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THE MAGAZINE FOR WOODEN BOAT OWNERS, BUILDERS, AND DESIGNERS
Build a Dory Skiff The Evolution of the Whitehall Purdy Boat Company Retrofitting a Surface-Piercing Propeller
SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1995 NUMBER 126
$4.95 $5.95 in Canada £3.50 in U.K.
HIGH TIDE, HIGH WINDS HIGH SEAS
WoodenBoat
Number 126 September /October 1995
FEATURES 33 Lizards
Barbara Merry
For achieving a fair lead, they're better than bungees
36 The Purdys of Port Washington
Ginger M. Martus and Alan E. Dinn
Style and speed from the 1920s through the 1940s 48 Survival of the Fastest Robert W. Stephens Evolution of the Whitehall
58 The Creation of LALA A daysailor's dream Designing LALA Building LALA
Thomas McGuane Joel White Joe Norton
66 More than Pulling Boats Jamie Brown After 31 years, Hurricane Island Boats continue to challenge 72 The Redeeming of Craig Stephens CHEWINK A new engine and surfacepiercing propeller transform a sluggish power cruiser 82 Building Daisy, Part I
Harry Bryan
A 12½' dory skiff 90 Understanding Hull Stresses, Part II Mechanics and
Wood Science Page 66
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WoodenBoat 126
Ed McClave
Page 36
DEPARTMENTS
READER SERVICES
5 Editor's Page
100 How to Reach Us
6 Letters
121 Boatbrokers
9 Fo'c's'le
David Kasanof
When Form Follows Function
137 Kits and Plans
147 Classified
11 Calendar of Events
19 On the Waterfront 30 Project Profile Howard Makela builds an Atkin Ingrid
126 Boatbuilders
Peter H. Spectre
160 Index to Advertisers
Matthew P. Murphy
98 Designs Peregrine: A pulling boat for
Mike O'Brien
racing or picnicking
103 Launchings ...and Relaunchings
109 Wood Technology
Mike O'Brien
Richard Jagels
Dry Rot
115 The WoodenBoat Review • GlassFoam Fairing Blocks • The Fastech Hobbyair FreshAir Supply • The Tancook Schooners:
An island and its boats
Reviewed by: David Stimson Joe Youcha B.A.G. Fuller
Cover: WoodenBoat School students fit out Daisy, a dory skiff built in a course taught by designer builder Harry Bryan earlier this year. For instructions on how to build Daisy, see page 82. Photo by Ken Woisard
September/October 1995 • 3
EDITOR'S PAGE PUBLISHER Carl Cramer EDITORIAL Editor Matthew P. Murphy Senior Editor Mike O'Brien Managing Editor Jenny Bennett Contributing Editors Maynard Bray, Peter H. Spectre Editorial Assistant Betsy Powell Copy Editor Jane Crosen
Intern Lisa Beliveau ART & PRODUCTION Production Director Barbara Bennett Art Director Gregory Summers
Advertising Art Director James Bartick Advertising Designer Richard Gorski
Production Manager Blythe Heepe Designers Lindy Gifford, Nina Kennedy Intern Cathy DeGroff
CIRCULATION Director Richard Wasowicz
Assistant Gary Hanson ADVERTISING P.O. Box 78, Naskeag Rd., Brooklin, ME 04616
2073594651, Fax 2073598920 Email: [email protected] Manager Michele Corbeil Coordinator Christine Lutz Gelinas
Classified Nicole Gray Sales Associates
East Coast.John K. Hanson, Jr., 2072368622 West Coast, Central, and Southern States: Marc deRochefort, 2068426929 RESEARCH Director Anne Bray Associate Cynthia Curtis
BUSINESS Personnel Manager Gigi Meader
Assistants Donna Nowland, Roxanne Sherman, Sally Bowen, Kim White
THE WOODENBOAT STORE 1800273SHIP (7447) Director Scot Bell Merchandise Manager Tina Anderson Customer Service Manager Michaela Baldwin Customer Service Reps Jody Alien, Pat Lown, Chet Staples, Marion Wright
WOODENBOAT SCHOOL Director Rich Hilsinger Assistant Bernice Palumbo
WOODENBOAT SHOW Manager Valeric LaFrance
Chairman & EditorinChief Jonathan A. Wilson General Manager James E. Miller WoodenBoat (ISSN 0095067X) is published bimonthly in January. March. May,July, September, and November in Brooklin, Maine, by WoodenBoat Publications, Inc. Jonathan A. Wilson, Chairman. Editorial/Advertising offices are at P.O. Box 78, Brooklin. ME 04616; 2073594651. Subscription offices are at P.O. Box 492, Ml. Morris, IL 61054; 18008775284 U.S. Subscription rate is $24.95 for one year (6 issues) in the U.S. and its possessions. Canadian subscription rate is $29.95, U.S. funds. Surface rale overseas is S.36.95, U.S. funds per year. Second class postage paid at Brooklin, ME 04616 and additional mailing offices. In Canada, second class postage paid at Toronto, Ontario ((Canadian second class Agreement No. 254592, GST Registration No. R127081008). POSTMASTER: Please send Change of Address (form 3579) to WoodenBoat Magazine, P.O. Box 78, Brooklin, ME 04616. Copyright 1995 by WoodenBoat Publications. Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted without written permission from the publisher. CONTRIBUTIONS: Address all editorial communications to Editor, WoodenBoat, P.O. Box 78, Brooklin, ME 046160078. We are happy to consider contributions in the form of manu scripts, drawings, and photographs. All material must be identi fied with the sender's name and address, and if sent with sufficient return postage, will be returned if nnsuited to our requirements. Ciare is taken with contributions, but we are not responsible for damage or loss. PRINTED IN U.S.A. by World Color Press. Inc., Coviugton, TN.
L
ast year, after the 1994 WoodenBoat Show—the first one held in Southwest Harbor, Maine—we received some mail asking where was the report on the show. Why, after so much anticipation, had we not covered it in our editorial pages? We have a loose policy of avoiding coverage of events. Obviously, we don't adhere to this religiously, for there are some that are just too grand to miss— for example, the 1992 festival in Brest, France, that we covered in WB No. 109, or the 1994 Eggemoggin Reach Regatta that we covered in WB No. 121. But the coverage of events is logistically difficult for a bimonthly publication; chances are, by the time we get the news out, it's old. Another reason we didn't report on our 1994 show is that there are many fine festivals and shows for wooden boats around the world each year, and devoting pages to ours while ignoring the others seems too selfserving in an industry we're trying to promote beyond our own doorstep. To truly honor our mission, if we report on our own show, we should then report on many others, a task that might fill a year's worth of magazines. So we take the conservative route. I'm writing this column while at the 1995 WoodenBoat Show, also in Southwest Harbor, and despite our concerns about covering events, I'm tempted to launch into a walkthrough of the show to tell you about all the fine boats and builders here. Alas, this would be an ineffective treatment in this amount of space. But, being here makes me wonder about the show's essence. I've long thought there's an element to wooden boat gatherings that's lacking at "mainstream" boat shows—a festival atmosphere running parallel to the show's trade function. I heard more than a few old friends remark this weekend that, collectively, year after year, the WoodenBoat Shows comprise one big, continuous gathering, rather than a series of annual events. And I agree; we seem to simply pick up where we left off, year after year.
For me the show is also an opportunity to experience the diversity of the industry, much of which I usually see only in words and pictures. And I'm sure the same is true for many builders, owners, designers, and enthusiasts, who, during the year, are so focused on their everyday tasks that they don't have a chance to exchange ideas with their colleagues in other shops. If our show is difficult for you to travel to, I urge you to attend one closer to your home. Annual shows in Madisonville, Louisiana; Port Townsend, Washington; Seattle, Washington; Greenwich, England; Ris0r, Norway; Kotka, Finland; Mahone Bay, Nova Scotia (to name a few), and numerous gatherings staged by local Antique and Classic Boat Society chapters all over the U.S., offer the experience of smelling, touching, feeling, and using the boats we can only present here in print. Watch our Calendar of Events for next
year's dates. Hats off to Valeric LaFrance, who has done a magnificent job of organizing the WoodenBoat Show for the fourth year in a row. She's recently announced that we'll be moving next year, on June 2830, to the grounds of Mystic Seaport Museum in Mystic, Connecticut—a place that, in itself, is a show. Perhaps we'll have to bend the "events coverage" rule in 1996.
September/October 1995 • 5
LETTERS A Correction Dear Sir, As a longtime admirer of beautiful wooden boats, I thoroughly enjoyed read ing Roger Duncan's article on Paul E. Luke in your current issue. However, 1 could not help noticing that the photo at the top of page 60 looked very much like a Concordia 41'sloop named MAGIC. The cabinhouse and offset companionway are atypical of Concordias, but the crescent moon at the after end of the covestripe gives it away. I also recognized the sail number and spinnaker colors from the many Concordia regattas and other wooden boat races in which MAGIC and ABACO have competed. Perhaps we could still see a photo of the Luke MAGIC in a future issue. Jonathan C. Goldweitz, M.D. Stamford, Connecticut
Fishing Schooners"), a mention is made of a "...cantankerous Captain Angus Walters— the man who did more harm to Canadian American relations than the War of 1812...." I wonder if that remark is refer ring to the late Captain Angus Walters of the Nova Scotia schooner BLUKNOSE, champion of the deepsea fishing schooners.
If actually it is the same man, I knew him for several years, sailed with him as a crewman in the International Fishing Schooner races, and indeed have diffi culty in agreeing with that remark. Captain Angus Walters of the schooner BI.UF.NOSE was held in high respect by the men who sailed with him, by people owning shares in the schooners he com manded, and by more than 700 fishing captains and crewmen involved in the 192038 International Fishing Schooner Race series for the Halifax Herald Trophy. Claude K. Darrach Halifax, Nova Scotia
Dear Captain Darrach, Thank you for writing regarding my book review reference to Captain Angus Walters. He
was certainly a man who aroused strong feelings both ways. I wasn't alive in the 1930s, so most of my impressions come from reading and
hearing remarks from those who were. Your testimony obviously weighs very heartily, and I appreciate receiving it. I admit I was surprised
that anyone would object to my calling Angus Walters "cantankerous"! The famous—and usu-
We've had a steady stream of mail regarding the aforementioned error; to all who wrote us,
thanks for your attention. The mistake was ours and not Roger Duncan's, so with bowed head and reddened fare we present the actual
Aage Nielsen-designed, PaulLuke-lndlt MAGIC. She measures 36' overall and was launched in 1961 for Herbert Owen.
—Ed.
A Mystery Solved To the Editor: I read the article "Paul E. Luke: Boat builder" by Roger F. Duncan (WB No. 125) with great interest. I had not realized that Paul Luke built so many Aage Nielsen designed boats. In the picture on page 63, the "un identified" man to Paul Luke's right is my father, Sidney Wilie, who lives in Marble head, Massachusetts. He and Aage Nielsen were friends for over 40 years. fane Robic North Hampton, New Hampshire
Captains Curmudgeonly? To the Editor, In the "Review" section of WB No. 124 ( "Thomas F. McManus and the American
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ally temperate and mild-mannered—historian Howard I. Chapelle, in his monumental work The American Fishing Schooners, wrote on page 296, "The BLUENOSE was a powerful
vessel well able to carry sail in the hands of her captain, who was an aggressive, unsportsmanlike, and abusive man, but a prime sailor. " Perhaps I should have just described Captain Walters as "controversial," which no one could argue with! Regarding the War of 1812 comment, that was an attempt at outrageous Yankee humor, as I think most readers understood. Perhaps it was
a bit too outrageous, in which case I apologize for it. Certainly much of the ill will created by the International Fishing Schooner races can be credited to the actions of various committees,
as well. Incidentally, before submitting my review, I ran it by a friend who was bom in Halifax, who went to sea, and who had followed the races closely, and he raised no objections to what I wrote. The first I ever heard of
Angus Walters was in the 1950s when I was a boy talking to old fishermen in Gloucester, Massachusetts. They were still mad at Angus, and they were Nova Scotians, too. What no one can deny is that Captain Angus Walters was a great sailor, that the BLUENOSE was a great schooner, and, also, that if it weren't for thousands of fishermen from Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Prince
Edward Island, and New Brunswick who sailed on her schooners and worked on her waterfront, Gloucester wouldn't have been a shadow of the great fishing town that it was. —William Bunting
Defining "Classic" Dear Sir, In response to your editorial in the May/June 1995 issue: If it is true that Webster's New World Dictionary needs 10 definitions to define the word "classic," then what chance do we mere individuals have in articulating this concept? Twentyone years ago, a group of us gathered to discuss what is classic. The Ancient Mariners Sailing Society, then in its infancy, was struggling to clearly define the criteria for membership in its organization. In our minds, the society's mission was clear: "To preserve interest and promote restoration of boats of ancient vintage and/or classic design." Determining the ancient vintage part was easy; we arbitrarily set a date of prior to 1941. (For the several years after 1941, most boatbuilding was for purposes other than pleasure.) Classic design was another matter. The proliferation of production boats and building methods began in the middle tolatc '50s, with the advent of fiberglass. In the judgment of the Ancient Mariners Sailing Society, boats designed during this period were probably not acceptable for membership in our society. Boy, were we wrong! The arguments began immediately. What was classic? Everyone had their own idea. After numerous spirited discussions, we finally reached a consensus—one that satisfied everyone's diverse opinions but still left the door open for future discussion: "That which has withstood the test of time."
Douglas K. Smith San Diego, California
Lapstrake Planking at Sea? Dear Mr. White, In your remarks on the design of the schooner MERRY DREAM (WB No. 125)
you state, "The other method shown for hull construction is 15mm (9/16"+) plywood lapstrake planking over laminated frames spaced every 19". This strikes me as an extremely odd idea, and I worry about the vulnerability of such planking to a heavy impact.... Lapstrake planking is usually associated with lightly built open boats, not heavy cruisers." In Europe, traditional lapstrake plank ing was routinely used in boats up to 70' long. They carried heavy loads over lumpy seas, and (hey did just fine. In more mod
ern times, plywood lapstrake planking has a long, successful history in powercraft, 70'catamarans, displacement sailboats,
etc. This type of construction should be encouraged. The vessels are beautiful, the
construction method is simple, and it uses fewer trees [than most other methods]. Dana Hayden
Dear Mr. Hayden, Thanks jar four letter on lapstrake planking on the high seas. You are, of course, correct that lapstrake planking was widely used in oceangoing craft in Europe. I guess I should have added "here in America " to my sentence.
FOR YOUR SAFETY Working in a boatshop requires certain considerations to ensure your safety and health. We want you to enjoy doing your own work, but urge you to exercise caution throughout the process. Before using a power or hand tool with which you are unfamiliar, consult operating instructions. Many materials found in boatshops are deadly and have longterm ill effects; before using any toxic material, consult the Material Safety Data Sheet for that substance. Above all, protect yourself from improper use that may lead to permanent injury or death.
—Matthew P. Murphy Editor
I have nothing but respect for lapstrake
planking as a method—in fact, many of my small craft designs call for glued lapstrake
plywood. Rut in the Bombigher design that you refer to, I am very concerned with 15mm plywood supported only on 19" centers for a heavy-displacement ocean cruiser. The skin thickness is simply too slight to withstand a serious impact at sea. As the oceans fill up with our floating trash, safety at sea demands a shin construction that has great resistance to impact. And in my view, 15mm lapped plywood just doesn't do it. If you think I am incorrect on this, mock up a section of hull with 15mm plywood and frames on 19" centers, and drop
a 55-gallon drum full of water from a height of 6' onto it. That would simulate the sort of hit such a hull might take when traveling at speed. The North Sea boats were probably planked with 1 "—I 1/2" larch over heavy, closely spaced framing. The difference in strength and impact resistance is immense. If it was not clear that I was objecting to the lightness of the construction, I appreciate your pointing that out. I find writing in a clear manner much more challenging than boat design. —-Joel White P.S. As your letter had no return address, I can
respond to you only through the magazine.
Riveting Topic Editor, I read with interest Ray Speck's "Rivet & Rove, English Style." I would like to remind people that most or nearly all riveted boats in the United States (after the advent of the round common nail) were riveted with a round common nail, instead of a squaresectioned nail, and that the roves here are called burrs and they are flat. Some years ago I owned a Winter Harbor 21 and although she was 70 years old, her rivets were still holding. My point here is: The round nails and flat burrs (roves) hold up, and they are much less expen sive than the square nails and conical burrs from Europe. These nails and burrs are available from: Jamestown Distributors, 28 Narra gansett Ave., Jamestown, RI 02835;
8004230030. Barry Thomas Mystic, CT 06355
September/October 1995 • 7
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FO'C'S'LE
by David Kasanof
I
have a confession. I have been "on the beach" so long I fear I may have lost some of my nautical skills. Oh, I know one never forgets the basic stuff, like how to quickly discover where the 220volt outlets are or where in the pluperfect hell the marina management hides the dock carts. I'm referring to skills one develops after many years of living aboard one particular boat. After several years of living ashore in something called a house (you know, where you can stand up straight even when you're inside), I am no longer certain that I can slither through the main cabin in one step, hipwiggling to avoid the cabin table while simultaneously ducking my head to avoid the skylight jacks, arriving in the galley just in time to jerk the dead lizard out of my cat's mouth before she can drop it into the bilge. I have been told that cats do this sort of thing because they like you and just want to bring you a "present." The truth be known, I'd just as soon have a gift certificate from Sears. After years aboard CONTENT, every step, shoulder twitch, head duck, handhold, from every point to every other point, from masthead to keel, had become an automatic and deft, wellchoreographed routine. After many years ashore, however, I may have suffered some atrophy of those skills. The other day, as I moved rapidly forward into the galley to search out the latest leak, I whacked my head on a skylight jack handle. That had not happened in years. I had become so confident that I had long since removed the woolen socks that had been wrapped around it. But I had forgotten that to get from the main cabin into the galley the
routine was step, twist, duck, step; and so I performed the routine as step, twist, thunk..."dammit! step. Not only did I not find the leak (heck, I barely found the galley), but now I duck even when there's no need to. I have some pride, though: I will not, and I mean I will not, rewrap the offending hardware with old woolen socks. After first developing a high tolerance for skull pain, I know that I shall eventually regain my flawless ducking form. Now, the galley itself is the venue of certain delicate skills that can easily atrophy through inactivity. I'm not referring to cooking skills. Heck, anyone who can read can cook. I'm talking about fine art now. For instance, one of my secret delights was in being able to light the diesel stove with one match. After all these years, can I still do that? Don't laugh. I care deeply about this, and it isn't easy. First, the alco hol primer is poured into the primer cup and ignited. Then, at the precise moment that the alcohol flame is about to go out but is still big enough to pass by the ports in the burner, you turn the burner valve on. If your timing has been exquisite, the diesel vapor will ignite with a clean blue flame just as the yellowblue flame of the alcohol goes out. Anyone who can't feel the intense satisfaction of that is probably one of that oafish clan who can eat an Oreo cookie without first splitting it in half with their front teeth. Now, assuming that the burner has been properly ignited and CONTENT
style coffee brewed, can I still drink it properly? CONTENTstyle coffee has most of the physical characteristics of pine tar, although my good seawife says it doesn't taste as good. Properly drinking it means that one never appears hurried, no matter what might be going on. I believe that drinking hot coffee slowly, out of a china cup with saucer, no matter the nature of the crisis, constitutes the epitome of nautical panache. For instance, suppose you're approaching the dock under power and the inevitable instructions have begun to bellow forth from the inevitable instructors on the pier. Do you bellow back? You do not. You sip. Pause. Sip again. If you are forced to actually do something, you put down your coffee as slowly as your nerves and the situation will allow and do what is needed as slowly as possible. Bear in mind that it's better to allow a minor mishap to occur than to admit by hurrying that you've miscalculated. That may seem an incorrect order of priorities, but not to us wooden boat sailors. We know that when it comes to a choice of outward appearance versus real sub stance, outward appearance wins, hands down. September/October 1995
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Compiled by Jenny Bennett
CALENDAR OF EVENTS Ongoing through June 20, 1996 19th Century Seafaring Women of New York Cold Spring Harbor, New York. (The Whaling Museum, Cold Spring
Ongoing through September 17 "The Works, The Wars, and The Waters" Stamford, Connecticut. Major exhibit of Luders archives, photos, drawings, objects, and ephemera. (Stamford Historical Society, 1508 High Ridge Rd., Stamford, CT 069034107; 2033291183) Ongoing through October 15 Lake Champlain Maritime Museum Vergennes, Vermont. Museum is open to the public through the summer. (Lake Champlain Maritime Museum, Basin Harbor, RR 3 Box 4092, Vergennes, VT 05491; 8024752022) Ongoing through October 15 "Liverpool Port Painters" and "All Ships Great and Small" Searsport, Maine. "Liverpool Painters" features the work of Robert Salmon, John Hughes, and William H. Yorke; "All Ships Great and Small" showcases the museum's model collection which includes the model of the lullrigged ship B. AYMAR, once commanded by Joshua Slocum. (Penobscot Maritime Museum, Church St., P.O. Box 498, Searsport, ME 049740498;
Harbor, NY 11724; 5163673418)
September 1016 WoodenBoat School Classes Brooklin, Maine. Canoe Repair & Restoration, Building the 12' Fisherman's Skiff, Marine Photography, Craft of Sail PATIENCE. (WoodenBoat School, P.O. Box 78, Brooklin, ME 04616; 2073594651)
10October 22 Weekend Adult Programs New York, New York. Learn sailing and associated skills aboard the LETTIE G. HOWARD, a restored 189.3 Fredonia fishing schooner. (South Street Seaport Museum, 207 Front St., New York, NY 10038; 2127488744) 1417 Newport International Boat Show Newport. Rhode Island. (Newport Yachting Center; 4018461600) 1517 Delaware Valley Woodworking Show King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. Valley Forge Convention Center, King of Prussia. (8008268257)
2075482520) Ongoing through October 15 Maine Watercraft Museum Thomaston, Maine. The museum, which holds a rapidly growing collection of nearly 100 classic small craft of unique design and construction from around the state of Maine, is open to the public. (Maine Watercraft Museum, 4 Knox Street Landing, Thomaston, ME 04861; 8009230444) Ongoing through December 20 Privateers! Pirates or Patriots? Newburyport, Masschusetts. A new exhibition at the Custom House Maritime Museum exploring the life and adventures of the enterprising captains who put to sea capturing prize ships as reward for their sea battles in the American Revolution and the War of 1812. (Custom House Maritime Museum, 25 Water St., Newburyport, MA 01950; 5084628681) Ongoing through December 31 Cafiero: The Complete Modeler New York, New York. An exhibit of a dozen highly detailed, largescale models of ships ranging from ancient times to the 20th century, on display at the Water Street Gallery of The Seamen's Church Institute. (Andrea Laine, The Seamen's Church
Institute; 2123499090) Ongoing through January 14, 1996 The Evolution of Marine Painting Bath, Maine. Exhibition describing how ship paintings were viewed at the beginning of the 19th century, and how their content and function changed during the ensuing 125 years. (Maine Maritime Museum, 243 Washington St., Bath, ME 04530; 2074431665)
September/October 1995 • 11
CALENDAR OF EVENTS
16 Crab Fest & Skipjack Cruise St. Mary's River, Maryland. Starting at 5 p.m., a threehour cruise on the St. Mary's River from St. Mary's City. (3018620990 or 800SMC1634) ' 16 Eighteenth Annual George Moffett Race Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts. An 18 mile race for monohulls between 16' and 75'overall. Deadline for entries is Friday, September 8. (RR 2 Box 1161, Vineyard Haven, MA 02568;
5086937074) 1617 Governor's Cup Essex, Connecticut. (Joe Zaraschi, P.O. Box 624, Essex, CT 06426;
2035720711)
1617 Introduction to Toolmaking Basin Harbor, Vermont. Explore the art of working in iron while focusing on fabrication and tempering of iron tools. A unique course located in an 18thcenturystyle forge. (Don Dewees, Lake Champlain Maritime Museum, RR 3 Box 4092, Vergennes,
VT 05491; 8024752022) 1617 Refinishing Clarion, New York. Learn the basics of renewing your old hull coating: finish removal, surface preparation, panning, staining, and varnishing. (The Antique Boat Museum, 750
Mary St., Clayton, NY 13624; 3156864104)
1617 Traditional Boat Race Festival St. Michaels, Maryland. Traditional Chesapeake Bay workboats compete in a series of races on the Miles River. Crafts and exhibits on display, boat rides, and food. (Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum, St. Michaels,
MD 21663; 4107452916) 1624 Baidarka Kayak Building Class Jacksonville, New York. With designer R. Bruce Lemon, assemble your own kayak and fashion a traditional Aleut paddle. All participating students will receive a matching spray skirt, back rest, and cockpit cover included in the course fee.(R. Bruce Lemon,
P.O. Box 54, Jacksonville, NY 14854; 6073878000) 1722 Lightweight Boatbuilding Class Burlington, Vermont. Each person will build the Cod Rib 12, a oneperson canoe. (The Wood School, 53 Sears Lane, Burlington, VT 05401;
8028609501) 1723 WoodenBoat School Classes Brooklin, Maine. Marine Diesel Repair, Wooden Boat Repair Methods (two week course), Building Half Models, Craft of Sail II, Coastal Cruising Seamanship (SOPHIACHRISTINA). (WoodenBoat School, P.O. Box 78,
Brooklin, ME 04616; 2073594651) 2224 Syracuse Woodworking Show Syracuse, New York. Oncenter, Syracuse. (8008268257) 23 Head of the Androscoggin Leurislim, Maine. Threemile regatta hosted by the Maine Rowing Association. (P.O. Box 267, Camden,
ME 04843; 2072367172) 23 Mayor's Cup New York, New York. (David Rosenstock, South Street Seaport, 207 Front St.,
New York, NY 10038; 2126699400) 2324 Old Time Barnegat Bay Decoy & Gunning Show Tuckerton, Neiv Jersey. Celebrating many of the traditional and interesting skills associated with waterfowling on Barnegat Bay. (Mike Magnum; 6099713085) 2430 WoodenBoat School Classes Brooklin, Maine. Fundamentals of Boatbuilding (twoweek course). The Art of Lapstrake Construction (twoweek course), Marine Surveying. (WoodenBoat School, P.O. Box 78, Brooklin, ME 04616; 2073594651) 29October 1 Race Rock Regatta Stonington, Connecticut. (Jim Cassidy, P.O. Box 9501, Noank, CT 06340;
2035725908)
October 17 WoodenBoat School Classes Brooklin, Maine. Troubleshooting Contemporary & Antique Outboards, Surveying of Fiberglass Boats. (WoodenBoat School, P.O. Box 78, Brooklin, ME 04616; 2073594651) 1415 Whaling History Symposium Sharon, Massachusetts. 20th annual twoday symposium focusing on all aspects of whaling, hosted by the Kendall Whaling Museum. (27 Everett St., P.O. Box 297, Sharon, MA 02067)
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1415 Woodbending Clayton, New York. Learn the process of bending by lamination and steam. (The Antique Boat Museum, 750 Mary St., Claylon, NY 13624; 3156864104) 15 Merrymeeting Regatta Brunswick, Maine. Threemile regatta hosted by the Maine Rowing Association. (P.O. Box 267, Camden, ME 04843; 2072367172) 1822 Great Chesapeake Bay Schooner Race Baltimore, Maryland, to Norfolk, Virginia. Many classic schooners, including BRILLIANT and SILVER HEELS, took
part in last year's 120mile race down
1315 Yachting & Small Craft History Symposium Toronto, Ontario. Sponsored by the Museum Small Craft Association, the Royal Canadian Yacht Club, and the Marine Museum of Upper Canada. (John Summers, Marine Museum of Upper Canada, c/o The Toronto Historical Board, 205 Yonge St., Toronto, ON, M5B 1N2, Canada) 15 Head of the Muskingum Marietta, Ohio. Threemile rowing race for college crews, prepschool crews, and recreational boats. (Phil Case, Marietta Rowing & Cycling Club, 628 Fifth St., Marietta, OH 45750;6143739688)
SOUTH Ongoing through October 28 The Scale Ship Model Competition Exhibition Newport News, Virginia. Display of awardwinning entries from the 1995 competition at The Mariners' Museum. (100 Museum Dr., Newport News,
VA 220663798; 8005817245) Ongoing through November Fall Fun for Young People Newport News, Virginia. Youngsters can learn about our maritime heritage through unique classes offered throughout the Fall. (The Mariners' Museum, as above)
the Bay. (Bill Ripley; 8046222828) 2022 Fall Classics Festival '95 Charlestoum, Maryland. A unique festival featuring classic and antique boats, cars, trucks, and other vehicles. (Bill Ames, RD 2 Box 441, Palmyra, PA 17078; 7178388387)
November 34 Maritime History Symposium Mystic Seaport, (Connecticut. Relive days goneby in southern New England as historians give illustrated presentations of the region's rich and colorful past.
(2035720711) 1012 Baltimore Woodworking Show Timonium, Maryland. Maryland State Fair, Timonium. (8008268257)
CENTRAL September 23 Marietta River Rendezvous Marietta, Ohio. Onemile turning race for all classes of rowboals except
eightoared shells. (Jim Stephens, Marietta Rowing & Cycling Club, 425 Mulberry St., Marietta, OH 45740;
6143746997) 29October 1 Greater Cleveland Woodworking Show Cleveland, Ohio. IX Center, Cleveland, Ohio. (8008268257) 30October 9 SkinonFrame Traditional Kayak Construction Whitelaw, Wisconsin. Build either a West Greenlandstyle kayak or a single or double Aleutian baidarka. (Celeste A. Rogers, Superior Kayaks, Inc., P.O. Box 355, Whitelaw, WI 54247;4147323784)
October 68 Chicagoland Woodworking Show Villa Park, Illinois. Odeum, Villa Park.
(8008268257) 78 Jerome K. Jerome Memorial Row Philo to Marietta, Ohio. "Waste time on
the river—any part of the river." (Jim Stephens, Marietta Rowing & Cycling Club, 425 Mulberry St. Marietta, OH 45750; 6143746997) 13—15 Twin Cities Woodworking Show St. Paul, Minnesota. Minnesota State
Fairgrounds, St. Paul. (8008268257)
September/October 1995 • 13
14 • WoodenBoat 126
CALENDAR OF EVENTS
September 2324 Hawks Nest Half Models Beaufort, North Carolina. Class geared to both novices and experienced woodworkers. (Jane Wolff, Watercraft Center, North Carolina Maritime Museum, 315 Front St., Beaufort, NC 28516; 9197287317) 28October 1 IntheWater Boat Show Clear Lake Shares, Texas. (Houston Intel national IntheWater Boat Show, Inc., 2600 Southwest Freeway, Suite 1000, Houston, TX 77098;
7135266361) 29October 1 Madisonville Wooden Boat Festival
21 Antique and Classic Boat Show
Calailesi Island, Florida. Annual show where vessels are judged by other entrants in the same class. (Caladesi State Park, 1 Causeway Blvd., Dunedin, FI. 34698; 8134695917) 2122 Plane Making Beaufort, North Carolina. Class geared to both novice and experienced woodworkers. (Jane Wolff, Watercraft Center, North Carolina Maritime Museum, 315 Front St., Beaufort, NC 28516; 9197287317) 29November 4 Canoe/Kayak Building Class (-'otter, Arkansas. (White River Artisans School, P.O. Box 308, 202 South Ave., Cotter, AR 72626; 5014352600)
November 130 Maritime Lecture Series
Newport News, Virginia. Learn about the history and lore of the sea from some of the nation's leading maritime experts. (The Mariners' Museum, 100 Museum Dr., Newport News, VA 220663759; 8045950368) 45 Oar Making
Beaufort, North Carolina. Class geared to both novice and experienced woodworkers. (Jane Wolff, Watercraft Center, North Carolina Maritime Museum, 315 Front St., Beaufort, NC 28516; 9197287317)
Madisonville, Louisiana. Over 100 boats on display ranging in size from 10'to 80'and in age from 1911 to present day; sail, power, steam, and oar. (Barbara Plauche, Wooden Boat Festival, P.O. Box 549, Madisonville, LA 704470549)
October 131 Maritime Lecture Series
Newport News, Virginia. Learn about the history and lore of the sea from some of the nation's leading maritime experts. (The Mariners' Museum, 100 Museum Dr., Newport News, VA 220663759; 8045950368) 68 Boat Show & Rendezvous Pickwick Dam, Tennessee. Held by the Antique & Classic Boat Society, Dixieland Chapter. (Paul Bowes, 678 Rozelle St., Memphis, TN 38104;
9012780393) 68 MidAtlantic Small Craft Festival St. Michaels, Maryland. More than 100 amateur and professionalbuilt canoes, skiffs, kayaks, rowing shells, prams, and "one of a kind" designs will be on display. (Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum, P.O. Box 636,
Mill St., St. Michaels, MD 21663; 4107452916) 9 Lief Eriksson Day
Nnofmrl News, Virginia. Wreathlaying ceremony in honor of the early explorer. (The Mariners' Museum, 100 Museum Dr., Newport News, VA 220663759; 8045950368) 1415 Chesapeake Bay Maritime Festival & Classic Boat Show
Norfolk, Virginia. (Norfolk Festevents Ltd., 120 W. Main St., Norfolk, VA 23510; 8046277809) 1415 Lofting Keaufort, North Carolina. Students loft a boat following a sequence of steps which is applicable to any future lofting project. (Jane Wolff, Watercraft Center, North Carolina Maritime Museum, 315 Front St., Beaufort, NC 28516; 9197287317) 2022 Second Annual Fall River Fest I'alatka, Florida. Weekend activities include an antique boat show at the
town's marina, as well as an arts show along the beautiful St. John's river. In addition to vintage ChrisCraft, Century, Air Ship, and Lyman vessels, there will be over 40 antique outboard motors on display. (9043288998) Gougeon Brothers, Inc., P.O. Box 908, Dept. 70, Bay City, Ml 48707, 517-684-7286
September/October 1995 • 15
CALENDAR OF EVENTS
Every evening, after the day's racing, the great yachts competing in La Nioulargue moor stern-first to
Ongoing through October 31 Throw the Oars Away Astoria, Oregon. A unique exhibit of
outboard motors from the oldest to
the harbor wall
the latest showroom models. (Columbia Maritime Museum, 1792 Marine Dr., Astoria, OR 97103;
in the center of St-Tropez, France.
5033252323) Ongoing through November American Society of Marine Artists Show San Diego, California. Great art in an
unusual setting: The show will be staged on the STAR OF INDIA, the 1863 British bark. (The Maritime Museum, San Diego; 6192349153)
September 1517 Third Annual Canoe Meet Lake Samish, Washington. Hosted by the Northwest Chapter of the Wooden Canoe Heritage Association at the
Lutherwood camp on Lake Samish, 10 miles south of Bellingham. (Pat Chapman, 1714 Dickinson St., N.W.,
Olympia, WA 98502; 3603524191) 16 Petticoat Race San Diego, California. Womenonly racing with the Ancient Mariners Sailing Society—men are allowed aboard provided they "stay below, do not speak, and cook, clean, and produce stiff drinks on demand." (Doug Jones, AMSS; 6192220865)
1617 Seventeenth Annual Portland Wooden Boat Show Portland, Oregon. A smallboat show featuring amateur and professionalbuilt craft, boatbuilding for kids, races, demonstrations, and exhibits of many boats, modern and traditional. Adults $4, senior citizens $3, children free. (Dan Pence,
5037744207 or 5032362926) 17 Ironman Race San Diego, California. Singlchanded racing with the Ancient Mariners Sailing Society—lookout crew is permitted, but they may not handle sails. (Doug Jones, AMSS;
6192220865)
23 Teredo Sweepstakes Race Los Angeles, California. 20th annual event hosted by (he Buccaneer Yacht Club. Open to all wooden sailboats. (Waync Ktttl, 3108336977; or Richard Gladson, 3108333915)
2324 Kokopelli Small Boat Meet Lake Powell, Utah. A weekend of fun for smallboat owners; this is the second annual Kokopelli Small Boat Meel and will be hosted by the Bullfrog Marina on Lake Powell. There is a U.S. Park Service camp ground at Bullfrog. (Grand Mesa Boatworks, Collbran, CO 81624; or Jim Thayer, 9704873088/ 4346942)
September/October 1995
•
17
CALENDAR
OF
EVENTS
23October 1 Eric Dow's Carvel Boatbuilding Workshop Seattle, Washington. A course for the experienced or inexperienced w i t h an enthusiastic and challenging teacher: Build a carvelplanked dinghy of classic design, incorporating all the challenges of traditional boatbuilding but on a manageable scale. (Center lor Wooden Boats, 1010 Valley St., Seattle, WA 98109; 3603822628) 29October 1 WOOD Regatta Seattle, Washington, Open to all wooden onedesign sailboats. (Center for Wooden Boats, 1010 Valley St., Seattle, WA 98109; 3603822628)
October 1 Dana Cup Regatta Huntington Beach. California. Racing with the Wooden Hull Yacht Club. (Mick Andrews, 8855 Atlanta Ave. #303, Huntington Beach. CA 92616; 310M3M18) 7 Alexander Bishop Memorial Regatta Seattle, Washington. Annual regatta and the last of eight races organized through the 1995 sailing season by the Wooden Yacht Racing Association. (Tom Dyer, 2517 Perkins Lane West, Seattle, WA 98199; 3602851706, evenings)
11 Thad Koza Tall Ships Presentation Seattle, Washington, An evening with photographer Thad Koza. (Center for Wooden Boats. 1010 Valley St., Seattle, WA 98109; 3603822628) 2022 Colorado Woodworking Show Denver, Colorado. National Western Complex, Denver. (8008268257) 23—28 Building a Lapstrake Canoe San Francisco, California. Emphasis on learning to use hand tools with speed and accuracy. (National Maritime Museum Association, Building 275, Crissy Field, San Francisco, CA 94129;
4159290202) 2729 South California Woodworking Show Costa Mesa, California. Orange County Fairgrounds, Costa Mesa. (8008268257)
November 35 North California Woodworking Show San Mateo, California. San Mateo Expo Center, San Mateo. (8008268257) 1012 Western Washington Woodworking Show Seattle Washington. Seattle Center. Seattle. (8008268257) 1719 Oregon Woodworking Show Portland, Oregon. Portland Expo Center, Portland. (8008268257)
September 1617 International Dragon Boat Races and Commonwealth Regatta London, England. Come and see the spectacle and the dramatic racing at one of the year's largest gathering of Dragon Boats. (Sarah Sheard, Dragon Boats UK, c/o HKTA, 5th Floor, 125 Pall Mall, London SW1Y5F.A, England; tel. +14 (0) 171 930 2296) 2930 Maldon Anniversary OGA Rally Essex, England. Old Gaffers Association Rally hosted by the Maldon Little Ship Club at Brightlingsea. ( Brenda Jago, OGA, Smugglers Cottage, North Fambridge, Essex CM3 6NA, England; tel. +44 (0)1621 741595) 30October 8 La Nioulargue St-Tropez, France. The last of the year's gather ings for the classic yachts of Europe. One of this year's stars will be MARIETTE, the recently restored p r e W W 1 Herreshoff schooner. (International Yacht Club de Pampelonne, StTropez, France; tel. +33 91 31 57 40; fax +33 91 31 56 47)
October 22 National Gaffers Day Sydney, Australia. An event held every three years and open to any vessel t h a t "hoists a spar." Sydney Harbour offers many great spots from which spectators can watch the race. (John Crawford, Sydney Amateur Sailing Club, 1 Green St., Cremorne 2090, Australia; tel. +15 (0)2 953 1433)
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WoodenBoat 126
ON THE WATERFRONT bathroom the head, and, when I finally
famed Penbo trawlers that set a standard
came down for supper, I told my mother that the sooner she served up sailor's
for the postWWlI motor cruiser.
plum duff, the sooner she would be back in my good graces. In one day, after
reading one book, I had become an unreconstructed boat junkie.
Carl Lane had an infectious, enthusi astic style that was practical on the one hand and romantic on the other. He could describe, for example, how to mix soogee for washing down the decks and
by Peter H. Spectre
the topsides, and in the process make it
• Carl Lane Remembered • Two Boats Transcontinental • The Return of the Gronicle and • Annals of the S & M Sports Biz
for a whole month. He could make a sail across the bay seem like a sixmonth voyage
I
f there were codified rules for writing
a column like this, high on the list, if
not highest, would be: Don't lead or close with an obituary. Begin with good news, end with good news, and bury the really bad stuff in the middle. Normally I follow
such a pattern, but Carl Lane, 95 years old, died in Rockport, Maine, this past spring, and since he has always been one of my favorite boating writers, a few words in his memory belong right here at the top. I first came across a book by Carl Lane when I was somewhere between seven and ten years old. I had pulled some sort of prank one morning, and my mother got mad and threw me upstairs to my room for the rest of the day. There was nothing else to do but read. I didn't corne from a nautically inclined family—in fact, there wasn't a single family member who gave a hoot for boats—so I don't know how a copy of the Boatman's Manual by Carl Lane came to be in my room. The book wasn't my brother's. It wasn't mine. It was j ust there. But, being of the mind, even back then, that if a book was written, it was my obligation to read it, I dove right in. ("Why do you punish the boy by sending him to his room?" I once heard my grandma ask my mother. "He goes up there and reads, and for him that isn't a punishment." Smart woman, my grandma.) Beginning with that day, I started calling the bed the bunk, the ceiling the overhead, the floor the sole, the walls the bulkheads, the stairs the ladder, the
seem like the most wonderful, fascinating, salty experience you'd be likely to have to Paradise. He was of the same school that produced William Atkin, Hervey Garrett Smith, Cyrus Lawrence Day, and
W. Ham de Fontaine. None of the grouchy preachiness of L. Francis Herreshoff; not a bit of the edginess of John Hanna. No
pretentiousness, no argumentativeness, no yachtclubbiness. Just simple, wholesome, boyish fun. Here are just a few of Carl Lane's accomplishments: He wrote the Boatman's Manual, the Boatowner's Sheet Anchor, the Cruiser's Manual, the original Sea Scout Manual, and a bunch of other books. He was a founder of the Mystic Seaport
Museum. He was a founder of the Rockport, Maine, Boat Club (that it's not called the Rockport Yacht Club speaks volumes about Lane's sensibility and the people he hung around with). He wrote children's books. He made furniture. He founded the Penobscot Boat Works. And, with his son Bob, he conceived and built the
C
arl Cramer, who has been on a reading jag lately, offers these thoughts on
contemporary marine fiction: "I didn't t h i n k there was a worse
book in print than Robert Stone's Outerbridge Reach. That was before I read Sam Llewellyn's Clawhammer (Pocket Books, $5.50). It's bad enough that our protag onist witnesses the killing of his sister and brotherinlaw (who is also a fabulous countrywestern singer but is doing relief work in Africa), impetuously enters a fictional version of the 2STAR race with a
person he just met, and said person is machinegunned to death 50 miles out of Boston by the crew of a fishing trawler
that emerges from a fog bank—but that's just the first 46 pages! Believe me, it gets much worse. "Those of us who have read the Llewellyn 'thrillers' have grown long accustomed to his heroes being beaten to within an inch of their lives—once a
chapter—only to rebound with courage and stupidity after ingesting four aspirins. But I miss old protagonist Charlie Agutter, yacht designer, boatbuilder, and racer extraordinaire. Regrettably, Charlie is left at home as George Devis assumes that mantle in Clawhammer. George is a worldfamous poet and ornithologist and...well, you get the picture.
"I hope this small beginning touches off a spate of contemporary boating fiction criticism. With the exception of
Patrick O'Brian, it's a field deserving a great deal—of criticism, that is. Would
September/October 1995 • 19
ON THE WATERFRONT
anyone like to comment on Bernie Cornwall, Tony Gibbs, or the author of the insufferable Spartina?"
chain. An earlier volume, The Maritime Paintings of John Chancellor (1984), is out
C
From time to time in the past we've listed usedbook dealers specializing in maritime subjects. The latest to come to our attention is John Lewcock of Ely, England. His March 1995 catalog, the latest I've seen, contains a wide selection of titles (many seldom seen in this country), in such categories as boatbuilding, naval architecture, maritime history, modeling, cruising, and more. John Lewcock, 6 Chewells Lane, Haddenham, Ely, CB6 3SS, England; tel. +44 (0)1353 741152.
arl asked me to remind you that the opinions expressed above are his
alone and not those of WoodenBoat (of
which he is the publisher). For that matter, it is probably worth a reminder that all the comments in this
column are personal, not institutional. Anything with quotation marks belongs to the person being quoted. I'll take the blame for everything else. Meanwhile, Stuart Wier of Boulder, Colorado, has a book to recommend: "Fans of the writings of Forester, O'Brian, and other authors of Napoleonic naval novels will appreciate the paintings
of print but might be available in used book stores.
The Warsash Nautical Bookshop is one
England. Chancellor was a seaman who
of the most comprehensive book dealers in the world. They publish an annual Bibliography of Nautical Books—the 1995 edition has more than 600 pages and lists approximately 12,000 publications, videos, and computer programs—and they will
turned to art. Each of his paintings is a
ship anywhere in the world. Now they are
recreation of an actual event. He took pains to ensure that the conditions of light, weather, wind, tide, and waves were properly represented for the particular time and place. His depictions of waves and ships are as nearly perfect as can be." John Chancellor's Classic Maritime Paintings
on the Internet's World Wide Web. Call them at http://aladdin.co.uk/wnbooks. Computer illiterates can reach them the oldfashioned way: Warsash Nautical Bookshop, 6 Dibles Rd., Warsash, Southampton SO32 9HZ, England; tel. +44 (0) 1489 572384.
reproduced in the book/o/in Chancellor's Classic Maritime Paintings, published by David & Charles in Newton Abbot, Devon,
can be found in this country in many
The Armchair Sailor bookstore has
bookstores, including the Barnes & Noble
compiled a list of nautical publications
20
• WoodenBoat 126
that are of special interest to women. It is free for the asking from The Armchair Sailor, 543 Thames St., Newport, RI
02840; 4018474252.
B
rion Toss, our literary rigger on the
Northwest coast, writes:
"I'm hard at work on my fourth book, Sailboat Rigging, Step by Step, wherein I describe how to take a bare mast, dress it properly, step it, tune it, and sail away. I'm subsidizing the writing by marketing an assortment of books, tapes, and tools. Among the latter are a supercomfortable climbing harness, a rigging vise, and the Amazing Splicing Wand. The Wand is the big seller, rendering braidedrope splicing both easy and intelligible." I might mention that I have seen the Amazing Splicing Wand in operation, and it is...well...amazing. For a free brochure about the Wand and the other above mentioned products: Brion Toss, 311 Jackson St., Port Townsend, WA 98368; 8004880855. Brion also sent us a magnificent brochure describing the equally magnif icent 62yearold 74'wooden motor vessel CATALYST, which takes passengers on adventures along the coasts of British Columbia and Alaska. "This is one fine vessel," writes Brion, "with a tunktunk tunktunk engine, handsome staterooms,
legendary meals, its own fleet of small craft, and a crew that likes to go to perfect places and do lifetransforming things. CATALYST has been one of our bestkept secrets." A voyage on the CATALYST doesn't come cheap, but neither do the other good things in life. Information from Pacific Catalyst, 313 Jackson St., Port Townsend, WA 98368; 3603852793. "Also here in Port Townsend," writes Brion, "the unbelievably modest, prepos terously gifted Russell Brown has been busy lately building a 32' wing mast, designed by Roger Hatfield, for the racing trimaran HUMDINGER. I wish you could have seen the process, with Russell at the long bench, essentially making his own plywood, then shaping it into something that looks as though it wants to fly out of the shop on its own. "By the time you read this, Emiliano Marino, author of the justifiably praised book The Sailmaker's Apprentice published by International Marine, (see WB No. 125, page 104), will have launched his 18' Salishstyle canoe. He has been building it at Freya Boat Works in Anacortes, Washington, under the exacting super vision of David Jackson. Emiliano's plan is to paddle and sail his boat across the country to North Carolina, to his ancestral homeland in the Cherokee Nation—a
Scale model (1"=1') of the gaff-rigged cutter ALICE, designed and built by Ken Lockley of Victoria, British Columbia. The radio-controlled sailing yacht was built using the Ashcroft method, with a teak deck and fir spars. "Two years of part-time, " unites Lockley, "from drafting board to launching. " voyage of peace and unification using the continent's rivers as metaphors for the forces that connect us all. If you would like to join the voyage's support group or would just like to learn more about the project, send a SASE to Emiliano Marino, c/o Ellen Black, 1810 Cherry St., Port
Townsend, WA 98368; 3603857639." As it turns out, Emiliano Marino isn't the only one involved in a transcontinental boat voyage with a Native American slant. William Least HeatMoon, author of the 1980s bestseller Blue Highways, departed from New York Bay in the spring of this
September/October 1995 • 21
ON THE WATERFRONT
year with a destination of Astoria, Oregon. Will Mr. Least HeatMoon edge out Mr. Marino in the publicity department? Will a book result? Do bear sleep in the woods?
W w
e shouldn't be in the business of reprinting advertisements in this column, but the following from Britain's
little magazine Afloat! is too good to pass up: Of these lines please take due note Should you decide to build a boat,
Or maybe add a book or three To your boating library;
Plans for craft of "stitch and tape" And kayaks "tortured" into shape; Volumes old and out of print, Titles reviewed, so nearly mint. To see the options, get the dope
Send me a stamped, addressed envelope!
Dennis Davis, 9 Great Burrow Rise, Northam, Bideford, Devon EX39 1TB,
England. My favorite ad of all time, however, is William Atkin's fullpager for the Shopping Department of his nowdefunct magazine Fore & Aft: "If you want anything, let us know."
II
n the maritime preservation biz, the carrying out of the provisions of the National Maritime Heritage Act, which
22
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WoodenBoat 126
was passed by Congress in the fall of 1994,
has hit a snag. The $5 million giant program authorized by the Act to assist worthy projects around the country was to be funded with 25% of the money realized from the scrapping of the Naval Defense Reserve Fleet (no need for those rusting ships now that the Red menace has evaporated). But the Environmental Protection Agency has put a freeze on further scrapping, because PCBs (poly chlorinated biphenyls) have been found on the ships. Evidently there is a law, the Toxic Substances Control Act, that prevents vessels with PCBs from being scrapped outside the U.S. Yet, the only way to make money on salvage is to send the ships to foreign scrapyards! There will
be no money to distribute if the ships are scrapped in this country. Back in the good old days, you could ride an electric trolley car from Minneapolis to Excelsior, Minnesota, and then transfer to one of six steamboats that would take you anywhere you wanted to go on Lake Minnetonka. That service ended in 1926, and the steamboats were either scuttled or sold. Now the Minnesota Transportation Museum has restored one of the street cars, #1809, and one of the steamboats, the 70' 135passenger MINNEHAHA, which
was salvaged from the lake in 1980. By next summer, following the relaying of
track in Excelsior, the streetcarsteamboat connection will be complete, and pas sengers will be able to ride the rails and then the lake in style. Information on this and other projects is available from the Minnesota Transportation Museum (26120 Birch Bluff Rd., Excelsior, MN 55331), as is a fine little book entitled The Little Yellow fleet: A History of the Lake Minnetonka Streetcar Boats, by Eric Sayer Peterson. Bob Holtzman reports that the Friends of NOBSKA (an organization dedicated to the restoration and preservation of the steamer NOBSKA, built in 1925), has been renamed the New England Steamship Foundation. The goal of the Foundation is to render the vessel selfsupporting by getting her back in service on her old route from New Bedford, Massachusetts, to Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket; to establish an offseason charter service; and to create an onboard museum. Information on the Foundation from Thomas Rankin Associates, 5853 Post Rd.,
Suite 205, East Greenwich, RI 02818; 4018844090.
The Philadelphia Maritime Museum, which has moved to a new location at Penn's Landing on the Delaware River, has changed its name to the Independence Seaport Museum. The address is 211
South Columbus Blvd. £ Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19106; 2159255439.
Longtime readers of this column may recall Port Tobacco (Maryland) Seaport, a nonprofit organization established by Ray Hartjen to save, restore, exhibit, and use wooden boats. Hartjen has since brought his mission to the Eastport section of Annapolis, where he has established the Eastport Wooden Boat Program, with support provided by the Eastport Historic Committee. The EWBP is currently restoring a 42'Alden OffSoundings yawl and a 40' Swedish sloop at Slip #40, Annapolis City Marina; volunteers are wel come. Information from the Eastport Historic Committee, P.O. Box 3088,
Annapolis, MD 21403; 4102681802.
S s
pencer Rowe is an enthusiastic sailor of a Phil Bolgerdesigned Black Skimmer, which he built six years ago. He is interested in corresponding with other owners of Bolger catyawls and perhaps forming a loose association. Spencer Rowe, 12409 Kend Rd., Ocean City, MD 21842. J i m Moore is searching for Joe Richard's Friendship sloop PRINCESS, whose story was told in Richard's immortal book PRINCESS—New York. Moore tracked the boat to the Clearwater, Florida, area and then lost the scent. The last I heard was that she was on exhibition at the Marine Museum in Dunedin, Florida; that
the museum closed down a few years ago; and that a new home for the PRINCESS was being sought. Does anyone know what has happened to her since? Jim Moore, 3220 La Casa Place,
Bakersfield, CA 93306. Lee Owens is putting together a roster of Newporter ketches, 125 of which were built beginning in the mid1950s, and he would like to hear from owners. Lee Owens, 13535 Sycamore Dr., Whittier, CA 90601; 3106960438. Judy Purcell owns an Oxford 400, a '28'10" sloop b u i l t at the Oxford Boat Works, Oxford, Maryland, in the mid1940s. She is researching the class and would like to hear from previous and current owners. Judy Purcell, 115 Ardmore Ave. Haddonfield, NJ 08033; 6093541469. Bruce RobertsGoodson is writing a book titled Choosing for Cruising and would appreciate comments and opinions from readers about the features they feel are important for the perfect cruising boat. R. Bruce Roberts Goodson, Bruce Roberts Design, P.O. Box 1086, Severna Park, MD 21146; 4105444311.
A museum exhibit you can get your hands on— a square-rig demonstration model at the Penobscot Mamie Museum, Searsport, Maine.
The rig is put together in the traditional manner, and the braces, sheets, halyards, etc., can all be worked.
September/October 1995 • 23
ON THE WATERFRONT
others—some of the most spectacular scenery anywhere in the world. Information from Gillian Hind, LORNE LEADER, Ard fern by Lochgilphead, Argyll PA31 8QN,
Scotland; tel. +44 (0) 1397 772861. The city of Bristol, England, will be hosting a huge International Festival of the Sea from May 24 to 27, 1996. Kicking off a year of celebrations marking the 500th anniversary of John Cabot's voyage to North America from Bristol, the festival will occupy three miles of quayside in the city and involve hundreds of tall ships, small craft, and any number of displays, demonstrations, boatbuilding exhibits,
concerts, and the like. The centerpiece will Livery boats at Bmuness, on the shore of Lake Windermere, Cumbria, England.
September.
II
t's a rare boat livery these days that rents out wooden rowing boats. Rarer still is the livery that has boats as much as 100 years old. Yet I visited two such liveries last May on a trip to England's Lake District, in the far northwestern corner of the country. One was at the Collision Boating Center, just outside the village of Coniston on the marge of Coniston Water; the other was at the steamer landing in Bowness on Lake Windermere. Both offered finely crafted
24
be a reconstruction of the MATTHEW, John Cabot's ship; the vessel was designed by Colin Mudie, is being built at Redcliffe Quay, Bristol, and will be launched this
•
WoodenBoat 126
varnished antique lapstrake skiffs by the hour, the day, or the week. And not a measly handful of them, either—I counted 25 at Bowness alone! On the same trip, while visiting the Isle of Mull in the Inner Hebrides, Scotland, I came across the ketch LORNE LEADER, a Brixham trawler built in 1892. One of only three of the type still in commission in Britain, she carries passengers on weeklong cruises among the Hebridean islands—Mull, lona, Skye, Rhum, and
Expectations are that the Bristol festival next spring will rival that of Brest 96, a similar event in Brest, France, later in the summer. In fact, many of the participants at Bristol are expected to upanchor, cruise the British Isles, and then head for the Brest festival, which runs from July 13
to 20. Further information is available from Charles Payton, Bristol International
Festival of the Sea, 59 Prince St., Bristol BS1 4QH, England; tel. +44 (0)117 922 1996.
A permanent exhibition of 16 historic lifeboats from the Royal National Lifeboat Institution will be opening next year at
the Historic Dockyard, Chatham, England. The boats, which will be housed in a covered slip built in the mid19th century, include rowing and sailing craft, as well as more modern selfrighting motorboats.
Glen Simmons, winner of the 1995 Florida Folk Heritage Award, with one of his 'Glades skiffs.
I
spent a most interesting morning last June following J.D. Warren and an associate around the workshops of WoodenBoat School. Mr. Warren is an occupational safety engineer with the State of Maine Bureau of Labor Standards, and he had been invited into the shop to advise the staff on how to make and keep things safe. His comments
were not only educational, but also valuable in the sense that he had full and informed knowledge of the federal OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) regulations. Whether you like the federal regulations or not, they are the law and must be met; if an OSHA inspector finds that they aren't being met, you'll be slapped with a fine. The beauty of Mr. Warren's visit was that it was not punitive—he was there to advise, not to enforce. It was the perfect way to make the shop safe for anyone who would be working in it and to prepare for the inevitable visit from an OSHA inspector.
Any Maine business can take advantage of this free advisory service by contacting the State of Maine, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Station 82, Augusta, ME 04333; 2076246460. Some other states have similar programs; it would be nice if they all did. In a leap of faith in the future of wooden boats, Sam Slaymaker, marine surveyor and a frequent teacher at WoodenBoat School, and his wife Larrain have opened a new boatyard in Rockland, Maine. Rockland Harbor Boatyard, with a crew of six, serves all comers, but the specialty is wooden construction, restoration, and repair. At the moment the yard is restoring five large wooden yachts for International Classic Yachts,
who will be offering them for sale. In addition, Rockland Harbor Boatyard has collaborated with the Rockland Apprenticeshop on the construction of a Herreshoff Rozinante canoe yawl. The Apprenticeshop built the hull and cabin house last winter; the boatyard did the finish work and outfitting during the spring and early summer. Rockland Harbor Boatyard, off Front St., North End, Rockland, ME 04841; 2075941766. Glen Simmons, Everglades guide and skiff builder, has won the 1995 Florida Folk Heritage Award. Simmons, born in 1916, began building boats when he was 12 years old. His 'Glades skiffs, used for transportation in the shallow swamps, and for hunting and fishing, are from 16' to 18'
September/October 1995 • 25
ON THE WATERFRONT
A government surplus sale to be reckoned with—
the, ex-YP 655, purchased by Anthony Dibnah.
whether anyone has produced a carbon fiber gronicle yet. If you can shed any light on this, you can reach Mr. Rueby by F mail ([email protected]) or telephone (7167269953). Frankly, I'd like to be apprised myself. As you may know, the finest known marine gronicle, the socalled Acme Patented ("CaseHardened the Way Nature Intended It to Be"), meets the following specifications: (1) Nickelsilver alloy with at least 10% beryllium and a trace of antimony, usually
long and 2'wide. They are flatbottomed, with a pronounced rise to the bow, and are propelled by a long pole with a forked foot. In the past, the skiffs were planked with cypress; today, because of the scarcity of that wood, Simmons uses marine ply wood for the bottom, and redwood or cypress for the sides and transom. Glen Simmons, 19425 Southwest 344 St.,
in six weeks along the River Murray in a 14' solarpowered catamaran. A reminder to smallcraft enthusiasts: In the past, a throwable lifesaving device, such as a USCOapproved cushion, for each person on pleasure boats under 16' met the federal legal requirements. As of May 1, 1995, these boats must carry one wearable USCOapproved personal
Florida City, FL 33034; 3052476158. According to the Electric Boat
flotation device per person.
0.1357%. (2) A band of phosphor bronze, not more than 1/16" thick, in way of the clewnet. (3) Case hardened in a hotoil bath, then cooled in a vacuum chamber under a liquidnitrogen mist. (4) Stropped with Corten steel. Some experts have taken issue with the use of antimony as an alloying agent, but I wouldn't know one way or the other. I do know, however, that the old mildsteel gronicles, even when they were hotdip galvanized, didn't last long in the marine enviroment.
C
R
Association of the Americas, a new world distance record for a solarpowered craft was recently claimed by Alan Colbeck of New South Wales, Australia. Mr. Colbeck traveled 1,305 statute miles (2,100 km)
26
• WoodenBoat 126
hris Rueby, who has been following the Gronicle Chronicles, which were published intermittently in the old Mariner's Catalogs and have resurfaced in the Mariner's Book of Days, wonders
ead It and Weep Dept.: I received a most interesting note from Anthony Dibnah of Vallejo, California, in response to my comments on government surplus sales in WB No. 124. Last year Mr. Dibnah
bought a U.S. Navy YP (which I recall from my service days as being about 75' long, with twin diesels) through the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Region, Memphis, Tennessee. Here is the operative line from the government's bill of sale: "Yard Patrol Craft, Ex YP 655, 1 ea., $10,000." Oldgrowth timber is getting so scarce that the latest rage in the lumber biz is salvaging logs that sank during river drives 100 years ago, or more, and have been preserved by the bottom mud and cold water. Simon Watts wrote an article in the Spring 1995 issue of the newsletter Understory about a recent visit to a redwood salvage operation on the Big River in Mendocino County, California. Accompanying the piece is a list of the names and addresses of companies that deal in watersalvage wood products. Understory, The Journal of the Woodworkers Alliance for Rainforest Protection, P.O. Box 1010, York Harbor, ME 03911; $1.00
a copy.
M
y plea in WB No. 124 for clarifica tion of the status of the various "Bluenose" schooner projects under way in Nova Scotia elicited a number of responses, all of which were most helpful. Here is the consensus: 1. The original racingfishing schooner
BLUENOSE sank off Haiti in 1946. 2. The BLUENOSE II, a reproduction, was launched in 1963 from the same yard in Lunenburg that built the original. 3. A couple of years ago the BLUENOSE II was judged to be
too far gone in the teeth to be repaired, so the Nova Scotia government decided to build a BLUENOSE III. 4. The BLUENOSE II was
subsequently found to be not so far gone in the teeth as was originally thought, so the III was canceled and the funds The BLUENOSE II on the ways after her recent raised for its construction reconstruction. were diverted to the repair of the II. The II was rebuilt in Lunenburg—24,000 board feet of spruce, woodepoxy construction, outside ballast, 24,000 board feet of hardwood, 265 loftier rig—and will be built by the Covey frames replaced, 8,000 fastenings—and Island Boatworks of Petite Riviere, Nova relaunched on May 8, 1995, in time to serve Scotia; no firm date for beginning con as a backdrop to the G7 economic summit struction has been set. She will eventually in Halifax. compete in the recently announced World 5. The BLUENOSE PRIDE is a separate Schooner Cup. endeavor organized by the Bluenose Pride My thanks to David Keith, Edward Seafaring Cooperative (100 Montague St., Murphy, Martin Rudy Haase, Charles W. Lunenburg, NS, BOJ 2CO, Canada; 800 Moore, Eric Hustvedt, Gil Slauenwhite, 3258366). The vessel will be a modifi Walter T. Flower, Ryerson Clark, and Ed cation of the original BLUENOSE design— Chisholm.
September/October 1995
•
27
ON THE WATERFRONT
In other Nova Scotia waterfront news, Matt Durnford of the Cormorant Canoe and Boat Works on the LaHave River, after working in the Snyder Shipyard in Dayspring on the reconstruction of a 53' Bristol Channel pilot cutter, is back in his shop, building and restoring small craft. Currently he is restoring four woodcanvas canoes and building a new 16' Prospector stripper canoe. Matt Durnford, Cormorant
Canoe and Boat Works, 125 Lower LaHave Rd., Riverport, NS, BOJ 2WO, Canada; 9027664104.
T
he sadomasochistic sports biz is racketing right along. They're climb ing Ml. Everest in relays, bouncing down the Grand Canyon in rubber raits, dodging antarctic icebergs in sailing yachts, and,
for all I know, scaling the World Trade Center with suction cups on their hands and feel. Now comes word from Regatta magazine that Britain's Chay Blyth has come up with an even more diabolical way to raise blisters on his tailbone—a rowboat race across the Atlantic. "From my experience with both the British Steel Challenge and the BT Global Challenge," Blyth said while chewing the head off a rusty bolt, "it is clear that there is a big demand for unusual quests that people who take part in will remember for the rest of their lives." You bet The race will run
28
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WoodenBoat 126
from Tenerife to Barbados in September
a rowboat today don't do it because they
1997; two people per boat; ages 21 to 60;
need the transportation, but because
previous rowing experience advised, though not a prerequisite. I don't have Mr. Blyth's address, but try this: tel. +44
they are trying to get in touch with some creative side, and perhaps capture some thing of a bygone era. So, although I have
(0) 1579 348387; fax (0) 1579 347255. Tell
no formal definition of folk culture, I
him Uncle Pete sent you. Meanwhile, the Maine Rowing Association, in its second year, sponsors regattas, holds rowing clinics, publishes a newsletter, and generally encourages
would say 'Yes.' "I have built boats for the reasons suggested above, plus for fun, for the challenge, and because I wanted a boat. But never because I needed one."
greater interest in oarpowered craft. Membership is $25 per year; free to those under 18 years of age or fulltime Maine college students. Maine Rowing
Association, P.O. Box 267, Camden, ME 04843; 2072367172. Speaking of rowboats, Carl Cramer was surfing through the rec.boats.building corner of the Internet one day and came across this exchange: Anonymous Questioner—"I was wonder ing if anyone knew whether rowboats
could be termed an item of American folk culture." Anonymous Answerer—"I would say that rowboats have played an integral part in the development of the Americas. Fishing, logging, transportation have all been done under the power of a pair of oars. There are courting and sporting rituals that have evolved around rowing
craft. Most people who build themselves
B
ack in the days of yore when I went
to college in Burlington, Vermont, the waterfront, down on Lake Champlain, was a wasteland of rotting sheds and rusting railroad tracks where the local derelicts lounged around drinking Old Gutbuster wrapped in paper bags. Things have changed since then. Decayed industry
has gradually given way to restaurants, public parks, and pleasure boats. Now the Lake Champlain Basin Science Center has opened at the old Naval Reserve building, and this summer, in conjunction with the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum, they have been building a sharpie yacht as an educational exhibit. Traditional sharpies go back a long way in B u r l i n g t o n , as the type was adapted in the 1870s by Burlington's Rev. W.H.H. Murray for yacht racing. The U.S. Postal Service has issued a
new series of 32¢ commemorative stamps depicting five lighthouses, one on each of the five Great Lakes. They are Marblehead Light, Lake Erie; St. Joseph Light, Lake Michigan; Spectacle Reef Light, Lake Huron; 30MilePoint Light, Lake Ontario; and Split Rock Lighthouse, Lake Superior. L.J. Wallace's "The Boat Show," a fixture on the Charleston, South Carolina, radio airways, has been syndicated through the Independent Broadcaster's Network and is being broadcast Saturday mornings
One of three playground boats at the Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum, St. Michaels, Maryland. SPAT is a miniature skipjack with many of its
parts labeled for children who already know how to read.
over three satellite networks. Wallace is the founder of The Water Log, one of the more entertaining regional boating sheets being published these days. The Water Log,
P.O. Box 1101, Charleston, SC 29402; 8038491891. PT 309, one of the last of the World War II PT boats, sank at its moorings last April at the Admiral Nimitz Museum, Texas. Evidently one of its ancient seacocks
gave up the ghost (which, by the way, should be a lesson to us all). The vessel was quickly raised, but the cost of the effort has put a significant dent in the funds that had been set aside for restora tion. PT boat veterans and others with a soft spot in their hearts for these craft who might wish to help should contact the
Friends of PT 309, Admiral Nimitz Museum, P.O. Box 777, Fredericksburg, TX 78624.
F
inally, Jay Ottinger, our man in Sailor's Snug Harbor, Sea Level, North Carolina, sent us a page from the Harbor's newsletter, which describes a freak navigational event that took place literally at the turn of the century. The SS WARRIMOO, Capt. John D.S. Phillips, was in the midPacific, on a voyage between
Vancouver and Australia. "At precisely midnight, local time," goes the account, "the WARRIMOO lay exactly on the Equator at exactly the point where it crosses the International Date Line.... The forward part of the ship was in the southern hemisphere and in the middle
of summer. The stern was in the northern
hemisphere and in the middle of winter. The date in the after part of the ship was December 30, 1899. Forward, it was January 1, 1900. The ship was therefore not only in two different days, two differ
ent months, two different seasons, and two different years, but in two different centuries—all at the same time. Moreover, the passengers were cheated out of a New Year's Eve celebration, and one entire day. December 31, 1899, disappeared from their lives for all time." Think about it. The WARRIMOO's situation could be recreated in 1999
2000, and one more category could be added—two different millennia!
September/October 1995 • 29
PROJECT PROFILE
Howard Makela Builds an Atkin Ingrid Text and photos by Matthew P. Murphy
B
oatbuilder Howard Makela comes by his profession honestly. His late father, Fred, and uncle, Nick, built a waterfront shop in Fort Bragg, California, soon after World War II. They fished when the fishing was good, and built fish boats when it wasn't. In all, the senior Makela brothers built 14 hulls; nobody knows exactly how many tons offish they caught. The fishingboatbuilding cycle was engrained in young Howard. He fished regularly from 1972 through 1994, and dabbled in building and repair. Not long ago, he gave himself over wholly to the shop—the one built by his uncle and father. He built a 30' plywood Sea Urchin in 1990, and has been instrumental in
is the largest boat he's built. Recent inquiries indicate that more may follow.
T
he road to Makela Boat Works twists like a mass of tangled rope through some of America's lushest farm country. The farther north and west it leads, the bendier and twistier it becomes, finally depositing the traveler on the bold north ern California coast near Mendocino, about 300 miles from San Francisco. It is hardly where one would expect to find a traditional boatbuilder. In fact, Howard Makela admits to working in something of a vacuum. "There aren't many 'wooden boat' ideas here," he says. Howard picked up many of his skills
keeping the Fort Bragg area's small
by watching his father and uncle, although
wooden fishing fleet afloat. Only recently, however, has he become involved in build ing larger yachts; the Billy Atkindesigned Ingrid that rolled down his ways last month
he never played a major role in any of their builds. Fred and Nick, he says, tended to do the principal tasks of the projects them selves; young Howard was relegated to
30
• WoodenBoat 126
clipping bungs and sanding. But through osmosis, reading, and repair, he honed his skills on his own. The hull of the new Ingrid is true to the original Atkin drawings, but the super structure is a departure. The cabinsides originally followed a straight line in plan view, and there was no pilothouse—true to the style of her ancestral Redningskoites (Colin Archertype lifeboats of the North Sea). Compromising the original design's large working deck space (and what boat isn't a compromise?), the owner specified curved trunk sides, gaining a more spa cious cabin than that drawn by Atkin. A large pilothouse—though a liability in the most extreme conditions—gives the helmsman and crew of the new boat a comfortable place in which to retreat from the weather.
Atkin designed Ingrid for Motor Boating magazine in 1934. "Ableness personified,"
Ingrid's original construction drawing (opposite page) shows a straight-sided trunk in plan view. Howard
Makela (left, caulking a fish bout) altered this feature, adding a pilothouse, as seem below, and curved sides.
Ingrid's Redningskoite ancestry is especially apparent in her stern and outboard rudder, above.
he called her. And indeed, she is just that. Her length overall is 37'6", and she is 30'on the waterline. She is 11 '4" at I he beam and draws 5'6". She displaces 25,000 Ibs, 9,000 of which are in her lead keel (the original design called for an iron keel, which Howard Makela changed). IDORA.as the new boat is called, boasts
some beefy scantlings. Her keel is 10 x 16 " Douglasfir; the rest of the backbone is white oak. All of the 1¼" p l a n k i n g came from a single Douglasfir tree, which was milled on an old handsaw mill. The deckbeams are 2 x 2 " Douglasfir. The original deck planking specification was 1½ x 2" w h i t e pine, covered with can vas. Bronze strapping was to be set into
the deckbeams to reduce the crushing loads imposed by sailing. Makela used ply wood, which is better able to resist these comprcssive forces (see page 90), and thus obviates the need for the strapping.
Howard Makela did most of the build ing alone, although the boat's owner, Bob Windlinx, did much sanding and fairing. Alter all his years in the fish boat market, Makela has taken well to yacht building. He currently has an i n q u i r y for a John Aldendesigned Malabar II, which would just about fill his shop.
B
y a happy coincidence, upon return ing to San Francisco from my trip to the Fort Bragg area, I met Mike Davis, proprietor of the Sausalito Boat Builders' CoOp. Davis leases a piece of land on
"What's her design?" I asked. "Atkin," he said. "Right! Is she an Ingrid?" "She's the INGRID!" Sure enough, she was the first hull built to the Atkin plans. Launched in 1940 in Costa Mesa, California, she had been owned by the Sausalito Sea Scouts for years. She'd spent the past three years under a tarp, out of the water. Mike Davis has recently replaced her decks, eighteen planks (including sheerstrakes), and given her a new bowsprit. With period charm intact, her future looks bright. And so
Sausalito's waterfront, where he keeps a wellprovisioned shop. He rents space to
does that of the design, given Howard
11 members, who are involved in various aspects of building and repair. He was working below on a pretty doubleender,
Matt Mitiphy is editor of WoodenBoat.
whose lines were strangely familiar to me.
The wind was howling—we had to shout above it.
Makela's efforts. Makela Rout Works, 19280Smith HarborDr., Fort Bragg, CA 95437; 707-964-3963. Sausalito Boat Builders' Co-Op, 2350 Marinship Way, Sausalito, CA 94965; 415-332-9832.
September/October 1995
• 31
LIZARDS
Better than bungees Text by Barbara Merry Illustrations by Ben Martinez
We were looking for a simple, yet useful, project to introduce the art of wire-rope splicing. Rigger Barbara Merry suggested the lizard—a handy little gadget that will find employment as everything from a jibsheet fairlead to a crosstree lift. Of course, if you 're not inclined to have a go at wire rope, good old friendly fiber rope will make a serviceable lizard, too. —Eds.
I
've worked for 20 years in boatyards rigging and providing consulting services. When I was a beginner I was grateful for the chance to hang out, watch, and ask questions. The things I saw left me with a healthy sense of awe for the forces involved in staying a mast or sheeting in a mainsail, and a lively imagination for disasters that can result when those forces are unleashed on inadequate rigging. I'm still grateful for people who share their knowledge. I still ask questions, and I'm dazzled by a lot of what I see in yards and marinas. I'm also shocked by the peculiar strategies and solutions, some of them straight out of discount department stores, that I see on deck and aloft aboard otherwise impeccably turnedout boats. Last summer I was browsing around the deck of a gold plater docked in Newport, Rhode Island. It had perfectly finished teak decks, brighrvvork that didn't stop, bronze hardware, the works. Take it from me, this was a floating theme park of fine boatbuilding. But right in the middle of all this, like a snake in boat paradise, was one of those—what do you call them?— those rubber shock cords, bungee cords, elastic things that people string together and tie around their ankles before jumping off the Jamestown bridge—the better to further scramble their brains. I don't think that I'm a big materials snob, and I don't judge people by this stuff, really, but it was like being served a side order of peanutbutter Fluff with my meal at an upscale restaurant. This wasn't just aesthetics. The rubber shock cords were homely, but more important, they were ill suited to the job they were being asked to do. The rubber bands were serving as temporary fairleads to get the jibsheets around some boxes secured on the forward deck. Shock cords are untrustworthy, especially when used as fairleads for vibrating loads, because they may come unhooked as they jiggle back and forth. Here's something that looks better and works better. It might be called the perfect solution for tricky problems
in the fairlead and lashing department, and it has the sort of honorable pedigree that classic boat guys like. It's a lizard. Simply defined (by Gershom Bradford in The Mariner's Dictionary), a lizard is "a piece of rope with a thimble or a bull's eye spliced in one end." Ask any handful of sailors what they might call such a thing, and you'll get a handful of answers back. A Swedish captain I know calls them strops, and a captain here in Rhode Island calls them pendants. How the term "lizard" came into it I haven't yet found out, but let's stand up for colorful language and use the term, reptilian connotations and all. Lizards were used imaginatively on all sorts of ships, big and small, to steady a line or give a sheet a change of direction and send it on its way. In cases where the lizard served as a temporary expedient, it would be tightly lashed in place. As a more permanent fixture, one end or eye would often be large enough to fit around the mast. In small versions the end would be small enough to hang off a fitting from a spot on the iron works, or tied to the shroud to control a halyard. The British, never lacking in nautical imagination, sometimes called these things "jewel blocks," and Bradford notes that jewel blocks with their halyards also served the "lugubrious purpose" of reeving the rope by which men sentenced to death were hanged in naval ships. In that golden age, of course, all of this was made with good hemp cordage. Wire didn't make its debut until about the middle of the 19th century. Here, I'm going to extend a few assumptions and put together a stainless steel lizard. Although we're working with wire, we'll try to keep away from exotic or highly specialized machinery and make do with common tools that you can make, buy, or borrow. Before getting to work, let's review the list of tools September/October 1995 • 33
for this first attempt at wire splicing. Yes, it would be nice if yon had a rigging vise, but for now let's use a standard bench vise. Another tool we'll be using is a marlinespike. The easiest way to get one is to use the method suggested by Brion Toss in The Rigger's Apftrentice: Take an awl and flat ten it on a bench grinder. Shape a flattened tip, like the tip of a tiny screwdriver, and then round all the edges and corners. This tool, when inserted between wire strands and turned, will force the strands apart. Other tools and materials needed: • 4' of 7 x 19 stainlesssteel wire, available at most marine hardware stores and from marine catalogs • Wire cutters 7" long, "parrot beak" style • Tarred electrical tape, sometimes called friction tape • 40'of #18 tarred nylon • A sharp knife (nothing special here—scissors will do) • A felttipped marking pen • A roll of vinyl tape
• Safety glasses • Geltype superglue
H
ere's how to start. On your 4' length of wire, mark a spot T up from one end (we'll call this section of wire the standing part). Starting at that spot,
heading toward the other end, cover the bare wire with the
tarred or friction tape continuing to about 6" away from the other end. Bare wire should be painted with a water repellent coating such as pine tar, but for this project we're going to make that step optional. The base covering of tarred electrical tape will run with the lay of the wire. Next wrap a layer of #18 nylon against the lay of the wire. Secure the ends of the nylon as you would a standard whipping. This twostep covering is called service (see Figure 1). When a length of wire is bent into a curve, the strands
on the outside edge of the curve are stretched a little while the strands on the inside of the curve are slightly 34
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WoodenBoat 126
compressed or compacted. In other words, the wire, which is more or less cylindrical in cross section, will tend to flatten. This flattening causes the wire to lose strength. Service will act like a sort of corset, helping to hold the wire to its rounder shape and protecting the spliced area against moisture and rust for a longer time. Now, pick up the serviced piece of wire in both hands. The fingers of your left hand hold the work at the end point of the service on the standing part of the wire. Your right hand is grasping the wire just below where the service of tarred nylon ended. Bend the wire into a tear drop shape, and watch to see which strand from the end touches which strand on the standing part. This strand from the running end will be the first to run through the body of the wire, as close as possible to the service, passing otwthe heart or center strand. Don't rush into this. For now, you're just looking and thinking ahead. Let the wire straighten out again, and unlay the strands up to the service. Now, bend it into a loop again, and mark the spot on the standing part where the wire strand will enter. Let the wire straighten out, and clamp it into a vise with the unlayed strands pointing away from you. Apply superglue to the ends of the seven strands. Let the glue dry completely. Insert the marlinespike, the one you made from the awl, into the wire at the marked point from left to right as shown. Take care to go over the top of the heart and under three strands. If you find this difficult, take a turn of the wire around your wrist in such a way as to unlay the strands enough to give you an opening for the marlinespike. Now rotate the marlinespike one full circle down the wire— around the heart, as if the spike were a sort of propeller with the wire as its hub (Figure 2). Leave the marline spike stuck through the wire. Now, take everything out of the vise and find a sturdy hook at a comfortable working height. This can be a large cup hook or almost anything that will hold. In my shop I loop the work over the pin on one of my door hinges. Position the strand to your mark on the standing part, and put on safety glasses. Take up that strand and maneu ver it so it lies on top of the standing part, then bring it under and tuck it through the space made by the awl.
Roll the awl back and gently pull the slack out of the strand of wire (see Figures 3, 4, and 5). Now tape or tie your work firmly so that there is no gap at the base of the two services.
The next strand will enter the same place but exit one strand farther from the eye. So, pick up two strands with the marlinespike this time, roll the marlinespike, tuck the strand, and roll the spike back (Figure 6). With the next strand (number 3), pick up only one strand. Remember to have it enter at the same spot as strands numbers 1 and 2. (See Figure 6 inset.) Now, to hold your work in place, tuck this strand five more times (Figure 7). As you tuck, wind the working strand around the wire with the lay, and always tuck the working strand under the same standing strand. Next we have to bury the heart. Put the marlinespike in the same spot where strand number 3 was first tucked, and set the heart across the wire and behind the spike. This motion or method is different from tucking. For lack of a better description, we're going to pry the heart into the center around the existing heart for several inches (Figure 8). You'll get the knack pretty quickly, because the wire will bind your tool if you're doing it the wrong way. Another thing: If your work is looking a lot different than the examples, don't be so quick to blame yourself. There is a ton of poorquality wire for sale these days. Bury the heart for 6" and tape it, because the end will want to spring out. Now, to tuck strand number 4, put the awl into the same space the heart went into, picking up just one strand. Tuck
number 4 six times. Tuck the fifth strand six times under the same strand, winding the strand around the wire as you did above; and finally, do the same with number 6, again under the same strand. Now, go back to the beginning, and tuck strands numbers 1 and 2 each five more times (Figure 9). Clip the wire tails off close. All that's needed now is the base coat of tarred electrical tape. Start wrapping it from the bottom of the eye and work down. Then apply the #18 tarred nylon over the tape against the lay of the wire, starting at the base of the splice and working up to the eye (Figure 10). So, you've completed a basic wire splice that will form
one end of the lizard. If you'd like to do some studying before trying your next one, here is a short list of useful references: Toss, Brion. The Rigger's Apprentice. Camden, ME: International Marine, 1984. Calahan, H.A. Rigging. New York: MacMillan Co., 1940. Chapelle, Howard I. The American Fishing Schooners: 1825-1935. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1973. (Shows lizards used in different situations.) Barbara Merry, author of The
Splicing Handbook, does business an The Marlinspike Artist in Wakefield, Rhode Island.
Figure 8
Figure 10 heart
September/October 1995 • 35
The spark that lit the ignition for this story of the Purdy Boat Company, Port Washington, Long Island, came from the discovery of the company's original record book, found some years ago in a Port Washington attic. The book was later donated to the Cow Neck Peninsula Historical Society of Port Washington, and is now in the archives of the Nautical Center at the Port Washington Library. The "Record of Boats Built" was brought to the attention of Ginger Martus, who contacted Alan Dinn, a grandson of Ned Purdy. The story that follows is their collaborative effort. —Eds.
S S
hipbuilding in Canada during the 1800s was a
prosperous business, but, as the century drew to a close, as larger and faster vessels were required for
international trade, and wooden vessels were being replaced by iron ships, the Canadians found that they could no longer compete with the British and American
yards. Many craftsmen turned to alternative employment or relocated to areas where the trade was still productive. One of those caught in the slump was James Gilbert Purdy, scion of a Loyalist family and owner of a shipyard in Carleton, New Brunswick. By 1880, he was nearly 50 years old and had a wife and nine children, some of whom
were already working with him. If he wanted to keep him self and his sons employed, he knew he would have to 36
• WoodenBoat 126
move. And so, in 1883, the entire family uprooted and moved to the New York City area where James found a job with a firm that built coalcarrying sailing barges. There is no record of where the Purdys lived during
their first few years in the United States, but by the early 1890s they had settled on the Hudson River at Nyack, New York. Shipbuilding was then a major industry in Nyack, and James Gilbert Purdy and some of his sons, including James Gilbert, Jr. ("Gil") and Edward ("Ned"), went to work at the local yard of Charles L. Seabury.
In 1896, when Seabury & C o . merged with the Gas Engine and Power Company to form Consolidated Shipbuilding of Morris Heights, New York City, the Purdy families moved across the Hudson.
James Gilbert Purdy died in Yonkers in 1913. By then, his sons, Ned and (ill, had known for several years the
Above—Edward Howling ("Ned ") Purdy, one-time shop foreman at Consolidated Shipbuilding and, later, president of the Purdy Boat Company.
man who would forever change their lives.
C
arl Graham Fisher, known to his admirers as the "Fabulous Hoosier" and to many others as "Crazy
Carl," was born in Greensbnrg, Indiana, in 1874. When he was 12 years old he left Greensburg's oneroom schoolhouse and went to peddle newspapers and candies on trains. As he matured into adulthood, he gained a reputation as a showman and promoter whose schemes were often shrewd and sensible. Capitalizing on the fragile bicycles of the day, he started a bicycle repair shop in Indianapolis, and when the modern "safety bicycles" came along, he became the local dealer for several models. He built up a huge business and before long was
Above center—fames Gilbert ("Gil") Partly, one-lime chief designer at Consolidated Shipbuilding and, later, chief designer and president of the Purdy Boat Company.
Above left—APHRODITE, built by the Purdy Boat Company in 1937 and restored in the 1980s fry John Pannell.
branching out from bicycles to automobile sales. Then, in 1904, he was approached by a local inventor named Percy Avery. Early autos had been equipped with kerosene lamps barely adequate for night driving. Later
models featured lamps that burned acetylene from a chemical generator mounted on the running board. Avery had the idea of compressing and storing acetylene in a small cylinder and using that to power the lamps. By September of that year, Fisher, Avery, and Fisher's friend September/October 1995 • 37
AL1DA, a 135' steel yacht designed by the Purdys in 1922 for Bertram M. Harden and built in that year by George Lawley & Son Corporation of Neponset, Massachusetts. She was taken
over by the U.S. government in 1935. Jimmy Allison had formed the Concentrated Acetylene Company. It was this firm, later renamed PrestOLite, that became the foundation of Fisher's wealth. When it was bought by Union Carbide in 1910, Fisher's shares brought him $10 million.
In 1905, Fisher went to Europe to see the James Gordon Bennett Cup auto races. He watched with humiliation as the American entries were defeated by their European oppo nents. When he returned to the States, he resolved to improve American race cars. He met with Jimmy Allison and others who were involved with the auto races at the Indiana State Fair, and they decided to build a paved, banked racing track with 2/4mile laps—the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.
Soon, Allison and Fisher were each sponsoring a racing team, but Fisher seemed to tire of the sport and instead turned to real estate development and fast boats, the latter of which took him to Consolidated Shipbuilding. Between 1906 and 1915, Fisher ordered at least 11 boats from the yard where Ned Purely was now working as foreman and Gil Purdy was chief designer. So impressed was he by the Purdys' work that, in 1915, he hired them away from Consolidated and set them up as the Purdy Boat Company with Ned as president. Both men had been intimately
involved in the design and manufacture of gasoline powered yachts during their years at Consolidated, and they brought their expertise to Fisher's new company.
SHADOW K, a 150' steel yacht designed by the Purdys in 1925 for Carl Fisher. She was built the following year by Consolidated Shipbuilding. 38
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SHADOWS, the first Purdy boat to be designed find built in Trenton, Michigan. She was a 72' express cruiser built for Carl Fisher and was powered by twin Allison V-12 marine engines. She was later owned by Edward S. Moore of Roslyn, New York, and renamed WHISPER—no doubt
with a touch of irony, as her engines could be heard for miles!
A
lthough Ned and Gil had opposing personalities, they were remarkably compatible, and it would be hard to say which brother contributed more to their success. Ned was outgoing and jovial, equally at ease talking with millionaires as with workmen. The men in the shop respected him as a fair and just man who always listened to the other fellow. Gil, on the other hand, was quiet and reserved. One of his grandnieces, Betty Purdy Ames of Florida, remembers him as a "gentle" man. He would rather have spent a day sitting at his drafting table than in the shop office talking to customers or on the shop floor talking to the workmen. Amazingly, Carl Fisher set up a shop for the Purdys
in the infield of the Indianapolis Speedway. It was a promotional stunt, of course, but, nevertheless, it was where the Purdys produced their first two boats: the 50' SHADOW III and her sister RAVEN III, the first "express
cruisers," both built for Mr. Fisher. From Indianapolis, the Purdys moved with Fisher to Florida, where he was developing a large group of swampy mangroveinfested islands that was to become Miami Beach. The Purdys set up shop near the end of the Venetian Causeway on Miami Beach, where today there is still a street named "Purdy Avenue." They were only the second family to live yearround at Miami Beach, from where the children had to walk to school on the main land across a 4½mile wooden causeway. But, their stay
Above and left—MISS MIAMI, the first purpose-built Purdy rarer. She measured
37' LOA, and was built for Jimmy Allison for the Fisher Trophy race of September 1920. Like SHADOWF (top)
she was powered by twin Allison V-12 marine engines.
Septembor/October 1995 • 39
Biscayne Babies racing in Manhasset Bay circa 1926. The white buildings that can be seen in the distance beyond the two lead boats are part of the Purdy facility in Port Washington.
was o n l y brief. In 1919 t h e y moved again, t h i s t i m e
northward to Trenton, Michigan, south of Detroit. The move was made for a number of reasons, chief among them being t h a t skilled labor and supplies were difficult to find in Florida, and the humidity and insects were wreaking havoc with the freshly coated hulls. The first boat bnilt at Trenton was Fisher's 72' SHADOW K. She was powered bv two 12cylinder Allisou marine engines putting out 350 hp. The Allisonswere magnificent engines,
with a 5½" bore and a 7½" stroke; they were kept light by using more aluminum alloy than was normal in marine engines. With a list price of $'25,000 each, however, they did not f i n d many buyers, and only 12 were ever built. For t h e Purdys, bigger t h i n g s were just around the
corner. In 1923, they progressed from 70footers like SHADOW F to ALIDA. a 135' cruiser designed by Gil. In some respects, she was a typical Purdy design with classic Purdy lines. In others, she was very different. First she was constructed of steel instead of wood. Second, partly
because they had no experience or facilities for building steel vessels, and partly because of her size, she was not
built at the Purdy yard but at George Lawley & Son Corporation of Neponset, Massachusetts. She was originally powered by two 265hp Consolidated "Speedways" but was reengined in 1934 with two Winton diesels. Gil designed two more "supercruisers," Fisher's SHADOW K of 1926 and Harold S. Vanderbilt's VARA of
1927. These two 150'classics were both built of steel, the first by Consolidated and the second by the Herreshoff yard in Bristol, Rhode Island. Fisher's yacht was powered by two 500hp Winton diesels and Vanderbilt's by two 750hp Trieber diesels. From Trenton the Purdys also entered the world of raceboats. Some of their cruisers had already been raced, but their first purposebuilt raceboat was MISS MIAMI,
powered by an Allison 12. She was a beautiful boat, but her racing career was short—she is only known to have entered one regatta, the 1921 Miami MidWinter Regatta, and she never even started the race. However, the most famous of the Trentonbuilt racers were the Biscayne Babies—the first attempt to produce a practical and safe onedesign raceboat.
Raceboats under construction in the Port Washington shop during the spring of 1926. Against the wall, far left, is Carl Fisher's BABY SHADOW. In the left foreground is one of the three 26' Gold Cup racers built that year, and in the right foreground, one of the two 18'6" racing hydroplanes that competed for the Duke of York's International Gold Trophy for 1½-liter boats in England. The other two raceboats are thought to be Gold Cup racers, and the larger, white-hulled boat is possibly ALLENE, a 35' fishing boat.
40 • WoodenBoat 126
HOTSY TOTSY, the Purdys' most successful Gold Cup racer. Launched in 1926, she was placed third in the 1927 Gold Cup and won in 1930. She went on to win the 1930 National Sweepstakes and the President's Cup, and the 1931 Gold Cup. In 1924, Fisher decided that the next Miami Beach regatta needed something more exciting than had been seen in the previous years' boats, and so he had the Purdy Boat Company build 10 Biscayne Babies. With their six cylinder Scripps engines turning out 100 hp, these little clinkerbuilt 18footers could reach speeds of up to 40 mph and, at that speed, could turn in their own length. Much to the disgust of Ned Purdy, the "Babies" were painted in garish designs, and Fisher, ever alert to a promotional opportunity, named them for some of his new Florida developments: HIALEAH, MIAMI SHORES, CORAL GABLES, FULFORDBYTHESFA. Several of Fisher's friends from the
automobile racing community, including Louis Chevrolet, drove the Babies in the race. The outing was not a success. The boats proved too light for the water conditions, and too unforgiving of the novice drivers. At the end of the race, the irate Carl Fisher had the engines pulled out of the boats and the hulls burned in a bonfire. A second lot, built in 1925, was more successful. They were somewhat heavier and were able to compete not only in the Miami Beach regattas but also in other races. Some were still racing in the summer of 1939. The Babies' reputation was not confined to the States, however. In 1929, T.E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia") was serving as assistant to Wing Commander Sydney Smith, the RAF representative to the committee organizing the Schneider Cup seaplane races in Plymouth, England. During the competition, Smith and Lawrence stayed aboard a yacht belonging to Major Colin Cooper. One of the yacht's tenders was a Biscayne Baby, and it was used as a ferry during the races. Lawrence, by then a skilled engine mechanic, suggested that the little boat's engine needed some attention and offered to overhaul it. Instead, Cooper made him a present of the boat! Lawrence called his Baby BISCUIT and, in a letter to
American publisher Frank N. Doubleday the following year, wrote that the Biscayne boats were "the best things the States have made, I think." Indeed, so impressed was Lawrence with the planinghull design of the Biscayne Baby, that he encouraged the RAF to adopt the technology for
its Model 200 seaplane tender which, in turn, became the
model from which the British Motor Torpedo Boats and the American Patrol Torpedo boats of World War II were developed.
T
he year 1925 brought yet another move for the Purdys. On March 13, the Port Washington News of Long Island reported:
...the speed boats that will race in the [Gold Cup] regatta [will be] built right here in Port. Edward Purdy, famous speed boat builder of Detroit, far famed for his "Shadows," will arrive on the scene within a few days and encamp at the former aeroplane hangars, and will stay right on the job until the craft are finished.... Mr. Purdy is well known in Port Washington and has many friends here.
The move to Port Washington, on the North Shore of Long Island, marked a change in emphasis for the Purdy Boat Company, and for Fisher, who now shifted from racing cabin cruisers to racing specialized raceboats, and from offering his own trophies, such as the Fisher Allison Trophy, to pursuing trophies sponsored by other organizations. The change was reflected in the Purdy product. While the company had built a few racers in Trenton, it had been known for its large, fast "express" cruisers. In Port Washington, on the other hand, the shop turned out one racer after another, and the cruisers, while still built, were smaller, less powerful, and less important to the firm's reputation. It was an impressive series of racing boats that came out of the Port Washington shop. There were the 26' Gold Cup racers BABY SHADOW and SHADOW VITE (for
Carl Fisher), the 26' IMP I and 28' hydroplane IMP II (for Richard Hoyt), and the 26' HOTSYTOTSY (for the
millionaire sportsman Caleb Bragg), which recorded speeds up to 59 mph. SHADOW VITE finished second in
the 1926 Gold Cup race, IMP II won the Gold Cup in 1929, HOTSY TOTSY won in both 1930 and 1931, and Capt. John Wanamaker's LOUISA came third in the 1932 race.
Not all Purdy raceboats were built for the Gold Cup. After Commodore Garfield A. ("Gar") Wood had won the Gold Cup five times (191721) with his highpowered September/October 1995 • 41
MISS AMERICA scries of step hydroplanes, the American Power Boat Association had changed the rules to limit competition to "displacement" boats (nonhydroplanes) with engines no larger than 625 cubic inches. Not to be thwarted, however, Gar Wood and others had initiated an alternative race series: the International Sweepstakes races. These would be open to both higherpowered boats and hydroplanes. The Yachtsmen's Association of America was founded, and it in turn sponsored the International Sweepstakes, the first of which was held in 1923. The Sweepstakes distance was established at 150 miles—fifty laps around a threemile course on the Detroit River. In 1926, both Carl Fisher and Caleb Bragg entered Purdybuilt racers into the Sweepstakes competition. Fisher's ROWDY and Bragg's RASCAL were virtual twins— a shade over 32' long, displacing about 1½ tons, they were each powered by a 12cylinder Packard engine. The two boats were shipped out to Detroit right after the Dodge Memorial Trophy race of the Gold Cup regatta in Manhasset Bay—a race that ROWDY had won. J. Lee Barrett, an associate of Gar Wood, who served as secretary of the Yachtsmen's Association of America, tells the story of ROWDY's Sweepstakes race in his 1939 book, Speed Boat Kings: ...Victor Kliesrath was driving Carl Fisher's ROWDY. The race was run in a gale and a very high sea.... Before long the legs of the crew were swollen blue from a jarring, bouncing boat.
But they kept going—in the lead, ahead of six other suicide boats. Then, suddenly, after they had gone about fifty miles, Woolson noticed a plank torn out of the bottom of ROWDY. They were traveling close to a mile a minute. But, strangely enough, no water was pouring into the boat. It was shooting across the bottom near their feet at a dizzy pace.... Woolson kept the throttles out for one hundred miles in a mad sea, with a plank torn out of the boat. At the finish line, Kliesrath, driving, the throttles still out, swung the boat toward shore. They drove through a maze of watercraft and broke it up on the sand.... The ROWDY had cost Carl Fisher $30,000. But they won the race. To these men, that was the important thing. ROWDY and Vie Kliesrath both had strong constitutions— the boat was later rebuilt and sold, and was still racing (as BETTYIII) in 1933, and Kliesrath went on to win the Gold Cup in both 1930 and 1931 with the Purdybuilt HOTSY TOTSY.
T
he largest Purely design dates from the early Port Washington years when Fisher commissioned a yacht to act as a club boat for his new Montauk Yacht Club. The 160' MONTAUK was to have been a scaled tip version of SHADOW K and VARA, but with considerably more power—one report said that her engines were to have developed 9,000 hp compared with the 1,500 hp of VARA! The Purdys submitted a model of MONTAUK for tests at the Washington Navy Yard towing tank in 1926;
ANNABAR, a 72' twin-strew diesel express cruiser built in 1930 for former governor James M. Cox of Ohio. She was later owned by Carl Fisher as SHADOW M and, still later, was sold to an owner in France. 42
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the results showed that she would have been capable of achieving 35 knots. But the project was abandoned. Fisher's developments had hit hard times. He had lost fortunes before, but this time he was nearly finished. He had used his Florida holdings to guarantee the bonds
cubicinch Packards, which developed close to 600 hp each. She was later sold to rumrunners who needed a highspeed boat to outrun the everwatchful federal agents. Based in eastern Long Island, RASCAL II would rendezvous with ships coming down from Canada and
for the development of Montauk Point—an area that he envisioned becoming the Miami Beach of the north. But, while he was at Montauk in 1926, in the midst of the project that involved a 1,000man crew, a hurricane
carry their stocks of illegal liquor ashore. It was rumored that even loaded with 300 cases, RASCAL could do over 50 mph.
hit Florida and Miami Beach was wiped out. Fisher's guarantees went with it. W i t h i n months the Montauk project had fallen apart and Fisher had lost all his Florida
built with diesel engines because of their associated weight
properties.
Thus, Fisher's world disintegrated and, in 1927, having until then owned the boatbuilding business, he turned the whole operation over to the Purdy family. The new ownership started confidently, but, before
their first year was out, on March 28, 1928, the shop buildings were gutted by fire. Four boats were lost in the blaze: Caleb Bragg's 50' hydroplane commuter RASCAL, Adolph Goebel's 151class racer NEW YORKER, the crew launch that had been built for VARA, and an unnamed
fishing boat. The Purdys, with typical resilience, built new fireresistant buildings and sheds immediately. Late in 1929, Bragg ordered a new RASCAL commuter to use between his homes in Port Washington and Montauk. She was powered by two 12cylinder, 1,200
By the end of the 1920s, few Purdy boats had been disadvantage. Exceptions had been two of the "super cruisers," the 150' SHADOW K and VARA, for which weight was less critical—SHADOW K's diesels weighed 40,000 Ibs each! But when O.D. Trieber developed a new, lighter weight diesel engine in 1929, the Purdy yard laid down two dieselpowered 72footers. The first of these boats (hull #158) was supposed to have been for Mr. Fisher, and the second (hull #160), for Governor James M. Cox of Ohio. As things turned out, however, Governor Cox received #158 which he named ANNABAR after his daughters Anne and Barbara, and #160 was sold to C.E. Proctor. Fisher ordered a third boat to the same specifications but was unable to pay for her either, and the boat's construction was halted at the
planking stage until 1931 when she was bought by a group of bootleggers. They named her WHATZIS, and replaced her twin Trieber diesels with four converted Liberty V12
Production of the 22'6" one-design Stars in the Idle 1930s. The first Purdy-huill Star was MIST, which won the International Star Championships of 1932. The Purdys built a total of 32 Stars. September/October 1995
• 43
aircraft engines of 450 hp each, driving two shafts through gearboxes. She was flushdecked, except for a steelplated pilothouse, and could hold 500 bottle cases. In spite of her armor (later extended to the engineroom as well), she was eventually seized by the ("oast Guard, and served as CG9266 until the late 1940s. By 1931, Carl Fisher had sufficient funds to purchase a boat, although not a new one, so he bought Governor Cox's ANNABAR. He named her SHADOW M, and had her reengined with a pair of Allison diesels. She was sold to France in 1935.
T
he Great Depression affected the Purdys as it did the whole country. As wealthy customers saw their financial holdings evaporate, they became reluctant to invest in expensive yachts and racing boats. But the biggest blow to the Purdy family fortunes came in March 1933. The failure of the Port Washingtonbased Bank of North Hempstead, where all the firm's banking was done, left them with only a 10¢ return on the dollar. Coincidentally or not, Ned Purdy died on March 13, 1933; he was only 58 years old. With Ned's death, Gil became president; Ned's son, Milton, became vicepresident; Ned's daughter, Lurana, became secretary; and Gil's son, Donald, was promoted to chief designer. Two of Ned's other sons, Bob and Arthur, and two of Gil's other sons, Bill and Bingay, were also active in the company. Although fortunes were failing and orders disappearing, Purdys continued to build and design. One of their most
44 • WoodenBoat 126
successful products came from the 1911 onedesign Star class that originated in Port Washington. Two local sailors, George A. Corry and George W. Elder, promoted the concept, although the design itself was credited to Francis Sweisguth of the William Gardner office. All the early boats were built locally, and between 1931 and 1941 the Purely yard b u i l t 32. The Purdy yard also built three Meteorclass sailboats, and a few cruisers, fishing boats, and workboats. But it was hull #203, produced in 193637, that became Gil Purdy's most celebrated design, and ultimately his last. She was named APHRODITK, an elegant, sleek 74' commuter built for John Hay Whitney of Manhasset, Long Island. She was launched in 1937, and every weekday morning about 8 a.m. her captain, John Stoehr, would whisk Mr. Whitney from his large twostory boathouse on the Bay, down the Fast River to his Wall Street office (30 miles away) 45 minutes after leaving home. Like so many powerboats, APHRODITE was pressed into service during World War II and spent her time as a Coast Guard auxiliary (CGR557) ferrying dignitaries up and down the Atlantic coast and transporting President Roosevelt to and from his Hyde Park home on the Hudson. On one occasion she served as an escort for the QUEEN MARY as the great ship left New York Harbor carrying troops bound for Britain. APHRODITE's captain was ordered to stay with the liner until she came up to full speed, and to "ram anything that looked like a submarine." In 1983, APHRODITE was discovered by the 23yearold
APHRODITE (see also page 36) in Coast Guard service
during World War II. Powered by twin Packard V-12 engines, she could reach speeds of 60 mph. During the war, APHRODITE was involved in endurance trials for an Elco PT boat off the New Jersey coast. The Elco
PT's captain later- said that not only was APHRODITE the faster boat, but her crew "were cooking hot meals while we were trying to hold on to sandwiches!"
John Pannell, then running Harbor View Marine on the site of the old Purdy yard. John had grown up on Manhassct Bay in a boating family, and, despite the deplorable condition of the once magnificent commuter, he instantly remembered her from his childhood. He had her towed back to the yard, set about her restoration, and relaunched her at the very spot from which she had made her maiden voyage in 1937. Since then John and Marjorie Pannell have traveled the East Coast with APHRODITE and have been widely recognized for their efforts.
M
ilton Purdy took over the yard after Gil retired in 1941. Gil lived five more years and died in 1946, aged 83. Milton and Gil's son Donald continued to build boats to other designers' specifications until about 1950. During World War II, they built some 90 patrol and crashrescue boats under Navy contract, and Ned's son Bob was given a direct commission in the Army Air Force to train crews in handling the Purdy boats. After the war, there was less demand for the Purdys' fine, handcrafted wooden boats, but, nevertheless, they
September/October 1995
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45
stock designs—sometimes you could even buy one "off the shelf." If you wanted a Purdy, on the other hand, you would visit or write to the Purdy Boat Company, and tell them
what you wanted. The yard would study your requirements and come up with a custom design. But never would you be offered "this year's model." There was no such thing
as an exact standard already created, and you would sit and wait for months while the Purdys designed and built, but in the end you would receive a boat unique to you. The Purdy Boat Company built almost every part of their boats, including most of the fittings and hardware. The only items they bought from others were the engines,
instruments, electrical equipment, and other machinery. They did their own engine testing and maintenance, and, in fact, one of their greatest contributions to the boat
did build a few more boats in the postwar years. Most
races of the '20s and '30s was the skill of Art and Bob Purdy, two of the foremost engine "mechanicians" of the era. Most of the design files and records of the Purdy Boat Company were lost in 1960, but we have been able to establish something of their design practices from a few existing blueprints, three technical notebooks belonging to (ill Purdy, a draftingroom logbook which lists almost
notable of these was hull #246, a Rhodesdesigned 82'
700 drawings checked out from the master files between
SHADOW V, a 46' express cruiser built in 1917 and the first boat to sport the "Purdy bow "—for details, see No. I below.
ketch with an auxiliary diesel engine. Originally named
1928 and 1952, and what we know from and about the
CONSTELIATION, she was the largest boat ever built at
people involved.
the Port Washington yard—they had to extend the shop to accommodate her during construction. For a time she reputedly belonged to Victor Borge; later she was renamed
the "Plan & Profile" (P£P). (The profile is a side view of
SORRENTO, and was known to be sailing in the Caribbean
in 1974. As of August 1993, she was being refitted in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, for the charter trade.
T
storage facility. It was decided to tear down the drafting
room where Gil and others had designed the boats that had brought so much fame, and as the room was being cleaned out, decades' worth of designs, plans, and business
papers were tossed into the furnace—in a matter of hours, a lifetime of work and achievement had gone up in smoke. Fortunately, Claude Pardi, one of the young workers who
was helping, saw what was happening and managed to salvage about 25% of the papers. This invaluable material is now in the hands of Danny Acierno, a member of the Antique & Classic Boat Society, who cherishes the link with the designers and builders of the past.
S s
o, what was the Purdy Boat Company's place in boating history? How did their boats stack up against
the Hackers, the ChrisCrafts, and the Dodges that
were their contemporaries? In his book Speedboat (published by the United States Historical Society and Mystic Seaport Museum Stores), Don Fostle likened the Purdys to the "bespoke" tailors of yore, who would make clothing specifically to order. By the same analogy, ChrisCraft and the others were more akin to the "readytowear" industry. You could go into a ChrisCraft dealership (there was never'A Purdy dealer ship) and order a boat to suit your needs from a series of •
the boat's exterior, and the plan is a top view showing the locations of major components—engine compartment, seats, berths, etc.) Often, the first copy of the P&P was not
a detailed, dimensioned drawing, but a sketch for the prospective owner. Once the general features of the boat
he last boat built by the Purdys, according to the
"Record," was an 18' fishing boat built in 1950 for Mike Phipps, and by the time of Milton's death in 1960 the company was reduced to a maintenance and
46
The first drawing prepared for each boat was generally
WoodenBoat 126
had been agreed upon, the P&P would be turned into a formal drawing. Subsequent to the P&P was the "Construction Plan & Profile." This was an annotated version of the basic P&P and served as an overall guide to the manufacturing and materials selection. The P&P was also the source for the other drawings that defined the boat: the "Lines & Offsets," "Construction Sections," "Deck & Cabin Plans," and "Inboard Profile." Other drawings defined engine mounting and instrument
installations, and creature comforts such as berths, seats, and medicine lockers. Still others described operating systems such as the steering mechanism. Although most Purdy boats were oneoffs, many of the design details were not. Some drawings, like those for such hardware as "Sea Fittings," "Cleats," and "1¼" Stuffing Box," were listed as standard drawings, to be used every time such a part was required. Other drawings, while not
having the force of standards, were used again and again as required. For instance, the rackandpinion steering gear used on VOLKERTSE in 1932 was a design that may
have originally been developed for SEA HORSE in 1919. No single design feature can be called a Purdy "hall mark" in the sense that it was applied to every Purdybuilt boat, but there are several features noticeable in many of the hulls: 1. The Purdy how: More than simply a bow shape, the
"Purdy bow" was a design concept for the whole boat. It
Above and right—SHADOW J, built for Carl Fisher in 1924, carried a classic Purdy cast-bronze, transom-hung rudder. For details, see No. 3 below.
was first employed on Carl Fisher's SHADOW V of 1917, and was perhaps best described by Walter G. Hadley in his 1971 Yachting article, "Boats by Purdy": ...round bottom...extremely sharp forward, at and below the waterline and quite flat aft. In earlier boats, this combination had led to a high bow wave which climbed up the side and soaked everything above decks as well as using added power. The Purdys cured this in two ways, first, there was just enough fullness at the waterline, well back from the stem, to cause the bow wave to break.... Second, things were kept dry by a high bow with a large amount of flare. For symmetry, this was matched by a large amount of tumblehome at the rounded transom, the two ends being connected by a sweeping sheerline....
2. The forward cockpit: Many Purdy cruisers featured comfortable forward cockpits which could be reached from the forward cabin by a companionway. A 1923 "Purdy Boats" brochure describes the forward cockpit as follows:
transom. The drawing and photograph above show this installation on SHADOW). Note the weightreducing holes above the waterline. Two cruisers, MISS LARCHMONTIV and WHISTLER, are known to have been built with two rudders, as was MISS MIAMI.
A
s the years went by, and the industry continued to change, the boatbuilding Purdys slipped away one by one, and their accomplishments passed into legend and lore. Donald, Bingay, and Arthur all died less than two years after Milton. Bob, the last of Ned's sons to be active in the yard, died in Florida in 1975, his sister, Lurana, having preceded him in 1970. Gil's son Bill, having long since left the yard to become a teacher, died just a few years ago. A few members of the next generation have become avid sailors, and others have worked in technical fields, but the boatbuilders have gone. Several of the boats, however, have survived—boats like ALTONIA of 1919, the raceboats RASCAL of 1926 and
The cockpit is fitted with i n s t r u m e n t s i n d i c a t i n g the revolutions per minute the engine is turning, also the speed in miles per hour. There is an electric cigar lighter and call bell on the same instrument board, and a compass, under glass, in the floor. The deep cushioned lounge is our contribution to the supreme comfort that is found throughout. Under the seat are convenient refreshment lockers. A...top can be raised to any degree to give partial or complete weather protection. Every cushion, pillow and mattress serves as a life preserver,
IMP II of 1928, the fishing boat EBISU of 1923, and APHRODITE of 1937. All are testament to the faith of Carl Fisher, the quality of the Purdys' draftsmanship and vision, and the fine, loving craftsmanship of their builders.
since they are all stuffed with kapoc [sic].
active and devoted member of the ACBS.
Elsewhere in the same brochure, the forward cockpit is described as "...distinctive, being equivalent to and replete with all the comforts and conveniences of the finest automobile tonneau."
3. Rudders: Many Purdy cruisers and some racers were equipped with a castbronze rudder hung from the
Ginger Marshall Martus grew up in the well-known family shipyard A & R Marshall, Inc. She has worked in the advertising business but is now a nautical historian and uniter. She is a founding member of the Nautical Center of the Port Washington Public Library, and an
Alan E. Dinn is a grandson and partial namesake (E. is for Edward) of Ned Purdy. He is an engineer on the E-2C program at the Northrop Grumman Corporation, where he specializes in preparing logistic support plans and proposals. He is also an amateur genealogist and a lay minister. He is currently writing a book about the boattbuilding Purdys of Port Washington, and ran be contacted at: "Boats by Purdy,"
c/o Alan E. Dinn, 21 Mackey Ave., Port Washington, NY 11050.' September/October 1995 • 47
Survival of the Fastest Evolution of the Whitehall by Robert W. Stephens
T
he morning of December 9, 1824, was blustery and raw, with a stiff wind kicking up a rough sea in the exposed waters of New York Harbor, but the unpleasant weather did not deter the crowd of spectators, 50,000 strong, which lined the wharves and the Battery. This unprecedented gathering of sports fans was bent on witnessing a rowing match of national importance. As the delicate fouroared gig pulled out to the British frigate HUSSAR to meet her rival, the collective spirit of our young nation's foremost maritime city must have shared the tension in the minds of the four young oarsmen and their coxswain. These harbor boatmen, who plied their trade from the steps of Whitehall Landing, were known as "Whitehallers." Their frail racing craft was a light and sleek development of the graceful pulling boats in which they earned their livings ferrying passengers and supplies between boroughs of the city and out to. merchant vessels and warships lying in the roads. Competition was a daily part of their business, but this rowing race was something else again. The reputations of the nation's boatbuilders and boatmen were riding on their shoulders. As AMERICAN STAR approached the frigate, her competition swung into view, a rakish craft appropriately named DART, somewhat shorter than the STAR's 27', but otherwise quite similar in shape. She flew a British ensign, and her crew wore their naval uniforms. HUSSAR's cap tain himself served as coxswain. With a boom from one of HUSSAR's guns, the race was on.
much refined in both model and construction, she was (and is) clearly a descendant of the craft which by 1820 had become the dominant smallboat type in New York Harbor, and which was to take its name from the landing
near the Battery at the foot of Whitehall Street. Her remarkable history allows us a chance to peer back into the early 19th century and glimpse a few details of work and sport along the waterfront, and of the state of the art of boatbuilding technology, during that period.
A celebrated boat following her 1824 victory, she was selected the following year for the honor of ferrying General Lafayette across the Hudson, after which she was presented to the General as a reminder of, among other things, "the ingenuity of the mechanics of a country which you assisted to liberate." 2 She has been preserved at Lafayette's estate ever since. AMERICAN STAR remains, after 170 years, remarkably unharmed. She is a fine example of mechanical ingenuity as well as a tangible milestone in the evolution of the Whitehall. The Whitehall type appears to have developed from the model of ship's boats of the late 18th century; Howard Chapelle suggests that the fast gigs built at the Brooklyn Navy Yard had a direct influence on the New York Harbor boats. Certainly there is a marked resemblance between the form of the gig for the U.S. frigate POTOMAC (see page 50) and that which we think of as classic Whitehall— the same slack bilges, tuckedup run, small heartshaped transom, and straight keel. The "second cutter" makes an interesting comparison; she is a much more burdensome
AMERICAN STAR leapt into the lead at the start, and
boat, with 2' more beam and more than 1' greater depth
increased her margin over the 4mile course, finishing in 22 minutes, at least 300 yards ahead of the laboring DART. American honor was preserved, and now began a duel of chivalry: As John Gardner says in his excellent account of this match (from which the preceding details are gleaned), "in the days which followed, victors and vanquished strove to outdo each other in the exchange of compliments and amenities.... Never did a contest of this sort end more happily and with more good feeling on either side, an accurate reflection of the state of the political and economic climate."1
on the same overall length. Clearly she is modeled for capacity and seaworthiness, while the gig is built for speed.
AMERICAN STAR was four years old in 1824. Though 48
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Further evidence for this chain of evolution from ship's
boat to Whitehall is found in the parallel development of similar types in distant parts of the world, at about the same time. The Bantry Bay gigs (well known now for their use as platforms by the Atlantic Challenge), the
Deal galleys, and the Cornish and Scilly Isles gigs all share similar hull shapes with the Whitehall, and developed at about the same time and for the same purposes—with the notable addition of smuggling as a popular occupation for the boats of the British Isles.
B
y the mid19th century, the Whitehall was widely used in all facets of shiptoshore communication in New York Harbor. Any business that depended on the shipping in and out of America's largest port was likely to own a Whitehall to facilitate its dealings with vessels as they lay at anchor off the wharves of the city. Ship's agents would require speedy communication with the master and supercargo; reporters of shipping news would race out to meet vessels as they entered harbor to be first with the latest news from abroad. Chandlers would come and go with new and repaired gear and supplies. In addition, chandlers and "runners" for other waterfront businesses, such as butchers, grocers, and sailors' boardinghouses, would frequently race to meet an incoming vessel well offshore—the first boat to "hook on" to a vessel generally won her as a customer for her stay in port. The boardinghouse runners were typically men of few scruples, who would not be above slipping a few halfpints of liquor to the sailors as they worked their ship into harbor, to ensure that the hapless mariners would bring their hardearned pay to the saloons and women of the boardinghouses. Here the less wary sailors were often drugged, robbed, and "sold" to an outward
bound vessel to complete her complement. The official business of the harbor also depended heavily on the Whitehall. Customs officers used the boats for ready access to vessels lying at anchor in the roads, waiting to clear for entry or about to clear for foreign ports. Public health officials would pull out to meet inbound vessels and impose quarantine. The officials of the ferry service employed the handy rowboats in their travels between terminals. Harbor law enforcement was prosecuted primarily out of Whitehall boats. In 1872, the entire force of New York Harbor police consisted of twentynine men, one steamer, the SENECA, of 215 tons, and six Whitehall boats, "being models of strength and lightness, and admirable in their way,"3 according to Barbara Rivette of Harper's New Monthly Magazine. Rivette goes on to say of the policemen, "If anyone feels disposed to laugh, let it be at their numbers only, for a better selected and more efficient set of men it would be hard to find." Ranged against these few men were the wharf rats, dock rangers, and other "professional plunderers...who infest the commerce of a great port like New York."4 These thieves employed two basic methods to "liberate" goods,
LOIS LANE, robust 17'4" x5'6" ship's boat for the schooner HERITAGE, rows through the calm waters of Burntcoat Harbor, Swans Island, Maine. Although more burdensome than a Whitehall, she displays characteristics typical of boats that evolved into the New York type. September/October 1995 • 49
On this day in Portland, Oregon, in 1886, the hark ALLIANCE is the renter of
attention. The Whitehalls are part of the waterfront equipage—useful, but not
much noticed.
each often requiring a Whitehall skiff: The first was to remove goods from a wharf into a waiting boat, either by distracting or silencing the watchman, or by pulling quietly under the pier and cutting or drilling a hole into the warehouse above. Many casks of spirits were pilfered by careful use of an auger and a tube! The second method was to haul alongside a ship at anchor or a lighter trans shipping merchandise, and pay its crew for whatever cargo the bandits could carry in the Whitehall, all the while watching for the few patrolling police rowboats. Clearly it was a losing battle for the beleaguered officers. These wideranging requirements of service—public
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and private, legal and illegal—called for a small boat able to keep to the water in all but the most extreme weather. She had to handle a steep harbor chop, and also occasional ventures into open ocean as well. She had to pull easily and swiftly with two men (typically), both when light, and with a significant payload of passengers or goods. Oars were the primary means of propulsion, but she had to be able to handle a simple sail for long runs when the wind favored—many of the larger boats employed a centerboard or long shallow fin or false keel to reduce leeway when on the wind. Maneuverability was not a high priority, since two or more strong oarsmen
PainterJ. W. Hill depicted
two 19th-century Whitehall types working in Boston
Harbor, and C. Mottram engraved the scene in 1857.
could manhandle her in close quarters by backing and filling, but steady tracking was very desirable in the open waters of a large harbor. Above all, speed was the over riding criterion—especially speed under oars, speed which was essential for procuring business, delivering passengers, capturing criminals, or eluding police.
D
uring the middle of the 19th century, the Whitehall type began its migration which would take it to all major ports on both coasts of the United States. Perhaps the first port to adopt the type was New York's near neighbor, Boston, where a somewhat different subspecies developed. Capt. Charlton Smith of Marblehead recalled some personal observations and tales about Boston Whitehalls in an article printed in The Rudder in August, 1943, in which he states, "About seventy years ago, Charles M. Partelow was building the first ones...,""' which would be about 1870 or so, but this date doesn't ring true. The model certainly would have been known well before then, and a painting by Fitz Hugh Lane entitled "Sunset, Boston Harbor, 185055" features a pulling boat which can be nothing else but a Whitehall. Howard Chapelle, in American Small Sailing Craft mentions a model of a Whitehall used as a sign for a boatbuilders shop in the 1840s.'1 The Boston Whitehalls apparently differed somewhat in the details of their construction from the New York boats, and were often used under sail, sometimes for great distances. Runners commonly ranged out to Cape Cod in search of inbound traffic. Charlton Smith tells a story of a boardinghouse runner caught by a winter gale well outside Race Point, and riding for hours to a sea anchor fashioned from his sailing rig. As sailing became a more important part of their work, the larger Boston boats developed more beam to enhance their sail carrying power. Another focus of Whitehall development was San Francisco, which although it was separated from New York by some three thousand land miles, was probably more closely linked to New York in the 1850s than was Boston. Following the gold strike of 1848, San Francisco boomed—from a sleepy, muddy village with twelve streets and two wharves to a teeming city by 1851. The population explosion caused widespread shortages and runaway inflation, and the New York shippers couldn't
resist the opportunities for huge profits. The San Francisco trade fueled the development of the clipper ships, which raced back and forth around Cape Horn carrying express freight and passengers. The connection between the warehouses of New York and the eager markets of San Francisco remained tight through the 1850s and 1860s, until California could build a healthy, selfcontained economy of its own. With the vessels and the trade came the Whitehall. An 1863 photograph of a portion of the San Francisco water front shows half a dozen Whitehalls tied alongside or hanging from davits at a single pier; most likely the type had been employed since the earliest days of the Gold Rush. A.B.C. Whipple, in his book The Challenge, which chronicles the arduous maiden voyage of the extreme clipper CHALLENGE from New York to San Francisco in 1851, describes the dramatic escape of CHALLENGE'S brutal first mate from an angry mob of sailors across San Francisco harbor, both pursued and pursuers in Whitehalls. 7 In fact, given the shortages of even the most basic building materials in Gold Rush San Francisco (a single wooden plank was worth ten dollars 8 ), it seems likely that the first Whitehalls arrived as cargo aboard a clipper rather than being built on location. By the 1880s the Whitehall was ubiquitous in American ports, and its use had crossed the line between work and recreation. From their early days, working Whitehalls had been occasionally employed in recreational racing, though not all matches were as glamorous as that between AMERICAN STAR and DART. It was commonplace for the
crews of working Whitehalls to challenge each other, and in the 1820s and '30s rowing races routinely drew spectators along the promenade of New York's Battery—a common Sunday entertainment was to stroll through the shoreline park, greeting neighbors, surveying the fashions, and watching and placing bets on the rowing races. Thirty years later, according to John Gardner and W.P. Stephens, spectating wasn't enough—rowing clubs had sprung up all over New York State and all along Long Island Sound." Charlton Smith describes how the competition grew between New York and Boston, detailing a series of
matches raced on the Connecticut River in Springfield, Massachusetts. A favorite occasion in both cities was the Fourth of September/October 1995 • 51
July regatta, which featured races between boat clubs and among working watermen. Smith tells us the parameters for inclusion in Whitehall races in Boston's celebration: The boats had to be between 17' and 20' in length, not less than 4' in beam or 265 Ibs in weight, and with oars on the gunwale (rather than on outriggers). He also mentions that the city began supplying "handsome cash prizes" 10 to the victors, thus further pressing the development of the type. By 1871 there were 15 rowing clubs in greater Boston, with a membership of more than 2,000." In addition to competition, Whitehalls figured in other sorts of recreation. A popular evening pastime in New York was to rent a Whitehall from a boat livery in Central Park, and take one's sweetheart for a cool, leisurely row. Comparable liveries existed in Boston on the Charles River. As the days of the 19th century drew to a close, the preeminence of the Whitehall waned. The canoe craze of the 1880s attracted smallcraft enthusiasts out of recreational rowing boats into the lightweight lapstrake doublepaddle and sailing canoes. That craze was in turn decimated by a combination of the bicycle, the wood andcanvas canoe, and the internalcombustion engine. It was this last that removed the Whitehall from con tention in the working waterfront as well. Lightweight, reliable gasoline engines which could realistically and economically be fitted to commercial small craft pushed the Whitehall out of business as surely as they pushed the 25' to 35' launches around the harbors, doing the work which had for the past century fallen to the elegant pulling boats. The Whitehall remained useful during the first decade of the 1900s, carrying out lines for docking vessels and doing other odd jobs after the openharbor work had been taken over by powered vessels. But by 1920, although a few boats continued to be built as tenders for yachts, the Whitehall had virtually disappeared from the working waterfront.
in length; outside these limits, the virtues of the type begin to be lost. The beam remains within a range that allows pulling with pairs of sculls, which means less than 5' or so—most are just about at the minimum for comfortable pulling with 7½' or 8' oars mounted on the gunwales, which means a few inches greater than 4'. Hull depth also is limited by the dimensions of the rower's body and of the oars and oarlocks—usually around 18 " or so from the top of the keel to the low point of the sheer, regardless of the size of the boat. Weight is (or was in the working boat days) influenced by the fact that extremely light weight is not always a virtue in a boat which must be rowed through wind and chop, and by the fact that the boats needed to hold up to rough use day after day, so the construction required a certain robustness. Ballast was not carried. Some attempts have been made to define traditional Whitehalls by particulars of their construction method. This seems attractive, because by the later years of the 19th century, Whitehalls nationwide had developed a standard construction: The prebent frames were evi dently set up on the keel, riveted to a naturalcrook floor timber to establish the deadrise, then shaped, tapered, and beveled to accept the planking, which was hung in carvel fashion, with the exception of the sheerstrake, which was generally beveled in a sort of dorylap to stand proud of the binding strake, as the next plank down was called. Evidently no section molds were employed, the sectional shape being determined by the deadrise of the floors and the eye of the builder. It seems a peculiar and laborious way to build a boat that was built in quantity production as a stock item. Problems with this definition crop up when we look at either end of the historical spectrum. There is general consensus that for the First third of the 19th century the New York Whitehall was lapstrake, just as was the AMERICAN STAR of 1820. Chapelle asserts that lapstrake ith the wooden boat revival of the 1970s came planking remained common much later in Boston than a renewal of interest in the type, fueled by the in New York. This argument runs counter to John Gardner's teasers found in Chapelle's American Small suggestion that carvel planking was introduced to the Sailing Craft. This is a book for dreamers if there ever type by boatbuilders transplanted from Saint John, New was one—a bedside companion during my teenage years. Brunswick, to Boston, and then made its way to the It contains three pages of text, dry in Chapelle's style, New York boats. Gardner also describes an innovation by but somehow infused with the romance of the working H.V. Partelow, a production builder in Boston in the waterfront—and, oh, the drawings! Two sets of lines, one 1880s and '90s, who began planking the boats on a mold, construction section, all at minuscule scale, but clearly then bending the frames in afterwards. His boats were conveying the exquisite shapes of the boats, a small New advertised and sold as Whitehalls (in a 60page catalog, York boat, and a Boston ship chandler's boat. During the offering six grades, and asking between $3.75 and $6.00 last couple of decades, a small but dedicated corps of boat per foot of length).12 The issue becomes further clouded when we consider nuts has begun staging a comeback of this almost lost type. They have been aided by the study of a few remaining the questions of a scantling keel (Boston) versus a plank boats and models in museums, and the research and keel (New York), builtdown tuck versus external skeg, writings of a few small craft scholars, most notably John centerline centerboard versus one offset to pass through Gardner of Mystic Seaport, whose book Building Classic. the garboard alongside the keel, etc. All these variations Small Craft contains the history, construction, and virtues existed in the 19thcentury boats, according to the sketchy information we have. of the Whitehall in a nutshell (well, three chapters). In this century, matters become even more complicated So, what is this boat which dominated the American waterfront for a hundred years, then slipped into obscu as available construction methods multiply. It's possible rity in a couple of decades? What defines a Whitehall? today to build a boat to 19thcentury Whitehall lines in As with most questions about boat design, the answer gluedlapstrake plywood, stripcomposite, or even Plait involves some compromises. We can begin narrowing in Monfort's geodesic aramidreinforced Dacron. Would on the answer by laying down some basic dimensional these not be Whitehalls? A conclusion is beginning to emerge. Could the lines parameters. Whitehalls generally fall between 14' and 22'
W w
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Pat Cahillfitted his 12' Shan & Burnham Whitehall with a bronze articulating centerboard that hides in a small trunk below the 'midship thwart (see WB No. 24, page 58).
have something to do with it? Yes! We can define a Whitehall by its shape. This too has its pitfalls, because other types share some, if not most, of the elements that characterize the Whitehall. However, it is still our best bet. The most distinctive feature of the classic Whitehall is its delicious heartshaped transom, tucked well up above the waterline. The other obvious feature is the plumb (or nearly so) stem. These two in conjunction influence the lines to impart that special Whitehall grace to the hull form. The plumb stem draws the waterlines forward into a long, hollow entrance, with the bilges kept slack in the forebody. The forefoot is relatively deep and pronounced. The small, high transom with a firm turn to its high bilge pulls the buttocks up clear of the run, which then closes smoothly on the sternpost to keep the boat doubleended at the load waterline, even when loaded. The effect of these elements is that as the boat moves, she pushes water sideways rather than down; she slices through the water rather than skimming over it. The midsection shows bilges that are slack, but not too slack. For rowing ease when light the waterline beam is kept small, but since these boats were often loaded, they required some hull volume to support the load without settling too deeply. In addition, stability when carrying and transferring passengers and when sailing dictated
some firmness to the bilges. The larger boats, which were more often sailed, developed more powerful bilges, as did the boats used in the windy waters of San Francisco Bay. The keel in the typical Whitehall runs dead straight from sternpost to stem, with no rocker whatever in the profile view. As mentioned, maneuverability was not of great importance in the working boats, while directional
stability was. The boats would usually be trimmed to give the keel some drag (a downward slope toward the sternpost) to enhance tracking ability. The sternpost and transom are set nearly plumb to the keel. The sheer is usually quite strong, keeping the free board at the rowing stations low enough to wield oars conveniently, while providing plenty of reserve buoyancy in the ends. The sheerline is often accentuated by a tapered sheerstrake in a contrasting color to the topside planking. Though many Whitehalls were rigged to sail, the type of rig is really peripheral to the definition of the type. The boats were primarily rowing boats, and the sailing rig can be called auxiliary power. Traditionally, most New York boats carried a modest singlespritsail rig, while the San Francisco boats added a jib to this. Charlton Smith describes the Boston Whitehall as carrying a lego'mutton rig with a short club and a jib.
T
he Whitehall's shape evolved to match its function; design elements were selected not for their grace alone but because together they produced a boat which best served its boatmen in their tough, competitive trade. However, its reputation and its uncommon grace has made the model popular in recent times—perhaps more so than it deserves. What worked best for the boatmen of New York Harbor and Massachusetts and San Francisco Bays, may not be ideal for today's recreational boatperson. The circum stances are quite different. Where the 19thcentury boatmen pulled two pairs of oars in a typical 1618' boat, the modern user is more likely to be alone much of the time. Where the oldtimers required the capacity September/October 1995 • 53
to carry a substantial though variable load, the contem porary payload is likely to be smaller and more pre dictable. Though the boatmen of old worked in all but the most extreme weather, today's oarsman can decide to stay ashore if conditions look threatening or nnen joyable. Finally, the modernday boatperson is likely to spend some portion of his time poking into backwaters or nosing around crowded harbors, where the extreme directional stability of the classic Whitehall is less of a blessing than a curse—nothing is more embarrassing than rowing smack into the lovely Nevins yawl which you've been admiring from notsoafar. With these modern conditions in mind, most contem porary designers have tended to deviate from the classic Whitehall defined above, and have drawn clipper versions of the model: finer in the ends, less burdensome in the midsection, and often with some rocker worked into the keel profile to deliver some modicum of maneuverability. Shew & Burnham, boatbuilders from South Bristol, Maine, have been building Whitehalls and Whitehallderived
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rowing craft since 1968. Their models are primarily traditional lapstrake, a method which they have fine tuned to allow efficient, highquality production. The
boats definitely show the "clipper" influence, being lean, slackbilged, and usually displaying considerable rocker. Their long run of successful boats underscores the popularity of these variations. The great range of construction techniques available today has allowed other variations in modern Whitehall design as well. Since many Whitehall enthusiasts are interested in building their own boats, some designers have exploited methods that lend themselves to amateur construction. lain Oughtred has produced a striking 15' Whitehall design in gluedlapstrake plywood. The plank laps really accentuate the boat's fine lines, and the method combines the virtues of simple construction (though it requires care and patience), durable and consistent materials, and lightweight. Oughtred's Acorn 15 weighs in at about 130 Ibs. Plait Monfort has taken the Whitehall even farther from its roots with his Geodesic Airolite
The 19' Whitehall ARTISAN sails past Indian Head Light off Rockport, Maine.
The Artisans School (of Rockporl) cold-molded her with mahogany, cedar, and epoxy. construction system, which is very amateurfriendly. The system relies on a framework of wood, "lashed" together with Kevlar strands and epoxy, and covered in heatshrink
References: 1
Gardner, John. "The American Star." The Logo/Mystic Seaport, Fall 1972, p. 86.
Dacron fabric, for a rigid and extremely light hull. It's
- Ibid., p. 76.
beautiful in its unique way, and it is a delight to watch the quarter wave through the translucent fabric. Brought into being to serve the needs of the commerce of a young nation's most active port, the Whitehall boat evolved from heavier, more capacious ship's boats to become the sleek and graceful thoroughbred of the working waterfront during America's great maritime era. Today, after a long hibernation, elegant boats of the
3
Whitehall model again grace our coastline. It's good to see Charles Darwin's theory at work: Survival of the fittest
means that the Whitehall will endure. Since earning a degree in history from Bowdoin College, Boh Stephens lias pursued his childhood ambition of designing and building boats.
Rivette, Barbara S. New York Harbor Police. October 1872, p. 675.
I
Ibid. p. 672.
'' Smith, Charlton I.. "The Whitehall Boats." The Rudder, August 1943, p. 30. II
7
Chapelle, Howard I. American Small Sailing Craft. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1951.
Whipple, A. B. C. The Challenge, New York: William Morrow & Co., 1987.
"Ibid., p. 41. 9
Gardner, John. "Whitehall and Canoe: an Era Ends." The Log of Mystic Seaport, Summer 1973, p. 40.
10
Smith, Charlton I,. "The Whitehall Boats,"as above.
11
Gardner, John. "Whitehall and Canoe: an Era Ends,"as above.
12
Ibid. September/October 1995 • 55
A Contemporary Whitehall
R
ecently, I had the chance to try my own hand at spoiling the broth of the Whitehall soup. In July of 1991,1 received a letter from a man in the Boston area. What Dave Farrington had in mind was a 1617'Whitehall, which he planned to use much as the 19thcentury boatmen had. He wanted to row as well as sail, and he wanted to use the boat to move cargo and passengers to a small camp on a nearby island. He definitely wanted traditional lapstrake planking, for trailerability, and for its sound in the water. The sailing rig was to be simple and traditional, with an offset centerboard piercing the garboard plank. Finish was to be workboat, rather than varnish and highgloss paint. This guy sounded too good to be true. He was hitting all my favorite quirks (with the exception of the planking—I would have favored lap strake plywood), and he wanted to pay me to build the boat! I lost no time in responding. By the middle of the winter we had settled on a plan of action, and a price. Dave had no lines in mind, though he had considered the designs in Chapelle's and Gardner's books. I had some ideas I wanted to explore for improving the type for recreational use, so we agreed that I would draw up a preliminary design for a 17'+ Whitehall derivative. The final design implemented these changes: OLEY has several inches of rocker in the keel profile to improve maneuverability, and some what less hollow in the forefoot for the same reason—I think the sharper the forefoot, the more it resists sideways motion. Also, to enhance maneuverability under sail, we chose a twomasted rig. My experience sailing 56
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a 19' sharpie had convinced me of the power to be harnessed by playing the sheets in such a rig, and Dave liked the option of being able to shorten sail easily. We installed three steps, which allowed either mast to be stepped alone for shorthanded sail ing. I drew a big kickup rudder to supply power for turning the long nar row hull and to work as lateral plane in windward work. We settled on the standing lug rig based on my experi ence that it's more controllable and easier to set and strike than the sprit rig. Other changes were slight. I worked some fullness into the sheer line forward in plan view, to build in some flare and keep the boat drier, and hardened the bilges slightly in the run for more bearing under sail. Construction was mostly traditional lapstrake, white cedar on bentoak frames, with oak backbone and transom. I made a few deviations from tradition: The keel was assembled from two pieces of oak, an external keel and skeg, and an internal plank keel, glued and fastened to the external keel, and beveled to form a back rabbet for the garboards. The sternpost was abaft the transom, mortised into the back of the keel, for strength, simplic ity, and oldfashioned appearance. The onepiece stem was laminated of Honduras mahogany, to avoid the
troublesome leaky joints of a builtup stem. The centerboard trunk was ply wood, with floor timbers dovetailed into the oak bedlogs to hold the boat
firmly together. A railcap covered the frame ends to provide extra stiffness to resist the twisting forces while sailing. To keep Dave's costs low, I drew the preliminary design, including a rough construction section, then prepared only a lines plan at the drawing board, working out the construction details on the loft floor. This works well when designer and builder are the same per son—not so well otherwise! Despite Dave's eagerness and my promises, OLEY wasn't ready for trials until the first week in October 1992. On a gorgeous fall afternoon, she kissed the water of Rockport Harbor, Maine, for her maiden sail. What did we learn? Despite the "clipperi/ing" changes, she is still very much a Whitehall. She's a biggish boat to row alone, but with two at the oars, she surges right along. Although she turns more easily than the 14'9" Whitehall which I've rowed at Mystic Seaport, she can't be called highly maneuverable. Under sail, she goes like a train in a straight line, but is slow and deliberate in stays. When she's light, she'll occasionally need help around with an oar. She feels stable and secure, with one aboard, or five. With her brightly colored topsides, oiled interior, and tanbark sails, she looks warm and traditional. Dave thinks she's great, and so do I. She does what she's supposed to, just as her ancestors have for almost 200 years—and that's all you can ask. —R.W.S.
OLEY Particulars LOA 17'5" Beam 4'9" Sail area: (mainsail) 65 sq It (miyzcn) 30 sq ft (total) 95 sq ft
The author designed OLEY, a 17'5" sailing Whitehall, for Dave Farrington.
September/October 1995 • 57
Lala
A Daysailors Dream
by Thomas McGuane Photos by Benjamin Mendlowitz
II
t's hard to imagine a sunnier prospect than having a boat built. Like many who do, I wish I were a boat builder myself; and like most of these wishers, I lack the talent. I suppose we all have the time. LALA is the only oneoff boat I have ever had built, but I came to it from serial boat ownership that has followed a cyclical pattern modified by one constant: my life is not cyclical, I am getting older. But for years, the marine spindry cycle I was locked in to went as follows: I would sail around in a small boat and then announce that I wanted to go someplace. There would follow a cruising boat which would be severely underused for several reasons. Working for a living was but the beginning. On our trips to Cuba, the Bahamas, and the West Indies, my wife, the original "La La," revealed her love for port, while
I revealed mine for the open sea. I could always feel the sometimes unspoken question "When are we getting there?" while, in port, she gloomily counted the hours before we headed into the unknown. I then resorted to buddycruising with the guys. Male bonding being the unreliable thing that it is, personality problems bloomed in the tight quarters. I began to admire once again the fellow who rode the train home, hung his suit coat in the forepeak of a pretty
daysailer, and sailed 'til supper. There were people like this when I was growing up, and I thought a lot of them.
The accreted hours in wellfound small craft had made pretty good sailors of them. Sailing was part of their lives, but they were not the sort of affected salt one runs into
in an age rich in discretionary hours. September/October 1995 • 59
I decided t h a t if I was going to give up my dreams of the open sea, I was going to insist on one hell of a daysailer. Having a boat b u i l t is an invitation to, if not unreason, idiosyncrasy. Alter all, it's your boat; you are parting company w i t h a market sector. It's a oneoff. I honestly t h i n k that if a production or semiproduction
boat is out there, then that is a better idea; there is much to be said for the debugging that takes place in series p r o d u c t i o n . But I had a firm idea of what I wanted, w i t h o u t q u i t e being able to picture i t , and I simply couldn't f i n d it in the current marketplace.
Several things affected t h i s sense. My growingup sailing was in Lightnings and Cape Cod Mercuries. The Lightning is a great boat and the Mercury, as I remember it, is a bombproof dog. But L i g h t n i n g s have gotten so
techedout and racy since my days when they were simple and wooden, I've lost all but nostalgic interest in them. I had grown tired of replicas of earlyday designs and the assumption that we have learned nothing since their day. Many are lessthanwonderful sailers whose "good
turn of speed" is available only when broad reaching. Indeed, I had come to feel that when salty, Down East expressions were used to describe the performance of any boat, they were invariably euphemisms for goatcart
sailing characteristics. I didn't want a racing boat, but I wanted a boat with liveliness and natural fleetness under its basic sail plan. There are some decisions implied here about u l t i m a t e seaworthiness. Since I am a shortrange sailer able to pick my days, I weighted the criteria toward
the boat's responsiveness and my willingness to put up with a reasonable amount of spray. Barring special circumstances, I believe every daysailer should be a centerboarder. A daysailer is limited enough
without being prevented from sailing straight up to the beach allowing its occupants to step off. Besides, in turning to your builder for a leakproof centerboard trunk, you are offering him a sporting challenge to set against
the many tedious and repetitious tasks he will have to do to build your boat. The only exception I can t h i n k of to the centerboard rule is when the boat is small enough that its keel allows you to wade ashore w i t h o u t p u t t i n g your wallet in your shirt. The greatest example of t h i s is the Herreshoff 12½, whose f u l l l e n g t h keel gives it its
justly famous bigboat feel (though it is my understanding t h a t the Haven 12½ achieves this with less d r a f t while saluting the builder w i t h the challenge of a leakproof trunk).
A daysailer must support other activities than simple sailing within its short range. Yes, I know about the long voyages made in daysailers; and there are the vertical
ones made in barrels over Niagara. Birdwatching and picnicking are the big ones to me. And what Roger Taylor once suggested was the real purpose of sailing, the observation of the weather, is ideally done in a daysailer. Finally, it is hard to escape Phil Bolger's contention that a boat ought to be big enough to live in in real comfort, or it ought to go in the garage. My own wish to sail my boat both in the Gulf of Mexico and the Northern Rockies meant it had to roll down the highway pretty well, too. Daysailing reminds us that sailing is an outdoor sport, and protection from the weather—achieved by ingenuity, boom tents, and so on—seems to rise commensurately in our esteem. With a daysailer, a threeday trip of forty 60
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five miles can leave more substantial impressions and memories than a long trip in a cruiser. While not com pletely avoidable, virtually any deckedover area should be regarded with extreme suspicion by the daysailor. After all, he has his standards to look to: If he is like other owners of daysailers, his will be one of the few boats to regularly leave the dock or mooring. The final requirement was that the boat be good looking. I find this extremely important, as it is the thing t h a t draws me back day after day to the purposeful messing about that keeps a boat decently maintained. It is also a subjective matter. The yacht designer whom I saw quoted as saying "Overhangs are dumb" is someone whose language I will never speak. Yet, through the years, there has been a high degree of concurrence among disparate people about the beauty of certain boats. I had my own short list of favorites: QUIET TUNE, N.G. Herreshoff's Alerion, the North Haven dinghy, and a few others. But, despite my billowing library of boats and boat designs, I couldn't find what I was looking for until I ran upon a pair of preliminary designs in a back issue of WoodenBoat. Strangely, I liked them both. They were doubleenders— one by the British Columbia designer Paul Gartside, and the other by Joel White. The White boat was a much lighter boat all the way around, more the daysailer and beach cruiser I envisioned. The Gartside boat looked to be a solid little sea boat; the White boat looked to be fast and not meant to he sailed absentmindedly. A call to Joel White revealed that the design had been completed through construction plans. I ordered a set of plans. When I got them, it was love at first sight. The boat had a kind of purity, like a long bow, or a canoe. It had a tall, birdlike rig and shapely interior volumes that seemed to invite sunshine and fresh air. It had simplicity and completeness and produced the feeling oflonging in my solar plexus that controls all my decisions.
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orward. A call to Joel White's son, Steve, himself a fine boatbuilder, put me in touch with Joe Norton of Green Lake, Wisconsin. Through his long experience in building iceboats, Joe has become extremely adept at building in the coldmolding process indicated by Joel White's plans. As the Midwestern son of New England parents, I was drawn to this personal symmetry. Joe and I set out on our project with a handshake, and I began to receive a stream of photographs of the boat
under construction. In the course of construction, as you will learn elsewhere, Joe Norton made his own creative contribution, and it was pleasant to watch his growing i n f a t u a t i o n with the design. It is heartening to hear, halfway through the project, that the builder is seriously considering building one for himself.
Unless one's experience is far wider than mine, it is hard to visualize a boat from its plans without some surprise. Boatbuilder Peter Duff made a half model of the hull; but the aesthetics of a boat can be a product of
scale and volume, too. So, I had to wait until a book tour took me to Wisconsin. Joe Norton picked me up in
Madison, and we drove out through the gaunt w i n t e r landscape to Green Lake, a very pleasant, old community where Joe's family have been the local boatbuilders since the last century. As we drove along, I thought that you
LALA began as a creative exercise for her designer, Joel White. Several years after the boat 's conception, Thomas McGuane, above, discovered in her lines his perfect daysailw.
would have to be an independent and dedicated boat builder to hold an edge among these corn silos and wood lots. Here, a scantling is something you hit the dog with for eating the cat's food. Joe's shop is a sensible, small, modern building: "Norton Boat Works." A couple of cars were parked out side next to the ChrisCrafts awaiting restoration. My excited impatience was cresting as we entered a side door to the bright, open space of the shop, in the middle of which sat the recently completed hull of my sloop. There were the lines I had tried to imagine. My earlier concern that the sheer was a little flat just showed me how much less I know than Joel White about lines. The overall feeling of a capacious canoe, and the entry of the bow, the delicacy of the stem profile, made all the dreaming and even the lightened wallet seem worth it.
A
couple of months later, Joe and I were aground in LALA, just as we sailed out of Boca Grande, trying to tack into a 22knot breeze out of a narrow canal. Joe jumped out, pushed us off, and away we went with a reef in the main we wouldn't be able to shake out for a week. We quickly found her to be a responsive thoroughbred. Her light helm changed with every extension of her centerboard, every change in her backstay tension. We had elected to take the single jib sheet winch out of the forward part of the cockpit and have instead two winches outside the coamings. This
cleaned up the interior, but under a strong breeze the leeward side of the cockpit is a long climb downhill. For some, the pulpitmounted central sheet winch, as drawn by Joel White, would be a sensible choice. In a hard blow,
we simply led the sheet around the leeward winch, across the cockpit to the windward winch. For the worstcase scenario, I installed wedgeshaped whitewater air bags under the decks. Joel White shows a truck innertube, which would be fine once a way was discovered to accommodate the multipart centerboard tackle which leads forward from the centerboard trunk to the aft face of the stem. I sailed the boat for a couple more months after Joe went home. In moderate air, she really shone. I could generate many angry letters to the editor by naming the much larger boats whose lees she sailed through; I rarely encountered a boat anywhere near her size that could stay up with her. She's no better than lightdisplacement boats closehauled into head seas, and she requires careful, though not excessively careful, steering off the wind. She has been sailed now by racers, cruisers, delivery captains, and longdistance solo cruisers. The feeling among all is that she is a bit of a Porsche—not exactly an entrylevel boat, but one you are unlikely to use up and grow tired of. I soon became accustomed to strangers telling me how beautiful she is, including an old gentleman, a friend of L. Francis Herreshoff's, and one of the first to build a Rozinante. He said she was the prettiest thing he had seen since his little LieNielsen gem. And I recall when Steve White, who had suggested I call Joe Norton, stopped about
40' from LALA's slip, took a breath, and said, "Wow." I've got to get ready: I'm not going to have the only one in town. Thomas McGtirme, a novelist, lives and ranches with his family in
McLeod, Montana. September/October 1995 • 61
Designing La1a by Joel White
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esigning boats, no matter what size or type, is such a juggling act! If one crowds on the sail area, it must be balanced by enough hull stability to keep things reasonably upright. Lines developed purely for speed under sail may have insufficient volume to contain the cabin plan the prospective owner cannot live without. Shallow draft, so convenient to have in many sailing areas around the world, may bring with it the penalties of insufficient lateral plane and reduced power to carry sail. For every gain in one area, there seems to be a counterbalancing loss in another. Most boats are required to be adaptable to a wide range of uses. Cruising boats, needing to have a large volume for accommodations, are also expected to sail well and be seaworthy. Even a simple dinghy must perform well under a wide range of loadings and displacements. The requirements for daysailers, however—at least my requirements for a good daysailer—are pretty straight forward. She must be fast, great fun to sail (which includes really comfortable seating), and as goodlooking as possible. If the boat is also trailerable, so much the better. None of these elements are in great conflict with each other. Perhaps this low level of required compromise was what attracted me, and started me daydreaming about this long, shallow, and fast doubleended sloop. I had no client for the design—it was purely for my own pleasure that I drew the preliminary plans. I had no intent to build the boat for myself, as I already owned a daysailer which fulfilled all my needs. I really can't remember why I did it. Most freelance designs have some precipitating circumstance that leads the pencil to the paper, but recollection fails me on this one. Unearthing the early notes and preliminaries shows January 1991 as the time— the shop was then building a 43' cutter of my design.
very rough set of lines with a sectional view through the cockpit seats, a more polished sail plan and deck layout, and a revised set of lines emerged from the bottom of the drawer labeled "Preliminary Sketches, Odds & Ends." It seems evident that I was after a very fast sailer with quite shallow draft (22"). Part of the fast concept was narrow beam of only 6', and I do remember feeling considerable concern about the boat's stability. The rig is tall, displacement is less than 2,000 Ibs, and her sail areatodisplacement ratio is a high 19.4, all indicators that stability must be carefully checked. The three factors contributing to good stability are displacement, hull form, and the location of the vertical center of gravity. The first two, displacement and hull form, were not much help in this boat, as light displace ment and narrow beam have a negative impact on the stability numbers. So, getting what weight there was down low in the boat took on increased importance. From the beginning it was clear that there must be a large centerboard for lateral plane and windward ability; stability concerns dictated that it be ballasted. I do not like heavy centerboards or drop keels unless they pivot, because of the potential for serious structural damage in a highspeed grounding. Almost all my designs are drawn with the construction material and building method in mind from the beginning. This, I suppose, because I am a builder first and a designer second. I did not start with the building material in mind in this case. The preliminary lines show the bottom blended into the ballast keel and fin with hollow, curved garboards. This is easy enough to build in plankonframe or fiberglass, but not so easy with coldmolded wood. The preliminary drawings, which were published in WoodenBoat No. 105, and reviewed by Maynard Bray, show
Perhaps I was a bit bored by turning out the dozens of detailed drawings required for completion of the cutter, and needed the relaxation and pleasure of the purely
1,863 Ibs. She has a displacement/length ratio of 131, and a sail area/displacement ratio of 19.5; these figures ensure a fast boat. The allimportant stability analysis showed that despite narrow beam and shallow draft, her high ballast ratio (about 50%) and a centerboard weighing close to 200 Ibs put her stability numbers right on the median line
creative effort of a simple, new conception. At the bottom of the file I found a tiny pencil rendering of the sail plan and deck layout, to the scale of 3/16"=l'— the whole boat being about 4" long. What startles me is that except for some minor tinkering with the stem
profile, the final design precisely mirrors this initial sketch—nothing has been changed! Rummaging through the plan files trying to reconstruct the chain of events, a 62
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the sloop with 185 sq ft of sail and a displacement of
for boats of this type. With the centerboard down, her
righting moment at a 20° heel is 10% higher than with the board up. In addition, one person sitting on the wind ward seat will add 350 ftlbs of righting moment, a 20% boost.
After the early sketches were published, letters began to trickle in, asking about the boat: Had it been built? Were there building plans available? Despite negative responses on my part to both these questions, a number of people continued to express interest and inquire for plans. So, in the spring of 1992, more than a year after drawing the initial studies, I settled down to the final construction drawings. After much circling about, I decided that the boat should be coldmolded wood—a technique I am familiar with and like—which required that the hollow garboards be eliminated. New lines were drawn, the ballast keel became bulb shaped, displacement increased to an even 2,000 Ibs, and sail area increased a bit to 193 sq ft to keep the horsepower numbers in the same range. More detailed weight studies were done, the stability refigured and confirmed, and the 10 sheets of drawings Finished. It is interesting to note that her displacement of 2,000 Ibs is exactly half that of the Bridges Point 24, another daysailer of my design. Joe Norton, who built LALA for Tom McGuane, recently paid me a compliment by saying the plans were the most detailed he had ever received. Experience has taught me that more detail leads to fewer telephone calls from distressed builders. He also said that the doubleended stern was a bear to plank, which I knew it would be. My
response was to send him a few days later a new lines plan with a counter stern—much easier to build, and probably slightly faster because of straighter sailing lines. But I really prefer the doubleended shape aesthetically. We had planned to build a prototype boat here at Brooklin Boat Yard, as I dislike selling plans for an untested new design. But work schedules at the shop prevented this, and a few people purchased plans, with the understanding that her performance was an unknown quantity. Several boats are under construction, but Tom McGuane and Joe Norton have conspired to put the first one in the water. They must speak to her performance, as I have not yet sailed the boat. Pictures show her to be all I had hoped for visually, and it is obvious that Joe has done a splendid job of building. Nothing is more satisfying than to start with a tiny pencil sketch on a pad of paper, and carry the process through to the completion of a handsome boat in the water. The minor struggles and t h r i l l s of the design process are what get me up each morning and back to the drawing board. A designer should count himself lucky when his daydreams can be shared with others and boats like LALA are the result. JoeI White designs, builds, and writes about boats in Brooklin, Maine. September/October 1995 • 63
Building Lala by Joe Norton
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his project started as most boatbuilding jobs do: with a phone call. Tom McGuane called and asked if I was familiar with Joel White and his "prettv little doubleendcr" that was in a WoodenBoat "Designs" column. After a short conversation regarding the construction of a new boat, we struck a deal. Tom was interested in making the boat look like a classic, yet sail as if she were shot out of the proverbial cannon. The hull was to be stripplanked of Western red cedar with two diagonal layers of cedar veneer coldmolded over the exterior. In order to save time, I had the lines sent to Aerohydro, a computer lofting service in Southwest Harbor, Maine. Within just a few days, the fullsized loft ings appeared and we were on our way. I was a bit skeptical of their accuracy, considering the work it takes to produce a really accurate set of useful loftings. No need to worry; the loftings were excellent. The lines were accurate, and since they were on Mylar, they could easily be transferred to the molds and other parts of the boat. To reduce the possibility of introducing builder error in the layout process, 1 had the loftings done as whole sections (both port and starboard sides). After transferring the lines, we began construction with the building of two permanent bulkheads. We cut the plywood bulkheads to shape, precoated them with epoxy, attached laminated deckbeams and frames, and gave them a presanding. These bulkheads, along with the temporary molds, then had their legs attached and were set in position to form the building jig. To define the shapes of the inside of the stems and the batten keel, we notched these members into the molds and set up laminating forms directly on the building jig. These forms later facilitated the mounting of the stems and keelson in exactly the right place and attitude. We were as careful and as accurate as we could be in the process of setting up the molds. As each one was positioned the boat's shape became more defined, and the excitement began to build. Everyone should experi ence this feeling at least once in a lifetime! With the building jig completed, the keel, laminated stem and stern, and centerboard t r u n k were installed permanently. While I did the final shaping of these, a couple of my crew were busy scarfing 1" cedar boards into 26' lengths. Once scarfed, the boards were ripped into strips. We finishplaned the strips to ½ " thickness and machined a ½" bead on one edge; the other edge was 64
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Thomas McGuane's first impression when he saw LALA halfway through construction: "The overall feeling of a capacious canoe...the entry of the bow, the delicacy of the stem profile, made all the dreaming and even the lightened wallet seem worth it."
given a matching cove. Shaped thus, the planks nest together in good alignment. Planking the hull was a group effort. Working from the sheer down, we spread glue on each strip, with some one always ready to align the new strip and staple it to the strip below it. As a strip was being stapled on one side, glue was being spread on the other side. At the bow and stern, each plank was cut to let the opposite one fit across its face. Without consciously trying, we ended up with a really cool herringbone design. The only place that we had trouble while planking her was in the stern. The boat's stern is a good deal fuller than a typical bow, and requires much tapering and f i t t i n g to maintain the designed shape. However, we realized that the time and effort we spent on the stern were well worth it when we stepped back and looked at the completed hull. By the time we had all the strips on, we had already begun fairing the hull using a plane and long battens. By fairing the hull at this stage, the two subsequent diagonal layers of Western red cedar veneer lay perfectly smooth on the strip planking. Coldmolding over a hull
such as this is really easy, because staples will hold well anywhere on the surface. The veneer was easy to fair and sand, and coating with epoxy soon followed. As the epoxy coating progressed, we fitted the keel deadwood and fastened and filleted it to the boat. We had sent the pattern for the lead ballast keel to the foundry early in the project so we would have it ready when we needed it. After giving the hull three coats of epoxy and a final sanding, waterlines, bottom paint, and a topsides base coat were applied while she was still upsidedown. We like to let gravity help us whenever possible. We then turned the hull over, then set her in a simple cradle that was very low so climbing in and out would be easy. It was then that
Our crew now split into different tasks. Some built deckbeams, coaming, and deck, while others fit floors, floorboards, and seats. The whole interior was to be bright finished to offset the boat's whitepainted exterior. Her centerboard is plywood sheathed with 'glass and has a large piece of lead sandwiched in the middle; the rudder is also 'glass over wood. Her aluminum mast and boom were easily cut down from the rig of an Escow. Running rigging is all by Harken (I love tradition on traditional boats, but these modern blocks work so well). She trails easily and launches like a dream. Which brings us to her sailing characteristics: She sails like a raceboat, her helm is light, she goes where you point her, fast!
we could see what an artist Joel White really is: The hull
Joe Norton has spent a lifetime racing, renovating, and building all sorts of wooden boats in Green Lake, Wisconsin. Since building LALA in 1994, Joe has restored about 20 runabouts, built his own deep-V
seemed to float lightly above the shop floor. This is what brings a simple guy like me to work every day The inside of the hull still had all the molds in her, so removing these was the first task. Sanding the inside of a hull that has been stripplanked with beadandcove edged planks proved easier than I had imagined, because every strip is fair to the adjoining one. In no time at all,
the interior was sanded and epoxycoated.
center-console outboard runabout (also designed by Joel White), and
has just finished building a 29' open-cockpit cocktail launch. During his summer vacation, he teaches at WoodenBoat School here in Brooklin. We are pleased to announce that plans for LALA are now available from The WoodenBoat Store (1-800-273-7447). The set includes 13 sheets and can be purchased for $150. September/October 1995 • 65
For over three decades, the open pulling boats of the Hurricane Island Outward Bound School have taught
basic seamanship and self-realization.
More Than Pulling Boats After 31 years, Hurricane Island boats continue to challenge by Jamie Brown
F
rom before the dawn of the great Viking and Polynesian navigators, earlier than St. Brendan's legendary North Atlantic crossing in a frail leather curragh, open boats and their crews have pushed the kind of limits today's extreme sports fans only dream about. Of course, the first adventurers have been lost to antiquity. But, remember Bligh and his escape from the mutinied BOUNTY? In 1789 he and 18 others were cast adrift by a mutinous crew. In an open boat they rowed, sailed, rationed supplies, and navigated extremely well with simple gear some 3,600 miles west across the Coral
sled runners for beams and case lids for planking. The ensuing and remarkable 800mile, 16day downwind Southern Ocean sleigh ride from Elephant Island to South Georgia— during late austral autumn of 1916— does justice to small craft the world over. Shackleton's boat was an "ordinary ship's whaler," as he described it, ketch rigged with modest main and mizzen. And it is interesting that its seakeeping qualities are exactly those most prized by staff at the Hurricane Island Outward Bound School. Really, it is no wonder that this sea school, located on Maine's Penobscot Bay, should choose an open
Sea to Timor to save their skins.
pulling boat based on the lines of the ordinary ship's
Or, how about Howard Blackburn (see WB No. 61) and his epic, and I mean epic, frostbitten row and subsequent south coast of Newfoundland in the winter of 1883? He was in an open boat—a Banks dory, actually—covered in ice and burdened with his dead, frozen mate Tom Welch.
whaler as its primary implement for personal challenge and growth. Every summer since 1964, when the first five boats were launched in the cold waters of Southwest Harbor, these extremely seaworthy, 30' craft have plied the piercing blue waters of Maine, from Cross Island to Muscongus
John Ridgeway and Chay Blyth also rowed a Banks dory
Bay, chalking up thousands of adventurous and rugged
across the Atlantic in 1966, a voluntaryjourney that took
miles. Every winter for the past 20 years they have skimmed over waving turtle grass in the shallow turquoise seas of
survival nightmare from Burgeo Bank 100 miles to the
them 92 days.
And then there was Shackleton, famous among the openboat voyagers. However, his boat wasn't entirely open; no, his "open" boat was hastily decked over with 66 • WoodenBoat 126
the Florida Keys. From spring through autumn since 1985 they have wandered the convoluted Eastern Shore
of Chesapeake Bay, and today they can be seen island
The sprit ketch rig provides for quick scandalizing and reefing. The rig was
Benjamin Mendlowitz
originally unstayed, but shrouds have been added as a protection against hard use. hopping across Boston Harbor—all of them introducing students of the sea to a simpler life, bringing them closer to their deeper selves. According to Peals Wrobel, an 18year veteran of Hurricane Island's Outward Bound program and its current Director of Sea, the boats are the core component of a challenging program. "The boat is a total group thing," she says. "I can't imagine what the program would be without them. The open boat is a good symbol. It is stripped down. People sleep on oars spread across the seats. And the group dynamics in an open boat are different. There is a tremendous amount of bonding, living with people, sharing an adventure. It is a great opportunity to open up." "The boats provide a selfcontained little world," says former program director Arthur Pearson. "To have a good, hot meal and get out of the weather requires the
help of everybody on board. Some people duck that responsibility, but by and large people rise to the occasion and get it together. There are no escapes, no exits, no time outs. And a high proportion of people who get off those boats say they had a wonderful experience. With yachts and diesels and bunks and showers, people manage to insulate themselves from all that."
T
he first Outward Bound school was founded in Wales in 1941 as a way to instill lifeboat survival skills in young merchant seamen. So, the open boat concept makes sense for Outward Bound programs. But for Hurricane Island, it wasn't given that an open boat would be the craft of choice. In 1963, a math teacher and sailing instructor named Peter Willauer decided to start a sea school in Maine. Willauer, who taught during the winter at a private school in Groton, Massachusetts, and spent summers at the Fronts Neck Yacht Club, was a fine sailor. He had raced in the Sears Cup three years in a row, reaching the national finals each time. Hot boats of the day, like Lightnings and 210s, were the boats Willauer was used to. For two years after college he was in charge of sail training at the U.S. Naval Academy, and his longest extended voyage was the
Bermuda Race on a 44' Ludersdesigned Naval Academy yawl, with a crew of midshipmen. He was enthusiastic about sailing, but passionate about starting a sea school. "I loved to sail, I loved to teach kids," he recalls. "I met Kurt Hahn [founder of Outward Bound] and I was seriously interested in an Outward Bound school here, in this country." Willauer never saw an established
Outward Bound school until five years after he started September/October 1995 • 67
Inspired by rugged conditions, the staff of the Hurricane Island Outward Bound School have made some alterations to the original design of their boats. These changes include beefier scantlings to accommodate beaching, and, as shown here, extra freeboard at the bow and stern to make the boats drier.
the one on Hurricane Island and he now says that was a blessing, because in other schools, sailing was "just an activity, not a major part of the expedition program." He went ahead, put together a board of trustees, and opened shop. The next item on the agenda was to create and build the core tool for the program: a boat, requiring group skills in order to make it work. "I wanted something that you could teach people how to run and manage as simply as possible and as safely as possible," he says. "It wasn't necessary to teach sailing, so much as it was to use the sea to teach people about themselves." Willauer considered a tall ship: a brig, or topsail schooner. "But apart from the expense, I realized a group needed to be close together in order to learn about them selves." Typical Outward Bound groups number about 12 people. Yet, a vessel large enough to accommodate an active crew of that size would have to be huge. And
sail," recalls Willauer. So, he and Outward Bound trustee Dick Homer went to Cy Hamlin, a naval architect then living in Southwest Harbor, Maine. Hamlin, it turned out, was the right person for the assignment. He, too, had fallen in love with the open boat concept. In the mid1980s, as a teenager growing up on the South Shore of Long Island, Hamlin joined the local Sea Scouts. And at their disposal was a 28' exNavy whale boat, the standard open pulling boat for the Navy at that time. The Scouts had modified the whaleboat for their purpose, under the watchful eye of local naval architect Phil Rhodes, who was then the primary architectural adviser for the Sea Scouts of the New York area. The resulting boat had a schooner rig with two gaff topsails and a wooden fin keel bolted on the bottom, giving her 3' of draft. In Hamlin's words, this craft was "very able— and it was no jury rig. "We rowed in light weather, and we sailed the South
with such length and breadth, there would be ample
Shore out of East Rockaway," recalls Hamlin. "We had
opportunity for individuals to keep to themselves, to shy away from the group dynamics. There had to be a better vehicle. "I looked at lifeboats," Willauer recalls. "But they don't really sail and they don't really row. I'm an old crew jock. I rowed in school and college and afterwards coached
about a twomile band of bay and salt marshes between the South Shore and a string of barrier islands. The run out through the inlets into open ocean could get exciting at times. Occasional cruises of some length were taken, one of them up the East River for week's cruising in Long Island Sound, before heading back through Hell Gate.
for six years, and I knew that lifeboats would be too high sided and couldn't row efficiently."
"That whaleboat," Hamlin says, "supported the concept that you could have a safe, open boat of that design."
Willauer looked at Monomoy surfboats, 26' able bodied doubleenders originating on Monomoy Island, south of the "elbow" in Cape Cod's flexing arm. "I thought that if I put a centerboard in them, maybe they could 68
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After Willauer and Homer approached him in 1963, Hamlin obtained plans of original New Bedfordtype
whaleboats, Navy whaleboats, and the Coast Guard's Monomoy Surfboat. Taking features from all these
Tales abound of long, arduous trips in Hurricane Island boats—many of them
accomplished by alternating watches around the clock. Here, a group of students rows along the Florida Keys.
models and adding something from his own experience, Just remove the sprit and wrap the sail around the mast. he created his idea of the Hurricane Island Pulling Boat. The Outward Bound program often calls for travel in Willauer and his board of trustees offered their own input: open ocean with an inexperienced crew, so their boat "We decided to give the boats the greatest beam possible and rig's ability to survive against all odds is important. and still be able to trailer them down the highway—which Says Hamlin: "The Hurricane Island Boats bear the came to 8'. They had to hold twelve students and two staff legacy of craft used for lifesaving, and those boats had to (today's boats are registered to carry fifteen people), we withstand any kind of conditions." wanted a rig with a low center of effort, and we wanted the boats to float when swamped. We wanted them he first Hurricane Island Boats were stripplanked bombproof." with glued cedar strips. Hamlin, an early advocate of this type of construction, promoted it in an arti The schooner rig on the Sea Scout's boat was pretty efficient, but somewhat more complicated than the cle published in Yachting'm February of 1954. Of course, slidinggunter, ketchrigged whaleboats the U.S. Navy Hamlin is quick to point out that strip planking was used during World War II. Those Navy whaleboats also employed by the ancient Egyptians and that the lobster had centerboards. Hamlin liked the Navy whaleboat boats of New Brunswick's Northumberland Strait and the layout and adopted it for the Hurricane Island design. Hampton Boats of Maine's Casco Bay area were also He simplified the arrangement further by specifying a traditionally built with strip planks, edgenailed and sealed loosefooted spritsail for the main and a boomed sprit with white lead. And, to this day the 100' Pinisi ketches sail for the mizzen. of the Makassar Straits, between Suluwesi and Borneo, "The rig on the Hurricane Island boats is efficient are stripplanked and edgefastened with trunnels. and simple," says Hamlin. "The components can be The Hurricane Island Boats required the additional stowed within the boat when it has to be rowed." The strength of glued strips, however, so Hamlin specified that two masts—both shaped from single lengths of Douglas the 15/16 x 15/16" Northern white cedar strips be glued with fir—were originally designed without shrouds, which resorcinol as they were nailed together. Female rather meant stepping the 20' mainmast and 16' mizzen was than male molds were used and, according to Hamlin, fairly easy. Later, simple shrouds that could be lashed to this method made it easier to fair the inside, install floors chainplates with nylon lanyards were added for protection and frames, and do other finishwork. On all the Hurricane against hard use. Island Boats, an extra layer of 15/16 x 1" mahogany strips Both the 180sq ft mainsail and the 93sq ft mizzen was glued and nailed to the bottom planking below the can be quickly reefed by "scandalizing" them—a big plus waterline for extra abrasion resistance and stiffness. Thirty for the sprit rig. Both sprits have peg ends, the upper two cubic feet of Styrofoam flotation was installed under end fitting into a grommet at the peak and the lower end the bow and stern seats and under the side benches so fitting into an eyesplice on the snotter, which leads up the that, full of water and with students and gear aboard, the mast to a cleat. Slacken the snotter, and the sail becomes boats will float with about 4" of freeboard. fuller; tighten it, and the sail flattens. To scandalize the The first five boats were built by Southwest Boat sail, the snotter is completely released, the sprit is removed, Corporation, Southwest Harbor, Maine, and launched and the entire upper portion of the sail folds over itself, in 1965, about two years after Willauer first envisaged creating a halfsize marconishaped sail. Furling is as easy: plans for his sea school.
T
September/October 1995 • 69
M Life aboard an Outward Bound pulling boat requires some flexibility. Crew sleep on foam mats spread across the oars, which in turn are laid fore-and-aft across the seats. Going to the toilet is more of a social affair than on conventional cruising boats (a self-contained chemical toilet is placed forward of the mainmast).
Alterations came quickly after a few seasons of use, and future batches of boats had beefier scantlings, especially for the sheer clamps and frames. Half frames, extending from sheer clamp to bilge, were installed in the middle part of the boat to take the strain when hauling out. Extra freeboard was given at the bow and stern, making the boats a little drier. The number of benches was reduced from five to four, so that the forward rowers wouldn't punch their after partners in the back with each stroke. The after stem was straightened to prevent lobster pots from snagging between it and the rudder. The galvanized centerboard was replaced with one of stainless steel, and epoxy replaced resorcinol as the glue of choice. (But Ed Dietrich, who maintains all the boats at Hurricane Island Outward Bound, says that resorcinol, used right, still provides the best known bond for wood laminates.) Willauer resigned from Hurricane Island Outward Bound in 1989, leaving behind a school with an annual budget of $11 million, 1,000 highly trained and com mitted staff operating out of 17 diverse bases in six states, and 22 superbly maintained Hurricane Island pulling boats. Two years later he moved his office to Thompson Island in Boston Harbor to run another Outward Bound program, which he helped start in the late 1980s. Prior to his arrival, Thompson Island had acquired two Monomoy surfboats rigged for sailing and with raised freeboards to meet Coast Guard requirements. The raised
ake no mistake, Hurricane Island Boats are not highperformance sailors; nor were they meant to be. With their flared forward sections, they lose speed dramatically in choppy seas. And their wind ward ability leaves a lot to be desired; about 60° to the wind is as close as they get. Where they sing is in their ability to handle a variety of conditions. The obvious flare that pummels chop into spray means that the boats will meet a big ocean swell in comfort, dropping safely into each trough. And it turns out that the rugged and seaworthy pulling boats from Maine are perfectly suited to the shallow backwaters of the Florida Keys. According to Pearson, the same boats that punch into a stiff, smoky sou'wester by day and nose up to cobbled beaches along Maine's rocky coast at dusk, also skim across the shallow bonefishing flats of the Florida Keys and slip up mangrovelined tidal inlets like a canoe. "I know of few boats that can offer so much versatility," he says. They also offer security. In the course of three tough decades and thousands of combined sailing miles in a variety of demanding conditions, the Outward Bound boats have capsized only three times: once in the anchor age, a careless accident; another time in Hurricane Island Sound, again attributed to carelessness; and a third the result of a line squall off the Camden Hills in Penobscot Bay when a sudden downdraft took the crew by surprise before they could release sheets. The boat went over and swamped so slowly that its captain never got his shoes wet and, because the boats are designed to float with at least 4" of freeboard when swamped, the crew simply bailed and pumped, set sail again, and carried on. Indeed, it takes a lot to capsize the Hurricane Island Boats. During drills, the entire boatload of students plus instructors—14 people in all—must squat on the same gunwale before the boat will swamp. Today, crews are trained to deal with sudden squalls and, when they see one approaching, the sails are furled, the rudder is lashed amidships, and the anchor is thrown over the side. Even if the anchor doesn't fetch up on firm bottom, it slows the boat and holds it headtowind like a sea anchor. There have been few dramas, other than those three capsizes, in the 30 seasons the boats have been in use. But one incident stands out as memorable. Willauer describes how four boats were blown out to sea during an autumn expedition in the late 1960s. They were sailing between the southern tip of Vinalhaven and Isle au Haul, on the exposed edge of East Penobscot Bay, when a strong cold front from the northwest bore down upon them.
sheer ruined the effectiveness of the boats for good rowing,
Beating to weather was out of the question, and running
however. Not certain whether those modified Monomoys were the best boat for the school, Willauer took one out for 30 hours of demanding sea trials in a northwest gale. "I wasn't satisfied," he recalls. "The Hurricane Island boats could handle 40 knot winds and exposed seas safely. The 26' Monomoy wasn't as good, particularly under sail. It was lighter, shorter." Willauer decided right then to have two of the Hurricane Island boats built for his new school, and although they were constructed from fiberglass instead of wood, at a considerable saving, Willauer is more than pleased that he has the right craft with the right
with the wind would have sent them scurrying way off shore. So, they reefed the sails and hove to, and started
pedigree at his disposal. 70
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rowing to keep warm. About five hours after the first front hit, a second, stronger front came through with about
35knot winds and blew the four boats some 10 miles south of Seal Island—which marks the outer edge of Penobscot Bay. The boats were well and truly at sea, where they stayed
for two days, with sails down, lying ahull. Willauer says that the Coast Guard sent a 44' motor surfboat from Rockland, 35 miles to the northwest, to rescue the two pulling boats, but the 44footer had to turn back because the seas were too rough. In its place
Two Outward Bound crews relax after a day of pulling. In foggy Penobscot Bay, radar reflectors are essential gear. the Coast Guard sent an 82' cutter from Jonesport, 90 miles to the east. The cutter eventually arrived and towed two of the pulling boats home. Hurricane Island's own 50' patrol boat towed the other two back. Willauer says the crews were a little cold, and they had to bail when green water came aboard, but at all times they felt safe and could have ridden out the storm unassisted. The lesson, of course, was ingrained deeply. Students are no longer allowed to sail in exposed waters, outside the headlands, in early spring and late fall. But instructors are allowed to. In fact, they have taken some impressive trips in the boats, sailing from Penobscot Bay to the Florida Keys and back in the early days of the winter Florida program. Peals Wrobel recalls the second of her two trips north from Florida in the early 1980s. She helped sail and row one of the boats from Beaufort, North Carolina, to Maine. The weather blew from the northeast with rain for most of the journey, and they crawled up the exposed coast of New Jersey, ducking into New York Harbor past the Statue of Liberty and up Long Island Sound. They did a lot of rowing—plenty of 24hour stints. "It was the hardest thing I've ever done," she says. Rowing plays a big role when cruising in one of these pulling boats. More than just auxiliary power, rowing builds strength and confidence. Fortunately, for those aboard, Hurricane Island Boats are designed to row: They have fairly low freeboard. As a result, some epic journeys have taken place. Willauer recalls the time a crew of 16 yearold girls pulled for 90 miles nonstop from Cross Island near Jonesport to Hurricane Island over the course of three days, with teams of four taking turns right around the clock.
Wrobel remembers leading a party in the Keys one winter and being faced with a 100mile passage back to base camp three days before the program was due to end. The team rowed 16 hours a day for two days, anchoring each night, until the wind at last picked up enough to send them home on time. "Pushing is real important to the program," she stresses. "Sometimes the weather is cold and miserable, other times we need to row all night. But it is so much fun when you do the hard stuff."
M
aking fun out of hardship seems to be part of the program. This is one of the beauties of being in an open boat, whether it be in the cold waters of Maine, the balmy tropics of southern Florida, or among the constant, urban harbor traffic of Boston and Baltimore. Today, Arthur Pearson is retired from Outward Bound and works in the city. But at night he dreams of sailing a Hurricane Island Boat around Schoodic Point, headed Down East, sun setting and full moon arisin', crew playing tunes on a softnoted recorder to the rhythm of the heave and ho of an ocean swell accompanied by the quiet buzz of being out there in an open craft. Pearson has renewed his operator's license. He fully intends to get back to the tiller, someday. "The only real job," he
says, thinking faraway thoughts, "is driving a pulline boat." Jamie Brown is a freelance journalist who divides his time between the north coast of New South Wales and Penobscot Bay (terribly hard life, this). For information on Hurricane Island Outward Bound School, call 1-800-341-1744, or write to the school at P.O. Box 429, Rockland, ME 04841. September/October 1995 • 71
1I
n 19871 purchased a 34' dieselpowered cruiser named CHEWINK. She was 17 years old and her systems and cosmetics had suffered from neglect, but superb construction had prevented major structural deterioration. She was built in South Bristol, Maine, by Dick Shew and Cecil Burnham, best known for their fine Whitehall pulling boats. She was doubleplanked (mahogany over cedar on sawn white oak frames) with 'glassoverlaid plywood decks. CHEWINK was designed by Charles Frederic Lyman for his own amusement (see sidebar). He gave her a modified deepV planing hull, and aimed at a cruising speed of about 15 knots, but anecdotal evidence suggests that he was disappointed. We acquired the boat as a practical family cruiser despite the fact that her outdrives were antiques and the Volvo diesels that drove them (92 hp each) were frozen up. This meant we got her cheap, but it also meant we had no idea of her speed and handling. When we got the engines unstuck and running, she went at just 11.5 knots. New propellers pushed her to 13.5 knots in flat water (just short of planing speed), but faster than that she would not go. We also found that CHEWINK was difficult to steer off the wind if there was a significant sea running, and when she rolled in a quartering sea she'd lift her wind ward propeller close to the water's surface where it would promptly suck air and cavitate. As a result, she would do no more than 7 knots downwind in a seaway. Aside from these disappointments, CHEWINK took us to many wonderful places in those early years and became a wellloved member of the family. But eventually her wornout systems began to fail almost every time we went out. It became clear that we could no longer run the boat on a shoestring budget. In 1990, a transfer to England caused us to put CHEWINK in mothballs, and over the next three years I planned her rebirth.
How Much Power, and in What Form? To make CHEWINK reliable we had to repower, and it made no sense to do that without significantly increasing 72 • WoodenBoat 126
her horsepower. But how much more did we need? In my mind I started shooting for 2530 knots, and the formulae said that such speed required about 300 hp. Therein lay the first nasty surprise—two 150hp diesel outdrives would cost about $30,000 before installation. They would also weigh a lot more than her original engines, and she already trimmed down by the stern. Mr. Lyman suggested changing from twin outdrives to a single diesel driving a conventional propeller. This was in 1992 and the timing was propitious: Yanmar had just introduced a new 5.2liter 315hp turbocharged diesel. Yanmar had long been recognized for the reliability and longevity of their smaller marine diesels, and, weighing 243 Ibs less than CHEWINK's old propulsion system, this new engine was the most compact diesel in its class by a significant margin. It retailed for about $20,000, and with a little imagination I convinced myself that it was affordable.
Will She Plane? And so the serious questions began. Was her hull shape really suitable for efficient planing, or would 300 hp be an expensive waste? How would she trim with 1,300 Ibs of cast iron shifted some 8'6" forward? What size propeller would be required? Would the propeller shaft angle be too steep, and how much water would she draw? Without the kickup capability of the outdrives, how could we protect the underwater gear? I have a degree in Naval Architecture and worked my way through college as a draftsman in the design department at the John G. Alden office in Boston. But I had no experience in the abstruse world of planing hulls and no performance data on which to base my hopes. Galloping to my rescue came Dave Gerr and his Propeller Handbook, published by International Marine. Propeller design gets very technical, but there's also a heavy dose of black arts involved, and Gerr does a masterful job of making it relatively simple. First the book confirmed my speedpower formulae. Planing boats are different from displacement vessels, for
Dennis Welsh
Craig Stephens bought CHEWINK when she had seized-up engines, and he had no idea how
fast she could go. In his first years of ownership he managed to push her to just 13.5 knots. Today she can attain 28.7 knots and will plane at under 20 knots.
which maximum speed is largely a function of hull length. The maximum speed of a properly shaped planing hull is governed by the amount of power you can put in the water and the amount of weight it has to propel. The reborn CHEWINK would have about 40 Ibs of boat for every horsepower (12,000 Ibs displacement and 300 shaft horsepower), and a table in Gerr's book suggested this would produce between 23 and 26 knots flat out. His more detailed formulae indicated a top speed closer to 30 knots.
2.9 or 3.0 are true planing vessels. Such craft must have quarterbeam buttock angles under two degrees." It proved to be the missing link. From CHEWINK's lines plan, I calculated her quarterbeam buttock angle as 1.75°—well within the 2° limit for planing. It confirmed that CHEWINK's hull was definitely capable of generating sufficient dynamic lift to justify increased power.
But was CHEWINK's hull properly shaped for such speeds?
As with most creative ventures, one crucial question was answered, only to be immediately replaced by another.
According to Gerr, "The best indicator of a hull's maxi mum speed potential is the angle her quarterbeam buttock makes with the waterline when she is at rest at her normal loading....Vessels that operate at speedlength ratios over
Will She Float to Her Lines? With CHEWINK's propulsion system accounting for nearly 15% of her total weight, how much would her foreand
aft trim change when that weight moved 8'forward? Could September/October 1995 • 73
CHEWINK in March 1970, the year of her launching. A handsome-looking
boat, but not a successful performer— her designer, C.F. Lyman, had hoped for cruising speeds
of 15 knots, but she could only manage
13.5 knots.
we move other weights sufficiently far aft to compensate? I established the weight and position of every object on the boat that would be added or removed in the course of CHEWINK's rehabilitation. This ultimately involved 12 major items. Taking out the old engines and outdrives, for example, removed 1,580 Ibs of weight located 11'10" aft of CHEWINK's flotational pivot point. Installing the new engine replaced 1,337 Ibs just 3'6" abaft the pivot point. The net result was a moment of 14,152 ftlbs acting to depress the bow and raise the stern. From her lines plan I calculated that 2,030 ftlbs of moment were sufficient to alter CHEWINK's trim by 1" (measured as the combined rise and fall at bow and stern). Thus, swapping engines would result in about 7" of total trim change. With her pivot point just abaft amidships, this would put CHEWINK's bow down about 4" and raise her stern 3". The main candidate for counterbalancing the engine's shift forward was a fuel tank located just abaft the main bulkhead. This tank held 55 gallons of diesel fuel and weighed 470 Ibs when full. The logical new place for it was as far aft as possible, providing 3,800 ftlbs of counter balancing moment. But even with that and all the other alterations, we were still short by some 3,700 ftlbs. The cure was an additional 45 gallons of fuel capacity way aft—this would balance the boat longitudinally (at least
on paper) and increase total fuel capacity from 165 to 210 gallons. It would also increase her displacement by close to 500 Ibs, but this seemed a small price to pay for an essential trim correction that would increase CHEWINK's cruising range by onethird.
rules, I discovered that CHEWINK needed a threeblade propeller with 22" diameter, 28" of pitch, and a somewhat expanded blade area. This was considerably larger than her two old 14" props, and it raised questions about draft: Even without a skeg, her new draft would be a little over 4', and with a skeg, her draft would approach 5'. A skeg seemed impractical, as it would involve tremendous speedrobbing wetted surface and would be a structural nightmare, but it seemed equally impractical to run without propeller protection. I delayed my decision. My calculations also showed a 22" propeller diameter would require a shaft angle of 19°. Gerr cites the upper limit of shaft angle at about 15°—a larger angle causes uneven blade loading and vibration. I had just 12'6" to play with (the distance between the main bulkhead to the transom), and the new engine would use over 4' of that. The remaining distance simply wasn't sufficient to get an acceptable shaft angle if the propeller was to be on the centerline beneath the boat. My first option was to install the engine backwards, so its drive shaft faced forward, then connected to a Vdrive unit and thence back to the propeller. This would reduce the shaft angle to 13°, but it would also add a noisy, complicated $3,500 gearbox, double the required length of shafting, and wreck my planned cockpit layout. The alternative was to gain distance between engine and propeller by locating the propeller aft of the transom. By this expedient I could reduce the shaft angle to an almost acceptable 16°. It would require hanging the rudder and propeller shaft bearing on a transommounted frame work, but this offered a significant benefit. It allowed the
What Size Propeller? When it came to propeller considerations, Dave Gerr's
outboard shaft bearing to be positioned abaft the propeller
book was indispensable. In it he provides a stepbystep procedure for selecting a propeller for almost any boat, complete with all required formulae, tables, and graphs, and illustrated with copious examples. Following Gerr's
could be made an integral part of the rudder assembly. This would do away with the customary flowdisturbing
74
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WoodenBoat 126
instead of forward of it, and the housing for the bearing shaft strut immediately forward of the propeller, and seemed a much better solution.
The Evolution Marine Shafting System To build my rudder/shaft assembly, I was directed to a small machine shop in Camden, Maine, The Evolution Company. What I found there became a key element in CHEWINK's transformation. They had developed a new shaft system for inboardpowered boats, one which eliminated the slow leak necessary to cool the stern bearing in a traditional stuffing box. The Evolution system transferred the propeller's push to a thrust bearing rather than to the engine gearbox. From the thrust bearing back to the propeller, the shaft ran in an oil bath inside a sealed tube, and turned in bearings normally lubricated by the oil bath, but which would continue to run safely if a seal failed and the bearings were lubricated only by salt water. The engine was connected to the thrust bearing with a light and inexpensive automotivetype drive shaft. Evolution had installed about 15 such systems, demonstrating noticeably improved propulsive efficiency and reduced noise and vibration. For me, the system offered many benefits: With no thrust on the engine itself, I could use extremely soft mounts for minimum transmission of noise and vibration through the boat's structure. The system allows engine and shafting to be aligned by eye instead of to within twothousandths of an inch. There would be a 3% gain in propeller efficiency because the stationary shaft tube prevented the shaft from imparting rotational energy to the water just forward of the prop, and because lateral propeller vibrations would be greatly reduced. The only drawback was the increased diameter of the hole that would have to be bored through CHEWINK's 4"wide keel (the 1½" shaft would require a 23/8" shaft tube). Such a big hole seemed a necessary evil...at least until Evolution revealed a hidden ace.
4', and the prop would project only about 5" below the deepest part of the hull forward. This was shallow enough for me to do away with the idea of a skeg. Third, the shaft angle would be reduced to a mere 8°, and this could improve the propulsive efficiency by up to 3% all by itself. Finally, the surface drive made it possible to place the engine at the forward end of the cockpit, thereby pre serving my planned layout. At first glance, the surface drive was more expensive than a conventional system—$7,500 for Evolution's system plus $3,000 for the necessary stainlesssteel propeller. But a conventional system would require a V drive gearbox ($3,500) and extensive modifications to CHEWINK's backbone. I estimated that the surface drive would add between $2,000 and $3,000 to the total cost money well spent. Only two questions remained: (1) Would a surface drive perform as advertised? and (2) Was I willing to be the first customer for Evolution's new product? The first question was easily answered: There were hundreds of boats running with such drives, and there were no
Getting Really Radical Evolution had been working on a particularly bold idea— the mating of their shaft system with surfacepiercing propeller technology. A surfacepiercing propeller is designed to run only about 60% immersed when the boat is at top speed, and works with sheets of entrained air bubbles on the blade faces. Normally confined to fast boats (over 35 knots), the chief advantage is in the reduction of drag. Evolution's surfacedrive system was relatively simple and cheap—a fixed shaft and a surfacepiercing propeller ahead of a conventional rudder, all mounted on a stainless steel framework that would bolt to CHEWINK's transom. We would not be able to vary the propeller's depth of immersion, so if we got it wrong, we'd have to get out the cutting torches. But, the simplicity of the system would save a deal of money, and the proposal solved four prob lems. First, with the surface drive the propeller shaft would exit the boat at the base of the transom instead of through the bottom of the boat—CHEWINK would not have to undergo spinal surgery to reinforce her narrow keel. The massively built transom had been designed to take the thrust and steering loads from her old outdrives, and it would perform the same function with the new system.
Above—Once the outdrives had been removed, the resulting 18 "-diameter holes were replanked with triple-skinned
mahogany to match the rest of the transom. Left—The new outlets for the surface-drive system and the propeller
shaft.
Second, the surface drive would reduce CHEWINK's draft
by placing the propeller well aft of the transom and much higher than in a conventional installation. Draft
at the propeller would be about 2'6" instead of more than September/October 1995 • 75
significant problems that Evolution had not addressed in their design. The second question was a little harder, but I liked what I saw of Evolution's practical engineer ing skills. I decided that the rewards were worth the risk.
Firm Commitments In the fall of 1993, I was directed to Pemaquid Marine in New Harbor, Maine, a small yard owned and run by John Stolecki. At the time, John had two fulltime employees with whom he could handle almost any type of work on any type of boat. They ran a lean and mean shop, turning out highquality work in short periods of time. I particularly liked John's flexibility and the quality of his thinking as he pondered my rather unconventional job. I needed a builder who would approach the work creatively, and John was willing to guide me with practical advice in the tradeoffs and compromises that inevitably accompany a limited rebuilding budget. Our lowcost approach meant that I had to be my own naval architect, and that every bit of engineering and design work had to be done by me, by John Stolecki, by Evolution, or by all three in combination. Instead of formal upfront design procedures, our collective method was to produce rough sketches and tackle the detailed design work as we went along. Evolution's design of the surfacedrive components was a little more formal than this, but not much. Looking back, we made very few false steps and came up with many simple, elegant solutions. In part this was because of the extensive experience of the participants, but good communications played a vital part as well—John and Evolution both allowed me much closer access to their operations than was typical for most of their customers. I'm sure I was a considerable pain in the neck, and I am very grateful to them.
The Rebuild
Top—The framnvork for the new cockpit was offered up many times. It was finally fitted once all the mechanical
installations had been completed. Above—Everything is ready for the installation of the new Yanmar engine. The oak engine beds (seen here coated in red lead paint either side of the engine mounts) were notched over
the floor/frame timbers and run from the transom forward to the main bulkhead.
In February 1994 John moved CHEWINK into his shop and began gutting her from the main bulkhead aft. In less than two weeks we had a very large, empty space and two gaping holes in the transom where the outdrives had been. John and his crew cleaned out the cockpit bilges and painted them with red lead. In so doing, they discovered tension breaks in five of the twelve floor timbers in the cockpit area. These seem to have occurred when CHEWINK was new and the hard mahogany in her outer planking swelled. With no caulking between planks, the floors had to give. Fortunately, her otherwise robust hull did not appear to have suffered, and John sistered the offending floors on the opposite faces of the frames. He went on to replank the tripleskinned mahogany transom where the outdrives had left two 18"diameter holes. The major structural work began with two new oak engine beds which were notched over the floor/frame timbers from the transom forward to the main bulkhead. In addition, a pair of substantial oak stringers run about 5' forward and aft of the main bulkhead and are intended to help distribute the increased longitudinal loads from
a bigger engine and a lot more speed. As anticipated, the greatest uncertainties were in the stern area where the surface drive had to mate to both the old and the new hull structures. The first design dilemma concerned a massive laminated centerline 76
• WoodenBoat 126
Hoisting the engine into place. Shortly after this shot was taken, the. engine was temporarily set down on the sole, and the lifting chain was removed and re-run through the aftermost hole in the house roof-—this allowed a straight lead for lowering the engine into its correct
position.
stern knee, the only framing associated with CHEWINK's brutally strong transom. The question was whether to keep it or cut it out. At first we considered reshaping the forward end of the knee to create a landing place for Evolution's thrust bearing. In the end John decided that a new structure would be better, so the knee disappeared, soon to be replaced with two new knees in laminated mahogany. These were artfully placed to take the big bolts that would fasten the surface drive framework to the transom. The bottom leg of each knee lay alongside and was bolted through the after end of the adjacent engine bed. Thus, the considerable steering side loads from the surface drive would be transferred through the transom and down the knees to the engine beds and the after floor/frame structures. My planned layout called for the addition of a mid cockpit bulkhead just aft of the new engine. Forward of this bulkhead, John was soon laying in the framing for the cockpit sole over the engine. The bulkhead received the carlins that ran down each side of the big new engine room hatch. The carlins were tied out to the hull with transverse oak deckbeams. To reduce the weight of the hatch (about 3 x 5'), John built it in balsacored fiberglass. In the after half of the cockpit I sketched a layout more typical of a sailboat, with seat lockers on either side of a footwell. The design and installation of the framing for this were complicated by the structural interface with the new fuel tanks, the muffler, the exhaust, and Evolution's thrust bearing and shafting. John built the seat and sole framing in complete units which (until final installation) could be dropped into the boat and removed almost as easily. This proved to be a godsend, since installing the surfacedrive components took a lot more "back andforthing" than anyone expected. At last count, the cockpit framing units had gone into and come back out of the boat four times. Making the units removable allowed their development to progress in parallel with the installation of the systems beneath. By now, the Evolution thrust bearing had been installed and the fabrication of the surface drive framework that was to hang off the transom was well underway. The major
interior structural changes had all been made, and it was time for the first projectthreatening surprise. John and I discovered that CHEWINK's transom was several inches wider and deeper than was indicated on the lines plan. It had never occurred to me to check Mr. Lyman's plan against the actual boat, but it was now obvious that the lines I had used for all my calculations were those of an earlier version of CHEWINK. What if the boat was much heavier than I had thought? The only solution was for John to stop work, set up a grid, and take off the lines so that I could redo all the math. We must have had a boatbuilding guardian angel, because CHEWINK's actual displacement turned out to be 180 Ibs less than I had originally calculated. This miracle resulted from the fact that while she was wider and deeper aft than we had realized, she was also considerably narrower forward. This meant that her hull was even more suited to planing, so we heaved a collective sigh of relief and went back to work. It was a big day when the surfacedrive framework arrived to be bolted to the transom. It was welded from 3"diameter 316L stainless tube and bolted onto the boat through a big diamondshaped base. Castinplace epoxy pads were used to mate the base to the curve of the transom. We sealed around the shaft tube where it passed through the transom using a doughnutshaped nylon bushing bedded in 3M 5200. At about the same time, the engine was also installed. We were almost there.
Redemption Realized In September 1994, we relaunched CHEWINK in a partially completed state in order to perform basic sea trials. We did not want to permanently install the aft cockpit fittings until we had confirmed that the surface drive was working as expected. As she left the trailer, we scored our first small victory—she floated exactly as my spreadsheets had predicted. The first trial, however, was a significant shock— CHEWINK still would not plane, and there was a lot of noise and vibration from her propeller. An urgent phone call revealed that my prop supplier had delivered a September/October 1995 • 77
The surface-drive framework was welded from 3 "-diameter 316L stainless tube and boiled onto the transom. The rudder
blade had been enlarged to give more steering authority at low speeds. By
focusing this new surface area at the top of the blade, there was little increase in drag once CHEWINK was up on plane.
The latest pro/teller is 1" larger in diameter than the original replacement but has wide blades, more pitch, and an aggressive cup on the trailing edge of each blade. Access to the engine is via a large Jlush-Jitting hatch in the sole port and aft of the steering position. The new cockpit layout has long bench seats which are hinged down the middle of their length to open onto generous cave lockers.
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conventional rather than a surfacepiercing propeller. Full of apologies, they rushed the right prop into pro duction, and a month later we tried again. The second trial gave mixed results: CHEWINK was planing, but she maxed out at 20 knots, well short of the speed predicted by the formulae, and there was still too much noise and vibration. Also, the Yanmar was over revving by 450 rpm, so the prop was obviously woefully short on blade area. Since the prop supplier was not interested in trying again, I needed another source of guidance. Evolution sent me to Randy Hale, a young propeller expert who has a professional relationship with Rolla, the Swiss company that reintroduced surfacepiercing props to the racing fraternity. In less than a week Randy had secured Mr. Rolla's enthusiastic participation, and we were loaned a new prop, repitched and rebalanced for our trial. Only 1" larger in diameter than the first propeller, it had great wide blades, more pitch, and an aggressive cup on the trailing edge of each blade. The improvements were immediate—CHEWINK ran better throughout her entire range, and we picked up 4 knots of topend speed. Even better, the Rolla prop only reduced peak engine speed by about 50 rpm—we still had 400 rpm to play with. This meant that Randy could increase the
pitch and adopt an even more aggressive cup to fur ther reduce rpm and add to CHEWINK's topend speed. With these modifications CHEWINK went faster still, topping out at 27.5 knots with just 200 rpm of overrevving. We pushed her hard in fast turns and rough water. The ride was excellent, and her highspeed maneuvering was much improved, but at low speeds all was not well, especially in reverse when the prop walked the stern sharply to starboard. Over the winter, Randy reworked the propeller once more, John and his crew finished fitting out and painting the boat, and Evolution increased the surface area of the very tall, narrow rudder by about 80% to give more steering authority. Most of this new area was at the top where the rudder would be fully immersed at low speeds, but at high speeds much of it would be out of the water and would not add significant drag. In April 1995, CHEWINK returned to the water for her final trials. She achieved 28.7 knots (measured by radar), and the enlarged rudder was a roaring success—she was easier to control in reverse, and her handling was more positive at all speeds. It should be noted that topend speed was not the sole purpose of all this tweaking. The most important gains have been in the midrange where we have lowered the engine speed by 800 rpm at 20 knots
The redemption of CHEWINK has been a long and often complicated challenge, but for owner Craig Stephens the results have been worth every hour and every penny spent. September/October 1995 • 79
The 1996
WoodenBoat Show
Mystic Seaport Museum Mystic, Connecticut June 2830 9:00 a.m. — 6:00 p.m., daily Admission covers entry to both the 1996 WoodenBoat Show and the Mystic Seaport Museum.
For advance tickets, call WoodenBoat at 8002737447. For exhibitor information, call the WoodenBoat Show at 2073594651. For information about lodging and Mystic area attractions, call the Mystic Chamber of Commerce at 2035729578.
Daily admission at the gate: §17.50 adult $10.00 child 615 years $7.50 museum member—adult $5.00 museum member—ages 615 Threeday passes—advance purchase only: $20.00 adult $12.00 child 615 years $10.00 museum member—adult $7.00 museum member—ages 6—15
and by 550 rpm at 15 knots, CHEWINK's minimum planing $47,000. Materials, purchased equipment, hauling and speed. We're now considering a new prop with about 2" launching, etc. added a further $15,000. Including the more diameter, which should make 30 knots attainable. Yanmar, Evolution's system, and Rolla's prop, the total I'm hoping that CHEWINK will plane at below 2,500 rpm. job has cost a little over $90,000. (Of this total, roughly $15,000 was for tasks not directly associated with Concluding Thoughts CHEWINK's repowering.) I could not replace CHEWINK This has been quite an experience for me. We've achieved today for twice or even three times what her transformation excellent results and are not yet finished. Because of her cost. For that same amount, I could have a secondhand outstanding propulsion system, CHEWINK's performance fiberglass cruiser, but it would lack CHEWINK's character, is better than many people expected, and much better and I would have missed an excellent adventure and the than the average planing cruiser or sportfisherman of opportunity to preserve and use a unique boat. For me, comparable size. While some of today's fiberglass cruisers such considerations amply justify the investment. hit 30 or 32 knots, they all seem to require about twice There is one more way in which CHEWINK has earned CHEWINK's horsepower. her new lease on life. Through her, I have met and worked The Yanmar engine has proven to be an inspired with wonderful people who have become good friends. choice. It is unusually quiet, with little of the typical diesel I would like to thank John and Katherine Stolecki, along clatter, and emits no visible smoke except for a momentary with John Vinal and Toby Harris, all of Pemaquid Marine. puff under very hard acceleration. In hindsight, no other Similar thanks extend to Alan Carr, Sam Tibbets, and all 300hp diesel would have fit into the space we had available. the crew at The Evolution Company, and to Randy Hale Evolution's first surface drive has worked superbly, and and Rolla Propellers. Finally, special thanks go to Mike is the major reason for CHEWINK's surprising speed with Nyboe of Bittersweet Boat Yard in South Bristol, Maine, modest horsepower. I would recommend Rolla propellers where we launched and hauled CHEWINK many, many to anyone considering a surfacedrive system. John Stolecki's times during her testing. From his enthusiastic support work was superb, and the new cockpit arrangement has and participation in those trials, you would have thought provided seating and excellent storage, both of which she was his own boat. Because of these people, given CHEWINK previously lacked. These, along with her increased another boat that warrants redemption, I have no doubt speed and range, have greatly increased her usefulness that I'd do it all again. as a family cruising boat. On another level, redeeming CHEWINK has saved CraigA. Stephens is a management consultant who lives in Marblehead, something I believe to be worth preserving, and Charles Massachusetts, with his family and a small fleet of wooden boats. Lyman's work has been vindicated—his hull shape was just 25 years ahead of the necessary power plant John Stolecki, Pemaquid Marine, HCR 62 Box 191, New Harbor, ME technology. 04554; 207-677-2024. The project was not without its troublesome elements— The Evolution Company, Inc., 12 Moron Dr., Unit #4, Rockland, ME for one thing, it cost considerably more than was origi 04841; 207-594-2240. nally anticipated. Fortunately, I had allowed for possible increases, so there were no heartstopping surprises or Randy Hale, The Machine Works at Essex, Inc., 50 West Ave., P.O. financial hardships. But, do the results justify the total Box 39, Essex, CT 06426; 800-724-0528. expenditure? In all, John and his crew devoted about CHEWINK's Yanmar engines were supplied by: Mack Boring and Parts
2,150 hours to CHEWINK, for a total labor bill of about
Company, 586 Granite St., Braintree, MA 01284; 617-848-9300.
Charles Frederic Lyman
C
harles Frederic Lyman grad uated from MIT in the early 1920s and became a leading expert in radio communications. As a senior naval officer during the Second World War he saw consider able action in the Pacific, where his radio expertise was vital in ensuring interfleet communications. Following the war, he retired to South Bristol, Maine, and a life of boat design and construction. Mr. Lyman was a remarkably prolific amateur naval architect who learned the trade through a correspondence
course. More than 70 boats were built to his designs (the majority for him self) in a wide variety of types and sizes. Once a boat was built and up
and running, he was impatient to move on to the next design. Often, his most recent work would be donated to some charitable organization to be sold at auction—often, these craft were handed on in almost unused condition, a fact of life which caused Mrs. Lyman considerable consternation. By all accounts, Charles Lyman was a man of determined opinions and perfectionist tendencies who was
rarely satisfied with his work. He had a particular fondness for double planked construction, and CHEWINK's ability to absorb so much extra power and run at high speed owes much to the light but rugged construction upon which Mr. Lyman insisted. Her smooth ride and ability to maintain speed in a seaway are also testimony
to Mr. Lyman's eye for fine seagoing planing hull shapes. I am sorry that he never saw her perform to her full potential, but I think he would have been pleased with her transformation. —C.A.S.
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Building Daisy Part 1
O o
ne of the fascinating things about boatbuilding is that, even after many thousands of years, there is still so much exper imenting going on. It would seem that in something so basic as a skiff, all the possibilities of design and construction would have been explored and their relative merits decided upon. Perhaps almost all the variables have been tried, but at widely spaced intervals of time and in different parts of the world. Also, if small changes were unimportant, then a general consensus as to what was best would probably have been reached long ago. Subtle changes can be very significant, however, both in the performance of the boat and
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in her strength and general ability to resist the elements. Add to this the prejudices we develop toward certain forms, tech niques, and materials, and you will see that some of the unexplored territory exists simply because we refuse to address the possibilities. So, here is yet another boat, a skiff remarkably similar to the Yankee Tender presented in WoodenBoat Nos. 30 and 31, and to the Chamberlain skiff and the semidories in John Gardner's Building Classic Small Craft and The Dory Book. Daisy, as I call the design, comes with a cargo of prejudice, such as a sweet, upsweeping sheer, the belief that a boat is more than a seagoing box, and that it is a
good thing to lean heavily on the heroes of the past. I have called Daisy a dory skiff. From the dory she gets her lapstrake planking, her sawn frames, and her twopiece, nonrabbeted stem. Her skiff genes give her increased bottom and transom width. The curve of her sides softens her appearance, allows for a bit narrower bottom to help reduce wetted surface for rowing, yet adds beam quickly when heeled to hold up her sailing rig. She is a stable boat, able to support four adults while rowing, with room for three under sail. Weighing just over 140 Ibs, she can be cartopped but will need a good quality rack to take the weight.
September/October 1995 • 83
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Her construction differs only slightly from the boats mentioned above, but these variations are (as I've said) what the whole game is about. They include: a twopiece chine, installed on the flat; a twolayer bottom, the grain of the first layer running at a right angle to the grain of the second layer; a centerboard trunk in which all pieces have the grain running in the same direction; and a method of beveling and sealing the laps which
makes this operation almost fool proof.
Setting Up Many of today's plans are sold using the statement, "No lofting required." Let's change tacks a bit and say, "No fullsized lines need be bought. All offsets needed to create the design are included!" Seriously, only the fun
part is left to be done. You will need some heavy building paper to lay out the shape of the four molds, the stem, and the transom. [Although all the information required to build Daisy is included in this series, four 11 x 16" sheets are available from the author. Ordering information is included at the end of the article.] The body plan (to the left of the table of offsets on the lines drawing on page 82) is all you need be concerned with to create the four molds. You will be reproducing that part of the draw ing full size on building paper, and you will need to draw both sides of each station. Draw a baseline, a building baseline 36" above the base and parallel with it, and a centerline per pendicular to and connecting both baselines. Using the vertical columns under A, B, C, and D in the table of offsets, measure up from the baseline the indicated heights and out from the centerline the amount of the half breadth on each side to create the intersections of the plank lines at the molds. These points are called the knuckles in this style of boat, although in Daisy only plank line No. 2 has much of a knuckle shape to it. Connect these points with straight lines to create the shape of the boat at each station. The actual mold must overlap the building baseline an inch or more, so continue each line from knuckle No. 3 past the sheer to a little beyond the building base. To build the molds, slide a ¾ x 8 " board under the paper and prick through the bottom points, each
knuckle, the sheer, and the points that represent the building baseline. Remove the board, connect the dots, tack a second board under the first, and saw out both mold sides together. Complete the mold by laying the side pieces in their correct positions on top of the fullsized drawing and con necting them with crosspieces and a diagonal brace as shown on the Building Jig drawing, page 86. Note that the longer of the two crosspieces holding the mold halves together is fastened so that one edge is on the
building baseline. The shorter cross piece running from chine to chine can be held down 5/8" to accommo date the chines and strongback, as shown, or it can be placed at the level of the bottom and notched out for these members. The transom cannot be drawn from the offset table because it stands at an angle to the body plan. Pick up its dimensions from the transom expansion drawing. Two or three pieces of oak, edgeglued together, will be needed to get sufficient width
September/October 1995
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for the transom. The edges where the bottom and side planking bear will need to be beveled. Get out your magnifying glass and lift these bevels from the expanded transom drawing. Do the heavy beveling at the bench, but leave a little wood for finetuning after setting up.
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Look on the lines drawing for the information needed to reproduce the stem's profile. On your building paper, draw a baseline about 2' long and a parallel building baseline 36" above. Erect a perpendicular connecting the midpoint of these lines to represent the forward perpendicular on the lines
drawing. To get the bottom point of the stem, measure up the perpendicular from the base a heavy 4% ". (This is the height of the bottom of the stem taken from the table of offsets.) Now measure back from this point 105/8" as shown on the lines drawing. Use the same method to get the intersec tions of knuckle lines 1, 2, and 3 and the sheer with the stem. Connect the dots and extend this profile line until it reaches the building base.
The siding and molding (athwart ships and foreandaft dimensions) of the stem are found in the list of specifications on page 84. Bevel the stem from its heel to the sheer, leaving a ¼" face width. To get the correct bevel, set an adjustable bevel gauge to measure the angle between the sheer and the centerline on the halfbreadth view of the lines draw ing. Hold the gauge against the stem at approximately the same angle that the sheer intersects the stem in the profile drawing (not perpendicular, or normal, to the stem), then cut away, as in photo 1, with drawknife, spoke shave, and plane until the gauge fits. Bevel the rest of the stem by setting the gauge, in turn, to each of the knuckle lines and the bottom, and planing away until the gauge fits each location. Repeat for the opposite side of the stem. The building jig for this boat is a standard ladder frame constructed of two 2 x 6 " planks on edge with 2 x 4 " crosspieces on the flat and located on station lines as shown in the drawing on page 86. Level this assembly carefully. Put a centerline down the crosspieces, and set mold "C" over the line. Stand it plumb, and brace it. Set the rest of the molds, none of which need bracing since they will be held plumb by the 5½" strong back when it is installed as shown in the plans. The building jig drawing
gives measurements which allow the stem and transom (photo 2) to be set up properly. The little knee screwed and glued to the heel of the stem is for attaching the chines (photo 3). The combined length of the bottom of the stem and knee should be 5 ".
Installing the Chines The chines are usually difficult pieces to install. In most boats, they are installed with their wider dimension running up the side of the boat. Their tops must then be beveled so as not to trap water; and to get them to lie in their notches in the molds, they must be bent in two directions and usually twisted as well. All this strain
falls on the ends where the chines
connect to the stem and transom. In Daisy, however, we have put the chines on the flat. So, their top edges don't need to be planed, and they will bend easily to the moderate bottom rocker curve. The edgewise bend that the chines must make to follow the athwartships curve of the bottom is made possible by ripping on the band saw (leaving the last 3" solid at the stern) as in photo 4. After spreading thickened epoxy in the saw kerf, fasten the chines to the transom (oak cleats, as seen in photo 5, are to be fastened to the transom for just this purpose).
Now, spring the chines around the molds, temporarily tying them in
place as in photo 6. Cross their ends over each other at the bow, and hold them in this position with a clamp September/October 1995
• 87
trailer. This construction also allows us to use up cedar that has good width but insufficient length for foreandaft planking. (Either M > " plywood or double cross planking— as in "Building a Flat Bottom Skiff,"
(separate them with a piece of plastic so they will not be glued to each other). Then go back and lightly clamp along the whole length of each chine. When the epoxy cures, the chines will be locked in their correct curve, allowing for a relaxed and careful fitting at the stem. The outside edges of the chines should now be planed to match the flare of the sides. The top of this bevel may be marked with a marking gauge, as shown in photo 7.
Planking the Inner Bottom Daisy's bottom is made of two layers of 38/" cedar. The inner bottom runs athwartships, from chine to chine (photo 8). The outer bottom (installed after the garboards are on) runs fore andaft. Cedar is such a soft and for giving wood that we can get away with gluing these relatively thick pieces at right angles to each other. The result is a bottom that will not open up between uses or during a trip on the
WB No. 30, page 74—will make an excellent bottom as well.) Before proceeding with the glued up version of the bottom, staple plastic to the strongback to prevent bonding the boat to the jig. The first layer of bottom planking to be installed is made of random width boards running athwartships from chine to chine. Joint their edges for a reasonable fit, then put a bead of polyurethane sealant (like 3M 5200) on the chine and epoxy on the edge of each board. Hold this bottom in place temporarily with 1" wire brads driven partway into the chines and strongback. As each piece is fastened, mark the projection of the chine bevel onto the board's upper surface using a marking gauge like that in photo 7. When the glue and sealant have cured, remove the brads, connect the chine points with a batten, then trim and plane the ends of the bottom boards flush with the outside edges of the chines.
Planking the Sides The side planking is 7/16" cedar; pine is a good substitute. The shape of the garboard can be found by taking the
board selected for that piece and simply wrapping it around the boat. Trace the bottom curve, and the out side of the stem and transom. Also mark each station and the position of knuckle No. 1 on that station. Remove the board, connect the No. 1 knuckle marks, and saw to the lines. You have the luxury on the garboard of leaving ¼" or so of extra wood on the bottom edge, as this is easy to remove after fastening. Other methods are quite accept able (and often easier) for getting the shapes of the planks. A Masonite spiling batten that is 1' wide and nearly 16' long may be used in a man ner similar to that described above; to obtain the required length, join two pieces of Masonite together, end toend, with a gluedon butt block or, better, a piece of 3 "wide fiberglass tape set in epoxy on each side of the butt. Mark on the batten as above, lay it on the plank stock, and transfer the shape by chucking a brad in your
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drill and poking it through at the appropriate spots. Apply polyurethane sealant at the stem, transom, and chines, then
fasten the garboards in place, as in photo 9.
Planking the Outer Bottom Plane the garboard flush with the bottom, and give the whole bottom a goingover with a smoothing plane to prepare for the outer layer. Select sound but not necessarily knotfree boards, joint their edges, and dryfit the planks. Make reference marks across the seams of the outer bottom planking for realignment, and trace around the edge of the bottom's first layer so excess can be trimmed off. Mark on the inner bottom where the seams of the outer bottom fall so you can glue on one plank at a time. You will want a helper to get each piece fastened securely before the glue
begins to set. Begin fastening by spreading slightly thickened epoxy on the appropriate area of the inner bottom (photo 10) and on the first outer bottom plank. Place the plank in position and tack it down with 7/8" common copper tacks driven through against a bucking iron. Space the tacks every 6", in pairs. Apply temporary clamping pressure to the perimeter and to the center along the strong back by nailing through small pads of wood, then on through the bottom, as shown in the photo. When the outer bottom is com plete and the glue has cured, trim the edges flush with the garboards and fasten both layers to the chine and transom with 1" ring nails spaced every 3 ".
In the next issue, Harry will complete the planking of the dory skiff, fit her out, and give some tips for finishing. Harry Bryan builds and repairs boats in New Brunswick, Canada. His shop relies on a small gas engine and solar panels for power, emphasizing a strong commitment to humanpowered and hand tools. He teaches a course on buildingDaisy here at WoodenBoat School. Although Daisy can be built from all the information supplied in this article, the drawings printed here are available reproduced at 11 x 16". Order from Bryan Boatbuilding, RR4, St. George, NB EO6 2YO, Canada; 506-755-2486. The price of the set is $30.00. September/October 1995 • 89
Text and illustrations by Ed McClave n our last issue, Ed McClave explained how wood behaves when subjected to various stresses. Here, he discusses additional factors that we should consider when designing, building, rigging, or sailing wooden boats.
from the grain direction. There are six ways to make wooden tensioncarrying components that are curved. The first is to cut the curved member from a long, wide, straight grained board. The grain angle near
is exactly the approach taken in the construction of large, heavily tim bered, sawnframe wooden vessels. The second approach is to use short sections of wood, connected together endtoend with butted joints or glued scarfs, so that the grain angle everywhere at least approximates the load direction. This is how most boat planks are made up. Since a single long, curved piece will generally have significant grain angles near its ends, a composite member made up of short pieces connected together is often stronger than one very long piece, so long as the connections are strong. Another technique consists of finding "crooked wood" from trees that are curved or from the inter sections of the trunks and roots or the trunks and branches of trees. Wood from curved logs can often be used to advantage in planking, but it isn't easy to find, and there are few options open to a sawyer cutting a curved log. Short, sharply curved pieces from roots and branch crooks are
the ends, which is where the most
available, but their use is generally
important fastenings often are, will be very bad, and the part will be weak. We can compensate somewhat for this weakness by making the part extra
limited to very short pieces like knees. The fourth option is to laminate a number of thin strips which, individ ually, can be bent cold to the required
thick (which means extra heavy). This
curve. This works well, but it's often
Curved Wood Boats, unlike buildings, are curved in almost every direction. The stresses in hulls follow these curves, and for the strongest, lightest hull, we'd like any loadcarrying material to be aligned with the curves, too. You'll remember that we found earlier that wood is weak in tension when the load doesn't closely follow the grain direction. The example we used is white oak, which has only about half its straightgrain tensile strength when the load varies only 10°
90 • WoodenBoat 126
wasteful of lumber, expensive, time consuming, and the glues may be inadequate for bonding structural members that will spend their careers underwater. The next method is coldbending. Planks, in particular, can often be edgeset to a moderate degree, allow ing long, straightgrained pieces to be used where weaker, shorter, butted sections would otherwise be used. Laid decks that follow the curve of the covering boards are normally done this way. Boatbuilders who got their start building small boats and read ing Howard Chapelle's books (which describe spiling but say little abovit edgeset planks) are often surprised when they find out just how much boatbuilding was once done by edge setting straight planks. Most large vessels built after the Civil War and virtually all large doubleplanked yachts were planked this way. It makes even more sense today than then, since epoxy glues allow even under water planks of many materials to be reliably scarfed up to run the length of the boat. However, coldbending is limited to the easy longitudinal curves like those of planks, covering boards, sheer clamps, etc. The sixth, but certainly not the least
A complete rebuild awaited the 1913 New York 50 SPARTAN after the rough and windy Opera House Cup Race of 1980.
important way to make curved wood, is steambending. I like steambending, and I've done a lot of it. It's a fast, in expensive way to make a strong curved wooden part. However, in this dis cussion I'm mainly going to focus on the limitations of steambending.
Limitations of Steam Bending Steambending relies upon the ability of hot, moist hardwoods to acquire large amounts of longitudinal com pressive set, or permanent compres sive deformation. As I said in Part I, wood is a brittle material in tension. Wood fibers can stretch very little before they break, whether they're hot or cold. If we try to bend a dry piece of wood, it usually fails when the fibers on the tension side (the convex side) of the bend sever. If we heat the wood, especially if it's fairly wet, the resis tance of the cells and fibers to buckling in endwise compression goes way down, even though their resistance to stretching in tension is changed little, if at all. When we bend a hot piece of wood, the neutral axis (the surface outside of which the stress is tension and inside of which the stress is compres sion) is not at the geometric center of the crosssection as it is with beams
of other materials. Because of the dif ference in the hot wood's resistance to compression and tension, the neu tral axis moves outward, toward the convex face, as we bend the piece. In a severe bend, only a small fraction of the wood is actually in tension, with the rest in compression. After the bent piece has cooled and set, it looks outwardlyjust as it did before we bent it. However, on the compression side of the neutral axis, the folding and buckling that took place during the bending process has transformed the formerly straightgrained wood to crossgrained wood, with an accom panying loss of tensile properties. The bottom line is that bent wood isn't nearly so strong in tension as it was before it was bent, although unless it's very severely bent, it's a lot stronger than a straightgrained piece sawn to the same curve. The critical factor is the bend ratio, which is the ratio of the radius of curvature of the bend (measured to the concave face) to the depth (the molded dimension) of the bent piece. The lower the number, the more severe the bend. Straight grained white oak can be bent to ratios of 8 or even lower without breaking
about 15 often breaks in service if it must carry tensile loads. Pieces like stems and knees, which function more as stiffeners than as tensile ele ments, can often be bent more severely than can frames without breakage in service. The bend ratio is illustrated in Figure 10. Remember that beams gain bend ing stiffness in direct proportion to their width, but in proportion to the cube of their depth. In most designs, deep, narrow beams are most effi cient. With bent wood, however, in creasing the depth decreases the bend ratio and increases the weakening effect of bending, so attempting to make bent wood beams (such as the frames of a boat) stiff by making them very deep can be counterproductive, especially when the beams must, like boat frames, carry tensile stresses.
during the bending process. However,
ethylene glycol, but it can't absorb
wood bent to ratios more severe than
nonpolar hydrocarbons, like oils and
Wood and Moisture We all know that wood responds to
changes in moisture. Exactly how this happens is very important to the design of wooden structures that are likely to get wet. Wood's cell wall material can absorb water and other polar molecules like ammonia and
September/October 1995 • 91
many solvents. Absorption of polar liquids causes the cell walls to increase in thickness but not in length. The water that is absorbed into the cell walls is called the bound water, and the moisture content at which the cell walls can absorb no more bound water is about 29% or 30% (that is, 29 or 30 parts of water, by weight, to 100 parts of dry wood). This moisture content
is called the fibersaturation point. (See WB No. 123, page 107.) After the cell walls are fully satu rated and the wood is fully swollen, most types of wood can absorb more water: the free water, which fills up the tubelike cell cavities, but which causes no additional dimensional changes. Some kinds of wood can absorb so much free water that their moisture contents can exceed 100% (100% moisture content means one part water to one part dry wood, by weight). The maximum moisture content of wood varies greatly from one species to another. Some woods (like white cedars) gain very little additional moisture after reaching the fiber saturation point, while others (like balsa or, surprisingly, bald cypress, which is otherwise closely related to the white cedars) may waterlog, reaching very high moisture contents. Unlike the cell walls, the cell cavities can absorb nonpolar molecules like turpentine, pine tar, epoxy, linseed oil, and the like, but those substances can't travel easily through the cell walls to reach the cell cavities like water can. Those substances can travel along the grain by moving through the cell cavities in some kinds of wood, but they are unable to penetrate deeply across the grain in any wood. Nonpolar materials in the cell cavities can inhibit the movement of moisture through wood, which has a stabilizing effect, but they don't directly cause or prevent dimensional changes. The moisture content of wood will eventually come into equilibrium with the surrounding atmosphere. For any relative humidity and tem perature, there's a particular equi librium moisture content, which does not depend upon the species of wood. For example, the moisture content of any type of wood held for a long time at 20% relative humidity and
60°F will stabilize at about 5%; at 80% relative humidity and 75°F, the equilibrium moisture content is about 16%. Table 1 shows how the equilibrium moisture content varies with temperature and humidity. Freshly cut green wood generally has a moisture content at or above the fibersaturation point; airdried wood is generally dried to about 12%; and kilndried wood might be dried to moisture contents as low as 8%. The moisture content of wood in contact with water is always at or above the fibersaturation point. When the cell walls take on mois ture and swell, the wood itself swells. Most of the reinforcing fibers are in the cell walls, and they run longitu dinally, so wood doesn't respond at all in the longitudinal direction to moisture changes. A few cells, called ray cells, are arranged in longitudinal planes called rays, with the direction of the individual ray cells running from the bark toward the middle of the tree. The rays are easy to see in the endgrain of woods like oak—they appear as lines perpendicular to the growth rings. The ray cells give many woods their interesting figure and, more important, they partially restrain wood's radial response to moisture content changes. But this restraint doesn't exist in the tangential direc tion. Therefore, most kinds of wood respond to changes in moisture con tent about twice as much in the tan gential direction as in the radial direction. That's why quartersawn wood is so prized. It's about twice as stable as flatsawn wood. Typical values of shrinkage for wood range from 3% to 8%, with a few outside of this range. Shrinkage of 1 % means a dimensional change of 1/8" per foot of width over the entire range from 0% to the fibersaturation point, about 29%. A 12"wide flat grained board of a wood with a tan gential shrinkage of 7% will increase in width by over half an inch if the moisture content is increased from 12% (airdry) to fully saturated. Figure 11 demonstrates the radial and tangential swelling of oak.
Wood Restrained from Dimensional Change Wood doesn't always swell and shrink, however, when the moisture content changes. Very often (especially in boat construction) wooden components are 92
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restrained by the surrounding struc ture and can't respond to moisture content changes by dimensional change. Under restraint, wood develops inter nal stress as a result of moisture changes. If the moisture content of a restrained piece drops, crossgrain tensile stresses develop. As we've already seen, wood is very weak in tension in both of the transverse direc tions, and these stresses may cause it to tear apart, or check. If, on the other hand, the moisture content of a restrained piece increases, crossgrain compressive stresses develop. For lack of a better term, we'll refer to these stresses as "swelling stresses," even though they develop only when swelling and shrinkage are at least partially prevented by restraint.
Compressive Set The swelling stresses in a restrained plank can easily reach a level at which they permanently crush the cell wall structure, a phenomenon called compressive set. (Compressive set also occurs along the grain, or longitudinally; this is what allows us to steambend wood. However, the underlying process in longitudinal set is an accordionlike folding of the wood cells rather than the crush ing that occurs in transverse set, and longitudinal set must result from external forces, since wood doesn't swell longitudinally.) If a stick acquires transverse com pressive set due to an increase in mois ture content under restraint, and if it isn't restrained from shrinking when
the moisture content drops again, it will be narrower than it was originally when it reaches its original moisture content. If it's also restrained from shrinking, it will develop an internal tensile stress across the grain before the moisture content drops to its orig inal level. This tensile stress may cause the stick to check. Because the response to moisture changes is greater in the tangential direction than in the radial direction, and because the transverse tensile strength is slighdy lower in the tangen tial direction, transverse compressive set is more likely to occur in flatsawn lumber than in quartersawn (or rift grained) . Figure 12 shows the various scenarios for compressive set. Panelinframe construction is often used in furniture, doors, and marine joinerwork to avoid the effects of compressive set in wide pieces of wood subject to varying moisture contents. This technique allows the panel to expand without transverse restraint when the moisture content increases, and to shrink without restraint when it dries out. Thus com pressive set is prevented, and the structure as a whole swells and shrinks only slightly due to the narrow stiles
content changes. In an unrestrained plank, the ring curvature will tend to flatten out if the moisture content decreases, and it will tend to close up if the moisture content increases. This is due to the difference in the radial and tangential response. If the plank is restrained in a flat configuration, even if it isn't restrained from transverse swelling and shrink ing (as is the case with panelinframe construction), there will be stresses when its moisture content changes, and these may result in compressive set and subsequent checking on the side that's been in compression. If a board that has been surfaced flat at a low moisture content is restrained in the flat configuration like a raised panel is, then when its moisture con tent rises the ring curvature will want to tighten up but will be restrained from doing so. The resulting com pressive stresses on the side of the panel toward the heart of the tree may cause compressive set there, which may cause checks on that surface when the moisture content subsequently decreases. This effect is most com mon in wide flatsawn planks from fairly small trees (that is, planks with significant ring curvature).
that frame the wide panels.
The second of the two minor mech anisms for compressive set is the
In addition to simple transverse restraint, there are two other some what less important mechanisms by which compressive set can occur. Wide planks, especially flatsawn planks, which have significant ring curvature in the endgrain will "cup" or deviate from flatness when their moisture
uneven wetting of restrained boards. If an unrestrained plank is wetted only on one side, that side will swell, causing the plank to "cup." If the plank is restrained in a flat configuration, however, there will be no cupping, (Text continues on page 96.) September/October 1995 • 93
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(Mechanical properties indicated were determined for air-dried wood at 12% moisture content. Most of
these properties will be significantly lower for green wood or wood that has been dried and later saturated.) GLOSSARY Modulus of Elasticity—The bending stiffness (deflection per unit had) of wooden beams is directly proportional to the modulus of elasticity for the particular wood. Longitudinal Bending—These properties are comparable to the yield strength and tensile strength. The tensile properties of wood are tested by bending a simple beam and then calculating the surface stress at yield and failure (in a traditional tensile test, wood usually fails by shear before it
reaches its tensile limits). These values are usually somewhat higher than the true tensile yield and breaking stresses because the highly stressed faces of the wood are supported by the less highly stressed material toward the middle of the timber.
Transverse Tension—The tensile, strength across the grain is an average of the radial and tangential values. Transverse tension exists in curved tension members cut from straight boards and in boards restrained from shrinking during decreases in moisture content. Transverse Compression—The limiting stress beyond which compressive set begins during increases in moisture content that are below the fiber saturation point. This measure is used
to determine the maximum tensile load that the planking can place on transverse framing when the moisture content of the
Side Hardness—Determines the bearing strength of fastenings on the radial or tangential surfaces.
Longitudinal Shear—Determines the "tear-out resistance" along the grain direction for fastenings near the end of planks. Thread Holding—Withdrawal loads for threaded fastenings depend upon the square of the density. The "thread holding" value is the ratio of the square of the density of the listed wood to the square of the density of white oak. Shrinkage—The dimensional change caused by drying from the fiber-saturation point (FSP, a moisture content of about 29%) to the oven-dry condition. A change of 1% is equivalent to
1/8"per 1' of width.
Shrinkage Ratio—The ratio between tangential and radial shrinkages. This ratio indicates the tendency of a board to "cup " during changes in moisture content and to check radially during drying. A shrinkage ratio of "1" indicates no tendency for cupping or radial checking.
Saturation Moisture Content—The moisture content of green wood and of boards dried but subsequently brought
into contact with water.
planking increases.
September/October 1995 • 95
but there will be internal stresses which may lead to compressive set on the wetted side, and to checking when that side subsequently dries. This effect is most prevalent in wide flatsawn boards, because of the high tangential shrinkage rate. This kind of checking can be pre vented by painting. If a plank is coated well, the transfer of moisture into and out of the wood is limited. A well coated plank will not respond at all to shortterm and localized moisture
changes, and it will respond only slowly and evenly to longerterm changes in the external conditions. Compressive set is only an annoy ance to builders of landbased wooden structures, but it's one of the principal aging processes in wooden boats. The initial occurrence of set when a boat built of dry materials is first launched is more or less unavoidable, but the amount of set can be controlled to a certain extent by avoiding wood that is too dry, by choosing the right wood,
by certain fastening procedures, and by proper coating and maintenance. A boat built of unnecessarily dry materials will experience more set than one built of wood with a higher moisture content. The seams of a boat planked with very dry stock will open up more when the boat is hauled and subsequently dries out again than will the seams of a boat planked with wetter stock. This is because the boat planked with dry wood will have experienced more compressive set. The most important and most often violated principle for mitigating the effects of compressive set is: Let it happen only once', that is, avoid resetting the restraint after each cycle. If a check, crack, or open seam resulting from compressive set is filled with a hard substance, or if nuts that loosened up due to set of the wood under them are tightened down after the boat dries out, the compressive limit stresses will develop again on the next wetting cycle—before the wood reaches its maximum moisture content or the fiber saturation point. The crushing will continue. If, on the other hand, the check or open seam is just left alone or is filled with something soft, or if the loose nut on that bolt is left alone, the seam, check, or loose joint will close up when the moisture con tent goes up again, the compressive swelling stress in the seam or joint will return to a value just below the com pressive limit (which it can't exceed anyway), and no more set will occur. If open seams and checks are filled with hard putty, glue, or splines when the planking is dry each year, the planks will keep getting narrower and checks get longer and wider. When the accumulated filler finally falls out of plank seams, the seams are often so wide that they can't be properly caulked anymore. This is when peo ple put rubber sealant in their seams in place of the caulking. Since planks with rubber between them can't resist shear stresses nearly as well as planks that are tightly caulked with cotton or oakum and swelled against one another, the hull begins to work and twist excessively and eventually tears itself apart. Figure 12 shows the effects of resetting the restraint.
Summary Now let's summarize the important points of what we've talked about in both parts of this article: 96
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The deflection of a beam under load is inversely proportional to its width and to the cube of its depth. The hulls of boats and many of their component parts act as beams and as torsion tubes. Beams carry ten sile and compressive bending
stresses, and shear stresses. Torsion tubes carry shear stresses. Metal rods and, to a close approx imation, 1 x 19 rigging wires are linear materials in tension. The amount they stretch in response to an applied load does not depend on the magnitude of any preexist ing load, as long as the stresses gen erated by the total load do not exceed the material's yield stress. Wood is strong in tension along the grain but very weak across its grain in both the radial and tan gential directions. The tensile strength drops off sharply as the grain angle diverges from longi tudinal. Wood beams creep under long term bending loads. Wood is highly resistant to fatigue. Wood is a brittle material under tensile loading. It fractures at a level of distortion just slightly beyond its elastic limit. Therefore, wood ten sile members cannot acquire any permanent stretch due to short term loads or creep due to long term loads (unlike wood beams, which can acquire permanent bends under longterm loading). Wood is weak in longitudinal shear; this is an important limitation in the design of mechanically fastened joints. Wood is weak in compression across the grain. This means that large washers or bearing plates may be necessary for fastenings that carry high loads. The tensile strength of wood is decreased by steambending. The degree of weakening increases as the bend ratio (the ratio of the radius of the bend to the depth of the piece) decreases. Despite this effect, wood parts steambent to a curve are often much stronger
• Wood that is restrained from swelling when its moisture content increases may be permanently crushed by compressive set. If it is restrained from shrinking when the moisture content goes back down, it may fail in transverse tension (i.e., it might check).
This is simple but important stuff to anyone who deals with wooden boats. The points stated above should always be kept in mind, at least sub
consciously, by builders, designers, repairers, and owners. Many of the structural problems common to wooden boats result from ignorance, mis understanding, or lack of thoughtful application of these principles. Ed McClave has built and restored wooden boats since 1974. He holds degrees in mechanical and ocean engineering. In addition to marine surveying, he continues to participate in boatbuilding and restoration projects at the firm of McClave, Philbrick, and Giblin in Stonington, Connecticut.
in tension than parts sawn to the
curve from straight lumber. Wood responds to moisture changes in the transverse directions but not in the longitudinal direc tion. The response in the tangen tial direction is about twice that in the radial direction. September/October 1995
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DESIGNS
The Peregrine 18 A pulling boat for racing or picnicking
Design by John Brooks Commentary by Mike O'Brien
E
ach July 4th near the mouth of Somes Sound, the local folks sponsor a race for all manner of kayaks and pulling boats. Young Peter Lamoureaux asked designer/builder John Brooks to fashion him a rowing skiff that should perform well in the fixedseat, oarongunwale class. After
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Independence Day, the boat will serve as a picnic launch—ferrying Peter and his wife to the idyllic islands that lie close by Southwest Harbor. Preliminary sketches indicate that this design began, more or less, as a Whitehall boat; but the finished draw ings reveal something quite different.
Brooks considered the race criteria: a threemile course, with tight turns, in semiprotected water that can support a healthy chop in a breeze (though the usual wave generator on race day will be holiday powerboat traffic). In the past, stronger entrants in this class had averaged almost 6 knots for the race.
Particulars
LOA 18'2" DWL 16'3" Beam 3'10" Weight (racing) ll0 lbs (cruising) 133 Ibs
Peregrine's lines: soft bilges, flared sides, and a rockered bottom. The body plan at the top of the page depicts the prototype's heart-shaped transom. Designer Brooks drew the simpler-to-build sections (above) for amateur builders.
The designer started by sketching a hull with a nearly semicircular midsection for low wetted surface. He included strongly flared sides to increase secondary stability and to offer a nearly 4' spread for the oar locks. Brooks reckoned that a work ing waterline of nearly 18' would represent the optimum length for a onepersonpower engine. (A shorter waterline would waste energy through excessive wave generation. A longer boat might suffer from too much wetted surface and hull weight.) In order to reduce wetted surface still further "for a fast start" and to allow quick turning at the marks, Brooks put a little rocker into the keel.
To the same ends, he drew a short skeg with a fence running along its lower edge. He reasoned that this skeg would provide adequate directional stability at speed, yet would stall readily during tight lowspeed turns— allowing the boat to spin around the marks of the triangular race course. Peregrine shows a wider, flatter run than most pulling boats. Brooks wanted to provide adequate bearing to support the strength of the oarsman and the weight of the picnic basket. (That is, the boat should not go down excessively by the stern while being rowed at maximum effort or when loaded with wine, cheese, and cookies for an afternoon on the islands.) The
stern is finished with a handsome heartshaped transom—no less elegant for its broad beam. A case can be made for building heavy rowing and paddling boats. In addition to easily obtained (read inexpensive) strength, robust hulls offer the advantages provided by inertia—great gobs of inertia. They tend to be steady on their feet, they take little note of small waves, and
they can offer impressive carry (i.e., glide between strokes). On the pages of The Rudder and in his books, Francis Herreshoff argued persuasively on behalf of heavily constructed human powered boats—no matter that they might be difficult to drag up a beach
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DESIGNS
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Brooks seems to agree. He planked
Peregrine's glued plywood-lapstrake construction makes for a light, stiff, leak-proof hull.
and almost impossible to load on top of a Buick. The logic above notwithstanding, rowing and paddling races are won most often by light boats. Trained athletes provide the balance and coordination needed to keep the boats upright and moving in the general direction of the finish line. They possess sufficient strength to force light hulls through and over waves without losing too much momentum. All else being equal: In a race, lighter
is faster.
Peregrine's glued lapstrake hull with 4mm plywood; the 18'2"x 3'10"result weighs in at 110 Ibs. (Had the boat not been intended for racing, the builder would have chosen 6mm plywood.) Despite the thin planking and paucity of transverse framing, this hull has a strong feeling about it. There is some flexibility—the reassuring elastic flex ibility of, say, an Inuit kayak—not the wetnoodle limpness associated with plastic canoes. Peregrine rows as advertised. She pulls easily up to a comfortable cruis ing speed in flat water. The winged skeg keeps her rocksolid on the desired course. Yet, for an 18' 2" boat, she can change direction quickly at low speeds. Wheeling around the marks or working your way into a crowded float should present no undue problems. Once you've exceeded cruising speed (perhaps 3½ knots), this hull will absorb all the strength you can muster. The harder you pull, the faster Peregrine will go. Unlike shorter, deeper, finerended boats, she won't squat or dig herself a hole in the water.
I doubt that King Kong himself could overpower this boat. Given these sterling characteristics, why didn't the Whitehalls evolve to resemble the lines shown here? There are some tradeoffs: Compared to most Whitehalls, Peregrine's wide, shallow hull will likely require more power to punch through a harbor chop, and it will demand relatively harder pulling when heavily loaded. As may be, Peregrine meets her design criteria in crisp and handsome fashion: Lightly loaded in flat water, she travels fast when propelled by a strong oarsman; after the race, she'll row comfortably while carrying two people and a picnic basket (all the while demonstrating impressive man euverability). John Brooks seems to have come up with a winner. Mike O'Brien, WoodenBoat's senior editor, is a longtime oarsman. During his undergraduate days, he rowed in "eights " and later went undefeated in several years of surfboat rowing competition on the Jersey Shore.
Designer/builder John Brooks does business as Brooks Boats, P.O. Box 101, Mt. Desert, ME 04660.
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LAUNGHINGS Edited by Mike O'Brien
r
hese pages are dedicated to sharing news of recently launched new boats and "relaunched" (that is, restored or substantially rebuilt) craft. Phase send color photographs (slides preferred) of your projects to: Launchings,
WoodenBoat, P.O. Box 78, Brooklin, ME 04616. Include the following information: (1) Length on deck; (2) Beam; (3) Type, class, or rig; (4) Boat's name; (5) Names and addresses of designer, builder, and owner; (6) Port or place of
intended use; (7) Date of launching (should be within the last year); (8) Brief description of construction or restoration.
Stan Bishoprick modified the construction plans for L. Franc is Herreshoff s classic TICONDEROGA to include a galvanizedsteel skeleton (frames, floors, beams, etc.) under 2" mahogany planking. The fully battened, tan Dacron sails set on carbonfiber spars that are supported by rod standing rigging. Contact Legendary Yachts,
P.O. Box 206, Washougal, WA 98671.
Tom Alien and Jeff Petty built the hull of their "fishing/diving/fun boat" to plans for GlenL Marine's 17' Cabin Skiff. Then, they added a selfbailing, console interior of their own devising. A 55hp Yamaha outboard motor pushes the stitchandglue plywood h u l l to 35 mph. Hull plans from GlenL Marine Designs, 9152 Rosecrans, Bellllower,
CA 90706. The rest of the story from Tom Alien, 4018 Bluff St., Torrance, CA 90505.
Working to Phil Bolger's plans, Clyde Kirkpatrick built this 11'7" Cartoppcr dinghy (see WB Nos. 8588) for Day and Nancy Thompson of Santa Barbara, California. A nifty adjustable/removable seating system assures that this boat likely will be trimmed properly no matter what the load. Clyde built his first Cartopper years ago in Dynamite Payson's class here at WoodenBoat School.
He now does business as ClydeCraft Boatworks, 6409B Camino Vista, Goleta. CA 93117. Ken Swan draws a handsome skiff (no easy matter, as you know if you've tried designing your own). Jim Silva of Benica, California, built this 13'6" Nez Perce to Ken's plans. Although he enjoys rowing the boat, Jim is restoring an 8hp Klgin to hang on its transom. Plans from Ken Swan, P.O. Box 267, Hubbard, OR 97032.
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LAUNCHINGS
Leighton Forsythe, along with his friends Doug and Cindy Farber. built this
20'6" x 27" double kayak. The stitchandglue plywoodepoxy hull weighs only 55 Ibs—less than many plastic single kayaks. Cindy tells us that the new double is fast and stable. More information from San Javier Kayaks, 2425B (/banning Way, #220, Berkeley, CA 94704. All glossy and wellfaired, HIGH COTTON made a fine sight as she slipped into Center Harbor on a raw April day. Under the direction of Steve White and Bob Stephens, the crew at Brooklin (Maine) Boat Yard built the coldmolded, woodepoxy Buzzards Bay 25 to Joel White's modern renderings of Nathanael Greene Herreshoff s 1914 drawings. Owner David Gill of Chester, Connecticut, seems very happy, indeed.
Jeffrey Spring took the lines for a 10' rowing and sailing dinghy from Howard Chapelle's Boatbuilding (W.W. Norton, 1941). Keeping the depth and beam unchanged, he stretched the hull to 12'6". A 36lbthrust electric out board motor pushes the stripplanked boat to "a fair turn of speed—faster than rowing." Two deepcycle batteries (housed in the box/seat amidships) provide a full day's travel. You can write to Jeffrey at 22 Townley Dr., Burnt
Hills, NY 12027.
lain Oughtred designed and built the 19'2" Ness Yawl for his own use. This new design is a lighter, narrower version of his husky Caledonia Yawl (WB No. 101, page 93). lain pushed the limits of traditional design by engineering the hull weight down to 220 Ibs and drawing the run quite broad and flat. He seems ecstatic about the Yawl's performance; but he allows that some sailors might prefer a slightly detuned version, which he will be happy to draw. • lain Oughtred, Gorton House Cottage, Lasswade, Edinburgh EH18 1EH, Scotland.
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Builder Stefan Kristjanson modified a traditional Amesbury skiff for sheetplywood construction. Jennifer Higgins uses the clean, simple, 13'6" result to explore Seattle's Lake Union and beyond. Stefan does business as Kristjanson Boatworks, 123 E. Edgar St., Seattle, WA 98102.
Henry Kusters and Joop van den Berg were given a 17" propeller, and they derided to build a boat around it. The result is a robust 40', 15ton offshore cruising ketch. ATLAS's composite hull consists of three layers of 5/16" Oregon pine laminated diagonally over steel and bent wooden frames. The owners' insurance carrier has agreed that the boat is fit for polar voyaging. You can write to Henry and Joop at Thorbeckestraat 58, Postbus 2088, 5300 CB, Zaltbommel,
The Netherlands.
Director Lance Lee describes the launching of the Russian Atlantic Challenge gig as a triumph for a team of Russian and American boatbuilders. Construction of the 38' ENCHANTK began in St. Petersburg, Russia. The boat was completed and launched at the Apprenticeshop of Rockland (Maine). Along the way, the builders endured theft, arson, and weather so cold that their hands froze to the edge tools. To learn more of the story, contact Lance Lee, Executive Director, Atlantic Challenge Foundation, P.O. Box B,
Rockland, ME 04841.
Manuel Marlinez looked through a stack of lumber that
had been ripped from an old garage and "found a boat in the scrap pile." What he had found was some clear, straightgrained cypress. He assembled this wellaged wood into the 14'8" solo canoe shown here. Manuel's wile, Sylvia, paddles the elegant little boat with her young daughter as occasional passenger. You can write to the builder at 2330 Horace St., Baton Rouge, LA 70808.
Mike McEvoy designed and built this particularly welldetailed punt for Vince Castelli of Schenectady, New York. The hull measures 12'x 5'6" x l'6"and weighs in at about 125 Ibs. Vince and his brother, John, wanted a boat for exploring (at a leisurely pace and in handsome style) the idyllic lakes and rivers of upstate New York. You'll find designer/builder McEvoy at Battenkill Boatworks, The Mill on Mill Street, Greenwich, NY 12834.
Scott Hershey made good use of his violinmaking skills in building this fine Haven 12½ to Joel White's plans. These 16' fullkeel/centerboard sloops don't go together easily or quickly; but they're worth each ounce of effort and every minute of building time. Plans from The WoodenBoat Store, 18002737447. You can reach the builder at 122 W. Ridge Rd., Dillsburg, PA 17019.
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...AND RELAUNCHINGS
Lori Charette of Byfield, Massachusetts, spent more than 2,000 hours restoring her 1950, 30' ChrisCraft Express Cruiser. Among other jobs, the project included installation of new plumbing and a complete refinishing. Still powered by its original twin MSeries 5cylinder engines, TOP DOG cruises the waters around Cape Ann. Roy Terwilliger began rebuilding his 1933, 18' Old Town Guide canoe in Rollin Thurlow's canoe restoration course here at WoodenBoat School. He replaced two frames, several planks, and the rails; and he recanvased the old boat. Upon returning home to Harwich, Massachusetts, he accomplished the painting and varnishing. His wife caned the seats to their original pattern. Roy and his canoe entered the world in the same year, and he reports that they're both "still going strong."
Klaaspeter Kuperus of Halsoy, Norway, has restored the 1927, 30SquareMeter FINISTERRE. Among other jobs, he replaced the deadwood, floor timbers, and keel. Working with epoxy outdoors at temperatures only slightly above free/ing required "elaborate" measures (involving heat guns and hot water) to keep the epoxy and the work warm. All ended well. The boat's savior reports that she excels at sailing to windward.
Hints for taking good photos of your boat: 1. Use 35mm slide film. 2. Clean the boat. Slow fenders and extraneous gear below. Properly ship or stow oars, and five the sails a good harbor furl if you 're at anchor.
3. Schedule the photo session Jar early, or late, in the day to take advantage of low-angle sunlight. Avoid shooting at high noon and on overcast days. 4. Be certain that the horizon appears level in your viewfinder.
5. Keep the background simple and/or scenic. On a flat page, objects in the middle distance can appear to become part of your boat. Take care M. Mallet built the 44' power cruiser MARILOU III in Caraquet, New Brunswick, Canada in 1967. During the past six years, owner Mario Simard has completed an extensive rebuild (read resurrection), which included replacing half the planking and virtually all of the framing. You can write to Mario at 3525 De L a Rouseliere, Apt. 322, Montreal, PQ, H1A 3X8, Canada.
that it doesn't sprout trees, flagpoles, smokestacks, or additional masts and crew members.
6. Take many photos, and send us several. Include some action shots and some of the boat at rest. For a few of the pictures, turn the camera on its side to create a vertical format.
We enjoy learning of your work—it affirms the vitality of the wooden boat
community. Unfortunately, a lack of space prevents our publishing all the material submitted. If you wish to have your photos returned, please include appro/mate postage.
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WOOD TECHNOLOGY
Dry Rot
Pshaw!
by Richard Jagels
L
ongtime readers of this column may recall that one of my pet peeves is the rampant and inappro priate use of the term "dry rot." Rather than expose you to my further ranting on the subject, let me quote from an authority, Dr. Theodore C. Scheffer: The term "dry rot" is rather firmly entrenched, but is an unfortunate misnomer because it implies that wood can decay without being wet. The notion may have come from the dry, almost charred appearance of wood
in an advanced stage of "brown rot." "Dry rot" can be used with some jus tification, however, to describe an extraordinary form of building decay, wherein the fungus itself wets the wood by transporting water from an exter nal source, usually the ground, to the wood. The water is carried through special thick hyphae strands called "rhizomorphs," which resemble vines with a main stem that branches on the wood into relatively fine strands. This type of decay [is] caused chiefly by Poria inrrassata in the Gulf states and Pacific Northwest in the United States, and by Merulius lacrymans in Europe.'
So, in the case of a wooden boat, the only way dry rot could be present is if the boat was tethered to damp soil by a long rhizomorph. Obviously, this would limit one's sailing range. The suspicious, sinister side of my brain has lately begun to suspect that people, particularly merchants of quick rot cures, continue to use the term "dry rot" as a legal ploy. When sued by a disgruntled boat owner they can claim, "We only said it was effective against dry rot, and since you have a rotten boat you can't possibly have dry rot." The logical compartment of my brain suggests that the real reason the term prevails is simply a consequence of gross ignorance. I recently received a packet of "product information" sheets from an "industrial and marine" chemical company. For the most part, the data presented was quite reasonable and informative.
*If wood is below fiber saturation point.
The company provided an insightful overview of the advantages and dis advantages of various coating systems. Unfortunately, they went off the deep end when discussing one of the uses for a "clear penetrating epoxy sealer." Basically, this is an epoxy resin which has been solvent thinned. The company states: When repairing wood that has mild rot the [solventthinned epoxy] can be fed into an area, and it will migrate along the dry rot within the wood as long as it continues to be fed in. Epoxy impregnated wood is highly resistant to the fungus infestation known as dry rot, and treatment of wood where dry rot is present can, in most cases, stop the attack, halt the spread of the fungus, and restore the wood sufficiently to make it serviceable again. Impregnation of the wood with epoxy resin encapsulates the fungus and cuts it off from the air, moisture, and damp wood which it needs to live, killing the fungus while reinforcing the wood.
I won't reveal the company's name because the quote is very similar to that given by a number of purveyors of wood rot cures. My intention is not to single out any one offender, but rather to, hopefully, provide an unbiased view of sealers, moisture, and rot in wood.
Fungi Need H2O Life on Earth is based on water— no water, no life. Fungi, which are primitive microorganisms, lack the sophisticated protection from desic cation which many land plants and animals have developed. Thus, they
require a constant source of moisture to grow. They survive dry periods, however, in a spore phase, and grow again when moisture is available. Like other forms of life, fungi also need oxygen to survive and grow. In a traditional plankonframe boat, wood is in a constant cycle between wet and dry. If it is completely saturated (below the waterline), the oxygen may be too low for active fungal growth. During storage the wood moisture content may fall below the critical level for the growth of decay fungi; already rotted wood may dry out and appear dark and crumbly (brown rot). The fungi may no longer be active in that part of the wood but will have extended inches or feet in various directions into apparently sound wood. No wood in damp surroundings lasts forever. Natural or introduced fungal inhibitors can extend the life of wood by making it unpalatable to microorganisms. Reducing the time that wood is partially wet (above 25% MC [Moisture Content] or below full saturation where oxygen is limiting) can also extend its useful life.
Trapping Moisture Traditional plankonframe boats with semipermeable coatings go through wet and dry cycles which disrupt fungal activity. The application of epoxy coatings or sealers disrupts the normal wetdry cycle by acting as a barrier to water loss from wood. The chart above shows how water moves within wood. The three general processes are (1) water in a vapor
September/October 1995 • 109
WOOD TECHNOLOGY
phase diffusing from higher concen tration to lower concentration or from a higher temperature region to a lower temperature region, (2) water in a liquid phase moving by capillary action from a wetter to drier region, and (3) water in a l i q u i d phase moving from a higher concentration (lower concentration of dissolved salts or polar organics) to a lower concentration (greater concentration of salts). Diffusion of water vapor in wood
is a relatively rapid process and is greatly accelerated if the water vapor can evaporate from a surface (creating a strong gradient). Liquid diffusion is moderately rapid, and capillarity is quite slow. (The commercials for "quickerpickerupper" paper towels would suggest that capillary action is fast. It can be in pure cellulose to which wetting agents have been added. But in solid wood the lignin and other extractives greatly limit capillary flow.)
Moisture loss from wood is most rapid if a strong gradient is established and maintained. Evaporative barriers will disrupt the gradient, and it will soon come to equilibrium in the wood. Most paints are sufficiently porous to allow the movement of water vapor through the films (although slowly). Another major problem with repairing rotted wood with epoxy sealers is that water may have to move much longer distances and against a natural gradient in order to escape. For example, epoxy applied to the normally colder or drier wood side disrupts the usual gradient flux by preventing evaporation from that critical surface. As a consequence, water remains in wood at the critical levels for decay (below complete saturation and above 25% MC) for very long periods, in some cases indefinitely. The normal wetdry cycle is broken, and fungi flourish like never before. But, you might ask, what about the case in which the thinned epoxy penetrates deeply into the wood and kills all the fungus? My answer is that unless the epoxy can penetrate several inches to a foot or more, it will not reach the extent of fungal hyphae invasion (which is always well beyond the visible signs of decay). Depending on the solvent used, the penetration of epoxy will be a few millimeters, and the solvent may penetrate a bit further. The decayed wood penetrated by the sealer has likely already been depleted of nutrients by the fungus and is therefore of no further interest as a food source. Purveyors of epoxy and polyester fillers, consolidants, and sealers often cite the fact that a particular federal agency or state or local restoration group has used their product. The point they fail to mention is that combined with the use of these products is the caveat that the wood so treated will no longer be exposed to moisture—a tough requirement in
boats. Richard JageLs is professor of forest biology at the University of Maine, Orono. Please send
correspondence for Dr. Jagels to the care of WoodenBoat. 1 Scheffer, T.C. 1973. Microbiological degradation and the causal organisms. In: "Wood Deterioration and its Prevention by Preservative Methods" (D.P. Nicholas, editor). Published by Syracuse
University Press, pp. 31106.
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• WoodenBoat 126
BOATBUILDING & WOODWORKING FUNDAMENTALS OF BOATBUILDING Twoweek sessions:
COASTAL CRUISING SEAMANSHIP IN
THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST On board SOPHIA CHRISTINA
Jim Taylor—September 1723
Greg Rossel—September 316 Harry Bryan—September 24October 7
CANOE REPAIR & RESTORATION
RELATED CRAFTS
Rollin Thurlow—September 10—16
MARINE ELECTRICS & MECHANICS
BUILDING HALF MODELS
Nigel Calder—September 39
Eric Dow—September 1723
MARINE DIESEL REPAIR
WOODEN BOAT REPAIR METHODS
Jon Bardo—September 1723
Rick CliftonSeptember 1730
TROUBLESHOOTING CONTEMPORARY
BUILDING THE 12' FISHERMAN'S SKIFF
Lincoln Davis—October 1—7
Harold "Dynamite" Payson & Peter Spectre—September 10—16
BUILDING THE SHELLBACK Brian Larkin—September 39
& ANTIQUE OUTBOARDS MARINE SURVEYING (wood) Paul Haley—September 2430
SURVEYING OF FIBERGLASS BOATS Paul Coble—October 17
THE ART OF LAPSTRAKE CONSTRUCTION Geoff Burke—September 24—October 7
SEAMANSHIP INTRODUCTION TO SMALL BOAT RACING Dan Reisbach & John Deegan—September 39
CRAFT OF SAIL On board the 36' Ketch PATIENCE John Blatchford Sept. 39, Sept. 1016
CRAFT OF SAIL II On board various craft Ben Ellison—September 1723
FALL OFFSITE PROGRAMS AT CHESAPEAKE BAY MARITIME MUSEUM, ST. MICHAELS, M ARYLAND
BUILDING THE MAINE GUIDE CANOE Jerry Stelmok—October 2228
MARINE SURVEYING (wood) Giffy Full—October 30Nov. 3
SURVEYING OF FIBERGLASS BOATS Paul Haley—November 1317
BUILD YOUR OWN LightningClass Model Kit This is one of the most popular kits we have offered—it's pretty simple to build, and it actually sails. Made with precision pre cut plywood frames and mahogany planking, the kit includes plans, thorough instructions, presewn nylon sails, line for rig ging, and hardware. This Lightning scale replica is a great way to learn about boats, without having to spend the time on pre cise cutting. You supply the varnish, paint, glue, and a few household tools—everything else is included. Designed for sail ing on your favorite "golden pond," or as a handsome addition to your mantelpiece.
Scale: 1"= 1' LOA: 19" Beam: 6 ½" Mast: 26" (Not designed for remote control.) #620004 Ship Wt. 4 Ibs $49.50
New! Friendship Sloop Model Kit Her appealing lines have helped her make the transi tion from working boat to pleasure boat, keeping this elegant design "alive and well". And, there is still an annual Friendship Sloop race in Maine, drawing over 20 of these traditional craft. The model kit includes straightforward instructions, plans, lasercut parts— everything you need to build her except paint and glue. She is similar in construction to the Herresoff 12½ and Catboat models featured on these pages. Scale: 1/2"= 1'Length: 16"
*620012 Ship Wt. 4 Ibs $63.95
Shellback Model Kit When you receive this kit, it will be just as though you've come home from the lumber yard and are about to start on your boat building project. We've provided just about everything you need: the lumber, building instructions, and a set of plans that are only slightly modified from the fullsized Shellback plans (no offsets or fullsized mold patterns). We've also included a few additional tips for building in scale, plus a precut grommetted sail, and rigging line. We know you'll enjoy the experience of studying a real set of boat plans, reading up on the process, and then diving into the project. You'll come away with a great model that actually sails, plus you will have learned gluedlap strake plywood boat construction with a relatively small invest
ment of time, space, and money. With a 3" to 1' scale, this 11'2" dinghy becomes a 33" long model, so the pieces are man ageable even with big, clumsy fingers. #620008 Ship Wt. 10 Ibs $89.95
Internet Ordering: http://media1.hypernet.com/WoodenBoat.html
SCALEMODEL FLEET
New! Pride of Baltimore II Model Kit A familiar sight to readers of WoodenBoat, the Pride was featured in WB No. 107 in an article hy Jon Wilson describing his transatlantic trip
from Cadiz, Spain to Baltimore, Maryland. Launched in 1989 and currently sailing the world as a goodwill ambassador for the city of Baltimore, she also offers passage to students from our WoodenBoat School. It's been a lot of fun for us at WoodenBoat to receive fax updates from the Pride, telling position, weather, and
details for a particular leg of the voyage—from flying fish landing on the deck, to what the cook has whippedup for an evening meal. As you might guess, we think she's quite a ship. And
now she's quite a model. The kit allows you to recreate the Pride in minute detail, including belaying pins, deck prisms, brass ship's bell, wooden blocks and deadeyes, rigging line, can nons, anchors, and many laser cut wood parts. You build from the keel up following an illustrated 48 page instruction booklet plus a detailed set of plans. Molds are pre cut by laser, to make the process all the more accurate.
Scale: 3/16" = 1' Length: 32" Height: 2 2 ½ " #620016 Ship Wt. 7 Ibs $149.95
New! Typhoon Model Kit Also featured in WoodenBoat, she was on the cover of
For a Free Catalog Call TollFree
1800273SHIP (7447) for our new, 36 page WoodenBoat Store Catalog
WB No. 112. This model is a true replica of the Mark
Masonbuilt speedster, a scaleddown version of the Edsel Ford 1929 sweepstakes winner. The scale model kit includes a doubleplanked hull with birch ply on the inside and mahogany on the outside. A complete
set of chrome plated deck fittings and running hard ware is included in the kit. Easily adapted for radio control (not included).
Scale: l/10th Length: 42½" Beam: 8½" #620015 Ship Wt. 15 Ibs $300.00
THE WOODENBOAT STORE CALL TOLLFREE 1800273SfflP (7447)
The Perfect Gift... a most engaging desk calendar
New! The Mariner's Book of Days —for 1996— An annual creation by Peter Spectre, designed to serve as both a desk cal endar and an evergrowing encyclopedia of rare information for active and armchair sailors, for use at home, office, and boat. The righthand page shows a week of days with significant and unusual entries from maritime history. The lefthand page features anecdotes and items from the rich tra ditions of the sea. Yachtsmen, merchant sailors, boatbuilders, and dreamers of the sea alike will find this a wonderful, inspiring, and endlessly interest ing companion. Now in its 5th year! #325C96 Ship Wt. 1/2 Ib $12.95 or 2/$22.00!
To Order: Use the handy order form in this magazine or contact: The WoodenBoat Store, PO Box 78, Brooklin, Maine 04616
Internet: http: //media 1.hypernet.com/WoodenBoat.html 24Hour Fax: 2073598920 • EMAIL: [email protected] To actually talk with us, please call MonFri 8am6pm EST
ToilFree 1800273SHIP (7447) in U.S. and Canada
GlassFoam Fairing Blocks When fair is good enough Reviewed by David Stimson
W
hen I first met Platt Monfort about eight years ago, I hadn't yet heard of his innovative, light weight Geodesic Airolite boats. My mission that day was to survey a much more substantial 45' Herreshoff ketch for a potential buyer. Having been forewarned that the boat was built of FerALite—which is chopped fiberglass troweled onto wire plank (also Plait's invention)—I remembered a very lumpy ferrocement boat I had seen once, and prepared myself for the worst. As soon as I laid eyes on the boat, my fears evaporated, for there in front of me lay a Mobjack with the sweetest, fairest hull I'd ever seen. After rubbing my eyes to be sure I wasn't hallucinating,
I decided to put the fairing job to the real test by running my hands over the hull's graceful exterior. Ooohlala, not a single ripple. To compare it to fiberglass would have been an insult. When asked how he had achieved such perfect fairness, Platt handed me a charcoalcolored block about 2' long. The block was full of bubbles like a piece of foam, but it was hard, and the surface felt sharp and abrasive. "Try it on this board," he offered. I got my second surprise of the morning as soon as I began rubbing the block on the board. The odor that came wafting forth
smelled just like—how can I put this without insulting someone?—well, I'll have to give you a clue: The name of the material in German is "Fartblocken." If your great aunt Victoria asks for details, you can tell her it smells like low tide.
As seen lure, glass-foam fairing blocks require special olfactory protection. A particle mask or fresh-air supply is also strongly recommended.
September/October 1995 •
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WOODENBOAT REVIEW
The block that Platt had handed me was actually a piece of glassfoam insulation. The smell it gave off was plain old hydrogen sulfide. Here's how it works: The foam block is full of air bubbles. When the block is cut to size, the saw cuts the bubbles in half, leaving the surface covered with tiny craters. When the block is rubbed on a piece of wood, the razorsharp edges of these craters act like little chisels, planing the surface of the wood as the block is pushed along. Glassfoam blocks (shall we be nice and call them stink blocks?) work so well because they are perfectly rigid, and won't bend to sand off low spots. They also wear down as you use them, exposing new, sharp cutting edges as you work. Unlike sandpaper, they never get dull, and they don't clog easily. The wearing down action allows the block to conform to curves in the hull, while the rigidity of the block allows it to plane off only the high areas. One interesting feature of stink blocks is that they cut as fast as 50grit sandpaper, while leaving the surface of the wood as smooth as 120grit.
Unlike sandpaper, they never get dull, and they don't clog easily. You must be wondering whether there are any draw backs other than the obvious one already mentioned. One shortcoming was pointed out to me by Frank Luke of Paul E. Luke, Inc. His yard faired with glassfoam blocks for years with no problems, until they started using hightech finishes. Apparently, the residue left by the blocks has an adverse effect on the coating's bond when a linear polyurethane is used; the yard has had to stop using the fairing blocks under these finishes. At our shop, we had a problem once on a laid deck that was to be finished bright. The stink blocks did a beautiful job of fairing, but when we were done, the white pine deck had a distinct gray hue from the residue. We had to go over the entire surface with cabinet scrapers to get rid of the gray stain. For lightcolored wood that is to be varnished, we've gone back to oldfashioned sandpaper on a fairing board. Stink blocks also don't do very well on hardwood; mahogany is okay, but anything harder will wear out the block too fast, without much cutting action. Knots can be a problem, too. But for clear softwoods, fairing compound, and oil based paint, these magic blocks work better than anything else we've tried. I should mention one more thing. Glass foam blocks are made of just what it says: glass. Common sense tells us to wear a good dust mask, and vacuum up
all the glass dust after we're done fairing. David Stimson designs and builds boats in Boothbay, Maine. Glass-foam blocks are available from Eastern Refractories Co., Inc.,
P.O. Kox 237, 60 Holland St., I vision, ME 04240; 207-783-2075, fax 207-783-4047. The material is available in 18 x 24" blocks in 1 "-6" thicknesses. They ran be rut to smaller sizes with a hand saw. The full carton price is .97 per board foot, f.o.b. Iswiston (72 bd f t
carton weight is 48 Ibs). They will ship smaller quantities—call for the. price. We suggest buying 3"- or 4''-thick material for longer block life. The blocks break easily when they wear to Ifss than ½" thick.
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The Fastech Hobbyair FreshAir Supply Reviewed by Joe Youcha
B
right, interesting people always seem to gather in community boatbuilding shops; it's one of the things I enjoy most about running the Alexandria Seaport Foundation's boatbuilding school. When I was asked to review Fastech's Hobbyair 1 freshair supply respirator, I knew there was a sufficient stable of talent in the shop to do a thorough test. The Hobbyair 1 is a simple device. A freshair pump delivers air through a hose to a face mask. The pump is placed in fresh air, the worker in the contaminated area, and air is supplied to the worker via a face mask. The face mask is loose fitting by design, so a constant flow of air can be supplied without bulging out the worker's cheeks.
The mask is compatible with facial hair.
When I first opened the box and unpacked the Hobbyair, my thought was, "Nice toy, but who's going to pay money for this when they can have a charcoalfilter respirator
for a fraction of the cost? What's the big difference?" The difference turns out to be how much one's lungs work. A demand respirator requires that the lungs pull air through the filter; a freshair system delivers more air than the worker can use. This matters when it's hot or
when you're doing a lot of lifting—or if your lungs don't work so well because of Philip Morris and friends. One person from the shop who used the system while spraying kitchen cabinets estimates that it saved him 15 minutes every hour, as he didn't have to leave the shop to take a break and rest his lungs. Four people from our shop put over 40 hours of testing into the Hobbyair system. We sprayed and brushed alkyd enamel, brushed singlepart polyurethane, worked with acetone, sanded mahogany, planed barn wood that was full of mold, and used xylenebased fillers. The equipment worked beautifully. In fact, the only problem arose when more than one person was working at the same time; then, we had to decide who wore the Hobbyair and who wore the "demand" respirator. The Hobbyair is not perfect, and all of our testers had recommendations for improvements. The hose is stiff, yet it kinks closed fairly easily, cutting off the airflow. The mask is not a respirator; if the pump dies and you're in a contaminated environment, you have to hold your breath or risk being poisoned. Communication with the worker can be difficult. It would be very easy to run some communication gear from the pump to the mask so those outside the contaminated area could speak with the worker. Of course, the obvious downside of any freshair system is the hose: You have to walk around with an umbilical cord and make sure it doesn't get snagged on something in the shop or dip in the wet finish. We called Fastech for comments on our criticisms (they appear to be a very friendly company, staffed by people who use their equipment). They chose their particular hose because it is food and water safe—and thus, presumably, safe for a breathing apparatus. They don't offer a respirator on the mask because there is no filter for isocyanates (the deadly stuff in polyurethanes) and they don't want to offer false security in the event of a pump failure. (I think, however, a charcoal filter would be a better backup than requiring the worker whose air pump has failed to hold his breath and run for the door.) And the communication gear? They'll look into it. In all, we loved having a freshair supply. The Hobbyair is very fairly priced; at $369, it costs approximately half the amount of its closest competitor. Fastech now has NIOSHapproved equipment, and they are expanding their line to include more powerful units with more hose; they're also working on buddy units that will run two face masks. Whether or not the Hobbyair is right for you depends on your requirements. But if you make a lot of dust and fumes in a small space and are tired of bursting your lungs with a charcoal respirator, a freshair supply may be the tool for you. The recently introduced NIOSH-approved Pro Air system sells for $399. To order it or the Hobbyair, call Fastech Corporation, 24 Center Dr., Gilberts, IL 60163; 708-836-1633. Joe Youcha is director of the Alexandria Seaport Foundation's boatbuilding school. His article on the sailing canoe YAKABOO, and a profile of him, appeared in WB No. 119.
The Tancook Schooners: An Island and Its Boats Reviewed by B.A.G. Fuller The Tancook Schooners: An Island and Its Boats, by Wayne M. O'Leary, McGillQueen's University Press, Montreal, Canada. 290 pp., appendices, glossary, notes, bibliography,
index. $17.95
C
abbage and cod kept the boatbuilders of Tancook Island busy building small, skinny schooners long after the demand for their more famous ancestor, the Tancook whaler, died. As Wayne M. O'Leary shows in The Tancook Schooners: An Island and Its Boats, these schooners "were the ultimate expression of Tancook Island's boat building genius and the preeminent small craft produced in the Maritimes during the first half of the twentieth century." Of the boats in Howard Chapelle's American Small Sailing Craft, perhaps none has the visual and romantic September/October 1995 •
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appeal of Figure 60, the Middle River Tancook Whaler. In the late 1970s, Maine Maritime Museum's Tancook Whaler Project, led by Lance Lee, brought the whaler to life. The results were a handsome book by Robert Post* and a new Tancook whaler, the VERNON LANGILLE. Dick Everett, blacksmith and restoration carpenter, now owns the IANGILI.E. He brought her this year, as he usually does, to Mystic Seaport's annual Small Craft Workshop. I watched her carry a gang, ghost in a light breeze, and go hard aground on a shoal. For about 10 years, Dick has sailed her from the Connecticut River to Martha's Vineyard, and she always attracts attention. She requires a special owner like Dick, who would like to sell her so he could spend more time restoring a steam tractor. A buyer would get a handsome, fast traditional boat at a bargain price. It would be unique, as no other working Tancook reconstruction exists. This book could change that. Professor O'Leary's book clears up many mysteries left by former researchers. Neither Chapelle nor Post really provides hard answers to ques tions about the origins of the Tancook whalers, the devel opment of their shape, the uses to which they were put, and their fate. O'Leary's modest book does all that and more in a thoroughly documented, unpretentious way. He lets the Tancook Islanders tell their story. Oral histories, well used and heavily quoted, are supported by a meticulous vessel registry, property record research, and by the mining of newspaper archives. His book is a model of good, scholarly work, in which his obvious affection for the island and its boats does not get in the way of accurate interpretation. The first chapter sets the stage by locating Tancook Island and showing how its growth and peopling was closely related to that of nearby Lunenburg. As the land was cleared and farmed, Tancook's inhabitants increasingly turned to the sea. From 1861 to 1911, the population grew by almost 100%, from around 500 to over 700. But the number of islandowned boats grew by 400%. In 50 years, the economy changed from a landbased one to one based on the sea. To accomplish this transition meant the Tancookers needed to learn new skills of fishing and boat building. The second chapter covers the boats. O'Leary shows how after a first spate of largishschooner construction, which used the timber from clearing, boatbuilding stagnated from 1850 to 1870. It took another 20 years and the Tancook schooner before islanders were again building registersi/.ed (10ton plus) craft. Some modest smallboat building of clinker jollyboats continued in this period, but the skills required for these were not the ones that led to the whaler, which begins to appear by 1871. O'Leary evaluates carefully and critically the various sources for the origins of the whaler's design and con struction. He shows that the design came about as a combination of the Labrador whaler, brought in by a Lunenburg builder, together with the Tancook Island added "Aberdeen" bow; this was copied from the clipper style bow adopted by mainland shipbuilders in the 1850s. He shows clearly how the builder credited by Robert Post,
Alfred Langille, learned about the type, but was not the originator. Langille was, however, the island's first fulltime boatbuilder, and a legendary craftsman. Surviving designs and dimensions, most from boats measured by Chapelle and published in Post's book in a series of drawings by Dave Dillion, have given a superficial impression that most whalers were carvelplanked 35 to 40footers. In fact, the majority were much smaller lapstrake boats under 30'. The larger whalers were late boats, most built at the same time that schooner construction had started. Because of the common construction method of building over three molds, without lofting, models were never made. Builders varied shape and length by altering their molds. By the time Chapelle got to Nova Scotia, he ___________ found only one lapstrake boat. For this book, the whalers are the side show. What O'Leary really records are their successors, the schooners. A Tancook whaler builder named Amos Stevens led the development of the type by taking advantage of the new racing yacht market of the mid1880s. An 1898 yacht building contract was his reason to reintroduce transom stern construction to Tancook. He appears also to have brought in the use of half models as a design tool, for "seamwork" or carvel construction required accurate molds. The characteristic narrow counter stern of the Tancook schooner was borrowed from the Fredoniamodel schooners that began to fish along the coast in the 1890s. Amos Stevens again led, about 1903, after experimenting with the technique on small racing sloops. By 1910, the typical roundbowed, ellipticaltransom model had been intro duced on the island, rapidly becoming the dominant type. O'Leary leads the reader through various origin stories, to show that the profile was borrowed by Stevens in 1905 from the new McManusdesigned Indian Headers. But these s maller schooners r emained d istinctly Tancook, as they kept the whalers' 4:1 lengthtobeam ratio, as well as the hollow garboards and considerable deadrise. The essential practicality of the islanders remained: The schooner supplanted the whaler because there was more room on deck and it could be built bigger. Over 200 of these little schooners were built (and are listed in appendices drawn from newspapers and official records). Their builders were mostly secondgeneration Tancook boatbuilders, builders who had learned on whalers. O'Leary records the various builders, the numbers of boats each built, as well as the differences in design and construction details. The peak years were immediately before World War I when favorable fisheries laws and duties created a small fishing boom. The introduction of the gasoline auxiliary, seen in over twothirds of the boats built, contributed to increasing size as the Tancookers extended their fishing trips. A second boom in building took place in the late 1920s in response to opportunities in the coasting and rumrunning trades. Sail plans and lines taken from half models and original sail plans that O'Leary found in his research, together with numerous photographs, provide a broad cross section of schooner development. These, taken with the schooner
Professor 0 'Leary 's book clears up many mysteries left by former researchers.
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WoodenBoat 120
plans derived from halfmodels drawn by Dave Dillion, now make these craft one of the most completely docu mented coastal types. However, those wishing to continue by making models, or even building a Tancooker, will need to contact the author, as the plans are not at modeling scale. Ultimately, it was the Tancook economy that made these boats last. Inshore fisheries for herring, mackerel, and cod were the mainstay of the local fishery. With little local demand for fresh fish (no way to get it to market), the catch had to be pickled or salted. Gillnetting, with nets set first from whalers and later from the open schooners' "hatch boats," was the fishing method of choice. With the larger auxiliary "gasoline" schooners, cod fishing by line, both locally and on more distant grounds, became increasingly more important, and by 1911 it equaled the net fishery in value. The larger "deck boats," of 50'+ (distinguished by real decks from the smaller boats), ranged as far as Cape Breton Island and the j Gulf of St. Lawrence. A distinctive small "bastard" dory developed, and this was especially suited to the small scale of the Tancook schooner. Even in the whaler days, carrying of cargo—coasting— had been one of the jobs of Tancook's boats. It became more important in the 1920s. Laws prohibiting alcohol from parts of Nova Scotia provided some of the cargo, but in the 191040 time frame Tancook's schooners were frequently seen in Halifax carrying cargoes of pickled cabbage and sauerkraut for which the island had become well known. Old secondhand coasting schooners, together with a limited steam service, had moved the islanders' produce in the years before World War I. But the larger offisland schooners were wearing out about the time of the introduction of the decked Tancook schooners. Steam
service was discontinued during the war. The efficient little gasoline schooners filled the gap, taking produce down to Halifax and bringing back fuels and store groceries. Besides sales to a growing Halifax market, an export market—shipping Canadian produce to the West Indies— provided outlets for Tancook's farmers. O'Leary details this agricultural and fishing system, a system that kept Tancook's small schooners hard at work until the 1940s. O'Leary ends the story with the coming of paved roads and yearround truck service linking Halifax, Yarmouth, and Lunenburg in the late 1930s. This opened up the Halifax market to competitive growers from the rich Annapolis Valley, a market already made smaller by the discontinuing of the steamer service to the West Indies. By 1945, only a single schooner remained in service. O'Leary's story is well written and documented. While well illustrated with both drawings and photographs, it is not a fancy book. But it is a model of sound scholarship, presented in a lively and readable way. His book is like the schooners of his story: lean, plain, economical, and eminently suited to the task. Tancook's whalers have long been known. On the island where they were built, they were supplanted in function and use by the trim, rakish small schooners. With this book, these Tancook schooners take their rightful place in the workingwatercraft record. And, as they once did, the Tancook schooners may provide ideas for those seeking a modest and quick small cruising craft. Ben Fuller, formerly curator at Mystic Seaport Muse-inn, now tenches at I he Artisans College in Rockport, Maine. He travels widely as a consultant in maritime preservation.
*Robert C. Post, The Tancook Whalers: Origins, Rediscovery, and Revival. Maine Maritime Museum, Bath, Maine, 1985.
BOOKS RECEIVED The Sea of Galilee Boat, by Shelley Wachsmann. Plenum Press, 233 Spring St., New York, NY 10013. 420 pp., $24.95. The dis covery and excavation of a 2,000yearold boat from the Sea of Galilee; as much a tale of a personal odyssey as a work of archae ological investigation.
The Complete Illustrated Guide to Everything Sold in Marine Supply Stores, by Stove E t t l i n g e r w i t h Caroline A j o o t i a n and Tom
Gannon. Hearst Marine Books, 1350 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019. 374 pp., $30.00. Essentially a generic yacht chandler's catalog without the prices, though with some ampli fying information about usage.
Seymour's Seamarks, by John Seymour. Academic Inn Books, Custom House, Rye, Sussex TN31 7JE, England. 69 pp., £5.30. Poetry with a nautical theme; illustrated with nice penandink sketches.
*The Strange Last Voyage of Donald Cmwhurst, by Nicholas Tomalin and Ron Hall. International Marine/McGrawHill, Camden, ME 04843. 319 pp., $15.95. Another competitor in the first single hander's nonstop race around the world; this one lost his mind and jumped overboard; a t r u l y gripping tale; reprint of 1970
edition.
The Intracoastal Waterway Chartbook, by John and Leslie Kettlewell. International Marine/McGrawHill, C amden, ME 04843. 265 pp., $44.95. Norfolk to Miami with ringbound sequential chart segments updated to 1994; new second edition. An Adirondack Passage, by Christine Jerome. Harper Perennial, 10 East 53rd St., New York, NY 10022. 230 pp., $12.00. Story of the author's recent cruise through the Adirondacks in a light canoe in the wake of Nessmuk's legendary Sairy Gamp; a small boat enthusiast's dream come true. Tales of the Bayou Kid, by Sylvia Kirstein Escudc. University Editions, 59 Oak Lane, Spring Valley, Huntington, VW 25704. 100 pp., $9.50. Stories about a boy and a slightly nautical set ting; set in the 1940s; for children. Saga of a Wayivard Sailor, by Tristan Jones. Sheridan House, 145
Palisade St., Dobbs Ferry, NY 10522. 263 pp., $14.95. Miscellaneous adventures in a wooden lifeboat converted to sail; archetypal Jones; reprint of 1979 edition. Getting Started in Powerboating, by Bob Armstrong. International Marine/McGrawHill, Camden, ME 04843. 217 pp., $17.95. Basic introduction to primarily modern power craft, 16' to 60'; new second edition.
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The Long Way, by Bernard Moitessier. Sheridan House, 145 Palisade St., Dobbs Ferry, NY 10522. 252 pp., $14.95. The first singlehander's nonstop race around the world; the author, win ning easily, dropped out, followed his dream, and sailed to the
The New Book of Sail Trim, edited by Ken Textor. Sheridan House, 145 Palisade St., Dobbs Ferry, NY 10522. 228 pp., $17.95. Forty four articles reprinted from Sail magazine; racers to cruisers, dinghies to yachts.
Pacific islands; reprint of 1973 edition.
Steered by the Falling Stars: A Father's Journey, by Daniel Spurn Henry Holt, 115 West 18th St., New York, NY 10011. 248 pp., $12.00. The story of a cruise down the East Coast, but that's not really the point; ruminations on personal tragedy and the mean ing of things. Reprint of 1992 edition.
A Sea of Words, by Dean King with John B. Hattendorf and J. Worth Estes. Henry Holt, 115 West 18th St., New York, NY 10110. 416 pp., $27.50. A reader's guide to the terminology, nautical and otherwise, used in Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey/Maturin nov els; also includes short biographical sketches of famous Royal Navy officers.
Advanced First Aid Afloat, by Peter F. Eastman, M.D. Cornell Maritime Press, Centreville, MD 21617. 212 pp., $14.95. New fourth edition of a crash course in dealing with medical dis aster at sea; everything from setting broken bones to treating social diseases.
Woodworking Basics: The Essential Benchtop Reference, by William P. Spence and L. Duane Griffiths. Sterling Publishing, 387 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10016. 495 pp., $19.95. Everything, from using hand tools to power tools, including furniture mak ing and finishing.
Beachcombing for a Shipwrecked God, by Joe Coomer. Graywolf Press, 2402 University Ave., Suite 203, Saint Paul, MN 55114. 245 pp., $22.95. A novel about a recently widowed woman who moves onto a wooden houseboat with another widow, a teenager, and a dog said to be the ugliest one in literature.
A Manual of Strip Plank Construction Techniques, by Paul Fisher. Selway Fisher Design, 15 King St., Melksham, Wiltshire SN12 6HB, England. 84 pp., £9.75. Step by step from the beginning to the end, with a good section on using stealers and such to deal with plank runoff.
The Sea Anchor & Drogue Handbook, by Daniel C. Shewmon. Shewmon, Inc., 1000 Harbor Lake Dr., Safety Harbor, FL 34695. 176 pp. The principal constituents and use of the sea anchor, vessels of all sizes, with these vital words right at the top: "Ground anchor rode length is related to depth. Sea anchor rode length is related only to wave height."
The Woodworker's Marketing Guide, by Martin Edic. Taunton Press, 63 South Main St., Newtown, CT 06470. 151 pp., $17.95. How to sell what you build, including how to get a fair price; intended for furniture and cabinetmakers, but most advice applies to custom boatbuilders.
A Cruising Guide to the Northeast's Inland Waterways, by Marian, Thomas W., and W.J. Rumsey. International Marine/McGraw H i l l , Camden, ME 04843. 430 pp., $39.95. Hudson River, New York State Canals, Lake Ontario, St. Lawrence Seaway, Lake Champlain and canals both ends—and it's about time; excellent.
Workboats of the Ketchikan Region, 1895-1939, by Doug Charles and Risa J. Carlson. City of Ketchikan Museum Department, 629 Dock St., Ketchikan, AL 99901. 56 pp., $15.00 plus $3 S&H. Excellent captioned photographs of native dugouts, launches, tugboats, ferries, yard craft, and miscellaneous vessels back in the days when a workboat was a Workboat.
Eastward, by Roger Duncan. Blackberry Books, 617 East Neck Rd., Nobleboro, ME 04555. 210 pp., $10.95. Cruising Down East on a Friendship sloop, with much practical advice about both cruising and gaffrig sailing; reprint of 1976 edition.
*Boat Navigation for the Rest of Us, by Capt. Bill Brogdon. International Marine/McGrawHill, Camden, ME 04843. 220 pp., $18.95. The title suggests a lightweight work—it isn't; thor ough treatment of traditional and electronic methods by an expert.
The Voyages of Joshua Slocum, edited and with commentaries by Walter Magncs Teller. Sheridan House, 145 Palisade St., Dobbs Ferry, NY 10522. 401 pp., $22.95. Compendium of most of Slocum's writing, including Sailing Alone Around the World, Voyage of I/if Liberdade, Voyage of the Destroyer, and more.
*John G. Alden and His Yacht Designs, by Robert W. Carrick and Richard Henderson. International Marine/McGrawHill, Camden, ME 04843. 445 pp., $29.95. You love Alden, you love boat plans and photos, you'll love this book; includes a biog raphy of the designer; reprint of 1983 edition.
Spray: The Ultimate Cruising Boat, by R. Bruce RobertsGoodson. Adlard Coles Nautical, 35 Bedford Row, London WC1R 4JH, England. 200 pp., £16.99. Joshua Slocum's SPRAY: the nature and characteristics of the boat; description of most of the repro ductions built to day; much on the author's wellknown SPRAY derived designs.
Club Rowing on San Francisco Bay: 1869-1939, Featuring the South End Rowing Club, by Bill Pickelhaupt. Flyblister Press, 380 Monterey Blvd. #209, San Francisco, CA 94131. 94 pp., $21.95. The development of organized rowing on the West Coast, with incidental mention of the period's shipbuilding industry, water front development, and social atmosphere.
The Complete Guide to Sharpening, by Leonard Lee. Taunton Press, 63 South Main St., Newtown, CT 06470. 240 pp., $34.95. When they say "complete," they're not kidding around; a typi cally fine Fine Woodworking book.
*Also available from The WoodenBoat Store. To order, call 1800273SHIP (7447).
Exploring the Inside Passage to Alaska, by Don Douglass and Reanne HemingwayDonglass. Fine Edge Productions, Rte. 2,
Box 303, Bishop, CA 93514. 399 pp., $49.95. From the San Juan Islands, Puget Sound, to Glacier Bay, Alaska; hefty work, with excellent sketch charts. Beyond Courage, by Robert Aros with Rob Ternan. Shore Publishing, 239 Nieto Ave., Suite A, Long Beach, CA 90803. 271 pp., $15.95. Yachtwrecked in the South Pacific; 26 days adrift in a rubber raft; pleasure cruise turns to nightmare; true story.
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AUDIOS RECEIVED Pierhead Jump, by David LoVine and the Mortal Coilers. David LoVine, P.O. Box 65269, Port Ludlow, WA 98365. Compact Disk, $15; Cassette, $10. Sallydog chanties.
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Ever found yourself out on the water, just wishing you could keep on Sailing? What feeling do you have when you leave your boat behind after
a pleasant weekend cruise? Have you been thinking that here is Something More to life? We've been there.
But we didn't
stay. The Benford Design Group is committed to the advancement of the Liveaboard Yacht.
We find this
lifestyle to be both challenging and fulfilling, wholly satisfying those wishes for a simpler life. We can help you in your search. The titles we offer cover the entire spectrum of Liveaboard designs, both in power and sail. And these designs are enchanting - having a rare blend of grace and purpose. But we're not done yet! Our current projects continue our thirty-three year history
of bringing mariner's dreams to life. Take the 35' Packet (above right) for example. This Small Ship has just what you need for living in comfort, for a long time - like air conditioning, a washer and dryer, and porches. There's room to walk about and room to cook great meals. Room to store your clothes and room to fly a kite. Room for you and your friends. On this boat the rooms are rooms - more generous than anything now in
production - so It's easy to sprawl out and get comfortable. But even with this unparalleled space and comfort, she's every bit a boat, having been conceived as a strong and practical vessel, born to the water. As is her cousin, our delightful 1OO'
Fantail Motoryacht (below). Equipped for extended cruising and with luxurious accommodations, this ship could be your castle. She has the
spirit of an elegant old Trumpy in a new and easily maintainable form. Our modern design and engineering once again give life to these beautiful ships. So If your dream combines "mansized" comfort with solid naval architecture, come and see what we have. Look at the boats we've done. Imagine yourself on board. Think what life on board would be like. We know you'll feel right at home!
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CLASSIFIED To place a Classified Ad in WoodenBoat, see our coupon on page 159 Or call our Classified Ad Manager at (207) 3594651 Deadline for the November/December issue is September 8th.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA CUSTOM BOATBUILDER. Building dreams in wood, epoxy, composites for 14 years.
YACHT TENDER SUNSHINE, Walt Simmons design;John Gardner 14 'row
DREAMBOATS by Duane Morgan, CA,
JOHN M. KARBOTT BOATBUILDING, Plymouth, MA, 5082243709.
7149746605.
YACHT CARPENTRY, restoration, repair, custom woodworking. Jeff"Newton, CT, 2036351069, evenings. GREAT RIVER BOAT WORKS, formerly Rob Myhre Restoration. Wood crafts manship, brokerage, and storage. 84 West Water St., Si. Paul, MN S3107. 6122929365, 8004209365.
F. TODD WARNER'S BRISTOL Cl AS SICS LTD. .specializing in antique and classic speedboats/launches. Awardwin ning restoration toACBS 100point stan dard. Full woodwork, upholstery, engine, WEST bottoms. Pick up and delivery worldwide. We also have over 30 classic boats in stock. Contact F. Todd Warner, 2511 State Hwy. 7, Excelsior, M N 55331. 6124707851; fax 6124749609.
TENMIIE MARINA INC, classic wooden boat restoration and repair. Quality crafts manship. Hauling arranged/storage avail
able. P.O. Box 275, lakeside, OR 97449. Call Stan Russell at 5037593137.
H&H BOATWORKS INC Wooden boat restoration, yacht maintenance, new boat construction, completion of fiberglass hulls, AwlGrip spray painting, fiberglass repairs, mechanical and electrical services, hauling and storing to 65'. Baker's Wharf Rd., Sebasco Estates, ME 04565. 2073891000. REPAIR, RESTORATION, STORAGE, and SURVEYS. Low overhead and low
grants/loans for small businesses, up to $800,000. Free recorded message: 5109334622. (1396).
MARINAS/BOATYARDS, Chesapeake Bay area. Buy or sell. 4108224586, fax 4102265205. Wilford Land Co., Inc., P.O. Box 953, Easton, MD 21601.
CUSTOM WOODEN BOATS TO 20'.
M A D D E N £ STEVENS BOAT
kayaks, canoes. 143 West St., New Milford, CT 06776. 2033505170.
BUIIDERS. Wooden boat construction, repair, and restoration, from skiffs to schooners. 20ton railway. $I8/hour. H e r m i t I s l a n d , P h i p p s b u r g , M E ,
2073891794.
North Mankato, MN 56003.5076252636.
WATERSHED WOODWORKS. Custom plankonframe construction and repair, spars and oars. Visitors are welcome. Stephen Florimbi, RR 1 Box 3350, Applelon, ME 04862. 2077852712.
FREE INFORMATION! Government
5421ri. 4143884608.
WEST SCHOOL OF WOODEN BOAT BUILDING, WA, 2063854948; fax 2063855089.
of completion to 32'. Rte. 2 Box 149A,
Danielson, 1 Norman St., Marblehead, MA01945.6176313443. Classic wooden boats, traditional materials.
FRANK MAI.ONEY WOODEN BOATS, F. 4125 County Rd. F, Kewaunee, WI
with oars, finished. $1.950. NORTH
Coldmolded, stitch'n'glue, strip planked/sheathed. Any design, any stage
REDD'S POND BOATWORKS, Thad
LET THE GOVERNMENT FINANCE your small business. Grants/loans to $500,000. Free recorded message: 7074498600. (LT8)
8 '10' TENDERS. New cedar on oak,
NORTHERN STATES BOATWORKS.
6102539210.
NUTSHELL DINGHIES: ROWING OR SAILING, 7'7"and9'6"NntsheH, and 1 r2"Shellback dinghies finished to your specifications and colors. Shipped within two weeks anywhere in wooden crates. Runabout and yacht restoration or ren ovation to 30,000lb displacement.
rates—$20 an hour—22 years experience. MICHAEL WARR WOODWORK, Stonington, ME, 2073672360.
Custombuilt woodepoxy composite boals.
SOUTH COVE BOAT SHOP. We build and repair traditionally designed and built small wooden boats. We are com mitted to building honest boats at honest prices. Come see us about your next boat. 615 Movers Ln., Easton, PA 18042.
ing peapod; 16/Ylapstrake semidory.
TRADITIONAL DESIGNS FOR SAIL, OAR, AND PADDLE. Gluedlap con struction. Current project; a 17' Herreshoff pulling boat Okoume plywood now avail able. STEVE NAJJAR, BOATBUILDER, 639 Bair Island Rd. #108, Redwood City, CA 94063. 4153663263.
Repairing and building of wooden boats. Glued lapstrake, strip planked. Skiffs,
THE DORY SHOP offers 12 different sized dories from original Lunenburg patterns. Custom building and repair of wooden boats. Kim Smith, P.O. Box 1678, Lunenburg, NS, BOJ 2CO, Canada. 9026349196. WORLD'S IARGEST SELECTION of new guideboats and accessories; oars, yokes, hardware. INDIAN POINT GUIDE BOATS, 732W Midland Ave., Midland, PA 15059. 4126435457. CUSTOM BUILDING, REPAIR. Cold molded, stripplanked, WEST System. Specialty bottom finishes. Quality crafts manship. Carl Pickhardt, P.O. Box 95, Halcotrville, NY 12438.6073264071.
ROLAND WOODWORKS—COM PUTE WOODEN BOAT repair, restora
INDEPENDENCE BOATWORKS, builders of traditional designs for sailing,
tion, and custom woodworking to 40'. Finishing by spray of all acrylic urethanes. Spars built, repaired, refinished to 60'. Located where Detroit River and Lake Erie meet, Grosse lle, MI, 3136711431.
canoeing, or rowing. Specializing in glued
lapstrake construction. P.O. Box 145, Defiance, OH 43512. 4197822876.
SAIL THE MAINE COAST aboard our
Why pay $3540/hr. to have your boat
historic, wooden schooners: "American Eagle," "Heritage," and "Isaac H. Evans." Enjoy a lobster cookout, island exploring,
worked on? Bring it to Maine, where
great Down East food, snug harbors,
I will repair, restore it for $22/hr. I have 15 years' experience in all types of wooden
boat construction and repair. I can arrange for boat transport Contact Jim Elk, ME,
2072889045.
new friends, and remarkable sailing. Owner operated. $310645. Brochures: North End Shipyard Schooners, Box 482W, Rockland, ME 04841. 8006484544.
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SAIL THE MAINE COAST ABOARD MAINE'S OLDEST WINDJAMMER, "LEWIS R FRENCH." Recently inducted as National Historic L a n d m a r k (Watermark?) and sailing like never before. Come enjoy lobsters, new friends, and fresh air (no smoking). Sailing from Camden, 3 and 6day cruises with only 22 guests, MayOctober. Capt. Dan and Kathy Pease, P.O. Box 992 W, Camden, ME 04843. 8004694635. Brochure.
FAMOUS CANOE SWEATSHIRTS. The originals. Peterborough, oval trade mark on forest green. Chestnut, fancy script on rich red. Fine, rugged 80/20 fleece. Yesterday's classic good looks, still classic. Specify size. $40 postpaid. IVY LEA SHIRT CO., Box 321, Lansdownc, ON, KOE 1LO, Canada. Phone/fax 6136593629.
EDUCATION IS FOR LIFE— Washington CountyTechnical College, Marine Technology Outer. Earn an AAS. in Marine Technology while learn ing an employable trade. We believe in handson training using the latest technology and traditional methods. Focus your training on boatbuilding, lofting to finishing; small craft design; or marine mechanics. Shortterm train ing also available. Get the best value for your money. Low tuition. Financial aid available. Modern waterfront facil ities. Industry supported. Experienced and credentialcd faculty. NEASC. accred ited. WCTC MARINE TECHNOLOGY CENTER, 16 Deep Cove Rd., Eastport, ME 046319618. Phone 2078532518; fax 2078530940. 25 years serving Maine.
CRUSADER AND NORTHEAST FORD authorized service, sales, and parts. ME, 2077614344. STUART TURNER ENGINES. Full size. Parts. Service. Snug Harbor Marine, CT, 2038773832.
The World's Finest Sou'wester BOATBUILDING—BOSTON'S NORTH SHORE. Classic small craft boatbuilding. Evening classes start September. Limited enrollment. Jay Breda, MA, 6176651515.
I8OO222O191 5086366736 SAIL FROM BAR HARBOR, MAINE, aboard the 129' threemasted schooner "Natalie Todd." See Acadia National Park from the sea! Twohour cruises, $17.50/person. Brochure: 2075462927, winter; 2072884585, summer. Capt. Pagels, Box 8, Cherryfield, ME 04622.
TSHIRTS featuring illustration and quo tation from The Wind in the Willows. Heavyweight, 100% cotton, natural color. Short sleeve $15.50. Long sleeve $21. 50/50 gray sweatshirt $25.50. M, L, XL. Shipping $3.50. DESIGN WORKS, Dept WB, P.O. Box 880, Silver Spring, MD 20918.
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MEN'S CUSTOMMADE 1940sstyle yachting/cricket/croquet/tennis ap parel. From Crass Court Collection, Hanover, NH, 8008293412. Since 1982, supplier to America's premier sporting clientele.
LEARN YACHT & COMMERCIAL BOAT DESICN OR WOODEN BOAT BUILD ING. Two separate fulltime residential programs combine theory with practice in a creative, interactive exposure, but disciplined environment. Accredited member of ACCS/CT. VA approved. Financial aid for qualified students. Design students study presentday design principles and develop drafting and computer skills. Boatbuilding students leam classic small or cruising wooden boat construction skills. LANDING SCHOOL OF BOAT BUILDING & DESIGN, Box 1490, Kennebunkport, ME 04046.2079857976.
KERMATH SEA CUB. Excellent condition. Many spare parts. PA, 6102537876. CURTISS 0X5 MARINE transmission, Capitalbuilt, carburetor, more. $1,000. PA, 6102587230.
Traditional Rubber Foul Weather Gear
For Brochure Call
POOR HEALTH FORCES SALE, Atomic4 direct drive. Zero hours since overhaul. Excellent running condition. $1,200 or best offer. Extras available. FL, 9416970927.
CELESTIAL NAVIGATION by qualified instructors while making a November ocean passage from Panama to Hawaii. Also North Atlantic and Caribbean voy ages. Allinclusive, tuition, board, and course materials. DIRIGO CRUISES Ltd., 39 Waterside Ln., Clinton, CT 06413.2036697068.
MARINE SURVEYING: Comprehensive fiveday courses scheduled this fall in Rhode Island, Maryland, Florida, and California. Send for brochure. Paul Coble, Marine Survey Seminars, P.O. Box 35, Newport, RI 028400001. Phone 4018460700, fax 4014232565. FLORIDA WOODSTRIP CANOE BUILDING COURSES. Ongoing indi vidualized instruction for seniors/ beginners. Visit CALUSA CANOE, Fort Myers, FL, 800CALUSA3. B.S., A.S. DEGREES, NAUTICAL SCIENCES. Small Vessel Operations: commercial craft operations, yacht management. Marina Management: handson courses in fullservice opera tions. Programs include summer coop M A I N E M A R I T I M E ACADEMY, Casline, ME 04420. ME, 8004646565; US, 8002278465. MARINE SURVEYOR TRAINING COURSE. NAVTECH nationwide home study course includes survey forms, USCX; NAVCS, licensing, business guide, certification from US Surveyors. USCG approved for fishing vessel inspections. $295 complete. FL, 8002454425
Large inventory of ChrisCraft engines and parts. MN, 6124718687, Mitch. GRAYMARINE ENGINES, PARTS, MANUALS, REBUILDING. Largest Graymarine operation in the world. Also, ChrisCraft, Chrysler, Borg Warner, Paragon, etc. Duby Marine, 254 Sweeney St., North Tonawanda, NY 14120. 7166940922; fax 7166940976. YANMAR MARINE DIESEL ENGINES, 9170 hp. Strong, dependable power. Worldwide parts and service. Complete engineinstallation packages available. We ship throughout North and South America. Call for special discount price! OLDPORT MARINE, Sayer's Wharf, Newport, RI 02840.4018479109; fax, 4018465599. CHRISCRAFT 6cyl and early V8 engine and parts. Gasket sets, bronze elbows, motor mounts, pistons, etc. SCRIPPS MOTOR, MI, 8107483600. WANTED: Old raceboat engines; Packard, Liberty, Hisso, etc. Also Scripps, Lycoming, HallScott, etc. Also want old raceboats and parts. WA, 2068795429, Curt, HALL SCOTT DEFENDER, stored since government rebuild, $4,500. CA, 4084799481.
PROFESSIONAL MODEL SHIP BUILDER. Museum quality. Edward Knight, 4742 Conchita Way, Tarzana, CA 91356. 8189960134.
CLASSIFIED CLASSIC COLLECTIONS, LTD. PRE SKNTS HALF HULLS ol the famous wooden runabouts and racers. All editions are beautifully hand carved and rubbed, f e a t u r i n g black walnut plaques and Honduras mahogany hulls with brass name plates. In scale of 1"/1'0, providing unsurpassed symmetry, precision, and detail. Our classic collection presents half hulls of the legendary wooden run abouts from the golden era of the 1920s and 1930s to the last of the great woodies of the 1960s. Five brochure, 8002893167. 3321 Suffolk Ct. West, Suite 105, Fort Worth, TX 761331151. Fax 8179271889.
BACKNTIME INTRODUCES ITS EX CLUSIVE line of antique reproduction sailboats. Beautifully made and aged to e n h a n c e every decor. The "Traclewind," pictured above, is almost 4' tall and 3' long, lor $350. Satisfaction guaranteed. Catalog $3. BACKNTIME CO., 10625 Redwood Ave., Hesperia, CA 92345. 6192444397.
ATKIN ILLUSTRATED CATALOG. PROVIDING THREE GENERATIONS WITH PRACTICAL, WELLPROVEN DESIGNS. Over 200 designs previously published in Motor Boating. Famed Atkin doubleenders, traditional offshore and coastal cruising yachts, rowing/sailing dinghies, utilities, and houseboats. $8 U.S., $10 Canada, $13 overseas airmail. Payment U.S. dollars payable through a U.S. bank. ATKIN & CO., P.O. Box 3005WB, Noroton, CT 06820. R.H. BAKER CATALOG of traditional building plans. 60 pages, $8. Payable to: A.W. Baker, 29 Drift Rd., Westport, MA 02790. 5086363272.
LYLE C. HESS_________ DESIGNS TRADITIONAL OFFSHORE CRUISING CUTTERS; 24' 7", 26', 30', 32', 40'. Study plans available for $10 (US) each. Lyle C. Hess, 5911 E. Spring St. #360, Long Beach, CA 90808.
BUILD THE YFLYER—18 'inland lake scow. Actively sailed and raced by family crews in the Midwest, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Canada. Plywood con struction. Plans, instructions, and mem bership, $40. Information, $3. Paul White, YFLYER ASSOCIATION, 7349 Scarborough Blvd. E. Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46256.3178497588, leave address.
SHOESTRING, 16'0"x 6'0"x 1 'O'Mxau tiful, fast, deepV hull. Plywoodepoxy construction. Build as shown, or 8 other suggested designs. Informationstudy plans, $7; plans, $65. G.F.C. BOATS, 490 Hagan Rd., Ciipe May Court House, NJ 082100.
* Ready to make your dreams come true? Here's where you begin! It's the 1995 edition of The Complete Guide to Boat Kits and Plans.
INBOARD SPORT RUNABOUT, 15' classic mahogany design with deepV underbody. Powered by Subaru. Easy epoxy/plywood construction. Photos, information, and study plans, $3. Drawings and instructions to build, $145. BRISTOL ENGINEERING, Box 86, North Hero, VT 05474.
Assembled by the Editors of Boatbuilder Magazine, the Guide is packed with specifications for over 400 kits, bare hulls and plans.
MOST UNIQUE WOODEN MODEL BOAT KITS AVAILABLE! Rubber powered, precut and predrilled parts. Brass, copper, stainless hardware. Great performers! Sub $15.95, Runabout $19.95, Tug $22.95, Sailboat $23.95, plus $4 shipping. Maryland residents add 5% tax. Catalog $1. SEAWORTHY SMALL SHIPS, Dept. W, P.O. Box 2863, Prince Frederick, MD 20678.
From 7' prams to 77' sloops, skiffs to sportfishermen; in wood, steel, fiberglass and aluminum. The 168-page Guide is yours for just $14.95 including postage and handling. Mail your order to: Boatbuilder, PO Box 2626, Greenwich CT 06836-2626.
PI ANS, kits, hulls, boats. THAYER, Rte. 1, Box 75, Collbran, CO 81624.
CLASSIC MODEL BOAT PLANS. Speedboats, cruisers, hydros. (Jary Griswold, 5245 W. Mercer Way, Mercer Island, WA 98040.
RC CRAFT REINTRODUCES the batterypowered, wooden toy boat, The Triple. Features working lights, motor, authentic fittings, mahogany wood, h u l l n u m b e r , build date. Handmade to order. $325 each. RC Craft. P.O. Box 8220, Dept. WB, Sylvania, OH 43560. 4194746941.
BOAT PLANSPATTERNSKITS— WORLD LEADER in designs for amateurs. Sailboats, powerboats, rowing boats, dories, canoes, dinghies, work boats, and ski boats. From 7 ' to 55'. Wood, fiberglass, steel, aluminum, stitch 'n'glue. Save! Order gigantic 168page catalog, $5 ( s e n t A i r m a i l ) . Free "Boatbuilding Supplies" catalog. "I low To" epoxy manual, $2. "How To" fiber glass book, $15.95. GLEN1. MARINE, 9152 Rosecrans, Box 1804/WB5, Bellflower, CA 907062138. MC/Visa, phone: 3106306258.
TIKI30, THE LATEST OF WHARRAM'S COASTAL TREK DESIGNS. For the WHARRAM DESIGN BOOK (catamarans from 14' to 63') send $8 ($10 Canadian) to: James Wharram Designs, Dept. WB, Greenbank Rd., Devoran, Truro, TR3 6PJ, U.K American Stockist Tom Miliano, Dept WB, Box 35177, Sarasota, FL 34242 5177.
DULCIBELLA 10' x 4'2"classic lapstrake Norwegianstyle pram. Great stability and capacity; an elegant but practical tender. Complete plans, construction notes, detailed diagrams. No lofting. Oar plans included. Plans $55 ppd. Information $2. JORDAN WOOD BOATS, P.O. Box 194, South Beach, OR 97366.
September/October 1995 •
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CLASSIFIED
BUILD YOUR OWN BARTENDER. Salty, seaworthy, planing doubleender. 19', 22', 26', 29'. Plans sold by originator/de signer. Send $5 for brochure. George Calkins, Box 222, Dept. WB, Nordland, WA 98358.
9', 10', 11', and 14' TUG DESIGNS. Detailed building plans. Plywood, nail andlape. Gas, e l e c t r i c , diesel. Information: $5 (US). BERKELEY ENGINEERING, 1640A Reche Rd., Fallbrook, CA 92028. 6197238234.
HUNDREDS OF PLANSPATTERNS KTrSSUPPUESPowerboatsSaaboats RowboatsPower catamaransMahogany runabouts. 8'67'. All wood methods, phis "Stitch'n'glue''AluminumSteelFiber glass. 80page catalog and dinghy plans $6. KEN HANKINSON ASSOCIATES, Box 272W, Hayden Lake, ID 83835.
2087725547.
SKLWAY FISHER DESIGN Send 10$ for New Catalogue of over 150
Designs Canoes to Cruisers Ply-Epoxy & Strip Plank VISA/MC Welcome Selway Fisher Design, 15 King Street Melksham, Wilts. SN12 6HB England
BUILD "LITTLE GEM," 13 '6 "x 4 '4 " rowing skiff. Easytobuild, attractive flat bottomed plywood design requires no jig or lofting. 55 hours to construct. Rows easily, yet stable and roomy. Ten mph with 4hp outboard. Also a good sailboat. Ideal for firsttime builder. Plans and instructions, $28 plus $2 p&h. Fiftypage study packet, 17 designs for 1026' rowing, sailing, and power craft, $5 plus $2 p&h. Completed boats and kits built to order. KEN SWAN, P.O. Box 267, Hubbard, OR 97032. 5039825062.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION water craft plans from the National Watercrafl Collection, I I.I. Chapelle and H.V. Sucher books, the Historic American Merchant Marine Survey, and other holdings. Send $10 check (payable to SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION) for 250page catalog to: Ship Plans, NMAH 5010/MRC 628, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560.
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NOW AVAILABLE AGAIN, THE FULL LINE OF REDMOND small craft plans from T. Miliano, sole distributor; including Whisp, a classic finelined, highperfor mance, ultralight 68lb, 16'rowingand sailing skiff. Uses only three sheets of plywood. Featured in WoodenBoat and Small Boat Journal. Easy to build; over 4,000 amateurs have ordered plans: $35. Or try one of the other Redmond skiffs featured in Ultralight Boatbuilding. Bluegill, 16' utility and outboard sailing skiff: $36. Flapjack, 14 'sailing/rowing skiff: $34. Tetra, 10' rowing/sailing dinghy: $33. Skiff catalog and photos: $5. T. Miliano, P.O. Box 35177, Sarasota, FL 342425177.
Complete lines for four traditional canoes, 1218½'. Catalog, $2. FRANKLIN CEDAR CANOES, Box 175, Franklin, ME 04634.
CANOE & KAYAK PLANS. Wood/can vas/fiberglass. Free catalog. TRAILCRAFT, 405W State, El Dorado, KS 67042.
BUILD THE ORIGINAL BEAR MOUN TAIN CANOE. Ted Moores, coauthor CanoeCraft, has been helping people realize their wooden canoe dreams since 1972. Fullsized canoe plans with illustrated shop notes. Canoe building courses. Instructions and materials. New! 1:12 scale model canoe kits. Info. $3. BEAR MOUNTAIN BOAT SHOP, Box 1041B, Bancroft, ON, KOI. ICO, Canada.
OID BOAT PLANS, from old magazines. Big list, $4. E.G. Ragsdale, P.O. Box 153, Florence, OR 97439. 5039977818. BOAT KITSPLANSPATTERNS. Builders' supplies. World's largest complete line, 45th year. 250 designs, 670'. Includes new International Designs. Plywood, fiberglass, steel. Save 50%. Powerboats cruisers, runabouts, hydroplanes, tunnel hulls, houseboats, duckboats, canoes/strippers, kayaks, dinghies. Sail boats daysailers, trailersailers, multihulls. Discover nodryrot epoxy boatbuilding. Complete catalog $3 (airmail $5). Book Amateur Boatbuilding- plywood, fiberglass, wood epoxy, steel, $6. Free supplies catalog fiberglass, paints, foam, bronze/stainless fasteners, epoxy resins and glues, cable steering, and more. Discount prices. CLARKCRAFT, 1642 Aqualane, Tonawanda, NY 14150.
CANOE, KAYAK, HISTORIC DECKED CANOE plans. Sail your canoe. Send $1 for information to: ISLAND CANOE, 355&C West Blakely, Bainbridge Island, WA 981102205.
WOOD/EPOXY CATBOATS. No lofting, fullsized patterns, easy construction. Thomkat 14; plywood/epoxy. Thomkat 15.5; wood/epoxy. Study plans, $5 each. Plans, $39 each ($75 with patterns). MILES YACHT DESIGN, 3501 50th Ave. N.E., Tacoma, WA 98422.
NEW
CRUISING BOAT STOCK PLANS CAT ALOG. Sail, power. $8. GEORGE BUEHLER YACHT DESIGN, Box 966W, Freeland, WA 98249. BOAT PLANS FOR THE HOME BUILDER FROM ARCH DAVIS DESIGN. Send SASE for listing to: Snug Harbor, 18970 Azure Rd., Wayzata, MN 55391. BAHAMA MAMA, 30 'oceancapable, plywoodepoxy cruising ketch. 6 'head room, 2 'draft, and 11,000 Ibs displace ment permit comfortable, extended escapes to "thinwater" coastal/island hideaways. One year's labor, and $12,000 in materials—Abaco for Christmas. See WixulenBoat No. 118. Informationstudy p l a n s . $14, i n c l u d e s two new versions—lull keel and tandem board. G.F.C. BOATS, 490 Hagan Rd., Cape May Court House, NJ 082100.
CAPT. PETE CULLER'S PLANS, 100 designs from 11' pram to 125' Tern schooner. $1 for price list. GEORGE B. KEI.LEY, 22 Ixwkout Lane, Hyannis, MA 02601.
QUALITY DESIGNS in laprdseam ply wood. Oar, power, and sail. 1026'. Catalog $3. TRACY O'BRIEN MARINE DESIGN, 156 Bunker Creek Rd., Chehalis, WA 98532. 3607484089. Visa/MC.
SMALL BOAT PIANS FOR EPOXY/ PLYWOOD. 7'to 15'. Row, sail, and power. Free information: Merlens Goossens N.A., 434 23rd St. S.E., Vero Beach, FL 32962. 4075678422. email: [email protected].
CLASSIFIED FLATWATER BOATWORKS OF MONTANA is now offering elegant handcrafted touring kayaks in the form of an easily assembled kit. For more information, please call or write to: F L A T W A T E R B O A T W O R K S , P.O. Box 1572, Thompson Falls, MT EXPERIENCED SHIP CARPENTERS 598731572. 4068273102.
Zydeco
16' Pirogue
NEEDED for restoration of 1926 pilot schooner "Alabama." Minimum five years' commercial experience required. Send resume and references ASAP to:
G.S. Maynard & Cxi., Box 2079, Vineyard Haven, MA 02568.
FOREMEN, CARPENTERS, PAINTERS, MECHANICS—Yacht yard providing
Damaged wooden boat? You can restore K yourself! Wooden Boat Restoration & Repair shows how to extend the life of classic and modern wooden boats. It explains structural evaluation, hull, deck and framework repairs. Also covers dry rot, hardware bonding, protective coatings and maintenance. It's a complete howto manual written especially for wooden boat owners who want to repair and
restore their own boats. This book shows you how to do it right. Soft cover, 77pages. Send $3 to: Cougeon Brothers Inc. Dept. 70, P.O. Box 908 Bay City, MI 48707 5176847286
storage and repair on wood and 'glass vessels. Offering yearround employment
Tree Frog 8' Pram
with benefits. Looking for experienced, competent, responsible persons. Must
NAUTICAL NEEDS, GUIDES, CHARTS, nav tools, classic books. The
have a good understanding of the in
History of Concordat, illustrated, 312 pages, first edition, $45 plus S&H. When you
dustry and pay close attention to detail. TapedSeam Plywood JOHN McCALLUM, APPLEGATE Send resume to: H & H Boatworks Inc., BOATWORKS, 25380 Fleck Rd., Venela, PO. Box 218, Sebasco Estates, ME 04565. OR 97487. 5039352370. Established 1976. Tapedseam plywood boat plans. PROFESSIONAL SAILORS AVAIL Zydeco, 16'piroguetype canoe, $35. ABLE FOR YACHT MANAGE Tree Frog, 8' garveytype pram, $38. MENT/OPERATION. Couple with experience on classic and modern sail Study plans $1. ing vessels worldwide. Combined expe rience: watchkeeping mate, C.Y.A., cruising instructor, Coast Guard S.A.R., medical emergency duties,advanced first aid, SCUBA, aviation pilot's license, maintenance/repair. University edu cated, European and Canadian pass ports, bondable, ages 28/26, personable and compatible. Please send inquiries to: Jory Lord, 4181489 Marine Dr., West Vancouver.BC, V8K1Y3, Canada. Fax 6049219605. TOTO, doublepaddle canoe. 13 'x 30". Jigless, tapedseam, multichine con struction. Plans, $15. Information on 36 designs, $4. JIM MICHALAK, 118 E. Randle, Lebanon, IL 62254.
EASY WORK! EXCELLENT PAY! Assemble products at home. Call toll free 8004675566, ext. 10060.
are in Padanaram, visit our shop. Call for our free catalog of great nautical books. VILLAGE BOOKSHOP, est 1966,
Padanaram. 294 Elm St., South Dartmouth, MA 027483420. Phone/fax 5089978816. Visa/MC. MARITIME BOOKS—USED AND RARE. All maritime subjects. Free cat alogs upon request. AMERICAN BOOK SELLERS, 102 West 11 th St., Aberdeen, WA 98520. 3605322099.
The J. M. White
THE EGREGIOUS STEAMBOAT
JOUKNAI,. BunontWyjoumal of steamboat history and technical studies. A wealth of unpublished information and photos. Subscribe today: $20 US, $24 Canada, $40 foreign (US c u r r e n c y ) . 1995
Steamboat Calendar, $9. Book/gift catalog, $4. P.O. Box 3046WB, Louisville, KY 402013046. JOSHUA SLOCUM CALENDAR for
WOODENBOAT Nos. 1115. Several miss
1996. Celebrate the 100th anniversary
ing, some duplicates. With binders. Best offer. Ml), 4107577454.
of the first solo circumnavigation. $11.95
OUTOFPRINT BOOKS: All maritime subjects. Send for latest catalog. W.
YACHTS, SAILING CRAFT, SAILING SHIPS. Send for our lists of used and antiquarian books from the largest stock of sea books in the world. B. Fisher Nautical, Hunlswood House, St. Helena Lane, Streat, Hassocks, BN6 8SD, Sussex, U.K.
plus $2 S&H. 8004616599.
Wiegand & Co., Box 563W, Glastonbury,
CT 06033.
CLASSIC 12
OUTOFPRINT marine inboard and industrial engine manuals. Write: Gilbert Plumb, Box 718, Essex, CT 06426, for price and availability. 2037677351.
TWENTYTHREE DESIGNS, FULL SIZED PATTERNS, instructional video, $19.95. l,argescale lines drawings, study plans book, $5.95. Partial kits for unique materials. MONFORT ASSOCIATES, RR 2 Box 416W, Wiscasset, ME 04578.
SEND FOR FREE COPY of Cubberley &Shaw Maritime Museum News, P.O. Box
2078825504.
607WB, Groton, MA 014504)607.
READ STEAMBOATING, the annual "how to" journal for steamboat owners, builders, and dreamers. $25/year. Satisfaction
guaranteed. Rte. 1 Box 262A, Middlebourne, WV 261499748.
CREATE A CLASSIC. Sara is a 14 ', ultralight, doublepaddle canoe. Easily buill with thorough, illustrated con struction manual. No lofting. Fullsized
THE BOATMAN— A British boating magazine about traditional boats and craftsmanship. Ten issues per year at $58.50 (US only): two years, $112. Sample copy, $6.50 postpaid. MasterCard/Visa available. Write:
patterns: $55 plus $3 S&H. Information:
ArrowHeart Publications Ltd., P.O. Box
$2. Gathering Clouds, P.O. Box 713, Freeland, WA 98249.
496, Boothbay, ME 045370496. Or call 8008047670.
OLD BOAT CLASSIFIED, published monthly for vintage motorboat enthu siasts, $15/year subscription, inexpensive ad rates, published by Nat Hammond, Vintage Marine Sales Literature. OBC,
P.O. Box 5842, Endicott, NY 13763. 6077543126. WINDJAMMERS AND BLUENOSE SAILORS, "A great feeling and appre ciation for the maritime culture of the time," WoodenBoat. $14, 192 pp., ISBN 0969418094. Roseway Publishing, RR 1,Lockeport, NS, BOT 1LO, Canada.
9026562223. WOODENBOAT Nos. 1125, com p l e t e set. $650, FOB Boston, MA,
6179233976. September/October 1995 • 151
CLASSIFIED CAROLINA WATERFRONT. Great fish ing! Great sailing! Great people! Spectacular views! On the ICW near Pamlico Sound. Homes, lots, acreage, and villas on protected deepwater. Ixiw taxes. Affordable prices. Call for free information. Sail/Loft Realty Inc., P.O. Box 130, O r i e n t a l , NC 28571. 8003274189. 30'x50'x 12' BOATSHOP on five acres. Brooklin, Maine. $70,000.2075652222.
CLASSIC MAHOGANY BOATS IN COLOR. Runabouts and cruisers. Restoration information, parts sources, and f e a t u r e stories. Published bi monthly since 1984. $24/year, S32 foreign. CLASSIC BOATING. 280D Lac La Belle Dr., Oconomowoc, WI 53066. 4145674800. MAGAZINES: Yachting 193060.fair con dition. $1 each i n lots of 20; complete set Nautical Quarterly. $375; WoodenBoat Nos. l99, $300; others. CA, 4089978299. FAMOUS CANOE CATALOGS, now line reprints. Peterborough Canoes. 1929, 54 pages. Chestnut Canoes, 1950, 39 pages. Illustrated, paperback, $14.95 each post paid; both $25. Also, Peterborough Canoes decorative color poster. Fine lithographic r e p r i n t , 1922, $17.50 postpaid. Plumsweep Press. Box 321, Lansdownc, ON, ROE 1LO, Canada. Phone/fax 6136593629.
FOR SALE BY OWNER—over 5,000 boats nationwide. All sizes and types. Call today to receive or have your boat included in our free directory. Hundreds of woodne boats! American Boat Listing, 8008752628; 5167640420.
LET THE GOVERNMENT PAY for your n e w existing home. Over 100 different programs available. Free recorded mes sage: CA, 7074483210. (8LT8). LAND OF WOODEN BOATS, Down Fast. Maine. Free real estate bargain list. The way life should be. Drop Anchor Really, Milbridge, ME 04658. 2075462195. NORTHERN LAKE GEORGE, NEW YORK. Large, historic summer home. Magnificent views. Small association pro vides your boat dock, moorings, swim ming, tennis, and trails. Wooded privacy and best location. Video. $279,000. NH, 6035442015.
WATERFRONT LISTINGS—BLUE HILLTOSTONINGTON. For complete list, contact Compass Point Real Estate, P.O. Box 52, Bine Hill, ME 04614. 2073745300.
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ORIENTAL, NORTH CAROLINA: Luxurious threebedroom, tourbath Lindal cedar home on protected, deep w a t e r w i t h b r e a t h t a k i n g views! Contemporary post £ beam 1991 home features maple floors tiled baths, stateoftheart kitchen, wraparound decks (up and down), 60 'boat dock, and m u c h more! Only $495.000! Contact Mariner Realty, P.O. Box 740, Oriental, NC 28571. 8003478246. STONEHURST, NOVA SCOTIA—Billy Tanner, 80 and still a traditional fisher man, is your neighbor. His selfreliant spirit embodies the simple charm of tins seaside hamlet, carved out of slate rock, weatherd fish sheds and protected waters. House, w h a r f , and fish store. $119,000 (CDN). Brochures available. AA Walters Ltd.. L u n e n b u r g , NS, Canada. 9026344040.
I N E X P E N S I V E YACHTDESIGN SOFWARE. Prolines Basic. $295. Lines drawings converted to true 3D .DFX files. Call, w r i t e , or fax: Alien Woodworking, RR 1 Box 630, Blue Hill, ME 04614. Phone 2073745097; fax 2073745926. FAST TRADITIONAL SAILS. Gaff, gunler, lug, sprit, etc. White, taubark, or (ream Darron. DABBLER SAILS, P.O. Box 235, Wicomico Church, VA 22579. 8045808723. ARUNROCKALL Sails Ltd. Top British quality, personal service, competitive pricing, and classic workmanship. Call or write: Ed Winn, 9½ E. Myrtle St., Alexandria, VA 22301. Call or fax: 7038365462.
MARINE SURVEYINC;—structural design, supervision of construction and restoration, comision engineering. Ed McClave, highly experienced e n g i n e e r / b u i l d e r / nestorer/author/instructor. Call/write/fax for brochure. McCLAVE MARINE, 45 Church St. Noank, CT 06340. Phone/fax 2035364180.
BLUE HILL DEER ISLE, MAINE. Contact us for waterfront listings in this prime sailing area. Buyer representation available. Blue Hill Brokers, P.O. Box 203. Blue Hill, ME04614. 2073742325.
BAHAMIAN HOUSE FOR RENT: Beautiful wooden home on Mano'War Cay, boatbuilding capital of the Bahamas. Brochure: Duncan, 8 Brook Dr., Milton, MA 02186. 6176982356.
JASPER & BAILEY SAILMAKERS. Over 20 years of offshore, onedesign, and traditional sails. Sail repairs, recuts, con versions, washing and storage. Used sail brokers. 64 Halsey St., P.O. Box 852, Newport, RI 02840. Ph: 4018478796.
TRADITIONAL 19THCENTURY ADIRONDACK CAMP. lake George waterfront, edge of wilderness, boater's paradise. Five bedrooms. $l,000/week. NY, 7184420163.
HAVE TOOLS WILL TRAVEL Wooden boat builder will build, rebuild, or repair your project on site or in my shop. $12/hour. MA, 4135862007.
Finely crafted wooden spars; hollow or solid. Any type of construction. ELK SPARS, Bar Harbor, ME, 2072889045.
FOUNDRY WORK—lost wax and sand casting your old part or carved pattern, LOWCOST SAILS. New sails at whole bron/.e and iron. Jonathan King, 5037 sale prices. Highest quality. 44 years' Hillmont Dr., Rock Hall, MD 21661. s a i l m a k i n g experience. 177 Tele 4106392935. CLASSIC KNOTWORK: fenders, mats, graph Rd., Bellingham, WA 98226. gift items, etc. For catalog, send SASE 800700SAIL, fax 6049380649. REPAIRING CLOCKS—ships, aircraft, to: THE KNOTTED LINE, 9908 168th antique auto. All work guaranteed. Ave. N.E., Redmond, WA980523122, FULKERSON& SON, 4141 MonroeSt., or call 2068852457. Toledo, OH 43606. 4194724421. HERRESHOFF 12½, HAVEN 12½, SUTHERI AND BRONZE, oneofakind DOUGHDISH custom castbronze castings. Molds taken from original pans, hardware; 4 '/2" mast hoops. Price list or will sculpt original design or repro available. BALLENTINE'S BOAT SHOP, ductious. Will travel. 316 "A" St., Box 457, C a t a u m e t , MA 02534. Encinitas, (A 92024. 7147539079. 5085632800.
CLASSIFIED
DANISH CABIN I AMPS in solid brass or nickelplated brass. Luxury and old world charm in three sizes, all with special halogen bulbs lor superior illumination. Also stainlesssteel lamps and flexibie arm chart lights (choice of brass or stain less). Catalog from Imtra, '20 Baniet Blvd., New Bedford, MA 02745; 5089957000.
APPLY UNDERWATER EPOXY coat ings/adhesives. Retailers welcome. TX, 7139979872.
PERSONALIZED BRONZE BELLS. Custom cast. Raised inscription or logo of your choice. 6"and 8"diameters. Free brochure. THE BELI.INGHAM BELL COMPANY, P.O. Box 4346, Bellingham, WA 98227. Phone/fax 3606710404.
ANCHORS, TRADITIONAL STYI.ES, three sizes, reasonably priced. Forged by New England craftsmen. Contact: CANOE HARDWARE: ½",11/16", 7/8" Walter Scadden, COASTAL ANCHORS, canoe tacks; 3/8"oval brass stem bands; P.O. Box 8116, Manchester, CT 06040. clenching irons; 3/16" bronze carriage 2036468363. bolts; canoe plans; clear white cedar. Price list available. NORTHWOODS BRITISH COPPER BOAT NAILS & CANOE SHOP, RFD #3 Box 1182A, TACKS, $10.50/lb. Roves, $11.50/lb. DoverFoxcroft, ME 04426. Volume discounts. Wooden Boat Foundation, WA, 2063853628.
Wood Canoe Hardware
CUSTOM HARDWARE: Rudder and strut for Zimmerdesigned 16'Gentleman's Runabout (WB Plan No. 76). For details, contact Ed Woods, 13689 Big Bear Terrace, RR#3, Ladysmith, BC, V0R2E0, Canada. 6042454546. CHRISCRAFT ENGINES/HARD WARE—Windshield brackets, vents, gauges, tuneup kits, exhaust elbows, props, motor mounts, gaskets, flagpoles, rubber flooring, bilge pumps, "M," "K," and "H" series engines, V8s, cutwaters, sterpads, etc. Mitch, MN, 6124718687, Mon.Fri., 9:00 a.m.3:00 p.m.
CHRISCRAFT DECALS, $21.95/pair.
BRISTOL BRONZE makes over 35 dif ferent items for the Herreshoff/Haven 12½, such as the Hcrreshoffpattem orig inalequipment bilge pump shown above. For catalog, send $4 to: BRISTOL BRONZE, P.O. Box 101, Tiverton, RI 02878. 4016255224.
FREE CATALOG—Classic inboard speedboats for sale, refinishing supplies. Worldfamous Epifanes varnish, only $15.95/liter for 6 liters! "ChrisCraft Mahogany" stain $13/pint; copper bronze bottom paint $26.95/quart; "ChrisCraft Mahogany" bilge paint $35/gallon; 6cyl ChrisCraft engine man ual $8; 6 &12 volt bilge pumps; wind shield brackets and molding, halfround crash pad, ChrisCraft pennants, books, steppads, flagpoles. MC/X1SA. MITCH LaPOINTE'S CLASSIC BOAT CON NECTION, 3824 Sunset Dr., Spring Park, MN 55384.6124718687, Mon.Fri., 9:00 a.m.3:00 p.m.
TEAK COCKPIT GRATING. Custom manufactured teak grating for cockpits, showers, and iceboxes. Free order kit. PERFORMANCE TEAK. P.O. Box 69, Isle of Palms, SC 29451.8035779566, fax 8038866065.
FLOORING: Pyramid and corrugated classic styles. Blackribbed, 6' wide; $16/running ft. White pyramid, 3 'wide; S14/running ft Brown or black pyramid, 4'wide; $14/running ft. MC/V1SA. MITCH laPOINTE'SCIASSIC BOAT CONNECTION, 3824 Sunset Dr., Spring Park, MN 55384.6124718687, Mon.FrL, 9:00 a.m.3:00 p.m.
IF YOU NEED TO BLEACH WOOD, you need our industrial SuperWood Bleach. $56 for two gallons. BURTON NORTON Co., 01845 West Leonard, Grand Rapids, MI 49504.6166771208; fax 6166771209.
SAWYER PADDLES AND OARS, 299 Rogue River Pkwy., Talent, OR 97540. 5035353606, f ax 5035353621.
FLAGS—Reproductions, repairs. Custom work by sailors. Burgees, cour tesy, signals. Catalog, 3055271605. CHRISTINE DAMS FLAGS, 923 S.E. 20th St., Fort Lauderdale, FL 33316.
September/October 1995 •
153
CLASSIFIED VIDEOSSEA KAYAKING. Arctic des t i n a t i o n s : Greenland, Canada, and Alaska. Greenlanders' surfing and winter paddling. Kayak building technique. Free catalog. Gail Ferris, 1 Bowhay Hill, Stony Creek, CT 06405. 2034814539.
3/8" TEAKBLOCKS AVAILABLE AGAIN! Bronze Star Marine Hardware, 1881 N. Gaffey St., Ste. C; San Pedro, CA 90731 1261.3105488596, fax 3105488641.
TEAK, MAHOGANY, ASH, PURPLE HEART, LIGNUMVITAE, WHITE
OAK. Complete molding millwork fa NEW PLANERSCARFFER ATTACH
WANTED: LYMAN BOAT memorabilia,
MENT Convert your Makita 1900B, 191 IB, Bosch 1593, or Skil 1550 planer to an
brochures, collectibles, etc. Buy, sell, trade. Tom Koroknay, OH, 4198840222.
easytouse 8:1 scarffer in minutes. Cut 3/8"thick plywood with 3¼" planer; ½"
thick with 4 3/8"planer. 3¼" attachment,
LITERATURE ON THOMPSON boats and company, history. Miles, CA,
$109; 4 3/8 "attachment, $139. Complete 8189858690. planerandaltachmcnt units also available. JOHN HENRY, INC., P.O. Box 473WB, WANTED: MAHOGANY INBOARD Spanish Fort, AL 36577.3346262288. RUNABOUTS 1628'.any condition. ASH SHELL BLOCKS with bronze sheaves and strap. G u a r a n t e e d
COMPLETE SET OF SHIP CURVES,
quality—U.S. made. Manufactured for line sizes ¼", 3/8", ½", 5/8". Send stamp
architect's scale in wooden case. Over
Keufel and Esser. Plus French curves;
Paving fair prices. Will transport. Mitch LaPointe, 3824 Sunset Dr., Spring Park, MN 55384. 6124718687.
13849 Mason Branch Rd., Ridgely, MD
YACHT CLUB HISTORIES, yearbooks, old burgees. Yacht registers, directories, lists. Edwards, ON, Canada, phone/fax
21660. Phone or fax: 4106341841.
4164239979.
for catalog. BAINBRIDGE BLOCKS,
50 curves. FL, 4074537680.
cilities. Marine plywood. Custom swim platforms. SOUTH JERSEY LUMBER MAN'S INC., Mays landing, NJ 08330.
6099651411. ATLANTIC WHITE CEDAR, excellent quality for all boat projects. Canoe and dinghy strips, bead/cove. Teak, mahogany (genuine & Philippine), ash, cherry, cypress, maple, oak, poplar, walnut, etc.
Quartersawn lumber. Marine & hardwood plywood. Fax your material list for a quote or give us a call. Visa/MC accepted. Olyve Hardwoods, 6014R Oleander Dr.,
W i l m i n g t o n , NC 28403. Fax, 9103929078; phone,9103929888. THANKS FOR YOUR SUPPORT.
WANTED: WHEELER BOAT COMPANY brochures and memorabilia from 1930s; information, plans, pictures of Ernest Hemingway's 38' "Pilar," built by Wheeler in 1934; also Wheeler boat similar to "Pilar" lo restore. Krupnick, 700 S.E. 3rd Ave., Fort Lauderdale,
FL 33316. 3057638181.
REPLICA SWISS WATCHES. 18kt gold
plated! lowest prices! Twoyear warranty! Waterproof! SubmDivers, DaytChronos,
others! GA, 4046820609, fax 4046821710.
VENEERS FOR COLD MOLDING Western Red Cedar • Douglas For We specialize in veneers for coldmolded construction call or write: OLYMPIC MANUFACTURING Department W Box 426. Gresham, OR 97030 Fax(503)6656336 (503)6652161
BRISTOL BRONZE makes authentic hollow Herreshoff cleats in sizes from 5" to 15". For catalog, send $4 to: BRISTOL BRONZE, P.O. Box 101, Tiverton, RI 02878. 4016255224. PLANKING CLAMPS ARE STILL AVAILABLE! Clamps onto rib. Jackscrew is used to edgeset new plank against previous plank. Malleable iron castings for strength. Two sizes available. Send or call for free literature. CONANT ENGINEERING, Box 498, Boothbay, ME 04537. 2076333004.
MARINE PLYWOOD. Fine Douglasfir, Philippine ribbon stripe, Honduras, ash, teak, okoume—1/8", 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", 5/8", ¾", and 1". 4 x 8', 4 x 10', and 4 x 16',
part sheets available. Solid lumber—teak, ash, Honduras, oak, teak decking. BOUL TER PLYWOOD CORP., 24 Broadway, Dept. WB, Somerville, MA 02145. 6176661340. See Display Ad.
THE FINEST wooden pond sailers. Free brochure: 18002060006. FOR SALE, PIG LEAD for boat ballast. R o n a l d Shafter, 9 Rockland St.,
Rockland, ME 04841. Call 2075944004. CANADIAN RUNABOUT AND CANOE Hardware. Brass canoe lacks and stem bands, clout nails, brass carriage bolts, copper rivets, windshield brackets, tor pedo cleats, bronze oarlocks and sockets, pintles and gudgeons. THE TENDER CRAFT BOATSHOP, 284 Brock Ave., Toronto, ON, M6K2M4, Canada. For information, f a x 4163230992. For ordering, phone 8005884682.
154 • WoodenBoat 126
TAMAYA SEXTANT, excellent condi tion, best offer. MD, 4107577454. FAMOUS CANOE DECALS. Top off your prize effort. Fine, authentic repro d u c t i o n s from t h e o r i g i n a l s . Peterborough, Chestnut, Canadian. $4.50 each postpaid. IVY LEA SHIRT CO., Box 321, Lansdowne, ON, KOE 1L0, Canada. Phone/fax 6136593629.
CLASSIFIED GARWOOD 24' 6"CUSTOM UTILITY Only known existing 1939. Big, rare, beautiful. Easy restoration. Sure win ner. Photos available. Asking $35,000. NH, 6035442015. FREE—LEARN HOW TO SELL YOUR BOAT. Call Nicole today for WoodenBoat
magazine's guide to selling your boat, plus tips on how to write a boatfor sale classified ad. MondayThursday, 8:00 am.4.OO p.m. EST, 2073594651. 1957 MARINER 19'6". New interior, convertible top, mooring cover. 292 Dearborn Interceptor. Doubleaxle
trailer included. Asking $9,500. Livonia, MI, 3134629414. 1967 CENTURY RAVEN, 22'. Com pletely refurbished. $7,900. NH, 6032847367.
HERRESHOFF 12½, OLD COLLEC TOR'S item, built 1930s. Still sailing, Tawas Bay, Michigan. $12,000. 3139943427. LYMAN 13 '4", 1952. Completely restored with new Mercury 15hp electric remote. New EZ Loader trailer. All accessories. $5,500 or will sell separate. LA, 3188733991.
1929, 46' CLASSIC MOTORYACHT. Restored 199193. New mechanical and electrical systems. Teak and
mahogany superstructure. Gracious saloon, two staterooms, two heads, stainlesssteel galley, and pilothouse. $115,000. Vancouver, BC, Canada, 6047390466 or 6046615728.
40' CHRISCRAFT CONSTELLATION, 1966. Perfect liveaboard, aft cabin, teak deck. Twin Ford 427s. 6.5 gen erator. Doubleplanked mahogany. Excellent condition. $35,000. Located Lake St. Clair, Michigan. Call Ken, 8107574334.
1957. Extra sails, spinnakers. Certif
ications. Trailer. $7,800. Upstate NY, 5186778057. 33'PILOTHOUSE KETCH, Scottish built, 1966.80hp Cummins diesel with warranty through September 1998. Clean survey, October 1994. $29,000. MD, 4104652123.
40' in equal condition and cash. NJ, 9085919040.
"LUCKY PIERRE," CLASSIC HER RESHOFF Sclass daysailer/racing sloop. Built 1926, rebuilt 1979 and 1990. Orange hull, in great shape, with
40' LOD ALDEN YAWL, 1936. Cedar on oak. Restored, refastened, insured, surveyed, in water. Yanmar diesel, instruments. NY, 7187964958.
extensive (good) inventory. Call Charles
Morgan Associates, 8009224887, or owner, 9419278100, for details. Vessel located in Sarasota, Florida.
1970,42' GRAND BANKS TRAWLER. Classic teak beauty, excellent condi tion. Fully equipped. Illness forces
NORWALK ISLANDS SHARPIE 29. Professionally built. Launched April, 1992. U.K. sails. Yamaha 9.9. $25,000. Lying SC, 8035564403.
sale, $75,000. Located St. Johns River Tributary, FL, 9042844424.
1963 CHEOYLEE ROBB, 35'. Classic lines, teak hull. Well maintained with
1 1 ' PENGUIN SAILBOAT HULL No. 8801. Restored condition, race
4017929271.
lots of recent upgrades. $20,000. RI,
36'NATURAL MAHOGANYCRUISER RACER, 1983. Nelson/Marek. Com fortable, sleeps eight in comfort. Many sails. 3cyl Yanmar diesel. Large 12V refrigeration. Datamarine instruments,
ready. Three sails. Past International Regatta winner. $550. NJ, 2014607132.
Loran. Van Dam Woodcraft, builder. $56,000. Muskegon, MI, 8008663538.
17' RESTORED, WOOD/CANVAS, Kennebec canoe. Asking $1,600 or best offer. FL, 3058721148.
1928 ALDEN CUTTER, 34'.Must sell, death in family. Westerbeke diesel. Hull sound, new deck, rebuilt 1993. $15,000 or best offer. No leftover bills. Must see. CT, 2033884532; NY, 5182350145.
27' LOD ATKIN SCHOONER. Cedar on oak. Almostnew sails. Yanmar. Has
GET ON OUR MAILING LIST. Classic mahogany speedboats. Color photos.
lines like a skipjack. Chesapeake. $4,490.
What are you looking for? Call Mitch
Call Todd, VA, 8006726627.
1961 21' Continental 350V8 $18,500;
LIGHTNING No. 7, in excellent con dition, trailer, new mainsail. VT, 8023886027.
1965 CENTURYCORONADO, 21'. 18 hours since new. Excellent. Best offer. Last chance to own a real wooden boat. IL, 7084060386.
NORWALK ISLANDS 18' CAT
Juniper and mahogany. Second place, WoodenBoat Show, 1992. 1991/92 Cox trailer. $4,250. NC, 9196383042.
29' DRAGON, BUILT DENMARK,
1968, 28'VENTNOR SEDAN. Yard restored and maintained, 50 hours on professionally rebuilt engine, new elec tronics. $6,500 or trade for trawler to
School Swampscott Dory. Sweet, fast
rower with ultralight Douglas oars. Pretty sailer with main and jib. Better than new. $5,700 invested. Best offer over $4,500 includes trailer, mast hoops, custom fittings. ME, 8005255380.
1966, 32' TROJAN SEA VOYAGER. Twin 200 hp. $13300. NY, 3155929565.
1968 OWENS GRANADA. Less than 50 hours, engines/transmission. Gen set. Recent top. Good electronics. Re frigerator, stove, icemaker. Excellent condition. Asking $21,000 (US). ON, Canada, 7054841121, home; 705^840305, office; fax 7054840254.
FOR SALE, LATE 1994, LANDING
MASON 31, CEDAR ON OAK, 1966. December survey. Excellent condition. Many extras. $9,000. MD, 4107575681.
18' SHARPIE, ROUND STERN, gaff rigged, 1992. Hinged mast, North sails.
ROWING/FISHING BOATS: 1950, 14' Fox Lake with 20hp outboard, $1,000; 1950, 14' Penn Yan, $1,500; 1994,12'Superior dinghy, $2,700; 1994, 13'6" skiff, $2,300. SAILBOATS: 1959, 19' Lightning, $ 1,000; 1922,31 'Victoria class sloop, $2,500. CHRIS