A Kewa dictionary with supplementary grammatical and anthropological materials 0858830345, 0858830396, 085883040X, 0858830469, 0858830493, 0858830507, 0858830477, 0858830884

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PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Se�ie� C - No.

53

A KEWA DICTIONARY WITH SUPPLEMENTARY GRAMMATICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL MATERIALS by Karl J.

Franklin and

assisted

Joice Franklin,

by Yapua Kirapeasi

Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Franklin, K.J., Franklin, J. and Kirapeasi, Y. A Kewa dictionary, with supplementary grammatical and anthropological materials. C-53, xii + 525 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1978. DOI:10.15144/PL-C53.cover ©1978 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.

PA C IFI C L I NG U I S T I CS is publ ished through the L�ng u�4��c C��cle 06 Can b e��a and con s i s t s of four s er ie s : S E R I ES A - O C CAS I ONA L PA P ERS S ER I ES B - MONOGRAPHS S E R I ES C - B O O KS S E R I ES V EDITOR:

-

S PE C I A L PUB L I CAT I O NS

S.A. Wurm.

ASSOCIATE EDITORS:

D.C. Laycock,

C.L. Voorhoeve,

D.T. Tryon,

T.E. Dutton.

EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B. Bender,

University of Hawaii

D. Bradley,

University of Sydney

S. Elbert,

University of Hawaii

K. Franklin,

Summer Institute of

University of

Texas H.

McKaughan,

University of Hawaii

P. Mlihlhausler,

Technische

Universitat Berlin

Linguistics W.W. Glover,

University of Papua

New Guinea K.A. McElhanon,

University A. Capell,

Summ er Institute of

University of Hawaii

M.A.K. Halliday,

G.N. O'Grady, Victoria,

Linguistics G. Grace,

J. Lynch,

Australian National

University of

A.K. Pawley, K. Pike,

University of

B.C. University of Hawaii

University of Michigan;

Summer Institute of Linguistics

Sydney A. Healey,

Summer Institute of

G. Sankoff,

Linguistics L. Hercus,

Australian National

University N.D. Liem,

E.C. polome,

University of Texas Universite de Montreal

E. Uhlenbcck,

University of Leiden

J.W.M. Verhaar,

University of Hawaii

Indonesia,

University of

Jakarta

concerning PAC I F I C L I NG U I ST I CS , including orders and

ALL CORRESPONDENCE

subscriptions , should be addres sed to : The Secretary ,

PA C I F I C L I NGU IST I CS, Department of LinguistiC S , School o f Pacific Stud ie s , The Au stral ian National Univer s ity , Box

4,

P.O. ,

Canberra , A . C . T . 2 6 0 0 . Austra lia . Copyright

(§)

The Authors .

F irst publ ished 1978. The ed itors are indebted to the Austral ian Nat ional Univers ity for he lp in the product ion of this serie s . Thi s pub l i c at ion was made pos s ib l e by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund . National Library of Au stralia Card Number and I SBN 0 8588 3 182 1

DEDICATION

To the Kewa people , with the hope t hat theirs will a lways b e the adaa agaa, or 'b i g (=impor t an t ) t a Z k (= Zanguage ) ' .

PREFACE

Language work i s never complet e , and ours i s no exception .

The

de fic iencies of this p re sent s t udy are apparent and although we will not e laborate upon them, we c an mention some whi ch are obvious :

(1)

a c c urat e taxonomi cal des ignations for Kewa flora and fauna are o ft en lacking , and what has been included is some t ime s brie f due to our poor colle c t ion .

The binominal nomenc lature that is given has been s upplied

by courtesy o f the Department o f Fore s t s and Bot anical Gardens in Lae , Morobe Province; ( 2 ) the t e chnical present at ion will make it difficult for many of the Kewa people to bene fit from this vo lume .

However ,

e sp e c ially de s igned mat erials are already availab le , inc luding intro­ ductory readers , a flora and fauna boo k , a booklet of legends , a common us age dict ionary , and a cult ure book .

The s e and other it ems are listed

in the annotated Kewa bibliography ( P art V, S e c t ion 1 3); ( 3) the an­ thropo logical not e s are o c c a s ionally incons i s t ent be c ause we have written them over a conside rab le pericd of t ime from two s eparate diale ct areas; ( 4 ) to fully underst and the grammar it is neces s ary to refer to chap t ers which are p ub lished e l s ewhere ( Franklin 1 9 71) . Despite these and other short comings we have decided to p ub lish the mat erials in their pres ent form , free ly acknowledging t hat the dic­ t ionary is only a ' first' s t ep in Kewa lexi cography . We should like to expre s s our appre ciat ion to s everal sourc e s , as well as individuals :

to t he Summer Ins t i t ut e o f Lingui s t i c s , Inc . for

a s s igning us to work on the Kewa p roje c t; to the Australian Nat ional University for a cademic s upport during one s t age (1 9 6 7-69) of the s t udy; to our friends in the villages o f Muli and U s a who pat ient ly t aught us their language; to Judy Parlier and Pat Brien of S . I . L . who as s i s t ed in fi ling and typ ing much o f the data in P art s II and I II; to Chris t i an friends who have helped us regularly during our work in lingui s t i c s , literacy , and t rans lat ion; and , finally to the government

v

vi

o f Papua New Guinea for allowing us to res ide in our adopted home land where our two chi ldren were born and have grown up . One p erson above all de s erve s special mention for his work in the We s t Kewa proj e c t :

Yapua Kirapeasi as s i s t ed with S e c t ion 6 in part i c ular ,

but he is also the co-author o f many of the books not ed in S e c t ion 1 3 . We s incerely hope that this volume , which makes many o f the mat erials co l le c t e d and analys e d by us over the ye ars readily avai lab le , will be added to and revised in the future .

Karl Franklin Joi ce Franklin May 1 9 7 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page iii

Dedication Preface

v

PART I

1

1.

3

GENERAL INTRODUCTION KEWA LANGUAGE AREA

4

MAP 2

PHONOLOGI CAL ISOGLOSSES SHOWING EAST-WEST BOUNDARY

8

MAP 3

PHONOLOGI CAL ISOGLOSSES SHOWING EAST-SOUTH BOUNDARY

9

MAP 1

MAP 4

ISOGLOSSES DEPICTING STEM + REMOTE PAST SUFFIX

10

MAP 5

LEXICAL ISOGLOSSES REPRESENTATIVE OF THE EAST

11

MAP 6

LEXICAL ISOGLOSSES REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST

12

MAP 7

LEXICAL ISOGLOSSES REPRESENTATIVE OF THE WEST AND NORTHWEST

13

MAP 8

ISOG LOSSES DEPICTING SUGU-SUMI AREA; EAST DIPPING INTO SOUTH

14

MAP 9

BLOOD

15

MAP 10:

NOSE

16

2.

Phonological A s s )�etry

Kewa I:

2.2.

Kewa II:

2.3.

Further Note s on Tone

3.

17

PHONOLOGY AND ORTHOGRAPHY

2.1.

Higher Level Phonology

3.1. 3.1.1. 3.2.

29 33 43

GRAMMATICAL NOTES

3 . 1 . O.

21

44

Words Introduction

44

Word Clas s e s

44 50

Word Patterns

3 . 2 . 1.

Verb Bas e s

51

3 . 2 . 2.

Obligatory Suffixes

52

vii

viii

Pag e Morphophonemic Rules

55

3.2.4.

Verb Syntagmemes

60

3.2. 5.

Noun Syntagmemes

65

3.2. 6.

Other \vord Patterns

67

3.2.3.

Further Paradigms

3.3. 4.

HISTORICAL NOTES

4.1.

Nasalisation in Kewa Dialects

70 72 74

4.1. 0.

Introduction

74

4.1.1.

Phonemic Nasalisation

74

4.1.2.

The Relic Suffix

75

4. 1.3.

Sound Change s

76

4.1.4.

Morphology

78

4.1. 5 .

Other Example s

78

4.1. 6 .

Other Languages

80

Conclusion

82

Mendi Vowe l s

82

4.1. 7 . 4.2. 4.2.0.

Introduction

82

4.2.1.

The Mendi Vowels

83

4.2.2.

Regular Vowel Correspondences

84

4.2.3.

Vowel s Without Regular Correspondences

85

4.2.4.

A Comment on Other Factors

89

4.2. 5.

A Summary of the Engan Family

89

BIBLIOGRAPHY PART

5.

II SYSTEM OF ENTRIES AND ABBREVIATIONS

5.l.

Entries

91 95 97 97

5 . 2.

Classificatory Verbs

100

5.3.

English Glo s s e s

100

5.4.

Word Building

100

5. 5.

Abbreviations

101

6.

KEWA TO ENG LISH DICTIONARY

101

7.

APPENDICES

256

7.l.

Spirit Names

256

7 . 2.

Clan Names

258

7 .3.

Practical Considerations of Folk Taxonomies

259

7 .3.1.

Introduction

259

7 .3.2.

Mode s of Transportation

25 9

7 .3.3.

Cordyline Leaves

262

7 .3.4.

Practical Considerations

264

ix

Page 7 . 4.

Cultural Awareness:

Some Observations

266

7 .4.1.

Students and Clas s e s

266

7 . 4.2 .

Procedures

266

7 . 4.3.

Details from Experimental Cla s s e s

27 0

7 .4.4.

Comments

7 .5.

Spelling List

273 274

BIBLIOGRAPHY

27 7

PART I I I

27 9

8.

ENGLISH TO KEWA INDEX

281

9.

ENGLISH APPENDICES

334

9.1. 10 .

Key Translation Terms VERNACULARS AS BRIDGES TO CROSS-CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING

334 351

10 . 1 .

Abstract

10 . 2 .

Introduction

351

10 . 3 .

Vernaculars

352

351

10 . 4 .

Pidgin English

355

10 . 5 .

English

360

10 . 6 .

Summary

362

APPENDIX A:

Kaunsil Kopi Plantasin

364

APPENDIX B:

The Use of Vernacular Languages in Education

366

PART I V Editors' Note t o the Anthropology Notes

ANTHROPOLOGY NOTES

11 . 11 . 1 .

Social Organisation

11 . 1 . 1 .

Kewa Social Organisation

373 374 375 375 378

Kinship Terminology

380

Structural Units

383

Family

384

Subclan

385

C lan

385

Marriage

386

Residence

388

Other Functional Groups

389

11 . 2 . 11 . 2 . 1 .

Songs in Kewa Metaphorical Songs in Kewa

389 391

Introduction

391

The Setting

392

Presentation

392

x

Page D i s cu s s ion

3 94

Social Funct ion 11.3.

Counting Sys t ems

11.3.1.

The Kewa Counting Syst ems

396 397 400

The Body-Part Sys t em

400

The Four Base Sy stem

40 3

1 1.4.

404

Body Part s

1 1.4.1. 11.5.

Kewa Ethno l ingu i st ic Concept s of Body Part s

414

Kewa Names

1 1. 5.1.

40 5

Names and Aliases in Kewa

41 5

Data

41 5

Name C l a s s i f icat ion

416

Semant i c Play

418

Ritual

41 9 420

Summary 11.6.

A Ritual Pandanus Language of New Guinea

The General Area

420 420

Name Taboo

422

The Ritual Language

424

Vocabulary

426

Grammar

428

Conclus ion

431

11.7.

A Kewa Religious Argot

4 32

The Religious Set t i ng

43 3

Funct ion of the Argot

434

Argot Terms

435

Alt ernat ive Spirit Names

441 44 3

Summa ry 1 1.8.

Kewa Law :

A Preliminary Report

445

Introduct ion

44 5

Cult ural Sketch

44 5

I l lustrat ive Cases

446

Marriage

446

Land

448

Debt s

450

H ierarchy of Authority

454

Miscel laneous Disput e s

455

Supernatural Sanct ions

456

New Guinea Highland Law

456

Kewa Post ulates

460

Appendix on Law

461

xi

Page Notes on Kewa Religion

11 . 9 .

Introduction

463 463

Key Concepts of Deities

463

Personnel Involved

466

Physical Components and Aspects

468

Other Practice s

470

BIBLIOGRAPHY

472

PART V

481

TEXTS

12 .

483

12 . 1.

East Kewa

483

12 . 2 .

West Kewa

489

13.

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PUBLICATIONS IN KEWA

504

Franklin, K.J., Franklin, J. and Kirapeasi, Y. A Kewa dictionary, with supplementary grammatical and anthropological materials. C-53, xii + 525 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1978. DOI:10.15144/PL-C53.cover ©1978 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.

PART I

Franklin, K.J., Franklin, J. and Kirapeasi, Y. A Kewa dictionary, with supplementary grammatical and anthropological materials. C-53, xii + 525 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1978. DOI:10.15144/PL-C53.1 ©1978 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.

1.

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1

The Kewa language i s spoken by over 50,000 people living in the Southern Highlands Province .

Like many language name s , the name

and means ' 8 tranger ' .

Kewa

i s arb it rary

Apparently interpret ers in Ia1ibu first re ferred

to the p eop le toward Kagua by the name

Kewa-pi,

' tho8 e who are 8 tranger8 ' .

The name was re corded in the government census b ooks as divis ion for the area to this p re sent day .

Kewabe,

a cp.nsus

There are , howeve r , many groups

in the Southern and Wes tern Highlands that have been or are called s imilar name s :

Kewa,

Hewa,

Ewa,

re flect ing the fact that the term i s a common

cognat e in the general area ( s ee , for e xa mple , F . E . Wi lliams , ' Rep ort on the Gras s 1anders : Augu-Wage-We 1a ' . 1939 ) . The

Kewa

In Annual Rep04t 604 P apua, 38- 6 7 ,

l anguage i s b ounded by the fol lowing unint e l ligib le languages :

northwe s t and west by Mendi ( We s t Central Family ) ; north and northeast by Me d1pa ( Central Family ) ; east by Wiru ( We s t Central Family ) ; s outheast by Po10p a ( Teberan Family ) ; s outh by Sau ( We s t Central Family ) ; southwe s t ( perhap s ) b y Foe ( East Kut ubuan Family ) ; we s t by Magi ( al s o called D e t2; We s t Central Family ) . See Map 1 . Geographically , one maj or river network drains the whole Kewa area . To the northwe s t , the Mendi River flows s outh into Kewa t errit ory j ust s outh o f the towh of Mendi and s ome nine mi les lat er it is j oined by the Ankura , a swift- flowing river draining the southern s lopes of Mt . Gi luwe to the northwe s t . Three mi les later the Ankura is j oined from the east by the Kagua whi ch drains the southern s lopes o f the Vakari range and the Kagua valley . This river ( now called t he Ankura ) also drains the Lai and Nembi to the we s t be fore it b e comes the Erave . The Sugu River drains the val ley by the s ame name and originat e s s ome twenty mi les east be fore j oining the Erave Rive r . The Erave e xt ends s o ut heast , s outh and east from another 1 2 5 miles or so be fore it b e come s the Purari and flows int o t he Gulf . ISome of the material and all of the Maps in this section are reprinted from

Ling�tiC6 B-I0 (The V�ect6 06 K�, 1968),

by permission.

2

See

1

would now consider Det a dialect of Mendi.

3

4.2.1. ,

note

1.

Paci6ic

PORU PLATEAU

""

FOE \

"

,/5 0 U T H

Language boundary

WI R U •

c:::J --

o

�)

·

·

·

·

·

·

· ·

5E

·

·

·

{)

MT 18URE

Rood 2

'.

·

MTGOMANI

Adjacent Language

Airstrip

...

·

Sub-dialect boundary

Hamlet

.. .. . . . .

·

--- DiaLect boundary • ••• •••••

.. .

·

4

6

-6...--L' --'-,--I'�--l' 'L..

Miles

144·00'

Map

1

KEWA LANGUAGE AREA

KM

5

The only other river comp lex o f maj or con s equence whi ch is envir­ onment al t o the Kewa area i s the I aro and i t s t ributaries , originating in the Gi luwe s lopes o f the I alib u b asin , running s outh and then eas t , and e ventually j oining the Erave . The Kewa are p art of the Highland community whi ch e xt ends from the Strickland divi de at the west t o the Kainantu she l f at the eas t . The altitude of the area vari e s from 6 , 300' around Ialib u to 3 , 5 0 0' in the E rave valley and the land incl udes swamp areas around Ialibu and Kuare , short gras s lands in the Kagua and Sugu valley s , as well as lime s t one ridges in the Southern areas . Malari a h as p rob ab ly res t ri ct e d p opulat i on s outh of the Sugu Ri ver are a and s outheas t , b ut it would s eem to be limi ted to that area and farther s outh .

Malari a is , in fact , o ft en called P o l e Y a n y a , i . e . , a

s i ckne s s from E rave ( Po le ) , and this fear of s i cknes s has undoub t e d ly inhib i t e d more migrat ion into the are a . The East Di ale ct is b ounded north by the b as e o f Mt . Gi luwe (14 , 0 0 0' and e xt ending acros s the wes t e rn end of the Ialibu b as in ) , east by the woode d s lopes o f Mt . Ialibu ( 1 1 , 0 0 0') and the Poru P lat e au ( where the Wiru generally l i ve east of the Wiwi Rive r ) , s outh by the Kuare River and swamp are a , as well as the ridges north o f the headwat e rs o f the Sugu Rive r , and west by the vast wooded Vakari range and the range b e tween the Kagua an d Sugu valley s . The S outh Dialect extends north from Erave a cros s the Erave valley and river t o the Kuare are a , s outhe as t int o dense b ushland ( mainly the S outheas t e rn S ub - dialect ) , and west to the headwat ers of the Sugu River . Alth ough the West Diale ct has a nat ural river b o undary to it s west and s outh , b eginning near Mendi and e xt ending b ey ond the j un ct i on o f the Sugu Rive r , t h e Northwes t e rn Sub -di ale ct s t raddles the are a w e s t ­ ward f o r a n undetermined dist an ce .

Thi s s ub - diale ct shows con s i derab le

in fluen ce from the adj acent Mendi language . It goes as far s outh as the Sugu Rive r , always remaining clo s e to the Mendi-Ankura Rivers . It als o follows the Ankura Ri ver east for a dist ance b ut generally is north of this s ame ri ve r . Because an ori ginal diagnost i c list was des i gned primarily t o e l i cit di ffe re n ce s ,it was not the s o le b as i s used to e s t ab lish percent age re lat ionships b etween di alect s . In addi t i on , a lexicon o f s t ems co l­ le ct e d from a cent ral vi l lage in each maj or diale ct are a ( E as t , Muli ; S out h , Erave ; Wes t , Us a ) have b een comp are d . forth in T ab le s 1 and 2 .

Th e t ab ulat ions are s e t

In Tab le 2 words whi ch were found in one

diale ct b ut not the other were mainly names for l o cal variet ies of flora and fauna . All figures are rounded t o the neare s t perce nt .

6

TABLE 1 DIALECT RELATIONSHIPS ( Diagnostic Lis t )

E - S

E

-

W

W

-

S

20%

20%

2 5%

Di fferent

46%

29%

19%

Exact ly Sam�

34%

5 1%

56%

Acc ounted by Rule s

TABLE 2 DIALECT RELATIONSHIPS ( Lexicon)

-

E - S

E

1588

1598

259

66

W

-

70 -

1259

W

-

S

1475

Words Re c orded

-

East only

40

South only

116

2 10

1416

1225

West only Words Compared

1 5 2 ( 12% )

2 2 0 ( 16%)

19 3 ( 15 % )

Di fferent

8 3 5 ( 6 6%)

710 ( 50% )

520 ( 4 2% )

Exactly Same

2 72 ( 2 2 % )

486 ( 34% )

5 1 2 ( 43% )

Accounted by Ru les

8 8%

8 4%

85%

% of Samene s s

A few ob s e rvati ons are pert inent t o Tab le 2 : T h e pe rcent age of wo rds whi ch d o n o t requi re rule changes for mapping be tween di alects will undoub t e dly affe ct the degree of mutual inte lligib i lity . Between the West and South 42% of the wo rds are (1)

e xact ly the s ame , whi le between the Eas t and S outh the fi gure climb s t o 6 6 % . A s thi s imp l i es , int elligib i lity i s ( impre s s i oni s t i c ally ) great e r between the East and S out h . Our impre s s i ons on degree of c losene s s o f mut ual intelligib ility between di ale cts will have t o be formally t e s t ed and proven . (2)

As a corollary , the numb er and kind of rules necess ary t o map

words from one dialect t o the next will als o affect int e l l i gib i lit y .

7

Thus , fo r e xample , it i s not only import ant that b etween the Eas t and Wes t 34% of the words req ui re rule mapping b ut it is also import ant that o ften more than one ru le i s requi re d . Although l i n d i ( E , S ) ' Le e ch ; s t o ry ' is an obvious cognate with i t i in the We s t following two re gu lar

sound changes ( I

> �;

nd

>

t ) , the l at t e r is in frequent enough s o that

nat i ve speakers clas s i fy them ( intui t i ve ly ) as di fferent words . (3)

It would als o b e p o s s i b l e t o as s i gn phonemes in cognates

nume ri cal values ac cording t o dimens i ons of rank , and s um these as a means of det e rmining degre e s o f phonologi cal di fference .

Th i s has b een

done in the E a s t e rn High l ands b ut the re s ults have shown no more or no les s than other s t a t i s t i c a l c omparat i ve methods . (4)

Regardle s s of the cri teria us e d , the evi dence p Oint s t o three

main dialect s .

The East and S outh are the more c lo s e ly relat ed and

these in t u rn are s imi l arly related t o the We s t . The Kew a language i s c lo s e ly relat e d t o the following languages : Mendi ( di a l e ct s ) , Sau ( or Samberigi ) , Huli , Enga and Ipili.

It is more

di s t an t ly relat e d to Wiru near Pangi a an d Fasu , s outh of Lake Kut ub u . Addit i onal notes on the re lat ionship o f Kewa and Mendi are given in S e c t i on 4 . 2. o f t his di ct i onary . The following maps i l lust rat e the main dialect b oundari e s of the Kewa language .

Numb e rs on the i s oglo s s b o undarie s of e ach map re fe r t o the following ( only the b as e diale ct form , from the E , i s given ) : 23

k ai

' banana '

51

l e ga

' e mb e rs ' ' foo d '

26

wara

' p a Lm o f h an d '

54

eda

31

weno

' fo re h e a d '

72

nogo

' gi r L '

32

k u ba

' s tar '

73

agaa

"mouth '

34

k u ra

' s k i l' t '

74

paga

' to h e al"

35

k amaa

76

r o gaa

' to b in d '

37

k i ra

' o utoide ' , to cook '

79

p u - ka

'I wen t ' 'I h i t '

39

ka n a

Is tone '

80

l u - ka

40

kope

' vine '

81

lu - ka

45

wal i

83

were p e ' L a t e I"

47

aI i

' s ugal'cane ' Iman '

85

we re

49

le ma

I L i oe '

'I s p o k e '

' w i fe '

PORU PLATEAU

· ·

·

·

_k }

••• •• • •

w

.."."..,." l (V)

·

·

.

. ..

>

. ..

/otT KEREJA

�/�.''1\,,,

r/J elsewhere

--- nd�t •

=

--

o

,

Hamlet Airstrip Rood 2

4

'Miles I

6 I

KERABI VALLEY

14�·OO'

Map

2

PHONOLOGICAL ISOGLOSSES SHOWING EAST-WEST BOUNDARY

KM

--9

--- '19

.....,. Yo

•

HamLet

t::I

Airstrip

--

o

I

f)

NT/SURE

Rood 2

4

'Miles I

6 I

KERAB/ VALLEY

�.

14-�·OO'

Map

3

PHONOLOGICAL ISOGLOSSES SHOWING EAST-SOUTH BOUNDARY

KM

,

'--'--

.c-�-9� ;�� 7 A �

pu-; lu-

- - - pa-; II " ..----- p I· -. tl·_· til '\ , tp �� , 80-1 ------ -ka

MT KEREJA

, "I' �/�

G'�

---- -suo •••••••••••

•

=

MTGOMANI

- 5U

Ci

Hamlet

o

I

�/I'�

()

Airstrip

-- Rood

MT WAMANU

.

,.,.!

.•

MTIBURE

6 I

KERABI VALLEY

KM

Map ISOGLOSSES DEPICTING STEM

4 +

REMOTE PAST SUFFIX

\ \ \

\)Poroma , I I

MT KEREJA

1

�/J�··"\'t' pomendo 'one'

2 mayo 'fathe r '

1 9 nurumba 'hot'

84 bureko'tomorrow'

MTGOMAN/

�?

93 pea 'to do' •

t:::I

Hamlet

;J

Airstri p

MT/BURE

-- Rood o ,

,

6 I

KERAB/ VALLEY

Map LEXICAL

5

ISOGLOSSES REPRESENTATIVE OF THE EAST

PORU PLATEAU

28 repali fish' 38 90 92 94 rUli'tomorrow' 33 keal)ko 'frog' 36 kaaleke

'Z -in-low'

75 kaQwai 'axe'

92 pamo 'woman' •

t:::l

Hamlet Airstrip

-- Rood o

I

VALLEY

144°00'

Map

6

LEXI CAL ISOGLOSSES REPRESEN TATIVE OF THE SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST

KM

6 10 8. 100 S 18 23 82

•

t:::J

NTKEREJA

paku'sum' palu 'door' epele 'banana' rena 'woman'

,

,

NT GONAN/

(;

Hamlet

Airs hi p

2 I

,

Miles

,

4-

NT

f)

NT/8URE

-- Rood o

�J,�"II'"

miru 'smoke' lai 'drum' ekeraa 'tomorrow' kepo 'fence'

,

6 KERAB/ VALLEY

Map

7

LEXICAL ISOGLOSSES REPRESENTATIVE OF THE WEST

AND NORTHWEST

�

..;r�

NT KEREJA

'!1

15

ponope 'dog'

36 oote 'Z-in-low'

'-'I'\�""\'�

36/

98 wopopu 'five'

kooro 'kunoi gross'

9

MT GONANI

�,

13 molio 'rain shield' •

Hamlet

t::J

Airstrip

-- Rood

()

NT IBURE

o

, KERABI VALLEY

Map

8

ISOGLOSSES DEPICTING SUGU-SUMI AREA;

EAST DIPPING INTO SOUTH

, \ \

\\Poromo , I I

PORU PLATEAU

MTKEREJA

•

yopi

•

we

0

0

•

� •

c::::J

\

nosu

(

booso

I

} ,

•

kupo

MT GOMANI

�,

bali Hamlet

f)

Airstrip

MT IBURE

-- Rood 0

2

I

.

Miles

"I"" ."/1"

•

"

4 I

6

I

KERABI VALLEY

•

KM Map

9

BLOOD

\ \ \

UPoroma , I I

•

PORU PLATEAU

� "P .,.",

.,...,..� G'(C' .,.

•

0

{

ini kandu inyi kondu

•

0

•

l::t.

wini kondu ini rikai

{

o

inyi ro

•

ili wili •

c::::J

+

{ {

pea pepu

q..� -9�

!

MTKEREJA

�

MT GOMANI

kandu

�?

wele

Hamlet

()

Airstrip

2

!

Miles

CO·30'

�/�""",,,

-9�"'G'

SUmba sumba kandu

MT IB URE

-- Rood 0

l::J.

4 !

6 !

� �

+

KERABI VALLEY

�

It-.

�/� ,.,. "-9-9. ° ��2..!iI����T.RICT � .� GULF

DISTRICT (APPROXIMATE) 143°45'

Map

1l-. � Somberigi

• _. _ •

,:9 ...,,,GI!'

10

NOSE

• _.

'00 _0

-- °

1.... ..·00'

__ 0--

.

/D045'

KM

17

2.

P H O N O L OG Y AN D O RTH OGRA P H y

l

Wes t Kewa h as the fo llowing phoneme s : w,

y,

a,

a,

e,

i ,

0,

and u .

which als o h as t h e palatals

p,

t,

b,

k,

m,

d, g,

n,

1,

r,

S,

Thi s invent ory i s two l e s s than E . Kew a ,

ItI

and

Inl

( s ee Sect ion 2 . 1 . ) .

The symb o ls employed here h ave t radi t i onal art i culat ory values e x cept and are pl'enas ali s e d , 1 1 1 and are front e d ,

It I

Iyl Igl

that and are flaps , and

Irl

Idl

Ibl

is generally voi celess and b acke d .

Any cons onant o r vowel may oc cur a s a s y l l ab le ons et , but only a

pa

vowel o c curs as syl lab le t e rminus :

bi

' n ame ' ; d i

nu

' n e t b ag ' ;

yaa

' b i rd ' ;

aa

' a c o un t ' ; gi

10

' s tomach ' ;

' man ' ; e

' t o do ' ;

ta

' to hi t ' ; k i

' t o gi ve ( to 1s t o r 2n d p e rs on ) ' ; r o b ri dge ' ;

' garde n ' ;

i

saa

'we

ex cremen t ' ;

( two ) ' ;

0

waa

' s cabs ' ;

mu

' h an d ' ; ' s an d ' ;

' s ugarcane ' ; u

' s Zeep ' .

Syl lab le nuclei have a con t ras t i ve peak o f tone whi ch is always

s imp l e , e ven in comb inat ion with other vowels :

aar

' b an an a ' .

Any vowel may fol low any cons onant i n a syllab le , e xcept for these re s t ri ct ions :

* y i and *w u .

In contiguous s y l l ab le s of a s ingle morpheme

the following comb in at ions h ave not been ob s e rve d : *CoC u , i . e .

*CeC i , *CeC u , *CoC i ,

low non-central and high vowels do not o c cur in contiguous

s y llab le s s ep arat e d by a c ons onant . There are other pho�o logi cal feat ure s whi ch are imp ort ant but whi ch h ave b een out l ined e l s ewhere ; others are not as well deve lop e d . e s p e cially that :

(1) e xcept for

laal

Note

whi ch is perceptab ly s l ight ly

longe r , long vowels are res t ri cted to monosyllab i c rhythm unit s ( Kewa 1:2 6); (2) any rhythm unit ( or phonologi cal foot ) is a unit of s t re s s

p lacement , e ach foot having an ob ligat ory s t re s s whi ch is the nuc leus ( Kewa 11:29); ( 3) a p lus j uncture ac companies the , j oining of s ingle foot s y l l ab le s within a single morpheme . Word space , for the most p art , also repre s ent s p lus j unct ure , b ut grammat i c a l words are det e rmined by criteria other than p lus j unct ure alone . On the phonol ogi cal re alm , cli t i cs in comb inat i on with s t ems or e ach other , as well as any V whi ch is not or but which is fo l lowe d by one o f them , have audib le t ran s i t i on point s . Compound s t ems ,

lal

laal

on the other h an d , have their b orders s i gnalle d by a change in pi t ch at the s e am, by p IllS j unct ure , or by b oth . j un cture may be morphophonemi c , e . g .

Some cons i de rat i on of p lus be int e rp reted as o c c urring

Iyl may

as a variant of p lus j un ct ure in cert ain p o s i t i ons . T one was shown t o b e phonemi c in E . Kewa ( Kewa 1:2 7).

Tonal pat t e rns

in W . Kewa corre s p ond to those in E . Kewa with the except ion that a

Iparts of this sect i on are reprinted from Chapter 2 of A G4am� 06 K�a, N� Guin�a (Pa.ci.& n or * n d > t , in whi ch case

certain adj acent vowe ls ret ain the n as al feature , have also c ontributed to the p re s ent s t at us o f vowel nas ali s at i on . * 1 > v I may be imp lied o n t h e * 1

4.1. 2 .

An interme diat e s t age o f

> n change .

T h e Re l i c S u f f i x

In cert ain areas of Kew a , part i c ularly SK , the form a � g e ' fo o t , 'l e g ' will b e foun d . The final sy llab le i s a ret ent ion of the s u ffix * - � g V ,

whi ch i s re fle cted as - Q g V , - k V , and - n V in othe r languages of the 2 fami ly . In other vi llages o f Kewa there is a general progre s s i on of

forms whi ch c le arly reveals how the nas ali s at i on feature of the s uffi x w a s ret aine d i n s ome araas , b ut l o s t i n others . For examp le : a � g e > a � g e > aa , whi le e ls ewhere a g e > a a .

The c orrespondence of � g :

9

is

l See Franklin and Franklin ( 1962 : 29 ) for earlier considerations o f / a / i n East Kewa as a unit or as a geminate cluster . In West Kewa , as well as in this section , [ a ] and [ a ] are represented i n the orthography by a and aa , respectively . The latter most frequently arises in Kewa when a consonant contiguous to a higher central vowel is lost , or in some cases , when a syllable is lost . There are other factors as well which help to account for the present day contrast of the two central vowels . The vowel /aa/ is also frequently the historical result of a contiguous consonant loss . 2

Further details may be found in Franklin ( 1974 , 1975 ) , as well as in Kerr ( 1975 ) . The suffix is als o apparent in languages of the Kutubu-Bosavi area and is reflected in forms such as -nV � -kV in Fasu and -xV in Foe ( Franklin and Voorhoeve 1973 : 174 ) .

76

a c ommon one between S outh Kewa on t h e one h and and E a s t and We s t Kew a on the othe r . The part i cular vowel of t h e s uffi x i s variab le and follows a pres ent day morphophonemi c rule of vowel harmony whi ch is e s s ent ia lly the s ame in Kewa and s e veral other languages in the fami ly .

The rule is that

the vow e l of the s uffi x is i dent i cal with the final vowel of the s t e m , un le s s t h e final vowel is a , i n whi ch case the vowe l of t h e s uffix is The rule may be rep resented as :

e.

[�a ]

V +

/

[ �a ]

-C

__

, where C is any ve lar or nas al cons onant

S ome e x amp les of words in pre s ent day Kewa with vowel nas ali s at i on p rob ab ly re fle cting the loss of the re lic suffixes inc lude : ( 1 1 ) rn a s a a ' b ack ' ;

( 12 ) o raa 'pa tm ' ; ( 1 3 ) e k a t aa ' ti t He fi nger ' ; ( 1 4 ) p a s aa ( 1 5 ) a g aa 'month ' ; ( 16 ) rnaa ' n e c k ' ; ( 1 7 ) a r o t aa ' armp i t ' ;

' s h ou t de r ' ;

( 1 8 ) p o p aa ' w i n g ' ; ( 19 ) k i d i paa ' c taw, finge r-nai t ' ; ( 2 0 ) raa ' b ush ' ;

(21? )

e

' garde n ' ; ( 2 2 ) k a gaa 'new, gre e n ' ;

( 2 3 ) s aa 'we two ' ; ( 2 4 ) n Taa

'we a t t ' .

In 11-19 , as we l l as many wo�ds in la-lO a , body part s are repre s ent e d . Body p art s and kinship terms c ommonly re fle ct s uffi x in othe r languages of the fami ly , although free pronouns , demonst rat ives , cert ain int e rroga­ t ives , and s ome quali fi ers have also ret ained it . l There is als o e vi dence from PE that Kewa diale cts which re flect vowel nasali s at i on in c ontiguous vowels have lost an int ervocalic nas a l , rather than simp ly the re lic s uffi x : ( 2 5 ) kaT ' cros s - cousin ' came from PE


or * n d > t in Kew a . Examp les of the fi rs t are as follows : ( 26 )

ka l e

( 2 6 a ) aan e

' e ar '


V I , the loss o f * - � g V , o r b oth . As indi c at e d ab ove , vow e l nas a l i s at i on may reflect a loss not alway s apparent t oday . moae

' fo g�

Note for e xamp l e , these diale ct vari at i ons :

c L oud ' ;

( 3 4 ) p e a u ' n o s e ' ; and ( 35 ) k oau ' b ack ' .

( 30 a ) Such three

vowe l s equences are rare , but s ugge s t a contiguous nas al at s ome point in t ime . The loss of the prenas alised feat ure of a voi ced s t op i s more eas i ly s een in many words , b ut � g : ( 36 ) a g a l e ( 3 7 ) pag a

<
I change and s ub s equent ret ent ion of the nas al feat ure . The form m i n i n g i ' t o h o t d i n t h e hands ' i n Enga lends s ome s upport t o this re const ruct i on .

In

e ach p aradi gm of mea , vowel nas ali s at i on accompani es only the morpho­ phonemi cally de termined s t em vowe l I i I . Other inst ances o f vowe l nas ali s at i on in S K o c cur i n the fut ure tense of a few ve rb s .