232 70 3MB
English Pages 384 [385] Year 2008
Violence over the Land
Violence over the Land INDIANS AND EMPIRES IN THE EARLY AMERICAN WEST
◆
◆
◆
Ned Blackhawk
HA RVARD U N IVE RSIT Y P R E S S
Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England
Copyright © 2006 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First Harvard University Press paperback edition, 2008. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Blackhawk, Ned. Violence over the land : Indians and empires in the early American West / Ned Blackhawk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-674-02290-4 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-674-02720-6 (pbk.) 1. Indians of North America—Great Basin—History. 2. Indians of North America—Wars—Great Basin. 3. Great Basin—History. I. Title. E78.G67B53 979.004′97—dc22
2006 2006043477
Dedicated to my grandmother, Eva Charley (1912–1987) to my father, Evan Blackhawk (1941–), who showed me that one need not live a life in pain and to the Kanesatake and Kahnawake Mohawk Communities, whose articulate and defiant voices in the summer of 1990 helped me discover my own
Contents
Introduction: The Indigenous Body in Pain
1
ONE
Spanish-Ute Relations to 1750
T WO
The Making of the New Mexican–Ute Borderlands
T HR E E FO U R FI V E SIX SEVEN
16
The Enduring Spanish-Ute Alliance
55
88
Crisis in the New Mexican–Ute Borderlands
119
Great Basin Indians in the Era of Lewis and Clark
145
Colorado Utes and the Traumatic Storms of Expansion Utah’s Indians and the Crisis of Mormon Settlement Epilogue: Born on the Fourth of July, or Narrating Nevadan Indian Histories 267
Chronology Abbreviations Notes
295 298
301
Acknowledgments Index
363
359
176 226
Illustrations
General map of the Great Basin region Tribal territories of the Great Basin
x xi
Shoshone beggars at a railway station, 1873 Mamie Andrews, ca. 1919
12
14
Hide painting of New Mexican Indian militia, early 1700s Caste painting of a genízaro and mulata, ca. 1785 Caste painting of indios bárbaros, ca. 1715 “Bearded Ute Map,” 1778
39
69
70
101
Valley in the Slope of the Great Basin, Leading from the Tejon Pass, 1855 138 Map of Lewis and Clark’s 1804–1806 expedition, 1814 Extermination of the Pun-Naks, 1856 Fort Massachusetts, 1856
153
173
199
Chief Ouray and the Ute delegation in Washington, 1868 Map of Navajo and Ute Indian reservations, 1879 Chief Walkara, 1854
223
236
Site of 1863 Bear River Massacre Paiute prophet Wovoka, 1911
264 271
Paiute mother and children, early twentieth century
273
Captured children after the Shoshone Mike Massacre, 1911 Eva Charley, ca. 1929
220
289
286
+
1
.
1
+
6
5QTM[