Treasury of Animal Illustrations: From Eighteenth-Century Sources (Dover Pictorial Archive) [Illustrated] 9780486258058, 048625805X

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TREASURY OF ANIMAL ILLUSTRATIONS From Eighteenth-Century Sources EDITED BY

Carol Belanger Grafton

Dover Publications, Inc. New York

Copyright © 1988 by Dover Publications, Inc. All rights reserved under Pan American and International Copyright Conventions.

Treasury of Animal Illustrations: From Eighteenth-Century Sources is a new selection of plates from French natural-history publications. The original French engraved labeling has been deleted, and new English captions, publisher's note and index provided. See Publisher's Note for further details. DOVER Pietorial Archtve SERIES This book belongs to the Dover Pictorial Archive Series. You may use the designs and illustrations for graphics and crafts applications, free and without special permission, provided that you include no more than ten in the same publication or project. (For permission for additional use, please write to Dover Publications, Inc., 31 East 2nd Street, Mineola, N.Y. 11501.) However, republication or reproduction of any illustration by any other graphic service, whether it be in a book or in any other design resource, is strictly prohibited. Manufactured in the United States of America Dover Publications, Inc., 31 East 2nd Street, Mineola, N.Y. 11501

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Treasury of animal illustrations from eighteenth-century sources / edited by Carol Belanger Grafton. p. cm.—(Dover pictorial archive series) “A new selection of plates from French natural-history publications”—T.p. verso. Includes index. ISBN 0-486-25805-X (pbk.) 1. Decoration and ornament—Animal forms—France. 2. Decoration and ornament—France—History—18th century. I. Grafton, Carol Belanger. II. Series.

Series. NK1449.A1T7 1988 769'.432—dcl9

88-22611 CIP

Table of Contents Publisher’s Note Plates Index

PUBLISHER’S NOTE Eighteenth-century natural-history illustration in France received tremendous impetus from the researches and writings of men like Buffon and Bonnaterre, who, together with colleagues (and then posthumous continuators), produced massive illustrated publications that were decades in the making, extending into the early nineteenth century. The numerous artists employed either in drawing the images or engraving the images onto copper plates for the printer, have left us an admirable legacy, of which the present volume offers a selection of outstanding examples. (At least some of the plates included here are from various volumes of Bonnaterre's Tableau encyclopedique et methodique des trois regnes de la nature. It has not been possible to identify the source of all the plates or to name individual artists.) Plates 1-23 illustrate mammals. (Whales, however, appear on Plates 76-78; this postponement is for technical reasons—to allow a doublepage spread uninterrupted by the binding.) Birds follow on Plates 2442. Reptiles occur on Plates 43-51 (snakes) and 55-60 (other reptiles), with amphibians claiming Plates 52-54. Plates 61-75 contain the bony fishes; Plates 79 and 80, rays and other fishes. Crustaceans, on Plates 81-95, are followed by arachnids on Plates 96-99, insects on Plates 100-105 and mollusks on Plates 106-124. Plates 125-138 present a token sampling of the superb botanical illustration of the same period; included are chiefly blossoms and fruits of tropical trees, some of which are of international importance as food plants. All original French lettering has been deleted from the plates, and new English captions substituted. The identifications of the animals (or

plants) in the captions (common English names only) ranges from the extremely general (“Crabs”) to the extremely specific (“viviparous eelpout”). The possibilities of pinpointing species depended on the degree of recognizability of the images, the amount and quality of the identifications in the original French engraved labeling, and the degree of availability of reference resources. For most practical purposes, however, the extent of identification in the present volume should be sufficient. An index at the end of the book allows for speedy location of all identified animals (or plants). The more than 600 classic illustrations included here, carefully reproduced in fine line from the original engravings, and easily reproducible from the book with no significant loss in quality, are a unique blend of artistic elegance and scientific accuracy (except for a tiny handful of extravagancies, which have a wayward charm of their own). They are certain to be of great use to artists, illustrators, designers, packagers and craftspeople in many fields, as well as to the many readers who enjoy leafing through fine illustrated works.

PLATE 1. Top: (left) sitatunga (or a related antelope), (right) blackbuck. Bottom: (left) lesser kudu (or a related antelope), (right) giraffe.

PLATE 2. Top: (left) elk (moose), (right) white-tailed deer (or a related deer). Bottom: doe (left) and stag (right) of the European red deer.

PLATE 3. Rabbits, wild (top) and domesticated (bottom).

PLATE 4. Hares, including (bottom right) a nonexistent “horned hare.

PLATE 5. Top: two species of hyrax. Bottom: two species of porcupine.

PLATE 6. Top: (left) a species of porcupine, (right) paca. Bottom: (left) brush-tailed porcupine, (right) acouchi.

PLATE 7. Various gerbils and jerboas.

PLATE 8. Various species of dormouse.

PLATE 9. Top to bottom: sable; polecat; ferret; marbled polecat.

PLATE 10. Top to bottom: animal of the raccoon family; coatimundi; suricate; a species of civet.

PLATE 11. Top to bottom: honey badger; Patagonian weasel; animal of the weasel family; lion.

PLATE 12/13. Top: marmots and related rodents of the squirrel family. Center: lemmings; type of rodent; two species of rat. Bottom: Rodents (middle two are muskrat and wharf rat)

PLATE 14. Top to bottom: tiger; leopard; snow leopard.

PLATE 15. Top to bottom: wildcat; house cat; Angora cat.

PLATE 16. Top to bottom: serval; three breeds of domestic cat.

PLATE 17. Top to bottom: jungle cat; caracal; lynx.

PLATE 18. Breeds of lapdog.

PLATE 19. Breeds of mastiff and pug.

PLATE 20. Four species of fox.

PLATE 21. Top: striped hyena. Bottom: (left) fennec, (right) brown hyena.

PLATE 22. Top: hooded seal. Bottom: sea lion (somewhat fanciful).

PLATE 23. Two species of seal.

PLATE 24. Top: Two species of bustard. Bottom: (left) another type of bustard, (right) a species of stilt.

PLATE 25. Top: two species of auk. Bottom: two species of puffin.

PLATE 26. Four species of penguin.

PLATE 27. Top: (left) a type of diver, (right) a species of fulmar. Bottom: head of fulmar, natural size.

PLATE 28. Top: (left) hooded merganser, (right) red-breasted merganser. Bottom: Bird of the duck family.

PLATE 29. Various species of wild duck and (bottom right) graylag goose.

PLATE 30. Top: (left) eider, (right) barnacle goose. Bottom: (left) a species of wild duck, (right) mallard.

PLATE 31. Four species of wild duck (bottom right: scoter).

PLATE 32. Four species of teal.

PLATE 33. Five species of grebe, including (top left) the great crested grebe.

PLATE 34. Top: (left to right) dodo, demoiselle crane, crowned crane. Bottom: three other species of crane.

PLATE 35. Four species of heron.

PLATE 36. Top: (left) ruff, (right) lapwing. Bottom: two species of plover.

PLATE 37. Four species of sandpiper (bottom right: knot).

PLATE 38. Top: (left) dunlin, (right) another wading bird. Bottom: (left) curlew sandpiper (?), (right) turnstone.

PLATE 39. Four species of rail (top left: clapper rail; bottom right: Virginia rail).

PLATE 40. Four species of curlew.

PLATE 41. Top: (left) boatbill, (right) a species of spoonbill. Bottom: (left) a species of spoonbill, (middle) roseate spoonbill, (right) a species of boatbill.

PLATE 42. Four species of pigeon (bottom left: Victoria crowned pigeon).

PLATE 43. A species of boa (?).

PLATE 44/45. Various snakes.

PLATE 46. Two species of python (?).

PLATE 47. Top: a type of snake (?). Bottom: glass snake (actually a lizard).

PLATE 48. Snakes, including the horned viper.

PLATE 49. Snakes.

PLATE 50. Snakes.

PLATE 51. Snakes, the largest one being the Indian python.

PLATE 52. Various frogs. At the upper right, a male fertilizes the eggs laid by the female; eggs; tadpoles.

PLATE 53. Various frogs, including a tree frog.

PLATE 54. Various toads, with a scene of egg fertilization.

PLATE 55. Various turtles and tortoises.

PLATE 56. Turtles and tortoises (second from bottom is a species of soft-shelled turtle).

PLATE 57. Two species of chameleon, and a skeleton.

PLATE 58. Various lizards, one with a tooth at natural size (bottom: a species of iguana).

PLATE 59. Top three: various lizards (upper horizontal one is a species of monitor). Bottom: either a mastigure or a type of alligator (somewhat fanciful).

PLATE 60. A species of caiman.

PLATE 61. Three species of triggerfish.

PLATE 62. Various species of puffer.

PLATE 63. Various lumpfishes and snailfishes, with a suction disk. (Top: lumpfish; bottom: sea snail).

PLATE 64. Fish (top: a species of catfish; second from bottom: a species of sea robin?).

PLATE 65. Fish (top: wolffish?; second from top: blenny?; third from top: prickleback?; second from bottom: gunnel; bottom: viviparous eelpotit giving birth).

PLATE 66. Fish (bottom: a species of razorfish?).

PLATE 67. Top to bottom: John Dory; ?; flounder.

PLATE 68. Two species of angelfish (?).

PLATE 69. Top: forceps butterflyfish. Others: species of sunfish (?). Bottom right: a scale, magnified.

PLATE 70. Various species of sea bass (?).

PLATE 71. Top to bottom: a grayling; ?; yellow perch; walleye (?).

PLATE 72. Top to bottom: redfish (?); ?; lionfish or similar scorpionfish.

PLATE 73. Top to bottom: tonguefish; topknot or brill; ?.

PLATE 74. Top: a species of butterflyfish. Bottom: scat.

PLATE 75. Top: parrotfish. Others: species of wrasse.

PLATE 76/77. Top: right whale. Bottom: pygmy right whale or fin whale (?).

PLATE 78. Sperm whales.

PLATE 79. Various skates and rays.

PLATE 80. Top to bottom: a species of shark; a sawfish; ?; goosefish (?).

PLATE 81. Two species of crab.

PLATE 82. Various species of crab.

PLATE 83. Various species of crab.

PLATE 84. Various species of crab.

PLATE 85. Underside and top views of a species of crab.

PLATE 86. Various species of crayfish.

PLATE 87. Two types of (non-decapod) shrimp or related crustaceans.

PLATE 88. Crabs (top: a species of fiddler crab).

PLATE 89. Crabs.

PLATE 90. A decapod crustacean.

PLATE 91. Two decapod crustaceans.

PLATE 92. A species of lobster.

PLATE 93. A species of lobster.

PLATE 94. Top: two views of a horseshoe crab. Bottom: a species of lobster.

PLATE 95. Types of crustaceans.

PLATE 96. Various species (top: a tarantula).

PLATE 97. Various spiders.

PLATE 98. Whip scorpions.

PLATE 99. Various ticks and mites.

PLATE 100. Various beetles.

PLATE 101. Various beetles.

PLATE 102. Various beetles.

PLATE 103. Various land and water bugs.

PLATE 104. Various wasps and related insects.

PLATE 105. Various flies and related insects.

PLATE 106. Spondylus-type mollusks.

PLATE 107. Spondylus-type mollusks.

PLATE 108. Anodont-type mollusks.

PLATE 109. Various species of scallop.

PLATE 110. Tridacna-type mollusks.

PLATE 111. Trigonia-type mollusks.

PLATE 112. Venus-type mollusks.

PLATE 113. Venus-type mollusks.

PLATE 114. Venus-type mollusks.

PLATE 115. Various species of cockle.

PLATE 116. Anatomical studies of bivalve mollusks.

PLATE 117. Various species of cone shells.

PLATE 118. Various species of cone shells.

PLATE 119. Various species of cone shells.

PLATE 120. Various species of cone shells.

PLATE 121. Various species of cowrie shells.

PLATE 122. Various species of miter shells.

PLATE 123. Various species of volute shells.

PLATE 124. Various species of volute shells.

PLATE 125. Growth patterns of the traveler's-tree.

PLATE 126. Growth patterns of the allamande vine.

PLATE 127. Growth patterns of the pineapple.

PLATE 128. Studies of the flowers and fruits of the monkeypot tree.

PLATE 129. Studies of the magnolia.

PLATE 130. Studies of Dillenia.

PLATE 131. Studies of two species of sunflower.

PLATE 132. Studies of jackfruit.

PLATE 133. Studies of jackfruit.

PLATE 134. Studies of the mammee.

PLATE 135. Studies of “Sagus” (modern identification: ?).

PLATE 136. Studies of “Singana” (modern identification: ?).

PLATE 137. Various species of water lily and lotus.

PLATE 138. Studies of cacao flowers and fruits.

INDEX acouchi 6 allamanda 126 alligator 59 angelfish 68 Angora cat 15 anodont 108 auk 25 barnacle goose 30 beetle 100-102 blackbuck 1 blenny 65 boa 43 boatbill 41 brill 73 brush-trailed porcupine 6 bug 103 bustard 24 butterflyfish 69, 74 cacao 138 caiman 60 caracal 17 cat 15, 16 catfish 64 chameleon 57 civet 10 clapper rail 39 coatimundi 10 cockle 115

cone shell 117-120 cowrie 121 crab 81-85, 88, 89 crane 34 crayfish 86 crowned crane 34 crustacean 81-95 curlew 40 curlew sandpiper 38 deer 2 demoiselle crane 34 Dillenia 130 diver 27 dodo 34 dog 18, 19 dormouse 8 duck 28-31 dunlin 38 fennec 21 ferret 9 fiddler crab 88 flounder 67 fly 105 forceps butterflyfish 69 fox 20 frog 52, 53 fulmar 27 gerbil 7 giraffe 1 glass snake 47 goose 29, 30 goosefish 80 graylag goose 29 grayling 71

great crested grebe 33 grebe 33 gunnel 65 hare 4 heron 35 honey badger 11 hooded merganser 28 hooded seal 22 hooded viper 48 horseshoe crab 94 hyena 21 hyrax 5 iguana 58 Indian python 51 jackfruit 132, 133 jerboa 7 John Dory 67 jungle cat 17 knot 37 lapwing 36 lemming 12/13 leopard 14 lesser kudu 1 lionfish 72 lizard 47, 58, 59 lobster 92-94 lotus 137 lumpfish 63 lynx 17 magnolia 29

mallard 30 mammee 134 marbled polecat 9 marmot 12/13 mastiff 19 mastigure 59 merganser 28 mite 99 miter shell 122 monitor 59 monkeypot 128 moose 2 muskrat 12/13 paca 6 parrotfish 75 Patagonian weasel 11 penguin 26 pigeon 42 pineapple 127 plover 36 polecat 9 porcupine 5, 6 prickleback 65 puffer 62 puffin 25 pug 19 python 46, 51 rabbit 3 rail 39 rat 12/13 ray 79 razorfish 66 red-breasted merganser 28 redfish 72 right whale 76/77

roseate spoonbill 41 ruff 36 sable 9 “Sagus” 135 sandpiper 37 sawfish 80 scallop 109 scat 74 scorpion 98 scorpionfish 72 scoter 31 sea bass 70 seal, sea lion 22, 23 sea robin 64 sea snail 63 serval 16 shark 80 shrimp 87 “Singana” 136 sitatunga 1 skate 79 snailfish 63 snake 43-51 snow leopard 14 soft-shelled turtle 56 sperm whale 78 spider 96, 97 Spondylus 106, 107 spoonbill 41 stilt 24 sunfish 69 sunflower 131 suricate 10 tarantula 96 teal 32 tick 99

tiger 14 toad 54 tonguefish 73 topknot 73 tortoise 55, 56 travelerVtree 125 tree frog 53 Tridacna 110 triggerfish 61 turnstone 38 turtle 55, 56 Venus (mollusks) 112-114 Victoria crowned pigeon 42 Virginia rail 39 viviparous eelpout 65 volute shell 123, 124 walleye 71 wasp 104 water lily 137 weasel 11 whale 76-78 wharf rat 12/13 whip scorpion 98 white-tailed deer 2 wildcat 15 wolffish 65 wrasse 75 yellow perch 71