Transforming Classroom Practice Through Robotics Education [1 ed.] 9781527521278

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Transforming Classroom Practice through Robotics Education

Transforming Classroom Practice through Robotics Education By

Loh Sau Cheong, Loo Chu Kiong and Nahid Bayat Bodaghi

Transforming Classroom Practice through Robotics Education By Loh Sau Cheong, Loo Chu Kiong and Nahid Bayat Bodaghi This book first published 2018 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2018 by Loh Sau Cheong, Loo Chu Kiong and Nahid Bayat Bodaghi All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-1576-1 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-1576-5

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements .................................................................................... vi Foreword .................................................................................................. viii Preface ......................................................................................................... x Chapter One ................................................................................................. 1 STEM and Outcome-Based Education Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 23 Robotics Technology Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 54 Robotics in Education Chapter Four .............................................................................................. 81 Theoretical Underpinnings Chapter Five ............................................................................................ 107 Transformative Robotics Education towards Realisation of Malaysian National Education Philosophy Chapter Six .............................................................................................. 137 Assessments in Robotics Chapter Seven.......................................................................................... 159 Towards a Knowledge-Based Society Index ........................................................................................................ 184

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express our utmost gratitude to the Ministry of Education, Malaysia for granting the Exploratory Research Grant Scheme (ERGS) from 2012 to 2015 that enabled us to embark on the research entitled Transformative Robotics Education towards Realisation of National Education Philosophy (Trans-RoE), without which, the current book will not be published. Also, we would like to thank the University of Malaya, specifically the Institute of Research Management & Services (IPPP), University of Malaya Centre for Innovation and Commercialization (UMCIC), and University of Malaya Community and Sustainability Centre (UMCares) for always lending full support to us in the process of conducting the research. We are appreciative of all the individuals who helped marvellously prior to, during, and after the Workshop. Special appreciation goes to Mr. Loh Hock Chuan from Hong Qin Private Limited who had been the Trainer for our Trainers, the Workshop Trainers, Mr. Chin Wei Hong and Mr. Hu Yu Huang, our then post-doctoral student, Dr Nahid Bayat Bodaghi, who is also a co-author of this book, as well as Research Assistants, Miss Barbara Barkanjim, Miss Lim Cheau Miin, Mr. Syamsulang Bin Sarifuddin, Mr. Muqni Mubarak, Miss Fatima Tuzzahara Alkaf, and Miss Lim Yoke Kit. We would like to deeply thank the polytechnic lecturers, teachers and students from Klang Valley who were selected as participants and shown their full commitment and zest during the Workshop. Last but not least, we would like to thank Miss Chong Weng Mei, the graphic illustrator, and Nicola, the language editors who helped in editing this book, as well as anyone who has been directly and indirectly involved in the publication of this book.

Transforming Classroom Practice through Robotics Education

For further information, please contact: Professor Dr Loh Sau Cheong Department of Educational Psychology & Counselling Faculty of Education University of Malaya [email protected] .

Professor Dr Loo Chu Kiong Department of Artificial Intelligence Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology University of Malaya [email protected]

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FOREWORD

The book, Transforming Classroom Practice through Robotics Education, places attention on schools that would like to embark on robotics education in the curricular and non-curricular educational system. Much has been asked by educators on how robotics education can be transmitted in the curriculum, apart from being imparted in the non-curricular educational system. In line with the global move to enhance science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education and higher order thinking skills (HOTS) among learners, this book is timely to serve as a practical reading material to inform on the foundational, theoretical, and applied aspects of robotics education and how robotics education can help realize the national philosophy of education. The idea of writing this book was mooted through research training workshops in robotics education conducted for a group of Malaysian educators and students by Professor Dr Loo and Professor Dr Loh from the University of Malaya, Malaysia. Upon conducting the training workshops, it is felt that school educators and students have to have some materials for reading and referencing before embarking further on robotics education for their schools. Professor Dr Loo, who is a pioneer of advanced robotics in Malaysia, has always been passionate about bringing robotics into the school, home and community. The programmes ‘Now Every School Can Have Robotics’ and ‘Now Everyone Can Own a Robot at Home’ have always been his mission to bring robotics into the Malaysian school and community in a more sustainable manner. With the ever-changing society trend, including Malaysia, these missions will not be far from reach. As for Professor Dr Loh, she is always dedicated to improving educators’ instructional approaches and learners’ motivation in learning. As such, she emphasises quality teaching, learning, research and supervision in the context of her being an Educational Psychologist for seventeen years. She sees robotics as an effective tool to elevate students’ higher order thinking. Hence, she wishes that robotics can be incorporated into the education system to help students to think and achieve better.

Transforming Classroom Practice through Robotics Education

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This book is written with clear, easy, and non-technical language covering important aspects of robotics education. In this book, we present a holistic framework that links robotics education with STEM education, constructivism and the national philosophy of education. This is to enlighten the readers and the wider public that, robotics education is gaining importance to provide holistic learning and development among learners, and has to be given importance by schools nowadays. Also, we had shared on how robotics education can be carried out for educators and students and can be effective tools in solving real-life problems or difficulties. As the society and the world at large marshal for success each day, educators and learners have to be equipped with skills that can help foster dynamic development. Hence, it is our wish that this book can serve as a practical and motivation guide for more and more schools to embark on robotics education. By: Loh Sau Cheong, PhD Loo Chu Kiong, PhD

PREFACE

This book, Transforming Classroom Practice through Robotics Education was designed to advance the scientific knowledge frontier regarding robotics and how by practising robotics, schools can help to achieve more rigorous attitude in pursuing mathematics and science among students. Realising the importance of Science, Technology, Education and Mathematics (STEM) and outcome-based education, we outlined its purpose and explained how STEM and outcome-based education could be mapped to the Malaysian education system. We then introduce robotics technology that encompasses the history of robots, the robotics world and the different types of robots being utilised in industry, agriculture, military, medicine, as well as health care. The cutting-edge robotics surgical system such as the da Vinci Surgical System is also mentioned. Utilising robots in schools have been the primary focus of this book. Much has been mentioned on how robots are used as a learning object in the schools, including the different types of robotics materials, how can robots play their role as teacher assistants, what are the characteristics of robots as teacher assistants, the use of robot edutainment for remote education which is based on three major aims, namely learning on robots, learning through robots, and learning with robots, and furthermore, how can robots be used with individuals with special needs. Behind all these practices are the theoretical underpinnings that one should not neglect. Piaget’s Learning Theory and the Constructivism Theory have been identified in this book as important theories directly linked to robotics learning. Concerning the two pertinent skills, i.e., creativity and problem-solving skills, these were also emphasised in robotics learning. We proceed to share on how Transformative Robotics Education can help realise the Malaysia National Education Philosophy by relating the discussion with its goal, framework, its mapping with STEM and constructivism, as well as to share the different stages in transformative robotics education. A module-based robotics education training for schools is also shared in order to shed light to readers. Part of the realisation would be to understand project-based learning using robotics

Transforming Classroom Practice through Robotics Education

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and robotics as a holistic tool to solve real-life problems. Alongside the implementation would be the assessment aspects where we have discussed the different types of assessments in robotics. As the society moves towards becoming knowledge-based and with robotics learning gaining its place in the educational system, it will soon play a vital role in the transformation of the education system to achieve the aspirations for Malaysian Students as outlined in the Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013–2025. We hope that this book will serve as a fundamental reading material for readers who would like to gain knowledge and insights on the what and how of robotics education.

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