navel, there is something like musk, of yellow-red color, like a rotten bone. Zhen Quan: The Wu nu navels are the external kidneys (i.e., testes) of dogs living in the sea of the country of Xin luo. They are collected tied [to the animals]. Li Xun: According to the Lin hai zhi, they originate from the water in the sea in the East. Their appearance resembles that of a deer, with a head similar to that of a dog, and a long tail. Each day, when they appear, they float on the surface of the water. The Kun lun people shoot them with arrows, remove their outer kidneys and dry them. After one hundred days they are sweet, aromatic and delicious. [Su] Song: Nowadays they are also found at the Eastern sea shore. In the old days it was said that they resemble foxes with a long tail. Nowadays, illustrations from Cang zhou depict them as a type of fish, with the head of a pig, two feet and a red-purple colored navel. On its upper side it has purple spots. They are completely unlike [all earlier descriptions], and they are often resorted to by physicians. The Yi yu tu states: “To test whether their navels are genuine, place them into a basin to be soaked in water at a windy location in the 12th month. Those that do not freeze, they are genuine ones.” [Lei] Xiao: The wu nu navels are often fakes. There are animals in the sea that are called “black wa-

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ter dragons.” The people living at the sea remove their kidneys/testes and pretend them to be wu nu navels. But these are, of course, different items. Genuine ones are two pellets wrapped in thin skin, and on the skin there is meat-like yellow fur, with three stalks [of such hair/fur] originating from one pore. Stored in a container they remain moist like new for many years. There is also another [method to test them]. One places [the item] on the head of a sleeping dog. If the dog immediately is in great fear and runs away like mad, the item is genuine. [Kou] Zongshi: Nowadays, those originating from Deng and Lai zhu, their appearance resembles neither that of dogs nor that of wild animals, and also not that of fish. Their front legs resemble those of wild animals, and their tail is that of fish. Their body has a short, dense fur with bland, greenish, white color, and on the fur there are deep-greenish, black spots. After an extended period of time, they change to a bland color, too. Below the abdomen and the flanks, they are all white. The hide is thick and pliable like oxhide. Generals in the border territories use it to decorate their saddle blankets. Their navels serve to cure accumulations of cold in abdomen and navel, and weakened essence/sperm, and also for spleen and kidney exhaustion they are extremely effective. There is no need to test something different. As for the reports that they resemble foxes with a long tail, they are no longer known to most people today. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Tang shu, “the gu nu animals come from Liao xi, Ying zhou and Jie gu guo.” The Yi tong zhi states: “The wu nu navels come from Nü zhi and San fo qi guo. These animals resemble foxes. They are as tall as dogs, and they run as if they were flying.Their kidneys (i.e., testes) soaked in oil are called wu nu navels.” That is evidence that reports of their similarity with foxes are not wrong. Now, it is the color of their fur that resembles that of foxes and deer, and it is the physical appearance of their feet that resembles that of dogs. [To compare them] to fish is based on the shape of their tail. For use of external kidneys (i.e., testes) and white navels, the entire animal with the navel still tied to it is obtained. Also, the Yi wu zhi [states]: “The [wu] nu animals originate from Chao xian. They resemble leopard cats and are of grey-black color. They lack front feet, and they are able to catch rats/mice.” Guo Pu states: “During the Jin era, in Fu yi prefecture in Zhao lu, an animal was caught that resembled a dog and had the décor of a leopard. It had horns and two legs.” That is, there are two kinds of [wu] nu: those of the water and those of dry land, and where do those resembling foxes with a long tail, that [Chen] Cangqi has spoken of, belong?

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51-37-01 腽肭臍。Wu nu qi. Wu nu navel. 一名海狗腎。 Alternative name: Sea dog kidneys. 【修治】【斅曰】用酒浸一日，紙裹炙香剉搗。或於銀器中，以酒煎熟合 藥。【時珍曰】以漢椒、樟腦同收，則不壞。 Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: Soak them in wine for one day, wrap them in paper and roast them until they emit an aroma, and then either pound [them to a pulp] or cut them into fine pieces. Or give them into a silver vessel, boil them with wine until done and add them to some medication. [Li] Shizhen: Store them together with Chinese pepper and camphor. This will protect them from rotting. 【氣味】鹹，大熱，無毒。【李珣曰】味甘香，美，大温。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, very hot, nonpoisonous. Li Xun: Their flavor is sweet. They are aromatic and delicious, and very warm. 【主治】鬼氣尸疰，夢與鬼交，鬼魅狐魅，心腹痛，中惡邪氣，宿血結 塊，痃癖羸瘦。藏器。治男子宿癥氣塊，積冷勞氣，腎精衰損，多色成 勞，瘦悴。藥性。補中，益腎氣，暖腰膝，助陽氣，破癥結，療驚狂癇 疾。日華。五勞七傷，陰痿少力，腎虚，背膊勞悶，面黑精冷，最良。海 藥。 Control. Demon qi corpse attachment-illness.1161 Mating with demons in dreams. Goblins and fox goblins. Pain in heart and abdomen. Being struck by malign and evil qi. Residual blood forming nodes. String-illness1162 with aggregation-illness,1163 and emaciation. [Chen] Cangqi. They serve to cure in males abiding concretion-illness1164 and qi lumps, accumulations of cold and exhaustion qi, weakening and damage to kidneys and essence/sperm, exhaustion caused by frequent sex, with emaciation and distress. Yao xing. They supplement the center and boost the kidney qi. They warm the lower back and the knees, they assist the yang qi, they break open 1161 Gui zhu 鬼疰, “demon attachment-illness,” also zhu 注, “attachment-illness,” “influx-illnesss,” reflects a notion of a foreign pathogenic agent, originally of demonic nature, having attached itself to the human organism. BCGM Dict I, 202, 688-695. 1162 Xuan 痃, “string-illness,” a condition of acute pain located in the abdomen to the left and right of the umbilicus. BCGM Dict I, 591. 1163 Pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” of painful lumps emerging from time to time in both flanks. BCGM Dict I, 371. 1164 Zheng 癥. “concretion-illness,” a pathological condition of abdominal nodes/lumps that are hard and cannot be moved. BCGM Dict I, 676.

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concretion-illness and knottings, and they heal illnesses of fright, madness and epilepsy. Rihua. The five kinds of exhaustion, and the seven kinds of harm. Yin (i.e., genital) dysfunction and pour strength. Kidney depletion, exhaustion of back and arms, and heart pressure. Black face and essence/sperm cold. Very good. Hai yao. 【發明】【時珍曰】和劑局方治諸虚損有腽肭臍丸，今人滋補丸藥中多用 之，精不足者補之以味也。大抵與蓯蓉、瑣陽之功相近。亦可同糯米、法 麪釀酒服。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The He ji ju fang lists “pills with wu nu navels” to cure all kinds of depletion injury. Nowadays, the people often use them in pills and other medications for nourishing and supplementing. This is [an application of the principle] “when the essence is insufficient, supplement it with flavor.” Basically, their effects are quite similar to those of cistanche [stem] and cynomorium [stem]. It can also be ingested with wine prepared from glutinous rice and yeast flour. 51-38 猾音滑。炮炙論 Hua. Read hua. FE Pao zhi lun. Hua. 【集解】【斅曰】海中有獸名曰猾，其髓入油中，油即沾水，水中生火， 不可救止，以酒噴之即滅。不可于屋下收。故曰水中生火，非猾髓而莫 能。【時珍曰】此獸之髓，水中生火，與樟腦相同。其功亦當與樟腦相似 也。第今無識之者。 Collected Explanations. [Lei] Xiao: There are animals in the seas that are called hua. When their marrow is given into oil, the oil can be dissolved in water. When a fire burns in water [prepared this way] it cannot be put out. It can only be extinguished by spraying wine onto it. It must not be stored under a roof. Hence, when it is said that fire burns in water, this is possible only with the presence of hua marrow. [Li] Shizhen: This animal marrow makes a fire burn in water. This is identical with camphor. Its [medicinal] effects are similar to those of camphor, too. This is something that is no longer known today.

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獸之三 Four Legged Animals III 獸類一十二種 Animals Group, 12 kinds, [Wild] Four Legged 51-39 鼠别録下品 Shu. Bie lu, lower rank. Rat/mouse. Ratus ratus L. 【校正】舊在蟲魚部，今據爾雅移入獸部。 Editorial Correction. In older [texts, rats/mice] were listed under the section worms/bugs and fish. Here now, in accordance with the Er ya, they were moved into the section of animals. 【釋名】䶆鼠音錐、老鼠綱目、首鼠史記、家鹿。【時珍曰】此即人家常 鼠也。以其尖喙善穴，故南陽人謂之䶆鼠。其壽最長，故俗稱老鼠。其性 疑而不果，故曰首鼠。嶺南人食而諱之，謂爲家鹿。鼠字篆文，象其頭、 齒、腹、尾之形。 Explanation of Names. Zhui shu 䶆鼠, read zhui 錐. Lao shu 老鼠; Gang mu. Shou shu 首鼠; Shi ji. Jia lu 家鹿, “domestic deer.” [Li] Shizhen: These are the rats/mice commonly found in people’s houses. As they have a pointed mouth and since they are good at digging holes, the Nan yang people call them zhui shu 䶆鼠, “awl rats/ mice.” They have a very long life. Hence they are commonly called lao shu 老鼠, “old rats/mice.” By nature they are suspicious and shy. Hence they are called shou shu 首 鼠, “submissive rats/mice.” When the people in Ling nan eat them, they avoid their real name and call them “domestic deer.” The character shu 鼠 is seal script. It serves to reflect head, teeth, abdomen and tail [of these animals]. 【集解】【弘景曰】入藥用牡鼠，即父鼠也。其膽纔死便消，不易得也。 【時珍曰】鼠形似兔而小，青黑色。有四齒而無牙，長鬚露眼。前爪四， 後爪五。尾文如織而無毛，長與身等。五臟俱全，肝有七葉，膽在肝之短 葉間，大如黄豆，正白色，貼而不垂。衛生家寶方言其膽紅色者何耶？鼠 孕一月而生，多者六七子。惠州獠民取初生閉目未有毛者，以蜜養之，用 獻親貴。挾而食之，聲猶唧唧，謂之蜜唧。淮南子云：魚食巴豆而死，鼠 食巴豆而肥。段成式云：鼠食鹽而身輕，食砒而即死。易云：艮爲鼠。春 秋運斗樞云：玉衡星散而爲鼠。抱朴子云：鼠壽三百歲，善憑人而卜，名 曰仲。能知一年中吉凶，及千里外事。鼠類頗繁，爾雅、説文所載，後世 未能悉知。後世所知者，二書復未盡載。可見格物無窮也。

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Collected Explanations. [Tao] Hongjng: For medicinal purposes one resorts to male rats/mice. These are the “elder man rats/mice.” When they die, their gallbladder dissolves immediately; it is not easily obtainable. [Li] Shizhen: Rats/mice resemble hares/rabbits, but they are smaller and of greenish-black color. They have four front teeth, but no molars. They have long whiskers and bare eyes. At their front [feet], they have four claws; at their hind [feet] they have five claws. Their tail looks like woven; it has no hair; it is as long as their body. The five long-term depots are complete. Their liver has seven lobes; the gallbladder is situated between the short lobes of the liver. Its size is that of a yellow bean, and it is of a purely white color. It is firmly attached there and does not drop. How can it be that the Wei sheng jia bao fang says that the gallbladder is of red color? Rats/mice are pregnant for one month and then they give birth, at the most to six or seven young ones. In Hui zhou, the Liao people take newly born [rats/mice] with their eyes still closed and who have no hair yet. They raise them with honey and present them to relatives and esteemed guests. When they are squeezed [alive] and eaten, they emit cries like chirping. This is called “chirping honey.” The Huai nan zi states: “When fish eat croton seeds, they will die. When rats/mice eat croton seeds they become fat.” Duan Chengshi states: “When rats/mice eat salt, their body loses its weight. When they eat arsenic, they will die.” The Yi states: “[The trigram] gen is associated with rats/mice.” The Chun qiu yun dou shu states: “When Alioth disperses, rats/mice are generated.” The Baopu zi states: “Rats/mice live a long life of 300 years. They love to associate with humans and predict future events. They are called ‘intermediaries’. They know in advance a full year’s good or bad luck, and events even a thousand li far away.” There are very many different kinds of rats/mice. Those recorded in the Er ya and Shuo wen were no longer known to later generations. And those known to later generations, they, in turn, were not all recorded in these two books. This shows that the investigation of creatures is an unending undertaking.

【附録】 Appendix. 51-39-A01 鼨鼠。Zhong shu, read zhong 終。 Zhong rat/mouse. 郭璞云：其大如拳，其文如豹，漢武帝曾獲得以問終軍者。 Guo Pu states: “They are as big as a fist, and their décor is that of leopards. Han Wu di once obtained one of these and used it to enquire about all military affairs.”

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51-39-A02 䶄鼠。Ping shu, read ping 平。 Ping rat/mouse. 許慎云：一名䶃鼠，音含。斑文。 Xu Shen states: “Another name is han shu 䶃鼠, ‘han rat/mouse’, read han 含. They are dotted.” 51-39-A03 Li ai 𪖂𪕭, read li ai 離艾。 Li ai [rat/mouse] 孫愐云：小鼠也，相啣而行。李時珍云：按秦州記及草木子皆載群鼠數 萬，相啣而行，以爲鼠妖者，即此也。 Sun Mian states: “These are small rats/mice. When they move, one holds onto the other with its mouth.” Li Shizhen: Both the Qin zhou ji and the Cao mu zi record that “tens of thousands of rats/mice in a flock moved with one holding onto the next with its mouth. It was believed that these were rat/mouse demons.” These were the ones meant here. 51-39-A04 鼩鼱。Qu jing, read qu jing 劬精。 Qu jing [rat/mouse] 似鼠而小。即今地鼠也。又爾雅、説文有鼸、鼶、鼮、鼣、鼭、鼤、䶅、 䶈八鼠，皆無考證。音歉、斯、廷、吠、時、文、鶴、博也。 This [animal] resembles a rat/mouse, but is smaller. This is today’s “ground rat/ mouse.” Also, the Er ya and the Shuo wen list eight rats/mice as qian 鼸, si 鼶, ting 鼮, fei 鼣, shi 鼭, wen 鼤, he 䶅 and bo 䶈.1165 No evidence is given to allow one to check [what animals these are. Their names are] read as qian 歉, si 斯, ting 廷, fei 吠, shi 時, wen 文, he 鶴 and bo 博. 51-39-A05 水鼠。Shui shu. Water rat/mouse. 李時珍云：似鼠而小，食菱、芡、魚、蝦。或云小魚、小蟹所化也。 Li Shizhen: They resemble rats/mice, but are smaller. They eat water chestnuts, euryale [seeds], fish and shrimps. Some say that they are transformations of small fish and small crabs. 1165 This latter name, bo 䶈, is not listed in the Shuo wen. It appears in the Guang yin 廣韻 and in the Ji yin 集韻.

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51-39-A06 冰鼠。Bing shu. Ice rat/mouse. 東方朔云：生北荒積冰下，皮毛甚柔，可爲席，卧之却寒。食之已熱。 Dongfang Shuo states: “They live in the North, in the wasteland under accumulations of ice. Their hide and fur are very soft; they are used to prepare mats. When one lies on them, they feel cold. Eating them will end heat.” 51-39-A07 火鼠。Huo shu. Fire rat/mouse. 李時珍云：出西域及南海火州。其山有野火，春夏生，秋冬死。鼠産于 中，甚大。其毛及草木之皮，皆可織布，污則燒之即潔，名火浣布。 Li Shizhen states: They come from the Western lands and from Huo zhou in Nan hai. There are wild fires on these mountains. The [fires] come to life in spring and summer, and they die in autumn and winter. These rats/mice are born in their middle. They are very big. Their fur and the bark of herbs and trees can all be woven into fabrics. When they are soiled, they are cleaned by burning them. They are called “cloths washed with fire.” 51-39-A08 鼵鼠。Tu shu, read tu 突。 Cave rat/mouse. 郭璞云：鳥鼠同穴山，在今隴西 首陽山之西南。其鳥爲䳜，音涂，狀如家 雀而黄黑色。其鼠爲鼵，狀如家鼠而色小黄，尾短。鳥居穴外，鼠居穴内。 Guo Pu states: “Birds and rats/mice share the same caves in today’s Southwest of the Shou yang mountains in Long xi. The birds are the tu 䳜, read tu 塗. Their appearance is that of common house sparrows, but they are of yellow-black color. The rats/mice [with whom they share the caves] are the tu 鼵. Their appearance is that of common house rats/mice, but they are somewhat yellow and they have a short tail. The birds live outside of the cave; the rats/mice live inside the caves.” 51-39-A09 蟨鼠。Jue shu, read jue 蹶。 Stumbling rat/mouse. 爾雅云：北方有比肩獸焉，與邛邛巨虚比，爲齧甘草。即有難，邛邛巨虛 負而走。其名曰蟨。李時珍云：今契丹及交河北境有跳兔。頭、目、毛色

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皆似兔，而爪足似鼠。前足僅寸許，後足近尺。尾亦長，其端有毛。一跳 數尺，止即蟨仆，此即蟨鼠也。土人掘食之。郭璞以邛邛巨虚爲獸名，兔 前鼠後。張揖註漢書云：邛邛青獸，狀如馬。巨虛似騾而小。本草稱巨虚 食菴蕳子而仙，則是物之至駿者也。 The Er ya states: “In the Northern regions,1166 there are [wild animals] bi jian shou 比 肩獸. They are comparable to the qiong qiong ju xu 邛邛巨虚. They eat glycyrrhiza [root]. Once one of them is in difficulties, the qiong qiong ju xu carry it on their shoulders away. They are called jue 蟨, ‘stumblers’.” Li Shizhen: Today, there are jumping hares/rabbits in the Qidan region and in the territory north of the Jiao he river. Their head, eyes and fur color are reminiscent of hares/rabbits, while their claws and feet remind one of rats/mice. Their front feet are only a little longer than one cun, while their hind legs are close to one chi long. Their tail is long, too, and its tip has hair. With one jump they cover several chi. When they stop, they stumble, jue 蟨, and fall to the ground. These are the “stumbling rats/mice,” jue shu 蟨鼠. Local people dig them out and eat them. Guo Pu gave qiong qiong ju xu as their name; it is a hare/rabbit in its front part, and a rat/mouse in its back part. Zhang Yi, commenting on the Han shu, stated: “The qiong qiong qing 邛邛青 animal has an appearance like a horse, while the ju xu 巨虛 resemble mules but are smaller.” The Ben cao says that “when the ju xu 巨虛 are eaten with keiske artemisia seeds, one turns into an immortal.” These, then, are the most light-footed among [living] items. 51-39-A10 牡鼠。Mu shu. Male rat/mouse. 【氣味】甘，微温，無毒。【日華曰】凉。牝鼠並不入藥。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly warm, nonpoisonous. Rihua: Cool. Female rats/mice are never used as medicine. 【主治】療踒折，續筋骨，生擣傅之，三日一易。别録。豬脂煎膏，治打 撲折傷、凍瘡、湯火傷。【詵曰】臘月以油煎枯，去滓熬膏收用。【頌 曰】油煎入蠟，傅湯火傷，滅瘢痕極良。煎油治小兒驚癇。日華。五月五 日同石灰搗收，傅金瘡神效。時珍。煎膏治諸瘡瘻，臘月燒之，辟惡氣。 弘景。梅師云：正旦朝所居處埋鼠，辟瘟疫也。 Control. To heal sprains and fractures and to reconnect sinews and bones, pound them alive to a pulp and apply it to [the affected region]. Replace it once every third day. Bie lu. They are boiled with lard to obtain a paste that serves to cure fractures 1166 Er ya, Shi di 釋地, “Explanations on the land,” writes xi 西, “West.” Guo Pu in his comment quoting Lü shi chun qiu writes: bei fang you shou, qi ming wei jue, “in the Northern regions are wild animals called jue 蟨.”

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and harm resulting from being attacked and hit, frostbite sores, as well as harm caused by hot water and fire. [Meng] Shen. They are fried dry with oil during the 12th month, simmered to generate a paste, and stored for later use. [Su] Song: Fry them in oil, add beeswax, and apply this to [regions] harmed by hot water and fire. Very good to eliminate scars. Fried in oil they serve to cure fright epilepsy of children. Rihua. Pounded with lime to a paste and stored on the fifth day of the fifth month, they are applied to sores resulting from being struck by a metal object/ weapon with divine effects. [Li] Shizhen. Fried to prepare a paste, they serve to cure all kinds of sores and fistula. Burned during the 12th month, they keep away malign qi. [Tao] Hongjing. Mei shi states: If one buries rats/mice at one’s home in the early morning of the first day of the year, this will keep away warmth-illness epidemics. 【發明】【劉完素曰】鼠善穿而用以治瘡瘻者，因其性而爲用也。 Explication. Liu Wansu: Rats/mice love to bore holes. When they are used to cure sores and fistula, this is because of their nature.

【附方】舊五，新八。 Added recipes. Five of old. Eight newly [recorded]. 鼠瘻潰爛。鼠一枚，亂髮一雞子大，以三歲臘月豬脂煎，令消盡，以半塗 之，以半酒服。姚云不傳之妙法也。葛氏。滅諸瘢痕。大鼠一枚，以臘豬 脂四兩，煎至銷盡，濾浄，日塗三五次。先以布拭赤，避風。普濟方。 Suppurating mouse fistula.1167 One rat/mouse and a lump of disheveled [human] hair the size of an egg are fried with lard gathered in the 12th month from a three year old pig until they have entirely dissolved. One half is to be applied externally to [the affected region], one half is to be ingested with wine. [Mr.] Yao reports this as a wondrous method that must not be transmitted [to outsiders]. Ge shi. To eliminate all kinds of wound scars: One big rat/mouse is fried with four liang of lard obtained during the 12th month until it has entirely dissolved. This is then filtered to obtain a clear liquid to be applied to [the affected region] three to five times per day. Before the application, rub [the region] with a piece of cloth until it turns red. Do not expose [the affected region] to wind. Pu ji fang. 瘡腫熱痛。靈鼠膏：用大雄鼠一枚，清油一斤煎焦，滴水不散，濾再煎， 下炒紫黄丹五兩，柳枝不住攪匀，滴水成珠，下黄蠟一兩，熬帶黑色成 膏，瓷瓶收之，出火毒。每用攤貼，去痛而凉。經驗方。 1167 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.”

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Sores and swelling with heat and pain. The “magic paste with rats/mice.” One large male rat/mouse is fried in one jin of clear oil until scorched. When water is dripped [into the oil] it must not disperse. Filter this and fry it again. Then add five liang of minium, roasted until it has assumed a purple color, and stir this continuously with a willow twig to obtain an even mixture. When water is dripped now, it will form a pearl. Add one liang of yellow beeswax and boil this until it has turned into a paste of black color. This is then stored in a porcelain vessel until all its fire poison has come out. For each application, spread [the paste on a piece of paper/cloth] and glue it [to the affected region]. This will end the pain and cool [the heat]. Jing yan fang. 潰癰不合。老鼠一枚，燒末傅之。千金方。 Festering obstruction-illness1168 that fails to close. One mouse1169 is burned [and the ashes are ground] to powder to be applied to the [affected region]. Qian jin fang. 蛇骨刺人，痛甚。用死鼠燒傅。肘後。 A person pierced by a snake or bone. With extreme pain. Burn a dead rat/mouse and apply [the ashes to the affected region]. Zhou hou. 破傷風病，角弓反張，牙噤肢强。用鼠一頭和尾燒灰，以臘豬脂和傅之。 梅師。 Wound wind1170 disease. With arched back rigidity, clenched teeth and stiff limbs. Burn the head and the tail of one rat/mouse to ashes, mix them with lard obtained in the 12th month and apply this to [the affected region]. Mei shi. 項强身急。取活鼠去五臟，乘熱貼之，即瘥也。 Stiff neck and tense body. Take a living rat/mouse, remove its five long-term depots, and attach it, while it is still hot, to the [affected region]. This will result in a cure.1171 婦人狐瘕。因月水來，或悲或驚，或逢疾風暴雨被濕，致成狐瘕，精神恍 惚，令人月水不通，胸、脇、腰、背痛引陰中，小便難，嗜食欲嘔，如有 孕狀。其瘕手足成形者，殺人。未成者，可治。用新鼠一枚，以新絮裹 1168 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 1169 Zheng lei ch. 2, , mu shu 牡鼠, “male mice/rats,“ has lao shu pi 老鼠皮, “skin of a mouse/ rat.“ 1170 Po shang feng 破傷風, “wound wind,” wind stroke via wounds inflicted by metal objects/weapons. A condition of lockjaw, arched back rigidity and convulsions. BCGM Dict I, 379. 1171 No source of this recipe is given here. It may be found in Zheng lei ch. 22, mu shu 牡鼠, “male mice/rats,“ quoting Zhou hou fang.

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之，黄泥固住，入地坎中，桑薪燒其上，一日夜取出，去絮，入桂心末六 銖，爲末。每酒服方寸匕。不過二服，當自下。外臺 素女經。 Fox conglomeration-illness of women. When with the onset of menstruation, they are either grievous or frightened, or they are exposed to wind gales, or become wet by torrential rains, this will form a fox conglomeration-illness. They are absent-minded and their menstruation will not pass. They feel a pain in chest, in the flanks, in the lower back and in the spine that pulls into their yin (i.e., genital) region. They have difficulties to urinate and despite their appetite, when they eat they tend to vomit. This is as if they were pregnant. Once the conglomeration-illness has assumed a physical appearance in hands and feet, that person is bound to die. As long as it has not assumed a physical appearance yet, a cure is possible. Wrap a newly [killed] rat/ mouse in a new piece of cotton and and cover this tightly with yellow clay. This is then placed into a pit in the earth, and a fire fueled with mulberry twigs is burned above it. Remove it after one day and one night, take off the cotton and add six zhu of shaved cassia bark powder. Then grind all this to powder. Each time ingest, with wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon. After no more than two ingestions [the conglomeration] will be discharged. Wai tai. Su nü jing. 令子易産。取鼠燒末，井花水服方寸匕，日三。子母秘録。 To make delivery of a child easy. Burn a rat/mouse [to ashes and grind them] to powder. Ingest, with fresh water drawn from a well, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Three times a day. Zi mu mi lu. 乳汁清少。死鼠一頭燒末，酒服方寸匕，勿令婦知。同上。 Clear and scanty lactation. Burn the head of a dead rat/mouse [to ashes and grind them] to powder. Have the woman, without letting her know, ingest, with wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon. [Source] identical with the one above. 杖瘡腫痛。未毛鼠同桑椹子入麻油中浸釀。臨時取塗，甚效。西湖志。 Sores, swelling and pain resulting from flogging. A rat/mouse that has not developed a fur yet and mulberry fruits are soaked in sesame oil until fermentation. When needed, this is applied [to the affected region]. Very effective. Xi hu zhi. 湯火傷瘡。小老鼠泥包燒研，菜油調塗之。談埜翁方。 Harm and sores resulting from hot water and fire. A small rat/mouse is covered with clay, burned and ground to powder. This is to be mixed with vegetable oil and applied to [the affected region]. Tan Yeweng fang.

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小兒傷乳，腹脹煩悶欲睡。燒鼠二枚爲末，日服二錢，湯下。保幼大全。 Harm to children caused by milk. With abdominal bloating, vexation and heart pressure and sleepiness. Burn two rats/mice [to ashes and grind them] to powder. [Have the child] ingest two qian per day. To be sent down with hot water. Bao you da quan. 51-39-01 鼠肉。Shu rou. [Rat/mouse] meat. 已下並用牡鼠。 For all the following applications: use [the meat of ] male rats/mice. 【氣味】甘，熱，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, hot, nonpoisonous. 【主治】小兒哺露大腹，炙食之。别録。小兒疳疾，腹大貪食者，黄泥 裹，燒熟去骨，取肉和五味、豉汁作羹食之。勿食骨，甚瘦人。孟詵。主 骨蒸勞極，四肢羸瘦，殺蟲及小兒疳瘦。酒熬入藥。蘇頌。炙食，治小兒 寒熱諸疳。時珍。 Control. For breast-feeding emaciation and enlarged abdomen of children, have them eat it roasted. Bie lu. Gan-illness1172 of children. When their abdomen is enlarged and they crave for food. Wrap [the meat] in yellow clay, burn it until done and remove the bones. Mix the meat with the five spices and the juice of fermented soybeans, and prepare a thick soup to be eaten [by the child]. The bones must not be eaten; they cause extreme emaciation in man. Meng Shen. It controls bone steaming and extreme exhaustion,1173 with the four limbs being skinny and emaciated. It kills worms/bugs and [controls] gan-illness with emaciation of children. Boil [the meat] in wine and add it to a medication. Su Song. Eaten roasted, it serves to cure alternating sensations of cold and heat and all kinds of gan-illness of children. [Li] Shizhen.

1172 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 1173 Gu zheng lao 骨蒸勞, “exhaustion because of bone steaming.” Identical with chuan shi 傳尸, “corpse [evil] transmission.” (1) An infectious consumptive disease. (2) Heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197.

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【附方】舊三，新一。 Added recipes. Three of old. One newly [recorded]. 水鼓石水，腹脹身腫者。以肥鼠一枚，取肉煮粥。空心食之，兩三頓即 愈。心鏡。 Water drum and stone water. When the abdomen is bloated and the body is swollen. Remove the meat from one fat rat/mouse and boil it to a congee to be eaten on an empty stomach. After two to three meals a cure is achieved. Xin jing. 小兒癥瘕。老鼠肉煮汁作粥食之。姚和衆方。 Concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness1174 of children. Prepare the juice obtained from boiling rat/mouse meat to a congee and [have the child] eat this. Yao Hezhong fang. 乳汁不通。鼠肉作羹食，勿令知之。産書。 Blocked passage of milk. Prepare a congee from rat/mouse meat and [have the [patient] eat this. But she must not become aware of what this is. Chan shu. 箭鏃入肉。大雄鼠一枚取肉，薄批焙研。每服二錢，熱酒下。瘡痒則出 矣。集要。 An arrowhead has entered one’s flesh. Cut the meat of a big, male rat/mouse into fine slices, roast them and grind this to powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with hot wine. Once the sore begins to itch, [the arrowhead] will come out. Ji yao. 51-39-02 肝。Gan. [Rat/mouse] liver. 【主治】箭鏃不出。搗塗之。聤耳出汁，每用棗核大，乘熱塞之，能引蟲 也。時珍。 Control. When an arrowhead fails to come out again, pound [a liver] to a pulp and apply it to [the location where the arrowhead is in the flesh]. For secretion of sap from the ears, each time take a piece as big as a date kernel, and stuff it, while it is still hot, into [the affected ear]. This will pull out the worms/bugs [responsible for the illness]. [Li] Shizhen. 1174 Zheng jia 癥瘕, “concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness.” The two terms are often used interchangeably and do not signify two distinctly different conditions. Concretion-illness and conglomeration-illness result from a disharmony of cold and warmth resulting in a failure to transform beverages and food. Nodes form when the clash with the qi of the long-term depots. BCGM Dict I, 677.

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51-39-03 膽。Dan. [Rat/mouse] gallbladder/bile. 【主治】目暗。弘景。點目，治青盲雀目不見物。滴耳，治聾。時珍。 Control. Dim vision. [Tao] Hongjing. Dripped into the eyes, it serves to cure green blindness and sparrow eyes that make one unable to see things. Dripped into the ears, it serves to cure deafness. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】癸水之位在子，氣通于腎，開竅于耳，注精于瞳子， 其標爲齒。鼠亦屬子宫癸水，其目夜明，在卦屬艮，其精在膽，故膽能治 耳聾、青盲，睛能明目，而骨能生齒，皆腎病也。諸家本草不言鼠膽治 聾，而葛洪肘後方甚稱其妙，云能治三十年老聾。若卒聾者不過三度也。 有人側卧瀝膽入耳，盡膽一箇，須臾汁從下耳出。初時益聾，十日乃瘥 矣。後世群方祖此，亦多用之。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Menstrual water is located in the uterus, its qi pass through the kidneys, and the orifices it opens are the ears. It pours its essence into the pupils. And its outer sign are the teeth. Rats/mice, too, are associated with the menstrual water of the uterus. Their eyes are clear during the night. Among the trigrams, they are associated with gen 艮. Their essence is situated in their gallbladder/ bile. Hence their bile is able to cure deafness and green blindness. Their eyes can clear [a patient’s] eyes, and their bones can generate [human] teeth. All these are diseases of the kidneys. No author of ben cao literature has ever spoken of the ability of [rat/mouse] liver to cure deafness, only Ge Hong in his Zhou hou fang greatly speaks of its wondrous effects. He states that “it is able to cure a deafness that has lasted for 30 years. For sudden deafnss, no more than three applications are required. A person is to lie on the side when [rat/mouse] bile is dripped into the [upper] ear. After a short while, the sap will leave from the lower ear. At first, the deafness will increase, but after ten days a cure is achieved.” In later times, all recipes [to cure deafness with rat/mouse bile] were based on this [report by Ge Hong], and it has often been resorted to.

【附方】舊一，新三。 Added recipes. One of old. Three newly [recorded]. 耳卒聾閉。以鼠膽汁二枚滴之，如雷鳴時即通。本事方。 Sudden closure of the ears with deafness. Drip the bile juice of two rats/mice into [the affected ears]. When a sound like thunder is emitted, they are passable again. Ben shi fang.

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多年老聾。衛生家寶方勝金透關散：用活鼠一枚繫定，熱湯浸死，破喉取 膽，真紅色者是也。用川烏頭一箇炮去皮，華陰細辛各二錢，膽礬半錢， 爲末，以膽和匀，再焙乾研細，入麝香半字。用鵝翎管吹入耳中，口含茶 水，日二次。十日見效，永除根本。 Chronic deafness that has lasted for many years. Wei sheng jia bao fang: The “powder to overcome metal and penetrate closures.” Fixate a living rat/mouse and soak it in hot water until it has died. Open its throat and remove the bile. When [the organ] is genuinely red, then it is the right one. Take one aconitum [main tuber], roasted and with the skin removed, two qian of asarum heteropoides [root] from Hua yin and half a qian of chalanthite, and grind them to powder. Mix this evenly with the bile. Roast this again until it has dried and grind it to a fine powder to which half a zi of musk is added. Then take a goose feather tube and blow this into the [patient’s] ears, while he holds tea water in his mouth. Twice a day. After ten days the effects will be apparent. This way the root [of the ailment] is eliminated once and for all. 聖惠治久聾：臘月取鼠膽二枚，熊膽一分，水和，旋取緑豆大，滴耳中， 日二次。 Sheng hui: To cure chronic deafness. Take the bile of two rats/mice during the 12th month and one fen of bear bile and mix them with water. Take as much as the size of green beans, and drip this into the [patient’s] ears. Twice per day. 青盲不見。雄鼠膽、鯉魚膽各二枚，和匀滴之，立效。聖惠方。 Green blindness with an inability to see. The bile of two male rats/mice and of two carps are evenly mixed and dripped [into the eyes of the patient]. Immediately effective. Sheng hui fang. 51-39-04 鼠印。Shu yin. Rat/mouse seal. 即外腎也。 These are the external kidneys (i.e., testes) 【主治】令人媚悦。【時珍曰】按南宫從岣嶁神書 鼠印合歡註云：雄鼠 外腎之上，有文似印，兩腎相對，有符篆朱文九遍者尤佳。以十一二月， 或五月五日、七月七日，正月朔旦子時，面北向子位，刮取陰乾，如篆刻 下，佩於青囊中，男左女右，繫臂上。人見之無不歡悦，所求如心也。 Control. They let one appear charming and happy. [Li] Shizhen: Nan Gongcun in his Gou lou shen shu has a story of “rat/mouse seal and sex,” and comments: “The external kidneys of male rats/mice have a décor that is reminiscent of a seal. When

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the two kidneys/testes that form a pair are completely covered by seals in vermillion script, then they are particularly good. On [any day of the] 11th or 2nd month, on the fifth day of the fifth month, on the seventh day of the seventh month, and at daybreak of the first day of the first month, assume a position facing North. Scrape [the ‘seal’] to obtain [fine pieces] that are to be dried in the shade. Write down a character resembling the seal [on the rat’s/mouse’s testes on a piece of cloth, wrap the scraped off pieces with it], and carry them with you in a greenish pouch. Males on the left; females on the right, tied to the arm. All those who see this will be happy, and [the person wearing this] will be sought after [by others] with their heart’s intensity.” 51-39-05 脂。Zhi. [Rat/mouse] fat. 【主治】湯火傷。蘇頌。耳聾。時珍。 Control. Harm caused by hot water and fire. Su Song. Deafness. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes. One newly [recorded]. 耳聾。鼠脂半合，一錢，蚯蚓一條，同和化，以綿蘸捻滴耳中，塞之。聖 惠方。 Chronic deafness. One half ge of rat/mice fat, one qian of green salt and one earthworm are melted together, absorbed with a piece of cotton and dripped into the ears. Plug the [ears with the cotton]. Sheng hui fang. 51-39-06 腦。Nao. [Rat/mouse] brain. 【主治】針棘竹木諸刺，在肉中不出，擣爛厚塗之即出。箭鏑針刃在咽 喉、胸膈諸隱處者，同肝擣塗之。又塗小兒解顱。以綿裹塞耳，治聾。時 珍。出肘後、總録。 Control. All kinds of being pierced with a needle, a thorn, bamboo or wood stuck in the flesh and not coming out again. Pound [rat/mouse brain] to a pulp and apply a thick layer [to the location where the foreign item is stuck]. Then it will come out. For arrowheads, needles, or knifes stuck in the throat, the chest, the diaphragm and all privat parts, pound [the brain] together with [rat/mouse] liver and apply this to [the location of the foreign item]. It is also applied to a split fontanel of children.

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Wrapped in silk and stuffed into the ears, it serves to cure deafness. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Zhou hou and Zong lu. 51-39-07 頭。Tou. [Rat/mouse] head. 【主治】瘻瘡鼻㾴，湯火傷瘡。時珍。 Control. Fistula sores, nose sediments, sores resulting from harm caused by hot water and fire. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】舊一，新二。 Added recipes. One of old. Two newly [recorded]. 鼻㾴膿血。正月取鼠頭燒灰，以臘月豬脂調敷之。外臺。 Nose sediments,1175 festering and bleeding. In the first month burn a rat/mouse head to ashes, mix them with lard obtained in the 12th month, and apply this [to the affected region]. Wai tai. 湯火傷灼。死鼠頭，以臘月豬脂煎令消盡，傅之則不作瘢，神效。千金方。 Harm and scorching caused by hot water and fire. Fry the head of a dead rat/mouse with lard obtained in the 12th month until it has completely dissolved, and apply this to [the affected region]. This will prevent the formation of scars. Divinely effective. Qian jin fang. 斷酒不飲。臘鼠頭燒灰、柳花末等分，每睡時酒服一盃。千金。 To end wine drinking. The ashes of a rat/mouse head obtained during the 12th month and an equal amount of willow flowers powder are ingested with one cup of wine when it is time to go to sleep. Qian jin. 51-39-08 目。Mu. [Rat/mouse] eye. 【主治】明目，能夜讀書，術家用之。陶弘景。 Control. They clear the eyes enabling one to read books at night. Tao Hongjing. 1175 Bi zha 鼻齇, “nose sediments,” identical with jiu zha 酒齇, “wine sediments.” A condition with major signs of a swollen, red nose with papules that may, when squeezed, release white sediments. The condition flares up again and again until evetually the nose has increased in size and has assumed a red color. BCGM Dict I, 64; 275.

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【發明】見膽下。 Explication. See the entry on [rat/mouse] gallbladder/bile.

【附方】舊一。 Added recipes. One of old. 目澀好眠。取一目燒研，和魚膏點入目眦。兼以絳囊盛兩枚佩之。肘後方。 Rough eyes and sleepiness. Burn one eye [to ashes and grind them] to powder. This is mixed with fish fat and dripped into the canthi. In addition, two [eyes] are filled into a silk pouch to be carried on one’s garments. Zhou hou fang. 51-39-09 涎。Xian. [Rat/mouse] saliva. 【氣味】有毒。墜落食中，食之令人生鼠瘻，或發黄如金。 Qi and Flavor. Poisonous. If it drips into food that is then consumed by humans, they will develop mouse fistula,1176 sometimes effusing as yellow as gold. 51-39-10 脊骨。Ji gu. [Rat/mouse] spine. 【主治】齒折多年不生者，研末，日日揩之，甚效。藏器。 Control. Teeth that have broken many years ago without the growth [of new teeth]. Grind [the spine] to powder and rub it on [the location of the broken teeth] day after day. Very effective. [Chen] Cangqi. 【發明】見膽下。雷公炮炙論 序云：長齒生牙，賴雄鼠之骨末。 Explication. See the entry on [rat/mouse] gallbladder/bile. The preface to the Lei gong pao zhi lun states: To make front teeth grow long, and to generate molars, one resorts to powdered bones of male rats/mice.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes. One newly [recorded]. 牙齒疼痛。老鼠一箇去皮，以硇砂擦上，三日肉爛化盡，取骨瓦焙，爲 末，入蟾酥二分，樟腦一錢。每用少許，點牙根上立止。孫氏集效方。 1176 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.”

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Toothache. One rat/mouse has its skin removed. Then apply sal ammoniac to it and wait until after three days the meat has entirely rotted and dissolved. Then take the bones, bake them on a tile and grind this to powder. Add two fen of toad-cake and one qian of camphor. Each time take a small amount, drip it on the root of the teeth and [the pain] will end immediately. Sun shi ji xiao fang. 51-39-11 四足及尾。Si zu ji wei. The four feet and the tail [of rats/mice]. 【主治】婦人墮胎易出。别録。燒服，催生。日華。 Control. When a woman [uses this to] abort a fetus it will come out easily. Bie lu. Ingested burned [to ashes] it will speed up birth. Rihua. 51-39-12 皮。Pi. [Rat/mouse] skin. 【主治】燒灰，封癰疽口冷不合者。生剥，貼附骨疽瘡，即追膿出。時珍。 Control. Burned to ashes, it is used to cover the openings of obstruction-illness and impediment-illness1177 that are cold and fail to close. Scrape fresh [skin] off [mice/ rats] and attach it to sores of bone impediment-illness, This will let the pus come out. [Li] Shizhen. 51-39-13 糞。Fen. [Rat/mouse] excrements. 【弘景曰】兩頭尖者是牡鼠屎。 [Tao] Hongjing: Those pointed at both ends are rat/mouse excrements. 【氣味】甘，微寒，無毒。【時珍曰】有小毒。食中誤食，令人目黄成疸。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, slightly cold, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: Slightly poisonous. If inadvertently consumed in one’s meal, they will let his eyes assume a yellow color and generate jaundice. 【主治】小兒疳疾大腹。葱、豉同煎服，治時行勞復。别録。【頌曰】張 仲景及古今名方多用之。治癇疾，明目。日華。煮服，治傷寒勞復發熱， 1177 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642.

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男子陰易腹痛，通女子月經，下死胎。研末服，治吹奶乳癰，解馬肝毒， 塗鼠瘻瘡。燒存性，傅折傷、疔腫諸瘡、貓犬傷。時珍。 Control. Gan-illness1178 of children with an enlarged abdomen. Ingested fried together with onions and fermented soybeans, they serve to cure seasonal [illnesses] recurring because of exhaustion. Bie lu. [Su] Song: Zhang Zhongjing and renowned recipes of all ages have often made use of them. They serve to cure epilepsy ailment, and they clear the eyes. Rihua. Ingested boiled, they serve to cure harm caused by cold recurring because of exhaustion, with heat effusion. Yin exchange1179 of males with abdominal pain. They open the passage for female menstruation, and they cause a dead fetus to be discharged. Ingested ground to powder, they serve to cure inflated breast1180 with breast obstruction-illness.1181 They resolve horse liver poison, and they are applied to mouse fistula1182 sores. Burned with their nature retained, they are applied to all kinds of sores associated with fractures, pin-illness1183 and swelling, as well as harm caused by cats and dogs. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】鼠屎入足厥陰經，故所治皆厥陰血分之病，上列諸證 是矣。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Rat/mouse excrements enter the foot ceasing yin conduits. Hence they are able to cure all kinds of diseases of the blood section of ceasing yin. This concerns all the signs [of illness] listed above.

【附方】舊八，新十五。 Added recipes. Eight of old. 15 newly [recorded]. 傷寒勞復。外臺用雄鼠屎二十枚，豉五合，水二升，煮一升，頓服。 1178 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 1179 Yin yi 陰易, “yin exchange.” Pathological condition of a communicable disease acquired by maless through sexual intercourse with a female who had just been cured of harm caused by cold. 1180 Chui nai 吹奶, “inflated breast,” a condition with milk blocked after delivery and the breasts turning red and swelling. BCGM Dict I, 101. 1181 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 1182 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.” 1183 Ding 丁, “pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, “pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127-129.

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Harm caused by cold, recurring because of exhaustion. The Wai tai uses 20 pieces of excrements of male rats/mice and boils them with five ge of fermented soybeans in two sheng of water down to one sheng, to be ingested in one draft. 活人書鼠屎豉湯：治勞復發熱。用雄鼠屎二七枚，巵子十四枚，枳殼三 枚，爲粗末。水一盞半，葱白二寸，豉三十粒，煎一盞，分三服。 Huo ren shu: The “decoction with rat/mouse excrements and fermented soybeans.”1184 It serves to cure [diseases] recurring because of exhaustion, with heat effusion. Two times seven pieces of a male rat’s/mouse’s excrements, 14 fruits of gardenia [fruit] and three unripe oranges are ground to a coarse powder. This is boiled together with one and a half cups of water, a two cun long segment of onion stalks and 30 grains of fermented soybeans down to one cup. To be inserted divided into three portions. 男子陰易及勞復。豭鼠屎湯：用豭鼠屎兩頭尖者十四枚，韭根一大把，水 二盞，煎一盞，温服，得粘汗爲效。未汗再服。南陽活人方。 Yin exchange of males,1185 and [diseases] recurring because of exhaustion. The “decoction with excrements of boars and rats/mice.” 14 pieces of boar and rat/mouse excrements with both ends pointed and one large handful of Chinese chives roots are boiled in two cups of water down to one cup, to be ingested warm. Once a sticky sweating begins, this is the effect. If no sweating commences, ingest [this medication] again. Nan yang huo ren fang. 大小便秘。雄鼠屎末，傅臍中，立效。普濟方。 Blocked defecation and urination. A male rat’s/mouse’s excrements [are ground to a] powder to be externally applied to [the patient’s] navel. Immediately effective. Pu ji fang. 室女經閉。牡鼠屎一兩炒研，空心温酒服二錢。千金方。 Blocked menstruation of virgins. Roast one liang of a male rat’s/mouse’s excrements and grind them [to powder. Have the woman] ingest two qian with warm wine on an empty stomach. Qian jin fang.

1184 Huo ren shu, ch. 18, writes xiong shu shi tang 雄鼠屎湯, “male rat/mouse excrements decoction.” 1185 Yin yi 陰易, “yin exchange.” Pathological condition of a communicable disease acquired by maless through sexual intercourse with a female who had just been cured of harm caused by cold.

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子死腹中。雄鼠屎二七枚，水三升，煮一升，取汁作粥食。胎即下。 When a child has died in the abdomen. 14 pieces of a male rat’s/mouse’s excrements are boiled in three sheng of water down to one sheng. Use the juice to prepare a congee and [have the woman] eat it. This will bring the fetus down.1186 産後陰脱。以温水洗軟，用雄鼠屎燒煙熏之即入。熊氏。 Yin (i.e., uterus) prolapse after childbirth. Wash the [prolapsed uterus] with warm water until it is soft. Then burn the excrements of male rats/mice and fumigate it with the smoke. [The uterus] will then enter [the body again]. Xiong shi. 婦人吹奶。鼠屎七粒，紅棗七枚去核，包屎，燒存性，入麝香少許，温酒 調服。集要。 Inflated breast1187 of women. Seven grains of rat/mouse excrements are enclosed with seven red dates that had their pits removed. They are then burned with their nature retained. To this is added a small amount of musk. To be ingested mixed with warm wine. Ji yao. 乳癰初起。雄鼠屎七枚研末，温酒服，取汗即散。壽域方。 First signs of a rise of breast obstruction-illness.1188 Seven pieces of male rat/mouse excrements are ground to powder to be ingested with warm wine. Once [the patient] sweats, [the treatment] was effective. Shou yu fang. 乳癰已成。用新濕鼠屎、黄連、大黄各等分，爲末，以黍米粥清和，塗四 邊，即散。姚僧坦方。 Breast obstruction-illness that has formed [open abscesses] already. Equal amounts of fresh, moist rat/mouse excrements, coptis [rhizome], and rhubarb root are ground to powder. This is mixed with a clear millet congee to be externally applied to all four sides [of the location of the abscesses]. As a result, they will disperse. Yao Sengtan fang. 鼠瘻潰壞。新鼠屎一百粒，收密器中五六十日，杵碎即傅之，效。千金方。

1186 No source of this recipe is given here. It is recorded in Zheng lei, ch. 22, mu shu 牡鼠, “male mice/rats,” quoting Zi mu mi lu. 1187 Chui nai 吹奶, “inflated breast,” a condition with milk blocked after delivery and the breasts turning red and swelling. BCGM Dict I, 101. 1188 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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Purulent, rotting mouse fistula.1189 One hundred grains of fresh rat/mouse excrements are kept tightly sealed in a container for 50 to 60 days. Then they are crushed to pieces that are to be applied to [the affected region]. Effective. Qian jin fang. 疔瘡惡腫。鼠屎、亂髮等分，燒灰，針瘡頭納入，大良。普濟方。 Pin-illnes sores with malign swelling. Burn equal amounts of rat/mouse excrements and disheveled [human] hair to ashes. Then pierce the top of the sores with a needle and insert the [ashes into the hole]. Very good. Pu ji fang. 鬼擊吐血，胸腹刺痛。鼠屎燒末，水服方寸匕。不省者灌之。肘後。 Blood spitting following a demon attack. With a piercing pain in chest and abdomen. Burn rat/mouse excrements [and grind the ashes] to powder. Ingest, with water, the amount held by a square cun spoon. If [the patient] is unconscious, forcefeed it to him. Zhou hou. 折傷瘀血，傷損筋骨疼痛。鼠屎燒末，豬脂和傅，急裹，不過半日痛止。 梅師方。 Fracture harm with stagnant blood. Painful harm and injury to sinews and bones. Burn rat/mouse excrements [and grind the ashes] to powder. Mix this with lard, apply it [to the affected region], and bandage this tightly. After half a day at most the pain will end. Mei shi fang. 中馬肝毒。雄鼠屎三七枚，和水研，飲之。梅師。 Being struck by horse liver poison. Three times seven pieces of the excrements of male rats/mice are mixed with water and ground. [Let the patient] drink this. Mei shi. 鼠屎二七枚，故馬鞘五寸，和燒研末，豬脂調敷之。梅師。 Sores resulting from horse bites and kicks. With swelling, pain and fever. Two times seven pieces of rat/mouse excrements and a five cun long segment of a horse’s whiplash are burned together and ground to powder. This is mixed with lard and applied [to the affected region]. Mei shi. 狂犬咬傷。鼠屎二升，燒末傅之。梅師方。 Harm caused by a mad dog’s bite. Two sheng of rat/mouse excrements are burned [and the ashes ground] to powder, to be applied to [the affected region]. Mei shi fang.

1189 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.”

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猫咬成瘡。雄鼠屎燒灰，油和傅之。曾經效驗。壽域。 Sores resulting from cat bites. Burn the excrements of male rats/mice to ashes, mix them with oil and apply this to [the affected region]. This has shown to be effective when tested. Shou yu. 兒齒不生。雌鼠屎兩頭圓者三七枚，一日一枚拭其齒。勿食鹹酸。或入麝 香少許尤妙。小品。 Teeth fail to grow in a child. Of three times seven pieces of the excrements of a female rat/mouse with their ends rounded, one piece per day is rubbed on the [location of the] teeth. [The child] must not be given salty and sour items to eat. Sometimes a small amount of musk is added, and this is particularly wondrous. Xiao pin. 小兒白秃。鼠屎瓦煅存性，同輕粉、麻油塗之。百一方。 White baldness of children. Calcine rat/mouse excrements on a tile with their nature retained, and apply them together with calomel and sesame oil to [the affected region]. Bai yi fang. 小兒鹽齁。鼠屎燒研，水酒空心服之。一歲一錢。 Salt roaring1190 of children. Burn rat/mouse excrements, [grind the ashes] to powder, and [have the child] ingest this, with water or wine, on an empty stomach. One qian per year of age. 小兒燕窩生瘡。鼠屎研末，香油調搽。 Swallow nest of children that has developed a sore.1191 Grind rat/mouse excrements to powder, mix this with sesame oil, and apply [this to the affected region]. 毒蛇傷螫。野鼠屎，水調塗之。邵真人經驗方。 Harm caused by being stung by a poisonous snake. Mix the excrements of wild rats/ mice with water and apply this to [the affected region]. Shao zhenren jing yan fang. 51-40 鼹鼠音偃。别録下品 Yan shu, read yan. Bie lu, lower rank. Mole. Talpa longirostris Milne-Edwards. 【釋名】田鼠禮記、鼢鼠音憤、隱鼠。【時珍曰】田鼠偃行地中，能壅土 成坌，故得諸名。 1190 Salt roaring: A roaring panting caused by a consumption of escessively salty beverages and food. 1191 Swallow nest sores: Sores developing in the nape hollow (“nest”) below the hair line on the back of the head.

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Explanation of Names. Tian shu 田鼠, “field rat/mouse;” Li ji. Fen shu 鼢鼠, read fen 憤. Yin shu 隱鼠, “hidden rat/mouse.” [Li] Shizhen: Field rats/mice move “below the surface,” yan 偃, in the soil. They are able to dig the ground and pile up soil, fen 坌. Hence they were given all their names. 【集解】【别録曰】鼹鼠在土中行。五月取令乾，燔之。【弘景曰】此即 鼢鼠也，一名隱鼠。形如鼠大而無尾，黑色尖鼻，甚强，常穿地中行，討 掘即得。今山林中别有大如水牛者，一名隱鼠。【藏器曰】隱鼠，陰穿地 中而行，見日月光則死，于深山林木下土中有之。其大如牛者，名同物異 耳。【頌曰】處處田隴間多有之。月令田鼠化爲鴽者即此。其形類鼠而 肥，多膏，旱歲爲田害。【宗奭曰】鼹，脚絶短，但能行，尾長寸許，目 極小，項尤短，最易取，或安竹弓射取飼鷹。陶引如水牛者釋之，誤矣。 【時珍曰】許慎言鼢乃伯勞所化。月令季春田鼠化爲鴽，夏小正八月鴽爲 鼠，是二物交化，如鷹、鳩然也。鴽乃鶉類。隆慶辛未夏秋大水，蘄、黄 瀕江之地，鼢鼠遍野，皆櫛魚所化。蘆稼之根，齧食殆盡，則鼢之化，不 獨一種也。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Moles move in the ground. They are collected and dried in the fifth month. [Tao] Hongjing: These are the fen shu 鼢鼠. Another name is “hidden mouse.” Their physical appearance is that of rats/mice, but they are bigger. They lack a tail and are of black color. They have a pointed nose and are very strong. They continuously bore passages in the ground through which they move. To catch them one must dig them up. Today, in the mountain forests there are those that are as big as water buffalos; they have another name: hidden rats/mice. [Chen] Cangqi: Hidden rats/mice bore hidden passages in the ground through which they move. Once they see the light of sun or moon, they die. They are present in the ground underneath the trees of deep mountain forests. Those that are as big as oxen, they have the same name, but are different creatures. [Su] Song: They are everywhere in the fields in Long. These are the field rats/mice that, according to the Yue ling, transform into ru birds. From their physical appearance they resemble rats/mice, but they are plump with much fat. In years of drought, they cause destruction in the fields. [Kou] Zongshi: The legs of moles are extremely short, and yet they can move. Their tail is a little longer than one cun. Their eyes are very small, and their neck is especially short. They are very easy to catch. Some shoot them with bamboo bows to use them for raising goshawks. When Tao [Hongjing] explained that some [moles] are as big as water buffalos, he was wrong. [Li] Shizhen: Xu Shen states that “moles are transformations of shrikes.” According to the Yue ling,” in the last month of spring, field rats/mice transform into ru 鴽 birds.” According to the Xia xiao zheng, “ru birds transform into rats/mice in the eighth month.” This is the mutual transforma-

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tion of two creatures, as for instance is the case with goshawks and turtledoves. Ru birds belong to the group of quails. In the xin wei year of the long qing reign period (1567 – 1572) a great flooding occurred in the riverside regions of Qin and Huang. The entire wilderness was filled with moles, and all were transformations of combfish.1192 They ate the roots of reeds and crops, until nothing was left. That is, moles are the transformations of more than one type [of original animals]. 51-40-01 肉。Rou. [Mole] meat. 【氣味】鹹，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】燔之，療癰疽諸瘻，蝕惡瘡、陰䘌爛瘡。别録。久食去風，主瘡 疥痔瘻。藏器。治風熱久積，血脉不行，結成癰疽，可消。又小兒食之， 殺蚘蟲。蘇頌。 Control. Roasted it heals obstruction-illness and impediment-illness,1193 all kinds of fistula, erosions, and malign sores, and festering hidden worms sores in the yin (i.e., genital) region. Bie lu. Eaten over an extended period of time it removes wind. It controls sores in general and jie-illness1194 sores in particular, as well as piles fistula. [Chen] Cangqi. It serves to cure wind heat with long-term accumulations, blocked passage in blood vessels, and knottings generating obstruction-illness and impediment-illness. It can dissolve them. Also, when children eat it, it kills tapeworms. Su Song. 51-40-02 膏。Gao. [Mole] fat. 【主治】摩諸瘡。藏器。 Control. To be rubbed on all kinds of sores. [Chen] Cangqi.

1192 Jie yu 櫛魚, lit.: “comb fish,” possibly ctenochaetus Gill [T. N.] 1193 Yong ju 癰疽, “obstruction-illness and impediment-illness.” refers to two vaguely distinguished obstructions/impediments of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 642. 1194 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

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51-40-03 糞。Fen. [Mole] excrements. 【主治】蛇虺螫傷腫痛，研末，豬脂調塗。時珍。 Control. Painful swelling resulting from harm caused by stings of poisonous snakes. Grind them to powder, mix this with lard and apply this [to the affected region]. [Li] Shizhen. 51-41 隱鼠拾遺 Yin shu. FE Shi yi. Hidden rat/mouse. 【釋名】鼴鼠音偃、偃牛綱目、鼠母同、鼳古役反。 Explanation of Names. Yan shu 鼹鼠, “mole,” read yan 偃, Yan shu 偃鼠, Gang mu. Shu mu 鼠母, “mothers of rats/mice.’ identical [first reference: Gang mu], reversed reading of ju 鼳, gu 古 yu 役. 【集解】【弘景註鼴鼠】曰：諸山林中，有獸大如水牛，形似豬，灰赤 色，下脚似象，胸前尾上皆白，有力而鈍，亦名隱鼠。人取食之，肉亦 似牛，多以作脯。乃云是鼠王，其精溺一滴落地，輒成一鼠，灾年則多出 也。【藏器曰】此是獸類，非鼠之儔。大如牛而前脚短，皮入鞦轡用。 莊子所謂鼴鼠飲河，不過滿腹者。陶言是鼠王，精滴成鼠。遍訪山人無其 説，亦不能土中行。此乃妄説，陶誤信爾。【頌曰】鼴鼠出滄州及胡中。 似牛而鼠首黑足，大者千斤。多伏于水，又能堰水放沫。彼人食其肉。 【時珍曰】按異物志云：鼠母頭脚似鼠，口鋭蒼色，大如水牛而畏狗。見 則主水灾。晋書云：宣城郡出隱鼠，大如牛，形似鼠，褲脚類象而驢蹄， 毛灰赤色，胸前尾上白色。有力而鈍。金樓子云：晋寧縣境出大鼠，狀 如牛，土人謂之偃牛。時出山遊，毛落田間，悉成小鼠，苗稼盡耗。梁書 云：倭國有山鼠如牛，又有大蛇能吞之。據此則隱鼠非無，而陶説有本， 諸家闢之太甚者，未深考耳。又爾雅云：鼴身似鼠而馬蹄，長鬚而賊，一 歲千斤，秦人謂之小驢者，即此物也。 Collected Explanations. Tao Hongjing in his comments on moles says: In all mountain forests there are animals as big as water buffalos. Their physical appearance is that of pigs. They are of ash-red color. Their lower legs resemble those of elephants. The front of their chest and their tail are all white. They are strong but dull. They are also called “hidden rats/mice.”1195 Humans catch and eat them. Their meat, too, 1195 Zheng lei, ch. 18, yan shu 鼴鼠, “mole,” writes yan shu 鼴鼠, “moles,” instead of yin shu 隱 鼠, “hidden rats/mice.”

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is similar to beef, and it is often prepared as preserved food. The [people] say, they are the “kings of rats/mice.” When one drop of their essence/sperm or urine falls on the ground, it will immediately generate a rat/mouse. In years of natural catastrophe, they appear in large numbers. [Chen] Cangqi: They are of the group of wild animals; they are not associated with rats/mice.They are as big as oxen, but have short front legs. Their hide is used to make leather bridles. These are those of which Zhuang zi says: “The moles drink from rivers but never more than to fill their abdomen.” Tao [Hongjing] said that they are “the kings of rats/mice,” and that drops of their essence/sperm generate rats/mice. [I] have called on the mountain people everywhere, but this was told me nowhere. Also, they are unable to move in the ground. So, this is nonsense. A false belief held by Tao [Hongjing]. [Su] Song: Moles come from Cang zhou and the Hu regions. They resemble oxen, but they have the head of rats/mice and black feet. Big ones reach a weight of 1000 jin. They often lie hidden in waters. Also, they are able to block the course of a water, and they release foam. The people there eat their meat. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Yi wu zhi,” the head and the legs of the ‘mothers of rats/mice’ resemble those of rats/mice. Their mouth is pointed, and they are of grey color. They are as big as buffalos, and they are afraid of dogs. When they are seen, they are associated with a flooding.” The Jin shu states: “In Xuan cheng commandery, there once appeared ‘hidden rats/ mice’ as big as oxen, with a physical appearance of rats/mice. Their legs were those of elephants and their trotters were those of donkeys. Their fur was of ash-red color. The front of their chest and the upper side of their tail were white. This was a strong but dull [animal].” The Jin lou zi states: “In Jing ning xian large rats/mice appear with a physical appearance of oxen. The local people call them ‘lolling oxen’. When they come out and roam in the mountains, and when their hair drop into the fields, they all turn into rats/mice, causing a complete loss of seedlings and crops.” The Liang shu states: “In Wo guo there are mountain rats/mice similar to oxen. Also, there are huge snakes that can devour them.” In light of all these reports, it cannot be that “hidden rats/mice” do not exist. Hence, what Tao [Hongjing] said must have a basis, and he was rebuked by all other authors too severely. More thorough research is required. Also, the Er ya states: “The body of moles resembles that of rats/mice, but they have the trotters of horses, and extremely long whiskers. Within one year, they reach a weight of 1000 jin. The people of Qin call them ‘little donkeys’.” These are the creatures discussed here.

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51-41-01 膏。Gao. Fat [of hidden rats/mice]. 【主治】痔瘻惡瘡。陶弘景。 Control. Piles fistula and malign sores. Tao Hongjing. 51-42 鼫鼠音石。綱目 Shi shu, read shi. FE Gang mu. Squirrel. Sciurus vulgarus sp. Thomas. 【釋名】碩鼠與鼫同，出周易、䶂鼠音酌，出廣雅、雀鼠出埤雅、𪕞鼠音 俊，出唐韻。【時珍曰】碩，大也，似鼠而大也。關西方音轉鼫爲䶂，訛 䶂爲雀。蜀人謂之𪕞鼠，取其毛作筆。俊亦大也。 Explanation of Names. Shi shu 碩鼠, identical with shi 鼫; quoted from the Zhou yi. Zhuo shu 䶂鼠, read zhuo 酌; quoted from the Guang ya. Que shu 雀鼠; quoted from the Pi ya. Jun shu 𪕞鼠, read jun 俊; quoted from the Tang yun. [Li] Shizhen: Marmots are big. They resemble rats/mice, but are bigger. The dialect in Guang xi has transformed the pronunciation of shi 鼫 to zhuo 䶂, and zhuo 䶂 was mistakenly identified as que 雀. The people in Shu call them jun shu 𪕞鼠, and they prepare writing brushes from their hair. Jun 俊 also has the meaning of “big.” 【集解】【時珍曰】鼫鼠處處有之。居土穴樹孔中，形大於鼠，頭似兔， 尾有毛，青黄色，善鳴，能人立，交前兩足而舞。好食粟、豆，與鼢鼠俱 爲田害。鼢小居田，而鼫大居山也。范成大云：賓州鼫鼠專食山豆根，土 人取其腹乾之入藥，名鼫鼠肚。陸機謂此亦有五技，與螻蛄同名者，誤矣。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Squirrels are found everywhere. They live in caves in the ground and in holes in the trees. Their physical appearance is bigger than that of rats/mice. Their head resembles that of hares/rabbits, and their tail is hairy. They are of greenish-yellow color, and they love to chirp. They can stand upright like humans, cross their two front feet and dance. They love to eat millet and beans, and they cause damage to the fields just like moles. The moles are small and live in the fields; the squirrels are big and live in the mountains. Fan Chengda states: “In Bin zhou, squirrels especially eat bushy sophora roots. The locals take their abdomen, dry it and add it to a medication. This is called ‘squirrel belly’.” Lu Ji says that “they, too, have five skills, and their name was the same as that of mole crickets.” But he was wrong.

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51-42-01 肚。Du. [Squirrel] belly. 【氣味】甘，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】咽喉痺痛，一切熱氣，研末含嚥，神效。時珍。出虞衡志。 Control. For painful blockage of the throat and all kinds of heat qi, grind it to powder, hold it in the mouth, and swallow [the liquid generated]. Divinely effective. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Yu heng zhi. 51-43 竹䶉 , 留、柳二音。綱目 Zhu liu, read both liú and li`´u. FE Gang mu. Bamboo rat/mouse. Rhizomys sinensis Gray. ［釋名］竹㹠〔時珍曰〕䶉狀其肥，㹠言其美也。 Explanation of Names. Zhu tun 竹㹠, “bamboo piglet.” [Li] Shizhen: The name liu 䶉 refers to its fat size; the name tun 㹠, “piglet,” is to reflect its delicious flavor. 【集解】【時珍曰】竹䶉，食竹根之鼠也。出南方，居土穴中。大如兔， 人多食之，味如鴨肉。燕山録云：煮羊以䶉，煮鼈以蚊。物性相感也。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: The zhu liu 竹䶉 are rats/mice eating the roots of bamboo, zhu 竹. They originate from the South, where they live in caves in the ground. They are as big as hares/rabbits, and the people often eat them. Their flavor is like that of duck meat.The Yan shan lu states: “Boil mutton with bamboo rat/mouse [meat]; boil fresh-water turtles with mosquitoes.” The natures of these creatures affect each other. 51-43-01 肉。Rou. [Bamboo rat/mouse] meat. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】補中益氣，解毒。時珍。 Control. It supplements the center and boosts the qi. It resolves poison. [Li] Shizhen.

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51-44 土撥鼠拾遺 Tu bo shu, FE Shi yi. Marmot. Arctomys marmotta L. 【釋名】鼧鼥音駝撥、荅剌不花出正要。【時珍曰】按唐書有鼧鼥鼠，即 此也。鼧鼥，言其肥也。唐韻作𪖈鼥，音僕朴，俗訛爲土撥耳。蒙古人名 荅剌不花。 Explanation of Names. Tuo bo 鼧鼥, read tuo bo 駝撥. Dalabuhua 答剌不花; quoted from the Zheng yao. [Li] Shizhen: The Tang shu mentions tuo bo shu 鼧鼥鼠; these are the [animals] discussed here. Tuo bo 鼧鼥 is to reflect their fat appearance. The Tang yun writes Pu po 𪖈𪔿, read pu po 僕樸, commonly erroneously made to tu bo er 土撥. The Mongols name them dalabuhua 答剌不花. 【集解】【藏器曰】土撥鼠，生西番山澤間，穴土爲窠，形如獺。夷人掘 取食之。魏略云：大秦國出辟毒鼠，近似此也。【時珍曰】皮可爲裘，甚 暖，濕不能透。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The marmots live in mountains and marshlands in foreign territories in the West. They build their nests in caves in the ground. Their physical appearance is that of otters. The Yi people dig them out to obtain them for food. The Wei lüe states: “From the country of Da qin originate the ‘rats/mice avoiding poison’.” They are close to the ones [discussed] here. [Li] Shizhen: Their hide can be made into coats. They are very warm, and humidity cannot penetrate them. 51-44-01 肉。Rou. [Marmot] meat. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【時珍曰】按飲膳正要云：雖肥而煮之無油，味 短，多食難尅化，微動風。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Yin shan zheng yao, it is fat but boiling it does not produce oil. It is of weak flavor. If one eats much of it, it will be difficult to digest it. It slightly stimulates winds. 【主治】野雞瘻瘡，煮食肥美。藏器。 Control. Wild fowl (i.e., piles) fistula and sores. Boiled it makes one fat and look beautiful. [Chen] Cangqi.

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51-44-02 頭骨。Tou gu. [Marmot] skull bone. 【主治】小兒夜卧不寧，懸之枕邊即安。時珍。 Control. For children who cannot sleep calmly at night, hang them next to their pillow, and they will be quiet. [Li] Shizhen. 51-45 貂鼠綱目 Diao shu, FE Gang mu. Marten. Martes zibellina L. 【釋名】栗鼠爾雅翼、松狗。【時珍曰】貂亦作鼦。羅願云：此鼠好食栗 及松皮，夷人呼爲栗鼠、松狗。 Explanation of Names. Li shu 栗鼠, Er yay yi. Song gou 松狗. [Li] Shizhen: Diao 貂 is also written diao 鼦. Luo Yuan states: “These rats/mice love to eat millet and the bark of pine trees, [hence] the Yi people call them “millet rats/mice,” li shu 栗鼠, and “pine dogs,” song gou 松狗.” 【集解】【時珍曰】按許慎説文云：貂，鼠屬，大而黄黑色，出丁零國。 今遼東、高麗及女直、韃靼諸胡皆有之。其鼠大如獺而尾粗。其毛深寸 許，紫黑色，蔚而不耀。用皮爲裘、帽、風領，寒月服之，得風更暖，着 水不濡，得雪即消，拂面如焰，拭眯即出，亦奇物也。惟近火則毛易脱。 漢制侍中冠，金璫飾首，前插貂尾，加以附蟬，取其内勁而外温。毛帶黄 色者，爲黄貂，白色者，爲銀貂。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: According to Xu Shen’s Shuo wen, “martens belong to the group of rats/mice. They are big and and of yellow-black color. They originate from the country of Ding ling.” Nowadays, they are found everywhere in Liao dong, Gao li and the territories of the Nü zhen and Da da. These rats/mice are as big as otters, but they have a coarse tail. Their fur is more than a cun deep, and of purple-black color. It is colorful, but does not shine. The hide is made into coats, hats and collars against wind, that are worn during the winter months. When they encounter wind, they are even warmer. When touched by water, they do not become moist, and when touched by snow, it will melt. When held against one’s face, it feels hot like burning. If used to wipe dust out of the eyes, [the foreign particles] will come out. This, too, is a strange item. But if it is brought close to fire, the hair will easily fall off. When during the Han era the cap to be worn by the emperor’s retinue officials was created, the top was decorated with golden pendants, a marten tail was

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added to its front, and a [golden ornament shaped like a] cicada was attached to it. This was to adopt [the animal’s] inner strength and outer warmth. Those with a yellow fur, they are the “yellow martens.” Those with a white [fur], they are the “silver martens.” 51-45-01 肉。Rou. [Marten] meat. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. 51-45-02 毛皮。Mao pi. [Marten] fur and hide. 【主治】塵沙眯目，以裘袖𢪛之，即去。時珍。 Control. Dust and sand that have entered one’s eyes. Wipe them with the sleeve of a coat, and they will be removed. [Li] Shizhen. 51-46 黄鼠綱目 Huang shu, FE Gang mu. Ground squirrel.1196 Citellus dauricus Brandt. 【釋名】禮鼠韩文、拱鼠同上、鼲鼠音渾、貔貍。【時珍曰】黄鼠，晴 暖則出坐穴口，見人則交其前足，拱而如揖，乃竄入穴。即詩所謂相鼠 有體，人而無禮。韓文所謂禮鼠拱而立者也。古文謂之鼲鼠，遼人呼爲貔 貍，或以貔貍爲竹䶉、貍、獾者非，胡人亦名令邦。 Explanation of Names. Li shu 禮鼠, “rats/mice with manners;” Han Wen. Gong shu 拱鼠, “rats/mice cupping one hand in the other in front of the chest,” [source] identical with the one above. Hun shu 鼲鼠, read hun 渾. Pi li 貔狸. [Li] Shizhen: On fine and warm days, they come out and sit at the entrance of their cave. When they see humans, they cross their two front feet, as if they were greeting one. Then they scurry into their cave. This is what the Shi refers to when it says: “Look at the rats/ mice, they have limbs, but there are humans who lack manners.” They are those of which Han Wen said: “Rats/mice with manners, li shu 禮鼠, hold their front feet in front of their chest and stand upright.” In ancient texts they were referred to as hun shu 鼲鼠. The Liao people call them pi li 貔狸. Pi li 貔狸 are sometimes identified 1196 Huang shu 黄鼠, lit.: “yellow rat/mouse.”

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as zhu liu 竹䶉, li 狸, and huan 獾, but that is wrong. The Hu people also call them ling bang 令邦. 【集解】【時珍曰】黄鼠出太原、大同，延、綏及沙漠諸地皆有之，遼人 尤爲珍貴。狀類大鼠，黄色，而足短善走，極肥。穴居有土窖如牀榻之狀 者，則牝牡所居之處，秋時畜豆、粟、草木之實以禦冬，各爲小窖，别而 貯之。村民以水灌穴而捕之。味極肥美，如豚子而脆。皮可爲裘領。遼、 金、元時以羊乳飼之，用供上膳，以爲珍饌，千里贈遺。今亦不甚重之 矣。最畏鼠狼，能入穴啣出也。北胡又有青鼠，皮亦可用。銀鼠，白色如 銀，古名𪕯鼠，音吸。抱朴子言：南海白鼠重數斤，毛可爲布也。百感録 云：西北有獸類黄鼠，短喙無目，性狡善聽，聞人足音輒逃匿，不可卒 得，土人呼爲瞎撞。亦黄鼠類也。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Ground squirrels come from Tai yuan, Da tong, Yan, Sui and deserts. They are there everywhere. The Liao people consider them to be most precious. From their appearance, they belong to big rats/mice. They are of yellow color; their feet are short and they love to run. They are extremely fat. Their caves have pits like long beds, and this is where males and females rest. In autumn, they store the fruits of beans, millet, herbs and wood to protect themselves against winter, and for each of them they prepare a small pit where they are kept separately. The village people flood these caves with water to catch them. Their flavor is extremely fat and delicious. It resembles that of piglets, but is crispier. The hide can be made to coats and collars. During the Liao, Jin and Yuan periods, they were raised with goat milk and served at high-level banquets as a precious delicacy that could be sent to a recipient as far away as a 1000 li. Today, they are no longer so appreciated. [Ground squirrels] fear most weasels. They are able to enter their caves and pull them out. In Bei hu, in addition, there are greenish rats/mice. Their hide can be made use of, too. Silver rats/mice are white like silver. In ancient times, they were named xi shu 𪕯鼠, read xi 吸. The Bao pu zi mentions “white rats/mice in Nan hai that may reach a weight of several jin. Their fur can be made into fabrics.” The Bai gang lu states: “In the Northwest there are wild animals of the group of ground squirrels. They have a short snout and no eyes. By nature they are cunning and good at hearing. When they hear the sounds of human feet, they run away into hiding and are difficult to catch. The locals callm them xia Zhuang 瞎撞, ‘aimless runners’.” They, too, belong to the group of ground squirrels.

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51-46-01 肉。Rou. [Ground squirrel] meat. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。正要云：多食發瘡。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. The Zheng yao states: When eaten in large quantities, it will generate sores. 【主治】潤肺生津。煎膏貼瘡腫，解毒止痛。時珍。 Control. It moistens the lung and generates body liquid. When boiled to a paste and applied to sores with swelling, it resolves poison and ends pain. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】黄鼠，北方所食之物，而方書無載。按經驗良方有靈 鼠膏，云治諸瘡腫毒，去痛退熱。用大黄鼠一箇，清油一斤，慢火煎焦， 水上試油不散，乃濾滓澄清再煎。次入炒紫黄丹五兩，柳枝不住攪匀，滴 水成珠，下黄蠟一兩，熬黑乃成。去火毒三日，如常攤貼。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: Ground squirrels are creatures eaten in the North, but they are not listed in recipe texts. The Jing yan liang fang lists a “magic paste with rats/mice” and states that” it serves to cure all kinds of sores with swelling and poison, ends pain and pushes back heat. Fry one large ground squirrel in one jin of clear oil over a slow fire until it is scorched. Try the oil on the surface of water, it must not disperse. Then filter the oil until it is clear, and fry it again. Then add five liang of minium, roasted until it is purple, and stir this continuously with a willow twig until an even mixture has formed. Water poured onto it will form pearls. Then add one liang of yellow beeswax and boil this until it has assumed a black color. Wait for the fire poison to leave within three days. This then is applied like an ordinary ointment.” 51-47 鼬鼠音佑。綱目 You shu, read you, FE Gang mu. Weasel. Mustela sibirica Pallas. 【釋名】黄鼠狼綱目、鼪鼠音生去聲、𪕷鼠音谷、地猴。【時珍曰】按廣 雅，鼠狼即鼬也。江東呼爲鼪。其色黄赤如柚，故名。此物健於捕鼠及禽 畜，又能制蛇虺。莊子所謂騏驥捕鼠，不如貍、鼪者，即此。 Explanation of Names. Huang shu lang 黄鼠狼, “yellow /rat/mouse wolf,” Gang mu. Sheng shu 鼪鼠, read sheng 生, with decreasing tone. Gu shu 𪕷鼠, read gu 谷. Di hou 地猴, “ground monkey.” [Li] Shizhen: According to the Guang ya, “Shu lang 鼠 狼, “rat/mouse wolves,” are you 鼬, ‘weasels’. In Jiang dong they are called sheng 鼪.

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Their color is yellow-red like pomelo fruit, you 柚. Hence the name. This creature is good at catching rats/mice and poultry. And, also, it can overcome snakes. This is what is meant when the Zhuang zi says: ‘When it comes to catching mice, a black horse or a thoroughbred horse are not as good as leopard cats and weasels’.” 【集解】【時珍曰】鼬，處處有之。狀似鼠而身長尾大，黄色帶赤，其氣 極臊臭。許慎所謂似貂而大，色黄而赤者，是也。其毫與尾可作筆，嚴冬 用之不折，世所謂鼠鬚栗尾者，是也。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Weasels are found everywhere. Their appearance resembles that of rats/mice, but their body is long and their tail is large. They are of yellow color with some red. Their qi is extremely malodorous. They are the ones of whom Xu Shen stated that “they resemble martens but are bigger and of a yellow-red color.” Their fine, long hair and that of their tail can be made to writing brushes. Even in severe winter they will not break. They are what is commonly called “rat/mouse whiskers and trembling tail.“ 51-47-01 肉。Rou. [Weasel] meat. 【氣味】甘，臭，温，有小毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, malodorous, warm, slightly poisonous. 【主治】煎油，塗瘡疥，殺蟲。時珍。 Control. Fried in oil it is applied to sores in general and jie-illness1202 in particular. It kills worms/bugs. [Li] Shizhen. 51-47-02 心肝。Xin gan. [Weasel] heart and liver. 【氣味】臭，微毒。 Qi and Flavor. Malodorous, slightly poisonous. 【主治】心腹痛，殺蟲。時珍。 Control. Heart and abdominal pain. They kill worms/bugs. [Li] Shizhen.

1202 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

900

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附方】新一。 Added recipes. One newly [recorded].

心腹痛。用黄鼠心肝肺一具，陰乾，瓦焙爲末，入乳香、没藥、孩兒茶、 血竭末各三分。每服一錢，燒酒調下，立止。海上仙方。 Heart and abdominal pain. One heart, liver and lung of a weasel are dried in the shade, baked on a tile, and ground to powder. To this are added three fen each of frankincense, myrrh, catechu and dragon blood powder. Each time ingest one qian, to be sent down mixed with brandy. [The pain] will end immediately. Hai shang xian fang. 51-48 鼷鼠拾遺 Xi shu, FE Shi yi. The common mouse. Mus speciosus Temm. 【釋名】甘口鼠。【時珍曰】鼷乃鼠之最小者，齧人不痛，故曰甘口。今 處處有之。 Explanation of Names. Gan kou shu 甘口鼠, “sweet mouth mouse.” [Li] Shizhen: The xi 鼷 are the smallest of all mice. When they bite a person, he will feel no pain. Hence they are called “sweet mouth,” gan kou 甘口, Today, they are found everywhere. 【集解】【藏器曰】鼷鼠極細，卒不可見。食人及牛、馬等皮膚成瘡，至 死不覺。爾雅云有螫毒，左傳云食郊牛角者，皆此物也。博物志云：食人 死膚，令人患惡瘡。醫書云：正月食鼠殘，多爲鼠瘻，小孔下血者，皆此 病也。治之之法，以貍膏摩之，及食貍肉爲妙。鼷無功用，而爲人害，故 著之。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The common mice are extremely small. They can hardly be observed. When they bite humans, oxen or horses, their skin will develop sores, and nobody knows where they came from for the entire rest of life. The Er ya states: “Their sting is poisonous.” The reference in the Zuo zhuan to “[mice that] ate the horns of the bull for the border sacrifice,” is to these creatures. The Bo wu zhi states: “When they eat one’s dead skin [scraps], he will suffer from malign sores.” Medical texts state that “eating the remains [of food left behind] by rats/mice in the first month will often cause mouse fistula. 1198 When [the mouse fistula] have small, bleeding holes,” then they are this disease. The method to cure 1198 Shu lou 鼠瘻, “mouse fistula,” BCGM Dict I, 466, identical with Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illnes.”

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this is to rub leopard cat fat onto [the affected region]. To eat leopard cat meat is wondrous. The common mice are of no [medical] use; they cause nothing but harm to humans. Hence they are described here. 51-49 食蛇鼠1199綱目 Shi she shu, FE Gang mu. Mongoose. Herpestes sp. 【集解】【時珍曰】按唐書云：罽賓國貢食蛇鼠，喙尖尾赤，能食蛇。有 被蛇螫者，以鼠嗅而尿之即愈。今雖不聞説此，恐時有貢者，存此以備考 證。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Tang shu, “the country of Ji bin once sent a snake-eating rat/mouse as tribute. Its mouth was pointed, and its tail was red. It was able to eat snakes. If one was bitten by a snake, he should let [such] a rat/mouse sniff [at the wound] and then have it urinate on it. This will bring the cure.” Today, this may not be heard of any longer, but at times it may be sent as a tribute. Hence it is recorded here as evidence. 51-49-01 尿。Niao. Urine [of mongooses]. 【主治】蛇虺傷螫。時珍。 Control. Harm caused by the bites of poisonous snakes. [Li] Shizhen. 51-50 猬本經中品 Wei, FE Ben jing, middle rank. Hedgehog. Erinaceus europaeus L. 【校正】舊在蟲魚部，今據爾雅移入獸部。 Editorial Correction. In old [listings, hedgehogs] appeared in the section of “worms/ bugs and fish.” Today, in accordance with the Er ya, they were moved to the section “wild animals” 【釋名】彙古猬字，俗作蝟、毛刺爾雅、蝟鼠。【時珍曰】按説文彙字篆 文象形，頭足似鼠，故有鼠名。【宗奭曰】蝟皮治胃逆，開胃氣有功。其 字從虫從胃，深有理焉。 1199 Shi she shu 食蛇鼠, lit.: “rats/mice that eat snakes.”

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Explanation of Names. Hui 彙 is the ancient character used for “hedgehog,” wei 猬. It is commonly written wei 蝟. Mao ci 毛刺, “hair thorn;” Er ya. Wei shu 蝟鼠, “hedgehog rat/mouse.” [Li] Shizhen: The Shuo wen lists the character hui 彙 as a seal script meant to reflect the [animal’s] physical appearance. Its head and feet resemble those of rats/mice. Hence it is named a “rat/mouse”, shu 鼠. [Kou] Zongshi: The hide of hedgehogs serves to cure stomach counterflow, and it helps to stimulate stomach qi. The character [wei 蝟] of its name consists of [the characters] chong 蟲, “worm/bug,” and wei 胃, “stomach.” This is quite meaningful. 【集解】【别録曰】猬生楚山川谷田野，取無時，勿使中濕。 【弘景曰】處處野中時有此獸。人犯之，便藏頭足，毛刺人，不可得。能 跳入虎耳中，而見鵲便自仰腹受啄，物相制如此。其脂烊鐵，中入少水銀 則柔如鉛錫。【蜀圖經曰】猬狀如貒、㹠。大者如㹠，小者如瓜。脚短， 尾長寸餘。蒼白色，脚似豬蹄者佳，鼠脚者次之。去肉，取皮火乾。又有 山枳鼠，皮正相似，但尾端有兩岐爲别。又有虎鼠，皮亦相類，但以味酸 爲别。又有山㹠，頗相似，而皮類兔皮，其色褐，味甚苦。俱不堪用。 【時珍曰】猬之頭、觜似鼠，刺毛似豪豬，踡縮則形如芡房及栗房，攢毛 外刺，尿之即開。炙轂子云：刺端分兩頭者爲猬，如棘針者爲䖶。與蜀説 不同。廣韵云：似猬而赤尾者，名暨居。【宗奭曰】乾猬皮并刺作刷，治 紕帛絶佳。世有養者，去而復來。 Collected Explanations. Bie lu: Hedgehogs live in the wild valleys and fields of Chu shan. They can be collected at all times. They must not be exposed to moisture. [Tao] Hongjing: These animals are found everywhere in the wilderness. When they feel attacked by a human, they hide their head and feet and pierce that person with their hair. It is impossible to take it up. They can jump into a tiger’s ears, but when they see a magpie, they lie down with their abdomen exposed and expect to be pecked. This is how creatures hold each other in check. Their fat serves to melt iron. If a little quicksilver is added, [the iron] will become as soft as lead or tin. Shu tu jing: The appearance of hedgehogs is that of sand badgers and piglets. Large ones resemble piglets; small ones resemble a melon. Their legs are short;1200 their tail is a little longer than one cun. They are of grey-white color.1201 Those whose legs are reminiscent of pig trotters, they are best. Those with rat/mouse legs are second. Their meat is to be removed, and their hide is dried over a fire. There are also shan zhi rats/ mice.1202 Their hide is exactly like [that of hedgehogs], but their tail is short and has 1200 Zheng lei, ch.21, wei pi 蝟皮, “hedgehog skin,writes jiao duan duo ci 脚短多刺, “the legs are short with many spikes.” 1201 Zheng lei, ch.21, wei pi 蝟皮, “hedgehog skin,” writes wei cang bai se 惟蒼白色, “of only a grey-white color.” 1202 Shan zhi rats/mice: zoologically unidentified rodents.

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two ends. That is the difference. Also, there are “tiger rats/mice.” Their skin, too, is of the same type [as that of hedgehogs]. But here the difference is that [their meat] has a sour flavor. Then there are “mountain pigs.” They are quite similar [to hedgehogs], but their hide is of the type of hare/rabbit hides. They are of brown color, and their flavor is very bitter. They are of no use at all. [Li] Shizhen: The head and the mouth of hedgehogs resemble those of rats/mice. Their hair spikes are reminiscent of porcupines. When they curl up their body, they assume a physical appearance like an euryale seed shell or a chestnut shell, with all their hair pointing to the outside. Only when one urinates on them, they will open up. Zhigu zi states: “Those whose spikes are forked at the end, they are called ‘hedgehogs’. Those with spikes like needles, they are called hui hogs.” This is different from what is recorded in the Shu [tu jing]. The Guang yun states: “Those that look like hedgehogs but have a red tail, they are called ji ju 暨居.” [Kou] Zongshi: Dried hedgehog hide and spikes are made into brushes. They are excellent to order lose silk. Where [hedgehogs] have been raised, they will leave and come back again. 【正誤】【恭曰】猬極獰鈍，大如㹠，小如瓜，惡鵲聲，故反腹受啄，欲 掩取之，猶鷸、蚌也。虎耳不受雞卵，且去地三尺，猬何能跳之而入？野 俗鄙言，遂爲雅記，深可怪也。【宗奭曰】唐本註擯陶，理亦當然。【時 珍曰】按淮南子云：猬使虎申，蛇令豹止。又云：鵲屎中猬。緯書云：火 爍金，故鵲啄猬。觀此則陶説非妄也，而蘇氏斥之，寇氏和之，非矣。蜈 蚣制龍、蛇，蜒蚰、蛞蝓制蜈蚣，豈在大小利鈍耶？物畏其天耳。蜀圖經 所謂虎鼠即䶂鼠，亦猬中一種也。孫愐云：䶂，鼠，能飛，食虎豹。談藪 云：虎不敢入山林，而居草薄者，畏木上有𧽤鼠也。鼠見虎過，則咆噪拔 毛投之，虎必生蟲瘡潰爛至死。䶂、𧽤音相近耳。猬能制虎，觀此益可徵 矣。今正其誤。 Correction of Errors. [Su] Gong: Hedgehogs are extremely stupid. They may be as big as pigs, or as small as melons. They hate the cries of magpies. [When they hear them], they turn their abdomen upside and invite [the magpie] to peck them. This way they intend to capture them when they come down to attack them. This is similar to the relationship between redshanks and clams. The ears of a tiger cannot hold an egg, and they are three chi above the ground. How could a hedgehog jump into them? That such vulgar sayings are found recorded in good literature, that is truly strange. [Kou] Zongshi: The Tang ben has omitted in its commentary [the statement] by Tao [Hongjing] for the same reason. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Huai nan zi,” hedgehogs let tigers stretch their body, and snakes let leopards come to a halt.” It also states, “the droppings of magpies strike hedgehogs.” The Wei shu states: “Fire melts metal. Hence magpies peck hedgehogs.” Seen from this, Tao

904

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

[Hongjing’s] report is not without meaning. Thus, when it was denounced by Mr. Su [Gong], and when Mr. Kou [Zongshi] agreed, then they were both wrong. Centipedes may control dragons, and slugs may control centipedes. Why should this be related to size and intelligence? Whether creatures fear each other, that is a gift by heaven. The tiger rats/mice referred to in the Shu tu jing, they are identical with zhuo 䶂 rats/mice, and they too belong to the group of hedgehogs. Sun Mian states: “The zhuo 䶂 [rats/mice] belong to [the group of ] rats/mice. They can fly, and they eat tigers and leopards.” The Tan sou says: “Tigers do not dare to enter mountain forests; they rather stay in the steppe. The reason is, they are afraid of piao 𧽤 rats/ mice in the trees. When such a rat/mouse sees a tiger passing by, it will roar and throw its hair [spikes] onto [the tiger.] The tiger will develop festering worm/bug sores and die.” The readings of [the characters] zhuo 䶂 and piao 𧽤 are similar. Seen from this, there is sufficient evidence of hedgehogs being able to control tigers. Here now these errors are corrected. 51-50-01 皮。Pi. [Hedgehog] hide. 【修治】細剉，炒黑入藥。 Preparation. Cut into fine pieces, and roasted until it has assumed a black color, it is added to medications. 【氣味】苦，平，無毒。【甄權曰】甘，有小毒。得酒良。畏桔梗、麥門 冬。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, balanced, nonpoisonous. Zhen Quan: Sweet, slightly poisonous. [Processed] with wine it is good. It fears [to be ingested together with] platycodon [root] and ophiopogon [tuber]. 【主治】五痔陰蝕，下血，赤白五色血汁不止，陰腫，痛引腰背，酒煮殺 之。本經。療腹痛疝積，燒灰酒服。别録。治腸風瀉血，痔痛有頭，多年 不瘥，炙末，飲服方寸匕。燒灰吹鼻，止衄血。甚解一切藥力。藥性。 Control. The five kinds of piles and yin (i.e., genital region) erosion, with unending discharge of blood, red and white [fluids] and multicolored blood liquid. Yin (i.e., genital region) swelling, with pain pulling on the lower back and spine. Boiled with wine [the meat] will kill [the pain]. Ben jing. To heal abdominal pain with elevation-illness1203 and accumulations, burn it to ashes and ingest them with wine. Bie lu. To cure intestinal winds with outflow of blood, and aching piles with tips that 1203 Shan [qi] 疝[氣], “elevation-illness [qi],” a pathological condition of (1) an item having entered the scrotum, with pain, sometimes ascending, sometimes descending, (2) a

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have not been cured for many years, roast it and grind it to powder. Ingest, with a beverage, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Burned to ashes and blown into the nose, it ends nosebleed. It is very effective to resolve the strength of all kinds of medications. Yao xing.

【附方】舊五，新八。 Added recipes. Five of old. Eight newly [recorded]. 五痔下血。衍義云：用猬皮合穿山甲等分，燒存性，入肉豆蔻一半，末 之。空腹熱米飲服一錢，妙。 Five kinds of piles with bleeding. The Yan yi states: “Burn equal amounts of hedgehog hide and pangolin scales with their nature retained. Add to this half a dose of nutmeg, grind it to powder, and ingest one qian, on an empty stomach, with a hot rice beverage. Wondrous.” 外臺用猬皮方三指大，熏黄如棗大，熟艾一錢，穿地作坑，調和取便熏 之，取口中有烟氣爲佳。火氣稍盡即停，三日將息，更熏之，三度永瘥。 勿犯風冷，羹臛將養，切忌雞、魚、豬、生冷，二十日後補之。 The Wai tai [advises to] use hedgehog hide the size of three fingers, and smoked until it has assumed a yellow color and the size of a date, together with one qian of cooked common mugwort [leaves]. Then dig a pit into the ground, mix [the smoked hide and the cooked mugwort leaves in there, have the patient squat above the pit] and fumigate [his piles]. Once he feels in his mouth the smoke qi it is good. When the fire qi has fully exhausted itself, end [this session] and let [the patient] rest for three days. Then he is fumigated again. After three such therapies he will be cured forever. He must not be exposed to wind and cold, and he is to be fed with thick soups and broth. [During the treatment] he must avoid by all means chicken, fish, pork, and everything fresh and cold. After 20 days he may be given supplementing [food/remedies]. 腸痔有蟲。猬皮燒末，生油和塗。肘後方。 Intestinal piles with worms/bugs. Burn hedgehog hide [and grind the ashes] to powder. Mix this with fresh oil and apply this [to the affected region]. Zhou hou fang. 腸風下血。白刺猬皮一枚銚内煿焦，去皮留刺，木賊半兩炒黑，爲末。每 服二錢，熱酒調下。楊氏家藏方。 condition affecting the scrotum or a testicle, (3) of violent abdominal pain, in some cases associated with constipation and anuria. BCGM Dict I, 419, 417.

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Intestinal winds with discharge of blood. The hide of one hedgehog with white spikes is scorched in a crucible. Then the hide is discarded and the spikes are kept. Together with half a liang of equisetum [herb], roasted until black, they are ground to powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down mixed with hot wine. Yang shi jia cang fang. 蠱毒下血。猬皮燒末，水服方寸匕，當吐出毒。千金翼。 Gu poison1204 with discharge of blood. Burn hedgehog hide [and grind the ashes] to powder. Ingest, with water, the amount held by a square cun spoon. [The patient] will throw up the poison. Qian jin yi. 五色痢疾。猬皮燒灰，酒服二錢。壽域方。 Multi-colored free-flux illness1205 ailment. Burn hedgehog hide to ashes and ingest, with wine, two qian. Shou yu fang. 大腸脱肛。猬皮一斤燒，磁石煅五錢，桂心五錢，爲末。每服二錢，米飲 下。葉氏摘玄。 Anal prolapse of the large intestine. One jin of burned hedgehog hide, five qian of calcined magnetide, and five qian of shaved cassia bark are ground to powder. Each time ingest two qian, to be sent down with a rice beverage. Ye shi zhai xuan. 塞鼻止衄。猬皮一枚，燒末。半錢，綿裹塞之。聖惠。 To stuff a nose and end nosebleed. One hedgehog hide is burned [and the ashes are ground] to powder. Wrap half a qian in silk and stuff it [into the nose]. Sheng hui. 鼻中瘜肉。猬皮炙爲末，綿裹塞之，日三。千金。 Flesh growths in the nose. Roast hedgehog hide and grind it to powder. Wrap this in silk and stuff this [into the nose]; three times per day.1206 Qian jin. 眼睫倒刺。猬刺、棗針、白芷、青黛等分，爲末，隨左右目㗜鼻中，口含 冷水。瑞竹堂方。 Eylashes turned inward and piercing [the eyes]. Equal amounts of hedgehog spikes, Chinese date spikes, angelica dahuricaa [root] and indigo are ground to powder. De1204 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 1205 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 1206 Qian jin fang, ch. 6, bi bing 鼻病, “nose diseases,” writes san ri 三日, “for three days,” instead of ri san 日三, “three times a day.”

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pending on whether the left or red eye is affected, sniff [the powder] into the [left or right] nostril, while holding cold water in the mouth. Rui zhu tang fang. 反胃吐食。猬皮燒灰，酒服。或煮汁，或五味淹炙食。普濟。 Turned over stomach throwing up food. Burn a hedgehog hide to ashes, and ingest them with wine. Or boil [a hide] to obtain a juice. Or eat it saturated with the five spices and roasted. Pu ji. 小兒驚啼。狀如物刺。用猬皮三寸燒末，傅乳頭飲兒。子母秘録。 Children wailing because of fright. As if they were pierced by something. Burn a three cun long piece of hedgehog hide [and grind the ashes] to powder. Apply this to [the mother’s] breast nipples and have the child ingest it while drinking. Zi mu mi lu. 猘犬咬傷。猬皮、頭髮等分燒灰，水服。外臺。 Harm caused by frenzied dog bites. Burn to ashes equal amounts of hedgehog hide and [human] hair from the head, and ingest them with water. Wai tai. 51-50-02 肉。Rou. [Hedgehog] meat. 【氣味】甘，平，無毒。【藏器曰】食之去骨。誤食令人瘦劣，諸節漸小 也。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, balanced, nonpoisonous. [Chen] Cangqi: When eating it, the bones are to be removed. Eating them lets one become emaciated, with all sinews shrinking. 【主治】反胃，炙黄食之。亦煮汁飲。又主瘻。藏器。炙食，肥下焦，理 胃氣，令人能食。孟詵。 Control. For turned over stomach, eat it roasted until it has turned yellow. Also, boil it to obtain a juice to be drunk. In addition, it controls fistula. [Chen] Cangqi. [Consumed] roasted, it fattens the lower burner, boosts the stomach qi, and lets one be able to eat. Meng Shen. 51-50-03 脂。Zhi. [Hedgehog] fat. 【氣味】同肉。【詵曰】可煮五金八石，伏雄黄，柔鐵。

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

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Qi and Flavor. Identical with those of the meat. [Meng] Shen: It is suitable for boiling the five metals1207 and the eight minerals.1208 It subdues [the effects of ] realgar, and softens iron. 【主治】腸風瀉血。日華。溶滴耳中，治聾。藏器。塗秃瘡疥癬，殺蟲。 時珍。 Control. Intestinal winds with outflow of blood. Rihua. Dripped into the ears, it serves to cure deafness. [Chen] Cangqi. Smeared on baldness sores, jie-illness1209 and xuan-illness,1210 it kills worms/bugs. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes. One newly [recorded]. 虎爪傷人。刺猬脂，日日傅之。内服香油。 Humans injured by tiger claws. Apply hedgehog fat to [the affected region]. Day after day. Internally ingest sesame oil. 51-50-04 腦。Nao. [Hedgehog] brain. 【主治】狼瘻。時珍。 Control. Wolf fistula. [Li] Shizhen. 51-50-05 心肝。Xin gan. [Hedgehog] heart and liver. 【主治】蟻瘻蜂瘻，瘰癧惡瘡，燒灰，酒服一錢。時珍。

1207 The five metals are commonly identified as gold, silver, copper, lead and iron, or gold, silver, copper, iron and tin. The term is also used to refer to all metals in general. 1208 The eight kinds of minerals are those used most often by Daoists to prepare longevity elixirs: cinnabar, realgar, orpiment, malachite, muscovite, sulphur, crystal salt, nitrokalite. 1209 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249. 1210 Xuan-illness 癬, skin illness with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591.

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Control. For ant fistula,1211 and bee fistula, as well as malign sores associated with scrofula pervasion-illness,1212 burn them to ashes and ingest, with wine, one qian. [Li] Shizhen. 51-50-06 膽。Dan. [Hedgehog] gallbladder/bile. 【主治】點目，止淚。化水，塗痔瘡。時珍。治鷹食病。寇宗奭。 Control. Dripped into the eyes it stops tears. Dissolved in water it is applied to piles sores. [Li] Shizhen. It serves to cure goshawk food disease.1213 Kou Zongshi.

【附方】新一。 Added recipes. One newly [recorded]. 痘後風眼，發則兩瞼紅爛眵淚。用刺猬膽汁，用簪點入，痒不可當，二三 次即愈。尤勝烏鴉膽也。董炳集驗方。 Wind eyes following smallpox. When this breaks out, the two eyes are red, fester, and emit secretions and tears. Pierce a hedgehog to obtain its bile and insert it with a hairpin [into the diseased eyes]. This will result in unbearable itch. After two or three [applications] a cure is achieved. This is much better than using the bile of crows. Dong Bing, Ji yan fang.

1211 Yi lou 蟻瘻, “ant fistula.” A condition of many small swellings that appear strung together mostly around one’s neck. In sever cases they cover the entire body. BCGM Dict I, 629. 1212 Luo li 瘰癧, “scrofula pervasion-illness,” when two or more connected swellings of the size of plum or date kernels appear either on the neck or in the armpits, or somewhere else on the body. BCGM Dict I. 329. 1213 Unidentifiable disease name.

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獸之四 Four Legged Animals IV 寓類怪類共八種 Residential and Strange [Animals] Group, 8 kinds 51-51 獼猴證類 Mi hou, FE Zheng lei. Macaque. Macaca mulatta Zimmermann. 【釋名】沐猴史記、爲猴説文、胡孫格古論、王孫柳文、馬留倦游録、 狙。【時珍曰】按班固白虎通云：猴，候也。見人設食伏機，則憑高四 望，善于候者也。猴好拭面如沐，故謂之沐，而後人訛沐爲母，又訛母爲 獼，愈訛愈失矣。説文云：爲字象母猴之形。即沐猴也，非牝也。猴形似 胡人，故曰胡孫。莊子謂之狙。養馬者厩中畜之，能辟馬病，胡俗稱馬留 云。梵書謂之摩斯咤。 Explanation of Names. Mu hou 沐猴, Shi ji. Wei hou 爲猴, Shuo wen. Hu sun 胡 孫, Ge gu lun. Wang sun 王, Liu wen. Ma liu 馬留, Juan you lu. Ju 狙. [Li] Shizhen: According to Ban gu’s Bai hu tong, hou 猴, “monkey,” is hou 候, “to wait.” When it sees a human placing food into a trap, it will lean itself on something high and watch around. It is good at waiting. Monkeys love to wipe their face as if they were to wash, mu 沐, it. Hence they are called mu 沐. This was falsely modified by later people to mu 母, “mother.” And mu 母, “mother,” was falsely modified again to mi 獼. The more errors were committed, the more [the original meaning] was lost. The Shuo wen states: “The character was designed to reflect the physical appearance of a ‘mother monkey’, mu hou 母猴, but this should be ‘washing monkey’, mu hou 沐 猴. This is not a female!” The physical appearance of monkeys resembles that of the Hu people. Hence they are called “Hu descendants,” Hu sun 胡孫. Zhuang zi calls them ju 狙, “(an animal) lying in ambush.” Those who breed horses, they raise them in their stables because they keep diseases away from the horses. Hence the Hu call them “horse savers,” ma liu 馬留. Sanskrit texts refer to them as mosizha. 【集解】【慎微曰】獼猴有數種，總名禺屬。取色黄、面赤、尾長者用。 人家養者不主病，爲其食雜物，違本性也。按抱朴子云：猴八百歲變爲 猨，猨五百歲變爲玃，玃千歲變爲蟾蜍。【時珍曰】猴，處處深山有之。 狀似人，眼如愁胡，而頰陷有嗛。嗛音歉，藏食處也。腹無脾以行消食， 尻無毛而尾短。手足如人，亦能竪行。聲嗝嗝若欬。孕五月而生子，生子 多浴于澗。其性躁動害物，畜之者使坐杙上，鞭掊旬月乃馴也。其類有數 種。小而尾短者，猴也；似猴而多髯者，豦也；似猴而大者，玃也；大而

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尾長赤目者，禺也；小而尾長仰鼻者，狖也；似狖而大者，果然也；似狖 而小者，蒙頌也；似狖而善躍越者，獑𪕱也；似猴而長臂者，猨也；似猨 而金尾者，狨也；似猨而大，能食猨、猴者，獨也。不主病者，並各以類 附之。 Collected Explanations. [Tang] Shenwei: There are numerous kinds of macaques. Their general designation is yu 禺 group. For [medicinal] use take those of yellow color with a red face and a long tail. Those raised in human households are not suitable for controlling disease because they have eaten miscellaneous food that has not been in agreement with their original nature. According to the Baopu zi, “monkeys at the age of 800 years change into yuan 猨 apes. When these apes have reached the age of 500 years, they change into jue 玃 apes. When the jue apes have reached the age of 1000 years, they change into a toad.” [Li] Shizhen: Macaques are found everywhere deep in the mountains. Their appearance resembles that of humans; their eyes are like those of worried Hu people, with their cheeks sunken in and serving as pouches. The character 蛕, “pouch,” is read qian 歉; it serves to store food. In their abdomen, they lack a spleen for digestion. Their tail is short and has no fur. Hands and feet are like those of humans, and they, too, can move upright. Their voice sounds like coughing. They are pregnant for five months and then give birth. When a young one is born it is often washed in the streams. By nature they are hectic and harm other creatures. When [the people wish to] tame them, they make them sit on a wooden post and whip them. Within several tens of days or months they become docile. There exist many different kinds of them. Those that are small and have a short tail, they are the hou 猴. Those resembling the hou but have a massive beard, they are the ju 豦. Those that resemble the hou but are bigger, they are the jue 玃. Those that are big and have a short tail and red eyes, they are the yu 禺. Those that are small, have a long tail and a nose directed upward, they are the you 狖. Those that resemble the you but are bigger, they are the guo ran 果然, proboscis monkeys. Those that resemble the you but are smaller, they are the meng song 蒙頌. Those resembling the you and being fond of leaping and jumping, they are the can hu 獑𪕱. Those that resemble the hou but have long arms, they are the yuan 猨. Those that resemble the yuan and have a golden tail, they are the rong 狨. Those that resemble the yuan, but are bigger and eat other yuan and macaques, they are the du 獨. Those that do not control any disease, they are all listed below according to their grouping.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 【附録】 Appendix.

51-51-A01 玃音却。 玃。Jue , read jue 却。 【時珍曰】玃，老猴也。生蜀西徼外山中，似猴而大，色蒼黑，能人行。 善攫持人物，又善顧盼，故謂之玃。純牡無牝，故又名玃父，亦曰猳玃。 善攝人婦女爲偶，生子。又神異經云：西方有獸名𧳜，大如驢，狀如猴， 善緣木。純牝無牡，群居要路，執男子合之而孕。此亦玃類，而牝牡相反 者。 [Li] Shizhen: The jue are old monkeys. They live in the mountains outside of Xi jiao in Shu. They are reminiscent of monkeys, but they are bigger, and they are of grey-black color. They can walk like humans. They love to grab humans, and they are good at looking around, gu pan 顧盼. This is why they are called jue 玃. There are only males, no females. This is why they are also called jue fu, “jue fathers.” They are also called jia jue 猳玃. They love to snatch human female girls to take them as mates and generate children. Also, the Shen yi jing states: “In the West, there are wild animals called zhou 𧳜. They are as big as donkeys, but their appearance is that of monkeys. They are good at climing in the trees. There are only females, no males. They reside in herds at major roads where they snatch [human] males, mate with them and become pregnant.” They too belong to the group of jue 玃, but the [proportion of ] females vs. males is exactly opposite. 51-51-A02 豦音據。 豦。Ju, read ju 據。 Ju. 案郭璞云：建平山中有之。大如狗，狀如猴，黄黑色，多髯鬣。好奮頭、 舉石擲人。西山經云：崇吾之山有獸焉，狀如禺而長臂善投，名曰舉父。 即此也。 According to Guo Pu, “they are found in the mountains of Jian ping. They are as big as dogs, and their appearance is that of monkeys. They are of yellow-black color, and they have massive beards and manes. They love to raise their head, pick up a stone and throw it at a human being.” The Xi shan jing states: “There are wild animals in the Chong wu mountains with an appearance similar to the yu 禺 and long arms. They are good at throwing [things]. They are called ju fu 舉父, ‘ju fathers’.” These are the [ju 豦].

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51-51-01 肉。Rou. [Macaque] meat. 【氣味】酸，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sour, balanced, nonpoisonous. 【主治】諸風勞，釀酒彌佳。作脯食，治久瘧。慎微。食之辟瘴疫。時珍。 Control. For all kinds of wind exhaustion and as an ingredient for brewing wine, it is always good. Eaten as preserved food, it serves to cure chronic malaria. [Tang] Shenwei. Eaten it keeps away miasmatic epidemics. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】異物志言：南方以獼猴頭爲鮓。臨海志言：粤民喜啖 猴頭羹。又巴徼人捕猴，鹽藏，火熏食，云甚美。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The Yi wu zhi says: “The people in the South process macaque heads to preserved food.” The Lin hai zhi says: “The Yue people love to eat a thick soup prepared from macaque heads.” Also, the people in Ba jiao preserve macaque [meat], store it with salt, smoke it over a fire and then eat this. They say it is very delicious. 51-51-02 頭骨。Tou gu. [Macaque] skull bone. 【主治】瘴瘧。作湯，浴小兒驚癇，鬼魅寒熱。慎微。 Control. Miasmatic malaria. Prepared as a decoction, they serve to wash children suffering from fright epilepsy, and alternating sensations of cold and heat associated with demons and goblins. [Tang] Shenwei.

【附方】舊一。 Added recipes. One of old. 鬼瘧，進退不定。用胡孫頭骨一枚，燒研。空心温酒服一錢，臨發再服。 聖惠方。 Demon malaria. Those that commence and end irregularly. One skull of a macaque is burned and ground [to powder]. Ingest, with wine, one qian on an empty stomach. Close to a next outbreak, ingest this again. Sheng hui fang.

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51-51-03 手。Shou. [Macaque] hand. 【主治】小兒驚癇口禁。慎微。 Control. Fright epilepsy with lockjaw of children. [Tang] Shenwei. 51-51-04 屎。Shi. [Macaque] excrements. 【主治】塗蜘蛛咬。慎微。小兒臍風撮口及急驚風，燒末，和生蜜少許灌 之。時珍。出心鑑及衛生方。 Control. Apply them to spider bites. [Tang] Shenwei. For navel wind and pursed mouth of children, as well as acute fright wind, burn them [and grind the ashes] to powder to be force-fed [to the patient] mixed with a small amount of fresh honey. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Xin jian and the Wei sheng fang. 51-51-05 皮。Pi. [Macaque] hide. 【慎微曰】治馬疫氣。【時珍曰】馬經言：馬厩畜母猴，辟馬瘟疫。逐月 有天癸流草上，馬食之。永無疾病。 [Tang] Shenwei: It serves to cure epidemic qi affecting horses. [Li] Shizhen: The Ma jing says: Mother macaques held in horse stables keep away warmth epidemics affecting horses. Month for month, the menstrual blood [of the macaques] flows onto the herbs eaten by the horses. Hence they are never affected by disease. 51-52 狨戎、松二音。拾遺 Rong, read both rong and song. FE Shi yi. The gibbons.1214 Rhinopithecus roxellanae Milne-Edwards. 【釋名】猱難逃切。【時珍曰】狨，毛柔長如絨，可以藉，可以緝，故謂 之狨。而猱字亦從柔也。或云生于西戎，故從戎也。猱古文作夔，象形。 今呼長毛狗爲猱，取此象。 Explanation of Names. Nao 猱, split reading nan 難 and tao 逃. [Li] Shizhen: The gibbons have soft and long hair, like fine floss for embroidery, rong 絨. It can be used for padding and sewing. Hence they are called rong 狨. The character rong 1214 Also identified as “golden snub-nosed monkey.”

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猱 originates from [the character] rou 柔, “soft.” It is also said that they live in Western Rong 戎, and hence [the character 狨 is said] to have originated from [the character] rong 戎. Nao 猱 in ancient texts was written kui 夔 to reflect the physical appearance [of these creatures]. Today, dogs with long hair are called nao 猱, based on their appearance. 【集解】【藏器曰】狨生山南山谷中，似猴而大，毛長，黄赤色。人將其 皮作鞍褥。【時珍曰】楊億談苑云：狨出川峽深山中。其狀大小類猨，長 尾作金色，俗名金線狨。輕捷善緣木，甚愛其尾。人以藥矢射之，中毒即 自齧其尾也。宋時文武三品以上許用狨座，以其皮爲褥也。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: The gibbons live in the mountain valleys of Shan nan. They look like monkeys, but they are bigger, have long hair, and are of yellow-red color. Humans use their hide to make saddles and padded beddings. [Li] Shizhen: Yang Yi in his Tan yuan states: “The gibbons originate from deep in the mountains of Chuan and Shaan. Their appearance and height corresponds to that of yuan. They have a long tail of gold color. Their common name is ‘gold thread gibbons’. They move quickly and are good at climbing on trees, and they love their own tail. Humans shoot poisonous arrows at them. Once they are struck by the poison, they themselves will bite off their tail.” During the Song era, [all officials] of the third rank and higher were allowed to use seats with cushions made from gibbon hide.

【附録】 Appendix. 51-52-A01 猿。Yuan. Yuan. 【時珍曰】猨善援引，故謂之猨，俗作猿。産川、廣深山中。似猴而長 大，其臂甚長，能引氣，故多壽。或言其通臂者，誤矣。臂骨作笛，甚清 亮。其色有青、白、玄、黄、緋數種。其性静而仁慈，好食果實。其居多 在林木，能越數丈，着地即泄瀉死，惟附子汁飲之可免。其行多群，其鳴 善啼，一鳴三聲，凄切入人肝脾。范氏桂海志云：猨有金絲者黄色，玉面 者黑色，及身面俱黑者。或云黄是牡，黑是牝，牝能嘯，牡不能也。王濟 日詢記云：廣人言猨初生毛黑而雄，老則變黄，潰去勢囊，轉雄爲雌，與 黑者交而孕。數百歲，黄又變白也。時珍案：此説與列子貐變化爲猨，莊 子獱狙以猨爲雌之言若相合，必不妄也。

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[Li] Shizhen: The yuan are good at helping each other, yuan yin 援引. Hence they are called yuan 猨. This is commonly written yuan 猿. They come from deep in the mountains of Chuan and Guang. They resemble monkeys, but are taller and bigger. Their arms are very long. They are able to pull in qi, and hence they often live a long life. Some say they have one arm reaching through [their body from one side to the other], but that is wrong. When the bones of their arms are made into a flute, it has a very clear and light [sound]. Their colors may differ: greenish, white, dark, yellow and crimson. By nature they are calm and cooperative. They love to eat fruit. They often live in forest trees and are able to jump several zhang. When they hit the ground, they suffer from outflow and will die. This can be avoided only if they drink aconitum [accessory tuber] juice. They mostly move in herds, and their males love to cry.1215 One cry consists of three tones that are mournful and enter the liver and spleen of humans. Mr. Fan in his Gui hai zhi states: “The golden-thread [yuan]; they are of gold color. The jade-face [yuan]; they are of black color. And there are those with a black body and face. It is also said that those that are yellow are the males, while those that are black are the females. The females can roar; the males cannot.”1216 Wang Ji in his Ri xun ji states: “The people in Guang say that newborn yuan with black hair are males. When they grow old, their color changes to yellow. Their scrotum festers and is lost, and males turn into females. They, in turn, mate with the black ones and become pregnant. After several hundred years, the yellow turns into white.” Comment by [Li] Shizhen: This report agrees with the statement in Lie zi that “the yu 貐 change and transform into yuan 猿,” and the statement in Zhuang zi that “the bin 獱 and the ju 狙 take yuan 猿 as mates.” So, this is certainly nothing absurd. 51-52-A02 獨。Du. Single. 【時珍曰】獨，似猨而大，其性獨，一鳴即止，能食猨猴。故諺曰獨一鳴 而猨散。獨夫蓋取諸此。或云即黄腰也，又見虎下。 [Li] Shizhen: The du 獨 resemble the yuan 猨, but they are bigger. By nature they are single. They cry once and stop. They can eat yuan 猨 and monkeys. Hence a saying goes: “The du cries once and the yuan disperse.” The meaning of the term du fu 1215 Er ya yi ch. 20, yuan 蝯, “ape,” has xiong 雄, “males,” instead of ming 鳴, “to cry.” 1216 Gui hai yu heng zhi, Zhi shou , “Treatise on wild animals,” writes huo yun chun hei zhe xiong jin si zhe ci. You yun xiong neng xiao ci bu neng 或云純黑者雄金絲者雌又云雄能 嘯雌不能也, “It is also said that those that are purely black are males, while those with golden threads are females. It is also said that males can roar, while females cannot.”

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獨夫, (“lit: lone male;” used for: “tyrant hated by the people,”) is based on this. Some say that this is the huang yao 黄腰. 1217 See also the entry on hu 虎, tigers. 51-52-01 肉及血。Rou ji xue. Meat and blood [of gibbons]. 【氣味】缺。 Qi and Flavor. Missing. 【主治】食之，調五痔病，久坐其皮亦良。藏器。 Control. Eaten, they harmonize the five piles diseases. If one sits on their hide for a long time, this is good, too. [Chen] Cangqi. 51-52-02 脂。Zhi. Fat [of gibbons]. 【主治】瘡疥，塗之妙。同上。 Control. Sores in general and jie-illness1218 sores in particular. To be applied to them. Wondrous. [Source] identical with the one above. 51-53 果然拾遺 Guo ran, FE Shi yi. The Proboscis Monkey. Semnopithecus larvatus. 【釋名】禺音遇、狖音又，或作貁、𪕏、蜼狖、壘二音，或作𤢹、仙猴。 【時珍曰】郭璞云：果然，自呼其名。羅願云：人捕其一，則舉群啼而相 赴，雖殺之不去也。謂之果然，以來之可必也。大者爲然，爲禺；小者爲 狖，爲蜼。南人名仙猴，俗作猓𤡮。 Explanation of Names. Yu 禺, read yu 遇. You 狖, read you 又. Sometimes written you 貁 or you 𪕏. Wei 蜼, read both you 狖 and lei 壘, sometimes written lei 𤢹. Xian hou 仙猴, “hermit/immortal monkey.” [Li] Shizhen: Guo Pu states: “The guo ran call themselves by this name.” Luo Yuan states: “When humans catch one of them, this causes the entire herd to cry and launch an attack. And even when some of them are killed, they do not retreat. They are called guo ran 果然, ‘inevitables’, because the arrival [of others from the herd if one of them is in danger] is a certainty. 1217 For huang yao 黄腰, see 51-02-A04. 1218 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

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Big ones are the ran 然, or yu 禺. Small ones are the you 狖, or you/lei 蜼.” The people in the South call them xian hou 仙猴, “hermit/immortal monkey.” A common writing is guo ran 猓𤡮. 【集解】【藏器曰】案南州異物志云：交州有果然獸，其名自呼。狀大于 猨，其體不過三尺，而尾長過頭。鼻孔向天，雨則挂木上，以尾塞鼻孔。 其毛長柔細滑，白質黑文，如蒼鴨脇邊斑毛之狀，集之爲裘褥，甚温暖。 爾雅：蜼，仰鼻而長尾，即此也。【時珍曰】果然，仁獸也。出西南諸山 中。居樹上，狀如猨，白面黑頰，多髯而毛采斑斕，尾長于身，其末有 岐，雨則以岐塞鼻也。喜群行，老者前，少者後。食相讓，居相愛，生相 聚，死相赴。柳子所謂仁讓孝慈者是也。古者畫蜼爲宗彝，亦取其孝讓而 有智也。或言猶豫之猶，即狖也。其性多疑，見人則登樹，上下不一，甚 至奔觸，破頭折脛。故人以比心疑不决者，而俗呼騃愚爲癡𤢹也。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: According to the Nan zhou yi wu zhi, “in Jiao zhou there are guo ran animals calling themselves by that name. They are larger than monkeys. Their body does not reach higher than three chi, and their tail is long and reaches above their head. Their nostrils are directed upward toward the sky. When it rains they climb on trees and use their tail to close their nostrils. Their fur is long, soft, fine and smooth. It is of white color with a black décor, resembling the appearance of the striped feathers at the flanks of grey ducks. They are collected to prepare coats and beddings of exceptional warmth. The you/lei 蜼 described in the Er ya as ‘having a nose directed upward and a long tail’, they are these [guo ran].” [Li] Shizhen: The guo ran are animals showing solidarity. They come from all the mountains in the South-West. They live on trees, and their appearance is that of monkeys. They have a white face and black cheek. They have extensive beards and their fur is multicolored. Their tail is longer than their body, and it is forked at its end. When it rains, these two tips are used to close their nostrils. They love to move in herds. The old ones move in front; the younger ones are behind. They let each other eat first and where they live they love each other. When they give birth, they support each other, and when they die, they launch an attack for each other. When Liu zi said that they show solidarity, filial piety, and compassion, he was right. In ancient times, the you/lei was used to decorate ancestral wine vessels, and this was to reflect their filial piety, their yielding to others, and their wisdom. Some say that the [characters] you 猶 in you yu 猶豫, “to hesitate,” is [the character] you 狖 [of guo ran]. By nature, they are very suspicious. When they see a human, they climb on trees. They move up and down to occupy different locations. They may run in great hurry, bump against something and either break their head or fracture a shin. This is why the people designate others that are foolish as “stupid lei 𤢹.”

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【附録】 Appendix. 51-53-A01 蒙頌。Meng song. Meng song. 【時珍曰】蒙頌一名蒙貴，乃蜼之又小者也。紫黑色，出交趾，畜以捕 鼠，勝于貓、貍。 [Li] Shizhen: Meng song are also called meng gui. They are even smaller than the you/lei. They are of purple-black color, and they originate from Jiao zhi. They are raised [by the people] to catch rats/mice. They are better than cats and leopard-cats. 51-53-A02 獑猢。Can hu , read can hu. 慚胡。 Can hu. 許氏説文作斬𪕮，乃蝯蜼之屬。黑身，白腰如帶，手有長毛，白色，似握 版之狀。蜀地志云：獑猢似猴而甚捷，在樹上歘然騰躍，如飛鳥也。 Xu Shen in his Shuo wen writes [their name] as can hu 斬𪕮. They are of the same group as the yuan 蝯 and the you/lei 蜼. They have a black body, and their waist is white, as if there were a belt. Their hands are covered by long hair of white color. It looks as if they held a wooden board. The Shu di zhi states: “The can hu resemble monkeys, but they are very agile. When they are up in trees they suddenly jump and leap as if they were birds that fly.” 51-53-01 肉。Rou. [Proboscis monkey] meat. 【氣味】鹹，平，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, and nonpoisonous. 【主治】瘧瘴寒熱，同五味煮臛食之，併坐其皮，取效。藏器。 Control. For alternating sensations of cold and heat associated with miasmatic malaria, boil it with the five spices to prepare a broth and eat this. At the same time, sit on [a guo ran’s] hide. This will be effective. [Chen] Cangqi. 【發明】【時珍曰】案鍾毓果然賦云：似猴象猿，黑頰青身。肉非佳品， 惟皮可珍。而吕氏春秋云：肉之美者，玃、猱之炙。亦性各有不同耶？

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Explication. [Li] Shizhen: According to Zhong Yu’s Guo ran fu, “they resemble monkeys and are similar to yuan, with black cheeks and a greenish body. Their meat is not of good quality, only their hide is of value.” But the Lü shi chun qiu states: “Roasted meat of the jue and nao is delicious.” Is this not another example of how different things are by nature? 51-54 猩猩本作狌，音生 綱目 Sheng sheng, originally written 狌, read sheng. FE Gang mu. Orangutan. Pongo pygmaeus L. 【釋名】【時珍曰】猩猩能言而知來，猶惺惺也。 Explanation of Names. [Li[ Shizhen: The orangutans can speak, and they know what lies ahead, as if they were xing xing 惺惺, “intelligent.” 【集解】【時珍曰】猩猩，自爾雅、逸周書以下數十説，今參集之云。出 哀牢夷及交趾 封溪縣山谷中。狀如狗及獼猴，黄毛如猨，白耳如豕，人 面人足，長髮，頭顔端正，聲如兒啼，亦如犬吠，成群伏行。阮汧云：封 溪俚人以酒及草屐置道側，猩猩見即呼人祖先姓名，駡之而去。頃復相 與嘗酒着屐，因而被擒，檻而養之。將烹，則推其肥者，泣而遣之。西胡 取其血染毛罽不黯，刺血必箠而問其數，至一斗乃已。又按禮記亦云猩猩 能言，而郭義恭廣志云猩猩不能言，山海經云猩猩能知人言，三説不同。 大抵猩猩略似人形，如猨猴類耳。縱使能言，當若鸚䳇之屬，亦未必盡如 阮氏所説也。又羅願爾雅翼云：古之説猩猩者，如豕、如狗、如猴。今之 説猩猩者，與狒狒不相遠。云如婦人被髮袒足，無膝群行，遇人則手掩其 形，謂之野人。據羅説則似乎後世所謂野女、野婆者也。豈即一物耶？ [Li] Shizhen: Beginning with the Er ya and the Yi Zhou shu, the orangutan has been mentioned several tens of times. Here now a summary: They come from the mountain valleys in Ai lao yi and Feng xi xian in Jiao zhi. Their appearance is that of dogs and macaques. They have a yellow fur like the yuan, and white ears of a pig. They have a human face and human feet, long hair and a proper facial expression. Their cries sound like those of children, or the barking of dogs. They form herds and move bend over. Ruan Qian states: “The local people in Feng xi place wine and straw sandals on the roadside. When the orangutans see this, they call out the names of the ancestors of these people, curse them and leave. A little later they return, taste the wine and try the sandals. [This allows the people] to catch and raise them. When one of them is to be [killed to be] cooked, they push the fattest among them forward. [The others] weep when they send [the one to be killed]. The Western Hu use their blood to dye woolen fabrics. The color will not fade. While

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[the orangutan] is pierced to let the blood, it is beaten and asked to give the number [of hits]. This ends when one dou has been let.” Also, according to the Li ji, “orangutans are able to speak.” But Guo Yigong in his Guang zhi states: “Orangutans are not able to speak.” The Shan hai jing states: “Orangutans recognize the language of humans.” These three statements are all different. Generally speaking, orangutans have a physical appearance reminiscent of humans. They are of the same group as the yuan apes. Even though they can speak, this is of the same type as [the speaking of ] parrots. So, this is not exactly identical with Mr. Ruan’s statement. Also, Luo Yuan in his Er ya yi states: “In ancient records it was said that orangutans resemble pigs, or dogs, or monkeys. Today, they are described as not too unlike the fei fei. (5155) It is said that they resemble naked women with their hair let down and bare feet. They have no knees and they move in herds. When they encounter humans, they use their hands to cover their body. They are said to be ‘wild people’.” According to Luo [Yuan’s] description, they are what were called by later generations “wild girls,” or “wild women.” How could these be the same creatures?

【附録】 Appendix 51-54-A01 野女。Ye nü. Wild girls. 唐蒙博物志云：日南有野女，群行覓夫。其狀白色，徧體無衣襦。周密齊 東野語云：野婆出南丹州，黄髮椎髻，裸形跣足，儼然若一媪也。群雌無 牡。上下山谷如飛猱。自腰已下有皮蓋膝，每遇男子必負去求合。嘗爲健 夫所殺，死以手護腰間。剖之得印方寸，瑩若蒼玉，有文類符篆也。【時 珍曰】合此二説與前阮氏、羅氏之説觀之，則野女似即猩猩矣。又雄鼠卵 有文如符篆，治鳥腋下有鏡印，則野婆之印篆非異也。亦當有功用，但人 未知耳。 Tang Meng in his Bo wu zhi states: “In Ri nan are wild girls. They move in groups hunting for males.1219 They have a white appearance, and their entire body is naked, without garments.” Zhou Mi in his Qi dong ye yu states: “The wild women originate from Nan dan zhou. They have coiled, yellow hair. They are naked and barefooted. They seem dignified like old women. They form groups of females, and there are 1219 Instead of mi fu 覓夫, to “hunt for males,” the Dan qian zong lu quotes this as bu xian fu 不見夫, “males do not appear.” It may be that the character mi 覓 is a compound combining the characters bu 不 and jian/xian 見.

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no males. They move up and down the mountains like the flying nao.1220 From their waist a hide reaches downward and covers their knees. Whenever they encounter a male, they will carry him off and request to mate with him. Once a strong man killed one of them. Up to its death, it protected the area of her waist with its hands. When it was dissected, a seal of one square cun size was found. It was of jade-like stone, resembling green jade, and had characters resembling seal script written on it.” [Li] Shizhen: With respect to these two statements and the earlier quotes from Mr. Ruan and Mr. Luo, these “wild girls” are reminiscent of orangutans. Also, the testes of male rats/mice have a design like seal script on them, and there is a mirror-like seal under the armpits of the zhi niao.1221 That is, the seal with seal script from within the “wild woman” is not at all extraordinary. It must have some function, but nobody knows it. 51-54-01 肉。Rou. [Orangutan] meat. 【氣味】甘、鹹，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】食之不昧不飢，令人善走，窮年無厭，可以辟穀。時珍。出逸 書、山海經、水經。 Control. To eat this will prevent one from becoming demented and hungry. It helps people to walk. They will not feel tired for years on end and can get along without [eating] cereals. [Li] Shizhen, quoted from the Yi shu, the Shan hai jing, and the Shui jing. 【發明】【時珍曰】逸書言：猩猩肉食之，令人不昧。其猩猩可知矣。古 人以爲珍味。故荀子言：猩猩能言笑，二足無毛，而人啜其羹，食其肉。 吕氏春秋云：肉之美者，猩猩之唇，獾獾之炙，是矣。 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The Yi shu states that when humans eat the meat of orangutans they will not become demented. From this one can know the orangutan’s [intelligence].1222 The ancients highly valued their flavor. Hence Xun zi said: “Orangutans are able to speak and laugh. They have two feet without hair. The people drink thick soups prepared from them, and they eat their meat.” The Lü shi 1220 The nao 猱 are fabulous monkeys mentioned in ancient literature. 1221 For zhi niao 治鳥, see 49-29. 1222 The Zhang edition writes xing xing 惺惺, “intelligence,” instead of xing xing 猩猩, “orangutan.”

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chun qiu states: “Among meat that is delicious are the lips of orangutans and roasted [meat] of badgers.” That is correct. 51-55 狒狒音費。拾遺 Fei fei, read fei. FE Shi yi. Fei fei.1223 【釋名】𥝋𥝋與狒同，亦作𥝃、梟羊山海經、野人方輿志、人熊。【時珍 曰】爾雅作狒，説文作𥝋，從 臼 臼，從囟，從禸，象形。許慎云：北人呼爲土 螻。今人呼爲人熊。按郭璞謂山都即狒狒，稍似差别，抑名同物異與？ Explanation of Names. Fei fei 𥝋𥝋, identical with fei 狒, also written fei 𥝃, xiao yang 梟羊, “fierce goats/sheep;” Shan hai jing. Ye ren 野人, “wild humans,” Fang yu zhi. Ren xiong 人熊, “human bear.” Li Shizhen: The Er ya writes fei 狒. The Shuo wen writes fei 𥝋, built from the [characters] 臼 臼，“skeleton,” 囟, “skull,” and 禸, “rump,” to reflect the physical appearance [of the animal]. Xu Shen states: The people in the North call them tu lou 土螻. Today, the people call them ren xiong 人熊. Guo Pu states that the shan du 山都 are the fei fei 狒狒. They are somewhat different, perhaps these are creatures that are not identical but have the same name? 【集解】【藏器曰】狒狒出西南夷。爾雅云：狒狒，如人被髮，迅走食 人。山海經云：梟羊人面，長唇黑身，有毛反踵，見人則笑，笑則上唇掩 目。郭璞云：交、廣及南康郡山中亦有此物。大者長丈餘，俗呼爲山都。 宋 孝建中，獠人進雌雄二頭。帝問土人丁鑾。鑾曰：其面似人，紅赤色， 毛似獼猴，有尾。能人言，如鳥聲。善知生死，力負千鈞。反踵無膝，睡 則倚物。獲人則先笑而後食之。獵人因以竹筒貫臂誘之，俟其笑時，抽手 以錐釘其唇着額，候死而取之。髮極長，可爲頭髲。血堪染靴及緋，飲之 使人見鬼也。帝乃命工圖之。【時珍曰】按方輿志云：狒狒，西蜀及處州 山中亦有之，呼爲人熊。人亦食其掌，剥其皮。閩中 沙縣 幼山有之，長丈 餘，逢人則笑，呼爲山大人，或曰野人及山魈也。又鄧德明南康記云：山 都，形如崑崙人，通身生毛。見人輒閉目，開口如笑。好在深澗中翻石覓 蟹食之。珍按：鄧氏所説，與北山經之山𤟤、述異記之山都、永嘉記之山 鬼、神異經之山𤢖、玄中記之山精、海録碎事之山丈、文字指歸之旱魃、 搜神記之治鳥，俱相類，乃山怪也。今並附之。以備考證。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: Fei fei originate from the land of the Yi in the South-West. The Er ya states: “Fei fei are like humans covered with hair. They run fast and eat humans.” Shan hai jing: “The xiao yang have a human face, long 1223 Variously identified as baboon or golden snub-nose monkey. However, the descriptions offered here do not suggest such a specific identification.

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lips and a black body. They have hair and their heels are inverted. When they see humans, they laugh. When they laugh, their upper lip covers their eyes.” Guo Pu states: “In Jiao and Guang and in the mountains of Nan kan jun such creatures may be found, too. Big ones may be more than one zhang tall. They are commonly called shan du 山都.” During the xiao jian reign period (454 – 456) of the Song dynasty, the Liao people submitted a pair of one male and one female. The emperor asked a local named Ding Luan [about the animal]. Luan responded: “Their face resembles that of humans. They are of red-crimson color. Their hair/fur resembles that of macaques, and they have a tail. They are able to speak like humans, but they sound like birds. They know of survival and death, and they are strong enough to carry 1000 jun. Their heels are inverted, and they have no knees. When they sleep, they lean on something. When they catch a human, they laugh at first, and then they eat him. This is why hunters [proceed as follows]. They insert one arm into a bamboo tube to attract [a fei fei. The fei fei will grab the bamboo tube, believing it caught a human]. Once [the hunters] see it laughing, they withdraw their hand [from within the bamboo tube] and nail the [animal’s] upper lip to its fronthead. Then they wait until it has died and take it away. Their hair is very long and can be used to make wigs. Their blood can be used to dye boots and silk fabrics. When humans drink it, they will see demons.” The emperor then ordered an artist to prepare a drawing of the [animal]. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Fang yu zhi, “fei fei are also found in the mountains of Xi shu and Chu zhou. There they are called ‘human bears’. The people eat their paws, and peel off their skin. They exist in the You mountains of Sha xian in Min where they are more than a zhang tall. When they encounter humans, they laugh. There they are called ‘big mountain people’ or ‘wild people’, and ‘mountain elfs’.” The Nan kang ji by Deng Deming states: “The nan du resemble in their physical appearance the people from Kun lun, with hair growing on their entire body. When they see a human, they usually close their eyes, and they open their mouth as if they were laughing. They are good at turning over stones in deep rivers to look for crabs for food.” Comment by [Li Shi]zhen: The [creatures] described above by Mr. Deng [Deming] are all of the same group as the following: The shan hui 山𤟤 recorded in the Bei shan jing, the shan du 山都 recorded in the Shu yi ji, the shan gui 山鬼 recorded in the Yong jia ji, the shan sao 山𤢖 recorded in the Shen yi jing, the shan jing 山精 recorded in the Xuan zhong ji, the shan zhang 山丈 recorded in the Hai lu sui shi, the han ba 旱魃 recorded in the Wen zi zhi gui, and the zhi niao 治鳥 recorded in the Sou shen ji. They are mountain monsters. They are listed here as an appendix for further study and verification.

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【附録】 Appendix 51-55-A01 山都。Shan du. Shan du. 【時珍曰】任昉述異記云：南康有神曰山都。形如人，長二丈餘，黑色， 赤目黄髮。深山樹中作窠，狀如鳥卵，高三尺餘，内甚光采，體質輕虚， 以鳥毛爲褥，二枚相連，上雄下雌。能變化隱形，罕睹其狀，若木客、山 𤢖 之類也。 [Li] Shizhen: Ren Fang in his Shu yi ji states: “In Nan kang are spirits called shan du 山都. Their physical appearance resembles that of humans. They are more than two zhang1224 tall. They are of black color, and they have red eyes and yellow hair. Deep in the mountains they build their nests on trees shaped like bird eggs. They are more then three chi high, and inside they are quite lustrous. Their structure is light and hollow. They use bird feathers to prepare their mattresses, and they construct two linked together. One for the males on top, and one for the females below. They are able to change into invisibility and they are rarely seen.” They are of the group of mu ke 木客 and shan sao 山𤢖. 51-55-A02 山𤟤。Shan hui. Shan hui. 【時珍曰】北山經云：山𤟤狀如犬而人面，善投，見人則笑，其行如風， 見則天下大風。 [Li] Shizhen: The Bei shan jing states: “The appearance of the shan hui 山𤟤 resembles that of dogs with a human face. They are good at throwing [things]. When they see a human, they will laugh. They move like wind. When they appear, the entire country will be struck by strong wind.1225”

1224 Yu lan ch. 884, Gui xia 鬼下,“On demons, final,”quoting Shu yi ji writes chi 尺 instead of zhang 丈. 1225 Da feng 大風, “strong wind,” may also refer to the disease “massive wind,” including leprosy.

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51-55-A03 木客。Mu ke. Wooden visitor. 【又曰】幽明録云：生南方山中。頭面語言不全異人，但手脚爪如鉤利。 居絶岩間，死亦殯殮。能與人交易，而不見其形也。今南方有鬼市，亦類 此。又有木客鳥，見禽部。 Furthermore: The You ming lu1226 states: “They live in the mountains in the South. Their head, their face and their language are not totally different from those of humans. But they have sharp claws like hooks on their hands and legs. They live in steep cliffs, and they bury their dead in coffins like [humans]. They can have transactions with humans, but remain invisible.” Today in the South are demon marketplaces where such [encounters] occur. There are also birds called mu ke. See the section on birds/fowl. 51-55-A04 山𤢖。Shan sao. Shan sao. 【又曰】東方朔神異經云：西方深山有人，長丈餘，袒身，捕蝦、蟹，就 人火炙食之。名曰山𤢖，其名自呼。人犯之則發寒熱。蓋鬼魅耳，所在亦 有之。惟畏爆竹煏煿聲。劉義慶幽明録云：東昌縣山岩間有物如人，長四 五尺，裸身被髮，髮長五六寸，能作呼嘯聲，不見其形。每從澗中發石取 蝦、蟹，就火炙食。永嘉記云：安國縣有山鬼，形如人而一脚，僅長一尺 許。好盗伐木人鹽，炙石蟹食。人不敢犯之，能令人病及焚居也。玄中記 云：山精如人，一足，長三四尺。食山蟹，夜出晝伏。千歲蟾蜍能食之。 抱朴子云：山精形如小兒，獨足向後。夜喜犯人，其名曰蚑，呼其名則不 能犯人。白澤圖云：山之精，狀如鼓，色赤，一足，名曰夔，亦曰揮文， 呼之可使取虎豹。海録碎事云：嶺南有物，一足反踵，手足皆三指。雄曰 山丈，雌曰山姑，能夜叩人門求物也。神異記云：南方有魃，一名旱母， 長二三尺，裸形，目在頂上，行走如風。見則大旱，遇者得之，投溷中則 旱除。文字指歸云：旱魃，山鬼也。所居之處天不雨。女魃入人家，能竊 物以出；男魃入人家，能竊物以歸。時珍謹按：諸説雖少有參差，大抵俱 是怪類，今俗所謂獨脚鬼者是也。邇來處處有之。能隱形入人家淫亂，致 人成疾，放火竊物，大爲家害。法術不能驅，醫藥不能治，呼爲五通七郎 諸神而祀之，蓋未知其原如此。故備載之，非但博聞而已。其曰呼其名則 無害，千歲蟾蜍能食之者，非治法歟？引申觸類，必有能制之者。又有治 鳥，亦此類，見禽部。精怪之屬甚夥，皆爲人害。惟白澤圖、玄中記、抱 1226 Instead of You ming lu, the Yu lan, ch. 884, gui 鬼, “demons,” attributes the following statement to Nan kang ji .

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朴子、酉陽雜俎諸書載之頗悉，起居者亦不可不知。然正人君子，則德可 勝妖，自不敢近也。 Furthermore: Dongfang Shuo in his Shen yi jing states: “In the West, deep in the mountains are humans more than a zhang1227 tall and naked. They catch shrimp and crabs and go to the fire of humans to roast and eat them. They are called shan sao 山𤢖. They call themselves by this name. When humans offend them, they will experience alternating sensations of cold and heat. Now, these are demons and goblins that are present wherever [humans] live. They only fear the exploding sounds of firecrackers.” Liu Yiming in his You ming lu states: “In the mountain cliffs of Dong chang xian are creatures resembling humans. They are four to five chi tall and naked, and their hair, which is five to six cun long, is loose. They can scream, but their physical appearance remains invisible. When they have gathered shrimp and crabs from underneath the stones in the mountain streams, they approach a fire to roast and eat them.” The Yong jia ji states: “In An guo xian, there are mountain demons with the physical appearance of humans, but they have only one leg, and they are just over one chi tall. They are good at stealing salt from woodcutters and they eat it together with roasted stone crabs. Humans do not dare to offend them because they can make humans feel sick and burn down their houses.” The Xuan zhong ji states: “The shan jing 山精 resemble humans. They have one foot, and they are three to four chi tall. They eat mountain crabs. They come out at night, and they hide during the day. A 1000 year old toad can eat them.” The Baopu zi states: “The shan jing 山精 have a physical appearance like children. They have only one leg, facing backward, and they love to offend humans during the night. They are called qi 蚑. If one calls their name, they will be unable to offend him.” The Bai zi tu states: “There are mountain spirits shaped like a drum. They are red, have one leg, and are called gui 夔. Another name is hui wen 揮文. When they are called, they can be made to catch tigers and leopards”. The Hai lu sui shi states: “In Ling nan, there are creatures with one leg inverted backward. Their hands and their foot have three fingers. The males are called shan zhang 山丈, ‘mountain elders’. Their females are called shan gu 山姑, ‘mountain aunts’. It may be that during the night they knock at the doors of humans to request something.” The Shen yi ji1228 states: “In the South, there are the ba 魃, ‘drought demons’. They are also called han mu 旱母, ‘mothers of drought’. They are two to three chi tall and naked. Their eyes are on the top of their head, and they move like wind. When they are seen, this indicates that there will be a massive drought. When those who encounter them grab them and throw them into a latrine, the drought will be averted.” The Wen zi zhi gui states: “The ‘drought 1227 Yu lan, ch. 883, gui 鬼, quoting Shen yi jing writes chang chi yu 長尺餘, “more than one chi long,” instead of chang zhang yu 長丈餘, “more than one zhang long.” 1228 Yu lan, ch. 883, gui 鬼, quoting Shen yi jing writes Shen yi jing 神異經 instead of Shen yi ji 神異記.

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demons’ are mountain demons. Where they stay, there will be no rain. Female ba 魃 enter human houses and secretly remove objects. Male ba 魃 enter human houses and secretly return these objects.” [Li] Shizhen comments on this carefully: All these reports may sound somewhat irregular; generally speaking they all belong to the group of strange creatures. They are what are nowadays called “single leg demons.” For some time now, they are everywhere. With their physical appearance invisible, they enter human homes to perform licentious acts, and they are able to let humans suffer from disease. They set fire and steal things, thereby creating massive damage to [human] homes. Even those who apply [magic] means and techniques are unable to drive them out; and physicians are unable to cure [their victims]. Hence [the people] call on all the Five Experts and Seven Officials spirits1229 [for assistance] and offer sacrifices. But nobody really knows what they are all about. Hence this information was provided here. It should not be that one only hears much talking [about these creatures] and that is it. When it is said that by calling their name one can prevent being harmed, and that a 1000 year old toad can eat them, are not these methods to deal with them? When such examples of confronting them are quoted, there must be ways to control them. There are also zhi niao 治鳥.1230 They, too, belong to this group. See the section on birds/fowl. There are many such spirit monsters, and they all cause harm to humans. Only the Bai ze tu, the Xuan zhong ji, the Baopu zi and the You yang za ju have recorded them in some detail. In daily life it is essential to be aware of them. Still, upright humans and gentlemen will overcome these evil spirits with their virtue. They do not dare to approach [such persons]. 51-55-01 肉。Rou. [Fei fei] meat. 【氣味】無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Nonpoisonous. 【主治】作脯，連脂薄割炙熱，貼人癬疥，能引蟲出，頻易取瘥。藏器。 Control. To be prepared as preserved food: Cut it with its fat into thin slices, roast them and apply them as long as they are hot to [regions affected by] xuan-illness1231

1229 Wu tong 五通 and qi lang 七郎, legendary evil spirits resorted to in times of neeed in the Jiang nan regions, especially during the Tang – Song period. 1230 For zhi niao 治鳥, see 47-29. 1231 Xuan-illness 癬, skin illness with itching, release of liquid and shedding of scabs. BCGM Dict I, 591.

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and jie-illness. 1232 There they are able to pull out worms/bugs. Change [the meat] frequently until a cure is achieved. [Chen] Cangqi. 51-56 罔兩綱目 Wang liang, FE Gang mu. Wang liang. 【集解】【時珍曰】罔兩，一作魍魎，又作方良。周禮方相氏執戈入壙， 以驅方良是矣。罔兩好食亡者肝，故驅之。其性畏虎、柏，故墓上樹石 虎，植柏。國語云木石之怪，夔、罔兩；水石之怪，龍、罔象，即此。述 異記云：秦時陳倉人獵得獸，若彘若羊。逢二童子曰：此名弗述，又名 蝹，在地上食死人腦。但以柏插其首則死。此即罔兩也。雖于藥石無與， 而于死人有關，故録之。其方相有四目，若二目者爲魌，皆鬼物也，古人 設人像之。昔費長房識李娥藥丸用方相腦，則其物亦入辟邪方藥，而法失 傳矣。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: Wang liang 罔兩 is also written wang liang 魍魎, and fang liang 方良. The “Gentleman Who Sees Four Directions,“ mentioned in the Zhou li, “who held a dagger-ax in his hands when he entered a tomb to drive out the fang liang,” he dealt with exactly these [creatures]. The wang liang love to eat the livers of the dead. Hence they are driven out [from the tombs]. By their nature, they fear tigers and platycladus [trees]. Hence one erects on tombs stone tigers and plants cypresses. The Guo yu states: Kui and wang liang 罔兩 are wood and stone monsters; dragons and wang xiang 罔象 are monsters of water and stones. The Shu yi ji states: During Qin times, in Chen cang a hunter caught an animal that resembled both a pig and a goat/sheep. He then met two boys who told him: “The name [of this animal] is fo shu 弗述, and it is also called yun 蝹. It eats the brain of dead people below the ground. One needs to stick a cypress wood into its head to kill it.” This was a wang liang 罔兩. It is of no interest as a pharmaceutical substance, but it is of relevance to the dead. Hence this is recorded here. These fang xiang 方相 have four eyes. Those with two eyes, they are the qi 魌. They all alike are demonic creatures. In ancient times, the people designed human effigies to portray them. Formerly, Fei Zhangfang got to know from Li E medicinal pills with fang xiang 方相 brain as an ingredient. So, this creature has been added as a pharmaceutical substance to exorcistic recipes. But this tradition has been lost in the meantime.

1232 Jie-illness 疥, vaguely identifiable skin ailment. BCGM Dict I, 249.

930

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 51-57 彭侯綱目 Peng hou, FE Gang mu.

Peng hou. 【集解】【時珍曰】按白澤圖云：木之精名曰彭侯，狀如黑狗，無尾，可 烹食。千歲之木有精曰賈朏，狀如豚，食之味如狗。搜神記云：吴時敬叔 伐大樟樹血出，中有物，人面狗身。敬叔云：此名彭侯。乃烹而食之，味 如狗也。 Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Bai ze tu, “the essence [spirits] of wood are called peng hou 彭侯. Their appearance is similar to that of black dogs, but they have no tail. They can be cooked to be eaten. The essence [spirits] of trees that are 1000 years old are called jia fei 賈朏. Their appearance is similar to that of pigs. But when eaten, their flavor is that of dogs.” The Sou shen ji states: “When during Wu times Jing Shu fell a big camphor tree, it lost blood. Inside was a creature with a human face and the body of a dog. Jing Shu stated: ‘It is named peng hou.’ He then boiled and ate it. It tasted like dog [meat].” 51-57-01 肉。Rou. [Peng hou] meat. 【氣味】甘、酸，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, sour, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】食之辟邪，令人志壯。白澤圖。 Control. When eaten it keeps away evil [qi], and strengthens one’s mind. Bai ze tu. 51-58 封綱目 Feng, FE Gang mu. Feng. 【集解】【時珍曰】按江鄰幾雜志云：徐稹於廬州河次得一小兒，手無指 無血，懼而埋之。此白澤圖所謂封，食之多力者也。田汝成西湖志云：董 表儀撤屋掘土，得一肉塊。術士云：太歲也。棄之亦無害。又山海經：務 隅之山及開明南、北，東南海外並有視肉。郭璞註云：聚肉形如牛肝，有 兩目。食之無盡，尋復生如舊也。此皆封類可食者，但人不知耳。又海中 一種土肉，正黑，長五寸，大如小兒臂，有腹無口目，有三十足，可炙 食。此又蟲、魚之屬，類乎封者也。

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Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: According to the Jiang Linji za zhi, “Xu Zhen once found a child at a riverside in Lu zhou. Its hands had neither fingers nor blood. He was scared and buried it. This was a feng 封 as recorded in the Bai ze tu. When they are eaten, they provide one with much strength.” Tian Rucheng in his Xi hu zhi states: “When Dong Biaoyi tore down his house and dug up the ground, he found a lump of meat. A master in the [magic] arts stated: This is a tai sui 太 歲. It may be discarded since it is harmless.” Also, according to the Shan hai jing, “such [lumps of ] meat had been sighted in the mountains of Wu yu, in the regions south and north of Kai ming, as well as beyond the seas in the South-East.” In a comment, Guo Pu states: “These are lumps of meat shaped like ox liver. They have two eyes. When they are not eaten up entirely, [remnants] may later be found to have come back to life as before.” That is, these feng 封 can all be eaten, but this is no longer known now. Also, in the seas there are the tu rou 土肉, “soil and flesh.” They are completely black, with a length of five cun, and as big as the arm of a child. They have an abdomen, but lack mouth and eyes. They have 30 feet and can be roasted to be eaten. They belong to the group of worms/bugs and fish, and they are similar to the feng 封.

本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 人部目録 Section Human [Substances], Contents 第五十一卷 Chapter 52 李時珍曰︰神農本草，人物惟髮髲一種，所以別人於物也。後世方伎之 士，至於骨、肉、肌、血，咸稱為藥，甚哉不仁也。今於此部凡經人用 者，皆不可遺。惟無害於義者，則詳述之。其慘忍邪穢者則略之，仍辟斷 於各條之下。通計三十七種，不復分類. Li Shizhen: The Shen nong ben cao includes only hair as one item from [the realm] of human substances. The reason is, humans are different from [all other] substances. In later times, the experts of the recipe arts extended their understanding of pharmaceutical substances to include [human] bones, flesh, muscles, and blood. That was extremely inhumane. In the present section, not one of all those [parts of the human body] that are in use by humans is to be omitted. But only those that are not harmful to righteousness will be discussed in detail. Those that show cruelty and are evil and filthy will be left out [from a detailed description]. However, they are briefly mentioned at the end of the respective entries. In all, these are 37 items. They are not subdivided any further. 舊本二十五種。今移五種入服器部，自玉石部移入一種。 The former [materia medica] texts listed 25 items [of human drugs]. Here now, five items are moved to the section on “garments and utensils.” One item has been moved here from the section on “jade and minerals.” [The items recorded below are adopted from the following sources:] Shen nong ben cao jing 神農本草經: 1 item, annotated by Tao Hongjing 陶弘景 during Liang 梁. Ming yi bie lu 名醫别録: 5 items, annotated by Tao Hongjing 陶弘景 during Liang 梁.

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Tang ben cao 唐本草: 2 items, by Su Gong 蘇恭 during Tang 唐. Ben cao shi yi 本草拾遺: 8 items, by Chen Cangqi 陳藏器, during Tang 唐. Rihua ben cao 日華本草: 2 items, by Da Ming 大明, a Song person 宋人. Kai bao ben cao 開寶本草: 1 item, by Ma Zhi, during Song 宋. Jia you ben cao 嘉祐本草: 4 items, by Zhang Yuxi 掌禹錫, during Song 宋. Zheng lei ben cao 證類本草: 1 item, by Tang Shenwei 唐慎微, during Song 宋. Ben cao gang mu 本草綱目: 13 items, by Li Shizhen 李時珍, during Ming 明. 【附注】 Additional comments [are based on the following sources]: Wei 魏 [dynasty]: Wu Pu 吴普, 本草 Ben cao Li Dangzhi 李當之, Yao lu 藥録 Song 宋 [dynasty]: Lei Xiao 雷斅, Pao zhi 炮炙 Sun Simiao 孫思邈, Qian jin 千金 Zhen Quan 甄權 Yao xing 藥性 Tang 唐 [dynasty]: Meng Shen 孟詵, Shi liao 食療 Shu 蜀 [dynasty]: Han Baosheng 韓保昇, Chong zhu 重注 Song 宋 [dynasty]: Kou Zongshi 寇宗奭, Yan yi 衍義 Yuan 元 [dynasty]: Li Gao 李杲, Fa xiang 法象 Wang Haogu 王好古, Tang ye 湯液 Zhu Zhenheng 朱震亨, Bu yi 補遺 Wang Ji 汪機, Hui bian 會編

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Human [Substances] I 凡三十五種，附二條 Altogether 35 kinds. Appendix: 2 entries. 52-01 52-02 52-03 52-04 52-05 52-06 52-07 52-08 52-09 52-10 52-11 52-12 52-13 52-14 52-15 52-16 52-17 52-18 52-19 52-20 52-21 52-22 52-23 52-24 52-25 52-26 52-27 52-28 52-29 52-30 52-31 52-32

Fa bei 髮髲, human hair. FE Ben jing 本經 Luan fa 亂髮, disheveled human hair. FE Bie lu 别録 Tou gou 頭垢, dandruff. FE Bie lu 别録 Er sai 耳塞, ear wax. FE Rihua 日華 Xi tou gou 膝頭垢, dirt on the knees. FE Gang mu 綱目 Zhua jia 爪甲, fingernails, toenails. FE Gang mu 綱目 Ya chi 牙齒, tooth. FE Rihua 日華 Ren shi 人屎, human excrements. FE Bie lu 别録 Xiao er tai shi 小兒胎屎, excrements of newborns. FE Gang mu 綱目 Ren niao 人尿, human urine. FE Bie lu 别録 Ni bai 溺白, white sediments of urine. FE Tang ben 唐本;i.e. ren zhong bai 人中白, the white in man. Qiu shi 秋石, refined white human urine sediments. FE Meng quan 蒙筌 Lin shi 淋石, urinary stones. FE Jia you 嘉祐 Pi shi 癖石, aggregation-illness stones. FE Gang mu 綱目 Ru zhi 乳汁, human milk. FE Bie lu 别録 Fu ren yue shui 婦人月水, menstruation liquid. FE Jia you 嘉祐 Ren xue 人血, human blood. FE Shi yi 拾遺 Ren jing 人精, human sperm. FE Jia you 嘉祐 Kou jin tuo 口津唾, [human] saliva. FE Gang mu 綱目 Chi yin 齒垽, dental plaque. FE Jia you 嘉祐 Ren han 人汗, human sweat. FE Gang mu 綱目 Yan lei 眼淚, [human] tears. FE Gang mu 綱目 Ren qi 人氣, human qi. FE Gang mu 綱目 Ren po 人魄, po-soul of humans. FE Gang mu 綱目 Ci xu 髭須, [human] beard and moustache. FE Zheng lei 證類 Yin mao 陰毛, pubic hair. FE Shi yi 拾遺 Ren gu 人骨, human bone. FE Shi yi 拾遺 Tian ling gai 天靈蓋, [human] bregma. FE Kai bao 開寶 Ren bao 人胞, human placenta. FE Shi yi 拾遺 Bao yi shui 胞衣水, water of the placenta. FE Shi yi 拾遺 Chu sheng qi dai 初生臍帶, umbilical cord of a newborn. FE Shi yi 拾遺 Ren shi 人勢, the human penis. FE Gang mu 綱目

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Ren dan 人膽, human gallbladder/bile. FE Shi yi 拾遺 Ren rou 人肉, human flesh. FE Shi yi 拾遺 Mu nai yi fang 木乃伊芳, [human] mummy. FE Gang mu 綱目 Fang min 方民, regional people. FE Gang mu 綱目 Ren gui 人傀, human abnormalities. FE Gang mu 綱目

右附方舊六十七，新二百二十 Recipes added to the entries above: 67 of old, 220 newly [recorded].

本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 人部 Section Human [Substances] 第五十二卷 Chapter 52

人之一 Human [Substances] I. 凡三十五種，附二條 In all, 35 kinds. Appendix: 2 entries. 52-01 髮髲 音被。本經 Fa bei, read bei. Ben jing Human hair. 【釋名】𩮀音總，甄權、髲髢音剃，亦作鬄。【李當之曰】髮髲是童男 髮。【弘景曰】不知髮髲審是何物。髲字書記所無。或作蒜字，今人呼 斑髮爲蒜髮，書家亦呼亂髮爲鬈，恐即鬈也。童男之理，或未全明。【恭 曰】此髮髲根也，年久者用之神效。字書無髲字，即髮字之誤矣。既有亂 髮，則髮髲去病。用陳久者，如船茹、敗天翁、蒲席，皆此例也。甄立言 本草作𩮀，𩮀亦髮也。鬈乃髮美貌，有聲無質，陶説非矣。【宗奭曰】髮 髲、亂髮，自是兩等。髮髲味苦，即陳舊經年歲者，如橘皮、半夏取陳者

Chapter 52 52-33 52-34 52-35 52-36 52-37

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Ren dan 人膽, human gallbladder/bile. FE Shi yi 拾遺 Ren rou 人肉, human flesh. FE Shi yi 拾遺 Mu nai yi fang 木乃伊芳, [human] mummy. FE Gang mu 綱目 Fang min 方民, regional people. FE Gang mu 綱目 Ren gui 人傀, human abnormalities. FE Gang mu 綱目

右附方舊六十七，新二百二十 Recipes added to the entries above: 67 of old, 220 newly [recorded].

本草綱目 Ben cao gang mu 人部 Section Human [Substances] 第五十二卷 Chapter 52

人之一 Human [Substances] I. 凡三十五種，附二條 In all, 35 kinds. Appendix: 2 entries. 52-01 髮髲 音被。本經 Fa bei, read bei. Ben jing Human hair. 【釋名】𩮀音總，甄權、髲髢音剃，亦作鬄。【李當之曰】髮髲是童男 髮。【弘景曰】不知髮髲審是何物。髲字書記所無。或作蒜字，今人呼 斑髮爲蒜髮，書家亦呼亂髮爲鬈，恐即鬈也。童男之理，或未全明。【恭 曰】此髮髲根也，年久者用之神效。字書無髲字，即髮字之誤矣。既有亂 髮，則髮髲去病。用陳久者，如船茹、敗天翁、蒲席，皆此例也。甄立言 本草作𩮀，𩮀亦髮也。鬈乃髮美貌，有聲無質，陶説非矣。【宗奭曰】髮 髲、亂髮，自是兩等。髮髲味苦，即陳舊經年歲者，如橘皮、半夏取陳者

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入藥更良之義。今人謂之頭髲。其亂髮條中自無用髲之義，二義甚明，不 必過搜索也。【時珍曰】髮髲，乃剪髢下髮也；亂髮，乃梳櫛下髮也。按 許慎説文云：大人曰髡，小兒曰鬀。顧野王玉篇云：髲，鬄也。鬄，髮髲 也。二説甚明。古者刑人鬄髮，婦人以之被髻，故謂之髮髲。周禮云王 后、大人之服，有以髮髢爲首飾者是矣。又詩云：鬒髮如雲，不屑髢也。 甄權所謂髮𩮀，雷斅所謂二十男子頂心剪下髮者，得之矣。李當之以爲童 男髮，陶弘景以爲鬈髮，蘇恭以爲髮根，宗奭以爲陳髮者，並誤矣。且顧 野王在蘇恭之前，恭不知玉篇有髲字，亦欠考矣。毛萇詩傳云：被之僮 僮。被，首飾也。編髮爲之，即此髲也。 Explanation of Names. Zong 𩮀, read zong 總. Zhen Quan.1233 Bei ti 髲髢, read ti 剃. Also written ti 鬄. Li Dangzhi: Fa bei 髮髲 is the hair of boys. [Tao] Hongjing: [I] do not know what kind of an item fa bei 髮髲 really is. The [character] bei 髲 was not recorded in [ancient] writings on characters. Occasionally it is written as suan 蒜. Nowadays, the people call speckled hair suan fa 蒜髮. Writers have called disheveled hair quan 鬈, "curly hair.“ Maybe [the character bei 髲] should be quan 鬈. The reason why this should be “[the hair of ] boys” is not entirely clear either. [Su] Gong: This fa bei 髮髲 is the root [of hair]. If those [fa bei 髮髲] that are many years old are used [for therapeutic purposes], they are divinely effective. The character bei 髲 was not recorded in [ancient] writings on characters because it is an erroneous writing of the character fa 髮, hair. Just as disheveled hair, luan fa 亂 髮, fa bei are also able to relieve one of diseases. To use those that are quite old [is based on the same principle as using substances] such as old bamboo shavings used to plug holes in a ship, worn bamboo hats and old cattail mats. In Zhen Liyan’s Ben cao, it is written zong 𩮀. Zong 𩮀, too, is fa 髮, hair. Quan 鬈, "curly hair,“ is to say: hair worn in a beautiful manner. It is just a designation, but does not refer to a particular substance. [Tao] Hongjing was wrong here. [Kou] Zongshi: fa bei 髮髲 and disheveled hair, luan fa 亂髮，are two [different items]. Fa bei 髮髲 have a bitter flavor. The idea is that items that have been stored for many years, such as tangerine peels and pinellia [root], are even better medications simply for the reason that they have been stored. Nowadays, the people speak of them as tou bei 頭髲. Naturally, the use of bei 髲 is not mentioned in the entry on disheveled hair, luan fa 亂髮. The meanings are entirely clear; they must not be sought in a far-fetched manner. [Li] Shizhen: Fa bei 髮髲 is hair resulting from a haircut. Luan fa 亂髮 is the hair left in a comb after combing the hair. According to Xu Shen’s Shuo wen, “[shaving the hair on the head of ] adults is called kun 髡, shaving that of children is called ti 剃.” Gu Yewang in his Yu pian states: “Bei 髲 is ti 鬄. Ti 鬄 is fa bei 髮髲.” These two 1233 Zheng lei, ch. 15, fa bi 髮髲, “wig,” writes Zhen Liyan 甄立言 instead of Zhen Quan 甄 權.

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statements are quite clear. In ancient times, a person may have been sentenced to ti fa 鬄髮, "shaving off of hair.” Women used this to prepare [artificial] hair buns, bei ji 被髻. Hence they were called fa bei 髮髲. The Zhou li reports that “the garments of the kings’ wives and elderly relatives were decorated with hair wigs, fa di 髮髢.” Also, the Shi [jing] states: “A hair that is as black as the clouds will not be degraded by false ringlets.” The fa zong 髮𩮀 mentioned by Zhen Quan, and the hair cut off from the central top of the head of 20 year old males, these are the sources [of fa bei 髮髲]. When Li Dangzhi assumed it to be the hair of boys, when Tao Hongjing assumed it to be “curly hair”, quan fa 鬈髮, when Su Gong assumed it to be the roots of hair, and when [Kou] Zongshi believed it to be hair stored for a long time, they were all equally wrong. Also, Gu Yewang lived before Su Gong, and [Su] Gong was unaware that the character bei 髲 had already appeared in the Yu pian. He, too, had not researched this carefully enough. Mao Chang in his Shi zhuan spoke of “head-dress reverently rising aloft,” bei zhi zhuang zhuang 被之僮僮.1234 The bei 被 are female ornaments woven from hair. This exactly is the bei 髲 [of fa bei 髮髲]. 【修治】【斅曰】髮髲，是男子年二十已來，無疾患，顔貌紅白，于頂心 剪下者。入丸藥膏中用，先以苦參水浸一宿，漉出入瓶子，以火煅赤，放 冷研用。【時珍曰】今人以皂莢水洗净，晒乾，入罐固濟，煅存性用，亦 良。 Preparation. [Lei] Xiao: Fa bei is [the hair] cut off from the top of the head of males that are 20 years old, do not suffer from an illness, and have a red-white complexion. When it is to be added to pills and medical pastes, it is first to be soaked, for one night, in sophora [root] water. After the liquid has been filtered off, [the hair] is to be placed into a jar, which is to be calcined over a fire until it is red. When it has cooled down, [the hair] is ground to powder. [Li] Shizhen: Nowadays, the people cleanse [the hair] with soap/gleditsia pots/seeds water. It is then dried in the sun, and placed into a jar that is sealed tightly. Then it is calcined by retaining its nature. This is good, too. 【氣味】苦，温，無毒。别録：小寒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, warm, nonpoisonous. Bie lu: Slightly cold. 【主治】五癃關格不通，利小便水道，療小兒驚，大人痓。仍自還神化。 本經。合雞子黄煎之，消爲水，療小兒驚熱百病。别録。止血悶血運，金 瘡傷風，血痢，入藥燒存性。用煎膏，長肉消瘀血。大明。

1234 Translation suggested by James Legge. The Chinese Classics. Vol. IV. The She King. Part I. Bk. II. Ode III.

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Control. The five protuberance-illnesses,1235 with blockades where nothing can pass. It opens the water ways for urine to pass freely. It heals fright1236 of children, and spasms of adults. The changes it stimulates are divine transformations. Ben jing. When fried with egg yolk, [the hair] will dissolve to become a watery liquid. This cures the hundreds of children’s diseases1237 associated with fright and heat. Bie lu. To end blood heart-pressure and blood[-induced brain] movement, [to cure] wounds inflicted by metal [weapons/objects] with harm caused by wind, and bleeding freeflux illness,1238 for use as a medication, burn it by retaining its nature. When boiled to be applied as a paste, it makes the flesh grow and dissolves stagnant blood. Da Ming. 【發明】【韓保昇曰】本經云自還神化。李當之云：神化之事，未見别 方。按異苑云：人髮變爲鱓魚。神化之異，應此者也。又藏器曰：生人髮 掛果樹上，烏鳥不敢來食其實。又人逃走，取其髮于緯車上却轉之，則迷 亂不知所適。此皆神化。【時珍曰】髮者血之餘。埋之土中，千年不朽， 煎之至枯，復有液出。誤食入腹，變爲癥蟲；煅治服餌，令髮不白。此正 神化之應驗 Explication. Han Baosheng: The Ben jing states: “The changes it stimulates are divine transformations.” Li Dangzhi: “A ‘divine transformation’ has not been witnessed anywhere else.” When according to the Yi yuan, “human hair changes into eels,” then this is an example of the mystery of a “divine transformation.” Also, [Chen] Cangqi states: When the hair of a living human being is hung on a fruit tree, crows and other birds will not dare to come and eat the fruit. Also, when someone has run away, take his hair, attach it to a spinning wheel and let it rotate. This will make that person to be confused, and he does not know where to turn to. All these are examples of “divine transformations.” [Li] Shizhen: Hair is the outgrowth of blood. When buried in the earth, it will not rot for a thousand years. One may fry it until it is dry, but there will still be liquid to leave it. If inadvertently eaten, it enters the abdomen where it will transform to concretion-illness1239 worms/bugs. When ingested after having been processed by calcining, it prevents [that person’s] hair from becoming white. These are examples of genuinely divine transformations. 1235 Wu long 五癃, “five kinds of protuberance-illness.” Reference to various, not clearly distinguished long 癃, “protuberance-illnesses,” associated with a passing of urine in small amounts, or a completely blocked passage. BCGM Dict I, 323, 541. 1236 Zheng lei, ch. 15, fa bi 髮髲, writes xian 癇, “epilepsy,” instead of jing 驚, “fright.” 1237 Zheng lei, ch. 15, fa bi 髮髲, does not have the two characters bai bing 百病, “the hundred diseases.” 1238 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311. 1239 Zheng 癥. “concretion-illness,” a pathological condition of abdominal nodes/lumps that are hard and cannot be moved. BCGM Dict I, 676.

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【附方】舊二，新四。 Added recipes: Two of old. Four newly [recorded]. 石淋痛澀。髮髲燒存性，研末。每服用一錢，井水服之。肘後方。 For stone dripping with painful and rough [passage of urine]. Burn hair by retaining its nature, and grind it to powder. Each dose is one qian. To be ingested with well water. Zhou hou fang 傷寒黄病。髮髲燒研，水服一寸匕，日三。傷寒類要。 For harm caused by cold with jaundice: Burn hair and grind it. Ingest with water the amount held by a one-cun spoon. Three times daily. Shang han lei yao. 胎衣不下。亂髮、頭髲結，撩喉、口中。孫真人方。 For failure of the placenta to be discharged. Make a knot from disheveled hair and from hair obtained from one’s head and rub with it [the woman’s] throat and the inside of her mouth. Sun zhen ren fang. 小兒客忤，因見生人所致。取來人顖上髮十莖、斷兒衣帶少許，合燒研 末。和乳飲兒，即愈。千金方。 For children affected by a visitor’s hostility.1240 Resulting from [the child] meeting an unknown person. Remove ten hairs from the skull of that visitor, and cut a small piece from the child’s garment’s belt. Burn these two items together and grind [the residue] to powder. The child is to drink this mixed with human milk. Immediately effective. Qian jin fang. 急肚疼病。用本人頭髮三十根，燒過酒服。即以水調芥子末，封在臍内， 大汗如雨，即安。談埜翁方。 For acute abdominal pain disease. Burn 30 roots of that person’s hair on his head and have him ingest [the residue] with wine. Then mix mustard seed powder with water and apply it to his navel. He will sweat massively, as if it were raining, and then be in peace. Tan Yeweng fang. 瘭癌惡瘡。生髮灰，米湯服二錢。外以生髮灰三分，皂莢刺灰二分，白及 一分，爲末。乾摻，或以猪膽汁調。直指方。 For flaming-heat-illness with tumors and malign sores. Ingest with a rice decoction two qian of a living [person’s] hair burned to ashes. Externally, three fen of a living [person’s] hair burned to ashes, two fen of gleditsia spikes burned to ashes, and one 1240 Ke wu 客忤, "visitor‘s hostility.“ A sudden twisting pain, encountered outside one’s home, in the heart and abdomen thought to result from the hostile acts of demons "visiting“ the human body. BCGM Dict I, 282.

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fen of common bletilla [root] are [ground to] powder, and applied dry or mixed with pig bile [to the affected area]. Zhi zhi fang. 52-02 亂髮 别録 Luan fa, FE Bie lu Disheveled human hair. 【釋名】血餘綱目、人退。【時珍曰】頭上曰髮，屬足少陰、陽明；耳前 曰鬢，屬手、足少陽；目上曰眉，屬手、足陽明；唇上曰髭，屬手陽明； 頦下曰鬚，屬足少陰、陽明；兩頰曰髯，屬足少陽。其經氣血盛，則美而 長；氣多血少，則美而短；氣少血多，則少而惡；氣血俱少，則其處不 生。氣血俱熱，則黄而赤；氣血俱衰，則白而落。素問云：腎之華在髮。 王冰註云：腎主髓，腦者髓之海，髮者腦之華，腦减則髮素。滑壽註云： 水出高原，故腎華在髮。髮者血之餘，血者水之類也。今方家呼髮爲血 餘，蓋本此義也。龍木論謂之人退焉。葉世傑草木子云：精之榮以鬚，氣 之榮以眉，血之榮以髮。類苑云：髮屬心，禀火氣而上生；鬚屬腎，禀水 氣而下生；眉屬肝，禀木氣而側生。故男子腎氣外行而有鬚，女子、宦人 則無鬚，而眉髮不異也。説雖不同，亦各有理，終不若分經者爲的。劉君 安云：欲髮不落，梳頭滿千遍。又云：髮宜多梳，齒宜數叩。皆攝精益腦 之理爾。又崑齋 吴玉有白髮辨，言髮之白雖有遲早老少，皆不係壽之脩 短，由祖傳及隨事感應而已。援引古今爲證，亦自有理。文多不録。 Explanation of Names. Xue yu 血餘, "blood outgrowth,“ Gang mu. Re tui 人退, "a human’s give away.“ [Li] Shizhen: [Hair] on the head is called fa 髮. It is associated with the foot minor yin and yang brilliance [conduits]. [Hair] in front of the ears is called bin 鬢. It is associated with the hand and foot minor yang [conduits]. [Hair] above they eyes is called mei 眉. It is associated with the hand and foot yang brilliance [conduits]. [Hair] above the lips is called zi 髭. It is associated with the hand yang brilliance [conduits]. [Hair] below the chin is called xu 鬚. It is associated with the foot minor yin and yang brilliance [conduits]. [Hair] on the two cheeks is called ran 髯. It is associated with the foot minor yang [conduit]. As long as the qi and the blood in the associated conduits abound, [the hair] is beautiful and grows long. In the case of much qi and little blood, [the hair] is beautiful but short. In the case of few qi and much blood, [the hair] is diminished and bad. In the case of qi and blood being both diminished, nothing will grow at these locations. When qi and blood are all hot, [the hair] is yellow and red. When qi and blood are all weak, then [the hair] turns white and falls off. The Su wen states: “The kidneys, their effulgence is in the hair [on the head].” Wang Bing commented: “The kidneys rule the bone marrow. The brain is the sea of bone marrow. The hair [on the head] is the effulgence

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of the brain. When the brain is reduced, the hair will turn white.” Hua Shou commented: “Water originates from plateaus of high altitudes. Hence, the effulgence of the kidneys is in the hair. The hair is an outgrowth of blood. Blood belongs to the group of waters.” When nowadays the recipe experts call hair an “outgrowth of blood,” then it is based on this idea. The Long mu lun calls it ren tui 人退, “a human’s give away.” Ye Shijie in his Cao mu zi states: “The flourishing of [a person’s] essence appears in his xu 鬚, beard. The flourishing of his qi appears in his mei 眉, eyebrows. The flourishing of his blood appears in his fa 髮, hair [on his head].” Lei Yuan:” The hair [on the head] is associated with the heart. It is supplied with the qi of fire and grows upward. Beards are associated with the kidneys. They are supplied with the qi of water, and they grow downward. The eyebrows are associated with the liver. They are supplied with the qi of wood and grow to the side. Hence, the kidney qi of males extend toward the outside and they have a beard. Women and eunuchs have no beards, while their eyebrows and hair [on the head] are not different [from those of males].” These explications differ, but they all are reasonable. Still, the real nature [of all these kinds of hair] can be grasped only through differentiating them in accordance with their association with the conduits. Liu Jun’an has said: “If one wishes that his hair does not fall off, he should comb it at least 1000 times.” It is also said: “Hair should be combed often; the teeth should be knocked against frequently.” All this [advice] is based on the principle of nourishing the essence and boosting the brain. Furthermore, Kunzhai Wu Yu wrote a “Book on White Hair.” He stated that “white hair, no matter whether it comes late or early, in the old or the young, is unrelated to the length of one’s life,” and that “it is a matter of transmission from one’s ancestors or an emotional reaction to some event.” He quoted evidence from antiquity and the present, and he, too, had reason. His text is too long to be recorded here. 【氣味】苦，微温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, slightly warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】欬嗽，五淋，大小便不通，小兒驚癇，止血。鼻衄，燒灰吹之立 已。别録。燒灰，療轉胞，小便不通，赤白痢，哽噎，癰腫，狐尿刺，尸 疰，疔腫骨疽雜瘡。蘇恭。消瘀血，補陰甚捷。震亨。 Control. Cough. The five kinds of [urinary] dripping. Blocked passage of urine and defecation. Fright epilepsy of children. It ends bleeding. For nosebleed, burn it to ashes and blow it [into the nose]. It will stop immediately. Bie lu. Burned to ashes it heals contorted bladder, blocked urination, red and white free-flux illness,1241 chok1241 Li 痢, “free-flux illness,” a diarrhea-type ailment. BCGM Dict I, 311.

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ing on gullet occlusion, obstruction-illness1242 swelling. Fox urine piercing, corpse [qi] attachment-illness1243, various sores associated with pin-illness1244 swelling, and bone impediment-illness.1245 Su Gong. It disperses stagnant blood. It supplements yin [qi] very quickly. [Zhu] Zhenheng. 【發明】【時珍曰】髮乃血餘，故能治血病，補陰，療驚癇，去心竅之 血。劉君安以己髮合頭垢等分燒存性，每服豆許三丸，名曰還精丹，令頭 不白。又老唐方，亦用自己亂髮洗净，每一兩入川椒五十粒，泥固，入瓶 煅黑研末，每空心酒服一錢，令髮長黑。此皆補陰之驗也。用椒者，取其 下達爾。【弘景曰】俗中嫗母爲小兒作雞子煎，用其父梳頭亂髮，雜雞子 黄熬，良久得汁，與兒服，去痰熱，療百病。 Explication. [Human] hair is a blood outgrowth. Hence it serves to cure blood diseases, supplements yin [qi], heals fright epilepsy, and removes the blood from the heart orifices. Liu Jun’an [suggested] to use one’s own hair, mix it with an equal amount of dandruff, burn this by retaining its nature, and each time have [the patient] ingest three pills of about the size of beans. They are called “elixir to have the essence return.” It will prevent one’s head from turning white. Also, a recipe by Lao Tang equally uses one’s own disheveled hair, washed clean, with 50 kernels of Chinese pepper from Sichuan added to each liang. This is to be tightly sealed in a jar which in turn is calcined until [its contents] are black. The [residue] is ground to powder. Each time one qian is to be ingested with wine on an empty stomach. This will let the hair grow long and remain black. These all are results based on [the disheveled hair’s ability to] supplement yin [qi]. The pepper is used because of its ability to reach down. [Tao] Hongjing: There is a common custom followed when old women prepare chicken eggs for the children. They use disheveled hair obtained by combing the father’s head and fry it mixed with the egg yolk. After a long time, this produces a juice which is given to the children to ingest. It serves to eliminate phlegm with heat, and serves to heal the hundreds of diseases.

1242 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 1243 Shi zhu 屍疰, “corpse [qi] attachment-illness,” a condition identical with gui zhu 鬼疰, "demon attachment-illness.” 1244 Ding 丁, "pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, "pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127-129. 1245 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277.

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【附方】舊十六，新廿四。 Added recipes: Sixteen of old. 24 newly [recorded]. 孩子熱瘡。亂髮一團如梨子大，雞子黄十個，煮熟，同于銚子内熬，至甚 乾始有液出，旋置盞中，液盡爲度。用傅瘡上，即以苦參粉粉之，神妙。 詳見雞子黄下。劉禹錫傳信方。 Heat sores of children. One ball of disheveled hair as big as a pear, and ten egg yolks, boiled, are to be heated in a cooking pot until they are very dry, and a liquid begins to emerge. This is brought into a small cup when no more liquid [is produced], and topically applied to the sores. Then spread sophora [root] powder on [the sores]. Divinely effective. For details see the entry on egg yolk. Liu Yuxi, Chuan xin fang.1246 小兒班疹。髮灰，飲服三錢。子母秘録。 For macules and papules of children. Burn hair to ashes and [have the child] ingest three qian with a beverage. Zi mu mi lu. 小兒斷臍。即用清油調髮灰傅之，不可傷水。臍濕不乾亦傅之。 Severed umbilicus of children. Mix clear oil with the ashes of burned hair and apply this topically. This way there will be no harm caused by water. When the navel is moist rather than dry, [this medication] is applied, too. 小兒重舌欲死者。以亂髮灰半錢，調傅舌下。不住用之。簡要濟衆方。 A doubled tongue1247 of children. When they are close to dying. Mix half a qian of disheveled hair burned to ashes [with a liquid or oil] and apply this underneath the tongue. Do not end this application [before the ailment was healed]. Jian yao ji chong fang. 小兒燕口，兩角生瘡。髮灰三錢，飲汁服。子母秘録。 Swallow’s mouth1248 of childen. Both corners have developed sores. [Have the child] ingest three qian of [disheveled] hair [burned to] ashes with some juice. Zi mu mi lu. 小兒吻瘡。髮灰，和猪脂塗之。聖惠方。 Lip sores of children. [Burn] hair to ashes, mix them with lard and apply this topically. Sheng hui fang. 1246 This recipe is not recorded in Chuan xin fang. It is listed in Zheng lei ch. 15, luan fa 亂 髮, "dishevelled hair,“ quoting Jing yan fang. 1247 Chong she 重舌, “doubled tongue.” A growth under the tongue, mostly in children, similar to a second tongue. BCGM Dict I, 92. 1248 Yan kou [chuang] 燕口[瘡], “swallow’s mouth [sores],” identical with wen chuang 吻瘡, “lip sores” conditions with swelling, pain and festering of the lips that cannot be cured for an extended period of time. BCGM Dict I, 532, 612.

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小兒驚啼。亂油髮燒研，乳汁或酒服少許，良。千金方。 Children weeping because of fright. Burn disheveled, oily hair to ashes and grind them [to powder. Have the child] ingest a small amount with human milk or wine. Good. Qian jin fang. 鼻血眩冒欲死者。亂髮燒研，水服方寸匕。仍吹之。梅師方。 Nosebleed with veiled eyes dizziness, with [the patient] being close to dying. Burn disheveled hair to ashes and grind [them to powder. Let the patient] ingest, with water, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Also, blow it [into the patient’s nose]. Mei shi fang. 鼻血不止。血餘燒灰，吹之立止，永不發。男用母髮，女用父髮。聖惠用 亂髮灰一錢，人中白五分，麝香少許，爲末，㗜鼻。名三奇散。 Unending nosebleed. Burn "blood outgrowth“ to ashes and blow them [into the patient’s nose. The bleeding] will stop immediately, and it will never break out again. Males use a mother’s hair; females use a father’s hair. The Sheng hui [advises] to use one qian of disheveled hair burned to ashes, five fen of white sediments of human urine and a small amount of musk, to [grind to] powder [these substances], and to [let the patient] smell the fumes with his nose. This is called the “powder with the three extraordinary [ingredients].” 肺疽吐血。髮灰一錢，米醋二合，白湯一琖，調服。三因方。 Lung impediment-illness1249 with spitting of blood. One qian of hair burned to ashes, two ge of rice vinegar, and one small cup of clear hot water are mixed to be ingested. San yin fang. 欬嗽有血。小兒胎髮灰，入麝香少許，酒下。每個作一服，男用女，女用 男。朱氏集驗。 For coughing with blood. Burn the hair of a newly born child to ashes, add a small amount of musk, and ingest this with wine. Each individual [child’s hair] serves as one dose. Males use a female [infant’s hair], females use a male [infant’s hair]. Zhu shi ji yan. 齒縫出血。頭髮切，入銚内炒存性，研，摻之。華佗中藏經。 Bleeding from the seams of the teeth. Cut hair from the head, put it into a cooking pot and roast it by retaining its nature. Grind it [to powder] and apply it topically. Hua Tuo, Zhong zang jing. 1249 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277.

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肌膚出血。胎髮燒灰，傅之即止。或吹入鼻中。證治要訣。 Bleeding out of the muscles and the skin. Burn the hair of a newly born to ashes and apply this topically. [The bleeding] will end immediately. Or blow it into [the patient’s] nose. Zheng zhi yao jue. 諸竅出血。頭髮、敗椶、陳蓮蓬，並燒灰等分。每服三錢，木香湯下。聖 惠。 Bleeding from all orifices. Equal amounts of hair from one’s head, rotten palm fibre, and Indian lotus seeds that has been stored for some time are burned together. Each time ingest three qian with an aucklandia [root] decoction. Sheng hui. 1250 上下諸血。或吐血，或心衄，或内崩，或舌上出血如簪孔，或鼻衄，或小 便出血，並用亂髮灰，水服方寸匕，一日三服。聖濟。 Bleeding everywhere above and below. This may be spitting of blood, or an internal collapse, or blood leaving from the surface of the tongue as if there were hairpin holes, or nosebleed, or urination with blood. For all these, use ashes obtained from burning disheveled hair and ingest, with water, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Ingest three times a day. Sheng ji. 無故遺血。亂髮及爪甲燒灰，酒服方寸匕。千金方。 Loss of blood without any recognizable cause. Burn disheveled hair and finger/toe nails to ashes and ingest, with wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon. Qian jin fang. 小便尿血。髮灰二錢，醋湯服。永類方。 Urination with blood. Two qian of ashes obtained from burning hair are ingested with vinegar decoction. Yong lei fang. 血淋苦痛。亂髮燒存性二錢，入麝少許，米飲服。聖惠。 Blood dripping with considerable pain. Two qian of ashes obtained from burning disheveled hair by retaining its nature, and a small amount of musk are to be ingested with a rice beverage. Sheng hui.1251 大便瀉血。血餘半兩燒灰，雞冠花、柏葉各一兩，爲末。卧時酒服二錢， 來早以温酒一盞投之。一服見效。普濟。

1250 This recipe is not recorded in the Sheng hui. It may be found in Renzhai zhi zhi fang ch. 26, xue ji zheng zhi 血疾證治, "signs and therapy of blood illnesses.” 1251 This recipe is not recorded in the Sheng hui. It may be found in Shi yi de xiao fang ch. 8, zhu lin 諸淋, "all kinds of dripping.”

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Outflow of fecal matter with blood. Prepare a powder of half a liang of ashes obtained from burning “the outgrowth of blood”, and of one liang each of cockscomb flower1252 and platycladus [tree] leaves. When going to sleep, ingest two qian with wine. Early next morning down it with a small cup of warm wine. The effect is apparent after one dose. Pu ji. 胎産便血。髮灰，每飲服二錢。昝殷産寶。 Defecation with blood associated with childbirth. Burn hair to ashes and each time [have the woman] ingest, with a beverage, two qian. Zan Yin, Chan bao. 女人漏血。亂髮洗浄燒研，空心温酒服一錢。婦人良方。 Women leaking blood. Disheveled hair is washed clean, burned [to ashes, and the residue] ground [to powder]. Have [the woman] ingest one qian with warm wine on an empty stomach. Fu ren liang fang. 月水不通。童男童女髮各三兩燒灰，斑蝥二十一枚，糯米炒黄，麝香一 錢，爲末。每服一錢，食前熱薑酒下。普濟。 Blocked menstruation. Burn three liang each of a boy’s and a girl’s hair to ashes. [Add] 21 cantharides, and glutinous rice roasted until it has turned yellow, and one qian of musk, and powder [all this]. Each time ingest, with hot ginger wine, one qian before meals. Pu ji. 婦人陰吹。胃氣下泄，陰吹而正喧，此穀氣之實也，宜豬膏髮煎導之。用 豬膏半斤，亂髮雞子大二枚，和煎，髮消藥成矣。分再服，病從小便中出 也。張仲景方。 Vaginal flatulence of women. When stomach qi flows out downward, resulting in truly noisy vaginal flatulence. This is evidence of a repletion with grain qi. This must be led [out of the patient’s body] by hair fried with lard. Take half a jin of lard and fry this together with disheveled hair of an amount equal to three chicken eggs. As soon as all the hair is dissolved, the medication is ready. Ingest it in two doses. The disease will be excreted through urination. Zhang Zhongjing fang. 女勞黄疸。因大熱大勞交接後入水所致，身目俱黄，發熱惡寒，小腹滿 急，小便難。用膏髮煎治之，即上方。肘後。 Yellow dan-illness/jaundice1253 following exhaustion [through sexual intercourse] with women. This is caused by entering into a water following sexual intercourse 1252 Pu ji fang ch. 38, da chang fu men 大腸腑門, “section larg intestine short-term repository,“ cang du xia xue 臓毒下血, “long-term depot poisoning with blood discharge,“ xue yu san 血餘散, "powder with blood outgrowth/human hair,“ writes ji guan hua gen 雞 冠花根, “root of cockscomb flower.” 1253 Huang dan 黃癉, yellow dan-illness; jaundice. BCGM Dict I, 225.

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that has left one with great heat and massive exhaustion. Body and eyes are all yellow. [Patients] develop heat and have an aversion to cold. The lower abdomen is full and tense. Urination is difficult. Treat this with a paste obtained by frying hair. This is the same recipe as above. Zhou hou. 黄疸尿赤。亂髮灰，水服一錢，日三次，秘方也。肘後。 Yellow dan-illness/jaundice with red urine. Burn disheveled hair to ashes and ingest, with water, one qian. Three times a day. This is a secret recipe. Zhou hou. 大小便閉。亂髮灰三指撮，投半升水服。姚氏。 Blocked defecation and urination. Ashes obtained from burning disheveled hair. The amount that can be picked up with three fingers is to be ingested mixed with half a sheng of water. Yao shi. 乾霍亂病，脹滿煩躁。亂髮一團燒灰，鹽湯二升，和服取吐。十便良方。 Dry cholera disease. The stomach has a feeling of fullness, and this is associated with vexation and restlessness. Burn a ball of disheveled hair to ashes, and mix it with two sheng of hot brine. This is ingested to induce vomiting. Shi bian liang fang. 尸疰中惡。子母秘録用亂髮如雞子大，燒研，水服。一方：用亂髮灰半 兩，杏仁半兩去皮、尖，研，煉蜜丸梧子大。每温酒日下二三十丸。 Corpse [qi] attachment-illness1254 and being struck by the malign. The Zi mu mi lu [advises] to use disheveled hair, as much as is the size of a chicken egg, burn it, grind it [to powder] and ingest it with water. Another recipe uses ashes obtained by burning disheveled hair, half a liang, and apricot seeds, half a liang with the skin and tips removed. [These two ingredients] are ground [to powder] and, with refined honey, prepared to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time twenty to thirty pills are to be ingested with warm wine per day. 破傷中風。亂髮如雞子大，無油器中熬焦黑，研，以好酒一盞沃之，入何 首烏末二錢，灌之。少頃再灌。本草衍義。 Open wounds struck by wind.1255 Disheveled hair, as much as the size of a chicken egg, is boiled in a pot without oil until it is black. This is then ground [to powder] and moistened with one cup of good wine. To this are added two qian of polygonum [root] powder. Force-feed this [to the patient]. After a short while, force-feed it a second time. Ben cao yan yi. 1254 Shi zhu 屍疰, “corpse [qi] attachment-illness,” a condition identical with gui zhu 鬼疰, "demon attachment-illness.” BCGM Dict I, 202, 461. 1255 Po shang zhong feng 破傷中風, “open wounds struck by wind.” A condition of lockjaw, arched back rigidity, and convulsions. BCGM Dict I, 379.

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沐髮中風。方同上。 Struck by wind1256 while washing one’s hair. Identical recipe as above. 令髮長黑。亂髮洗晒，油煎焦枯，研末，擦髮良。聖惠。 To let the hair grow long and remain black. Wash disheveled hair and dry it under the sun. Fry it in oil until it is withered, and then grind it to powder. Rub this into the hair. Good. Sheng hui. 擦落耳鼻。頭髮瓶盛泥固，煅過研末，以擦落耳、鼻，乘熱蘸髮灰綴定， 軟帛縛住，勿令動，自生合也。經驗良方。 For ears and noses that have entirely fallen off. Fill hair from one’s head into a jar and seal it tightly with clay. This is then calcined, and the residue is ground to powder. Dip the loose ear or nose into the ashes of the hair as long as they are still hot, and fasten them with stitches [to their original location]. Then use soft silk to fix them with a bandage, and see to it that they are not moved. They will attach themselves as a result. Jing yan liang fang. 聤耳出膿。亂髮裹杏仁末塞之。聖惠。 Festering ear. Use disheveled hair to wrap apricot seed powder, and stuff this into the [affected ear]. Sheng hui. 吞髮在咽。取自己亂髮燒灰，水服一錢。延齡至寶方。 Hair that has been swallowed and is [stuck] in the throat. Burn [the patient’s] own disheveled hair to ashes, and [have him] ingest, with water, one qian. Yan ling zhi bao fang. 1257 蜈蚣螫咬。頭髮燒烟熏之。 Centipede bites. Fume [the affected location] with the smoke from burning the hair of one’s head.1258

1256 Zhong feng 中風, “wind stroke,” “struck by wind.” Sudden loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by wry mouth and eyes, unilateral paralysis, and impeded speech. Also, an effusion of heat, sweating, an aversion to wind, and a slow [movement in the] vessels. BCGM Dict I. 683. 1257 In Sheng hui fang ch. 38, zhi er zhong tong zhu fang 治耳腫痛諸方, “all recipes to cure swollen, painful ears,” this recipe is named er zu zhong tong 耳卒腫痛, “sudden/violent painful swelling of an ear.” 1258 No source of this recipe is listed here. It is recorded in Bai yi xuan fang ch. 17, zhi wu song shang 治蜈蚣傷, “to cure harm caused by centipedes.“

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疔腫惡瘡。亂髮、鼠屎等分，燒灰。針入瘡内，大良。聖惠。 Pin-illness1259 with swelling and malign sores. Burn equal amounts of disheveled hair and rat/mouse feces to ashes. Then puncture the sore and insert [the medication there]. Very good. Sheng hui. 瘡口不合。亂髮、露蜂房、蛇蜕皮各燒存性一錢，用温酒食前調服，神 妙。蘇沈良方。 The opening of a wound fails to close. Burn one qian each, with their nature retained, of disheveled hair, a hornet’s nest, and snake slough, and ingest this, mixed with warm wine, before meals. Divinely effective. Su Shen liang fang. 下疳濕瘡。髮灰一錢，棗核七個，燒研，洗，貼。心鑑。 Lower region gan-illness1260 with moist sores. One qian of hair burned to ashes and seven dates are burned and ground to powder. Wash [the affected region] and topically apply [the powder]. Xin jian. 大風癘瘡。用新竹筒十個，内裝黑豆一層，頭髮一層，至滿，以稻糠火盆 内煨之。候汁滴出，以盞接承，翎掃瘡上，數日即愈。亦治諸瘡。邵真人 經驗方。 Massive wind1261 and epidemic-illness sores. Take 10 new bamboo tubes and fill them with a layer of black beans, and then a layer of hair from one’s head, [and so again] until [the tubes] are filled. Simmer them in a basin over a rice chaff fire, and wait until a liquid drips from them, which is to be collected in a cup. [This liquid] is to be applied, with a feather, to the sores. A cure is achieved after a few days. It may also serve to cure all other kinds of sores. Shao Zhenren, Jing yan fang.

1259 Ding 丁, "pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, "pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127-129. 1260 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 1261 Da feng 大風, “massive wind,” may refer to sores caused by a massive intrusion of wind evil and also to conditions of leprosy. BCGM Dict I, 111.

950

The Ben Cao Gang Mu 52-03 頭垢别録 Tou gou, FE Bie lu

Dandruff1262 【釋名】梳上者，名曰百齒霜。【弘景曰】術云頭垢浮針，以肥膩故耳。 今當用悦澤人者，其垢可丸也。 Explanation of Names. That collected from a comb is called bai chi shuang 百齒 霜, “white teeth frost.” [Tao] Hongjing: When the experts say: “a needle [smeared with] dandruff floats [on the water],” then this is because of its being fat and oily. Nowadays, one should use the dandruff of people that are happy and have a lustrous complexion. It can be prepared to pills. 【氣味】鹹、苦，温，有毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, bitter, warm, poisonous. 【主治】淋閉不通。别録。療噎疾，酸漿煎膏用之，立愈。又治勞復。弘 景。中蠱毒、蕈毒，米飲或酒化下，並取吐爲度。大明。 Control. Dripping with a blocked passage [of urine]. Bie lu. To heal choking illness, stew it with sour fermented water of foxtail millet to prepare a paste, and apply this. Immediately effective. It also serves to cure a relapse [into an illness] because of exhaustion. [Tao] Hongjing. For being struck by gu poison1263 and by xun 蕈 fungus poison. Ingest [the drandruff ] dissolved in rice beverage or wine. To be continued until [the patient] vomits. Da Ming.

【附方】舊九，新十五。 Added recipes. Nine of old. 15 newly [recorded]. 天行勞復。含頭垢棗核大一枚，良。類要。 Relapse into an epidemic [disease] because of exhaustion. Hold a piece of dandruff as big as a date in the mouth. Good. Lei yao. 預防勞復。傷寒初愈，欲令不勞復者。頭垢燒研，水丸梧子大，飲服一 丸。外臺秘要。

1262 Tou gou 頭垢, lit.: “head filth.” 1263 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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To prevent relapse [into a disease] because of exhaustion. After a harm caused by cold has just been cured, one wishes to avoid a relapse because of exhaustion. Burn dandruff and grind [the residue], and prepare, with water, pills the size of wu seeds. Ingest one pill with a beverage. Wai tai mi yao. 頭身俱痛煩悶者。頭垢豆許，水服。囊盛蒸豆，熨之。肘後。 Head and body are all in pain. In the case of vexation and heart-pressure, ingest dandruff, as much as the size of a bean, with water. Also, fill beans into a bag and steam it. Then apply this [to the affected region] as a hot compress. Zhou hou. 小兒霍亂。梳垢，水服少許。 Cholera of children. Let them ingest, with water, a small amount of dandruff obtained from a comb. 小兒哭疰。方同上。 Weeping and [demon] attachment-illness1264 of children. Same recipe as above. 百邪鬼魅。方同上。並千金。 The hundreds of evils, demons, and ghosts. Same recipe as above. All from Qian jin. 婦人吹乳。百齒霜，以無根水丸梧子大。每服三丸，食後屋上倒流水下， 隨左右暖卧，取汗甚效。或以胡椒七粒，同百齒霜和丸，熱酒下，得汗立 愈。衛生寶鑑。 Inflated breast of women.1265 Prepare pills, the size of wu seeds, from "white teeth frost“ with water that has no root.1266 Each time [let the woman] ingest three pills, after meals, with water that has flowed down from the eaves of a house. Let [the woman] lie down on her left or right, in accordance with [the breast that is affected], and cover her warmly to have her sweat. This is extremely effective. Or, prepare pills by adding “white teeth frost” to seven grains of black pepper, and have them ingested with hot wine. Once [the patient] sweats, this will be effective immediately. Wei sheng bao jian.

1264 Zhu [bing] 疰病, “attachment-illness [disease],” a condition identical with gui zhu 鬼 疰, “demon attachment-illness.” BCGM Dict I, 535; 689. 1265 Chui ru 吹乳, “inflated breast.” Identical with chui nai 吹奶, “inflated breast.” A condition with milk blocked after delivery and the breasts turning red and swelling. BCGM Dict I, 101. 1266 Water emerging from the brick wall of a well that has not been let free yet into the bottom of the well, is called “water without root.” See also 05-15.

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婦人乳癤。酒下梳垢五丸，即退消。 Pimples on the breast of a woman. [Have her] ingest, with wine, five pills prepared from dandruff collected from a comb. This will cause [the pimples] to retreat and dissolve. 婦人足瘡，經年不愈，名裙風瘡。用男子頭垢，桐油調作隔紙膏，帖之。 並簡便。 Sores on a woman’s foot. If they have not been cured for years, they are called “skirt wind sores.” Take a male person’s dandruff and mix it with vermicia oil to prepare a paste on paper that is to be applied to the [sores]. Both [recipes] from Jian bian. 臁脛生瘡。頭垢、枯礬研匀，豬膽調傅。壽域。 Sores that develop on shanks and shins. Dandruff and calcined alum are ground evenly. This is then mixed with pig bile to be topically applied. Shou yu. 下疳濕瘡。蠶繭盛頭垢，再以一繭合定，煅紅，出火毒，研，搽。楊氏。 Gan-illness1267 in the lower parts [of the body] with moist sores. Fill a silkworm cocoon with dandruff and close it firmly with a second cocoon. Calcine this until it is red. Once the fire poison has left, grind [the residue to powder], and apply this [to the affected region]. Yang shi. 小兒緊唇。頭垢塗之。肘後。 Tight lips of children. Smear dandruff on them. Zhou hou. 菜毒脯毒。凡野菜、諸脯肉、馬肝、馬肉毒，以頭垢棗核大，含之嚥汁， 能起死人。或白湯下亦可。小品方。 Vegetable poisoning and preserved food poisoning. Poisoning resulting from wild vegetables, and all kinds of poisonings resulting from preserved meat, horse liver, and horse meat. [Have the patient] take a piece of dandruff as large as a date into his mouth and swallow the juice. This can bring dead people back to life. Or have it ingested with clear, hot water. This is possible, too. Xiao pin fang. 自死肉毒。故頭巾中垢一錢，熱水服，取吐。 Poisoning by the meat of [an animal] that has died by itself. One qian of dandruff collected from an old head scarf is to be ingested with hot water to stimulate vomiting. 猘犬毒人。頭垢、猬皮等分燒灰，水服一盃，口噤者灌之。

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Poisoning of a person by a rabid dog’s [bite]. Burn equal amounts of dandruff and the skin of a hedgehog to ashes, and ingest this with one cup of water. [Patients] with lockjaw are to be force-fed. 犬咬人瘡重發者。以頭垢少許納瘡中，用熱牛屎封之。 Sores of persons bit by a dog. When they break open again. Give a small amount of dandruff into the sores, and cover this with hot ox dung. 諸蛇毒人。梳垢一團，尿和傅上。仍炙梳出汗，熨之。並千金。 All persons poisoned by snake [bites]. One ball of dandruff collected from a comb is mixed with urine and applied topically. Also, roast the comb until sweat emerges from it, and then press the hot [comb] onto the [location of the bite]. All [three recipes] from Qian jin. 蜈蚣螫人。頭垢、苦參末，酒調傅之。篋中。 Persons stung by a centipede. Dandruff and sophora [root] powder are mixed with wine to be applied topically. Qie zhong. 蜂蠆螫人。頭垢封之。 Persons stung by a wasp or scorpion. Cover [the affected location] with dandruff. 蟲蟻螫人。同上。並集簡。 Persons stung by worms/bugs and ants. [Recipe] identical with the preceding. Both from Ji jian. 竹木刺肉不出。頭垢塗之，即出。劉涓子。 Bamboo or wood splinters in one’s flesh. When they fail to come out, smear dandruff on the [location], and they will come out immediately. Liu Juanzi. 飛絲入目。頭上白屑少許，揩之即出。物類相感志。 Flying silk fibres that have entered the eyes. Wipe a small amount of the “white layer” from the top of one’s head into [the eyes], and they will come out immediately. Wu lei xiang gan zhi. 赤目腫痛。頭垢一芥子，納入取淚。摘玄方。 Painful, swollen red eyes. Bring dandruff of the amount of a mustard seed into [the eyes] to induce a flow of tears. Zhai xuan fang. 1267 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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噫吐酸漿。漿水煎頭垢豆許，服一盃，效。普濟方。 Belching and spitting of sour liquid. Simmer dandruff, about the size of a bean, with fermented water of foxtail millet,1268 and ingest one cup of this. Effective. Pu ji fang. 52-04 耳塞日華 Er sai, FE Rihua Earwax.1269 【釋名】耳垢綱目、腦膏日華、泥丸脂。【時珍曰】修真指南云：腎氣從 脾右畔上入于耳，化爲耳塞。耳者，腎之竅也。腎氣通則無塞，塞則氣不 通，故謂之塞。 Explanation of Names. Er gou 耳垢, “ear filth,” Gang mu. Nao gao 腦膏, “brain paste,” Rihua. Ni wan zhi 泥丸脂, "mud ball grease.“ [Li] Shizhen: The Xiu zhen zhi nan states: “The kidney qi rise from the right side of the spleen and enter the ears. There they transform to ear plug. The ears are the orifices of the kidneys. As long as the passage of kidney qi is open, there is no plug. Once there is a plug, the qi cannot pass. Hence one speaks of a ‘plug’.” 【氣味】鹹、苦，温，有毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, bitter, warm, poisonous. 【主治】顛狂鬼神及嗜酒。大明。蛇、蟲、蜈蚣螫者，塗之良。時珍。 Control. Peak[-illness] with madness1270 and [and attachment of ] demons and spirits, as well as alcoholism. Da Ming. Those being stung/bitten by snakes, worms/bugs and centipedes smear it onto [the location of the sting/bite]. Good. [Li] Shizhen.

【附方】新六。 Added recipes. Six newly [recorded]. 蛇蟲螫傷。人耳垢、蚯蚓屎，和塗，出盡黄水，立愈。壽域。 Harm caused by snake [bites] and bites of worms/bugs. Mix ear filth and earthworm feces and smear this [on the location of the bite]. Once all the yellow liquid has left [the ear, the ailment] is cured immediately. Shou yu. 1268 For jiang shui 漿水, “fermented water of foxtail millet,” see BCGM 05-33. 1269 Er sai 耳塞, lit.: “ear plug.” 1270 Kuang dian 狂顛, “madness and peak[-illness],” identical with dian kuang 顛狂, “peak[-illness] and madness.” A mental disturbance. BCGM Dict I, 124, 289.

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破傷中風。用病人耳中膜，并刮爪甲上末，唾調，塗瘡口，立效。儒門事 親方。 Open wounds struck by wind.1271 Take the coating from inside the ear, and mix it with a powder scraped from the nails and with saliva, and smear this on the open wound. Immediately effective. Ru men shi qin fang. 抓瘡傷水，腫痛難忍者。以耳垢封之，一夕水盡出而愈。鄭師甫云：余常 病此，一丐傳此方。 Sores resulting from scratching that are harmed by water, with painful swelling that is difficult to bear. Cover the [sores] with “ear filth.” After one night, the water will have been sucked up completely, and this is the cure.1272 Zheng Shifu states: I frequently suffered from such a problem. This recipe was given to me by a beggar. 疔疽惡瘡。生人腦即耳塞也、鹽泥等分，研匀，以蒲公英汁和作小餅封 之，大有效。聖惠。 Pin-illness1273 with impediment-illness1274 associated with malign sores. A “living person’s brain,” that is, “ear plug,” is evenly ground with an equal amount of salted clay. This is then mixed with dandelion juice to prepare small cakes that are used to cover the [sores]. Very effective. Sheng hui. 一切目疾。耳塞晒乾，每以粟許，夜夜點之。聖惠。 All kinds of ailments of the eyes. Dry “ear plug” in the sun and each night insert as much as is the size of a millet seed [into the affected eye]. Sheng hui. 小兒夜啼，驚熱。用人耳塞，石蓮心、人參各五分，乳香二分，燈花一 字，丹砂一分，爲末。每薄荷湯下五分。普濟。 Children weeping during the night. Fright with heat. Take five fen each of a person’s “ear plug”, of lotus embryo and of ginseng [root], two fen of frankincense, one zi of candlewick snuff, and one fen of cinnabar, and [grind to] powder [all these ingredients]. Each time ingest five fen with a decoction of mint. Pu ji.

1271 Po shang zhong feng 破傷中風, “open wounds struck by wind.” A condition of lockjaw, arched back rigidity, and convulsions. BCGM Dict I, 379. 1272 The preceding text is quoted from Wen jian hou lu 聞見後録 ch. 29. 1273 Ding 丁, "pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, "pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127-129. 1274 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu 52-05 膝頭垢綱目 Xi tou gou FE Gang mu

Dirt on the knees. ［主治］唇緊瘡，以綿裹燒研傅之。外臺 Control. Tight lips with sores. Wrap [dirt from the knees] in silk fabric, burn it, grind [the residue to powder] and apply it topically. Wai tai. 52-06 爪甲綱目 Zhao jia FE Gang mu Fingernails, toenails. 【釋名】筋退。【時珍曰】爪甲者，筋之餘，膽之外候也。靈樞經云：肝 應爪。爪厚色黄者膽厚，爪薄色紅者膽薄，爪堅色青者膽急，爪耎色赤者 膽緩，爪直色白者膽直，爪惡色黑者膽結。 Explanation of Names. Jin tui 筋退, "sinew retreat.” [Li] Shizhen: Nails are the outgrowth of sinews. They are the external signs [indicating the condition] of the gallbladder. The Ling shu jing states: “The liver corresponds to the finger/toe nails. When the nails are thick and yellow, the gallbladder is thick. When the nails are thin and red, then the gallbladder is thin. When the nails are firm and greenish, the gallbladder is tense. When the nails are soft and red, the gallbladder is slack. When the nails are straight and white,1275 the gallbladder is straight. When the nails are clumsy and black,1276 the gallbladder is knotted.” 【氣味】甘、鹹，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, nonpoisonous. 【主治】鼻衄，細刮㗜之，立愈。衆人甲亦可。宗奭。催生，下胞衣，利 小便，治尿血，及陰陽易病，破傷中風，去目瞖。時珍。懷妊婦人爪甲： 取末點目，去瞖障。藏器。 Control. For nosebleed, scrape a fine [powder from the nails] to be inhaled [by the patient into his nose]. Immediately effective. The nails of any person can be used. [Kou] Zongshi. They hasten deliveries. They let the placenta descend. They free the flow of urine. They serve to cure urination with blood, diseases resulting from 1275 Ling shu, ch. 7, Ben zang 本藏, “to consider the long-term depots as foundations,” has bai wu wen 白無紋, “white without lines.” 1276 Ling shu, ch. 7, Ben zang 本藏, “to consider the long-term depots as foundations,” has hei duo wen 黑多紋, “black with many lines.”

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“yin yang exchange” (i.e., sexual intercourse), and open wounds struck by wind.1277 They remove eye shades. [Li] Shizhen. The finger-/toenails of a pregnant woman. A powder scraped from them and dripped into the eyes eliminates eye shades. [Chen] Cangqi.

【附方】舊三，新二十。 Added recipes. Three of old. 20 newly [recorded]. 斬三尸法。太上玄科云：常以庚辰日去手爪，甲午日去足爪。每年七月十 六日將爪甲燒灰，和水服之。三尸九蟲皆滅，名曰斬三尸。一云：甲寅日 三尸遊兩手，翦去手爪甲；甲午日三尸遊兩足，翦去足爪甲。 The "method to behead three corpse [worms/bugs]”. The Tai shang xuan ke states: Regularly on geng zhen 庚辰 days cut fingernails, and on jia wu 甲午 days cut toenails. Each year on the 16th day of the seventh month burn these nails to ashes and ingest them with water. This will eliminate the three corpse [worms/bugs] and nine worms/bugs. This is what is called “to behead the three corpse [worms/bugs].” Elsewhere it is stated: On jia yin 甲寅 days the three corpse [worms/bugs] enter the two hands. [On these days,] cut the fingernails. On jia wu 甲午 days, the three corpse [worms/bugs} enter the feet. [On these days,] cut the toenails. 消除脚氣。每寅日割手足甲，少侵肉，去脚氣。外臺秘要。 To dispel leg qi.1278 Each yin 寅 day cut the fingernails and toenails so that they do not further invade the flesh. This serves to eliminate leg qi. Wai tai mi yao. 破傷中風。手足十指甲，香油炒研，熱酒調。呷服之，汗出便好。 Open wounds struck by wind. Roast the nails of all ten fingers and toes in sesame oil, and grind this to powder. Mix this with hot wine and slowly ingest it. Once [the patient] sweats, he will feel better. . 普濟治破傷風，手足顫掉，搐摇不已。用人手足指甲燒存性六錢，薑制南 星、獨活、丹砂各二錢，爲末。分作二服，酒下，立效。 The Pu ji: To cure open wounds [struck by] wind, with hands and feet shivering and moving incessantly. Take six qian of fingernails and toenails burned with their nature retained. [Add] two qian each of powdered arisaema [root], angelica biserrata [root] and cinnabar. Divide this into two portions and ingest them with wine. Immediately effective. 1277 Po shang zhong feng 破傷中風, “open wounds struck by wind.” A condition of lockjaw, arched back rigidity, and convulsions. BCGM Dict I, 379. 1278 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

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陰陽易病。用手足爪甲二十片，中衣襠一片，燒灰。分三服，温酒下。男 用女，女用男。 Disease resulting from yin and yang exchange (i.e., sexual intercourse). Burn twenty clippings of fingernails and toenails and one underpant to ashes, divide this into three portions, and ingest them with warm wine. Males use [the clippings and underpants of ] women; women use those of males. 小兒腹脹。父母指爪甲燒灰，傅乳上飲之。千金。 Abdominal distension of children. Burn the nails of father and mother to ashes, and apply them to the mother’s breast nipples so that the infant may ingest them when it drinks. Qian jin. 小便轉胞。自取爪甲，燒灰水服。 [Blocked] urination because of contorted bladder. Take [the patient’s] own nails, burn them to ashes and have him ingest them with water. 男女淋疾。同上。並肘後。 Dripping ailment of males and females. Identical [recipe] as above. Both from Zhou hou. 小便尿血。人指甲半錢，頭髮一錢半，燒，研末。每服一錢，空心温酒 下。聖濟録。 Urination with blood. Human fingernails, half a qian, and human hair, one and a half qian, are burned and the residue is ground to powder. Each time ingest, with warm wine, one qian on an empty stomach. Sheng ji lu. 妊娠尿血。取夫爪甲燒灰，酒服。千金。 Urination with blood during pregnancy. Burn the husband’s nails to ashes and have [the patient] ingest them with wine. Qian jin. 胞衣不下。取本婦手足爪甲，燒灰酒服。即令有力婦人抱起，將竹筒于胸 前趕下。聖惠。 Failure of the placenta to descend. Burn this woman’s fingernails and toenails to ashes and let her ingest them with wine. Then have a strong woman hold her up and use a bamboo tube to press [the woman’s] chest front to cause [the placenta] to move down. Sheng hui. 諸痔腫痛。蠶繭内入男子指甲令滿，外用童子頂髮纏裹，燒存性，研末， 蜜調傅之。仍日日吞牛膽制過槐子，甚效。萬表積善堂方。

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All kinds of piles with painful swelling. Fill a silkwom cocoon with a man’s nail trimmings, and wrap it with hair cut from the top of a boy’s head. Bum this by retaining its nature and grind [the residue] to powder. This is to be mixed with honey and applied topically [to the affected region]. Also, every day [the patient] is to swallow sophora japonica seeds prepared with ox bile. Very effective. Wan Biao, Ji shan tang fang. 針刺入肉。凡針折入肉及竹木刺者，刮人指甲末，用酸棗擣爛，塗之。次 日定出。聖惠方。 A needle stuck in the flesh. Whenever a needle has broken and entered the flesh, and when a bamboo or wood splinter has pierced [the flesh], scrape a person’s fingernails to obtain a powder and pound this together with sour dates to obtain a pulp. This is applied to the [location of the piercing]. The next day [the needle or splinter] will come out for sure. Sheng hui fang.1279 飛絲入目。刮爪甲末，同津液點之，其絲自聚拔出也。危氏得效方。 Flying threads have entered the eyes. Srcape a powder from nails, and drip it mixed with [the patient’s] body liquids into [his eyes].1280 The threads will assemble and can be picked up for removal. Wei shi de xiao fang. 物入目中。左手爪甲，刀刮屑末，燈草蘸點瞖上，三次即出也。 An object has entered the eyes. Scrape the fingernails of the left hand to obtain a powder. Dip rush into [this powder] and then touch with it the surface of the shade. After three times [the object] will come out. 癍痘生瞖、一切目疾。並以木賊擦取爪甲末，同朱砂末等分，研匀，以露 水搜丸芥子大。每以一粒點入目内。聖惠。 Macule-illness with smallpox has generated a screen [in the eyes]. For all ailments of the eyes. Always scrape the nails with equisetum [herb] to obtain a powder. Add an equal amount of cinnabar powder, and grind both until they are mixed evenly. Then collect dew to prepare pills the size of mustard seeds. For each [treatment], one of these pills is to be inserted into the eyes. Sheng hui. 1279 This recipe is not recorded in the Sheng hui. It may be found in Pu ji fang ch. 304, zhu mu zhen ci 竹木針刺, “for being pierced by bamboo and wood [splinters] and metal needles.2 1280 Instead of tong jin ye dian zhi 同津液點之, “drip it mixed with [the patient’s] body liquids into [his eyes], Shi yi de xiao fang, ch. 16, tong zhi , “cure-all [recipes],” writes jin tou dian jin ye, dian gua xie ru yan zhong 筯頭點津液，點爪屑入眼中, dip the end of a chopstick into [the patient’s] body liquids and then take up the nail scraps [with the moist end of the chopstick] and drip them into the eyes.“

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目生花瞖。刀刮爪甲細末，和乳點之。集簡方。 The eyes grow flowery shades. Use a knife to scrape a fine powder off the nails and drip this, mixed with human milk, into [the affected eyes]. Ji jian fang. 目生珠管。手爪甲燒灰、貝齒燒灰、龍骨各半兩，爲末，日點三四次。聖 惠方。 The eyes grow pearls in a tube.1281 One half liang each of ashes obtained from burning fingernails, of ashes obtained from burning cowrie shells with tooth imprints (46-16), and of dragon bones are ground to powder. This is dropped [into the eyes] three or four times a day. Sheng hui fang. 積年瀉血。百藥不效。用人指甲炒焦、麝香各二錢半，乾薑炮三兩，白礬 枯過、敗皮巾燒灰各一兩，爲末。每粥飲一錢，日二服。聖濟總録。 Outflow [of fecal matter] with blood lasting for years. When all the hundreds of medications have failed. Two and a half qian of a person’s fingernails roasted, and of musk; three liang of roasted dried ginger; one liang each of dried alum, and one liang of a worn leather scarf are ground to powder. Each time one qian is ingested with gruel, twice a day. Sheng ji zong lu. 鼻出衄血。刀刮指甲細末，吹之即止，試驗。簡便方。 Nosebleed. Use a knife to scratch a fine powder from the fingernails and blow this [into the patient’s nose]. This will end [the nosebleed]. Proved to be effective in tests. Jian bian fang. 52-07 牙齒 日華 Ya chi, FE Rihua Tooth. 【釋名】【時珍曰】兩旁曰牙，當中曰齒。腎主骨，齒者,骨之餘也。女子 七月齒生，七歲齒齔，三七腎氣平而真牙生，七七腎氣衰，齒稿髮素。男 子八月齒生，八歲齒齠，三八腎氣平而真牙生，五八腎氣衰，齒稿髮墮。 錢乙云：小兒變蒸蜕齒，如花之易苗。不及三十六齒者，由蒸之不及其數 也。 Explanation of Names. Li Shizhen: [The teeth] on the two sides are called ya 牙. Those in the center [at the front] are called chi 齒. The kidneys control the bones. The teeth are the outgrowths of bones. In girls, during the seventh month [after birth], the teeth grow. In the seventh year of age, permanent teeth will replace the 1281 Zhu guan 珠管, “pearls in a tube,” a condition of yan xi 眼瘜, “tumor-illness on the eye,” with a crystal clear color reminiscent of pearls in a tube. BCGM Dict I, 691.

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original teeth. In their three times seventh year of age, the kidney qi have levelled and the true teeth grow. In their seven times seventh year of age, the kidney qi weaken. The teeth wither and the hair turns white. In males, the teeth grow during the eighth month [after birth]. In their eighth year of age they shed their milk teeth. In their three times eighth year of age, their kidney qi has levelled and the true teeth grow. In their five times eighth year of age, their kidney qi weaken. The teeth wither and the hair falls off. Qian Yi has said: “When children develop with [bone] steaming and shedding of teeth, this is similar to the transformation of the seeds of plants. When [children] have less than 361282 teeth, this is because [the number of bone] steamings undergone has not reached this number.” 【氣味】甘、鹹，熱，有毒 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, hot, poisonous. 【主治】除勞治瘧，蠱毒氣。入藥燒用。藏器。治乳癰未潰，痘瘡倒黶。 時珍 Control. They eliminate exhaustion[-illness] and serve to cure malaria, and the qi of gu poison.1283 For use as a medication they are to be burned. [Chen] Cangqi. They serve to cure breast obstruction-illness,1284 and smallpox with inverted moles. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【時珍曰】近世用人牙治痘瘡陷伏，稱爲神品，然一概用之，貽 害不淺。夫齒者，腎之標，骨之餘也。痘瘡則毒自腎出，方長之際，外爲 風寒穢氣所冒，腠理閉塞，血澀不行，毒不能出，或變黑倒黶。宜用此 物，以酒、麝達之，竄入腎經，發出毒氣，使熱令復行，而瘡自紅活，蓋 劫劑也。若伏毒在心，昏冒不省人事，及氣虚色白，痒塌不能作膿，熱疿 紫泡之證，止宜解毒補虚。苟誤用此，則鬱悶聲啞，反成不救，可不慎 哉？高武痘疹管見云：左仲恕言變黑歸腎者，宜用人牙散。夫既歸腎矣， 人牙豈能復治之乎？

1282 Qian Yi in his Xiao er yao zheng zhi jue, 1. ch., Mai zheng zhi fa bian zheng 脉證治法 變 蒸, “therapeutic approaches based on the [movement in the] vessels and disease signs. Changes [of the body obvious through its] steaming,” writes san shi er 三十二, “32 [teeth],”instead of san shi liu 三十六, “36 [teeth].” 1283 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22. 1284 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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Explication. [Li] Shizhen: In recent times, human teeth are used to treat smallpox with indented [moles], and it was said that [the teeth have proved] to be divine products. However, if used indiscriminately, the harm resulting will not be small. Now, the teeth are the outer signs of the kidneys, and they are outgrowths of the bones. In the case of smallpox, the poison originates from the kidneys. When [this poison] is just about to grow, and the [patient’s] exterior is offended by wind, cold and filth qi, the interstice structures will close, and the blood is blocked in its flow. Hence the poison cannot leave, and it may turn into black, inverted moles. Here now it is appropriate to use this item, to reach, [mixed] with wine and musk, [the blood], and to enter the kidney conduits from where it expels the poison qi. This will allow the heat to resume its passage, and to cause the [pox] sores to turn red and become active. The fact is, [the teeth] are a rather radical [curative] preparation. If, however, the poison lies hidden in the heart, with [the patient] being clouded with dim vision and failing to recognize other persons, and if the signs [of his illness] indicate that his qi are depleted and his complexion is white, with [the sores] itching, being collapsed, and failing to suppurate, accompanied by heat with seething rashes and purple blisters, in such a situation it is only advisable to resolve the poison and to supplement the depletion. If one were to erroneously use this item, this would result in pent-up [qi] with heart-pressure, and loss of voice. Rather than achieving a success, [the patient’s life] cannot be saved. Is this not reason enough to be very careful [in administering therapies with teeth]? According to Gao Wu’s Dou zhen guan jian, “Zuo Zhongshu has said: ‘When [the pox sores] turn black and [the poison] has returned to the kidneys, it is advisable to use tooth powder.’ Now, when [the poison] has returned to the kidneys, how could human teeth be able to achieve a cure again?!”

【附方】舊一，新七。 Added recipes. One of old. Seven newly [recorded]. 痘瘡倒黶。錢氏小兒方用人牙燒存性，入麝香少許，温酒服半錢。 For smallpox sores with inverted moles. The Qian shi xiao er fang [suggests to] use human teeth burned with their nature retained, to which is added small amount of musk. [Patients] ingest, with warm wine, half a qian. 聞人規痘疹論云：人牙散治痘瘡方出，風寒外襲，或變黑，或青紫，此倒 黶也。宜温肌發散，使熱氣復行而斑自出。用人齒脱落者，不拘多少，瓦 罐固濟，煅過出火毒，研末。出不快而黑陷者，獖豬血調下一錢；因服凉 藥，血澀倒陷者，入麝香，温酒服之。其效如神。

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Wen Rengui’s Dou zhen lun states: The “powder with human teeth.” It serves to cure smallpox sores that have just appeared, and that have been attacked by wind cold from the outside. When sometimes they turn black, or sometimes they turn purple, these are the inverted moles. [In such cases] it is advisable to warm the muscles and have [the poison] dissipate. This will cause the heat qi to resume its passage and the macules will appear as a result. Place a small number of human teeth that have fallen out into an earthenware pot, seal it tightly, and after having it calcined let the fire poison leave. Then [the residues] are ground to powder. Whenever [the pox eruptions] do not occur quickly, and if they are black and sunken, [let the patient] ingest one qian [of that powder] mixed with a castrated boar’s blood. In the case of the blood failing to pass freely with inverted, sunken [moles] because [the patient] had ingested cooling medication, add musk [to the powder] and have him ingest this with warm wine. The effects will be divine. 無價散：用人牙、貓牙、豬牙、犬牙等分，火煅研末，蜜水調服一字。 The “priceless powder”. Take equal amounts of human teeth, cat teeth, pig teeth, and dog teeth. Calcine them over fire, and grind [the residues] to powder. Mix this with honey and water and ingest one zi. 乳癰未潰。人牙齒燒研，酥調貼之。肘後方。 Breast obstruction-illness1285 that has not begun to fester yet. Human teeth are burned and [the ashes] are ground to powder. This is mixed with butter to be applied topically [to the affected region]. Zhou hou fang. 五般聤耳，出膿血水。人牙燒存性，麝香少許，爲末吹之。名佛牙散。普 濟方。 The five kinds of purulent ears, emitting pus, blood, and water. Human teeth burned with their nature retained and a small amount of musk are ground to powder that is blown into the [affected ears]. This is called “Buddha’s teeth powder.” Pu ji fang. 漏瘡惡瘡。乾水生肌，用人牙灰、油髮灰、雄雞内金灰各等分，爲末，入 麝香、輕粉少許，油調傅之。直指方。 Leaking sores, malign sores. To dry the water and to grow muscles. Prepare a powder from equal amounts of human teeth ashes, oily hair ashes, and ashes of a rooster’s inner golden [lining of its gizzard]. Add a little musk and calomel, mix this with oil and apply this topically. Zhi zhi fang. 1285 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641.

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陰疽不發，頭凹沉黯，不疼無熱。服内補散不起，必用人牙煅過、穿山甲 炙各一分，爲末。分作兩服，用當歸、麻黄煎酒下。外以薑汁和麵傅之。 Yin impediment-illness1286 that fails to erupt. The tip is inverted and hardly visible in the depth, without pain and heat. Even after having ingested the “powder for internal supplementation,” the [moles] fail to rise. Use one fen each of calcined human teeth and roasted pangolin scales and grind them to powder. This is to be ingested in two doses. They are ingested in wine in which were boiled angelica [root] and ephedra [herb]. Externally apply a mixture of ginger juice with flour [to the affected region]. 又方：川烏頭、硫黄、人牙煅過爲末，酒服亦妙。楊仁齋直指方。 A further recipe. Si chuan aconitum [main tuber], sulphur and calcined teeth are ground to powder, Ingested with wine [this recipe] is wondrous, too. Yan Renzhai, Zhi zhi fang. 52-08 人屎别録。附人中黄 Ren shi, FE Bie lu. Appendix: ren zhong huang. Human excrements. 【釋名】人糞别録、大便。【時珍曰】屎、糞乃糟粕所化，故字從米，會 意也。 Explanation of Names. Ren fen 人糞, “human feces,” Bie lu. Da bian 大便, "major relief.” [Li] Shizhen: Shi 屎 and fen 糞 are transformation products of waste matter, zao po 糟粕. Hence these characters are based on [the character] mi 米, “rice,”to reflect their meaning. 【氣味】苦，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Bitter, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】時行大熱狂走，解諸毒，擣末，沸湯沃服之。别録。傷寒熱毒， 水漬飲之，彌善。新者，封丁腫，一日根爛。蘇恭。骨蒸勞復，癰腫發背 瘡漏，痘瘡不起。時珍。 Control. Epidemic massive heat with [patients] crazily running around. They resolve all kinds of poison. Pound them to powder, and ingest this with clear water boiled to bubbling. Bie lu. Harm caused by cold with heat poison. Soak [the excrements] in water and [let the patient] drink this. This is even better. Use fresh 1286 Ju 疽, “impediment-illness,” refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the impediment may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 277.

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[excrements] to cover pin-illness1287 with swelling. Within one day, the root will rot. Su Gong. Bone steaming with recurring exhaustion. 1288 Obstruction-illness1289 swelling with an effusion on the back1290 and leaking sores. Failure of smallpox sores to rise. [Li] Shizhen. 52-08-01 糞清。Fen qing. Excrement liquid cleared up. 【釋名】黄龍湯弘景、還元水菽園記、人中黄。【弘景曰】近城市人以 空罌塞口，納糞中，積年得汁，甚黑而苦，名爲黄龍湯，療瘟病垂死者 皆瘥。【大明曰】臘月截淡竹去青皮，浸滲取汁，治天行熱疾中毒，名糞 清。浸皂莢、甘蔗，治天行熱疾，名人中黄。【震亨曰】人中黄，以竹筒 入甘草末于内，竹木塞兩頭，冬月浸糞缸中，立春取出，懸風處陰乾，破 竹取草，晒乾用。【汪機曰】用棕皮綿紙上鋪黄土，澆糞汁淋土上，濾取 清汁，入新甕内，椀覆定，埋土中。一年取出，清若泉水，全無穢氣，年 久者彌佳，比竹筒滲法更妙。 Explanation of Names. Huang long tang 黄龍湯, "yellow dragon decoction,“ [Tao] Hongjing. Huan yuan shui 還元水, "water that lets the original [qi] return,“ Shu yuan ji. Ren zhong huang 人中黄, "the yellow in man.” [Tao] Hongjing: Nowadays, the people in the cities take a small-mouthed jar, close its opening, and enter it into [human] excrements. After some years, a liquid collects in it that is deeply black and bitter. It is called “yellow dragon decoction.” It serves to heal patients suffering from warmth illness and close to dying, and always results in a cure. Da Ming: During the 12th month cut a piece of bamboo [stem], remove its greenish bark and soak it [in human excrements]. Eventually remove the liquid and use it to cure epidemic heat illness with poisoning. This is called “feces liquid cleared up.” With gleditsia pods/seeds and sugar cane soaked in it, it serves to cure epidemic heat illness. This is called “the yellow in man.” [Zhu] Zhenheng: [To prepare] “the yellow in man,” take a bamboo tube and fill it with glycyrrhiza [root] powder. Close both ends of the 1287 Ding 丁, "pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, "pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127-129. 1288 Gu zheng lao 骨蒸勞, “exhaustion because of bone steaming.” Identical with chuan shi 傳尸, “corpse [evil] transmission.” (1) An infectious consumptive disease. (2) Heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197. 1289 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 1290 Fa bei 發背, “effusion of the back.” A condition of an obstruction-illness and an impediment-illness developking on one’s back. BCGM Dict I, 148.

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bamboo with a wooden plug, and in the winter months let it soak in a latrine, to be retrieved again at Spring Begins. [The tube] is suspended then at a windy location to let it dry, before it is broken open to remove the herb which is then dried under the sun to be eventually used [as medication]. Wang Ji: Spread yellow soil on a paper made from palm tree bark, and pour excrement liquid on it to have it filtered. Take the strained liquid, fill it into a new earthenware jar and cover [the jar] with an overturned bowl. Bury this in the soil for one year and then take it out again. [The liquid] will be as clear as water from a spring, with no filthy qi in it whatsoever. [Liquids] retrieved after several years are even better. It is even more wondrous than the [liquid] obtained with the method of having it seep into a bamboo tube. 【主治】天行熱狂，熱疾，中毒，蕈毒，惡瘡。大明。熱毒濕毒，大解五 臟實熱。飯和作丸，清痰，消食積，降陰火。震亨。 Control. Epidemic heat, with craziness; heat illnesses. Poisoning. Xun 蕈 fungus poisoning. Malign sores. Da Ming. Heat poison. Dampness poison. It massively dissolves repletion in the five long-term depots. Mix it with cooked rice to prepare pills. They will clear phlegm, dissolve food accumulations, and press down yin fire. [Zhu] Zhenheng.

【附方】舊十三，新二十。 Added recipes. 13 of old. 20 newly [recorded]. 勞復食復。人屎燒灰，酒服方寸匕。千金方。 Relapse [into a disease] because of exhaustion; relapse because of eating. Burn human excrements and ingest, with wine, as much of the ashes as a square cun spoon holds. Qian jin fang. 熱病發狂，奔走似癲，如見鬼神，久不得汗，及不知人事者。以人中黄入 大罐内，以泥固濟，煅半日，去火毒，研末。新汲水服三錢。未退再服。 斗門方。 Heat disease with fits of craziness. If [patients] run about similar to those suffering from peak-illness,1291 as if they had seen demon spirits, if they fail to sweat for a long time, and if they do not recognize other persons, fill “the yellow in man” into a large jar, close it firmly with clay, calcine it for half a day, let the fire poison vanish, and grind [the residue] to powder. [Let the patient] ingest three qian with freshly 1291 Dian 癲, “peak-illness,” BCGM Dict I, 123, identical with dian ji 癲疾, “peak ailment,” a condition of a mental disturbance, occasionally associated with xian 癇, “epilepsy.” BCGM Dict I, 125.

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drawn water. If [the disease] fails to subside, [let the patient] ingest this again. Dou men fang. 大熱狂渴。乾陳人屎爲末，于陰地净黄土中作五六寸小坑，將末三兩匙于 坑中，以新汲水調匀，良久澄清，細細與飲即解。世俗謂之地清。寇宗奭 衍義。 Massive heat, craziness and thirst. [Grind] dry, human excrements that have been stored for some time to powder. Then dig in clean yellow soil at a yin location a small pit of five to six cun. Next ladle three liang of the powder into the pit and mix it evenly with freshly drawn water. Wait for an extended period of time until the liquid has become clear and [let the patient] drink it in small portions until [his disease] is resolved. This [medication] is commonly called “soil cleared up.” Kou Zongshi, Yan yi. 勞極骨蒸。亦名伏連傳尸，此方甚驗。用人屎、小便各一升，新粟米飯五 升，六月六日麴半餅，以瓶盛，封密室中，二七日並消，亦無惡氣。每旦 服一合，午再服之，神效。張文仲備急方。 Extreme exhaustion with bone steaming.1292 Also called: “hidden link corpse [evil] transmission.”1293 This recipe has proved to be very effective. Take one sheng each of human excrements1294 and urine, five sheng of a freshly prepared millet meal, half a cake prepared with yeast on the sixth day of the sixth month, and fill all this into a jar.1295 This is to be kept tightly sealed in a room. After two times seven days all ingredients will have dissolved, and there will be no [stench of ] malign qi. [Let the patient] ingest one ge each morning, and then ingest it again at noon. Divinely effective. Zhang Wenzhong, Bei ji fang. 骨蒸熱勞。取人屎乾者，燒令外黑，納水中澄清。每旦服一小升，薄晚服 童便一小升，以瘥爲度。既常服，可就作坑，燒屎三升，夜以水三升漬 之，稍稍减服。此方神妙，非其人莫浪傳之。外臺秘要。

1292 Gu zheng lao 骨蒸勞, “exhaustion because of bone steaming.” Identical with chuan shi 傳尸, “corpse [evil] transmission.” (1) An infectious consumptive disease. (2) Heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197. 1293 Chuan shi 傳尸, “corpse [evil qi] transmission.” An infectious consumptive disease. BCGM Dict I, 97. For fu lian 伏連, “hidden link,” see BCGM Dict I, 175 1294 Wai tai, ch. 13, fu lian fang , “recipes for hidden link,” writes ren shi wu da sheng shi, ren xiao bian yi sheng 人屎五大升湿 人小便一升, “human excrements, five generous sheng, moist; human urine, one sheng.” 1295 Wai tai, ch. 13, fu lian fang , “recipes for hidden link,” specifies ci ping: 瓷瓶, “porcelain jar.”

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Bone steaming with heat and exhaustion.1296 Burn dried human excrements until they are black on the outside. Put this into water and wait until the liquid has become clear. Each morning [let the patient] ingest one minor sheng, and in the late afternoon have him ingest one minor sheng of a boy’s urine. This is to be continued until [the patient] is cured. For a regularly repeated intake, one may prepare a pit filled with three sheng of burned excrements to which are given three sheng of water, to soak [the excrements] in the evening. [The liquid] is to be ingested in small amounts. This recipe is divinely effective. It must not be shared indiscriminately with unsuitable persons. Wai tai mi yao. 嘔血吐痰，心煩骨蒸者。人中黄爲末，每服三錢，茜根汁、竹瀝、薑汁和 匀，服之。丹溪方。 Vomiting of blood, spitting of phlegm. For patients with heart vexation and bone steaming.1297 Grind “the yellow in man” to powder. Each time ingest three qian. To be ingested evenly mixed with madder root juice, bamboo stem juice and ginger juice. Danxi fang. 鼻衄不止。人屎尖燒灰，水服一二錢，并吹鼻中。千金方。 Incessant nosebleed. Burn the tip of human excrements to ashes, and ingest, with water, one or two qian. Also, blow [the ashes] into [the patient’s] nose. Qian jin fang. 噎膈反胃，諸藥不效。真阿魏一錢，野外乾人屎三錢，爲末，五更以姜片 蘸食，能起死人。乃趙玉囦方也。永類鈐方。 Gullet occlusion with turned over stomach. When all medications applied have remained without effect. One qian of genuine asafetida and three qian of dried human excrements collected in the wilderness are ground to powder. Just before dawn dip a slice of ginger into [the powder] and eat it. This may raise a dead person. It is a recipe of Zhao Yuyuan. Yong lei qian fang. 噎食不下。人屎入蘿蔔内，火煉三炷香，取研，每服三分，黄酒下，三服 效。海上名方。 Gullet occluding food that fails to descend. Place a radish root into human excrements and treat it with fire for as long as it takes for three incense sticks to burn

1296 Gu zheng lao 骨蒸勞, “exhaustion because of bone steaming.” Identical with chuan shi 傳尸, “corpse [evil] transmission.” (1) An infectious consumptive disease. (2) Heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197. 1297 Gu zheng 骨蒸, “bone steaming,” (1) a pathological condition of an infectious consumptive disease with a development of vexing heat in the afternoon. (2) An illness sign of heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197.

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down. Then grind it to powder. Each time ingest, with yellow wine, three fen. Effective after three doses. Hai shang ming fang. 痘瘡不起。儒門事親治痘瘡倒黶及灰白下陷，用童子糞乾者，新瓦煅過。 每一兩入龍腦一分，研匀。每服半錢至一錢，蜜水調下。 Smallpox sores that fail to rise. Ru men shi qin: To cure smallpox sores with inverted moles and those that are ash-grey-white and sunken. Calcine a boy’s dried feces on a new tile. For each dose add one liang to one fen of borneol, and grind this evenly. Each time ingest one half qian up to one qian mixed with honey and water. 四靈無價散：治痘瘡黑陷，腹脹危篤者，此爲劫劑。用人糞、猫糞、豬 糞、犬糞等分，臘月初旬收埋高燥黄土窖内，至臘八日取出，炒罐盛之， 鹽泥固濟，炭火煅令烟盡爲度。取出爲末，入麝香少許，研匀，瓷器密封 收之。一歲一字，二歲半錢，三歲一錢，蜜水調下，須臾瘡起。此乃以毒 攻毒。用火化者，從治之義也。 The “priceless powder with the four magic [ingredients].” It serves to cure very critical cases of smallpox sores with black, sunken [moles] and abdominal distension. This is a very aggressive preparation. Take equal amounts of human feces, cat feces, and dog feces. At the beginning of the 12th month bury them in a pit in dry yellow soil at an elevated location. They are to be removed again on the eighth day of the 12th month, and they are then filled into an earthenware jar1298 which is tightly closed with salt and clay. [The jar] is now calcined over a charcoal fire until all the smoke has gone. Then [the contents] are taken out and ground to powder. To this a small amount of musk is added, and [the mixture] is to be ground evenly. Store [the resulting powder] in a porcelain container that is to be sealed tightly. A one year old [child is to ingest] one zi. A two year old [child is to ingest] half a qian. A three year old [child is to ingest] one qian. They ingest this mixed with honey and water. After a short time the sores will rise. This is a method to attack poison with poison. The transformation with fire is based on the idea that a cure is achieved with [a medication] following [the nature of the disease]. 發背欲死。燒屎灰，醋和傅之，乾即易。肘後方。 Effusion of the back,1299 close to death. Burn excrements to ashes, mix them with vinegar and apply this topically. Once [the paste] has dried, replace it. Zhou hou fang. 1298 The Jiang xi edition and the Qian edition have the same wording. Shen nong ben cao jing shu, ch. 15, ren shi 人屎, “human excrements,” write sha 砂, “sand,” instead of chao 炒, “to fry.” 1299 Fa bei 發背, “effusion of the back.” A condition of an obstruction-illness and an impediment-illness developking on one’s back. BCGM Dict I, 148.

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一切癰腫未潰。用乾人粪末、麝香各半錢，研匀，以豆大，津調貼頭外， 以醋麵作錢護之。膿潰去藥。寇宗奭衍義。 For all kinds of obstruction-illness1300 with swelling. As long as [the swelling] is not yet festering. Grind one half qian each of dried human excrements, [ground to] powder, and musk. Then mix as much as equals a bean with human body liquid and apply this externally to the tip [of the swelling]. Then [take more of the excrement powder and] form a coin-size plaster with vinegar and flour and cover the entire [swelling] with it. Once all the pus has vanished, the medication is to be removed. Kou Zongshi, Yan yi. 丁腫初起。刮破，以熱屎尖傅之，乾即易。不過十五遍，即根出立瘥。千 金。 A pin[-illness] with a swelling that has just begun to rise. Scratch [the swelling] open and apply the tip of hot excrements to the [wound]. Once the [excrements] have dried, replace them. After no more than 15 applications, the root [of the pin-illness] 1301 will have come out, and the cure is achieved. Qian jin. 五色丹毒。黄龍湯飲二合，并塗之，良。千金方。 Cinnabar poisoning1302 in five colors. Drink two ge of “yellow dragon decoction.” Also, apply it topically. Good. Qian jin fang. 九漏有蟲。乾人屎、乾牛屎，隔綿貼之，蟲聞其氣即出。若痒則易之，蟲 盡乃止。千金。 The nine kinds of leakage with worms/bugs. Apply dried human excrements and dried ox excrements, separated by a sheet of silk fabric, to the [affecte region]. Once all the worms/bugs have left, [the treatment] is ended. Qian jin. 疳蝕口鼻，唇頰穿者。綿裹人屎貼之，必有蟲出。十便良方。 Gan-illness1303 with erosion of mouth and nose. Perforations of lips and cheek. Apply human excrements wrapped in silk fabric to the [affected region]. The worms/ bugs will definitely come out. Shi bian liang fang. 1300 Yong 癰, “obstruction-illness,”refers to an obstruction of vessels or other ducts inside the body. Qi rushing against the obstruction may cause a local swelling and eventually break through the surface to cause an abscess. BCGM Dict I, 641. 1301 Ding 丁, "pin[-illness],“ also ding 疔, "pin-illness,” refers to a deep-reaching and festering hardness in a tissue, eventually rising above the skin like a pinhead. BCGM Dict I, 127-129. 1302 Dan du 丹毒, “cinnabar poison,” a skin ailment with red rashes. BCGM Dict I, 118 1303 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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小兒唇緊。人屎灰傅之。崔知悌方。 Tight lips of children. Apply the ashes of human excrements to the [affected region]. Cui Zhiti fang. 小兒陰瘡。人屎灰傅之。外臺秘要。 Sores affecting the yin (i.e., genital) body parts of children. Apply the ashes of human excrements to the [affected region]. Wai tai mi yao. 産後陰脱。人屎炒赤爲末，酒服方寸匕，日二服。千金方。 Yin (i.e., uterine) prolapse following childbirth. Human excrements are roasted until they turn red, and are then ground to powder. [Patients] ingest, with wine, the amount held by a square cun spoon. To be ingested twice a day. Qian jin fang. 鬼舐頭瘡。取小兒糞，和臘猪脂傅之。千金方。 Sores resulting from a head licked by a demon. Mix the feces of children with lard collected in the 12th month and apply this to the [affected region]. Qian jin fang. 金瘡腸出。乾人屎末粉之，即入。千金方。 Wounds resulting from metal weapons/objects, with the intestines exposed. A powder of dried human excrements is spread over [the wound], and the [intestines] will enter [the abdomen again]. Qian jin fang. 鍼瘡血出不止。用人屎燒研，傅之。千金方。 Incessant bleeding of a wound caused by a needle. Burn human excrements and grind [the residue. The resulting powder] is to be applied to the [wound]. Qian jin fang. 馬血入瘡，腫痛。用人糞一雞子大服之，并塗之。千金方。 The blood of a horse has entered a wound, with painful swelling. Ingest human feces of the size of a chicken egg, and also smear it on the [wound]. Qian jin fang. 毒蛇咬螫。人屎厚封之，即消。千金。 Bite or sting by a poisonous snake. Cover it thickly1304 with human excrements. This will dissolve it. Qian jin. 蠱毒百毒，及諸熱毒，時氣熱病，口鼻出血。用人屎尖七枚燒灰，水調頓 服，温覆取汗即愈。勿輕此方，神驗者也。外臺秘要。

1304 Qian jin fang, ch. 25, bei ji fang 備急方, she chong deng du 蛇蟲等毒, “recipes prepared for urgent cases; snake, worm/bug etc. poisoning,” writes feng zhi bo guo 封之帛裹, “wrap it and fasten it with silk.”

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Gu poison,1305 the hundred kinds of poisoning, as well as all kinds of heat poison, and heat diseases resulting from seasonal qi, with mouth and nose bleeding. Take seven tips of human excrements, burn them to ashes and [let the patient] ingest them mixed with water as one dose. Cover [the patient] warmly. Once he sweats, he will be cured. This recipe must not be regarded lightly. It is divinely effective. Wai tai mi yao. 諸毒卒惡，熱悶欲死者。新糞汁，水和服。或乾者燒末，漬汁飲。名破棺 湯。唐 蘇恭。 All kinds of poisoning with sudden stroke by the malign. When [patients suffer from] heat and heart pressure and are about to die. Ingest fresh fecal liquid mixed with water. Or burn dried [feces], grind it to powder, and drink it soaked in some liquid. This is called the “decoction to break open a coffin.” Tang era, Su Gong. 解藥箭毒。毒箭有三種。交 廣夷人用焦銅作箭鏃，嶺北諸處以蛇毒螫物汁 著筒中漬箭鏃，此二種纔傷皮肉，便洪膿沸爛而死。若中之，便飲汁并塗 之，惟此最妙。又一種用射菵煎塗箭鏃，亦宜此方。姚僧坦集驗方。 To resolve the poison of medicated arrows. There are three kinds of poisonous arrows. In Jiao and Guang, the Yi people prepare arrowheads by heating copper. In Ling bei, they everywhere fill snake poison and the juice prepared from objects that may sting into a tube and soak arrowheads in it. These two kinds will just harm the skin and the flesh, associated with a massive festering and leading to one’s death. If struck by such an [arrowhead], one should immediately drink [fecal] liquid and smear it on the [wound]. This is the only most wondrous [treatment]. There is yet another [type of poisonous arrows]. A decoction of aconitum [accessory tuber] is smeared on the arrowhead. The same recipe as above is appropriate here. Yao Sengtan, Ji yan fang. 野葛芋毒、山中毒菌，欲死者。並飲糞汁一升，即活。肘後方。 Poisoning from yellow jessamine and taro root, and poisoning from fungi in the mountains, with [patients] dying. In all cases [let the patient] drink one sheng of fecal juice, and he will survive. Zhou hou fang.

1305 Gu du 蠱毒, “gu-poison[ing].” (1) A poison emitted by certain worms/snakes with an ability to cause varying pathological changes in a person who has taken it in by means of wine or food. (2) Abdominal fullness, in some cases with blood spitting, and blood in the stool and urine. BCGM Dict I, 192 - 193. See BCGM 42-22.

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漏肉脯毒。人屎燒研，酒服方寸匕。肘後方。 Poisoning from meat in preserved food that has been exposed to a leaking [roof ]. Burn human excrements and grind [the residue]. The amount held by a square cun spoon is to be ingested with wine. Zhou hou fang. 惡犬咬傷。左盤龍，即人屎也，厚封之，數日即愈。藺氏經驗方。 Wounds resulting from the bites of malign dogs. Thickly cover the [wound] with “left-winding dragon,” i.e., human excrements. A cure is achieved after several days. Lin shi jing yan fang. 心腹急痛，欲死。用人屎同蜜擂匀，新汲水化下。生生編。 Acute pain in the region of heart and abdomen, with [the patient] dying. Pound human excrements evenly with honey, dissolve this in freshly drawn water, and [let the patient] ingest this. Sheng sheng bian. 52-09 小兒胎屎綱目 Xiao er tai shi, FE Gang mu Excrements of newborns. 【主治】惡瘡，食瘜肉，除面印字，一月即瘥。藏器。治小兒鬼舐頭，燒 灰和臘豬脂塗之。時珍。 Control. Malign sores. They consume tumorous flesh-growths. They eliminate facial tattoo characters, and achieve a cure within one month. They serve to cure a “head licked by demons” of children. Burn [the excrements of newborns] to ashes, mix them with lard collected in the 12th month, and smear this on [the affected region]. [Li] Shizhen. 52-10 人尿 奴弔切，亦作溺。别録 Ren niao, split reading: nu diao. Also written: ni. FE Bie lu. Human urine. 【釋名】溲素問、小便素問、輪逥酒綱目、還元湯。【時珍曰】尿，從尸 從水，會意也。方家謂之輪逥酒、還元湯，隱語也。飲入于胃，遊溢精 氣，上輸于脾。脾氣散精，上歸于肺，通調水道，下輸膀胱。水道者，闌 門也。主分泌水穀，糟粕入于大腸，水汁滲入膀胱。膀胱者，州都之官， 津液之府，氣化則能出矣。陰陽應象論云：清陽爲天，濁陰爲地。地氣上 爲雲，天氣下爲雨。故清陽出上竅，濁陰出下竅。

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Explanation of Names. Sou 溲, Su wen. Xiao bian 小便, “minor relief,” Su wen. Lun hui jiu 輪逥酒, "turns of the wheel wine,” Gang mu. Huan yuan tang 還元湯, "decoction that lets the original [qi] return.” [Li] Shizhen: The character niao 尿 is constructed from the characters shi 尸, "corpse,“ and shui 水, "water“, as a composite to express its meaning. The recipe experts speak of it as lun hui jiu 輪逥酒, and huan yuan tang 還元湯. This is their secret argot. When drunk, it enters the stomach and then passes on to boost the essence qi and transport [it] upward to reach the spleen. The spleen qi disperses essence that rises further to reach the lung. It is transferred to the passage way of water, and transported downward to the urinary bladder. The passage way of water is the lan men 闌門, “railing gate.” It controls the separation and secretion of water and grain. The dregs enter the large intestine. The watery liquids seep into the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder is the official responsible for the zhou and the capital. It is the short-term repository of body liquids. Once they are transformed by the qi, they can leave [the body]. The [section] Yin yang ying xiang lun [of the Su wen] states: “The clear yang is heaven; the turbind yin is the earth. The qi of the earth rise and turn into clouds. The qi of heaven descend and become rain. Hence, the clear yang exits through the upper orifices. The turbid yin exits through the lower orifices.” 【氣味】鹹，寒，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, cold, nonpoisonous. 【主治】寒熱頭痛，温氣。童男者尤良。别録。主久嗽上氣失聲，及癥積 滿腹。蘇恭。明目益聲，潤肌膚，利大腸，推陳致新，去欬嗽肺痿，鬼氣 痓病。停久者，服之佳。恐冷，則和熱湯服。藏器。止勞渴，潤心肺，療 血悶熱狂，撲損，瘀血在内運絶，止吐血鼻衄，皮膚皴裂，難産，胎衣不 下，蛇犬咬。大明。滋陰降火甚速。震亨。殺蟲解毒，療瘧、中暍。時珍。 Control. Alternating sensations of cold and heat with headache. Warmth qi. That of boys is especially good. Bie lu. It controls chronic cough with rising qi and loss of voice. Also, concretion-illness1306 accumulation with a feeling of abdominal fullness. Su Gong. It clears the eyes and boosts one’s voice. It moistens muscles and skin, and opens the passage through the large intestine. It pushes out what is old, and lets arrive what is new. It eliminates cough with a loss of lung function, as well as spasms disease resulting from demon qi. To ingest [human urine] that has been stored over an extended period of time is best. If one has an aversion to cold, he will ingest it mixed with clear hot water. [Chen] Cangqi. It ends exhaustion with thirst. It moistens heart and lung. It heals blood heart pressure, heat and craziness. 1306 Zheng 癥. “concretion-illness,” a pathological condition of abdominal nodes/lumps that are hard and cannot be moved. BCGM Dict I, 676.

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Contusions with stagnant blood inside that fails to continue its movement. It ends spitting blood and nosebleed, cracked skin, and [cures] difficult childbirth, failure of the placenta to descend, and snake and dog bites. Da Ming. It is very fast in nourishing the yin [qi] and bringing down fire. [Zhu] Zhenheng. It kills worms/bugs, and resolves poison. It heals malaria and sunstroke. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【弘景曰】若人初得頭痛，直飲人尿數升，亦多愈。合葱、豉作 湯服，彌佳。【宗奭曰】人溺，須童子者佳。産後温飲一盃，壓下敗血惡 物。有飲過七日者。過多恐久遠血臟寒，令人發帶病，人亦不覺。若氣血 虚無熱者，尤不宜多服。此物性寒，故熱勞方中用之。【震亨曰】小便降 火甚速。常見一老婦，年逾八十，貌似四十。詢其故。常有惡病，人教服 人尿，四十餘年矣。且老健無他病，而何謂之性寒不宜多服耶？凡陰虚火 動，熱蒸如燎，服藥無益者，非小便不能除。【時珍曰】小便性温不寒， 飲之入胃，隨脾之氣上歸于肺，下通水道而入膀胱，乃其舊路也。故能治 肺病，引火下行。凡人精氣，清者爲血，濁者爲氣；濁之清者爲津液，清 之濁者爲小便，小便與血同類也。故其味鹹而走血，治諸血病也。按褚澄 遺書云：人喉有竅，則欬血殺人。喉不停物，毫髮必欬，血既滲入，愈滲 愈欬，愈欬愈滲。惟飲溲溺，則百不一死；若服寒凉，則百不一生。又吴 球諸證辨疑云：諸虚吐衄咯血，須用童子小便，其效甚速。蓋溲溺滋陰降 火，消瘀血，止吐衄諸血。但取十二歲以下童子，絶其烹炮鹹酸，多與 米飲，以助水道。每用一盞，入姜汁或韭汁二三點，徐徐服之，日進二 三服。寒天則重湯温服，久自有效也。又成無己云：傷寒少陰證，下利不 止，厥逆無脉，乾嘔欲飲水者。加人尿、豬膽汁鹹苦寒物于白通湯薑附藥 中，其氣相從，可去格拒之患也。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: When someone has just got a headache, he should immediately drink several sheng of human urine. This often results in a cure. Mixed with onions and fermented soybeans and ingested as a decoction, is second best. [Kou] Zongshi: Human urine of young boys is good. A cup of warm [urine] drunk after childbirth will press down rotten blood and malign matter. There are some [women] who drink this for more than seven days, This is too much, and may lead, for a long time, to cold in the blood depot. This in turn lets that person develop “diseases below the belt.” She may not be aware of it. Whenever the qi and the blood are depleted, in the absence of heat, it is particularly inappropriate to ingest [human urine]. This item is of cold nature. Hence it is resorted to in recipes for heat and exhaustion. [Zhu] Zhenheng: Urine is able to bring down fire very quickly. [I] once saw an old woman of more than 80 years. She looked like 40. When I asked her about the reason, [she said that] she had long suffered from a malign disease when someone told her to ingest human urine. This she had done for more than 40

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years. She had reached an old age and she never had another disease. But how is it that it is said that its nature is cold and therefore must not be ingested frequently? All cases of yin [qi] depletion and fire activity, of heat steaming as if it were burning, when no other medication is of any benefit, if one does not resort to urine, he will never get rid [of these problems]. [Li] Shizhen: The nature of urine is warm, not cold. When drunk it enters the stomach and follows the qi of the spleen to rise and reach the lung. It descends along the waterways and enters the urinary bladder. These are its age-old paths. Hence it is able to cure lung disease, and to guide the fire on its passage down. Of man’s essence qi, all those that are clear, they are blood. Those that are turbid, they are the qi. The essence of those that are turbid, that is the body liquid. The turbid of the essence, that is the urine. Urine and blood are of the same group. Hence its flavor is salty, and it follows the blood, and serves to cure all kinds of blood diseases. According to the Chu Cheng yi shu, “when someone’s throat is perforated, then coughing and blood will kill this person. The lung is not a place for any matter to rest there. Even the smallest hair will stimulate coughing, and blood will seep into [the location of that item]. The more [blood] seeps in, the more [that person] will cough. The more he coughs, the more [blood] will seep in. The only way [to end this] is to drink urine, and then not one will die in a hundred. If one were to ingest something cold or cooling, then not one in a hundred would survive.” Also, Wu Qiu in his Zhu zheng bian yi states: “For all cases of spitting because of depletion, and nosebleed, one must resort to boys’ urine. Its effects show very quickly. The fact is, urine nourishes the yin [qi] and brings down fire. It dissolves stagnant blood and ends all kinds of spitting blood and nosebleed. However, one should make use of the urine of boys not yet twelve years of age. He is to stop eating boiled and roasted [food], as well as salty and sour items, and he should be given much water in which rice was cooked as this will assist his waterways. [For a treatment,] each time use a cup [of boys’ urine], add two or three drops of ginger juice or Chinese chives, and slowly ingest this. This may be repeated two or three times a day. On cold days, it should be ingested warmed in a hot water bath. The effect will come after some extended period of time.” Also, Cheng Wuji says: “In the case of harm caused by cold with pathological conditions in the minor yin [section], accompanied by an incessant free flow discharge, recession and counterflow [of qi] and no [palpable movement in the] vessels, with dry vomiting and and a desire to drink water, add human urine, pig bile and salty, bitter, and cold items to the drugs ginger and aconitum [accessory tuber] in the ‘decoction with a white [ingredient] to open passages’. Their qi will follow each other, and this way one can eliminate even a most obstinate suffering.”

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【附方】舊七，新三十八。 Added recipes. Seven of old. 38 newly [recorded]. 頭痛至極。童便一盞，豉心半合，同煎至五分，温服。聖濟總録。 Severe headache. One cup of boys’ urine and half a ge of fermented soybeans are boiled together down to five fen. To be ingested warm. Sheng ji zong lu. 熱病咽痛。童便三合，含之即止。聖惠方。 Heat disease with painful throat. Three ge of boys’ urine are to be held in the mouth. This will end [the headache]. Sheng hui fang. 骨蒸發熱。三歲童便五升，煎取一升，以蜜三匙和之。每服二碗，半日更 服。此後常取自己小便服之，輕者二十日、重者五十日瘥。二十日後，當 有蟲如蚰蜒，在身常出。十步内聞病人小便臭者，瘥也。台州 丹仙觀道士 張病此，自服神驗。孟詵必效方。 Bone steaming1307 with heat effusion. Boil five sheng of a three year old boy’s urine down to one sheng, and mix this with three spoons of honey. Each time [let the patient] ingest two bowls, twice a day. After this, [let the patient] regularly ingest its own urine. Light cases [will be cured] within 20 days; serious cases will be cured within 50 days. 20 days later, worms/bugs resembling centipedes will come out of the [patient’s] body. If the odor of the patient’s urine can be smelled within ten steps, the cure is achieved. In Tai zhou, in the “Elixir Hermit Monastery,” a Daoist named Zhang suffered from this disease. He ingested [this recipe] himself and it was divinely effective. Meng Shen, Bi xiao fang. 男婦怯證。男用童女便，女用童男便，斬頭去尾，日進二次，乾燒餅壓 之，月餘全愈。聖惠。 Timidity condition of males and females. Males resort to the urine of a young girl; females resort to the urine of young boys. They dismiss the beginning and the end [of the urine’s stream], and ingest [the middle part] twice a day. Afterwards they consume a dry cooked cake to press the [urine down]. After a little more than a month, they will be completely cured. Sheng hui. 久嗽涕唾，肺痿時時寒熱，頰赤氣急。用童便去頭尾少許五合，取大粉甘 草一寸，四破浸之，露一夜，去甘草，平旦頓服，或入甘草末一錢同服亦 可，一日一劑。童子忌食五辛熱物。姚僧坦集驗方。 1307 Gu zheng 骨蒸, “bone steaming,” (1) a pathological condition of an infectious consumptive disease with a development of vexing heat in the afternoon. (2) An illness sign of heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197.

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Chronic cough with snivel and lung dysfunction. [Patients] every now and then experience sensations of cold and heat. Their cheeks are red, and their [breath] qi are hectic. Use a small amount of five ge of a boy’s urine, with the beginning and the end [of the urine’s stream] dismissed. Take one cun of a large stick of glycyrrhiza [root], break it into four sections and soak them [in the urine].1308 Leave it in the open for one night. Then remove the gan cao [from the liquid], and [let the patient] ingest [the liquid] at once in the early morning. Or add one qian of glycyrrhiza [root] powder [to the urine] and [let the patient] ingest them together; this is possible too. One dose per day. Boys must not eat the five acrid [vegetables]1309 and hot items. Yao Sengtan, Ji yan fang. 肺痿欬嗽、鬼氣疰病。停久臭溺，日日温服之。集驗方。 Demon qi attachment-illness disease1310 with lung dysfunction and cough. [Let the patient] every day ingest warm urine that has been stored for a long time and has developed a strong odor. Ji yan fang. 吐血鼻洪。人溺，姜汁和匀，服一升。日華子。 Blood spitting and nose flood. Human urine and ginger juice are mixed evenly. [Patients] ingest one sheng. Rihua zi. 齒縫衄血。童便温熱含之，立止。聖惠方。 Bleeding from the seams of the teeth. [Patients] hold a boy’s warm or hot urine in the mouth, and [the bleeding] will stop immediately. Sheng hui fang. 消渴重者。衆人溺坑中水，取一盞服之。勿令病人知，三度瘥。聖惠方。 Severe cases of melting with thirst.1311 Take a cup of water from a public urine pit and [let the patient] ingest this. The patient must not know [what he is to ingest]. After three doses he will be cured. Sheng hui fang.

1308 Wai tai, ch. 1, fei wei fang 肺痿方, “recipes for lung dysfunction,” instead of si po jin zhi 四破浸之, “break it into four sections and soak them [in the urine],” writes jiu ling shu po zuo si pian na xiao bian zhong 炙令熟破作四片納小便中, “roast it until it is done, break it into four pieces, and give it into the urine.“ 1309 These include onions, garlic, scallions, leeks, and shallots. 1310 Gui qi zhu 鬼氣疰, “demonqi attachment-illness,” also zhu 注, “attachment-illness,” “influx-illnesss,” reflects a notion of a foreign pathogenic agent, originally of demonic nature, having attached itself to the human organism. BCGM Dict I, 202, 688-695. 1311 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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癥積滿腹，諸藥不瘥者。人溺一服一升，下血片塊，二十日即出也。蘇恭 本草。 Concretion-illness1312 accumulation with a feeling of abdominal fullness. When all kinds of medications have remained without effect. [Patients] ingest one sheng of human urine as one dose, to discharge lumps of blood. After twenty days they will leave [the body]. Su Gong ben cao. 絞腸沙痛。童子小便服之，即止。聖惠方。 Painful twisting intestines sand.1313 [Patients] ingest a boy’s urine, and [the disease] will end. Sheng hui fang. 卒然腹痛。令人騎其腹，溺臍中。肘後方。 Sudden abdominal pain. Have some person ride on the [patient’s] abdomen and urinate into his navel. Zhou hou fang. 下痢休息。杏仁去皮麩炒，研，以猪肝一具，切片，水洗血净，置净鍋中， 一重肝，一重杏仁，舖盡，以童便二升同煎乾，放冷，任意食之。聖惠方。 Discharge with free-flux illness that is dormant at time. Remove the skin and bran from apricot seeds, roast them, and grind them to powder. Also, one pig liver, cut into slices, cleansed with water to clean them from blood. Place all this into a clean pot, one layer liver, one layer apricot seeds, until the entire [mixture] is laid down [in the pot] this way. Then add two sheng of boys’ urine and boil this until all the liquid has dried up. Wait until [the residue] has cooled down, and eat it as pleases. Sheng hui fang. 瘧疾渴甚。童便和蜜，煎沸，頓服。簡便方。 Malaria with severe thirst. Mix boys’ urine with honey and boil this to bubbling. Ingest at once. Jian bian fang. 瘴癘諸瘧，無問新久。童便一升，入白蜜二匙，攪去白沫，頓服，取吐碧 緑痰出爲妙。若不然，終不除也。聖惠方。 Miasmatic epidemic and all kinds of malaria. Regardless of whether it was acquired recently, or long ago. Add two spoons of white honey to one sheng of boys’ urine. Stir this and remove the white foam. [Let the patient] ingest this at once to let him spit greenish phlegm. Once [the phlegm] is emitted, this is wondrous. If not, [the disease] will never be cured. Sheng hui fang. 1312 Zheng 癥. “concretion-illness,” a pathological condition of abdominal nodes/lumps that are hard and cannot be moved. BCGM Dict I, 676. 1313 Jiao chang sha 絞腸沙, “twisting-intestines sand,” identical with gan huo luan 乾霍亂, "dry cholera.” A condition of a twisting pain in the heart and abdomen, cold sweat leaving the body, with a feeling of distension and heart-pressure that makes one wish to die. BCGM Dict I, 147.

980

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

中暍昏悶。夏月人在途中熱死，急移陰處，就掬道上熱土擁臍上作窩，令 人溺滿，暖氣透臍即甦，乃服地漿、蒜水等藥。林億云：此法出自張仲 景，其意殊絶，非常情所能及，本草所能關，實救急之大術也。蓋臍乃命 蒂，暑暍傷氣，温臍所以接其元氣之意。 Sunstroke with dizziness and heart pressure. When during summer months someone on the road is struck by heat and dies, he is to be quickly moved to a yin [i.e., cool, shady] location. Then take a handful of hot soil from the road and form a pit on [the patient’s] navel. Let some other person urinate into it to have warm qi penetrate the navel, and [the patient] will regain his consciousness. Then he should ingest drugs such as the clear liquid filtered from a mud pool and garlic water. Lin Yi remarked: This method originates from Zhang Zhongjing. Its meaning is extraordinary, and remains inaccessible to common logic. Hence it was shunned by materia medica literature,1314 but represents, in fact, a great technique of emergency rescue. The fact is, the navel is the base of life. If someone suffers from a heatstroke and has his qi harmed, the idea is to add warmth to his navel to get a hold of his original qi. 中惡不醒。令人尿其面上即甦。此扁鵲法也。肘後方。 Struck by the malign, with loss of consciousness. Let some other person urinate on [the patient’s] face, and he will regain his consciousnesss. This is a method [used] by Bian Que. Zhou hou fang. 三十年癇、一切氣塊、宿冷惡病。苦參二大斤，童子小便一斗二升，煎取 六升，和糯米及麯，如常法作酒服。但腹中諸疾皆治。酒放二三年不壞， 多作救人神效。聖惠方。 A malign disease of an epilepsy that has lasted for 30 years with all qi lumped and stored cold. Two jin of sophora [root] and one dou, two sheng of a boy’s urine are boiled down to six sheng. They are mixed with glutinous rice and yeast to prepare a wine as usual, which is then ingested. All ailments in the abdomen will be cured this way. The wine, even if kept for two or three years, will not go bad. If prepared in large quantities it will save humans with divine effects. Sheng hui fang. 金瘡中風。自己小便，日洗二三次，不妨入水。聖惠。 Wound resulting from a metal object/weapon that was struck by wind. Cleanse [the wound] with your own urine two or three times a day. It does not matter if water enters [the wound]. Sheng hui.

1314 Wai tai bi yao, ch. 28, re he fang 熱暍方, “recipes for heat sunstroke,” writes ben cao suo neng kai wu 本草所能開悟, “this is what materia medica [literature] is capable of alerting one to.”

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金瘡血出不止。飲人尿五升。千金方。 Incessantly bleeding wound resulting from a metal object/weapon. Drink five sheng of human urine. Qian jin fang. 打傷瘀血攻心者。人尿煎服一升，日一服。蘇恭本草。 Harm from being beaten, with stagnant blood. Where the heart was struck. Boil human urine and [let the patient] ingest one sheng. He ingests this once a day. Su Gong ben cao. 折傷跌撲。童便入少酒飲之。推陳致新，其功甚大。薛己云：予在居庸， 見覆車被傷七人，仆地呻吟，俱令灌此，皆得無事。凡一切傷損，不問壯 弱，及有無瘀血，俱宜服此。若脇脹，或作痛，或發熱煩躁口渴，惟服此 一甌，勝似他藥。他藥雖效，恐無瘀血，反致誤人。童便不動臟腑，不傷 氣血，萬無一失。軍中多用此，屢試有驗。外科發揮。 Fractures and injuries resulting from stumbling and falls. [Patients] drink boys’ urine to which was added some wine. This is to push out the old, and to have the new arrive. The effects are magnificent. Xue Ji remarked: When I was in Ju yong, I witnessed an overturned cart with seven persons injured. They were lying on the earth groaning and moaning. [I] let this [remedy] pour into all of them, and none of them had any problems afterward. For all [persons] with such injuries, no matter whether [patients are] strong or weak, whether there is stagnant blood or not, it is advisable to ingest this [medication]. In cases of a distension of the flanks, when there is pain, or when heat effuses, with vexation, a dry mouth and thirst, to ingest just one bottle of this [liquid] is superior to all other drugs. Other drugs may be effective, but when there is no stagnant blood, they may be harmful to a person. Boys’ urine does not excite long-term depots and short-term repositories, and it does not harm qi and blood. There will be not a single failure in a myriad applications. The military often use it. It has proved its effects in numerous tests. Wai ke fa hui. 杖瘡腫毒。服童便良。千金方。 Wounds resulting from caning with swelling and poisoning. To ingest boys’ urine is good. Qian jin fang. 火燒悶絶，不省人事者。新尿頓服二三升，良。千金方。 Burns with heart-pressure and [the flow of qi] cut. When [patients] do not recognize other persons and things. Have them ingest two or three sheng of fresh urine at once. Good. Qian jin fang. 刺在肉中。温小便漬之。千金。 [A needle or thorn] pierced into the flesh. Soak [the location] with warm urine. Qian jin.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

人咬手指。瓶盛熱尿，浸一夜，即愈。通變要法。 A finger bitten by another person. Fill a bottle with hot urine, and soak [the finger] in it for one night. Then it will be cured. Tong bian yao fa. 蛇犬咬傷。日華子云：以熱尿淋患處。 Harm resulting from a snake or dog bite. Rihua zi states: Drip hot urine on the affected region. 千金方治蝮蛇傷人，令婦人尿于瘡上，良。 The Qian jin fang [suggests the following method] to cure harm caused to a person by a pit viper. Let a woman urinate on the wound. Good. 蛇纏人足。就令尿之便解。肘後方。 A snake coiling around a person’s leg. Just let someone urinate on it, and it will loosen its hold. Zhou hou fang. 蜂蠆螫傷。人尿洗之。肘後方。 Harm caused by [the sting of ] bees, wasps, and scorpions. Wash [the location] with human urine. Zhou hou fang. 蜘蛛咬毒。久臭人溺，于大甕中坐浸。仍取烏雞屎炒，浸酒服之。不爾， 恐毒殺人。陳藏器本草。 Poisoning resulting from a spider’s bite. Fill old, odorous human urine into a large jar and [let the patient] sit in it to soak [the affected area]. Also, take the droppings of a black chicken, roast them, soak them in wine, which is then ingested. If one does not act like this, the poison may kill that person. Chen Cangqi ben cao. 百蟲入耳。小便少少滴入。聖惠方。 Any of the hundreds of worms/bugs having entered one’s ears. Drip urine little by little into [the ears]. Sheng hui fang.1315 勞聾已久。童子小便，乘熱少少頻滴之。聖惠方。 Exhaustion with deafness that has lasted for long. Drip a boy’s hot urine little by little repeatedly into the [patient’s ears]. Sheng hui fang.1316

1315 This recipe is not recorded in the Sheng hui. It may be found in Sheng ji zong lu ch. 115, bai chong ru er 百蟲入耳, "any of the hundreds of worms/bugs having entered one’s ears.” 1316 This recipe is not recorded in the Sheng hui. It may be found in Sheng ji zong lu ch. 114, lao long 勞聾, “exhaustion with deafness.”

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赤目腫痛。自己小便，乘熱抹洗，即閉目少頃。此以真氣退去邪熱也。普 濟方。 Red eyes with painful swelling. Wash them with [the patient’s] own urine while it is still hot. Then have him close the eyes for a short while. This is to have the true qi push out the evil heat. Pu ji fang 腋下狐臭。自己小便，乘熱洗兩腋下，日洗數次，久則自愈。集簡方。 Fox odor underneath the armpits. Cleanse the region underneath the armpits with [the patient’s] own urine while it is still hot. Repeat the washing several times a day. After an extended period of time this will result in a cure. Ji jian fang. 傷胎血結，心腹痛。取童子小便，日服二升，良。楊氏産乳。 An injured fetus with blood knots. A painful heart and abdominal region. Ingest a boy’s urine, two sheng per day. Good. Yang shi chan ru. 子死腹中。以夫尿二升，煮沸飲之。千金方。 A dead child in the abdomen. Heat two sheng of the husband’s urine until it boils and have [the woman] drink it. Qian jin fang. 中土菌毒、合口椒毒。人尿飲之。肘後方。 Struck by the poison of mushrooms from the ground and the poison of Chinese pepper that has remained closed. [Let the patient] drink human urine. Zhou hou fang. 解諸菜毒。小兒尿和乳汁，服二升。海上方。 To resolve all kinds of vegetable poisoning. [Let the patient] ingest two sheng of a child’s urine mixed with a mother’s milk. Hai shang fang. 催生下胞。人溺一升，入葱、姜各一分，煎二三沸，熱飲便下。日華子本 草。 To hasten childbirth and have the placenta descend. One sheng of human urine to which were added one fen each of onions and ginger are heated two or three times until bubbling. [Let the woman] drink this hot. Rihua zi ben cao. 痔瘡腫痛。用熱童尿，入礬三分洗之，一日二三次，效。救急方。 Piles sores with painful swelling. Ingest hot boys’s urine to which are added three fen of alum. Two or three times per day. Effective. Jiu ji fang.

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The Ben Cao Gang Mu

52-11 溺白垽 音魚覲切。唐本草 Ni bai yin, split reading: yu jin. FE Tang ben cao. White sediments of urine. 【釋名】人中白。【時珍曰】滓淀爲垽，此乃人溺澄下白垽也。以風日久 乾者爲良。入藥並以瓦煅過用。 Explanation of Names. Ren zhong bai 人中白, “the white in man,” [Li] Shizhen: Sediments are yin 垽. These here are white sediments of human urine that sink to the bottom. Those exposed to wind and sun for an extended period of time are good. When resorted to as a medication, they all alike are used after having been calcined on a tile. 【氣味】鹹，平，無毒。【大明曰】凉。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. Da Ming: Cool. 【主治】鼻衄，湯火灼瘡。唐本。燒研，主惡瘡。蘇恭。治傳尸熱勞，肺 痿，心膈熱，羸瘦渴疾。大明。降火，消瘀血，治咽喉口齒生瘡疳䘌，諸 竅出血，肌膚汗血。時珍。 Control. Nosebleed. Scalding from hot water and fire. Tang ben. Burned and ground, they serve to control malign sores.1317 Su Gong. They serve to cure transmission of corpse [qi]1318 with heat and exhaustion. Lung dysfunction. Heat in the heart and diaphragm region. Emaciation and thirst illness. Da Ming. They bring down fire. They dissolve stagnant blood. They serve to cure sores and gan-illness1319 with hidden worms developed in the throat, mouth and the teeth, as well as bleeding from all possible orifices. Perspiration and bleeding from the muscles and the skin. [Li] Shizhen. 【發明】【震亨曰】人中白，能瀉肝火、三焦火並膀胱火，從小便中出， 蓋膀胱乃此物之故道也。【時珍曰】人中白，降相火，消瘀血，蓋鹹能潤 下走血故也。今人病口舌諸瘡用之有效，降火之驗也。張杲醫説云：李七 常苦鼻衄，僅存喘息。張思順用人中白散，即時血止。又延陵鎮官曾棠鼻 血如傾，白衣變紅，頭空空然。張用人中白藥治之即止，並不再作。此皆 散血之驗也。 1317 Zheng lei, ch. 15, ni bai yin 溺白垽, “white sediments of urine,” writes jin chun chuang 緊 唇瘡, “tight lip sores,” instead of e chuang 惡瘡, “malign sores.” 1318 Chuan shi 傳尸, “corpse [evil qi] transmission.” An infectious consumptive disease. BCGM Dict I, 97. 1319 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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Explication. [Zhu] Zhenheng: “The white in man” is able to drain liver fire, Triple Burner fire and urinary bladder fire. It [causes them to] leave [the body] with the urine. The reason is, the urinary bladder is the established path of this matter. [Li] Shizhen: “The white in man” brings down the “minister fire” and dissolves stagnant blood. The reason is, [these sediments] all follow the blood and moisten the lower parts. Nowadays, people use them successfully when they suffer from all kinds of sores in the mouth and on the tongue. They effectively bring down fire. Zhang Gao in his Yi shuo states: “Li Qi regularly suffered from nosebleed. He could barely exist and gasped for breath. Zhang Sishun applied the ‘powder with the white in man’, and the bleeding stopped in due time. Also, when Zeng Tang, an official in Yang ling zhen, suffered from nosebleed as if a [bucket] had been overturned, with his white garments turning red and his head being completely empty, Zhang resorted to the medication ‘the white in man’ and [the bleeding] ended. Also, it never occurred again.” This is all evidence of their ability to disperse blood.

【附方】舊一，新十四。 Added recipes. One of old. 14 newly [recorded]. 大衄久衄。人中白一團雞子大，綿五兩，燒研。每服二錢，温水服。聖惠 方。 Massive nosebleed, chronic nosebleed. Burn a lump of “the white in man,” the size of a chicken egg, with five liang of silk fabric and grind [the residue to powder]. Each dose is 2 qian. To be ingested with warm wine. Sheng hui fang.1320 諸竅出血：方同上。 Bleeding from all orifices. Recipe identical with the one listed above. 鼻衄不止，五七日不住者。人中白，新瓦煏乾，入麝香少許，温酒調服， 立效。經驗方。 Incessant nosebleed. If it does not end for five to seven days. Add a small amount of musk to “the white in man” that has been dried on a new tile, and ingest this mixed with warm wine. Immediately effective. Jing yan fang. 膚出汗血：方同上。 Sweat and blood leave from the skin. Recipe identical with the one listed above. 1320 The source of this recipe is Sheng ji zong lu ch. 70, da nue 大衄, "massive nosebleed.“ It is named there sheng xiao fang 聖效方, “recipe with sage-like effects.“ Pu ji fang, ch. 190, quotes this recipe but erroneously names Sheng hui fang as its source, and writes mian 綿, “silk fabric.“ instead of xian 線.

986

The Ben Cao Gang Mu

偏正頭痛。人中白、地龍炒等分爲末，羊膽汁丸芥子大。每新汲水化一 丸，注鼻中搐之。名一滴金。普濟方。 Lateral and frontal headache. Equal amounts of "the white in man“ and earthworms are [ground to] powder, and [the powder] is prepared with sheep bile to pills of the size of jie seeds. Each time dissolve one pill in freshly drawn water and pour it into [the patient’s] nose to have him smell it. This is called “one drop of gold.” Pu ji fang. 水氣腫滿。人尿，煎令可丸。每服一小豆大，日三服。千金方。 Swelling and a feeling of fullness caused by water and qi. Boil human urine until it has reached a viscosity that allows it to be prepared to pills. Each dose is the size of small beans. Ingested three times a day. Qian jin fang. 脚氣成漏。跟有一孔，深半寸許，其痛異常。用人中白煅，有水出，滴入 瘡口。戴原禮證治要訣。 Leg qi1321 resulting in leaking. The heel has a hole that is approximately one half cun deep and unusually painful. Calcine “the white in man” until water leaves it, and drip this into the wound. Dai Yuanli, Zheng zhi yao jue. 小兒霍亂。尿滓末，乳上服之良。千金方。 Cholera of children. A powder prepared from urine sediment is applied to the nipples [of the mother’s breast] to have the child ingest it. Good. Qian jin fang. 鼻中息肉。人中白瓦焙，每温湯服一錢。朱氏集驗方。 Tumourous flesh growths in the nose. “The white in man” is baked on a tile. Each time one qian is ingested with clear warm water. Zhu shi ji yan fang. 痘瘡倒陷。臘月收人中白，火煅爲末。温水服三錢，陷者自出。儒門事親。 Smallpox sores that are inverted and sunken. “The white in man” collected in the 12th month is calcined over fire and ground to powder. Three qian are to be ingested with warm water. The sunken [sores] will come out as a result. Ru men shi qin. 口舌生瘡。溺桶垽七分，枯礬三分，研匀。有涎拭去，數次即愈。集簡方。 Mouth and tongue develop sores. Seven fen of sediment collected from a urine bucket, plus three fen of calcined alum are ground evenly. [Before applying this topically] wipe away the saliva. After several applications [the patient] will be cured. Ji jian fang. 小兒口疳：人中白煅、黄蘖蜜炙焦爲末等分，入冰片少許，以青布拭净， 摻之，累效。陸氏經驗方。 1321 Jiao qi 脚氣, “leg qi.” Painful, weak, swollen legs. BCGM Dict I, 248.

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Oral gan-illness1322 of children. Equal parts of calcined “the white in man” and phellodendron bark roasted with honey are ground to powder. To this is added a small amount of borneol. Use a greenish cloth to wipe clean [the affected region] and apply the [medication] there. Always effective. Lu shi jing yan fang. 走馬牙疳。以小便盆内白屑，取下入瓷瓶内，鹽泥固濟，煅紅研末，入麝 香少許，貼之。此汴梁 李提領方也。 Running horse dental gan-illness.1323 Fill the white crumbs from the bottom of a urinal into a porcelain bottle, seal it tightly with salt clay, calcine it until it turns red and grind it to powder. Then add a small amount of musk and apply it topically. This is a recipe suggested by Superintendent Li from Bian liang. 又方：用婦人尿桶中白垢火煅一錢，銅緑三分，麝香一分，和匀貼之，尤 有神效。 Another recipe. Calcine over fire one qian of the white filth from the urinary bucket of women, mix it evenly with three fen of copper rust and one fen of musk, and apply this topically. It is of particularly divine effects. 痘疹煩熱。人中白或老糞缸白垢，洗净研末。每白湯或酒服二錢。痘疹便 覽方。 Smallpox macules with vexation and heat. “The white in man” or the white filth from an old excrement jar is washed clean and ground to powder. Each time ingest two qian with clear hot water or wine. Dou zhen bian lan fang. 52-12 秋石蒙筌 Qiu shi, FE Meng quan. Refined white human urine sediments.1324 【釋名】秋冰。【時珍曰】淮南子：丹成，號曰秋石。言其色白質堅也。 近人以人中白煉成白質，亦名秋石，言其亦出于精氣之餘也。再加升打， 其精致者，謂之秋冰，此蓋倣海水煎鹽之義。方士亦以鹽入爐火煅成僞 者，宜辨之。【嘉謨曰】秋石須秋月取童子溺，每缸入石膏末七錢，桑條 攪，澄定傾去清液。如此二三次，乃入秋露水一桶，攪澄。如此數次，滓 1322 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188. 1323 Zou ma ya gan 走馬牙疳, “running horse dental gan-illness,” a dental gan-illness that develops abruptly and turns into a serious condition, with festering decay beginning at the teeth and gums and eventually causing the teeth to erode and fall out. BCGM Dict I, 704. 1324 Qiu shi 秋石 , lit.: “autumn stones/minerals.”

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穢滌净，鹹味减除。以重紙舖灰上晒乾，完全取起，輕清在上者爲秋石， 重濁在下者刮去。古人立名，實本此義。男用童女溺，女用童男溺，亦一 陰一陽之道也。世醫不取秋時，雜收人溺，但以皂莢水澄，晒爲陰煉，煅 爲陽煉。盡失于道，何合于名？媒利敗人，安能應病？况經火煉，性却變 温耶？ Explanation of Names. Qiu bing 秋冰, “autumn ice.” [Li] Shizhen: Huai nan zi: “Dan cheng 丹成 is named bai qiu shi 曰秋石, ‘white autumn mineral’.” That is to say, its color is white and its substance is hard. In recent times, the people have processed “the white in man” to become a white substance. It is also named qiu shi 秋 石, "autumn mineral.” That is to say, it is also an outgrowth of essence qi. Through further evaporation they obtain the finest parts of the essence, and this is called qiu bing 秋冰, because it is obtained by a process similar to that of boiling see water to obtain salt. There are recipe masters who calcine salt in an oven to produce fake [“autumn ice”]. This is to be distinguished. Chen Jiamo: To obtain “autumn mineral” one must collects boys’ urine during the autumn months. To each jar are added seven qian of gypsum powder. Then stir this with a mulberry twig, wait for the dregs to settle, and pour the clear liquid off. This is done two or three times. Now add one bucket of autumn dew water, stir this, and wait [for the sediments] to settle. This is to be repeated several times. Eventually, the sediments are washed clean until the salt flavor has been removed completely. Spread the residues on several layers of paper and have them dry in the sun. When they are completely [dry], remove [them from the paper]. The light, clear parts on top are the “autumn minerals.” The heavy and turbid parts below are to be discarded. When the ancients gave [this substance] a name, it was based on the meaning of this [production process]. For [a therapeutic application to] males, use the urine of girls; females use the urine of boys. This, too, is the DAO of one Yin and one Yang. Nowadays, physicians do not collect [the urine] in autumn. Rather they collect urine from various persons, mix it with gleditsia pods/seeds, and wait for the sediments to settle. After they have been dried in the sun, they are “yin refined,” and if they are calcined they are “yang refined.” This way the DAO is missed entirely. How could [this product] still relate to its name? This is just to cheat the people for profitmaking. How could any disease respond [to such a substance]? Also, through a refinement with fire, its nature becomes warm! 【氣味】鹹，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】虚勞冷疾，小便遺數，漏精白濁。時珍。滋腎水，養丹田，返本 還元，歸根復命，安五臟，潤三焦，消痰欬，退骨蒸，軟堅塊，明目清 心，延年益壽。嘉謨。

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Control. Depletion exhaustion with [a feeling of ] cold illness. Frequent involuntary loss of urine. Leaking essence/sperm that is white and turbid. [Li] Shizhen. It increases kidney water. It nourishes the cinnabar field. It makes the origin [qi] return to their base, and has them come back to their roots to achieve revitalization. It pacifies the five long-term depots, moistens the Triple Burner, dissolves phlegm and cough, pushes back bone steaming,1325 softens hard lumps, brightens the eyes and clears the heart, extends one’s years of life and adds to longevity. [Chen] Jiamo. 【發明】【時珍曰】古人惟取人中白、人尿治病，取其散血、滋陰降火、 殺蟲解毒之功也。王公貴人惡其不潔，方士遂以人中白設法煅煉，治爲秋 石。葉夢得水雲録極稱陰陽二煉之妙；而瑣碎録乃云秋石味鹹走血，使水 不制火，久服令人成渴疾。蓋此物既經煅煉，其氣近温。服者多是淫欲之 人，借此放肆，虚陽妄作，真水愈涸，安得不渴耶? 况甚則加以陽藥，助其 邪火乎? 惟丹田虚冷者，服之可耳。觀病淋者水虚火極，則煎熬成沙成石， 小便之煉成秋石，與此一理也 Explication. [Li] Shizhen: The ancients resorted to nothing but “the white in man” and human urine to cure diseases, and they made use of their abilities to disperse blood, to add to one’s yin [qi], bring down fire, kill worms/bugs and resolve poison. Kings, dukes and noble persons were appalled by its not being clean. Hence the recipe experts devised a method to process “the white in man” with a calcination refinement, and they prepared them as “autumn minerals.” Ye Mengde in his Shui yun lu gave them highest praise as a refinement of yin and yang, while the Suo sui lu stated that “’autumn minerals’ have a salty flavor and follow the blood, so that the water is unable to check the fire. If ingested over a long time [aqutumn minerals] let one develop a thirst ailment.” The fact is, this substance has undergone a refinement through calcination. Hence its qi are warmed. Those who ingest it are often licentious persons. They resort to this [substance] to engage in sex without limits. They deplete their yang [qi] by meaningless activity, and their true water is ever more dried up. How could it be that they do not develop thirst? Furthermore, when they [engage in sex] excessively, they add medication to increase their yang [qi]. Does not this support the evil fire? This [substance] is to be ingested only by those whose cinnabar field is depleted and cold. When patients suffer from dripping [urine], with their water being depleted while their fire is extensive, then such a boiling [inside their body] generates sand and generates minerals. When urine is treated with heat to generate “autumn minerals”, then this is based on the same principle. 1325 Gu zheng 骨蒸, “bone steaming,” (1) a pathological condition of an infectious consumptive disease with a development of vexing heat in the afternoon. (2) An illness sign of heat and vexation with a feeling as if this originated in the bones. BCGM Dict I, 197.

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秋石還元丹。久服去百病，强骨髓，補精血，開心益志，補暖下元，悦色 進食。久則臍下常如火暖，諸般冷疾皆愈。久年冷勞虚憊者，服之亦壯 盛。其法：以男子小便十石，更多尤妙。先搘大鍋一口于空室内，上用深 瓦甑接鍋口，以紙筋杵石灰泥甑縫并鍋口，勿令通風。候乾，下小便約鍋 中七八分以來，灶下用焰火煮之。若涌出，即少少添冷小便。候煎乾，即 人中白也。入好罐子内，如法固濟，入炭爐中煅之。旋取二三兩，再研如 粉，煮棗瓤和丸如緑豆大。每服五七丸，漸加至十五丸，空心温酒或鹽湯 下。其藥常要近火，或時復養火三五日，則功效更大也。經驗方。 "The elixir with autumn minerals to make the original [qi] return.“ Ingested over a long time, it will eliminate the hundreds of diseases, strengthen the bones and their marrow, supplement essence and blood, open the heart and benefit the mind, supplement warmth und have the original [qi] descend, brighten up one’s complexion and let food enter. After a long period [of ingestion] there will always be a feeling below the navel as if there were a fire warming, and all kinds of cold ailments will be cured. Persons who for many years have suffered from cold exhaustion and depletion and fatigue, will be strong and vigorous, too, once they have ingested it. The method [to prepare it is as follows]: Take ten dan of boys’ urine; if it is more, it will have particularly wondrous [effects]. First position, in an empty room, a large pot supported by bricks [above a fire], and place on top of its opening a steamer. Then seal the seam where the steamer rests on the opening of the pot with a mixture of pulp resulting from the pounding of paper that has been steeped in water and lime. Do not allow wind to pass through [the seam where the steamer rests on the pot’s opening]. Wait until [the pulp to seal the seam] has dried and fill the pot to about 70 – 80 % with urine. Then light a blazing fire in the the furnace underneath [the pot]. Once [the contents of the pot] gush over [the rim], slow by slow add cold urine. Simmer this until it is all dry, and this then is the “white in man.” Put it into a good jar, seal it tightly as usual, and place it into an oven with charcoal for calcination. Eventually remove two to three liang, and grind them to powder. Mix this with boiled Chinese dates and prepare pills the size of green beans. Each time ingest five to seven pills, and gradually increase the doses to 15 pills. To be ingested on an empty stomach with warm wine or brine. This medication is always to be kept near a fire. Occasionally, it should be nourished with fire for three to five days. This will strengthen its effects even more. Jing yan fang. 陰陽二鍊丹。世之鍊秋石者，但得火煉一法。此藥須兼陰陽二煉，方爲至 藥。火煉乃陽中之陰，得火而凝，入水則釋，歸于無體，蓋質去味存，此

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離中之虚也。水鍊乃陰中之陽，得水而凝，遇曝而潤，千歲不變，味去質 留，此坎中之實也。二物皆出于心腎二臟，而流于小腸，水火螣蛇玄武正 氣，外假天地之水火，凝而爲體。服之還補太陽、相火二臟，實爲養命之 本。空心服陽煉，日午服陰煉。此法極省力，與常法功用不侔，久疾服之 皆愈。有人得瘦疾且嗽，諸方不效，服此即瘳。有人病顛腹鼓，日久加喘 滿，垂困，亦服此而安也。陽煉法：用人尿十餘石，各用桶盛。每石入皂 莢汁一碗，竹杖急攪百千下，候澄去清留垽。併作一桶，如前攪澄，取濃 汁一二斗濾净，入鍋熬乾，刮下擣細。再以清湯煮化，筲箕舖紙淋過，再 熬。如此數次，直待色白如雪方止。用沙盒固濟，火煅成質，傾出。如藥 未成，更煅一二次，候色如瑩玉，細研。入砂盒内固濟，頂火養七晝夜， 取出攤土上，去火毒，爲末，棗膏丸梧桐子大。每空心温酒下二十丸。陰 煉法：用人尿四五石，以大缸盛。入新水一半，攪千回，澄定，去清留 垽。又入新水攪澄，直候無臭氣，澄下如膩粉，方以曝乾。刮下再研，以 男兒乳和如膏，烈日晒乾，蓋假太陽真氣也。如此九度，爲末，棗膏和丸 梧子大。每午後温酒下三十丸。葉石林水雲録。 The "elixir of the two refinements: yin and yang.“ In general, those who refine “autumn minerals,” they only apply the one method of fire refinement. However, this medication requires both a yin and a yang refinement, and it is only this way that it becomes an exceptional remedy. The fire refinement aims at the yin in yang; it requires fire to congeal. When [the congealed substance] is given into water, it will dissolve. That is, it returns to its formless state. That is, the physical body vanishes while the flavor remains. That is the empty space [of the central line] in the trigram li . The water refinement aims at the yang in yin; it requires water to congeal. When it is then exposed to the sun, it will become moist. For a thousand years, this does not change. The flavor is gone, but the substance is retained. That is the complete [line] within the trigram kan . Both these items originate from the two long-term depots of heart and kidneys. They flow into the small intestine. They represent the genuine qi of the water and fire, of the flying dragon-snake te she 螣蛇 and of the turtle xuan wu 玄武.1326 Once they have availed themselves of the water and fire of heaven and earth outside [of the body], they congeal and acquire a physical body. When they are ingested, they will in turn supplement the two long-term depots associated with the major yang and the minister fire. This is truly the basis for nourishing life. The yang refined [substance] is to be ingested on an empty stomach. At noon, one ingests the yin refined [substance]. This method saves much labor, and its effects are not the same as those of [substances] prepared according to the common method. [Persons] who have suffered from illnesses for a long time will all 1326 The "flying dragon-snake,” te she 螣蛇, and the “turtle xuan wu,” 玄武, are mythological creatures.

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be cured. There was a person who had an emaciation illness associated with cough. No recipes had been effective. Once he had ingested this medication, he was healed. There was someone who suffered from peak[-illness]1327 associated with abdominal drum[-like distension]. After a long time he suffered in addition from panting and a feeling of fullness. When he had reached a very critical state, he, too, ingested this [medication] and returned to good health. The method of yang refinement is as follows. Fill more than ten dan of human urine in buckets. For each dan add one cup of gleditsia pods/seeds juice. Stir this with a bamboo stick 100 000 times, and then wait for the liquid to clear and remove it so that the sediments remain. [Pour the liquid] into another bucket, and as before, stir [it with gleditsia pods/seeds juice] and wait for the liquid to clear. Remove from it one or two dou of the viscous juice and filter it until it is clean. Bring it into a pot and boil it until it is dry. Scrape off [the sediments] and pound them to a fine [powder]. This is then dissolved in clear hot water, and poured on paper laid out in a bamboo basket used for rice washing. Thus, the liquid is filtered and boiled again. This is repeated several times until eventually a substance is obtained that is as white as snow. It is tightly sealed in an earthenwar jar and calcined with fire to obtain a substance that can be removed by overturning the jar. If the medication is not ready yet, repeat the calcination once or twice. When the color is that of lustrous jade, grind it to a fine powder and give it into an earthenware case that is to be tightly sealed and exposed to a fire that is kept alive for seven days and nights. After that, it is removed from the jar and spread on soil to let the fire poison leave. Grind it to powder, and prepare, with Chinese date pulp, pills of the size of firmiana seeds. Each time ingest 20 pills with warm wine on an empty stomach. The yin refinement method is as follows. Fill four to five dan of human urine into a large jar. Add one half [of that quantity] fresh water, and stir this one thousand times. Let the sediments settle. Remove the clear [liquid] and retain [the sediments]. Again add fresh water, stir and let [the sediments] settle. Proceed this way until there are no more odorous qi. The sediments resemble calomel. Dry them under the sun, scrape them off and grind them to powder. Mix them with a mother’s milk for a boy infant and prepare a paste that is then dried in the sun. This way it will obtain the true qi of major yang. Do this nine times and then grind it to powder. This is mixed with Chinese date pulp and prepared to pills the size of wu seeds. Each afternoon ingest 30 pills with warm wine. Ye Shilin, Shui yun lu. 秋冰乳粉丸。固元陽，壯筋骨，延年不老，却百病。用秋冰五錢，頭生男 乳晒粉五錢，頭生女乳晒粉五錢，乳香二錢五分，麝香一分，爲末。煉 1327 Dian 顛, "peak[-illness],“ identical with dian ji 癲疾, "peak-illness,“ a condition of a mental disturbance of depression and unhappiness, with a calm attitude and little incentive to speak. BCGM Dict I, 124/125.

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蜜丸芡子大，金箔爲衣，烏金紙包，黄蠟匱收，勿令洩氣。每月用乳汁化 服一丸，仍日飲乳汁助之。秋冰法：用童男童女尿垽各一桶，入大鍋内， 桑柴火熬乾，刮下，入河水一桶攪化，隔紙淋過。復熬刮下，再以水淋鍊 之。如此七次，其色如霜，或有一斤。入罐内，上用鐵燈盞蓋定，鹽泥固 濟，升打三炷香。看秋石色白如玉，再研，再如前升打。燈盞上用水徐徐 擦之，不可多，多則不結；不可少，少則不升。自辰至未，退火冷定。其 盞上升起者，爲秋冰。味淡而香，乃秋石之精英也，服之滋腎水，固元 陽，降痰火。其不升者，即尋常秋石也。味鹹苦，蘸肉食之，亦有小補。 楊氏頤真堂經驗方。 "Pills with autumn ice and milk-powder.“ They solidify the original yang [qi] and they strengthen sinews and bones. They extend one’s years of life, prevent aging and eliminate hundreds of diseases. Take five qian of “autumn ice”, five qian of a mother’s milk for her first-born son dried in the sun and [ground to] powder, five qian of a mother’s milk for her first-born daughter dried in the sun and [ground to] powder, two qian and five fen of frankincense and one fen of musk, and grind all this to powder. This is to be prepared, with refined honey, to pills the size of qian seeds. Coat them with gold foil, wrap them with black gold paper and preserve them with beeswax so that no qi can flow off. Each month ingest one pill dissolved in a nursing mother’s milk. Also, drink a nursing mother’s milk during the day to support this. The method to prepare “autumn ice” is as follows. Take one bucket each of boys’ and girls’ urine, and pour them into a large container to be heated with a mulberry wood fire until the liquid has dried. Scrape off [the sediments] and bring them into a bucket with river water to dissolve them. Filter this through a layer of paper. Heat [the liquid] again and scrape [the residue] off. Again add water, filter [the liquid] and refine it with heat. This is to be continued seven times until the color is that of frost. Once one jin has been obtained, it is given into a pot that is securely closed above with an uncovered iron oil lamp, and firmly sealed with salt clay. Carry out a sublimation process for as long as it takes to burn three incense sticks. When the “autumn mineral” appears as white as jade, grind it again, and carry out another sublimation as before. Wipe the surface of the open oil lamp with small amounts of water. Do not use much [water]. If it is too much, [the substance] will not crystallize. But the amount must not be too little, either. If there is too little [water], the sublimation will not work. [The heating] is to continue from the chen 辰 hour [in the morning] to the wei 未 hour [in the afternoon]. Then remove the fire and let [the substance] cool down. The substance that has formed through such sublimation is the “autumn ice.” Its flavor is bland and aromatic. This is the refined essence of “autumn minerals.” When ingested, it nourishes the kidney water, solidifies the original yang [qi], and brings down phlegm fire. Those parts that have not reacted to sublimation, they remain as ordinary “autumn minerals.” The flavor is salty and

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bitter. If meat that his been dipped [into “autumn minerals”] is eaten, it will have a minor supplementing effect, too. Yang shi, Yi zhen tang jing yan fang. 直指秋石丸。治濁氣干清，精散而成膏淋，黄白赤黯，如肥膏、密油之 狀。用秋石、鹿角膠炒、桑螵蛸炙各半兩，白伏苓一兩，爲末，糕糊丸梧 子大。每服五十丸，人參湯下。仁齋直指方。 “The pills with autumn minerals [recommended by the Ren zhai] zhi zhi [fang].” They serve to cure pasty dripping when turbid qi have dried up clean [qi], with the essence/sperm being dispersed and [the matter discharged] being yellow, white or dark red, like a greasy paste, or honey, or oil. Take half a liang each of “autumn minerals,” deer horn glue, and roasted mantis larvae, as well as one liang of white Indian bread, and grind all this to powder. Use a cake paste to prepare pills the size of wu seeds. Each dose is 50 pills. To be ingested with a decoction of ginseng [root]. Ren zhai zhi zhi fang. 秋石交感丹。治白濁遺精。秋石一兩，白茯苓五錢，菟絲子炒五錢，爲 末。用百沸湯一盞，井華水一盞，煮糊丸梧子大。每服一百丸，鹽湯下。 鄭氏家傳方。 The “elixir with autumn minerals to exchange feelings.” It serves to cure involuntary loss of essence/sperm that is white and turbid. One liang of “autumn minerals,” five qian of white Indian bread, and five qian of cuscuta seeds are ground to powder. This is to be boiled in one cup of hot water that has been heated to bubbling a hundred times and one cup of clear well water, to eventually be prepared, with flour paste, to pills the size of wu seeds. One dose is 100 pills. To be ingested with brine. Zheng shi jia chuan fang. 秋石四精丸：治思慮色欲過度，損傷心氣，遺精，小便數。秋石、白茯苓 各四兩，蓮肉、芡實各二兩，爲末，蒸棗肉和丸梧子大。每空心鹽湯下三 十丸。永類鈐方 The “pills with autumn minerals and fourfold essence.“ They serve to cure excessive lust and indulgence in sex leading to harmed heart qi, involuntary loss of essence/ sperm and frequent urination. Four liang each of “autumn minerals” and white poria, and two liang each of lotus seeds and euryale seeds are ground to powder. This is mixed with steamed Chinese date pulp and prepared to pills the size of wu seeds. Each time ingest, with brine on an empty stomach, 30 pills. Yong lei qian fang. 秋石五精丸。常服補益。秋石一兩，蓮肉六兩，真川椒紅五錢，小茴香五 錢，白伏苓二兩，爲末，棗肉和丸梧子大。每服三十丸，鹽湯、温酒空心 下。秋石法：用童男、童女潔净無體氣、疾病者，沐浴更衣，各聚一石。 用潔净飲食及鹽湯與之，忌葱、蒜、韭、姜、辛辣、羶腥之物。待尿滿 缸，以水攪澄取人中白，各用陽城瓦罐，鹽泥固濟，鐵線扎定，打火一炷

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香。連换鐵線，打七火。然後以男、女者秤匀，和作一處，研開，以河水 化之，隔紙七層濾過，仍熬成秋石，其色雪白。用潔净香濃乳汁和成，日 晒夜露，但乾即添乳汁，取日精月華，四十九日數足，收貯配藥。劉氏保 壽堂經驗方。 The “pills with autumn minerals and fivefold essence that supplement and benefit when ingested regularly.” “Autumn mineral,” one liang; Indian lotus seeds, six liang; genuine Chinese pepper from Sichuan, five qian; fennel, five qian, and white Indian bread, two liang, are ground to powder. This is mixed with Chinese dates pulp and prepared to pills the size of wu seeds. Each dose is 30 pills. To be ingested with brine and warm wine on an empty stomach. The method to prepare “autumn minerals” is as follows. Collect one dan each [of urine] from boys and girls that are clean and have no body odor/qi. Those who are ill, are to be washed and have to change their garments. Feed them with clean beverages and meals and brine, and have them avoid onions, garlic, Chinese chives, and ginger as well as all items that are acrid and hot, and the smell of mutton. Once they have filled a jar with urine, this is stirred with water and [the sediments] are allowed to settle. Take “the white in man” and fill it into a pottery jar from Yang cheng which is tightly sealed with salt clay. Fasten it firmly with iron wire and heat it on a fire for as long as it takes to burn one incense stick. Light the fire seven times, and each time replace the wire with a new one. Then weigh equal amounts of [sediments] obtained from males and females and bring them together to be ground. This is dissolved in river water, and filtered through seven layers of paper. The [filtrate] is boiled to obtain “autumn minerals,” colored as white as snow. Then mix this with clear mother’s milk that is fragrant and thick and expose it to the sun during the day and to dew at night. When it appears to dry up, add more mother’s milk. This way, it absorbs the essence of the sun and the radiance of the moon. After 49 days, this [process] is completed. [The substance can now be] stored and added to a medication. Liu shi, Bao shou tang jing yan fang. 腫脹忌鹽。只以秋石拌飲食。待腫脹消，以鹽入罐煅過，少少用之。摘玄 方。 Swelling and distension, associated with a need to abstain from consuming salt. All to be done is to add “autumn minerals” [instead of salt] to beverages and meals, and wait until the swelling and the distension have dissolved. Then calcine some salt in a jar and use it in small portions. Zhai xuan fang. 赤白帶下。真秋石研末，蒸棗肉擣丸梧子大。每服六十丸，空心醋湯下。 摘玄方。 Red and white discharge from below the belt. Grind genuine autumn minerals to powder and pound this with steamed Chinese dates pulp to form pills the size of

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wu seeds. Each dose is 60 pills. To be ingested on an empty stomach with a mixture of vinegar and hot water. Zhai xuan fang. 噎食反胃。秋石，每用一錢，白湯下，妙。醫方摘要。 Gullet occluding food and turned over stomach. Each time ingest one qian of “autumn minerals” with clear hot water. Yi fang zhai yao. 服丹發熱。有人服伏火丹藥多，腦後生瘡，熱氣冉冉而上。一道人教灸風 市數十壯而愈。仍時復作，又教以陰煉秋石，用大豆黄卷煎湯下，遂愈。 和其陰陽也。王明清餘話方。 Effusion of heat following the ingestion of an elixir. There once was a man who ingested large amounts of elixir drugs with dormant fire. Eventually, he developed sores at the back of his brain with slowly ascending heat qi. A Daoist taught [him] to apply cauterization at the feng shi [hole] (GB-31) several tens of times and [the patient] was cured. However, after some time [the disease] was active again. This time he taught [the patient] how to produce “autumn minerals” by yin refinement, and had him ingest them with a decoction of dried soybean sprouts. He was cured as a result. This was a combination of yin and yang. Wang Mingqing, Yu hua fang. 52-13 淋石 宋嘉祐 Lin shi, Song. FE Jia you. Urinary stones.1328 【校正】自玉石部移入此。 Editorial Correction. [This drug] has been moved here from the “Jade and Minerals” section. 【集解】【藏器曰】此是患石淋人溺中出者，正如小石，收之爲用。【時 珍曰】此是淫慾之人，精氣鬱結，陰火煎熬，遂成堅質。正如滚水結鹼， 鹵水煎鹽，小便煉成秋石，同一義理也。 Collected Explanations. [Chen] Cangqi: This item is released through urination by persons suffering from “stone dripping.” It truly resembles small stones that can be collected for use [as medication]. [Li] Shizhen: This is a solid substance that is formed when the essence qi of licentious persons [because of excessive sex] form nodes that are heated by yin fire. In the same way as soda collects when water is boiled, or salt is obtained when brine is boiled, urine when treated with heat produces “autumn minerals.” The principle is always the same. 1328 Lin shi 淋石, lit: "urinary dripping with stones.”

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【氣味】鹹，温，無毒。 Qi and Flavor. Salty, warm, nonpoisonous. 【主治】石淋，水磨服之，當得碎石隨溺出。大明。噎病吐食，俗名澀飯 病。藏器。 Control. Stone dripping. Ingest them ground in water and broken stones will leave with the urine. Da Ming. [Gullet] occlusion disease, with spitting of food. This is commonly called “rough cooked rice disease.” [Chen] Cangqi. 52-14 癖石綱目 Pi shi, FE Gang mu. Aggregation-illness stones. 【集解】【時珍曰】有人專心成癖，及病塊，凝結成石。如牛黄、狗寶、 鮓答之類，皆諸獸之病也。觀夫星隕爲石，沙淋、石淋及釋氏顱顖結成舍 利子，皆精氣凝結而然。故格物論云：石者，氣之核也。群書所載，如寶 圭化石，老樹化石，皆無情之變異也。魚、蛇、蝦、蟹，皆能化石，乃有 情之變異也。世説載貞婦登山望夫，化而爲石，此蓋志一不分，遂入於無 情也。宋史載石工採石，陷入石穴，三年掘出猶活，見風遂化爲石，此蓋 吞納石氣，久而與之俱化也。夫生形尚全化石，則頑心癥癖之化石，亦其 理也。程子遺書云：波斯人發古墓，見肌膚都盡，惟心堅如石。鋸開，中 有山水如畫，旁有一女，憑闌凝睇，蓋此女有愛山水癖，遂致融結如此。 宋濂云：一浮屠行大般舟三昧法，元寂後，焚之，惟心不化，狀如佛像， 非金非石。又一人行禪觀法，及死火葬，心内包觀音像悉具。醫書云：一 人病癥死，火化有塊如石，此皆癥癖頑凝成石之迹，故並録之. Collected Explanations. [Li] Shizhen: There are persons whose mind is focused on something and this results in the formation of an aggregation. They suffer from the presence of lumps, and congealings-nodes that eventually become stones. They are of the same class as ox/cow bezor, stomach and gall stones of dogs and animal gall stones. All these are diseases affecting all kinds of animals. One may observe stars falling from heaven and turning into stones, or sand dripping or stone dripping or the top of the skull of a Buddhist that hardens and becomes a relic, all these are examples of essence qi congealing. Hence the Ge wu lun states: Stones are pits formed of qi. When for instance a pointed jade tablet turns into a stone, or when an old tree turns into a stone, these are changes of what has no feelings into something different. Fish, snakes, and crabs, they all can transform into stones. These then are changes of what has feelings into something different. The Shi shuo records a case of a faithful woman who climbed on a mountain to look for her husband.

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She transformed and became a stone. This, then, is an example of someone whose mind was focused on just one thing and nothing else eventually entering a state of having no feelings anymore. The Song shi records the case of a stone worker who when he collected stones fell into a stone cave. After three years he was dug out, and seemed still alive. When he was exposed to wind, he was transformed to a stone. This is because [all those three years] he had inhaled the qi of stones, and after long he himself transformed [to a stone]. Now, when a living being’s physical form can completely transform to a stone, then the transformation to stones of those whose mind is focused and who develop aggregations is based on the same principle. The Cheng zi yi shu states: “Once the people in Persia opened an old tomb. They found [a corpse] whose muscles and skin were all complete, only the heart had become as hard as a stone. When it was opened with a saw, it had a landscape in it as if painted. To the side was a woman leaning on a balustrade, fascinated by what she saw. Now this woman had an aggregation resulting from her love of a landscape. Eventually it fused with her and assumed a form seen in her.” Song Lian states: “A Buddhist had practiced the Samadhi Way of Mahayana. After his death he was cremated but his heart would not transform. It had the appearance of a Buddha image. It was neither metal nor stone. Another person had practiced the ZEN Way. After he had died, he was cremated, but in his heart an image of Guan Yin was preserved.” In the medical literature it is said: “Once a person died who had suffered from a concretion-illness. 1329 The fire transformed [this concretion] to a lump like a stone.” All these are traces of concretion-illness and aggregation-illness1330 associated with focused yearnings that eventually generated stones. Hence they are recorded here together. 【主治】消堅癖，治噎膈。時珍。 Control. They dissolve hardened aggregations, and they serve to cure gullet occlusion. [Li] Shizhen. 52-15 乳汁别録 Ru zhi, FE Bie lu. Human milk sap. 【釋名】嬭汁綱目、仙人酒。【時珍曰】乳者化之信，故字從孚、化省文 也。方家隱其名，謂之仙人酒、生人血、白朱砂，種種名色。蓋乳乃陰血 1329 Zheng 癥. “concretion-illness,” a pathological condition of abdominal nodes/lumps that are hard and cannot be moved. BCGM Dict I, 676. 1330 Pi 癖, “aggregation-illness,” of painful lumps emerging from time to time in both flanks. BCGM Dict I, 371.

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所化，生于脾胃，攝于衝任。未受孕則下爲月水，既受孕則留而養胎，已 産則赤變爲白，上爲乳汁，此造化玄微，自然之妙也。邪術家乃以童女矯 揉取乳，及造反經爲乳諸説，巧立名謂，以弄貪愚。此皆妖人所爲，王法 所誅，君子當斥之可也。凡入藥並取首生男兒、無病婦人之乳，白而稠者 佳。若色黄赤、清而腥穢如涎者，並不可用。有孕之乳，謂之忌嬭，小兒 飲之吐瀉，成疳鬾之病，最爲有毒也。 Explanation of Names. Nai zhi 嬭汁, “breast milk sap,” Gang mu. Xian ren jiu 仙人 酒, "immortals‘ wine.” [Li] Shizhen: Milk, ru 乳, is a reliable transformation. Hence the character [ru 乳] is a short version of [the two characters] fu 孚, "reliable,“ and hua 化, "transformation.” The recipe experts sought to hide this name and they called it xian ren jiu 仙人酒, "immortals’ wine,” sheng ren xue 生人血, "living persons’ blood,“ bai zhu sha 白朱砂, "white cinnabar,“ and many other such names. The milk of animals is a transformation product of yin blood. It is generated in spleen and stomach, and absorbed by the throughway and controller [vessels]. Prior to a pregnancy, it descends to become menstrual water. During pregnancy, it remains [in the mother’s body] to nourish the fetus. Following childbirth, the red [liquid] changes to white, ascends and becomes milk sap. This is one of the mysteries of creation, it is one of the wondrous phenomena of nature. The experts in the evil arts knead the tender [breasts] of virgins to obtain milk, claiming that their menstrual [blood] has become milk. Such deceitful rhetoric is aimed at those who are ignorant to make a profit. It is voiced by fraudulent persons, and punished by royal law. The gentleman is to denounce it. Whenever [human milk] is used for a pharmaceutical therapy, the milk of a healthy woman produced for her first son is to be obtained. If it is white and thick, it is best. Milk that is yellow, red or greenish, has a smell of fish and looks dirty, like saliva, must not be used. The breast milk of pregnant women is termed “forbidden breast milk.” When children drink it, they will vomit and have outflow. This develops into the disease of gan-illness1331 [caused by] the jealousy-demon. It is extremely poisonous. 【氣味】甘、鹹，平，無毒。【大明曰】凉。 Qi and Flavor. Sweet, salty, balanced, nonpoisonous. Da Ming: Cool. 【主治】補五臟，令人肥白悦澤。療目赤痛多淚，解獨肝牛肉毒，合濃豉 汁服之，神效。别録。和雀屎，去目中弩肉。蘇恭。益氣，治瘦悴，悦皮 膚，潤毛髮，點眼止淚。大明。

1331 Gan 疳, “gan-illness,” also: “sweets-illness,” involves several complaints that affect children and adults, with causes and conditions too different to fall into a known disease category. BCGM Dict I, 180-188.

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Control. It supplements the five long-term depots. It lets one become fat, [and changes one’s complexion to be] white, merry, and moist. It heals painful, red eyes with many tears, and resolves the poison of beef from an ox with only one liver. Ingested together with the concentrated juice of fermented beans it is divinely effective. Bie lu. Mixed with sparrows’ droppings it removes tumorous flesh-growths in the eyes.1332 Su Gong. It boosts the qi, serves to cure emaciation accompanied by pain and sadness, lets the skin appear pleasant, and moistens the hair on the body and on the head. Dripped into the eyes it ends the flow of tears. Da Ming. 【發明】【弘景曰】漢 張蒼年老無齒，妻妾百數，常服人乳，故年百歲 餘，身肥如瓠。【宗奭曰】人乳汁治目之功多，何也？人心生血，肝藏 血，肝受血則能視。蓋水入于經，其血乃成。又曰：上則爲乳汁，下則爲 月水。故知乳汁則血也。用以點眼，豈不相宜？血爲陰，故性冷。臟寒 人，如乳餅、酥酪之類，不可多食。雖曰牛羊乳，然亦不出乎陰陽之造化 耳。老人患口瘡不能食，但飲人熱乳甚良。【時珍曰】人乳無定性。其人 和平，飲食冲淡，其乳必平。其人暴躁，飲酒食辛，或有火病，其乳必 熱。凡服乳須熱飲。若晒曝爲粉，入藥尤佳。南史載宋 何尚之積年勞病， 飲婦人乳而瘥。又言：穰城老人年二百四十歲，惟飲曾孫婦乳也。按白飛 霞醫通云：服人乳，大能益心氣，補腦髓，止消渴，治風火證，養老尤 宜。每用一吸，即以紙塞鼻孔，按唇貼齒而漱，乳與口津相和，然後以鼻 内引上吸，使氣由明堂入腦，方可徐徐嚥下，如此五七吸爲一度。不漱而 吸，何異飲酪？止于腸胃而已。 Explication. [Tao] Hongjing: During the Han era, Zhang Cang was old and had lost all his teeth. He had more than a hundred wives and concubines, and regularly drank human milk. Hence at an age of more than a hundred years, his body remained fat like a pumpkin. Kou Zongshi: When human milk is applied to cure eyes, it is often effective. Why is that? The human heart generates blood. The liver stores blood. When the liver receives blood, one can see. The fact is, when water enters the conduits, blood forms. It is also said, when it rises, it becomes milk sap. When it descends, it becomes menstrual water. Hence it is known that milk sap is blood. When it is dripped into the eyes, how could this not be advantageous? Blood is yin. Hence its nature is cold. Persons with cold in their long-term depots must not eat large amounts of items such as milk cakes and curd cheese. Even though they are made from the milk of cows and sheep, they, too, are not outside of the creation processes of yin and yang. When old people suffer from oral sores and are unable to eat, they simply need to drink hot human milk, and this will be very good. [Li] Shizhen: 1332 Zheng lei, ch. 15, ren ru zhi 人乳汁, “human milk sap,” writes mu re nu rou 目赤弩肉, "red eyes with tumorous flesh-growths,“ instead of mu zhong nu rou 目中弩肉, "tumorous flesh-growths in the eyes.”

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Human milk does not have just one unchanging nature. When a person is of harmonious and balanced nature, and drinks and eats mild [beverages and food], her milk must be balanced too. When a person is irritable and hectic, drinks wine and eats acrid [meals], it may be that she suffers from a fire disease, and her milk must be hot. Whenever human milk is ingested, it must be drunk hot. If dried in the sun and prepared as powder, it is especially good when used as a medication. The Nan shi has the story of “He Shangzhi of the Song era. He was old and suffered from exhaustion disease. He drank the milk of his wife and was cured.” Another record states: “In Xiang cheng an old man was 240 years old. He only drank the milk of his grandson’s wife.” According to Bai Feixia’s Yi tong, “to ingest human milk can massively benefit the heart qi, supplement brain and marrow, end melting with thirst, 1333 and cure conditions of wind and fire. It is particularly appropriate to nourish old people. For each use, suck up [the milk and hold it in your mouth]. Close the nostrils with paper, press the lips against the teeth and cough. The milk and the saliva will mix now. After that suck up the qi internally through the nose and let them enter the brain through the ‘hall of enlightenment’ (i.e., the nose). Now [the liquid] can be swallowed slow by slow. To suck up [the milk qi and liquid] this way five to seven times is one dose. If one fails to rinse [the oral cavity with the mixture of human milk and saliva] and to suck up [the qi and the liquid], how could this be different from drinking junket? It enters only the intestines and the stomach, and that is it.”

【附方】舊三，新十二。 Added recipes. Three of old. Twelve recently recorded. 服乳歌。仙家酒，仙家酒， 兩個壺盧盛一斗。 五行釀出真醍醐， 不離人間處處有。 丹田若是乾涸時， 嚥下重樓潤枯朽。 清晨能飲一升餘， 返老還童天地久。 Song on Ingesting Human Milk: The Immortals’ Wine. The Immortals’ Wine. Two bottle gourds hold one dou. 1333 Xiao ke 消渴, “melting with thirst,” most likely including cases of diabetes. BCGM Dict I, 567.

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This is truly finest cream brewed by the Five Phases. [To obtain it] one needs not leave the world of humans, it is present everywhere. Once one’s cinnabar field has dried up, swallow it to descend through that multi-storied building to moisten all that was withered and rotten. In the early morning one should drink a sheng or more, and despite old age he will return to childhood and remain with heaven and earth for long. 虚損勞瘵。德生丹：用無病婦人乳三酒盃，將磁碟晒極熱，置乳于中，次 入麝香末少許，木香末二分，調匀服。後飲濃茶一酒盞，即陽敗。次日服 接命丹。接命丹：用乳三酒盃，如前晒碟盛人乳，并人胞末一具調服，服 畢，面、膝俱赤，如醉思睡，只以白粥少少養之。集簡方。 Depletion injury with exhaustion and consumption. The “elixir that favors life.” Take three wine cups of milk from a woman who has no disease and take a porcelain dish that has been left in the sun until it is very hot. Then pour the milk into its center, and add a little musk powder and two fen aucklandia [root] powder. Mix this evenly and ingest it. Then drink one wine cup of thick tee. As a result the yang will be defunct. The next day ingest the “elixir that connects with life/[heaven’s] mandate.” >>[To prepare] the “elixir that connects with life/[heaven’s mandate,” take three wine cups human milk, and, as mentioned above, expose a dish to sun heat and then fill it with human milk. This is to be ingested together with human afterbirth powder.