Xenia Slavica: Papers presented to Gojko Ružičić on the occasion of his seventy-fifth birthday, 2 February 1969 [Reprint 2019 ed.] 9783111396835, 9789027931719

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SL AVI STIC PRINTINGS AND REPRINTINGS

279

XENIA SLAVICA Papers Presented to Gojko Ruzicic on the Occasion of his Seventy-fifth Birthday, 2 February 1969 edited by RADO L. LENCEK and BORIS O. UNBEGAUNt

1975 MOUTON THE HAGUE • PARIS

O Copyright 1975 in The Netherlands Mouton & Co., Publishers, The Hague No part of this issue may be translated or reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publishers

ISBN 90 279 3171 2

Printed in The Netherlands by Mouton & Co., The Hague

EDITORS' NOTE

The Editors of the present volume have thought it opportune to mark Professor Gojko RuziSic's seventy-fifth anniversary by offering him a small collection of articles contributed by his friends, colleagues, and former pupils. It is natural that the bulk of the contributions should be connected with Serbo-Croatian studies. With the exception of minor typographical amendments, the Editors have printed the articles in the form in which they were received; their authors remain responsible for their content and form. It is also natural that of the two Editors one should be Professor RuiiCic's successor (in fact if not in name) at Columbia University and one of his youngest friends; the other is probably his oldest friend on the American continent - someone whom he is accustomed to meet regularly at twenty-year intervals: first as student in Paris in 1924-1925, then in Brussels in 1945-1947, and finally in New York in 1965. R. L. L. B. O. U. t

TABLE O F CONTENTS

Editors' Note

5

Gojko Ruiiöiö: Bibliography

9

Gojko Ruiiöid by Boris O. Unbegaunf

13

Robert Austerlitz Bra§ov - Brassö - Kronstadt — Bernes and Bushes Charles E. Bidwellf The Structure of the Macedonian Noun Thomas J. Butler The Structure and Function of Rhythm in Njegos's Gorski Vijenac (1847) Arne Gallis Überbleibsel der athematischen 2. P. Sg. des Verbums chotäti in Gunduliö's Dubravka Wolfgang Gesemann Zur Funktion des j in der urslavischen Synharmonie . . . . Charles E. Gribble Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian Dekla 'Maiden' William E. Harkins Walt Whitman and Jaroslav Vrchlicky IlaBjie ÜBHh O ycjiOBHMa 3a HyBa&e H Hcna^aae nojiyrjiaca y cpncKOXpBaTCKOM PoMaH ^KO6COH CjiaBocjiOBHe CanyaHa CaMeoHy V. S. Killian A Note on the Interplay of the Expression-Content Planes in the Diachrony of Serbo-Croatian Morphology

17 23

33

41 43 49 55

61 75

85

8

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Rado L. Lencek A Note to the History of Verbal Dual Morphology in SerboCroatian Horace G. Lunt The OCS Aorists: A Problem in Generative Description. . . Thomas F. Magner The Dialect of Split. A Preliminary Sketch Kenneth E. Naylor The Search for a Croatian Literary Language in the 19th Century: Some Observations

93 109 125

133

Anny Newman The Grammatical Concept of the Serbo-Croatian Verb . . . Riccardo Picchio Isocolic Constructions in Old Serbian Prose

141 149

Elizabeth Pribic The Preterite System in the Writings of Dositej Obradovic. . Nikola R. Pribic The Migration of the Pastoral Novel from Italy to Dubrovnik - Dalmatia Michael Samilov Zero-grade Laryngeals as *o in Slavic George Y . Shevelov

163

173 179

The Gospel of Reims and the History of the Serbo-Croatian Language Marilyn Sjoberg

185

The Use of the Aorist Tense in Ivo Andrid's Novel, Na Drini cuprija Benjamin Stolz

195

Serbo-Croatian in the Works of Bartholomaeus Georgievits (Bartol Durdevid) A Reappraisal Kiril Taranovsky An Unpublished Poem by Milutin Bojic

205 215

B. O. yH6erayH f H e r a p a nacMa TypcKor cyjiTaHa CejiHMa I. Ha cpncKOM je3HKy

C. H. van Schooneveld A Few Remarks on the Balkan Sprachbund Jovan Vukovic Praslovensko $ i y u sistemu fonoloskih opozicija

221

229 235

GOJKO RUZlClÓ: BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.

"CpncKOxpBaTCKH '6pH>Hua'", 36opnuK cßuAOAouimx u jimzeucmimKUX cmyduja A. Eemitiy noeodoM deadecemnemoeoduuihbutfe nezoeoz HaynHoz pada noceehyjy tbezoeu npujame/bu u yvenuifu, Eeorpaa, 1921, 259-260. 2. "Razvitak srpskohrvatskog gen. pl. na -ä", Slavia, V, v Praze, 1926/ 1927, 214-232. Ree.: ß,. BymoBHh, JyoKHocAoeencKu (ßUAOAOZ, VI, Eeorpaa, 1926/1927, 274-276. 3. "AIOIEHATCKH CHCTCM NJBEßAJBCKOR roBopa", Cpncm KpajbeecKa amdeMuja. Cpncm dujaAeKmoAouim 36opnm, III, Eeorpaa, 1927, 113-176. Ree.: M. PemeTap, JyoKHocAoeencKu (ßUAOAOZ, VI, Eeorpaa, 1926/1927, 252-260. 4. Ree.: Vàclav Väiny, "O chorvàtském 'kajkavském' nàfeci Horvatského Gróbu", V. kapitola monografie Ant. Vàclavika, Podunajskà dédina v Ceskoslovenském Podunaji, v Bratislavé 1925, str. 111176. - "Cakavské nàfeci v Slovenském Podunaji", Sbor. fil. fak. univ. Komenského v Bratislavé, voi. V, 1927, str. 121-336, 5. 47 2, s mapou chorvatskych osad v Ceskoslovenské republice a s francouzskym résumé, IN: Nase Veda, IX, Praha, 1927/1928, 177-183. 5. Ree. : Karl H. Meyer und A. Stojicevic (eds.), Serbokroatisches Lesebuch. Akzentuirte Texte mit vollständigem Wörterverzeichniss, Göttingen, 1927, IN: Slavia, VIII, v Praze, 1929/1930, 807-811. 6. "Je3HK IleTpa 3opaimfra. 3a,napcKH ¿mjajieKaT y noneTicy XVI BeKa", JyoKHocAoeencKu (ßUAOAOZ, IX, Eeorpaa, 1930, 1-91; X, 1931/1932, 1-90, and separately: EußAuomeKa JyotcnocAoeeHCKoz cfiuAOAoza, 2, Eeorpa/i, 1930. 7. Ree.: D-r Vladimir Corovic (ed.), Spisi svetoga Save [= Srpska kraljevska akademija. Zbornik za istoriju, jezik i knjiievnost srpskoga naroda. Prvo odeljenje, XVII], Beograd-Sr. Karlovci, 1928; Ljub. Stojanovic (ed.), Stare srpske povelje i pisma [= Srpska kraljevska

10

8.

9. 10.

GOJKO RUILCLÉ : BIBLIOGRAPHY

akademija. Zbornik za istoriju, jezik i knjizevnost srpskoga naroda. Prvo odeljenje, XIX], Beograd-Sr.Karlovci, 1929, IN: Slavische Rundschau, II, Berlin-Leipzig-Praha, 1930, 448-450. "Le ôakavo-kajkavien j pour le slave commun dj", Charisteria Guilelmo Mathesio quinquagenario a discipulis et Circuii linguistici Pragensis sodalibus oblata, Pragae, 1932, 39-41. "Jugoslovenske kolonije u Cehoslovackoj", Ceskoslovensko-Jihoslovanskâ Revue, II, Prague, 1932, 289-292. 'TjiaBHHj'e

ocoÔHHe

HCKHX

HKEBCKHX

roBopa

3anaflHe

rodumtbOK 3adyMc6me Cape u Bace Cmojameufia, I, 31-45. 11. "HapoflHa ennica y Bejiecy", IIpuA03u npoyuaeawy

BocHe",

Beorpaa,

uapodne

1934,

noe3uje,

I, Beorpaa, 1934, 230-237. 12. "Genetiöki dualizam makedonskih govora", Ksiçga referatów Miçdzynarodowego Zjazdu Slawistów, I. Jçzykoznawstwo, Warszawa, 1934, 105-107. 13. "H3BeniTaj o HcmrrHBaiby roBopa KaTOJimca H M y c j i H M a H a Ha JieBoj o ô a j i H B o c H e , H 3 M e f ) y B o c a H C K o r B p o ^ a H JlauiBe", roduumaK 3adyoic6uHe Cape u Bace Cmojanoeuha, III, Beorpa^, 1936, 35-37. 14. "JeaaH H e 3 a n a » c e H ö o c a H C K H roBop", IIpuAosu 3a KnuMceenocm, je3UK, ucmopujy u $OAKAOP, XVI, Beorpaa, 1936, 236-254. 15. Srbochorvatstina pro Cechy. Ceskà Grafickâ Unie, Praha, 1936. Ree. : A. Vaillant, Revue des Études Slaves, XVII, 1937, 155-156. 16. Ree.: A. Eejrah, 'TajiHiKH £njajieKaT", CpncKa KpajbeecKa aKadeMuja. CpncKu dujaAeKmoAouitcu 3ÔopmK, VII, Eeorpaa-Cp. KapjioBUH, 1935, IN: IIpuA03u sa KibUMceemcm, je3UK, ucmopujy

17. 18.

19.

20. 21.

u

(ßoAKAop, XVII, Eeorpaa, 1937, 153-174. Karta geografskog rasporeda Jugoslovena prema veéinama u opstinama, Beograd, 1939. Ree.: Leonid I. Strakhovsky (ed.), A Handbook of Slavic Studies, Cambridge, Mass., 1949, IN: The American Slavic and East European Review, IX, New York, 1950, 139-141. Ree.: Élie Borschak, "La légende historique de l'Ukraine. Istorija Rusov", Collection historique de l'Institut d'Études slaves, Paris, 1949, IN: The American Slavic and East European Review, IX, New York, 1950, 220. Ree.: Historijski Zbornik II, 1-4, Zagreb, 1949, IN: The American Slavic and East European Review, IX, New York, 1950, 334-335. Ree.: Istorijski Casopis I, 1-2, Belgrade, 1948, IN: The American Slavic and East European Review, IX, New York, 1950, 335-336.

11

GOJKO RUÎIÔLÉ: BIBLIOGRAPHY

22. (With R. Jakobson), "The Serbian Zmaj Ognjeni Vuk and the Russian Vseslav Epos", Annuaire de VInstitut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales et Slaves, X, 1951, 343-355, AND IN : Roman Jakobson, Selected Writings, IV, The Hague-Paris, 1966, 369-379. 23. Ree.: Athanasius Matanic, De origine tituli Dalmatiae ac totius Croatiae primas", Rome, 1952, IN: The American Slavic and East European Review, XIII, New York, 1954, 449-450. 24. "TpH CTape cpncice noßejbe", 36opnm 3a (ßuAOAozujy u AunzeucmuKy, IV-V, HOBH C a « , 1961/1962, 291-299.

25. "The Birth Year of Stephan Nemanya", To Honor Roman Jakobson, The Hague-Paris, 1967, 1074-1078. 26. "flaTyMH HeMaanHa ôojioBaita y aeroßy 5KnTiijy or CB. CaBe", Symbolae in honorem Georgii Y. Shevelov, München, 1971, 366-369. 27. "H3 H C T o p n j e 3aMemme Tpeher jinua y cpncKOxpBaTCKOM", Serta Slavica In Memoriam Aloisii Schmaus, München, 1971, 640-644. 28. "XpoHOJioraja ry6jbea.a oHeMe x y uiTOKaBCKHM roßopHMa" (forthcoming). 29. "AyTeHTHHHOCT ayTo6norpa4)CKe cnoMeHHue Kpajta MHJiyrHHa", 36opnuK

3a (ßunoAozujy

u AunzeucmuKy,

X I I I / 2 , HOBH Can,

1972,

127-147. 30. "KPAJB ManyTHH, AyTo6Horpa E H H C n A f l A E b E nojiyrjiACA y cpncKoxpßATCKOM IIABJIE H B W f i

I l 0 3 H a T 0 j e a a y cpncKoxpBaTCKOM, Kao H y a p y n i M jyxcHocjioBeHcicHM je3HUHMa (a ÄOHemie H ceBepHocjioBeHCKHM) n o c T o j e MHorn npHMepH y KojHMa c e n o j i y r j i a c o n y B a o H B0icajiH30Ba0 y n p K o c n03HaT0M T3B. XaBjiHKOBOM npaBHJiy Koje .nonyiuTa HyBan>e n o j i y r j i a c a c a M o n c n p e A c j i o r a y KojeM j e flpyra n o j i y r j i a c n c n a o . 1 y jiHTepaTypH o OBOMe rjiaBHO MecTO n p a n a ^ a p a a o B H M a J a r n h a (1869), JlecKHHa ( 1 9 1 4 ) ,

PemeTapa

( 1 9 2 1 ) H IüeBejiOBa ( 1 9 6 4 a ) . CßAKAKO HajcBecrpaHHjy a H a j n o y H a o c a a HajopHrHHajiHHja p e m e & a flao j e IIIeBejiOB KOJH j e n p e f l j i o » n o ppa. HOBa (JiaKTopa KojH c y y r i m a n H Ha cyflÖHHy n o j i y r j i a c a . T o c y 6 p o j c j i o r o B a y p e n n ( y o6jiHUHMa OA HajMaH>e T p a c j i o r a r y Ö J b e i t e j e p e a o B H o ) H KBaHTHTeT BOKajia y c j i e ^ e h e M c j i o r y (aKo j e TO 6HO CKpaheHH a y r a BOKaji, n o j i y r j i a c c e n y B a o ) . Y 3 TO j e IIIeBejiOB n o H y z m o H HOBO O A p e l j e i t e MOMeHaTa pejieBaHTHHX KOFL KOHCOHAHTCKHX r p y n a , 3a Koje c e y Hanejiy H paHHje n p e T n o c T a B J b a j i o a a c y H r p a j i e 3 H a i a j H y y j i o r y . B e j i m c a j e 3 a c j i y r a IHeBe.raoBJi.eBa UITO j e yTBp^HO a a HeMa n o T n y H e je^HaicocTH y c j i o B a H c n a A a a a n o j i y r j i a c a y pa3HHM CJIOBCHCKHM j e 3 i m n M a TOM n o r j i e a y jy5KH0CJi0BeHCKH je3imn y

6nTHoj Mepa

H j a y

npeacTaBjtajy

je^Hy C K y n r a y . 2 I I a HnaK, IlIeBejioBJbeBo T y M a n e m e o c T a B i b a H3BecHe HecaBjiaAaHe TeuiKolie. H>eMy c e c y n p o T c r a B J b a HH3 JieKceMa c a cyziÖHHOM n o j i y r j i a c a flpyKHHjoM o f l oneicHBaHe, a H HAIEJIHO HMAMO p a 3 j i o r a aa

6yAeMo

pe3epBHcaHH

npeMa

noje/umHM

06jauiH.eH.HMa

Koja

o n e p n u i y c (JJAKTOPIIMA HHJ'H y T i m a j HHje a p y r ^ E ^OKYMEHTOBAH, HHTH j e

4>OHeTCKH o n p a B f l a H . 3 6 o r T o r a lie c e OBae n o K y m a r a a a c e p a 3 B o j npoTyMaHH

Ha

Hanra

pa3jiHHHT

oa

cxßaTaaa

3 a x B a J b y j y h H n o c T o j a n . y H»eroBe p a c n p a B e ,

Kao

npo.

IüeBejiOBa.

H pa^oBa

aeroBHx

n p e T x o A H H K a , O B ^ e H e f i e 6 H T H N 0 T P E 6 H 0 H A B O ß H T H HCUPNAH M a x e p i i j a j i , 1 BpeflHO je noMeHyra a a cy o^cTynaita o a XaBjnucoBor npaBHJia y cpncicoxpßaTCKOM jeflHocTpaHa. HaHMe HeMa cnynaja rfle 6H ce nojiyrjiac ry6no NAKO 6H TO npaBHJio 3axTeBano iteroBo tyBa&e. ' Y n o p . Mojy cyMapHy oncepBaipijy (JJodamaK JyotcHOCAoeeHCKOM cfiuAOAOzy, X X I I ,

1 9 5 8 , CTp. 9 ) y OBOM cMHcny.

62

NABJIE HBIFB

B e t caMO BaacHHje HJiycrpaimje H noHeKH npHMep KOJ'H KOA lIIeBejioBa m i j e 3acTynji>eH. H3JiaraH>a Koja caeae H3HOce ce OBae y3 o r p a a y a a j e BpeaHOCT MHorm

3aKJbynaKa y

OBoj o ô j i a c r a pejiaTHBH3HpaHa THMe IIITO ce

Befania npHMepa Moace oôjacHHTH Ha BHine o a jeaHor Haiiraa: noHeKaa ce yicpuiTa aejcTBO a s a j y HJIH naie Tprçjy rjiacoBHHx HHHHJiaua, necTO je n p u c y r a a MoryfaiocT MopojioiiiKe aHajioraje, a Mopa ce panyHaTH H ca ayôJieTHHM pa3BojeM noacTaKHyTHM npnjinKaMa y canaxjijy. OBO n o cjieflH.e j e yrojiHKo BaxcHnje IIITO je pen HCKJbyiHBO o cyaÖHHH nojiyrjiaca y npBOM cjiory pa3JiHHHToj o a OHe y yHyTpamiteM cjiory - a y caHaxnjy ce npBH cjior TaKO necTO npeTBapa y yHyrpamitH. C T o r a he HaM icao rjiaBHH nyTOKa3 cjiyacara OÔJIHUH KOJ'H ce Mory oôjacHHTH caMO Ha jeaaH HaHHH, H a p o w r o OHaa Kaa j e a n x o B o CBeaonaHCTBO noTKpenaeHO BehHM öpojeM apyrnx, Maite HeaBOCMHCJieHHx npHMepa. O a c T y n a a a o a XaBJiHKOBor npaBHJia CBpcTaBajy ce y a ß e ocHOBHe KaTeropnje: (1)

JEFLHOCJIOHCHE 4>opMe r a e j e n o j i y r j i a c M o p a o 6HTH canyBaH j e p 6H

HHane p e í ocTajia 6e3 BOKajia: naKaBCKH m
HX nay 3aMeHime oe H OH (flamie rae y opMaMa THX 3aMemma HeMa TparoBa flOflaBaifca j). C flpyre CTpaHe npemocTaBKa o 3ao6mia3HOM nyTy, npexo OTnaaaaa -j, BepoBaTHa je TaMo rae Te 3aMemme HMajy oöJiHKe Kao oeü, ouü (na H oeä, OHS), noroTOBy aKo je OTnanaite -j H3a ayror BOKana noTBpljeHo H npHMepHMa Kao HCMÖ nun HMnepaTHBn rana npodä. 4 Ofl OBora ce H3y3HMa nojiyrjiac y jaxoM nojioscajy y jeAHOcnoacHHM peiHMa Kao 3Maj(< 3Mbjb) H maj(< mbjb). OÔJIHUH KOCHx nafleaca 3Maja, 3Majy H CJI. paBHajy ce npeMa HOMHHaTHBy; fla OHH HHcy HacTajiH (JIOHÈTCKHM nyTeM, CBeflo™ c|)opMa HMeHime 3Muja ca u n o « HCTHM rnacoBHHM ycjiOBHMa. OÔJIHIIH oeaj, ouaj Taxolje ce HHcy Morrai pa3BHTH opraHCKH; MecTO H>HX ÖHCMO OHeKHBajiH oeü, OHÜ Kao oflp. npHAeB Hoeü HJIH reH.IIJI. nohü. CTora je NORHFHO 3aioByiHTH aa cy ce cjiopMe oeaj H ouaj pa3BHjie aHajiorajoM npeMa maj (a HOM.cr.M.p. mû y noueioiM roBopnMa 8

HyBAH>E H HCIIAflAH>E HOJiyrjIACA

63

Ilpaemo 1. ü o j i y r j i a c ce nyBao y npBOM cjiory nofl ceicyHflapHHM ("MeTaTOHHjCKHM", y3Jia3HHM) aKIjeHTOM: tuüja, mauima, anjaji. Maiua, KparnoB. dára ;5 naK. zali (oap. bha npHAeBa zal); KOMnaparaBH Man>ü, márbü, na h dá/bü6 (ynop. h AHjajieKaTcice OÓJIHKe MÜhbÜ, óü/bü) ;7 oicáfbé,* mapé, uiasbé,9 zané, mané; 6üjé, eüjé, zwüjé, Kpüjé, AÜjé, nüjé, pujé, uiüjé. npeMa oeü, OHU). YocTaJioM ao AaHac nocTojn 3HaKy, J . B y x o B H h , J®,

XVII,

1938-1939, 61; y

caaamiboj HCToraoj XepueroBHHH, A. IIeuo, CJJ3, XIV, 1964, 139; h y MocTapy, M. Milas, Rad JAZU, 153, 1903, 66). Ochm Tora oBaicaB oahoc Hajia3HMo y roBopy cena Jlnne koa flyBHa (C. MapKOBHh, Cfí3, XIII, 1958, 107), y 6yH>eBaiKOM roBopy y eeitCKoj okojihhh (G. Tomljenovic, "Bunjevacki dijalekat zaleda senjskoga s osobitim obzirom na naglas", iz Nastavnog vjesnika, XIX, 1911, 54) h y Bo/iHuaMa y ceBepHoj Hctph (J. PHÓapHh, CJJ3, IX, 1940, 109). Koa crapHX rmcaua OBaj ce oahoc jaBJta h BaH npenejia rae je oSanaH y aaHamH>HM roBopmna. Taxo Hnp. oh aojkoh y Ay6poBHHKy (A. Bajan, 1931, 150-151) h y je3HKy AajiMaTHHCKHX nHcaiia XVIII Beica (T. MapeTHh, Rad JAZU, 209, 1915, 233). AeJiHMHHHe napajiejie npaBHJiy o BOKajiH3aiwjH nojiyraaca HcnpeA y y a y je/mocjiokhhm o6jiHiwMa Hana3HM0 y cyfl6HHH noieTHe rpyne e + nojiyrnac (eám : yiuu h flajte aHanorajoM eáiu : eaiuu hjih yiu : yiuu) h nonerae rpyne p + nonyrjiac (pám, pma h paste, poicu, a 3aTHM pám, pama y jeflHHM roBopHMa h pm, pma y ap>thm, a TaKolje h paoK, paoKu oah. pote, poKu). 4 E. IleTpoBHH, 1935, 80. a OBaj o6jihk noTHHe on *db/bu. Ynop. db/bu y crapHM TeiccTOBHMa, 3aTHM djbu, Kao H ceBepHOHaxaBCKe 4>opMe doje (I. Milcetic, Rad JAZU, 121, 1895, 101) y flo6pn&y, rae je o HopManaH pe hjih á^), flaKJie Ha hcth HaiHH Kao h u oa nojiyrjiaca Hcnpen j. Ynop. h nieve y KajKaBCKOM üpHropjy (PoKHh, Rad JAZU, 115, 1893, 128). " Y obom paay je npHMeH>eHa KOHBeHunja «a ce Kao npeacTaBHHK npe3eHTCKe napaAHTMe y3HMa o6jihk 3. jmua jeflHHHe. (HapaBao, aiojeHaT y aiciieHTOBaHHM npnMepHMa oaroBapa OHOMe y KaHOHCKoj (J)opMH KH>H»ceBHor je3HKa, yKOJiHKO HHje HCTaKHyTo Aa je pen o flHjajieKTH3My.) 9 Y npe3eHTy uia/be KOHCOHaHT IU nojaBHO ce aHanorajoM, yHeceH H3 cjioaceHHX oSjiHKa Tana nouijbe h ocnoiteH Ha onniTnjy TeHAeHUHjy Aa ce A y KaTeropnjaMa c

64

HABJIE HBEFÑ OBHX

Ofl

opMaMa

OH 3 a H C T a

je

Kao

npeHomeH

OHeTCKH, y B e 3 H c H c n a ^ a a e M n o j i y r j i a c a , H 3 n e r a n p o H 3 j i a 3 H « a j e u Ty

floniJio

a H a j i o r a j o M , n o f l « B O C T p y K H M n p H T H C K O M n p o c T H x (J)opMH H

ocTajiHX HJiaHOBa n a p a ^ n m e c n o a c e H o r r j i a r o n a .

flaKJie:

yMujé MCCTO

CTapHjer yjwje11 npeMa MÜje, a TaKot)e H npeMa yMumu, yMUAa, yMuj UTA. Hnje

H C K J t y H e H O HH fla c y n 3 B e c H i i

rajiHnoibCKH saóje, K p a m o B a H C K O profe13

noeje,

flnjajieKaTCKH

npojije, OMje, nonje,

OÓJIHIÍH, T a K B H

cátuje,12

Kao

cjiaBOHCKO H

ocTaim apxanHHifjer CTaita y KojeM Hcnpefl j jorn

joTOBafteM Beace c a iu, a He c a c, naic H K a n ce y MeljynpocTopy Hana3H Boxan. Y n o p . m a r ó n iuu/be MecTO cu/be, a TaKoI)e H (J)opMe Kao yKuiuejben, Kuiue/bethe MecTO yKucejbeu, Kuce/bene, Koje ce i e r r o l y j y y p a 3 r o B 0 p H 0 M je3mcy (y «mamey C n o ó o f l a H a M a p K O B H h a " I l y T y flaiJiHH", Eop6a 3a 6. Maj 1966, CTp. 5, CTy6au 6-7, HaJia3HMO H

inraMnaHy noTBpay: ... npacen y jrnoM MacjiunoeoM 3ejmuuy u 3aKuuie/beH meutxuM cuphemoM). 10

Y flHjaJiexaTCKHM aioieHaTCKHM jiHKOBHMa THna npoóüje orjie.ua ce CBaitaKO paBHaite n p e M a npe3eHTy n p o c T o r r n a r o j i a , BeoMa n o r H i H o y cBeTjiocrH «iHíkeHHqe « a KOH o r p o M H e Behmie r n a r o j i a npocTH H npe(}>iiKCnpaHH npe3eHT HMajy HCTH aKueHaT. C n p y r e CTpaHe flHjaneKaTCKa nojaBa T a n a noduanuje M e c r o n p B o 6 u T H o r H KitHaceBHor ndónanujé pejieKTyje Teaofcy « a ce y o n m T H peuecHBHH HHHiiHjajiHH aiojeHaT H3 pa^Hor n p i w e B a h o 6 j m K a 2. h 3. J i m i a je/mime a o p n c T a (a eBeHTyaimo H H3 T p n H o r npHfleBa) yMecTo HHaOBeKOBHHM TeKCTOBHMa. O TOMe yóeflJbHBO pa3Jiaace npoct). T . PyseHlHÍi 1930, 76-77. 12 II. HBHÜ, CJJ3, X I I (1957), 276. 13 C . H B n m h , Rad JAZU, 197 (1913), 66; E . HeTpoBHH 1935, 98.

65

HYBAH.E H HCOAFLAFBE HOJIYrjIACA

mije 6HJIO a H a j i o i i i K o r u. Y HCTOM CMHCJiy roBopn H n p i i c y T C T B O a Ha

Kpajy npe(})HKca y caôuje, caeuje, canuje, oôaeuje, nodaeuje H CJI. 4>opMe -6uje,

-euje

HTA- He 6H Aajie noBoaa 3a Taxo rnnpoicy y n o T p e ö y Ayace

BapnjaHTe rrpeopMa 6e3 pee, mpe, ui/be), icao H (J)opMa c pecjyieiccoM nojiyrjiaca KOA CJioxceHor rjiarojia (noMcane, uamape, nowa/bë). MeîjyTHM CBHKH nyT cy eroBHM HcnaaaH>eM cTBapa ABomara rpyna, HHaie npHXBaTjiHBa no Baxehoj cxeMH AHCTpHÔyipije KOHCOHaHata". MaH>e je BepoBaTHO an je OÔJIHK umema Hacrao Kao

68

IIABJIE H B H T I

mauim, maiuma,24 TaKolje j e aejioBajio npaBHJio 3, c THM cy Ty Morjin yTHuaTH O 6 J I H U H Kao H I T O j e HOM.-aK. jeflHHHe r a e ce nojiyrjiac nyBao H n o XaBjiHKOBOM npaBHJiy. Man>e je BepoBaTHO aHajiouiico paBHaite npeMa HOM.-ax. jeAHHHe y npHMepHMa Kao óaópa, flaópa,25 KÜÓAÜ, naKAa, cmaópa, naópa, 6adpoza. Kofl rjiarojia Aa3né, AÚ3Hymu, Mazné, Maznymu, Mamé, Mamymu, caxné, cáxnymu, cerne, ceánymu, mamé, mámymu26 npenjiefiy ce ycjiOBH npaBHJia 1 (y (JiopMaMa c npe3eHTCKHM aKueHTOM) c ycjioBHMa npaBHjia 3 (y C B H M oGjimiHMa napaAnrMe), a y npHMepHMa c noneTHHM A- H J I H MocTBapeHH cy h ycjiOBH npaBHJia 2. üpaeuAo 4. ü o j i y r j i a c je, 6 a p 4>aKyjiTaTHBHo, aaBao u y HHHiwjajiHOM c u o r y HcnpeA j- uuja, 3ujamu, cujamu, nujan. riapajiejiHH O G J I H U H 3jamu, cjamu, rijan Mory ce H 3 B O A H T H H 3 Be3a ca npecjwiccHMa H npeflji03HMa, ajin BepoBaTHO j o n i BHine H3 H3roBopa y ópaceM TeMny. 3HaiajHo j e fla HeMa ocjiomia 3a TyMaieH>e u y cujamu, 3ujamu H C K H M aHajioniKHM yTHuajeM (HapaBHO, y Be3H c O 6 J I H K O M nujan Moace ce nujé). M H C J I H T H Ha yTHitaj oSjiHKa Kao numu, Y CHTyaunjH óoraToj Ay6jieTHHM OAHocHMa, HacTajiHM Hajieinhe Ha nofljio3H pa3JiHKe y caHAxnjy, a Moayia H pa3JiHHHTor r0B0pH0r TeMna, OTBapa ce mnpoKO nojbe 3a aHajioniKy npecTHjiH3aunjy o^Hoca HacTajinx rjiacoBHHM nyTeM. IIoroTOBy je CHaacaH 3aMax aHajiorajH Aajio n o e r o j a i t e ajiTepHauHja y napaanrMaMa. 3HanajHo je, Mel)yTHM, a a ce y aHajioiiiKHM npeKpajaH.HMa JiaKo Mory O T K P H T H niHpe TeHAeHiXHj'e Koje Hay Ka M0p(J)0Ji0iiiK0j npaBHJiHOCTH y flBa CMHCjia: (1) Y 3HaTHOM 6pojy cjiynajeBa ocTBapyje ce npHHuan a a HMeHHMKa 0CH0Ba He Moxce 6 H T H HecnoroBHa. TaKO HMaMO o6jiHKe máMa yMecTO CTapnjer H aaHac peTKor mMa, 6á3a H J I H [6\3Óea MecTO 6a3, reH. *Ó3a, (flHjaji.) reH. 6ápa MecTO *6pa, reH. daña n o p e a CTapnjer H MHoro pe^er dne, nátba Meero rtna, cama MecTO *cma, (y CTapoM je3HKy) cana MecTO BapHjaHTa Be3aHa 3a caHflXH, a 3aTHM yonniTeH. Y TOM cnyiajy 6nna 6H Texce pa3yMJbHBa FLOCNEFLHOCT Hcna«aH>a nonyrnaca y 0B0j pera (O6JIHK mauimema y 3HaneH>y 'TauiTHHa' mije HacTao Ha TJiy Hapo^Hor je3HKa H y3 TO je penaTHBHO HOBiija H3BeaeHHiía OH npnaeBa, Kao yocTanoM H caMa peí maiumuuá). 21 Ynop. H KOHCTpyKuwjy na uime cpife rae je ocjioHau Ha npeftuor flaBao cojiH/iHe ycnoBe 3a Hcnaflaae nojiyrnaca, a ceM Tora H HanoMeHy 23. 28 AJIH y XepueroBHHH nocToja (no PjeiHHKy J A ) ceno ffóáp, reH. M6pa, ca n0MeH0M jom H3 1416: y ffópu npu Hepemen. 26 HapaBHO, Be3e c npeHKCOM OTBapajie cy M0ryhH0CT Hcnaaaita nojiyrnaca H aHajiornja je TeK HaKHa^HO yiuiaH>ajia opMe 6e3 H>HXOBHX pecjwieicca. ynop. penHKTe Kao mTO cy 3üMhu, 3üMKHymu, OMhu, npoMhu, Hamnymu y ByKOBOM Pje«mHKy, na H floflaHaniH>er¡xmn y FLHJAJIEKTHMA, a TaKolje H O6JIHK Hamxuymu H3 XVIII BeKa, 3a6eneaceH y PjeiHHKy JA.

69

HyBAEbE H HCIIAflAfbE HOJiyniACA

*cna - CBaKH n y T ca ayacHHOM Koja HejBOCMHCjieHO cBe^oHH o ceicynaapHOCTH oôJiHKa. C Apyre CTpaHe BHCOKa jiexcHHKa (JtpeKBeHmtja noapacajia je HyBaH>e KpaTKHX 4>opMH Kao nca, tuea (nopea uiaea), cm, duo, mAO." (2)

EjiHMHHHcaHa je

flBojHa

ajiTepHaunja (cnpera ajrrepHaioije y

KopeHy c ajiTepHaimjoM y cyijwKcy) y napa^HrMaMa rae 6hcmo je oneKHBajiH no XaBjiHKOBOM npaBHjiy. H3ocTajy, aaKJie, oähoch Kao npatf : napifa, tueatf : uiaeifa, mMcm : maMua, mum : mama,

CHOH : cana

HTA. 2 8 y bê3h c npBOM oa obhx aßejy TeHAeHUHja jacHH cy npouecH koj'h cy BOflHJiH Ka nojiapH3aunjit y oaHOCHMa dacKa (peTKO ifxa) : lumuifa (y3 cexynnapHO

daiuuutfa),

reH.

Maua

cpeflH>eM BeKy), maMa : mMuna, uimema.

Ha

Taj

(nopea

rriMuifa,

MHO) : aepHBaT

mMyuia,

mamma

HaHHH Moace ce oöjacHHTH HejeanaKO

Muap

(y

'npa3Ha' : noHamaite

npBOÔHTHO flBOCJIOÄHHX oßjIHKa H OHHX KojH Cy HMajIH BHIIie Ofl ABa cjiora. A j i h jiaico Moace 6 h t h aa je 3a Heice cjiynajeBe TaHHO h MHiujbeite npo. IIIeBejioBa npeMa KojeM je aejcTBOBao rjiacoBHH 3ekoh o Hcnaaa&y nojiyrjiaca y o6jiHUHMa oa HajMaH>e T p H cjiora. H e 6 h ce, MeÇyraM, Morjia npHXBaTHTH H»eroBa KaTeropnHHa H3jaBa (cTp. 41) aa je Taj 33koh 06aBe3H0 aeaoBao Ha cBe TpocjioxcHe npHMepe, 6e3 oösnpa Ha apyre OKOJiHOCTH, aKueHaTCKe h y KOHCOHaHTH3My. TaKBO rjieanuiTe ocraBJba Heo6jaiiiH>eHHM oöJiHKe Kao naoKutfa,29

nacmpea, na h MHoroôpojHe

rjiarojicKe opMa, HOM.(-aK.)cr., HMajia nojiyrjiac y jaKOM noaoacajy. H CTBapHO, MaTepnjaji noKa3yje aa HeMa pa3Jimce y noHamaity H3Met)yje/iHe h apyre KaTeropnje. nießejiOB CMaTpa aa y rany b + b : V nojiyrjiac Moace Hcnacra caMO aKO je jeaaH oa cyceaHHX KOHCOHaHaTa c k m tu, ajiH t o je onTHHKa HJiysnja Koja npoH3jia3H h3 JieKCHHKor cacTaBa OBe CKynHHe. T y

ce Hajia3e

npHMepn nca, cna, [U]WAO, tuea, cea h 3AO koj'h cbh 3ancra caapace c h o t UI ( h j i h 6ap KOHCOHaHT 3, HenoMeHyT Koa IIIeBejioBa, ajiH cpoaaH ca c). " 3Haray ynory Morjia je ojmrpaTH h »mitemnia fla ce TpH nocneflite «Memme y JKHBOM roBopy BeoMa lecTo jaBJtajy y BesaMa Kao y cuy. Ha dno, na m/iy. 28 y OBOM norjieay cpncKoxpBaTcica CHTyaimja ce cjiaace c pycKOM, no orracy Kojn joj je nao HcaneHKo 1970. " /loflyme, 3a npHMep Aaxcuya UleBenoB xaace Ha apyroM MecTy (cTp. 28) p.a. ce paAH o BOKajiH3amijH ma coHaHTa.

70

nABJIE HBHH

AJIH Ty je H npHMep dm Koja npoTHBpera IHeBejiOBibeBOM 3aKJbyHKy, a KojH ce He nojaBJByje y iteroBoj Taôejm ( d p . 33). C a p y r e CTpaHe, a x o ce ocBpHeMO Ha npHMepe r a e j e y OBoj KaTeropnjH pecjmeicc nojiyrjiaca caHyBaH, noKa3yje ce a a cy y nHTaH»y O6JIHUH c noneraHM coHaHTOM (Tan Aaoicu, Maxa),

HJIH ca BehHM 6pojeM KOHCOHaHaTa ( n a c m u , daoKÒci), HJIH

c OHHrjieflHO aHajioiiiKHM o6jiHUHMa KOCHX naaeaca (6âpa, dâna, nátba, câna, câma,

dâxa,30

CBe ce ayrHM a). KapaKTepHCTHHHO je H TO a a cy y

oôJiHHHMa câna H câma ocTBapeHH HIeBejioBJi>eBn rjiacoBHH ycjiOBH 3a ncnaaaite nojiyrjiaca (npncycTBo c). CJIHHHO CTojH CTBap H ca CTapHM cana (npeMa can),

Kao H ca anjajieicaTCKOM opMOM reH. säda (npeMa

HOM. 3âd l 3Hfl') r a e je npncyraH KOHCOHaHT 3, ajiH j e aHajiornja «naie o6e36eAHJia npHcycTBO BOKajia H3Mel)y 3 H d. JeaHOM penjy HeMa HHHera i m o 6H AOKa3HBajio a a ce y n a p a a n m a M a

rana

b +

b : V rjiacoBHH

pa3Boj oanrpaBao Ha hckh noceôaH HaHHH. HCTO TaKO HeaocTajy aoica3H 3a cxBaTaite a a j e y napaanrMaMa 6 +

rana

V pejieBaHTHy yjiory Hrpao KBaHTHTeT BOKajia a p y r o r cjiora, aoK je

Hcnaaao npea crapHM KpaTKHM BOKajiOM, HJIH npea HecicpaheHHM ayrHM (OBO KOHKpeTHo 3HaHH : dm, suivi májua, a o n a a oneT dea). OBO cxBaTaite noGyÇyje cxency He caMO 3aTO DITO OBaKBa YCJIOBJBEHOCT rjiacoBHHX 3ÔHBaH.a Hnje KOHCTaTOBaHa y cpoaHHM flOMeHHMa y HCTOM HJIH y 6JIHCKHM je3HUHMa, Beh H 3aTO HITO ocTaje HejacHo KaicaB 6H 6HO 4>OHeTCKH

CMHcao

NPEZUIOHCEHOR

orpaHHieita

Koje

CYNPOTCTABJBA

CKpaheHe ayre BOKajie y HCTH Max KpaTKHMa H HecKpaheHHM ayrnMa. Y 3 TO ce Ty HcnyuiTa H3 Bnaa a a je H y n a p a a n m a M a c p e a a e r p o a a , Koje HMajy KpaTaK HacTaBanicH BOKaji y HOM.-aK.ja., 6HJIO aocTa oôJiHKa ca CTapHM ayrHM BOKajiOM y HacraBUHMa ocTajiHX naaexca (reH. aaT. dny, JIOK. dum, nji. dna),

flajte,

dna,

aocjieano Hcnaaaite nojiyrjiaca y

oGjiHHHMa ca ayrHM KpajftHM BOKajiOM (deâ,

KM)

j e caMO Haannje

HHEbeHHue a a j e Taj BOKaji a y r TaMO r a e j e UHpicyM^jieKTHpaHH nojiyrjiac Hcnaaao, a aiciieHaT acaicao Ha cjieaetw cjior. IIITO ce rane HMeHHiia as.p. Ha -a, OHe He noKa3yjy aocjieaHocT y lyBaity pefjwieicca nojiyrjiaca. nieBejioB HaBOAH aKueHaT dâx, dàxa, leer xofl nrroxaBaua Kojn roBope KH>H^CCBHHM je3HKOM (H 3a6ejie»eH y peïHHiiHMa PncTnft-KaHrpre H TojicToja). M e Ç y T H M y TOM roBopHOM aMÖHjeHTy KOHCOHaHT X je Kftfflmcor nopeicna, nrro 3Hain jia je y oSjTHUHMa Kao daa, daoM, day KopeHCKH BOKaji M o p a o 6HTH CKpaheH npea flpyrHM BOKajiOM (ynop. PemeTapa 1900, 68). Y o c T a n o M y MHOFUM xpajeBHMa h caMa pei he 6HTH KH>nniKa (y B y K O B O M Pjcnnncy je HeMa, lax HH y .apyroM H3flan.y), y KojeM je cjiynajy H>eH axueHaT HeopraHCKH. 3a HCTopnjy je3inca MOTO 6HTH MepojiaBaH caMO aicueHaT y roBopHMa w e ce x lyBajio, «amie dâx, dâxa (ynop. latcaBCKa aKTa y caMoj nieBenoBJbeBoj Taôejni, 3aTHM arareHaT dâx, dâxa y Pjeimncy JA, KOA Bpo3MBeKOBHha, y p e u m i m M a fleaHOBnha H KoayTopa, Kao H «onteromy a a ce o6a aicueirra HABOAE y peiHnnnMa C A H Y , flauamaer IIpaBoiiHca H Asejy Maimia).

71

HYBAH>E H HCIIAflAIfcE HOJiyrjIACA I I I e B e j i O B He

6ejie»CH OÖJIHK mMa,

(B. P J A ) H C T a p n j H o a máMa,

rajy

Bpno

OÖHHEH y

CTapnjeM

je3HKy

c e K y H A a p H O C T n o T B p J ) y j e H a y a c H H a á.

Y 3 TO j e T y H c p e a i f c O B e K O B H a H M C H i i u a npa, n a H C T a p a o AH. a n j a j i e K a T C K a opMa ifKa, K a o H n p m i o r zdm ( y n o p . zdje,

zdu)

r a e c y H c n y a e H H HCTH

rjiacoBHH y c j i o B H (3a B e h m i y cpncKoxpBaTCKHx r o ß o p a Hnje a^eKBaTHO IIIEBEJIOBJBEBO n a p T H K y j i O M -de,

onepnca&e

HCXO^HUIHOM

°PMOM

Kbde,

.naicjie

ca

a He -dn>). T a M O r a e H M e m m e H a -a n y B a j y peijwieicc

nojiyrjiaca, pa.nn ce o yji03H KOHCOHaHTCKax rpyna (Mü3za, cma3a HTA.) HJIH, p e ! ) e , o MeTaTOHHj'cKOM a K u e H T y ( K p a m o B . BHfly a a

H y cpeaaeM

poay

dapa).

Kaa

c e HMa

y

n o c T o j e o a r o B a p a j y h H n p H M e p a c a KOH-

c o H a H T C K H M r p y n a M a ( c m a K A o , cma6/io),

ajiacapyrecTpaHeTaMoHeMa

CTapHX flBOCJIOHCHHX HMeHHUa C MeTaTOHHjcKHM aKUeHTOM y jeaHHHH,

nocTaje jacHo na je pa3jiHKa y rjiacoBHHM npoiiecHMa H3Meíjy HMenima a c . p . Ha -a H HMCH. c p . p . Ha -o y c r a a p H (J)HKTKBHA. Y

HEAOCTATKE IIIEBEJIOBJBEBE

KOHuenunje cnaaa H TO XHTO OHa, He

NPH3HAJYHH yjiory MeTaTOHHjcKor aKueirra, 31 HE AAJE MoryliHOCT AA ce oöjacHe OÖJIHUH Kao zäne, xcane, NPEFLJIOACEHO y OBOM HJIAHKY HMA

mäpe H uiä/be}2 Hajsa/I, o6jamH>eH>e npeuMyhcTBO AA o n e p m n e caMO ca

aKTopHMa Hnje j e AEJCTBO HHAIE 3ACBEAONEHO Ha HECYM&HB HAHHH Ha

apyroM MaTepnjajiy: yjiory METATOHHJCKOR arajeirra noTBpI)yje cjioBeIIIeBenoB ce cynpoTCTaBiba ( d p . 37-38) cxBaTa&y o yji03H MeTaioHHjcKor aiojeHTa apryMeHTOM js¡& je npHMepa c THM awieirroM 6HJIO Majio, arcn TO HHje AOBOJLHO « a ocnopn Ty yjiory. OH lax cyMH>a «a je yonnrre 6HJIO MeTaTorajcKor axiieHTa Ha nojiyrjiacy, aira je oa Te cyMH>e Ha apyroM MecTy ojiycTao (DleBejioB 19646, 553: oKatbé, jicbicé ce Hajia3e MeJjy npHMepHMa 3a MeTaTOHHjcKH aKueHaT). OBHM je DleBejioB yjeflHo noByxao CBoje HMTUIHUHTHO OÄÖnjaifce (cTp. 38) «a npH3Ha MoryhHOCT MeTaTOHHjcKor axiieHTa KOÄ rjiarana c KopeHCKHM nojiyraacoM (OH TaMO «aje cuacas peiH Koje 6H iraaK MO»wa Morjie HMara MeTaTOHHjcKH aicueHaT; cBe cy Te peiH HMeHime). yje;mo nana H nanaraae Ha CTp. 35 Koje ocTaBJta OTBOpeHy MoryhHOCT fla j e y npe3eHTHMa däxne, zäm, Acbtce, uiäjbe HTA. AWJEHAT Ha peJTeKcy nojiyrjiaca cexyHZjapaH. ApryMeHTH y npmior Tora rjieaaaa racy yBepjMBH, a Met)y H>HMa HapolHTo TBpt)eHbe aa 6H y cnoBeHaneoM *dahne Mopano «ara *dahné, Kao *5ko > okö, HITO oiHraeaHo He CTojH, 6yflyhn aa ce y jeflHOM cnyjajy paflH o MeTaTOHHjcKOM aKjry, a y apyroM o CTapoM unpKyM(|)jieKcy. UleBenoB 19646, 553, H3Jia»ce ynpaBO cynpoTaH pea tweja. 82 Hnje npHXBaTJBHBa nperaocTaBKa x o j y , Hsrjie^a, IIIeBenoB «onyoiTa Ha CTp. 32, o TOMe aa je OBfle Morno a o t a jsp BOKajin3aunje jep je (JiopMa Moawa ÖHJia ÄBOCJioacHa y 3.Ji.jfl. H MH. y HeKHM npacjioB. anjaneKTHMa. AKO H HPHMHMO aa je 6HJIO Taxo, H ano npeTnocTaBHMO «a ce yomnTaBaJia 6am BapajaHTa 0CH0Be H3 THX joma, jom yBex ocTaje HHfteHHiia na. 6H noa TaKBHM rnacoBHHM ycjiOBHMa (flB0CJi0»CHa (J)opMa ca CTapHM KpaTKHM BoicajioM y apyroM cnory) nojiyrnac Mopao ncnacni (ynop. umo, dno HTFL.). Hnje yBepjbHBa HH anTepHaTHBHa IIIeBeJiOBJbeBa xnnoTe3a (cTp. 40) o TOMe Aa 6H ce Morao pa/mra o "aHanTHKTMKOM" Boxany: He 6HCMO oieKHBajrH TaxaB BOKan HOÄ awieHTOM, H TO jom y6aTOH y KOHCOHäHTCKe rpyne Koje cy noTnyno UpHXBETJBHBe 3a CHCTeM. 81

72

IIABJIE HBIÏfi

HaHKa CHTyauHja, 33 a a e j i O B a i f c e c o H a H a T a o r n e r a c e y n o j a B H c e i c y H f l a p Hor nojiyrjiaca HcnpeA coHaHTa y rany jecaM,

y caMOM cpncKO-

Ilemap

XpBaTCKOM. 3 4

(1921) - o

HITO c e T H H E n H T a a a H a K o j e M j e HHCHCTHpao P e i i i e T a p

TOMe A a jiH j e y n o H e K H M n p n M e p n M a p e f j m e i c c n o j i y r j i a c a y n p B O M c j i o r y c e x y H A a p a H - IHeBejiOBJbeBa p e 3 e p B H c a H O C T H 3 r j i e a a o n p a B f l a H a . H a H M e y u e j i o K y n H O M M a T e p n j a j i y H e M a m i n e r a IUTO 6 h / j o i c a s H B a j i o p.a. j e y n o j e A H H H M n p H M e p H M a n o j i y r j i a c 6HO HUiHe3ao n a j e 3 a r a M HaKHa^HO y ö a i i H B a H (JJOHCTCKHM n y T e M . HecyMH>HBe flOKa3e y TOM cMHCJiy H M a j i H 6HCMO y p y i c a M a a x o 6 h c e n o i c a 3 a j i o « a c y y HCKHM c n o M e m m u M a n o j e f l H H e p e n n K o j e a a H a c .zjocjieOTO H M a j y peera H noejie H>era."2 IIpoÄOjiacHTejibHbie pa3bicicaHHH noKoÖHoro JiHTepaTypoBeaa PaaoHHHHa nojiojKHJiH KOHCII ero nepBOHanajibHbiM xpoHOJiorHHecKHM KOjie6aHHHM, h OH y6eflHTejibHO o r a e c K CEPEAHHE HeTbipHaAUaToro CTOJICTHH craxoTBopHoe c.JiaBOCJiOBne CnjiyaHa CaBBe HeMaHHiy, N3BECTHOE HaM no HecKOJibKHM cnncKaM H B nacTHocTH no pyKonncH,

flarapyeMoft

KOHUOM Toro ace BeKa.3 HTO

KacaeTCH craxoTBopHoro cjiaBocjioBHH CTeK/ieHHoro PaflOHinneM, 4 TO on$m> Hejib3a He coraacHTbca c ero 3aKJiK)HeHHeM, "aa. j e CHJiyaH cacraBno H CTHXOBC CB. CnMeoHy. H TO HX j e 3aMHCJiHO Kao HacTaBaK CTHXOBa CB. CaBH" (crp. 56). IIOÄBeprayB B CBoe BPEMA aHajiH3y nepBoe cjiaßocjioBHe, 5 MM Tenepb nonbiTaeMca pa3o6paTbca B crpyicType BToporo H3 STHX aßyx TecHO CBfl3aHHbIX, CXOHCHX H B TO l e

BpeMfl CymeCTBeHHO pa3HOpOflHbIX

CTHXOTBOpeHHH cep6cKoro nosTa: Jb. CrqjaHOBHh, Cmapu cpncKU 3anucu u namnueu, I (Eeorpa/i, 1902), 39 [104], E. KoBaieBHh, "Cryanje H3 CTape KH>HHceBHOCTH, I. O npoaHoj noe3Hjn", TnacHUK JyzocAoeencKoz npo(fiecopa

CB^T/tO Td/H«, 3c n^,b3p,kB; I 6 yrttd BHUJE - II 4 BHUIfCddBNO. B npeaejiax HeTBepocTHiuiia h h o a h o cjiobo He noBTopeHO nojiHOCTbio,

Toraa KaK noBTopeHne cjiob, BHAOH3MeHHiomee hx MopcJjojiorHiecKHH oöjihk, HrpaeT MHoroo6pa3Hyio p o j i b b nosTHKe C n j i y a H a . I l a p a j u i e j i b CBÎL3âHM Meatfly C060ÍÍ CX05KHM

Hbie C e K T O p b l BHyTpH AByCTHIilHH TeCHO 3ByKOBbIM l a

HJIH TpaMMaTHHeCKHM COCTaBOM, a HepeAKO H TeM, H ApyrHM :

G d B ' k cdOBy -

2a

G d d s y cdOBd;

l b

noc,vfeA Ô B < 1 B - 2b NdCd-b^oBd: ÔJieAHee

COOTBeTCTBHe M e a c a y KOHeHHblMH C e K T O p a M H 3THX CTpOK, eflHHCTBeHHbiMH l c

napajiJiejibHbiMH

GHdieoHe -

TOHCTBO;

ceicTopaMH

^OCTOMWANO -

3b

pa3jiHHHbiMH

2c cB'bTdo Tddto ( s . m - s m ) ; 4b

BHllUCddBNO;

no

HHCJiy

cjiob,

3a

3c

nfl'feap'kB, CddBHf -

4c

[1ÇWÎ

CddBHO. B

to

ace BpeMH

nocjieaoBaTejibHo (J)pa3bi,

rae

HeneTHbie,

np0Ta3HC0M, a leTHbie, an0fl03HC

B

h

rpaMMaTHTCCKHH côjinacaeT

KaXCAOM

06a

TeMaTHHecKHH napajiJiejiH3M

ABycTHuira,

OAHHaKOBO

ABe

nocTpoeHHbie

cHMMeTpHiHbix

ctpokh

cjiyacaT

b cboio onepeAb oAHopoAHbie c t p o k h o6pa3yiOT AByCTHUIHH.

TpaMMaTHHeCKHe

COOTBeTCTBHfl

MeXCAy CMeXCHBIMH CTpOKaMH BHyTpH AByCTHIHHa HaCTblO COnyTCTByiOT BsaiiMHoii CB5I3H 060HX ABycTHUiHH, oTHacTH >Ke, HanpoTHB, oÖHapyacnBaeTCH HapoHHToe pacxoacAeHHe MeacAy ocTpoe n p o T H B o n o c T a B j i e i m e

oôenx

o ö o h m h ypoBHHMH, a hmchho

HeneTHbix

CTpoK oôeHM

h a h He MeHee pa3HTeAbHbiH KOHTpacT MeacAy nepBbiM h

nerabiM

btopwm

ABycTHinneM. T>. TpH(J>yHOBHh, " C ï a p a ( B e o r p a a , 1968), 273. 7

cpncKa n o j a u a

noe3Hja",

KtbUMceena

ucmopuja,

I

79

CJIABOCJIOBHE CHJIYAHA CHMEOHY

TeKCT CTHXOTBOpeHHH HaCHHTbIBaeT CeMHa/maTb CJIOB. TpeTBHM cjiobom Kaxcfloro craxa

HeH3MeHHo HBjiaeTca rjiarojibHa» opMa,

noKpbiBaiomaH Becb cpeaHHH ceKTop flByx HanajibHbix ctpok, a b flByx flajiLHeiÍLaHX CTpoKax nepeABHHyTaa b nepByio nojioBHHy KOHeiHoro ceKTopa. Bce neTbipe rjiarojibHbie opMH npHHafljieacaT coBepmeHHOMy BH^y, h Kaacflaa H3 hhx HaflejieHa hhíim npetjmKCOM. rjiarojibHoií 4>opMOH HeneTHbix ctpok HBjiaeTca fleenpHMacTHe npomeflinero BpeMeHH,n0flHHHeHH0ea0pHCTycjieayK)meHHeTH0HCTp0KH: 2b

NdC/ffeA®8* 'nocjieflOBaB, TM yHacjieflOBaji';

3c

lb

n©Civt¡AOKt Hapenna. TaKHM 06pa30M, b cajiy pacnoflo6jieHHH, c HapeiHHMH coneTaiOTca TOJibKO verba finita, a He fleenprnacTH», po,acTBeHHbie HapennaM aflBep6HanbHwe 4>opMM rjiarojiQB. Otmcthm, hto 3a BbineTOM sthx flByx aeenpHHacTHH,

80

POMAH HKOECOH

HenocpeflCTBeHHO CMeHaeMbix o6pameHHeM( lb noc/irb/irOBaB> 3c np'kap'fcB), KOHeHHblH

CJlOr

OTKptTT

BO

BCeX

OCTaJIbHblX

ÜHTHaOTaTH

CJIOBaX

HeTBepocTHiiiHH. 3a 060HMH npHMepaMH aopHCTa HenocpeflCTBeHHO c j i e a y e T B3aiiMHO c x o a c n e KanecTBeHHbie HapeHHJt 2 c cb^tmo h 4 c cmbho, KOHTpaCTHpyiOmHe C OAHHOKHM IipOHOMHHaJIbHblM HapeHHeM MeCTa 2 c TAMO. 3 t o HapeHHe, CMexcHoe c nepBbiM h noaoÖHO BTopoMy 3aMbiKaiomee pa3y, aHaopnHecKn oTCbiJiaeT k p a H e e CKa3aHHOMy: " T a M , K y a a OTeii HanpaBHjica BCjiefl 3a cmhom CaBBon", h j i h - c o r j i a c H O HCXOflHOMy CJiaBOCJIOBHK) - Td/HO Ot'WAV COHeMaMH B H y T p H OCHOB (^OCTOHW,/!,"« » /HV0OToHcTbO, EhüJíC/UiEno), o c o ô e H H O C T b K ) c o B e p m e H H o He3HaK0M0ñ nepBOMy flBycTHiUHio. I l e p e x o A H OT o 6 o n x m i a B H b i x k a p y r o M y n o ¿ i p a 3 p í m y c o H o p H b i x , T . e . K flByM HOCOBbIM COHiaCHblM, HaflJieaCHT O T M e T H T b , HTO H3 HeTbipeX / m / , p a c n p e A e J i e H H b i x M e a m y B c e M H HeTbipbMH C T p o K a M H c j i a B o c j i o B H a , 4>OHeMbi b n e p B O M

n a ^ a i o T Ha K O H e r a b i n c e K T o p h

flBycTHuiHH

B T o p o M Ha H a n a j i b H b i H c e K T o p . P l 3 o 6 m e r o

n n c j i a u i e c T H /n/ n o

npHXOflHTCH Ha CpeflHHH H KOHeHHblH C e K T O p b l , a HMeHHO n o npHMepy

b

oöpameHHe

nepBOM

h

no

flBa

Ghauoiie 3 a H H M a e T

bo btopom

flBe

flBe

flBycTHiiimi.

bo Tpn

OflHOMy

CaKpajibnoe

o c o ö o e MecTO cpe/iii ^BeHafluaTH c e K T o p o B

c j i a B o c j i o B H H . 3 t o eflHHCTBeHHbiii c e K T o p c HHCjieHHbiM n p e o ô J i a a a H H e M He c o r j i a c H b i x H a ^ r j i a c H b i M H , a H a n p o T H B , r j i a c H b i x n a a

corjiacHbiMH

( 4 : 3 ) h coHopHbix H a ß eflHHCTBeHHbiM m y M H b i M , T . e . H a n a j i b H b i M /s/, a j i J i H T e p H p y i o i u H M c c e M b i o o i c p e c T H b i M H cBHCTauiHMH. HocoBbix,

o6a

c

nocjieflyiomHM

BOKaTHBa

m/HéoIIé, h

/e/,

noHBJiaiOTCH

BnepBbie

b tothmx

^ a j i b H e n n m e Tpii CTpoKH KOHnaioTca

c n o c j i e f l y i o m H M H p e r y j i a p H b i M H a j i b T e p H a n r a M H /e/ h /o/ : 2c Td/HO - 3 c CddBNf -

C/ldKNO. Ü 3

4c

flByX

MW^ito,

TaK>Ke nocjieflHeMy c j i o r y

BHUjfCiUBNo), T o m a KaK a p y r a a

4b

aceHHe cnepBa

bo btopom

(3 a /HH^OAPhJKCTBO,

CTHUiHH

4a

HOCOBHM GH/«eoNe -

l c

paSJIHHHblX HOCOBblX delasq). Type A2 represents stems ending in an underlying nasal consonant, e.g. pbn-. 3 pi. pbn+x-n thus becomes pbn+xbn by "n/bn" and both syllables yield surface q: pqsq. The obstruent-stems (A3-A5) insert a vowel not only after the consonantal preterite-marker, but also before it. The distribution of the inserted o/e is not quite that produced by (1), but rather:

i.e. o is inserted before the x that is followed by one or more segments before word-boundary, while e is inserted before x immediately at the end of the word. Thus ved+x-mb gives ved+xomb by (1) and vedoxomb by (2a).s 3 pi. ved+x-n becomes vedox-n (2a), then vedox-bn and vedosq as above. 2/3 sg. ved+x-0 is converted to vedex# by (2b), yielding surface vede. In the imperfect (cf. D in Table A), the consonantal preterite-marker is always preceeded by the imperfect-marker ¿a. Here again ejo appears after the x, but rule (1) does not work quite correctly for either (a) or (b): o must be inserted in the 3 pi., and e before t in the archaic type (Db). But let us deal first with the innovative type Da:

4

Justification of this rule is far beyond the scope of this paper, and the formulation here is very rough. Suffice it to say that in a deeper analysis of the full OCS data I have found it profitable to operate with roots that contain syllabic n m r I, all of which are subject to 6-insertion under easily statable circumstances. 4 There is no argument to establish the relative ordering of (1) and (2).

112

HORACE G. LUNT

1.e. o is inserted before all three sonorants, whether or not they are followed by one or more segments,8 and e is inserted only before wordboundary. Thus 3 pi. -eax-n is subject to (3a), becoming -eaxon and finally surface -eaxg. No insertion occurs before t, so -eax-te yields -easte. 2. The older forms of the imperfect (type Db in Table A) show e before t in dual and plural forms. The rule must state that o is inserted before sonorants, e before non-sonorants and also word finally (i.e. 2/3 sg.), and no vowel is inserted if the desinence is vocalic (1 sg.). It is not easy to state this distribution in formal terms, and the resultant rule would be highly unnatural. Yet a simple and natural rule can be formulated if we postulate that the underlying desinence of 2/3 sg. is not zero but t (or simply obstruent). This obstruent, of course, will not appear in the surface forms, inasmuch as the rule mentioned above (cf. note 3) will delete it. With this revision in the underlying person-number desinences, the vowel-insertion rule for the archaic imperfect forms is (4) 0 -* +syl I èax aback —high —tense That is, insert o before sonorant, e before obstruent.7 Thus eax-te, -eax-ta insert e to yield -éasete, -éaseta, and 2/3 sg. -éax-t > -eaxet# > -ease. The root-aorist (type C in Table A) is found with a few non-derived obstruent-stems (pad-, krad-, léz-; -rét- [in pres. -rént-j-], sed- [in pres. send-]; trens- [or trns-?], vrg- [inf. verg-]; mog-, leg- [in pres. Ieng-], -m>z-; id; éd- 'ride' [e-xa- in some forms]; cf. Gram., 10.811) and a number of roots with present-systems and infinitive formed on a stem including the derivational suffix -n- {Gram., 10.812).8 6

This is spelled out in (3a) to emphasize the crucial difference from (1), where the presence or absence of a segment following the sonorant is decisive. 7 This familiar rule for the apophonic variation of the thematic vowel of IE is stated here in terms of a slightly deeper form of the vowel-system than I am otherwise using in this paper. It produces low lax e/a, the a being rounded to surface o by a low-level rule. 8 It is clear merely from this listing that the category is obsolescent and most of the individual stems are idiosyncratic. Careful philological work by many scholars has made most of the facts available, but old errors continue to be repeated. The regularlycited infinitive *oxrbmngti (3 pi. aor. oxrbmg, Ps. 17.46) is phonologically anomalous (with the cluster -mn-) and improbable; we simply do not know what the infinitive or present-system looked like - if indeed they existed. Unfortunately the Czech

113

THE OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC AORIST

Let us repeat the surface forms: pad'h

pads

*pado\e

*padeta. padete

padomi

padtte

padq

Apart from 1 sg., with only a vocalic desinence, every suffix can be taken as bipartite, the first element being a low lax vowel, where o precedes sonorant but e preceeds t or zero, the second element being the personnumber desinences common to all preterites. 9 This was precisely the situation with the old imperfects, so it turns out that we already have the full machinery to produce the forms. The 2/3 desinence is not zero but t, and rule (4) - with omission of reference to eax - supplies the proper distribution of the e/o: pad+t, pad+te > pade, padete; pad+mt, pad+n > padomb, padq. Indeed, the old imperfect is simply the root-aorist endings applied to the -eax- compound suffix. The older -easet-forms occur, by and large, in manuscripts which preserve forms of the root aorist. One suspects that the two formations disappeared at about the same time: rule (4) was lost. 3. The postulation of an underlying obstruent-desinence for 2/3 sg. proved valuable for discovering a natural rule to generate the older imperfect. Is there any reason for discarding it in the newer type? Academy's Slovnik jazyka staroslovlnskeho (1959-) has revived ghosts that Dielsand Vaillant had laid to rest, e.g. *vbnisti and *vbznisti, where there is evidence only for -nbz- (pres. and non-pres.) and -nbz-ng- (infin.). It wrongly lists a root-aorist "vedi>" (s.v. vesti). The "evidence" would appear to be 2 pi. veste sq in a peculiar passage from a post-OCS ms.: the form is an obvious and banal scribal error, for the passage requires the imperfect, therefore vedSste (for normal OCS vedeastejvedeaSete). The Slovnik's blunder misled Zeps (1964) to assume an implausibly broad range of options in OCS. " Recall that g is graphically bipartite in glagolitic; it consists of the regular symbol "o" plus an element Trubetzkoy transcribed "N" and regarded as a consonant defined only as nasal (cf. Trubetzkoy 1954, 67, 80ff.). It is plausible to see here a high back nasal glide, of the type attested in modern Polish (Dukiewicz), Portuguese (Lacerda and Head), and a number of other languages. Generative phonology can easily accept Trubetzkoy's definition of "N" as an underlying segment specified only [+nasal]; for the surface forms, Cyrillic graphemes suggest that monosegmental nasal vowels existed. I shall therefore follow scholarly tradition in writing g and Q (and jg). Parenthetically it may be remarked that since modern Polish appears to have no underlying nasal vowels (cf. Gladney, Lightner), there is no reason to assume them for older Polish: the textbook "monophthongization" of VN sequences to monosegmental nasal vowels and the subsequent "diphthongization" back to VN is perhaps true for surface vowels, but this all merely reflects varying low-level rules at different chronological stages. It does not imply any change in underlying structure. A typological question: the dubious case of Polish aside, are there clear cases where monosegmental nasal vowels have systematically developed to sequences of oral vowel + nasal consonant?

114

HORACE G. LUNT

To facilitate comparison, let us regard (4) as two sub-rules: (4a) inserts o before sonorant, and (4b) inserts e before obstruent. Thus (4a) is predictably identical to (3a), for the forms with sonorant-desinences remain unchanged. (3b) must exclude the specific environments -te and -ta. But it could be formulated to read either "before t # " , or, in more general terms "before [—son]#". This same general formula applies to the environment of e-insertion in (2b). The two reduce then to (5)

0 -» e / [—son]

[-son] #

It applies equally to aorist ved+x-0 and to imperfect ved-eax-t, producing surface vede and vedease. Therefore we postulate t as underlying 2/3 sg. desinence for the innovating imperfect, a feature which now opposes it to the aorist. The o-insertion rules seem more diverse, but let us juxtapose the environments. (1)

x

(3a)

Sa-x

(2a)

[-son]

—syl +son —syl +son x

[+seg]

#

([+seg]Y)# [+seg](Y)#

The x in the first two can be defined as [—sonorant], thus unifying the left-hand side of the environment. However, the non-sonorant x in (2a) cannot be identified with the sonorants of the other rules. Since the problem is to block insertion between x and t (ved+x-te > vedoste), a unifying rule must express the possible sequences. Recall that rule (1) inserts o before -mi. and -v£ but not - n # , whereas (3a) puts the vowel in all three places. This renders the -x-n of 3 pi. aorist immune to o-insertion and it yields surface -sq, while the -ea-x-n of 3 pi. imperfect does undergo insertion, giving overt -eaxq. If ea is present, o is inserted in 3 pi.; if no ea, no insertion. Rule (1) blocks o-insertion before sonorant unless there is a following segment. Let us then postulate a segment for the imperfect 3 pi., the obstruent t. (3a) can then omit the parentheses and becomes, except for the ea, identical to (2a). All this can be expressed in the complex but reasonable rule (6)

0 ^ o / (Sa)A [ - s o n ] [—syl] ( - s o n ) ([+seg] Y ) B # Condition: if not A, then B.

115

THE OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC AORIST

2/3 sg. v e d + x - 0 ved+Sax-t e e 5 6 n/bn > vede vedease

1 pi. 3 pi. ved+x-mi. ved-f 6ax-mi> ved+x-n ved+Sax-nt o o

o

vedoxomb vedeaxomb

o h vedosq

o vediaxQ

Underlying moli+x-n does not meet the conditions of (6), hence molisq is generated. It is then the claim of this discussion that only one specific phonological rule (which includes both (5) and (6) in a single formulation) is needed in the generation of the OCS preterites, apart from the spell-out rules that furnish the underlying imperfect and preterite markers and the phonological rules which are needed in generating other OCS words. A second claim is that the imperfect differs from the aorist not only in that it has an overt imperfect-marker in all forms, but in that it has an underlying obstruent-desinence in both 2/3 sg. and 3 pi.10 The change from (4) to the complex (5 + 6) involves a historical change of focus that deserves special study. Here I can merely identify it: the straightforward e/o distribution generated by (4) depends on the plus or minus value of [sonorant] in the second consonant of the underlying cluster. The re-formulations require reference to the position of the consonant with regard to the final word-boundary. 4. The s and x aorists (type B in Table A) are only sparsely represented in the manuscripts, but despite the lack of 1st and 2nd dual forms, the general shape of the paradigms is clear. Excluding the 2/3 sg., it is readily apparent that the personal endings are identical with those of all other preterites, and that rule (1) operates to produce surface -omb in 1 pi. (and presumably -ovë for 1 dual) and "n/bn" yields q in 3 pi. Yet these forms have no link-vowel preceeding the person-number desinences, and they are sharply set off from the 2/3 sg. by different rootvocalism (for most stems) and lack of root-final consonant: e.g. 2/3 sg. vede vs. 3 pl. vësç.11 This difference in overt form suggests that the original spell-out rule for "preterite" supplied a different marker for 2/3 sg. than for the other persons. For this archaic OCS state, let us postulate a zero-marker for 10

The 3 pres. sg. and pi. share -tb as terminal desinence in OCS. " The 2/3 sg. may well have been set off by special accentual properties, if we may extrapolate from the evidence of modern South Slavic dialects and some accented medieval texts. The OCS data of course give no information about such features.

116

HORACE G. LUNT

2/3 sg., and a consonant-marker x for the rest. The archaic desinence -t, as for the root-aorist, allows a close analogy with the 2/3 sg. desinence of certain sonorant-stems like pgtb, pitb (cf. Gram., 10.52), whose overt forms show no trace of a consonant-marker x. An insertion-rule (7)

0

e I [—son]

t

furnished the vowel for obstruent-stems. Hence, e.g., 2/3 sg. pbn-ti> > pqtb, ved+t > vedet > vede; rek+t > reket > rece. Rule (7), and very likely (1), preceeds three other rules needed for the s/x aorist: one lengthens root-vowel e/o to e/a before the root-final consonant plus x; another fronts the x to s after anterior (i.e. non-velar) consonants, and the last deletes the root-consonant: ved+0-t 1/7 e e/e x/s DEL > vede

rek+0-t e

rece

ved+x-mt o e s 0 vesomb

rek+x-mt o &

ved+x-te e

ved+x-n e

s 0 rexomb

0 veste

s 0 vesq

A single stem is attested with 3 pi. from both s and root aorists: -trqs^ vs. -trqsg. The former represents -trens+x-n with (1) applying and then the other special rules just mentioned; the latter is -trens+n and rule (4). 2/3 sg. -trgse represents either -trens+t and (4) or else -trens+x-t and (7) plus "x/s" and deletion of root-final s. The vowel lengthening rule may be regarded as operating, for any front vowel combines with a nasal to yield

The lengthening rule is specific to this s/x aorist, which means it is marginal to the general OCS system. 13 Deletion of the first of two obstruents is rather rare in ordinary OCS, so again this is a minor rule. The x > s rule is not only marginal, it admits of certain exceptions. First, the actual attestation indicates that the type p%sb gave way to pqxb somewhat more rapidly than vesb was replaced by vedoxb (cf. Gram., end of 10.7). This means that the original environment for generating s was simply [+anterior], but it then narrowed by adding [—nasal], thereby excluding pbn-x-. Yet our meager texts furnish examples violating 12

The stem pas- 'pasture' very likely took the root-aorist, but there is no evidence. Despite the frequency of sb-pas- 'save', the only attested aorist form other than 2/3 sg. is a regular 3 pi. in Supr. sbpasosg. - A late Bosnian text attests vbklase, implying OCS *vbklase and the s/x aorist for klad- 'put'. - A lone 12th c. Mac. example CuB'fecTd 3 dual implies OCS *otveste and the s/x aorist for vez- 'convey'. 18 It is doubtful that it could be identified synchronically with a similar rule applicable to a couple of items like is-tek- vs. is-tek-aj (Gram., 5.712). Note that the lengthening in the aorist is not of IE origin, as is often asserted in the handbooks, but a Slavic innovation, cf. Watkins 1962, 45 f.

117

THE OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC AORIST

even the narrowed rule (Gram., 10.84): -mgsg requires underlying -ment+ x-n; cisq requires kit+x-n; and exb requires ed+x-t - all without converting x to s before deleting root-final consonant. Clearly this was a rule in the process of rapid evolution. The two successive forms earlier (8) x

s

/ [+ant]

later /

were in competition for a while, then disappeared completely; 14 x remained to delete the root-final consonant. At this point (2a) became effective for such roots, ordered before the possible application of any consonantdeletion rule, and the whole category of s/x aorist ceased to exist. For the operation of (8) in either form, underlying r must be specified [—anterior] at the outset.15 The stems in r utilize rules not specified here, but they show the expected [—anterior] aorists in the Sinai Psalter, which of all the manuscripts is most conservative in aorist forms: brasg sg 'they fought' ( < bor+x-n), poznxb, poinSg 'I, they sacrified' ( < -gbr-x-). Aorists from the two stems in 1 occur only in Supr., where the "s-aorist" is not attested at all: sbmliSf and zaklaSf < -mel-, -kol-. It is perfectly plausible that *sbmles% and *zaklasq, as predicted by rule (8), might have existed.

5. Let us now go back and state more explicitly the rules that spell out "preterite". The consistent presence of the overt ejo between root and desinence in both the root-aorist and the older imperfect forms suggests that the vowel is indeed the mark of preterite. Thus pad+o-mb is {stem + preterite + person-number}. This further implies an old spell-out rule: (A)

preterite -> e/o

Recalling note 7, let us refer to this e/o simply as a low lax vowel and symbolize it with V: "preterite -> V". Now rule (4) can be modified simply to (4')

V

[aback] /

[ason]

The consonantal preterite-mark is x: it is required for the oldest recoverable Slavic, and we may hazard that V was used for most obstruentstems, x for other stems :18 14

Variant 2 continued for some time to apply to the desinence of 2 sg. present -xi. Thus underlying dad+xi, ed+xi, ved+xi, es+xi yield - with the same consonant-deleting rule needed for the x-aorist - dasi, ¿si, vesi, jesi, whereas im-a+xi, pad+e-xi and vid-i+i-xi give imaSi, padeSi, vidisi. 16 It was surely non-anterior in the IE dialects which gave rise to Baltic, Slavic, and Indo-Iranian. 16 In fact, it may be argued that for suffixes in OCS one need operate only with a

118

HORACE G. LUNT

The OCS imperfect contained not only the new imperfect mark (of uncertain origin) ea, but both preterite-markers, in the order XV. This combination is an important innovation. As the X-aorist spread to more obstruent-stems, it was not (according to any evidence that has yet come to light) initially applied to 2/3 sg. This disjunction and the new double preterite-marker in the imperfect created a new situation : V

(C)

I certain stems / certain stems preterite -» XV / ë a X

(a)

2/3 sg.

(b) (c)

(d)

This is presumably the stage of South Slavic somewhat prior to the attested conservative OCS system. Parts (a) and (c) generated the root-aorist and the imperfect, with the aid of (4). Parts (b) and (d) generated the remaining obstruent-stem aorists and all aorists from other stems: yet they required a vowel-insertion rule narrower than (4), for there is no clear need to insert e. Hence rule (1). The rise of this rule (1) seems crucial for the development of the South and East Slavic preterites. (A note on West Slavic is given in excursus 5, at the end of this paper.) Although most root-aorist overt forms contain a vowel which may signal the preterite, all forms can also be regarded as simply root + desinence plus a rule that requires vowel-insertion before all consonantal desinences.17 Now, rule (4) applies only to stems single fricative, let's write it S - distinctively specified as [—anterior] and/or [+high]. Either of these features is predictable from the other, and backness is conditioned by the phonological environment. A distinctively [+back] x is required in OCS only in root-initial pre-consonantal position (xlevt vs. slepi), although a redundancy rule might suffice to exclude phonetic £ from this position. Otherwise [+ant] s is distinct from [—ant] S only in roots. Roman Jakobson has long insisted that suffix-forming phonological units may be less fully specified than root-forming units; the notion should be explored more fully for OCS. Suffice it to note that the only obstruents in desinences are t and S (not s!). In the discussion here I shall compromise and write X instead of S. For some consequences of postulating X, see excursus 1, at the end of this paper. 17 In older types of IE, the aorist was distinguished by a special root-vocalism and to Some extent by the desinences. Different vocalism remains in some of the OCS verbs (and perhaps has been extended in pre-Czech), but it has lost its systematic value and become merely lexical idiosyncracies of the given OCS stems. The IE thematic vowel can be regarded as a rule-produced link which later acquired some value of "preterite" in Slavic.

119

THE OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC AORIST

ending in a single consonant. But the X-aorist automatically produced underlying clusters: ved+X-mi., ved+X-n. It was at this point that the vowel-insertion rule needed to refer to the final word-boundary. The group C C n # , with a simple sonorant, caused no problem, because rule "n/bn" already existed. But a sequence of sonorant + vowel in this position apparently did create a problem, which was solved by the narrowing of (4a) to (1). Thus (with omission of rules affecting roots in X-forms): 3 sg. 1 pi. 3 pi. 3 sg. 3 sg. 1 pi. 3 pi. A = C a pad+V-t pad+V-mb pad+V-n Ba = C b ved+V-t rek+V-t Bb=Cd ved+X-mi ved+X-n 4 e o o 7/1 e e o n/bn b 8 s s > pade padomb pad? vede rede vesomi. v£s? The reader will have noticed that rule (7) is both a case of (4b) and of (5): the desinence t has been postulated chiefly on the assumption that it was required in all older preterites. Yet as such time as there was no overt final consonant, the surface form vede could be interpreted as underlying vedex#, generated by (5) from ved+x-0 (or else as ved+t and (7)). Thus all forms of the paradigm could be interpreted as containing the consonant-marker x. The vowel-insertion rules preceeded the root-modifying rules, keeping 2/3 sg. still quite different in surface shape from the other forms. It was only when o-insertion shifted from (1) - "insert o before sonorant which is followed by one segment and word-boundary" - to (2a) "insert o before continuant followed by one or more segments and # " that the s/x aorist disappeared, for now the conditions for "e/e" and consonant-deletion no longer obtained. OCS still shows an early period of conflicting rules. The root-aorist and old imperfect still inserted a vowel before every consonantal desinence. In the X-aorist, however, the insertion-rules refer not only to the sonorant/ obstruent quality of the consonant, but also its distance from word-final boundary: ved+X-te veste ved+X-mi - • vSsOmi. ved+X-ta vSsta ved+X-ve -*• *vesOve ved+0 t I ved+X-0

v e c j£

ved+X-n

-> vesbn

vSse

120

HORACE G. LUNT

Here e is inserted only before a consonant that is word-final; o is inserted before a consonant that is not word-final. The newer imperfect narrowed (4b) by inserting e only before wordfinal consonant; it maintained the result of (4a) by adding a final underlying obstruent in 3 pi. so that o was inserted before sonorants that were non-final: ved+eaX-te vedSaste ved+eaX-ta -» vedeasta ved+eaX-t -> vedeasE

ved+eaX-mt -» vedeaxOmi ved+eaX-ve -> vedeaxOve ved+eaX-nt -» vedeaxOn (-