Verbal Paradigms in Syriac 9781463224219

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Preface Since the appearance of The New Syriac Primer in 2007, I have had to consult its appendix on verbal paradigms on numerous occasions in order to determine one verbal form or another. As a result, it became increasingly clear that reproducing the paradigm tables in a smaller handbook would go some way toward making it easier to carry these paradigms from one place to another. This Handbook is an exact reproduction of the appendix of the Primer, pp. 257-347. The Handbook contains thirteen tables, preceded by an informal typology of verbs. The first four tables provide the various conjugations of the strong verb (i.e., the verb whose radicals do not include weak letters: ‫ܐ‬, ‫ܘ‬, or ‫)ܝ‬. Tables 5 through 9 provide the conjugations of verbs whose radicals include at least on weak letter. Table 10 gives the conjugation of the doubled verb (i.e., the verb whose second and third radical are identical). Tables 11 and 12 provide the paradigms for attaching object pronoun suffixes to the regular verb and to the verb ending in ‫ܐ‬. Finally, Table 13 provides the paradigms of some irregular verbs. It is hoped that beginners will find the tables useful. Piscataway, NJ Monday of Shubqono February 15, 2010 George A. Kiraz

1

Verb Paradigms

257

Verb Paradigms The derivation of Syriac verbs depends on a number of factors: the type of the root from which it is derived, its ‘measure’, tense, number, person, and gender. These are described below in greater details. Root Types

Syriac verbs are derived from roots which usually consist of three letters, although there are ܰ ܰ ܶ roots that consist of two or four letters. For example, the verbs ‫‘ ܒ‬he wrote’, ‫‘ ܒ‬she ܶ ܶ wrote’, ‫‘ ܐܬ ܒ‬it was written’, etc., are all derived from the three-letter root ‫ ܒ‬. The paradigms of a particular verb very much depend on the letters that make up the root, and the position of those letters in the root. For example, roots whose first letter is may have a paradigm that differs from roots whose first letter is ‫ܝ‬. Roots whose last letter is ‫ ܐ‬may have their own special paradigm. Roots are classified as either ‘strong’ or ‘weak’. A STRONG ROOT does not contain any of the letters ‫ܐ‬, ‫ܘ‬, or ‫ ;ܝ‬e.g., ,‫ ܒ‬, . A WEAK ROOT contains at least one of the letters ‫ܐ‬, ‫ܘ‬, or ‫ ;ܝ‬e.g., ‫ܐ‬, ‫ ܒ‬, ‫ ܐܠ‬, ‫ ܐ‬. The position of the weak letter in the root is important. A root whose first letter is ‫ ܐ‬such as ‫ ܐ‬has a different paradigm than a root

whose third letter is ‫ ܐ‬such as ‫ ܐ‬. Grammars refer to the position of a letter in a root differently. One can do so by the terms first, second and third as we have already done in this paragraph. Alternatively, we can use initial, middle and final since there are three letters only; e.g., we say that ‫ܒ‬ has an initial ‫ܝ‬, ‫ ܐܠ‬has a middle ‫ܐ‬, and ‫ ܐ‬has a final ‫ܪ‬. Some grammars use the letters of the root as an indicator (where ‫ ܦ‬indicates the first/initial

letter, ‫ ܥ‬indicates the second/middle letter, and ‫ ܠ‬indicates the third/final letter). For example, we say that ‫ܒ‬ is a ‫ܝ‬-‫( ܦ‬read ‫ܦ‬, then ‫ )ܝ‬verb (i.e., its ‫ܦ‬-position letter is ‫)ܝ‬, ‫ ܐܠ‬is a ‫ܐ‬-‫ ܥ‬verb (i.e., its ‫ܥ‬-position letter is ‫) ܐ‬, and ‫ ܐ‬is a ‫ܪ‬-‫ ܠ‬verb (i.e., its ‫ܠ‬ܶ , for position letter is ‫)ܪ‬. In her A Compendious Syriac Dictionary under the entry for instance, J. Smith tells us that in the future it “is conjugated like a

ܰ

verb” (p. 379); i.e., like

a verb whose ‫ܦ‬-position letter is ‫ ܢ‬like . Additionally, certain letters in certain positions in the root may also affect the paradigm. For example, roots whose first letter is differ in the future tense from regular verbs. Usually

ܶ

there is a reason for this. The future of the regular verb is derived by adding the prefix as in

2

258

Appendix

ܽ ‫ܶ ܘܒ‬

‘he will write’. If the root itself begins with a prefix. For example, the future of the root is that follow are:

then its not

ܰܶ

merges with that of the

ܰ ܶ . The paradigm tables

Table 1 Regular strong verbs. These are verbs deriving from roots whose letters do not contain ‫ܐ‬, ‫ܘ‬, or ‫ܝ‬. Table 2 Strong verbs whose initial letter is sibilant (i.e., ‫ܙ‬, ‫ܣ‬, ‫ܨ‬, or ‫)ܫ‬. Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7

Strong verbs whose initial letter is . Strong verbs whose final letter is guttural (i.e., ‫ܗ‬, ‫ܚ‬, or ‫)ܥ‬, or ‫ܪ‬. Weak verbs whose initial letter is ‫ܐ‬. Weak verbs whose middle letter is ‫ܐ‬. Weak verbs whose final letter is ‫ܐ‬.

Table 8 Weak verbs whose initial letter is ‫ܝ‬. Table 9 Weak verbs whose middle letter is ‫ ܝ‬or ‫ܘ‬. Table 10 Doubled verbs. These are verbs whose second and third letters are the same such as ‫ܒ ܙ‬. The doubled verb is also called geminate in some grammars. Table 11 Attaching object pronoun suffixes to regular verbs. Table 12 Attaching object pronoun suffixes to final ‫ ܐ‬verbs. Table 13 Some irregular verbs. The Measure

The term ‘measure’, sometimes called in other grammars ‘pattern’, ‘template’, ‘form’, ‘stem’, or ‘conjugation’, refers to a verbal pattern in Semitic languages. The function of this pattern is not always clear. The root letters form the basis of this pattern, and one has to pick a particular root to , serve as a place holder for the root letters. Historically grammarians used the root and we shall do the same here. Each ‘measure’ or pattern simply adds vowels and letters to the base . The measures are:

ܰ

It is the base measure, and has a vowel on the middle letter. This vowel is ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ‘he descended’. sometimes ◌ as in ‫ܒ‬ ‘he wrote’, or ◌ as in Dictionaries usually indicate the vowel for each particular root or verb.

3

Verb Paradigms

ܶ ܰ

While it sometimes gives a more intensive meaning than the base measure, ܶ ܰ verb is not related to that of its in many cases the meaning of a

ܰ

ܶ ‫ܰܐ‬

259

ܰ

ܶ

measure. In the root ‫ ܒ‬, for example, the form ‫ܒ‬ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰ means “he came near,” while the from ‫ ܒ‬means “he offered.” While it sometimes gives a causative meaning, in many cases the meaning ܶ ‫ ܰܐ‬verb is not related to that of its ܰ measure. In the root of an

‫ܒ‬

ܶ ܰ

cited above, ‫ ܐ ܒ‬means “to fight”. ܶ Each of the above measures has a ‘passive’ counterpart that begins with the ‫ ܐܬ‬prefix. The word ‘passive’ is in single quotes because passiveness is its general function. But it is important to keep in mind that the ‘passive’ counterpart of a measure may give a meaning that is totally unrelated. The ‘passive’ measures are:

ܶ ‫ ܶܐܬ‬is the passive counterpart of ܰ . ܰ ܰ ‫ ܶܐܬ‬is the passive counterpart of ܶ ܰ . ܰ ܶ ܶ ‫ ܰܐ‬. ܰ ‫ܐܬܬ‬ is the passive counterpart of

Tense

Syriac has the following tenses: Past The past tense is also called in other grammars ‘perfect’, and indicates a complete action. Future The future tense is also called in other grammars ‘imperfect’, and indicates an incomplete action. Present The present tense is also called in other grammars ‘active participle’. To the above, one adds the imperative which indicates an order, the participle which is called in other grammars ‘passive participle’, and the infinitive. Number Person and Gender

Syriac verbs are also defined by number, person, and gender. Number can be either singular or plural, person can be 1st, 2nd, or 3rd, and gender can be masculine, feminine or common.

4

260

Appendix

Table Organization

Each paradigm table spans over many pages. The columns specify verb types or ‘measures’. ܰ and its passive counterpart ܶ ‫ ܶܐܬ‬, ܶ ܰ and its passive counterpart These are

ܰ ܰ ‫ ܶܐܬ‬, and

ܶ ‫ ܰܐ‬and its passive counterpart

ܰ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐܬܬ‬ . The columns spread over two

facing pages, and are marked by A, B, C, etc. The rows give tense (past, future, present, as well as the participle, imperative and infinitive), number (singular and plural), person (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), and gender (masculine and feminine). Each row spans two facing pages. Rows are numbered and may continue to the following pair of pages. For instance, Table 1 occupies pages 262 to 267. Pages 262 and 263 contain rows 1 to 25, and pages 264 and 265 contain rows 26 to 49. The notes occupy pages 266 and 267. A cell is identified by its column letter heading and row numerical heading, the same ܶ ܰ ܶ way grids are identified in maps. In Table 1, for example, cell C5 gives ݂ ‫ ݂ܐܬ݁ ݂ ݁ܒ‬, the past

ܶ

ܶ

singular 1st person form of the ‫ܐܬ‬. A cell may contain variant forms which are separated by ‘/’. Full Rukokho and Qushoyo marks are given in Table 1 only, but can be applied throughout. Empty cells indicate that the form does not exist for that particular morphological ܶ setting. For instance, all ‫݂ܐܬ‬-type verbs are passive by nature and do not exist in the present tense (which is also the active participle); hence, you will find in Table 1 cells C26-37, E26-37, and G26-37 empty.

5

Verb Paradigms

261

Table 1. Regular Strong Verbs The root of a strong verb does not contain ‫ܐ‬, ‫ܘ‬, or ‫ܝ‬. The roots roots.

‫ܒ‬

and

are such

ܰ

In the , the vowel on the second letter of the past and future tenses varies from verb to verb, and can be known from experience or simply by consulting the dictionary. The dictionary usually gives for each verb its past tense vowel and its future tense vowel. For ܽ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܰ ܶ has ◌ܶ in the example, ‫ ܒ‬has ◌ in the past tense and ◌ in the future ‫ ܘܒ‬, while ܰ ܰ ܶ . In general (but not always), transitive verbs (i.e., past tense and ◌ in the future tense ܰ verbs that express an action and normally require an object) have the vowel ◌ in the past ܽ tense, and ◌ in the future tense); intransitive verbs (i.e., verbs that express a situation and do

ܶ

ܰ

not require an object such as to sleep) have the vowel ◌ in the past tense, and ◌ in the future ܰ tense. Further, verbs ending in ‫ܚ‬, ‫ܥ‬, or ‫ ܪ‬tend to have ◌ in the past and future tense; e.g. ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ - ܰ ܶ ‘listened-shall listen’, and ‫ ܰ ܪ‬-‫ܶ ܰ ܪ‬ ‫ ܚ‬-‫ܚ‬ ‘opened-shall open’, ‘jumped-shall jump’ (for which see Table 4). It is important to note that the past tense and ܰ measure. All other measures have a standard future tense vowels apply only to the ܰ ܶ . Other vowel. Column A in Table 1 gives the paradigm for ‫ܒ‬ and Column B for vowel combinations are given in the notes. The Entries ‫ ܒ‬and from Compendious Syriac Dictionary Here are the first few lines of the entries ‫ܒ‬ and from Smith’s Compendious Syriac Dictionary that illustrate how the vowels of verbs are indicated.

ܽ ܽ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܰ ‫ ܺ ܒ‬fut. ‫ ܳ ܶ ܺܘܒ‬, imper. ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܘ‬ , act. part. [present] ‫ ܒ‬, ‫ ܒܐ‬, pass. ܺ ܳ part. , ‫ ܒܐ‬, ‫ ܒ ܐ‬. A) to write, write out, copy out… ܶ fut. ܰ ܶ , act. part. [present] ܶ ܳ , ‫ ܳ ܳ ܐ‬, pass. part. ‫ ܺ ܳ ܐ‬. A) ܺ opp. ‫ ܰ ܝ‬to come to an end, be finished, concluded… As you can see, the first thing that is given is the past tense and the future with the proper vowel.

6

262 Table 1. Regular ‘Strong’ Verbs (i. Past, Future, Imperative, and Infinitive) A

1

5 6 7 8

3rd

9 10

17 18

3rd

19

1st

2nd

25

M F M F C M F M F C M F M F C M F M F C

F M F

24 Infinitive

ܽ

ܰ

Past ◌, future ‫◌ܘ‬

M

Pl.

Imperative

21

23

2nd

Sing.

20

22

2nd 1st

Plural

16

Future Tense (Imperfect)

15

Singular

3rd

12

14

2nd 1st

11

13

2nd 1st

Plural

4

Past Tense (Perfect)

3

Singular

3rd

2

B

ܰ

M = Masculine F = Feminine C = Common (M & F)

ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ݂ ‫݁ ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰܒ‬ ݁ ‫݁ ݂ ܰ ݂ܒ‬ ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ݂ ‫݁ ܶ ݂ ݁ ܶܒ‬ ܰ ܰ ‫ ݁ ݂ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬/ ̱ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ̈ ‫ ݁ ݂ ܰ ݂ ܶܒ‬/ 2 ̱ ‫݁ ݂ ܰ ݂ ̈ܒ‬ ܽ ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ܶ݁ ̈ ܰ ݁ ‫݂ ݂ܒ‬ ܰ ‫ ݁ ݂ ܰ ݂ܒ‬/ ‫݁ ݂ ܰ ݂ܒ‬ ܽ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ܘܒ‬ ܽ ܶ ܽ ܶ 3 ‫ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ܘܒ‬/ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ܘܒ‬ ݂ ̱ ݂ ܽ ܶ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܘܒ‬ ܶ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ܽ ܶ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܘܒ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ܶ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ܶ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ܽ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ܘܒ‬ ܽ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܘܒ‬ ܺ ݂ ܽ ݂ ݁ / ̱ ‫݁ ݂ ܽ ݂ܘܒ‬ ‫ܘܒ‬ ܽ ݂ ܽ ݂ ݁ / ̱ ‫݁ ݂ ܽ ݂ܘܒ‬ ‫ܘܒ ܢ‬ ݂̈ ݂ܽ ݁ ܶ ݂ ܽ ݂ ݁ / ̱ ‫ܘܒ‬ ̈ ‫ܘܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ A

P‛al1

C

ܶ

ܶ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

ܰ

Past ◌, future ◌

Ethp‛el

ܶ

݂ ܰ ݁ ‫݁ ̱ܝ‬ ݂ ܶ

‫ܶ ܽ ܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ܶ

̱

/ /

̱

ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ

̈ ܶ

ܽ ‫ܶ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ܶ݁ ̈ ܶ

ܰ ܶ

/

ܶ

ܰ ܶ ܰ ‫݁ ܶܬ‬ ܰ ‫݁ ܶܬ‬ ܺ ‫݁ ܶܬ‬ ܰ ܶ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ܶ ܶ ‫݁ܬ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ‫݁ ܶܬ‬ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܰ / ̱ ܰ ‫ ܰ ܽ ܢ‬/ ̱ ܰ ̈ ܶ ܰ / ̱ ̈ ܰ ܰ ܶ B

ܶ ݁ܶ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ݂ ݂ܰ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ܒ‬ ݁ ݂ܶ ݁ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ܶ ݂ܒ‬ ݁ ݂ܶ ܶ ݁ܶ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ݂ ݂ܶ ‫݂ܶܐܬ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ܒ‬ ܶ ݁ܶ ܶ ݁ܶ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ݂ / ̱ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ݂ ̈ ‫ ܶ ݂ܐܬ݁ ݂ ܶ ݂ ܶܒ‬/ ̱ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ܶ ݂ ̈ܒ‬ ݁ ݂ܶ ܽ ܶ ݁ܶ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ݂ ܶ݁ ̈ ܶ ݁ ܶ ‫݂ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ܶ ݂ܒ‬ ݁ ݂ ܶ / ‫ܐܬ ݂ ܶ ݂ܒ‬ ݁ ݂ܶ ܶ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ܶ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ܺܒ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ܽܒ ܢ‬ ܳ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ̈ܒ‬ ܶ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ܶ ܳ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ̈ܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ܶ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ܒ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫ ݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܺܒ‬/ ̱ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ܒ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫ ݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ܢ‬/ ̱ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ܒ‬ ̈ ‫ ܶ ݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܶܒ‬/ ̱ ‫݂ܶܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ̈ܒ‬ ܳ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ݂ ܽܒ‬ C

‫‪7‬‬

‫‪263‬‬

‫‪G‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫ܰܐ ܶ‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫‪Ettaph‛al‬‬

‫‪Aph‛el‬‬

‫‪Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al‬‬

‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݂‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐ ݂ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ݁‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪ /‬ܐ ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܰ ̈ ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ̈ ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ ̱ ‪ /‬ܐ ݂‬ ‫ܰ ݁ܶ ݁ܽ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݂ܒ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐ ݂ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݁ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ݁ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ܰ ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ‪ /‬ܐ ݂‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ܒ‪4‬‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݁݁ ݂‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ܒ‪4‬‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݁݁ ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ܶ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺ‬ ‫ܒ ‪4‬‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ܶ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽ‬ ‫ܒ ܢ‪4‬‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݁ ܰ ݁ ̈ܳ‬ ‫ܒ ‪4‬‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ‬ ‫ܬܬ ݂ ݂‬ ‫ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܰ ݁ܰ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܬ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪ /‬ܐ ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪ /‬ܐ ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܰ ̈ ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ̈ ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ ̱ ‪ /‬ܐ ݂‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ݁ ܽܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫‪G‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݂ ܶܒ ̈‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ܰ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݂ ܶܒ ̈‬

‫ܶ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ܰ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ݁‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ܶ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪݂ /‬‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ܰ ݂ ̈ܒ ̱ ‪݂ ܶ /‬ܐܬ݁ ܰ ݁ ܰ ݂ ܶܒ ̈‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܰ ݁ ̈ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ‪݁ ݂ ܶ /‬‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ܬ݂ܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪݂ /‬ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪݂ /‬ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫݂ܶܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܰ ݂ ̈ܒ ̱ ‪݂ ܶ /‬ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܰ ݂ ܶܒ ̈‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫݁ܰ ݁ܶ‬

‫‪Pa‛el / Pa‛‛el‬‬

‫݂ܒ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݂‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݁‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪ܽ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ /‬ܒ ܢ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ ̈ܒ ̱ ‪ܶ ݂ ܶ ݁ ܰ ݁ /‬ܒ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܽ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݁ ܶ ̈‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ‪݂ ܶ ݁ ܰ ݁ /‬ܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݁ܐ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪ܺ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ /‬ܒ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪ܽ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ /‬ܒ ܢ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ ̈ܒ ̱ ‪ܶ ݂ ܶ ݁ ܰ ݁ /‬ܒ ̈‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ‬ ‫‪D‬‬

8

264 Table 1. Regular ‘Strong’ Verbs (ii. Active and Passive Participles) A M = Masculine F = Feminine

P‛al Separated Pronoun

26

3rd

30 31 32 33 34 35

Singular

29

3rd

36

38

3rd Singular

39 40

45 46 47 48 49

2nd

1st

3rd Plural

44

Passive Participle

41

43

2nd

1st

37

42

2nd

1st

Plural

28

Present Tense (Active Participle)

27

2nd

1st

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F

ܶ ‫݁ ܳ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݁ ܳ ݂ ݁ܳܒܐ‬ ݁ ‫݁ ܳ ݂ ܶ ݂ܒ ܰܐ‬ ̱ ܰ ݁ ‫݁ ܳ ݂ ݁ ܳܒܐ ܐ ̱ ̱ܝ‬ ܳ ̱‫݁ ܳ ݂ ܶ ݂ܒ ܐ‬ ܳ ̱‫݁ ܳ ݂ ݁ ܳܒܐ ܐ‬ ‫݁ ܳ ݂ ݁ ܺܒ‬ ̈ ‫݁ ܳ ݂ ݁ ܳܒ‬ ܽ ܰ ܺ݁ ܳ݁ 5‫ܐ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ̱ ‫݂ܒ‬ ܶ ݁ ‫݁ ܳ ݂ ̈ ݁ ܳܒ ܰܐ‬ 5 ̱ 5 ܰ ‫݁ ܳ ݂ ݁ ܺܒ‬ ̈ 5 ܰ ‫݁ ܳ ݂ ݁ ܳܒ‬ ܺ ݂ ݂ ݁ ܺ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ ܳܒܐ‬ ݁ ‫݁ ݂ ܺ ݂ ܰܐ‬ ̱ ܺ ܰ ݁ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ ܳܒܐ ܐ ̱ ̱ܝ‬ ܳ ̱‫݁ ݂ ܺ ݂ ܐ‬ ܳ ̱‫݁ ݂ ܺ ݂ ܳܒܐ ܐ‬ ܺ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ܺ ‫݁ ݂ ̈ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ܺ ܽ ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ ܺܒ ܐ ̱ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ܶ݁ ܰ ܳ ̈ ܺ ݁ ̱ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ܐ‬ ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ܺ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ܺ ̈ ݂ ܳܒ‬ A

B

C

Contracted Pronoun

Ethp‛el

ܶ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

ܰ

݁ ‫݂ ݁ ܰܒ‬ ‫݂ ݁ ܰܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫݂ ݁ ܳܒ ܳ ܐ‬

ܳ݁ ܳ݁ ܳ݁ ܳ݁

ܽ ‫݂ ݁ ܺܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ܶ݁ ܳ݁̈ ‫݂ܒ‬ ܰ ‫݂ ݁ ܺܒ‬ ܰ ‫݂ ̈ ݁ ܳܒ‬

ܳ݁ ܳ݁ ܳ݁ ܳ݁ ܶ ‫݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݂ ݁ ܳܒܐ‬ ݁ ‫݂ ݁ܰܒ‬ ‫݂ ݁ܰܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫݂ ݁ ܳܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫݂ ݁ ܺܒ‬ ܳ ‫݂ ݁ ̈ܒ‬ ܽ ‫݂ ݁ ܺܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ݁ ‫݂ ݁ ܳܒ‬ ܰ ‫݂ ܺܒ‬ ܰ̈ ܳ ݁ ‫݂ܒ‬ 6

݁ ‫݂ ܺ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ܺ ‫݂ ݂ ܳܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ܺ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ܺ ‫݂ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ܺ ܽ ‫݂ ݂ ܺܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ܶ݁ ܳ ̈ ܺ ‫݂ ݂ܒ‬ ܰ ‫݂ ܺ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ܰ ‫݂ ܺ ̈ ݂ ܳܒ‬ B

݁ ݁ ݁ ݁

݁ ݁ ݁

݁

C

݂݁ ܶ ܰ݁ ݂ ܶ ܰ݁ ݂ ܶ ܰ݁ ݂ ܶ ݂݁ ܶ ܰ݁ ݂ ܶ ܰ݁ ݂ ܶ ܰ݁ ݂ ܶ ܰ݁ ݂ ܶ ܰ݁ ݂ ܶ ܰ݁ ݂ ܶ ܰ݁ ݂ ܶ

‫‪9‬‬

‫‪265‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫ܰܐ ܶ‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫‪G‬‬

‫‪Ettaph‛al‬‬

‫‪Aph‛el‬‬

‫‪Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al‬‬

‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪39‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪49‬‬

‫ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܶ ݁‬

‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒܐ‬ ‫݁ ܰܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݁‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ‫݁ܰ̈ ݁ ܳ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܬ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݁ ܰܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܰ‬ ‫݁ ܰܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܰ‬ ‫‪G‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒܐ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݁‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ݁ ܳ ݁ܶ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒܐ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݁‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ݁ ܳ ݁ܶ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܰ‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ܒ‪6‬‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݂‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒܐ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݁‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ݁ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ̈ܳܒ ܰ‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫ܰ ܶ‬

‫‪Pa‛el / Pa‛‛el‬‬

‫ܰ݁ܶ‬

‫݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒܐ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݁‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ‫̈ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ݁ ܶ ̈‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܰ‬ ‫̈ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒܐ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݁‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ‫̈ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ݁ ܶ ̈‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܰ‬ ‫̈ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܰ‬ ‫‪D‬‬

10

266 Table 1. Regular ‘Strong’ Verbs (iii. Notes) The P‛al verbs come in 5 past-future vowel combinations, two of which appear in the table above (columns A and B). The rest are listed below. The other verb type conjugations of these verbs follow Columns C-G above. 1 [A-B]

ܰ

ܰ

ܰ

Past ◌, future ◌

Singular

2nd 1st 3rd

Plural

Past Tense (Perfect)

3rd

2nd 1st

Singular

2nd 1st 3rd

Plural

Future Tense (Imperfect)

3rd

2nd

F M F C M F

Sing.

‫ܰ ܽ ܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ܰ

M F C

ܰ‫ܰ ـ‬

M F M F C M F M F C M

2nd Pl.

Imperative

1st

ܰ

M

F M F

ܺ ܰ ‫ܰ ܽ ܢ‬ ܶ ܰ̈

ܶ

Past ◌, future ◌

ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ‫̱ܝ‬ ܶ ܶ ܰ / ̱ ܰ / ̱̈ ܽ ܰ ‫ܘܢ‬ ܶ ̈ ܰ ܰ / ܰ ܶ ܰ ‫ܶܬ‬ ܰ ‫ܶܬ‬ ܺ ‫ܶܬ‬ ܰ ܶ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ܶ ܶ ‫ܬ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ‫ܶܬ‬ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ / ̱ ܰ / ̱ ̈ ܰ / ̱

‫ܰܒ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ‫ܰܒ‬

ܰ ‫ܰܒ‬

ܺ ‫ܶܒ‬ ‫ܶܒ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ‫ܶܒ‬

‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܶܒ ܰ ܬ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܬ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ̱ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܶܒ ܶܬ‬ / ‫ܰܒ ̱ܘ‬ / ‫ܰܒ ̈ ̱ܝ‬ ܽ ‫ܰܒ ܬܘܢ‬ ܶ ‫ܰܒ ̈ܬ‬ / ‫ܰܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܶܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܬ ܶܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܬ ܶܒ‬ ܺ ‫ܶܬ ܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܐ ܶܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܒ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈ܒ ܳ ܢ‬ ܶ ‫ܬ ܒ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ‫ܬ ̈ܒ ܳ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܶܒ‬ ‫ܶܒ‬ ܶ / ‫ܒ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ / ‫ܒ ̱ܘ‬ ܶ / ‫ܒ ̈ ̱ܝ‬

ܶ

‫ܽ◌ܘ‬ ‫ܶܓ‬ ‫ܶ ܓ ܰܬ‬ ‫ܶܓ ܬ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ̱ ‫ܶܓ‬ ‫ܶ ܓ ܶܬ‬ ܶ / ‫ܓ ̱ܘ‬ ܶ / ‫ܓ ̈ ̱ܝ‬ ܽ ܶ ‫ܓ ܬܘܢ‬ ܶ ‫ܶܓ ̈ܬ‬ ܶ / ‫ܓ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܽܓ ܕ‬ ܶ ‫ܬ ܽܓ ܕ‬ ܶ ‫ܬ ܽܓ ܕ‬ ܺ ‫ܶܬ ܓ‬ ܶ ‫ܐ ܽܓ ܕ‬ ‫ܶ ܓ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈ܓ ܳ ܢ‬ ܶ ‫ܬ ܓ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ‫ܬ ̈ܓ ܳ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܽܓ ܕ‬ ‫ܽܓ ܕ‬ / ‫ܕܝ‬ ̱ ‫ܽܓ‬ / ‫ܕܘ‬ ̱ ‫ܽܓ‬ ̈ / ‫ܕܝ‬ ̱ ‫ܽܓ‬

Past◌, future

‫ܶܓ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ‫ܶܓ‬

ܰ ‫ܶܓ‬

‫ܺܕ‬ ‫ܽܕܘܢ‬ ̈ ‫ܶܕ‬

‫ܽܓ‬ ‫ܽܓ‬ ‫ܽܓ‬

11

267 The ‫ ̈ܝ‬suffix (including the Syomé) is a late In early texts ܶ ܶ development. ܰ West ܶ Syriac , ‫ܐܬ ܒ‬, etc. for the past tense and contemporary East Syriac texts one finds ‫ ܒ‬, (perfect) plural 3rd feminine. 3 [A7-G7] The form with a file ‫ ܝ‬is rare. ̱ ܰ ݁ ݁ܶ ݁ ݁ ݁ ܶ ݁ as in ‫ܬܬܬ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ܬܒ‬ 4 [G12-G14, G18, & G19] Forms which begin with ‫ܬܬܬ‬ (G12) are reduced in ܰ ܰ ݁ܶ ݁ spelling to two ‫ܬ‬s only as in ‫ܬܬ ݂ ݂ܒ‬. 5 [A34-A37] These forms are pronounced as their contracted counterparts in B34-B37, respectively. Also note that while the rest of the tables give the contracted forms, the non contracted are more common, especially in early manuscripts. 6 [C38-C49 & E38-E49] Apart from C38/E38 and C42/E42, the rest of the passive participle ܶ ‫ ܶܐܬ‬and the ܰ ܰ ‫ ܶܐܬ‬are identical. However, note the soft ‫( ܬ‬2nd letter of forms for the ݂ ݁ the root) in column C and the hard ‫ ܬ‬in column E. 2 [A7-G7]

12

268

Appendix

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13

Verb Paradigms

269

Table 2. Strong Verbs with Initial Sibilant Letters ‫ܙ‬, ‫ܣ‬, ‫ܨ‬, or ‫ܫ‬ Verbs that begin in ‫ܙ‬,

‫ܣ‬, ‫ ܨ‬, or ‫ ܫ‬differ from the verbs in Table 1 only in the ‘measures’ ܰ ܰ ‫ ܶ ݂ܐܬ‬. The rest of the measures are identical to those of Table 1. In the case of ‫ ܙ‬-initial verbs, two transformations take place. First, the ‫ ܙ‬places itself in ܶ ܶ ‫ ܶܐܬ‬of ܰ ‫ ܙ‬becomes ܶ ‫ ܶܐܙܬ‬. This transformation is called the middle of ‫ ;݂ܐܬ‬e.g., the ݂ܶ ܶ ܶ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ METATHESIS. Second, the ‫ ܬ‬of ‫ܐܬ‬ turns into a ‫ܕ‬ giving . This transformation is called ݂ ASSIMILATION. ܶ The same transformations occur in the case of ‫ܨ‬-initial verbs, except that the ‫ ܬ‬of ‫݂ܐܬ‬ ܶ ‫ ܨ‬becomes ܶ ‫ ܐܨܬ‬by metathesis, then ܶ ‫ ܶܐܨ‬by assimilation. assimilates into ‫ ; ܛ‬e.g., ݂ ܶ In the case of ‫ܣ‬-initial and ‫ܫ‬-initial verbs, only metathesis takes place; e.g., ‫ܕ‬ ܶ ܶ ܶ ‫ܐ‬, and ܶ becomes ܶ ‫ܐ‬. becomes ‫ܗܕ‬ ܰ (as a starting point), ܶ ‫݂ܶܐܬ‬, and Table 2 gives for each of the above verbs the ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ‫ ݂ܶܐܬ‬measures. For the ܶ ܰ , ܶ ‫ ܰܐ‬, and ܰ ‫ܐܬܬ‬ follow the paradigms in Table 1, ܰ Columns D, F, and G, respectively. The initial-‫ ܙ‬verb ‫ ܙ‬occupies Columns A-C on pp. ܶ 270 & 272, the initial-‫ ܣ‬verb ‫ܕ‬ occupies Columns D-F on pp. 271 & 273, the initial-‫ܨ‬ verb ‫ ܨ‬occupies Columns G-I on pp. 274 & 276, and the initial-‫ ܫ‬verb ܶ occupies ܶ ‫ ܶܐܬ‬and ݂

Columns J-L on pp. 275 & 277.

14

270

‫ܣ ܙ‬, ‫ܨ‬, or ‫( ܫ‬i. Past,

Table 2. Regular ‘Strong’ Verbs with Initial Sibilant Letters , A M = Masculine F = Feminine C = Common (M & F)

ܰ

B Initial ‫ܙ‬: ‫ ܬ‬turns into ‫ ܕ‬in

ܶ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

Ethp‛el

P‛al 1

4 5 6 7

Past Tense (Perfect)

3

8

3rd

9 10

17 18

3rd

19

1st

2nd

F M F C M F M F C M F M F C M F M F C

F M F

24 25

M

M

Pl.

Imperative

21

23

2nd

Sing.

20

22

2nd 1st

Plural

16

Future Tense (Imperfect)

15

Singular

3rd

12

14

2nd 1st

11

13

2nd 1st

Plural

2

Singular

3rd

Infinitive

ܰ‫ܙ‬ ܰ ‫ܶܙ‬ ܰ‫ܙ‬ ܰ‫ܙ‬ ‫̱ܝ‬ ܶ ‫ܶܙ‬ ‫ ܙܰ ܽ ܢ‬/ ̱ ܰ‫ܙ‬ ̈ ܶ ܰ ‫ ܙ‬/ ̱̈ ܰ ‫ܙ‬ ܽ ‫ܙ ܰ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ̈ ܰ ‫ܙ‬ ܰ ܰ‫ ܙ‬/ ܰ‫ܙ‬ ‫ܶ ܽ ܦ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܙ ܽ ܦ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܙ ܽ ܦ‬ ܺ ‫ܶܬܙ‬ ܶ ‫ܐܙ ܽ ܦ‬ ‫ܶ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ܶ ܶ ‫ܬܙ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ‫ܶܬܙ‬ ‫ܶ ܽ ܦ‬ ‫ܙܽ ܦ‬ ܺ ܽ‫ ܙ‬/ ܽ‫ܙ‬ ̱ ‫ ܙܽ ܽ ܢ‬/ ̱ ܽ‫ܙ‬ ̈ ܶ ܽ‫ ܙ‬/ ̱ ̈ ܽ‫ܙ‬ ܰ ܶ A

‫ܽ ܢ‬ ̈ܶ

ܰ

ܺ ‫ܽ ܢ‬ ̈ܶ

ܶ ‫& ܶܐܬ‬

ܶ ‫ܶܐܙܕ‬ ܰ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ܶ ‫ܶܐܙܕ‬ ܶ ‫ܶܐܙܕ‬ ‫̱ܝ‬ ܶ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ܶ ‫ ܶܐܙܕ‬/ ܶ ‫ܶܐܙܕ‬ ̱ ܶ ‫ ܶܐܙܕ‬/ ̈ ܶ ‫ܶܐܙܕ‬ ̱ ܽ ܶ ܶ ‫ܐܙܕ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ̈ ܶ ܶ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܶ ‫ ܶܐܙܕ‬/ ܶ ‫ܶܐܙܕ‬ ܶ‫ܶܕ‬ ܶ ‫ܶܬܙܕ‬ ܶ ‫ܶܬܙܕ‬ ܺ ‫ܬܶܰܙܕ‬ ܶ ‫ܶܐܙܕ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܕ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ‫ܶ ܰܕ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܰܙܕ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ‫ܬܶܰܙܕ‬ ܶ‫ܶܕ‬ ܰܶ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰ ܶ / ̱ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰ ܶ / ̱ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰ ܶ / ̱ ̈ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܽ ܳ‫ܶ ܕ‬ B

ܰ ܰ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

C

ܰ ܰ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al

‫ܽ ܢ‬ ̈ܶ

ܰ

ܺ ‫ܽ ܢ‬ ̈ܶ

ܰ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ܰ ‫ܐܶܰܙܕ‬ ܰ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ܰ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ‫̱ܝ‬ ܶ ‫ܐܶܰܙܕ‬ ܰ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰ ܶ / ̱ ܰ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ܰ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰ ܶ / ̱ ̈ ܰ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ܽ ܰܶ ‫ܐܙܕ ܰ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ܰ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰ ܶ / ܰ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ܰ ‫ܶ ܰܕ‬ ܰ ‫ܬܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ܰ ‫ܬܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ܺ ‫ܬܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ܰ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ‫ܶ ܰܕ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ‫ܶ ܰܕ‬ ܰܶ ‫ܬܙܕ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ‫ܬܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ܰ ‫ܶ ܰܕ‬ ܰ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ܰ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰ ܶ / ̱ ܰ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ܰ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰ ܶ / ̱ ܰ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ܰ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰ ܶ / ̱ ̈ ܰ ‫ܐܙܕ‬ ܰܶ ܽ ܳ ‫ܶ ܰܕ‬ C

‫‪15‬‬

‫‪271‬‬

‫)‪Future, Imperative, and Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪E‬‬ ‫ܣ ‪Initial‬‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫‪Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܶ‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰܗܕ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܕܬ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰܗܕܬ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܕܬܝ‬ ‫ܰ ̱‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܕܬ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܗܕܘ ‪ /‬ܐܶ ܰ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܗܕܘܢ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܰ̈ ܶ ܰ ܰܶ̈ ܶ‬ ‫ܗܕܝ ‪ /‬ܐ ܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܗܕܬܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܰܗܕܬܶ ̈‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰܗܕܢ ‪ /‬ܐ ܰܗܕ ܰ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰܗܕ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܰܗܕ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܰܗܕ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܗܕ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰܗܕ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܗܕܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܳ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܗܕܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܗܕܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܳ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܗܕܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰܗܕ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰܗܕ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܗܕܝ ‪ /‬ܐܶ ܰ ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ̱‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܗܕܘ ‪ /‬ܐܶ ܰ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܗܕܘܢ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܰ̈ ܶ ܰ ܰܶ̈ ܶ‬ ‫ܗܕܝ ‪ /‬ܐ ܗܕ ܐ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܳܽ‬ ‫ܗܕܘ‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪Ethp‛el‬‬

‫ܶܗܕ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܗܕܬ‬ ‫ܶܗܕܬ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ‫ܗܕ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܗܕܬ‬ ‫ܶܗܕ̱ܘ ‪ /‬ܐܶ ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܗܕܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ̈‬ ‫ܗܕ ̈‬ ‫ܗܕ̱ܝ ‪ /‬ܐܶ ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܶܗܕܬܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ̈ ܶ‬ ‫ܗܕܬ‬ ‫ܶܗܕܢ ‪ /‬ܐܶ ܶܗܕ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܗܕ‬ ‫ܶܗܕ‬ ‫ܶܗܕ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܗܕ‬ ‫ܶܗܕ‬ ‫ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܗܕܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫̈ܗܳܕܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܗܕܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫̈ܗܳܕܢ‬ ‫ܶܗܕ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܗܕ‬ ‫ܰ ܗܕ̱ܝ ‪ /‬ܐܶ ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܗܕ‬ ‫ܰ ܗܕ̱ܘ ‪ /‬ܐܶ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܗܕܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܗܕ ̈‬ ‫ܗܕ̱ܝ ‪ /‬ܐܶ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܳܽ‬ ‫ܗܕܘ‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫‪P‛al‬‬

‫ܶܕ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܕܬ‬ ‫ܶ ܕܬ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ‫ܕ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܶܕܬ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܕ̱ܘ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܕ̱̈ܝ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ܕܬܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ̈ܕܬ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܕܢ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰܕ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬ ܰܕ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬ ܰܕ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬ ܺܕ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐ ܰܕ‬ ‫ܶ ܽܕܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈ ܳܕܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬ ܽܕܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬ ̈ ܳܕܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܕ‬ ‫ܰܕ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܕ̱ܝ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܕ̱ܘ ‪/‬‬ ‫̈ܰ‬ ‫ܕ̱ܝ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰܕ‬

‫ܶ ܽܕܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܶܕ ̈‬

‫ܶܕܰ‬

‫ܰ ܺܕ‬ ‫ܰ ܽܕܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܶܕ ̈‬ ‫‪D‬‬

16

272

‫ܣ ܙ‬, ‫ܨ‬, or ‫( ܫ‬ii. Active

Table 2. Regular ‘Strong’ Verbs with Initial Sibilant Letters , A M = Masculine F = Feminine

B Initial ‫ܙ‬: ‫ ܬ‬turns into ‫ ܕ‬in

ܶ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

ܰ

Ethp‛el

P‛al 26

3rd

30 31 32 33 34 35

Singular

29

3rd

36

38

3rd Singular

39 40

45 46 47 48 49

2nd

1st

3rd Plural

44

Passive Participle

41

43

2nd

1st

37

42

2nd

1st

Plural

28

Present Tense (Active Participle)

27

2nd

1st

M

‫ܳܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܳ ܽ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܰܳ

F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F

‫ܳܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܳ̈ ܽ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ̈ ܰ ܺ ܰܳ̈ A

ܶ ‫& ܶܐܬ‬

ܶ ‫ܳܙ‬ ‫ܳܙ‬ ‫ܳܙ‬ ‫ܳܙ‬ ܶ ‫ܳܙ‬ ‫ܳܙ‬ ‫ܳܙ‬ ̈ ‫ܳܙ‬ ‫ܳܙ‬ ̈ ‫ܳܙ‬ ‫ܳܙ‬ ̈ ‫ܳܙ‬ ܺ‫ܙ‬ ܺ‫ܙ‬ ܺ‫ܙ‬ ܺ‫ܙ‬ ܺ‫ܙ‬ ܺ‫ܙ‬ ܺ‫ܙ‬ ܺ‫ܙ‬ ܺ‫ܙ‬ ܺ‫ܙ‬ ܺ‫ܙ‬ ܺ‫ܙ‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܳ ܽ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ̈ܶ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܰܳ B

ܰ ܰ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

C

ܰ ܰ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al

ܶ‫ܶ ܕ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܕ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܕ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܕ‬ ܶ‫ܶ ܕ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܕ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܕ‬ ̈ ‫ܶ ܰܕ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܕ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܕ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܕ‬ ̈ ‫ܶ ܰܕ‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܳ ܽ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ̈ܶ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܰܳ C

ܰ ‫ܰܕ‬ ‫ܰܕ‬ ‫ܰܕ‬ ‫ܰܕ‬ ܰ ‫ܰܕ‬ ‫ܰܕ‬ ‫ܰܕ‬ ̈ ‫ܰܕ‬ ‫ܰܕ‬ ‫ܰܕ‬ ‫ܰܕ‬ ̈ ‫ܰܕ‬

ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ

‫‪17‬‬

‫‪273‬‬

‫)‪and Passive Participles‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪E‬‬ ‫ܣ ‪Initial‬‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܶ‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫‪Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al‬‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫‪P‛al‬‬

‫‪Ethp‛el‬‬

‫ܳ‬

‫‪26‬‬

‫ܳ‬

‫‪27‬‬

‫ܳ‬

‫‪28‬‬

‫ܳ‬

‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬

‫ܳ‬

‫‪31‬‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫ܳ‬

‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬

‫ܳ‬

‫‪34‬‬

‫ܳ‬

‫‪35‬‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫ܳ‬

‫‪36‬‬

‫ܳ‬

‫‪37‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪39‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪43‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪44‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪45‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫‪46‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪49‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰܗܕ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܗܕܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܗܕܬ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܗܕܬܝ‬ ‫ܰ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܰܗܕ ܳ‬ ‫ܗܕ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܗܕ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܳ‬ ‫ܗܕܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ ܽ‬ ‫ܗܕ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܗܕ ܶܬ ̈‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܗܕ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܗܕ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܳ‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܶܗܕ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܗܕܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܗܕܬ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܗܕܬ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶܗܕ ܳ‬ ‫ܗܕ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܗܕ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܳ‬ ‫ܗܕܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ ܽ‬ ‫ܗܕ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܗܕ ܶܬ ̈‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܗܕ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܗܕ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܳ‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫ܺ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܺ‬

‫ܺ‬

‫ܺ‬

‫ܺ‬

‫ܶܕ‬ ‫ܳܕܐ‬ ‫ܰܕܬ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ‫ܰܕ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܕܳ‬ ‫ܳܕ ܳ‬ ‫ܺܕ‬ ‫̈ ܳܕܢ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܺܕ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫̈ ܳܕܬ‬ ‫ܺܕ ܰ‬ ‫̈ ܳܕ ܰ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰܬ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ‫ܰ ̱‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܳܳ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫̈ ܳܢ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫̈ ܳܬ‬ ‫ܺ ܰ‬ ‫̈ܳܰ‬ ‫‪D‬‬

18

274

‫ܣ ܙ‬, ‫ܨ‬, or ‫( ܫ‬i. Past,

Table 2. Regular ‘Strong’ Verbs with Initial Sibilant Letters , G M = Masculine F = Feminine C = Common (M & F)

ܰ

H Initial ‫ܨ‬: ‫ ܬ‬turns into ‫ ܛ‬in

P‛al 1

4 5 6 7

Past Tense (Perfect)

3

8

3rd

9 10

17 18

3rd

19

1st

2nd

F M F C M F M F C M F M F C M F M F C

F M F

24 25

M

M

Pl.

Imperative

21

23

2nd

Sing.

20

22

2nd 1st

Plural

16

Future Tense (Imperfect)

15

Singular

3rd

12

14

2nd 1st

11

13

2nd 1st

Plural

2

Singular

3rd

Infinitive

ܶ ‫ܨ‬ ‫ܶܨ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܨ ܶܒ‬ ‫ܨ ܶ ܒ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶܨ ܶܒ‬ ‫ ܨ ܶ ܽܒ ܢ‬/ ̱ ‫ܨ ܶ ܒ‬ ̈ ‫ ܨ ܶ ܶܒ‬/ ̱ ̈ ‫ܨ ܶ ܒ‬ ܽ ‫ܨ ܶ ܒ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ̈ ܶ ‫ܨ ܒ‬ ܰ ‫ ܨ ܶܒ‬/ ‫ܨ ܶܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܽ ܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܨ ܽ ܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܨ ܽ ܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܨ ܺܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܐܨ ܽ ܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈ ܳܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܨ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܨ ̈ ܳܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܽ ܒ‬ ‫ܨ ܽ ܒ‬ ‫ ܨ ܽ ܺܒ‬/ ̱ ‫ܨ ܽ ܒ‬ ‫ ܨ ܽ ܽܒ ܢ‬/ ̱ ‫ܨ ܽ ܒ‬ ̈ ‫ ܨ ܽ ܶܒ‬/ ̱ ‫ܨ ܽ ̈ ܒ‬ ܰ ܶ G

ܶ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

ܶ ‫& ܶܐܬ‬

ܰ ܰ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

I

ܰ ܰ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

Ethp‛el

Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al

H

I

ܶ ܶ ܰܰ ܶ ‫ܐܨ‬ ‫ܐܨ‬ ܰ‫ܐܶܨ ܰ ܒ‬ ܰ‫ܐܶܨ ܰ ܒ‬ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐܨ ܒ‬ ‫ܐܨ ܰ ܒ‬ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐܨ ܒ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܐܨ ܰ ܒ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫ܐܨ ܰ ܶܒ‬ ‫ܐܨ ܰ ܶܒ‬ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ‫ ܐܨ ܽܒ ܢ‬/ ̱ ‫ ܐܨ ܰ ܽܒ ܢ ܐܨ ܒ‬/ ̱ ‫ܐܨ ܰ ܒ‬ ̈ ‫ ܶܐܨ ܶ ܶܒ‬/ ̱ ‫ ܶܐܨ ܰ ܰ ܶܒ ̈ ܶܐܨ ܶ ̈ܒ‬/ ̱ ‫ܶܐܨ ܰ ܰ ̈ܒ‬ ܽ ܶ ܶ ܽ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐܨ ܒ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܨ ܰ ܒ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ̈ ܶ ܶ ̈ ܶ ‫ܶܐܨ ܰ ܰ ܒ‬ ‫ܐܨ ܒ‬ ܰ ‫ ܶܐܨ ܶ ܒ‬/ ‫ܶܐܨ ܶ ܒ‬ ܰ ‫ ܶܐܨ ܰ ܰ ܒ‬/ ‫ܶܐܨ ܰ ܰ ܒ‬ ܶ ܶ ܰܰ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܰܰ ܶ ‫ܬܨ‬ ‫ܬܨ‬ ܶ ܶ ܰܰ ܶ ‫ܬܨ‬ ‫ܬܨ‬ ܺ‫ܬܶܨ ܰ ܒ‬ ܺ‫ܶܬܨ ܰ ܒ‬ ܶ ܶ ܰܰ ܶ ‫ܐܨ‬ ‫ܐܨ‬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܽ ‫ܒܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܒܢ‬ ̈ ܳ ‫ܶ ܰ ܳܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ̈ܒ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫ܬܨ ܰ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܬܨ ܰ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܳ ‫ܬܨ ܰ ̈ܒ‬ ‫ܬܨ ܰ ̈ܒ‬ ܶ ܶ ܰܰ ܶ ܰܰ ܶ ܰ ‫ܶܐܨ‬ ‫ܐܨ‬ ܺ‫ ܶܐܨ ܰ ܒ‬/ ̱ ‫ܶܐܨ ܰ ܒ‬ ܺ‫ ܶܐܨ ܰ ܰ ܒ‬/ ̱ ‫ܶܐܨ ܰ ܰ ܒ‬ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ‫ ܐܨ ܰ ܽܒ ܢ‬/ ̱ ‫ ܐܨ ܰ ܽܒ ܢ ܐܨ ܰ ܒ‬/ ̱ ‫ܐܨ ܰ ܒ‬ ̈ ‫ ܶܐܨ ܰ ܶܒ‬/ ̱ ‫ ܶܐܨ ܰ ܰ ܶܒ ̈ ܶܐܨ ܰ ̈ܒ‬/ ̱ ‫ܶܐܨ ܰ ܰ ̈ܒ‬ ܳ ܳ ܶ ‫ܶ ܰ ܽܒ‬ ‫ܽܒ‬

‫‪19‬‬

‫‪275‬‬

‫)‪Future, Imperative, and Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬

‫‪K‬‬ ‫ܫ ‪Initial‬‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫‪Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ܐܶ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫̱ܝ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܰ ̱‪ /‬ـ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ܰ ̈ ̱ ‪ /‬ـ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܰ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ܰ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ܰ ‪ /‬ـ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܬ ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ̈ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ̈ܳ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ܰ ̱ ‪ /‬ـ ܺ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܰ ̱‪ /‬ـ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ܰ ̈ ̱ ‪ /‬ـ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܳ ܽ‬ ‫‪L‬‬

‫‪J‬‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܶ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪Ethp‛el‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܶ‬ ‫̱ܝ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐ ܶ ̱‪ /‬ـ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܶ ̈ ̱ ‪ /‬ـ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܐ ܶ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ ̈ ܶ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܶ ‪ /‬ـ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܶܬ ܶ‬ ‫ܶܬ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܶ ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫̈‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫̱‪ /‬ـܺ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫̱‪ /‬ـ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ̈ ̱ ‪ /‬ـ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܳ ܽ‬ ‫‪K‬‬

‫‪P‛al‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫̱̈ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܬ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܬ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܬ ܺ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶܬ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬

‫ܶ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ ̈‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬

‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܰ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ̈‬ ‫‪J‬‬

20

276

‫ܣ ܙ‬, ‫ܨ‬, or ‫( ܫ‬ii. Active

Table 2. Regular ‘Strong’ Verbs with Initial Sibilant Letters , G M = Masculine F = Feminine

ܰ

H Initial ‫ܙ‬: ‫ ܬ‬turns into ‫ ܛ‬in

P‛al 26

3rd

30 31 32 33 34 35

Singular

29

3rd

36

38

3rd Singular

39 40

45 46 47 48 49

2nd

1st

3rd Plural

44

Passive Participle

41

43

2nd

1st

37

42

2nd

1st

Plural

28

Present Tense (Active Participle)

27

2nd

1st

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F

ܶ ‫ܳܨ‬ ‫ܳܨ ܳܒܐ‬ ‫ܳܨ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܳܨ ܰܒ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܨ ܶ ܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܳܨ ܳܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܳܨ ܺܒ‬ ‫ܳܨ ̈ ܳܒ‬ ܽ ‫ܳܨ ܺܒ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ ̈ ܳ ‫ܨ ܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܳܨ ܺܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܳܨ ̈ ܳܒ‬ ܺ ‫ܨ‬ ‫ܨ ܺ ܳܒܐ‬ ‫ܨ ܺ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܨ ܺ ܰܒ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܨ ܺ ܒ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܨ ܺ ܳܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܨ ܺ ܺܒ‬ ‫ܨ ܺ ̈ܳܒ‬ ܽ ‫ܨ ܺ ܺܒ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ̈ ܺ ‫ܨ ܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܨ ܺ ܺܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܨ ܺ ̈ܳܒ‬ G

ܶ ‫& ܶܐܬ‬

ܶ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

Ethp‛el

I

ܰ ܰ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al

ܶ ‫ܰ ܳܒܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰ ܰܒ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ ‫ܒ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܳܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܺܒ‬ ‫ܰ ܳܒ‬ ܽ ‫ܰ ܺܒ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ‫ܰ ܳܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܰ ܺܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܰ ̈ ܳܒ‬ H

ܰ ܰ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ̈ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ

ܶ

ܰܰ ܶ ‫ܶ ܰ ܳܒܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰܒ ̱ܝ‬ ܰ ‫ܶ ܰ ܒ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܳܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܺܒ‬ ‫ܶ ̈ ܰ ܳܒ‬ ܽ ‫ܶ ܰ ܺܒ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ‫ܶ ܰ ܳܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܶ ܰ ܺܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܶ ܰ ̈ ܳܒ‬ I

21

277

and Passive Participles—Continued) J

K

L

Initial ‫ܫ‬

ܶ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

ܰ P‛al

ܰ ܰ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

Ethp‛el

‫ܳܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ

Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al

ܶ ܳ

26

ܳ

27

ܳ

28

ܳ

29

ܶ ܳ

30

ܳ

31

ܳ

32

ܳ ̈ ܳ

33

ܽ

‫ܳ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ ̈ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܰ ܳ ̈ ܳ ܺ ‫ܺ ܳܐ‬ ܰ ܺ ‫ܺ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܺ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܺ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܺ ܳ̈ ܺ ܽ ‫ܺ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ̈ ܺ ܰ ܺ ܺ ܰ ܳ̈ ܺ J

34 35 36

ܶ ܰ ‫ܳܐ‬ ܰ ܰ ܰ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܳܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܰ ܳ ̈ ܰ ܽ ܰ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ̈ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܳ ̈ ܰ K

ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ

ܶ

37

ܰ ܰ ܶ

ܰ ‫ܳܐ‬ ܰ ܰ ܰ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ܰ ‫ܰ ܳܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܰ ܳ ̈ ܰ ܽ ܰ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ̈ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܳ ̈ ܰ

38

ܶ

39

ܶ

L

ܶ

40

ܶ

41

ܶ

42

ܶ

43

ܶ

44

ܶ

45

ܶ

46

ܶ ܶ

47 48

ܶ

49

22

278

Appendix

[This page is empty.]

23

Verb Paradigms

279

Table 3. Strong Verbs with Initial Verbs whose first letter is differ from the standard verb in Table 1 as follows: ܰ (Columns A-C): the future, imperative, and infinitive delete the initial 1. The

ܽ ݁ܶ

ܰ

ܽ݁ ܶ

. For example, past tense becomes future ‫ܩ‬ (A11), not ‫ܩ‬ , ܽ ܽ ݁ retaining the hard ‫ܦ‬. The imperative is ‫ܩ‬ (A21), not ‫ܩ‬ . The infinitive is

ܰ݁ ܶ

ܰ݁ ܶ

݁

(A25), not , again retaining the hard ‫ܦ‬. The past tense, present tense, and participles follow the same paradigms as Table 1. ܶ ‫ ܶܐܬ‬, ܶ ܰ and ܰ ܰ ‫ ܶܐܬ‬: these follow the same paradigm as Table 1. 2. The ݂ ݂ They are not shown in this table. ܰ ܶ ܶ ‫ ܰܐ‬and ܰ ‫ܐܬܬ‬ 3. The ܰ ܶ delete the initial ܰ ܶ in all ܰ (Columns ܶ D݁ ܰ & E): these ܶ ܰ ܰ ݁ ݁ ݁ tenses. For example, ‫( ܐ‬D1), not ‫ ; ܐ‬and ‫( ܐܬܬ‬E1), not ‫ܐܬܬ‬. In East Syriac, the deletion of the gives rise to the doubling of the second letter; e.g., ܰ ܶ ܰ ݁ ܶ meppaq, ܶ ݁ ‫ ܰܐ‬appeq, ܰ ݁ ‫ܐܬܬ‬ ݁ neppuq, ettappaq. (Recall that the ‫ ܦ‬in East Syriac is read as a p not as an f .)

‫ܶ݁ ܽ ܩ‬

24

280 Table 3. Regular ‘Strong’ Verbs with Initial (i. Past, Future, Imperative, and Infinitive) A M = Masculine F = Feminine C = Common (M & F) 1

4 5 6 7

Past Tense (Perfect)

3

8

3rd

9 10

17 18

3rd

19

1st

2nd

M F M F C M F

‫ܰ ܽ ܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ܰ

M F C

ܰ ܰ

M F M F C M F M F C

F M F

24 25

ܽ ܰ Past ◌, future ‫◌ܘ‬

M

Pl.

Imperative

21

23

2nd

Sing.

20

22

2nd 1st

Plural

16

Future Tense (Imperfect)

15

Singular

3rd

12

14

2nd 1st

11

13

2nd 1st

Plural

2

Singular

3rd

B

ܺ ܽ ‫ܽ ܽ ܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ܽ

Infinitive A

P‛al

ܰ

ܰ

ܰ ܶ ܰ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ ܶ ܰ / ̱ ̈ ܰ / ̱ ܽ ‫ܰ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ̈ ܰ ܰ / ‫ܶܽ ܩ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܽ ܩ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܽ ܩ‬ ܺ ‫ܶܬ‬ ܶ ‫ܐܽ ܩ‬ ‫ܶ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ̈ܶ ܶ ‫ܬ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ‫ܶܬ‬ ‫ܶܽ ܩ‬ ‫ܽ ܩ‬ ܽ / ̱ ܽ / ̱ ̈ ܽ / ̱ ܰ ܶ

C

ܰ ܰ

ܶ

ܰ

Past ◌, future ◌

Past ◌, future ◌

ܰ ‫ܶ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰ ܒ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܶܒ‬ ‫ ܰ ܽܒ ܢ‬/ ̱ ‫ܰ ܒ‬ ̈ ‫ ܰ ܶܒ‬/ ̱ ‫ܰ ̈ܒ‬ ܽ ‫ܰ ܒ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ̈ ܰ ‫ܒ‬ ܰ‫ ܰܒ‬/ ‫ܰܒ‬ ܰܶ ܰ ܶ‫ܬ‬ ܰ ܶ‫ܬ‬ ܶ ‫ܬ ܺܒ‬ ܰ ܶ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈ ܳܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܬ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ܶ ‫ܬ ̈ ܳܒ‬ ܰܶ ܰ ‫ ܰ ܺܒ‬/ ̱ ‫ܰ ܒ‬ ‫ ܰ ܽܒ ܢ‬/ ̱ ‫ܰ ܒ‬ ̈ ‫ ܰ ܶܒ‬/ ̱ ‫ܰ ̈ܒ‬ ܰ ܶ B

‫ܽ ܢ‬ ܶ

ܰ‫ـ‬

‫ܢ‬ ̈

ܰ

ܰ ܶ ܰ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ ܶ ܰ / ܰ ̱ ܰ̈ / ̈ ܰ ̱ ܽ ܰ ‫ܘܢ‬ ܶ ̈ ܰ ܰ / ܰ ܶܶ ܶ ‫ܶܬ‬ ܶ ‫ܶܬ‬ ܺ ‫ܶܬ‬ ܶ ܶ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ܶ ܶ ‫ܬ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ܶ‫ܬ‬ ܶܶ ܶ ܺ ܶ / ܶ ̱ ܽ ܶ / ܶ ̱ ܶ ܶ / ̈ ܶ ̱ ܰ ܶ C

‫‪25‬‬

‫‪281‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬

‫ܰܐ ܶ‬

‫‪Ettaph‛al‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫̱‪/‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫̱‪/‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰܬ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܶܰܬ ܺ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܬ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܬ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܬܬ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܬܬ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܬ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ ܺ‬ ‫̱‪/‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ ̈ ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫̱‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܬ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܬ ܳ ܽ‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫ܢ‬ ‫̈‬

‫̈‬

‫ܰ‬

‫ܢ‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬

‫‪Aph‛el‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܶ ̈‬

‫̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫̱ ‪/‬ܐܶܽ ܢ‬ ‫̱ ‪ܰ /‬ܐ ܶ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ̈‬ ‫‪ܰ /‬ܐ ܶ ܰ‬

‫ܰܬ ܶ‬ ‫ܰܬ ܶ‬ ‫ܰܬ ܺ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ̈ܳ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰܬ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܰܶ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ ‪ܰ /‬ܐ ܶ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ ‪ܰ /‬ܐ ܶ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ ̈ ‪ܰ /‬ܐ ܶ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰ ܳ ܽ‬ ‫‪D‬‬

‫ܺ‬ ‫ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈‬

26

282 Table 3. Regular ‘Strong’ Verbs with Initial (ii. Active and Passive Participles) A M = Masculine F = Feminine 26

3rd

30 31 32 33 34 35

Singular

29

3rd

36

38

3rd Singular

39 40

45 46 47 48 49

2nd

1st

3rd Plural

44

Passive Participle

41

43

2nd

1st

37

42

2nd

1st

Plural

28

Present Tense (Active Participle)

27

2nd

1st

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F

B P‛al

ܶ

ܽ ܰ Past ◌, future ‫◌ܘ‬ ܶ ‫ܳܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܳ̈ ܽ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ̈ ܰ ܺ ܰܳ̈

ܰ

‫ܳܒܐ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܒ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܺܒ‬ ‫̈ ܳܒ‬ ܽ ‫ܺܒ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ ̈ ‫ܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܺܒ‬ ܰ ‫̈ ܳܒ‬

ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ

A

ܺ ܺ ܺ ܺ ܺ ܺ ܺ ܺ ܺ

ܺ

Past ◌, future ◌

ܶ ܳ ܳ

ܺ

ܶ

ܰ

Past ◌, future ◌

ܺ ‫ܳܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܳ̈ ܽ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ̈ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܳ̈

C

ܰ

‫ܳܒܐ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܒ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܺܒ‬ ‫̈ ܳܒ‬ ܽ ܺ ‫ܒ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ̈ ‫ܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܺܒ‬ ܰ ‫̈ ܳܒ‬ B

ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܺ ܺ ܺ ܺ ܺ ܺ ܺ ܺ ܺ ܺ

ܺ

ܶܳ

ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ‫ܳ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳ ܶ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܳ ܳ ̈ܳ ܽ ‫ܳ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ ̈ܳ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܰ ܳ ̈ܳ ܺ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܺ ‫ܺ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܺ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܺ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܺ ܳ̈ ܺ ܽ ‫ܺ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ̈ ܺ ܰ ܺ ܺ ܰ ܳ̈ ܺ C

‫‪27‬‬

‫‪283‬‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬

‫ܰܐ ܶ‬

‫‪Ettaph‛al‬‬

‫‪Aph‛el‬‬

‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪39‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪41‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪42‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪43‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪44‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪45‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪49‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫ܰܬ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܬ ݁‬ ‫ܰܬ ݁‬ ‫ܰܬ ݁‬ ‫ܰܬ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܬ ݁‬ ‫ܰܬ ݁‬ ‫ܰܬ ݁ ̈‬ ‫ܰܬ ݁‬ ‫ܰܬ ݁‬ ‫ܰܬ ݁‬ ‫ܰܬ ݁‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܳ ܶ̈‬ ‫ܺ ܰ‬ ‫̈ܳ ܰ‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܰ݁‬ ‫ܰ݁‬ ‫ܰ݁‬ ‫ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܰ݁‬ ‫ܰ݁‬ ‫ܰ݁̈‬ ‫ܰ݁‬ ‫ܰ݁‬ ‫ܰ݁‬ ‫ܰ݁̈‬ ‫ܰ ݁ܰ‬ ‫ܰ݁‬ ‫ܰ݁‬ ‫ܰ݁‬ ‫ܰ ݁ܰ‬ ‫ܰ݁‬ ‫ܰ݁‬ ‫ܰ݁̈‬ ‫ܰ݁‬ ‫ܰ݁‬ ‫ܰ݁‬ ‫ܰ݁̈‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܳ ܶ̈‬ ‫ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܳܰ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܳ ܶ̈‬ ‫ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܳܰ‬ ‫‪D‬‬

28

284

Appendix

[This page is empty.]

29

Verb Paradigms

285

Table 4. Strong Verbs Ending in a Guttural (‫ܗ‬, ‫ܚ‬, ‫ )ܥ‬or ‫ܪ‬ Verbs whose last letter is a guttural (i.e., ‫ܗ‬, ‫ܚ‬, or second letter (i.e., just before the guttural); e.g.,

‫ )ܥ‬orܶ ‫ ܪ‬tend to have anܶ ◌ܰ vowel on the ܰ ‫( ܐܬܒ‬C1), not ܶ ‫( ܰܒ ܰ ;ܐܬܒ‬D1), not

ܶ ‫( ܰܐܒ ܰ ; ܰܒ‬F1), not ܶ ‫ ܰܐܒ‬. This is the only difference between Table 4 and Table 1. Note ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰ ‫( ܶܐܬ‬Column E) and ܰ ‫ܐܬܬ‬ that the measures (Column G) already end in ◌.

30

286

‫ܚ ܗ‬, ‫ )ܥ‬or ‫( ܪ‬i. Past, Future, Imperative,

Table 4. Regular ‘Strong’ Verbs Ending in a Guttural ( , A

ܰ

M = Masculine F = Feminine C = Common (M & F) 1

5 6 7 8

3rd

9 10

17 18

3rd

19

1st

2nd

F M F C M F

‫ܽ ܢ‬ ̈ܶ

M F C

ܰ

M F M F C M F M F C

F M F

24 25

M

M

Pl.

Imperative

21

23

2nd

Sing.

20

22

2nd 1st

Plural

16

Future Tense (Imperfect)

15

Singular

3rd

12

14

2nd 1st

11

13

2nd 1st

Plural

4

Past Tense (Perfect)

3

Singular

3rd

2

Ending in guttural

Infinitive

ܺ ‫ܽ ܢ‬ ̈ܶ

ܰ‫ܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܶܒ‬ ܰ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܒ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ ‫ܶܒ‬ ܰ‫ܒ‬/ ܰ‫ܒ‬ ̱ ܰ‫ܒ‬/ ̈ ܰ‫ܒ‬ ̱ ܽ ܰ ‫ܒ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ̈ ܰ ‫ܒ‬ ܰ‫ܒ‬/ ܰ‫ܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܶܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܶܬܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܶܬܒ‬ ܺ ‫ܶܬܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܶܐܒ‬ ‫ܶܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ‫ܶܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ‫ܶܬܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܶܒ‬ ܰ‫ܒ‬ ܰ‫ܒ‬/ ܰ‫ܒ‬ ̱ ܰ‫ܒ‬/ ܰ‫ܒ‬ ̱ ܰ‫ܒ‬/ ̈ ܰ‫ܒ‬ ̱ ܰ ‫ܶܒ‬ A

B

C

Ending in ‫ܪ‬

Ethp‛el

ܶ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

P‛al

ܰ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܶܓ ܰ ܬ‬ ‫ܓܰ ܬ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ̱ ܰ‫ܓ‬ ‫ܶܓ ܶ ܬ‬ ‫ ܓ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ‬/ ‫ܓ ܰ ̱ܘ‬ ̈ ܶ ܰ ‫ ܓ‬/ ‫ܓ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ܽ ‫ܓ ܰ ܬܘܢ‬ ܶ ‫ܓܰ ܬ‬ ܰ ܰ‫ܓ‬/‫ܓܰ ܢ‬ ‫ܶܓ ܽ ܪ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܓ ܽ ܪ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܓ ܽ ܪ‬ ܺ ‫ܶܬܓ‬ ܶ ‫ܐܓ ܽ ܪ‬ ‫ܶܓ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶܓ ܳ ܢ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܓ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܓ ܳ ܢ‬ ‫ܶܓ ܽ ܪ‬ ‫ܓܽ ܪ‬ ‫ ܓ ܽ ܺܪ‬/ ‫ܪܝ‬ ̱ ܽ‫ܓ‬ ‫ ܓ ܽ ܽܪܘܢ‬/ ‫ܓ ܽ ̱ܪܘ‬ ܶ ‫ ܓ ܽ ̈ܪ‬/ ‫ܓ ܽ ̈ܪ̱ܝ‬ ܰ ‫ܶܓ‬ B

‫ܽ ܢ‬ ̈ܶ

ܰ

ܺ ‫ܽ ܢ‬ ̈ܶ

ܰ ‫ܶܐܬܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܶܐܬܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰܒ‬ ܰ ‫ ܶܐܬܒ‬/ ܰ ‫ܶܐܬܒ‬ ̱ ܰ ‫ ܶܐܬܒ‬/ ̈ ܰ ‫ܶܐܬܒ‬ ̱ ܽ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐܬܒ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ̈ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐܬܒ‬ ܰ ‫ ܶܐܬܒ‬/ ܰ ‫ܶܐܬܒ‬ ܰ‫ܶ ܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܶܬܬܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܶܬܬܒ‬ ܺ ‫ܶܬܬ ܰܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܶܐܬܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ‫ܶ ܰܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܬ ܰܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ‫ܶܬܬ ܰܒ‬ ܰ‫ܶ ܒ‬ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐܬܒ‬ ܰ ܶ / ̱ ‫ܐܬܒ‬ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐܬܒ‬ ܰ ܶ / ̱ ‫ܐܬܒ‬ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐܬܒ‬ ܰ ܶ / ̱ ̈ ‫ܐܬܒ‬ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐܬܒ‬ ܽ ܳ‫ܶ ܒ‬ C

‫‪31‬‬

‫‪287‬‬

‫)‪and Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫ܰܐ ܶ‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪Ettaph‛al‬‬

‫‪Aph‛el‬‬

‫‪Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al‬‬

‫‪Pa‛el / Pa‛‛el‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐܒ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐܒ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܰܐܒ ܰ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ ̈ ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܰܐܒ ܰ ̈ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܒ ܰ‬ ‫̱‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܒ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐܒ ܰ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܰ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܰ ܰ ܰܐܒ ܰ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܰ‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܬܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܰܬܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܰܬܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܰܬܒ ܺ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܺ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܬܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ̈ܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܬ̈ܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܰܬ̈ܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܬܬ̈ܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܬܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐܒ ܰ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܰ ܺ‬ ‫̱‪/‬‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܰܐܒ ܰ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ ̈ ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܰܐܒ ܰ ̈ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܒ ܰ‬ ‫̱‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰܒܳ ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܬܒ ܳ ܽ‬ ‫‪G‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬

‫ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ̈‬

‫ܰ‬

‫ܺ‬ ‫ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ̈‬

‫ܶܐܬܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܐܬܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܐܬܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܰܒ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶܐܬܰܒ ܶ‬ ‫ܶܐܬܰܒ ܰ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶܐܬܰܒ ܰ ̈ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶܐܬܰܒ ܰ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶܐܬܰܒ ܰ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܬܬܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܬܬܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܬܬܰܒ ܺ‬ ‫ܶܐܬܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬܬܰܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶܬܬܰܒ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܐܬܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܐܬܰܒ ܰ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶܐܬܰܒ ܰ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶܐܬܰܒ ܰ ̈ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ܳ ܽ‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫ܰ ܶ‬

‫ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ̈‬

‫ܰ‬

‫ܺ‬ ‫ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ̈‬

‫ܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܶ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ ‪ܰ /‬ܒ ܰ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ ̈ ‪ܰ /‬ܒ ܰ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܒ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ ‪ܰ /‬ܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܰܒ ܺ‬ ‫ܐܶܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰܒ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܬܰܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܬܰܒ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ ‪ܰ /‬ܒ ܰ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ ‪ܰ /‬ܒ ܰ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ ̈ ‪ܰ /‬ܒ ܰ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰܒ ܳ ܽ‬ ‫‪D‬‬

‫ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ̈‬

‫ܰ‬

‫ܺ‬ ‫ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ̈‬

32

288

‫ܚ ܗ‬, ‫ )ܥ‬or ‫( ܪ‬ii. Active and

Table 4. Regular ‘Strong’ Verbs Ending in a Guttural ( , A M = Masculine F = Feminine

P‛al Ending in guttural

26

3rd

30 31 32 33 34 35

Singular

29

3rd

36

38

3rd Singular

39 40

45 46 47 48 49

2nd

1st

3rd Plural

44

Passive Participle

41

43

2nd

1st

37

42

2nd

1st

Plural

28

Present Tense (Active Participle)

27

2nd

1st

M F M F M F M F M F M F

‫ܳܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܳ ܽ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܰܳ

M F M F M F M F M F M F

‫ܳܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܳ̈ ܽ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ̈ ܰ ܺ ܰܳ̈ A

ܰ ‫ܳܒ‬ ‫ܳܒ‬ ‫ܳܒ‬ ‫ܳܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܳܒ‬ ‫ܳܒ‬ ‫ܳܒ‬ ̈ ‫ܳܒ‬ ‫ܳܒ‬ ̈ ‫ܳܒ‬ ‫ܳܒ‬ ̈ ‫ܳܒ‬ ܺ‫ܒ‬ ܺ‫ܒ‬ ܺ‫ܒ‬ ܺ‫ܒ‬ ܺ‫ܒ‬ ܺ‫ܒ‬ ܺ‫ܒ‬ ܺ‫ܒ‬ ܺ‫ܒ‬ ܺ‫ܒ‬ ܺ‫ܒ‬ ܺ‫ܒ‬

B

C

Ending in ‫ܪ‬

Ethp‛el

ܶ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

ܰ

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰܬ‬ ܰ ‫ܬܝ‬ ̱ ܳ ܳܳ ܺ ‫ܳܢ‬ ܽ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ‫ܳܬ‬ ܰ ܺ ܰܳ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰܬ‬ ܰ ‫ܬܝ‬ ̱ ܳ ܳܳ ܺ ‫ܳܢ‬ ܽ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ‫ܳܬ‬ ܰ ܺ ܰܳ B

ܰ ‫ܳܓ‬ ‫ܳܓ‬ ‫ܳܓ‬ ‫ܳܓ‬ ܰ ‫ܳܓ‬ ‫ܳܓ‬ ‫ܳܓ‬ ‫ܳܓ‬ ‫ܳܓ‬ ‫ܳܓ‬ ‫ܳܓ‬ ‫ܳܓ‬

ܺ‫ܓ‬ ܺ‫ܓ‬ ܺ‫ܓ‬ ܺ‫ܓ‬ ܺ‫ܓ‬ ܺ‫ܓ‬ ܺ‫ܓ‬ ܺ‫ܓ‬ ܺ‫ܓ‬ ܺ‫ܓ‬ ܺ‫ܓ‬ ܺ‫ܓ‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܳ ܽ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܰܳ C

ܰ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ܰ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ̈ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ̈ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ̈ ‫ܰܒ‬

ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ

‫‪33‬‬

‫‪289‬‬

‫)‪Passive Participles‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫ܰܐ ܶ‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪G‬‬

‫‪Ettaph‛al‬‬

‫‪Aph‛el‬‬

‫‪Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al‬‬

‫‪Pa‛el / Pa‛‛el‬‬

‫ܰܒܰ‬

‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪38‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪39‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪41‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪42‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪43‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪44‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪45‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪48‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪49‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܰܬܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ‬ ‫ܰܬܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ‬ ‫ܰ̈‬ ‫ܬܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ‬ ‫ܰ̈‬ ‫ܬܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ‬ ‫ܰ̈‬ ‫ܬܒ‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܳ ܶ‬ ‫ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܳܰ‬ ‫‪G‬‬

‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܒ‬ ‫ܰܒܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܒ‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܳ ܶ‬ ‫ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܳܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܳ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܽ‬ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܳ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܳܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫ܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ ̈‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ ̈‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ ̈‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܳ ܶ‬ ‫ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܳܰ‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫̈ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫̈ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫̈ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫̈ ܰܒ‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܳ ܶ̈‬ ‫ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܳܰ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܳ ܶ̈‬ ‫ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܳܰ‬ ‫‪D‬‬

34

290

Appendix

Table 5. Initial ‫ ܐ‬Verbs

ܶ

Unlike strong verbs, initial ‫ ܐ‬verbs take a vowel, ◌, on the first letter; e.g.,

ܰ ܶ‫‘ ܐ‬he ate’, ܰ ܶ‫ܐ‬

ܶ ‫‘ ܰܰܐܙܠ‬he went’. Compare this with strong verbs whose first letter does not take a ܰ . vowel like ‫ ܒ‬, The paradigm of initial ‫ ܐ‬verbs differs substantially from that of Table 1 as follows: ܰ (Table 5, Columns A & B): 1. The ܶ ܰ ݂ ܶ‫( ܐ‬compare with a. Past (A1-A10 & B1-B10), the initial ‫ ܐ‬is retained as in ܰ regular ‫ ܒ‬which has no vowel on the first letter). b. Future (A11-A20 & B11-B20), orthographically it looks like the regular ܽ ܶ ܽ ܶ strong verb; e.g., ‫( ܐ ݂ ܠ‬compare with regular ‫ܘܒ‬ ), but here the initial ܽ ‫ ܐ‬is silent (but never underlined). When the future vowel is ◌, then the ܶ ܰ ܽ ܶ prefix vowel is ◌ as in ‫( ܐ ݂ ܠ‬A11), but when the future vowel is ◌, then ܺ ܰ ‫( ܺ ܐ‬B11). the prefix vowel is ◌ as in ܰ ܽܰ c. Imperative (A21-A24 & B21-B24), the vowel on ‫ ܐ‬is ◌ as in ‫ܐ ݂ ܠ‬ ܽ (compare with regular ‫ ܘܒ‬which has no vowel on the first letter). But in ܺ cases when the future prefix vowel is ◌, the initial ‫ ܐ‬is silent and can be ܰ underlined as in ̱ ‫( ܐ‬B21). ‘he said’,

d. Infinitive (A25 & B25), like the future, it is written like the regular verb, but the ‫ ܐ‬is silent (and not underlined). The vowel on the prefix follows the ܶ ܰ ‫( ܶ ܐ‬A25), while ◌ܺ in ܰ ‫( ܺ ܐ‬B25). vowel of the future: ◌ in e. Present or active participle (A26-A37 & B26-B37) is regular and follows Table 1. ܰ ܺ ݂ ‫ܰܐ‬ f. Passive participle (A38-A49 & B38-B49), the vowel on ‫ ܐ‬is ◌ as in ܺ ‫( ܰܐ‬compare with regular ܺ which has no vowel on the first and letter).

ܶ ‫( ܶܐܬ‬Column C): The ◌ܶ vowel of ܰ ܶ‫ ܐ‬is retained, but moves to the ܶܶ ܶ ݂ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ܶ ܶ‫ ; ܶܐܬܐ‬future ܶ ݂ ‫( ܶ ܶ ܐ‬C11), not ܶ ܶ‫; ܶ ܐ‬ prefix; e.g., past (C1), not ܰܶ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܽ ܳܶ ܶ imperative not ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ; infinitive ‫ܐ‬ (C25), not ‫; ܐ‬ ݂ ݂ ‫( ܐܬܐ‬C21), ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ passive participle ݂ ‫( ܐ‬C38), not ‫ ܰ ܐ‬.ܰ ܶ Whenever a verb ܶ a vowel on ܰ ܰ has the initial ‫ܐ‬, it too moves to the prefix; e.g., ‫ܐܬܐ‬. ݂ ‫( ܐܬܐ‬C2), not

2. The

35

Verb Paradigms

291

ܶ ܰ

3. The (Column D): a. Past (D1-D10) is regular.

ܰ

b. Future (D11-D20), as in the future of the (A11-A20), the vowel of ܰ ܶ ݂ ‫( ܰ ܐ‬D11), not ܶ ‫ܰܐ‬ the ‫ܐ‬, ◌ in this case, moves to the prefix; e.g., ܶ ܰ (compare with regular ‫) ܒ‬. c. Imperative (D21-D24), here too the vowel of ‫ ܐ‬moves to the prefix as in d.

ܰܶ ݂ ‫( ܐܬܐ‬D21). ܽ ܳ ܰ ܰ Infinitive (D25), the ◌ vowel of the ‫ ܐ‬moves to the prefix; e.g., ݂‫ܐ‬ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܳܰ ܽ (D25), not ‫( ܐ‬compare with regular ‫) ܒ‬.

e. Present or active participle (D26-D37) and passive participle (D38-D49), ܶ ݂ ‫( ܰ ܐ‬D26), not here too the vowel of the ‫ ܐ‬moves to the prefix; e.g., ܰ ܰܶ ‫( ܰ ܐ ݂ ܰ ; ܶܐ‬D38), notܶ ܰ ‫ ܐ‬. ܰ ܰ ‫( ݂ܐܬ‬Column E): The ◌ vowel of ܰ ܶ‫ ܐ‬is retained, but moves to the 4. The prefix as 2 above. ܶ ‫( ܰܐ‬Column F): The ‫ ܐ‬of ܰ ܶ‫ ܐ‬turns into a ‫ ܘ‬throughout the column; e.g., 5. The ܶ ݁ ‫( ܰܐܘ‬F1), not ܶ ‫ ; ܰܐܐ‬future ܶ ݁ ܰ (F11), not ܶ ‫ ; ܰ ܐ‬imperative ܶ ݁ ‫ܰܐܘ‬ past

ܶ ܰ

ܽ ܳ݁ ܰ

ܽ ܳ ܰ

‫ ; ܐܐ‬infinitive (F25), not ‫ ; ܐ‬present (active participle) (F21), not ܶ ݁ ܰ (F26), not ܶ ‫ ; ܰ ܐ‬and passive participle ܰ ݁ ܰ (F38), not ܰ ‫ ܰ ܐ‬. ܰ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐܬܬ‬ 6. The (Column G): The ‫ ܐ‬turns into a ‫ ܘ‬as in 5.

36

292

‫ܐ‬

Table 5. Initial Verbs (i. Past, Future, Imperative, and Infinitive) A

1

5 6 7 8

3rd

9 10

17 18

3rd

19

1st

2nd

M F M F C M F M F C M F M F C M F M F C

F M F

24 25

ܽ

Future ‫◌ܘ‬

M

Pl.

Imperative

21

23

2nd

Sing.

20

22

2nd 1st

Plural

16

Future Tense (Imperfect)

15

Singular

3rd

12

14

2nd 1st

11

13

2nd 1st

Plural

4

Past Tense (Perfect)

3

Singular

3rd

2

Infinitive

B

ܰ

M = Masculine F = Feminine C = Common (M & F)

ܰܶ

‫ܐ‬ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ܶ‫ܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܐ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫ܐ‬ ܶ ܽ ܰܶ ܰ ‫ܐ ܢ‬/ ̱ ‫ܐ‬ ̈ ܶ ܰ ܶ‫ ܐ‬/ ̱ ̈ ܰ ܶ‫ܐ‬ ܽ ܶ ‫ܐ ܰ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ̈ ܰܶ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ܰ ܶ‫ ܐ‬/ ܰ ܶ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶܐ ܽ ܠ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܐ ܽ ܠ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܐ ܽ ܠ‬ ܺ ܶ ‫ܬܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܐܽ ܠ‬ ܽ ‫ܶܐ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ܶ ‫ܐ‬ ܽ ܶ ‫ܬܐ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ܶ ‫ܬܐ‬ ܽ ‫ܶܐ ܠ‬ ܰ ‫ܐܽ ܠ‬ ܺ ܽ ‫ ܰܐ‬/ ܽ ‫ܰܐ‬ ̱ ܰ ܰ ‫ ܐܽ ܽ ܢ‬/ ̱ ܽ‫ܐ‬ ̈ ܶ ܽ ‫ ܰܐ‬/ ̱ ̈ ܽ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܰ‫ܶܐ‬ A

P‛al

C

ܶ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

ܰ

Future ◌

‫ܽ ܘܢ‬ ̈ܶ

ܰ

ܺ ‫ܽ ܘܢ‬ ܶ

‫ܐ‬ ܰ‫ܐܶ ܬ‬ ܶ ‫ܐܰ ܬ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܝ‬ ̱ ܰ‫ܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܐ ܶܬ‬ ܰ ܶ‫ ܐ‬/ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ̱ܘ‬ ܰ ܶ‫ ܐ‬/ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ܽ ܶ ‫ܐ ܰ ܬܘܢ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫ܐܰ ܬ‬ ܰ ܶ‫ ܐ‬/ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ܢ‬ ܰ ‫ܺܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܺܬܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܺܬܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܺܬܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܺܐ‬ ‫ܺ ܐ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܺܐ ܳ ܢ‬ ܺ ‫ܬܐ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ܺ ‫ܬܐ ܳ ܢ‬ ܰ ‫ܺܐ‬ ܰ ̱‫ܐ‬ ܰ ̱‫ ܐ‬/ ‫ܐ̱ ܰ ܝ‬ ܰ ̱‫ ܐ‬/ ‫ܐ̱ ܰ ܘ‬ ܰ ̱‫ ܐ‬/ ‫ܐ̱ ܰ ܝ‬ ܰ‫ܺܐ‬ B

Ethp‛el

ܰܶ

ܽ

‫ܢ‬ ̈ ܶ

ܰ

ܺ ‫ܢ‬ ̈ ܶ

ܽ

ܶܶ ܶ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ܰ ܰܶ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ܶܶ ܶ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ܶܶ ‫ܐܬܐ ܶ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ ܰܶ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ܶܶ ܶܶ ܶ ܶ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ / ̱ ܶܶ ̈ ܶ ܶܶ ܶ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ / ̱ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ܽ ܶ ܶܶ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ܶ ̈ ܶ ܶܶ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ܶܶ ܶܶ ܶ ܶ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ / ܶ ‫ܶ ܶܐ‬ ܶܶ ܶ ‫ܬܬܐ‬ ܶܶ ܶ ‫ܬܬܐ‬ ܺ ܰܶ ‫ܬܬ‬ ܶܶ ܶ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ܽ ܰ ‫ܶ ܐ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐ‬ ܽ ܰܶ ‫ܬܬܐ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ܰܶ ‫ܬܬܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܶ ܶܐ‬ ܰܶ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ܰܶ ܰܶ ‫ ܐܬܐ‬/ ̱ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ܰܶ ܰܶ ‫ ܐܬܐ‬/ ̱ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ܰܶ ̈ ܰܶ ‫ ܐܬܐ‬/ ̱ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܶ ‫ܐ‬ C

‫‪37‬‬

‫‪293‬‬

‫‪G‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫ܰܐ ܶ‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪Ettaph‛al‬‬

‫‪Aph‛el‬‬

‫‪Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al‬‬

‫‪Pa‛el / Pa‛‛el‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐܘ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐܘ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐܘ ܶ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܰܐܘ ܶ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܘ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫̱‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ ̈ ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܰܐܘ ܶ ̈ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܘ ܶ‬ ‫̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܘ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐܘ ܶ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܰ ܰܐܘ ܶ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܘ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܰܬܘ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܰܬܘ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܶܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܬܬܘ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐܘ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܬܘ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܶܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܬܘ ܢ‬ ‫ܬܬܘ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܶܰ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܬܬܘ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐܘ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܰܐܘ ܶ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܘ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ̱ ‪ /‬ܐܬܬܘ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܽ ܢ ܰܐܘ ܶ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܘ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ ̈ ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܰܐܘ ܶ ̈ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܘ ܶ‬ ‫̱‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰ ܳ ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܳ ܽ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫‪G‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬

‫ܽ‬

‫ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈‬

‫ܰ‬

‫ܽ‬

‫ܺ‬ ‫ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈‬

‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܐ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܐ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܐ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܐ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܐܬܐ ܰ‬ ‫̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ‫ܶܰ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܐ ܰ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܐ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܐ ܰ‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰܐ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܐ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܐ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܬܬܐ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܐ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ܐ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܶܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܬܬܐ ܢ‬ ‫ܶܰ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܬܬܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܐ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܐ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܐ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܐ ܰ‬ ‫̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܐ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܐ ܰ‬ ‫̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܐܬܐ ܰ‬ ‫̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܳ ܽ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫ܰ ܶ‬

‫ܽ‬

‫ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈‬

‫ܰ‬

‫ܽ‬

‫ܺ‬ ‫ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈‬

‫ܰܐ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܶ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ ‪ܰ /‬ܐ ܶ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ ̈ ‪ܰ /‬ܐ ܶ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ ‪ܰ /‬ܐ ܶ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ‬ ‫ܰܬܐ ܶ‬ ‫ܰܬܐ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܬܐ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܬܐ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ ‪ܰ /‬ܐ ܶ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ ‪ܰ /‬ܐ ܶ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ ̈ ‪ܰ /‬ܐ ܶ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰ ܳ ܽ‬ ‫ܐ‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫ܽ‬

‫ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈‬

‫ܰ‬

‫ܽ‬

‫ܺ‬ ‫ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈‬

38

294

‫ܐ‬

Table 5. Initial Verbs (ii. Active and Passive Participles) A M = Masculine F = Feminine 26

31 32 33 34 35

Singular

3rd

36

38

3rd Singular

39 40

45 46 47 48 49

2nd

1st

3rd Plural

44

Passive Participle

41

43

2nd

1st

37

42

2nd

1st

Plural

30

Present Tense (Active Participle)

29

Future ‫◌ܘ‬ 3rd

27 28

ܽ

B

2nd

1st

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F

P‛al

ܶ ‫ܳܐ‬ ܳ ܳ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ܳ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ܳ ‫̱ܝ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ܳ‫ܳܐ ܶ ܐ‬ ܳ ܳ ‫ܐ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܳ ‫ܐ‬ ܳ ̈ܳ ‫ܐ‬ ܽ ܺ ܳ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ܶ ܳ ̈ܳ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ܺ ‫ܳܐ‬ ܰ ܳ ̈ ‫ܳܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܳ ܺܰ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܐ ܺ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ܰ ‫ܐ ܺ ܳܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܐ ܺ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܳ ̈ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܰ ܽ ‫ܐ ܺ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ̈ ܺܰ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ܺ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܰܐ ܺ ̈ ܳ ـ‬

A

C

ܶ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

ܰ ܰ

Future ◌

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰܬ‬ ܰ ‫ܬܝ‬ ̱ ܳ ܳܳ ܺ ‫ܳܢ‬ ܽ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ ‫ܬ‬ ܰ ܺ ܰܳ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰܬ‬ ܰ ‫ܬܝ‬ ̱ ܳ ܳܳ ܺ ‫ܳܢ‬ ܽ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ ‫ܬ‬ ܰ ܺ ܰܳ B

ܰ ‫ܳܐ‬ ܳ ‫ܐ‬ ܳ ‫ܐ‬ ܳ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܳܐ‬ ܳ ‫ܐ‬ ܳ ‫ܐ‬ ܳ ‫ܐ‬ ܳ ‫ܐ‬ ܳ ‫ܐ‬ ܳ ‫ܐ‬ ܳ ‫ܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬

Ethp‛el

‫̱ܝ‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬

ܽ ‫ܘܢ‬ ̈ܶ ܰ ܰ̈ C

ܶ ‫ܶ ܶܐ‬ ܳ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܶ ܶܐ‬ ܳ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐ‬ ܺ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐ‬ ܳ ̈ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐ‬ ܺ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐ‬ ܳ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐ‬ ܺ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐ‬ ܳ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐ‬

‫‪39‬‬

‫‪295‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫ܰܐ ܶ‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪G‬‬

‫‪Ettaph‛al‬‬

‫‪Aph‛el‬‬

‫‪Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al‬‬

‫‪Pa‛el / Pa‛‛el‬‬

‫ܰ ܶ‬

‫‪26‬‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬

‫‪28‬‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬

‫‪29‬‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪30‬‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪31‬‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪32‬‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪33‬‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪34‬‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪35‬‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪36‬‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪37‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪38‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪39‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪41‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪42‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪43‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪44‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪45‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪46‬‬

‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪49‬‬

‫ܰܐܶ‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫ܰ‬

‫‪27‬‬

‫‪47‬‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܰܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܰܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬

‫ܳܐ‬

‫̱ܝ‬

‫ܳܐ‬

‫ܽ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫‪G‬‬

‫ܘܢ‬

‫ܰ ܶ‬

‫̱ܝ‬

‫ܶ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܺ ܽ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫̈ ܳ ܶ‬ ‫ܺ ܰ‬ ‫̈ ܳ ܰ‬

‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ܳ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫̱ܝ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܳܐ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܽ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܘܢ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܰ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫ܰܐ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܐ‬

‫ܳܐ‬

‫̱ܝ‬

‫ܳܐ‬

‫ܽ‬

‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ̈‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰܐܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫̈ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰܐܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰܐܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܐ‬

‫ܳܐ‬

‫̱ܝ‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܽ‬

‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ̈‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬

‫ܳܐ‬

‫̱ܝ‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܽ‬

‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ̈‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫‪D‬‬

40

296

Appendix

[This page is empty.]

41

Verb Paradigms

Table 6. Middle ‫ ܐ‬Verbs Verbs whose middle (i.e., second) letter is peculiarities:

‫ܐ‬

like

297

‫ܶ ܐܠ‬

‘asked’ have the following

ܰ

1. The (Table 6, Column A): ܶ a. Past (A1-A10), the vowel of the past is usually ◌ but moves from ‫ ܐ‬back to

ܶ

the previous letter as in ‫( ܶ ܐܠ‬A1), not ‫ ܐܠ‬. ܰ b. Future (A11-A20), the vowel of the future is ◌ and also moves to the ܰ ܶ ܶ previous consonant as in ‫( ܰ ܐܠ‬A11), not ‫ ܐܠ‬. In cases when the suffix ܶ ܰ ܺ ‫( ܶܬ ܶ ܐ‬A14), ‫ܶ ܶ ܐ ܽ ܢ‬ begins with a consonant, an ◌ replaces the ◌ as in (A16), etc. c. Imperative (A21-A24) and infinitive (A25), the vowel also moves to the ܰ ܶ (A25), not previous consonant; e.g., ‫( ܰ ܐܠ‬A21), not ‫ܰ ܐܠ ; ܐܠ‬

ܰ ‫ ܶ ܐܠ‬.

d. Present or active participle (A26-37), is regular as in Table 1, but in the sing. ܶ 3rd masc. (A26), the ‫ ܐ‬is read as if it were a ‫ ;ܝ‬e.g., ‫ ܳ ܐܠ‬shoyel. e. Passive participle (A38-A49), the vowel moves back to the previous ܺ consonant as well; e.g., ‫( ܺ ܐ‬A38), not ‫ ܐ‬.

ܶ

ܶ

2. The ‫( ݂ܐܬ‬Column B): In the of ‫ ܐ‬moves back to the ܶ ܶ ܶentire column, ܶ the vowel previous consonant; e.g., ‫ܐܠ‬ ‫( ܐ‬B1), not ‫ܐ ܐܠ‬. Also note that this verb is ‫ܫ‬-initial, and metathesisܶ takes places as in Table 2, Column K. ܶ ܰ and ܰ ܰ ‫( ܐܬ‬Columns C & D): They are regular, but the ‫ ܐ‬with a vowel 3. The ݂

ܶ

ܶ

on it is pronounced as if it were a ‫ ;ܝ‬e.g., ‫ ܰ ܐܠ‬shayel (C1), ‫ ܰ ܐܠ‬nshayel (C11), ܽ ‫ ܰ ܳܐ‬mshayolu (C25), ‫ ܰ ܶܐܠ‬mshayel (C26), ‫ ܰ ܰܐܠ‬mshayal (C38); ‫ܐܶ ܰ ܰܐܠ‬ ܰܰ ܶ ܽ ‫ ܶ ܰ ܳܐ‬meshtayolu (D25), etc. eshtayal (D1), ‫ܐܠ‬ neshtayal (D11), ܶ ‫( ܰܐ‬Column E): It is regular, but the vowel of ‫ ܐ‬moves to the previous 4. The

ܰ

ܶ ܰ

consonant; e.g., ‫( ܐ ܶ ܐܠ‬E1), not ‫ܐ ܐܠ‬, etc. The passive participle (E38-49) is not attested in the language. ܰ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐܬܬ‬ 5. The (Column F): It is not attested in the language.

42

298

‫ܐ‬

Table 6. Middle Verbs (i. Past, Future, Imperative, and Infinitive) A

1

5 6 7 8

3rd

9 10

17 18

3rd

19

1st

2nd

M F C M F

‫ܢ‬ ̈

ܽ ‫ܶܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܶܐ‬

M F C

ܰ ‫ܶܐ‬

M F M F C M F M F C

F M F

24 25

F

M

Pl.

Imperative

21

23

2nd

Sing.

20

22

2nd 1st

Plural

16

Future Tense (Imperfect)

15

Singular

3rd

12

14

2nd 1st

11

13

2nd 1st

Plural

4

Past Tense (Perfect)

3

Singular

3rd

2

P‛al M

ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܽ ܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ‫ܰܐ‬

Infinitive A

B

C

Ethp‛el

Pa‛el / Pa‛‛el

ܶ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

ܰ

M = Masculine F = Feminine C = Common (M & F)

‫ܶ ܐܠ‬ ܰ ‫ܶܐ‬ ‫ܶܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܐ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ ‫ܶܐ‬ / ̱ ‫ܶܐ‬ ̈ / ̱ ‫ܶܐ‬ ܽ ‫ܶ ܐ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ̈ ܶ ‫ܐ‬ / ‫ܶܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܐܠ‬ ܶ ‫ܬ ܰ ܐܠ‬ ܶ ‫ܬ ܰ ܐܠ‬ ܺ ‫ܶܬ ܶ ܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܐ ܰ ܐܠ‬ ‫ܶ ܶܐ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ‫ܶ ̈ܶ ܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܬ ܶܐ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ‫ܶܬ ̈ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܐܠ‬ ‫ܰ ܐܠ‬ / ̱ ‫ܰܐ‬ / ̱ ‫ܰܐ‬ ̈ / ̱ ‫ܰܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܐܠ‬

‫ܐ ܽ ܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ‫ܶܐ‬

ܶ

ܰ ‫ܶܐ‬

ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܐ ܽ ܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ‫ܰܐ‬

ܶ ܶ ‫ܐ ܐܠ‬ ܰ ‫ܐܶ ܶ ܐ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫ܐ ܐ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ ‫ܐܶ ܶ ܐ‬ ܶ ܶ ܶ ‫ܐ‬/ ̱ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ܶ ̈ ܶ ܶ ‫ ܐ‬/̱ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ܽ ܶ ܶ ‫ܐ ܐ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܶ ̈ܶ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ܶ ܶ ܶ ‫ܐ‬/ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܶ ܐܠ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫ܬ ܐܠ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫ܬ ܐܠ‬ ܺ ‫ܬܶ ܶ ܐ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫ܐ ܐܠ‬ ܶ ‫ܶ ܐ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ‫ܶ ̈ ܶܐ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫ܬ ܐ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ‫ܬܶ ̈ ܶ ܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܶ ܐܠ‬ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐ ܐܠ‬ ܶ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐ‬/ ̱ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ܶ ܰ ܶ ‫ ܐ‬/̱ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ܶ ̈ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐ‬/ ̱ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ܽ ‫ܶ ܳܐ‬ B

ܶ ܰ

‫ܢ‬ ̈

ܽ ܶ‫ܰ ܐ‬ ܶ ܶ‫ܰ ܐ‬ ܰ ܶ‫ܰ ܐ‬

ܺ ܶ‫ܰ ܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܰܐ ܽ ܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ܶ‫ܰ ܐ‬ C

ܶ ‫ܰ ܐܠ‬ ܰ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܶܰ ‫ܐ‬ ܶܰ ‫ܐ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܶ / ̱ ‫ܰܐ‬ ̈ ܶ / ̱ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܽ ܶ ‫ܰ ܐ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ܶ‫ܰ ܐ‬ ܶܰ / ‫ܐ‬ ܶܰ ‫ܐܠ‬ ܶ ‫ܬ ܰ ܐܠ‬ ܶ ‫ܬ ܰ ܐܠ‬ ܺ ‫ܬ ܰܐ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫ܐ ܰ ܐܠ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ‫̈ ܰܐ‬ ‫ܬ ܰܐ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ‫ܬ ̈ܰ ܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܰ ܐܠ‬ ܶ ‫ܰ ܐܠ‬ ܶ / ̱ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܶ / ̱ ‫ܰܐ‬ ̈ ܶ / ̱ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܽ ‫ܰ ܳܐ‬

‫‪43‬‬

‫‪299‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫ܰܐ ܶ‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪Ettaph‛al‬‬

‫‪Aph‛el‬‬

‫‪Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬

‫‪The Ettaph‛al forms are not attested in the language‬‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܶ ܐܠ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ ܐ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܶܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܶ ܐ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ ܐ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܶܐ ̱ ‪ /‬ܐ ܶܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܶܐ ̈ ̱ ‪ /‬ܐ ܶܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܐ ܶ ܐ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܶ ܐ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܶܐ ‪ /‬ܐ ܶܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ܐܠ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬ ܶ ܐܠ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬ ܶ ܐܠ‬ ‫ܰܬ ܶ ܐ ܺ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܶ ܐܠ‬ ‫ܰ ܶܐ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܶ ܐ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬ ܶܐ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ̈ܳ‬ ‫ܬ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ܐܠ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܶ ܐܠ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܶܐ ̱ ‪ /‬ܐ ܶܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܶܐ ̱ ‪ /‬ܐ ܶܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܶܐ ̈ ̱ ‪ /‬ܐ ܶܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܳܐ ܽ‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬

‫ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈‬

‫ܰ‬

‫ܺ‬ ‫ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈‬

‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܠ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ܐ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ܐ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ ̱ ‪/‬ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ ̈ ܶ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ ̱ ‪/‬ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ܰܐ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ ‪/‬ܐ‬ ‫ܰܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܐܠ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܬ ܐܠ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܬ ܐܠ‬ ‫ܶܬ ܰ ܐ ܺ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܠ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܐ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈ ܰܐ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܬ ܐ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶܬ ̈ ܰ ܐ ܳ‬ ‫ܰܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܐܠ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܐܠ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ ̱ ‪/‬ܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ ̱ ‪/‬ܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܐ ̈ ̱ ‪/‬ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܳܐ ܽ‬ ‫‪D‬‬

‫ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܰܐ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܰ ܰܐ ܰ‬

‫ܰ ܰܐ ܺ‬ ‫ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܰܐ ܶ ̈‬

44

300

‫ܐ‬

Table 6. Middle Verbs (ii. Active and Passive Participles) A

ܰ

M = Masculine F = Feminine

P‛al 26

3rd

30 31 32 33 34 35

Singular

29

3rd

36

38

3rd Singular

39 40

45 46 47 48 49

2nd

1st

3rd Plural

44

Passive Participle

41

43

2nd

1st

37

42

2nd

1st

Plural

28

Present Tense (Active Participle)

27

2nd

1st

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F

ܶ ‫ܳ ܐܠ‬ ܳܳ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܐ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ ‫ܳ ܐ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܐ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܳܐ‬ ܳ ‫̈ܳ ܐ‬ ܽ ‫ܳ ܐ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ ܳ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ܺ ‫ܳܐ‬ ܰ ܳ ‫̈ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܺܐ‬ ܳ ܺ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܺܐ‬ ‫ܺ ܐ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܺ ܐ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܺ ܐ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܺܐ‬ ܳ ̈ ‫ܺܐ‬ ܽ ‫ܺ ܐ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ̈ ܺ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ܺ ‫ܺܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܺܐ ̈ ܳ ـ‬

A

B

C

Ethp‛el

Pa‛el / Pa‛‛el

ܶ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

ܶ ‫ܐܠ‬ ܳ ܰ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܐ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ ‫ܐ ܳܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܐ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܳ̈ ܰ ‫ܐ‬ ܽ ܺ ܰ ‫ܐ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ܳ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܰ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܰ̈ ܳ ܰ ‫ܐ‬ B

ܶ ܰ

ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ

ܶ

ܶ ‫ܰ ܐܠ‬ ܳܰ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܰܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܐ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ ‫ܰ ܐ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܐ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܳ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܽ ‫ܰ ܐ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ܳ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܰ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܰ ܳ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܰ ܐܠ‬ ܳܰ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܰܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܐ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ܰ ‫ܰ ܐ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܐ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܳ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܽ ‫ܰ ܐ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ܳ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܰ ܺ ‫ܰܐ‬ ܰ ܳ ‫ܰܐ‬ C

̈

̈

ܰ

̈

̈

45

301

D

E

ܶ ‫ܰܐ‬

ܰ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐܬܬ‬

Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al

Aph‛el

Ettaph‛al

D

F

ܰ

26

ܰ

27

ܰ

28

ܰ

29

ܰ

30

ܰ

31

ܰ

32

ܰ

33

ܰ

34

ܰ

35

ܰ

36

ܰ

37 38 The Ettaph‛al is not attested in the language

ܰܰ ‫ܶ ܐܠ‬ ܳ ܰ ܶ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܶ ܰܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܶ ܐ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ܰܰ ‫ܶ ܐ ܳܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܶ ܐ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܶ ܰܐ‬ ܳ ‫ܶ ̈ ܰܐ‬ ܽ ܰ ‫ܶ ܐ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ܳ ‫ܶ ܰܐ‬ ܰ ܺ ‫ܶ ܰܐ‬ ܰ ܳ ‫ܶ ̈ ܰܐ‬

‫ܶ ܐܠ‬ ܳܶ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܶܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܐ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶܐ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܶܐ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܶܐ‬ ܳ ‫̈ܶ ܐ‬ ܽ ‫ܶ ܐ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ ܶ̈ ‫ܐ‬ ܰ ܺ ‫ܶܐ‬ ܰ ܳ ‫̈ܶ ܐ‬ The Aph‛el passive participle is not attested in the language

ܰ ܰ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

E

F

46

302

Appendix

[This page is empty.]

47

Verb Paradigms

303

Table 7. Final ‫ ܐ‬Verbs Verbs whose final letter is ‫ ܐ‬have the following peculiarities: 1. The

ܰ

(Table 7, Columns A & B): a. Past (A1-A10 & B1-B10), the past distinguishes between transitive (Column A) and intransitive (Column B) verbs. They differ as follows: ܳ ܳ i. Sing. 3rd m. (Row 1): the transitive ends in ‫ ◌ܐ‬as in ‫( ܒ ܐ‬A10), ܺ while the intransitive ends in ‫ ◌ܝ‬as in ‫( ܺ ܝ‬B1). ܳ ݂ ‫( ܒ‬A2), but the ii. Sing. 3rd f. (Row 2), the transitive form is ܰ ܶ intransitive is regular as in ܰ ܶ (B2) (compare with ‫) ܒ‬. ܰ iii. Sing. 2nd m. & f. (Rows 3 & 4), the transitive has an ◌ on the second ܰ ‫( ܒ‬A3) and ‫( ܒ ܰ ܝ‬A4), while the intransitive letter as in ̱

ܺ

݁

݁

ܺ (B3) and ‫( ܺ ̱ܝ‬B4), both retain the keeps the ◌ as in ݁ regular hard ‫ ܬ‬which distinguishes it from singular 1st person ݂ ܺ (B5), with a soft ‫݂ܬ‬. ܺ ܺ ‫ ܒ‬and ݂ ܺ iv. Sing. 1st (Row 5), both columns have ◌ as in ݂ (again, note the soft ‫)݂ܬ‬. ܰ

v. Plurals (Rows 6-10), the transitive has ◌ on the second letter as in ܰ ‫( ܒ‬A6), while the intransitive has ◌ܺ as in ܺ (B6). Also note ܰ that the final ‫ ܐ‬disappears in ‫( ܒ‬A6) and turns into ‫ ܝ‬in ܺ (B6). b. The rest of the tenses (A11-A49 & B11-A49), both columns are identical, but differ from the regular verb. The contracted participle forms (e.g., A28)

݁

always have a hard ‫ ܬ‬even those that have not been indicated. 2. The rest of the forms should be studied from the table as their endings differ substantially from the regular verb.

48

304

‫ܐ‬

Table 7. Final Verbs (i. Past, Future, Imperative, and Infinitive) A

1

5 6 7 8

3rd

9 10

17 18

3rd

19

1st

2nd

M F M F C M F M F C M F M F C M F M F C

F M F

24 25

ܳ

Transitive (◌ )

M

Pl.

Imperative

21

23

2nd

Sing.

20

22

2nd 1st

Plural

16

Future Tense (Imperfect)

15

Singular

3rd

12

14

2nd 1st

11

13

2nd 1st

Plural

4

Past Tense (Perfect)

3

Singular

3rd

2

Infinitive

B

ܰ

M = Masculine F = Feminine C = Common (M & F)

‫ܒ ܳܐ‬ ܳ‫ܒ‬ ݀ ܰ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܒ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ݂ ܺ‫ܒ‬ ܽ ‫ ܒ ܰ ܐܘܢ‬/ ܰ ‫ܒ‬ ̈ ܶ ܰ ‫ ܒ‬/ ܰ ‫̈ܒ‬ ܽ ‫ܒ ܰ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ̈ ܰ ‫ܒ‬ ܰ ܰ‫ܒ‬/ ܰ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܶܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܶܬܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܐܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܶܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ‫ܶ ̈ܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ̈ܶ ܳ ‫ܬܒ‬ ‫ܶܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ܺ‫ܒ‬ ܶܳ‫ܒ‬/ ܳ‫ܒ‬ ܽ ‫ ܒ ܰ ܐܘܢ‬/ ܰ ‫ܒ‬ ̈ ܶ ܳ ‫ ܒ‬/ ܳ ‫̈ܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܒ ܳܐ‬ A

P‛al

C

ܺ

Intransitive (◌ )

‫ܺܽ ܢ‬ ܶܺ

ܰ ܺ

ܶܳ ܽ ‫ܰ ܐܘܢ‬ ̈ܶܳ B

‫ܺܝ‬ ݂ܰ ܶ ݀ ܺ ‫ܺ ݁ܝ‬ ݂ ܺ / ܺ ̈ /‫̈ ܺ ܝ‬ ܽ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ̈ܶ ܺ / ܺ ‫ܶ ܶܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܬ ܶܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܬ ܶܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܶܬ‬ ܶ ‫ܐ ܶܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ܳ ̈ܶ ܶ ‫ܬ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ܶ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܶ ܶܐ‬ ‫ܺܝ‬ / ‫ܳܝ‬ / ‫ܰܘ‬ / ‫̈ ܳܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܳܐ‬

ܶ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

Ethp‛el

ܺ ‫ܶܐܬܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰܒ‬ ݁ ܺ ‫ܶܐܬܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܐܬܒ ܺ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ ݂ ܺ ‫ܐܬܒ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫ ܐܬܒ ܺ ܽ ܢ‬/ ܺ ‫ܐܬܒ‬ ̈ ܶ ܺ ‫ ܶܐܬܒ‬/ ̈ ܺ ‫ܶܐܬܒ‬ ܶ ܽ ‫ܐܬܒ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ̈ ܺ ܶ ‫ܐܬܒ‬ ܰ ܺ ‫ ܶܐܬܒ‬/ ܺ ‫ܶܐܬܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܒ ܶܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܬܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܬܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܶܬܬܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܐܬܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܒܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ‫ܶ ܰܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܬܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ‫ܶܬܬ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܒ ܶܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܶܐܬܒ‬ ܳ ܶ ̱ ‫ܐܬܒ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫ ܐܬܒ ܰ ܐܽܘܢ‬/ ܰ ‫ܐܬܒ‬ ̈ ܶ / ܳ ‫ܐܬܒ‬ ̈ ܶ ܶ ܳ ‫ܐܬܒ‬ ܽܳ‫ܶ ܒ‬ C

‫‪49‬‬

‫‪305‬‬

‫‪G‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫ܰܐ ܶ‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪Ettaph‛al‬‬

‫‪Aph‛el‬‬

‫‪Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al‬‬

‫‪Pa‛el / Pa‛‛el‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܺ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܺ ݁‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܺ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܺ ݂‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܺ ‪ /‬ܐܬܬܒ ܺ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܺ ̈ ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܺ ܶ ̈‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܺ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܺ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܺ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܺ ܰ‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܬܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܬܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ̈‬ ‫ܬܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܬܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܰ ‪ /‬ܐܬܬܒ ܰ ܐܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܳ ‪̈ ܰ ܶ /‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰ̈‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܳ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܰܬܒ ܳ ܽ‬ ‫‪G‬‬

‫ܰܐܒ ܺ‬ ‫ܰܐܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐܒ ܺ ݁‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐܒ ܺ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐܒ ܺ ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐܒ ܺ ̱ ‪ /‬ܐܒ ܺ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰܐܒ ܺ ̈ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܒ ܺ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܐܒ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܰܐܒ ܺ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܰܐܒ ܺ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܒ ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܰܬܒ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰܬܒ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܰܐܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐܒ ܰ ‪ /‬ܐܒ ܰ ܐܘܢ‬ ‫ܰܐܒ ܳ ̈ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܒ ܳ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܰܒܳ ܽ‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬

‫ܐܬܒ ܺ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܺ ݁‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܺ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰܒ ܺ ݂‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܺ ‪ܰ ܶ /‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܺ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܺ ̈ ‪ܰ ܶ /‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܺ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܺ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܺ ‪ܰ ܶ /‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ܐܘܢ‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܳ ̈ ‪ܰ ܶ /‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܳ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ܳ ܽ‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫ܰ ܶ‬

‫ܰܒ ܺ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܺ ݁‬ ‫ܰܒ ܺ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܺ ݂‬ ‫ܰܒ ܺ ‪ܰ /‬ܒ ܺ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܺ ̈ ‪ܰ /‬ܒ ܺ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܺ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܰܒ ܺ ‪ܰ /‬ܒ ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰܐܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰܒ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ ‪ܰ /‬ܒ ܰ ܐܘܢ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܳ ̈ ‪ܰ /‬ܒ ܳ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܰܒ ܳ ܽ‬ ‫‪D‬‬

50

306

‫ܐ‬

Table 7. Final Verbs (ii. Active and Passive Participles) A M = Masculine F = Feminine 26

30 31 32 33 34 35

Singular

3rd

36

38

3rd Singular

39 40

45 46 47 48 49

2nd

1st

3rd Plural

44

Passive Participle

41

43

2nd

1st

37

42

2nd

1st

Plural

29

Present Tense (Active Participle)

28

ܳ

P‛al

Transitive (◌ ) 3rd

27

B

2nd

1st

‫ܶܐ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ݁ ܶ ‫ܰ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܶ ܳ̈ ܽ ‫ܶ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ܶ݁ܳ ̈ ܰ ܶ ܰܳ ̈

M F M F M F M F M F M F

‫ܶܐ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ݁ ܶ ‫ܳ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܶ ܳ̈ ܽ ‫ܶ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ܶ݁ܳ ̈ ܰ ܶ ܰܳ ̈

M F M F M F M F M F M F A

C

ܰ ܺ

Intransitive (◌ )

‫ܳܒ‬ ‫ܳܒ‬ ‫ܳܒ‬ ‫ܳܒ‬ ‫ܳܒ‬ ‫ܳܒ‬ ‫ܳܒ‬ ‫ܳܒ‬ ‫ܳܒ‬ ‫ܳܒ‬ ‫ܳܒ‬ ‫ܳܒ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬

‫ܳ ܶܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ݁ ܶܳ ‫ܳ ܰ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ܳܶ ܳ ‫ܳ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܶܳ ܳ̈ ܳ ܽ݁ ܶ ܳ ‫ܘܢ‬ ܶ݁ܳ̈ ܳ ܰ ܶܳ ܰܳ̈ ܳ ‫ܶܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܳܐ‬ ݁ ܶ ‫ܰ ܳ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ܳܶ ‫ܰ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܶ ܳ̈ ܰ ܽ݁ ܶ ‫ܘܢ‬ ܶ݁ܳ̈ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰܳ̈ ܰ B

ܶ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

Ethp‛el

‫ܶܐ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܶ ܳ̈ ܽ ‫ܶ ܘܢ‬ ̈ܶ ܳ̈ ܰ ܶ ܰܳ ̈ C

‫ܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬

ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ

‫‪51‬‬

‫‪307‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫ܰܐ ܶ‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪G‬‬

‫‪Ettaph‛al‬‬

‫‪Aph‛el‬‬

‫‪Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al‬‬

‫‪Pa‛el / Pa‛‛el‬‬

‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫‪39‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫‪41‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪42‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫‪46‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪47‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪49‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܰܬܒ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܶ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܳ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܰܬܒ ܶ‬ ‫ܰܬܒ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܶ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܳ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܒ‬ ‫ܰܬܒ ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܬܒ ̈ ܳ ܰ‬ ‫‪G‬‬

‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬

‫ܶܐ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܰ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫̈ܳ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ܘܢ‬ ‫̈ܳ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫̈ ܳܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫̈ܳ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ܘܢ‬ ‫̈ܳ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫̈ ܳܰ‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܰܒ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܶ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܶ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܳ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܶ‬ ‫ܰܒ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܶ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܳ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܰܒ ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܒ ̈ ܳ ܰ‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫̈ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫̈ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰܒ‬

‫ܶܐ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܰ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܳ ܶ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܳܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܳܐ‬

‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫̈ܳ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ܘܢ‬ ‫̈ܳ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫̈ ܳܰ‬ ‫‪D‬‬

52

308

Appendix

[This page is empty.]

53

Verb Paradigms

309

Table 8. Initial ‫ ܝ‬Verbs Verbs whose initial letter is ‫ ܝ‬have the following peculiarities: 1. The

ܰ

(Column A): ܺ ܶ ܺ (A1), with the a. Past (A1-A10), the initial ‫ ܝ‬takes an ◌ vowel as in exception of ‫( ܶ ܰ ݂ܬ‬A2) and ‫( ܶ ܶ ݂ܬ‬A5) which are regular.

ܺ

b. Future (A11-A20) and infinitive (A25), the ◌ is retained but the ‫ ܝ‬turns ܰ ‫( ܺ ܐ‬A11) and ܰ ‫( ܺ ܐ‬A25). Some verbs have an ◌ܶ into an ‫ ܐ‬as in ܶ ܺ ܺ instead of ◌; two that come to mind are ‫ ܺ ܰ ܥ‬and ‫ ܒ‬. The future of ܶܶ ܶ ܰ ܶ , etc., and that of the latter is ‫ ܶ ܶ ܒ‬, ‫ܬܬܒ‬ the former is ‫ ܰ ܥ‬, ‫ܬܕܥ‬ , etc. ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰ Their infinitives are also peculiar: ‫ܥ‬ and ‫ܒ‬ . ܰ ܺ c. Imperative (A21-A24), the initial ‫ ܝ‬is retained as in ܺ (A21). Again, the

ܶ ܺ

ܶ

are peculiar: ‫ ܰܕܥ‬for the former, and ‫ܬܒ‬ imperatives of ‫ ܰ ܥ‬and ‫ܒ‬ for the latter. d. Present or active participle (A26-A37), these are regular. ܺ e. Passive participle (A38-A49), these follow the regular verb but with an ◌

ܺ ܺ (A38). ܶ ܶ ‫( ܐܬ‬Column B): in cases when the ‫ ܝ‬does not have a vowel (if one The ܺ imposes on it the regular paradigms) then it takes an ◌, which we place on the ܺ ܶ ܶ ‫( ܐܬ‬B1), compare with regular ‫ ܶܐܬ ܶ ܒ‬. previous consonant as in ܶ ܰ (Column C) and ܰ ܰ ‫( ܶܐܬ‬Column D) are regular. The ܰ ܶ ܶ ‫( ܰܐ‬Column E) and ܰ ‫ܐܬܬ‬ The (Column F): The initial ‫ ܝ‬turns into ‫ ܘ‬as ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ‫( ܐܘ‬E1) and ‫( ܐܬܬܘ‬F1). As such, these are conjugated like the ‫ܐ‬-initial in ܶ ܺ ‘suck’ and ܶ ܺ ‘wail’, however, verbs in Table 5, Columns E & F. The verbs ܰܶ ܰ retain the ‫ ܝ‬as in ‫ ܐ‬and ܶ ‫ܐ‬. on the ‫ ܝ‬as in

2.

3. 4.

54

310 Table 8. Initial

‫ ܝ‬Verbs (i. Past, Future, Imperative, and Infinitive) A

1

4 5 6 7

Past Tense (Perfect)

3

8

3rd

9 10

17 18

3rd

19

1st

2nd

M F M F C M F

‫ܽ ܘܢ‬ ̈ܶ

M F

ܰ

C M F M F C M F M F C

F M F

24 25

P‛al

M

Pl.

Imperative

21

23

2nd

Sing.

20

22

2nd 1st

Plural

16

Future Tense (Imperfect)

15

Singular

3rd

12

14

2nd 1st

11

13

2nd 1st

Plural

2

Singular

3rd

Infinitive

ܺ ‫ܽ ܘܢ‬ ̈ܶ

ܶܺ ‫ܶ ܰܬ‬ ‫ܺܶ ܬ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܝ‬ ̱ ܺ ‫ܶ ܶܬ‬ ܶܺ /‫ܺܶ ܘ‬ ̱ ܶ ܺ / ‫ܺ ܶ ̈ܝ‬ ̱ ܽ ‫ܺ ܶ ܬܘܢ‬ ܶ̈ ܶܺ ‫ܬ‬ ܶܺ /‫ܺܶ ܢ‬ ܰ ‫ܺܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܺܬܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܺܬܐ‬ ܺ ‫ܺܬܐ‬ ܰ ‫ܺܐ‬ ‫ܺܐ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܺܐ ̈ ܳ ܢ‬ ܺ ‫ܬܐ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ܺ ‫ܬܐ ̈ ܳ ܢ‬ ܰ ‫ܺܐ‬ ܰܺ ܰܺ /‫ܺܰ ܝ‬ ̱ ܰܺ /‫ܺܰ ܘ‬ ̱ ܰ ܺ / ‫ܺ ܰ ̈ܝ‬ ̱ ܰ ‫ܺܐ‬ A

B

C

Ethp‛el

Pa‛el / Pa‛‛el

ܶ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

ܰ

M = Masculine F = Feminine C = Common (M & F)

‫ܽ ܘܢ‬ ̈ܶ

ܰ

ܺ ‫ܽ ܘܢ‬ ̈ܶ

ܺܶ ܶ ‫ܐܬ‬ ܶ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܬ‬ ܺܶ ‫ܐܬ ܶ ܬ‬ ܺܶ ܶ ‫ܐܬ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ̱ ܶ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ܶ ܬ‬ ܺܶ ܺܶ ܶ ‫ܐܬ‬ ܶ ‫ܐܬ‬ / ‫̱ܘ‬ ܺܶ ܶ ܺܶ ܶ ‫ܐܬ‬ / ‫ܐܬ ̈ ̱ܝ‬ ܽ ܺܶ ‫ܐܬ ܶ ܬܘܢ‬ ܶ ܺܶ ‫ܐܬ ܶ ̈ܬ‬ ܺܶ ܶ ‫ܐܬ‬ ܶ ܺܶ / ‫ܐܬ ܢ‬ ܶ ܺ ܶ ܺܶ ܶ ‫ܬܬ‬ ܺܶ ܶ ‫ܬܬ‬ ܺ ܰ ‫ܶܬܬ‬ ܺܶ ܶ ‫ܐܬ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ̈ ܳܢ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ̈ ܳ ܢ‬ ܶ ܺ ܶ ܰ ‫ܶܐܬ‬ ܰ ‫ ܶܐܬ‬/ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ܰ ‫ ܶܐܬ‬/ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ̱ܘ‬ ܰ ‫ ܶܐܬ‬/ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ̱̈ܝ‬ ܺ ‫ܶ ܳ ܽܘ‬ B

ܶ ܰ ܶܰ

‫ܽ ܘܢ‬ ̈ܶ

ܰ

‫ܰܬ‬ ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ̱ ‫ܶܬ‬ ܶܰ /‫ܘ‬ ̱ ܶ ܰ / ‫̈ܝ‬ ̱ ܽ ‫ܬܘܢ‬ ̈ ‫ܶܬ‬ ܶܰ /‫ܢ‬

ܺ ܶܰ ‫ܰ ܶ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ̈ܶ ܶ ܰ C

ܰ

ܶܰ ܶܰ ܰ ܶܰ ܶܰ ܶܰ ܶܰ ܶܰ ܶܰ ܶ ܰ‫ܬ‬ ܶ ܰ‫ܬ‬ ܺ ܰ‫ܬ‬ ܶ ܰ ܶ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ܳܢ‬ ‫ܬ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܬ ܰ ̈ ܳܢ‬ ܶܰ ܶܰ ܶ / ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ / ‫ܰ ̱ܘ‬ ܶ / ‫ܰ ̈ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ ܽܘ‬

‫‪55‬‬

‫‪311‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫ܰܐ ܶ‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪Ettaph‛al‬‬

‫‪Aph‛el‬‬

‫‪Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐܘ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐܘ ܰ ܬ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܬ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐܘ ܶ ܬ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܬ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ‫ܐܘ ̱‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐܘ ܶ ܬ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܶ ܬ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ ܰܐܘ ܶ ܘ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܘ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫̱ܘ ‪/‬‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ ̈ ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܰܐܘ ܶ ̈ܝ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܘ ܶ‬ ‫̱ܝ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܘ ܬܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܬܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܶܬ ̈‬ ‫ܰܐܘ ܶ ܶܬ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐܘ ܶ ܢ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܘ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܢ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܰܬܘ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܰܬܘ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܰܬܘ ܺ‬ ‫ܬܬܘ ܺ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐܘ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܬܘ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ܳܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܬܘ ̈ ܳ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܬܘ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܬܬܘ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܬܘ ̈ ܳ ܢ‬ ‫ܬܬܘ ̈ܳܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐܘ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐܘ ܶ ܝ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܘ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܺ‬ ‫̱ܝ ‪/‬‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ ܰܐܘ ܶ ܘ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܘ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫̱ܘ ‪/‬‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ ̈ ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܰܐܘ ܶ ̈ܝ ‪ܰ /‬ܐܘ ܶ‬ ‫̱ܝ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܬܘ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰ ܳ ܘܽ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܬܘ ܳ ܘܽ‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬

‫ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ̈‬

‫ܰ‬

‫ܺ‬ ‫ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ̈‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܬ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܬ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ̱‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ܶ ܬ‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܘ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ̈ܝ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܬܘܢ‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶܬ ̈‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܢ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܶܬܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܬܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܬܬ ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ̈ ܳܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ̈ܳܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܝ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܘ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ̈ܝ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܳ ܘܽ‬ ‫‪D‬‬

‫ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ̈‬

‫ܰ‬

‫ܺ‬ ‫ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ̈‬

56

312 Table 8. Initial

‫ ܝ‬Verbs (ii. Active and Passive Participles) A

P‛al 26

3rd

30 31 32 33 34 35

Singular

29

3rd

36

38

3rd Singular

39 40

45 46 47 48 49

2nd

1st

3rd Plural

44

Passive Participle

41

43

2nd

1st

37

42

2nd

1st

Plural

28

Present Tense (Active Participle)

27

2nd

1st

M

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F A

C

Ethp‛el

Pa‛el / Pa‛‛el

ܶ ܰ

ܶܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰܬ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ̱ ܰ ܳ ܶܳ ܳܳ ܳ ܺ ܳ ‫ܳ ̈ ܳܢ‬ ܽ ‫ܳ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ‫ܳ ̈ ܳܬ‬ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܰܳ ̈ ܳ ܺܺ ‫ܺ ܺ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܺ ܺ ܰܬ‬ ܺ ‫ܬܝ‬ ̱ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܺܺ ܳܳ ܺ ܺ ܺ ܺܺ ‫ܺ ܺ ̈ ܳܢ‬ ܽ ‫ܺ ܺ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ‫ܺ ܺ ̈ ܳܬ‬ ܰ ܺ ܺܺ ܰܳ̈ ܺ ܺ

F

B

ܶ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

ܰ

M = Masculine F = Feminine

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰܬ‬ ‫ܰ ܬ̱ܝ‬ ܳ ܳܳ ܺ ‫̈ ܳܢ‬ ܽ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ‫ܳ ܶܬ‬ ܰ ܺ ܰ̈ ܳ B

ܶ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܺ ܶ

ܶܰ ‫ܰ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܰܬ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ̱ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܶܰ ܳܳ ܰ ܺ ܰ ‫̈ ܰ ܳܢ‬ ܽ ‫ܰ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ‫ܰ ܳ ܶܬ‬ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܰܳ ܰ ̈ ܰܰ

ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ

ܰ

ܶ ܰ ܶ

ܰ

ܶ

ܰ

ܰ ܶ

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰܬ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ̱ ܰ ܳ ܳܳ ܺ ‫ܳܢ‬ ܽ ܺ ‫ܘܢ‬ ̈ ‫ܳ ܶܬ‬ ܰ ܺ ܰܳ C

ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ ̈ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ ̈

‫‪57‬‬

‫‪313‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫ܰܐ ܶ‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪Ettaph‛al‬‬

‫‪Aph‛el‬‬

‫‪Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al‬‬

‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪28‬‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪29‬‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪30‬‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪31‬‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪32‬‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪33‬‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪34‬‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪35‬‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪36‬‬

‫ܰ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬

‫‪37‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪39‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪41‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫‪42‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪43‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪44‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪45‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪46‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪49‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫̈‬ ‫̈‬ ‫̈‬ ‫ܰ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܰܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܰܬܘ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܰܬܘ ̈‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܰܬܘ ̈‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܘ‬ ‫ܰܬܘ ̈‬

‫ܳܢ‬ ‫ܺ ܽ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܳܬ‬ ‫ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܳܰ‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰܬ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ‫ܰ ̱‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܳܳ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܳܢ‬ ‫ܺ ܽ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܳܬ‬ ‫ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܳܰ‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰܬ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ‫ܰ ̱‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܳܳ‬ ‫ܺ‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰܬ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ‫ܰ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܳܳ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫̈ ܳܢ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫̈ ܳܬ‬ ‫ܺ ܰ‬ ‫̈ ܳܰ‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܰܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܰܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ̈‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰܬ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ‫ܰ ̱‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܳܳ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫̈ ܳܢ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܳ ܶܬ ̈‬ ‫ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܳܰ‬ ‫‪D‬‬

58

314

Appendix

[This page is empty.]

59

Verb Paradigms

315

Table 9. Middle ‫ܘ‬/‫ ܝ‬Verbs

‫ ܘ‬verbs are called as such because they originally may have had a ‫ ܘ‬in the middle. ܳ ‘rose up’ where ‫ ܩ‬is the first letter and ‫ ܡ‬is These verbs now appear as two-letters; e.g., the third letter. The second letter, the ‫ܘ‬, is no longer there. However, if you want to look up ܳ in the dictionary, you have to look it up under ‫ ܡ‬. These verbs exhibit the following

Middle

characteristics in their paradigm: ܰ (Columns A & B): 1. The ܳ ܳ (A1), ܰ ܳ (A2), etc. The only a. Past (A1-A10), the vowel is ◌ as in ܺ where the vowel is ‫ ܺ◌ܝ‬as shown in B1-B10. exception is the verb ݂ ܽ ܽ b. Future (A11-A20) and imperative (A21-A24), the vowel is ‫ ◌ܘ‬as in ‫ܡ‬ ܳ whose future is ܺ (B11) as (A11). The only exception is the verb shown in B11-B24. The prefixes take no vowel apart from the singular 1st ܶ ܽܶ person which takes ◌ as in ‫( ܐ ܡ‬A15). ܳ ܳ . c. Infinitive (A25), has the vowel ◌ with a prefix; e.g., d. Present or active participle (A26-A37), the 3rd sing. masc. has ‫ ܐ‬in the ܶ ܳ middle which is pronounced as if it were a ‫ ;ܝ‬e.g., ‫ ܐܡ‬qoyem (A26). The

ܳ ܳ

ܺ ܳ

(A27) and (A32). rest of the forms have ‫ ܝ‬as in ‫ܐ‬ ܺ ܺ (A38). e. Passive participle (A38-A49), has the vowel ‫ ◌ܝ‬as in ܰ ܶ ܶ ܶ ‫ ܐܬ‬does not exist. The ܰ ‫ ܐܬܬ‬is used instead. 2. The ܶ ܰ (Column C) and ܰ ܰ ‫( ܶܐܬ‬Column D): The middle letter appears as a 3. The

4.

ܶ ܰ ܰ ‫ ܝ‬andܶ is conjugated like the regular verb; e.g., ܶ (C1), compare with ‫; ܒ‬ ܰ ܰ ‫( ܐܬ‬D1), compare with ‫ ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܒ‬. ܶ ‫( ܰܐ‬Column E): The middle vowel is ‫ ܺ◌ܝ‬as in ܺ ‫ ܰܐ‬. The future, apart The ܺ ‫( ܰܐ‬E15), has no vowel on the prefix. The passive from sing. 1 person ܳ ܳ (E38). participles (E38-E49) have ◌ as in ܰ ܶ ܰ ‫( ܐܬܬ‬Column F): It follows the vocalization of the ܶ ‫ ܰܐ‬. The st

5.

60

316

‫ܝܘ‬

Table 9. Middle / Verbs (i. Past, Future, Imperative, and Infinitive) A

1

4 5 6 7

Past Tense (Perfect)

3

8

3rd

9 10

17 18

3rd

19

1st

2nd

Infinitive

C

ܶ ܰ

F M F C M F M F C M F M F C M F M F C

F M

ܳ

/

ܺ

Pa‛el / Pa‛‛el

ܳ ܺ

ܶ ܰ

ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳ ‫̱ܝ‬ ܶ ܳ ‫ ܳ ܽ ܢ‬/ ̱ ܳ ̈ ܶ ܳ / ̱ ̈ ܳ ܽ ‫ܳ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ̈ ܳ ܰ ܳ / ܳ ‫ܽ ܡ‬ ‫ܬܽ ܡ‬ ‫ܬܽ ܡ‬ ܺ ܽ‫ܬ‬ ܶ ‫ܐܽ ܡ‬ ‫ܽ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ̈ ܽ ‫ܬܽ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ܽ‫ܬ‬ ‫ܽ ܡ‬ ‫ܽ ܡ‬ ܺ ܽ / ̱ ܽ ‫ ܽ ܽ ܢ‬/ ̱ ܽ ̈ ܶ ܽ / ̱ ̈ ܽ ܳ

ܰ ‫ܺ ܬ‬ ‫ܺ ܬ‬ ܺ ‫ܬܝ‬ ̱ ܶ ‫ܺ ܬ‬ ܽ ‫ ܺ ܘܢ‬/ ‫ܺ ̱ܘ‬ ̈ ܶ ܺ /‫ܺ ̈ ̱ܝ‬ ܽ ‫ܺ ܬܘܢ‬ ̈ ‫ܺ ܶܬ‬ ܰ ܺ /‫ܺ ܢ‬ ܺ ܺ‫ܬ‬ ܺ‫ܬ‬ ܺ ܺ‫ܬ‬ ܺ ܶ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܺ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ̈ ܺ ‫ܬܺ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ̈ ܺ‫ܬ‬ ܺ ܺ ܺ ܺ /̱ ܺ ‫ ܺ ܽ ܢ‬/ ̱ ܺ ̈ ܶ ܺ /̱ ̈ ܺ ܽ ܳ

ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ ‫ܰ ܶ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ ܰ ܰ / ܶ ܰ ̱ ܰ / ̈ܶ ܰ ̱ ܽ ܶ ܰ ‫ܘܢ‬ ̈ܶ ܶ ܰ ܰ / ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ‫ܬ‬ ܶ ܰ‫ܬ‬ ܺ ܰ‫ܬ‬ ܶ ܰ ܶ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ̈ ܰ ‫ܬܰ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ ̈ ܰ‫ܬ‬ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ / ܶ ܰ ̱ ܰ / ܶ ܰ ̱ ܰ / ̈ܶ ܰ ̱ ܽܳܰ

M

F

24 25

ܳ

M

Pl.

Imperative

21

23

2nd

Sing.

20

22

2nd 1st

Plural

16

Future Tense (Imperfect)

15

Singular

3rd

12

14

2nd 1st

11

13

2nd 1st

Plural

2

Singular

3rd

B

ܰ

M = Masculine F = Feminine C = Common (M & F)

A

B

‫ܶܽ ܢ‬ ̈ ܶܶ

ܰ ܶ

ܺܶ ‫ܶܽ ܢ‬ ̈ ܶܶ

C

‫‪61‬‬

‫‪317‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫ܰܐ ܶ‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪Ettaph‛al‬‬

‫‪Aph‛el‬‬

‫‪Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al‬‬

‫ܰܐ ܺ‬ ‫ܶܐܬܬ ܺ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܶܬܬ ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܺ‬ ‫ܶܐܬܬ ܺ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܺ‬ ‫ܶܐܬܬ ܺ‬ ‫̱ܝ‬ ‫̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܺ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܶܬܬ ܺ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܺ ̱ ‪/‬ܐܬܬ ܺ ܽ ܢ ܐ ܺ ̱ ‪ /‬ܐ ܺ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶܐܬܬ ܺ ̈ ̱ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬܬ ܺ ܶ ̈ ܰܐ ܺ ̈ ̱ ‪ܰ /‬ܐ ܺ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܰܺ ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ܺ ܽ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܺ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶܐܬܬ ܺ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܰܐ ܺ‬ ‫‪ܰ /‬ܐ ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܐܬܬ ܺ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬܬ ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܶ ܬܺ‬ ‫ܬܺ‬ ‫ܬܶܬ ܺ‬ ‫ܬܺ‬ ‫ܬܶܬ ܺ‬ ‫ܬܺ ܺ‬ ‫ܬܶܬ ܺ ܺ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܺ‬ ‫ܶܐܬܬ ܺ‬ ‫ܺ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܬܺ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܺ ̈ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܬܺ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬܺ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܬܬ ܺ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܬܺ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܬܶܬ ܺ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܶ ܬܺ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܺ‬ ‫ܶܐܬܬ ܺ‬ ‫ܰܐ ܺ ̱ ‪ܰ /‬ܐ ܺ ܺ‬ ‫ܶܐܬܬ ܺ ̱ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬܬ ܺ ܺ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܺ ̱ ‪ /‬ܐܬܬ ܺ ܽ ܢ ܐ ܺ ̱ ‪ /‬ܐ ܺ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶܐܬܬ ܺ ̈ ̱ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬܬ ܺ ܶ ̈ ܰܐ ܺ ̈ ̱ ‪ܰ /‬ܐ ܺ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܳ ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ܬܳ ܽ‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܶܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܐܶܬ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ̱ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ̈ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܬ‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܬܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܬܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܬܬ ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ̈ܳ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶܬܬ ܰ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ̱ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ̱ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ ̈ ‪ܶ /‬ܐܬ ܰ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰܳܽ‬ ‫‪D‬‬

‫̈‬

‫ܢ‬

‫ܢ‬ ‫̈‬

62

318

‫ܝܘ‬

Table 9. Middle / Verbs (ii. Active and Passive Participles) A M = Masculine F = Feminine 26

3rd

30 31 32 33 34 35

Singular

3rd

36

38

3rd Singular

39 40

45 46 47 48 49

2nd

1st

3rd Plural

44

Passive Participle

41

43

2nd

1st

37

42

2nd

1st

Plural

29

Present Tense (Active Participle)

27 28

ܳ

2nd

1st

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F

ܶ ‫ܳ ܐܡ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܰ ܳ ‫ܳ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳ ܶ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܳ ܳ̈ ܳ ܽ ‫ܳ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ̈ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܰ ܳ̈ ܳ ܺ ‫ܺ ܳܐ‬ ܰ ܺ ‫ܺ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܺ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܺ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܺ ܳ̈ ܺ ܽ ‫ܺ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ̈ ܺ ܰ ܺ ܺ ܰ ܳ̈ ܺ A

B

ܰ ܳ

/

C

ܶ ܰ

ܺ ܶ ‫ܳ ܐܡ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܰ ܳ ‫ܳ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳ ܶ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܳ ܳ̈ ܳ ܽ ‫ܳ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ̈ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܰ ܳ̈ ܳ ܺ ‫ܺ ܳܐ‬ ܰ ܺ ‫ܺ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܺ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܺ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܺ ܳ̈ ܺ ܽ ܺ ܺ ‫ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ̈ ܺ ܰ ܺ ܺ ܰ ܳ̈ ܺ

B

Pa‛el / Pa‛‛el

ܶ ܰ ‫ܰ ܳܐ‬ ܰ ܰ ‫ܰ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܰ ܳ̈ ܰ ܽ ‫ܰ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ̈ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܳ̈ ܰ ܰ ܰ ‫ܰ ܳܐ‬ ܰ ܰ ‫ܰ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ܺ ܰ ܳ̈ ܰ ܽ ‫ܰ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ̈ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܳ̈ ܰ C

‫‪63‬‬

‫‪319‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫ܰܐ ܶ‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪Ettaph‛al‬‬

‫‪Aph‛el‬‬

‫‪Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al‬‬

‫ܺ‬

‫‪26‬‬

‫ܺ‬

‫‪27‬‬

‫ܺ‬

‫‪28‬‬

‫ܺ‬

‫‪29‬‬

‫ܺ‬

‫‪30‬‬

‫ܺ‬

‫‪31‬‬

‫ܺ‬

‫‪32‬‬

‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬

‫‪39‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪49‬‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܺ‬

‫ܺ ̈ܳ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܺ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܺ ̈ܳ ܶ‬ ‫ܺ ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܺ ̈ܳ ܰ‬

‫‪33‬‬

‫‪38‬‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬

‫ܶ ܬܺ‬ ‫ܶ ܬܺ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܬܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܬ ܺ ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܬ ܺ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܬ ܺ ܳ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܬܺ ܺ‬ ‫ܶ ܬܺ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ܬ ܺ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܬܺ ܳ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܬܺ ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܬܺ ̈ ܳ ܰ‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܳ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܰ ̈ܳ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܰ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ ܶ̈‬ ‫ܰ ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܳ ܰ‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܺ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܰ ܰ‬

‫̈ ܳ ܳ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܳ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫̈ ܳ ܳ ܶ‬ ‫ܳ ܺ ܰ‬ ‫̈ ܳ ܳ ܰ‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܳܐ‬ ‫ܳ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܺ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܽ‬

‫‪D‬‬

64

320

Appendix

[This page is empty.]

65

Verb Paradigms

321

Table 10. Doubled Verbs Doubled, also called geminate, verbs are verbs where the second and third letters are the same; e.g., ‫ܒ ܙ‬. Unless the second letter has a vowel, the doubled letter is collapsed into one; i.e.,

ܶ ‫( ܰܒ‬A1) but ‫( ܐܬܒ ܶܙ‬B1). ܰ (Column A) is particular to this type of verb and does not resemble the The

regular verb with the exception of the passive participle (A38-A49). The present sing. 3rd ܶܳ person masc. ‫( ܒܐܙ‬A26) is read as if the ‫ ܐ‬were a ‫ܝ‬, boyez. ܶ ‫( ܶܐܬ‬Column B), ܶ ܰ (Column C), and ܰ ܰ ‫( ܶܐܬ‬Column D) are regular and The follow Table 1. ܰ ܶ ܶ ‫( ܰܐ‬Column E) and ܰ ‫ܐܬܬ‬ The (Column F) collapse the two ‫ ܙ‬s into one, with a hard ‫ ݁ܒ‬as in

ܶ ݁ ܰ (E1) and ‫ܐܬܬܒ‬ ܰ ݁ ܰ ܶ (F1). ‫ܐܒ‬

‫‪66‬‬

‫‪322‬‬ ‫‪Table 10. Doubled Verbs—where the second and third letters are the same (i. Past, Future,‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪Pa‛el / Pa‛‛el‬‬

‫‪Ethp‛el‬‬

‫ܰ ܶ‬

‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬

‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬ ‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪9‬‬

‫‪Plural‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪Singular‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪Plural‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪Singular‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪Sing.‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬ ‫‪Pl.‬‬

‫ܰܒ‬ ‫ܶܒ ܰ ܬ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܬ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ‫ܰܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶܒ ܶܬ‬ ‫ܰܒ ̱ܘ ‪ܰ /‬ܒ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܰܒ ̈ ̱ܝ ‪ܰ /‬ܒ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܬܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰܒ ̈ܬ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܢ ‪ܰ /‬ܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܽܒ ܙ‬ ‫ܶܽ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܙ‬ ‫ܶܽ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܙ‬ ‫ܶܬܒ ܺ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܽܐܒ ܙ‬ ‫ܶܒ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈ܒ ܳ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ̈‬ ‫ܬܒ ܳ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܽܒ ܙ‬ ‫ܽܒ ܙ‬ ‫ܽܒ ̱ܙܝ ‪ܽ /‬ܒ ܺܙ‬ ‫ܽܒ ̱ܙܘ ‪ܽ /‬ܒ ܽܙܘܢ‬ ‫ܽܒ ̈ ̱ܙܝ ‪ܽ /‬ܒ ܶܙ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ‬

‫)‪Past Tense (Perfect‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪P‛al‬‬

‫)‪Future Tense (Imperfect‬‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܶܙ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ݁ܰܒ ܰܙ݂ܬ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܶ ݁ܙܬ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܙܬܝ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܶ ݁ ̱‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ݁ܰܒ ܶܙ݂ܬ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܶ ̱ܙܘ ‪݁ ݂ ܶ /‬‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܶ ܽܙܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܶ ܶܙ ̈‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܶ ̱̈ܙܝ ‪݁ ݂ ܶ /‬‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܶ ݁ܙܬܘܢ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ ݁̈ܶ̈ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬܒ ܙܬ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܶܙ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܶܙܢ ‪݁ ݂ ܶ /‬‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ܒ ܶܙ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܶܙ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܶܙ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ݁ܰܒ ܺܙ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܶܙ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ܰܒ ܽܙܘܢ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ܰܒ ̈ܙܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ݁ܰܒ ܽܙܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܳ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ݁ܰܒ ̈ܙܢ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ܒ ܶܙ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܙ‬ ‫݂ܶܐܬ ݁ ܰܒ ̱ܙܝ ‪ܰ ݁ ݂ ܶ /‬‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܺܙ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ̱ܙܘ ‪ܰ ݁ ݂ ܶ /‬‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܽܙܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ̈ ̱ܙܝ ‪ܰ ݁ ݂ ܶ /‬‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܶܙ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܒ ܳ ܽܙܘ‬

‫ܰ‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪Imperative‬‬

‫݁ ܰܒ ܶܙ‬ ‫݁ܰܒ ܰܙ݂ܬ‬ ‫݁ ܰܒ ܶ ݁ܙܬ‬ ‫݁ ܰܒ ܶ ݁ܙܬ̱ܝ‬ ‫݁ܰܒ ܶܙ݂ܬ‬ ‫݁ ܰܒ ܶ ̱ܙܘ ‪ܰ ݁ /‬ܒ ܶ ܽܙܘܢ‬ ‫݁ ܰܒ ܶܙ ̈ ̱ܝ ‪ܰ ݁ /‬ܒ ܶ ܶܙ ̈‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫݁ ܰܒ ܶܙܬܘܢ‬ ‫݁ ܰܒ ܶ ܶܙܬ ̈‬ ‫݁ ܰܒ ܶܙܢ ‪ܰ ݁ /‬ܒ ܶܙ ܰ‬ ‫݂ ܰܒ ܶܙ‬ ‫݂ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܶܙ‬ ‫݂ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܶܙ‬ ‫݂ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܺܙ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܰܐܒ ܶܙ‬ ‫݂ ܰܒ ܽܙܘܢ‬ ‫̈ ݂ ܰܒ ܳܙܢ‬ ‫݂ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܽܙܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܬܒ ̈ܙܢ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫݂ ܰܒ ܙܶ‬ ‫݁ ܰܒ ܶܙ‬ ‫݁ ܰܒ ܶ ̱ܙܝ ‪ܰ ݁ /‬ܒ ܶ ܺܙ‬ ‫݁ ܰܒ ܶ ̱ܙܘ ‪ܰ ݁ /‬ܒ ܶ ܽܙܘܢ‬ ‫݁ ܰܒ ܶܙ ̈ ̱ܝ ‪ܰ ݁ /‬ܒ ܶ ܶܙ ̈‬ ‫ܰܒ ܳ ܽܙܘ‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܶ‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪M = Masculine‬‬ ‫‪F = Feminine‬‬ ‫)‪C = Common (M & F‬‬

‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬

‫‪Infinitive‬‬

‫‪25‬‬

‫‪67‬‬

‫‪323‬‬

‫)‪Imperative, and Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫ܰܐ ܶ‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪Ettaph‛al‬‬

‫‪Aph‛el‬‬

‫‪Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al‬‬

‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܰ ܬ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܬ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܶܬ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ̱ܘ ‪ܰ ܰ ܶ /‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ̈ ̱ܝ‪ܰ ܰ ܶ /‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܬܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܬܶ ̈‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܢ‪ܰ ܰ ܶ /‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ‬ ‫ܶܰܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ‬ ‫ܶܰܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܺ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܬܒ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ̈‬ ‫ܬܒ ܳ ܢ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܬܶ ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܬܒ ܳ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ̱ܝ‪ܰ ܰ ܶ /‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܺ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ̱ܘ‪ܰ ܰ ܶ /‬‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ̈ ̱ܝ‪ܰ ܰ ܶ /‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬܒ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܰܳ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܽ ܘ‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫ܰ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܐܒ ܰ ܬ‬ ‫ܰ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܒ ܬ‬ ‫ܰ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ‫ܐܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܐܒ ܶܬ‬ ‫ܐܒ ̱ܘ ‪ܶ ݁ ܰ /‬‬ ‫ܰ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܒ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܒ ̈ ̱ܝ ‪ܶ ݁ ܰ /‬‬ ‫ܰ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܒ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܰ݁ ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܒ ܬܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܒ ܬܶ ̈‬ ‫ܐܒ ܢ ‪ܶ ݁ ܰ /‬‬ ‫ܰ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ݁ ܶܒ‬ ‫ܰ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܒ‬ ‫ܰ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܒ‬ ‫ܰ݁ܬܒ ܺ‬ ‫ܰ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܒ‬ ‫ܰ ݁ܒ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ ݁ ̈ܒ ܳ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬܒ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ݁ ̈‬ ‫ܬܒ ܳ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ݁ ܶܒ‬ ‫ܰ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܒ‬ ‫ܐܒ ̱ܝ ‪ܶ ݁ ܰ /‬‬ ‫ܰ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܒ ܺ‬ ‫ܐܒ ̱ܘ ‪ܶ ݁ ܰ /‬‬ ‫ܰ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܒ ܽ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܒ ̈ ̱ܝ ‪ܶ ݁ ܰ /‬‬ ‫ܰ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܒ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܰ ݁ ܳܒ ܽ ܘ‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬

‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ܙ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ݁ܰܒ ܰܙ݂ܬ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ݁ܙܬ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܙܬܝ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ݁ ̱‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ݁ܰܒ ܶܙ݂ܬ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ̱ܙܘ ‪ܰ ݁ ݂ ܶ /‬‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ܽܙܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ܙ̱ܝ̈ ‪ܰ ݁ ݂ ܶ /‬‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ܶܙ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ݁ܙܬܘܢ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ݁ܙܬܶ ̈‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ܙܢ ‪ܰ ݁ ݂ ܶ /‬‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ܙ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰܒ ܰ ܙ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܰ ܙ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܰ ܙ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܺܙ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ܙ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰܒ ܽܙܘܢ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰܒ ̈ܙܢ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ܽܙܘܢ‬ ‫݁ܶ ݁ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܬܬܒ ̈ܙܢ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰܒ ܙܰ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ܙ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ̱ܙܝ ‪ܰ ݁ ݂ ܶ /‬‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ܺܙ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ̱ܙܘ ‪ܰ ݁ ݂ ܶ /‬‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ܽܙܘܢ‬ ‫݂ܶܐܬ ݁ ܰܒ ܰ ܙ ̈ ̱ܝ ‪ܰ ݁ ݂ ܶ /‬‬ ‫ܐܬܒ ܰ ܶܙ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ܳ ܽܙܘ‬ ‫‪D‬‬

68

324 Table 10. Doubled Verbs—where the second and third letters are the same (ii. Active and A

P‛al 26

3rd

30 31 32 33 34 35

Singular

29

3rd

36

38

3rd Singular

39 40

45 46 47 48 49

2nd

1st

3rd Plural

44

Passive Participle

41

43

2nd

1st

37

42

2nd

1st

Plural

28

Present Tense (Active Participle)

27

2nd

1st

ܶ ‫ܳܒܐܙ‬ ‫ܳܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܳܒ ܰ ܬ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ̱ ܰ ‫ܳܒ‬ ܶܳ ܳ ‫ܒܐܙ‬ ܳ ܳ ‫ܳܒ‬ ܺ ‫ܳܒ‬ ܳ ‫̈ܒ ܳ ܢ‬ ܽ ‫ܳܒ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ ‫̈ܒ ܳ ܬ‬ ܰ ܺ ‫ܳܒ‬ ܰ ܳ ‫̈ܳܒ‬ ܺ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܒ ܺ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܒ ܺ ܰܬ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ̱ ܰ ܺ‫ܒ‬ ܳ ܺ‫ܒ‬ ܳܳ ܺ‫ܒ‬ ܺ ܺ‫ܒ‬ ‫ܒ ܺ ̈ ܳܢ‬ ܽ ‫ܒ ܺ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ܳ̈ ܺ ‫ܒ ܬ‬ ܰ ܺ ܺ‫ܒ‬ ܰܳ̈ ܺ‫ܒ‬

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F A

B

C

Ethp‛el

Pa‛el / Pa‛‛el

ܶ ‫ܶܐܬ‬

ܰ

M = Masculine F = Feminine

‫ܒ ܶܙ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܳܙܐ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰܙܬ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰܙܬ̱ܝ‬ ܳ ‫ܒ ܶܙ‬ ܳ ‫ܰܒ ܳܙ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܺܙ‬ ̈ ‫ܰܒ ܳܙܢ‬ ܽ ‫ܰܒ ܺܙ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ‫ܰܒ ܳܙ ܶܬ‬ ܰ ‫ܰܒ ܺܙ‬ ܰ ‫̈ ܰܒ ܳܙ‬ B

ܶ ܰ

ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ

ܶ

‫ܰܒ ܶܙ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܳܙܐ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰܙܬ‬ ‫ܙܬܝ‬ ̱ ܰ ‫ܰܒ‬ ܳ ‫ܰܒ ܶܙ‬ ܳ ‫ܰܒ ܳܙ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܺܙ‬ ‫̈ ܰܒ ܳܙܢ‬ ܽ ‫ܰܒ ܺܙ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ‫ܰܒ ܳ ܶܙܬ‬ ܰ ‫ܰܒ ܺܙ‬ ܰ ‫̈ ܰܒ ܳܙ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰ ܙ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܳܙܐ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰܙܬ‬ ‫ܙܬܝ‬ ̱ ܰ ‫ܰܒ‬ ܳ ‫ܰܒ ܰ ܙ‬ ܳ ‫ܰܒ ܳܙ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܺܙ‬ ‫̈ ܰܒ ܳܙܢ‬ ܽ ‫ܰܒ ܺܙ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ܶ‫ܰܒ ܳܙܬ‬ ܰ ‫ܰܒ ܺܙ‬ ܰ ‫̈ ܰܒ ܳܙ‬ C

‫‪69‬‬

‫‪325‬‬

‫)‪Passive Participles‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ܰ‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫ܰܐ ܶ‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪Ettaph‛al‬‬

‫‪Aph‛el‬‬

‫‪Ethpa‛al / Ethpa‛‛al‬‬

‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪39‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫‪41‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪44‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪45‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪48‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫‪49‬‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܰܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܳ ܐ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܰ ܬ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܰ ܬ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰܰ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܰܬܒ ܳ ܳ‬ ‫ܰܬܒ ܺ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬ ̈ܒ ܳ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܰܬܒ ܳ ܶܬ ̈‬ ‫ܰܬܒ ܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܰܬ ̈ܒ ܳ ܰ‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫ܰ ܶܒ‬ ‫ܰ ܒ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܒ ܰܬ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܒܰ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܶܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܒܳܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܒܺ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܒ ܳ ܢ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰ ܒ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܒ ܳ ܬ‬ ‫ܰ ܒܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܒ ܳ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰ ܒ ܳܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܒ ܰܬ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܒܰ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܰܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܒܳܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܒܺ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܒ ܳ ܢ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰ ܒ ܺ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܒ ܳ ܬ‬ ‫ܰ ܒܺ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܒ ܳ ܰ‬

‫ܶܐܬ ܰ ܰ‬

‫ܶ ܰܒ ܰ ܙ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ܳܙܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ܰܙܬ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ‫ܰܒ ܰܙ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ܰ ܙ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ܳܙ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ܺܙ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ̈ܙܢ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ܺܙ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ܳܙ ܶܬ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ܺܙ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ̈ ܰܒ ܳܙ ܰ‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

70

326

Appendix

[This page is empty.]

71

Verb Paradigms

327

Tables 11 & 12. Attaching Object Pronoun Suffixes to Verbs Tables 11A-11F give all the verbal forms in Table 1 with the object suffixes. Each of the tables is dedicated to one of the columns in Table 1. Column A of Tables 11A-11F always gives the unsuffixed form. The rest of the columns give the various object suffixes according to number, person, and gender. Tables 12A & 12B give the object suffixes when they attach to final ‫ ܐ‬verbs.

ܶ

ܶ

ܰ ܰ ܶ

‫( ܐܬ‬Table 11B) and ‫( ܐܬܬ‬Table 11D) forms are usually passive Note that and hence never take an object suffix. In the rare occasions these forms have an active meaning, they may (though very rarely) take object suffixes.

72

328 Table 11 A. Attaching Object Pronoun Suffixes to Verbs: P‛al (Table 1, Columns A & B)

1

4 5 6 7

Past Tense (Perfect)

3

8

3rd

9 10

3rd

16 17 18

2nd

Singular

1st

C M F M F C M F

C M F M F C

Sing.

M F 2nd

M F

24 25

F

Pl.

Imperative

23

M

M

3rd

20

22

F

2nd

1st

19

21

M

F

Plural

15

Future Tense (Imperfect)

12

14

2nd 1st

11

13

2nd 1st

Plural

2

Singular

3rd

Infinitive

A

B

C

D

Unsuffixed Verb

Sing 3rd M (Him)

Sing 3rd F (Her)

Sing 2nd M (You)

ܶ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ܽ ܶ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܘܒ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ܶ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ܶ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ܽ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ܘܒ‬ ܽ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܘܒ‬ ܽ ̱ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܘܒ‬ ܽ ̱ ‫݁ ݂ ܽ ݂ܘܒ‬ ݂ܽ ݂ ݁ ‫ܘܒ ܢ‬ ̈ ܽ ̱ ‫݁ ݂ ܽ ݂ܘܒ‬ ݂ܶ ݂ ݁ ̈ ‫ܘܒ‬ ܰ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬

‫݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܶܒ‬ ܶ ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ܗ‬ ܳ ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ ܝ‬ ܺ ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ܗܝ‬ ܶ ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ܗ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܳܒ ̈ ̱ ܝ‬ ܽ ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ܶ ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ ̈ܒ ݁ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ܶ ‫݁ ܶܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ܽ ܳ ݂ ݁ ݂ ‫݁ܬ‬ ‫ܘܒ ̱ ܝ‬ ܶ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ‬ ܶ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ܶ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ܶ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ܶ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ݂ܳ ݂ܽ ݁ ‫ܘܒ ̱ ܝ‬ ݂ܺ ݂ܽ ݁ ‫ܘܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ܽ݁ ݂ ܽ݁ ‫ܬܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ܽ݁ ݂ ܽ݁ ‫ܬܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ݂ܳ ̈ ݂ܽ ݁ ‫ܘܒ ̱ ܝ‬ ݂ܶ̈ ݂ܽ ݁ ‫ܘܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ‬

ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ݂ ‫݁ ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰܒ‬ ݁ ‫݁ ݂ ܰ ݂ܒ‬ ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ݂ ‫݁ ܶ ݂ ݁ ܶܒ‬ ܰ ̱ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ̈ ܰ ̱ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ܽ ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ܶ݁ ̈ ܰ ݁ ‫݂ ݂ܒ‬ ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ܽ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ܘܒ‬ ܽ ܶ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܘܒ‬ ܽ ܶ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܘܒ‬

A

B

̇ ‫݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܳܒ‬ ܳ ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ̇ܗ‬ ܳ ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ̇ܗ‬ ܺ ܰ ̇ ݁ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ܳ ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ̇ܗ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ̇ܗ‬ ̇ ‫݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ̈ܳܒ‬ ܽ ܰ ̇ ܳ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘ‬ ܶ ܰ ̇ ܳ ݁ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ ̈ܒ‬ ܰ ̇ ܳ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ̇ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ܶ ̇ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ܶ ݂ ܽ ݁ ݂ ‫݁ ܶܬ‬ ̇ ‫ܘܒ‬ ܶ ̇ ܳ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ܶ ̇ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ̇ ܳ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ‬ ̇ ܳ ‫ܶ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ܶ ̇ ܳ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ‬ ܶ ̇ ܳ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ̇ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ݂ܶ ݂ܽ ݁ ̇ ‫ܘܒ‬ ݂ܺ ݂ܽ ݁ ̇ ‫ܘܒ‬ ܽ݁ ݂ ܽ݁ ‫ܬܒ ̇ܗ‬ ܽ݁ ݂ ܽ݁ ̇ ܳ ‫ܬܒ‬ ݂ܳ ̈ ݂ܽ ݁ ̇ ‫ܘܒ‬ ݂ܶ̈ ݂ܽ ݁ ̇ ܳ ‫ܘܒ‬ ̇ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ C

݂ ‫݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܳܒ‬ ܳ ܰ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ݂ܟ‬ ܳ ܰ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ݂ܟ‬ ‫݂ ݁ ܽܒ ݂ܟ‬ ܳ ݂ ‫݂ ݁ ̈ܒ‬

݁ ܰ݁ ܰ݁

ܰ ݂ ܳ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ݂ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ܶ ݂ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬

݂ ‫݂ ܳܒ‬ ݂ ܳ ‫݂ ܽܒ‬ ݂ ܳ ‫݂ ܳܒ‬

݁ ݂ ܶ‫ܐ‬ ݁ ݂ܶ ݁ ̈ ݂ܶ

݂ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬

݂ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ D

‫‪73‬‬

‫‪329‬‬

‫‪I‬‬ ‫)‪Pl 1st C (Us‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ܢ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ܺ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬

‫݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ̈ܒ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ܰ ݂ܒ ݁ ܽ ܘ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ܰ ݂ ̈ܒ ݁ ܶ ܳ‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫݁ܰ‬ ‫݁ܰ‬

‫݂ ݁ ܽܒ ̱‬ ‫݂ ݁ ܳܒ ̈ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ݁ܽ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ܘ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ݁ܶ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ܳ ̱‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰܒ ݂ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫݁‬ ‫݁‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ ̈ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫݁‬ ‫݁‬

‫݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܽ ݂ܘܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܶܬ ݂ ݁ ܽ ݂ܘܒ ݂ ܶ‬

‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܶܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ܽ ݂ ܰ‬ ‫ܘܒ‬ ‫݁ ܶܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܳ‬

‫ܐܶ ݂ ݁ ܽ ݂ܘܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬

‫݁ܰ‬

‫݂ ݁ ܰܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ݁ܳ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ݁ܺ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ̱‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ݁ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ̱‬

‫݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݁ ܰܒ ݂ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬

‫݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ݁ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ܽܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݂ ̈ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬

‫)‪Pl 2nd F (You‬‬

‫)‪Pl 2nd M (You‬‬

‫)‪Sing 1st C (Me‬‬

‫)‪Sing 2nd F (You‬‬

‫݁‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫‪H‬‬

‫‪G‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ܶܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ܶܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ‬

‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܽ ݂ܘܒ ݂ ܶ‬

‫݁ ݂ܽ ݂ܰ‬ ‫ܘܒ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܽ ݂ܺ‬ ‫ܘܒ‬ ‫݁ܽ ݂ ݁ܽ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܢ‬ ‫݁ܽ ݂ ݁ܽ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܽ ̈ ݂ܳ‬ ‫ܘܒ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܽ ݂̈ܶ‬ ‫ܘܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬

‫ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܘܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ܘܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ܶ‬ ‫‪I‬‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ܘܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܽ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܘܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫‪H‬‬

‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܶܬ ݂ ݁ ܽ ݂ ܰܒ ̱‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ܘ ݂ ܰܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫̈‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ̈‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̱‬

‫ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ̣ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫݁ ݂ ݁ ܶܒ ̣ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬

‫ܐܶ ݂ ݁‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫݂ܶ ̈ ݁‬

‫݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫݂ ܽܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬ ‫݂ ܳܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬

‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫݁ ݂ܽ ݂ܰ‬ ‫ܘܒ ̱‬ ‫݁ ݂ܽ ݂ܺ‬ ‫ܘܒ ̱‬ ‫݁ܽ ݂ ݁ܽ‬ ‫ܬܒ ̱‬ ‫݁ܽ ݂ ݁ܽ‬ ‫ܬܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫݁ ݂ܽ ̈ ݂ܳ‬ ‫ܘܒ ̱‬ ‫݁ ݂ܽ ݂̈ܶ‬ ‫ܘܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ̱‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬

‫‪G‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫‪74‬‬

‫‪330‬‬ ‫)‪Table 11 B. Attaching Object Pronoun Suffixes to Verbs: Ethp‛el/ (Table 1, Column C‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫)‪Sing 2nd M (You‬‬

‫)‪Sing 3rd F (Her‬‬

‫)‪Sing 3rd M (Him‬‬

‫‪Unsuffixed Verb‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪Plural‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬

‫‪Sing.‬‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ݂ ܽܒ‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪7‬‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪9‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬ ‫‪Pl.‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ ̈‬ ‫݂ܐܬ݁ ݂ ݁ܒ ̱‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪Imperative‬‬

‫ܳ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ ݂ܬܟ‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫‪Plural‬‬

‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܳܒ ݂‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫)‪Future Tense (Imperfect‬‬

‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܳܒ ݂‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ܽܒ ܳ ݂‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ̈ܒ ܳ ݂‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪Singular‬‬

‫ܶ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ܳ ݂‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ܒ ݂ܳ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܳܒ ݂‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫)‪Past Tense (Perfect‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ݁ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܳ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ̈ܒ ݂‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܟ‬ ‫݂ܟ‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Singular‬‬

‫ܐܬ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫݂ܶܐܬ݁‬

‫݂ ݁ ܳܒ ݂‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ݂ܟ‬

‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܳܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܳ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ̇ܗ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܶ ܳ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ̇ܗ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ܶ ݁ܺ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܳ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ̇ܗ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ̇ܗ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ̈ܳܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘ ܳ ̇‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ܶ ݂ ̈ܒ ݁ ܶ ̇ܳ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫݁‬ ‫݁‬ ‫݂ܶ ݂ܒ ̇‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܺܒ ̇‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܺܒ ̇‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܺܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܺܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ܽܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁̈ܳܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁̈ܳܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܺܒ ̇‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܶܒ ̇‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܺܒ ̇‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ̇ܗ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ̈ܳܒ ̇‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܶܒ ̈ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܳ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ ̇‬ ‫ܬܗ‬

‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܶܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ܗ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܶ ܳ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ܶ ݁ܺ‬ ‫̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ܗ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܳܒ ̈ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ܶ ̈ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫̱ܝ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫݁‬ ‫݁‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݂ ܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܺܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ܽܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ̈ܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫݁ܶ ݁ ܳ‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ̈ܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫݁‬ ‫݁‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݂ ܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܳܒ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܳܒ ̈ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ܶܒ ܳ ̈ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܳ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬܗ‬

‫ܶ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ܒ ݂ܰ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ܶ ݂ܒ ݁‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ܒ ݂ܶ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ܶ ݂ܒ̈‬ ‫݁‬ ‫݂‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ܶ ̈ ݁ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ܶ‬ ‫݂ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݁ܶ ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܬ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫݁ܶ ݁ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܬܬ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܺܒ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ݁ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ̈ܒ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫݁ܶ ݁ ܳ‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ̈ܒ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ܶ‬ ‫݂ ݂ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ݁ ݂ ݁ܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ݁ ݂ ݁ܒ ̱‬

‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬

‫‪Infinitive‬‬

‫‪25‬‬

‫‪75‬‬

‫‪331‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬

‫‪I‬‬

‫‪H‬‬

‫‪G‬‬

‫)‪Pl 1st C (Us‬‬

‫)‪Pl 2nd F (You‬‬

‫)‪Pl 2nd M (You‬‬

‫ܐܬ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ܬ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ‬

‫݂ ݁ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܳ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ݁ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܺ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ‬

‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܳ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ̈ܒ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ܶ ݂ܒ ݁ ܽ ܘ ܳ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ܶ ݂ ̈ܒ ݁ ܶ ܳ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬

‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܺܒ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ܽܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁̈ܳܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁̈ܳܒ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܰܒ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܺܒ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܶ݁ ̈‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܳܒ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܶܒ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܳ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬܢ‬ ‫‪I‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂݁ ݂‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ܰܒ ݂ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂݁ ݂‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ‬

‫ܐܬ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ‬

‫݁ ܶܒ ݂ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ̈ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܶ ݂ܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂݁ ݂‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܬܬ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂݁݁ ݂‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂݁ ݂‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ܽܒ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ̈ܒ‬

‫ܶ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݂ ݁ܒ ݂ ݂ ܢ‬

‫݂ ݁ ܶܒ ݂‬ ‫݂ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ‬ ‫݂ ܶ ݂ ̈ܒ ݂ ܽ‬

‫݂ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܢ‬ ‫ܢ‬

‫ܶ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫݂ ݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ܢ‬ ‫݁ܶ ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫݂‬

‫݂ܶ‬

‫݂ܶ‬

‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬

‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܳ ݂ ܽܒ ܬ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂ ݂‬ ‫‪H‬‬

‫ܐܬ ݂ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ܽܒ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ̈ܒ‬

‫ܢ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫݂ ܢ‬ ‫݂ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫‪G‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫)‪Sing 1st C (Me‬‬

‫ܐܬ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫݂ܶܐܬ݁‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ‬

‫݂ ݁ ܰܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܰ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܺ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ̱‬

‫ܐܬ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ‬

‫݂ ݁ ܽܒ ̱‬ ‫݂ ݁ ܳܒ ̈ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܽ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ܘ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ̈ ݁ܶ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ܳ ̱‬

‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܬܬ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܺܒ‬

‫̱‬ ‫̱‬

‫‪E‬‬ ‫)‪Sing 2nd F (You‬‬

‫ܐܬ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ‬

‫݂ ݁ ܶܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ̱‬

‫ܶ݁ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݁ܒ ̣ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܰ ̈‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݁ ܶܒ ̣ ̱‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁‬ ‫݁‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݂ܒ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ݂ ݁ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬

‫̱‬

‫ܳ ̱‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ݁ܽܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ݁ܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫݁ ݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݁ ܰ ̈ܳ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܬܬ ݂ ݁ܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݁ ܰܒ ̱‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݁ܺܒ ̱‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ̱‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݁ ܳܒ ̈ ̱‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ̈ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܳ‬ ‫ܬܝ‬ ‫݂ ݁ ݂ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ ݁ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ݁ܽܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ̈ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ݁ܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݂ ݁ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬

‫ܶ ܳ ܶ‬ ‫݂ ݁ ݂ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬ ̣ ̱‬ ‫‪E‬‬

76

332 Table 11 C. Attaching Object Pronoun Suffixes to Verbs: Pa‛el/Pa‛‛el (Table 1, Column D) A Unsuffixed Verb 1

3rd Singular

2

5 6 7

1st

3rd

2nd

9 10

1st

11

16 17 18

3rd

19

1st

C

F M F C M F M F C M F M F C

F 2nd

24 25

F

M

Pl.

Imperative

21

23

2nd

Sing.

20

22

2nd 1st

Plural

15

Future Tense (Imperfect)

14

Singular

3rd

12

M

M

8

13

2nd

F

Plural

4

Past Tense (Perfect)

3

M

M F

ܶ݁ ܰ݁

‫݂ܒ‬ ݂ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ݁ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ‬ ܶ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ݂ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ‬ ܶ ܰ ̱ ‫݁ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ܰ ̱ ‫݁ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ‬ ̈ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ‬ ܽ ܶ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ݁ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ‬ ܶ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ܶ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ܶ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ܶ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫݁ܐ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ܳ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ܳ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ‬ ܶ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ܶ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ܶ ܰ ̱ ‫݁ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬/ ̱ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ̈ ‫ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ ܶܒ‬/ ̱ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ ̈ܒ‬ ܳ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ‬

Infinitive A

B

C

D

Sing 3rd M (Him)

Sing 3rd F (Her)

Sing 2nd M (You)

‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܗ‬ ܳ ܶ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ ܝ‬ ܺ ܶ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ܗܝ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܗ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܳܒ ̈ ̱ ܝ‬ ܶ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ̈ ̱ ܝ‬ ܽ ܶ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ ݁ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ܶ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ܶ ‫ܐ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ܰ ‫݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ܰ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ܶ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܘ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬/‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ̈ ̱ ܝ‬ ܶ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ܳ ̈ ̱ ܝ‬ ܶ ܳ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬܗ‬ B

̇ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܳܒ‬ ܳ ܶ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ̇ܗ‬ ܳ ܶ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̇ܗ‬ ܺ ܶ ̇ ݁ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ܳ ܶ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̇ܗ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̇ܗ‬ ̇ ܳ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ‬ ̇ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ̈ܳܒ‬ ܶ ̇ ܳ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ‬ ܽ ܶ ̇ ܳ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘ‬ ܶ ܶ ̇ ܳ ݁ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ‬ ܶ ̇ ܳ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ̇ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ̇ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ̇ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ̇ ܳ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ܶ ̇ ‫ܐ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ̇ ܳ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ‬ ܰ ̇ ܳ ‫݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ̇ ܳ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ‬ ܰ ̇ ܳ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ̇ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ܶ ̇ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ‬ ̇ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ̇ ܳ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ‬/‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̇ܗ‬ ̈ ̇ ‫݁ ܰ ݂ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ܶ ̇ ܳ ̈ ‫݁ ܰ ݂ ݂ ܶܒ‬ ܳ ܳ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬ̇ܗ‬ C

݂ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܳܒ‬ ܳ ܶ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ݂ܟ‬ ܳ ܶ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ݂ܟ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ݂ܟ‬ ݂ ܳ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ‬ ܳ ݂ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ̈ܒ‬ ܶ ݂ ܳ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ‬ ܶ ݂ ܳ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ݂ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ݂ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬

݂ ‫݂ ܳܒ‬ ݂ ܳ ‫݂ ܽܒ‬ ݂ ܳ ‫݂ ܳܒ‬

݁ ܰ ݂ ܶ‫ܐ‬ ݁ ݂ܰ ݁ ܰ̈ ݂

݂ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬

ܳ ܳ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ ݂ܬܟ‬ D

‫‪77‬‬

‫‪333‬‬

‫‪I‬‬ ‫)‪Pl 1st C (Us‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܢ‬ ‫݁ܰ ݁ܶ ݁ܺ‬ ‫݂ܒ‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬

‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ̈ܒ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݁ ܽ ܘ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ ̈ܒ ݁ ܶ ܳ‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬

‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܳ‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ‬ ‫݂ ̈ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ̈ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܺܒ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܢ ݁‪ܽ ݁ ݁ ܰ /‬ܒ ܳ‬ ‫̈‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݂ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݂ ܶ ݂ ܶܒ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܳ ܰ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬܢ‬ ‫‪I‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܰܒ ݂ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܐܶ ݂ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂ ̈ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬

‫݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ܰܒ ݂ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬

‫݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬

‫)‪Pl 2nd F (You‬‬

‫)‪Pl 2nd M (You‬‬

‫)‪Sing 1st C (Me‬‬

‫)‪Sing 2nd F (You‬‬

‫݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݁ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ ̈ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫‪H‬‬

‫‪G‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫݂ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬

‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫݂ ܰ ݁ ܳ ݂ ܽܒ ܬ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫‪H‬‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫‪G‬‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ݁ ܰܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ݁ܳ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ݁ܺ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ܶ ݁ ܳܒ ̈ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ݁ܽ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ݂ܒ ܘ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ̈ ݁ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫̱‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ݁ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̣ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܶ ̣ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫݁ ݁ ܶ ݁ ܶܒ ̣ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܶ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ݂ܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬

‫̱‬

‫ܳ ̱‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫̈ܰ‬ ‫݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫̈ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̱ ‪ /‬ܘ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫݁ ݂ ܶ ݂ ܳܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ݂ ܶܒ ̈ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ݁ܳ ܽ ܰ‬ ‫݂ ݂ܒ ݂ܬ ̱‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫ܐܶ ݂ ܰ ݁‬ ‫݂ܰ ݁‬ ‫݂ ̈ܰ ݁‬

‫݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫݂ ܽܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬ ‫݂ ܳܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬

‫ܰ ܳ ܶ‬ ‫݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬ ݂ ̱‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫‪78‬‬

‫‪334‬‬ ‫)‪Table 11 D. Attaching Object Pronoun Suffixes to Verbs: Ethpa‛al/ Ethpa‛‛al (Table 1, Column E‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫)‪Sing 2nd M (You‬‬

‫)‪Sing 3rd F (Her‬‬

‫)‪Sing 3rd M (Him‬‬

‫‪Unsuffixed Verb‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬ ‫‪Plural‬‬

‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬ ‫‪Sing.‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪7‬‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪9‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬ ‫‪Pl.‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪Imperative‬‬

‫ܳ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ ݂ܬܟ‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫‪Plural‬‬

‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ݂‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫)‪Future Tense (Imperfect‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ݂‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ݂‬ ‫̈‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ݂‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪Singular‬‬

‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ݂‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ݂‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ݂‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫)‪Past Tense (Perfect‬‬

‫ܶ ܶ ܳ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ݂ܟ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ݂ܟ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ݂‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫݂ܶܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ̈ܒ ݂‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ݂‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Singular‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܳܒ ݂‬ ‫ܶ ܶ ܳ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ݂ܟ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܳܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ̇ܗ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ ܳ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̇ܗ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ ܺ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ܶ ܳ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̇ܗ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̇ܗ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ̈ܳܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ܶ ܽ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ ݁ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̇‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫̈‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ̈‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̇ܗ‪/‬ܘ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ̈‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݂ ܳܒ ̇ ‪ܶ ݂ /‬ܒ ̈ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܳ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ ̇‬ ‫ܬܗ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܗ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݂‬ ‫ܶ ܶ ܳ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ݁‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ ܺ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܗ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܰ ݁ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݂ܒ ܢ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܐܬ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܳܒ ̈ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ̈‬ ‫݂݁‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ̈ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ݁ ܶ ̈‬ ‫݂ܶ ݁‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ ݁ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̈ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ݁ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪ܽ /‬ܘܢ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̱ܗܝ‪/‬ܘ ܳ ̱ ܝ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ ̱ ‪ܶ /‬ܒ‬ ‫݂ ݁ܐܬ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ̈ ̱ ܝ‪ܶ ݂ /‬ܒ ܳ ̈ ̱ ܝ ݂‬ ‫ܳ ܶ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬܗ‬

‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬

‫‪Infinitive‬‬

‫‪25‬‬

‫‪79‬‬

‫‪335‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬

‫‪I‬‬

‫‪H‬‬

‫‪G‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫)‪Pl 1st C (Us‬‬

‫)‪Pl 2nd F (You‬‬

‫)‪Pl 2nd M (You‬‬

‫)‪Sing 1st C (Me‬‬

‫)‪Sing 2nd F (You‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ ܳ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܰ ݁ܶ ݁ܺ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݂ܒ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫݂ܶܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ̈ܒ‬ ‫݂ܶܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ‬ ‫݂ܶܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݁ ܽ ܘ ܳ‬ ‫݂ܶܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ ̈ܒ ݁ ܶ ܳ‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬

‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܰܒ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܰܒ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܰܒ‬ ‫݂݁ܶܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܳ‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ̈ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ‬ ‫݂݁ܶܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ‬ ‫݂݁ܶܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ̈ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ‫݂ܶܐܬ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܢ‪ܽ ݁ ݁ ܰ ݁/‬ܒ ܳ‬ ‫݂ܶܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݂ ̈ ݂ ܳܒ ‪ܶ ݂ /‬ܒ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܳ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬܢ‬ ‫‪I‬‬

‫ܶܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܰܒ ݂ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂ ݂‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݁ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ ̈ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܶܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ̈ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬

‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܳ ݂ ܽܒ ܬ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫‪H‬‬

‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݂ ݁ ܰܒ ݂ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫̈‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫‪G‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ݁ ݁ ܰܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܶ ݁ܳ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܶ ݁ܺ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܶܐܬ ݁ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܶܐܬ ݁ ݁ ܶ ݁ ܳܒ ̈ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܶ ݁ܽ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ݁ ݂ܒ ܘ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܶ ̈ ݁ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ܬ݂ܬ ݁ ܰ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬

‫̱‬ ‫̱‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܶ ݁ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܶܐܬ ݁ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̣ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܶ ̣ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ̈‬ ‫݂ܶܐܬ ݁ ݁ ܶ ݁ ܶܒ ̣ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܶ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ݁ ݂ܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬

‫̱‬

‫ܳ ̱‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ̈‬ ‫݂݁ܬܬ ݁ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ݁ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̱ ‪ /‬ܘ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ̈‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ݂ ݂ ܳܒ ̱ ‪ܶ ݂ /‬ܒ ̈ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܳ ܰ‬ ‫݂ ݁ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬ ̱‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݂ ݁ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬

‫ܶ ܰ ܳ ܶ‬ ‫݂ ݁ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬ ݂ ̱‬ ‫‪E‬‬

80

336 Table 11 E. Attaching Object Pronoun Suffixes to Verbs: Aph‛el (Table 1, Column F)

1

3rd Singular

2

5 6 7

1st

3rd

2nd

9 10

1st

11

16 17 18

3rd

19

1st

C

F

2nd

B

C

D

Unsuffixed Verb

Sing 3rd M (Him)

Sing 3rd F (Her)

Sing 2nd M (You)

ܶ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ܰ ݂ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ݁ ‫ܰܐ ݂ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ‬ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ܰ ݂ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ‬ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ‫ ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬/ ̱ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ̈ ‫ܰܐ ݂ ݁ ܶ ݂ ܶܒ‬

M F C

ܰ ‫݁ ܶ ݂ܒ‬

M F M F C M F M F C

F

24 25

F

M

Pl.

Imperative

21

23

2nd

Sing.

20

22

2nd 1st

Plural

15

Future Tense (Imperfect)

14

Singular

3rd

12

M

M

8

13

2nd

F

Plural

4

Past Tense (Perfect)

3

M

A

M F

ܶ ‫݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ܶ ‫݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ̈ ‫݁ ܶ ݂ ܶܒ‬

/

̈ ܶ ܰ ̱ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬

ܽ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ̈ ܶ ݁ ‫ܰܐ ݂ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ‬ ܰ ܶ ܰ ݂ ‫ ܐ‬/ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ܶ ܰ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ܶ ܰ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ܰ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ܰ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ܳ ܰ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ‬ ܶ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ܰ ܶ ܰ ݂ ‫ ܐ‬/ ̱ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ܰ ܶ ܰ ݂ ‫ ܐ‬/ ̱ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ܰ ܶ ܰ ݂ ‫ ܐ‬/ ̱ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ‬ ܳ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ‬

Infinitive A

ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ‬ ܶ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܗ‬ ܳ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ ܝ‬ ܺ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ܗܝ‬ ܶ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܗ‬ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܳܒ ̈ ̱ ܝ‬ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ̈ ̱ ܝ‬ ܽ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ܶ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ ݁ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ܰ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ܰ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ܰ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ܰ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ܰ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ̱ ܝ‬ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ܰ ‫ܘ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬/‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ̈ ̱ ܝ‬ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ܳ ̈ ̱ ܝ‬ ܶ ܳ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬܗ‬ B

ܰ ̇ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ܳ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ̇ܗ‬ ܳ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̇ܗ‬ ܺ ܶ ܰ ̇ ݁ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ܳ ܶ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̇ܗ‬ ܰ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̇ܗ‬ ܰ ̇ ܳ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ‬ ܰ ̇ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݁ ̈ܳܒ‬ ܶ ܰ ̇ ܳ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ‬ ܽ ܶ ܰ ̇ ܳ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘ‬ ܶ ܶ ܰ ̇ ܳ ݁ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ‬ ܶ ܰ ̇ ܳ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ̇ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ܰ ̇ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ܰ ̇ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ܰ ̇ ܳ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ܰ ̇ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ̇ ܳ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ‬ ̇ ܳ ‫ܰ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ܰ ̇ ܳ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ‬ ܰ ̇ ܳ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ̇ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ܶ ܰ ̇ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ‬ ܰ ̇ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ܰ ̇ ܳ ‫ܘ‬/‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̇ܗ‬ ̈ ܰ ̇ ‫ܐ ݂ ݂ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ܶ ܰ ̇ ܳ ̈ ‫ܐ ݂ ݂ ݂ ܶܒ‬ ܳ ܳ ̇ ݂ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ‬ ‫ܬܗ‬ C

݂ ‫݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ܳ ܶ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ݂ܟ‬

ܰ ݂‫ܐ‬ ܰ ݂‫ܐ‬

ܳ ܶ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ݂ܟ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ܽܒ ݂ܟ‬ ݂ ܳ ‫݁ ݁ ܽܒ‬ ܳ ݂ ‫݁ ݁ ̈ܒ‬ ܶ ݂ ܳ ‫݁ ݁ ܶܒ‬

ܰ ݂‫ܐ‬ ܰ ݂‫ܐ‬ ܰ ݂‫ܐ‬ ܰ ݂‫ܐ‬ ܰ ݂‫ܐ‬

ܶ ݂ ܳ ‫݁ ݂ܒ‬ ݂ ‫݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ݂ ‫݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬

ܰ ݂‫ܐ‬ ݂ܰ ܰ ݂ ‫݁ܬ‬

݂ ‫݂ ܳܒ‬ ݂ ܳ ‫݂ ܽܒ‬ ݂ ܳ ‫݂ ܳܒ‬

݁ ݂ ‫ܰܐ‬ ݁ ݂ܰ ݁ ̈ ݂ܰ

݂ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬

ܳ ܳ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ ݂ܬܟ‬ D

‫‪81‬‬

‫‪337‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬

‫‪I‬‬

‫‪H‬‬

‫‪G‬‬

‫)‪Pl 1st C (Us‬‬

‫)‪Pl 2nd F (You‬‬

‫)‪Pl 2nd M (You‬‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬

‫݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܢ‬ ‫݁ܶ ݁ܺ‬ ‫݂ܒ‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ̈ܒ‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݁ ܽ ܘ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݂ ̈ܒ ݁ ܶ ܳ‬

‫݂ܰ‬

‫݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܳ‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬

‫݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݁ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݁ ܽܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݂ ̈ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫݂ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂‬

‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ‬ ‫݁ܰܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ‬ ‫݁ܰܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܰܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܺܒ‬ ‫ܰܐ ݂ ݁ ݁ܽܒ ܢ‪/‬ܘ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݂ ݂ܳܒ‬ ‫ܰܐ ݂ ݂ ܶ ݂ ܶܒ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܳ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬܢ‬ ‫‪I‬‬

‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫݂ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂‬

‫݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬

‫ܰܐ ݂ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬

‫ܰܐ ݂ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܰܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݂ ݂ ܶ‬

‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݂ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ܶ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ܳ ݂ ܽܒ ܬ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫‪H‬‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫‪G‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫)‪Sing 1st C (Me‬‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬

‫݁ ݂ ܰܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܳ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܺ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ̱‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬

‫݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̱‬ ‫݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݁ ܳܒ ̈ ̱‬ ‫݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܽ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ܘ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ̈ ݁ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ̱‬

‫݂ܰ‬

‫݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂‬

‫̱‬ ‫̱‬

‫‪E‬‬ ‫)‪Sing 2nd F (You‬‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬

‫݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ̱‬

‫ܰ ܶ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰܐ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̣ ̱‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܶ ̣ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫̈‬ ‫ܰܐ ݂ ݁ ܶ ݁ ܶܒ ̣ ̱‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܶ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ݂‬ ‫݂ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬ ‫݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬

‫̱‬

‫ܳ ̱‬

‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫̈‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ̈‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̱ ‪ /‬ܘ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܰܐ ݂ ݂ ܶ ݂ ܳܒ ̱‬ ‫ܐ ݂ ݂ ݂ ܶܒ ̈ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܳ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬ ̱‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫ܰܐ ݂ ݁‬ ‫݂ܰ ݁‬ ‫݂ܰ ̈ ݁‬

‫݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫݂ ܽܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬ ‫݂ ܳܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬

‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬

‫ܳ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬ ݂ ̱‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫‪82‬‬

‫‪338‬‬ ‫)‪Table 11 F. Attaching Object Pronoun Suffixes to Verbs: Ettaph‛al (Table 1, Column G‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫)‪Sing 2nd M (You‬‬

‫)‪Sing 3rd F (Her‬‬

‫)‪Sing 3rd M (Him‬‬

‫‪Unsuffixed Verb‬‬

‫‪Singular‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬

‫‪Sing.‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪7‬‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪9‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬ ‫‪Pl.‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪Imperative‬‬

‫ܰ ܳ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ ݂ܬܟ‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪Plural‬‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ݂‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫)‪Future Tense (Imperfect‬‬

‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ݂‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪Singular‬‬

‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ݂‬ ‫݁ ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ݂‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪Plural‬‬

‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬

‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ݂ܟ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ܽܒ ݂ܟ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ݂‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ̈ܒ ݂‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ݂‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫)‪Past Tense (Perfect‬‬

‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬

‫݁ ݂ ܳܒ ݂‬ ‫ܶ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ݂ܟ‬

‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܶ ܳ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ̇ܗ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̇ܗ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̇‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̇ܗ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̇ܗ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݁ ̈ܳܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ ݁ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̇‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫݁ܐܬ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̇ܗ‪ܽ/‬ܘ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݂ ݂ ܳܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݂ ݂ ܶܒ ̈ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܰ ܳ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ ̇‬ ‫ܬܗ‬

‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܗ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܗ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܗܝ‬ ‫ܒ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܳܒ ̈ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܶ‬ ‫݁݁‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ̈‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ̈ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ݁ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ ݁ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܶܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܶܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܶܰ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ̈ܒ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪ܽ /‬ܘܢ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̱ܗܝ‪ܽ/‬ܘ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ̈ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫݁݁‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ̈‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ܳ ̈ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬܗ‬

‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬

‫‪Infinitive‬‬

‫‪25‬‬

‫‪83‬‬

‫‪339‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫‪I‬‬

‫‪H‬‬

‫‪G‬‬

‫)‪Pl 1st C (Us‬‬

‫)‪Pl 2nd F (You‬‬

‫)‪Pl 2nd M (You‬‬

‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܐ ݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬

‫݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ܢ‬ ‫݁ܰ ݁ܺ‬ ‫݂ܒ‬

‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐ‬ ‫ܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬

‫݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܢ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ̈ܒ‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ݁ ܽ ܘ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ܰ ݂ ̈ܒ ݁ ܶ ܳ‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ‬ ‫݁ ܶ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ ܰܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ ܰܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ܶ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ‬ ‫݁ ܶ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܰܒ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܺܒ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݁ܽܒ ܢ‪ܽ/‬ܘ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݂ ݂ܳܒ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݂ ܶ ݂ ܶܒ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬܢ‬ ‫‪I‬‬

‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݂ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ݁ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ ̈ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ ܰܬ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ܶ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬

‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ ܰܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ ܰܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ ܰܬ ݂ ݁ ܰ ݂ܒ ݂ ܶ‬

‫ܶ ݁ ݁ ܰܬ ݂ ݁ ܳ ݂ ܽܒ ܬ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫‪H‬‬

‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ݂ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ݁ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ܽܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ̈ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶܰ ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ̈ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫)‪Sing 1st C (Me‬‬

‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬

‫)‪Sing 2nd F (You‬‬

‫݁ ݂ ܰܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ݁ܳ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ݁ܺ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ̱‬

‫݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ݂ ̱‬

‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫݁ܐܬ ݁ܬ ݂‬

‫݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̱‬ ‫݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫݁ ܶ ݁ ܳܒ ̈ ̱‬ ‫݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ݁ܽ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ܘ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ݁ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܒ ܳ ̱‬

‫݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫݁ ܰ̈‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܰ̈‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܳ ̱‬

‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܰܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܺܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̱ ‪ܽ/‬ܘ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݂ ܶ ݂ ܳܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݂ ݂ ܶܒ ̈ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ܰ ܳ ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬ ̱‬

‫‪G‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂‬

‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ̱‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ̣ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܽܒ ܶ ̣ ̱‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫̈‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ܶ ݁ ܶܒ ̣ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݁ ܶܒ ܶ ̱‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬ ‫݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܶ݁ ݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܐܬܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬ ‫݁ ܰ̈‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܳܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬ ‫݁ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬

‫ܶ ݁ ܰ ܳ ܶ‬ ‫݁ܬ ݂ ݁ ݂ ܽܒ ݂ܬ ݂ ̱‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫‪84‬‬

‫‪340‬‬

‫ܐ‬

‫)‪Table 12 A. Attaching Object Pronoun Suffixes to a Final Verb: P‛al (Table 7, Column A‬‬

‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂‬

‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪7‬‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪9‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪Sing.‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬ ‫‪Pl.‬‬

‫ܶ ܓܒ ܳ ݂‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪Plural‬‬

‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܓܒ ݂‬ ‫ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ݂‬ ‫ܶ ̈ܓܒ ܳ ܳ ݂‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪Singular‬‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ݂‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂‬ ‫݁ܬܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪Plural‬‬

‫ܺ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂ܟ‬ ‫ܰܽ‬ ‫ܓܒܐ݂ܘܟ‬ ‫̈ ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ݂‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Singular‬‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂‬ ‫ܳ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂ܟ‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̇‬ ‫ܳ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̇ܗ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̇ܗ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̇‬ ‫ܺ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̇ܗ‬ ‫ܰܽ‬ ‫ܓܒܐ ̇‬ ‫ܘܗ‬ ‫̈ ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܘ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̈ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̇‬ ‫݁ܬܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̇‬ ‫݁ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ̇‬ ‫݁ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܓܒ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ̈ܓܒ ܳ ܳ ̇‬ ‫݁ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ܳ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̇‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̇‬ ‫ܳܺ‬ ‫ܓܒܐ ̇‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰܽ ̇‬ ‫ܓܒܐܘܗ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒܐܘ ܳ ̇‬ ‫̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܶ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ ܓܒ ܳ ̇‬

‫)‪Past Tense (Perfect‬‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܳ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܗ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܺ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܗ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܓܒܐܘܗܝ‬ ‫ܰ ̱‬ ‫̈ ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܘ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̈ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݁ܬܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݁ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݁ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܓܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ̈ܓܒ ܳ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫݁ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ܳ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܳܺ‬ ‫ܓܒܐ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܓܒܐܘܗܝ‬ ‫ܰܽ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒܐܘ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܶ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ܓܒ ܶ‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒܐ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫̈ܓܰܒ‬ ‫ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒܐ‬ ‫ܬܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܓܒܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܓܒ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܓܒܐ‬ ‫ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈ܓܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒܐ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܽ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒܐܘܢ‬ ‫̈ܓ ܳܒ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒܐ‬

‫)‪Future Tense (Imperfect‬‬

‫)‪Sing 2nd M (You‬‬

‫)‪Sing 3rd F (Her‬‬

‫)‪Sing 3rd M (Him‬‬

‫‪Unsuffixed Verb‬‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪Imperative‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪Infinitive‬‬

‫‪25‬‬

‫‪85‬‬

‫‪341‬‬

‫‪I‬‬ ‫)‪C (Us‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬

‫ܢ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܢ‬ ‫ܺ‬

‫ܰܽ‬ ‫ܓܒܐܘܢ‬ ‫̈ ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܘ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̈ ܶ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫݁ܬܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫݁ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܓܒ‬ ‫݁ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ܳ‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬

‫ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ̈ܓܒ ܳ ܳ‬ ‫݁ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ܳ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ̈‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ܓܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܺ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܓܒܐܘ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫̈ ܰ‬

‫ܓܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݁ܬܶ ܶ‬

‫ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܳܺ‬ ‫ܓܒܐ‬ ‫ܰܽ‬ ‫ܓܒܐܘܢ‬ ‫ܰܽ‬ ‫ܓܒܐܘ ܳ‬ ‫̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܶ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܓܒ ܰ‬

‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܓܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈ܓܒ ܳ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܶ ܓܒ ܳ ܶ‬ ‫‪I‬‬

‫ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒܐܘ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫̈ ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫݁ܬܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܓܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬

‫‪20‬‬

‫‪Pl‬‬

‫)‪M (You‬‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܐܓܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܶ ̈ܓܒ ܳ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬

‫‪Pl‬‬

‫)‪F (You‬‬

‫ܓܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܳ‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬

‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪G‬‬ ‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪H‬‬

‫ܶ ܓܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫‪G‬‬

‫‪Pl‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫)‪C (Me‬‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂‬ ‫ܳ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̱‬

‫̱‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܳ‬

‫‪Sing‬‬

‫)‪Sing 2nd F (You‬‬

‫̱‬ ‫ܺ‬

‫̱‬

‫ܰܽ‬ ‫ܓܒܐܘ ̱‬ ‫̈ ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܘ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̈ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̱‬ ‫݁ܬܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̱‬ ‫݁ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ̱‬ ‫݁ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ̈ܓܒ ܳ ܳ ̱‬ ‫݁ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ܳ ܳ ̱‬

‫ܺ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰܽ‬ ‫ܓܒܐܘ ̣ ̱‬ ‫̈ ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܶ ̣ ̱‬

‫ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫݁ܬܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܓܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܶ ̈ܓܒ ܳ ܶ ݂ ̱‬

‫ܶ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂ ̱‬

‫ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̱‬ ‫ܳܺ‬ ‫ܓܒܐ ̱‬ ‫ܰܽ‬ ‫ܓܒܐܘ ̱‬ ‫ܰܽ‬ ‫ܓܒܐܘ ܳ ̱‬ ‫̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܶ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܰ ̱‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫‪86‬‬

‫‪342‬‬

‫ܐ‬

‫)‪Table 12 B. Attaching Object Pronoun Suffixes to a Final Verb: Pa‛el /Pa‛‛el (Table 7, Column D‬‬

‫ܰܓ ܶܒ ݂‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪7‬‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪9‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪Sing.‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬ ‫‪Pl.‬‬

‫ܰ ܳ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܽ ܬ݂ܟ‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫‪Plural‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܰܓ ܶܒ ݂‬ ‫ܰܓ ܽܒ ܳ ݂‬ ‫ܰܓ̈ܒ ܳ ܳ ݂‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪Singular‬‬

‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ݂‬ ‫ܰܓ ܶܒ ݂‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓ ܶܒ ݂‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪Plural‬‬

‫ܰܓ ܺܒ‬ ‫ܰܓܒ ܽ‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ݂‬

‫ܳ‬ ‫݂ܟ‬ ‫݂ܟ‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪3rd‬‬ ‫‪Singular‬‬

‫ܰܓܒ ܳ ݂‬ ‫ܰ ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂ ݂ܟ‬

‫ܰܓܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܰ ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̇ܗ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̇ܗ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̇‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܰܓ ܺܒ ̇ܗ‬ ‫ܰܓܒ ܽ ̇ܗ‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܰ ܺ ܽ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܘ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܰ ܺ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̈ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܰܓ ܶܒ ̇‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓ ܶܒ ̇‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓ ܶܒ ̇‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓ ܶܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܰܓ ܶܒ ̇‬ ‫ܰܓ ܽܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܰܓ̈ܒ ܳ ܳ ̇‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓ ܽܒ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ܳ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܰܓ ܶܒ ̇‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̇‬ ‫ܰ ܳܺ‬ ‫ܓܒܐ ̇‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰܓ ܰ ܽ ̇‬ ‫ܒܐܘܗ‬ ‫ܰܓ ܰܒܐܘ ܳ ̇‬ ‫̈ܰܓ ܳܒ ܶ ܳ ̇‬ ‫ܰ ܳ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܽ ܬ̇ܗ‬

‫‪M‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫)‪Past Tense (Perfect‬‬

‫ܰܓܒ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂ ܗ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ ܺ‬ ‫̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܗ‬ ‫ܰܓܒ ܽ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ ܽ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܘ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̈ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰܓ ܶܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓ ܶܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓ ܶܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓ ܶܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܰܓ ܶܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܰܓ ܽܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰܓ̈ܒ ܳ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓ ܽܒ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܓ ̈ܒ ܳ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܰܓ ܶܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܳܺ‬ ‫ܓܒܐ ̱ܗܝ‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܒܐܘܗܝ‬ ‫ܰܓ ܰ ܽ ̱‬ ‫ܰܓ ܰܒܐܘ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫̈ܰܓ ܳܒ ܶ ܳ ̱ ܝ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰܓܳܒ ܽ ܬܗ‬

‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܰܓܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݁‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̈‬ ‫ܰ ܺ ܽ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܓܒܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܓܒܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܓܒ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܰܓܶܒܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܽ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒܐܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܶ ̈‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܽ‬

‫)‪Future Tense (Imperfect‬‬

‫)‪Sing 2nd M (You‬‬

‫)‪Sing 3rd F (Her‬‬

‫)‪Sing 3rd M (Him‬‬

‫‪Unsuffixed Verb‬‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪Imperative‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪C‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪Infinitive‬‬

‫‪25‬‬

‫‪87‬‬

‫‪343‬‬

‫‪I‬‬ ‫)‪C (Us‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪1st‬‬

‫ܓܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܰܓܒ ܰ ݂ ݂ ܶ‬

‫ܰܓܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ܰ ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬

‫ܰܓܒ ܽ‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̈‬

‫ܢ‬ ‫ܽܘ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ ܳ‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬

‫ܰܓܶܒ‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓܶܒ‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓܶܒ‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓ ܶܒ ܳ‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬

‫ܰܓ ܽܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܰܓ̈ܒ ܳ ܳ‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓ ܽܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ܳ ܳ‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܰ ܳܺ‬ ‫ܓܒܐ‬ ‫ܰ ܰܽ‬ ‫ܒܐܘܢ‬ ‫ܰܓ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܒܐܘ ܳ‬ ‫ܓ‬ ‫̈ܰܓ ܳܒ ܶ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܽ ܬܢ‬ ‫‪I‬‬

‫‪Pl‬‬

‫)‪M (You‬‬

‫‪2nd‬‬

‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰܓܒ ܰ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܰܓ ܺܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰܓܒ ܽ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰܓ ܶܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓ ܶܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܐܶܰܓ ܶܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܰܓ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܰܓ̈ܒ ܳ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬

‫ܰܓ ܺܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܰܓܒ ܽ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬

‫ܓܒ ܳ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܰܓ ܶܒ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓ ܶܒ ݂ ܶ‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬

‫‪Pl‬‬

‫)‪F (You‬‬

‫‪G‬‬ ‫‪2nd‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫ܰܓ ܶܒ ݂ ܶ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܰܓ ܶܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰܓ ܽܒ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰܓ̈ܒ ܳ ܳ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܰܓ ܶܒ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬

‫ܓܒ ܽ ܬ ݂ ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫‪H‬‬

‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܽ ܬ ݂ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫‪G‬‬

‫‪Pl‬‬

‫)‪C (Me‬‬

‫‪1st‬‬

‫ܰܓܒ ܰ ̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰܓܒ ܰ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܺ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܺ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰܓܒ ܽ‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܓܒ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̈‬

‫̱‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܘ ̱‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܳ ̱‬

‫ܰܓ ܶܒ ̱‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓ ܶܒ ̱‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓ ܶܒ ̱‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓ ܶܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰܓ ܽܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫̈‬ ‫ܰܓܒ ܳ ܳ ̱‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓ ܽܒ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ̈‬ ‫ܬܓܒ ܳ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܳ‬ ‫ܓܒ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܳܺ‬ ‫ܓܒܐ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܰܽ‬ ‫ܒܐܘ ̱‬ ‫ܰܓ ܰ ܽ‬ ‫ܳ‬ ‫ܒܐܘ‬ ‫ܓ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫̈ܓ ܳܒ ܶ ܳ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܳ ܰ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܽ ܬ ̱‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪Sing‬‬

‫)‪Sing 2nd F (You‬‬

‫ܰܓܒ ܶ ݂‬ ‫ܰ ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܰ ܺ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰܓܒ ̣ ̱‬ ‫̈‬ ‫ܰܓܒ ܶ ̣ ̱‬

‫ܰ ܺ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܰܓ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫݁ܬܰܓ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܐܰܓ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬ ‫ܰܓ ܽܒ ܶ ݂ ̱‬ ‫̈‬ ‫ܰܓܒ ܳ ܶ ݂ ̱‬

‫ܰܓ ܶܒ ݂ ̱‬

‫ܰ ܳ ܶ‬ ‫ܓܒ ܽ ܬ ݂ ̱‬ ‫‪E‬‬

88

344

Appendix

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89

Verb Paradigms

345

Tables 13. Some Irregular Verbs and Four-Letter Verbs This table gives a few irregular verbs, and introduces verbs which consist of four (not three) letters.

ܶ

The verb ‫( ܰܐܙܠ‬Column A): The ‫ ܠ‬becomes silent when it has a vowel, and its vowel ܶ ܰ ܶ moves to the ‫ ; ܙ‬e.g., ݂ ̱ ‫( ܰܐܙ‬A2), not ݂ ‫ܐܙ‬. Similarly, in the participles (which are not listed

ܶܳ

ܳ

ܺܳ

ܳ̈ ܳ

in the table), one has ‫ ܐܙܠ‬but ̱ ‫ ܳܐܙ‬, ̱ ‫ܐܙ‬, ̱ ‫ܐܙ‬. ܳܶ The verb ‫( ܐܬܐ‬Column B) is both initial-‫ ܐ‬and final-‫ܐ‬. As such its conjugation is more or less a combination of Table 5 (Columns A & B) and Table 7 (Column A). Note that the ܶ ܺ ܺ future tense prefix has ◌ as in ‫ܐܬܐ‬ ݂ (B11). ܳ The verb ‫( ܐ‬Column C) has its own pecularities. As it ends in ‫ܐ‬, it has some of the

features found in Table 5. ܶ ܰ The verb ‫( ܰ ̱ ܒ‬Column D) has a silent middle letter apart from ‫( ܶ ܒ‬D2) and ‫ܶ ܒ‬ ܶ ܶ (D 5). Its future is ‫ܠ‬ which is conjugated like an initial verb (see Table 3). The ܰ݁ ܶ ܶ ܰ infinitive ‫ܒ‬ is very rare, and one usually finds ‫ܠ‬ . ܶ The verb (Column E) looses its ‫ ܠ‬in the future, imperative, and infinitive. In such cases, it is conjugated like an initial verb (see Table 3). Skipping Column F for a moment, there are verbs whose roots consist of four letters, ܶ ܰ (Column G). Its conjugation is similar to the rather than three. One such verb is ‫ܬܪܓ‬ ܶ ܰ regular verb such as ‫( ܰ ܶ ܒ‬Table 1, D1), but with the insertion of the second letter (‫)ܪ‬ after the first letter. ܶ ܰ and ܶ ܰ . An example There are two measures that have not been covered:

ܶ ܰ

ܶ

from the root ‫ܪܗܒ‬, and an example of the latter is ‫ ܰ ܒ‬from the of the former is ‫ܗܒ‬ root ‫ ܒ‬. These are conjugated like four-letter verbs. Column F gives an example ܶ ܰ conjugating ‫ ܗܒ‬.

90

346 Table 13. Some Irregular Verbs in the P‛al M = Masculine F = Feminine C = Common (M & F) 1

4 5 6 7

Past Tense (Perfect)

3

8

3rd

9 10

17 18

3rd

19

1st

2nd

ܶ ‫ܰܐܙܠ‬

ܳܶ ‫ܐܬܐ‬

M F M F C M F

‫ܽ ܢ‬ ̈ ܶ

M F C

ܰ

M F M F C M F M F C

F M F

24 25

B

M

Pl.

Imperative

21

23

2nd

Sing.

20

22

2nd 1st

Plural

16

Future Tense (Imperfect)

15

Singular

3rd

12

14

2nd 1st

11

13

2nd 1st

Plural

2

Singular

3rd

A

Infinitive

‫ܢ‬ ̈

‫ܳܐ‬ ܳܶ ‫݂ܐܬܐ‬ ܳܶ ‫ܐܬܬ‬ ݂݂ ܰܶ ݁ ‫ܐܬ‬ ݂ ܰܶ ݁ ‫݂ܐܬ ̱ܝ‬ ܺܶ ݂ ‫݂ܐܬ‬ ܰܶ ‫݂ܐܬܘ‬ ̈ ܰ ݂ܶ ‫ܐܬܝ‬ ܽ ܰܶ ‫݂ܐܬ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ܶ݁ ܰܶ ‫݂ܐܬ‬ ܰܶ ܰ ‫ܐܬ‬ ݂ ܶ ܺ ‫݂ܐܬܐ‬ ܶ ܺ݁ ‫ܬܐܬܐ‬ ݂ ܶ ܺ݁ ‫ܬܐܬܐ‬ ݂ ܺ ܺ݁ ‫ܬܐܬ‬ ݂ ܶܺ ‫݂ܐܬܐ‬ ܽ ‫ܺ ݂ܐܬܘܢ‬ ܳ ܺ ‫̈ ݂ܐܬܢ‬ ܽ ܺ݁ ‫ܬܐܬܘܢ‬ ݂ ܳ̈ ܺ ݁ ‫ܬܐܬܢ‬ ݂ ܶ ܺ ‫݂ܐܬܐ‬ ܳ ‫݁ܬܐ‬ ܳ ‫݁ܬܝ‬ ܰ ‫݁ܬܘ‬ ̈ ܶ ‫݁ ܳܬܐ‬ ܶ ‫ܶ ݂ܐܬܐ‬

ܶ ‫ܰܐܙܠ‬ ܶ ݂ ̱ ‫ܰܐܙ‬ ܶ ‫ܰܐܙ‬ ܶ ‫ܰܐܙ ̱ܝ‬ ܶ ݂ ̱ ‫ܶܐܙ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫ ܰܐܙ‬/ ̱ ‫ܰܐܙ‬ ܶ ܶ ‫ ܰܐܙ‬/ ̱ ̈ ‫ܰܐܙ‬ ܽ ܶ ‫ܰܐܙ ܘܢ‬ ܶ ̈ ܰܶ ‫ܐܙ‬ ܰ‫ ܶܐܙ‬/ ‫ܶܰܐܙ‬ ‫ܺ ܰܐܙܠ‬ ܰܺ ‫ܬܐܙܠ‬ ܰܺ ‫ܬܐܙܠ‬ ܺܺ ̱ ‫ܬܐܙ‬ ܺ ‫ܰܐܙܠ‬ ‫ܺ ܽܐܙ ̱ ܢ‬ ܳ ̱ ‫ܺ ̈ܐܙ‬ ܽܺ ‫ܬܐܙ ̱ ܢ‬ ܳ̈ ܺ ̱ ‫ܬܐܙ‬ ‫ܺ ܰܐܙܠ‬ ‫ܶܙܠ‬ ܺ ‫ ܶܙ‬/ ‫ܶܙ‬ ̱ ܽ ‫ ܶܙ‬/ ‫ܶܙ‬ ̱ ܶ ‫ ܶܙ‬/ ̈ ‫ܶܙ‬ ̱ ‫ܺ ܰܐܙܠ‬

A

C

B

‫ܳܐ‬ ݂ܳ ݁ ܰ ‫ܰ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ݂ ܺ ܰ ܰ̈ ܽ݁ ܰ ‫ܘܢ‬ ܶ݁ ܰ ܰ ‫ ܺܐ ܶ ܐ‬/ ‫ܺ ܶ ܐ‬ ܺ ܺ ‫ ܬܐ ܶ ܐ‬/ ‫ܬ ܶ ܐ‬ ܺ ܺ ‫ ܬܐ ܶ ܐ‬/ ‫ܬ ܶ ܐ‬ ܺ ‫ ܺܬܐ‬/ ܺ ‫ܺܬ‬ ܺ ܺ ‫ ܐܐ ܶ ܐ‬/ ‫ܐ ܶ ܐ‬ ‫ ܺܐ ܽ ܢ‬/ ‫ܺ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ̈ ‫ ܺ ܐ‬/ ܳ̈ ܺ ܺ ܺ ‫ ܬܐ ܽ ܢ‬/ ‫ܬ ܽ ܢ‬ ܳ̈ ‫ ܺܬܐ‬/ ܳ̈ ‫ܺܬ‬ ‫ ܺܐ ܶ ܐ‬/ ‫ܺ ܶ ܐ‬ ܺ ܳ ‫ ܰ ܽ ܘܢ‬/ ܰ ܶܰ̈ / ܰ̈ ‫ ܶ ܐ ܳܐ‬/ ‫ܶ ܳܐ‬ C

‫‪91‬‬

‫‪347‬‬

‫‪G‬‬

‫ܰ ܶ‬ ‫ܬܪܓ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫ܰ ܶܗܒ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫݁ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܶܗܒ‬ ‫ܬܪܓ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ܰ‬ ‫݁ ݁‬ ‫ܗܒ ݂‬ ‫ܬܪܓ ܰ ݂‬ ‫ܗܒ ݁‬ ‫ܬܪܓ ݁‬ ‫݁ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ܶ‬ ‫݁ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܗܒ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܬܪܓ ݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݁‬ ‫ܗܒ ݂‬ ‫ܬܪܓ ܶ ݂‬ ‫ܬܪܓ ̱ ‪ܶ ݁ ܰ ݁ /‬‬ ‫݁ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܗܒ ̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܬܪܓ ܽ ܢ ܰ ܶ ݂‬ ‫ܬ̈ܪܓ ܶ‬ ‫ܬ̈ܪܓ ̱ ‪ܶ ݁ ܰ ݁ /‬‬ ‫݁ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܗܒ ̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܰ ݂ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ܽ‬ ‫݁ܰ ݁ܶ ܽ‬ ‫ܗܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܬܪܓ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ݁ܶ‬ ‫݁ܰ ݁ܶ ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܗܒ‬ ‫ܬܪܓ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫݁ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܬܪܓ ‪݁ /‬‬ ‫ܗܒ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܬܪܓ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫݂ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܗܒ‬ ‫ܪܓ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݂ ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܗܒ‬ ‫ܬܬܪܓ‬ ‫݁ܬ ܰ ܶ ݂‬ ‫݁ ݂ ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܗܒ‬ ‫ܬܬܪܓ‬ ‫݁ܬ ܰ ܶ ݂‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬܪܓ ܺ‬ ‫݁ܬ ܰ ݂ ܺ‬ ‫݁ ݁‬ ‫ܗܒ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܰ ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܗܒ‬ ‫ܐܬܪܓ‬ ‫ܐ ܰ ݂ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ܽ‬ ‫݂ܰ ݁‬ ‫ܗܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܪܓ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫݂ ܰ ݁̈ܪܓ ܳ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ܳ‬ ‫ܗܒ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫݁ܬ ܰ ݂ ܽ‬ ‫݂݁ ݁‬ ‫ܗܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܬܬܪܓ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܬܬ̈ܪܓ ܳ‬ ‫݁ܬ ܰ ݂ ܳ‬ ‫݂݁ ݁‬ ‫ܗܒ‬ ‫݂ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܗܒ‬ ‫ܪܓ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ܶ‬ ‫݁ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܗܒ‬ ‫ܬܪܓ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ܶ‬ ‫ܬܪܓ ܺ‬ ‫ܬܪܓ ̱ ‪ܶ ݁ ܰ ݁ /‬‬ ‫݁ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܗܒ ̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܰ ݂ܶ‬ ‫ܬܪܓ ̱ ‪ܶ ݁ ܰ ݁ /‬‬ ‫݁ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܗܒ ̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܬܪܓ ܽ ܢ ܰ ܶ ݂‬ ‫ܬ̈ܪܓ ܶ‬ ‫ܬ̈ܪܓ ̱ ‪ܶ ݁ ܰ ݁ /‬‬ ‫݁ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܗܒ ̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܰ ݂ܶ‬ ‫ܪܓ ܽ‬ ‫ܰ ܳ ݂ܽ‬ ‫݂ܰ ݁ܳ‬ ‫ܗܒ‬ ‫‪G‬‬

‫‪F‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫ܰ ܒ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܰ ݂‬ ‫݁‬ ‫݁ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ݂‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ݂ܽ‬ ‫ܗܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ݂ܶ‬ ‫ܗܒ‬

‫ܗܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ݂ܶ‬

‫ܰ ܶ ݂ܺ‬ ‫ܗܒ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ݂ܽ‬ ‫ܗܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ܶ ݂ܶ‬ ‫ܗܒ‬

‫ܶ‬

‫ܶ ̈‬

‫̱‬

‫ܶ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ܶ ̈‬

‫‪/‬‬

‫̱‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܽ‬ ‫ܘܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܶ‬

‫‪/‬‬

‫ܶ ܰ‬

‫‪/‬‬

‫ܶܰ‬ ‫݁ ܶܬ ܰ‬ ‫݁ ܶܬ ܰ‬ ‫݁ ܶܬ ܺ‬ ‫ܐܶ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ܬ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫݁ ܶܬ ̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܶܰ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ‪ܺ ܰ /‬‬ ‫̱‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ̱ ‪/‬‬ ‫ܰ ̈ ̱ ‪̈ ܶ ܰ /‬‬ ‫ܶ ܰ‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫‪/‬‬

‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ܠ‬

‫ܰ ̱ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ܰܒ ݂‬ ‫ܰ ݂ܒ ݁‬ ‫̱‬ ‫݁‬ ‫ܰ ̱ ݂ܒ ̱ܝ‬ ‫ܶ ݁ ܶܒ ݂‬ ‫ܰ ̱ ݂ܒ ̱ ‪ܽ ݂ ̱ ܰ /‬ܒ ܢ‬ ‫ܰ ̱ ݂ ̈ܒ ̱ ‪ܶ ݂ ̱ ܰ /‬ܒ ̈‬ ‫ܽ‬ ‫ܰ ̱ ݂ܒ ݁ ܘܢ‬ ‫ܰ ݁ܶ‬ ‫̱ ݂ܒ‬ ‫ܰ ̱ ݂ܒ ‪݂ ̱ ܰ /‬ܒ ܰ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫ܶ݁ܠ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬܠ‬ ‫ܶܶ‬ ‫݁ ݁ܬܬܠ‬ ‫݁ ܶܬܬ ܺ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ݁ ܶ‬ ‫ܐܬܠ‬ ‫݂ܶ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫ܶ ݂̈ ܳ‬ ‫ܶ‬ ‫݁ ݂ܬܬ ܽ ܢ‬ ‫݁ ܶܬܬ̈ ܳ‬ ‫݂‬ ‫ܶ ݁ܶ‬ ‫ܠ‬ ‫ܗܒ‬ ‫݂ܰ‬ ‫ܗܒ ̱ ‪ܳ ݂ ܰ /‬‬ ‫ܗܒ‬ ‫݂ܰ‬ ‫ܗܒ ̱ ‪ܽ ݂ ܰ /‬‬ ‫ܗܒ ܢ‬ ‫݂ܰ‬ ‫ܰ ݂̈‬ ‫ܗܒ ̱ ‪ܶ ݂ ܰ /‬‬ ‫ܗܒ ̈‬ ‫ܰ‬ ‫ܶ ܰܒ ‪ ݁ ܶ /‬ܠ‬ ‫‪D‬‬