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Russian Pages 50 Year 2003
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. . . .
2003 .
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621. 9. 06 (076)
34.63 – 5 7 54 :
1201 . .
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, 2003. –
2 .
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.
. .
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. 657800 – «
«
»
120200 « «
120100 »
»,
12.11.2001 .
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, .
.
.
,
«
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©
, 2003
3
1. №1
2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7.
3. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 4. 4.1. 4.2. 5. 5.1. 5.2.
6. 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. 6.4. 6.5. 6.6. 6.7.
…………………………..4
…………………4 …………………………………………………………………………………..4 ………………….5 ………………………………………………………….6 ………………………………………… 7 ……………………………………………….7 ( . . 2.4 . 2.1)……………12 ……………………………………………13 ………………………………………………………………………14 ………………………………………………………………….14 №2 . F - 6…………………………………………………………………………...15 …………………………………………………………………………………15 ………………………………………………………...15 ………………………………………….15 ………………………………………………16 ……………………………………………………………..16 ……………………………20 ………………………………………..31 ………………………………………………………………………………31 ………..33. ……………………………………………….33 ……………………………………………..35 ……………………………………………………………….36 ………………………………………………………………………36. …………………………………………………………………...36 №3 . 12 - 25 …………………………….37. …………………………………………………………………………………37 ………………………………………………………………37 …………………………………………………………37 ……………………………………………………38 ……………………………………………..39 …………………………………………………………….44. ………………………………………………………46 ………………………………………………………………………47 …………….…………………………………………………….47 ……………………………………………………………49
4
1.
,
,
-
. : «
»;
; . : -
,
,
; ; ,
,
; -
;
-
; . :
-
; ; ; ; ; . №1
2. Щ 2.1.
.
5
2.2.
I(
-
. 2.1)
r. 2 ,
3, I.
(
.
I
. 2.1)
: )
; )
. -
; ) I
(
)
( . .
X
Y),
. 3 φi ( . 2.2). 2( . . 2.1 .
-
, , 2.2) , I,
2
(
-
1
2)
. ,
3.
. . 2.2.1.
, :
2.2)); -
. .
(
( (
А .
( I
,
.
*→
Z
.
Z
.
)
.
_________________________
. 2.1, )
.
. *)
.
.
;
6
. 2.1.
. 2.2.
2.2.2. -
45°; m = 0,5 – 30
-
8 – 800 . ,
, , . . .
-
2.3. 39 (2 -
. ), 40, 49, 51 (2 ,
; m = I; z = 20, 22, 26, 30, 34 (2 . ), 60; m=2 ; z = 30, 40, 50, 60; .
.),
7
2.4. 1.
(
)
. 2.
.
3.
.
4. 5.
. ,
.
2.5. 2.5.1. . 2.1 2.5.2.
. 2.1 (
. 2.3)
2.5.3. , 525
-
. . (
.
. 2.1)
,
. ,
-
. ,
.
(
)
Zi , (
-
). . φi .
, . -
,
. .
8
2.1. (
90°,
:
Z = 36, = 20˚ (
m = 2;
I.
Z
2.
L=
mH ⋅ Z . 2 ⋅ cos β
3. 4.
(
= Z 2 + Z 2 *)
. 2.3)
b = 0,36 L Le = L + 0,5 b 2 Le mS = Z
5.
n = 2 mS· cos c = 0,2 mS h =n +
6. 7. 8. 9. h
K
=h –h
10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
=h –h ;h K=h –h = arctg h / L ; = arctg h / L φ = arctg Z / Z ; φ = 90˚– φ φ =φ + ;φ =φ + φi = φ – ; φi = φ –
d = Z · mS
d = Z · mS ;
d = d + 2h d = d + 2h · cos φ
16. 17.
(
h = mS (1 + ξn· cos ), ZK : Z = 2…6, ξ = 0,1…0,3) h
15.
А = L · cos φ – h · sin φ А = L · cos φ – h · sin φ
__________________________
*)
.
.
5-
· cos φ ;
.
20°) Z = 80 . 2.1)
9
. 2.3.
2.5.4. -
........ N = 0,18 ; n = 1440 / , ........................................................................ 0,5–2 , Z ........................................................................... 10– 80 , …………………..…. 100 , ......................................……. 50 .......................................................................… 45 , ....................................................… 50 ) , .................................................... ..130 , ..................................................…. 10 ............................................................................… 30 , c ................................................................…1 11,3
, ( , /
2.5.5. (
. 2.4)
III.
n
= 1460 · 0,98 ·
1 90 · 30 90
= 48
/
.
(2.1)
. 2.4.
10
11
(
50 = 96 25
= 48 ·
n
)
50 . 25
/
(2.2) 25 25
III IV, Z =33,
( ).
(
.
,
. 2.4),
,
Z = 33 Z = 192
. Z = 144
(
),
-
–
. ,
Z = 24, (
IV)
V (
(I)
(2))
.
192 30 , , 30 33
(
2 30
i
I). .
-
VI, .
-
1 60
, .
n = 48 ⋅
20 20 36 ⋅ ⋅ =5,3 60 36 60
/
(2.3)
VI
τ=
.
60 = 11,3 . n6
(2.4)
VI , VII,
i
.
-
, , .
-
12
2.6.
, (
.
. 2.4
. 2.1)
, ,
,
-
, . 2.6.1. ,
. Zi
.
,
,
. Zi
.
Zi , )–
(
. , ,
,
,
. .
,
-
, ,
θ = arccos (
cos ϕ 600 )+ cos ϕ i Z .
.
.
(2.5)
2.6.2.
, VII ( 1
VI (
.
. 2.4 )
.
): . . . ..........………………... i
......…………………. = Z i Z
(2.6)
13
: i Z– Zi –
=
a c Z ⋅ = .......... i , b d Z
(2.7)
; , Zi =
,
θ ⋅Z , 160
(2.8)
,
-
Z. -
. 0,02 %. 2.6.3.
I
.
.
· 24 ⋅ I i 4
......…………. i zi =……… z
……………….. i i =
i
′ ′ Z ⋅ = ... b′ d Z
=
z
.
z
(2.9) (2.10)
i
,
[3, 4]
.
2.7. 2.7.1.
i
i
φi
2.7.2. φi
.
-
. 2.7.3. O (
.
. 2.2).
(
)
14
,
,
. . 2.7.4. 60, ,
. .
60
60, ,
–
.
-
( ( , i
i
–
a c ⋅ = ... b d
.
2.1);
. 2.3); -
a′ c′ ⋅ = ... b′ d ′
-
.
1. ? 2. ? 3. 4.
? (
)?
5.
Zi ?
6. ? 7. ?
15
№2
3.
.F -6 3.1. , ,
-
. 3.2. -
. F - 6; ; , (
,
;
.3.1). 3.1
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
31 41 51 61 71
23 32 42 52 62 72 82 92
24 33 43 53 63 73 83
:m=2 25 26 35 36 45 46 55 56 65 66 75 76 85 86 96
24 34 44 54 64 74 84 94
( 27 37 47 57 67 77 87 97
76 28 38 48 58 58 78 88 98
.) 29 39 49 59 69 79 89
3.3. 1.
.
2.
,
, .
3. 4. . 5.
.
.
16
3.4. -
, ,
-
;
-
,
-
; -
;
-
; ,
-
; -
; . 3.5. F
- 6 , -
. ,
-
. , .
. –
, –
-
,
, –
:
-
. -
,
.
. 3.1. 3.5.1. 1– 2– 3–
; ; ;
17
4– 5– ; 6– 7– 8– 9– 10 – 11 – 12 – 13 – 14 – 15 – 16 – 17 – 18 – 20,21 – 22 – 23 – 24 – 25 – 26 –
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; . ; ; ; ; ; ;
27 – 28,29 –
; ;
30 – 31 –
(
; . 3.2).
.
.
4
2
. I
-
, , . 5 .
. ,
, 3
13,
, , .
. 3.1.
FO - 6
18
19
22
.
14,
, -
, , . , , ,
, .
,
,
.
3.5.2. ,
,
………………………………………..… 6
…...…………………………………….… 600 ,
,
….. …. 350
………………………………………….…………………… 420 , ,
…………………… 120
...........…………………………………......… … 130 ....………….……………………….…...….. 12 ,
,
/
/
.......……………………….. 15 – 90
: .....…………………...………........0,33 – 5,2 .............................…….…………....0,1 – 1,5 ,
(1400/2800 , , ,
,
(1400
/
)……………… 3/4
(1400 ( 2800 /
/ /
)…....0,75 )……. 0,185
).………………0,1
.....……………………………………..................................….....4100
20
. 3.2. (1400 / 3–
:I– ); 2 – ;4–
(2800
/
);
;5– ;6–
,
,
;7–
;8– ;9–
3.6. 3.6.1. , (
0,01 – 0,02
).
. 0,015 . (
. 3.3, ).
0,06
. -
21
:
;
(
-
)
;
. . -
,
I
(
...... = n ,
. 3.4)
n ... 0 ,95 ... i i n – 0,95 –
(3.1)*
; , ,
=
n V– d –
, / , .
/
; ;
1000 ⋅ V , π ⋅d
(3.2)
; .
V = 20 – 30
( . . 3.4) n = 1400 /
/
V
; 20 – 25 %. 12
6
n = 2800
/
:6 . 3.2).
(
3.2 n n ,
/
n' ,
/
1400
15
19
24
60
75
95
2800
30
38
48
120
150
190
20 n n' . ,
.
. 3.1).
. 3.2 ,
(3.1) ( i ),
. ________________________________ *) ,
21 (
. .
n ; n'
.
22
. 3.3.
: ) ) ) )
; ; ;
. 3.4. FO - 6
23
24
n'
, 1/96)
,(
n′ ≤ ZK – –
750
/
, . .
10 ⋅ Z K , K
(3.3)
; . ).
( 46/46,
IV ,
-b-c-d (i
I
.
.
.......... ... i
.
⋅ i . .......... . =
),
1/96.
K ZK
.
(3.4)
.
, i
= I. (3.4) .
i i
.
=
,
a c K ⋅ = 12 ⋅ . b d ZK
(3.5) XI
38 – 30, t=8
,
:
1/24,
2/24,
. ,
(
-
) S. ,
(
) I
i
.
.
96 38 ⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ i I 30
⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅
2 I ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ t 24 24
–
. .
=S
/
.
(3.6) ,
. (
.
. 3.4) (
) S,
/
( ). : 0,33; 0,47; 0,66; 0,92; 1,32; 1,82; 2,62; 3,75; 5,24.
-
25
3.3.
. .
.
_____________________________________ *)
(
)
" "
26
,
XIII. ,
.
,
– m < 1,5 0,5 1,0
,
. m = 1,5 + 3,5 / , . .
-
. (
)
2.
,
. 3.3.
3.6.2 , ,
,
. (
. 3.5),
. , -
- , А . –
;
-
–
;
–
. S
I
2,
I ,
∆
2'.
2 . .
,
∆ . S
3', , . . Σ S = T,
S,
Σ ∆Χ = π · ,
А ..
,
,
±I
.
. , , :
-
27
24 T ...... i ....... 2 t
π⋅
T=
i i
tgβ
....... i
А .
– . – i . = 12 /ZK ; mT = mH/ s – (3.7) i .
=
.
=
I =I 96
.
.,
(3.7)
; (
i
; mH –
1 1
⋅
1
d1
.
.
(3.8)
,
(
-
) ,
,
= 2);
.
5,96831 ⋅ sin β mH ⋅ K
=
(3.8) ZK.
.
π ⋅ mT ⋅ Z K π ⋅ m H ⋅ Z K = ; sin β tgβ
.
i
⋅i
.
,
,
, ,
, ,
-
, . (
)
= (ω ± ) (
.
. 3.3, ); = (ω + ) ;
-
= (ω - ) -
. (3.5). . 3.4. 3.6.3. ( (
) . 3.3, ,
-
. 3.3). ,
(
) (
).
,
28
. 3.5.
. 3.6.
29
(
.
. 3.3. ,
. 3.3).
. «А»
,
. (i )
-
(3.5),
. , Sr
→ Sr
(1
.
.
). , (
)
:
I
.
.
I I 96 38 ⋅ ....... i K ⋅ ....... ⋅ t I 30 24 23
-
= Sr
/
(3.9)
1/3 (Sr = 0,11; 0,16; 0,22; 0,31; 0,43;
, 0,66; 0,87; 1,25; 1,75 Sr 1,0 / .
/
). m = 3 : 12 (
.
. 3.3, ) , ё ,
S0 ), (
0,55 : (
)
-
,
. .
(
.
«А» . 3.3, ).
-
,
, . (
. 3.6). (i ) (3.5). , .
(i
.
)
,
, ,
.
,
30
3.4.
-
*)
-
. .
-
.
(
)
« »
31
,
t=4 .
I/Z
(
.
. 3.4)
tS /4
,
tS , -
. t S 35 30 40 25 ⋅ ...... ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ i t I I 30 20 t S = π ⋅ m H / cos β ;
.
i (3.10)
.
⋅i
= 2;
.
⋅i
.
⋅
1 I = 96 Z K
i
.
= 12 i
.
.,
(3.10)
/ ZK. . ,
,
i
.
-
,
=
a1
⋅
1
1
d1
=
.
2,78521 m OC ⋅ K
(3.11)
4. 4.1. . 4.1 I (23)
: (I ), 5;
3.4.
3 (24)
2 -
4
6,
7,
8
5,
,
,
-
7 ( ). , 7
1
,
(
.
. . 4.1, ), .
I i
.
=1.
8
(
)
-
. , .
7 M2 (
.
-
. 4.1, ). .
i
.
7, 7
= 2, .
-
32
. 4.1 ) )
;
33
1
6
7
,
, -
7, . 4.2. ( (
)
-
) . 1
(
. 4.2)
3, 4
1, 2 -
5.
2(
)
1. (
. 4.3),
1 3 -
2. 4, 1
2( 5(
).
6(
. 3.2), . .
. 3.2)
.
.
5
-
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. . 4.3), , 28 -
5( M2 29 (
.
. 3.4) 6( . . 4.3
3,
. 3.1). 7,
5.
,
M1
M2 (
.
. 3.4).
5. . , .
-
34
. 4.2
. 4.3
(
)
35
, ,
-
,
-
, , . , i
.
=
(
)
8 4 2 40 60 = ⋅ = ⋅ . 15 5 3 50 90 -
,
. ∆і
. i 1 σ
-
i
δ =±
, . .
. -
iX1 − iX ⋅ 100%. iX
(5.1)
-
0,01 % .
/5/
.
5.1. . «
6
»
150. : (3.5); (3.8) 4-
, (3.11)
-
. : (0)
-
; (I) –
(
).
, (
.
± 0,01 %.
-
.
-
. 3.1)
,
36
,
(
)
-
,
. 10
,
-
. 5.2. I– S– Z1, Z2 – Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4 – – D– J– G– L– N– V– ,F–
,
; I,
± 0,01 %
I; ; ;
Z1; Z4; ; J
I
%; ; ;
Z1; min max
Z2
.
-
i
.
i
.
;
-
; ; (
,
).
1. 2. 3.
. . .
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
? . . ? . ?
37
10. 11.
. :
) ) ) 12.
– – –
; –
, ,
; .
–
? 13. ? 14. 15. ?
? -
№3
6.
.
12 - 25
6.1. ,
, .
,
6.2. ; -
;
-
; ; . 6.3.
-
. «
2 »;
12 - 25
;
38
6.4. 12 - 25 ( ,
,
,
,
, . .)
-
. ISO - 7 bit. . 8 – 82.
– 6.4.1.
: ,
.....……………………….…........ 250 ……………………... 24
,
.
…….…………………....……± 5
: – "X", – " ",
....……………...………………........……….……….. 250 ......……………..……………….……...……........... 280 – "Z",
(
………………………..............…....... 200
72
) 7 : 24 ...................…………….....………………. ,
15945–82
....…………………... 1340
.........…………………….………........... 20 ,
,
…........... 57
.....………………................………………..... 12 ,
/
.. …………….45, 63, 90, 125, 180, 250, 355, 500,710,1000,1400,2000 ,
.……………….......…………...... 2,2 , /
39
(X) ....………………….……………………..... 2,4 ( ) ………………………………….….......... 2,4 ( Z ) ……….……....……………… 2,4 , /
,
,
……………... 10, 16, 25, 40, 63, 100, 160, 250, 400, 630, 1000 ,
……………………...……............................... 0,55 , Y, Z,
(
………………....... 0,03
)
( = 45
/
),
....…………….................…………………………............ 50 ,
...……………..……………....... 12 ,
.………………………... 60 ,
,
.........………5
............………….................……………………………......... 2000 ,
......……………....………… 25
6.5. ( 2,
3, 6,
7, 10,
. 6.1): 4,
I, 5, 9,
8, II. , 12
2000 / I (N = 2,2 (Z =53),
; n = 1420
/
)
,
(Z = 25, Z = 37, Z =23) . 6.2.
. -
( M5 (N =50 )
45
.
(Z = 35, Z = 42),
/ = 56
-
1:56
, I
). ; n = 3000...3600 Z
40
. 6.1.
.
12 - 25
41
. ,
42 : 45 »
«
45 : 53 (n = 60–120
/
). . ,
(
Z
. 6.2). .
=6000
/
)
- 550 (N= 550 ; n Z=19, Z=31, Z=25, Z=31 , -
, Z=4,
Z=25, . (
. 6.2
)
250
,
-
, . , . I(
. 6.3)
2 ;
4 –
: Y, Z;
6–«
12
-
15 16 5
; ;
3,
»
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,Z–
; 13 – X,
;
14 X, Y, Z; " ");
, (
9, 10, 11 7
, . .
;
.
«
8 »
7. :
,
« , i = 10,
. 2 ».
( 0,01
. 6.4.
)
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.
42
. 6.2.
43
. 6.3.
. 6.4.
44
, -
, (
. 6.4).
U,
, , . . . , ,
-
. .
α
-
, . . φ = – α. 90°, U
Ы
=U
А
-
sin φ. , . .
.
6.6. ( ,
6.5) :
,
.
,
.
: ;
– – ;
–
;
-
–
. :
90˚
, ;
, ;
180˚, ;
, -
; 90°
.
, M6 ( N = 55 ; n =3600 – 4200 15:42 41:85.
-
, /
. ),
. 6.5,
1:60
-
45
. 6.5.
46
Z=85 i =I
Z=30, Z=18, Z=51
-
,
5
. , .
3600
/
), Z=22.
,
; n=3000– -
Z=22. 7 (N=55 I5:42, 26:4I
I:60,
,
-
, .
KI 8
I:60
(N=77 ; n=3000–3600 20:40 20:40. I
/
K2
), ). I , Z= 90° 180°. .
( 90°
180° ,
24.
Z=273
KI 2
6.7. : -
; ; ;
.
, ,Z, . .
.
. 6.7. ,
.
(
«
»).
(
)
-
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-
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. ,
-
47
,
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( ). -
=60 90
,
90
Z . (
) .
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(
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).
4 ( ), ,
,
,
-
.
: -
(
6.7), ,Z
(
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)
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);
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.
1. 2.
. ?
3.
(
)
-
? 4.
?
5. 6. 7.
. ? 12-25 ?
8.
, .
48
. 6.6.
,
. 6.7.
1
2
1
90
90
10
10
5
70
2
90
100
12
15
7
80
3
110
110
15
20
10
90
4
120
100
17
25
12
100
5
100
130
20
30
15
110
6
130
130
15
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. . , . . – 328 c. 3. . . 1972 – 272 . 4. . ., . . 1964. – 257 c.
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