275 61 6MB
Russian Pages 177 Year 2007
.................................................................................................................................... 4 .........................................................6 1.1 Wi-Fi? ................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 ..................................................................................................7 1.3 ........................................................... 8 1.3.1 .........................................................................8 1.3.2 ......................................................................................................11 1.3.3 ................................................................................................ 12 1.3.4 .............................................................................16 1.3.5 .................................................... 16 1.3.6 ......................................................................... 19 1.3.7 ........................................................................... 23 1.4 IEEE 802.11 ................................................................................................ 26 1.4.1 IEEE 802.11 .................................................................................. 27 1.4.2 802.11 ............................................................ 27 1.4.3 MAC.............................................................................................. 32 1.5 IEEE 802.11 ................................................................................................... 36 1.5.1 IEEE 802.11................................................................................................................ 38 1.5.2 IEEE 802.11b.............................................................................................................. 41 1.5.3 IEEE 802.11 .............................................................................................................. 45 1.5.4 IEEE 802.11g.............................................................................................................. 47 1.6 ........................................................................ 50 1.6.1 Ad Hoc ........................................................................................................... 50 1.6.2 ...................................................................................... 56 1.6.3 WDS WDS WITH AP .............................................................................. 59 1.6.4 ...................................................................................................67 1.6.5 .......................................................................................................... 68 1.7 ......................................................69 1.7.1 .............................................................................................................69 1.7.2 .........................................................................75 1.8 WiMAX ................................................................................ 77 1.8.1 WiMAX ............................................................................................. 77 1.8.2 .....................................................................................................78 1.8.3 .........................................................................................................80 2. ..................................................... 85 2.1 ..................................................... 85 2.2 ..................................................................................................... 89 2.2.1 .......................................................................89 2.2.2 ............................................................................................................ 89 2.3 ............................................................93 2.3.1 WEP ................................................................................... 94 2.3.2 WEP ................................................................................ 98 2.4 ...................................................................... 103 2.4.1 IEEE 802.11 .............................. 103 2.4.2 802.11................................................ 107 2.4.3 WPA ............................................................................................... 109 2.4.4 802.11i (WPA2) .......................... 114 2.4.5 802.1x/EAP (Enterprise) .............................................................116 2.5 ............... 125 2.5.1 ..............................................125 2 1.
2.5.2 2.6 3. 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.4 3.5 ё 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3
.......................................................... 128 ........................................... 129 ..............................................................................................................134 ................................................................................................... 134 ................................................................................... 134 ............................................................................................... 135 .......................................................................... 135 .............................................................................................. 137 ..................................................................... 137 .....................................137 ...........................................138 ................................................................................................................. 138 ........................................................................ 139 .......................................................................................................................... 139 .....................................................................................140 / ................................................ 140 ...................................................................................... 142 ё ...................................... 142 ё ..............................................................................................144 ...145 ............................................................... 145 ........................................................................150 , ё ........................................... 151 . D-Link .........................................153 . ...............................165 . D-Link................................................................................ 169 ............................................................................................................................. 174 ..............................................................................................178
3
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IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11, (IEEE),
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802.11b.
36
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.
−
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,
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.
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52
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52 4 —
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52
. 1.36 IP, (TCP/IP) (
. ,
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(
(К 1): 192.168.0.2,
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IP: 192.168.0.1, : 255.255.255.0.
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ё , ,
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ё
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66
WDS (
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1.8.1
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:
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http://www.wimaxforum.org , 2005 WSIS) WiMAX: 1)
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.
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ё
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80
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. ( 120
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2008 .
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.
.
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92
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,
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)
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,
. .
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. .
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.
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S
l
.
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.
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. ,
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.
,
, . 24
40-
WEP, 64-
104-
,
128-
. ,
,
. 40
,
WEP 104
, 64
128
,
.
405 (10·4=40), (13·8=104)
ASCII-
ASCII10426 128-
(5·8=40)
10 13 (26·4=104).
.
. . ,
(CBC).
XOR . , .
. 2.13.
97
. 2.13
2.3.2
WEP WEP :
.
2001 Mantin I., Shamir A.)
.,
.
. (Fluhrer S.,
,
WEP ,
.
WEP (Key
Scheduling
Algorithm,
RC4.
KSA) (
«
)
»
, . AT&T/Rice University 4
AirSnort 40 104 . 4 .
, WEP
. 98
,
WEP
, .
WEP
ё ,
. 2 (XOR) ё
.
. , IEEE 802.11, (Message Intgrity
Check, MIC). . ICV (Integrity Check Value), , Redundancy Check,
32.
:
,
CRC32 (32-bit Cyclical ), , (IV Replay)
(Bit-Flipping). 1)
(Initialization Vector Replay Attacks)
,
, . 2.14.
99
. 2.14 1. ( ,
, IP-
,
. .).
2. , 3.
. XOR .
,
4.
«
» ,
,
. , ,
,
WEP. , ,
«
»
,
. 2.15.
100
. 2.15 «
»
1.
, ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol, ), ping, . .
. , 2. 3.
256 ASCII-
.
4. , , 5.
ICMP. , .
2)
(Bit-Flipping Attacks) , ,
ICV. , .
( (
)
23-
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)
)
.
. 2.16.
1. 802.11. 2. 3-
.
3.
ICV ( ).
ё
4. 5.
. (
) ICV
. 101
6.
ICV .
7. 8.
,
ё
.
. 9.
, .
10. . 11. . 12.
, , .
. 2.16 ICV
. ICV ,
(
. 2.17): 1. 2. ё
F1 F2 F1.
ё
3.
F3
C1. ,
F1,
ё
XOR
F1
F2. 4. 5.
2 C1
C3 C2.
F3
102
ё
F3. XOR
. 2.17 WEP IEEE 802.11 .
,
WEP
, .
IEEE 802.11
,
,
, . ё
.
D-Link
. . ,
, ,
/
. .
2.4
IEE 802.11, WPA, WPA2
802.1x. .
2.4.1
IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11
(Tradition Security Network, :
TSN) (Open Authentication) 103
(Shared Key Authentication). 802.11, (Service Set Identifier, SSID) (MAC Address Authentication). (SSID) . , SSID , . SSID
MAC,
, . ,
,
,
SSID.
IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11 , . IEEE 802.11 1. 2.
( . 2.18): Probe Request (Access Point, AP), Probe Response.
(Client) ,
.
3. (Authentication Request). 4. (Authentication Reply). 5. (Association Request). 6. (Association Response). 7. .
. 2.18
802.11
, Probe Request. Probe Request
, , SSID
. Probe Request
Probe Response, 104
.
,
, .
,
, .
,
,
. . ,
, ,
1997
IEEE 802.11 . .
,
IEEE 802.11( ,
.),
-
. − −
: (Authentication Request); (Authentication Response). , .
,
,
SSID
, WEP
. . WEP-
, , (
,
. 2.19).
. 2.19
IEEE 802.11. WEP.
. 2.20:
1.
, . 105
2.
, Challenge Text.
3.
Challenge Text
WEP-
,
. 4. Challenge Text, ,
.
. 2.20 MACMACIEEE 802.11, ,
D-Link.
MAC-
MAC, (
. 2.21).
MACIEEE 802.11 .
. 2.21 2.1: WEP-
. ,
1. 1.4. Key (
)(
Authentication (
. 2.22).
106
, SSID, )
, Shared
. 2.22
ё
2. WEP, 3. 4. (
). , ,
Encryption ( (Key Type) , 64, pass1. , .
)
Enable. (Key Size). Valid Key 5-
ASCII ,
2.4.2
802.11
SSID Beacon , . .
, «
»
,
SSID 802.11,
Sniffer Pro Wireless.
,
D-Link, SSID
Beacon. Probe Response,
SSID .
SSID .
,
SSID 107
ё .
, . , D-Link ,
WEP. WEP. ( ,
WEP ), -
.
WEPChallenge Text, Challenge Challenge Text,
(
. 2.23).
. .
,
, , (Man in the middle Attack). Challenge Text, Challenge Text, WEP
XOR
, (Cipher-Text).
,
XOR . .
. 2.23 108
,
MACIEEE 802.11
MAC-
. MAC-
ё
, , MAC,
MACIEEE 802.11 2.4.3
.
MAC-
. MAC-
.
WPA 2001
. 802.11
IEEE 802.11e, . 802.11,
802.11i , . Wi-FiEthernet Compatibility Alliance), IEEE 802.11i, Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA),
IEEE . WPA WEP. ,
, 802.11i
WEP
WECA (Wireless Wi-Fi Alliance, 2002 .
. (Temporal Key Integrity
IEEE Protocol, TKIP). −
,
−
TKIP: . WEP –
,
; .
−
; .
, Vectors),
WEP,
IV (Initialization
,
AirSnort, ,
,
IV. WEP-
,
,
, .
IEEE keying). , IV, MAC-
,
(per-frame ,
,
104-
WEP. WEP109
24-
IV.
IEEE IV.
24. 2.24
48-
48-
IV
,
IV
.
. 2.24
48-
IV (
1)
WEP-
32 480-4 294 967 295) MAC1.
(32.
. 2.25): IV
12)
.
1-
IV
MAC-
. 3)
(IV), 16 8
(16(
, 0-65 535). 24-
, 4) 5)
IV)
. WEP-
16-
.
IV
,
32
1.
6)
,
110
2.
1-
. 2.25
WPA
. IV, 0. 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000. 32 IV ( – 32 ) WEP( , 128) MAC( 48) 1(80). 1( ) 32 IV MAC, 128, 16 IV (16 ). 1. IV , IV 1(32 ) 1 ( 31 , 00000000000000000000000000000001) . . WEP , . , ( TKIP ) WEP 802.11. , .
, 802.11,
(ICV) (MIC).
MIC
, .. IEEE Michael ( 802.11. MIC
,
),
ICV ,
,
. MAC-
MAC.
,
. 2.26
Michael MIC.
111
. 2.26 TKIP
:
1) 2) 3)
( . 2.27). MIC
MIC
. MAC
. 4) 5)
. .
112
. 2.27
1) 2)
TKIP
( .
1-
TKIP, . 2.28).
IV,
WEP, 2IV
3) 4)
. ,
,
. -
(ICV). 5)
, .
6)
, .
7)
MIC MIC
,
.
8) 9)
, ,
. MIC
, MIC.
. 2.28
TKIP
MIC 1) 2) 3)
: . .
,
, 60
4)
.
. WPA
(
,
: Enterprise ( ). 113
)
Pre-Shared Key
, 802.1x RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service). Enterprise. WPA , . . . WPA-PSK ( , , ). , . , , WEP, . , WPA/TKIP – , WEP ,
,
, , WPA-PSK -
802.11 . MIC MIC.
, .
Enterprise-
ё
, 802.11i
, .
2.4.4
802.11I 2004
(WPA2)
. IEEE — 802.11i. ,
WPA
. WEP,
,
Wi-Fi-
WPA –
.
, . WPA,
,
.
RC4 -
TKIP. . ,
, WEP,
. . Wi-Fi Alliance.
WPA2
802.11i,
802.11i
(Robust Security
Network, RSN),
, . ,
. .
,
RSN, WEP. WEP (
RSN, , WEP 802.11i RSN Mode CBC MAC Protocol) .
WPA/TKIP ),
.
,
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) , 114
TKIP, CCMP (Counter
RSN
AES WPA.
RC4
,
,
WEP. AES –
128
,
. CCMP,
AES.
,
, – , WPA. CCMP MIC, Cipher Block Chaining Message
TKIP
Authentication Code (CBC-MAC). . WEP
. .
(
WEP
),
.
RSN TKIP. AES/CCMP,
,
512
-
, ,
–
,
128-
(128
TKIP. .
, .
,
).
,
-
.
,
, WPA. 802.11i (WPA2) –
,
, ,
. 802.11i
. , . , 802.11i –
, .
,
; , WPA
, ,
,
RSN. , ,
5-20%
WPA.
WEP,
, TKIP, ,
AES
-
.
WPA2.
WPA2, (
)
WPA, Pre-Shared Key (
: Enterprise ).
2.2: WPA2PSK. 1. , SSID, (
, , )
1.4. WPA2-PSK (
. 2.29).
115
Authentication
. 2.29
2. TKIP, AES.
(Cipher Type). AUTO, .
3. Interval), 4.
(Group Key Update
ё
. PassPhrase
secretpass. ,
,
, ,
2.4.5
: AUTO,
8
,
, .
802.1X/EAP (ENTERPRISE-
)
, 802.11
. ,
: 1) 2) 3)
; ; IEEE 802.1x – . 116
. IEEE 802.1x
Extensible Authentication Protocol )
EAP (
ё .
IEEE 802.1x − −
−
(
IEEE 802.1x . 2.30): (Supplicant) – (Authenticator) – ; (Authentication Server) –
. 2.30
;
RADIUS-
.
IEEE 802.1x
IEEE 802.1x . ,
,
.
ё .
. , . 117
,
RADIUS-
802.1x ,
Ethernet. , ,
, .
,
RADIUS, LDAP, NDS
Windows Active Directory. ,
. ( ).
ё
, «
».
. (
IEEE 802.1x, )
( EAP) (
EAP Start
. 2.31)
. EAP Request Identity (
(Identity). EAP),
,
. 2.31
EAP) EAP Response ( .
802.1x/EAP RADIUS-ACCEPT
( ) RADIUS-REJECT ( RADIUS-ACCEPT
)
. “ .
118
“,
802.1x
, . 802.11
,
. ,
, ,
.
WPA (Master Key). . .
2.32 1)
.
( -
,
PMK,
. Pairwise Master Key), 802.1x.
2)
, EAPoL-Key
(Authenticator Nonce, ANonce), 802.1x.
3)
,
4)
(
(Supplicant Nonce, SNonce). (Pairwise Transient Key, PTK) PMK, SNonce, ANonce, MAC, MAC. MAC, MACMAC. , “ ” MAC. 2.33).
5) (Pseudo Random Function, PRF), 512PTK. 6) SNonce, 3, EAPoL-Key 802.1x, EAPoLKey MIC. 7) SNonce PTK , . 8) EAPoL-Key MIC . 9) EAPoL-Key, , PTK ANonce, EAPoL-Key MIC. , ANonce, 2, . 10) EAPoL-Key, EAPoL-Key MIC, , .
119
. 2.32
. 2.33 120
-
(PMK) .
(PTK)
,
. , .
(
BSS, ) ,
,
. .
-
(NTP).
(Group Master Key, GMK) . GMK 256GMK. ( Nonce),
. 2.34
PRF, PRF-256 , MAC.
. 2.34 (
,
, MAC-
GNonce
,
) PRF, 256(Group Transient Key, GTK). GTK 128/ , 64(transmit MIC key) 64MIC (MIC receive key). , (PMK).
-
MIC
,
EAPoL-Key.
EAPoL, . ,
-
BSS.
MIC, ,
. 121
,
,
RADIUS-
.
(
).
,
WEP. 802.11
,
.
,
–
. 802.1x EAP, (IETF). EAP – Handshake Authentication Protocol, (Point to Point Protocol, . 802.3, 802.5 802.1x,
CHAP (Challenge ), « »), EAPOL , 802.11.
, 2.35. EAP « ё » ё (authentication, authorization, and accounting, AAA), . AAA( AAA, ), , .
,
EAP, , . .
. 2.35
802.1x/EAP ,
,
. . ,
,
: − EAP-MD5 –
, 802.1x,
. CHAP. 122
EAP-MD5
. .
,
, «
» ,
.
, ,
− EAP-TLS (EAP-Transport Layer Security,
; ) . EAP-TLS . TLS PKI (Public Key Infrastructure):
SSLv3 SSL . AAA.
PKI.
EAP-TLS
(
. 2.36):
. 2.36 − EAP-LEAP (Lightweight Cisco , Cisco. LEAP ) LEAP Free-RADIUS,
RADIUSEAP-TLS. 802.1x/EAP, .
EAP-TLS ё
,
EAP) – ( 802.1x,
.
,
. ,
, .
, EAP-LEAP
, 123
.
, .
− PEAP (Protected , ё EAP) Security , Certicom and Funk Software. , , .
EAP-TTLS ,
EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer EAP), , D-link. EAP-TTLS , ,
PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP, MS-CHAPv2
MD5. TLS
,
. Odyssey
EAP-TTLS
Funk Software.
CHAP. TLS,
EAP-TTLS, PEAP-MS-CHAPv2
PEAP-EAP-
. D-link, (
Windows XP
Service Pack 2. .2.37):
. 2.37 −
– SIM
EAP, EAP-TTLS
PEAP EAP-SIM
USIM. 124
-
IETF
GSM, 802.11.
,
,
EAP-SIM . 2.38.
802.1x
. 2.38
802.1x
WPA
WPA2.
2.5
2.5.1 (Virtual Private Network, VPN) –
, ,
.
802.11
,
VPN ,
. , . . VPN,
802.11i
, RADIUS-
(PSK)
.
802.1x . VPN – , .
VPN –
,
. . VPN
,
. VPN ,
,
(Layer Two Tunneling 125
Protocol, L2TP).
,
, ,
«
,
», . ,
. ,
(
) VPN
: ,
-
,
,
. ,
VPN
. DoS-
DDoS-
. VPN,
, ,–
,
,
.
,
WEP .
VPN
,
. «
» -
, ,
.
VPN . VPN ,
. VPN, -
-
.
VPN(
. 2.39).
126
–
-
,
. 2.39
-
VPN
, ,
. ,
,
VPN-
. , RFC 1918 . .
,
. , , . TKIP
,
WEP
,
,
,
. -
. , VPN. . VPN. 127
VPN , VPN
-
,
-
. .
,
-
,
.
, .
VPN.
, . ,
.
, (Ad Hoc)
VPN
-
.
2.5.2 IPSec IPSec –
, VPN.
. IPSec
, ,
IP. (
3)
OSI IP.
, , , IPSec, (
,
2)
−
.
, IP. IPSec
− −
IP-
: (Authentication Header,
,
); (Encapsulating Security Payload,
ESP); (Internet Key Exchange, IKE). IP , , . ESP , ,
. , .
, IKE -
.
(Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol, Microsoft, VPN. , ,
MS-CHAP, CHAP, SPAP , 128
.
)–
VPN, . − −
: -
,
-
−
;
,
VPN;
-
, .
Windows-
Intranet.
L2TP ,
Cisco, Microsoft .
3Com, , ) Layer Two
L2TP (Layer Two Tunneling Protocol, Cisco Forwarding (L2F). IP-
L2TP .
CHAP,
, L2TP L2TP -IP
( L2TP 802.11.
. ATM, Frame Relay
,
,
. 2),
, . 2.6 (Intrusion Detection System, IDS) – .
(
: (Network Intrusion Detection Systems, NIDS)
.
). . (Network Node IDS).
(Host Intrusion Detection Systems, HIDS). , . . NIDS
: .
IDS
, .
,
, ,
. , ,
,
,
.
, , , 129
ё
, . IDS
.
IDS . IDS
2.40.
. 2.40 IDS , IDS
, – ,
.
– . -
.
,
,
,
IDS, –
.
, ?
IDS . . .
, ,
, . ,
,
,
,
– .
. , ,
,
,
.
IDS . ,
,
, IDS (
130
. 2.41).
. 2.41
,
,
,
–
,
,
. 802.1x/LEAP .
,
, ,
,
.
-
DoS,
, .
IDS
,
, TCP SYN,
DoS1).
(
,
,
1) − −
, : ; ,
− −
; ; ,
−
; , /
. ,
,
, «
, 1
»
2. 2) − − − − −
,
: ; ; ; ,
; ; 131
−
,
− − − − − −
; ; ; ,
SSID
SSID
;
SSID; SSID; ,
SSID
− − −
; ,
-
; -
; -
. ,
,
,
,
-
,
, SSID
«
»
2, .
3)
−
−
,
802.1x/
:
, 802.1x; ,
− − − − − − −
; ; ; ; ; . «
»;
,
−
(
); 802.1x/ ,
.
802.1x, DoS,
.
, 1.
4)
− − − − − − − −
,
WEP: ; WEP-
, ,
; ;
WEPIV; IV; IV;
WEP
, WEP-
TKIP;
. , . 132
5)
− − − − − −
,
: ; ; ; ; ; . .
,
IDS, ,
. 6) − − − − −
: ,
; ,
«
» IDS; ,
; ;
,
MIC,
−
; . , , , ,
DoS-
802.11i .
,
, ,
. IDS
. AirDefense Guard .
Wireless Sentry.
133
Isomair
3. 3.1 , . , . ё
,
,
ё
, . ,
ё
,
.
, ё
,
ё
. .
3.1.1 . . , . . . , . ,
(
. 3.1 ). ,
.
. 3.1
— (
).
и а
( )
ы
( ) . 3.1 134
.
,
. , . (
. 3.1
).
;
.
3.1.2 ё
.
, )
(
(
. 3.2).
( )
( )
. 3.2
( )
( )
ё , . . , ,
, . E
H
ё
-
ё , .
. ó ,
, . ,
,
, .
. 3.1.3 К
. , ,
, 135
ё
. (dB),
–
(dBi) , . ,
⎛P ⎞ ⎛V ⎞ = log10 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = 2 ⋅ log10 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ ⎝ P2 ⎠ ⎝ V2 ⎠ ⎛P ⎞ ⎛V ⎞ = 10 ⋅ log10 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = 20 ⋅ log10 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ ⎝ P2 ⎠ ⎝ V2 ⎠
(
= =
P1 – P2 – V1 – V2 –
. (3.1)
(3.2)). (3.1) (3.2)
(
), ( ), ( ), ( ). 3.1: 100 50
,
,
: L
= 10 lg
100 =3 50
, 10
.
5
3
.
3.2: , , 4
,
ё 12
,
, -
35 10
,
-
. : G
= 13 = 10 lg
= 4 × 10
1,3
P
ё (-12+35-10)=13
. , .
P 4
= 79,8
,
. , . 1 dBW (
-
,
).
: ,
= 10 lg
, 1
– ).
1 136
(dBm) ( .
-
= 10 lg
,
, 1
ё ё ,
.
.
,
, (
ё
), .
3.2 ,
,
, . 3.2.1 (
.
. 3.3) .
,
. 2
.
а
а
,
, . .
а
и
и а а
а ща а
иё
а и а
З
. 3.3
(
2
,
)
.
3.2.2 30
, . (
137
. 3.4).
а
а
а
и
и а а
а ща а
а и а
иё
З
. 3.4
(
30
)
30 . ,
. .
«
»
, .
.
,
, .
, 802.11b
. 802.11g ,
,
802.11a, , .
3.3 , . . ,
. ,
– .
, .
− − − −
: ; ;
; ;
3.3.1
,
. .
,
, ) 1)
( .
. ё
2)
, . ,
138
,
.
3)
, . . . , ,
. ,
, . ,
,
. .
,
, ,
. . , ,
.
3.3.2
.
,
,
,
. . ,
, .
ё
– ё
.
Pr .
Pt
,
10. Pt (4π )2 (d )2 = Pr G r Gt λ 2
Pt –
(3.3) ;
Pr – λ – d – Gt – Gr –
,
; ;
,
; ; .
,
ё
, . 3.3.3 , ,
, ,
, 139
.
. ,
. :
− − − −
; ; ; . . , . , .
,
,
, . ,
f2
,
,
f1 + f 2 . ё
f1
f1 + f 2 . ,
, . . , . .
, , .
( .
ё
,
)
.
,
, .
, .
, (
(
)
,
)
.
3.3.4
, .
(
,
) ,
,
. .
,
,
, , 3.4
. /
140
/ / 1
.
(Eb
–
N0 ) .
1 , –R
, = 1
/ . , 1 S – : Eb = STb (
/ , ; Tb –
).
R = 1 Tb .
1
,
,
N 0 = kT (
,
N0 –
, k = 1,3803×10 (
k – T – ,
R
,
/
),
−23
(3.4)
1
;
К; ),
Eb S R S = = . N0 N0 kTR
(3.5)
Eb N 0
, (
)
.
Eb N 0 ,
, .
,
Eb N 0
R .
. «
»
ё
, .
,
,
. 3.3: ,
Eb N 0
10-4
8,4
(
1 290 К, , : (3.5)
1
/ ,
?
S=
Eb kTR N0
ё
⎛E ⎞ ⎛E ⎞ = 10 log10 ⎜⎜ b kTR ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ b ⎟⎟ ⎝ N0 ⎠ ⎝ N0 ⎠
S
:
+ 10 log10 (kTR)
= 8,4 + 10 log 10 (1,38 ⋅ 10 −23 ⋅ 290 ⋅ 1048576 ) = −135,37
= 1048576
S
10000).
S:
ё
1
,
,
S = 10
S 10
= 2,904 ⋅ 10 −14
141
, 135,37
-
.
Ё
3.5
Ё
3.5.1
ё
ё
ё
ё
. :
FSL = 33 + 20(lg F + lg D )
FSL (free space loss) – F– D– FSL :
(
); (
(
);
). .
Y
= Pt ,
+ Gt ,
–
Pt ,
Gt ,
–
Gr,
–
+ Gr ,
− Pmin,
− Lt ,
− Lr ,
; ; ; –
Pmin, Lt ,
–
Lr ,
–
(3.6)
; ; . ё , 1-2
( –94
ё
.
)
.
: ,
–90 .
3.1 802.11a,b,g. 3.1 54 48 36 24 18 12 9 6
/ / / / / / / /
-66 -71 -76 -80 -83 -85 -86 -87
.
. . FSL
, :
FSL = Y - SOM 142
(3.7)
SOM (System Operating Margin) –
(
−
,
− −
). :
; : , SOM
ё
ё
,
,
;
,
10
.
10-
. 3.2.
ё
F
,
.
3.2 ( 2412 2417 2422 2427 2432 2437 2442 2447 2452 2457 2462 2467 2472 2484
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 D = 10
)
:
⎞ ⎛ FSL 33 − − lg F ⎟ ⎜ 20 ⎠ ⎝ 20
.
(3.8)
3.4: , / G132.
6
/
-
1)
DWL-2100AP : DWL-2100AP DWL-G132: 16 ; DWL-2100AP 54 / : -66 ; DWL-2100AP 6 / : -88 ; DWL-G132 54 / : -66 ; DWL-G132 6 / : -87 ; DWL-2100AP: 2 . DWL-G132: 0 . , . .
. :
ё
54
FSL (3.8) (
/ .
FSL = 16 + 2 − ( −66) - 10 = 74 ё
):
143
56 DWL-
D54 = 10
ё
2) FSL
⎛ 74 33 ⎞ − − lg 2437 ⎟ ⎜ ⎝ 20 20 ⎠
6
= 0,046
≈ 50
/ .
FSL = 16 + 2 − ( −88) - 10 = 96 (3.8)
:
D6 = 10
⎞ ⎛ 96 33 − − lg 2437 ⎟ ⎜ ⎠ ⎝ 20 20
= 0,579
≈ 580
Ё
3.5.2
, ( )
. 3.5).
(
,
,
,
)
(
,
,
.
. 3.5 , :
R = 17,3
R – S, D –
(
1 SD f S+D
(3.9)
( );
); f –
(
).
:
−
20% .
40%
, .
−
, . , . 144
.
, . 3.5: 10
(
.
. 3.5), 7
. : S, D
1 3⋅7 = 16,06 2,437 3 + 7 3.2
R = 17,3
(3.9),
:
.
,
, 16 .
3.6
-
, , ё
, ё ,
,
.
,
,
. –
,
, , . ) ,
,
, ё
,
,
(
,
. ,
,
(indoor)
(outdoor)
.
.
3.6.1
. 3.6
. .
,
, ,
,
,
.
145
. 3.6 1.
ё 2–5 ( DWL-7700AP, DWL-G520 ё
-
ё D-Link , DWL-2100AP, DWL-3200AP, DWL-8200AP, DWL-2700AP, . .) – , . ,
. ,
ё
-
. :
−
, -
−
( ё
( ).
ё
)
–
,
. 2. ,
,
,
.
, ,
, , .
.
,
, , ,
. ,
,
, , , 1,5
.
, NCS F24XXX,
, .
, ,
3. К indoor
ё
ё
.
SMA-RP-plug↔N-type-male «pigtale» – , SMA-RP ( 146
SMA),
-
N-type (
.
3.7).
. 3.7
«pigtale»
Pigtale-
(outdoor) 0,5
D-Link, .
.
4. (
0,5
)
,
220 .
2
–
N-type-female. .
5. female
TLK-N-type-MM N-Type Male-Male (
. 3.8) ,
male, (
N-type-
male↔N-type-female).
. 3.8
TLK-N-type-MM
,
, ,
,
,
,
,
, ,
« «
, 147
» (female), » (male).
. N-type-male↔N-type-male. 6. К
(
, HQNf-Nm15) N-type (female)↔N-type (male) (
15
. 3.9
. 3.9).
N-type (female)↔N-type (male) , 15-
−
(
),
: ,
−
ё
ё .
7.
,
2,4
(
, NCS24XX) ( , .
148
.
3.10)
,
. 3.10
2,4
. .
ё
.
−
: ё
,
ё-
, -
, ,
. ,
,
,
.
3.6: 200 NCS2405,
10-100
, 100
500
. 3
, . .
, 0,3
/
2,4
−
.
, ,
; ,
,
ё
ё
, . 3.7: indoor (
16
)
NCS2401 ё 0,3
2,4 ё ): Y = 0,5 ( ,
. 3.6. / .
: ( (pigtale)+0,5 ,
( 0,3
/ )+3 ё
149
)+6 ё
(150,75
) = 7,75 ,
,
16-7,75 = 8,25 NCS2401 4 : ё
. .
).
ё
,
8,25-6=2,25 ; 2,25/0,3=7,5 , . ,
7,5 . ,
22,5 ё
(6
.
.
, -98
ё 10
ё
30 +2,25 ). ё : -98+30-10=(-78
(7,75 ё
;
. ).
3.1
,
: (-78
) < (-76
)
, 24
/ .
,
,
,
.
3.3
. 3.3
Е .
. 2 6 6 7 12,4 0,5 - 1 3- 20 0,02 – 0,05 0,35 0,5 1,5 0,3 0,75 0,5
/ / pigtale NCS F24XXX /
ё N-type 8. К HQNf-Nm1,5 –
( (
9.
(
3.6.2
1,5 .
.
ё
ё
D-Link type(female)↔N-type(male). 10.
, HQNf-Nm1,5) ) N-type(female)↔N-type(male)
, ANT24-2100) 21 .
ё : N-type-female.
. 3.11 ,
, -
. 150
N-
. 3.11 3.11 : 1. DWL-2100AP; 2. pigtale ( 3. ; 4. ( 5. ANT24-1400. ,
-
); ); , ,
.
,
. , . 6
,
,
. 3.6.3
,
Ё ,
. 3.12,
, .
. 3.12 3.12 1. 2. pigtale (
ё
,
: DWL-2100AP; ); 151
3. 4.
(
);
ANT24-1400. , ,
, –
. indoor
. .
152
.
D-
LINK D-Link −
−
: AirPlusG 802.11g AirPlusXtremeG
−
AirPlusXtremeG
−
2,4 AirPremierAG -
−
2,4
;
802.11g
2,4 ; MIMO 802.11g ;
802.11a/b/g
2,4/5
;
AirPremier 802.11b/g
2,4
Э
;
802.11g AirPlusG
.
, PCI/CardBus/USB54
,
.
802.11g 802.11b.
/ WPA/WPA2. Web.
DWL-G700AP AirPlusG
802.11g,
. .1 •
•
•
•
•
54
/
DWL-G700AP
802.11b/g 1
-
10/100Base-TX : , WEP, WPA WPA2 802.1 153
•
MAC-
•
•
•
SSID DHCP Web-
/
DI-524/524UP AirPlusG
802.11g,
54
. .2 •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
/
DI-524UP
802.11b/g 10/100Base-TX LAN USB 1.1 WEP, WPA WPA2 802.1 NAT, VPN pass-through, DHCP / Web4 1
(DI-524UP)
MAC/IP/URL
802.11g AirPlusXtremeG, AirPremierAG
D-Link AirPremier 108 , PCI, PCMCIA,
/ . USB.
, AirPremier 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE). SNMP v.3,
AirPremierAG
. 108
/
(Turbo - Dynamic Turbo Static
mode). Turbo. Dynamic Turbo
. , 154
, -
802.11g.
, 54
/ .
Static Turbo ,
.
, . . . Super G without Turbo mode (
54
/ ): Packet Bursting (
):
DIFS (Distributed InterFrame Space). Fast Frames (
ё
):
. Hardware Compression and Encryption (
): .
Lempel-Ziv
Super G with Turbo mode Packet Bursting, Fast Frames, Hardware Compression and Encryption Multi-Channel Bonding. Multi-Channel Bonding ( ): ( ) .
DWL-2100AP AirPlusXtremeG
802.11g,
. .3 •
•
/
DWL-2100AP
802.11b/g 1
108
10/100Base-TX 155
•
:
•
•
•
•
•
•
8 SSID SSID 802.1Q VLAN Tagging WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia) DHCP / Web, SNMP v.1, v.3, Telnet
DI-624/624S AirPlusXtremeG
802.11g,
. .4 •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
),
WEP, WPA WPA2 802.1 MACWLAN STA
•
•
, WDS (
,
•
•
, WDS
4 2
108
DI-624S
802.11b/g 10/100Base-TX LAN USB 2.0 (DI-624S) WEP, WPA WPA2
IPNAT, SPI, DMZ, VPN pass-through, QoS (DI-624S) 6 (DI-624S) Web-
DGL-4300 GamerLounge
MAC/IP/URL
802.11g,
156
108
/
/
. .5 •
•
•
•
4 1
802.11b/g 10/100/1000Base-T LAN 10/100Base-TX WAN 5 dBi
•
WDS
•
GameFuel™ Priority WEP, WPA WPA2 pass-through
•
•
•
•
DGL-4300
NAT, VPN 256
(«
•
•
»
)
/
•
•
•
1000 Web-
DWL-2200AP AirPremier
802.11g
157
PoE,
108
/
. .6 •
•
•
802.11b/g 1
10/100Base-TX 5 dBi
•
802.3af PoE : , WDS WEP, WPA WPA2 AES MAC-
•
•
•
•
•
• •
•
DWL-2200AP
, WDS (
)
SSID 802.11i-ready DHCP / Web-
DWL-3200AP AirPremier
,
SNMP v.3, Telnet
802.11g
158
PoE,
108
/
. .7 •
•
•
•
802.11b/g 1 2
10/100Base-TX 5 dBi 802.3af PoE
•
•
: , WEP, WPA WPA2 802.1 MAC-
•
•
•
•
•
• •
•
DWL-3200AP
«
-
»,
8 SSID SSID 802.11i-ready DHCP / Web-
DWL-7100AP AirPremier AG 802.11a/b/g, 108
,
SNMP v.3, Telnet
/
159
«
-
»
. .8 •
•
•
802.11 /b/g 1
•
•
•
•
•
• •
DWL-7100AP
10/100Base-TX : , WDS , WEP, WPA WPA2 802.1 MACWLAN STA
, WDS (
SSID DHCP Web-
/
DI-784 AirPremier AG 802.11a/b/g, 108
,
SNMP v.3, Telnet
/
. .9 •
DI-784
802.11 /b/g 160
),
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
4 1
10/100Base-TX LAN 10/100Base-TX WAN WEP, WPA WPA2
PPPoE
IPNAT, SPI, DMZ, VPN pass-through, MAC/IP/URL, Network Timing Protocol (NTP) WebMIMO MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) ..
MIMO634M
, PCI
CardBus-
DIDWL-G650M . ,
DWL-G520M
,
8
, . , , «
.
, »
, . MIMO DI-634M, DWL-G520M
DWL-G650M
108G, ,
. .
DI-634 AirPlusXtremeG MIMO, 108
802.11g /
. .10
MIMO161
DI-634
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
802.11b/g MIMO 4 10/100Base-TX LAN 1 10/100Base-TX WAN WEP, WPA WPA2 802.1 NAT, DMZ, VPN pass-through, DHCP, Web-
,
,
, .
,
IEEE 802.3af,
, . DWL-2700AP
SNMP,
DWL-7700AP. , ,
, . , ,
, . , .
DWL-2700AP AirPremier
802.11b/g,
162
54
/
. .11
DWL L-2700AP
• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
802.11b/g 1 2
10/1000Base-TX 5 dBii 8 802.3af PoE E
: , WDS W WEP, WP PA WPA22 802.1 MACM Multiple SSID D W WLAN STA A
, WDS (
SSID D 8002.1Q VLA AN Tagging W Web-
DWL L-7700AP AirP Premier / 8 802.11a/b/g, ,
,
108
SNM MP v.3, Tellnet
/
163 3
)
. .12 •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• •
•
DWL-7700AP 802.11a/b/g
1 2
10/100Base-TX 5 dBi 802.3af PoE
: , WDS WEP, WPA WPA2 802.1 MACMultiple SSID WLAN STA
, WDS (
SSID 802.1Q VLAN Tagging WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia) Web, SNMP v.3, Telnet
164
)
. 22 « «
» 22
«
»
09.02.2007 N 14-
:
»
4. : ; ………………………………………….……….. ; , ; ……………………. . 5.
,
, ,
. ,
, .
, , (
), ,
, , ,
. , ,
.
24 « (
»,
) . . (
(
) ) . 2,4
1)
. ) № 04-03-04-003
6
2400-2483,5 ( 2004 .. Wi-Fi
. 165
№ 04-03-04-003
6
2004 .
3. 2400 2483,5
,
№ 2),
(
, : , ; . № 2
№ 04-03-04-003 , , D-Link: DWL-1000AP+, DWL-1040AP+, DWL-900AP+, DWL-650+, DWL-520+, DWL-120+, DI-714P+, DI-614+, DWL-G520, DWL-G650, DWL-2100AP, DI-624, DWL-G520+, DWLG650+, DWL-2000AP+, DI-624+, DI-724P+, DI-824VUP+, DSL-G604T, DWL-G120, DWLG122, DWL-G510, DWL-G630, DWL-G730AP, DI-524, DWL-3200AP. 2)
. 2400 – 2483,5
(
802.11b/g) 25
№ 2/7).
2000 . (
, -
№05-10-01-001
28
, 2005
.
3) Bluethooth. Bluetooth, № 25/2 31.03.03.
2400-2483,5 , Bluetooth
2,5 . Bluetooth 100 № 04-03-04-003. 5 5 ,
. , 5
(
802.11a),
. : 30 2001 . 23 2002 . №05-10-01-001 28
№ 11/1 № 23/5 2005 . 166
24
«
( » (
«
» N 126-
)
25 « »
) 09.02.2007 N 14-
,
, . 24
«
»
10.
, (
)
,
, (
)
2 ,
3
,
. 11. : ; , ; ,
(
)
, ,
,
; (
)
,
,
; ,
(
)
; ; , ; , . 12.
,
,
, (
)
,
,
(
)
, . 13. ,
25
«
,
»
1.
( 167
)
.
(
)
:
; ; ; , ,
( (
)
)
; ; .
2. (
)
. . .
(
)
, . , . , ,
,
,
. 2004 . № 318
30 (
), 1
2005
. N 175 « ». 68
«
»
« »
, , ,
-
.
168
, ,
.
D-LINK
ANT224-0700 7 (
. .1( )).
. .1( )
( ) ANT24-00700
( ) . .1 D-Link ANT24-07700 – , 2,4
.
802.1 11b .
. (
)
.
ANT224-0800
8
(
.
.2( )). )
. .2( ).
( )
( ) ANT24-00800
. .2 169 9
802.11g,
D-Link ANT24-0800 2,4 360-
, ( . D-Link ANT24-0800
)
. 15–
, SMA-RP-plug.
: ,
-
,
. , .
,
.
ANT24-0801
8,5
(
.
.3( )).
. .3( ).
( )
( ) . .3
ANT24-080 2,4
,
,
.
ANT24-0801 SMA-RP-
, ,
2,4
.
,
. 3-
.
ANT24-1201 , . .4( ).
170
12
(
.
.4( )).
( )
( ) . .4
ANT24-1201 D-Link ANT24-1201 2,4
, .
. –
, SMA-RP. , 1 / /11 1,5 /500 ; 2,5 /1 .
, − −
–
. / :
ANT24-1801 ,
18
. .5( ).
171
(
. .5( )).
( )
( ) ANT24-1801
. .5
2,4 –2,5 , ANT24-1801 SMA-RP-
, . ,
,
2,4
. ,
RP-SMA
-
. 1 / /11 5 /2 ; 8 /3 .
− −
/ :
ANT24-2100 , 21 . .6( ).
( )
172
(
. .6( )).
( ) . .6
ANT24-2100
D-Link ANT24-2100 802.11g (2,4 ).
802.11b
/ . , ANT24-2100
SMA-RP↔N-Type, D-Link, N(N-type-female) ,
.
D-Link,
ё .
(21
)
-
. ANT24-2100
2,4 D-Link,
3200AP, DWL-8200AP) ) ANT24-2100
1M
.
173
/
35 ( DWL-2100AP, DWL( 10 .
801.11 -
IEEE, 2 DSSS
/ . FHSS,
802.11 .
802.11 -
802.11 IEEE, 54
/
11
/
, DSSS.
802.11b -
802.11 IEEE,
, DSSS.
802.1lg -
802.11 IEEE, 54
802.11b. 802.1li -
,
/
DSSS,
IEEE, 802.1
. TKIP/CCMP
, . 802.1 Access point (
IEEE
. )-
, .
Ad Hoc mode (
)-
,
,
. .
Autentificator ( ,
) RADIUS, ; . 802.15
Bluetooth -
802.1 .
,
Bluetooth SIG, Toshiba. )802.11, . (Counter Mode with CBC MAC) AES , WEP TKIP. WPA 2. CDMA ( ode Division Multiple Access) . , . Clear-To-Send (CTS) ( ) . CTS RTS. Network Allocation Vector. CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) ( ) Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Intel BSS (Basic Service Set) (
.
ё . CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance) , 802.11 . 174
802.11, ,
,
,
. . dBi , dB , . DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) 802.11, , . DCF DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) .
. . CSMA. DSSS ,
. , Е
, .
(Extensible
Authentication
Protocol)
-
, ,
EAPOL (Е
802.1 . over LAN Е ) .
Ethernet
EIRP ( , ESSID (Extended Service Set ID) -
Token Ring. ) -
,
IR + ,
. 802.11.
, ESSID. ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) ( ) , . FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) . , . . FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) ). . , . FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) – . , , ICV (Integrity Check Value) ( ) 802.11 IV (Initialization Vectors) ( ) –
«
»
, . , WEP.
.
, .
») –
Hotspot («
,
. «
» , , , , MIC (Message Integrity Check) ( )802.11i OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) . ,
. , .
.
175
802.11
802.11g
. Point-To-Multipoint System (
«
-
») –
, .
Point-To-Point System (
«
-
») –
,
. Point-To-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) (
), .
PSK (Phase Shift Keying) –
Microsoft. , , .
PSK (Pre Shared Key) ( WPA
), ,
.
, . QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) – ,
802.1 .
, . RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) . , Internet Request-To-Send (RTS) ( ) 802.11, 802.11, , RTS. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) ( )802.Id 2, . Supplicant ( ) 802.1 . TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) . , . . TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) ( RC4 , WEP. 802.11i. . VPN (Virtual Private Network) , , . WDS (Wireless Distribution System) ( , . WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) , RC4.
Internet . . ,
,
)TKIP WEP
) , 802.11
176
Wi Fi (Wireless Fidelity) Alliance, 802.11. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) Wi-Fi,
,
Wi-Fi. .
TKIP
WEP;
Wi-Fi ,
WPA WPA
AES. WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) ( 802.11.
,
1 2
802.11i, )–
177
1)
. «
.: », 2003. – 640 . ., .,
2)
.3)
. .,. . 3-
4) .:
. . .–
. ., , 2005. – 384 . , 802.11. : .
-
5)
., .:
.
-
. , 2006. – 958 . . .
.: . .,
. –
.:
. , 2005. – 592 . , ,
: . –
. . -
.:
«
», 2004. –
304 . 6)
.
/ , . . – .: ; , 2004.- 288 . . .Wi- : « » . , . , . . . . .: , 2005. — 463 . http://www.tayle.com – . http://www.airdata.ru – Air Data Communications. http://www.dlink.ru – D-LINK. http://wifi-wiki.ru http://www.wireless.bape3.org http://www.alpha-teleport.info – alpha-teleport.info. http://www.ixbt.com – . http://www.wireless.ru – , . http://www.umd.ru – . http://www.ferra.ru – . http://ru.wikipedia.org – , . http://pcweek.ru – PCWeek Russian Edition. http://www.thg.ru – Tom's Hardware Guide,
;
.
.
7)
8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20)
178
/ ;
.
.