Basic Japanese : Learn to Speak Everyday Japanese in 10 Carefully Structured Lessons
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Dan
apanese Learn to Speak Everyday Japanese in 10 Carefully Structured Lessons
SAMUEL E. MARTIN & ERIKO SATO
T U T T L E Publishing Tokyo | Rutland, Verm ont | Singapore
Contents About This Book
2.8 . が g a........................................ 46 2.9• か k a ........................................ 47
About the Japanese Language................. 8
2.10•の no........................................ 49
Word order and particles....................... 8
2 .11. に n i.........................................49
Postpositions........................................ 8
2.12. Words meaning yisf..................... 50
Droppi门g pronouns................................8
2.13. Inflected words...........................52
Verb morphology................................... 9
2.14. Dropping subject nouns............... 52
Counters............................................... 9
2.15. Words of relative reference and question words.................... 53
Honorifics............................................. 9
2.16. Words for 'restaurant’................. 54
Sound It Out in Japanese!..11
2.17. Words for 'toilet’.........................55
巳asic Sentences................................... 11 日asic Vocabulary..................................14
2.18•何 nani/nan ywhat’.................... 55
lesson 1
Structure Notes: 1.1.
Pronunciation............................. 15
1.2.
R hythm ......................................16
lesson3
Actions!Actions! Actions!...61
巳asic Sentences................................... 61 巳asic Vocabulary................................. 63 Structure Notes:
1.3.
Syllables.....................................17
1.4.
Voicing.......................................17
1.5.
Vowels.......................................18
1.6.
Vowels in sequence..................... 20
1.7.
Consonants................................ 22
1.8.
Flapped r ................................... U
3.3_ Particles から k a ra , まで made, and へ e .................................... 66
1.9.
Syllabic nasal..............................29
3.4. Particle ね n e ............................. 67
1.10. Accent........................................31
3.5. Particle でde_............................68
3.1.
Time words [relative time expressions]...............................65
3.2. Nouns with and without particles............
6b
3.6. Particle を0 ............................... 70
LESSON 2 What? Where?W ho?..........39 Basic Sentences.................................. 39
Particle とto, meaning 'with’ and 'and'................................... i l
巳asic Vocabulary..................................41
3.8. Expressions for accompaniment... 73
Structure Notes:
3.9
2.1.
Nouns and pronouns..................
2.2. Prenouns................................... 44 2.3. Place words [relative location].... 44 2.4. Adjectival nouns..........................45 2.5. Untranslated English words......... 46 2.6. Particles.................................... 46 2 . 7 . は w a .......................................46
3.7.
Verbs, polite moods.................... 74
3.10• Use of the gerund〔 or te-form〕" " 75 3.11.
Use of the imperfect, perfect, and tentative moods................... 77
3.12. Negatives................................... 78 3.13. Words for 'work’ ........................ 80 3.14. Verbal nouns 〇••する " .suru 〕 ...... 80 3.15. Going in vehicles.........................81 3.16. 'As soon a s '............................... 81
LESSON 4
What's the Weather Like?. 87
5.7.
Verb + でしよう desh6...............137
巳asic Sentences.................................. 87 巳asic Vocabulary................................. 89
5.8. .••かね …ka ne......................... 138
Structure Notes:
5.10. のに no n i.................. .......... 140
5 . 9 . ので n o d e ..............................139
Adjectives.................................. 91
5.11. Plain negative •••ない …nai.........141
4.2. Plain and polite form s.................92
5.12. Negative infinitive ••.ず …zu....... 143
4.3. Shapes of the plain forms............93
5.13. Imperfect negative + de •••ないで…nai d e .....................144
4.1.
4.4. Learning the form s..................... 95 4.5. Irregular verbs........................... 96 4.6. Adjectives and the copula............97 4.7.
Uses of the plain imperfect and perfect.................................99
4.8. Uses of the infinitive.................. 101 4.9. The plain negative.....................105 4.10. Particle
i
m o.......................... 105
5 .1 4 . はず hazu............................... 144 5 .1 5 . ところ tokoro.......................... 145 5.16. Verbs for leaving....................... 147 5.17■•••前 に …mae ni and •••後で ...ato de....................................148 5 .1 8 . まで made and うち uchi......... 149 5.19. Verbs meaning 'know’................ 151 5.20. Talking a language..................... 152
4.11. Expressing the time of the event 'when ." ' 〔 ••• と ...to, •••時 ...toki, " P日 1 ...aida〕.................. 106
LESSON 6 Going Shopping Again?...159
4.12 Particle から kara meaninq 'since' and 'because’..................107
巳asic Sentences................................. 159 巳asic Vocabulary................................ 161
4.13. Multiple particles.......................109
Structure Notes:
4 .1 4 . こと k o to ............................... 109
6.1.
4.15•つもり tsum ori..........................112
6.2. Other quantity words.................165
4.16. More adverbs............................112
Numerals and numbers............. 165
4.17. More gerund expressions............114
6.3. Use of numbers and quantity words.......................... 166
4.18. Gerund 〔 te-form〕+ いる iru ...... 114
6.4. Primary and secondary numerals..167
419 •あそぶ asobu............................116
6.b. Primary numerals...................... 167 6.6. Arithmetic................................ 169
lesson
5 Because l t fs fo r B u s in e s s ..123
6.7.
Counters...................................170
巳asic Sentences................................. 123 巳asic Vocabulary................................126
6.8. Sound changes..........................171
Structure Notes:
6.10. Secondary counters................... 174
5.1.
6.9. Secondary numerals................... 174
Modifiers................................. 128
6.11. Counting people........................ 175
5.2. Modifier clauses made with adjectives...........................131
6.12. Counting birds.......................... 176 6.13. Counting days............................1/7
5.3. Modifier clauses made with a copula.................................... 133
6.14. Names of the months................178
5.4. Modifier clauses made with adjectival nouns........................ 133
6.16. Telling tim e .............................. 178
5.5. The noun の n o ........................ 136 5.6
•••の （ ん) で す .„no (n) desu....136
6.15. Giving dates............................. 178 6.17•- ぐらい-gurai/- ごろ-g〇 r〇........ 179 6.18. Particle
ゃ ............................. 18〇
6.19■など nado, なんか nanka.......... 180
7.18. — 番 ichiban.......................... 220
6.20. Particle か ka meaning 'or’ .........181
7.19. - 目 m e 〔 ordinal numbers〕 ....... 220
Particles は wa and を o with いかがですかikaga desu ka..... 182 6.22 •ひとつ hitotsu.......................... 182 6.23. O nly:- だけ -dake and 一しか-shika............................. 182
7.20. Particle ほど hodo.................... 221
6.21.
6.24. Approximate numbers............... 184
7 .2 1 . なるほど naruhodo................ 222 7.22. - ばかり-bakari..................... 222 7 .2 3 . まま mama............................ 223 7.24•同じ onaji................................ 224 7.25.
Clothing.................................225
6.25. Fractions.................................. 184 6.26 Percentage............................... l 〇J 6.27. Multiples.................................. 185 6.28. -ずつ zutsu.......................... 186 6 .2 9 • ごとにgoto n i , おきにoki ni .… 187 6.30. Stores that end in 屋 ya............ 187
lesson 7
Have You Been in a Japanese House?...............193
巳asic Sentences................................. 193 巳asic Vocabulary................................ 195 Structure Notes: 7.1.
Quotations............................... 197
7 .2 . 7.3.
LESSON 8 Let's Keep in Touch!......... 231
巳asic Sentences................................. 231 巳asic Vocabulary................................ 233 Structure Notes: 8.1.
Interrogatives + も mo or か ka._ 235
8.2. Gerund + も mo........................239 8.3. Interrogative + gerund + も mo… 241 8.4. The provisional mood 〔 一れば-reba〕........................... 243 8.5. Obligation................................ 245 8.6. Permission............................... 246
と言う to iu ...................... 200
8.7.
Denial of permission = prohibition............................... 246
The plain tentative.................... 202
8.8. Denial of obligation................... 248
7.4. Tentative 〔 volitional〕+ とする to su ru .................................... 204
8.9. Obligation, prohibition, permission: summary................ 249
7.5.
Noun + として to shite/ にして ni shite..........................205
8.10. Conditionals 〔 forms〕 - たら/- だら -tara/-dara............ 250
7.6.
Gerund 〔 te-form〕+ みる miru … 205
8.11. Conditionals 〔 uses〕 ................... 250
7.7. Desideratives............................206
8.12. Asking for advice......................253
7.8. Alternative questions................208
8.13. 'Had better’ ............................. 255
7 . 9 . よう y 6 ................................... 210
8.14. •••さえ…sae.............................. 256
7.10. Quoting requests....................... 211
8.15. The explicit use of に n i............ 257
7.11. Particle よ y o ..........................212
8.16■•••ば… ほど… …ba".hodo 'the more... the more../................... 258
7 .1 2 . 見えるmieru a n d 聞こえる kikoeru.....................................213 7.13. Prenouns + に n i ...................... 213
8.17•••• し ...shi................................ 258 8.18. Correlative compounds.............. 259
7.14. Gerund 〔 te-form〕+ ある a ru ..... 214 7.15. The noun 方 h 6 ........................ 215
LESSON 9 Be P o lit e ! ......................... 2 65
7.16. Comparisons............................ 215
Basic Sentences................................ 265
7.17. Questions with comparisons..... 218
Basic Vocabulary............................... 267
Structure Notes: 9.1.
Status words: humble, neutral, exalted.................................... 269
10.3. • . • らしい…rashii.................... 294 10.4. Expressions meaning lik e '....... 295
9.2. Kinship term s...........................269
10.5. The alternative - たU/-だり -tari/-dari................................ 296
9.3. Other nouns.............................270
10.6•••• ながら...nagara................... 298
9.4. Honorific prefixes...................... 271
1 0 .7 . め6 aru with people............... 299
9.5. Honorific suffixes for people’s names..................................... 272
10.8. ••• ことにする/…ことになる ...koto ni suru/...koto ni naru .... 299
9.6. Verbs: the honorific infinitive.... 272
10.9•••• しまうshimau and •••おくoku" 300
9.7.
Special honorific verbs.............. 273
10.10■•••ゎ け " .w ake......................... 301
9 . 8 . 申し上げる mdshiageru........... 274
10.11. Double negatives.......................302
9.9. Inflection of slightly irregular exalted verbs............................ 274
10.12••••に違いない".ni chigai nai _••• 302
9.10. Special inflections of - ます-masu............................. 274
10.13•について ni tsuite and i こよってn iy o tte ..................... 303
9.11. Use of humble verbs................. 275
10.14. Causative, passive, and causative passive verbs............304
9.12. Adjectives and adjectivalnouns.. 276
10.15. Use of the causative................. 305
9.13. Formation of the adjective honorific infinitive......................276
10.16. Uses of the passive.................. 306
9.14. Summary of honorific predicates.................................277
10.18. The potential............................309
9 .1 5 . ござる gozaru.........................278 9 .1 6 . いらっしゃるirassharu........... 278
10.17. Use of the causative passive..... 308 10.19•かもしれない ka mo shirenai.... 311 10.20■かしら ka shira......................... 312
9 .1 7 . おいで o id e ........................... 279
10.21• Desiderative verbs •••たがる ...tagaru.................................... 313
9.18. Verbs for giving and receiving.... 279
10.22■… ものです...mono desu......... 313
9.19. Favors...................................... 28\
10.23.The plain imperative..................314
9.20. Requests.................................. 2o2 9.21. Answers to negative questions.. 283 9.22.
lesson io
APPENDIX I O th er S tyle s of Speech ..3 2 0
The specific plural................. 283
What Is Your Take on T h at?............................289
巳asic Sentences................................289 巳asic Vocabulary.............................. 291 Structure Notes: 10. 1 . Hearsay そうです s6 desu........293 10.2. Bound form - そう（ な）-s6 (na) 'appearance'............................. 293
appendix
II Accent P a tte rn s ............. 3 26
appendix
III Verb Form s (Selected) ..3 2 7
D ic tio n a ry ....................................... 328 Japanese—English............................328 English—Japanese............................. 3^^ Illustration and Photo Credits.......... 382 List of Culture Notes......................... 383
About This Book Basic Japanese introduces the structure of Japanese through authentic, com monly heard Japanese sentences, useful contemporary Japanese vocabulary, and natural conversation. This book is particularly suited for those who wish to quickly build their knowledge of sentence structures and their communica tive skills in Japanese. Each lesson starts with a section of Basic Sentences, which offers ten to twenty sentences serving as typical examples of essential sentence structures. These structures are explained thoroughly in the Structure Notes section later in the lesson. Basic Vocabulary lists thematically sorted vocabulary words and phrases that are relevant to the contextual theme of the lesson. The thematic grouping of the vocabulary is to help learners make associations to contexts more easily. The Conversation section offers an authentic dialog, in which you can learn ba sic, everyday discourse devices, such as natural ways of responding and acknowl edging as well as appropriate ways of ending sentences in the context. Exercises are provided to strengthen your understanding of the content of the lesson. Lesson 1 is mainly on sound systems, and not many grammatical facts are covered. However, the subsequent lessons introduce gradually more complex structures and facts about usage, so one can start with simple sentence structures and eventually learn complex sentences including conditionals, passives, and causatives by the time all ten lessons have been completed. Basic Japanese is an extensive revision of Essential Japanese, by Samuel E. Martin, first published in 1957 and long a standard text for learning Japanese. Although Samuel Martin passed away in 2010 and was unable to review and approve the new changes, Basic Japanese maintains all the exciting linguistic insights of Essential Japanese, while incorporating linguistic changes that have taken place over the past several decades in terms of structure, vocabulary, and socio-cultural norms that are essential for communication in Japan today. Fur thermore, all Japanese sentences (except those embedded in the English para graphs) are presented in both kana/kanji and Romanization, and all sections except the Structure Notes and Exercise are recorded in the accompanying au dio CD to help users learn the language as a whole. Illustrations, culture notes, and usage tips are provided in sidebars wherever they may help learners to put themselves in the communicative contexts. Here are some tips for getting the most out of Basic Japanese:
A B O U T T H IS BOOK
7
The sentences in Basic Sentences are clearly laid out so that Japanese sen tences can be seen from their English translations. Some items in each sentence are underlined, showing that they bear grammar/usage points that will be dis cussed in Structure Notes. It is advisable that you not write down the answers in Exercises so you can use this section repeatedly for reviewing and reinforcing your understanding. Answers are provided in a smaller font after the questions. Many vocabulary words are presented outside of the Basic Vocabulary sec tion, and you are advised to learn words from all the sections in each lesson. For example, Structure Note 3 .1 lists relative time expressions such as ashita 'tomorrow/ kino 'yesterday/ raishu 'next week/ and kotoshi 'this year/ Furthermore, all Japanese sentences except in Exercise are accompanied by English translations, so you can expand your vocabulary as you work through them. A glossary is provided at the end of the book for the learner's convenience. The authors are grateful to Cal Barksdale, Nancy Goh, Tan Cheng Har, and other editors and staff at Tuttle for their dedication and professionalism, as well as Akiko Saito for providing numerous illustrations, Taeko Kamei for her photo graphs, and Rui Tamura and Azuma Tanaka for helping to record the audio CD.
O The Bonus M a te ria l from the Enclosed M P 3 Audio CD may also be Downloaded.
How to Download the Bonus Material of this Book. 1 . You must have an internet connection. 2. Type the URL below into your web browser. http://www.tuttlepublishing.com/basic-japanese-downloadable-cdcontent For support email us at [email protected].
About the Japanese Language The origins of the Japanese language are incompletely known, and multiple theories have been proposed over the past few centuries connecting Japanese to North Asian languages, South Asian Languages, and languages in other ar eas. Currently, it is thought that the strongest theory among them is one of the North Asian ones, which places Japanese with Altaic languages such as Turkish and Mongolian based on the typological similarities, for example, sequential suffixation (agglutinating morphology), Subject-Object-Verb order, and vowel harmony in native vocabulary. Around the fourth and the fifth centuries AD; Chinese characters and vocabulary started to be brought to Japan. The Japanese developed man'ydgano, in which a limited set of kanji were used to write Japa nese words with their phonetic contribution. Eventually, in the Heian Period (794-1185), hiragana and katakana were developed from some of the kanji char acters included in mon'ydgona. Most content words, such as nouns, adjectives, and verbs, have a Chinese origin due to the strong influence of China in history. However, modern Japanese also includes an increasing number of loan words from English. The Japanese language is obviously extremely complex in terms of its lexicon and writing systems, but its unique structural features also surprise many speakers of English. The following are only some of its unique features. Word order and particles
The basic word order in English is subject-verb-object, whereas in Japanese it is subject-object-verb. The word order is rigid in English in most cases but can be very flexible in Japanese, so long as the verb is placed at the end of the sentence. For example, the English sentence Ken called Yumi can be either Ken-go Yumi-o yondo or Yumi-o Ken-ga yonda in Japanese. Postpositions
English prepositions such as from, in, on, at, and with correspond to postpositions in Japanese. Instead of saying from New York, they say something like New York from, or Nyu Yoku kara. Japanese and English are mirror images in this respect. Dropping pronouns
The Japanese are not lazy people, but they like to drop personal pronouns such as '1/ 'you/ and 'h e/ The use of the second person pronoun anata 'you' is al most forbidden in conversations. To ask, 'Is it yours?' in speaking to Ms. Yamada, the Japanese will say, Sore wa Yamada-san no desu ka 'Ms. Yamada, is it Ms. Yamada's?’
A B O U T TH E JAPANESE LANGUAGE
9
Verb morphology
Japanese verbs and adjectives can be followed by numerous suffixes, one after another, just as if you are creating a necklace by putting beads together. For ex ample, tabe is the shortest pronounceable form of the verb 'to eat/ However, tabe-ru means 'will eat/ tabe-sase-ru means 'will make someone eat/ tabe-saserare-ru means 'will be made to eat/ tabe-sase-rare-tai means 'want to be made to eat/ and tabe-sase-rare-taku-nai means 'do not want to be made to eat/ This feature of language is called agglutination, and it is one of the reasons many scholars think Japanese belongs to the Altaic language family. Counters
Another feature that exists in Japanese but not in English is a category of suffixes called counters. Counters are placed after numerals in order to express the quan tity or amount of people and things, and the choice of counters varies depending on the shape, size, and type of the item. For example, go-nin no hito means 'the five people'; go-hiki no inu means 'the five dogs'; go-dai no kurum a means 'the five cars/ Nin, hiki, and dai are the counters for these respective types of items. Honorifics
The Japanese language has rich and extensive honorific systems that express respect, humility, and politeness. These systems govern speech styles through the choices of suffixes, prefixes, (pro)nouns, verbs, adjectives, and phrases that are determined based on the relationship among the speaker, the listener, and a third party with respect to the social grouping and social hierarchy. For example, a simple question like 'Will you go?' can be Iku no, Ikimasu ka, or Irasshaimasu ka depending on how close or distant the speaker feels to the person. English does not have such verbal suffixes for expressing politeness or respect. However, this does not mean English speakers are rude. English speakers use different strate gies for expressing politeness. For example, they tend to use a longer phrase for expressing politeness: they may say T m wondering whether it is okay for me to leave now' instead of 'Is it okay to leave now?' for politely asking for permis sion to leave. Or, they may elaborate on a statement with the addition of kind comments or brief explanations for conveying politeness in a variety of speech functions such as asking for permission, requesting, apologizing, thanking, and refusing invitations.
Sound It Out in Japanese! In this lesson you will learn some everyday phrases and sound
ぼ語で言ってみょう！ 〇 n §〇 de Itte Miyo!
structures of the Japanese language.
l€)j Basic Sentences [cue01-1]
「 こんにちは。」
「 ああ，こんにちは。
" Koゴnichi w a •”
2.
“A, kon’nichi wa_”
''Hello! (literally, As for today...)/J
"Oh, h i !〃
「 先生，おはようございます
「 ああ，山田さん。おはよう。
"Sensei, ohavo g〇 zaimasu/;
Yamada-san, ohayo/'
"Professor, good morning! ( " た， It is early.)”
“Oh, good morning, Ms. Yamada!’
•••ございます■••gozaimasu Remember that you must add gozaimasu after ohayd 'good moming, and arigato 'thank you' when you say these to your superior.
「 こんばんは。」
「 ああ，こんばんは。」
" Konban w a !”
“A, konban w a!"
“Good evening! ( " t , As for this evening.”)"
“Oh, good evening!”
12
LESSON ONE
4. 「 ( どうも）ありがとうございます。i
「 いいえ。」 "fe" "Not at all. ("t., No.)”
"(D 6m o l arisatd Kozaimasu."
“Thank you (very m u c h ).
「どういたしまして。」 5. 「 ありがとうございました。」 "Do itashimashite." "Arigatd gozaimashita •” “Thank you (for what you have done)•ゎ ''You're welcome/' 「 はい. おかげさまで。i
6. 「 お元気ですか。」
7.
"Oeenki desu ka."
"Hai, okage-sama de."
“How are you? ("f., Are you well?)”
"Yes, I'm fine, thank you. (/が.， Thanks to you and others.)"
「 さようなら。i
「 さようなら。」
"Say6nara!"
“Saydnara!"
"Goodbye!"
“Goodbye!”
8. 「 お母さん. おやすみなさい。i
「 ああ，おやすみ。」
"Okasan. ovasuminasai.”
"A, oyasumi/'
^Good night, mom! (lit., Please rest well.广
"Oh, good night!"
9. 「 あのう. （ ちょっと）すみません。」
「 はい。」
“An6. fchottol sumimasen."
"Hai."
“Excuse m e .
"Yes."
ちょっと chotto Chotto means 'a little bit' and is used with a variety of verbs and adjectives, but it also functions just to make one's expression soft and friendly. It can be used by itself to get attention or softly refuse something or express dislikes.
10. 「 ( どうも）すみませんでした。」
「 いいえ。」
"(D 6m o l Sumimasen deshita."
“Te."
“I’m (very) sorry. (I have committed a discourtesy.)"
“No, (don’t w orry).
すみませんSumimasen Sumimasen is one of the most frequently used words in Japanese. Depending on the context, it is used to catch attention or apologize. It is also used to thank someone when one receives overwhelming generosity or kindness from him/her.
S O U ND IT O U T IN J A P A N E S E ! 13
1 1 .「 あ.
ごめんなさい„ 1
「 ううん. だいじようぶ。 i
MA. gomen nasai/'
“Uun, daijdbu."
"Oh, rm sorry."
"It’s nothing. I’m fine .〃
12. ちょっと失礼ですが… Chotto shitsurei desu ga…
Excuse me, but... (I have a question or request). 13. ちょっと待って（ 〈ださい)。 Chotto m atte (kudasai).
Please wait a moment. 1 4 .「 ゆっ〈（ J ( 話して〈ださい）。 I
「 はい。」
"Y u kku ri fhanashite kudasaiビ
"Hai."
“(Wease talk) slowly.〃
"Sure.”
15. もう一度（ 言って〈ださい）。 M o ichido (itte kudasai).
(Please) (say it) again. 1 6. お願いします。 Onegai shimasu.
Please (do so). (I'll make a request of you.) 17•
では(o r じや) . 失礼します。 “De wa for Jat. shitsurei shimasu."
Well, Til say goodbye. (Excuse me.) 1 8 .「 じや.
また。 I
「 ええ，じゃ，また。 」
"Ja, mata."
"E, ja, mata.”
“So long! (Well, (see you) again!)"
"Okay, see you!"
1 9 . 「はじめまして。スミスです„
よろしく。」
「 はじめまして。田中です。 こちらこそよろしく。」
"Hajim em ashite. Sumisu desu. Yoroshiku ゾ ’
"Hajim em ashite. Tanaka desu. Kocmra koso yoroshiku."
"Hi! I'm Ms. Smith. Nice to meet you!"
"Hi! rm Mr. Tanaka. Nice to meet you, too!”
14
LESSON ONE
〇
〇 尊
Puzzling Japanese Phrases
Beginner students of the Japanese language are often puzzled by simple, daily expressions when they see their literal translations. This is mainly due to socio cultural differences between Japan and other countries, especially in the West, although structural differences in the language are also responsible. Many Japa nese phrases were derived from locutions that express modesty and respect. For example, when the Japanese introduce themselves to others, they say yoroshiku onegai shimasu at the end. Phrase books will offer a conventional translation, like 'Nice to meet you/ but the literal translation is very different. Literally, yoroshiku means 'well/ appropriately/ or 'favorably/ Onegai means 'wish' or 'request/ Shi masu means 'will d o/ So, the entire phrase literally means something like 'I request (you to act) in favor (of me)' or 'please be kind to m e/ You may wonder why Japa nese people say something that implies their helplessness at the very moment they introduce themselves, but the phrase actually expresses their modesty, their respect for the person they're speaking to, and their willingness to have a good relation ship with him or her. And while the literal translation of the phrase is awkward, understanding the culture, understanding the idea of the phrase, and learning ex actly when the phrase is used—by whom, to whom, and for what purpose_ is the key to success in acquiring the language. Conventional English translations may be useful for you at the outset, but in a later context they will eventually confuse you. So, when you learn Japanese, thinK in Japanese, not in English!
10 Basic Vocabulary [cue01-2]
Fa
m il ia r
Japanese
w ords
折り紙 origami 着 物 kimono
origami
空 手 karate
karate
すし sushi 剌身 sashimi すき焼きsukiyaki
sushi
うどんudon うなぎunagi アニメ anime マン力7 漫 画 manga
I、 フマ dorama
TV drama series
オタクotaku
otaku (people with obsessive interest in their hobby)
J~POP jei
Japanese pop (music), J-pop
kimono
poppu
sliced raw fish sukiyaki (beef stew) udon noodles eel anime, animation comic books
Fa
m il y
お父さんotdsan お母さんok5san お兄さんonTsan お姉さんon§san
father mother older brother older sister
S O U N D IT O U T IN J A P A N E S E ! 15
「〇
〇
Min»ii；)^ im ^ Manga In Japan, people of all ages read manga, or comic books. At restaurants in the business district, it's common to see office workers in suits reading manga during their lunch breaks. Most cyber ca fes in Japan offer their clients shelves of manga. There are popular long-running manga maga zines like Shorten Jump, and some super-popular manga一 for example, Nana by Ai Yazawa—have been turned into anime and/or movies. Manga's history can be traced back to the twelfth century, but the modern style of manga has flourished since World War II, with themes varying from action-adventure to romance, history, comedy, science fiction, fantasy, mystery, and horror, among others. Manga are studied by scholars, and there are even manga museums (for example, the Kyoto International Manga Museum). One reason for the appeal of manga is that they are very much accessible to anyone. They can influence peo pled lives, giving them courage, offering enlightenment, and releasing stress. Near 40 percent of the total sales of books and magazines in Japan are from manga pub lications. In fact, many supplementary teaching materials take the form of manga, teaching kanji, proverbs, history, and other subjects. Manga can be a good study tool for learners of Japanese like you, because they introduce kanji with the aid of a pronunciation guide (furigana)； vocabulary words, colloquial phrases, ono matopoeia, and other features in illustrated contexts.
A
L
n im a l s
andscape
犬 inu
dog
山 yama
mountain
猫 neko
cat
川 kawa
river
宠 usagi
rabbit
海 umi
ocean, sea
猿 saru
monkey
池 ike
pond
Mj uma
horse
湖 mizuumi
lake
Structure Notes 1.1. Pronunciation
Every language has a system of sounds, and no two systems are exactly alike. The same organs are used in pronouncing the sounds of Japanese and those of English, but they are used in somewhat different ways. These organs are parts of the mouth, the tongue, the nose, and the throat. You will find it helpful to
16
LESSON ONE
learn a bit about how these organs are used to make the sounds of English and those of Japanese. Many of the sounds in these two languages are so similar that you can use English sounds for the Japanese ones without being misunderstood, but there are some English pronunciation habits that you must avoid if you are to speak understandable Japanese. And if you don't want your Japanese to have a marked American accent, you will want to pay close attention to the slight differences between even those sounds that are most alike in the two languages. 1-2. Rhythm
English is spoken in a SYNCOPATED fashion—we bounce along, rushing syllables in between heavy stress es, keeping an irregular rhythm and tempo based on our stress system. Each normal English syllable is spoken with one of four stresses_ and there's even an extra one, especially loud, to show unusual emphasis. If you listen to the word windshield wiper you will notice that the first syllable ('wind-') is more heavily pronounced than the others; the last syllable (/-er,) is the weakest; and for some speakers there is a difference in stress between the remaining syllables (/-shield-/ and '-wipe-O, Those Amer icans who hear no difference in stress between '-shield-' and '-wipe may hear the somewhat stronger stress on the syllable 'new' in the phrase new windshield wiper/; (with the strongest stress s廿11 on the syllable 'wind-0. Japanese, on the other hand, speak in a METRONOMIC fashion_ as if there were a musician's metronome evenly beating out each syllable. Instead of putting a heavy stress on some syllables and various weaker stresses on the others, the Japanese gives each syllable a moderate and even stress. And instead of rusning syllables in between the heavy-stressed ones, speeding up the weaker syllables, slowing down for the stronger ones, the Japanese speaker allows about the same amount of time for each of his syllables, regardless of the apparent prominence of the syllable. To the ears of an American, accustomed to hearing distinctive stresses, not all Japanese syllaoles are neard evenly strong. This is because not all Japanese syllables are equally PROMINENT. The prominence of a syllable is conditioned by a variety of factors, such as stress, vowel color, pitch, voicing, etc. Of these factors, stress is the most important in English, but the least im portant in Japanese. Of course, those syllables that have voiceless or dropped vowels in Japanese will sound weakly stressed to an untrained American ear. So the first English habit to overcome in speaking Japanese is syncopation. Try to time your Japanese syllables evenly, giving them an equal stress.
S O U N D IT O U T IN J A P A N E S E ! 17
1.3. Syllables
Now; what is a Japanese syllable? An English syllable, as noted above, is a sound or group of sounds accompanied by one of four stresses. A Japanese syllable isn't that sort of thing at all. It's a sound or group of sounds that take up a certain relative space of time. In other words, one of those metronome beats. A Japa nese syllable may consist of a SHORT VOWEL (e 'picture/ o ;tair), or A CONSO NANT + A SHORT VOWEL (te ^hand/ ta ^ield/ yo VorldO, or A CONSONANT + Y + A SHORT VOWEL (the first syllable of kyonen 'last year'). Note that the sounds sh; ch, ts are in each case single consonants even though we write them with two letters. In addition, a syllable may consist of a consonant when followed by another consonant (other than y) or a pause. For example, the first k of yu kku ri 'slowly/ the first s [a spelling abbreviation for what is really sh of irasshaimashita '(you) cam e/ the first n of ko ^nichi 'today/ and both instances of the n in konban 'this evening/ The syllabic consonants are further discussed in note 1.9. Finally, a syllable may consist of EITHER HALF OF A LONG VOWEL. In other words, what we write as a, e, I, o, u are really just abbreviations for aa, ee; ii, oo; uu —two syllables each. Long vowels are further discussed in note 1.6. Below are some of the words occurring in the Basic Sentences, with the syl lable divisions indicated by hyphens.
© [cue01-3]
はい ちょっと おはよう こんにちは こんばんは さようなら
hai
ho-i
chotto
cho-t-to
ohayo
o-ho-yo-o
kon'nichi wa
ko-n-ni-chi-wo
konban wa
ko-n-bo-n-wo
sayonara
sa-yo-o-na-ra
1.4. Voicing
In the throat there are two pieces of muscular tissue that can be vibrated with a flow of air from the lungs like a couple of heavy rubber bands. They are called vocal cords. When vocal cords vibrate, we say the sound has VOICING or is VOICED. When these cords are somewhat relaxed at the sides of the throat, we say the sound is VOICELESS or UNVOICED. You can feel the vibration of the vocal cords by placing your hand on your throat. Or put your hands over your ears and you will notice a buzz whenever a sound is voiced. In most languages, some of the sounds are typically voiced and others are typically voiceless. For instance, in English the initial sounds of these pairs dif fer in that the ones on the left (k, ch, t, s, p; f, th) are voiceless, and those on the right (g, j, d; z, b, v, th) are voiced:
18
LESSON ONE
Voiceless
Voiced
Kay cheer
gay jeer
toe
dough
seal
zeal
pay
bay
fan
van
thin
then
There are similar pairs of voiced and voiceless sounds in Japanese: Voiceless [cue01-4]
Voiced
金 kin gold
銀 gin silver
血 chi blood
子 ji graphic character, letter
十 td ten
どうdd how
そつ sd so, right
象 z6 elephant
パン pan bread
# ban guard, watchman
In English, the sounds we call VOWELS, those made without any close con tact between the tongue and top of the mouth, are always voiced, unless we are softly whispering. In Japanese, vowel sounds are often unvoiced when they come between voiceless consonants. Virtually every speaker of Japanese pronounces the vowels written i and u as unvoiced between voiceless consonants, and some drop these vowels completely. At the end of a word and after a voiceless con sonant, these vowels are also frequently unvoiced or dropped, so that the final syllable of ohayo gozaimasu 'good morning, and genki desu T m fine' sound AS IF there were no u there at all. The other vowels, those we write a, e; and o; are usually pronounced voiced. But unaccented ka and ko at the beginning of a word are often unvoiced when followed by the same syllable: kakanai 'does not write/ koko 'here/ And ha and ho are often unvoiced when followed by a voiceless consonant and the same vowel: haka 'grave/ hokori 'dust/ and hosoi 'slender/ 1.5. Vowels
There is a striking difference between the way a Japanese person pronounces his vowels and the way an American pronounces his. Japanese vowels seem to stand still. English vowels often slide off from their starting points in one of three di rections: with the tongue moving front and up (as in key, bay, shy, and toy); with the tongue moving back and up and the lips rounding (as in now, know, and who); with the tongue relaxing toward a central position (as in yeah, ah, law, uh,
S O U ND IT O U T IN J A P A N E S E ! 19
and huh; with many speakers also in bad, bed, bid, and bud] with some Southern and Western speakers also in bat, bet, bit, and butt). A vowel takes its characteristic color from the way the tongue, mouth, and lips are held. Vowels are often described in terms of the tongue's position in three top-to-bottom levels (HIGH, MID, LOW) and three front-to-back positions (FRONT, CENTRAL, BACK). If we ignore the off-glides mentioned above, and think only about the points of departure, we can illustrate these positions for American vowels with such words as these: Front High
Central
beat, bit
Back
boot, book
Mid
bait, bet
but, cut
boat, paw
Low
bat
father, cot
caught
Note: Some speakers do not distinguish caught from cot.
For many American speakers all nine possible positions are used. The Japa nese speaker, however, fills only five of the spaces as in the following words:
o
Front High
ibiki
—
snoring semete
こども —
at least Low
tsuzuku
continues
せめて Mid
Back
つづく
いびき
LISTEN
[cue01-5]
Central
kodomo
child
—
— you
In English, we spell the same vowel sound many different ways (dough, toe, slow, so, sew, etc.) and the same letter may indicate a number of different vowels (line, marine, inn, shirt, etc.). In Romanized Japanese, the same symbol is normally used for each occurrence of the same vowel. You should learn these symbols and the sounds they stand for, and not confuse this simple use of these letters with their many English uses. The use of the letters may be remembered as: i as in ski, e as in pet, a as in father, o as in 50, u as in rhubarb. In both English and Japanese, the lips are relaxed for vowels in the front and center of the mouth, and somewhat rounded for those in the back. Many Japanese round their lips very little, however, and you will probably notice that the Japanese u involves less of this lip-rounding than the American equivalent. (Actually, much of the American lip-rounding is part of the off-glide.) After the consonants s, ts, and z,
20
LESSON ONE
the Japanese u is sometimes pronounced in a HIGH CENTRAL position.
© [cue01-6]
進 む susumu 車 kuruma 靴 kutsu 続く tsuzuku 盗 む nusumu 牛乳 gyQnyG
advances car shoes continues steals, swipes milk
In ordinary conversation when the Japanese syllable u comes before ma, me, or mo, it is often pronounced as if it were the syllable m:
馬 uma [mma] ■ 梅 ume [mme] [cue〇 レ 7] 埋もれ木 umoregi [mmoregi]
horse plum fossil wood
Notice that Japanese does not utilize the MID CENTRAL position on the vowel chart. This is one of the most common of English vowels; it is sometimes indicated by the phonetic symbol s (the schwa or 'inverted e'). For many Eng> lish speakers, this is the most common vowel in weak-stressed syllables; so the American who forgets that Japanese has no weak-stressed syllables tends to replace various Japanese vowels with this relaxed central vowel. For anata 'you,’ many Americans will say anata, overstressing the syllable na and sliding over the other syllables. Be careful to avoid weak stresses, and you will not confuse the Japanese with this mid-central vowel. 1.6.
Vowels in sequence
In Japanese, any vowel may be followed by any other vowel. Each is pronounced in a short, clear, evenly stressed fashion. Here are some examples of vowel sequences:
はい hai u l ■ 家 ie ue
[cue01-8]上
甥 oi 青い aoi
yes house t〇p nephew is blue
Note that there is a syllable, an even space of time, for each vowel: ha-i; i-e, u-e; o-i; a-o-i.
S O U N D IT O U T IN JAPANESE!
21
Now, in English we do not have vowels in sequence. Each vowel is followed either by a consonant or by one of those three off-glides mentioned in 1.5: the y-glide in key, bay, by, and boy; the w-glide in now, know, and new; the h-glide in ah, yeah, law, and huh. When we Americans hear a Japanese vowel sequence, we are apt to reinterpret this as one of our combinations of vowel + glide. We hear Japanese hai like English high and Japanese mae like English my. The difficulty is that English high and my rhyme, but Japanese hai and mae do not. The following chart will give you an idea of the difference in pronunciation between the two English words on the one hand and each of the Japanese words on the other: Central
Back
High Mid Low
Note that there are some Tokyo speakers who do sound their ai's much like their ae's. Such speakers rhyme the words kaeru 'return' and hairu 'enter/ Speak ers of Standard Japanese, however, try to keep these sequences distinct. Just as we hear Japanese ai and ae alike, we tend to hear Japanese au and ao the same. Listen carefully to the difference between these pairs:
買う kau U 会う au [〔 ue〇 ト 9 ] 顔 kao
肓 ao
buys meets face blue
Do kau and au seem to sound like English cowl Do kao and ao seem to sound like English ow l The following chart will give you an idea of the difference in pronunciation. As you can see, this chart is a mirror image of the one above. Front
Central
Back
High Mid Low
y
yf
kau
▼
cow
__ ► kao
Since any vowel can follow any other vowel in Japanese, it is natural that a vowel can follow itself. These double vowels are sometimes called LONG VOW ELS because, being two syllables, they take twice as long to pronounce as the short ones. In the Hepburn Romanization of Japanese, which this book uses,
22
LESSON ONE
the double vowels are usually written with a macron (-) over the simple vowel, except in the case where there is a morphological boundary, as in oishi-i 'deli cious/ Instead of a macron, some people use a circumflex accent ( A —like a small inverted V). It is extremely important to master the difference between the short (sim ple) vowels and the long (double) ones early in your study of Japanese. So many words are distinguished by vowel length alone that, unless you are care ful with these distinctions, your Japanese will be like a faulty telephone con nection, likely to break down at any moment. English vowels are neither long nor short, by Japanese standards, but they often SOUND long, because of the off-glides. Remember to make your SHORT vowels SHORTER and your LONG vowels LONGER than the equivalent English vowels. Here are some examples of long and short vowels:
[cue01-10]
田 ta 絵e 木 ki 帆 ho 府 fu
field picture tree sail metropolitan prefecture
さあ s§ [sa-a] well ええ § [e-e] yes
いい ii [i-i]
is good
法 h6 [ho-o] law 封 fQ [fu-u] seal
In ordinary conversation, most Japanese do not distinguish the vowel se quence ei from ee (=e). In some parts of Japan, however, the distinction is still maintained. To an American ear, both sequences sound about like the vowel in bay. You should practice making the e sound clear and long without the offglide of the equivalent English sound. Examples:
list en
丁寧 teinei polite おねえさん on§san older sister
経當 keiei management テーブル t§buru table
[cue01-11]
1.7. Consonants
In the structural system of every language, a giv en sound is made in somewhat different ways, depending on what sounds precede and follow it. If you hold your hand very close to your mouth and say the word pan clearly and naturally, you will feel a slight puff of breath; on the other hand, if you say span or ban, you will not feel the puff of breath. A more effective demonstration is to light a match and hold it close. Those consonants with a puff of breath will put the match out; those without will merely make it flicker. This
S O U ND IT O U T IN JA PANESE!
23
puff of breath is called ASPIRATION; consonants accompanied by it are said to be ASPIRATED. English p; t, ch; and k (often spelled with the letter c as in cat) are aspirated in initial position, but not after the consonant s. Compare the two words in each of the following pairs: pin and spin tick and stick charge and discharge key and ski In final position, English p, t, and k may be either aspirated or unaspirated, or not released at all. Now in Japanese, the consonants p, t, ch, and k are usually somewhat aspi rated as in English, but the aspiration is not so heavy. The Japanese consonants are UNASPIRATED when they are double (that is, long). Since the corresponding English double consonants are aspirated as in hip pocket, part-time, night chief, and bookkeepers, you should give special attention to suppressing the puff of breath when you make the Japanese double consonants. Another characteristic of Japanese double consonants, including ss; ssh, as well as pp, tt, tch, kk —is the special TENSENESS with which they are pronounced. It is as if the Japanese speaker tightened up his throat in order to hold on and get in that extra syllable represented by the first of the consonants. Listen to the difference between the single and double consonants in the following examples, then imitate them, being very careful to hold the first of the double consonants for a full syllable's duration and then release it tight and clear with no puff of air. Single Consonant [cue01-12]
Double Consonant
ペ ン pen pen
ー遢 ippen one time
糸 ito thread
一途 itto a way, a course
過去 kako past
括 5瓜 kakko parentheses; brackets
火災 kasai fire
喝采 kassai applause
遺書 isho will, testament 一緒 issho together 一 ichi one
一致 itchi accord, agreement, unity
Just as the difference between long and short vowels is very important to make your Japanese understandable, so is the difference between long and short consonants. One other point about aspiration. In English we do not aspirate a consonant after s. But in Japanese, when the syllable su is reduced to just a syllabic s (as in
24
LESSON ONE
Ikaga desu ka.), a following p, t, or k still has the slight aspiration it would have
in initial position. Notice the difference in pronunciation between English ski, one syllable, no aspiration—and Japanese suki ’likes'—two syllables, with u un voiced or dropped, but with slight aspiration of k. Consonants are usually described in terms of the WAY they are pronounced (voiced, voiceless; aspirated, unaspirated; etc.) and the PLACE they are pro nounced. In general, Japanese uses about the same places in the mouth as En glish— b, p, and m are made with the lips, and k and g with the back of the tongue against the soft part of the roof of the mouth. However, t, d, and n are all made farther front than the English equivalents. For these sounds in Eng lish, most of us touch the front of the tongue or the tip (or both) against the ridge BEHIND the teeth, or even farther back than that. But in Japanese, the tongue is pushed forward against the teeth themselves. This gives the Japanese sounds—called DENTAL consonants—a sharper quality; the English sounds— called ALVEOLAR consonants (after the alveolar ridge behind the teeth)—sound dull and indistinct to a Japanese. Notice the difference between sounds in cer tain Japanese and English words: Japanese 〔 dental!〕
English 〔 alveolar!〕
toe
+ to ten
dough
どう d6 how
no
tb no No (Japanese classical ballet)
The Japanese consonants s, z, sh, ch, and j are also pronounced somewhat more FRONT than many American speakers pronounce the English equivalents. Since the American sounds are farthest front in words like see, zeal, sheep, cheap, and jeep, it may help to think of the sounds in these words. Some Japanese give the j a sound rather like that used by the French in Jacques or by some Ameri cans in azure, garage, and rouge. (At the beginning of a word, many Japanese pronounce z as if it were spelled dz; in slow over-precise speech, you may hear the dz version even in the middle of a word.) Be careful how you pronounce the Japanese. English f is made with the low er lip against the upper teeth. The Japanese place both lips close together (as if about to make a p or a b or as if about to whistle) and then let the air come out in a puff between. A Japanese f, then, is an f WITHOUT ANY TEETH. Occasion ally you will hear a Japanese person use an ordinary h instead of this f. Japanese voiced consonants (b, d, z, j, g, m, n) are more fully voiced than English initial voiced consonants. In English we start off somewhat lazily with the voicing, giving our vocal cords an instant to warm up. It is only between vowels, rabbit, lady, dizzy, tiger, coming, and inning, that we voice these sounds
S O U ND IT O U T IN JAPANESE!
25
all the way through. Japanese warm their vocal cords up an instant before they start to make the sound and this gives their voiced consonants a bit more promi nence than ours. The Japanese consonant g has two pronunciations. In Southern Japan it is usually pronounced like g in English go (but of course never like g in gem because that sound would be written /). In Northern Japan, many people pronounce the g always like the English sound in sing or singer. In Tokyo, there is a compro mise. The general rule is: initial in a word, pronounce as in go; within a word, pronounce as in singer. There are a few exceptions to this rule. The particle ga is always pronounced with the ng sound, and the element go meaning 'five' is usually pronounced like English go even within a word, but these are of minor importance. You may have trouble with this ng sound. It is made with the tongue in the same position as for g, but with the nasal passage open, the way it is for m or n. Notice that this is NOT the same sound as that used by most English speakers in the word finger—that is, by those speakers who do not rhyme this word ex actly with singer. It is as if we should spell the former word fingger to show that we make first the back nasal sound (ng) and then the back non-nasal sound (g). Since you are not used to using this ng sound at the beginning of a stressed syllable in English, you may want to practice it in the following way. Hold the 廿p of your tongue down with your finger or one of those flat tongue-depressors doctors use. Then try to say the sound n as in nine. You will feel the tip of your tongue try to come up, but keep it down and make the back part of the tongue do the work. You have then made the ng sound. All you have to do after that is to train the tip of your tongue so you will not have to hold it down with a tongue depressor while making this sound. The Japanese g in the middle of a word, then, is an n made with the back of the tongue. If you find this sound too difficult, just use your English g in all positions. You will not quite be talking Standard Japanese, but then neither do lots of Japanese! Here are some examples of the two kinds of g：
26
LESSON ONE
© [cue01-14]
-g [-ng]
g- [g]
学校 gakk6 school
小学校 shogakk6 primary school
銀 gin silver
金銀 kingin gold and silver
蛾 ga moth
•••が …ga* but [subject particle]
15 ju-go* fifteen
統後 jCigo non-combatant (status); behind the guns
1 ，0 0 5 sen-go* 1005
戦後 sengo postwar
Exceptions!
The word gogo 'p.m., afternoon, shows both kinds: fgo-ngo]. Another sound that may cause you trouble is ts. Unlike Japanese t (dental!), this sound usually starts at the alveolar ridge like an English t. It normally oc curs only before the vowel u; and between the t and the u there is a slight hiss represented by the s. This sound does not occur initially in English, except for a few rare words like tsetse fly. However, you sometimes hear it in rapid speech: ts cool today (for it is cool today), ts all right with me (for it is all right with me). You may tend to slide over the t and only pronounce the s; this will cause confusion, because tsu and su distinguish a number of words, for example: ts
5 [cue01-15]
隅 sumi inside corner, angle
IP tsumi guilt
1 ^ suru does
釣る tsuru fishes
住む sumu resides
つむ tsumu to pile up
相 kasu dregs
勝つ katsu wins
す 1 さ suzuki sea bass
つづき tsuzuki continuing; sequel
Notice that the vowel u gets unvoiced or dropped when there is a following voiceless consonant: s [cue01-16]
好き suki [s-ki] likable
ts
月 tsuki [ts-ki] moon
進む susumu [s-su-mu] advances 包む tsutsumu [ts-tsu-mu] wraps up すすき susuki [s-su-ki] pampas grass
つつき tsutsuki[ts-tsu-ki] pecking, biting
After you have practiced on the difference between tsu and su for a while, you might try these tongue-twisters:
S O U N D IT O U T IN JAPANESE!
listen
27
すすみつづけました susumi-tsuzukemashita continued to advance つつみつづけました tsutsumi-tsuzukemashita continued to wrap up
[cue01-17]
The thing to remember about the syllable tsu is: DON'T OMIT THE t. In addition to the simple consonants are the combinations ky, gy; py; by, my, ny, and hy. (There is also ry; for which see below, 1.8.) These are pronounced somewhat as are the corresponding English sounds in cute, gew-gaw or regular, rebuke, music, and Hugh, provided you distinguish Hugh from you). In English, these combinations are usually followed by a vowel corresponding to Japanese u; but in Japanese they are also followed by a and o. For example, byoin [byo-oi-n] ’hospital' and biy6in [bi-yo-o-i-n] ’beauty shop’ sound similar but differ in that the former has the combination of b and y whereas these consonants are in separate syllables in the latter. Here are some examples:
0 LISTEN
[cue01-18]
客車 kyakusha [kya-ku-sha] 郵便局 yQbinkyoku [yu-u-bi-ng-kyo-ku] 急行 kyGk6 [kyu-u-ko-o] 逆 gyaku [gya-ku] 実業家 jitsugydka [ji-tsu-gyo-o-ka] 牛肉 gyGniku [gyu-u-ni-ku] 八日 happyaku [ha-p-pya-ku] 発表 happyd [ha-p-pyo-o] ピュ一と pyG to [pyu-u-toj 三百 sanbyaku [sa-m-bya-ku]
病気 by6ki [byo-o-ki] ビューロー byGrd [byu-u-ro-o] 山脈 sanmyaku [sa-m-mya-ku] 明晚 my6ban [myo-o-ba-N] ミューズ myuzu [myu-u-zu] 一ヤー nya [nya-a] 尿 ny6 [nyoo] 牛乳 gyOnyG [gyu-u-nyu-u] 百 hyaku [hya-ku] 標準 hy6jun [hyo-o-ju-N] ヒューズ hyQzu [hyu-u-zu] 1.8.
passenger car post office express (train) reverse businessman beef eight hundred presentation with a hiss (like a bullet) three hundred ill bureau mountain range tomorrow evening muse meow urine milk hundred standard fuse
Flapped r
The sound that seems to cause Americans most distress is the Japanese r. This is a sound called a flap. You make it by lifting the tip of the tongue backwards,
28
LESSON ONE
then quickly and decisively bringing it down with a brief flick against the al veolar ridge (behind the teeth). Many Americans have this sound in the middle of words like Betty, letter, latter, and cottage. Some Englishmen use this sound for the r in very, merry, and berry so that the Englishman's berry often sounds like the American Betty. This r will sound a little bit like a d to you. The differ ences between the Japanese r and d are primarily two: length—the r is brief, the d somewhat longer; and position of contact—the r is against the alveolar ridge with the very tip of the tongue, but the d is against the teeth with somewhat more of the tongue. You might begin to practice this sound in medial position, being careful not to make it like an American r—nor to trill it lengthily like an Italian r—and at the same time keep it distinct from the Japanese d:
© [cue01-19]
肌 hada skin ® ける todokeru delivers
American r
Japanese r
Japanese d 〔 TEETH!〕
〔 RIDGE! BRIEF!〕
horror
鱔 tara cod fish
湯ける torokeru is enchanted
Tory
予田 sode sleeve
それ sore that
Cory
—
蛾 ari ant
sorry
I t) suru does
true
—
Be sure you are putting the r at the beginning of the syllable: sorosoro [so-roso-ro] 'leisurely/ Once you have acquired the sound, try practicing it initially: Japanese d CTEETH!〕
Q [cue01-20]
Japanese r
American r
〔 RIDGE! BRIEF!〕
抱く daku embraces
楽 raku comfort
rock
電柱 denchii telephone pole
連中 renchCigang
wrench
毒 doku poison
六 roku six
rogue
—
りんし ringo apple
ring
—
留守 rusu absence
roots
Once you're able to make the initial r, you're ready to tackle the combina tion ry. This sound is made by putting the back part of the tongue in position to make the y sound, then very swiftly moving just the tip of the tongue up to make the flap for the r. You might practice the words first without the r, mak ing the y good and strong; then go over them inserting the r lightly, without damaging the y. Do not make the r and then add an extra syllable just to get the y in. Examples:
S O U ND IT O U T IN JAPANESE!
29
略 ryaku [rya-ku] abbreviation 琉球 RyQkyCi [ryu-u-kyu-u】Ryukyu (Islands) [cue〇 ト 21】省略 sh6ryaku [sho-o-rya-ku】 abbreviation, omission > lrs
joryu [jo-o-ryu-u] upper reaches (of a river)
大統領 daitdry6 [da小to-o-ryo-o】president 1.9. Syllabic nasal
There is one more sound that may cause you some trouble. This is the syllabic nasal. The Japanese write this sound with the same symbol, but it is pronounced in different ways, depending on the sounds around it. For example, the n sounds in tan-i 'academic credits' and tani Valley' sound completely different. The Hep burn Romanization writes the syllabic nasal sometimes m ; sometimes n and sometimes n ; or n- (n followed by an apostrophe or a hyphen). The sound may be written m if it is followed by p; b; or m —any lip sound other than f or w; it is written n; or n- if it is followed by a vowel (a, e ； i, o; u) or by y; and it is writ ten just n before other consonants (including f and w) and at the end of a word. The pronunciation of the syllabic nasal varies according to its surroundings, but it is always pronounced with the nasal passage open and it always takes a full syllable's time. There are four main pronunciations: 1 . a long (syllabic) m (before p, b, and m) 2. a long (syllabic) n (dental!, before t ; ts, d; n; ch, and j) 3. a long (syllabic) ng (before k and g) 4 . long nasalization N (elsewhere (before vow el, y; w, r, s, sh; z, h; f, or at the end of a word)) You will have little difficulty with the first two pronunciations. Just remember to hold the nasal for a full syllable's time. Here are some examples: 丄 •a long (syllabic) m [cue01-22]
見物 kenbutsu [ke-m-bu-tsu] 金髪 kinpatsu [ki-m-pa-tsu] ニ 枚 san-mai [sa-m-ma-i]
sightseeing blond (hair) three sheets (of paper)
2. a long (syllabic) n [cue01-23]
ちやんと chanto [cha-n-to] 心痛 shintsQ [shi-n-tsu-u] 令度 kondo [ko-n-do] こ ん b は kon’nichi wa [ko-n-ni-chi-wa] 建築 kenchiku 丨 ke-n-chi-ku] 三時 san-ji [sa-n-ji]
just, precisely anguish, heartache this time; next time hello, good afternoon construction, building three o'clock
30
LESSON ONE
The third pronunciation may cause you some difficulty. The combination nk is pronounced about as in banker, but the ng sound of the n is held for a full
syllable. The combination written in the Hepburn Romanization as ng is pro nounced with that ngg sound of fingger in some parts of Japan, but in the Stan dard Language it is pronounced like two ng sounds in a row: ngng, with the first held for a full syllable and the second beginning the following syllable. Get out your tongue-depressor again, and keep the tongue tip down a little longer. Cf. nangai 'how many floors' and nagai 'is long/ •bv lLISTJ [cue01-24]
3. a long (syllabic) ng
元気 genki [ge-ng-ki] 三角 sankaku [sa-ng-ka-ku] インキ inki [i-ng-ki] 令月 kongetsu [ko-ng-nge-tsu] 金魚 kingyo [ki-ng-ngyo] 文午 bungaku [bu-ng-nga-ku] りん 一 ringo [ri-ng-ngo]
The fourth pronunciation you will probably find the most difficult. The basic part of this sound is just nasalization—such as the French put on some of their vowels in words like gargon, Lyons, or chanson. Some Americans use simple na salization in place of the nt in words like plenty, twenty [ple'y, twe'y]. If you like, you may think of this as an n with the tongue not quite touching the top of the mouth anywhere. This sound is heard most distinctly at the end of a word: 4 . long nasalization N
(At the end of a word) [cue01-25]
パン pan [pa-N] 新聞 shinbun [shi-m-bu-N] 日本 Nihon [ni-ho-N] 金 kin [ki-N] ペン pen [pe-N]
bread newspaper Japan gold pen
(Before s, sh, z, h, f, and r)
検査 kensa [ke-N-sa] 新式 shinshiki [shi-N-shi-ki] 万歲 banzai [ba-N-za-i] 時間表 jikanhyd [ji-ka-N-hyo-o] 日本風 NihonfG [ni-ho-N-fu-u] 管理 kanri [ka-N-ri]
investigation new style hurrah! timetable Japanese style management
S O U ND IT OUT IN JAPANESE!
31
Before y, w, and vowels Before vowels, y, and w; the syllabic nasal takes on some of the color of the fol lowing sound. For example, in hon'ya [ho-N-ya] 'bookshop/ the N sounds like a nasalized y, anticipating the following, non-nasal y. In hon wa [ho-N-wa] 'as for the book/ the N sounds like a nasalized w ; anticipating the following, non nasal w. Before i or e, the syllabic nasal may also sound like a nasalized y: Nihon e [ni-ho-N-e] 'to Japan/ ten-in [te-N-i-N] 'clerk/ Here are some more examples:
パン屋 pan’ya [pa-N-ya] 婚約 kon’yaku [ko-N-ya-ku] [cuem-26]神話 shinwa [shi-N-wa] 電話 denwa [de-N-wa] 絷 煙 kin'en [ki-N-e-N] -
Q
bakery, bakeshop engagement (to be married) myth telephone No Smoking
't'H sen-en [se-N-e-N]
1000 yen
金色 kin'iro [ki-N-i-ro] 単位 tan'i [ta-N-i] 南欧 nan'6 [na-N-o-o]
gold color unit Southern Europe
1.10. Accent
In English, accent refers to the way in which stress levels occur. In Japanese, the accent is the way in which PITCH LEVELS occur. When the vibrating vocal cords are drawn out long and tight, the pitch is high. When they are relaxed and short ened, the pitch is low. In English we use different pitch levels to indicate certain general types of phrases—like question (?), statement (.), suspension (...), continu ation 〇); and so forth. This use of pitch is called INTONATION. Japanese has into nation, too, but it is usually restricted to the last voiced syllable of a phrase. Note that in English the intonation contour extends over much more of the phrase, but the Japanese intonation occurs only with the last syllable or two. In addi tion to intonation, Japanese uses pitch to differentiate words and phrases from each other, like we use stress in English. It is this use of pitch that we call accent. In different parts of Japan there are different accent patterns. More than a half of the Japanese population speaks with accent patterns rather like those of Standard Japanese 一that is, the speech of Tokyo. The principal exception is Western Japan (Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe; also parts of Shikoku and southern Kyushu). There, the accent often seems just the opposite from that of Standard Japanese. Where the Tokyo speaker goes up in pitch, the Kyoto speaker often goes down. In some parts of Japan (places in northern Kyushu and in northeastern Honshu), the accent is not distinctive at all; all words have the same pattern. If you are planning to talk Japanese in Western Japan, you can completely ignore the ac cent marks in this section. And even if you are going to talk Japanese in Tokyo,
32
LESSON ONE
you will be fairly well understood, even without the accent distinctions. The Japanese of today are used to hearing their language spoken with a variety of accent patterns. The important thing is that you should always imitate the per sons you hear speaking Japanese and mimic their accents, wherever you may be. However, if you wish to put the final polish on your knowledge of Standard Japanese, you may want to devote some attention to the accent. What the accent mark represents in Standard Japanese is THE LAST SYLLABLE BEFORE A FALL IN PITCH. In yukkuri 'slowly/ there is a fall of pitch right after the syllable ku. In Tokyo speech EVERY SYLLABLE UP TO THE FALL OF PITCH IS HIGH EXCEPT THE FIRST OF THE PHRASE. Of course, if the first syllable is itself the last before the fall, it is high. The relative pitches in yukkuri 'slowly, and Genki desu 'Ym fine' look as below, where L stands for a low pitch and H stands for a high pitch:
[cue01-27]
ゆっくり
げんきです。
yukkuri
Genki desu.
[yu-k-ku-ri] LH H L 'slowly'
[ge-n-ki-de-s] H L L LL T m fine/
You will be able to hear this fall of pitch most clearly when it occurs on the first of a vowel sequence—like the long vowels a; e, T, 6, u, or the sequences ai; ei; oi, ui—or when it occurs on a vowel followed by the syllabic nasal. This is because we tend to hear each of these double-syllables as just one syllable and we are used to hearing a fall of pitch WITHIN a syllable in English: He saw John. Look at the boy. Say. Hi! Me. N6. You. Listen to these examples: どういたしまして。 Do itashimashite. [do-o-i-ta-shi-ma-sh-te] [cue01-28]
Not at all. 日本にいます。 Nihon ni imasu. [ni-ho-n-ni-i-ma-s]
He's in Japan. 青い着物をきています。 Aoi kimono o kite imasu. [a-6 -i-ki-mo-no-o-ki-te-i-ma-s]
She's wearing a blue kimono. The range of pitch is somewhat wider in English than in Japanese. When we have a fall, it descends from higher to lower pitches than the correspond ing Japanese fall. To our ears, the Japanese rises and falls in pitch are very light and often difficult to catch. They are nonetheless an important part of Japanese
S O U ND IT OUT IN JAPANESE!
33
speech. In Standard Japanese there is just one accent—one fall of pitch—within a phrase. But a given sentence may either be broken up into a number of small phrases or read all in one big phrase. It's possible to say the sentence meaning 'Not at all; you’re welcome’ slowly and deliberately as three phrases: d6 itashi mashite. It is more usual to say it as just one phrase: doitashimashite. When two or more smaller phrases are said together as a larger phrase, the accent of the first phrase stays, but the accent of the later phrases disappears. Instead of shitsurei itashimashita you will more often hear shitsurei itashimashita 'excuse m e/ instead of arigato gozaimasu you will hear arigato gozaimasu 'thank you/ Since the accent mark represents the last syllable before a FALL in pitch, it never occurs right before a pause. Before a pause, you cannot tell whether a word has a final accent or no accent at all; when you add a particle (such as the topic par ticle wa) it immediately becomes clear:
[cue01-29]
鼻 。Hana. Nose. 鼻 は 〇Hana wa... As for the nose...
花〇Hana. Flower. 花 は 。Hana wa... As for the flower...
The term final accent refers not only to an accent on the very last syllable, but also often to one on the next-to-last syllable, provided the last syllable is the second of a vowel sequence—like kino [ki-no-o] 'yesterday/ chiho [chi-ho-o] 're gion/ sensei [se-n-se-i] or [se-n-se-e] 'teacher/ kudasai [ku-da-sa-i] 'please (give)/ or is the syllable nasal-like Nihon [ni-ho-n] ^apan/ hon Pio-n] 'book/ In these cases, the intonation often extends over the last two syllables. When a vowel becomes unvoiced or dropped (like u in arimasu 'something exists/ desu 'something equals something/ and itashimasu 'I do'), the intonation usually covers the preceding syllable and the accent really disappears: arimasu [a-ri-ma-s]. The accent appears again, however, if the word is followed by an other word as in Arimasu ka 'Are there any?; and Arimasu ga... There are, b u t.../ Hereare some examples of the accent on various syllables. Listen for the pitch falls. Remember, the single phrases may be joined together into longer phrases and the later accents dropped.
n [cue01-30]
いいですか。
li desu ka. n Is it all right?
34
LESSON ONE
だめです。 Dame desu.
It's no good, it won't do.
No, thank you. 忘れました。 Wasuremashita.
I've forgotten (it). 分れましたか。 Wakarimashita ka.
Did you understand? 好 き で す か 。嫌 い で す か 。 Suki desu ka. Kirai desu ka.
Do you like it or not? ちょっと来てください。 Chotto kite kudasai. (Chotto kite kudasai.)
Please come here a minute. いくらですか。 fkura desu ka.
How much is it? 窓を開けてください。 Mado o akete kudasai.
Please open the window. 戸を閉めてください。 To o shimete kudasai.
Please close the door. 戸を開けてください。 To o akete kudasai.
Please open the door.
S O U ND IT O U T IN JA PANESE!
35
Conversation [cue01-31]
Annie (A) is talking with Professor Tanaka (T) on campus. She sees Makoto (M), whom she hasn't seen for six months. A.
まことさん！ Makoto-san!
Makoto! M ■ あ あ ，ア ニ ー さ ん 。お 元 気 で す か 。 A, AnT-san. Ogenki desu ka.
Oh, Annie! How are you? A.
元 気 で す 。ま こ と さ ん は ？ GenKi desu. Makoto-san wa?
Yes, Tm fine. How about you, Makoto? M . お か げ さ ま で 。元 気 で す 。 Okage-sama de. Genki desu.
Tm fine, too. A.
田 中 先 生 ，こ ち らはまことさんです。 Tanaka-sensei, Kochira wa Makoto-san desu.
Profesor Tanaka, this is Makoto. M . はじめまして。伊 藤 ま こ と で す 。よ ろ し 〈お 願 い し ま す 。 Hajimemashite. ltd Makoto desu. Yoroshiku onegai shimasu.
Hello! Tm Makoto Ito. Very pleased to meet you. T.
田 中 で す 。こちらこそよろしく。 Tanaka desu. Kochira koso yoroshiku.
i am (Ms.) Tanaka. Nice to meet you, too.
はじめましてHajimemashite Many of you might have wondered why the Japanese say hajimemashite when they see someone for the first time. Hajimemashite sounds like the hajime that is used at a karate dojo, doesn't it? Hajimemashite is a derived form of the verb hajimeru, which means 'begins/ It is the first phrase when you “begin" conversation with someone new. It is difficult to translate into English, but its function is to clarify that this is the first time for one to talk to the person and also to convey one's willingness to get to know the person. Don't try to translate this phrase to English, but remember when to use it.
36
LESSON ONE
Exercises I.
For each of the following situations, pick the Japanese sentence which best fits.
1 . You accidentally step on someone's foot getting to your seat in a movie theater. ( a ) す み ま せ ん 。Sumimasen. ( b ) お は よ う 。〇hay6. ( c ) じや ， 失 礼 い た し ま す 。Ja, shitsureiitashimasu. ( d ) お 願 い し ま す 〇Onegaishimasu2. You don't quite understand what someone has just said. ( a ) 失礼します。Shitsureishimasu. ( b ) もう一度〇M6ichido. ( c ) ありがとうございます〇Arigatdgozaimasu. ( d ) ぃ ぃ え 〇Te. 3. The person is talking too fast. (a) l i ぃ 。Hai. ( b ) す み ま せ ん 〇Sumimasen. ( c ) ゆっくり話してください〇Yukkuri hanashite kudasai. ( d ) じや， また。Ja, mata. 4. You are about to go to bed. ( a ) ありがとう。Arigatd. ( b ) じや， また。Ja， mata. ( c ) お や す み な さ い 。Oyasuminasai. ( d ) す み ま せ ん 。Sumimasen. 5. The teacher gave you a dictionary. You say: ( a ) どうもありがとうございます〇D6mo arigat6 gozaimasu. ( b ) こ ん に ち は 〇Kon'nichiwa. (c )
お か げ さ ま で 。Okagesamade.
( d ) 失礼します 〇Shitsurei shimasu. II.
Choose the correct item.
1 . dog a •兎 usagi
b •猿 saru
2. mountain a .湖 mizuumi
c•犬 inu
b .山 yama
d •猫 neko
c •馬 uma
d .池 ike
S O U N D IT O U T IN JA PANESE! 3
. ocean a •空手 karate
4
b •海 umi
. older brother a . お母さん okisan b . お父さん〇t6san
III.
c•馬 uma
d •すき焼き sukiyaki
c • お兄さんonTsan d . お姉さん on§san
Circle the one you hear. koko here . tori bird 3. otto husband 4. kin’en no smoking 5. kami god 6 . kin gold
[cue01-32]
1.
koko high school
2
tori street oto sound kinen commemoration kami hair gin silver
Answers: I 1 .a 2. b 3. c 4. c 5. a
I
II
1 .c 2. b 3. b 4. c
III
1 . high school 2. bird 3. sound 4. com m em oration 5.hair 6. gold
37
Ano hito wa watashi no tomodachi desu. T h at perso n is m y friend.
Kore wa dare no desu ka? W hose is th is?
Sensei ni narimashita. She becam e a teacher.
,
Ishida-san no desu. It's Ms. Ishida's.
t - l i d a
Kakko ii desu ne. Onaji daigaku no gakkusei desu ka? She is cool, isn 't she ? Is sh e a stu d e n t in th e sam e collage?
What? Where? Who? In this lesson you will learn how to identify
何 ？どこ？だ れ ？ N ani? Doko? Dare?
people and things around you. You will learn many ways to refer to items, using the Japanese equivalent of the copular verb Jto be.r
Basic Sentences [cue02-1]
1 . あ れ は 富士山です。 Are wa Fujisan desu.
That one over there is Mt. Fuji. 2.
「 #
は 包 で す 立 。」
“Sore wa nan desu ka/;
"W hat is that (仕le thing you are holding)?" 3.
「こ れ は カ メ ラ で す 。J “Kore wa kamera d e s u ,
"This is a camera."
「 あ の 人 は だ れ で す か 。」
「 マイクさんです。マイクさんは
"Ano hito wa dare desu ka ノ
学 生 で す 。」 "Maiku-san desu. Maiku-san wa gakusei desu.” "H e is Mike. Mike is a stu d en t."
"W ho is that person?”
40
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
LESSON TW O
「 この傘はだれのですか。」
「 それは私のです。」
"Kono kasa wa dare no desu ka."
"Sore wa watashi no desu /，
“Whose is this umbrella?"
"That's mine.”
「 田中さんの傘はどれですか。i
「 私のはあれです。」
"Tanaka-san no kasa wa dore desu ka."
“Watashi no wa are desu ノ
"W hich is Ms. Tanaka's umbrella?"
"Mine is that one over there.”
「 銀行はどこですか„ i
「 あそこです。」
wGinko wa doko desu ka.w
"Asoko desu.w
"Where is the bank?"
"It's over th e re .
「 パソコンはどこにあ(）ますか。i
「机の上にあります。」
"Pasokon wa doko ni arimasu ka."
"Tsukue no ue ni arimasu."
“Where is t;he computer?"
"It’s on the top of the desk."
「 マイクさんはどこにいますか。」
「 銀行にいます。」
“Maiku-san wa doko ni imasu ka."
9.
"Ginkd ni imasu."
“Where is Mike?"
“He is a " h e b a n k .
「 アンさん。アンさんは日本丑 食べ物が好きですか。」
"g, daisuki desu."
^An-san. An-san wa Nihon no tabemono ga suki desu ka."
「 ええ，大好きです。」 "Yep, I love it."
“Ann, do you like Japanese food?” io. r 日本のアニメはどうですか。 j "Nihon no anime wa do desu ka■”
「 素晴らしいです。」 "Subarashii desu ノ
"W hat do you think of Japanese anime?" “(It) is wonderful."
WHAT? WHERE? W HO?
lS j Basic Vocabulary [cue02-2]
In
m y
room
部 屋 heya
room
テープノレt§buru
table sofa
ソ フ ァ ー sofi
ベ ッ ド beddo 椅 子 isu 机 tsukue
bed chair
パ ソ コ ン pasokon
computer (lit., personal computer) TV
テレビterebi
desk
リ モ コ ン rimokon
remote control スタンドライトsutandoraito floor/table/desk lamp
充電器 jGdenki 給筆 enpitsu ペ ン pen 時 計 tokei カメノ kamera 本 hon
battery charger, charger pencil pen clock, watch camera book
41
42
LESSON TW O
P laces
Peo ple
駅 eki
train station
人 hito
person, people
都 便 局 yGbinkyoku
post office
友達
friend
銀 行 gink6
bank
早 生 gakusei
student
病 院 by6in
hospital
先 生 sensei
teacher
映 画 館 eigakan
movie theater
レ ス ト ラ ン resutoran
restaurant
Sc h o o l s
喫 茶 店 kissaten
coffee shop
学 校 gakkd
school
ネ ッ ト カ フ ェ netto kafe cyber caK
tomodachi
高 校 kdk6
high school
A T M ei tl emu
ATM
大 学 daigaku
college, university
スーノ く一 sQpa
supermarket
大 学 院 daigakuin
graduate school
1〇 Mii^llMaMin^
〇 Netto Kafe
Internet cafes in Japan are called netto kafe or nekafe, and are found in most m a jor cities. They are actually very complex. In addition to desktop computers, Internet access, and drinks, they offer tons of comic books, maga zines, and DVDs for the cus tomers to read and watch as much as they want during their stay. They are usually open 24/7, and the custom ers are charged by time. They offer some private rooms in different sizes so the custom ers can read or watch undis turbed by others. Some netto kafes have com fortable re clining chairs, massage chairs, and shower rooms as well as billiards, karaoke, and darts. It is possible for homeless people to live in netto kafes in Japan, because a one-night stay could cost as little as ten dollars, and such people are called netto nanmin 'net refugees/
WHAT? WHERE? W HO?
C o u n t r ie s
P eople
日本 Nihon/Nippon Japan
日 本 人 Nihon-jin
ア メ リ カ Amerika
The United States of America
アメリカ人 Amerika-jin American 中 国 人 ChGgoku-jin
Chinese
イ ギ リ ス Igirisu
England
韓 国 人 Kankoku-jin
Korean
中国 Chdgoku
China
フ ラ ン ス 人 Furansu-jin
French
韓 国 Kankoku
South Korea
オ ー ス ト ラ リ ア 6sutoraria
Australia フ ラ ン ス Furansu
France
ド イ ツ Doitsu
Germany
ス ペ イ ン Supein
Spain
イ ン ド Indo
India
フ イ リ ピ ン Filipin
The Philippines
ロシア Roshia
Russia
43
Japanese
丨L a n g u a g e s 日 本 語 Nihongo
Japanese
英語
English
Eigo
中 国 語 ChGgokugo
Chinese
韓 国 語 Kankokugo
Korean
フ ラ ン ス 語 Furansugo
French
Structure Notes 2.1. Nouns and pronouns
Nouns are words that name people, places, things, and concepts such as hito 'per son/ Yamada '(Ms.) Yamada/ zasshi 'magazine/ and uchi 'house/ Nouns often pre cede a particle like wa, ga, no, and ni; or occur before the word desu 'is (equals)/ Pronouns refer to people and things. Personal pronouns refer to people. Watashi means T or 'me.' In a formal situation watakushi is used instead of watashi. Women also say atashi in an informal situation. Men often say boku for 'I, me;; a rougher term is ore. The pronoun 'you' in Japanese is anata, and a
44
LESSON TW O
rougher term is anta. Kimi is a slightly intimate term for 'you'; a condescending form is omae (sometimes used to small children). However, you should remem ber to avoid using these second-person pronouns (you) as much as possible: you can drop the pronoun or use the name or the title of the person. Kare means 'he 7 or 'him , and kanojo means 'she' or 'her/ but again, you can use the name or the title of the person as much as possible. Demonstrative pronouns can be conveniently used for referring to items that both the speaker and the listener can see. For referring to things, use kore, sore, or are. For referring to locations use koko, soko; or asoko. (See 2.15. for related words.)
これ kore そ れ sore あ れ are どれ dore 匕^ koko ir し soko
that place (near you), there
あ i : し asoko
over there
と^- doko
where
this one that one near you that one over there wmch one this place, here
「 先生，これは先生の傘ですか。」 "Sensei, kore wa sensei no kasa desu ka."
"Professor, is this your umbrella?”
「 いいえ，それはマイクさんの傘です。」 u\et sore wa Maiku-san no Kasa desu/' "No, it’s Mike’s.”
2 .2 . Prenouns
The words kono, sono, and a no are Drenouns, or more commonly called demon strative adjectives. These words precede a noun and modify its meaning, much as a noun is modified by a phrase consisting of a noun followed by the particle no: kono gakko 'this school/ watashi no gakko 'my school/ v- の kono
this
の sono あ の ano どのdono
that that over there which
2 .3 . Place words [relative location]
Words such as ue 'topside' and naka 'inside' are used along with reference nouns as in teburu no ue 'on the top of the table/ They are often used for situations
WHAT? WHERE? WHO?
45
we would express in English with prepositions like in, on, under, behind, above, and between. 前 mae
in front
後 ろ ushiro 右 migi
behind right
左 hidari
left
上 ue
up below
下 shita そ ば soba 近 〈 chikaku
beside, near near(by)
中 naka
inside
外 soto 隣 tonari
outside next door, next position
間 aida
between (two places)
Here are some example sentences.
駅は銀行の後ろです。 Eki wa ginko no ushiro desu.
The train station is behind the bank. 充電器はテーブルの下にあります。 Judenki wa teburu no shita ni arimasu.
The charger is under the table. 2 .4 .
Adjectival nouns
The word suki 'likable' is a special kind of noun called an adjectival noun (or copular noun, nominal adjective). It acts as an adjective describing a noun, but it patterns like a noun, being placed before some form of the copula da/desu 'is (equals)/ Here are a few examples:
好き（ だ） suki (da) 嫌い ( だ） kirai (da) きれい( だ） kirei (da) シック（ だ）shikku(da) 派手( だ） hade (da) 静か( だ） shizuka (da) まじめ（ だ） majime (da) 簡単（ だ） kantan (da) 駄目（ だ） dame (da)
(is) likable, liked (is) dislikable, disliked (is) neat, pretty, clean (is) chic, stylish (is) showy (is) quiet (is) serious, studious (is) easy (is) not good
46
LESSON TW O
Notice that the literal translation of suki desu and kirai desu is '(something) is liked' and '(something) is disliked/ but we freely translate them '(somebody) likes (something); and '(somebody) dislikes (something)/ 2 .5 . Untranslated English words
In English we seldom say just 'book/ We say 'a book/ 'the book/ 'some books/ or 'the books/ In Japanese, the situation is just the other way around. Since the Japa nese have another way of implying that they've been talking about the noun, by making it the topic with the particle w a; as in hon wa 'the book, the books/ they don't need a word to translate 'th e/ And they usually leave it up to the situation to make it clear whether there are several things in question or just one, unless they want to focus your attention on the number itself, in which case the number word indicates just how many you are talking about. The Japanese, like everyone else, do not always bother to express things they think you already know. This doesn't mean they lack ways to say things we do; it just means they leave implied some of the things we are used to saying explicitly. Americans tend to use watashi and anata too much. Remember to omit pronouns when the reference is clear. 2 .6 . Particles
In English, we usually show the relations between words in the way we string them together. The sentences 'J 〇n loves May' and 'May loves Jon' both contain the same three words, but the order in which we put the words determines the meaning. In Japanese, relations between words are often shown by little words called particles. This lesson will introduce you to several of these particles: w a; ga, ka, no, and ni. 2_7■は wa
The particle wa sets off the TOPIC you are going to talk about. If you say Watashi wa gakusei desu 'I am a student/ the particle shows you are talking about watashi T —what you have to say about the topic then follows. A pidgin-English way of translating this particle wa is 'as for': Shinbun wa koko ni arimasu 'As for the newspaper, it's here/ But it is better not to look for a direct translation for some of these particles—remember they just indicate the relationship between the preceding words and those that follow. 2 . 8 ■が ga
The particle ga shows the subject. In Eiga ga suki desu 'I like movies/ the particle ga shows that eiga 'movies, is the subject of suki desu 'are liked/ The difference between the particles wa and ga is one of emphasis. In English we make a dif ference in emphasis by using a louder voice somewhere in the sentence. We say 'I like MOVIES, or 'I LIKE movies/ depending on which part of the sentence we
WHAT? WHERE? W HO?
47
want to bring out. In Japanese, the particle ga focuses our attention on the words preceding it, but the particle wa releases our attention to focus on some other part of the sentence. So, eiga ga suki desu means 'I like MOVIES/ but eiga wa suki desu means 'I LIKE movies/ When there is a question word in the sentence (like dare 'w ho/ dore 'which one/ dono 'which/ and doko 'where'), the attention usually focuses on this part of the sentence, so the particle wa is not used: Dono tatemono ga eki desu ka 'Which building is the train station?' Since our attention is focused on 'WHICH building/ the answer is Ano tatemono ga eki desu THAT building is the train station/ If the question is Ano tatemono wa nan desu ka 'What is that building?/ our attention is released from ano tatemono 'that building' by the particle wa and concentrates on 'WHAT/ so the answer is Ano tatemono wa eki desu T h at building is a TRAIN STATION/ or just Eki desu 'It's a train station/ Some sentences have both a topic一 or several successive topics—and a subject: あなたは日本のアニメが好きですか。 Anata wa Nihon no anime ga suki desu ka.
Do you like Japanese anime? あなたは日本のアニメは好きですか。 Anata wa Nihon no anime wa suki desu ka.
Do you LIKE Japanese anime? Because the difference in meaning between wa and ga is largely one of em phasis, you can often take a sentence and change the emphasis just by substi tuting wa for ga. The particle wa can be thought of us an //attention-shifter,,r the words preceding it set the stage for the sentence, and serve as scenery and background for what we are going to say. This can lead to ambiguity. The sen tence Taro wa Hanako ga suki desu (literally, Taro as topic, Hanako as emphatic subject, someone is liked') can mean either Taro likes Hanako' (It's HANAKO that Taro likes') or 'Hanako likes Taro' (It's HANAKO that likes Taro). The situa tion usually makes it clear which meaning is called for. If you have both wa and ga in a sentence, the phrase with wa usually comes first: the stage is set before the comment is made. Sometimes two topics are put in contrast with each other: Kore wa eigakan desu ga, sore wa ginko desu This is a movie-theater, but that is a bank/ (The par ticle ga meaning 'but' is not the same particle as the one indicating the subject.) In this case, the emphasis is on the way in which the two topics contrast—in being a theater on the one hand, and a bank on the other. 2 _ 9 ■か ka
The particle ka is placed at the end of a sentence to show that it is a question. It is as if we were pronouncing the question mark:
48
LESSON TW O
あの家です。 Ano ie desu.
It's that house. あの家ですか。 Ano ie desu ka.
Is it that house? A common way of asking a question in Japanese is to give two or more alter natives, one of which the answerer selects. あ の 人 は 日 本 人 で す か 。中 国 人 で す か 。 Ano hito wa Nihon-jin desu ka. Chugoku-jin desu ka.
Is he Japanese or Chinese? (Literally, ’Is he Japanese. Is he Chinese ?’ ） Alternative questions are further discussed in Note 7.
8
.
WHAT? WHERE? WHO?
49
2 .1 0 ■の no
The particle no shows that the preceding noun "modifies” or "limits" the noun following. The particle no is often equivalent to the English translation of, but sometimes it is equivalent to in or other words.
私の本 watashi no hon 日本語の本 Nihongo no hon 私の友達 watashi no tomodachi 部屋の中 heyanonaka 家 の 外 ie no soto ここの学校 kokonogakk6
my book Japanese (language) books my friend the inside of the room the place outside the house the schools of this place, the schools here
東京の銀行 T6ky6 no gink6 banks in Tokyo ア，リカの新聞 Amerika no shinbun American newspapers 日个の会社貝 Nihon no kaishain company employees in Japan The expression 'is (equals)/ as in:
noun
+ no is sometimes followed directly by the copula desu
「こ れ は だ れ の で す か 。」 "Kore wa dare no desu ka."
「 石 田 さ ん の で す 。」 "Ishida-san no desuノ
"Whose is this ?〃
"It's Ms. Ishida's."
2.11■に ni
The particle m indicates a “general sort of location" in space or time, which can be made more specific by putting a place or time word in front of it. The phrase heya ni means 'at the room, in the room / To say explicitly /in(side) the room / you insert the specific place word naka 'inside': heya no naka ni. Notice the dif ference between gakko ni imasu 'he's at school, he's in schoor and gakko no naka ni imasu 'he's in(side) the school (building).' A n o u n phrase + ni is not used to modify another noun, and it does not oc cur before desu 'is (equals)'; it is usually followed by arimasu '(a thing) is (exists)' or imasu ’(a person) is (exists in a place)/ To say 'the people in the room ノyou connect heya no naka 'the inside of the room, with hito 'the people' by means of the particle no: heya no naka no hito. The particle ni is also used figuratively: 友達に言いました。 Tomodachi ni umashita.
He said TO his friend.
50
LESSON TW O
It sometimes shows "purpose": 散歩に行きました。 Sanpo ni ikimashita.
He went FOR a walk. It is also used to indicate a "ch an ge of state" and after an adjectival noun, to show “m an n er": 先生になりました。 Sensei ni narimashita.
He became a teacher, he turned into a teacher. ネットカフェにしました。 Netto kafe ni shimashita.
They made it into an Internet cafe. きれいに書きました。 Kirei ni kakimashita.
He wrote neatly. Occasionally, a particle like ni will be used in an expression that calls for an unexpected equivalent in the English translation: だれに日本語を習いましたか。 Dare ni Nihongo o naraimashita ka.
Who did you learn Japanese FROM? 2.12.
Words meaning 1sf
In this lesson we find three different Japanese words translated as 'is' in English: desu, arimasu, and imasu. The word desu is the COPULA and it means 'equals/ Whenever an English sentence containing the word is makes sense if you sub stitute equals for is, the Japanese equivalent is desu. あれは富士山です。 Are wa Fujisan desu.
That is Mt. Fuji. (That one = Mt. Fuji) あの人は私の友達です。 Ano hito wa watashi no tomodachi desu.
That person is my friend. (That person = my friend)
WHAT? WHERE? WHO?
51
r 1' それは私のです。 Sore wa watashi no desu.
That's mine. (That = mine) Preceding the word desu, there is always a noun or a phrase consisting of + no or some other particle, but never wa, ga, o (discussed in 3 . 6.), de (discussed in 3. 5), or ni. When an English sentence containing the word is makes sense if you reword it as '(something) exists/ the Japanese equivalent is arimasu:
NOUN
A T M があリます。 ATM ga arimasu.
There is an ATM. When the English sentence can be reworded '(something) exists in a place' or '(something) is located/ the usual Japanese equivalent is also arimasu: リモコンはそこにあります。 Rimokon wa soko ni arimasu.
The remote control is there. But often, especially if the topic is itself a place, for example, a city, a build ing, a street, a location, either desu or (ni) arimasu may be used: 映 画 館 は あ そ こ で す 。/ 映 画 館 は あ そ こ に あ り ま す 。 Eigakan wa asoko desu./Eigakan wa asoko ni arimasu.
The movie theater is over there. お 台 場 は ど こ で す か 。/ お 台 場 は ど こ に あ 丨 j ま す か 。 Odaiba wa doko desu ka./Odaioa wa doko ni arimasu ka.
Where is Odaiba? When an English sentence containing the wora is makes sense reworded as ^somebody) exists (in a place)' or '(somebody) stays (in a place)' or '(somebody) is located/ the Japanese equivalent is imasu ’stays’ ： 「 あ の 人 は ど こ に い ま す か 。」 "Ano hito wa doko ni imasu ka."
「 外 に い ま す 。」 "Soto m imasu."
“Where is he?”
“He's outside."
52
LESSON TW O
There are other uses of these two verbs, arimasu and imasu, which we will examine later. It may help to think of tag meanings for these words as follows: desu 'equals/ arimasu 'exists/ imasu 'stays/ Note that 'exists' is the usual way of saying '(somebody) has (something)': プリンターはありますか。 Purinta wa arimasu ka.
Do you have a printer? (Does a printer exist?) 2.13. Inflected words
Words like desu, arimasu, and imasu are called inflected words, because their shapes can be changed (inflected) to make other words of similar but slightly different meaning. In English, we change the shapes of inflected words to show a difference of subject—'I am, you are, he is; I exist, he exists/ as well as a ditference of time_ 'I am, I was; you are, you were/ In Japanese, the shape of an inflected word stays the same regardless of the subject: Gakusei desu can mean 'I am a student, you are a student, he is a student, we are students, you are stu dents, they are students' depending on the situation. If you want to make it perfectly clear, you can put in a topic: Watashi wa gakusei desu, anata wa gakusei desu, ano hito wa gakusei desu.
2.14. Dropping subject nouns
In English, every normal sentence has a subject and a predicate. If there is no logical subject, we stick one in anyway: 'IT rains' (what rains?), 'IT is John' (what is John_ it?). Sentences that do not contain a subject are limited to commands— 'Keep off the grass!'—in which a sort of 'you' is understood, or to a special style reserved for postcards and telegrams, for example, 'Arrived safely. Wish you were here/ In Japanese, the normal sentence type contains a predicate, Arimasu There is (some)/ Kamera desu ^(It) is a cam era—and to this we may add a subject or a topic, but it isn't necessary unless we wish to be explicit. Since the topic of a sentence is usually obvious in real conversation, the Japanese often doesn't mention it at all, or occasionally throws it in as an afterthought. A predicate may consist of a simple verb, arimasu, imasu, or of a noun plus the copula, Kyoshi desu 'It's (Fm) a teacher/ but it cannot consist of the copula alone. The Japanese can talk about the equation A = B, that is A wa B desu as in Kore wa kamera desu T his is a camera/ by dropping the topic (A) and just say ing = B, that is B desu as in Kamera desu '(It) is a camera/ But they never say just = (desu) or give a one-sided equation like A = (B). Something has to fill the blank before the word desu, in all cases.
W HAT? WHERE? WHO?
53
2.15. Words of relative reference and question words
Notice the related shapes and meaning of the following classes of words: わたし
あなた
あの人
だれ
watashi
anata
ano hito
dare
I
you
he, she
who
これ
それ
あれ
kore
sore
are
dore
this one
that one near you
that one over there
which one
どれ
この
その
あの
kono
sono
ano
dono
(of) this
(of) that
(of) that there
which
どの
こんな
そんな
あんな
konna
sonna
anna
like this
like that one near you
like that one over there what sort of
3 3
どんな
donna
そこ
あそこ
どこ
koko
soko
asoko
doko
here
there
over there
where
こラ
そう
ああ
どう
ko
so
a
do
in that way there
in what way, how
in this way in that way
The words in the column with watashi are used to refer to something near the speaker. The words in the column with anata refer to something near the person you are talking with, or to something you have just mentioned. The words in the column with ano hito refer to something at a distance from both you and the person you are talking with. For some situations, either those in the column with anata or those in the column with ano hito may be heard, since the reference is a relative matter. Be sure to keep dare 'who' and dore 'which' distinct. Instead of konna, sonna, anna, and donna, we often hear the more col loquial ko iu, so iu, a iu; and do iu. (Note that iu 'says' is often pronounced as if spelled yu or 'you/) その中にカメラがあリます。 Sono naka ni kamera ga arimasu.
Inside it, there is a camera.
54
LESSON TW O
どんな本ですか。 Donna hon desu ka.
What sort of book is it? どうですか。 Do desu ka.
How is it? あの人はだれですか。 Ano hito wa dare desu ka.
Who is that person? 2.16.
Words for 'restaurant’
There are a number of different words for various types of restaurant in Japan. You will often hear the word resutoran, from the English word of French origin. Other words include old-fashioned shokudo 'dining room/hall/ kissa or kissaten 'a kind of French-type cafe/ and specialized restaurants or shops that end in ya ^store/ as in sushiya 'a sushi restaurant/ sobaya 'a noodle restaurant/ yakinikuya 'a table-top BBQ restaurant/ yakitoriya 'a grilled chicken restaurant/ and izakaya, a friendly bar that serves home-style dishes and alcoholic beverages.
WHAT? WHERE? WHO?
55
Ryotei is a rather high-class traditional Japanese restaurant. In addition, there
are many American-style fast-food restaurants that serve hamburgers, donuts, and fried chicken.
2.17.
Words for "toilet'
As in English, there are various oblique ways of talking about toilets in Japanese. Probably the most current polite terms are otearai 'lavatory' and (o)toire 'toilet/ but women may say keshoshitsu 'powder room / So when asking where it is, you may say O-tearai wa doko ni arimasu ka. 2.18 ■ 何 nani/nan 'w h at/
The word meaning 'what' is usually expressed by nan before a word beginning with t ; d, or n, and nani before other words. However, nan- 'how many' never has the shape nani-. 何ですか。 Nan desu ka.
What is it? 何と言いましたか。 Nan to iimashita ka.
What did (he) say? 何の本ですか。 Nan no hon desu ka.
What book is it?
56
LESSON TW O
何がありますか。 Nani ga arimasu ka. W h a t is there? W h a t do y o u have?
何をしていますか。 Nani o shite imasu ka. W h a t are y o u do ing ?
C D が何枚ありますか。 Shi dl ga nan-mai arimasu ka. H o w m a n y C D s do y o u have?
本が何冊ありますか。 Hon ga nan-satsu arimasu ka. H o w m a n y books are there?
lDj Conversation [cue 02-3]
E m i (E) is a m e m b e r o f a ro c k b a n d fo rm e d in h e r college. She shows a p h o to o f th e m e m b e rs to M a s a h iro (M ).
M:
これは患美さんですか。 Kore wa Emi-san desu Ka. Is th is vo u, E m i?
E:
ええ。
E. Yes.
M: ぜ ん ぜ ん 違 い ま す ね 。 Zenzen chigaimasu ne. L o o k so d iffe re n t.
E:
そうですか。 So desu ka. R eally?
M:
この人はだれですか。 Kono hito wa dare desu ka. W h o is th is person?
WHAT? WHERE? WHO?
E:
洋 介 で す 。ギタリストです。 Yosuke desu. Gitarisuto desu. Yosuke. H e is a g uitarist.
か っ こ い い で す ね 。同 じ 大 学 の 学 生 で す か 。 KakKo II desu ne. Onaji daigaku no gakusei desu ka. H e is cool, is n 't
E:
he?
Is h e a stu d e n t in th e same college?
ええ。
E. Yes.
M:
じゃあ、こ の 人 は ？ Ja, kono hito wa? O kay, th e n . W h o is th is person?
E:
ベーシス卜の拓也です。 Beshisuto no Takuya desu. He is Takuya, th e bassist.
M:
ドラマーはだれ？ Dorama wa dare? W h o is th e d ru m m e r?
E:
私。 Watashi. M e.
57
58
LESSON TW O
Exercises *Do it aloud; don't write the answers down. I.
For each situation illustrated below, choose which word the speaker would use,
kore, sore, are,
or
d o re.
II. Fill in the blanks w ith the appropriate particles. 1 • あ の 建 物 _____何 で す か 。Ano tatem ono____ nan desu ka. W h a t is th a t b uild in g ? 2 • 私 ___ 学 生 で す 。W atashi____ gakusei desu. T m a student. 3 . 私 ____ 本 です。W atashi____hon desu. It's m y book.
4 . 新 聞 は テ ー ブ ル ___ 下 に あ ij ます。Shinbun wa t§b u ru _____ shita ni arimasu. The newspaper is u n d e r th e table. 5 • ど れ _____ あ な た の で す か 。D ore____ anata no desu ka. W h ic h one is yours?
III. Choose the appropriate item in the parentheses. 1 •(あ れ •あ の ）は 富 士 山 で す 。（ Are, ano) wa Fujisan desu. That's M t. Fuji.
2 . ( こ れ • この） カ メ ラ は だ れ の で す か 〇(Kore, konojkam eraw adarenodesuka. W hose camera is this? 3 . 「 そ れ は 何 で す か 〇」 「（ そ れ • こ れ ）はカメラです 〇」 "Sore wa nan desu ka.”
"(Sore, kore} wa kamera desu.” “W h a t is th a t? " “If s a camera." 4 • 郵 便 局 は （あ れ
•あ そ こ ）に あ り ま す 。YGbinkyokuwa (are, asoko)ni arimasu.
The post office is over there. 5.
銀 行 は （あ れ
there.
•あ の ）で す 。Ginkd wa (are, ano) desu. T h e b a n k is th a t one over
WHAT? WHERE? WHO?
59
|V. Fill in the blanks w ith one of the words で す desu ，あ り ま す a rjmasu, or い ま す imasu.
1. あ な た は 学 生 ______ か 〇 Anata wagakusei______ ka. A re y o u a stu d e n t? 2 . 銀 行 は ど こ _______ か 〇Ginkd wa doko______ ka. W h e r e is th e b a n k ?
3 . ホ テ ル は ど こ に ______ か 〇 Hoteru wa doko n i _____ ka. W h e r e is th e h o te l? 4 . 犬 は ど こ に ______ か 〇 Inu wa doko n i ______ ka. W h e r e is th e d o g ?
5. 机 の 下 に は 雑
誌 が _____ 〇Tsukue
no shita ni wa zasshi g a _____ . T h e re is a
m a g a z in e u n d e r th e d esk.
Answers: I 1. あ れ are 2 . そ れ sore 3 . これ kore 4 . どれ dore II
1. は wa 2 . は wa 3 •の no 4 . の no 5 . か ga
I I I 1• あ れ are 2 • この kono 3 . これ kore 4 . あ そ こ asoko 5. あ れ are I V 1. で す desu 2 • で す desu 3 . あ U ま す arimasu 4 . い ま す jmasu 5 . あります arimasu
1
LESSO N
EH Actions! Actions! Actions!
In this lesson you will learn how to express your daily activities. It introduces basic forms of verbs as well as particles that are needed to complete the meaning of the verb.
こ れ し て ！そ れ し て ！あ れ や っ て ！ Kore Shite! Sore Shite! Are Yatte!
l€)j Basic Sentences [cue 03-1]
1 . 昨 日 大 阪 か ら 友 達 が来ました。 Kino Osaka kara tomodachi ga kimashita. M y frie n d came fro m Osaka yesterday.
2• 土 曜 日 に 友 達 上 ビ デ オ ゲ ー ム 皇 し ま し た 。 Doyobi ni tomodachi to bideo gemu o shimashita. I p laye d a vid e o gam e w it h m y frie n d o n Saturday.
3• 今 メ 一 ル を 書 い て い ま す 。 Ima meru o kaite imasu. T m w r itin g an e m a il now .
62
4
LESSON THREE
あしたは家族2
レス卜ラン!^行きます。
Ashita wa kazoku de resutoran m ikimasu. W e w ill go to a re s ta u ra n t as a fa m ily .
5 . 月曜日&
金 曜 日 まで働きます。
…
Getsuyobi kara Kinyobi made hatarakimasu. I w o rk fro m M o n d a y to Friday. 6.
うち^ ^ オ フ イ ス ま で 歩 き ま す ^
Uchi kara ofisu made arukimasu. I w a lk fro m h o m e to m y office.
7■公園!^行きます。公園罜歩きます。 Koen m ikimasu. Koen de arukimasu. I go to th e p ark. I w a lk in th e park. 8.
ヒ フ し ょ に 日 本 語 を 勉 強 し ましょう。
Issho ni Nihongo o benkyo shimasho. Let's s tu d y Japanese together.
9■ ボストン R 住 ん で い ま す 。ボストン$ 働 い て い ま す 。 Bosuton m sunde imasu. Bosuton de hataraite imasu. I liv e in Boston. I w o rk in Boston.
10. 週 末 は 掃 除 を し て .洗 濯 を し て ,散 歩 を し ま す 。 Shumatsu wa soji o shite, sentaku o shite, sanpo o shimasu. O n w eekends I do clean in g, la u n d ry , a n d take a w a lk .
11. 先 週 は 仕 事 を し ませんでした。 SenshG wa shigoto o shimasen deshita. I d id n o t w o rk last week.
12 . 朝 ご は ん を 食 べ て か ら 新 聞 を 読 み ま す 。 Asa go-han o tabete kara shinbun o yomimasu. I eat breakfast a n d th e n read th e newspaper.
15• 駅 に は 歩 ぃ 玉 行 き ま す 。ス ー パ ー に は 自 転 車 エ 行 き ま す 。 Eki ni wa aruite ikimasu. Supa ni wa jitensha de ikimasu. I w a lk to th e tra in sta tio n . I rid e a b ik e to th e sup e rm arke t.
AC TIO NS ! AC TIO NS ! AC TIO NS !
1 4 .高 校 で 教 師 を し て い ま す „ Koko de kyoshi o shite imasu.
I teach at a high school. 15. 日 本 の 高 校 は ア メ リ カ の 高 校 と 違 う で し ょ う 。 Nihon no koko wa A m erika no koko to chigau desho.
Japanese high schools are different from American high schools.
Basic Vocabulary [cue 03-2]
T
r a v e l in g
観 光 kank6
sightseeing
空 港 kQk6
airport
駅 eki
train station
交 番 kdban
koban
T
r a n s p o r t a t io n
車 kuruma タ ク シ ー
car
takushT
taxi
バ ス basu
bus
地 下 鉄 chikatetsu
subway
電 車 densha
train
自 転 車 jitensha
bicycle
才 ー 卜 バ イ 6tobai
motorcycle
ム ク ー タ ー
sukGta
飛 行 機 hikdki
scooter airplane 交番！
ENCLISH-JAPANESE
r a te o f e x c h a n g e (fo r f o r
refu se , t o
断る
k o to w a ru
e ig n c u r r e n c y ) k a w a se r § t o 為替レート
研究する r e g a r d in g 〜ni k a n sh ite
r a t h e r t h a n ~ y o ri m u s h iro
re se m b le ruijj s u m 類 似 >する
〜に関して
ra w (u n c o o k e d ) n a m a no 生の
re se rv e , t o (ask f o r in a d
re g iste r, t o to ro k u su ru 豎録する
r e a c h , t o (g e t t o ) to c h a k u s u r u 到着する
re g iste re d p o s t k a k ito m e 書留
r e a c t, t o h a n 'n o su ru
反应
する 読む
re g re t, t o
後悔
to k ai su ru
re a d y : t o g e t /m a k e re a d y ju n b i s u r u 準 備 す る re a liz e , t o s a to r u
〈も
悟る
実際に h o n t6 n i 本 当 に
re la tiv e s sh in sek i 親 戚
r e a r (ta il) us hi ro
後ろ
re le a s e , t o h a n a s u
放す
n a 手ごろな
ri-m o n o 残 U 物
b e ts u n o a 「 u 分 別 の あ る r e c e ip t ry 6 sh Q sh o 領 权 書
覚えて い る
re c e iv e , t o u k e to ru
受け
取る
kasu
レシピ
re c k o n u p , t o k a z o e ru 数 える
資す
m ito m e ru
認める r e c o m m e n d , t o s u s u m e ru 勧める
する
s h ita 回復した
re s t, t o (r e la x ) y a s u m u r e s ta u r a n t re s u t o ran
レス
抑える
r e s tr o o m t e a 「 a i 手 洗 い re s u lt: as a re s u lt, re s u ltin g
繰り
返す
f r o m 〜n o kekka t o s h ite 〜の結果として
r e p la c e , t o irek aw aru
入れ
re s u lt kekka 結 果 re s u lt (e ff e c t) eik y 6 影 響
re p ly (re s p o n se ) henji
re tir e d in taish ita
rep ly , t o (in s p e e c h ) h e n to
r e tu r n , t o (g iv e b a c k ) k a e -
s u m 返答する
引退した
s u 返す
re p ly ；t o (in w ritin g ) henji
re c o v e re d (c u r e d ) kaifuku-
re s t (r e m a in d e r ) nokori
re s tra in , t o o s a e r u 修理
re p a ir, t o sh o ri su ru
替わる
re c o g n iz e , t o
re s p o n sib le , t o b e sekin in
卜ラン
re p e a t, t o k u rik aesu
r e c i p e 「 e sh ip i
返 答 , h a iV n 6 反 ぬ
休む
思い出させる re n t, t o
h e n to s u m
残リ
r e m in d , t o o m o id a s a s e r u
r e a s o n a b le (s e n s io le ) fu n -
resp o n d , to
o m o tsu 貴任を持つ
re m e m b e r, t o o b o e te ir u
r e a s o n a b le (p ric e ) t e g o r o
re s p e c t, t o so n k ei su ru
r e s p o n s ib ility sekin in 貴 任
r e m a in d e r (le fto v e r) n o k o -
re a s o n riyu 理 由
k aiketsu s u r u 解 決 す る
re s p o n s e (r e a c tio n ) h e n to
〈つ
r e la x , t o k u tsu ro g u
r e lig io n shQ ky6 宗 教
本当
re a lly ? h o n t6
住人
返答する
ろぐ
r e a lly (tru ly , h o n e s tly )
予糸勺
尊敬する
re g u la r (n o r m a l) ts u jo n o 通常の
r e a lly (in f a c t) jissai ni
する r e s id e n t jd n in
re s p e c t so n k ei 导 敬
r e g r e tta b ly o s hi ku m o 1、 昔し
read y y 6 i d e k i t a 用 意 で き た
v a n c e ) yo yak u s u m
re so lv e , t o (a p ro b le m )
する
re a d , t o y o m u
予約
r e s e r v a tio n yo yak u
r e g io n chiiki 地 域
〜よリむしろ
r e s e a r c h , to kenkyu su ru
o k a k u 返事を書く
r e tu r n , t o (g o b a c k ) m o d o 「u 灵る
r e p o r t hokoku 報 告
r e tu r n ti c k e t ofu k u -k ip p u
r e c ta n g le c h 6 h 6 k e i 長方开i
r e p o r t, t o hokoku su ru
re d ak a 赤
往復切符 r e tu r n t o o n e 's h o m e to w n ,
減らす
報告する r e p o r te r r e p o ta
減少
re q u e st, t o (f o r m a lly ) irai
re d u c e , t o
h e ra s u
r e d u c tio n g e n s h 6
re f le c t, to h a n k y o su ru 反響する
s u r u 依賴する re q u e st, t o (in f o r m a lly )
r e f r e s h m e n t (d rin k ) n o m im o n o 飲み物
ta n o m u 賴む re s c u e , t o kyOjo su ru 救 助
r e f r i g e r a t o r 「 e izo k o ;令 蔵 庫 re fu sa l k y o z e tsu
レポ一タ一
拒絶
する r e s e a r c h kenkyu 研 究
to k i k y 6 s u r u 帰 卿 す る re v e a l, t o (m a k e k n o w n ) ak irak a ni su ru
明らかに
する re v e a l, t o (m a k e v isib le ) a厂 a w a s u 現す re v e rse , t o (g o b a c k w a rd s ) gyakk 6su 「 u 逆 行 す る
DICTIONARY
374
ru le kisoku 規 則
リボン
rib b o n rib on
ご飯
r ic e (c o o k e d ) g o -h a n r ic e (p la n t) in e 稲
ru n a w a y , t o
ric e (u n c o o k e d ) k o m e 米 ric e fie ld s ta n b o ric h
r u n , t o hashiru 走る
nigeru
逃ける
k an em och i no 金 持
rid : g e t rid o f to rin o z o k u
m a l) n o r u 乗る rid e , to (b u s, tr a in ) jo s h a
s a c r e d shines na 不曱 聖な
s c u lp tu r e c h 6 koku 彫 刻 s e a um i
s a c r if ic e , t o gisei ni suru
se a fo o d k aisan b u tsu 海 産 物
r i g h t - h a n d sid e m ig ig aw a
右側
探す
s e a s o n k isetsu
sa il, to funatabi o suru
s e a t isu 椅 子
李 gp
s e co n d (u n it o f tim e ) byd 秒
s a la r y ky(jry6 給 料 sa le (re d u c e d p ric e s)
バーゲン
s e c o n d ( n u m b e r t w o p o s i tio n ) daini n o 第 二 の s e c r e t h im itsu
秘密
s e c r e t: t o k eep a s e c r e t
秘密
h im itsu o m a m o r u
sales a s s is ta n t ten'in 店員
rig h ts kenri 権 利
〜 を
sa fe anzen na 安 全 な
yasuuri 安 壳 U, bagen
r i g h t n o w su g u n i す ぐ に
M
s e a r c h fo r, t o 〜o s a g a s u
s a d kanashii 悲しい
sa le , f o r u「 imono 壳りもの
正しぃ
洗い落
s a c r if ic e gisei 犠 牲
船旅をする
s u r u 乗車する r i g h t (c o r r e c t ) ta d a sh ii
画 面 ，sukurTn
スクリーン とす
犠牲にする
取リ除く rid e , t o (in c a r, o n a n a n i
gam en
s c r u b , t o a r a io to s u
田んぼ
ちの
s c r e e n (o f c o m p u te r )
を守る
r in g (je w e lry ) y u b iw a 指 輪
s a lt shio 塩
s e c r e ta r y h ish o 秘書
rin g , t o (b e ll) n a ra su
s a lty shiokarai 塩 辛 い
s e c u re a n z e n na 安 全 な
s a m e onaji
鳴らす rin g , t o (o n t h e te le p h o n e )
同じ
see, t o m iru
s a m p le mihon 見 本
seed t a n e
見る
種 求める
s a n d suna 砂
seek , t o m o t o m e r u
rip e ju k u sh ita 熟した
s a n d a ls sandaru サンダノレ
seem , to ~ to o m o w a re ru
rise (a s c e n d a n c e ) j o s h 6
s a tis fie d manzoku shita
d e n w a su ru 電話する
満足 し た
上昇 rise (in c re a s e ) zoka i曽カロ r iv e r kaw a 川
satisfy , t o manzoku saseru
満足させる
r o a d m ich i 道
s a u c e sosu
ぁぶる，y a k u ゃく
ソース
s a v e , t o tamotsu 保 つ
r o c k ishi 石
say, t o iu 言う
ro le y ak u w a ri 役 割
kon’nichi wa to i u こんにちはど言う , yoroshiku よろしく s a y g o o d b y e , t o sayonara to i u さi ： うならと言う s a y so rry , t o ayamaru
ro o f yan e
s a y h e llo , t o
屋根
r o o m (in h o t e l/h o u s e ) h e y a 部屋 r o o m (s p a c e ) r o o t (o f p la n t)
kGkan 空間 ne 根
ロ 一 ノ, n a w a 縄 r o t t e n k u s a tta 腐った
ro p e ro p u
r o u g h a ra p p o i 荒 っ ぽ い r o u g h ly (a p p r o x im a te ly ) o y o s o おおよそ r o u n d (s h a p e ) m a ru i 丸い ru b b e r g o m u
ゴ厶
ru d e s h its u re i na
失礼な
ru in e d hakai s a r e t a
された
破壞
m a t a それではまた s e ld o m
S a tu r d a y doy6bi 土曜日
r o a s t, t o ( g r i l l ) a burn
〜と思われる see y o u la te r! s o r e d e w a
謝る
h o t o n d o 〜nai
ほと
んど〜ない s e le c t, to e ra b u
選ふ
自身 sell, t o u ru 壳る s e lf jishin
se n d , t o ok u ru
送る
s e n s ib le sh iry o n o aru
思慮のある s e n te n c e bun A , s e 门 te n s u
センテンス s e p a r a te w a k a r e ta
分か
れた
s a y t h a n k y o u , t o arigato
s e p a r a te , t o w a ke ru 分ける
to i u ありがとうと言う s c a r c e toboshii 乏しい s c a r e d obi e t a おびえた s c h e d u le k§kaku 計 画 s c h o o l gakk6 学 校 s c h o o l c h i l d gakudo 学 童 s c ie n c e kagaku 科 学 s cis so rs hasami はさみ
S e p te m b e r K u gatsu
九月
s e q u e n c e (o r d e r ) ju n jo
順序 se rio u s (n o t fu n n y ) m a jim e n a まじめな se rio u s (s e v e re ) hidoi
ひどい s e r v a n t m e sh itsu k a i
S 使
E N C L IS H - J A P A N E S E
仕える
s e rv e , t o ts u k a e ru s e r v ic e h o sh i 奉 仕
ta n jik a n 短 時 間
所定の
s e t s h o te i n o
s h o r t tim e (a m o m e n t )
ta n p a n
短ノくン
設 立 す る ，ju ritsu su ru
s h o u ld e r k ata
樹立する
s h o u t, t o sa k e b u いくつ
s e v e ra l ik utsuka n o かの
きびしい
sew , t o n u ’ u 縫う
shad ow
眉
j6 k y 6 状 況 叫•ふ
s h o w (b r o a d c a s t) b a n g u m i
陰
shaw a
s h a d o w p la y k a g e e
影絵
振る
s h a k e , t o fu ru
浅い
恥辱
残念
s h o w e r (o f r a in ) k o s a m e
シヤン
シャワーを
浴びる
形
s h a p e , t o (fo rm ) k a ta ch iz u k u ru 形作る 絞
sh ark sa m e
s h a r p s u ru d o i 銳 い s h a tte r, t o
k o n a g o n a ni
s u r u 粉々にする sh a v e , t o s o ru
弟1J 6
s h e e t (fo r b e d ) shTtsu シーツ no k a m i 一 枚 の 紙 S h in to sh in td s h in y hikaru
神道 光
sh ip fu n e 船
閉じる
sh iv e r, t o
m ib u ru i su ru
身震いする
s ic k by6ki n o 病 気 の
sh o e s kutsu 有匕
撃つ
sh o p , t o (g o s h o p p in g ) kaim o n o o s u r u 買い物をする s h o p m is e
店
s h o p k e e p e r t e n ’ in 店 貢
s le n d e r h o so i 細 い , s u m a to わずかな
s lig h t w a z u k a n a
s lig h tly w azu ka ni わ ず か に スリ ム な ，
slip su rip p u
スリップ スリツ/ く，
slip p e rs s u rip p a
ga s u r u 吐 き 気 が す る
u w a b a k i上履き slo p e sak a 坂
sid e y o k o 横
slo w o s o i 遲 い
s ig h ts e e in g k an k 6 観 光
s lo w ly yukkuri
sig n (sy m b o l) hy6shiki 標 識
s m a ll chTsai ノ J、 さい
sig n , t o s h o m e i su ru
署名
する s ig n a tu r e s h o m e i
署名,
s a i n サイン
ゆっくり
s m a ll c h a n g e kozeni s m a r t kashikoi
小銭
賢い
s m a r t p h o n e s u m a to f o n スマートフォン
s ile n t m u g o n n o 無 言 の 絹
s m e ll (b a d o d o r ) ak u sh u 惡臭
s ilv e r gin 銀
sm e ll, t o n iou
s i m i l a r 「 u ijis h ita 類 似 し た
s m ile , t o w a ra u
s im p le (u n c o m p lic a te d ,
s m o k e k em u ri 煙
m o d e s t) jim i na 地 味 な 簡単な
臭う 笑う
s m o k e , t o (t o b a c c o ) t a b ak o o s u u タバコをすう s m o o t h (o f s u r fa c e s ) s u b e -
s in c e irai 以 来 s in g , t o u tau
s h o o t, t o u tsu
寝る
p e c h i k 6 t o ペチコート
s im p le (e a sy ) k an tan na シャツ
s h ir t s h a ts u
空 n e ru
h o s o i細い
sh u t s h i m a tt a 閉まった
silk kinu
s h e e t (o f p a p e r ) ich i-m ai
sk y so ra
s lim su rim u na
sick , t o b e (v o m it) ha kike s h a p e k ata chi
肌
s k ir t su k さt o スカ一卜
n a スマートな
s h o w e r: to ta k e a s h o w e r
s h u t， t o to jiru
s h a m p o o shan pG
sk in h a d a
sle e p y n e m u i 目民い
s h r im p eb i 海 老
sh am e: w h a t a sham e! z a n 'n e n
シャワー
s h a w a o ab iru
s h a m e (d is g r a c e ) c h りoku
sk illfu l ju k u re n sh ita 熟 練
sleep , to
小雨
s h a l l 〜d e s h o 〜でしよう s h a llo w a sa i
見せる
sh o w , t o m ise ru
s h o w e r (fo r w a s h in g )
k a g e 景ミ
size s a i z u サ イ ズ した
s h o w (liv e p e r f o r m a n c e ) s h 6 シ ョ ー ，m o y 6 s h i 催し
s e x (g e n d e r) s e ib e ts u 性 別 s h a d e k ag e
a r u 〜の状態にある s itu a tio n (h o w th in g s a re )
番組
s e v e re kibishii
座る
s it d o w n , t o s u w a r u
s itu a te d , t o b e 〜 n o jo ta i ni
シヨ一、 ソ，
s h o rts s h o ts u
s e t u p , t o s e ts u r its u su ru
375
su b e s h i t a す べ す べ し た
歌つ
sin g le (n o t m a r r ie d ) d o kushin n o 独 身 の sin g le (o n ly o n e ) yu iitsu n o 唯一の
s m o o t h (to g o s m o o th ly ) e n k a ts u ni s u s u m u
円滑
にすすむ s m u g g le , to m itsuyunyG s u m 密輪入する
s ir (te r m o f a d d re ss ) kika 貴 下 （男 性 へ の 敬 称 ）
s h o r t (c o n c is e ) mijikai 短 い
s is te r sh im ai 肺 姝
s h o r t ( n o t t a ll) hikui 低 い
sit, t o su w a ru
座る
s n a k e h ebi 蛇 s n e e z e k u sh am i
くしゃみ
sn e e z e , t o k u sh am i o su ru 〈しゃみをする
376
DICTION ARY
s n o w yuki 雪
南
s o u th m in am i
sn o w , t o yuki ga fu ru
s ta r h o sh i
s o u v e n ir m iy a g e m o n o
それ
s p a c e kOkan 空 間
始まり s ta r t, t o h a jim e ru
s p a c io u s h iro b iro sh ita
s ta te , t o n o b e ru
降る
s t a r t (b e g in n in g ) h ajim ari
みゃげ物
so (th e re fo re ) s o r e d e で ，s o r e y u e そ れ ゆ え
とても
s o (v e ry ) to te m o
so t h a t dakara だ か ら ，〜suru ta m e n i 〜 す る た め に so ak , to
曼る
h ita ru
ソケット，u k e g u c h i 受 け 口 s o c k s k u tsu sh ita
靴下
sp e e d su p 了 do
ス匚一ド
sp e ll, t o ts u z u ru
s p in a c h h o r e n s o
s te a l, t o
費ゃす
sold out
s p ira l r a s e n j6 n o
s o ld ie r h e ita i 兵 隊
背骨
s te e r, t o
らせん
状の
たったひとつの
sp lit, t o
b u n k atsu su ru
分割 す る 固体の
so lv e , t o (a p ro b le m ) kaik etsu s u r u 解 決 す る s o m e ik utsuka n o
腐った
いくつ d are-
k a 誰か
s p o n g e su p o n ji
スポンジ
(T), u n d o y o n o 運 動 用 の
s o m e th in g nani ka 何 か
s p r a y su p u re
s o m e tim e s tok id ok i 時 々
s p r in g (o f w a te r ) w ak im izu
どこか
息子
s o n m u su k o
義理の息子
k an ash im i
s o r r y g o m e n n a sa i
悲しみ ごめん
なさぃ
sq u id ika
h iro -
イカ
in — 員 s ta irs ka id an
s ta m p (in k ) kokuin
sou r s u p p a i す っ ぱ い 源
もち米 still (e v e n n o w ) m a d a まだ 静かな
亥 丨 1印，
s ta m p (p o s ta g e ) k itte 切 主 s ta n d , t o ta t s u 立つ s ta n d u p , t o ta c h ia g a r u
立ち上がる
s t o m a c h h a ra
腹
s to p (b u s, tr a in ) te iry u jo
su ta n p u ス タ ン プ
s o u r c e mi 门 a m o t o
ねばねばした s tic k y r ic e m o c h ig o m e
s to o l k oshik ake 腰 掛
階段
s o r t o u t, t o ta is h o su ru
ス一プ
s tic k y n e b a n e b a sh ita
s to n e ishi わ
しみ
s a s e r u 失速させる
音
出つ
張る
惡臭を放つ
s t a f f s u t a f f u スタッフ, jCh 卜
s o r t (ty p e ) sh u ru i 種 類
s o u p (c le a r ) su p u
s tic k o u t, t o d e p p a r u
s tin k , t o akushG o h a n a ts u
s ta ll, t o (c a r ) sh isso k u
対处 する
階段
シチュー，
still (q u ie t) shizu ka na
s ta in shim i k6kai s u 「 u
後悔する
sou n d o to
春
s q u a re (s h a p e ) shikakui
b a 広場
s o re , p a in f u l itaj 痛 い
s te w sh ich u
s tif f katai 堅 い
s q u a re (to w n s q u a re )
s o o n su g u ni す ぐ に
sorry, to be
湧き水
四角い
s o n g u ta 歌
so rro w
ス プ レ一
s p r in g (s e a so n ) h aru
s o n -in -la w giri n o m u su k o
足耳又U, ip p o
s te p a sh id o ri —
s tic k (p o le ) b 6 棒
sp o u se h aigQ sha 配 偶 者
s o m e w h e r e d o k o ka
かじを
とる
n ik o m i煮 达 み スプーン
sp o rts s u p o ts u n o ス ポ 一 ッ
somebody, someone
蒸2
はがね
kaji o to r u
s te p s, s ta ir s ka id an
sp o ile d ( o f fo o d ) k u sa tta s p o o n su p u n
かの
金む
れた s te e l h a g a n e
s p in e s e b o n e
s o le (o n ly ) t a t t a h ito tsu n o
n usum u
s te a m j6ki 蒸 気 s te a m e d m u s a 「 e t a
ほうれ
ん草
so ld u r a r e t a 売 ら れ た urikire 壳リ切れ
s ta y o v e r n ig h t, t o ippaku s u r u 一泊する
綴る
s p e n d , t o ts u iy a su s p ic y karai 辛 い
土
sta y , t o (re m a in ) n ok o ru 残る
s o ft y a w a r a k a i や わ ら か い
so lid kotai n o
s ta tu e z6 イ象
スピーチ
s o fa s o f さ ソ フ ァ ー so il ts u c h i
話1
s p e c ia l to k u b e ts u na 特 別 s p e e c h supTchi
s o c k e t (e le c tr ic ) s o k e tto
始める 述べ*6
s ta tio n e r y b u n b 6 g u 文 房 具
広々した sp e a k , t o h a n a s u な
石験
s o a p se k k e n
星
雪が
停留所 s to p , t o (c e a se ) y a m e ru やめる s to p , t o (h a lt) t o m e r u 止める s to p by, t o (p a y a v isit) ta z u n e ru 訪ねる s to p it y a m e t e
やめこ
3 77
E N C L IS H -J A P A N E S E sto re s , re s e rv e s, sa v in g s ta k u w a e
蓄え
ツ 店
s to re , s h o p m ise s to r m
ス一
s u it (b u sin ess) s u ts u
suitable
a ra sh i 風
fu sa w a sh ii ふさわ
しい，on iai n o お 似 合 い の
s to r y (o f a b u ild in g ) kai 階 s to r y (ta le ) h a n a sh i 話 s to u t z u n g u rish ita ずん く * {j
した
ス一 ツ
s u itc a s e s u ts u k e s u
ケース 夏
s u m m e r n a tsu
ロ，k a m a d o かまど m assugu n a
真っ直ぐな
s tr a ig h t a h e a d m a s s u g u m a e n i 真っ直ぐ前に 変’ よ
s tr a n g e h e n n a
s u m m o n , to y o b id a su 呼 び
s tr a n g e r sh ira n a i h ito 知ら
ない人
s u n ta iy o
s tr e n g th ch ik a ra 力 s trik e , t o (h it) u tsu
打つ
ス卜フイキ
to raik i o s u 「 u
日曜日
S u n d a y nichiyobi
をする
日差し s u n n y h iatari ga ii 日当たり
がいい
s u r u 交換する s w itc h , t o (c lo th e s ) k ig ae-
点ける ta b le ts u k u e 机 ， te b u r u テーブル
日の出
s u n ris e h in o d e
日の入
s u p e r m a r k e t s u p a m a k e tto
t a b le c lo th te b u r u k u r o s u テープノレクロス ta b l e m a t t e b u r u m a t to テーブルマット
〜だと思う
t a i l o 尾 ，s h i p p o し っ ぽ ta k e , t o (re m o v e ) m o tte ik u
su re k ak u sh in sh ita 確 信
した
持っていく ta k e c a r e o f, t o s e w a o su ru
s u r f u c h iy o se ru n am i 打ち 紐
s tr in g hi m o
スイッチ
s u n lig h t hizashi
s u p p o se , t o ~ d a t o o m o u
strik e : t o g o o n s trik e su -
摇 リ動かす
s w itc h o n , t o ts u k e ru
ス'一パ'一マ'一ケット
s t r i c t kibishii 嚴しい
sw in g , t o yuri u g o k asu
r u 着替 ぇ る 太曝
s u n s e t hinoiri
s tre e t m ich i 道 ，t 6 「 i 通り
s w im s u it m izugi 水 着
s w itc h , t o (c h a n g e ) kokan
出す
s tr a ig h t ( n o t c ro o k e d )
泳ぐ
s w im , t o o y o g u
s w itc h su itch i
s u m m it (p e a k ) s a n c h o 山 頂 コン
s to v e (c o o k e r ) k o n ro
sw e e ts (c a n d y ) a m e 食台
寄 せ る 波 ，s § f i n サーフィン
世話をする ta k e o ff, t o (c lo th e s ) nugu
s tr o n g tsu y o i 強 い
s u r fa c e h y o m e n
s tu b b o rn (d e te rm in e d )
s u r fa c e m a il fu tsu y u b in
ta lk , to h a n a s u
普通郵便 s u r n a m e m yoji 苗 字
t a l k a b o u t, t o 〜ni t s u ite h an asu 〜について話す
g a n k o n a 頑固な s tu c k ( w o n 't m o v e ) kotei s a r e t a 固定された s tu d e n t g a k u se i 学 生 stu d y ' t o gakushQ s u 「 u
学習する s tu p id o ro k a n a
愚かな
sty le k ata chi 形 s u c c e e d , t o s e ik 6 s u r u 成 功 する
成功
s u c h a s 〜n o y o n a 〜 の よ う
な，t a t o e b a 例えば s u c k , t o su u
吸う
驚いた
s u r p r is in g o d o ro k u b e k i
驚くべき
suffer, to k uru sh im u 苦 し む 砂糖
キビ s u g g e st, t o te ia n su ru 提 案
する 提案
高い
ta p e , a d h e s iv e s e tc h a k u t§ p u 接着テープ ta s te aji 味
環境 s u r v iv e , t o ik inobi「 u 生 さ
t a s te , t o (s a m p le ) sh ish o k u
延びる
o s u r u 試食をする ta s te , t o (sa lty , sp icy , e tc .)
疑う
a jim io s u ru 味見をする
s u s p ic io n kengi 嫌 疑
t a s ty o i s h i i お い し い
stu D b o rn d an k o t o sh ita
t a x i takushT
断固とした
te a ch a
s w e a t hakkan
タク シ 一
茶
t e a c h , to o s h ie ru te a c h e r sen sei
飲み込む 発汗
s w e a t, t o a s e o kaku 汁 を
s u g a r c a n e sa to k ib i サトウ
ta ll tak ai
話す
s u r ro u n d in g s kankyo
sw a llo w , t o n o m ik o m u
s u d d e n ly kyG ni 急に
s u g g e s tio n te ia n
脱ぐ
s u rp rise d o d o r o ita
s u s p e c t, t o u ta g a u
s u c ce s s seikd
su g ar s a to
衣
かく
te a m
chTmu
教える
先生
チー厶
te a r, t o (rip ) y a b u ru te a r s n a m id a M
破る
sw e e p , t o haku 掃く
te e n a g e r sh ishu n ki n o
s w e e t a m a i 甘い s w e e t a n d s o u r a m az up p a i
te e th
甘酸っぱい
kodom o思春期の子供 ha
歯
t e le p h o n e d e n w a
電話
378
DICTION ARY
t h i n (o f liq u id s) usui 薄 い
te le p h o n e n u m b e r denw abang6電話番号 テレビ
te le v is io n te r e b i
te ll, t o (a s to ry ) h a n a s u
t h i n (o f p e rs o n s ) y a s e ta 物
tip (g r a tu ity ) ch ip p u
th in k , t o (h a v e a n o p i n
te ll, t o (le t k n o w ) o s h ie ru 教える
思う
io n ) o m o u r u 考える
th ir d d a isa n n o
te m p le jjin 寺 院 ， t e r a
t h ir s ty n o d o n o k aw aita
寺
第三の
のどの渴いた
一時的な
この
th is k o n o
一万 te n n is te n is u
t h o u g h ~ n i m o k ak aw arazu
th o u s a n d s e n th re a d
te n s e k in c h 6 s h ita 緊 張 し た ひどい
テス卜
れた
th r e a t e n , t o k yoh ak u su ru
T h a ila n d ta i
th ro w , to n a g e ru
タイ
する t h a n k y o u a rig a to
ありが
t h a t (in tr o d u c i n g a q u o ta t i o n ) 〜t o ( i u ) 〜 と （ 言う）
捨てる
その人
to m o r r o w
T h u rsd a y m okuyobi
to n g u e sh ita
それ
th u s (so ) s h ita g a tte 従 っ て t i c k e t (fo r e n t e r t a i n m e n t )
整頓さ
れた
劇場 そ の 後 ， so re
k a r a それから d e そこで 〜が
あ る ， 〜 ga i r u 〜 が い る th e r e f o r e s o n o kekka
ネク
タイ t i g h t p itta rish ita
結果
tim e jikan
ぴったり
時間
tim e : f r o m tim e t o tim e
th e s e k o re ra n o
これらの
tok id ok i
時々
t h i c k (o f liq u id s) koi 濃 い
tim e s (m u ltip ly in g ) bai 倍
th i c k (o f th in g s ) a tsu i 厚 い
tim e ta b le jikokuhyo
t h i e f d o ro b d
泥棒
時刻表
s u g ir u あまりに〜過ぎる
ha
夕過ぎる
道具
to o l dogu
歯 h a b u ra sh i
to o t h p a s t e h am igak ik o 歯磨き粉
結ぶ
した，k i t s u i き っ い その
また
歯ブラシ
tie , t o m u s u b u
t h e r e i s /a r e 〜ga a ru
今日免
t o o (e x c e s s iv e ) a m a 「 i ni〜
to o th b r u s h
整頓する t ie (n e c k tie ) n ek u tai
t h e r e s o k o ni そ こ （ こ， so k o
舌
t o o ( a l s o ) 〜 m o m a ta 〜 も
to o th
tid y u p , t o s e t o n su ru
th e n s o n o go
卜マト 明日
t o o m u c h o su g iru
tid y s § t o n s a r e t a
t h e a t e r (d r a m a ) gek ijo
asu
t o n i g h t k o n b an
切符
th a t th in g so re
トイレ
th u n d e r k am in ari 雷
t i c k e t (f o r t r a n s p o r t) kippu あれ
t o i l e t t e a r a i 手 洗 い , to ir e to m a to to m a to
k e n 券 ，c h i k e t t o チケット
t h a t p e r s o n s o n o h ito
t o g e t h e r t o m o ni 共 に ， issh o ni 一 緒 に
投げる
木曜日
と9
つま先
豆腐
to f u t6 f u
th r o w a w a y /o u t , t o s u te r u 感謝
th a n k , t o k an sh a s u m
t o d a y ky6 今日 to e ts u m a s a k i
のど
k e te 〜を通り抜けて
t h a n 〜y o r i 〜より
あふら
to a s te d a b u r a r e t a
t h r o u g h ( p a s t ) 〜 o t6 r in u 試す
te s t, t o t a m e s u
th a t are
千
ito 糸
th ro a t n od o
〜 へ ， 〜 no
h 6k6 n i 〜 の 方 向 に
脅迫する
te s t shik en 試 験 ，t e s u t o
h6 n i 〜 の 方 に t o (a p l a c e ) 〜 e
思考
t h o u g h ts sh ik 6
の te r r ib le hidoi
t o (a p e r s o n ) 〜 e 〜 へ ， 〜 n o
〜にもかかわらず
nanjQ bai m o n o 何 十 倍 も
題名
肩書き
あれら
th o s e a r e r a
te n s o f (m u ltip le s o f te n )
t itle ( o f b o o k , f ilm ) d a im e i t itle (o f p e rs o n ) k atagak i
t e n th o u s a n d ich im an テニス
tir e d (w o r n o u t) ts u k a r e ta 疲れた
te m p le ( a n c ie n t) koji 古 寺 t e m p o r a r y ichijiteki na
チッ
ズ k o k o ro z u k e 心 付 け tir e d (sle e p y ) n e m u i 目民い
th in k , t o (p o n d e r ) k a n g a e -
t e m p e r a tu r e o n d o 温 度
も小さな tip (e n d ) h ash j 端
やせた th in g m o n o
話す
とて
t i n y t o t e m o c h ls a n a
to p u e 上 t o p ic w ad a i 話 題 t o t a l g 6k ei ( n o ) 合 計 (の ） t o u c h , t o fu re r u
触れる
to u r is t k ank6kyaku 観 光 客 to w a r d 〜 no h 6 e 〜 の 方 へ to w a r d , t o 〜 e m u k au 〜 へ 向かう to w e l ta o r u
タオル
E N C L IS H -J A P A N E S E 塔
to w e r t o to w n
t u r n a r o u n d , t o fu rik aeru
m a ch i 町
振りかえる t u r n o ff, t o kesu
t r a d e (b u sin e ss) sh o b a i
t u r n o n , t o ts u k e ru
消す 点ける
伝統
伝統的な
ツイッター
ty p e (s o rt) sh u ru i 種 類 タイフ
ty p e , t o ta ip u s u ru
tr a f f ic k6tsQ
交通
tra in d e n sh a
電車
+ る 台風 典型
的な
翻訳する 旅行をする 盆
tra y bon
楽しみ，
k a u 极う
t e i r u 慣れている
に
よく〜したものだ u se fu l y a k u d a ts u
役立つ
u seless m u ek i na 無 益 な u su a l itsu m o n o u s u a lly ta ite i ノくンツ
u n d e r p a n ts p a n ts u
u te n s il d 6 g u
いつもの
たいてい
道具
u n d e r s h ir t h ad ag i 肌 着
tr e a t, t o (m e d ic a lly ) ch iry o s u r u 治療する
u n d e r s ta n d , t o
rikai su ru
理解する
tre e ki 木 部族
tro u b le kon n an
u n d re s se d , to g e t fuku o n u g u 服を脱ぐ
tr ip (jo u rn e y ) ta b i 旅
困難
n o 失業中の
面倒な tr u c k to ra k k u
ズボン 卜ラック
tr u e h o n t 6 n o 本 当 の sh in rai su ru 信 賴
する try , t o d o ry o k u su ru
努力
する sh ich a k u s u r u 試着す る テイ ーシャ
ヅ T u e sd a y Kay6bi
火曜日
t u r n : t o m a k e a tu r n m a g a r u 曲かる
v a lu e (c o s t) kachi 細 格 お値打ち v a s e ka bin 花 瓶 V C R b id e o dekki
U n ite d S ta te s A m erik a
ビデオデ
ッキ
g a ssh Q k o k u アメリカ合
v e g e ta b le y asai 野 菜
衆国
v e h ic le n o rim o n o
u n iv e rs ity d aigak u
大学
u n le ss 〜d e nai kagiri 〜 で
t r y o n , t o (c lo th e s ) T -sh irt tT shatsu
Eikoku
英国
tr u ly h o n t 6 ni 本 当 に
na 有 効 な ,
d a to n a 妥 当 な
v a lu e (g o o d ) o n e u c h i
不幸な
u n h a p p y fuko n a U n ite d K in g d o m
予防接種 vague a i m a i n a あいまいな
v a lle y ta n i 谷
u n f o r tu n a te ly z a n 'n e n n a g a ra 残念ながら
tro u s e rs z u b o n
kyQka 休 暇
valid yGk6
u n e m p lo y e d sh its u g y o ch u
tr o u b le s o m e m e n d o na
v a c a tio n
v a c c in a tio n y o b o se ssh u
u n d e r w e a r sh itag i 下 看 ' 三角
tr ia n g le sa n k ak u trib e b uzoku
使フ
y o k u 〜 sh ita m o n o da
経験する
tr e a t, t o (d e a l w ith ) a ts u -
trust, to
おじ
u n co o k ed n am a 门 〇 生 の
u n d e r g o , t o keiken su ru
ご馳走
g o c h is o
小便をする
u se d t o d o s o m e th in g
u n d e r 〜 n o sh ita ni 〜 の 下
t r e a t (s o m e th in g sp e c ia l) ta n o s h im i
u m b r e lla k asa 傘 u n c le oji
旅行者
緊急の
u se d t o ( a c c u s to m e d ) n a re u g ly m ig u ru sh ii 見 苦 し い
tr a v e le r ry o k 6 sh a
てる
u se, t o tsu k a u
t r a n s la te , t o h o n 'y a k u su ru tr a v e l, t o ry ok o o su ru
o k a rita te ru 銜 動 を 駆 リ 立
u r in a te , t o s h o b e n o su ru
ty p ic a l te n k e ite k i na
訓練
u rg e , t o (p u sh fo r) s h o d 6
u r g e n t kinkyQ n o
t y p h o o n ta ih u
t r a i n s t a ti o n e K i 駅 t r a i n i n g k u n ren
上階へ
u p s ta irs jok ai e
u r b a n to s h i n o 者 师 の
T w itte r T suitta
tr a d i t i o n a l d e n to te k i na
u p s id e d o w n s a k a s a m a 逆さま
つぶ
T w e e t, t o tsu b u y a k u
やく
貿易 tr a d i t i o n d e n t o
勳摇 した
u p s e t d 6 y 6 s h ita
TV t e r e b i テ レビ
商壳
up, u p w ard u e no h o e 上のほうへ
t o y o m o c h a おもちや
tr a d e ( e x c h a n g e ) boeki
379
ない限り u n lu c k y fu u n na
v e r ify ta s h ik a m e ru
乗り物 確か
める v e r y (e x tr e m e ly ) hijo ni
不運な
u n n e c e s s a r y fu h itsu y d na 不必要な u n r ip e m iseijuku n o 未 成 熟の u n t i l 〜m a d e 〜 ま で
非常に v i a 〜o t 6 t t e 〜 を 通 っ て v id e o r e c o r d e r b id e o 「 ek6d§ ビ デ オ レコ一ダー v id e o ta p e , t o ro k u g a su ru 録画する
380
DICTION ARY
V ie tn a m
ベ卜
B e to n a m u
ナ厶
w e t n u r e t a 丨需れた
w a te r f a ll taki 湾； スイ力
w a t e r m e l o n suika
v ie w (p a n o r a m a ) keshiki
w a v e (in se a ) n am i 波
景色 v ie w p o in t mi k ata
w a v e , t o fu ru 見方
v illa g e m u 「 a 村 v is a biza
査証
帯在
w a y in
r u 訪らる 声
v o ic e m a il ru s u b a n -d e n w a
留守番電話 火山
v o m it, t o haku
吐く
v o te , t o t 6 h y 6 s u m する
w h e e l (c a r ) sharin 車 輪
w e a lth y yOfuku na 裕 福 な
w h e n itsu
w e a p o n buki 武 器
w h e n (a t th e t im e ) ~suru
w a it fo r, t o 〜o m o ts u
いつ
とこ
w e a th e r ten k i
大気
w h e re doko
w e a v e , t o o ru
織る
w h e r e t o dokoe ウエフ
w h ic h do re
どこへ
どれ
w h ile (d u r in g ) 〜no aida ni 〜の間に
w e d d in g kekkonshiki 〜を
w h e n e v e r itsu de mo でも
サイ卜 賃金
いつ
to k i〜 す る 時
w e a r, t o kiru 晉る
w e b site w e b u s a ito
w a g e s ch in g in
w h a t tim e nan-ji 何 時
w e a k y o w ai 轉 い
った 投票
o k ita n o 何 が 起 き た の どんな
出口
w e a r y ts u k a re kitta 疲 れ 切
v o l c a n o k azan
w h a t h a p p e n e d nani ga w h a t k in d o f donna
iriguchi 入 口
w a y o u t d e g u ch i
v is it: p a y a v is it t o ta z u n e v o ic e k oe
方法
h a h 6 〜する方法
ビザ；s a s h 6
v is it taizai
何のために
振る
w a y ( m e th o d ) h 6 h 6
w a y : th e w a y o f 〜s u m
v in e g a r su 醉
w h a t nani 1ロ J w h a t f o r nan no tam e ni
w h ite shiro
結婚式
白
W e d n e s d a y suiyob i 水 曜 日
w h o dare だ れ
w a ite r, w a itre s s kyQji 給 仕
w e e k shO 過
w h o le (a ll o f) subete no
w ak e so m e o n e up, to oko-
w e e k e n d s h u m a ts u
s u 起こす
w e e k ly m aishQ n o 毎 週 の
w ak e up, to
m e z a m e ru
目覚める 歩 く
w a ll ka b e 壁
naku
w e ig h t o m o s a
w a n t, t o 〜 ga hoshii 〜 が 欲 しい，〜s h i t a i 〜 し た い w ar se 门 s 6 戦 争 a ta ta k a i 暖 か い
w a r m th n u k u m o ri ぬく もリ w a r n , t o k§koku s u 「 u 警 告 する w a s h , t o a ra u
洗う
w a s h t h e d ish e s, t o shokki o a r a u 食器を洗う w a t c h (w ris tw a tc h ) u d e d o k e i腕 時 計 m i「 u 見る
w a t c h , t o (sh o w , m o v ie ) m i r u 観 ^る m ih a r u 見張る 水
w h y naze
なぜ
w ic k e d warni 惡 い
重さ
w id e habahiroi 幅 広 い w id th haba 幅
w e ig h t, t o lose taijQ ga h e 「 u
w id o w m ib 6jin
未亡人
w i l l 〜d e s h o 〜でしよう
体重が減る w e lc o m e ! y 6 k o s o
よ つ 。そ
w e lc o m e t o ~ e y o k o so
w i t h 〜t o 〜と w ith in r e a s o n dori ni
k a n a tte iru 道 理 に か な っ て
〜へようこそ w e ll (fo r w a te r ) id o 井戸 良い
w e ll d o n e ! yoku d e k im a s h i t a よ 〈で き ま し た w ell o f f (w e a lth y ) yufuku n a 裕福な w e ll-b e h a v e d , w e ll-m a n n e re d gydgi n o ii 行 儀 の
いい
w itn e s s mokugekisha 目撃者 w itn e s s , t o mokugeki sum 目撃する w o m a n josei 女 性 w o n d e rfu l subarashii す ば w o o d ki 木
よく 火 ， w o o d e n mokusei no 木製の
の通った
w o o l yomo 牛 毛
w e s t nishi 西 w e s te r n e r seiy o jin
いる w i t h o u t 〜nashi n i 〜 な し に
らしい
w e ll-c o o k e d , w e ll-d o n e yoku hi n o t o o t t a
w a t c h o v e r, t o (g u a rd ) w a t e r m izu
董6
fu e ru 体重が增える
w e ll (g o o d ) yoi
w a r n i n g k引くoku 警 告
全ての w n o le (to b e c o m p le te )
kanzen n a 完 全 な
泣く
h ak aru
w e ig h t, t o g a in taiju ga
w a lle t s a ifu 貝才布
w a tc h , t o
w eep , to w e ig h , t o
w a lk , t o a ru k u
w arm
週末
西ン手人
w o r d go 語 ，kotoba 言 葉
E N C L IS H -J A P A N E S E
w o r k (o c c u p a t i o n ) s h ig o to 仕事 w o rk , t o s h ig o to o s u m 仕事をする w o rk , t o (f u n c tio n ) kino
w o r th , to b e k ach ig a aru イ®値がある w o u n d kega 怪 我 w ra p , t o ts u ts u m u
y e t: n o t y e t m a d a 〜 n a i 包む
w ris t tek u b i 手 首
w o r n o u t (c lo th e s , m a
w r o n g (false) a y a m a tta
した
しまして
k itta 疲れ切った
g a t t a 間違った
w o r s h ip , t o sh in k o su ru 信仲する w o r s t mottomo hidoi 最 も ひどい
opon cl^ne
y a w n , t o a k u b is u r u
零
z o o d o b u ts u e n
y e a rs o ld 〜sai 〜 歲 y e ll, t o sa k e b u
若者
あく z e ro z e ro
びする y e a r to s h i 年 0斗ぶ
若さ
y o u n g ) w a k a sa w akam ono
よ U惡い
弟
y o u n g e r s iste r im o to 妹
y o u t h (y o u n g p e rs o n )
惡 ぃ (道 徳 的 に ）
心配する w o rse yori w a ru i
若い
y o u t h (s ta te o f b e in g
w r o n g (m o r a lly ) w aru i
w o rry , t o sh in p a i su ru
y o u n g w ak ai
y o u n g e r b r o th e r o t o t o
誤った w r o n g (m is ta k e n ) m a c h i-
w o r n o u t (tire d ) ts u k a r e -
どういた
d 6 ita s h im a s h ite
w r ite r sakka 作 家
使いi
まだ〜ない y o u ’re w e lc o m e
w o r ld sek ai 世 界 ' c h in e ) tsu k a ifu ru sh ita
y e llo w kTro 黄 色 y e s te r d a y kino 昨日
w rite , t o kaku 書く
s u m 機能する
381
動物園
Illustration and Photo Credits The manga and line drawings throughout the text are by Akiko Saito. The credits for the photographs are as follows: ayustety (http://www.flickr.eom/photos/ayustety/l2482886/)/Wikimedia Com mons: 153, depachika at Lotte Department Store Bobby (http://flickr.com /photos/84468390@N00)/Wikimedia C o m m o n s:13, bookshelves with manga Dorregaray/Dreamstime.com: 125, capsule hotel Eriko S a to :140, bento boxes Radzian/Dreamstime.com: 78, Akihabara Taeko Kamei: 39, netto kafe; 52, fast-food restaurants;152, konbini Tsuneomp/Dreamstime.com: 189, tatami room
List of Culture Notes Puzzling Japanese Phrases................. 14
D epachika..........................................163
M anga.................................................... 15
M an sh o n ............................................195
Netto Kafe.............................................42 Weather in Ja p a n ................................90
Nengajo ^New Year's Greeting Cards'...............................234
M eishi (Business Cards).................. 125
Izak ay a............................................... 235
B e n to ................................................... 147
Bowing................................................ 267
Business Telephone Conversations................................. 154
Gift-giving...........................................268 Blood Types and Personality........ 292
Convenient K o n b in i.......................162
NOTE P r a c tic e y o u r J a p a n e s e w it h t h e in c lu d e d M P 3 a u d io files!
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