Беспроводные сети Wi-Fi

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.................................................................................................................................... 4  .........................................................6  1.1  Wi-Fi? ................................................................................................................ 6  1.2  ..................................................................................................7  1.3  ........................................................... 8  1.3.1  .........................................................................8  1.3.2  ......................................................................................................11  1.3.3  ................................................................................................ 12  1.3.4  .............................................................................16  1.3.5  .................................................... 16  1.3.6  ......................................................................... 19  1.3.7  ........................................................................... 23  1.4  IEEE 802.11 ................................................................................................ 26  1.4.1  IEEE 802.11 .................................................................................. 27  1.4.2  802.11 ............................................................ 27  1.4.3  MAC.............................................................................................. 32  1.5  IEEE 802.11 ................................................................................................... 36  1.5.1  IEEE 802.11................................................................................................................ 38  1.5.2  IEEE 802.11b.............................................................................................................. 41  1.5.3  IEEE 802.11 .............................................................................................................. 45  1.5.4  IEEE 802.11g.............................................................................................................. 47  1.6  ........................................................................ 50  1.6.1  Ad Hoc ........................................................................................................... 50  1.6.2  ...................................................................................... 56  1.6.3  WDS WDS WITH AP .............................................................................. 59  1.6.4  ...................................................................................................67  1.6.5  .......................................................................................................... 68  1.7  ......................................................69  1.7.1  .............................................................................................................69  1.7.2  .........................................................................75  1.8  WiMAX ................................................................................ 77  1.8.1  WiMAX ............................................................................................. 77  1.8.2  .....................................................................................................78  1.8.3  .........................................................................................................80  2.  ..................................................... 85  2.1  ..................................................... 85  2.2  ..................................................................................................... 89  2.2.1  .......................................................................89  2.2.2  ............................................................................................................ 89  2.3  ............................................................93  2.3.1  WEP ................................................................................... 94  2.3.2  WEP ................................................................................ 98  2.4  ...................................................................... 103  2.4.1  IEEE 802.11 .............................. 103  2.4.2  802.11................................................ 107  2.4.3  WPA ............................................................................................... 109  2.4.4  802.11i (WPA2) .......................... 114  2.4.5  802.1x/EAP (Enterprise) .............................................................116  2.5  ............... 125  2.5.1  ..............................................125  2 1. 

2.5.2  2.6  3.  3.1  3.1.1  3.1.2  3.1.3  3.2  3.2.1  3.2.2  3.3  3.3.1  3.3.2  3.3.3  3.3.4  3.4  3.5  ё 3.5.1  3.5.2  3.6  3.6.1  3.6.2  3.6.3 

.......................................................... 128  ........................................... 129  ..............................................................................................................134  ................................................................................................... 134  ................................................................................... 134  ............................................................................................... 135  .......................................................................... 135  .............................................................................................. 137  ..................................................................... 137  .....................................137  ...........................................138  ................................................................................................................. 138  ........................................................................ 139  .......................................................................................................................... 139  .....................................................................................140  / ................................................ 140  ...................................................................................... 142  ё ...................................... 142  ё ..............................................................................................144  ...145  ............................................................... 145  ........................................................................150  , ё ........................................... 151  . D-Link .........................................153  . ...............................165  . D-Link................................................................................ 169  ............................................................................................................................. 174  ..............................................................................................178 

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IEEE 802.11. .

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IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11, (IEEE),

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802.11g.

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(

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54

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. 802.11b 802.11g

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802.11g

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OFDM

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802.11b.

36

: CCK, CCK OFDM

PHY:

.

−

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− − −

802.11

(FHSS S)

.

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. 95

, (

. 2.11).

,

1616

1

38 ,

6

10

.

. 2.11

(ECB).

ECB

, . ,

, , . : 1) 2)

(Initialization Vectors, IVs) (feedback modes) 40, (IV).

104.

(Initialization Vector, IV)

. ,

ё

ё

, IV. .

2.12 ,

,

.

96

. 2.12

WEP

IEEE 802.11 ,

.

,

, . 24

40-

WEP, 64-

104-

,

128-

. ,

,

. 40

,

WEP 104

, 64

128

,

.

405 (10·4=40), (13·8=104)

ASCII-

ASCII10426 128-

(5·8=40)

10 13 (26·4=104).

.

. . ,

(CBC).

XOR . , .

. 2.13.

97

. 2.13

2.3.2

WEP WEP :

.

2001 Mantin I., Shamir A.)

.,

.

. (Fluhrer S.,

,

WEP ,

.

WEP (Key

Scheduling

Algorithm,

RC4.

KSA) (

«

)

»

, . AT&T/Rice University 4

AirSnort 40 104 . 4 .

, WEP

. 98

,

WEP

, .

WEP

ё ,

. 2 (XOR) ё

.

. , IEEE 802.11, (Message Intgrity

Check, MIC). . ICV (Integrity Check Value), , Redundancy Check,

32.

:

,

CRC32 (32-bit Cyclical ), , (IV Replay)

(Bit-Flipping). 1)

(Initialization Vector Replay Attacks)

,

, . 2.14.

99

. 2.14 1. ( ,

, IP-

,

. .).

2. , 3.

. XOR .

,

4.

«

» ,

,

. , ,

,

WEP. , ,

«

»

,

. 2.15.

100

. 2.15 «

»

1.

, ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol, ), ping, . .

. , 2. 3.

256 ASCII-

.

4. , , 5.

ICMP. , .

2)

(Bit-Flipping Attacks) , ,

ICV. , .

( (

)

23-

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)

)

.

. 2.16.

1. 802.11. 2. 3-

.

3.

ICV ( ).

ё

4. 5.

. (

) ICV

. 101

6.

ICV .

7. 8.

,

ё

.

. 9.

, .

10. . 11. . 12.

, , .

. 2.16 ICV

. ICV ,

(

. 2.17): 1. 2. ё

F1 F2 F1.

ё

3.

F3

C1. ,

F1,

ё

XOR

F1

F2. 4. 5.

2 C1

C3 C2.

F3

102

ё

F3. XOR

. 2.17 WEP IEEE 802.11 .

,

WEP

, .

IEEE 802.11

,

,

, . ё

.

D-Link

. . ,

, ,

/

. .

2.4

IEE 802.11, WPA, WPA2

802.1x. .

2.4.1

IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11

(Tradition Security Network, :

TSN) (Open Authentication) 103

(Shared Key Authentication). 802.11, (Service Set Identifier, SSID) (MAC Address Authentication). (SSID) . , SSID , . SSID

MAC,

, . ,

,

,

SSID.

IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11 , . IEEE 802.11 1. 2.

( . 2.18): Probe Request (Access Point, AP), Probe Response.

(Client) ,

.

3. (Authentication Request). 4. (Authentication Reply). 5. (Association Request). 6. (Association Response). 7. .

. 2.18

802.11

, Probe Request. Probe Request

, , SSID

. Probe Request

Probe Response, 104

.

,

, .

,

, .

,

,

. . ,

, ,

1997

IEEE 802.11 . .

,

IEEE 802.11( ,

.),

-

. − −

: (Authentication Request); (Authentication Response). , .

,

,

SSID

, WEP

. . WEP-

, , (

,

. 2.19).

. 2.19

IEEE 802.11. WEP.

. 2.20:

1.

, . 105

2.

, Challenge Text.

3.

Challenge Text

WEP-

,

. 4. Challenge Text, ,

.

. 2.20 MACMACIEEE 802.11, ,

D-Link.

MAC-

MAC, (

. 2.21).

MACIEEE 802.11 .

. 2.21 2.1: WEP-

. ,

1. 1.4. Key (

)(

Authentication (

. 2.22).

106

, SSID, )

, Shared

. 2.22

ё

2. WEP, 3. 4. (

). , ,

Encryption ( (Key Type) , 64, pass1. , .

)

Enable. (Key Size). Valid Key 5-

ASCII ,

2.4.2

802.11

SSID Beacon , . .

, «

»

,

SSID 802.11,

Sniffer Pro Wireless.

,

D-Link, SSID

Beacon. Probe Response,

SSID .

SSID .

,

SSID 107

ё .

, . , D-Link ,

WEP. WEP. ( ,

WEP ), -

.

WEPChallenge Text, Challenge Challenge Text,

(

. 2.23).

. .

,

, , (Man in the middle Attack). Challenge Text, Challenge Text, WEP

XOR

, (Cipher-Text).

,

XOR . .

. 2.23 108

,

MACIEEE 802.11

MAC-

. MAC-

ё

, , MAC,

MACIEEE 802.11 2.4.3

.

MAC-

. MAC-

.

WPA 2001

. 802.11

IEEE 802.11e, . 802.11,

802.11i , . Wi-FiEthernet Compatibility Alliance), IEEE 802.11i, Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA),

IEEE . WPA WEP. ,

, 802.11i

WEP

WECA (Wireless Wi-Fi Alliance, 2002 .

. (Temporal Key Integrity

IEEE Protocol, TKIP). −

,

−

TKIP: . WEP –

,

; .

−

; .

, Vectors),

WEP,

IV (Initialization

,

AirSnort, ,

,

IV. WEP-

,

,

, .

IEEE keying). , IV, MAC-

,

(per-frame ,

,

104-

WEP. WEP109

24-

IV.

IEEE IV.

24. 2.24

48-

48-

IV

,

IV

.

. 2.24

48-

IV (

1)

WEP-

32 480-4 294 967 295) MAC1.

(32.

. 2.25): IV

12)

.

1-

IV

MAC-

. 3)

(IV), 16 8

(16(

, 0-65 535). 24-

, 4) 5)

IV)

. WEP-

16-

.

IV

,

32

1.

6)

,

110

2.

1-

. 2.25

WPA

. IV, 0. 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000. 32 IV ( – 32 ) WEP( , 128) MAC( 48) 1(80). 1( ) 32 IV MAC, 128, 16 IV (16 ). 1. IV , IV 1(32 ) 1 ( 31 , 00000000000000000000000000000001) . . WEP , . , ( TKIP ) WEP 802.11. , .

, 802.11,

(ICV) (MIC).

MIC

, .. IEEE Michael ( 802.11. MIC

,

),

ICV ,

,

. MAC-

MAC.

,

. 2.26

Michael MIC.

111

. 2.26 TKIP

:

1) 2) 3)

( . 2.27). MIC

MIC

. MAC

. 4) 5)

. .

112

. 2.27

1) 2)

TKIP

( .

1-

TKIP, . 2.28).

IV,

WEP, 2IV

3) 4)

. ,

,

. -

(ICV). 5)

, .

6)

, .

7)

MIC MIC

,

.

8) 9)

, ,

. MIC

, MIC.

. 2.28

TKIP

MIC 1) 2) 3)

: . .

,

, 60

4)

.

. WPA

(

,

: Enterprise ( ). 113

)

Pre-Shared Key

, 802.1x RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service). Enterprise. WPA , . . . WPA-PSK ( , , ). , . , , WEP, . , WPA/TKIP – , WEP ,

,

, , WPA-PSK -

802.11 . MIC MIC.

, .

Enterprise-

ё

, 802.11i

, .

2.4.4

802.11I 2004

(WPA2)

. IEEE — 802.11i. ,

WPA

. WEP,

,

Wi-Fi-

WPA –

.

, . WPA,

,

.

RC4 -

TKIP. . ,

, WEP,

. . Wi-Fi Alliance.

WPA2

802.11i,

802.11i

(Robust Security

Network, RSN),

, . ,

. .

,

RSN, WEP. WEP (

RSN, , WEP 802.11i RSN Mode CBC MAC Protocol) .

WPA/TKIP ),

.

,

AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) , 114

TKIP, CCMP (Counter

RSN

AES WPA.

RC4

,

,

WEP. AES –

128

,

. CCMP,

AES.

,

, – , WPA. CCMP MIC, Cipher Block Chaining Message

TKIP

Authentication Code (CBC-MAC). . WEP

. .

(

WEP

),

.

RSN TKIP. AES/CCMP,

,

512

-

, ,

–

,

128-

(128

TKIP. .

, .

,

).

,

-

.

,

, WPA. 802.11i (WPA2) –

,

, ,

. 802.11i

. , . , 802.11i –

, .

,

; , WPA

, ,

,

RSN. , ,

5-20%

WPA.

WEP,

, TKIP, ,

AES

-

.

WPA2.

WPA2, (

)

WPA, Pre-Shared Key (

: Enterprise ).

2.2: WPA2PSK. 1. , SSID, (

, , )

1.4. WPA2-PSK (

. 2.29).

115

Authentication

. 2.29

2. TKIP, AES.

(Cipher Type). AUTO, .

3. Interval), 4.

(Group Key Update

ё

. PassPhrase

secretpass. ,

,

, ,

2.4.5

: AUTO,

8

,

, .

802.1X/EAP (ENTERPRISE-

)

, 802.11

. ,

: 1) 2) 3)

; ; IEEE 802.1x – . 116

. IEEE 802.1x

Extensible Authentication Protocol )

EAP (

ё .

IEEE 802.1x − −

−

(

IEEE 802.1x . 2.30): (Supplicant) – (Authenticator) – ; (Authentication Server) –

. 2.30

;

RADIUS-

.

IEEE 802.1x

IEEE 802.1x . ,

,

.

ё .

. , . 117

,

RADIUS-

802.1x ,

Ethernet. , ,

, .

,

RADIUS, LDAP, NDS

Windows Active Directory. ,

. ( ).

ё

, «

».

. (

IEEE 802.1x, )

( EAP) (

EAP Start

. 2.31)

. EAP Request Identity (

(Identity). EAP),

,

. 2.31

EAP) EAP Response ( .

802.1x/EAP RADIUS-ACCEPT

( ) RADIUS-REJECT ( RADIUS-ACCEPT

)

. “ .

118

“,

802.1x

, . 802.11

,

. ,

, ,

.

WPA (Master Key). . .

2.32 1)

.

( -

,

PMK,

. Pairwise Master Key), 802.1x.

2)

, EAPoL-Key

(Authenticator Nonce, ANonce), 802.1x.

3)

,

4)

(

(Supplicant Nonce, SNonce). (Pairwise Transient Key, PTK) PMK, SNonce, ANonce, MAC, MAC. MAC, MACMAC. , “ ” MAC. 2.33).

5) (Pseudo Random Function, PRF), 512PTK. 6) SNonce, 3, EAPoL-Key 802.1x, EAPoLKey MIC. 7) SNonce PTK , . 8) EAPoL-Key MIC . 9) EAPoL-Key, , PTK ANonce, EAPoL-Key MIC. , ANonce, 2, . 10) EAPoL-Key, EAPoL-Key MIC, , .

119

. 2.32

. 2.33 120

-

(PMK) .

(PTK)

,

. , .

(

BSS, ) ,

,

. .

-

(NTP).

(Group Master Key, GMK) . GMK 256GMK. ( Nonce),

. 2.34

PRF, PRF-256 , MAC.

. 2.34 (

,

, MAC-

GNonce

,

) PRF, 256(Group Transient Key, GTK). GTK 128/ , 64(transmit MIC key) 64MIC (MIC receive key). , (PMK).

-

MIC

,

EAPoL-Key.

EAPoL, . ,

-

BSS.

MIC, ,

. 121

,

,

RADIUS-

.

(

).

,

WEP. 802.11

,

.

,

–

. 802.1x EAP, (IETF). EAP – Handshake Authentication Protocol, (Point to Point Protocol, . 802.3, 802.5 802.1x,

CHAP (Challenge ), « »), EAPOL , 802.11.

, 2.35. EAP « ё » ё (authentication, authorization, and accounting, AAA), . AAA( AAA, ), , .

,

EAP, , . .

. 2.35

802.1x/EAP ,

,

. . ,

,

: − EAP-MD5 –

, 802.1x,

. CHAP. 122

EAP-MD5

. .

,

, «

» ,

.

, ,

− EAP-TLS (EAP-Transport Layer Security,

; ) . EAP-TLS . TLS PKI (Public Key Infrastructure):

SSLv3 SSL . AAA.

PKI.

EAP-TLS

(

. 2.36):

. 2.36 − EAP-LEAP (Lightweight Cisco , Cisco. LEAP ) LEAP Free-RADIUS,

RADIUSEAP-TLS. 802.1x/EAP, .

EAP-TLS ё

,

EAP) – ( 802.1x,

.

,

. ,

, .

, EAP-LEAP

, 123

.

, .

− PEAP (Protected , ё EAP) Security , Certicom and Funk Software. , , .

EAP-TTLS ,

EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer EAP), , D-link. EAP-TTLS , ,

PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP, MS-CHAPv2

MD5. TLS

,

. Odyssey

EAP-TTLS

Funk Software.

CHAP. TLS,

EAP-TTLS, PEAP-MS-CHAPv2

PEAP-EAP-

. D-link, (

Windows XP

Service Pack 2. .2.37):

. 2.37 −

– SIM

EAP, EAP-TTLS

PEAP EAP-SIM

USIM. 124

-

IETF

GSM, 802.11.

,

,

EAP-SIM . 2.38.

802.1x

. 2.38

802.1x

WPA

WPA2.

2.5

2.5.1 (Virtual Private Network, VPN) –

, ,

.

802.11

,

VPN ,

. , . . VPN,

802.11i

, RADIUS-

(PSK)

.

802.1x . VPN – , .

VPN –

,

. . VPN

,

. VPN ,

,

(Layer Two Tunneling 125

Protocol, L2TP).

,

, ,

«

,

», . ,

. ,

(

) VPN

: ,

-

,

,

. ,

VPN

. DoS-

DDoS-

. VPN,

, ,–

,

,

.

,

WEP .

VPN

,

. «

» -

, ,

.

VPN . VPN ,

. VPN, -

-

.

VPN(

. 2.39).

126

–

-

,

. 2.39

-

VPN

, ,

. ,

,

VPN-

. , RFC 1918 . .

,

. , , . TKIP

,

WEP

,

,

,

. -

. , VPN. . VPN. 127

VPN , VPN

-

,

-

. .

,

-

,

.

, .

VPN.

, . ,

.

, (Ad Hoc)

VPN

-

.

2.5.2 IPSec IPSec –

, VPN.

. IPSec

, ,

IP. (

3)

OSI IP.

, , , IPSec, (

,

2)

−

.

, IP. IPSec

− −

IP-

: (Authentication Header,

,

); (Encapsulating Security Payload,

ESP); (Internet Key Exchange, IKE). IP , , . ESP , ,

. , .

, IKE -

.

(Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol, Microsoft, VPN. , ,

MS-CHAP, CHAP, SPAP , 128

.

)–

VPN, . − −

: -

,

-

−

;

,

VPN;

-

, .

Windows-

Intranet.

L2TP ,

Cisco, Microsoft .

3Com, , ) Layer Two

L2TP (Layer Two Tunneling Protocol, Cisco Forwarding (L2F). IP-

L2TP .

CHAP,

, L2TP L2TP -IP

( L2TP 802.11.

. ATM, Frame Relay

,

,

. 2),

, . 2.6 (Intrusion Detection System, IDS) – .

(

: (Network Intrusion Detection Systems, NIDS)

.

). . (Network Node IDS).

(Host Intrusion Detection Systems, HIDS). , . . NIDS

: .

IDS

, .

,

, ,

. , ,

,

,

.

, , , 129

ё

, . IDS

.

IDS . IDS

2.40.

. 2.40 IDS , IDS

, – ,

.

– . -

.

,

,

,

IDS, –

.

, ?

IDS . . .

, ,

, . ,

,

,

,

– .

. , ,

,

,

.

IDS . ,

,

, IDS (

130

. 2.41).

. 2.41

,

,

,

–

,

,

. 802.1x/LEAP .

,

, ,

,

.

-

DoS,

, .

IDS

,

, TCP SYN,

DoS1).

(

,

,

1) − −

, : ; ,

− −

; ; ,

−

; , /

. ,

,

, «

, 1

»

2. 2) − − − − −

,

: ; ; ; ,

; ; 131

−

,

− − − − − −

; ; ; ,

SSID

SSID

;

SSID; SSID; ,

SSID

− − −

; ,

-

; -

; -

. ,

,

,

,

-

,

, SSID

«

»

2, .

3)

−

−

,

802.1x/

:

, 802.1x; ,

− − − − − − −

; ; ; ; ; . «

»;

,

−

(

); 802.1x/ ,

.

802.1x, DoS,

.

, 1.

4)

− − − − − − − −

,

WEP: ; WEP-

, ,

; ;

WEPIV; IV; IV;

WEP

, WEP-

TKIP;

. , . 132

5)

− − − − − −

,

: ; ; ; ; ; . .

,

IDS, ,

. 6) − − − − −

: ,

; ,

«

» IDS; ,

; ;

,

MIC,

−

; . , , , ,

DoS-

802.11i .

,

, ,

. IDS

. AirDefense Guard .

Wireless Sentry.

133

Isomair

3. 3.1 , . , . ё

,

,

ё

, . ,

ё

,

.

, ё

,

ё

. .

3.1.1 . . , . . . , . ,

(

. 3.1 ). ,

.

. 3.1

— (

).

и а

( )

ы

( ) . 3.1 134

.

,

. , . (

. 3.1

).

;

.

3.1.2 ё

.

, )

(

(

. 3.2).

( )

( )

. 3.2

( )

( )

ё , . . , ,

, . E

H

ё

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ё , .

. ó ,

, . ,

,

, .

. 3.1.3 К

. , ,

, 135

ё

. (dB),

–

(dBi) , . ,

⎛P ⎞ ⎛V ⎞ = log10 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = 2 ⋅ log10 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ ⎝ P2 ⎠ ⎝ V2 ⎠ ⎛P ⎞ ⎛V ⎞ = 10 ⋅ log10 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = 20 ⋅ log10 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ ⎝ P2 ⎠ ⎝ V2 ⎠

(

= =

P1 – P2 – V1 – V2 –

. (3.1)

(3.2)). (3.1) (3.2)

(

), ( ), ( ), ( ). 3.1: 100 50

,

,

: L

= 10 lg

100 =3 50

, 10

.

5

3

.

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,

ё 12

,

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35 10

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а

а

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а

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137

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30

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30 . ,

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138

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3)

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ё

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Pr .

Pt

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10. Pt (4π )2 (d )2 = Pr G r Gt λ 2

Pt –

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,

; ;

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,

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, 139

.

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− − − −

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f1 + f 2 . ё

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f1 + f 2 . ,

, . . , . .

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ё

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140

/ / 1

.

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N0 ) .

1 , –R

, = 1

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/ , ; Tb –

).

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1

,

,

N 0 = kT (

,

N0 –

, k = 1,3803×10 (

k – T – ,

R

,

/

),

−23

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1

;

К; ),

Eb S R S = = . N0 N0 kTR

(3.5)

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)

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R .

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ё

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ё

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S

:

+ 10 log10 (kTR)

= 8,4 + 10 log 10 (1,38 ⋅ 10 −23 ⋅ 290 ⋅ 1048576 ) = −135,37

= 1048576

S

10000).

S:

ё

1

,

,

S = 10

S 10

= 2,904 ⋅ 10 −14

141

, 135,37

-

.

Ё

3.5

Ё

3.5.1

ё

ё

ё

ё

. :

FSL = 33 + 20(lg F + lg D )

FSL (free space loss) – F– D– FSL :

(

); (

(

);

). .

Y

= Pt ,

+ Gt ,

–

Pt ,

Gt ,

–

Gr,

–

+ Gr ,

− Pmin,

− Lt ,

− Lr ,

; ; ; –

Pmin, Lt ,

–

Lr ,

–

(3.6)

; ; . ё , 1-2

( –94

ё

.

)

.

: ,

–90 .

3.1 802.11a,b,g. 3.1 54 48 36 24 18 12 9 6

/ / / / / / / /

-66 -71 -76 -80 -83 -85 -86 -87

.

. . FSL

, :

FSL = Y - SOM 142

(3.7)

SOM (System Operating Margin) –

(

−

,

− −

). :

; : , SOM

ё

ё

,

,

;

,

10

.

10-

. 3.2.

ё

F

,

.

3.2 ( 2412 2417 2422 2427 2432 2437 2442 2447 2452 2457 2462 2467 2472 2484

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 D = 10

)

:

⎞ ⎛ FSL 33 − − lg F ⎟ ⎜ 20 ⎠ ⎝ 20

.

(3.8)

3.4: , / G132.

6

/

-

1)

DWL-2100AP : DWL-2100AP DWL-G132: 16 ; DWL-2100AP 54 / : -66 ; DWL-2100AP 6 / : -88 ; DWL-G132 54 / : -66 ; DWL-G132 6 / : -87 ; DWL-2100AP: 2 . DWL-G132: 0 . , . .

. :

ё

54

FSL (3.8) (

/ .

FSL = 16 + 2 − ( −66) - 10 = 74 ё

):

143

56 DWL-

D54 = 10

ё

2) FSL

⎛ 74 33 ⎞ − − lg 2437 ⎟ ⎜ ⎝ 20 20 ⎠

6

= 0,046

≈ 50

/ .

FSL = 16 + 2 − ( −88) - 10 = 96 (3.8)

:

D6 = 10

⎞ ⎛ 96 33 − − lg 2437 ⎟ ⎜ ⎠ ⎝ 20 20

= 0,579

≈ 580

Ё

3.5.2

, ( )

. 3.5).

(

,

,

,

)

(

,

,

.

. 3.5 , :

R = 17,3

R – S, D –

(

1 SD f S+D

(3.9)

( );

); f –

(

).

:

−

20% .

40%

, .

−

, . , . 144

.

, . 3.5: 10

(

.

. 3.5), 7

. : S, D

1 3⋅7 = 16,06 2,437 3 + 7 3.2

R = 17,3

(3.9),

:

.

,

, 16 .

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, ё ,

,

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,

, ,

,

,

.

145

. 3.6 1.

ё 2–5 ( DWL-7700AP, DWL-G520 ё

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. ,

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ё

ё

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SMA),

-

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Pigtale-

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D-Link, .

.

4. (

0,5

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,

220 .

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5. female

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. 3.8) ,

male, (

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male↔N-type-female).

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TLK-N-type-MM

,

, ,

,

,

,

,

, ,

« «

, 147

» (female), » (male).

. N-type-male↔N-type-male. 6. К

(

, HQNf-Nm15) N-type (female)↔N-type (male) (

15

. 3.9

. 3.9).

N-type (female)↔N-type (male) , 15-

−

(

),

: ,

−

ё

ё .

7.

,

2,4

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, NCS24XX) ( , .

148

.

3.10)

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ё

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10-100

, 100

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. 3

, . .

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/

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.

, ,

; ,

,

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ё

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16

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. 3.6. / .

: ( (pigtale)+0,5 ,

( 0,3

/ )+3 ё

149

)+6 ё

(150,75

) = 7,75 ,

,

16-7,75 = 8,25 NCS2401 4 : ё

. .

).

ё

,

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7,5 . ,

22,5 ё

(6

.

.

, -98

ё 10

ё

30 +2,25 ). ё : -98+30-10=(-78

(7,75 ё

;

. ).

3.1

,

: (-78

) < (-76

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, 24

/ .

,

,

,

.

3.3

. 3.3

Е .

. 2 6 6 7 12,4 0,5 - 1 3- 20 0,02 – 0,05 0,35 0,5 1,5 0,3 0,75 0,5

/ / pigtale NCS F24XXX /

ё N-type 8. К HQNf-Nm1,5 –

( (

9.

(

3.6.2

1,5 .

.

ё

ё

D-Link type(female)↔N-type(male). 10.

, HQNf-Nm1,5) ) N-type(female)↔N-type(male)

, ANT24-2100) 21 .

ё : N-type-female.

. 3.11 ,

, -

. 150

N-

. 3.11 3.11 : 1. DWL-2100AP; 2. pigtale ( 3. ; 4. ( 5. ANT24-1400. ,

-

); ); , ,

.

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,

,

. 3.6.3

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Ё ,

. 3.12,

, .

. 3.12 3.12 1. 2. pigtale (

ё

,

: DWL-2100AP; ); 151

3. 4.

(

);

ANT24-1400. , ,

, –

. indoor

. .

152

.

D-

LINK D-Link −

−

: AirPlusG 802.11g AirPlusXtremeG

−

AirPlusXtremeG

−

2,4 AirPremierAG -

−

2,4

;

802.11g

2,4 ; MIMO 802.11g ;

802.11a/b/g

2,4/5

;

AirPremier 802.11b/g

2,4

Э

;

802.11g AirPlusG

.

, PCI/CardBus/USB54

,

.

802.11g 802.11b.

/ WPA/WPA2. Web.

DWL-G700AP AirPlusG

802.11g,

. .1 •

•

•

•

•

54

/

DWL-G700AP

802.11b/g 1

-

10/100Base-TX : , WEP, WPA WPA2 802.1 153

•

MAC-

•

•

•

SSID DHCP Web-

/

DI-524/524UP AirPlusG

802.11g,

54

. .2 •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

/

DI-524UP

802.11b/g 10/100Base-TX LAN USB 1.1 WEP, WPA WPA2 802.1 NAT, VPN pass-through, DHCP / Web4 1

(DI-524UP)

MAC/IP/URL

802.11g AirPlusXtremeG, AirPremierAG

D-Link AirPremier 108 , PCI, PCMCIA,

/ . USB.

, AirPremier 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE). SNMP v.3,

AirPremierAG

. 108

/

(Turbo - Dynamic Turbo Static

mode). Turbo. Dynamic Turbo

. , 154

, -

802.11g.

, 54

/ .

Static Turbo ,

.

, . . . Super G without Turbo mode (

54

/ ): Packet Bursting (

):

DIFS (Distributed InterFrame Space). Fast Frames (

ё

):

. Hardware Compression and Encryption (

): .

Lempel-Ziv

Super G with Turbo mode Packet Bursting, Fast Frames, Hardware Compression and Encryption Multi-Channel Bonding. Multi-Channel Bonding ( ): ( ) .

DWL-2100AP AirPlusXtremeG

802.11g,

. .3 •

•

/

DWL-2100AP

802.11b/g 1

108

10/100Base-TX 155

•

:

•

•

•

•

•

•

8 SSID SSID 802.1Q VLAN Tagging WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia) DHCP / Web, SNMP v.1, v.3, Telnet

DI-624/624S AirPlusXtremeG

802.11g,

. .4 •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

),

WEP, WPA WPA2 802.1 MACWLAN STA

•

•

, WDS (

,

•

•

, WDS

4 2

108

DI-624S

802.11b/g 10/100Base-TX LAN USB 2.0 (DI-624S) WEP, WPA WPA2

IPNAT, SPI, DMZ, VPN pass-through, QoS (DI-624S) 6 (DI-624S) Web-

DGL-4300 GamerLounge

MAC/IP/URL

802.11g,

156

108

/

/

. .5 •

•

•

•

4 1

802.11b/g 10/100/1000Base-T LAN 10/100Base-TX WAN 5 dBi

•

WDS

•

GameFuel™ Priority WEP, WPA WPA2 pass-through

•

•

•

•

DGL-4300

NAT, VPN 256

(«

•

•

»

)

/

•

•

•

1000 Web-

DWL-2200AP AirPremier

802.11g

157

PoE,

108

/

. .6 •

•

•

802.11b/g 1

10/100Base-TX 5 dBi

•

802.3af PoE : , WDS WEP, WPA WPA2 AES MAC-

•

•

•

•

•

• •

•

DWL-2200AP

, WDS (

)

SSID 802.11i-ready DHCP / Web-

DWL-3200AP AirPremier

,

SNMP v.3, Telnet

802.11g

158

PoE,

108

/

. .7 •

•

•

•

802.11b/g 1 2

10/100Base-TX 5 dBi 802.3af PoE

•

•

: , WEP, WPA WPA2 802.1 MAC-

•

•

•

•

•

• •

•

DWL-3200AP

«

-

»,

8 SSID SSID 802.11i-ready DHCP / Web-

DWL-7100AP AirPremier AG 802.11a/b/g, 108

,

SNMP v.3, Telnet

/

159

«

-

»

. .8 •

•

•

802.11 /b/g 1

•

•

•

•

•

• •

DWL-7100AP

10/100Base-TX : , WDS , WEP, WPA WPA2 802.1 MACWLAN STA

, WDS (

SSID DHCP Web-

/

DI-784 AirPremier AG 802.11a/b/g, 108

,

SNMP v.3, Telnet

/

. .9 •

DI-784

802.11 /b/g 160

),

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

4 1

10/100Base-TX LAN 10/100Base-TX WAN WEP, WPA WPA2

PPPoE

IPNAT, SPI, DMZ, VPN pass-through, MAC/IP/URL, Network Timing Protocol (NTP) WebMIMO MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) ..

MIMO634M

, PCI

CardBus-

DIDWL-G650M . ,

DWL-G520M

,

8

, . , , «

.

, »

, . MIMO DI-634M, DWL-G520M

DWL-G650M

108G, ,

. .

DI-634 AirPlusXtremeG MIMO, 108

802.11g /

. .10

MIMO161

DI-634

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

802.11b/g MIMO 4 10/100Base-TX LAN 1 10/100Base-TX WAN WEP, WPA WPA2 802.1 NAT, DMZ, VPN pass-through, DHCP, Web-

,

,

, .

,

IEEE 802.3af,

, . DWL-2700AP

SNMP,

DWL-7700AP. , ,

, . , ,

, . , .

DWL-2700AP AirPremier

802.11b/g,

162

54

/

. .11

DWL L-2700AP

• • • • • • • • • • • • • •

802.11b/g 1 2

10/1000Base-TX 5 dBii 8 802.3af PoE E

: , WDS W WEP, WP PA WPA22 802.1 MACM Multiple SSID D W WLAN STA A

, WDS (

SSID D 8002.1Q VLA AN Tagging W Web-

DWL L-7700AP AirP Premier / 8 802.11a/b/g, ,

,

108

SNM MP v.3, Tellnet

/

163 3

)

. .12 •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

• •

•

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1 2

10/100Base-TX 5 dBi 802.3af PoE

: , WDS WEP, WPA WPA2 802.1 MACMultiple SSID WLAN STA

, WDS (

SSID 802.1Q VLAN Tagging WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia) Web, SNMP v.3, Telnet

164

)

. 22 « «

» 22

«

»

09.02.2007 N 14-

:

»

4. : ; ………………………………………….……….. ; , ; ……………………. . 5.

,

, ,

. ,

, .

, , (

), ,

, , ,

. , ,

.

24 « (

»,

) . . (

(

) ) . 2,4

1)

. ) № 04-03-04-003

6

2400-2483,5 ( 2004 .. Wi-Fi

. 165

№ 04-03-04-003

6

2004 .

3. 2400 2483,5

,

№ 2),

(

, : , ; . № 2

№ 04-03-04-003 , , D-Link: DWL-1000AP+, DWL-1040AP+, DWL-900AP+, DWL-650+, DWL-520+, DWL-120+, DI-714P+, DI-614+, DWL-G520, DWL-G650, DWL-2100AP, DI-624, DWL-G520+, DWLG650+, DWL-2000AP+, DI-624+, DI-724P+, DI-824VUP+, DSL-G604T, DWL-G120, DWLG122, DWL-G510, DWL-G630, DWL-G730AP, DI-524, DWL-3200AP. 2)

. 2400 – 2483,5

(

802.11b/g) 25

№ 2/7).

2000 . (

, -

№05-10-01-001

28

, 2005

.

3) Bluethooth. Bluetooth, № 25/2 31.03.03.

2400-2483,5 , Bluetooth

2,5 . Bluetooth 100 № 04-03-04-003. 5 5 ,

. , 5

(

802.11a),

. : 30 2001 . 23 2002 . №05-10-01-001 28

№ 11/1 № 23/5 2005 . 166

24

«

( » (

«

» N 126-

)

25 « »

) 09.02.2007 N 14-

,

, . 24

«

»

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, (

)

,

, (

)

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,

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2005

. N 175 « ». 68

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168

, ,

.

D-LINK

ANT224-0700 7 (

. .1( )).

. .1( )

( ) ANT24-00700

( ) . .1 D-Link ANT24-07700 – , 2,4

.

802.1 11b .

. (

)

.

ANT224-0800

8

(

.

.2( )). )

. .2( ).

( )

( ) ANT24-00800

. .2 169 9

802.11g,

D-Link ANT24-0800 2,4 360-

, ( . D-Link ANT24-0800

)

. 15–

, SMA-RP-plug.

: ,

-

,

. , .

,

.

ANT24-0801

8,5

(

.

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. .3( ).

( )

( ) . .3

ANT24-080 2,4

,

,

.

ANT24-0801 SMA-RP-

, ,

2,4

.

,

. 3-

.

ANT24-1201 , . .4( ).

170

12

(

.

.4( )).

( )

( ) . .4

ANT24-1201 D-Link ANT24-1201 2,4

, .

. –

, SMA-RP. , 1 / /11 1,5 /500 ; 2,5 /1 .

, − −

–

. / :

ANT24-1801 ,

18

. .5( ).

171

(

. .5( )).

( )

( ) ANT24-1801

. .5

2,4 –2,5 , ANT24-1801 SMA-RP-

, . ,

,

2,4

. ,

RP-SMA

-

. 1 / /11 5 /2 ; 8 /3 .

− −

/ :

ANT24-2100 , 21 . .6( ).

( )

172

(

. .6( )).

( ) . .6

ANT24-2100

D-Link ANT24-2100 802.11g (2,4 ).

802.11b

/ . , ANT24-2100

SMA-RP↔N-Type, D-Link, N(N-type-female) ,

.

D-Link,

ё .

(21

)

-

. ANT24-2100

2,4 D-Link,

3200AP, DWL-8200AP) ) ANT24-2100

1M

.

173

/

35 ( DWL-2100AP, DWL( 10 .

801.11 -

IEEE, 2 DSSS

/ . FHSS,

802.11 .

802.11 -

802.11 IEEE, 54

/

11

/

, DSSS.

802.11b -

802.11 IEEE,

, DSSS.

802.1lg -

802.11 IEEE, 54

802.11b. 802.1li -

,

/

DSSS,

IEEE, 802.1

. TKIP/CCMP

, . 802.1 Access point (

IEEE

. )-

, .

Ad Hoc mode (

)-

,

,

. .

Autentificator ( ,

) RADIUS, ; . 802.15

Bluetooth -

802.1 .

,

Bluetooth SIG, Toshiba. )802.11, . (Counter Mode with CBC MAC) AES , WEP TKIP. WPA 2. CDMA ( ode Division Multiple Access) . , . Clear-To-Send (CTS) ( ) . CTS RTS. Network Allocation Vector. CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) ( ) Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Intel BSS (Basic Service Set) (

.

ё . CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance) , 802.11 . 174

802.11, ,

,

,

. . dBi , dB , . DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) 802.11, , . DCF DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) .

. . CSMA. DSSS ,

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Ethernet

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, ESSID. ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) ( ) , . FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) . , . . FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) ). . , . FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) – . , , ICV (Integrity Check Value) ( ) 802.11 IV (Initialization Vectors) ( ) –

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»

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.

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Hotspot («

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. , .

.

175

802.11

802.11g

. Point-To-Multipoint System (

«

-

») –

, .

Point-To-Point System (

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,

. Point-To-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) (

), .

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Microsoft. , , .

PSK (Pre Shared Key) ( WPA

), ,

.

, . QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) – ,

802.1 .

, . RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) . , Internet Request-To-Send (RTS) ( ) 802.11, 802.11, , RTS. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) ( )802.Id 2, . Supplicant ( ) 802.1 . TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) . , . . TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) ( RC4 , WEP. 802.11i. . VPN (Virtual Private Network) , , . WDS (Wireless Distribution System) ( , . WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) , RC4.

Internet . . ,

,

)TKIP WEP

) , 802.11

176

Wi Fi (Wireless Fidelity) Alliance, 802.11. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) Wi-Fi,

,

Wi-Fi. .

TKIP

WEP;

Wi-Fi ,

WPA WPA

AES. WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) ( 802.11.

,

1 2

802.11i, )–

177

1)

. «

.: », 2003. – 640 . ., .,

2)

.3)

. .,. . 3-

4) .:

. . .–

. ., , 2005. – 384 . , 802.11. : .

-

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., .:

.

-

. , 2006. – 958 . . .

.: . .,

. –

.:

. , 2005. – 592 . , ,

: . –

. . -

.:

«

», 2004. –

304 . 6)

.

/ , . . – .: ; , 2004.- 288 . . .Wi- : « » . , . , . . . . .: , 2005. — 463 . http://www.tayle.com – . http://www.airdata.ru – Air Data Communications. http://www.dlink.ru – D-LINK. http://wifi-wiki.ru http://www.wireless.bape3.org http://www.alpha-teleport.info – alpha-teleport.info. http://www.ixbt.com – . http://www.wireless.ru – , . http://www.umd.ru – . http://www.ferra.ru – . http://ru.wikipedia.org – , . http://pcweek.ru – PCWeek Russian Edition. http://www.thg.ru – Tom's Hardware Guide,

;

.

.

7)

8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20)

178

/ ;

.

.