Visual Dictionary [Revised and updated edition.] 1435106628, 9781435106628

Citation preview

TORTOISE BEETLE

FIRE SALAMANDER

U A DICTIONARY

RESPLENDENT QUETZAL

NORTHERN NIGHT MONKEY

DAINTY GREEN TREEFROG Brown phase

AFRICAN RED KNOB SEA STAR

AMERICAN BLACK BEAR

Muscle

LEAST CHIPMUNK

Gizzard

THORNY DEVIL

Poison sac

Antenna

Tongue

INSECT ANATOMY HUMPBACK WHALE

608

PAGES •

2,500

ILLUSTRATIONS •

BLUE-BANDED GOBY

9

CATEGORIES

Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.org/details/visualdictionary0000unse_w9z4

VISUAL DICTIONARY

ANIMALS

VISUAL DICTIONARY

ANIMALS

METRO BOOKS NEW YORK

© 2004 by Weldon Owen Pty Ltd This 2008 edition published by Metro Books, by arrangement with Weldon Owen Pty Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Metro Books 122 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10011 ISBN-13: 978-1-4351-0662-8 ISBN-10: 1-4351-0662-8 Printed and bound in Thailand 10 987654321

Contents

ANIMAL

HABITATS

PREHISTORIC

MAMMALS

BIRDS

6

LIFE

8

AMPHIBIANS

FISHES

4 2 2

INVERTEBRATES

FACT

FILE

7

>

LIVING WORLD Living World

12

CHANGING HABITATS Changing Habitats

14

TROPICAL RAINFORESTS Tropical Rainforests

16

SAVANNAS Savannas v.

18 *

t

DESERTS Deserts

20

TEMPERATE REGIONS Temperate Regions

22

WOODLANDS Woodlands A

r

v '

24

ALPINE REGIONS Alpine Regions

26

SEASHORES Seashores

28

OCEANS Oceans

_ -

30

Living World 2L

WORLD CLIMATES Tropical

Cold temperate

Subtropical

Polar

Desert and semi-desert

Mountain

Dry temperate

Cool currents

Oceans The oceans' climates change with latitude, and warm and cool currents.

Tropical rainforests

Subtropical savannas

Deserts and semi-deserts

Tropical climates and rainforests are found in equatorial regions.

Savanna grasslands are found across tropical and subtropical latitudes.

Many arid zones lie downwind of mountains, resulting in dry conditions.

DIVERSE ECOSYSTEMS Planet Earth's weather systems have created a range of habitats. Within each habitat is a community of plants and animals, called an ecosystem. To survive, individuals must adapt to their environment, making the most of the resources it has to offer.

. its-?};

Alpine and polar regions These regions are typified by their harsh climates and barren landscapes.

Temperate grasslands

Temperate forests

Coniferous forests

Dry temperate climates are found in mid-latitudes, and produce grasslands.

Wet temperate climates are found in mid-latitudes, and produce forests.

Northern temperate (or boreal) climates occur in the northern hemisphere.

a

4i

Changing Habitats

l/l

fO

-Q

ra X

CTl C CTl

Carboniferous period

C

360-286 million years ago

fa -C

U

EVOLUTION OF HABITATS Plants began to grow on Earth about 550 million years ago, creating the first environments for animal life. At first spore-bearing mosses and ferns dominated. Then seed-bearing conifers and flowering plants emerged. As plants evolved so did the animals that ate them, resulting in the complex ecosystems of today.

i/i

i—


surf

(&. " leopard

Asian golden cat

m

Pallas' cat

7

*®

Spotted hyena

PRESENT


C

LION PRIDE

There are usually one, but often two related dominant

Up to three generations of females can live in one pride, which can hold as many as 30 individuals.

Lion cubs nurse for up to six months, before weaning. Cubs are the last to feed from kills.

150

Lionesses are the primary hunters of the pride, and hunt together to provide

Females breed from the age of four, and mate every 20 minutes for five days when on heat.

PUMA Puma concolor

LION AND LIONESS Panther a leo

TIGER Panther a t

151

Great Cats CLOUDED LEOPARD

LEOPARD AND GIRAFFE

Neofelis nebulosa

Leopards often rest in trees, and will stow a kill on a branch to keep it out of reach of competitors and scavengers.

on

a>

o >

MARBLED CAT Pardofelis marmorata

c 03

U

un _i




C ru

U

HARP SEAL Phoca groenlandica

to _i





1

Breastbone (keeled sternum)

c

Pygostyle (tailbone)

Tibiotarsus (upper leg) on Q cc CO

Tarsometatarsus (lower leg) Toes or claws

POWERING FLIGHT

Humerus

Birds have a keel-shaped breastbone that anchors large pectoral muscles. These give the bird enough strength to fly.

Pectoral muscles

Keeled sternum

242

HOLLOW BONES Most bones in a bird's body are thin-walled and hollow, with struts and braces providing maximum strength for minimum weight.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Esophagus

LUNG CROSS-SECTION

Crop (temporary food storage)

Humerus

Trachea

Liver Gizzard grinds food to a pulp.

Lung Intestines

LEG MUSCLES All birds have powerful leg muscles in the top of the leg, near their center of gravity. These are connected to the toes by long tendons.

Air sac

HEART CROSS-SECTION Body

Lungs

Semitendinosus muscle jV A —-

Flexor muscle Right side

Left side

Flexor tendon

243

Flightless Birds BROWN KIWI Apteryx australis

Location ■ Flightless birds

EMU AND CHICKS Dromaius novaehollandiae

244

Female great tinamou head

Rhea foot

Ostrich tail feather

Penguins EMPEROR PENGUIN ANATOMY Feathers

Foot

e

■ Penguins Scaly, oily tips

EMPEROR PENGUINS SWIMMING

on

c

Emperor penguins are swift, agile swimmers, and can swim up to 20 miles (32 km) per hour. They dive through a hole in the ice and use their stiff, flipperlike wings to chase their prey.

=3 CD C CD CL.

un Q

or co

246

Bend at the base

Fluffy down

Ankle feathers

Long toenails to grip the ice

FJORDLAND PENGUIN

ROCKHOPPER PENGUIN

MAGELLANIC PENGUIN

FAIRY PENGUIN

Eudyptes pachyrhynchus

Eudyptes chrysocome

Spheniscus magellanicus

Eudyptula minor

EMPEROR PENGUIN

Aptenodytes forsteri

CHINSTRAP PENGUIN

YELLOW-EYED PENGUIN

Pygoscelis antarctica

Megadyptes antipodes

247

Grebes and Divers GREAT CRESTED GREBE Podiceps cristatus

LO

Location CD

■ Grebes and dabchicks ■ Divers (loons)

O

RED-NECKED GREBE

■ Grebes, dabchicks and divers

"O

Podiceps grisegena

c 03 in CD _Q CD

un

Q CO

co

GROUP OF DIVERS (LOONS) COMMON LOON

Gavia sp.

Gavia immer

EARED GREBE Podiceps nigricollis

HORNED GREBE Podiceps auritus

248

WESTERN GREBES 'RUSHING' Rushing involves two or more grebes running upright across the water as part of a ritualistic courtship display.

Lakeside vegetation Necks are arched with slightly bowed.

Wings are drawn back and flexed.

Males use this display to defend their territory.

RED-THROATED LOON

LITTLE GREBE

Gavia stellata

Tachybaptus ruficollis

249

Albatrosses and Petrels GRAY-HEADED ALBATROSS Thalassarche chrysostoma

LO

CD

CD Q_

“O

■ Albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters

C

ro

CD

SHEARWATER Puffinus sp.

O

_Q


> c o

24

Z

MIOCENE

o

Q O CC u


c

o CD

on LU

X on

GRAYLING Thymallus thymallus

466

ALASKA BLACKFISH Dallia pectoralis

SOCKEYE SALMON Oncorhynchus nerka

ATLANTIC SALMON Salmo salar

467

Dragonfishes and Lanternfishes DRAGONFISH Family Stomiidae

■

Location Dragonfishes, lanternfishes and lizardfishes on

a;

BRISTLEMOUTH Family Gonostomatidae

CROSS-TOOTHED PERCH Order Stomiiformes

c

o CO

on LU

X on

VARIEGATED LIZARDFISH Synodus variegatus

468

LANTERNFISH Family Myctophidae

VIPERFISH Family Stomiidae

PACIFIC VIPERFISH Chauliodus macouni

HATCHETFISH Family Sternoptychidae

TRANSFORMATION The larval forms of the black dragonfish have elongated stalks supporting their eyes. These stalks are absorbed as the fishes grow, until the eyes

Adult female

retreat into sockets.

Larval form

BLACK DRAGONFISH Idiacanthus fasciola

469

Cods and Anglerfishes

■ Cuskeels, toadfishes and anglerfishes h Cods and troutperches ■ Cuskeels, toadfishes, anglerfishes, cods and troutperches

oo CD

PIRATE PERCH Aphredoderus sayanus

C

o CO

on

SPLENDID TOADFISH Sanopus splendidus

470

PAXTON'S WHIPNOSE ANGLER Gigantactis paxtoni

CIRCUMPOLAR BURBOT Lota lota

PARASITIC LIFESTYLE

CAMOUFLAGE TECHNIQUES

Male anglerfishes are tiny compared to females, with toothless jaws and no baits to lure prey. Males sometimes attach themselves to females and live as parasites.

Bottom-dwelling anglerfishes blend in with their environment to snare prey. Frogfishes can change color and hide among coral.

Female

Bullbous bait

471

Spiny-rayed Fishes EVOLUTION OF SPINY-RAYED Clown FISHES

triggerfish

Yellow perch

c Flounder

Pirate perch

Clown killifishi

Spotted oreo

Spiny eel

Madagascar rainbowfish

I Tiger rockfish

Potbellied seahorse

Southern roughy

Flyingfish

PRESENT PLEISTOCENE

2

PLIOCENE MIOCENE OLIGOCENE

65

EOCENE PALEOCENE

to

CD

to

144

CRETACEOUS

Million years ago

LI—

208 248

286

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

to

360

408

CARBONIFEROUS

DEVONIAN

STICKLEBACK COURTSHIP Male uses his bright colors to attract a passing female.

Male entices female to a nest he has built.

901

.'-.T-TA

■m

472

The pair begins a courtship dance.

Thick-lipped gray mullet

AUSTRALIAN RAINBOWFISH

RAINBOWFISH SKELETON

Gills

Pectoral fin

Pelvic fin

Vertebrae

Dorsal fin

Caudal fin

Lateral line

473

Clingfishes, Flyingfishes, Killifishes, Ricefishes and Silversides MANDARIN FISH Synchiropus splendidus

■ Killifishes, ricefishes and silversides Clingfishes and flyingfishes ■ Killifishes, ricefishes, silversides, clingfishes and flyingfishes

C

o CO

SWORDTAIL

Changing sexes

Xiphophorus helleri

The male swordtail is smaller than the female, and has a swordlike extension to its tail. Females sometimes turn into males, even after giving birth.

Female

MALAYAN HALFBEAK Dermogenys pusilla

474

CLOWN KILLIFISH Aplocheilus annulatus

JAVANESE RICEFISH Oryzias javaniaus

STEEL-BLUE KILLIFISH Aphyosemion gardneri

MADAGASCAR RAINBOWFISH Bedotia geayi

CUATRO OJOS Anableps anableps

475

Oarfishes, Squirrelfishes and Dories FLASHING ON AND OFF Flashlight fishes have light organs which contain luminous bacteria. To hide from predators, the fish covers the light organ with a type of eyelid called a melanphore.

Exposed

Hidden

wmssMB Location to CD

■ Oarfishes and squirrelfishes ■ Oarfishes, squirrelfishes and dories

to

LL_

FLASHLIGHT FISH

c o

Photoblepharon palpebratus

CQ

OARFISH Regalecus glesne

476

Light organ

Melanphore

RIBBONFISH Trachipterus sp.

SOUTHERN ROUGHY Trachichthys australis

OPAH Lampris guttatus

**

*

'Mf,*

;

* -

*

•

AUSTRALIAN PINEAPPLEFISH Cleidopus gloriamaris

SPOTTED OREO Pseudocyttus maculatus

Pipefishes, Swampeels and Scorpionfishes POT-BELLIED SEAHORSE Hippocampus abdominalis

on

Swampeels Pipefishes and scorpionfishes Swampeels, pipefishes and scorpionfishes

BANDED PIPEFISH Doryrhamphus dactyliophorus

on

WHITE SPOTTED SPINY EEL Mastacembelus armatus

CARIBBEAN TRUMPETFISH Aulostomus maculatus

478

SEAHORSE REPRODUCTION The female lays eggs in the male's marsupial-like pouch, leaving them

LUMPSUCKER Cyclopterus lumpus

in his care. The eggs are incubated in his pouch until they hatch.

479

Perches, Groupers and Seabasses SPLENDID LICORICE GOURAMI Parosphromenus dreissneri

■ Perches ■ Perches, groupers and seabasses on CD

SIXLINE SOAPFISH

PURPLEQUEEN

Grammistes sexlineatus

Pseudanthis tuka

C

o CO

DOLPHINFISH

on

Coryphaena hippurus

REMORA Echeneis naucrates

480

GIANT GROUPER Epinephelus lanceolatus

SOUTH-EAST ASIA PIKEHEAD Luciocephalus pulcher

MEYER'S BUTTERFLYFISH

MOORISH IDOL

Chaetodon meyeri

Zanclus cornutus

Cichlids, Damselfishes, Wrasses, Parrotfishes and Blennies MUDSKIPPERS The male protects eggs laid by the female by wrapping his body around them.

CD

■ Cichlids, damselfishes, wrasses and parrotfishes ■ Cichlids, damselfishes, wrasses, parrotfishes and blennies

on Li—

CHANGING COLOR AND SEX c

As they mature, highfin parrotfishes (Scarus altipinnis) travel through three color phases, which also indicate changes to gender.

o CO

Juvenile: usually asexual female

on

Initial phase: usually female

HARLEQUIN TUSKFISH

STRIPED JULIE

Choerodon fasciatus

Julidochromis regani

BLACK-HEADED BLENNY Lipophrys nigriceps

482

Terminal phase: always a mature male

OSCAR

SPINECHEEK ANEMONEFISH

Astronotus ocellatus

Premnas biaculeatus

RAINBOW CALE Odax acroptilus

LAKE MALAWI ZEBRA CICHLID Pseudotropheus zebra

483

Gobies, Flatfishes and Triggerfishes OCEAN SUNFISH Mola mola

l/l

CD

■ Gobies ■ Flatfishes and triggerfishes

l/l

■ Gobies, flatfishes and triggerfishes

U_

>>

BLUEBANDED GOBY

C

o

Lythrypnus dalli

GO

l/l

DORIA'S BUMBLEBEE GOBY Brachygobius doriae

484

RIGHT-EYED FLATFISH The left eye of right-eyed flatfishes (flounders) moves toward the right eye. The front of the skull twists to bring the jaws sideways.

PEACOCK FLOUNDER Bothus lunatus

SURVIVAL TECHNIQUES The mimic filefish (Paraluteres prionurus) has evolved to look like the toxic blacksaddled puffer

Blacksaddled puffer

Mimic filefish

(venomous)

(non-venomous)

(Canthigaster valentini).

FIGURE-EIGHT PUFFER Tetraodon biocellatus

CLOWN TRIGGERFISH Balistoides conspicillum

485

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INTRODUCING

ARTHROPODS

INVERTEBRATES

Arthropods

502

Arachnids

504

Spiders

506

INVERTEBRATE

Orb-weaving Spiders

510

CHORDATES, SPONGES

Scorpions, Mites and Ticks

512

Classifying Invertebrates

490

Crustaceans, Silverfishes,

AND CNIDARIANS

Centipedes and Millipedes 514

Invertebrate Chordates, Sponges and Cnidarians

Insects 492

Dragonflies, Mayflies and Mantids

MOLLUSKS 494

Squids and Octopuses

496

WORMS 498

ECHINODERMS Echinoderms

520

Cockroaches, Termites

Mollusks

Worms

518

500

and Lice

522

Crickets and Grasshoppers

524

Bugs, Lacewings and Thrips

526

Beetles

530

Ladybugs

534

Flies, Fleas and Mosquitoes

536

Butterflies and Moths

540

Butterflies

542

Moths

544

Bees, Wasps and Ants

546

Wasps and Ants

548

Honey Bees

550

489

Classifying Invertebrates EVOLUTION OF INVERTEBRATES

2 5

CD

PRESENT PLEISTOCENE PLIOCENE

Starfish

f

Coral

9

Mayfly

Dragonfly

Bug

-♦—* H3

24 _Q

34

CD

54

CD

>

65

C

MIOCENE OLIGOCENE

EOCENE PALEOCENE

CT)

C u Z3

144

o

Million years ago

~a

208

248

286

360

CRETACEOUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

CARBONIFEROUS

< cc

408

CO

CO

435

DEVONIAN

SILURIAN

LU

>

505

ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN 550 PRECAMBRIAN

490

l

Atlas beetle

Grasshopper

Cockroach

Barnacles

Lobster

491

Invertebrate Chordates, Sponges and Cnidarians

cu

c o CL

CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM Corals thrive in the shallow waters of the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans. Thousands of individual coral polyps, each protected by a limestone exoskeleton, group together to form living colonies; these in turn form coral reefs.

a; ra ~o

o U CD

on C

ro

The crown-of-thorns starfish attacks and eats corals by disgorging its stomach over a colony, then absorbing the liquefied tissues.

Coral reefs provide shelter, food and breeding territory for thousands of species of plants and animals, such as fish, sharks and turtles.

Within certain coral communities, individual polyps have specialized functions—feeding, breeding or defense.

COLONIAL SEA SQUIRT

SPONGE

Didemnum molle

SOFT CORAL

Spongia officinalis

Lophelia pertusa

SEA SQUIRT Class Urochordata

Portuguese man o'war

Inside a coral polyp

Jellyfish

Corals with fish

493

Mollusks

Early larva

Developing larva

Adult mussel

NUDIBRANCH Order Nudibranchia

CO

CO

Gills (pseudobranchia) allow the nudibranch to breathe.

=3

They can be aggressive when meeting others of their species, fighting and biting each other.

Tentacle (rhinophore) senses chemicals.

CO

NAUTILUS Nautilus sp.

< a:

Outer shell cn LU

>

Shell chambers used to regulate depth

'Pinhole' eye Gonads

Tentacles

Funnel, where water is expelled for propulsion

Beak

494

Periwinkle (marine snail)

Limpet displaying muscular foot

-Brachiopod shells

■ ,j

_

.

Cicada

502

Spider

Tick

Centipede

503

Arachnids EVOLUTION OF ARACHNIDS

^ Tarantula

#r Trapdoor spider

Spitting spider

DC-

African signature spider

Velvet mite

ipK> St? ■%; Harvestman

Scorpion

Solpugid

PRESENT

2

65

Million years ago

144

PLEISTOCENE PLIOCENE MIOCENE OLIGOCENE EOCENE PALEOCENE

LU