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Violence over the Land: Indians and Empires in the Early American West
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Violence over the Land

Violence over the Land INDIANS AND EMPIRES IN THE EARLY AMERICAN WEST

◆

◆

◆

Ned Blackhawk

HA RVARD U N IVE RSIT Y P R E S S

Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England

Copyright © 2006 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First Harvard University Press paperback edition, 2008. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Blackhawk, Ned. Violence over the land : Indians and empires in the early American West / Ned Blackhawk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-674-02290-4 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-674-02720-6 (pbk.) 1. Indians of North America—Great Basin—History. 2. Indians of North America—Wars—Great Basin. 3. Great Basin—History. I. Title. E78.G67B53 979.004′97—dc22

2006 2006043477

Dedicated to my grandmother, Eva Charley (1912–1987) to my father, Evan Blackhawk (1941–), who showed me that one need not live a life in pain and to the Kanesatake and Kahnawake Mohawk Communities, whose articulate and defiant voices in the summer of 1990 helped me discover my own

Contents

Introduction: The Indigenous Body in Pain

1

ONE

Spanish-Ute Relations to 1750

T WO

The Making of the New Mexican–Ute Borderlands

T HR E E FO U R FI V E SIX SEVEN

16

The Enduring Spanish-Ute Alliance

55

88

Crisis in the New Mexican–Ute Borderlands

119

Great Basin Indians in the Era of Lewis and Clark

145

Colorado Utes and the Traumatic Storms of Expansion Utah’s Indians and the Crisis of Mormon Settlement Epilogue: Born on the Fourth of July, or Narrating Nevadan Indian Histories 267

Chronology Abbreviations Notes

295 298

301

Acknowledgments Index

363

359

176 226

Illustrations

General map of the Great Basin region Tribal territories of the Great Basin

x xi

Shoshone beggars at a railway station, 1873 Mamie Andrews, ca. 1919

12

14

Hide painting of New Mexican Indian militia, early 1700s Caste painting of a genízaro and mulata, ca. 1785 Caste painting of indios bárbaros, ca. 1715 “Bearded Ute Map,” 1778

39

69

70

101

Valley in the Slope of the Great Basin, Leading from the Tejon Pass, 1855 138 Map of Lewis and Clark’s 1804–1806 expedition, 1814 Extermination of the Pun-Naks, 1856 Fort Massachusetts, 1856

153

173

199

Chief Ouray and the Ute delegation in Washington, 1868 Map of Navajo and Ute Indian reservations, 1879 Chief Walkara, 1854

223

236

Site of 1863 Bear River Massacre Paiute prophet Wovoka, 1911

264 271

Paiute mother and children, early twentieth century

273

Captured children after the Shoshone Mike Massacre, 1911 Eva Charley, ca. 1929

220

289

286

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