Weapons & Equipment of Counter-Terrorism 0853688419, 9780853688419

Citation preview

ykapcxis&EqfupmetAd Counter-Terrorism MICHAEL DEWAR

>\K\PO>S AM)

IPMKM

Ql

I

Ol

COHNTKR-II RKORISM Micliiicl

111

the

I

Vw.ii

nf the terrorist, the Iroiiiline

\s;ir

e\er\\shere -

The modem To ileny him

iciiorist

stores, airline scats.

ruthless

tot;ill\

is

ile|\iiinient

streets.

city

in

his

is

grisly

victories, security forces the worki over army, paramilitary, police and civilian - are

on advanced techreliant book provides a guide to the ama/ingly diverse \vcapt>iis and ciiuipment now availahle. Throughout the world, a bi/arre spectrum of terrorist orgam/aiions maintain campaigns of hatred and violence in pursuit of increasingly

This

nology.

Few

political aims.

now

countries are

free

from attack by i>ne group of fanatics or

Funded

another. societies

target

their

infiltrate

seemingly

strike

to

sources,

clandestine

bv

guerrillas

these

random,

at

making detection of raiders, their bombs and weapons exceedingly diflicuit. The response by the free world has been to

look

to

only

the

measures lhe\

can

only

available

to

counter-

practical

use.

of

short

means states.

totalitarian

Explosives can be detected; bombs can be defused; and technology can be brought to

bear

in

surveillance

operations.

In

more

can be afforded the upholders of law and order by

open

confrontations,

the provision of

protection

body armour,

shields and

crowd-dispersal weapons. Today, the terrorist faces an increasingly

armoury of equipment. Security becoming better trained, experienced and equipped. More and more autoIS producing are companies mobile vehicles; police forces are being equipped with sophisticated equipment; bomb disposal teams now have a wide range of tools to detect, disrupt and disarm every sort of

effective

forces are

explosive

device.

Perimeter protection

becoming big business; and

in

is

the area of

communications, surveillance, monitoring, jamming and interception equipment is constantly being refined. Continued on back flap

ISBN 0-85368-841-9

Vkapms & Equipment of Counter-lkifoirisin Front of jacket: The face of today's security forces.

On

training in close quarter

combat,

ttils

dressed

in

soldier

Is

SAS-style black

overalls over Armourshield

body armour that includes a ceramic insert

for

enhanced

protection from small-arms fire.

He wears an S6

smoke

respirator against the

from weapons and tear gas

and carries a Heckler & Koch

MPS submachine-gun. The black overalls provide good

camouflage

in badly-lit

image

situations; the overall is

aimed

also

to strike

dread

into the hearts of the

terrorists

being confronted.

(Photograph by courtesy of

Armourshield Ltd)

Back

of jacket: Top

centre,

one

methods

and

left

of the safer

bomb

of

disposal,

the Ro-Veh remotely controlled action.

EOD

Top

vehicle

in

perimeter

right,

security maintained by a close-circuit television

surveillance

camera

at the

Palace of Westminster

London. Bottom

left,

in

The

the

Increasingly sophisticated

image

of riot

policemen

anti-riot shields

protective

-

and

garments from

Security Equipment Supplies Ltd.

Bottom

right,

clandestine

surveillance at night; a Pilkington Eagle night

latest

models

of anti-riot

equipment: protective

helmets with visors, shinpads, fire-resistant overalls, riot batons, riot

shields, riot

gun

gas mask and antifor projecting

grenades. (Security

Equipment Supplies observation device.

baton

rounds, rubber bullets or gas

Ltd)

Inteiail secuiity lioops

piaclise theit role in bieaking

a hostage situation One

membef

ol tlic

team has

already entered the house; the others prepare to lollow

as CS gas begins to

till

the

building. (Armourshield LIdl

I

^..-i

Wsj^His

& Equpnent

(tf

Counter-Tbmnrism

MICHAEL DEWAR

»''^:-?^ ARMS AND ARMOUR PRESS

Glossary

AA

Contents

1.

INTRODUCTION

2.

INTERNAL SECURITY VEHICLES

Brazil

Czechoslovakia

14

German Federal Republic

10 21

German Federal Republic/

IMTROOUCTION

Introduction

Wmid

Since ihc ciul of the Seeoiul

War,

gi)\ein-

nients throiii;hoiit the wcirki ha\e generalK liad lo internal clissenl.

lace a

iiieater ilejiiec

IriMii a

minority interest, than ever belorc. This has

ot

upen

olten taken the lorin ol

iisiialK

insurrecliDii hy a si/e-

ahle miiiDrity such as in Vietnam. Malaya. Palestine.

Ken\a. Ailen. (Nprns. ami

much smaller Faction,

remaining

recently.

Hader-Meinhot

mmement IRA

activists

the

L;rou|i.

or inileeJ

the

have waged

Iui\\e\er,

Red Army

organizalitins such as ihc

the

Septemher

Aljjeria. usuall\ against a

Mure

aclmmistratii)n.

ciilonial

.'(K)

Black or 40(1

campaign ol sceminuK the ma\hcMi

a

\iolence was the mcllunl In

which ihis was to be sometimes this violence was aimed against imlividuals, sometimes against properly or so-calletl economic" targets: sometimes it was against symbols themselves. In South America, where many regimes were fundamentally unstable anyway, this sort of terrorism had little cliecl. Ivlscwhcre symbolic violence has been more successful. Ihc Palestinian campaign, organi/cil |irmcipally by the Po|-)ular Lri lederal Bonier Ciuanl in Cierman\. aiul the (iuaniia (isile in Spain TIktc niililais

are also \arioiis

uiuis.

elite'

Ui

nam's Special

Service, a reuiment ol the Reiiular

awesome

repul.it ion

has lornid.! CiS(i

'*.

West

worklwiilc.

/\ii

Army, enjoys an (iermain

a |iara-mililar\ unit armcii with

small-arms, machinc-mms. helicopters and AI'C's.

although they have, aiul in the

in tact,

the status ol policemen;

United States there are a number of such Delta Force, livery modern

oriiani/atit>ns. includini;

police force

and army does,

degree, retain

some

to a greater or lesser

sort ot specialist anti-terrorist

source the threat

book

will

The reader

will

bias in lavniii acciilcnl

come.

in.iv

encourage the

is

ho|Xii

llic

ili.ii

doubtless perceive a qiianlil.ilivc the Uniteil Kingilom.

ol

r.iillv

It

laini heaiteil.

icllccis the

it

perience ol the author; lo a

I

much

is no and ex-

his

nalionalily

greater ilegree

nKimilaclmc and eqiiipmenl.

in

cally suffered terror

groups,

is

anli-tcirorisi

The United

Stales,

lechni(.|ucs

which has

by crime rather than by

anil

histori-

In the

Wcsicin

have

couiiirics.

become

commercial

politic;il

ment. But the many other countries featured m liiis iiook illustrate the fact that most industrialised countries now manufacture some of their own IS equipmcnt. France, the Federal Republic of (iermany.

business of countering terrorism.

Below: Long-range surveillance. A Modulux image in

Most otter

plete range ol anti-terrorist eeiuipment.

SAS Group

a

tlic

com-

some or

of which they manufacture themselves. there are such organizations elsew here in the majority of the most successful arc and USA. In the UK organizations such Risks specialize in the solution of kidnap

Others, such as the

orgaiii/a-

iinolvcd

increasingly

all

telepholo lens on an

SLR camera. Such

Northern Ireland to photograph IRA

and arrest can follow.

Although the world, in

the

UK

as Control situations.

of Companies,

established as long ago as 19.^2, have concentrated

on providing anti-terrorist equipment. Although SAS do provide training packages to go with much of their equipment, they are primarily in the business of selling equipment. Historically they have concentrated on bomb disposal equipment: but they also supply detection, inspection and disruption equipment for terrorist Improvised Explosive Devices (lED) as well as conventional Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) and riot control and surveillance equipment.

This book docs not attempt to analyze, list or describe the many terrorist groupings that have terrorised the Western world since the l%()s. nor those extant today. That is the subject of a separate

book, and many authors have tackled it recently. conclusions of these volumes have often been depressing, pessimistic and offering little hope for the future. The aim of this book is more positive: it is to demonstrate the extent of the civil and military anti-terrorist infrastructure, its techniques and the

The

panoply of sophisticated equipment that is available to combat terrorism successfully from whatever 8

i

l|

also a leailing manufacturer of IS equip-

capability.

tions

it

bnuighl about for the most part by the British experience in Noilhcin Irelaiul since l''(i''. The Hiilish are world leaileis in IS eiiuipmenl leseaicli aiul ilevelopment, m ils lellects the actual situation

A.^-

a system

gunmen

is

intensilier

attached to a

used, tor example,

in

at funerals so that identification

,

I

INTRODUCTION Italy.

Switzerland, Belgium. Spain and the Nether-

lands are

now

signitieant

produeers

in

the IS equip-

ment tield. Coverage in this book eannot possibly be comprehensive. That would require a work stretching to many volumes, which wt)uld be highly repetitive and probably very boring. Such is the speed of development of IS equipment and the rate of expansion of the IS industry that this book can only hope to illustrate

a representative range of different cate-

gories of

equipment from

all

over the world. Nor

does the book aim to illustrate just the latest equipment. Rather it presents a representative cross-section of both the latest technology and well tried equipment that has been in service for some time. No other book to date has brought together such a range of IS equipment.

The West, as this book demonstrates, is well armed and well prepared to deal with the continued onslaught of terrorism. Security forces are becoming better trained, equipped and more experienced. Civilian companies now provide not only equipment but guards, expertise and complete training pack-

More and more automobile companies are producing overt and covert IS vehicles, and police forces are being equipped with sophisticated antiriot and anti-terrorist equipment. Bomb disposal teams now have a wide range of advanced equipment to detect, disrupt and disarm every sort of

ages.

explosive device. Scientists are working on

still

more

equipment for airports. Perimeter protection is becoming big business as security forces, public utilities and industry invest safeguarding their assets. Perhaps the most in interesting area of all is that of communications, where highly sophisticated surveillance, monitoring, jamming and interception equipment is constantly

sensitive

explosives detection

being refined.

The

terrorist

faces an increasingly

and sophisticated armoury of equipment. The effort must and should continue. If. as seems likely, propaganda by the deed becomes the prineffective

ciple

means

of

revolutionary

developed world that attack. tions

The or

will

assault will be

individuals.

Western way of

but

violence,

it

is

the

suffer the brunt of the

not so

on

much on

affluence

institu-

and

the

life.

'V

%^^

INTERNAL SECURITY VEHICLES

Internal Security Vehicles

Today imtst tracked

in

aiin(uiic(.l personnel carriers tciul lo be order to iierlorni tlieir priniar\ eross-

in i;eneral war as etiicientiv as possible. However, tracked vehicles are not best suited lo the

eountry role

IS role lor a iliflicult

more

are

number

and expensive noisv

ot

reasons.

to operate

Thev are

olteii

and maintain; they

than wheeled vehicles; they can

cause ilamaiic to road surfaces; and, most important ot all. thev are classed as "tanks'

by the layman and

the media. L'se of "tanks" in an IS situation

is

often

most I.S situations. vehicles are required to operate mainly on roads and in an urban environment, so that wheels arc more unacceptable.

politically

In

arnmured vehicles arc 4 x 4-vvheeled from small-arms fire up and includint; 7.62mm. Some of the heavier IS IS

vehicles affording protection to

vehicles afford protection against 7.fi2mm

armour-

piercing attack. IS vehicles must be provided with

observation blocks so that the crew can see what

is

happening around them. In a conventional rural environment, when a vehicle is likely to be operating in wide open spaces in conjunction with many other vehicles and infantry on the ground, it is not so vital that a vehicle crew has a comprehensive all-round view of the ground. However, in an urban environment, in order to prevent a petrol bomber, for instance, approaching an armoured vehicle via a blind spot, an ideal IS vehicle must have good allround vision. Similarly, tiring ports should be provided so that the crew can, if required, use their small-arms from within the vehicle.

Vulnerable points on the vehicle such as the fuel tank and the radiator should be given special protec-

from petrol bomb attack. The is from attack by anti-tank grenade. Certainly in Northern Ireland, the IRA tion,

particularly

main

other

have used with

threat

RPG-7

limited

armoured

rocket launchers against

success

- APCs are

to prevent penetration

rocket launchers.

However,

in a

APCs

insufficiently

by projectiles from urban environment

the close range at which terrorists are forced to

engage 10

APCs

1

he limited exposure time nl

very

lillle

lire,

acquire

means

,in

armouicd

thai the lirer has

lime to recogni/e the target, prepare lo the target, aim and engage. Often

RP(i-7 projectiles have passed behind their target on some occasions unnoticed by the occupants of the vehicle.

An

must be so designed as to allow and egress by crew and passengers. There are many examples of IS vehicles where this characteristic has been includetl in the design. IS vehicle

rapid access

Clearly, in a confused situation probably involving large

and disorderly crowds, it is only sensible to in an IS vehicle. In a convenwar situation, the enemy is normally expected

have multiple doors

suitable in every respect.

Most

ment.

vehicle |iassmg a lixcti point

mitigates against a successful engage-

tional

from a single direction. In a guerrilla situation, the attack from any quarter. The requirement is therefore to be able to leave the vehicle from

enemy may

the opposite side lo the direction of attack. Side doors also dictate that there should be only four

wheels, an arrangement that interests of simplicity

is

also sensible

and mechanical

in

the

reliability.

IS armoured vehicles can be fitted with a variety of armament installations, including water cannon, tear

Some can even be climbing on to the

gas launchers, and machine-guns. to

electrified

prevent

vehicle. In addition to a

number

rioters

armoured

vehicles, there are

of other types of vehicle that are

monly used

com-

water cannon vehicles, which may or may not be armoured; conventional 'soft skin' vehicles that have been covered in a form in IS situations:

of applique lightweight

armour

as protection against

and low-velocity rounds; and armoured bulldozers for the removal of barricades. Applique armour was first developed for the British Army in blast

an attempt to provide some protection for Land Rover crews against blast, fire and acid bombs and low-velocity small-arms

fire.

GRP

is

a

form of

fibre-

used to cover the body and roof of Land Rovers, while Macralon. a form of strengthened plastic, is used to cover windscreen and windows. Older vehicles can be adapted in many ways for IS purposes. In Northern Ireland, for example, the glass

INTRODUCTION

British Army h;is adapted the long-serving GKN Sankey AT- 104 IS vehicle, commonly known as the 'Pig", by attaching unfolding fenders to each side of the vehicle. Thus the vehicle, if parked in the middle of a relatively narrow road flanked by buildings, can block most of the road off and afford protection against missiles thrt)wn by rioters. The adapted vehicle is known as the 'Flying Pig". Other possible attachments arc roof- or turret-mounted searchlights, loudspeaker systems and a strong device for removing barricades. A self-help device that is fitted to many jeeps and Land Rovers in the IS role is a

and the strong monocoque structure should maximum protection so long as the crew are strapped into their seats. Examples of a shaped hull are the South African Hippo vehicle, the British GKN Sankey Saxon and Italy's I-iat ddUCM APC. IS vehicles should be of simple and rugged construction. They are often in use in less developed countries with limited maintenance resources. A

fence picquet attached vertically to the front of the

automotive parts means that anyone who can maintain a truck can also maintain the Saxon. Similarly, the French Berliet VXB anti-riot vehicle uses "offthe-shelf" Berliet truck spare parts and is both easy and cheap to maintain. Design details are very important. For example, in the Belgian Beherman Demoen BDX. the engine air intake is located below the generous canopy over the driving position and has a moving shutter to provide further protec-

vehicle to cut steel wires stretched across roads, the

intention of which is to cause serious injury to the occupants of open vehicles.

A common

threat to the IS vehicle, particularly in

environment, is the land mine. The design of IS vehicle hulls should ideally be such that, if a mine is triggered off by one of the vehicle"s wheels, the upward slope of the hull should dellect much of the

a rural

Right: The Roland IS vehicle,

one

of a

Mowag is in

range

by

built

of Switzerland,

service with a

countries.

which

number

of

As with many

vehicles built for internal security operations, in

it

comes

various forms: the

customer can specify details such as the armament, turret

arrangement and other specific features.

The

hull

shape shows the special care devoted by designers today to attaining

maximum

protection for the occupants

against not only small fire

but also

obstacles.

arms

mines and road

blast

provide

vehicle that has followed such a design philosophy closely

is

the

GKN

Sankey Saxon. It is powered by Bedford ."^OO 6-cylinder diesel

the widely available

truck engine, and the use of commercially available

INTERNAL SECURITY VEHICLES

M»>U>io\

lion iigainsi

cocklaih

pipes run alonu ihc t\so Miles

more

to

ililliciili

on

iliml>

I

Ik-

llic

i>t

to

turn

i.\li.iiisi

root to niakf

it

police forces throuuhoiit the recouni/e that iliscreel operational \ehieles (DOW) slanilanl eoiniueicial vehicles ami Iniuui sines that are arnioineii without appearinu to he so worlil

environments

than

ami nietiium

risk

IS

more heavily armoured,

the

Iheie will conohviouslv militarv warrant the attemiance that situatit>ns tinue to he IS hyhriil vehicles.

of hiuhlv proteeteil military vehicles, hut

DON

in

many

could be more politic ami just as effective, ("onlioiuaiion with Jiiihlly armed terrorists, student dcmonsii.ilioiis .nui tlic carriage and escortini: of govcrnmcnl \ ll's arc examples. incidents the use of

DON

mclude: Land Rover and Range Rover type vehicles for

Ihc current rauiic of

•

s

anti-terrorist

s

operations,

vvitii

a

cross-country

•

IS c\|hii at

wmiM

.idvisi-

spccil

would

end with the death ol the lieail ot stale anyway! Moreover, where the protecteil limousine is for a head of state, the need for protection to this likclv

to

degree can be questioned: sensible piecautions along a route should icduce the opportunities to use a high-powered rille and. where such use is very likclv the VII' should change his route or cancel the .

engagement altogether. A much more likely threat is from the assassin in the crowd armed with a concealed handgun or submachine-gun. All-round protection against

armour only iIk'

liiis

threat, rather than an atlcmiit to

the rear section of a linuuisinc against

unlikely use of a 7.(i2mm

wiser bet. Successful

weapon, would be

DOV design should start trom DOV will be bulletproof, liie

premise that no protection

will

merely buy time.

ilic

the licsi

The armoured

certain categories of rifles;

steel

\'ll'

limousines with all-round protection against

handguns, submachine-guns and grenade fragments: SaU>on cars and Range Rover type vehicles for escort duties, with partial protection against

handguns, submachine-guns and grenade Iragments; Fast patrol cars for immediate response and pursuit,

with

protection

frontal

only

against

hand-guns and submachine-guns. Modern technology is narrowing the gap between what is technically feasible and operationally desirable in terms of both opaque and transparent armour. However, thought does need to be given to the design of a DOV: the answer is not necessarily to cram as much armour on to a given chassis as possible. Users often tend to ask for unrealistic and often unnecessarily high levels of armour, while insisting on minimum changes in vehicle performance and appearance. In reality the two are often irreconcilable. Manufacturers, whose experience is usually confined to automotive engineering, on the other hand, tend to offer a solution that does not take into account sufficiently the operating conditions and protection requirements of the user. If. for instance, a manufacturer decides that the main threat to a rifle

or

its

armoured

head of

state

is

from the 7.62mm

NATO

equivalent, the passenger section of his limousine can be given complete protec-

tion against single shots

from

this

weapon. But.

in

order to avoid significant modifications to the engine and the suspension, the driver's section would need 12

An

or incapacilalcil

Lincoln Continental limousine delivered to the US Secret Service in \'-)M carried two tons of armour

\!P

•

killcil

capahilitv

and all-round prt)tcction against handguns, suhmachine-guns, grenade fragments and

•

a drive!

th.it

be

the vchii-lc.

A growinc luiiuhcr ol

are less provocative lor low

to be Ictt un|Motected.

and bullet-resistant

travelling at 5(lmph with

glass, all

ami was capable of

the tyres shot out.

would have been the first most attractive characteristic was its

1

he

Secret Service

to atlmit

that

aiiilitv

its

to

maintain mobility with all its tyres deflated - the mass of armour could not have protected the

iKcupants from sustained fire from high-power automatic rifles available on the open market. It might have resisted the first few rounds, so giving time for the agents travelling in the back-up vehicles to return fire, or for the chauffeur in the protected limousine to put his foot on the accelerator. Some of the problems that arise in attempting to bring about a compromise of discretion, protection and performance will be apparent from the weapons

and armour

table. This gives the ballistic properties

of a selection of

weapons used by

terrorists

and the

necessary thickness and weight of various armoured materials currently in use. Lighter materials with qualities are under development, but they are not yet widely in use. It can be seen from the table that even all-round protection against a low-velocity 9mm SMG will impose a considerable weight penalty. Such protection

similar or superior resistance

would seem

to

be a sensible

minimum

for

VIP

limousines, with the possible addition of selected points being protected against 7.62mm high-velocity rifle

attack in high-risk areas of the world.

possible to

It

is

compensate for the increased weight by

restricting the

number

of persons in the vehicle or by

modifying the chassis, suspension and engine. are in a position to If the occupants of a return terrorist fire, then there are different options.

DOV

INTRODUCTION

Terrorist

Weapon

weapons and armour materials used

to resist

them

WTEMtAl StCUKiIt «HK;ifS

Above:

Engesa Urutu

Ttie

EE-IL This

is

the anti-riot

driver's hatch. TTie vehicle

BRAZIL

vefsion. fitted with banicade

buadozer blade, searchlights, flashoig lights, wire

mesh

protection over engine louvres, etc. (against hand-

ttvown

missilesi.

grenade

(Sschargers. individual firing ports, siren featijres.

and other special

Engesa EE-II t'nitu .\PC Designed and built b\ Engesa of Sao Paulo. Brazil, this is an armoured amphibious vehicle designed to peiform various roles, and which can be transformed into a family of vehicles. The engine of the L'rutu is at the front on the right of the driver, which leaves the rear of the hull free for a compartment capable of accommodating up to 14 men or carrying 1 .StNikg of cargo. A large door in the rear of the hull and a door on each side provide altemati\e

means of entry or exit. Tliere are four hatches in the rear compartment in addition to the 14

is fitted

with firing

engine air louvres can be closed to eliminate the risk of flames from Molotov cocktails entering the engine compartment, and cooling air is then admitted into the engine from the crew compartment through a ports. TTie

pneumatically operated hatch which allly

is

norm-

closed.

Variants:

The design allows

it

to be trans-

formed into a family of vehicles: in addition to the .APC version, the Urutu can be used as an armoured ambulance, a command and communication vehicle, and an armoured cargo vehicle. Engesa EE-9 Cascavel is an armoured car

variant.

similar, the

The

overall

specification

main differences being

its

is

turret-

BRAZIL/CZECHOSLOVAKIA/EGYPT/EIRE

mounted ')()mm gun

;ind the

amphibious, although bility of one metre.

that

tiict

it

is

not

has a lording capa-

it

Employment: The riot-control version is in Army and Marines. Bolivia. Chile. Colombia. Gabon. Iraq. Libya, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates. Data: length 6m; width 2.59m: hci^iu 2.(Wm (to hull xr

stt)nc-lhro\Miig.

Ihc

is

\ehiclc's

and powerful vehicle allows rapid police deployment during riots. The steel armour-plating covered by the body panelling, and the windows in 27mni-thick bulletproof glass, can stand up to pistol or submachine-gun fire. The fuel tank and radiators he two side-doors and are also protected.

historv.

equipmcnl includes powerful water guns and searchlights. Side exits are provideil. It is the only known example of a purposebuilt, Japanese manufactured anti-riot vehicle as opposed to an adapted mass-produced Its formidable armour is police vehicle. reminiscent of an earlier period in Japanese

single rear-door are Htted with safety locks

a

many

1V7I in use in Tokyo in November manned by the Tokyo Police Department and is now thought to be retired from service. The

seen

which helps to a\oitl collision with dcmonslrators when drivinu through dense crowds.

I

It

vehicle typical of in

of

and

demonstrations.

service

55-

for sale

and speedy deployment police at riots

cocktails

This fast

there are well protected.

Above, centre: The

MolotDV

driver has the honctit of excollcni visibihtv.

in

for safe

transit of police personnel.

and

a

limiting device to prevent the doors

being forced open from the outside. Firing ports can be provided to allow the crew to use

weapons and

to eject tear-gas

bombs, there

SOUTH AFRICA

is

an observation hatch on the roof. Options available are a fire-tighting system, which

Armscor \C 200 Mine Protected Armoured Support Vehicle

sprays on to the wheels, engine and fuel tank;

This vehicle is a high-mobility, mine protected armoured support vehicle carrying up to 13

and fuel system; and an air

fireproof coating for electric cables pipes: a tear-gas filtering

conditioning system.

Employment:

men and

suitable for use on IS rural operaThe vehicle has both side and rear exits and its windows and firing points allow the tions.

Italy (Police).

Data: length 5.8m; width 2.1m; height 3m; ground clearance 3m; wheelbase 3m; weight

crew

5.8 tons (gross); engine Fiat 8(M)().()4 diesel. 6-

allow riflemen to look out of the top of the

cylinder developing 13()hp at 3,2()0rpm; crew

vehicle.

1

-I-

10:

number of wheels

gradient over 4()7o;

4x2;

speed lOkph; turning radius 5.5m. 1

JAPAN

to

engage

targets

from

vehicle, while individual hatches

within

the

on the roof

South African security forces have had to contend with mined roads, so the wedge shape of the hull of the vehicle is designed to deflect the force of an explosion upwards and outwards. The relatively high position of the crew compartment in relation to the ground gives added protection.

The vehicle is available in 4x4, 6x6 and 8x8 configurations. The 8x8 version is available as a logistics, recovery and technical Variants:

Police Anti-Riot Vehicle

A

specification of this vehicle

is

not available

from Japanese sources. The vehicle was 24

first

support

or

transporter

vehicle.

The 6x6

JAPAN/SOUTH AFRICA

Above

right:

South African vehicle-

The powerful

AC 200

The danger from

mines on South Africa's

many rough-surfaced roads Is

reflected in the heavily

armoured underside, which IS It

of

shaped

to deflect blast.

can be seen from the use glass

in

the driver's cab,

etc, that this vehicle specifically in

designed

is available in configurations including troop carrier, ambulance, command vehicle

and tr:msporter. Employment: .South African Defence Forces, Data: nciiilii IS tonnes; engine V-S turbocharged intercooled diesel; crew .i+lO; nitmhcr of wheels 4 x 4 or 6 X 6; speed lOcSkph; range l.OOOkm at : vertical obstacle 0.3Sm; turning radius 7.3m; maximum side

2.52mmm

slope

4()"yo

armament

man

making available reworked vehicles. These have undergone an extensive programme, bringing each

vehicle

close

to

its

original

major assemblies and supporting equipments have been completely stripped and reworked, either by Alvis or the original equipment manufacturer, using specification. All

(two-man

or injure vehicle

launchers, wire

firepower

increased

mounting the Heiio FVTSOO or FVT9()() turrets. These variants are all based upon a

(two-man recce),

7.62mm

MG

35%

(two-

(others);

and

three-

genuine spare parts. The firepower of the vehicle remains the same as the original specification, as docs the ballistic protection of the hull and turret.

Employment: Many countries including Germany, where the Frontier Police use a version (designation 'D") with extra

German

equipment and without the coaxial machinegun;

designation

Its

Is

SW-lll

Kfz-93

Geschiitzer Sonderwagen lU.

Data: length

5.28m (Including gun); width

2.54m; height 2.39m: weight

l(),5()()kg

(un-

Hello FVT90() turret with 2()mm cannon or Hello FV'TSdO with twin

laden). 11.2()()kg (laden); engine Rolls-Royce

MGs.

m\i.-

ureater ranee auainsi lareer devices.

ap|Moach

a niaiuial

against

|>iolon

liininj;

In

rc\|uircil.

l:()l) suit,

necessary.

I

haiulleis.

carl\

delcctioii

is

prelerahic

disposal later. Although most disposal ec|uipment

maiuitactured

cither the United

in

l'S.\. iletcction ci.|uipmcnt

is

Kingdom

lo is

or the

ilcsiuncd ami maiui-

tactured in Belgium. Canada, [-inland,

Germany,

USA. One of the main and police engaged in IS duties is the checking of vehicles and their occupants at vehicle check points (VCPs). Another frequent task is the searching of houses and waste ground. In the same way. airport security personnel have to keep a constant watch for attempts by terrorists to sinuggic lEDs or weapons on to aeroplanes. Various equipments have been developed to detect metal objects and explosive substances on the person or in luggage. Most explosives 'sniffers' will positively

oidinan

Search technii|ues

it

mind of

is

it

vehicle,

one

a

of

of specialist

miniature vehicles that have

been developed

bomb

to enable

disposal operatives to

examine and

neutralize

explosive devices at a safe distance. This illustration

shows the considerable of special

array

attachments now

available on such machines;

they include disruptors,

shotgun, camera equipment,

TV monitor, telescope, cable and drum

for

extended

remote use. extension arms for

added reach and various

other remote handling devices.

54

in

the

ammunition or explosives. Normally, anyone hiding something in as

couiitrysitle will a

choose

lone tree or a

junction. Often a search

m

llic

"marker" has priuluccd results,

manure or

silage

hcajis

marker, sucli prominent track

a suitable

jiarticularlv

vicmilv ol such a

larm outbuildings,

ami culverts are jiopular

hiding places. In buildings, any attic, lloorboard or the inside of a false wall can

EOD

environment

nccessarv to put onesell

weapons cache.

number

in a rural

the individual hiding the arms,

tasks of troops

Right: The Hunter Remote-

pinji.ihly

not possible to search large areas of count rysiite

is

comiireheiisively.

Switzerland, the I'K and the

Control

soiiliei

largely involve having an eye for the ground. Clearly

tile

In

I'revcnliDii

qiiipmeiil apait. the

aeeounls lor the greatest number ol liiuK In using his eyes and common sense. Major successes have also been achieved by traineil 'sniffer' dogs and their

accommodate an

illegal

This chapter covers a range of equiiiments in the

bomb

disposal and detection field, including remotely controlled bomb disposal vehicles, bomb blankets, inspection sets, explosives 'sniffers', metal (.lelectors and airport X-ray equipment. Conventional mine/metal detectors for use on the ground are not included, although these are used in rural IS situations. HOD suits will be found in the chapter on

Bodv Armour.

BELGIUM/CANADA radioscopy system, with screen and observation eye-shade, and a small motorized mani-

BELGIUM

pulator controlled by the operator.

Employment:

Balteau Detection/Inspection

Equipment Bactobloc X-Ray Equipment:

The Bactobloc

SP07() is a simple and complete radioscopy equipment developed by Balteau of BeyneHensay tor the rapid inspection of objects and packages. The Bactobloc SP07() (and the larger SPOIOO model) are mainly suitable for the examination of light metals, plastics, organic materials, aluminium, electronic components, integrated circuits, wood, rubber, paper, small animals, etc. This equipment is primarily designed for the inspection of packages and mail addressed to ministries, embas-

banks, prisons, etc., although

sies,

it

has other

uses in factories and laboratories.

weight

and

elsewhere

in

70kg;

45cm;

depth itiai!

width

.'i4.6cm;

5cm x

aperture

27.5cm.

CANADA

Leigh Marsland Explosives Detectors Model S201: This equipment is designed to sense vapours from a broad range of civil and military manufactured explosives. Powered by rechargeable

nickel-cadmium

batteries,

the

10kg main unit can be carried by hand or on a

The Bactobloc SPOI2I), 140, IdO models arc designed more specifically the examination of denser materials, such

back

and

provided.

2110

pack.

Audio and

visual

alarms

are

Employment: Canada.

as ceramics, castings, welds, explosives, etc.

Data:

Data: weight 98kg; depth 60cm; width 48cm;

33.2cm; height 15.2cm; probe depth 21.6cm;

height 4()cm; cluimher aperture .'iOcm Postix

Letter

mail,

is

it

Bomb

Detector:

x 32cm.

To examine

onlv necessarv to insert an envelope

through a lateral aperture and then observe radioscopic image on a screen. the

equipment

occupies not writer.

Right:

Data:

50. 6cm; height

Variants:

for

Belgium

Europe.

It

is

When

in

use

placed on a table, where

much more space than

its

it

a type-

comprises a small X-ray generator, a

probe

weiglit

width

11.8kg;

13cm;

depth 43.4em;

probe height

widtli

10. 2cm;

response time 3 seconds; gas supply gives 60

hours continuous use.

Model S301: This device detects explosives hidden on a person's body or clothing. As the individual passes through a doorway, a curtain of air sweeps vapours from the body and into the detectors, anv one of which will detect the

The Leigh Marsland

Explosives Detector Model

S201. Most explosives emit vapour, and equipment such

as this are designed to detect

and analyse them.

55

BOMB OtSPOSAL AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT

To function reliably,

Above: Finland's Outokumpu

presence of explosives.

Metor Weapons Detector.

the individual should pause for three seconds

Outukumpu

in the air curtain. This device requires six seconds to process an individual; a hand held detector requires 2(>-5() seconds.

adept

at

are particularly

making what may

be considered a

sinister

piece of equipment appear

harmless and everyday by clever ergonomic design.

Above

right:

The Metor 118.

a standard metal/weapon detector

In

use

in

many

Employment: Canada. These equipments are no longer in production. Data: weighl 249kg; depth 76.2cm (excluding ramps); width 1.83cm;

!»fl/evvay

width (i8.6cm;

in other roles in Angola, Canada, Denmark. Finland, Greece. Hungary, Iran. Italy. .Jordan. Luxemburg. Malawi. Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Saudi Arabia. Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, the USA. and Venezuela. Over 4.50(1 units have been installed world-

but also

at airports,

Argentina,

wide.

Data: weight 14kg; coil weight 270kg; cabinet 35cm; cabinet width 50cm; cabinet height 18.5cm; maximum coil depth 2.35m;

depth

overcdl height 2.()3cm.

airports throughout the

maximum

vKorld.

coil

width

1.27m;

maximum

coil

height 2.3m.

FINLAND

Metor

improved model inct)rporales programs for different security requirements; the manual sensitivity adjustment is under a lockable 118: This

sixteen switch-selectable timing

Outokumpu Metor Weapons Detector Outokumpu oped

a

Electronics of

highly successful

designed primarily for use

Espoo has develweapons detector

at airports.

When

a

metal object causes an alarm, a red lamp will light up either on the front panel of the cabinet or on a remote visual alarm display unit.

The alarm

signal can also be used to

door locks. The system sensitivity is variable, this determining the minimum size activate

of object to be detected.

Employment: The equipment 56

is

in

use mostly

cover.

A

weather-proof model is available installations; it can be operated with a standard or weather-proof electronics Variants: for

outdoor

unit.

Data:

operating temperature range 0-55°C;

2.18m; gate width 0.87m; gate depth 0.51m; weight 44kg; electronics unit dimensions ().14m x 0.41m x 0.26m; elec-

gale height

tronics unit weight 11kg.

FINLAND/GERMANY

Above and right: The German Ferex 4,021 Search Instrument

m

GERMAN FEDERA L REPUBLIC

use: the

equipment can detect mines

Institut

and bomb-making

Instrument The Ferex 4.021

equipment

in

most

environments including under water. probes

make

Its it

IS applications.

variety ot

valuable for

Dr

Forster Ferex 4.021 Search is

mine detector, and

more than is

a conventional

particularly suitable for

IS conditions. The probe can be used with or without the carrying tube, and also for search-

ing underwater

up

to a depth of 3(lm.

The

device measures the degree of interference

caused by a ferro-magnetic object by means of a differential-held measuring arrangement.

Employment: German Bundeswehr. 1. 11m x 14.5cm x 27cm; power supply iiiiii 9.5cm x 5.5cm x 31.5cm; conirol iinii 9.5cm x 10cm x 26cm: probe lube 60cm long. 4.6cm diameter; carrying lube .035m long; weighi 4.5kg; locating range 6m. Data: carrying case

1

Vallon Bomb/Metal Detectors Electronic Bomb Detector Model MB 1710A: This equipment consists of an oscillator. measuring amplifier, automatic zero compensator, power amplifier, senstivity adjuster. function selector, pilot lamp and audible alarm loudspeaker,

all

integrated into a 1am.^7

BOMB DISPOSAL AND DETECTION EQUIPMENT m.iictl

pliisiK-

NDUiul

il

hii\

ihc

.icouslii.-

llii-

Idler oi

piinvl

sjgiiiil

will

I'ontaiDs

;iny

su^picll>u^ mclal CDniponciils Mich as

copper

wires, strikers, mechanical lime-liisc devices or hallcrics necessary lor llic ilclonalion ul a bonilv Data: sc/iAor zone 22(ln)in x 22((innK \i>ltiit;c 22(tV/5(lcps; 2.5(Klcps,

'*:0'

'*

(ilann

iic/,t;/i^

accouslic

50(1

sii;ii.il

Sku

Metal Detector Models Mil KM, and Mil 16(17: llic Mil |(.(I3 and

MM

1004

\(M were

devciiipcil to provulc sccurilv lorces with a

convcnicnl

Tlicy have heen

hidden walls

1607

deleclor capaltle

inctal

checks on

lorniine

persons

iiseil

to detect antnninilion

hedgerows,

tree-trunks,

in

and other similar is

per-

ol

packages.

anil

used for screening

ol

behind

places.

hilling

MH

envelopes

in

order to locate pieces ol wire, mine ignition

systems and other metal parts.

The concen-

trated electromagnetic field ol the detectors

enables a very exact pin-pointing; even the course of a located metal wire can be dctermincii.

limployment: German I'ederal (Army. Lufthansa and Police). Data:' 1604).

M)an (Mil 3«cm (Mil 1607):

leiiiiih

1603). 0.45kg

power 9V

(MH

Republic

161).^).

4(lcm

(Mil

wrii^hi

((.."Skg

(MH

1604). ().4ikg

(MH

1607);

battery.

Metal Detector Model Ml. 1750: This jeep mounted niiiic detector is included because it is

particularly suitable for IS operations.

It

would largely be irrelevant in conventional warfare, where a more blunt instrument such as a flail or dozer tank would be used; however, in an IS situation, the ML 17.^0 would be ideal

to

clear

tracks

of

metal-based

anti-

vehicle mines.

width

of location 1.60m; weis^ht oj cod 43kg; power supply 12V; current consumption 3 amps. Metal Detector Model MP 1781: Developed lor use in airports this equipment provides a visual alarm signal when any metal object Data:

detecting

passes through the gateway. Variants:

Model

MP

1770 employs the same

gate and footbridge but has a slightly

more

sophisticated electronics cabinet, which indicates the

object

is

body where Model MP 17S3

part of the

secreted.

a

metal

indicates

the type and size of the metal object.

Employment: German Federal Republic (Airport Authority. Lufthansa).

Data: electronic cabinet weight

M.-'ikg; gate

and footbridge weight