Archestratos of Gela: Greek Culture and Cuisine in the Fourth Century BCE (Text, Translation, and Commentary) 9780199240081, 0199240086

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ARCHESTRATOS OF GELA

ARCHESTRATOS OF GELA GREEK CULTURE AND CUISINE IN THE FOURTH CENTURY BCE Text, Translation, and Commentary

S. DOUGLAS

OLSON

AND

ALEXANDER

SENS

OXFORD UNIVERSITY

PRESS

OXFORD VNIVBII.SITY Pll.BSS

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6op Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris Sao Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin lbadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ~

S. D. Olson & A. Sens 2000 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right of Oxford University Press (maker) First published

2000

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data applied for ISBN 0-19-924008-6 I

J 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

Typeset in Imprint by Regent Typesetting, London Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddies Ltd., Guildford & King's Lynn

nostris filiis

PREFACE This project grew out of our mutual interest in the dactylic hexameter poetry of the late classical and early Hellenistic periods, on the one hand, and in ancient Greek diet and dining practices, on the other. Our hope is that this volume will be of use not only to traditional philologists and literary historians but also to a wider audience interested in the cultural significance of food in ancient society. To this end, we have translated all Greek not cited for purely technical reasons. Our translations make no pretence to great literary merit and are intended primarily to convey a sense of the Greek. We completed the bulk of the commentary, a preliminary draft of the introduction, and some of the manuscript work in Washington, DC, during the 1996-7 academic year, when Olson was on unpaid leave from the University of Illinois and teaching parttime as an adjunct associate professor at Georgetown University. During the 1997-8 academic year, we reworked the commentary, finalized the introduction, completed the manuscript work, and checked references and the like. The typescript was submitted to OUP in October 1998. Scientific nomenclature is a source of confusion even for specialists, and in identifying the fish to which Archestratos refers we have been fortunate to be able to draw on the resources of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. In particular, special thanks are due to David Hardy of the Systematics Lab at the Museum of Natural History, who made available to us the Catalog of Fishes by Museum's copy of the CD-ROM-based W. Eschmeyer et al., and provided invaluable assistance in checking the currency of scientific names. Most of the research for this edition was completed in the library at the Center for Hellenic Studies in Washington, DC; in the Lauinger Library at Georgetown University; in the Graduate Library at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; and in the Wilson Library at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. We would like to thank Kurt Raaflaub and Debbie Boedecker,

Vilt

PREFACE

joint Directors at the Center for Hellenic Studies, who generously allowed us access to the library; Ellen Roth and Sophie Boisseau, the librarians there, for their assistance during the 1996-7 academic year; Bruce Swann and Mardell O'Brien of the classics library at the UIUC, who obtained some of the microfilms on which this edition is based and provided us with xeroxes of a number of rare books, pamphlets, and articles; and Carlen Ruschoff of Lauinger library, who obtained a number of additional microfilms for us. We owe particular gratitude to J0rgen Mejer and the lnstitut for Grresk og Latin at the University of Copenhagen for bringing to our attention and making available to us the late Thorkild Breitenstein's extensive, unpublished notes on Archestratos, which enabled us to make a number of improvements to the commentary. Ron Stroud graciously allowed us advance access to portions of a forthcoming monograph on an unpublished Athenian grain-tax law from the Athenian agora. Roger Brock, Sir Kenneth Dover, Richard Hunter, David Konstan, Benjamin Millis, David Sansone, David Sider, lneke Sluiter, and Anna Stelow, as well as three anonymous referees for OUP, read drafts of portions of the commentary at various stages in its production, and it is a pleasure to thank them for their comments and criticisms. Joseph O'Connor, John Glavin, and John Gibert read complete drafts of the introduction at different points and helped us rethink a number of important issues. Hayden Pelliccia read and improved the typescript at a late stage, and Richard Thomas provided helpful comments on the Appendix. Audiences at the University of Minnesota, the Center for Hellenic Studies, Columbia University, and the University of Virginia heard preliminary versions of some of the material contained in the introduction and offered numerous helpful suggestions. Hugh McElroy checked indexes. Judit Anka was a good friend. Money to purchase some of the microfilms used in producing this edition came from funds attached to the Helen Corley Petit Professorship, which Olson held at the UIUC during the 1996-7 academic year. Olson's travel to France and Italy to examine manuscripts A, C, and E, and to England to examine Hoeschel's copy of Athenaios, was generously supported by a grant-in-aid from the Office of the Vice President for Research at the University of Minnesota. The Georgetown University Graduate School fur-

PREFACE

IX

nished a grant-in-aid that defrayed the costs of acquiring copies of Prof. Breitenstein's papers and supported Sens' research on Archestratos and Greek cuisine in the summer of 1998. Georgetown also provided Sens a sabbatical leave in spring 1998. Finally, it is a particular pleasure to acknowledge the support of Hilary O'Shea, our editor at OUP, and of her assistants Jenny Wagstaffe and Georga Godwin. S.D.O. A. S. I9 October I998 Minneapolis, Minn., and Washington, DC

CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS

AND

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Xlll

INTRODUCTION

XlX

I II III IV V VI VII VIII

XXl

Date and Title of the Poem Structure and Contents of the Poem Literary Background and Genre Audience and Reception Food Dialect, Language, and Style Metre The Manuscript Tradition

XXVlll

xliii xlvi lv lxi lxvii lxxiv

SIGLA

TEXTS, TRANSLATIONS, COMMENTARIES Testimonia Fragments

XXIV

AND I

3 13

APPENDIX

241

INDEXES

247

ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Ancient authors are abbreviated as in LSJ, except that we use 'Bacch.' rather than 'B.' for Bacchylides, 'H.' rather than 'Hom.' for Homer, and 'S' rather than 'Suid.' for the Suda. Our numbering of fragments follows Merkelbach-West for Hesiod; Bernabe's Teubner for epic; PMGF for Aikman, Stesichoros, and lbykos; IEG 2 for elegy and iambos; SnellMaehler's Teubner for Pindar and Bacchylides; Diels-Krantz' 0 for the pre-Socratic philosophers; TrGF for Aeschylus, Sophocles, and minor or unidentified tragic poets; PCG for comic poets (including fragmenta adespota) other than Epicharmos, Sophron, and Menander; Rose for Aristotle; Pfeiffer for Callimachus; and Gow for Macho. Elsewhere, and especially where ambiguity or confusion is possible, we specify the editions to which we are referring. For epigrams, we give equivalent numbers in HE, GPh, and FGE wherever possible. We cite the EM from Gaisford; Galen from Kuhn; Hippokrates from Littre; Hesychios a-o from Latte; Hesychios -rr-w from Schmidt; Moeris from Pierson (following Pierson's own pagination); the paroemiographers from LeutschSchneidewin; Pollux from Bethe; and the Suda from Adler. The hymns of Callimachus are cited by number rather than title. For periodicals, we follow the abbreviations in L'Annee philologique, except that we use 'TAPA', 'CP', and 'AJP' rather than 'TAPhA', 'CPh', and 'AJPh'. We have hellenized all but a handful of very well-known names, and thus print 'Lynkeus' rather than 'Lynceus' but 'Herodotus' rather than 'Herodotos'; absolute consistency in matters of this sort is unattainable and unnecessary. We cite the following editions of Athenaios and Archestratos by the name of the editor alone: Bedrot Brandt Casaubon Dalechamp Dindorf Gulick

[I. Bedrot (ed.)], Athenaei Dipnosophistarum libn· XV (Basel, 1535) P. Brandt (ed.), Parodorum Epicorum Graecorum et Archestrati Reliquiae (Leipzig, 1888) Athenaei Deipnosophistarum libri xv (Leiden, 1598) [1588] Cited from Athenaei Deipnosophistarum libri quindecim (Leiden, 1657) G. Dindorf (ed.),Athenaeus, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1827) C. B. Gulick (ed.), Athenaeus: The Deipnosophists, 7

XIV

ABBREVIATIONS

Kaibel Ll.-J./P.

Meineke Montanari

Musurus Peppink Ribbeck

Schweighauser

Wilkins and Hill

AND

BIBLIOGRAPHY

vols. (Loeb Classical Library 204, 208, 224, 235, 274, 327, 345: Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1951) G. Kaibel (ed.), Athenaeus: Dipnosophistae, 3 vols. (Stuttgart, 1887-1)0) H. Lloyd-Jones and P. Parsons (eds.), Supplementum Hellenisticum (Berlin and New York, 1983) A. Meineke (ed.), Athenaei Deipnosophistae, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1858-1)) 0. Montanari (ed.), Archestrato di Gela, vol. i, Testimonianze e frammenti (Studi de filologia greca 1: Bologna, 1983) M. Musurus (ed.), J487111a{ov.101r11oaoq,iaTa{ (Venice, 1514) [= Aldine] S. P. Peppink (ed.), Observationes in Athenaei Deipnosophistas, 3 vols. (Leiden, 193½) W. Ribbeck (ed.), Archestrati Syracusii sive Gelensis Quae Feruntur apud Athenaium Reliquiae (Gymnasii Berolinensis Ascanii Actorum Prooemium: Berlin, 1877) I. Schweighauser (ed.), Athenaei Naucratitis Deipnosophistarum Libri Quindecim, 14 vols. (Argentorati, 1801-7) J. Wilkins and S. Hill (eds.), The Life of Luxury (Totnes, 1994)

Other works cited by author's name and/or abbreviated including standard commentaries on major authors): Allen Arnott

ATL

Bliimner

title only (not

W. S. Allen, Vox Graeca 3 (Cambridge, 1987) W. G. Arnott (ed.), Alexis: The Fragments (Cambridge, 1996) B. D. Meritt, H. T. Wade-Gery, and M. F. McGregor, The Athenian Tribute Lists (Cambridge, Mass., 1939-53) H. Bliimner, Technologie und Terminologie der

Gewerbe und Kunste bei Griechen und Romern 2 , (Leipzig and Berlin, 1912: reprint, Hildesheim, Buck Bundy, SP Burkert

1969) C. D. Buck, The Greek Dialects' (Chicago, 1955) E. L. Bundy, Studia Pindarica (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1986), = CPCP 18. 1, 2 (1962) W. Burkert, Greek Religion (Cambridge, Mass., 1985)

ABBREVIATIONS

CEG Chantraine, DE Chantraine, GH Chadwick Corrieri Curtis Dalby

A. Davidson

J. N. Davidson Denniston

AND

BIBLIOGRAPHY

xv

P.A. Hansen (ed.), Carmina Epigraphica Graeca, 2 vols. (Berlin and New York, 1983, 1989) P. Chantraine, Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue grecque (Paris, 1968-80) --Grammaire homerique (Paris, 1958-63) J. Chadwick, Lexicographica Graeca (Oxford, 1996) A. M. Corrieri, 'Note ad Archestrato', MCr 13-14 (1978-g) 272-87 R. I. Curtis, Gorum and Salsamenta (Leiden, 1991) A. Dalby, Siren Feasts: A history of food and gastronomy in Greece (London and New York, 1996) A. Davidson, Mediterranean Seafood' (Baton Rouge, 1981) J. N. Davidson, Courtesans & Fishcakes: The Consuming Passions of Classical Athens (London, 1997) J. D. Denniston, The Greek Particles' (Oxford, 1954)

Degani

E. Degani, 'Note ai parodi greci', Sileno 1 (1975) 157-74

Degani (1983) Dover, G&G Dover, GPM

FGE FGrH FHG Food Frisk Giangrande Goody

GPh Hammond

--(ed.), Poesia parodica greca (Bologna, 1983) K. J. Dover, Greek and the Greeks (Oxford, 1987) -Greek Popular Morality in the Time of Plato and Aristotle (Oxford, 1974) D. L. Page (ed.), Further Greek Epigrams (Cambridge, 1981) F. Jacoby (ed.), Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (Berlin and Leipzig, 1923-58) C. Muller and T. H. Muller (eds.), Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum (Paris, 1841-70) J. Wilkins, D. Harvey, and M. Dobson (eds.), Food in Antiquity (Exeter, 1995) H. Frisk, Griechisches etymologisches Worterbuch, 3 vols. (Heidelberg, 1960-72) G. Giangrande, 'Interpretazioni di testi poetici ellenistici', Siculorum Gymnasium 42 (1989) 3-39 J. Goody, Cooking, Cuisine and Class: A Study in Comparative Sociology (Cambridge, 1982) A. S. F. Gow and D. L. Page (eds.), The Garland of Philip (Cambridge, 1968) N. G. L. Hammond, A History of Macedonia, vol. i, Historical Geography and Prehistory (Oxford, 1972)

XVI

ABBREVIATIONS

Hammond and Griffith HCT

Head HE Hornblower Hunter

IEG• JG Isaac

Keller K-B

K-G

Kl.P. Lehrs

LfgrE LGPN

LIMC Lindsay LSJ

Lythgoe

AND

BIBLIOGRAPHY

--and G. T. Griffith, A History of Macedonia, vol. ii, 550-336 B.C. (Oxford, 1979) A. W. Gomme, A. Andrewes, and K. J. Dover, A Historical Commentary on Thucydides, 5 vols. (Oxford, 1945-81) B. V. Head, Historia Numorum (Oxford, 1911) A. F. S. Gow and D. L. Page (eds.), The Greek Anthology: Hellenistic Epigrams (Cambridge, 1965) S. Hornblower, Mausolus (Oxford, 1982) R. L. Hunter (ed.), Eubulus: The Fragments (Cambridge, 1983) M. L. West (ed.), Iambi et Elegi Graeci, 2nd edn. (Oxford, 1989-92) lnscriptiones Graecae B. Isaac, The Greek Settlements in Thrace until the Macedonian Conquest (Studies of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society, vol. x: Leiden, 1986) 0. Keller, Die antike Tierwelt, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1909) R. Kuhner, Ausfuhrliche Grammatik der griechischen Sprache3, i Elementar- und Formenlehre, rev. F. Blass (Hannover, 1890-2) --Ausfuhrliche Grammatik der griechischen Sprache3, ii Satzlehre, rev. B. Gerth (Hannover, 1898-1904) Der Kleine Pauly: Lexikon der Antike, 5 vols. (Munich, 1979) K. Lehrs, Quaestiones epicae (Regimontii Prussorum, 1837) B. Snell et al. (eds.), Lexikon des fruhgriechischen Epos (Gottingen, 1955- ) P. M. Fraser and E. Matthews (eds., vol. i and iii. A), and M. J. Osborne and S. G. Byrne (eds., vol. ii), A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1987, 1994, 1997) Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (Zurich and Munich, 1981- ) W. M. Lindsay, Early Latin Verse (Oxford, 1922; reprint 1968) H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th edn., rev. H. S. Jones and R. McKenzie (with Supplement, Oxford, 1996) J. and G. Lythgoe, Fishes of the Sea (London, 1971)

ABBREVIATIONS

Lorenzoni

AND

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Lorenzoni, 'Note ad Archestrato',

XVll

MCr 13-14

(1978-g) 28g-306

M-L

Maas, GM Matthews Mayser, GGP Molinos Tejada Moritz, Grain-Mills O'Neill

R. Meiggs and D. Lewis (eds.), A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century B.C. 2 (Oxford, 1988) P. Maas, Greek Metre, trans. H. Lloyd-Jones (Oxford, 1962) V. J. Matthews (ed.), Antimachus of Colophon (Mnemosyne Supplement 155: Leiden, 1996) E. Mayser, Grammatik der griechischen Papyrus aus der Ptolemiierzeit (Berlin and Leipzig, 1906-34) T. Molinos Tejada, Los dorismos de/ Corpus Bucolicorum (Amsterdam, 1990) L. A. Moritz, Grain-Mills and Flour in Classical Antiquity (Oxford, 1958) E. G. O'Neill, Jr., 'The Localization of Metrical Word-Types in the Greek Hexameter', YCS 8 (1942) 105-78

PA PCG Peek, GVI

J. Kirchner, Prosopographica Attica (Berlin, 1901-3) R. Kassel and C. F. Austin (eds.), Poetae Comici Graeci (Berlin and New York, 1983- ) W. Peek (ed.), Griechische Vers-Inschriften (Berlin, 1955)

Pfeiffer

PMGF RE

Ruijgh Rutherford

R. Pfeiffer, A History of Classical Scholarship from the Beginnings to the End of the Hellenistic Age (Oxford, 1968) M. Davies (ed.), Poetarum Melicorum Graecorum Fragmenta, i (Oxford, 1991) Real-Encyclopiidie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (Stuttgart 1894-1970; Munich, 1972- ) C. J. Ruijgh, Autour den epique (Amsterdam, 1971) W. G. Rutherford, The New Phrynichus (London, 1881)

Sallares Schwyzer

SEG SH Skutsch Snell, Ausdriicke

R. Sallares, The Ecology of the Ancient Greek World (Ithaca, NY, 1991) E. Schwyzer, Griechische Grammatik, rev. A. Debrunner (Munich, 1938-50) Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum [= Ll.-J./P.] 0. Skutsch, Studia Enniana (London, 1968) B. Snell, Die Ausdriicke fur den Begriff des Wissens in der vorplatonischen Philosophie (Philologische Untersuchungen 29: Berlin, 1924)

XVlll

ABBREVIATIONS

Sparkes Stevens

Syl/.3 Thompson Threatte

TrGF Wackernagel, Wallace

West, GM

KS

AND

BIBLIOGRAPHY

B. Sparkes, 'The Greek Kitchen', JHS 82 (1962) 121-37 P. T. Stevens, Colloquial Expressions in Euripides (Hermes Einzelschriften 38: Wiesbaden, 1976) W. Dittenberger, Sy/loge Inscriptionum Graecarum, 3rd edn. (Leipzig, 1915-24) D. W. Thompson, Glossary of Greek Fishes (London, 1957) L. Threatte, The Grammar of Attic Inscriptions, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1980, 1996) B. Snell et al. (eds.), Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (Gottingen, 1971- ) J. Wackernagel, Kleine Schriften (Gottingen, 1955) W. P. Wallace, The Euboian League and Its Coinage (Numismatic Notes and Monographs 134: New York, 1956) M. L. West, Greek Metre (Oxford and New York, 1982)

INTRODUCTION In the late 4th and 3rd c. BCE, the Hedupatheia of Archestratos of Gela seems to have been widely known and much admired, at least among a certain class of readers. The humourist Lynkeus of Samos refers with approbation to the poem several times in the preserved fragments of his essays and at one point imagines a friend quoting lines from it in an attempt to drive down the fishmongers' prices in the marketplace, while the philosophers Klearchos and Chrysippos imply that in their day-and much to their regret-it was memorized and cited at fashionable dinnerparties as a source of expert information on seafood in particular. Callimachus appears to have included the Hedupatheia in his Pinakes, which is to say that a copy of it must have been in the Library at Alexandria in the first half of the 3rd c., and the early Roman poet Ennius produced an adapted version in Latin, through which Archestratos' work survived to influence indirectly the work of Horace, Vergil, and perhaps Lucretius. After the time of Ennius, however, the Hedupatheia seems to have fallen into obscurity and might easily have been lost to us entirely. There are no papyri; neither Hesychios nor the Suda makes any mention of Archestratos, although the latter does contain a single gloss of an unusual word from his poem and a garbled discussion of its title; 1 Photios appears not to have read him; the grammarians never cite his work; and although Justin Martyr mentions his name in an unfavourable context, he offers no precise indication of the subject of his poetry. Indeed, the Hedupatheia, like so many other works of ancient literature, would have vanished completely were it not for Athenaios of Naukratis, whose Deipnosophists contains some sixty fragments of the poem, totalling approximately 334 lines, as well as the fragments of Lynkeus, Klearchos, Chrysippos, and Callimachus referred to above. 2 Athenaios cites the Hedupatheia ' Sa 1057(citingd,\a{ovoxavvo,
..>..o, 'Oi/,01Todq.. .. [seq. frr. 1 et

w,

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Archestratos of Syracuse or Gela, in the work whose title is according to Chrysippos [Treatise XXVIII fr. 6, SVF p. 199] the Gastronomy; but according to Lynkeus and Callimachus [Call. fr. 436] the Life of Pleasure; and according to Klearchos [fr. 79a

TESTIMONIUM

4

2

Wehrli] the Science of Dining; and according to others the Art of Cookery ... [frr. 1 and 4 follow]. Cf. S a 731 (~ x 132) = Klearchos fr. 79b Wehrli. Athenaios: ... Klearchos of Soli calls the poem the Science of Dining; others the Science of Cooking; Chrysippos the Gastronomy; others the Life of Pleasure.

For the question of the title, see also test. 7; Introduction, § 1. For Archestr.'s hometown, cf. Ath. 7. 314f [at test. 4]; Introduction,§ I. Chrysippos' dates are c.280-207 BCE; for his attitude toward Archestr., cf. test. 5. Lynkeus' fioruit is c.300 BCE; for his knowledge and use of Archestr.'s poem, cf. Introduction,§ 1v; frr. 11. 5 n.; 22 initial n.; 36. 1, 45, and 53 (all ap. Ath. 7. 313f-14a). Klearchos dates to the late 4th c. BCE; for his attitude toward Archestr., cf. test. 3, 4. Callimachus' fioruit is the first half of the 3rd c. BCE; for the entry in the Pinakes referred to here, cf. fr. 1 initial n. The entry in the Suda is garbled and incomplete, and contains no specific mention of Archestr.

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Klearchos in his On Proverbs says that a teacher of Archestratos was Terpsion, who was the first person to write a Gastrology and give his pupils instructions as to which things they ought to avoid. Terpsion also improvised the following verse about the tortoise: 'Either it's meet to eat tortoise-meat or it's not meet.' Others have it thus: 'Either one should eat tortoise-meat or one shouldn't.' For Terpsion and his Gastrology, and its alleged connections with Archestr.'s poem, see Introduction, § 111. For Klearchos' attitude toward Archestr., cf. test. 4, and note fr. 6 1.

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TESTIMONIUM

5

I admire Chrysippos, the leader of the Stoa, for many reasons, my friends, but I particularly praise him for always putting Archestratos, who is well-known for his Science of Cooking, on the same level as Philainis ... [a discussion of Philainis follows]. At any rate, the admirable Chrysippos says in the fifth book of his On the Good and Pleasure: 'and the books of Philainis, and the Gastronomy of Archestratos, and other forces encouraging eating and sex, and also slave-girls who are experienced in movements and positions of this sort and are involved in practising them'. And again: 'That they learn things like these by heart and acquire what has been written about them by Philainis and Archestratos and other, similar authors'. And in the seventh book he says: 'Just as one cannot memorize the works of Philainis and the Gastronomy of Archestratos on the ground that they are going to contribute to living a better life'. But you, by making frequent mention of this Archestratos, have filled our drinking-party with licentiousness. For what of all the things capable of ruining a person has been left out by this noble epic poet, the only person ever to aspire to the life-style of Sardanapallos son of Anakyndaraxes, a man Aristotle says was even more foolish than his father's name would lead one to expect. Chrysippos says that the following was inscribed on his tomb [= Choerilus Iasius? SH 335]: Keep in mind that you are mortal and enjoy yourself by having a pleasant time at feasts; for nothing is any good once you are dead. For I am dust, although I was king of great Ninevah. What is mine is what I ate, and the wild behaviour I indulged in, and the pleasure I took in bed, whereas all my rich possessions have perished. This is wise advice for living, and I will never forget it; let anyone who wishes acquire endless amounts of gold. For the question of the reception of Archestr.'s poem and its alleged connections to Epicureanism, see also fr. 60. 1 2-1 3 n.; test. 6, 9; Introduction, § IV. For the erotic author Philainis and subsequent writers' association of her with Archestr., cf. test. 4, 9; Introduction, § IV. For Sardanapallos (the Greek name for the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal), cf. fr. 62; Dunbar on Ar. Av. 1021.

6

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14

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I

preserved sections of the poem) with bucolic diaeresis. title of the poem, cf. test. 2, 7; Introduction, § I.

For the

taTop&f1s: tarop{a (first in Hdt.) is both 'inquiry, research' (e.g. Pl. Phd. 96a; Arist. PA 674b16) and (as here) the results of such research. There is no necessary implication that the author himself has seen all the things he describes (esp. Hdt. ii. 29. 1 [aKo?/ iaroplwv, 'carrying out research by asking questions', contrasted with avro1TTTJ,eA0wv, 'going as an eyewitness']; S. OT 1484), although his careful, independent evaluation of the information furnished him by others is central to the concept; cf. Snell, Ausdriicke pp. 59-71. In Homer, an iarwp is a judge or arbiter of some sort (Il. 18. 501; 23. 486), and the word is usually derived from *ei8w, oloa ('know'; thus Chantraine, DE s.v. oloa; cf. Hes. Op. 792; h.Hom. 32. 2; Bacch. 9. 43-4; S. El. 850; pace EA Il. 18. 501c, there can be no question of any connection with iar71µ, ['set, stand']). Floyd, Ciotta 68 ( 1990) 157-66, on the other hand, cites a number of linguistic peculiarities and suggests that the word is actually ( i{uv ('sit'), although folk-etymologizing early on connected it with forms of oloa. e1r,6ELY1-La: Properly a 'display', although the word (like other derivatives of em8e{Kvvµ, ['show']) sometimes has connotations of 'showing off' (e.g. [Pl.] Hipparch. 228d; Hp. de Arte 6. 2. 2-3 [above], 26. 9; Luc. Hipp. 2). Almost entirely prosaic vocabulary (in poetry at CEG 858; adesp. FGE 1610), found first in Attic (e.g. X. Smp. vi. 6; Mem. iv. 4. 12; Pl. Hp.Mi. 368c; D. 20. 142). We retain the MSS' 1roLou1,1EVos despite 1Totevp,evovat fr. 5. 15 and the dialectal implications of the possible echo of Herodotus. The short first syllable reflects a treatment of prevocalic o,-(and m-) found already in early epic (e.g. ofo, Il. 13. 275) and due to the consonantalization of intervocalic ,; cf. Fraenkel on A. Ag. 1256f.; West, GM pp. 11-12. The first syllable of 1Totiwdoes not experience this correption in Homer and Hesiod but it is often short in Attic drama. 'EX>..a.6L 1ra.an:i.e. 'E>.A71a, 1Taa, ('to all Greeks'); a reference not to mainland Greece but to all the 'Greek' communities scattered widely about the ancient Mediterranean and bound together by ties of language, religion, and (at least allegedly) common descent (Hdt. viii. 144. 2; F. W. Walbank, Phoenix 5 [1951] 41-60 = Selected Papers [Cambridge, 1985] 1-19); cf. Introduction,§ 11. '.E)..>.a, appears to have

FRAGMENT

15

I

been originally the name of a region in central Greece, the "E>.>.r,ve,; its inhabitants (esp. H. II. 2. 683-4 [of Achilleus' troops] oi T' etxov .>.aSa Ka>.>.,yvvaiKa, I Mvpµ.,Sove.>.r,ve,;or llavl>.>.r,ve,; for the Greeks generally (fr. 130; cf. Archil. fr. 102) and mentioned an eponymous "E>.>.r,vfrom whose sons the three main Greek ethnic and linguistic subgroups were supposedly descended (fr. 9. 1; cf. fr. 11. 2 n.; Th. i. 3. 2-3). For the question of the actual audience of the poem, cf. Introduction, § IV. For the clausula E>.>.aS, 1raan, cf. CEG 468. ii. 1 (4th c.?); A.R. 3. 391 with Campbell ad loc.; Archimelus SH 202. 15 = FGE 97; a plausible supplement at adesp. SH 904. 13.

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rrpo.wp{SasKoyxas in a list of second-tier local specialties, suggesting a connection with Cape Pelorias (cf. fr. 41. 3 n.). Cf. Thompson pp. 194-5; A. Davidson pp. 204-7. Kav 'Ecl>ea«t>: Cf. fr. 13. 1 n. ouT& 11'0V1Jpa.s: Litotes (K-G ii. 180 A. 3). 'ITOVTJp6, (applied to food or wine at e.g. Pl. Com. fr. 28. 3; Eup. fr. 365; Philem. fr. 113. 4; Apollod. Car. fr. 30. 2) is simply 'bad' vel sim. (cf. D. 19. 68-9 [~ KaK6,]). For the accent, cf. Hdn. i. 197. 19-21; Dover on Ar. Ra. 852; Arnott, Alexis p. 558 n. 2. 6--71'TJ8Ea: The T'Tf0eovor T'Tf0vov(in a catalogue of shellfish and the like at Epich. fr. 42. 2 Kaibel) is the sea-squirt (a simple

FRAGMENT

7

43

Ascidian), included by Arist. HA 527b35-8 3 20; PA 680 8 4-5 among the oaTpaK60£pµ.a(testacea). H. ll. 16. 746-8 refers to getting them by diving, and Xenocr. xxix (cf. Plin. Nat. 32. 93, 117) offers recipes for preparing them and notes that they are particularly good at Smyrna. Cf. Arist. HA 531 8 8-30; PA 681 3 25-34; Thompson pp. 261-2. KaJ,x116wv: Cf. fr. 14. I n. Tous ic11puicus... / Tous TE8u~uaaoyEVEis: The K-qpv( (in catalogues of food at Epich. fr. 42. 5 Kaibel; Anaxandr. fr. 42. 60; Anaxil. fr. 18. 4; Alex. frr. 175. 2 [a male aphrodisiac]; 281. 2 [as at fr. 175. 2]; cf. Ar. fr. 531; Archipp. fr. 25) is included by Arist. HA 599 8 10-12 among the oaTpaK60£pµ.a (testacea; cf. above) and serves as a general term for large, whelklike spiral univalve shellfish. Xenocr. xxi (cf. xxxi) offers suggestions for preparing it. Cf. Thompson pp. 113-14. The adjective 0aAaaaoEfl'lTpl\j,ui / y£v71,occurs elsewhere only at Euph. SH 442. 9. oZEus:Cf. Ar. Ee. 776 oZ£v, al y' EmTp{i/J£t€V('May Zeus destroy you!'); Pl. 1 IA' '•T' ' r1px£a-rpa-roc; £v TTJ~ aa-rpovoµ,,g.·

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(Ka,)OpvrrE1TELEXOJ-1,EVOV av-ro ayyEfov otvf3a,f,ov ['oxygaron is to be pronounced with an upsilon, and the vessel that holds it is properly called an oxybaphon']). Ta.is . . . 1ra.po+£aLv: Stadtmiiller' s 1TtKpflaifor the paradosis 1ra.anaLis based on Eub. fr. 6. 3-5 [initial n.]; cf. Arched. fr. 2. I ... i>p,µ,v-r71-rES ['the pungent tastes of 6-7 ai 'TE 'TWV1Tapoif,{i3wv side-dishes']; Poll. vi. 67), but is unnecessary. oif,ovwas properly something eaten in addition to the main dish (under ordinary circumstances bread or the like) and intended to add a bit of interest to it (esp. Pl. R. 372c), although the term was used in particular of fish (Plu. Mor. 667f-8a; cf. frr. 20. 2; 39. 3; 46. 4 n., 10; 57. 9; Alex. fr. 47. 6; Macho 28 with Gow ad loc.). Cf. Introduction, § v; Ath. 7. 277a; Kalitsunakis, in Festschrift fiir Paul Kretschmer (Vienna, Leipzig, and New York, 1926) 96106; Davidson, in Food pp. 204-7. A 1rapoif,{sis accordingly a secondary oif,ovor additional (and normally smaller) side-dish

9

FRAGMENT

(e.g. Ar. fr. 191; Pl. Com. fr. 190; Antiph. fr. 225. 3-4; Alex. fr. 89. 2 with Arnott ad loc.), which could be served as an appetizer, as here.

Fragment 10 (8 Brandt, SH 139), ap. Ath. 7. 2g8e-c)a £YXEAVO, 8' ltpxe8Eiao: For the aor. pass. of Aaµ,{36.vw with the same specific sense, cf. fr. 11. 4 with n. 8o"a.aaris: Frequently* in Homer (e.g. JI. 1. 34, 437, 496; Od. 1. 50, 52; 2. 260), Hesiod (e.g. Th. 413, 728; Op. 164, 388), and the Hymns (e.g. h.Cer. 14; h.Ap. 24). 3-4 iv8o: i.e. 'P7Jyfov av-rmipa, (cf. v. 2). Frequently * in Homer (e.g. II. 1. 594,610; 2. 155; Od. 2. 104,395; 3. 109), Hesiod (e.g. Th. 63, 301; Op. 654), and the Hymns (e.g. h.Cer. 197; h.Ap. 12). 7TAeoveK-riwnormally takes a dative or prepositional phrase defining the thing in which the subject has the advantage over others, and n8Els is therefore simply a circumstantial participle, so that TWV ci""v ... ,r"EOVEKTEis must be equivalent not to 'you eat more eel than all other men' but to 'you are more blessed than all other men, in that you are eating eel'. For the ' • • wtt'h n.; frr. 25. 4 • ; 59. 13• . sedes o f 7Tav-rwv, c.f v. 1 7Taaav MEa\> >I\ ET£v0,s Kat a>.71ptK~ KOP71 I " (J I\ '{"' I > \ \ • -rov oo;,, £1101T £'1 £ µ,a11,a-ra ,(..,vpaKovaa,, £v, K11Hva,,, I '(l.-1'.. OVTO,yap ' av.. £'17'V , ••D TOV Y£ KpanaT£VOV £K£W£V \ > \ < )8' .o-rr' Musurus: l>.o-rra A: l>.>.o-rr' E: l>.>.o-rraC l:vpaKovun, C K>.tva,, A 2 T6v YE KpaTlUTEvovO'om. CE KpaTlUTEvovlJ' Musurus: KpanUTEVOVTaA aJ om. CE 3 yEyovws, wulJ' ~VLK' iiv ~ Ribbeck: yEyovwulJ' r,v KaV T/ A: yEyovws· Kav ~ CE: yEyovws, Kav (in}..::l,a)~ Casaubon 4 )fo{r,v Wachsmuth: ii>.>.r,vACE

ELOPS. Some remarks have been made concerning this fish previously. But Archestratos as well has the following to say about it:

As for the elops, eat it especially in famous Syracuse, where it is at its best. For this fish is from there originally, and thus, whenever it is caught around the islands or somewhere around Asia Minor or around Crete, it arrives there thin and tough and wave-beaten.

s

1 Tov 6' i~o,r(u):

l,\,\01r£, and f.AAo{ are obscure epithets of fish (explained as < iAA£afJa, ['be barred'] + oiµ ['voice'], i.e. 'mute',

at Ath. 7. 308b-c ~ Plu. Mor. 728e; cf. Hsch. £ 2168) at Hes. Sc. 212; Titan. fr. 4. 1 Bernabe; S. Ai. 1297, and l,\,\oiµ or l,\oiµ alone eventually comes to mean 'fish' in a generic sense (Nie. Al. 481; Lye. 598, 1375; Opp. H. 2. 658; 3. 55, 89; [Opp.] C. 4. 143, 225). Here (as at Epich. fr. 71. 1 Kaibel -rov -r£ 1r0Av-r{µ,a-rovl,\ocf,' ['and the much-honoured elops']; Arist. HA 505 3 14-16, 506h15-17; Matro SH 534. 69; Ael. NA 8. 28), on the other

62

FRAGMENT

12

hand, a particular species of fish is clearly in question, although or [Ampwas (perhaps the sturgeon; cf. vv. precisely what an l>J..mf, 2-3 n.; fr. 40. 3 n.; Plin. Nat. 9. 60; Apion ap. Ath. 7. 294f; Lythgoe pp. 47-8; A. Davidson pp. 37-40) was debated already in antiquity (Dorion ap. Ath. 7. 282c-d, e). Cf. Enn. SH 193. 6 [Appendix]; Thompson pp. 62-3; Carney, Phoenix 21 (1967) Ea8E: Archestr. uses both la0w (distinctly poetic 202-20. vocabulary; also at frr. 38. 6; 50. 1; 60. 12) and Ja(Hw (frr. 42. 2; Iupa.icouaa.,s 57. 6), depending on metrical circumstance. EV& icAEwa.is:Syracuse was founded by Korinth sometime around 734 BCE (Th. vi. 3. 2; Str. 6. 269). In 405, the city fell into the power of the political strong-man Dionysios I (reigned 405-367; cf. B. Caven, Dionysios I: War-Lord of Sicily [New Haven and London, 1990 ]), who eventually gained control of most of Sicily and portions of the Italian peninsula as well, and after his death the city briefly passed to his son Dionysios II (reigned 367-357 BCE). Archestr. also refers to Syracuse or Syracusans in frr. 22. 3; 46. 11; 60. 10, and Syracusan octopus is mentioned at Macho 66-7. Ancient scholars debated whether prepositions placed between noun and adjective experienced anastrophe (discussion in Lehrs pp. 79-86; K-B i. 334; H. W. Chandler, A Practical Introduction to Greek Accentuation 2 [Oxford, 1881] 256-61; B. Laum, Das alexandrinische Akzentuationssystem [Paderborn, 1928] 181-4), and there is no way to know whether Archestr. cf. frr. 5. 15-16 n.; 46. 4 conceived of Jv, or lvL. For KA£Lva,s-, KAtwfi*; Pi. 0. 6. 6 et N. 1. 2 KAELvavEvpaKoaaav ('famous Syracuse'); here perhaps an oblique reference to the local cuisine (for which, cf. Introduction, § v). 2-3 icpa.nOTEuov8': The verb occurs first in poetry (Pi. fr. 180. 3; EOT&V ... S. Tr. 102) but is thereafter generally prosaic. yr,ovws: 'it was born there originally' and thus has not been exposed to the hardships of the open sea (cf. v. 5 n.). Janv ... yeyovws- is a periphrastic equivalent of the perfect yeyove; cf. fr. 35. 11; K-B ii. 99 A. 9. ycip a.~: Once in early epic at H. Od. 20. 88. EicEi8EV is the Attic form of the Homeric Ke,0ev (never *) and recurs in a very similar context at fr. 35. 11•. Although sturgeons (cf. v. 1 n.) travel up rivers from the sea in the spring and fall each year, there is no good reason to think that the lAo.f, was actually a migratory fish originating in Syracuse, and Archestr.'s claim probably reflects nothing more than Sicilian

FRAGMENT

12

chauvinism (cf. fr. 10. 1-2 n.), particularly since Varro, RR 2. 6. 2 reports that the fish he calls the he/opswas excellent in Rhodes. (wa)e'11v(£}ic(u) is Ribbeck's palmary correction of the paradosis, the first set of missing letters presumably having been lost via haplography after y£yovws. ~v,Ka occurs in early epic only at H. Od. 22. 198; h.Ap. 308 (both with an indicative), but is common in Attic. Cf. frr. 14. 5; 37. 1 (both with av). Note the repetition of 'I fl'EPLin v. 4. VT)aouc;:i.e. in the Aegean Sea. • at h.Ap. 21, 251 = 291. 4 1'aLT)V ••• yitv: i.e. in the waters along the eastern coast of the Aegean. l4u{7Jv is Wachsmuth's emendation of the MSS' patently incorrect aAATJV('other'). In Homer, .itcnos seems to be used as an adjective once in reference to a meadow in Lydia (II. 2. 461 with Kirk ad loc.), although most ancient critics understood the word as a proper name there (_EbT ad loc.).Thereafter l4u{TJ refers more broadly to the entire continent of Asia, occasionally with the addition of yij (e.g. S. OC 694). Cf. B. L. Gildersleeve, Syntax of Classical Greek ii (New York, Cincinnati, and Chicago, 1891; reprint Groningen, 1980) §§ 549-50. Kf)TITT)V: Krete, the largest Greek island (cf. Ephipp. fr. 5. 3-4), is described by Homer's Odysseus as containing 90 cities and a rich mix of ethnic and linguistic groups (Od. 19. 173-7); by the archaic period, Dorian Greeks appear to have dominated there. The history of the individual Kretan cities in the classical period is complicated and obscure, but Kretan mercenaries were wellknown and highly regarded (e.g. D.S. 17. 57. 4; 20. 85. 3). Cf. E. Kirsten, Das dorische Kreta (1942; reprint Chicago, 1986); H. van Effenterre, La Crete et le monde grec (Paris, 1948); A. Chaniotis, Die Vertraege zwischen kretischen Poleis in der hellenistischen Zeit (Stuttgart, 1996). 5 For the idea that fish exposed to harsh seas make less satisfactory food, cf. frr.35.11-13; 36.11-16; Hp. Viet. 6. 548. 13-15 oi SE11AavijTai Kai Kvµ.aT011Aijy£s T£0pvµ.µ.lvoi nji 116vcp CJT£p£wTEPTJV Kai {Ja0vTEPTJVT~V uapKa lxovCJtv ('those which travel from place to place and are battered by the waves, being worn out by their troubles, have flesh that is more hard and thick'); Mnesith. ap. ' 0£ ~' TOLS • aiyta/\OLS ' \ • TOLS • K£Lf1,£VOLS , ' Ta' 1T£/\ay7J \ , Kat' Ath . 8 . 3 58 a- b £V 11pos ,, ava1T£1TTaµ.£VOLS , ' \ ' Kai ' Kvµ.aTO1T/\T}Y£S \• ' £LCJLV ' /\Lav CJKATJPOL Kai '\ /\£1TTOL OL \

11A£{ovs ('on

coasts that face the sea and are particularly exposed the majority of the fish are hard-fleshed and thin and wave-

.

FRAGMENT

I 2

beaten'); Mart. 13. 84. "ETrTos:'thin' as opposed to 1r{wv ('fat'), an adjective Archestr. uses repeatedly to describe the best quality fish (frr. 13. 1; 19. 2; 20. 3; 22. 3; 31. 1; 37. 7 [below]; 46. are fre4; cf. frr. 46. 6; 50. 3); cf. fr. 37. 8 n. Forms of AE1r-rosquently • in Homer (e.g. II. 23. 854; Od. 2. 95; 5. 231; 7. 97). crTEpEos: 'tough', an undesirable quality in a fish; cf. frr. 32. 2; 37. 6; 40. 2 a-rEpEijs-•. Contrast Archestr.'s description of a fish that is aya06s- at fr. 37. 7 as µ.aAaKOVTE

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habent ACE 1 Kai) .-ov Schneider aKapov] a1rapov Brandt KaAX"/Mv, Schweighauser: Kapx.,.,86v, A: XaA,c.,.,8ov,(K px') CE 2 .uvus E~: Cf. fr. 13. 3 n. The idea appears to be that Kalchedonian parrotfish is so good that it needs no special treatment, whereas parrotfish from Byzantion must be seasoned both before and after cooking; cf. fr. 37. 3 n. Cf. Introduction, § v. XPT)aTov:First at Xenoph. fr. B 1. 23 West 2 • When used of food, the adjective most often means 'of good quality' (e.g. Ar. Pax 563; Antiph. frr. 126. 4; 238. 1; Alex. fr. 15. 8), as here and at fr. 46. 12, although elsewhere it occasionally has the specific sense 'wholesome, healthful' (e.g. Pl. Prt. 313d). ButuvTi«t>:Cf. frr. 38. 2 Bv{a.vnov•; 41. 1 Bv{a.vnov•. The site of Byzantion was a naturally strong one (cf. v. 1 n.), and the city prospered in large part by controlling the Black Sea grain-trade. The Spartans gained control of it in 405 BCE after Aigospotamoi (X. HG ii. 2. 1-2), but after the Battle of Knidos Byzantion first joined the short-lived league of independent East Aegean states to which Rhodes and a number of other Eastern Mediterranean cities mentioned by Archestr. belonged (cf. fr. 11. 4 n.), and then reverted to an alliance with Athens in 390 (X. HG iv. 8. 26-7) and eventually became a charter member of the Second Athenian League (JG 112 43. A. 83). Cf. Isaac pp. 215-37. Byzantion is mentioned six times in the fragments of Archestr. (also in frr. 35. 5; 36. 11; 38. 2; 39. 8; 41. 1), doubtless because the place was extraordinarily rich in fish (cf. 'Simon.' FGE 833; Nicostr. Com. fr. 5. 1 Bv{a.vnov (TE)T£µ,axos ('and a Byzantine slice of fish']; Diph. fr. 17. 14-15; Arist. Pol. 1291h22-3; Pih. 4. 38. 4; Str. 7. 320; Plin. Nat. 9. 5er1; Opp. H. 5. 51()-22), especially tuna (cf. frr. 35. 5; 38. 1-2 n.). Cf. Dumont, REA 78-g (1976-7) 96-119; Braund, in Food pp. 162-70. o+E,: Cf. frr. 35. 1•; 55. 2•. 3 An entirely dactylic line with bucolic diaeresis; cf. fr. 1 n. The

FRAGMENT

14

71

verse appears in the MSS in the form Kai µiye0o, KvKMa, iaov aa1rto, 1/WTacpopovvra, which is nonsense; we largely follow the text printed by Brandt (thus also Ll.-J./P.). The corruption of awµ,a to vwra (acc. pl.) presumably came first, leaving the adjective iaov without a noun, and Kevµ,eyl0T/may then have been deliberately altered to Kai µ,lye0o, in order to correct the apparent deficiency. KvKMa, for KvKAt-nappears to be a more pedestrian error and was probably written in place of the Atticizing KvKMai under the influence of, at the end of µ,lye0o,. ic(ai.>eu~EYE8'1: 'and of good size', although presumably not so large as those obtained in Kalchedon (cf. v. 1 n.). For evµ,eyi0TJ,of food, cf. frr. ICUIC"Ln iaov 15. 2; 26. 2; 37. 4 euµ,eyE0TJ*;Eub. fr. 109. 4-5. la6cia1ri6,: Cf. Philox. Leuc. PMG 836(b). 10 fJari, o' EVETJV KvKAo,('and on it was a perfectly round ray'). The Greek hoplite shield of the classical period was round and about a metre across. Macedonian troops, on the other hand, carried a shield which was only about 60 cm in diameter (Asel. Tact. 5. 1), not an impossible length for a parrotfish, although Archestr.'s primary interest is clearly not in strict ichthyological accuracy. Cf. A. M. Snodgrass, Arms and Armour of the Greeks (Ithaca, 1967) 53-5; Hanson, in V. D. Hanson (ed.), Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience (London and New York, 1991) 67-71. KVKM'[/ aa1rto, et sim. is a poetic trope (e.g. A. Th. 489 aa1rtoo, KVKAr. Ach. 1124 dmrtoo,KVKAov; Aov; E. El. 455 aa1rtoo, EllKVKA.a{cpalso occurs• at fr. 49. 1. Cheese (normally from sheep or goats rather than cows) is occasionally included in catalogues of seasonings (Antiph. fr. 140. 1; Anaxipp. fr. 1. 8) and is frequently applied, in combination with olive oil, herbs, and the like, to fish and other meat before roasting (frr. 32. 6; 37. 3; 46. 13; Ar. Av. 533-4, 1579-90; Philem. fr. 82. 4-6; cf. Cratin. fr. 136; Alex. fr. 138. 5-6; Plu. Mor. 995b--c) or stewing (frr. 49; 50. 2). A cheese-grater (-rvpoKV1JC1Ti,or Kv/J11>.i,)was accordingly a standard kitchen implement (e.g. Ar. V. 937--g; cf. fr. 49. 2). For cheese and cheesemaking, cf. Arist. HA 521h26-2a1; Kroll, RE x (1919) 1489-96; Gow on Theoc. 7. 16 (curdling); 5. 86 (draining of curds in cheese-baskets to create green cheese); 11. 37 (drying on wicker racks). 6 Kp£f3avovE~Ckpl,Lov: Cf. fr. 5. 17 n. The MSS have KA{{Javovat fr. 5. 17, but we have with some hesitation declined to regularize the spelling on the ground that Archestr. may have written Kp{{Javov here for the sake of the alliteration of Kp with Kpeµ.aaov (cf. below). 8Epµ.6vis • at frr. 34. 3; 37. 4. KPEl,L«aov: There seems to be no other reference to anything being 'hung' in a KAL/Javo,, and while it is not impossible that the food is to be suspended on a hook or rack of some sort, the choice of verb is probably motivated primarily by Archestr.'s interest in K-alliteration (cf. fr. 5. 4 n.) as well as by the fact that shields and other military equipment (like the parrotfish's shieldlike body [v. 3]) were at least conventionally 'hung up' over the fire when not in use (esp. Ar. Ach. 58 a1rovSa, 1roiijam KOLKpEµ.aam -ra, aa1r{Sa, ['to make a treaty for us and hang up our shields'], 279; cf. H. Od. 16. 288--go; Ar. Av. 434-6) and then, when needed, taken down and treated with oil (Ar. Ach. 1128--g), although admittedly not

FRAGMENT

14

73

with cheese. icaH El1rE1Ta: The use of et-ra (frr. 19. 3; 24. 3; 38. 3), l1rei-ra, Kq.-ra (fr. 22. 3), and Ka1rei-ra as purely temporal conjunctions is rare in prose and tragic narrative but characteristic of comedy, and thus probably colloquial; cf. K. J. Dover, Lysias and the Corpus Lysiacum (Berkeley, 1968) 84-5; G&JG pp. 28-- E"-ai~:The adjective y,\avK6s is applied to olive oil (cf. fr. 11. 8--, cf. frr. 1 1. 9*; 24. 9 l,\aiov*. 8 EKxupos: Cf. H. Il. 13. 598; Od. 2. 321 (both in a different sedes). The point is presumably that the oil is to be measured and thus poured out over the food by handfuls. A pedestrian detail, in striking juxtaposition with the more elevated language at the end of the verse, which makes the point that the stream of KaTaKpouv(twv: oil is both man-made and divinely produced. 'pouring down over', a rare verb otherwise restricted to prose and especially the medical writers (e.g. Gal. 10. 935. 2-3; Philum. Ven. 5. 3 [CMG 10. 1. 1]; Aet. 5. 118. 12 [CMG 8. 2)), for whom the noun KaTaKpovv,uµ,os ('douche') appears to be a technical term (e.g. Sor. Gyn. 3. 44. 5 [CMG 4]; Aet. 8. 57. 83 [CMG 8. 2)). 8Eo6qjJova: Elsewhere only at adesp. AP 7. 363. 4 and in Nonn. (* in the genitive at D. 9. 162; 18. 88; 27. 242). Although in other compounds of this sort (v£KpolUyµ,wv

14

FRAGMENT

75

[[A.] PV 153]; Kvµ,oSlyµ,wv [E. Hipp. I 173]; olKoSlyµ,wv [adesp. trag. fr. 594]; 1ro>i.v8lyµ,wv[Lye. 700]) -Slyµ,wv has an active force ('receiving'), Archestr. clearly means for the adjective to be taken passively in the sense 'received from a god'; presumably an allusion to the Athenian tradition according to which Athena responded to Poseidon's creation of a salt-spring on the Akropolis (n.b. a,\a{ ['salt'] in v. 7) by producing the first olive tree (Hdt. viii. 55; E. Ion 1433-4; Call. fr. 194. 66-7; Apollod. iii. 14. 1; cf. E. Tr. 801-2; [Arist.] Ath. 60. i-ii with Rhodes ad loc.; Paus. i. 26. 5). ffl'IY'IV: Here an ostentatiously poetic periphrasis, as also in fr. 24. 8 (if the text is sound). Cf. Antiph. (B.) olvov el1re fr. 55, esp. v. 12 ( A.) Bpoµ,,aSos 8' lSpwTa 1TTJ')l~s; avvTeµ,wv (A. 'The sweat of a Dionysiac source?' B. 'Cut down the words and say "wine'"); Moschio Trag. TrGF 97 F 6. 24-5.

Fragment 15 (14 Brandt, SH 145), ap. Ath. 7. 315f-16a )tpxloTpaTO, SI q,7101·

\ O~· ovov ., .N.V '" 8TJOWV, ~ , \ Kai\\,\aptTJV , Kal\EOva,v, \, TOV TOV EKTplcf,eievµ,ey£8TJ,aoµ,cf,~vSecf,opetnva aapKa, KaAAws ovx ~Seiav lµ,oiy', a>i.>i.o, 8' ( ) a,vova,v· xaipei yap O µ,ev TOVTOLS, 0 0 EKEWOtS. ,

....

,

\

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,

,

habent ACE 1-2 Tov S' ... / ... EU/J.EY,(JT/ om. CE I Jtv97JSwvCanter: avo.,,Swv A Ka»..ap{TJv Brandt: Ka>.>.ap{av A 2 £KTp,t/mBedrot: £KTp,r/>TJ A 8£,f,opEiLloydJones: SJ Tp"fm A: Tp"fm CE: S' 15.p'lxE• Ribbeck: SJ ,f,uE1Degani 3 KIJ.>.>.ws Korais: Ka>.wsACE: 15.>.>.ois Casaubon l,,_o,y' "alii" ap. Schweighiiuser: l,,_o,yE ACE 3-4 a>.>.' .lSa{vovaavA: a>.>.' olSa{vovaav CE: 15.>.>.o, S(, TE 1ro>.>.o,} / alvova,v anon. ap. Schweighiiuser: IJ.>.>.01 S(J ,,_a>.1aTa} I alvovaiv Heringa: 15.>.>.o, S(, ,,_,valvws) I alvovaiv Ribbeck: 15.,Uoi S(J MT/vv,v) I alvova1vStadtmiiller

And Archestratos

says:

As for the hake, which they call the 'kallaria', Anthedon raises a nice big one, but some of its flesh is spongy and in other respects as well it does not please me, although others ( ) praise it. For one person likes this sort of thing, another that. 1 Tov 6' ovov: 'the donkey',

i.e. 'the grey one'. A fish of the cod family (Merluciidae), perhaps the hake (Merluccius merluccius,

FRAGMENT

I

5

L.), although the question is complicated by the fact that Dorion ap. Ath. 7. 3 1sf identifies the ovos with the yac5osbut distinguishes it from the yaAAEp{a(i.e. the KQ).).Qp,TJ),for which he offers as alternative names ~aKxos, ov{CJKOS, and p.a[ELvos (cf. Euthydem. ap. Ath. 7. 315f; Hsch. y 81). Also in catalogues of food at Epich. fr. 67 Kaibel and Anaxandr. fr. 42. 51, and in a catalogue of sea-fish at Henioch. fr. 3. 3. Philotimos ap. Gal. 6. 720. 4-10 lists the ovos among fish that are a.1TaA6aapKoi('softfleshed'). Cf. Thompson pp. 24, 97, 181-3; Andrews, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 39 (1949) 6--7,8-g; A. Davidson pp. 5()-64, esp. 64. ~v&,,6wvis Canter's correction of A's avo71Swv;a majuscule error (8 read 0). Anthedon was a Boiotian port located opposite Euboia near the Euripos River (Theolyt. fr. 1. 1-2, p. 9 Powell .:4v871Swvvv ·rls lanv £1TL1TAEvpoio I avTfov Eu~o{71saxESov Eup{1TOLO poawv ['there is a cer8aAaC1C171S tain Anthedon at the side of the sea opposite Euboia near the streams of Euripos']) and thus on the border with Lokris, so that Homer gives it the epithet laxaTowaav ('extreme, farthest'; Il. 2. 508 with Kirk ad loc.); cf. Str. 9. 404-5; Paus. ix. 22. 5-7; St. Byz. p. 96. 11 Meineke. The population of the place was at least allegedly Thracian in origin (St. Byz. p. 96. 13-14 Meineke, citing Lye. 754), and inscriptional evidence shows that it was a member of the Third Boiotian League by the mid-3rd c. BCE at the latest (SIB 15. 8; 181. 4; 274. 8); its individual political history is otherwise obscure. Herakleides i. 23-4 Pfister reports that Anthedon was rich in fish (Evoif,os;cf. fr. 9. 2 n.) and says that its inhabitants lived almost entirely off the sea. Herakleides' additional claim that Anthedon was Evo,vos('rich in wine'), however, seems to represent a misunderstanding of the oracle quoted in Arist. fr. 596 ap. Ath. I. 31 b-c 1Ttv'olvov Tpvy{av, £1TEL ouK .:4v871S6vava{Eis ('drink wine full of lees, since you do not inhabit Anthedon'); cf. Plu. Mor. 295d-f. TOY• •• KQ).EouaLv: Cf. fr. 5. 12-13 n. The implied subject of the verb is presumably the Anthedonians. For relative Tov, cf. fr. 11. 2 n. 2 EKTpEct,EL: • in a parallel context at fr. 47. 2. EUJLEYE&rJ: Cf. frr. 14. 3 with n.; 26. 2•; 37. 4. +c,pEi is Lloyd-Jones' emendation of ACE's Tpe..wn'J J.LUpawa1..oul'EV1J: The murry or moray eel (Muraena spp., esp. M. helena, L.), sometimes called the aµvpawa and often confused with the lamprey (for which, cf. Thompson pp. 164-5; Lythgoe p. 11; A. Davidson pp. 24-5); according to Varro ap. Macrob. Sat. 3. 15. 8, it was called rrAwT~ ('floating'; Lat . .fluta) 'quod eae in summa aqua prae pinguedine fiutentur'. The µvpa,va was (and is) a notoriously nasty and aggressive creature (Ar. Ra. 474-5; Nie. Th. 823-5; Opp. H. 1. 141-2), and its name was accordingly used as a term of abuse (A. Ch. 994 [of Klytemestra]; adesp. corn. fr. 516; cf. Antiph. fr. 209. 4 with K-A ad loc.; Hsch. µ 1884). It appears in catalogues of food and the like at Epich. fr. 72 Kaibel; Pl. Com. fr. 166; Anaxandr. fr. 42. 48 µvpa,v' lq,0~ ('stewed moray'); Mnesim. fr. 4. 39; Matro SH 534. 73; cf. Sophr. fr. 103 Kaibel; Hikes. ap. Ath. 7. 312c. Cf. Thompson pp. 162-4; Lythgoe pp. 61-2; A. Davidson p. 54. civ ffOTE>..11♦&fi: Opp. H. 3. 117-20 and Ov. Hal. 27-30 mention catching morays in nets, while Opp. H. 3. 189-

av-rov (

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I

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I

ULa 'TOV L "-'WPLWV,

•

~,

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>,t

I

npx€a-rpa-ro

I

€11 'TOV'TOL.ouaw:For the (alliterative) collocation of verbs, cf. fr. 38. 6. For la8w, cf. fr. 12. 1 n. For (N>.w!JOl>.w, cf. fr. 22. 1-2 n. oao,:...at fr. 16. 6. Athenaios has Ko{x/,71v T£ A£{JwS71 at 4. 163d at 7. ('and airy urnlike' vel sim.) and Ko{x/,avy£ (Kat CE) A£{JwS71 3 1od, and thus apparently preserves two slightly different versions of an unsuccessful early attempt to mend the text. Bentley offered the clever suggestion that the original reading may have been Koucf»uTTE>.Ef3w6'rl (attested nowhere else and sufficiently obscure that it is easy to believe that a copyist converted Kov.£{JwS71), literally 'light' but often used of from: (1) the adjective Kov TVpOS' ovo El\aWV YEVTJ OVOE 1rapExovaat KVtaav TJl),tV7T EtOVa 1rapoip{SE,Kat ,\ijpos-('not cheese, not different sorts of olives, not appetizers, which produce a lot of steam, and nonsense'; contrasted with a casserole containing fish and eggs). a.aTQKov: A lobster (Homarus gammarus, L.), according to Ath. 3. 105b called oaTaK6s-in Attic. Also in catalogues of seafood and the like at Epich. frr. 30; 57 Kaibel [vv. 2-3 n.]; Philyll. fr. 12. 1; Matro SH 534. 66. Cf. Thompson p. 18; A. Davidson p. 178. wvou: Cf. fr. 16. 2 n.; 34. 1•. 2-3 Cf. Epich. frr. 30 KaaTaKot yaµ,ipwvvxoi ('and curved-clawed lobsters'); 57 Kaibel EVTLS' aaTaKOLKoAvf3Saiva{ TE xws- T 1aaov napwv 1ro ,v naa.,,,KTJat, Kapio' £Vµ.£ye811,\~if,£,, U1TaVL1JV 0£ 1rptaa8ai. ,£V OE\ M aKTJ00Vi'lJ •A Q 'TE Kat nµ.,-,paKi'lJµ.a a 1T0l\l\at. "

I

1

'

~

~

I

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I

',\

\

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I

habent ACE 1 ~v] av Olson 2 )o.f,ifm Dindorf: )o.f,tf,r,CE: )o.f,tf,EL, A U1Tav{71vLloyd. Jones/Parsons: U1TavtavCE: U1Tav,aA: 01rav,a, Musurus: 01ravta Dindorf 3 Bi om. CE MaK71Bovtr,Brandt: MaK71Bov{'!A: MaK£Bov{'!-CE n] Bi CE Jtµ,{JpaK{TJ Brandt: ltµ,{JpaK{ciypov:The cpaypo~ is one of the Sea-breams (Sparidae), perhaps Pagrus pagrus, L. or Dentex macrophthalmus, Bloch, but in any case a large, carnivorous (cf. Pl. Com. fr. 57; Amips. fr. 8) fish. Arist. HA 601h29-31 reports that it dislikes the winter because of the stone in its head (i.e. an otolith). It is frequently included in catalogues of seafood and the like (Epich. fr. 63. 1 Kaibel; Metag. fr. 6. 6; Stratt. frr. 26; 45. 1-2; Ephipp. fr. 12. 4; Mnesim. fr. 4. 39; Numen. SH 578. 3; 581. 1); for specifically Eretrian cpaypo,, cf. Antiph. fr. 191. 3 (in a list of local seafood specialties). Opp. H. 3. 185 shows that cpaypo,were caught with hook and line. Cf. Thompson pp. 273-4; A. Davidson pp. 74-89. 2 ll11"-~ T' EtpETpinTE: Modelled on H. II. 2. 537 XaAKtoa T' ElpeTpuiv TE* ('Chalkis and Eretria'). Ll~A.,µ.iv11is the name of a Nereid at Hes. Th. 247, but £v>.tµ.oor;is otherwise first attested at E. Hel. 1463. Thereafter principally in prose, although cf. Posidipp. HE 3 1 19 'ITaVTOr;Kvp.aTor; £v>.tµ.£VOV('sheltered from every wave'; Gow-Page's commentary ignores the parallel here). 3-4 For eating fish-heads, cf. frr. 19. 1 with n.; 21. 1; 23. 3; 34. 2. J,Lovov:Cf. frr. 18. I n.; 23. 4•. wvou: Cf. fr. 16. 2 n. icQi. ' EICELVT)S: ' ' Cf . f rr. 24. 6 KaL' £K£Lva ' • fl-£T ' aVTOV ' • I ; 34. 3 Kai' Tpiµ.µ.a • J,LET p.£T' aihov I. For the sedes of EK£tv11r;, cf. frr. 15. 4 EK£,voir;•;38. 8 EK£iva•. oupQiov: 'the tail (portion)' (Mnesim. fr. 4. 36; Men. Kol. fr. 7. 2; cf. S. fr. 762; Achae. TrGF 20 F 27. 3; Arist. PA 685b23); cf. frr. 21. I n.; 41. 2 ovpafov•. Ta.6EAonrci: i.e. the back and belly portions; cf. fr. 2 1. 1 n. The text as preserved in Athenaios is unmetrical, and we follow Meineke and Brandt in printing 1'116,EaEYEYIC!IS (cf. fr. 24. 11 µ.~ 1Tpoa£v£yKwv•) and assuming that there is a lacuna after 86µ.ov.

28

FRAGMENT

123

Fragment 28 (27 Brandt, SH 158), ap. Ath. 7. 301c-d ltpxla-rpa-ror;8' 0 'TWV 8d11vwv.\oxayor; 'PTJULV'

Kai',\fJ' E t1JV,\fJ'M' a E, Ll~,\cp Ka, T~vcp habent ACE 1 >,,"fJ,71v Brandt: ),,.£vai11a Tij, 14TnKij,. 14pxiaTpaTo, oi !pTJ0111·

£l-ra Aa/J£iv if,71-r-rav µ.Eya.A71v Kat TTJVmr6-rp71xvv fJovyAwaaov, TaVT77Va; (NpEvr;1T£ptXaAK{aa KEav~v. habent ACE 7. 288a-b et 7. 33oa-b I Kai TI)" ACE 7. 330: TI)" A 7. 288: T~v 8' CE 7. 288: XPT/ TT/V Degani Ta!IT7/v... KEll~vom. CE 7. 288 Tall'T1jl'lli 8EpEv, A 7. 2 {Jo{ryAwaaaA 7. 330 1rEpi 288: om. ACE 7. 330: TavT11vlli 8~pa Musurus: mvT11v lli 8ipEo, Dindorf XaAK{lla KEll~vACE 7- 330: Kai XaAK,Oa KEll~vA 7. 288

[Ath. 7. 288a-b] Archestratos-a pline is concerned-says:

virtual Pythagorean, as far as self-disci-

[Ath. 7. 33oa-b] Lynkeus of Samos in his Letters says that the best turbots are found around Eleusis in Attika. But Archestratos says:

Then buy a big turbot and the slightly rough 'cow-tongue'; during the summer, the latter is excellent around Chalkis.

1-2 Ehu: Cf. fr. 5. 14• n. >.uf3Eiv: Cf. fr. 11. 3-4 n. V'!TTav, f3ouy>.WCJaov: The if,71-r-ra (in catalogues of seafood and the like at Anaxandr. fr. 42. 51; Ephipp. fr. 12. 6; Antiph. fr. 130. 7 [corrupt]; Mnesim. fr. 4. 42; Alex. fr. 115. 12; Matro SH 534. 27; cf. Henioch. fr. 3. 3) is a flatfish of some sort (cf. Ar. Lys. 115-16 with Henderson ad loc.; Pl. Smp. 191d; Dorion ap. Ath. 7. 330a; Ael. NA 14. 3), most often apparently a sole or flounder (both dextral flatfish, i.e. with eyes on the right side), although at Antiph. fr. 209. 3 it seems to be a turbot (a sinistral flatfish), which is larger and would thus fit the adjective used by Archestr. here. According to Ath. 7. 288b (who cites no evidence in support of his thesis), the Athenians called the fJovyAwaaor; (lit. 'cow-tongue'; also mentioned at Epich. fr. 65 Kaibel; Matro SH 534. 77; cf. Xenarch. fr. 8. 4) the if,71-r-ra. Matro also mentions the two separately in the Attic DinnerParty (SH 534. 27, 77), however, and Speusippos, Arist. fr. 280, and Dorion (all ap. Ath. 7. 329f-3oa), along with Opp. H. 1. 99, 105, seem to regard these as related but different fish (cf. Hsch.

FRAGMENT

33

133

if, 156; S if,78; .EPI. Smp. 191d). Cf. Thompson pp. 33-4, 294-5; 1-1.EYci~'lv: Cf. frr. A. Davidson pp. 154-64, esp. 157, 161-2. fllV: 7. I -ov,*; 14. I n.; 19. 2 -ov*; 30. 2 -ov*; 54. 2 -ov,•. The article is used with only the final member of a series already u1r0Tf>11Xuv: In early in Homer; cf. Chantraine, GH ii. 161. are sometimes treated as having only two epic, adjectives in terminations (e.g. Il. 10. 27 1rov>.vvi 'II•'• aµ.,,, OE TTJVLEPTJV TEKaL Evpvxopov ~a,-,,ov o.,,EL ~

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habent ACE et Eust. p. 994. 47 [vv. 2-4 il,f,wv£iv] 1 {Ep1/V Brandt: {EpavACE Evpuxwpov AC iS,f,o CE: iS,f,nA 3 iSpKvvA: iSpKvvovCEEust. ,i,\,\o, .S'] ,i,\,\oTE.S' Ribbeck 8lp£vs Ribbeck: 0Eois ACEEust. 4 a . . . TI/J.7/Som. CE /J.'Y/1TEptnµ.71s Korais: µ.rirlp, TI/J.7/SA: /J.'Y/1TEp,µ.{µ.v£1V Casaubon: /J.'Y/1rEp,rp{fJnsBoissonade lac. post 4 pos. Meineke 5 Bv{avr,os Casaubon 6 .Si Korais: TE ACE 6-g KE,j,a,\o,.Sis... .Sriom. CE KE,f,a,\o,.SisCasaubon: Kl,j,a,\o, .S' El u' A: Kl,f,a,\o, .SI r' Casaubon 8 'fra,\{ris Brandt: 1ra,\{as A (cf. CE ,J,riui .Si Kai on o{ Iv 1ra,\{q.) {Epi'/sBrandt: {£pas A 11T1TWVIOV Musurus 9 Ep7TE Tor' £ls v.Saros OTE,j,avovs] I1Ep '(J' t I 1TEI\Oyovs-EVOI\OV1ropov, OVKE 0µ0,71 >\\'

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15

(J ,, -rov 1rpoa ev e1ro,vov. '

,

habent ACE 7. 278 et ACE 7. 313-14 [v. I T~V ... ,f,8ivo1rwpov] 1 S' om. CE 7. 278 et ACE 7. 314 aµ.171vBrandt: aµ.,av ACE tl,vov ante ,f,81vo1rwpovACE 7. 314 3 av Korais: a£ ACE S,a,f,8£1pr,sKorais: Sr.a.,f,8£,pTJ ACE l1rt8vµ.£1sE 4 SEBIA£,, CE 7 µ.~ A,jpov]µ.~ 'Aawv Brandt:µ.~ 'A£vpov Peppink 8 lv avK,js ,f,vMo,s 'fortasse per errorem repetita ex v. 6' Ribbeck 9 imo8lpµ.71vMeineke cLawv C 10 y,yvwaKwv Dindorf 11 aii-r71 Musurus: av-r4 ACE lpaTIVOVC 12-16 €L1T€p... ilia om. CE 13 A4i/m] A4i/rn Montanari: A4i/ms Bussemaker 14 X£•pwv] X£•pw Brandt KA£ivov Porson: K€WOV A aµ.£,,f,T)Brandt: aµ.£1,f,7Js A I 5 oµ.0,71 Brandt: oµ.o,a A: oµ.ota Musurus 16 y{yv£Ta1 Dindorf

[Ath. 7. 278a] Archestratos the culinary genius in his Gastrology (for Lykophron in his On Comedy says this is how the work is entitled, like Kleostratos of Tenedos' Astrology [= test. 7]) has the following to say about the bonito: [Ath. 7. 313f-14a] Lynkeus of Samos in the Art of Grocery-shopping, which he addressed to one of his close friends who had trouble doing his marketing, says: 'It is also useful against them [i.e. the fish-sellers], when they're trying to stare you down and refusing to lower their price, to stand beside their fish and disparage them, citing Archestratos, the man who wrote the Hedupatheia, or some other poet, and reciting the line [fr. 53] "the shore-dwelling marmora-a wretched fish and never good"; or [v. 1 follows]-but it's spring now!; or [fr. 45] "the grey mullet, wonderful when winter comes"-but it's summer now!; and many such things. For you'll drive away many of those who are standing around doing their shopping, and by doing so you'll compel him to take the price that seems good to you.'

As for the bonito, in autumn, when the Pleiades set, prepare it in any way you wish. Why should I make a long story for you out of this? For you certainly won't ruin it, even if you wish to do so. But, my dear Moschos, if you nonetheless want to know the best way for you to prepare this fish, the answer is: in fig leaves and a bit of marjoram. No cheese, no other nonsense! Treat it simply, as I have described;

5

FRAGMENT

36

tie it up in fig leaves with a string, the knot on top; and shove it down within the ashes, keeping mental track of the moment at which it will be roasted-and don't burn it up! Be sure it is from lovely Byzantion, if you want to have a good one. If it is caught somewhere near there, you will get a fine one. But it is worse far from the Hellespontine Sea, and if it crosses the famous salt-water strait of the Aegean Sea, it is no longer the same, but brings shame upon the praise previously awarded it.

1 TTJV 8' 0.1,Li:r1v: The

147

10

15

aµ.{11(in catalogues of seafood and the like at Epich. frr. 59. 2; 124. 5-6 Kaibel; Archipp. fr. 20; Sotad. Com. fr. 1. 26 [vv. 6-..n&.Sa('after [the setting of] the Pleiades', HA 598a26-b7; cf. HA 601b1()-21); Archestr. accordingly observes in vv. 11-12 that it is best (i.e. fattest; cf. fr. 12. 5 n.) if caught in the fall in Byzantion or thereabout. Opp. H. 3. 144-8 (cf. Arist. fr. 308 ap. Ath. 7. 277e-f) refers to taking the aµ.{11with hook and line, but nets and perhaps spears (cf. fr. 35. 2) were doubtless used as well. Cf. Thompson pp. 13-14; Lythgoe pp. 148-,Eta.Oos XEt/.LEptv~v('in autumn,

around the time of the

winter setting of the Pleiades'). The n>..,.,iaOEslllAEtaOEslll>.Etas were commonly identified as seven daughters of Atlas (Hes. fr. 169; Simon. PMG 555. 3-5; Pi. fr. 74 with EM p. 675. 34-45; A. fr. 312), although their individual names (Arat. 261-3; cf. Call. fr. 693) are in fact those of nymphs important in the heroic genealogies of a number of different regions in Greece. Their group-name could be interpreted as having something to do with sailing (rr>.ew;cf. Hes. Op. 619-21), although the alternative form llEAEta.OEsl llEATJa.OEs, attested in numerous ancient sources (e.g. Hes. frr. 288--.oyEvw;('who loved and cared for me. Why in fact should I make a long story out of this?'). -rot might therefore perhaps be printed here as well, although Archestr. always uses aot elsewhere and in any case we cannot know what form of the pronoun he had in his text of Homer. µ,v8o>.oyEvwis deliberative subjunctive (not indicative). 3 Hyperbole; contrast the considerably more realistic warning ou..• µ11marks emphatic denial of the at the end of v. 10. possibility raised by the subjunctive; 'there is no need to fear lest .. .' (K-G ii. 221-2). 6Lact,8eLpns: Cf. fr. 46. 13 a>.>.a OtaL>.E MoaxE:Cf. fr. 5. 2 with n. cLwith the vocative occurs only here in the fragments. In poetry, the word may lend a sense of special intimacy or affection to the address, here perhaps mixed with a note of condescension. Cf. E. Dickey, Greek Forms of Address from Herodotus to Lucian (Oxford, 1996) 107-27, with bibliography. 5 OVTIVO. • •• Tpo,rov:Cf. v. 2; fr. 14. 4 n. KELVT)Y: For the sedes, cf. 6La.8Eiva.L: The verb is also used frr. 7. 8 KEi'vos•; 57. 2 KEivos•. of 'managing' the preparation of food at fr. 46. 16 Jma-raµ,Evws o,a8Eivai ('preparing them knowledgeably'). a.p10-Ta.:Adverbial with oia8Eivai. For the sedes, cf. frr. 47. 1•; 51. 1 ap,a-ros*; 54. I aptU'TOt*;57. 2 aptaTo..>..71a11ovnas 11ovnas already at e.g. Pi. N. 4. 36; /. 4. 22; E. Hee. 444) become especially popular with Hellenistic poets, who coin many new ones; cf. Bulloch on Call. h. 5. 4; Buhler on Mosch. Eur. 44. For Hellespontine seafood, cf. fr. 25. 5 with n.; Hermipp. fr. 63. 5 £K S' 'EAATfC11TOV'TOV CJKop,{JpovsKaL 110.v-ra-raptx71 ('and from the Hellespont mackerel and preserved fish of every sort'). XElpwv:For the sedes, cf. fr. 42. 5 X£{pw*. K~ELvov: Cf. fr. 5. 15-16 n. We print Porson's easy correction of A's K£tvov, although ( £jK£tvos by itself can mean 'that well-known (thing)' (cf. K-G i. 650-1) and the paradosis (defended by Giangrande p. 26) could thus perhaps be correct. A has aµ,£{t/Jr,s,but Archestr. several times elsewhere observes that fish that travel a great distance at sea lose their inherent quality (frr. 12. 2-5; 35. 11-13; 38. 1-2 with n.), and we have accordingly adopted Brandt's 3rd person singular O.J,LEl+n, so that the subject of the clause is the aµ,{71itself. The use of the active voice of the verb in the sense 'pass, go beyond', as here, is an Atticism (e.g. A. Pers. 69; S. Ph. 1262; E. Ph. 1179; Or. 1295). 15 ALya(ou 11'E~a.yous: The precise extent of the Aegean Sea is variously defined (cf. Str. 2. 124; 10. 474), but at the very least it always touches the Hellespont, on the one hand, and the east coast of mainland Greece, on the other. The name Alyafov (first

FRAGMENT

36

1 53

a1r' :4.pyeos I ... [es at lbyc. fr. S151. 28-.ov1ropov: Cf. A. Pers. 453 evaMwv 1r6pwv; adesp. pap. SH 992. 2 = SLG S475. 2 evat\ovs ... KEAev8ovs('salt-water roads'). lvaAos is a poeticism, first at h.Ap. 180; cf. Pi. fr. dub. 357. 1; adesp. lyr. PMG 939. 9; E. Andr. 855; El. 1348; He/. 1130-1 Alya{ais T' eva.Aois ... I a.KTai's('and Aegean salt-water headlands'); Tim. PMG 791. 98; Crit. fr. B 2. 6. The adjective is also found in late prose (e.g. Plu. Ant. 69. 6; 71. 2). 1r6pos, lit. 'passage', often refers to a narrow strait but already in Homer may be used more loosely of the 'paths' of the open sea (e.g. Od. 12. 259; cf. vypa K£Aev0a(e.g. Od. 3. 71; 9. 252]). Cf. D.P. 131 Alyatov 1r6vToio1rAaTvv1r6pov ('the broad path of the Aegean sea'). ouKe8' 01-10,'l:For the sedes of oµ,o{'Y/,cf. fr. 37. 7 oµ,oia*; H. Od. 16. 182* (Telemachos to Odysseus) at\t\a 0£ eiµ,aT' lxeis Ka{ TOt xpws OVK£0'oµ,oi'os ('but you have different clothes and your skin is no longer the same'). 16 y,veTu,: • at e.g. H. Od. 8. 586; 9. 35; 11. 537; Hes. Op. 280, 323. Montanari's argument that 'ap(ud) Homerum pluries y{yveTai in primo hexametri pede occurrit' is hardly a reason for KQTQtaxuvu ••. accepting Dindorfs y{yveTai; cf. v. 10 with n. E1ru,vov: KaTaiaxvvw ('bring shame upon') occurs already in Homer (Od. 16. 293 = 19. 12; 24- 508, 512); for the significance of the word and its cognates in Greek society and literature, cf. C. E. F. von Erffa, Alows und verwandte Begrijfe in ihrer Entwicklung von Homer bis Demokrit (Philologus Supplement XXX. 2: Leipzig, 1937), esp. pp. 20-3, 96-9, 118-25; B. Williams, Shame and Necessity (Sather Classical Lectures, Vol. 57: Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1993). For the specific contrast between shameful actions and praise, e.g. Simon. PMG ,I. \ I EKWV ' ' 0\

I

'

~

'0

I\

.,

0

1,/,

Kai £11aup a11£i'f'a>, ~

•

T EOELVTEµ,ax11 /Ja1TTWV op,µ,nav

~ 'T/P

159

•

av E £1171, Ea ELV, yEvva,a

>

"}.,

Eo a,.,..17v.

5

I\

1TEIIOVTaL,

I 0EOLUL • 'f'IJ'T/V ..J. \ Kat\ £too, 7'\l " a avaTOLUL oµo,a. ~ N "C I\ \ > • av o o~n pava, 1rapa 71,, a1ro11w11£vEKEtva.

o•

habent ACE et Eust. p. 1720. 61 [vv. 6-8] ltpxlaTpo.To, Musurus: ltpxlAao, ACE I TT/IIRibbeck: ~11 ACE 8vvti>aC 4 ,,_611011 Musurus: ,,_oiivovACE 5 WELvValckenaer: lxELvACE 6 Ka, t~p' 0.11 l8lAr,, Villebrunius: Ka.vt71pa.11 l8lAr,, ACEEust.: Ka.vav y£ t71pa.8lAr,, Schneider: KO.II aJ t~p' l8lAr,, Brandt: Ka.v fT/PT/11 l8lAy, Degani la8ELvMusurus: la8lov ACE y£Wai'a Musurus: y£1111ai'a, ACEEust. 7 o,,_o,aVillebrunius: J,,_o,a, A: tl,,_oia,CEEust. 8 1r£p,8i,, E £K£ivaBrandt: £K£LIITf ACE

The meticulous Archestratos

says

Get the tail of a female tuna as well; I mean the big she-tuna, whose mother-city is Byzantion. Then cut it up properly and roast it all, after sprinkling it with fine-ground salt only and basting it with olive oil, and eat the steaks hot, dipping them into pungent brine. And if you want to eat them without sauce, they are still quite good, like to the immortal gods in nature and appearance. But if you serve them sprinkled with vinegar, they are ruined.

5

8uVVT}s ••• 8uvv{8a.:Arist. HA 543 3 12-13 describes an anatomical difference between the Ovvv{, (also in catalogues of seafood and the like at Hippon. fr. 26. 2 West 2 ; Epich. fr. 62. 2 Kaibel; Ar. fr. 430; Anaxandr. fr. 42. 49; Mnesim. fr. 4. 35; Feyel, BCH 60 [1936] 28 1. 7; Vatin, BCH 90 [1966] 274 1. 15) and the Ovvvo,, arguing that the former has a 1TTEpvywv ('little fin' vel sim.) on its underbelly which the latter lacks, and Epicharmos (fr. 74 Kaibel), Cratinus (fr. 171. 4g--50), and Speusippos (all ap. Ath. 7. 303d) allegedly distinguished between the two as well. Precisely which species of tuna is referred to here, however, is impossible to tell; cf. fr. 35. 2 n.; Ath. 7. 303c oiJ, lvw, Ovvvov, KaAova,v, .:4017vaio, SeOvvv{Sa, ('which some call thunnoi, but the Athenians call thunnides'). Ath. 7. 328e-f (citing Pl. Com. fr. 44 and Nicoch. fr. 14) reports that the Ovvv{, was also called the 1rp17µ,va,. oupa.iov: Cf. Pers. Sat. 5. 183. Plin. Nat. 9. 48 calls

1--2

160

FRAGMENT

38

tuna tails vilissima ... quia pingui carent. Buying or eating the tail-portion of a fish separately is mentioned elsewhere only at fr. 41; Mnesim. fr. 4. 36; Men. Kol. fr. 7. 2, although cf. fr. 24. 1-2 n. EXELV: Cf. frr. 14. 7 n.; 19. 3 n. fllV... ct,wvw, ~s • • • ECTl'LV: Cf. fr. I I. 1-2 T~I/acf,v7111 ... / TOI/yo11011 ifavow, TOIi acf,povKaAEovaiv1wve, ('small-fry-I mean fingerlings, which the Ionians call "sea-foam"'). Giangrande pp. 26-8 argues that TOIiat the beginning of fr. 11. 2 is a relative pronoun and on that basis suggests that the MSS' ~11ought to be retained here. Since Archestr. nowhere else calls attention to his own personal preferences in nomenclature, and since the presence of a pair of relative clauses would be awkward in both passages (contrast Matro SH 534. 39-41; 540. 4-6), however, Ribbeck's T~v should be accepted here and the first To11 in fr. 11. 2 understood as a ct,wvwmust therefore have the sense 'I definite article with yo11011. am speaking of rather than 'I call by name'. fllVJL£YO.A'lv: Cf. fr. 14. 1 n. ~s JL'ITP01ToA,s Buta.VT,ov ECTl'LV: Cf. o' wpa{wv Bv{a11no11E7TAETO /J,~TT/P Euthydem. SH 455. 7 Ov1111w11 ('Byzantion is the mother of peak-season tuna'). The fish is conceived as a colonist, travelling from Byzantion to other locations throughout the Mediterranean, and the implicit point is that it will be best if taken in its 'mother-city', having not yet suffered the deleterious effects of sea travel; cf. frr. 12. 2-5; 35. 11-13; 36. 11-16. For Greek colonization, a phenomenon which had seemingly run its course by the beginning of the 4th c. but was revived on a grand scale by Alexander and his successors, cf. A. J. Graham, Colony and Mother City in Ancient Greece2 (Chicago, 1980). Byzantion in fact had no colonies. For the sedes of Bv{a11no11,cf. frr. 14. 2 Bv{avT{cp•; 41. 1•. For Byzantion as an important producer of seafood, cf. fr. 14. 2 n. For Byzantine Ov1111{, in particular, cf. Antiph. fr. 179 Tij, TE /3eAT{

,I,.

I

>

\

I


(}\\

wpaiov "l'ay£ µ,oi T£µ,axos 1raAiv· £an yap £a AOV \

\

I

KaL µ,al\aKOV.

10

FRAGMENT

39

11apl>.i11£V 8' oTivO-,,s)tpxlCJTpaTos avyKaTa>.ifai .;,µ.,vKai TO11apaKpa.T7ITL T

E 8E'iov if>Eaµ.a ('but few mortals know about this divine TOLS KELVOV EffQLVOua,v: Cf. frr. 5. 14 with n.; food') with n. 1re1upo,ye1p iacia,v: Cf. Hes. Op. 814, 818, 15. 3-4 with n. 820, 824 [above]. civ8pw,rwv:Often• in the Odyssey, generally enjambed, as here (e.g. 1. 236; 4. 232; 6. 177; 7. 26, 212). cf>uuAov: Cf. fr. 20. 3 n. i♦u is a gnomic aorist, here equivalent to 4,vaH /a7{v ('is by nature'; cf. frr. 10. 9 n.; 37. 5). Cf. fr. Kcii.KE6vovi6Ea1-'C1 is Meineke's emendation of ACE's 59. 13.

166

FRAGMENT 39

unmetrical Kai aKtSvov KEVEOV 7£ lSeaµa, which appears to consist of two alternative corrupt readings (i.e. Kai aKiSvov lSeaµa [printed by Musurus] and Keve6v 'T' lSeaµa [unmetrical]), both of which have made their way into the text. lSeaµa is* at frr. 17. 3; 24. 13; 52. 2. For KESv6v,cf. fr. 33. 2 with n. 6-'] TP&TuiovKTX.: Since fish begin to spoil almost immediately after they are dead and (if left unrefrigerated, as ancient fish naturally were) become decidedly unappealing and even dangerous to eat after a day or two out of water (cf. Ar. fr. 402. 8-9 [of the joys of rural life] Kaiµ~ 7TEptµEVELV J{ ayopas- ix8vSia I 'Tpt'Taia ['and not to have to put up with three-day-old little fish from the marketplace']; Antiph. fr. 159. 6-7 [of bad fish] lw'Aoi KEiµevo, Su' ~µipas- I ~ Tpeis- ['lying there going bad for two or three days']; Lythgoe p. 146), the poet can scarcely be recommending that one buy uncured aK6µ{3pos-forty-eight hours after it has come out of the sea. Given the context, therefore, the point must be instead that the fish has undergone a preliminary stage of dry-salting, so that it can be described as both vEov(cf. Ar. Eq. 1008 aK6µ{3pwv vlwv ['fresh mackerel'] with rvEreM vlwv Si, vewan 'TE'Tapixevµevwv["'f res h" means "f res hl y preserve d" '] an d TJl,L&Ta.p,xos (lit. 'half-Tapixos-'; doubtless the same as ~µ{v77pos['half-fresh'] at Sopat. fr. 12. 2 Kaibel, and perhaps also the same as wµ.oTapixos- ['raw Tapixos-'?' or perhaps 'shoulderTapixos-'; cf. Nicostr. Com. fr. I. 2; Alex. fr. 15. 4 with Arnott ad loc.; Matro SH 534. 17). For Tapixos- distinguished by the length of time the fish has been curing, cf. Xenocr. xxxiii Kai oi µEv TTaAaw{,oi SEµiaoi, oi SETTpoacf,aTot('some are old, some are middling, some are recently prepared' [cf. fr. 11. 3-4 n.]). EXE&V: Cf. frr. 7. I lxo*; 14. 7 n.; 19. I n.; 37. 9 exei*; 50. 3 EXTJ*;52. 2 exo*. aK01,,1.J3pov: The aK6µ{3pos-(in banquet-catalogues at Anaxandr. fr. 42. 41; Mnesim. fr. 4. 34; cf. Epich. fr. 62. 2 Kaibel; Ar. fr. 430; Philyll. fr. 26; adesp. corn. frr. 1069. 2; 1136. 5) is the common mackerel (Scomber scombrus, L.); taken by means of nets at Opp. H. 3. 576-\\\

I

EK1TI\EVaavTaTa I\EVKOTaT . al\l\a 1rpoaEUTW

µ178ev EKEt UTEPET/S" aapKOS"Mauvn8t

Mµvr,

' 0'VOSav517 •t O' " EV • /J,ETPCf:' ' ' ~ LX EVTOS, ov ov' 0'Ef-LLS" EL1TELV. _'f ..J.. '8 E/J,LT0V \ ELVaL E/J,/J,ETpw, EL1TELv; TLTJTLSOVTWSKPLTTJSo.,,wv ws- 0 EK1 E/\aS, µ.a/\1\OV OE > (3' 0 \ \ \ K,aTayE/\aS OVTOS1TOLTJT7JS-; OS- aKpL ws OVTWSoia /\LXVELav Kat TOV1rop0µ.ov I

,I.I

~

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~

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\

8d1rAwaE Kai TWVµ.EpwvEKO.aTOV TWVlx0vwv Ta,1TOLOT7JTasKai TOVSxvµ.ovs-Dia T~VAixvdav Jf~TaaEv, ws nva 1rpayµ.aTdav {3iwdiJ KaTa/3aAAoµ.evos. habent ACE 8 2 y' Ribbeck: TE ACE CJ1TOV0VAOV (.a.13£: Cf. fr. 1 1. 3-4 n. (,ct,,ou: 1 1. 5 ;>.or,•; 3 5. 8 EA8r,s•. The swordfish (Xiphias gladius, L.), a very large, powerful, carnivorous fish, also known as the ya>.ewTT/S(Plb. 34. 2. 15 ap. Str. 1. 24) or the Opav{,;(Xenocr. viii); cf. Epich. fr. 58. 1 Kaibel; Anaxipp. fr. 2. 3. Oppian describes taking swordfish with hook and line (H. 3. 193, 529-41), nets (H. 3. 567-75), and fishspears (H. 3. 547-66; cf. Plb. 34. 3. 1-8 ap. Str. 1. 24-5). Cf. Thompson pp. 77, 178-80; Lythgoe p. 152; A. Davidson p. 132. TEl'a.xos:Cf. fr. 39. 1• with n., 9• with n.; Xenocr. viii Opavt,;'11 [u/,{a,; ... Teµ,ax{(eTat ('a thranis or swordfish is cut in steaks'). 2 oupa.fou y' a.uTovTvacf,ov6u>.ov:i.e. in distinction from the tailfin, which is inedible; cf. frr. 27. 4 n.; 38. 1-2 n. For both the in this sense, cf. Pherecr. fr. contrast and the singular acf,6vf>v>.os KOp,tl>fj i/1t>.~v, Aomov TOIiacf,6vf>v>.ov athov ('and 28. 4 Kat T'l7VOCJ.a'iat Ribbeck's emendation of the MSS' 'Tl'poxoa'iat,which might be explained either as a slip by a scribe who assumed that the I

ci>.>.a. ... Buto.vT&OV E>.8wv:Cf. fr. 16.

I

172

FRAGMENT

41

waters of the strait were in question or as a deliberate epicizing (e.g. H. Il. 17. 263) correction after majuscule A was omitted before A.

Fragment 42 (41-2 Brandt, SH 172-3), ap. Ath. 7. 3zoa (vv. 1-3), 7• 325d-e (vv. 4-6) [Ath. 7. 320a] J1pxta-rpa-ror;8' lv -r'fiI'aa-rpovoµ.l'!,·[seq. vv. 1-3] [Ath. 7. 325d]

o0£ 1TOAvla-rwpJ1pxta-rpa-ror;lTratvtaar; T0E'iaav TELxiolaar,, MiA~'TOVKwµ,r, Kapwv 1TEAa ,0 >,/, Kav oaacp o.,..wvELTP'Y"T/v, Kov> XELpova"T/'l'EL 'TaV'T7"/

,~,

I

yap T01TO,

,I,.' OVTo.,,opcp

O

ff

~

,.,

,

\

I

01TT1J \ 'T'f/V apET'f/V >

I

OUK EVWU'f/ yaaTpo,

ovu

0

\

o' E'T€pot 1TOAAoi Ka,\vowv{

1TIOT€pot

'" .nµ

t

",\

0

ov, •

xp17a-rw,

t

,.

ETatpE,

> \ I u aVTOV, a',\ E1Tt8EipouaL: Cf. Aristopho fr. 7. 1 Ka, µ,~v Sticf,8ap-ra{YE-roJif,ov 1rav-rEAw,;('In fact, the dish has been ruined completely'). KQKWS does little more than intensify the negative sense of Siacf,8E{povai,as often with similar verbs (e.g. Ar. Ach. 860 lKaµ,ov ... KaKw '()' > \ €tUtV aptaTOt, C • V. 3 €tat yap €V ao aptaTOt ; r. 35. 10 €VTaV €tUtV •. ' ' Contrast V. I 2 ov' ... €1TtUTaVTat '' "h n. aptaTOt Efft.erTQl,LEVWS: Wit 8,a8Eivu,: Cf. fr. 36. 5 with n. 17-18 Cf. Ar. Ach. 1015-17 (of the hero as he prepares a great feast for himself) ~Kovaa, µay£ip,Kw, I Koµiµw, n Kat I avTcj, StaKOV€LTat;('Did you hear how like a chef, S£t1TV7lTtKW, how cleverly and festively, he's taking care for himself?'). Koµiµ6, is 'clever, ingenious' (e.g. Alex. fr. 190. I 0 1rpwTo, €Vpwv Koµiµo,

w,

190

FRAGMENT

46

17vTpayf,µ,aTa ['the first man to discover after-dinner dainties was a clever fellow']), but the adjective often has hostile undertones ('overly clever' vel sim.), as KOJ.Llj,ws does here. Boastful, clever cooks appear to have been stock characters in Middle and New Comedy (e.g. Strato Com. fr. 1; Philem. fr. 82; Damox. fr. 2; Sosip. fr. 1). 1ro>.>.a.s &8Eas... TEuxuv:Cf. fr. 6. 2-3 afroio . .. I ... TTavTo{asi8las TEVXEtv ('to make every type of bread and cake'). For the great variety that characterized Sicilian cooking, cf. Pl. R. 404d EiKEAtK71v 7TOtKiMavoif,ov ('Sicilian elaboration of side-dishes'); Introduction, § 111. By contrast, the variety of seasonings in Archestr.'s recipes is fairly restricted; cf. Introduction, § V. 1rapa.8aLT&:Cf. frr. 4. I afJpo8ain•; 10. 8 7TEpi 8ai'Ta; H. Od. 3. 37; A.R. 1. 458•. Bisyllabic forms of 8a{s are Verse commonly• in early epic (e.g. H. II. 1. 579; 7. 475). 18 is a four-word hexameter (tetracolos), one of only two in the preserved portions of the poem (cf. fr. 4. 4). On such lines, cf. Bassett, CP 14 (1919) 216-33. In earlier hexameter, four-word lines are often used to bring a section of narrative to a serious and weighty conclusion, and this verse probably marks the end of the digression on I taliot and Sicilian cooks. The solemnity of the form is undercut, however, by the line's ridiculous content. olj,ap,wv:Diminutive of oif,ov and like it properly applied to a variety of foods (cf. fr. 9. 2 n.), although the frequency with which the word was used of fish (e.g. Pl. Com. fr. 102) eventually led to its sometimes being understood as meaning specifically that; cf. Phryn. PS p. 91. 13 de Borries oif,apiov· TOoif,ov, ovxi TOVSix0vs. oi 8Evvv TOVSlx0vs (ovTw) )iyovai ('opsarion: a sidedish, not fish. But people nowadays use the term for fish'). Here the diminutive is most likely used with pejorative force. y>.,axpwv: 'viscous, sticky' (e.g. Pherecr. fr. 75. 3; Arist. Pr. 868b3-10; Nie. fr. 83. 3), whence the extended sense 'greedy' (Ar. Pax 193; Euphro fr. 9. 16); cf. fr. 57. 8-9 yAoiwv KaTaxvaµ,aTa Kai KaTa.Tvpa I Kai KaT£Aaia ALTJV ('sauces made of sticky ..;aua11aT0AiJpwv: A things and over-rich in oil and cheese'). hapax legomenon of comic flavour; cf. Pl. Com. fr. 161 XP"fJaµ,cp8oATJpos('oracular nonsense' vel sim.); adesp. corn. fr. 751 KpovoATJpos('ancient nonsense-talker'; also at Plu. Mor. 13b). For ~8vaµ,aTa, cf. fr. 23. 3-4 n. For Mjpos, cf. fr. 25. 1 n.

47

FRAGMENT

191

Fragment 47 (46 Brandt, SH 177), ap. Ath. 7. 319d-e ' " 1T1cp1 "8' ' "'-P.VPV[J 'I"" , ,L ' ra,' £v Tq> 'X vwv £V 'l'TJOLV

A ' P'INH • Llwp,wv \

,

"'

\

\

,.,

\

.....

..

\

,,

-

" p,va, ..ELVT): Cf. fr. 5. 15-16 n. The MSS' Kmv~ ('new') presumably represents a corruption of majuscule KAEINH to KAINH (cf. A at fr. 12. 1), which was then read KAINH. ~EVTOL: Emphatic ('really, you know'); cf. Denniston pp. 399-404, 410. M,>..11Tos: Cf. frr. 42. 3 n.; 46. 1 M{A71Tov•. Cf. Peek, GVI 2019. 3 (early 2nd c. BCE) ov •.. KAe,v]a M{.\aTo, l8pe[i/,e] ('whom ... famous Miletos brought up'). cipLaTu:For the sedes, cf. frr. 36. 5•; 5 I. I apLUTo,•; 54• I apLUTOL'IF; 57. 2 apLUTo,•.

192

FRAGMENT

47

2-3 EicTpEcf,u: • at fr. 15. 2. For the use of the verb, cf. E. fr. 981. 4 ;;, 8' 'E,\,\d, .:4.a{a-r' EK-rplq,EtKaAAia-ra('the fairest things that a.>.>.a.T& is Greece and Asia produce'); Corrieri p. 287. Wilamowitz's emendation of the MSS' d,\,\cfYE, which will not do. For the rhetorical question, cf. fr. 36. 2; Antiph. fr. 45 (from Archestrate [cf. test. 10 with n.]) -rfr 8' lyxl.\nov av .aTuvwTou: misunderstanding of this passage; cf. below. Elsewhere at Batrach. 296; Greg. Naz. AP 8. 172. 1•; Or. Syb. 8. 21; cf. S. Ai. 1250--1; Theoc. 22. 46. AELoJ3ciTou: The AEto{Ja-ro,(mentioned at Pl. Com. fr. 146 Kav yaAEo,,Kav .\n6{Ja-ro,, Kav i'yxEAv,['be it a dog-fish, a leiobatos, or an eel']) is a ray of some sort (Arist. HA 566a32; Phot. p. 212. 3) and is similarly distinguished from the p{vTJ(despite Ath. 7. 312b) at Gal. 6. 737. 1To,Eia8a,:For the long initial 11-12. Cf. Thompson p. 147. icpoico6E,>.ov: An Ionian word syllable, cf. fr. 5. 15 with n. for a lizard (cf. Hdt. ii. 69. 3, who notes that the Ionians gave the name to the Egyptian crocodile), used of both the large lizards of the genus Varanus indigenous to Africa and Asia (e.g. Hdt. iv. 192. 2; Paus. i. 33. 6; cf. Plin. Nat. 8. 91) and the various smaller lizards found throughout the Mediterranean (cf. Hippon. fr. 155 West 2 ; Arist. fr. 362; Ael. NA 1. 58). The original form of the word seems to have been KpoK68i.\o, (cf. Chantraine, DE s.v.; Mayser, GGP i 1 • 39, 83, 189), but the itacizing form in -8n.\o, is widespread in papyri and MSS and may be what Archestr. wrote. Hippon. fr. 155 West 2 has KEpKv8i.\o,. Archestr. is pre-

v

FRAGMENT

47

193

sumably referring to small wall-lizards (e.g. Agama stellio or Lacerta muralis), which would not have yielded much meat, and although it is impossible to tell whether the lonians as a matter of habit actually ate these creatures, the point of the joke may be precisely that they did not. Cf. Gossen-Steier, RE xi (1922) 1957-70. 01rTov:For the sedes, cf. frr. 11. 8 01rTa•; 14. 1 01TTa*;23. 8 07TTClV*; 24. 3 07TTa*;32. 4 07TTClV*. 4 6QLaQLl,'TJV is the reading of the MSS and gives excellent sense; Brandt did not understand the ironic reference to Ionian 'crocodiles' and accordingly proposed ~aaaa{µ,71v('I would equally serve roast crocodile to the children of the lonians as if it were a delicacy'). Cf. Corrieri pp. 285-6. a.11'l1TVou: An l1rv6, (perhaps i1rv6,, at least in Attic; cf. Threatte i. 503, citing JG J3 4. B. 15 hmvEvEa0ai) is an open-faced oven placed on top of a brazier or laxapa and used to bake bread (Antiph. fr. 174. 3-4; cf. Hdt. v. 92. 71.2) or to roast nuts (Diph. Siph. ap. Ath. 2. 54a) or meat, as here. Cf. Sparkes p. 127; Chadwick pp. 161-5. Meineke proposed "!1TVovand suggested that Archestr. called "/1rvov, (a place on Samos, according to St. Byz. p. 335. 19 Meineke) by the name "!1TVov. TEp1TVov: Cf. fr. 37. 9 (of the best-quality fish) T~v apET~v ... lxEt T~, Tipi/no, ('it contains the height of pleasure'). Poetic vocabulary, found as a variant at H. Od. 8. 45 but first securely attested in elegy and lyric (e.g. Thgn. 1345; Mimn. frr. 1. 1; 5. 3; Tyrt. fr. 12. 38; Pi. 0. 6. 57; 10. 76; N. 1. 56). 1TQL6EaaLv 'lwvwv: i.e. the lonians themselves; for periphrases of this sort (adaptions of the Homeric vtE, 'Axaiwv ['sons of the Achaians'; e.g. II. 1. 162]), e.g. A. Pers. 402; Pi. N. 9. 30; Hdt. v. 49. 2; Theopomp. Com. fr. 36. 3; Call. fr. 194. 28-..>,a('fragrant leaves'); 46. 6 Evws.,,•. l3a,'t}:Cf. fr. 32. 3, where the word's first syllable is light. iua11an: Otherwise Tupou: Cf. fr. 14. 5 n. apparently restricted to prose.

Fragment 50 (49 Brandt, SH 18o), ap. Ath. 7. 286d-e ' s, '

•

Q

,

1r£p1 0£ Tov l'aTpaxov Tao£·

[seq. fr. 48].

Q

avµ,l'ov 1r£pt

,\

,

•

~"- ,

£VH o a"'l'wTaToI.',• GKEva.,ELV.TJOTJ aoi EYW TaoE OEUTEpov avow. habent ACE I la8E ,-daov] la8,i µo, Musurus Kaibel: Ka1r'airri, Lumb

2-4 om. CE

2

KaL

'

,

TOVT?J

]

.,

KQ7Tl.7TQ(70V

In his Maxims, the exceptionally wise Archestratos offers the following advice about the angler-fish: [fr. 48 follows]. But concerning the ray (he advises):

Eat stewed ray as well in the season of mid-winter, and add cheese and silphium to it. This is the way to prepare whichever children of the sea have flesh lacking in fat. I tell you this now for the second time. Given that the vapKTJand the {Ja-r{, are very similar creatures, the juxtaposition of frr. 49 and 50 in Athenaios may well reflect their proximity in Archestr.'s poem. I

Kai.l3aTL8'icf,&rjv: Cf. fr. 49. 1 / Kat vapK7JVEn:Cf. fr. 42. 1 n.; Euphro fr. 10. 4 aq,671, l1r,8vµ,~aavn X£tµ,wvo, µ,iaov ('when he wanted small-fry in mid-winter'). According to Arist. HA 599b28-3 1, rays and similar fish actually hide themselves during the coldest days of the winter. X£,µ,wvo, ev wpn is• at Xenoph. 21 B 22. 1, in a parodic sympotic context; cf. Arat. 850 X£{µ,a-ro, wpn /. For the sedes of X£Lµ,wvo,, cf. fr. 42. 1 X£Lµ,wv,•. For the sedes of wpn, cf. fr. 59. 16 wpm,•. Forms of wp71are commonly• in Homer (e.g. II. 2. 468; 6. 148; 21. 450; Od. 2. 107; 9. 51; 10. 469), Hesiod (Op. 450 X£{µ,a-ro,wp71v,460, 664), and the Hymns (e.g. h.Cer. 174; h.Merc. 67). 2 l.a.ToY: The name AaToS' is used elsewhere only of a large Egyptian fish, apparently the Nile perch (Perea nilotica, L.) (Ath. 7. 311f; Str. 17. 812, 817, 823; cf. Thompson pp. 144-6), used of an otherwise unknown fish found in the and TOYKAELYOY EY1TuMn 1ro>.u8Ev6P«t): Straits of Sicily is thus perhaps ironic. Cf. frr. 17. 1 n.; 19 initial n. For Italy's richness in timber, cf. D.H. 1. 37. 4; Str. 6. 286; R. Meiggs, Trees and Timber in the Ancient Mediterranean World (Oxford, 1982) 243. Early epic has 1roAv8ev8pEOS' (H. Od. 4. 737; 23. 139, 359; h.Ap. 475; cf. Sol. fr. 13. 47; Bacch. fr. dub. 60. 23), and 1roAv8&8poS'is rare in poetry (E. Ba. 560-1; Theoc. 17. 9; Nonn. D. 5. 261). Otherwise only in late prose (e.g. Long. 1. 1; Str. 17. 826). o IKu>.>.uios••• ,rop8t,Los:i.e. the Straits of Sicily (for which, cf. fr. 10. 1-2 n.). Already by the 5th c. BCE and probably somewhat earlier, the sites of a number of the adventures of the Homeric Odysseus had been identified with places in the western Mediterranean (cf. frr. 25. 5 n.; 41. 3 n.; 54. 2 n.; Hes. Th. 1011-16; fr. 150. 25-6; E. Cyc. 20-2; Th. vi. 2. 1; J. Berard, La Colonisa-

tion grecque de l'Italie meridionale et de la Sicile dans l'antiquite: l'histoire et la legende [Bibliotheque des Ecoles Fran~aises d'Athenes et de Rome, fasc. 150: Paris, 1941] 319-38), and the Sicilian Straits were thought by some to be the location of the gigantic whirlpool Charybdis and the home of the man-eating monster Skylla (H. Od. 12. 73-110, 234-59; cf. Hecat. FGrH 1 F 82 with Str. 6. 256; E. Med. 1342-3 T~S' Tvpar,vt8oS' I EKvAAr,S' ('Tyrrhenian Skylla']; Th. iv. 24. 5; v. 53 EKvAAaiov 1rEpi1rAEfv ['to sail around the Skyllaian cape']; PI. Ep. VII 345d-e). For EXEL:For the sedes, the sedes of 1rop8µ.0S',cf. fr. 1o. 2 1rop8µ.cp*. c f . f rr. 7. 1 * c· m t h.ts sense ] ; 37. 9 *; 39. 6 EXEtv " *; 50. 3 EXT/ " *• 8UUf,LClC7TOY E&O'f,LU: Cf. fr. 17. 3*.

Fragment 53 (52 Brandt, SH 183), ap. Ath. 7. 313e-14a

o' o

AuyKEVS Ea.µ.tos lv Ti, O,j,wv17nKi, TEXV'!J, ~v 1rpoa£cpwv17ai TLVL TWV iTa{pwv , ..L. , , ., , , , , 'Y , , 0 , • OVOWV'!}, .,,170111· OVK axp1JOTOV 0£ 1rpos TOVS aT£VL',OVTas Kat /J,1) auyKa L£VTas T'!} ~

~

..

\

\

..

TL/J,'!} Kat TO KaKWS

' ypa.,,avTa ,.,. TOIi

,\'

I

'0' , 'A £1Tayoµ.£vov .t1.pXEGTpaTOV • Kat ' ,\EyovTa , , nva ' 1TOL1JTWV TO' /J,ETpov·

\

£YELV 1rapEGT1JKOTa TOVS LX vas'

' 'H~ '0£Lav 1)• TWV • al\l\WV "\ \ T1)V OV1Ta

, , \, ''()''X VS'OVOE 'll' µ.opµ.vpoS' atytal\EVS'' KaKOS' Kat '

[f r. 36 . I ]

' aµ.11711 ' ' wvov.,, ' • .1.0 ' • T1)V LVO1Twpov, vvv

I

7TOT''()\' Ea /\OS',

~· £(JTLV ' ' Eap. "

O

I

Kat '

[f r. 45 ]

' K£GTp£a

53

FRAGMENT

' 8avµ,acJTov, '

"

TOV t

QI

1

I

OTQV x1:iµ.wv \

Q1TOCJ0,-,7/CJEIS yap avayKaCJEIS

\

TO ao,

\\

1TOI\I\OVS \~

'

',,1.,.' a.,,1K7/TQI.

\

,..

,

TWV

.. O~' ECJTI ' ' vvv #

wvovµ.EVwv

"',\Q"' OOKOVV a,-,EII'

\

201

8Epos· '

'

\\ '

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'

KQI 1TOI\I\Q TWV TOIOVTWV. I

KQI 1rpoaECJT7IKOTWV.

,.

TOVTO

~\

,.

OE 1TOIWV

JI

QVTOV.

habent ACE µ,opµ,vAosMusurus

Lynkeus of Samos in the Art of Grocery-shopping, which he addressed to one of his close friends who had trouble doing his marketing, says: 'It is useful against them [i.e. the fish-sellers], when they're trying to stare you down and refusing to lower their price, to stand beside their fish and disparage them, citing Archestratos, the man who wrote the Hedupatheia, or some other poet, and reciting the line

the shore-dwelling good;

marmora-a

wretched fish and never

or [fr. 36. I] "Buy the bonito in fall"-but it's spring now!; or [fr. 45) "the grey mullet, wonderful when winter comes"-but it's summer now!; and many such things. For you'll drive away many of those who ·are standing around doing their shopping, and by doing so you'll compel him to take the price that seems good to you.'

.-.op.-.upos:The marmora (Lithognathus mormyrus, L.), called µopµvAo, by Dorion ap. Ath. 7. 3 13e and, apparently, µvpµTJ by Epich. (fr. 62. 1 Kaibel), is one of the sea-breams and is a gregarious, schooling fish found throughout the Mediterranean. It is extremely tolerant of variations in salinity and accordingly survives both in the mouths of rivers and in highly saline lagoons, and is regularly found near the shore (cf. Phan. AP 6. 304. 4 [HE 3005]; Opp. H. 1. 95-101; Marc. Sidet. 17, p. 134 marmora']). It was ldeler µopµvpo, aiyiaAEv, ['shore-frequenting accordingly caught by means of nets (Plu. Mor. 977e; Opp. H. 3. 126-7), fish-traps (Phan. AP 6. 304. 3-4 [HE 3004-5] with Gow on [Theoc.] 21. 11), and hook and line ([Opp.] C. 1. 74). Hikes. ap. Ath. 7. 313e reports that the µopµvpo, is highly nutritious, and it is included in a list of seafood at Matro SH 534. 81"" but is mentioned nowhere in the comic fragments. Cf. Thompson p. 161; Lythgoe p.115; A. Davidson p. 84 ('Grilling is recommended. An excellent fish'). The word is found in manuscripts with both paroxytone and proparoxytone accent. uly,u).E1'.is: Cf. frr. 42. 6 with n.; 46. 15 with n. icuicos... Ea9).6s:Cf. fr. 29. 1-2. The reminiscence of Hesiod's description of his hometown at Op. 640 JluKpr,, XEiµa KaKi,, (Npo

53

FRAGMENT

202

apyaAE'[J,ov8i 7TOT'ea0>.f,('Askra, bad in winter, wretched in summer, and never good') reinforces the point: the µ6pµvpo, is good at no time of year. For the sedes of la0>.6,, cf. fr. 39. 9 la0>.6v•.

Fragment 54 (53 Brandt, SH 184), ap. Ath. 7. 318£ 'E1rlxapµ,o, o' €V'Hf3a, yo.µ,.ov, T£ TO TT>.ij0o,. '\

,t

I

\

I

'

\

JI

A ' N > \ ' • \ , , \ r "" , , ,~ ~• ..iwpiu, 0 OVTOV 010 TOVW KOI\OVCJL 'TTWIIV'TTOV, Wi, .C.'TTLxapµ,o,. KOL "'-'L/J,WVLOTJ> 0 lq,TJ [PMG 514]- 1rC:,Av1TOV o,~~µ,£vo,. l1TTLKOL0£ 'TTOVAV'TTOVV. €CJTL0£ TWV CJ£Aaxwowv·T(l xovopC:,o'T/ o' OVTWA£)'£TaL.1TOVAV1T00£, yaA£0L T£ KVV£, [= fr. ~

~

dub.63]. habent ACE I 1rov,\tnro, Schweighiiuser: 1rw,\tnro, ACE 2 KlpKopa A: K6pKvpa Schneider ACE To11,\.;;0osom. CE

B&.ua.vrrovS' (in catalogues of seafood and the like at Epich. frr. 61. 1; 124. 2 Kaibel; Ar. frr. 195; 333. 2; Anaxandr. fr. 42. 29; Eub. fr. 109. 3; Alex. fr. 175. 3; cf. Ar. fr. 196; Hegemo fr. 1. 1; Amips. fr. 6) is a general name for the various types of octopus (Octopus sp.) (cf. Arist. HA

FRAGMENT

54

203

525a13-28), which are included by Arist. HA 523b21-4a24 among the µ,a>.aKia('softies', i.e. cephalopods), along with cuttlefish (cf. fr. 55. 1-2 n.) and squid (cf. fr. 56 n.). Opp. H. 4. 301-7 describes taking the octopus with a hook concealed in olive branches, and Xenarch. fr. 1. 8--.v1ro8osis attested already at H. Od. 5. 432, Latin polypus [with long initial sylwas the original form of the word, lable] suggests that 1rw>.v1roswhence at an early date folk-etymologizing created 1ro(v)>.wovsby association with 1ro>.vs('many') and 1rovs-('foot'); cf. Frisk s.v. 1rw>.v1ros-. Cf. Keller ii. 507-13; Thompson pp. 204-8; A. Davidson pp. 213-15. EVTE8a.a(t):Cf. frr. 5. 9 n.; 30. 1 Jv SE Kap(n: Cf. fr. 42. 3 n. dai.v cipLaTOL:For the Baacp•. sedes, cf. frr. 51. I EIJTLV aptaTOS-""; 57. 2 EIJTLV apiaTos-•. Forms of aptaTOSalso occur"" at frr. 36. 5; 47. 1. 2 KepKupa: Cf. Enn. SH 193. 10 [Appendix] polypus Corcyrae. Kerkyra was a major naval and trading power and agriculturally quite rich (X. HG vi. 2. 6); by the second half of the 5th c., the place was identified with the Homeric island of Scheria (Th. i. 25. 4; iii. 70. 4; cf. fr. 52. 2 n.). The ancient city was on the east coast. Kerkyra was a Korinthian colony but was forced into an alliance with Athens on the eve of the Peloponnesian War (Th. i. 24-44). In the mid-42os, the island endured a brutal civil war (Th. iii. 70-82; iv. 46-8), which was renewed in 410 (D.S. 13. 48; cf. Hermipp. fr. 63. 10-11) and may be connected with her apparent abandonment of her relationship with Athens. Sometime around 3 7 5, however, Kerkyra renewed the alliance (X. HG v. 4. 64; cf. vi. 2. 4-11) and then did so again around 340, seemingly with an eye to preventing Macedonian intrusion into the Adriatic (D. 18. 234, 237; Plu. Mor. 845a). Tpecf>EL: • at fr. 35. 7. 1ro>.>.ous J,LE)'a.>.ous TE:The adjectives appear in this order in the MSS, but Schweighauser proposed reversing TE TO 1r>.~0os('and many them, producing the pleonastic 1ro>.>.ovsin number') on the assumption that TO1r>.it8osmust refer to quantity rather than size. Since the noun may also be used to

204

FRAGMENT

54

indicate magnitude (e.g. Hdt. i. 203. 1), however, and since the MSS' reading nicely extends the etymological play on 1rov..\v1ro, . . . 1ro..\,\-. . . 1r..\ij8osto both adjectival clauses, we follow Giangrande p. 32 in retaining the paradosis. For µ,£ya..\ovs, cf. frr. 7. 1•; 14. In.; 19. 2 µ,£yaAov•; 30. 2 µ,£yaAov•; 33. I µ,£yaA7Jv*.

Fragment SS (54 Brandt, SH 185), ap. Ath. 7. 326d 'Apxl11Tpa-ro:Pieria is the foothill region north of Mt. Olympos (H. II. 14. 225-6 with Janko on 14. 225-30; Od. 5. 50; h.Ap. 216; cf. h.Merc. 70, 85, 191) to the Haliakmon River and

FRAGMENT

55

205

extending down to the Thermaic Gulf, and was traditionally regarded as the birthplace and home of the Muses (esp. Hes. Th. 53-67; cf. Hes. Op. 1; Sc. 206; Sol. fr. 13. 2). The area was named after its original inhabitants, the Pieres, who were expelled by the Macedonians sometime in the 5th c. BCE (Th. ii. 99. 3). Th. iv. 78. 6 refers to Dion as nothing more than a 1r0Aiaµ,a('town, settlement') in 424, when it appears to have been the frontier town between Macedon and Thessaly, but Archelaos established a major dramatic festival in honour of Zeus and the Muses there a few years later (D.S. 17. 16. 3; _EgT D. 19. 192 [19. 383 Dilts]; St. Byz. p. 232.4-5 Meineke) and the place expanded considerably with the rise of Macedonian power in the 4th c. Cf. Str. Bk. 7 frr. 17-18; Paus. ix. 30. 7-8; Hammond pp. 125-7. XEUJ.1.a / Ba♦upa.: The Baphyras (called B7J.a{Jpos in Homer is used only of violent winds and waters and means 'furious, rushing' vel sim. (II. 2. 148; 15. 625; 16. 385; 21. 271; Od. 15. 293), but the word is probably cognate with >.a{JEiv ('to take'; cf. Frisk s.v.; Chantraine, DE s.v.) and the original sense is thus presumably 'grasping, snatching' (cf. Pi. P. 4. 244 with Braswell ad loc.; E. HF 253 with Wilamowitz ad loc.), whence the extended sense 'vehement, violent' (e.g. Pi. 0. 2. 86; E. Or. 697; cf. H. II. 23. 474--9). For >.a{Jpwsin the sense 'greedily', e.g. [A.] PV 1022; Arist. HA 594h18-19; Pr. 926h21; Opp. H. 3. 302. The first syllable of >.a{Jposis treated as heavy in early epic, but the absence of Attic correption is unusual in Archestr. (contrast E. HF 861; Or. 697); cf. frr. 22. 4; 60. 4; Introduction, § VII (a). 7 1rEp(EpyoL: 'overelaborate' (Timocl. fr. 13. 4; Philem. fr. 92. 3; cf. Ar. fr. 337. 1) and thus 'unnecessary'. For the idea, cf. Ph. ., , '·'· " 1TEptEpytat, d e sPec. l eg. I . I 74 oaa GLT01TOIIWV Kat\ o'f-'apTV'TWV TEXVLTEvovai('however so many things the excessive elaborations of breadmakers and cooks devise'). E~oLy':• at fr. 15. 3. 6La,rQvTos: Here probably 'utterly' (cf. Pl. R. 407d; Cleanth. fr. 1. 14•, p. 227 Powell); to be taken with 1rEpfrpyo1. More often xpovov ('time') is to be supplied (e.g. Ar. Pax 398). 8-cJNote the playful alliteration of gutturals (cf. fr. 5. 4 n.) and

212

57

FRAGMENT

the jingle KaTaxvcrµ,aTa Kai KaTO.TvpaI Kai KaTeAaia At71v.For such expressions, cf. D. Fehling, Die Wiederholungsfiguren und ihr Gebrauch bei den Griechen vor Gorgias (Berlin, 1969) 244-5. OICEUQO&a&: Cf. V. 2 C1KEVacrl11s"" with n.; fr. 36. 2 n. y).o,wv: Lit. 'gummy things', i.e. 'sticky things'; cf. fr. 46. 18 with n.; Pl. Cra. 427b; Arist. Mir. 844 3 13-14 oµ,o{ovs T EW

~07]XP~

yepa6v,

t

1'

7TOALOVacf,68pa KpiiTa

\

I

,\

•

cf,opovvTa

•0

I

OLVOV, vyp7JV XaLT7JV EUK

£µ,wpo>.oyova,}Ribbeck 15 iav (y'} Brunck 16 £T€WV Porson: £Tipov orvov CE 11'£p&KaMa,v C 17 1l'OA£wv] 11'0>.>.~v C fJoTpvocrrayis lpvos Lloyd-Jones 19 o~iv Dindorf Till'] Td>.>.os C 20 a1hois Dindorf: aihois CE

From Archestratos,

the expert on dinners:

Then when you take up a full measure of Zeus the Saviour, it ought to be an old, quite grey-headed wine, its moist hair covered with a white flower, that you drink, a wine from wave-girt Lesbos by birth. I also praise the Bibline wine from holy Phoenicia, although I do not rank it equal to Lesbian. For if you are previously unacquainted with it and taste it for the first time, you will think it more fragrant than Lesbian, for it retains this quality on account of its tremendous age. But when it is drunk, it is much inferior, whereas Lesbian wine will seem to you to share the rank of ambrosia rather than of wine. And if some emptyheadedbrainlessbullshitartists mockingly assert that Phoenician wine is best of all, I pay them no attention ( ). Thasian wine as well is good to drink, if it is the eldest by many lovely seasons of years. I am able to mention the vine-shoots dripping with grape-clusters from other cities as well, and am not unaware of how to praise and name them. But the others are just nothing compared with Lesbian wine, although some people like to praise what they have in their own land.

s

10

Is

20

216

FRAGMENT

59

1-4 Cf. Antiph. fr. 172. 1-4 ws- S' eSe{7TVTJaav . .. I Kai Llu1sawTr,pos~..\8e B71p{KAflOVopyavov, I T7ISTpva{µ.wv('good divinity'; e.g. Ar. Eq. 85; Nicostr. Com. fr. 19; Antiph. fr. 135), followed by a cup of wine mixed with water and dedicated to Zeus the Saviour, who sent the rain and thus, by making fresh water available to men, rendered safe drinking possible (Philoch. FGrH 328 F 5 ap. Ath. 2. 38c-d et 15. 693d-e; Philon. Med. ap. Ath. 15. 67 5c; D.S. 4. 3. 4). There is also abundant testimony that the third mixing-bowl of wine as a whole was dedicated to Zeus-l:wT~P ('Zeus the Saviour'; Pi. /. 6. 7-g with l:, citing A. fr. 55 and S. fr. 425; cf. A. Supp. 26; Ag. 284-5 with Fraenkel ad loc., 1386-7; Ch. 1 with Garvie ad loc.; Eu. 75g-60; Pl. Chrm. 167a), however, and it seems more likely that it is to that 'filling-up' that Archestr. is referring. Discussion of the proper wine for the two preceding bowls thus presumably preceded this fragment. For the various libations and cups dedicated to Zeus-l:wT~P, cf. Eub. fr. 56. 6-7; Antiph. fr. 3; Alex. fr. 234; Eriph. fr. 4; Xenarch. fr. 2; Diph. fr. 70; D. Tolles, The Banquet-Libations of the Greeks (Ann Arbor, 1943) 54-68, 9o-6. For his cult, cf. Ar. Pl. 1175; Men. Sam. 310; fr. 656. 7 Ko.; Diph. fr. 42. 24-5; adesp. corn. frr. 1017. 107; 1089. 10; 1115. 10; Arnott on Alex. fr. 234. 1-2 (with extensive bibliography). For a 4th-c. drinking cup inscribed Ll,os-l:wTr,pos-, see 0. Broneer, Corinth i. 4: The South Stoa and its Roman Successors (Princeton, 1954) 62-4. 2-3 For the high-style description of well-aged wine as a metaphorical old man, cf. Eub. fr. I 2 I 8aaiov ~ Xfov ..\a{JwvI ~ Aea{Jiov yepovTa veKTapoaTayr, ('after you get a Thasian or Chian or Lesbian old man, dripping with nektar'); Alex. frr. 124. 2 AevKov vEKTapos-1raAaiyevoiis- ('of white nektar, born long ago') with w I\ I 710v, 'II' y ' , ooovTa, 'II' , exwv, w Kat\ µ.a11a ovx A rnott a di oc.; 172. 3-5 eaTai

FRAGMENT 59

217

77S7J aa1rp6s, I 1TE1rwv,yJpwv YE Saiµ,ov{ws ('it will be pleasant indeed, toothless, mellow, ripe, extraordinarily old') with Arnott ad loc.; Men. Dysk. 946-7 Evwv yJpov-ra 1r0Aiov ~S'IJI EKALVE Ko,Aov Eis Kv-ros ('he caused a grey-haired Bacchic elder to recline in a hollow vessel') with Handley ad loc.; Nie. Th. 582 µ,JfJvos 1r0Aioii ('of grey wine'); Epinic. fr. I. 6 yJpov-ra 06.aiov ('an old Thasian'). Note how the noun is reserved for the enjambed position at the beginning of v. 3 (cf. fr. 57. 1-2), leaving temporarily open the possibility that this is a description of an actual old man, who will be the accusative subject of the infinitive dependent on XP'l· ,j8'1'): Correlative with EW'01r6-rav in v. 1; cf. fr. 24. 5-6• with nn. 110>..,ov... icpoTa:1r0Aios ('grey') is poetic vocabulary (e.g. H. II. 22. 74; Od. 24. 499; Hes. Th. 271; h. Ven. 228; Pi. 0. 4. 30; I. 6. 15; A. Supp. 673; S. Ai. 633; E. Hee. 654 1r0Aiov ... Kpii-ra ['grey head']; Ba. 185 Kpa.Ta •.. 1r0Aiov ['grey head']; Ar. Eq. 908), frequently of the hair or head, as here. The accusative singular Kpii-ra (attested in early epic only at H. Od. 8. 92 and thus of interest to the Alexandrians; cf. A.R. 2. 93; [Theoc.] 25. 232; Lye. 700) is formed by analogy to such contracted forms as Kpa-r{ (< Kpaa-r{) and Kpa-ros (< KpaaTos); cf. Chantraine, GH i. 230. The form is also found at Pi. P. 12. 16 and is common in tragedy (e.g. S. OT 263; Ant. 764; E. Ale. 759, 1015; Hee. 652 [above]; Ba. 185 [above]), where it may be understood as either neuter (e.g. S. Ph. 1001) or masculine (e.g. Ion TrGF 19 F 61). yEpaov: yEpaos is an exclusively poetic form of yEpmos (S. OC 200; Tim. PMG 791. 214; Nie. fr. 74. 71; sometimes written yEpmos with the second syllable short via internal correption [Tyrt. fr. 10. 20; E. HF 447]). Wine that was 'old' by Greek standards was probably not so by ours, the greatest suggested age in the material preserved in Athenaios being 16 years (Lynk. ap. Ath. 13. 584b--opouvTa:Cf. fr. 14. 3 n. Kpii-ra c/,opoiiv-ra is Casaubon's correction of CE's Kpa-roc/,opoiiv-ra; Musurus suggested Kap-roc/,opoiivTa, 'capable of bearing much (water)', i.e. when mixed. otvov: Forms of the word are occasionally• in Homer (e.g. II. 23. 220; 24. 284; Od. 2. 290; 7. 164). uypT)V. .. a.v8u:Apparently a reference to garlanding (for which, cf. fr. 60. 1-2 with nn.), although the specification that the flower be white suggests that

218

FRAGMENT

59

this can also be taken as a metaphorical expression for 'with grey hair' (cf. S. El. 43 ~v0iaµ,lvov ['flowered'; of someone gone grey]; OT 742 xvoa,wv apn AWKavlUs Kapa ['lightly dusted on his head with flowering white']; Erinna SH 401. 46 1rpav>..6yo,1ro>..,a{, Tai y~paos av0Ea OvaTois ['gently-speaking grey hairs, which are the flowers of old age for mortals']). If that is the case, av0os has its root sense 'that which flourishes, sprouts upon something else' (cf. Aitchinson, Ciotta 41 [1963] 271-8), and the word may thus simultaneously refer to what the Romans called flos vini (Ov. F. 5. 26er-70; Plin. Nat. 14. 136), the efflorescence of a filmforming, protective yeast on the wine's surface. For the sedes of av0EL,cf. fr. 16. 4 av0os* with n. vyp~v (properly 'flowing'; cf. fr. 46. 14 with n.) is doubly appropriate to the context, since symposiasts regularly wet their hair with unguents; cf. fr. 60. 3 with n.; Archil. fr. 48. 5-6 laµ,vpixµ,lvas Koµ,71vI Kai aTiJ0os ('of a girl whose hair and breasts are covered with scented oil'). TrETl'UKaaµ.evov:Commonly used of garlanding; cf. fr. 60. 1 n. 4 Tr(VELV!* at H. Od. 9. 249; h.Cer. 208. EK AEaf3ou TrEPLKUµ.ovos: Cf. fr. 5. 5 nn. Lesbian wine is referred to and praised repeatedly in our sources (e.g. Philyll. fr. 23. 1; Eub. fr. 121. 2; Ephipp. fr. 28; Antiph. fr. 172. 3; Alex. frr. 276-8 with Arnott on 276. 1-2; Clearch. fr. 5; Matro SH 534. 109-10; Bato fr. 3. 2; Plin. Nat. 14. 73; cf. Hermesian. fr. 7. 55, p. 99 Powell). For archaeological evidence for the Lesbian wine-trade, cf. Clinkenbeard, Hesperia 51 (1982) 248-67. eKyEyawTa: For the sedes, cf. H. II. 21. 185 EKyEyawn*; h.Cer. 237*; Peek, GVI 447. 1 EKya{71s.Ea>..wv{Sos EKyEyavia I ('from the land of Salonis by birth'). ' ' 'l"OLVLK'lS "' ' 'LEP'lS! ~ Cf . f rr. 6 . 1 n.; 35. 1 n. iEp71s ' " 1s . * at fr. 35. 8 . 5 aTro If the MSS' Tov BvfJ>..wvis retained, this must be a reference to Byblos, a Phoenician city located between Tripolis and Beirut on what is now the Lebanese coast and which was sacred to Adonis, worshipped there under his Semitic name Tammuz (Str. 16. 755; Luc. Syr.D. 7; cf. Nonn. D. 3. 107-10). Nothing else is known of Bybline wine, however, and since Archestr. clearly has a well-known commodity in mind, TvB(f3>.LVov(cf. Musurus' Tov BvfJ>..,vov[printed by Ll.-J./P.]) ought probably to be printed and the passage understood as a reference (possibly confused) to the B{fJ>..ivosotvos mentioned first at Hes. Op. 589 (cf. E. Ion 1195; Philyll. fr. 23. 2; Achae. TrGF 20 F 41; adesp.

FRAGMENT

59

219

tr. fr. 149; Theoc. 14. 15; Ath. 1. 31a-b) and apparently called after the place where the variety of grape used to produce it originated rather than the place where the wine itself was made. Cf. Gow on Theoc. 14. 15; West on Hes. Op. 589. Most likely the common noun f3if3Mov('book') was first written for the rare adjective Btf3>..ivov (cf. CE at Ath. I. 31a) and the first t then replaced by an v by a scribe or editor who thought Bvf3>..was the correct form (for the confusion of f3if3Movand f3vf3Mov,cf. Allen p. 65) or who knew some geography. For Phoenician wine, cf. Plin. Nat. 14. 74. a.tvw:Cf. fr. 5. 14 braivw / with n. 6 ou tJ,EVTOL ... ye: Cf. H. Od. 4. 836 / ou µiv -rot K£Lvovy£*; 16. 267 I OUµev 'TOLK£tvw y£*; Denniston p. 405. 1ra.pe€Law: lfiaow ('make equal') is common in 5th- and 4th-c. literature (e.g. S. OT 1507; Ar. Ra. 688; Pl. Lg. 927e; Arist. Mu. 397 8 8-9), but 1rap£fia6w ('rank alongside as equal with') occurs only here in antiquity (although cf. Hsch. 1r498; Eust. pp. 739. 45; 1339. 36; 1367. 37). ea.vya.p:Forthesedes, cf. V. 15 lav?i*; fr. 30. I EClV ?i*.For the sense pause in the fifth foot, cf. Introduction,§ vn (h). 7 e€a.£clnrr1s: 'suddenly', i.e., presumably, 'for the first time', although LSJ s.v.'s translation of Pl. Cra. 396b aKovaavn as 'at first hearing' (an apparent parallel) is misleading; lfatv'YJ, cf. Dodds on Pl. Grg. 523e4-5. a.uTouyeuan: The contrast is between having a sip and drinking one or more full cups (v. 10 1rivoµ£vor;), and thus perhaps also between drinking unmixed and mixed wine. That Lesbian wine is more easily enjoyed over a long period of time makes it better suited for a night of symposium drinking (cf. v. 1 n.). 8-10 euw6'1s KTX.: The bouquet produced by the best wine, particularly at the moment it was combined with water in a Kpa-r~p ('mixing bowl'), is frequently remarked upon (e.g. H. Od. 9. 210-11; Alcm. fr. 92(b); Xenoph. fr. B 1. 6; Hermipp. fr. 77. 3, 6-10; Ar. Lys. 206; Ee.1124; Pl. Com. fr. 205. 1; cf. v. 15 n.) and was sometimes increased by the addition of perfume to the mixing bowl (Diph. fr. 17. 10; Philippid. fr. 40; Posidipp. fr. 36; Thphr. Od. 67). Archestr., however, distinguishes between bouquet and taste and in v. 10 gives clear primacy to the latter. For the sedes of £uwS'YJ,,cf. fr. 11. 9 £UWO'YJ*· 6o€EL: Cf. v. 10 SoK~a£t with n. Aeaf3£ou:For the sedes, cf. v. 19 Aeaf3iov*. elva.L:* at fr. 18. 1, where cf. n. 1-1.a.X>.ov: Frequently (although far from exclusively) * in Homer (e.g. Il. 1. 563; 5. 231; Od. 1.

220

FRAGMENT

59

89, 322); cf. Hes. Th. 666. EXE'ycip icTA.:For old wine as TOUTo:'this (quality)', i.e. of superior to new, cf. vv. 2-3 n. having a good bouquet. xpovou8,a.l''IKOSa.,rAQTov:Obscure, since the most natural interpretation is that Phoenician wine is generically old and it is unclear why this should be the case. The language may be paratragic (cf. A. Supp. 735; Ag. 610; [A.] PV 1020; S. Tr. 69; E. Or. 72, 1215), although cf. Pl. Lg. 683a ev xpovov nvo,µ.~K£UtVa:7TAETot,('during vast lengths of time'). For a1TAa-rovin place of the expected a1TA£'TOV, cf. fr. 7. 3 with n. fflVOl,'EVOS: Cf. v. 7 n. KEivos:i.e. Lesbian wine; SC. mvoµ.£vo, ('when it is drunk'). 80Kf1au:Contrast v. 8 Sot£,. The future form ~oK~aw occurs at Hdt. iv. 74, but otherwise before Archestr. appears to be restricted to Attic drama ([A.] PV 386; E. Heracl. 261; Ar. Nu. 562; Ra. 737). Although the sample is small, it is perhaps telling that neither of the occurrences in comedy is from trimeter; cf. K-B ii. 403. 11 ixuv 01,'01ov: Meineke (followed by Ll.-J./P.) transposed these words, but since Archestr. allows the internal correption of o, in 1roiew (cf. fr. 1 with n.) and -rowv-ro, (fr. 46. 3), and perhaps of a, elsewhere (cf. v. 2 with n.; fr. 32. 3 with n.), we have retained yEpQs: Epic vocabulary; properly a special the paradosis. portion reserved for a yepwv ('old man, elder'; cf. vv. 2-3 with n.), with which the word is cognate (cf. Chantraine, DE s.v.), but here virtually equivalent to -riµ.~('portion of honour'), as at e.g. H. Il. 20. 182. Cf. LfgrE s.v. 3. al'f3poa,n: Ambrosia is here apparently conceived as a potable liquid; cf. fr. 16. 3-4 n. For the comparison of wine to ambrosia, nectar, or both, cf. H. Od. 9. 359; Archil. fr. 290; Pi. I. 6. 37; Ion fr. 26. 4-10; Hermipp. fr. 77. 10; Ar. Ach. 194-6; Eub. fr. 121. 2 [vv. 2-3 n.]; Alex. fr. 124. 2 [vv. 2-3 n.] with Arnott ad loc. 8E:• at fr. 24. 16, where cf. n. 12-13 aicw1rTouaw .•. / ws: Apparently 'make the jeering claim (sc. against me) that .. .'; cf. X. Cyr. i. 5. 1 ol 1ra,~£, laKw1r-rov .;,~mra0£tVEVM~~o,, µ.£µ.a0TJKW,TJKOL ('the children used av-rov to jeer at him, saying that he had come back having learned to live the life of luxury among the Medes'). Friendly abuse seems to have been an ordinary occurrence at convivial occasions, although it sometimes gave way to more heated and violent confrontations; cf. Ar. V. 1308-21; X. Smp. vii. 1; Alex. fr. 160; Luc. Symp. 18-19. a>.QtovoxQuvoct,>.uQpo,: A hapax legomenon,

w,

FRAGMENT

59

221

glossed oµi8vaos i.ijpos('one who is drunk and babbling') at Sa 1057, and presumably known to the lexicographer through Athenaios. The word is a typical comic compound (cf. Ar. Lys. 457-8; Ee. 1169-75), made up of (1) a>.a{wv,'bullshit artist' vel sim. (cf. MacDowell, in E. M. Craik (ed.], Owls to Athens [Oxford, 1990] 287-94); (2) xaiivos (cognate with xaai.vapos, 'nonsense' (e.g. Ar. Nu. 365; Stratt. fr. 28. 1; Men. fr. 568. 2 Ko.; [Pl.] Ax. 365e) or 'speaker of nonsense' (e.g. [Pl.] Ax. 369a). ®LCM'OS ICT~.: Cf. fr. 15. 3-4 n.; Ar. fr. 613 ~vs TE 7TLVELV olvos, ltq,pofr71s ya>.a('and wine that is pleasant to drink, for CE's aiaTos, Aphrodite's milk'). Dindorf proposed riiaTos but it is difficult to see why an isolated West Greek form should have intruded into the text, and Ribbeck is probably right to suggest that Archestr. is quoting or evoking the words of some lost Doric writer. E♦u: A gnomic aorist, as at fr. 39. 5 (where seen.). For the sedes of olvos, cf. v. 19 olvov•; fr. 49. 1 oivqJ• with n.; Matro SH 534. 109•. I4 The text is metrically deficient and no compelling supplement 11poaExwTOY vouv + dative: 'pay attenhas been proposed. tion to' (e.g Ar. Eq. 503-4; Pherecr. fr. 84. 1-2; Pl. Sph. 262e; Grg. 508a). The voiis (like Engl. 'mind' or 'attention') is routinely conceived of as a thing that can wander or be sent off in various directions (e.g. Thgn. 87; S. Tr. 272-3; E. Ion 251; Ar. Aeh. 398-9; Pl. Com. fr. 188. 4). IS Cf. Ar. Ee. 1 122 (of Thasian wine) waT' EaT,7ToAvfU>.naTa,7ToAv ijT' w 8Eo{ ('so that it is by far the best, by far indeed, by the gods!'). 8o.crLos:For Thasos, cf. fr. 5. 9 n. Thasian wine is repeatedly referred to in our sources and is said to have been of extremely high quality, with a distinct, apple-like bouquet (esp. Hermipp. fr. 77. 3-5; Ar. Ee. 1118-22; X. Smp. iv. 41; Plin. Nat. 14. 73; cf. Crit. 88 B 33; Ar. Lys. 196; Pl. 1021; fr. 334; Philyll. fr. 23. 2; Epilyc. fr. 7; Eub. fr. 121. 1; Antiph. frr. 138; 238. 2; Antidot. fr. 4. 1; Alex. fr. 232. 4 with Arnott ad loc.; Hippolochos of Macedon ap. Ath. 3. 129d; Men. Kol. 48; fr. 264. 5 Ko.; Macho 266; Epinic. fr. 1. 6; ad esp. corn. fr. 114 7. 43, 83); cf. Salviat, BCH Supplement 13 (1986) 145-96. For the Thasian wine-industry, cf. JG XII supplement 347, I and II;

222

FRAGMENT 59

BCH Supplement 13 (1986) 197-362, esp. Blonde, pp. 201--78; 26 (1993) 202-3, 207-i..Aor; olvor;~Mwv 1TLEtV ('but there is no wine more pleasant to drink than Lesbian'). For the use of 1rpos, cf. fr. 5. 10 n. a.11>.ws:• at fr. 36. 7. For the use of the word to strengthen a form of ouoe{r;/Ot.lOEV (late classical style), cf. Hegesipp. Com. fr. 1. 22-3; Strato Com. fr. 1. 2 = Philem. fr. 114. 2; Matro SH 534. 115. olvov: For the sedes, cf. v. 1 3 olvor;• with n. 20 Cf. fr. 1 5. 3-4 with n. ci>.>.a.TIYESxaLpouaw: The verbal reminiscence of v. 1 2 el oenver; aKw1r-rovaivframes the discussion of those who disagree with the poet and helps belittle their preference for other wines. dAAais • at frr. 2 1. 1, where cf. n.; 39. 6; 41. 1; 46. 13; 60. 12; and note dAA'in line initial position 1n v. 19. E1rawouvTES: Cf. fr. 5. 14 n. Ta.1rap' auTois: Cf.

59

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224

fr.

8 n. The implicit reference is not necessarily to inhabitants of places that actively exported wine to the rest of the Greek world (v. 17 n.) but to individuals who simply claimed that their local wine was superior to anything else. Archestr. himself is not immune to the parochial tendencies he denounces here; cf. fr. 10. 1-2 n. 10.

Fragment 6o (62 Brandt, SH 192), ap. Ath. 3. 101b-e )tpxiarporo,

o oif,080{8a>.o,

yovv

f>EL1TVOV KOi TO.', 1rpo1TOC1EI', KOi TO

/J.ETO. TO

' '8'.I. 01 'l'TJC11v· µ.vpo,, XPTJGOG ,,,.,, .J.' aE1 oE arE.,,avo,a,

r 1TVKa.,ov 1

I Kapr, 1rapa'"'" oa,ra

'II #,\Q ' (J • 1TEOOV O plOV av T/,

,., " .. • I 1ravrooa1TOIS', OIS' av ya,r,,

Kai U'TaK'TOLa&µvpO&S' ayafJOLS' xafrr,v \

,\'fJ ' avov

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5

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\

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lv r' o{E, "

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I

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Sp,µEi

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wpr,.

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,

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ovoEv E ovTES'.

',\,\, \ \ 7TEI'(Jov KEIVOLS', I \ ,\ I (J a a av 11-'Y/ a O EYW EYW EU E Q ' , " rpayr,µara , , ,.J. ,-,pwra· ra ' o11• a#,\,\ a y ' EKEiva 1ravra 1TE.,,vKE ' 'II " '.l.(J01I 'T' EpE ' 'fJLV(J01 1T'TWXEl'YJS' 1rapaoE1yµa KaK'YJS', E'I' #

\

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15

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Ka& Kara

\

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Cf.

Ath. 3.

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fJovµa.~EIV

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I

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20

avap, '{Jµov,.

8' EC1TtV atwv TOVTO.',KOAa., (mo8~Ka, 1rapa8,Sovro,

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uoq,i[>rij, ~8ovij, Ka8TJ'YE/J.WV 1 , .... ' "''" Q,\' ''' 1TEI88 EC1 a,, TOV r1C1Kpawv 1TOITJTTJII yvwµ.&KW', Kai TJ/J.IVuvµ.,-,ov EVEI TIC11 /J.EV /.1.T/ r ... avrcp

~'

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re[> Kwµ.cp8&011'0&i[> µ.ayE{pov,

8,

EV 1:vvrpoq,o,, 'PTJUIV"[seq.

Damox. fr. 2] habent ACE et Eust. pp. 652. 6 (vv. 19-21]; 773. 35-6 [v. 11]; 1386. 53 (v. 11]

FRAGMENT

60

225

1 alE, Brunck Kap71Brandt: Kapa ACE 2 ya171s Meineke: ya,as ACE av8a E 3 aya8ois] ayavois Stadtmilller xa1Tav CE 4 oµ,vpv71vBrandt: oµ,vpvav ACE µ,a.\aK~v]µ,a.\Ep~vanon. ap. Schweighauser Tl.{fJavo,l>.,fJavw-r6,are myrrh and frankincense, i.e. the aromatic gums produced by several Arabian trees belonging to the family Burseraceae (Commiphora spp. and Boswellia spp., respectively) and imported into the Greek world through Syria (Hermipp. fr. 63. 13; Anaxandr. fr. 42. 36-7; Mnesim. fr. 4. 57-61; cf. Melanipp. PMG 757. 5-6; A. Ag. 1312 with i;Trikt.; E. Ba. 144). Both words are of Semitic origin. For descriptions of the trees and the way in which they were tapped and their gum collected, cf. Hdt. iii. 107; Thphr. HP ix. 4; Plin. Nat. 12. 51-71; van Beck, BA 23 (1960) 70-95. Myrrh and frankincense were routinely burned as offerings for the gods (e.g. S. fr. 370; E. Tr. 1064-5; Ion 89-90; Ar. Nu. 426; Antiph. fr. 162. 4; Men. Dysk. 449), inter alia as part of the standard proceedings at the beginning of a symposium (Xenoph. fr. B 1. 7; E. Ion 1174-5; Pl. Com. fr. 71. 9; Nicostr. Com. fr. 27 [initial n.]; Alex. fr. 252. 3 [initial n.] with Arnott ad loc.; Men. Sam. 158). Phryn. Eel. p. 157 Fischer attempts to distinguish between MfJavo, and >.,fJavw-r6,, arguing that the former is the tree, the latter the gum it produced, but classical authors do not maintain the distinction; cf. Lobeck ad loc. Syria was a Persian satrapy until conquered by Alexander the Great beginning in 333. ,rupos: Frequently

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229

* in Homer (e.g. Il. 2. 415; 6. 182, 331; Od. 12. 68; cf. h.Merc. 108, 137). 1,10>.aKT}V EfflTEct,pT)v: TE'PPTJ is properly 'ash' (e.g. H. Il. 18. 25 -TJ*; 23. 251 -TJ*; Ar. Nu. 177, 1083), although the word is used here (as at Sotad. Com. fr. 1. 29) to refer to coals, in this case those placed in the brazier (laxap{s) where the incense is to be burned (cf. Ar. Ra. 871; Alex. fr. 252. 3 with Arnott ad Joe.). LI.-J./P. print µ,a>..ep~v(an anonymous conjecture recorded by Schweighauser), a poetic adjective used in early epic of raging fire (H. Jl. 9. 242; 20. 316; 21. 375; Hes. Sc. 18; Certamen 147; cf. A. Ch. 325; E. Tr. 1300) and thereafter in metaphorical connection with burning (Pi. 0. 9. 22; S. OT 190; cf. adesp. SH 1087) or with the extended sense 'devouring, ravening' (A. Pers. 62; Ag. 141; Philox. Leuc. PMG 836(e). 10 [of the hands of banqueters]; Arist. PMG 842. 5). Cf. U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Aristoteles und Athen ii (Berlin, 1893) 407-8; Silk's argument at CQ NS 33 (1983) 322, that in the historical period the word has no clearly understood meaning, is unconvincing. µ,a>..ep6sseems also to have been understood to mean 'glowing' or perhaps even 'slow-burning' (cf. S µ, 102 µ,a>..ep6v·>..aµ,1rp6v,a1ro86ev; Campbell on A.R. 3. 291 ), and if µ,a>..ep~vis to be read here it would need to be taken in this weakened sense. ACE's µ,aAaK~v, which both describes the physical appearance of the layer of ash that covers a piece of burning charcoal and can be used to mean 'gently burning' (cf. LSJ s.v. I. 1), makes good sense, however, and we have with some hesitation retained it. For the prosody of TE.>.E is * at H. Od. 22. 118, and other forms of the word occasionally appear in line initial position (e.g. Il. 1. 52; 9. 435; 12. 37; Od. 20. 151; 21. 371). The standard verb for placing incense on coals is imT{0TJp,t(e.g. Ar. Nu. 426; V. 96; Ra. 888; Pl. Com. fr. 71. 9; Antiph. fr. 162. 4). TrOVT)l,1EpLos: Homeric vocabulary, normally in this sedes (e.g. Il. 1. 472; 2. 385; 17. 180; Od. 3. 486; 11. 11; 12. 24; cf. Hes. Sc. 396). Euw6Ea KC1p1rov: Cf. the Homeric line end fJ,EA!TJDEa Kap1r6v* (Il. 18. 568; Od. 9. 94). Kap1rovalone appears* at Hes. Th. 216; Op. 172. evwSea is* at fr. 24. 10. 6-21 Cf. Anaxandr. fr. 2 ws S' €C1TEV civ UffO.PXn / wp11:Cf. V. 2 with n.; fr. 35. 13 with n. For IJ'TTO.PX!/, cf. fr. 5. 12 urrapxETWwith n. Iupa.icoa&wv:Cf. frr. 12. 1 n.; 22. 3 l:vpaKoaw,•. Kottabos, a game that involved hurling wine lees at targets of various sorts, was at least allegedly Sicilian in origin (Critias 88 B 2. 1; cf. Dicaearch. Hist. fr. 94 Wehrli; Call. fr. 69), but we know nothing more of specifically Syracusan symposium customs than what Archestr. tells us here. For the rejection of Syracusan advice generally, cf. fr. 46. 10-11 with nn. For the sedes of «1.1EA11aov, cf. H. II. 17. 9 a.µ,IATJaE•,697 a.µEATJaE•. I 1-12 ff&VOUaL ••• J3a.Tpa.xwv Tpo1rov:/30.Tpaxo, is a comprehensive word for a variety of tailless amphibians, including aquatic frogs (as here), tree frogs, and even toads. Frogs do not drink in the

232

FRAGMENT

60

proper sense, but absorb water into their bodies through their permeable skin and cloacal vents. Their natural affinity for water nonetheless led to their being closely associated with drinking, as the proverbial expression v8wp /JaTpaxq, ('water for a frog'; of something in which one takes particular delight) (.E Luc. 28. 9; S fJ 191; Zeno b. I I. 79; cf. Zenob. I I. 78 /JaTpaxois olvoxoe,s ['you're pouring wine for frogs'], of something unwanted) makes clear; cf. Pherecr. fr. 76. 5; Aristopho fr. 10. 3 v8wp 8£ 11{veivfJcfrpaxos ('as for drinking water, consider me a frog'); Theoc. 10. 53-4 f.VKTOS () TW /JaTpaxw, 11a,8es, fJ{os· ov µ,e.\e8atvet I TOVTO1Ttf.WlyxevvTa· 110.pean yap o.cf,8ovovaVT.Eu8Epov: 'free' as opposed to servile, the surface point being that a free

FRAGMENT

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237

man, unlike a slave, can choose to live however he wishes (cf. Arist. Pol. 1317b11-13 tv [sc. a71µEfov l,\Ev8Ep{as] Se To{ijv ws QI,\ I • \ "',\8' w ~l,I. w • ,-,ov ETaL TLS. TOVTO yap T7JS E EV Eptas Epyov ELVaL .,,aa,v, EL1TEp TOV Sov,\ov ovTos To{ijv µ~ ws {3ov,\ETai ['One mark of freedom is to

live as one pleases. For they say that this is the function of freedom, given that living not as one pleases is the lot of a slave']) and can therefore adopt a life of luxury. The implication is nonetheless clearly that only the wealthy are truly free; cf. vv. 13-15 with v. 14 n.; Heracl. Pont. fr. 55 Wehrli ap. Ath. 12. > \ \ \ \ "I:, 8 \ \ ,I.• ',\ 8I \ I:,\ 5 I 2 b ECJTL yap TO /J,EV 7JOECJ a, KaL TO Tpv.,,av E EV Epwv, ... TO OE 1rovEivSov,\wv Kai Ta1reivwv ('for to enjoy oneself and live luxuriously is the mark of free men, whereas to work hard is the mark of slaves and the lowly'). l,\Ev8Epov is• at H. II. 6. 455, 528; 16. 831; 20. 193. 2~1 Note the crescendo; cf. [A.] PV 152-4 El yap µ' v1ro yijv vep8Ev 8' .it,Sov I TOVVEKpoSeyµovos Els a1repavTOVI Ta.pTapov ~KEV ('Would that he had sent me under the earth and beneath Hades, receiver of the dead, into boundless Tartaros!'). tcQTO. TOUl3upci8pouicui.TupTcipou: Cf. H. II. 8. 13-14 f,{,pw ls V1TO x8ov6s ECJ'TL {3epE8Ta.pTapov ~EpOEVTa,I Tij,\E µ&.,\', ~XL{3&.8,aTOV pov ('I will hurl him into murky Tartaros, very far away, where is the deepest pit beneath the earth'). At Athens, To{3&.pa8pov ('the Pit') was the name for a rocky cleft slightly outside the city walls into which public enemies were thrown for execution (cf. Hdt. vii. 133. 1; Ar. Eq. 1362; Nu. 1448-9; Ra. 574; Pl. 431, 1109; X. HG i. 7. 20; Pl. Grg. 516d; Alex. fr. 159. 1 with Arnott ad loc.; W. Judeich, Topographie von A then [Munich, 1931] 140; I. Barkan, Capital Punishment in Ancient Athens [Diss. Univ. of Chicago, 1935; reprint New York, 1979] 54-62) and is sometimes used by extension to refer to death itself (Men. Dysk. 394 ~ 575 a1ray' els To{3&.pa8pov['take it off to the Pit!']; adesp. corn. frr. 1006. 10; 1111. 1; 1147. 41; Luc. Am. 5). Tartaros is the dark, boundless region beneath Hades (cf. H. II. 8. 16; Hes. Th. , , ~, " , \ ,, ',\ w / , 720-1' 724-5 EVVEa O av VVKTas TE KaL 'Y//J,aTa xa KEOSaKµwv EK I:, yai7Js Kanwv, oEKaT'l} K ES apTapov LKOL an d a b ronze anvt·1 for nine days and nights descending from earth would come on the tenth day to Tartaros'], 740-1 x&.aµ' µey'. ouSe KE 1TO.VTa TE,\Eacf,6povEls lv,avTov I oJSas iKoLT' ['a great gulf, nor would you reach its threshold in a full year']) in which the Titans were imprisoned, and is treated by Hesiod as one of the four primeval eleI

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FRAGMENT 60

238

ments (Th. 119 with West ad loc.; cf. Ar. Av. 693; Musae. 2 B 14). TapT

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habent ACE {~eras] {71>.wcras Nauck

Archestratos, who lived the same life as Sardanapallos, in his discussion of the thresher shark in Rhodes considers it the same fish as the one which, among the Romans, is carried around at banquets accompanied by pipes and garlands, with those carrying it garlanded as well, and is called the sturgeon.

a.KKt1T~aioswill not fit into dactylic hexameters

(cf. fr. 40. 3 with n.) and Archestr. is far too early-and in any case much too Hellenocentric-to have included information about Roman banqueting customs in his poem. Either Athenaios has made a mistake, therefore, or Archestr. somehow implied that the fish known as the ya,\e6s- in Rhodes (cf. fr. 22. 1) could be identified with the sturgeon, and all the rest of the information contained in Athenaios' note is his own (somewhat misleading) gloss on that observation. For the Romans' love of the sturgeon, e.g. Plaut. fr. 16-20 Lindsay; Lucil. 1238-40 Marx; Hor. Serm. ii. 2. 46-8. For Sardanapallos (i.e. Ashurbanipal), cf. test. 5 with n.

Fragment63,ap.Ath.7.318f

FRAGMENT

63

'E1T{xapµ,o,o' EV1lf3a, yaµ,.f31T1, ypaia, T Ep18aKwOu,.)tpxlaTpaTO