World Checklist of Cyperaceae 1842461990, 9781842461990

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World Checklist of

Dedicated to the memory of our co-author Tatyana Egorova, 1930-2007

World Checklist of

Rafael Govaerts and David A. Simpson with

Jeremy Bruhl, Tatyana Egorova, Paul Goetghebeur & Karen Wilson

Kew Publishing Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

PLANTS PEOPLE POSSIBILITIES

© The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2007

The contributors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher unless in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988. Great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of the information contained in this work. However, neither the publisher, the editors nor authors can be held responsible for any consequences arising from use of the information contained herein.

First published in 2007 by Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK www.kew.org ISBN 978-1-84246-199-0 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Typesetting and page layout: Christine Beard Design by Media Resources, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Printed in the United States by Edwards Brothers

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All proceeds go to support Kew's work in saving the world's plants for life

Contents Introduction .................................................... vi How to use the Checklist ......................................... vii Structure ......................................................... vii Names ........................................................... vii Acceptance of taxa ................................................. vii New names and combinations ........................................ vii Geographical distribution ............................................ vii Life-forms ....................................................... viii Abbreviations ................................................... x Acknowledgements .............................................. xii Co-authors ....................................................

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References .................................................... xiii Cyperaceae ..................................................... 1 Unplaced Names ............................................... 758

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Introduction Cyperaceae (sedges) are the third largest family in the Monocotyledons and seventh largest family in the angiosperms. They are more-or-Iess cosmopolitan in distribution with hotspots of diversity in north-eastern South America, eastern and southern Africa, South and Southeast Asia and Australasia. Sedges have economic importance going back into antiquity, highlighted by the role of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) in early Egyptian society. Today their importance is wide-ranging, from the problems they present as weeds (Cyperus rotundus is known as the world's worst weed) to their considerable number of uses - providing materials for basketry, matting, construction (particularly thatch), perfumery, medicine and fuel, as well as food and animal fodder. The numbers of species of horticultural interest has increased, coinciding with a general interest in 'ornamental grasses'. Their importance has often been under-estimated, but there is no doubt that they playa significant, sometimes crucial role in many local economies, particularly in the tropics. Sedges are also important indicators of environmental damage, especially to aquatic habitats. They are particularly sensitive to the lowering of water tables and/or water pollution and there are observable declines in many species. Some genera are threatened by forest destruction and the prevalence of narrow endemic taxa within these genera may mean that some taxa are now extinct. Cyperaceae have long been recognised as a taxonomically difficult group due to their reduced, but nevertheless complex, floral and vegetative structure. As a result there has been little consensus on tribal and generic boundaries; moreover there have been comparatively few specialists undertaking systematic studies on the family over the years. Recent DNA studies are beginning to shed light on relationships within the family but there is much work still to be done. There is a real need for a nomenclator that provides a reliable guide to accepted names. This is particularly important as a basic framework for exchanging information on species-rich groups such as the genus Carex and in providing a framework for addressing conservation status and needs. Systematic research will always give rise to name changes, new species will inevitably be found and overlooked names will continue to be discovered. We do not pretend that this list is complete or entirely correct, so we solicit input and constructive criticism. Please send comments by email to [email protected] and [email protected] or by regular post to the authors at The Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK. The Checklist is also available online as a searchable database (www.kew.org/wcspO. The database is live and changes based on any comments made on this or the online version can be incorporated. Of course, as soon as this checklist is printed it will become out of date, but the database which underpins it will constantly be updated. Any changes will appear on the online version at the URL above, new names will be added after a minimum of one year after publication to allow for an editing phase. Currently the checklist includes 5387 accepted species in Cyperaceae in 106 genera and 26,150 names in total. vi

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How to use the Checklist Structure The checklist is derived from a database encompassing 24 fields and complying with the data standards proposed by the Taxonomic Databases Working Group (TDWG). Its compilation was effected using Microsoft Access 2002 for Windows, within which editing was also carried out. The arrangement of genera being alphabetical with accepted and synonymous genera intercalated.

Names Names of accepted genera and their species and infraspecific taxa are listed alphabetically. Synonymised genera (and species) are intercalated. For each accepted taxon, associated synonyms are listed chronologically if heterotypic, with any homotypic synonyms following in a given lead; in addition, all synonyms in an accepted genus are listed alphabetically at the end of that genus. Place and date of publication of all names are given. Citation of authors follows Authors of Plant Names (Brummitt & Powell 1992; updated and available electronically at http://www.ipni.org/ipni/query_author.html); for book abbreviations, the standard is Taxonomic Literature, 2nd edn. (Stafleu & Cowan 1976-88; supplements, 19922000) also available electronically (http://tl2.idcpublishers.info/); and periodicals are abbreviated according to Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianuml 2 (Bridson 2004). A question mark (?) following a name and author indicates that a place of publication has yet to be established. Names of hybrids are preceded by a multiplication sign (?), with the place of publication being followed by the names of the parents if known. Basionyms or replaced synonyms of accepted names are designated by an asterisk (*). For genera, the number of accepted species and the geographical distribution are furnished together with general comments and the suprageneric taxa as used at Kew.

Acceptance of taxa Acceptance of species and infraspecific taxa is based not only on assessments of literature but also, where possible, by reference to specialist advice and (where necessary) to the herbarium or living collections. Generic limits follow Goetghebeur (1998).

New names and combinations A few necessary new names and combinations have been made in the text to bring known taxa into line with current practice

Geographical distribution Distributions of species and taxa of lower rank are furnished in two ways: firstly by a generalised statement in narrative form, and secondly as TDWG geographical codes (Brummitt 2001) also available electronically (http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/geogrphy.html) expressed to that system's third level. Examples of the former include:

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E. & C. U.S.A. Texas to C. America Mexico (Veracruz) Europe to Iran E. Himalaya, Tibet, China (w. Yunnan) Philippines (Luzon) S. Trap. America When the presence of a taxon in a given region or location is not certainly known, a question mark is used, e.g. New Ireland ?; when an exact location within a country is not known, a question mark within brackets is used, e.g. Mexico (?). Distributions of genera are furnished in a relatively simplified form, any special features being given within brackets. With respect to the TDWG codes, the region is indicated by the two-digit number (representative of the first two levels), the first digit also indicating the continent. The letter codes following the digits, when given, represent the third-level unit (a country, state or other comparable area). They usually are the first three letters of a given unit's name, but sometimes are contractions. If the country code is not known, '+' is used. For taxa that are known or appear to be extinct in a given region, '"I"' is used after the country code. Naturalisation is expressed by putting the third-level codes in lower case and, if in a second-level region all occurrences are the result of naturalisation, the code number for the region is placed in brackets. The application of question marks is as indicated above for geographical regions. Examples include: 12 SPA 32 + 36 CHN? 38 JAP KOR 51 NZNNZS 76 ARI 77 NWM TEX 79 ALL 80 GUA HON 77 TEXt

[SW. Europe: Spain] [c. Asia (more exact distribution not known)] [Doubtful in China and Eastern Asia; China, Japan, Korea] [New Zealand: North and South Islands] [SW. & SC. U.S.A., Mexico & C. America: Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras] ESC. U.S.A.: Texas, where extinct]

Life-forms The terminology for life-forms, definitions of which follow, is based on the system of Raunkirer (1934, especially chapters 1 and 2) with modifications derived from Flora van Belgie, het Groothertogdom Luxemburg, Noord-Frankrijk en de aangrenzende gebieden (De Langhe et al. 1983: pp. xvii-xviii, 869 (fig. 16)).

Main Categories: nanophanerophyte (nanophan.) stems: woody and persisting for several years buds: above soil level but normally below 3 m e.g.: shrubs chamerophyte (cham.) stems: herbaceous and/or woody and persisting for several years buds: on or just above soil level, never above 50 cm e.g.: Alyssum, Acaena, Acantholimon, Saxifraga

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hemicryptophyte (hernicr.) stems: herbaceous, often dying back after the growing season, with shoots at soil level surviving buds: just on or below soil level e.g.: lsolepis prolifera geophyte hemicryptophytes that survive unfavourable seasons in the form of a rhizome, bulb, tuber or rootbud. e.g.: Carex arenaria is a rhizome geophyte. helophyte (hel.) hemicryptophytes that grow in soil saturated with water or in water. leaf and flower bearing shoots rise above water e.g.: Cyperus papyrus hydrophyte stems: vegetative shoots sunk in water buds: permanently or temporarily on the bottom of the water therophyte (ther.) plants that survive unfavourable seasons in the form of seeds and complete their lifehistory during the favourable season. e.g. annuals Additional information: climbing (el.) succulent (succ.) parasitic (par.)

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Abbreviations A .......................... Agg. .................... al. ........................ Arch. ................... app. ..................... auct. ..................... C .......................... cham .................... cit. ....................... cl. ........................ Co ........................ comb.................... cons ..................... cppo ...................... cult. ..................... cv......................... descr. ................... Distr. ................... DT ....................... E .......................... etc ........................ e.g. ...................... G ......................... hel. ...................... hort. ..................... I.lIs ...................... ICBN ................... i.e. ....................... ign ....................... in litt .................... ined ..................... inq....................... i.q ........................ Kep ...................... Medit. .................. MT ...................... Mt.lMts ............... N ......................... nanophan ............. No ....................... noh ...................... nom. cons ............

x

alpine/arctic aggregate alii: others archipelago approaching, close to of author Central chamaephyte citatus: cited climbing county combinatio: combination conservandus: to be conserved centre page pull-out cultus: cultivated cultivarietas: cultivar description district dry tropical (desert/steppe) East(ern) et cetera: and the rest ex amp Ii gratia: for example temperate helophyte hortorum: of gardens island( s) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature id est: that is ignotus: unknown in litteris: in correspondence ineditus: unpublished, provisional name inquilinus: naturalised idem quod: the same as kepulauan (islands) mediterranean monsoon tropical (savanna) mountain(s) North(ern) nanophanerophyte numero: number new orchid hybrids nomen conservandum: name conserved in ICBN

WORLD CHECKLIST OF CYPERACEAE

nom. illeg. ........... nomen illegitimum: illegitimate name nom. inval. .......... invalid name nom. nud. ............ nomen nudum: name without a description nom. rejic ............ nomen rejiciendum: name rejected in ICBN nom. superfl ........ nomen superfluum: name superfluous when published nov....................... novus: new orth. var............... orthographic variant par. ...................... parasitic Pen ...................... peninsula(r) phan. ................... phanerophyte p.p ....................... pro parte: partly Provo .................... province q.e. ...................... quod est: which is q. v. ...................... quod vide: which see Reg ...................... region Rep ...................... republic S .......................... Subtropical S .......................... South(ern) seq ....................... sequens: following s.1. ........................ sensu lato: in the broad sense sp ......................... species s.p ........................ without page number sphalm ................. sphalmate: by mistake s.s ........................ sensu stricto: in the narrow sense st. ......................... status subtrop. ............... subtropical syn ....................... synonymon: synonym T .......................... tropical temp .................... temperate ther. ..................... therophyte trop ...................... tropical vol. ...................... volume: volume viz. ...................... videlicet: namely W. ........................ West(ern) WT ...................... wet tropical ? .......................... not known, doubtful "I" .......................... extinct

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Acknowledgements We would particularly like to thank Nick Black for writing and maintaining the computer programs and reports used to create the checklist. Thanks are also due to Simon Owens, Keeper of the Herbarium at Kew for providing the facilities to allow the work to come to fruition, the staff at the Kew library and Phillip Cribb for initiating and susbequently managing the World Checklist of Monocotyledons project of which this work forms a part. We are also grateful to correspondents who have commented on entries in the online version of the checklist.

Co-authors Jeremy Bruhl is Associate Professor of Botany and Director of the N.C.W. Beadle Herbarium at the University of New England, New South Wales, Australia. Tatyana Egorova is a botanist at the V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute, St Petersburg, Russia. Paul Goetghebeur is Director of the Botanical Garden at Gent University in Belgium. Karen Wilson is a Special Botanist and Manager, Plant Diversity at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, Australia.

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References Bridson, G., compo & ed. (2004). Botanico-Periodicum HuntianumlSecond Edition. Pittsburgh: Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation Brummitt, R. K. (2001). World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, ed 2. xvi, 138 pp. Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Penna. (for the International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases for Plant Sciences). (Plant Taxonomic Database Standards, 2: version 1.0.) [http://www.tdwg.org/ge02.htm] Brummitt, R. K. & Powell, C. E., (1992). Authors of Plant Names. 732 pp. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/query_author.html] De Langhe, J. E. et al. (1983). Flora van Belgie, het Groothertogdom Luxemburg, NoordFrankrijk en de aangrenzende gebieden. civ, 970 pp., illus., map. Patrimonium, Nationale Plantentuin van Belgie, Meise. Goetghebeur, P. (1998). Cyperaceae. In: K. Kubitzki (ed.), the families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 4. Flowering plants, monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae): pp. 141-190. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Greuter, W. et al. (1993). Names in Current Use for Extant Plant Genera (Names in current use, 3). xxvii, 1464 pp. Koeltz, Koenigstein. (Regnum Vegetabile.) Raunki