127 118 24MB
English Pages 248 Year 1987
ykapcxis&EqfupmetAd Counter-Terrorism MICHAEL DEWAR
>\K\PO>S AM)
IPMKM
Ql
I
Ol
COHNTKR-II RKORISM Micliiicl
111
the
I
Vw.ii
nf the terrorist, the Iroiiiline
\s;ir
e\er\\shere -
The modem To ileny him
iciiorist
stores, airline scats.
ruthless
tot;ill\
is
ile|\iiinient
streets.
city
in
his
is
grisly
victories, security forces the worki over army, paramilitary, police and civilian - are
on advanced techreliant book provides a guide to the ama/ingly diverse \vcapt>iis and ciiuipment now availahle. Throughout the world, a bi/arre spectrum of terrorist orgam/aiions maintain campaigns of hatred and violence in pursuit of increasingly
This
nology.
Few
political aims.
now
countries are
free
from attack by i>ne group of fanatics or
Funded
another. societies
target
their
infiltrate
seemingly
strike
to
sources,
clandestine
bv
guerrillas
these
random,
at
making detection of raiders, their bombs and weapons exceedingly diflicuit. The response by the free world has been to
look
to
only
the
measures lhe\
can
only
available
to
counter-
practical
use.
of
short
means states.
totalitarian
Explosives can be detected; bombs can be defused; and technology can be brought to
bear
in
surveillance
operations.
In
more
can be afforded the upholders of law and order by
open
confrontations,
the provision of
protection
body armour,
shields and
crowd-dispersal weapons. Today, the terrorist faces an increasingly
armoury of equipment. Security becoming better trained, experienced and equipped. More and more autoIS producing are companies mobile vehicles; police forces are being equipped with sophisticated equipment; bomb disposal teams now have a wide range of tools to detect, disrupt and disarm every sort of
effective
forces are
explosive
device.
Perimeter protection
becoming big business; and
in
is
the area of
communications, surveillance, monitoring, jamming and interception equipment is constantly being refined. Continued on back flap
ISBN 0-85368-841-9
Vkapms & Equipment of Counter-lkifoirisin Front of jacket: The face of today's security forces.
On
training in close quarter
combat,
ttils
dressed
in
soldier
Is
SAS-style black
overalls over Armourshield
body armour that includes a ceramic insert
for
enhanced
protection from small-arms fire.
He wears an S6
smoke
respirator against the
from weapons and tear gas
and carries a Heckler & Koch
MPS submachine-gun. The black overalls provide good
camouflage
in badly-lit
image
situations; the overall is
aimed
also
to strike
dread
into the hearts of the
terrorists
being confronted.
(Photograph by courtesy of
Armourshield Ltd)
Back
of jacket: Top
centre,
one
methods
and
left
of the safer
bomb
of
disposal,
the Ro-Veh remotely controlled action.
EOD
Top
vehicle
in
perimeter
right,
security maintained by a close-circuit television
surveillance
camera
at the
Palace of Westminster
London. Bottom
left,
in
The
the
Increasingly sophisticated
image
of riot
policemen
anti-riot shields
protective
-
and
garments from
Security Equipment Supplies Ltd.
Bottom
right,
clandestine
surveillance at night; a Pilkington Eagle night
latest
models
of anti-riot
equipment: protective
helmets with visors, shinpads, fire-resistant overalls, riot batons, riot
shields, riot
gun
gas mask and antifor projecting
grenades. (Security
Equipment Supplies observation device.
baton
rounds, rubber bullets or gas
Ltd)
Inteiail secuiity lioops
piaclise theit role in bieaking
a hostage situation One
membef
ol tlic
team has
already entered the house; the others prepare to lollow
as CS gas begins to
till
the
building. (Armourshield LIdl
I
^..-i
Wsj^His
& Equpnent
(tf
Counter-Tbmnrism
MICHAEL DEWAR
»''^:-?^ ARMS AND ARMOUR PRESS
Glossary
AA
Contents
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
INTERNAL SECURITY VEHICLES
Brazil
Czechoslovakia
14
German Federal Republic
10 21
German Federal Republic/
IMTROOUCTION
Introduction
Wmid
Since ihc ciul of the Seeoiul
War,
gi)\ein-
nients throiii;hoiit the wcirki ha\e generalK liad lo internal clissenl.
lace a
iiieater ilejiiec
IriMii a
minority interest, than ever belorc. This has
ot
upen
olten taken the lorin ol
iisiialK
insurrecliDii hy a si/e-
ahle miiiDrity such as in Vietnam. Malaya. Palestine.
Ken\a. Ailen. (Nprns. ami
much smaller Faction,
remaining
recently.
Hader-Meinhot
mmement IRA
activists
the
L;rou|i.
or inileeJ
the
have waged
Iui\\e\er,
Red Army
organizalitins such as ihc
the
Septemher
Aljjeria. usuall\ against a
Mure
aclmmistratii)n.
ciilonial
.'(K)
Black or 40(1
campaign ol sceminuK the ma\hcMi
a
\iolence was the mcllunl In
which ihis was to be sometimes this violence was aimed against imlividuals, sometimes against properly or so-calletl economic" targets: sometimes it was against symbols themselves. In South America, where many regimes were fundamentally unstable anyway, this sort of terrorism had little cliecl. Ivlscwhcre symbolic violence has been more successful. Ihc Palestinian campaign, organi/cil |irmcipally by the Po|-)ular Lri lederal Bonier Ciuanl in Cierman\. aiul the (iuaniia (isile in Spain TIktc niililais
are also \arioiis
uiuis.
elite'
Ui
nam's Special
Service, a reuiment ol the Reiiular
awesome
repul.it ion
has lornid.! CiS(i
'*.
West
worklwiilc.
/\ii
Army, enjoys an (iermain
a |iara-mililar\ unit armcii with
small-arms, machinc-mms. helicopters and AI'C's.
although they have, aiul in the
in tact,
the status ol policemen;
United States there are a number of such Delta Force, livery modern
oriiani/atit>ns. includini;
police force
and army does,
degree, retain
some
to a greater or lesser
sort ot specialist anti-terrorist
source the threat
book
will
The reader
will
bias in lavniii acciilcnl
come.
in.iv
encourage the
is
ho|Xii
llic
ili.ii
doubtless perceive a qiianlil.ilivc the Uniteil Kingilom.
ol
r.iillv
It
laini heaiteil.
icllccis the
it
perience ol the author; lo a
I
much
is no and ex-
his
nalionalily
greater ilegree
nKimilaclmc and eqiiipmenl.
in
cally suffered terror
groups,
is
anli-tcirorisi
The United
Stales,
lechni(.|ucs
which has
by crime rather than by
anil
histori-
In the
Wcsicin
have
couiiirics.
become
commercial
politic;il
ment. But the many other countries featured m liiis iiook illustrate the fact that most industrialised countries now manufacture some of their own IS equipmcnt. France, the Federal Republic of (iermany.
business of countering terrorism.
Below: Long-range surveillance. A Modulux image in
Most otter
plete range ol anti-terrorist eeiuipment.
SAS Group
a
tlic
com-
some or
of which they manufacture themselves. there are such organizations elsew here in the majority of the most successful arc and USA. In the UK organizations such Risks specialize in the solution of kidnap
Others, such as the
orgaiii/a-
iinolvcd
increasingly
all
telepholo lens on an
SLR camera. Such
Northern Ireland to photograph IRA
and arrest can follow.
Although the world, in
the
UK
as Control situations.
of Companies,
established as long ago as 19.^2, have concentrated
on providing anti-terrorist equipment. Although SAS do provide training packages to go with much of their equipment, they are primarily in the business of selling equipment. Historically they have concentrated on bomb disposal equipment: but they also supply detection, inspection and disruption equipment for terrorist Improvised Explosive Devices (lED) as well as conventional Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) and riot control and surveillance equipment.
This book docs not attempt to analyze, list or describe the many terrorist groupings that have terrorised the Western world since the l%()s. nor those extant today. That is the subject of a separate
book, and many authors have tackled it recently. conclusions of these volumes have often been depressing, pessimistic and offering little hope for the future. The aim of this book is more positive: it is to demonstrate the extent of the civil and military anti-terrorist infrastructure, its techniques and the
The
panoply of sophisticated equipment that is available to combat terrorism successfully from whatever 8
i
l|
also a leailing manufacturer of IS equip-
capability.
tions
it
bnuighl about for the most part by the British experience in Noilhcin Irelaiul since l''(i''. The Hiilish are world leaileis in IS eiiuipmenl leseaicli aiul ilevelopment, m ils lellects the actual situation
A.^-
a system
gunmen
is
intensilier
attached to a
used, tor example,
in
at funerals so that identification
,
I
INTRODUCTION Italy.
Switzerland, Belgium. Spain and the Nether-
lands are
now
signitieant
produeers
in
the IS equip-
ment tield. Coverage in this book eannot possibly be comprehensive. That would require a work stretching to many volumes, which wt)uld be highly repetitive and probably very boring. Such is the speed of development of IS equipment and the rate of expansion of the IS industry that this book can only hope to illustrate
a representative range of different cate-
gories of
equipment from
all
over the world. Nor
does the book aim to illustrate just the latest equipment. Rather it presents a representative cross-section of both the latest technology and well tried equipment that has been in service for some time. No other book to date has brought together such a range of IS equipment.
The West, as this book demonstrates, is well armed and well prepared to deal with the continued onslaught of terrorism. Security forces are becoming better trained, equipped and more experienced. Civilian companies now provide not only equipment but guards, expertise and complete training pack-
More and more automobile companies are producing overt and covert IS vehicles, and police forces are being equipped with sophisticated antiriot and anti-terrorist equipment. Bomb disposal teams now have a wide range of advanced equipment to detect, disrupt and disarm every sort of
ages.
explosive device. Scientists are working on
still
more
equipment for airports. Perimeter protection is becoming big business as security forces, public utilities and industry invest safeguarding their assets. Perhaps the most in interesting area of all is that of communications, where highly sophisticated surveillance, monitoring, jamming and interception equipment is constantly
sensitive
explosives detection
being refined.
The
terrorist
faces an increasingly
and sophisticated armoury of equipment. The effort must and should continue. If. as seems likely, propaganda by the deed becomes the prineffective
ciple
means
of
revolutionary
developed world that attack. tions
The or
will
assault will be
individuals.
Western way of
but
violence,
it
is
the
suffer the brunt of the
not so
on
much on
affluence
institu-
and
the
life.
'V
%^^
INTERNAL SECURITY VEHICLES
Internal Security Vehicles
Today imtst tracked
in
aiin(uiic(.l personnel carriers tciul lo be order to iierlorni tlieir priniar\ eross-
in i;eneral war as etiicientiv as possible. However, tracked vehicles are not best suited lo the
eountry role
IS role lor a iliflicult
more
are
number
and expensive noisv
ot
reasons.
to operate
Thev are
olteii
and maintain; they
than wheeled vehicles; they can
cause ilamaiic to road surfaces; and, most important ot all. thev are classed as "tanks'
by the layman and
the media. L'se of "tanks" in an IS situation
is
often
most I.S situations. vehicles are required to operate mainly on roads and in an urban environment, so that wheels arc more unacceptable.
politically
In
arnmured vehicles arc 4 x 4-vvheeled from small-arms fire up and includint; 7.62mm. Some of the heavier IS IS
vehicles affording protection to
vehicles afford protection against 7.fi2mm
armour-
piercing attack. IS vehicles must be provided with
observation blocks so that the crew can see what
is
happening around them. In a conventional rural environment, when a vehicle is likely to be operating in wide open spaces in conjunction with many other vehicles and infantry on the ground, it is not so vital that a vehicle crew has a comprehensive all-round view of the ground. However, in an urban environment, in order to prevent a petrol bomber, for instance, approaching an armoured vehicle via a blind spot, an ideal IS vehicle must have good allround vision. Similarly, tiring ports should be provided so that the crew can, if required, use their small-arms from within the vehicle.
Vulnerable points on the vehicle such as the fuel tank and the radiator should be given special protec-
from petrol bomb attack. The is from attack by anti-tank grenade. Certainly in Northern Ireland, the IRA tion,
particularly
main
other
have used with
threat
RPG-7
limited
armoured
rocket launchers against
success
- APCs are
to prevent penetration
rocket launchers.
However,
in a
APCs
insufficiently
by projectiles from urban environment
the close range at which terrorists are forced to
engage 10
APCs
1
he limited exposure time nl
very
lillle
lire,
acquire
means
,in
armouicd
thai the lirer has
lime to recogni/e the target, prepare lo the target, aim and engage. Often
RP(i-7 projectiles have passed behind their target on some occasions unnoticed by the occupants of the vehicle.
An
must be so designed as to allow and egress by crew and passengers. There are many examples of IS vehicles where this characteristic has been includetl in the design. IS vehicle
rapid access
Clearly, in a confused situation probably involving large
and disorderly crowds, it is only sensible to in an IS vehicle. In a convenwar situation, the enemy is normally expected
have multiple doors
suitable in every respect.
Most
ment.
vehicle |iassmg a lixcti point
mitigates against a successful engage-
tional
from a single direction. In a guerrilla situation, the attack from any quarter. The requirement is therefore to be able to leave the vehicle from
enemy may
the opposite side lo the direction of attack. Side doors also dictate that there should be only four
wheels, an arrangement that interests of simplicity
is
also sensible
and mechanical
in
the
reliability.
IS armoured vehicles can be fitted with a variety of armament installations, including water cannon, tear
Some can even be climbing on to the
gas launchers, and machine-guns. to
electrified
prevent
vehicle. In addition to a
number
rioters
armoured
vehicles, there are
of other types of vehicle that are
monly used
com-
water cannon vehicles, which may or may not be armoured; conventional 'soft skin' vehicles that have been covered in a form in IS situations:
of applique lightweight
armour
as protection against
and low-velocity rounds; and armoured bulldozers for the removal of barricades. Applique armour was first developed for the British Army in blast
an attempt to provide some protection for Land Rover crews against blast, fire and acid bombs and low-velocity small-arms
fire.
GRP
is
a
form of
fibre-
used to cover the body and roof of Land Rovers, while Macralon. a form of strengthened plastic, is used to cover windscreen and windows. Older vehicles can be adapted in many ways for IS purposes. In Northern Ireland, for example, the glass
INTRODUCTION
British Army h;is adapted the long-serving GKN Sankey AT- 104 IS vehicle, commonly known as the 'Pig", by attaching unfolding fenders to each side of the vehicle. Thus the vehicle, if parked in the middle of a relatively narrow road flanked by buildings, can block most of the road off and afford protection against missiles thrt)wn by rioters. The adapted vehicle is known as the 'Flying Pig". Other possible attachments arc roof- or turret-mounted searchlights, loudspeaker systems and a strong device for removing barricades. A self-help device that is fitted to many jeeps and Land Rovers in the IS role is a
and the strong monocoque structure should maximum protection so long as the crew are strapped into their seats. Examples of a shaped hull are the South African Hippo vehicle, the British GKN Sankey Saxon and Italy's I-iat ddUCM APC. IS vehicles should be of simple and rugged construction. They are often in use in less developed countries with limited maintenance resources. A
fence picquet attached vertically to the front of the
automotive parts means that anyone who can maintain a truck can also maintain the Saxon. Similarly, the French Berliet VXB anti-riot vehicle uses "offthe-shelf" Berliet truck spare parts and is both easy and cheap to maintain. Design details are very important. For example, in the Belgian Beherman Demoen BDX. the engine air intake is located below the generous canopy over the driving position and has a moving shutter to provide further protec-
vehicle to cut steel wires stretched across roads, the
intention of which is to cause serious injury to the occupants of open vehicles.
A common
threat to the IS vehicle, particularly in
environment, is the land mine. The design of IS vehicle hulls should ideally be such that, if a mine is triggered off by one of the vehicle"s wheels, the upward slope of the hull should dellect much of the
a rural
Right: The Roland IS vehicle,
one
of a
Mowag is in
range
by
built
of Switzerland,
service with a
countries.
which
number
of
As with many
vehicles built for internal security operations, in
it
comes
various forms: the
customer can specify details such as the armament, turret
arrangement and other specific features.
The
hull
shape shows the special care devoted by designers today to attaining
maximum
protection for the occupants
against not only small fire
but also
obstacles.
arms
mines and road
blast
provide
vehicle that has followed such a design philosophy closely
is
the
GKN
Sankey Saxon. It is powered by Bedford ."^OO 6-cylinder diesel
the widely available
truck engine, and the use of commercially available
INTERNAL SECURITY VEHICLES
M»>U>io\
lion iigainsi
cocklaih
pipes run alonu ihc t\so Miles
more
to
ililliciili
on
iliml>
I
Ik-
llic
i>t
to
turn
i.\li.iiisi
root to niakf
it
police forces throuuhoiit the recouni/e that iliscreel operational \ehieles (DOW) slanilanl eoiniueicial vehicles ami Iniuui sines that are arnioineii without appearinu to he so worlil
environments
than
ami nietiium
risk
IS
more heavily armoured,
the
Iheie will conohviouslv militarv warrant the attemiance that situatit>ns tinue to he IS hyhriil vehicles.
of hiuhlv proteeteil military vehicles, hut
DON
in
many
could be more politic ami just as effective, ("onlioiuaiion with Jiiihlly armed terrorists, student dcmonsii.ilioiis .nui tlic carriage and escortini: of govcrnmcnl \ ll's arc examples. incidents the use of
DON
mclude: Land Rover and Range Rover type vehicles for
Ihc current rauiic of
•
s
anti-terrorist
s
operations,
vvitii
a
cross-country
•
IS c\|hii at
wmiM
.idvisi-
spccil
would
end with the death ol the lieail ot stale anyway! Moreover, where the protecteil limousine is for a head of state, the need for protection to this likclv
to
degree can be questioned: sensible piecautions along a route should icduce the opportunities to use a high-powered rille and. where such use is very likclv the VII' should change his route or cancel the .
engagement altogether. A much more likely threat is from the assassin in the crowd armed with a concealed handgun or submachine-gun. All-round protection against
armour only iIk'
liiis
threat, rather than an atlcmiit to
the rear section of a linuuisinc against
unlikely use of a 7.(i2mm
wiser bet. Successful
weapon, would be
DOV design should start trom DOV will be bulletproof, liie
premise that no protection
will
merely buy time.
ilic
the licsi
The armoured
certain categories of rifles;
steel
\'ll'
limousines with all-round protection against
handguns, submachine-guns and grenade fragments: SaU>on cars and Range Rover type vehicles for escort duties, with partial protection against
handguns, submachine-guns and grenade Iragments; Fast patrol cars for immediate response and pursuit,
with
protection
frontal
only
against
hand-guns and submachine-guns. Modern technology is narrowing the gap between what is technically feasible and operationally desirable in terms of both opaque and transparent armour. However, thought does need to be given to the design of a DOV: the answer is not necessarily to cram as much armour on to a given chassis as possible. Users often tend to ask for unrealistic and often unnecessarily high levels of armour, while insisting on minimum changes in vehicle performance and appearance. In reality the two are often irreconcilable. Manufacturers, whose experience is usually confined to automotive engineering, on the other hand, tend to offer a solution that does not take into account sufficiently the operating conditions and protection requirements of the user. If. for instance, a manufacturer decides that the main threat to a rifle
or
its
armoured
head of
state
is
from the 7.62mm
NATO
equivalent, the passenger section of his limousine can be given complete protec-
tion against single shots
from
this
weapon. But.
in
order to avoid significant modifications to the engine and the suspension, the driver's section would need 12
An
or incapacilalcil
Lincoln Continental limousine delivered to the US Secret Service in \'-)M carried two tons of armour
\!P
•
killcil
capahilitv
and all-round prt)tcction against handguns, suhmachine-guns, grenade fragments and
•
a drive!
th.it
be
the vchii-lc.
A growinc luiiuhcr ol
are less provocative lor low
to be Ictt un|Motected.
and bullet-resistant
travelling at 5(lmph with
glass, all
ami was capable of
the tyres shot out.
would have been the first most attractive characteristic was its
1
he
Secret Service
to atlmit
that
aiiilitv
its
to
maintain mobility with all its tyres deflated - the mass of armour could not have protected the
iKcupants from sustained fire from high-power automatic rifles available on the open market. It might have resisted the first few rounds, so giving time for the agents travelling in the back-up vehicles to return fire, or for the chauffeur in the protected limousine to put his foot on the accelerator. Some of the problems that arise in attempting to bring about a compromise of discretion, protection and performance will be apparent from the weapons
and armour
table. This gives the ballistic properties
of a selection of
weapons used by
terrorists
and the
necessary thickness and weight of various armoured materials currently in use. Lighter materials with qualities are under development, but they are not yet widely in use. It can be seen from the table that even all-round protection against a low-velocity 9mm SMG will impose a considerable weight penalty. Such protection
similar or superior resistance
would seem
to
be a sensible
minimum
for
VIP
limousines, with the possible addition of selected points being protected against 7.62mm high-velocity rifle
attack in high-risk areas of the world.
possible to
It
is
compensate for the increased weight by
restricting the
number
of persons in the vehicle or by
modifying the chassis, suspension and engine. are in a position to If the occupants of a return terrorist fire, then there are different options.
DOV
INTRODUCTION
Terrorist
Weapon
weapons and armour materials used
to resist
them
WTEMtAl StCUKiIt «HK;ifS
Above:
Engesa Urutu
Ttie
EE-IL This
is
the anti-riot
driver's hatch. TTie vehicle
BRAZIL
vefsion. fitted with banicade
buadozer blade, searchlights, flashoig lights, wire
mesh
protection over engine louvres, etc. (against hand-
ttvown
missilesi.
grenade
(Sschargers. individual firing ports, siren featijres.
and other special
Engesa EE-II t'nitu .\PC Designed and built b\ Engesa of Sao Paulo. Brazil, this is an armoured amphibious vehicle designed to peiform various roles, and which can be transformed into a family of vehicles. The engine of the L'rutu is at the front on the right of the driver, which leaves the rear of the hull free for a compartment capable of accommodating up to 14 men or carrying 1 .StNikg of cargo. A large door in the rear of the hull and a door on each side provide altemati\e
means of entry or exit. Tliere are four hatches in the rear compartment in addition to the 14
is fitted
with firing
engine air louvres can be closed to eliminate the risk of flames from Molotov cocktails entering the engine compartment, and cooling air is then admitted into the engine from the crew compartment through a ports. TTie
pneumatically operated hatch which allly
is
norm-
closed.
Variants:
The design allows
it
to be trans-
formed into a family of vehicles: in addition to the .APC version, the Urutu can be used as an armoured ambulance, a command and communication vehicle, and an armoured cargo vehicle. Engesa EE-9 Cascavel is an armoured car
variant.
similar, the
The
overall
specification
main differences being
its
is
turret-
BRAZIL/CZECHOSLOVAKIA/EGYPT/EIRE
mounted ')()mm gun
;ind the
amphibious, although bility of one metre.
that
tiict
it
is
not
has a lording capa-
it
Employment: The riot-control version is in Army and Marines. Bolivia. Chile. Colombia. Gabon. Iraq. Libya, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates. Data: length 6m; width 2.59m: hci^iu 2.(Wm (to hull xr
stt)nc-lhro\Miig.
Ihc
is
\ehiclc's
and powerful vehicle allows rapid police deployment during riots. The steel armour-plating covered by the body panelling, and the windows in 27mni-thick bulletproof glass, can stand up to pistol or submachine-gun fire. The fuel tank and radiators he two side-doors and are also protected.
historv.
equipmcnl includes powerful water guns and searchlights. Side exits are provideil. It is the only known example of a purposebuilt, Japanese manufactured anti-riot vehicle as opposed to an adapted mass-produced Its formidable armour is police vehicle. reminiscent of an earlier period in Japanese
single rear-door are Htted with safety locks
a
many
1V7I in use in Tokyo in November manned by the Tokyo Police Department and is now thought to be retired from service. The
seen
which helps to a\oitl collision with dcmonslrators when drivinu through dense crowds.
I
It
vehicle typical of in
of
and
demonstrations.
service
55-
for sale
and speedy deployment police at riots
cocktails
This fast
there are well protected.
Above, centre: The
MolotDV
driver has the honctit of excollcni visibihtv.
in
for safe
transit of police personnel.
and
a
limiting device to prevent the doors
being forced open from the outside. Firing ports can be provided to allow the crew to use
weapons and
to eject tear-gas
bombs, there
SOUTH AFRICA
is
an observation hatch on the roof. Options available are a fire-tighting system, which
Armscor \C 200 Mine Protected Armoured Support Vehicle
sprays on to the wheels, engine and fuel tank;
This vehicle is a high-mobility, mine protected armoured support vehicle carrying up to 13
and fuel system; and an air
fireproof coating for electric cables pipes: a tear-gas filtering
conditioning system.
Employment:
men and
suitable for use on IS rural operaThe vehicle has both side and rear exits and its windows and firing points allow the tions.
Italy (Police).
Data: length 5.8m; width 2.1m; height 3m; ground clearance 3m; wheelbase 3m; weight
crew
5.8 tons (gross); engine Fiat 8(M)().()4 diesel. 6-
allow riflemen to look out of the top of the
cylinder developing 13()hp at 3,2()0rpm; crew
vehicle.
1
-I-
10:
number of wheels
gradient over 4()7o;
4x2;
speed lOkph; turning radius 5.5m. 1
JAPAN
to
engage
targets
from
vehicle, while individual hatches
within
the
on the roof
South African security forces have had to contend with mined roads, so the wedge shape of the hull of the vehicle is designed to deflect the force of an explosion upwards and outwards. The relatively high position of the crew compartment in relation to the ground gives added protection.
The vehicle is available in 4x4, 6x6 and 8x8 configurations. The 8x8 version is available as a logistics, recovery and technical Variants:
Police Anti-Riot Vehicle
A
specification of this vehicle
is
not available
from Japanese sources. The vehicle was 24
first
support
or
transporter
vehicle.
The 6x6
JAPAN/SOUTH AFRICA
Above
right:
South African vehicle-
The powerful
AC 200
The danger from
mines on South Africa's
many rough-surfaced roads Is
reflected in the heavily
armoured underside, which IS It
of
shaped
to deflect blast.
can be seen from the use glass
in
the driver's cab,
etc, that this vehicle specifically in
designed
is available in configurations including troop carrier, ambulance, command vehicle
and tr:msporter. Employment: .South African Defence Forces, Data: nciiilii IS tonnes; engine V-S turbocharged intercooled diesel; crew .i+lO; nitmhcr of wheels 4 x 4 or 6 X 6; speed lOcSkph; range l.OOOkm at : vertical obstacle 0.3Sm; turning radius 7.3m; maximum side
2.52mmm
slope
4()"yo
armament
man
making available reworked vehicles. These have undergone an extensive programme, bringing each
vehicle
close
to
its
original
major assemblies and supporting equipments have been completely stripped and reworked, either by Alvis or the original equipment manufacturer, using specification. All
(two-man
or injure vehicle
launchers, wire
firepower
increased
mounting the Heiio FVTSOO or FVT9()() turrets. These variants are all based upon a
(two-man recce),
7.62mm
MG
35%
(two-
(others);
and
three-
genuine spare parts. The firepower of the vehicle remains the same as the original specification, as docs the ballistic protection of the hull and turret.
Employment: Many countries including Germany, where the Frontier Police use a version (designation 'D") with extra
German
equipment and without the coaxial machinegun;
designation
Its
Is
SW-lll
Kfz-93
Geschiitzer Sonderwagen lU.
Data: length
5.28m (Including gun); width
2.54m; height 2.39m: weight
l(),5()()kg
(un-
Hello FVT90() turret with 2()mm cannon or Hello FV'TSdO with twin
laden). 11.2()()kg (laden); engine Rolls-Royce
MGs.
m\i.-
ureater ranee auainsi lareer devices.
ap|Moach
a niaiuial
against
|>iolon
liininj;
In
rc\|uircil.
l:()l) suit,
necessary.
I
haiulleis.
carl\
delcctioii
is
prelerahic
disposal later. Although most disposal ec|uipment
maiuitactured
cither the United
in
l'S.\. iletcction ci.|uipmcnt
is
Kingdom
lo is
or the
ilcsiuncd ami maiui-
tactured in Belgium. Canada, [-inland,
Germany,
USA. One of the main and police engaged in IS duties is the checking of vehicles and their occupants at vehicle check points (VCPs). Another frequent task is the searching of houses and waste ground. In the same way. airport security personnel have to keep a constant watch for attempts by terrorists to sinuggic lEDs or weapons on to aeroplanes. Various equipments have been developed to detect metal objects and explosive substances on the person or in luggage. Most explosives 'sniffers' will positively
oidinan
Search technii|ues
it
mind of
is
it
vehicle,
one
a
of
of specialist
miniature vehicles that have
been developed
bomb
to enable
disposal operatives to
examine and
neutralize
explosive devices at a safe distance. This illustration
shows the considerable of special
array
attachments now
available on such machines;
they include disruptors,
shotgun, camera equipment,
TV monitor, telescope, cable and drum
for
extended
remote use. extension arms for
added reach and various
other remote handling devices.
54
in
the
ammunition or explosives. Normally, anyone hiding something in as
couiitrysitle will a
choose
lone tree or a
junction. Often a search
m
llic
"marker" has priuluccd results,
manure or
silage
hcajis
marker, sucli prominent track
a suitable
jiarticularlv
vicmilv ol such a
larm outbuildings,
ami culverts are jiopular
hiding places. In buildings, any attic, lloorboard or the inside of a false wall can
EOD
environment
nccessarv to put onesell
weapons cache.
number
in a rural
the individual hiding the arms,
tasks of troops
Right: The Hunter Remote-
pinji.ihly
not possible to search large areas of count rysiite
is
comiireheiisively.
Switzerland, the I'K and the
Control
soiiliei
largely involve having an eye for the ground. Clearly
tile
In
I'revcnliDii
qiiipmeiil apait. the
aeeounls lor the greatest number ol liiuK In using his eyes and common sense. Major successes have also been achieved by traineil 'sniffer' dogs and their
accommodate an
illegal
This chapter covers a range of equiiiments in the
bomb
disposal and detection field, including remotely controlled bomb disposal vehicles, bomb blankets, inspection sets, explosives 'sniffers', metal (.lelectors and airport X-ray equipment. Conventional mine/metal detectors for use on the ground are not included, although these are used in rural IS situations. HOD suits will be found in the chapter on
Bodv Armour.
BELGIUM/CANADA radioscopy system, with screen and observation eye-shade, and a small motorized mani-
BELGIUM
pulator controlled by the operator.
Employment:
Balteau Detection/Inspection
Equipment Bactobloc X-Ray Equipment:
The Bactobloc
SP07() is a simple and complete radioscopy equipment developed by Balteau of BeyneHensay tor the rapid inspection of objects and packages. The Bactobloc SP07() (and the larger SPOIOO model) are mainly suitable for the examination of light metals, plastics, organic materials, aluminium, electronic components, integrated circuits, wood, rubber, paper, small animals, etc. This equipment is primarily designed for the inspection of packages and mail addressed to ministries, embas-
banks, prisons, etc., although
sies,
it
has other
uses in factories and laboratories.
weight
and
elsewhere
in
70kg;
45cm;
depth itiai!
width
.'i4.6cm;
5cm x
aperture
27.5cm.
CANADA
Leigh Marsland Explosives Detectors Model S201: This equipment is designed to sense vapours from a broad range of civil and military manufactured explosives. Powered by rechargeable
nickel-cadmium
batteries,
the
10kg main unit can be carried by hand or on a
The Bactobloc SPOI2I), 140, IdO models arc designed more specifically the examination of denser materials, such
back
and
provided.
2110
pack.
Audio and
visual
alarms
are
Employment: Canada.
as ceramics, castings, welds, explosives, etc.
Data:
Data: weight 98kg; depth 60cm; width 48cm;
33.2cm; height 15.2cm; probe depth 21.6cm;
height 4()cm; cluimher aperture .'iOcm Postix
Letter
mail,
is
it
Bomb
Detector:
x 32cm.
To examine
onlv necessarv to insert an envelope
through a lateral aperture and then observe radioscopic image on a screen. the
equipment
occupies not writer.
Right:
Data:
50. 6cm; height
Variants:
for
Belgium
Europe.
It
is
When
in
use
placed on a table, where
much more space than
its
it
a type-
comprises a small X-ray generator, a
probe
weiglit
width
11.8kg;
13cm;
depth 43.4em;
probe height
widtli
10. 2cm;
response time 3 seconds; gas supply gives 60
hours continuous use.
Model S301: This device detects explosives hidden on a person's body or clothing. As the individual passes through a doorway, a curtain of air sweeps vapours from the body and into the detectors, anv one of which will detect the
The Leigh Marsland
Explosives Detector Model
S201. Most explosives emit vapour, and equipment such
as this are designed to detect
and analyse them.
55
BOMB OtSPOSAL AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT
To function reliably,
Above: Finland's Outokumpu
presence of explosives.
Metor Weapons Detector.
the individual should pause for three seconds
Outukumpu
in the air curtain. This device requires six seconds to process an individual; a hand held detector requires 2(>-5() seconds.
adept
at
are particularly
making what may
be considered a
sinister
piece of equipment appear
harmless and everyday by clever ergonomic design.
Above
right:
The Metor 118.
a standard metal/weapon detector
In
use
in
many
Employment: Canada. These equipments are no longer in production. Data: weighl 249kg; depth 76.2cm (excluding ramps); width 1.83cm;
!»fl/evvay
width (i8.6cm;
in other roles in Angola, Canada, Denmark. Finland, Greece. Hungary, Iran. Italy. .Jordan. Luxemburg. Malawi. Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Saudi Arabia. Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, the USA. and Venezuela. Over 4.50(1 units have been installed world-
but also
at airports,
Argentina,
wide.
Data: weight 14kg; coil weight 270kg; cabinet 35cm; cabinet width 50cm; cabinet height 18.5cm; maximum coil depth 2.35m;
depth
overcdl height 2.()3cm.
airports throughout the
maximum
vKorld.
coil
width
1.27m;
maximum
coil
height 2.3m.
FINLAND
Metor
improved model inct)rporales programs for different security requirements; the manual sensitivity adjustment is under a lockable 118: This
sixteen switch-selectable timing
Outokumpu Metor Weapons Detector Outokumpu oped
a
Electronics of
highly successful
designed primarily for use
Espoo has develweapons detector
at airports.
When
a
metal object causes an alarm, a red lamp will light up either on the front panel of the cabinet or on a remote visual alarm display unit.
The alarm
signal can also be used to
door locks. The system sensitivity is variable, this determining the minimum size activate
of object to be detected.
Employment: The equipment 56
is
in
use mostly
cover.
A
weather-proof model is available installations; it can be operated with a standard or weather-proof electronics Variants: for
outdoor
unit.
Data:
operating temperature range 0-55°C;
2.18m; gate width 0.87m; gate depth 0.51m; weight 44kg; electronics unit dimensions ().14m x 0.41m x 0.26m; elec-
gale height
tronics unit weight 11kg.
FINLAND/GERMANY
Above and right: The German Ferex 4,021 Search Instrument
m
GERMAN FEDERA L REPUBLIC
use: the
equipment can detect mines
Institut
and bomb-making
Instrument The Ferex 4.021
equipment
in
most
environments including under water. probes
make
Its it
IS applications.
variety ot
valuable for
Dr
Forster Ferex 4.021 Search is
mine detector, and
more than is
a conventional
particularly suitable for
IS conditions. The probe can be used with or without the carrying tube, and also for search-
ing underwater
up
to a depth of 3(lm.
The
device measures the degree of interference
caused by a ferro-magnetic object by means of a differential-held measuring arrangement.
Employment: German Bundeswehr. 1. 11m x 14.5cm x 27cm; power supply iiiiii 9.5cm x 5.5cm x 31.5cm; conirol iinii 9.5cm x 10cm x 26cm: probe lube 60cm long. 4.6cm diameter; carrying lube .035m long; weighi 4.5kg; locating range 6m. Data: carrying case
1
Vallon Bomb/Metal Detectors Electronic Bomb Detector Model MB 1710A: This equipment consists of an oscillator. measuring amplifier, automatic zero compensator, power amplifier, senstivity adjuster. function selector, pilot lamp and audible alarm loudspeaker,
all
integrated into a 1am.^7
BOMB DISPOSAL AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT m.iictl
pliisiK-
NDUiul
il
hii\
ihc
.icouslii.-
llii-
Idler oi
piinvl
sjgiiiil
will
I'ontaiDs
;iny
su^picll>u^ mclal CDniponciils Mich as
copper
wires, strikers, mechanical lime-liisc devices or hallcrics necessary lor llic ilclonalion ul a bonilv Data: sc/iAor zone 22(ln)in x 22((innK \i>ltiit;c 22(tV/5(lcps; 2.5(Klcps,
'*:0'
'*
(ilann
iic/,t;/i^
accouslic
50(1
sii;ii.il
Sku
Metal Detector Models Mil KM, and Mil 16(17: llic Mil |(.(I3 and
MM
1004
\(M were
devciiipcil to provulc sccurilv lorces with a
convcnicnl
Tlicy have heen
hidden walls
1607
deleclor capaltle
inctal
checks on
lorniine
persons
iiseil
to detect antnninilion
hedgerows,
tree-trunks,
in
and other similar is
per-
ol
packages.
anil
used for screening
ol
behind
places.
hilling
MH
envelopes
in
order to locate pieces ol wire, mine ignition
systems and other metal parts.
The concen-
trated electromagnetic field ol the detectors
enables a very exact pin-pointing; even the course of a located metal wire can be dctermincii.
limployment: German I'ederal (Army. Lufthansa and Police). Data:' 1604).
M)an (Mil 3«cm (Mil 1607):
leiiiiih
1603). 0.45kg
power 9V
(MH
Republic
161).^).
4(lcm
(Mil
wrii^hi
((.."Skg
(MH
1604). ().4ikg
(MH
1607);
battery.
Metal Detector Model Ml. 1750: This jeep mounted niiiic detector is included because it is
particularly suitable for IS operations.
It
would largely be irrelevant in conventional warfare, where a more blunt instrument such as a flail or dozer tank would be used; however, in an IS situation, the ML 17.^0 would be ideal
to
clear
tracks
of
metal-based
anti-
vehicle mines.
width
of location 1.60m; weis^ht oj cod 43kg; power supply 12V; current consumption 3 amps. Metal Detector Model MP 1781: Developed lor use in airports this equipment provides a visual alarm signal when any metal object Data:
detecting
passes through the gateway. Variants:
Model
MP
1770 employs the same
gate and footbridge but has a slightly
more
sophisticated electronics cabinet, which indicates the
object
is
body where Model MP 17S3
part of the
secreted.
a
metal
indicates
the type and size of the metal object.
Employment: German Federal Republic (Airport Authority. Lufthansa).
Data: electronic cabinet weight
M.-'ikg; gate
and footbridge weight