Tomb 26 on Sai Island: A New Kingdom elite tomb and its relevance for Sai and beyond 9464260157, 9789464260151, 9789464260168

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TOMB 26 ON SAi ISLAND A NEW KINGDOM ELITE TOMB AND ITS RELEVANCE FOR SAi AND BEYOND

JULIA BUDKA with contributions by Johannes Auenmuller, Cajetan Geiger, Rennan Lemos, Andrea Stadlmayr and Marlies Wohlschlager

Contents

Preface Acknowledg m ents

1. Introduction

11 15

19

2 .2 Progress of fi el dwo rk

22

2.3 Ha r ris Matri x

32

2.4 C14 dates from To mb 26

34

2.5 Team me m be rs of the fi eld seaso ns in SAC5

41

Lay-out & cover design: Sidestone Press Photograph cover: Julia Budka ISBN 978-94-6426-015-1 (softcover) ISBN 978-94-6426-016-8 (hardcover) ISBN 978-94-6426-017-S (PDF e-book) The r esearch leading to tllis publication has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) I ERC grant agreement n° 313668 and from tlle Austrian Science Fund (FWF START project Y615-G19).

F WF

43

3.2 The superst ructu re

43

3.3 The substructure

44

3.4 Buildi ng phases ofTomb 26

61

4 .2 Genera l geol ogical sett ing 4.3 Descr iptio n of t he lit hostrati grap hi c pro fil es

72

4.4 Di scussion and descriptio n of Fea ture 7

75

4.5 Desc ription of the th in sections

77

4.6 Conclusion

78 81

5.2 Fin ds fro m t he ind ivid ual features of Tomb 26

82

6. Anthropological report of human remains recovered from Tomb 26

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5. 1 General

5.3 Sum m ary

European Research Council

69

69 69

5. The artefacts including the ce ramics of Tomb 26

Der Wissenschaftsfonds.

43

3.1 Ge neral remar ks

4 .1 Intro du ctory rem arks

ACROSS BORDERS

19

2. 1. Documentation methods

4. The geology of Tomb 26

Published by Sidestone Press, Leiden www.sidestone.com

11

1 .2 The site SAC5

3. The architecture and building phases of Tomb 26

With contributions by Johannes Auenmiiller, Cajetan Geiger, Rennan Lemos, Andrea Stadlmayr and Marlies Wohlschlager

10

1.1 Sai in t he New Kingdom

2. AcrossBorders' excavations in SAC5

© 2021 Julia Budka

9

136

137

6. 1 Introd u ction

137

6.2 Mate rial and methods

137

6.3 Cat alogue of human remains within Tomb 26

140

10.4 The regiona l perspect ive

302

6.4 Discussion

192

10.5 Summa ry

303

6.5 Conclusion

200

6.6 Acknowledgements

200

11. Khnummose and a group of New Kingdom serpentinite shabtis - insights into colonial society in 18th Dynasty Nubia

305

201

11 .1 Introduction

305

7.1 Introduction

20 1

11 .2 The shabtis: object catalogue

307

7.2 The first tomb groups of Tomb 26

201

11 .3 Discussion: shabtis in 18th Dynasty Nubia

342

7.3 The tomb groups from Phase 1 bin Feature 5

207

11 .4 Stone shabtis and Nubian society in the 18th Dynasty

347

213

11.5 Conclusion

348

7.5 The tomb groups from t he late use of Feature 5

222

11. 6 Acknowledgements

349

7.6 The tomb groups from Feature 4

226

7.7 The tomb groups from Feat ure 2

226

12.1 lnt roduction

351

7.8 The tomb groups from Feature 1

236

12.2 The sign ificance of Tomb 26 on a micro sca le leve l

351

7.9 Sim il ar tomb groups in other tombs and cemeteries

238

12.3 The significance of Tomb 26 on a meso scale level

353

7.10 Summary

242

12.4 The significance of Tomb 26 on a macro scale level

354

245

12.5 Conclusion and outlook

355

7. The individual tomb groups of Tomb 26

7.4 The tomb groups from Feature 6

8. Reconstruction of the use-life of Tomb 26

12. Summary

351

8. 1 Introduction

245

Bibliography

357

8.2 Phases of use in the ind ividual parts of Tomb 26

247

Appendix

377

8.3 Phases of use in Feature Sa

247

8.4. Phases of use in Feature Sb

251

8.5 Phases of use in Feature 6

252

8.6 Final use of Feature 5

257

8.7 Phases of use in Feature 4

259

8.8 Phases of use in Feature 2

264

8.9 Phases of use in Feature 1

270

8.10 Main phases of use of Tomb 26

271

9. Tomb 26 in the context of cemetery SACS

275

9.1 Introduction

275

9. 2 The neighbouring tombs of Tomb 26

275

9.3 Contemporary 18th Dynasty tombs in SACS

277

9.4 Ramesside use of SAC5

278

9.5 The social fabric of SAC5

280

9.6 Burial customs in SACS

288

9.7 Rituals in SACS

291

9.8 What is missing in SAC5?

292

9.9 Unique features ofTomb 26 in SAC5

293

9. 10 Summary

294

10. Cemetery SACS and its relation to the New Kingdom town of Sai

297

10.1 Introduction

297

10.2 The phasing of the New Kingdom town in comparison with SAC5

298

10.3 Tracing the comm unity of New Kingdom Sai

299

Preface Jul ia Budka

This book brings together all the archaeological information collected by the ERC AcrossBorders project in conjunction with the FWF Across ancient borders and cultures project on Sai Island in northern Sudan whilst excavating in an eUte cemetery labelled SACS. A new rock-cut tomb, Tomb 26, was discovered in this cemetery in 2015. It was fully excavated and can serve as a case study of modern field archaeology in the Middle Nile valley. The tomb provides us with the opportunity of addressing the New Kingdom burial customs in Nubia and offers important new insights into the population of Sai and their funerary and social practices. In 2017, work in Tomb 26 yielded intact interments of officials connected with the Egyptian administration of Nubia, buried together with family members and rich burial assemblages. These new finds enable us to trace individuals who Uved and died on Sai during the 18th Dynasty (c.1450-1350 BCE), and who were engaged in the Egyptian administration of a "colonial" town. Since the main research question of the AcrossBorders project was to achieve a better understanding of the people Uving on New Kingdom Sai, of their material culture, their funerary beliefs and social status including the health status, this discovery was of major importance. This book presents the complete archaeological data, including chapters on the geology, the human remains, the scientific analyses and the compilation of the material discovered. This material from a cutting-edge research project which is published here for the first time as a complete set of data provides new facts and represents, therefore, an important contribution to the recently emerging field of Nubian archaeology, focusing on aspects of cultural encounters and social practices. Comparable material from other tombs on Sai and elsewhere in Nubia are discussed in order to stress the relevance of the new discovery. The exhaustive assessment of all material from Tomb 26 resulted in a revised reconstruction of its building and burial phases. The rich funerary equipment associated with the burials in Tomb 26 enabled the dating and identification of family members of an overseer of goldsmiths, Khnummose, tl1Us of Egyptian officials involved in goldsmith work and gold exploitation in Nubia. However, contrary to what was published in preliminary reports on tl1e tomb, it transpired that Khnummose was not the oldest burial of the 18th Dynasty. The original tomb owner remains anonymous but is likely to have been a close relative of Khnummose, possibly his father or uncle. It can be inferred from the burial assemblage and the tomb architecture that Khnummose and his family members belonged to the Egyptian elite on Sai Island as far as their cultural identity is concerned. However, the strontium isotope values taken from several individuals from Tomb 26, including the original owner and Khnummose, lay witl1in tl1e determined autochthonous strontium range on Sai Island during the New Kingdom. Thus, all individuals were classified as presumed members of the local population on Sai and not as "colonialists" from Egypt.

PREFACE

9

The archaeological contextualisation of Tomb 26, in combination with the strontium isotope analysis and the anthropological study of the human remains, provides fresh information on the complex coexistence of various cultural groups on Sai with slightly different approaches to their cultural and social affinities during the New Kingdom. On the whole, Tomb 26 and its associated finds are of prime significance for understanding lived experiences on New Kingdom Sai and more broadly in New Kingdom Nubia.

Acknowledgments Funds for fieldwork in SAC5 in all seasons were granted to Julia Budka by the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant no. 313668) and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF START project Y615-G19). AcrossBorders was hosted by the Austrian Academy of Sciences from December 2012 to March 2015 and by the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich from April 2015 to April 2018. AcrossBorders' fieldwork on Sai Island was conducted with the approval of the French concession holders: Didier Devauchelle (UMR 8164 HALMA-IPEL, University Charlesde-Gaulle Lille 3, until 2015) and Vincent Francigny (Section fran~aise de la direction des antiquites du Soudan, Khartoum, since 2015). Permission to work in the field was kindly granted by the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums of Sudan (NCAM), and sincere thanks go in particular to Abdelrahman Ali Mohamed (then Director General) and El-Hassan Ahmed Mohamed (Director of Fieldwork). The NCAM inspector during the relevant 2015-2017 seasons was Huda Magzoub. Many thanks also go to the Sudanese staff of the dig house under the supervision of Sid Ahmed and Abdel Fatah. These thanks also include our gang oflocal workmen, supervised by !mad Shorbagi Mohamed Farah and by Hassan Dawd. Thanks go to all team members, and here especially to Martin Fera, Cajetan Geiger, Meg Gundlach, Daniela

10

TOMB 26 ON SAi iSL.AND

Penzer, Lucia Sedlakova, Andrea Stadlrnayr, Oliver Frank Stephan and Marlies Wohlschlager. This volume would not appear in its present form without the collaborative efforts of a group of people, and here I would especially like to thank Cajetan Geiger, Patrizia Heindl, Andrea Stadlrnayr and Marlies Wohlschlager for endless zoom meetings and vivid discussions on the phasing of the tomb and many other details. Veronica Hinterhuber prepared a complete list of finds (see Appendix), edited many of the photographs used in this book and helped with finalising the bibliography. The original drawings of objects and pottery vessels were digitalised by the AcrossBorders assistants Oliver Frank Stephan and Daniela Penzer; in addition, Patrizia Heindl and Hassan Ramadan Aglanhelped with illustrations after the official end of the project. Jessica Distefano was involved in the preparation of the final pottery plates. Anna Peters prepared the drawings illustrating the burial phases according to the 3D models and Patrizia Heindl finalised and adapted these. All maps and sections used here were designed by Cajetan Geiger (except for Fig. 3.1, for which thanks go to Ingrid Adenstedt). Some of the illustrations could built on earlier versions created by Martin Fera. Most photos of objects are also by Cajetan Geiger, otl1ers were taken by Meg Gundlach. I am grateful to Rennan Lemos for important input regarding burial assemblages in New Kingdom Nubia in general, in particular on amulets and their raw material, as well as for providing access to references in times of Covid-19. Philipp Stockhammer kindly shared his expertise on Mycenaean pottery and provided information about tl1e possible origin of the decorated sherd SAC5 170/2016. John Baines provided useful help with some questions on terminology for which I am very mankful. Marlies Wohlschlager was in charge of the native proof reading of this volume and I appreciate the fact that she did not lose her patience.

Chapter 1

Introduction Julia Budka

1.1 Sai in t he N ew Kingdom As a large Nile island (12 x 5.5km) in the area between the Second and Third Cataract (Upper Nubia), Sai provided good conditions for settlement and cultivation over millennia. It is located at the southern end of the Batn el-Haggar, which can be regarded as a position of strategic value (Vercoutter 1986; Geus 2004; Doyen 2009; Budka 2020). Sai's history of occupation extends from prehistory to Ottoman and modern tin1es. The Egyptian New Kingdom (c. 1550-1070 BCE) was one of the heydays of tl1e island and Sai represents one of the most important sites illustrating the settlement policy of Egypt in Upper Nubia during the 18th Dynasty (Fig. 1.1). The island functioned as a 'bridge head' (Davies 2005, 51) into the realm of Kenna and its significant role originates from a strong Kerma presence on Sai prior to the 18th Dynasty (Arkell 1950, 33-34; Gratien 1986, passin1; Vercoutter 1986, 12). The possibility of exploring both New Kingdom settlement areas and corresponding cemeteries adds to the in1portance of the site. While me New Kingdom town was the subject of various publications in the past years (see Budka 2020 with references), this volume will focus on the main cemetery of the period on tl1e island (SAC5, see Minault-Gout and Thill 2012) and here, in particular, on a newly discovered bmial place, Tomb 26. The Egyptian name for Sai Island or, respectively, the region, is well-attested by epigraphic evidence as S1r.1 (Minault-Gout and Thill 2012, 404; Budka 2020, 16 witl1 references; Ullmann 2020, 56-58). Records of the Egyptian kings of t11e 18m Dynasty are also preserved in considerable quantity from me site, in particular for tl1e rulers Ahmose Nebpehtyra, Amenhotep I and Thutmose HI, but also for Thutmose I, Amenhotep II and Arnenhotep m (see Gabolde 2012 with references). High officials of the Egyptian administration, including the viceroys, are also well-attested (see Gabolde 2012; Davies 2017a; Auenmiiller 2020). Among the textual sources from Sai Island for King Ahmose, the founder of the 18th Dynasty, the most prominent object is a sandstone statue of tl1e king (Khartoum SNM 3828 and 63/4/4, cf Gabolde 2012, 118 with literature). This monument has been used as key evidence for the assumption that Ahmose founded the Egyptian town on the island (see the recent summaries with references: Budka and Doyen 2013; Budka 2017a; Budka 2020, 424-427). However, based on the iconography and style of the seated statue some scholars have argued for its posthumous dedication by Amenhotep I in honour of his father (Lindblad 1984, 21; Gabolde 2012). Due to tl1ese uncertainties, the founding of the town on Sai Island by Ahmose cannot be affirmed based on the epigraphic sources only. Important fresh data, especially in tl1e shape of ceramics, were unearthed in several sectors of the New Kingdom town. These new records provide firm evidence of a very early 18th Dynasty presence at Sai (Budka 2017a, 18-21; 2017b). Nevertheless, the precise identification of the founder of Sai remains hypothetical; however, based on the ceramic evidence, King Ahmose seems indeed very likely (see most recently Budka 2020, 99).

INTRODUCTION

11

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1. 1. 1 The New Kingdom town The New Kingdom town (Fig.1.1) is located on the eastern side of the island. This was probably the perfect place on the island from a strategic perspective, especially for conu·olling river traffic and to facilitate the landing and loading of ships (Budka 2020, 61-63). The town has the shape of a fortified settlement with an orthogonal layout, measuring 238m north- south and 118m east-west, with a total of 27,600m' (2.76ha). The main city gate was located on the western side, opening onto a main east-west axis leading to the stone temple, Temple A. Like the other major Egyptian settlements in Upper Nubia, the town on Sai falls into the category of the so-called Nubian temple towns - fortified towns built in the New Kingdom witl1 an enclosure wall and a sandstone temple (Kemp 1972, 651-656; Vietl1 2018; Budka 2020, 65-68). Temples as key elements of these towns are attested from Thutmoside times onwards and seem to be connected with the character of the Abri-Delgo Reach as a rich gold ore region (see Klemm and Klemm 2013, 9 and passim; cf also Budka 2020, 403-407). The stone temple at Sai was labelled Temple A and founda tion deposits allow to date it to Thutmose III (Thill 1997; Azim and Carlotti 2012, 39 and 45; Adenstedt 2016, 34). A complex evolution and several building phases of this temple are now well-established, thanks to tl1e work of Michel Azim and Jean-Franc;:ois Carlotti (Azim and Carlotti 2012). Temple A is primarily dedicated to Amun-Ra, but also to tl1e god 'Horus the Bull, Lord of Ta-Seti'. The identity of this god has been discussed diversely. Florence Thill's identification of this deity as a manifestation of Thutmose III (Thill 2016) seems more likely than an interpretation as a local Horns deity (Budka 2020, 416). Temple A illustrates, tl1erefore, as the main cultic building of the temple town of Sai, the close connection of the state cult on Saito kingship.

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1.1 .1 .1 Sectors of the New Kingdom town The excavated areas of the town of Sai illustrate that the city comprises various sectors which contrast slightly regarding their layout and dating (Fig. 1.2). Two of these sectors were excavated by French missions (northern and southern part), two others by the AcrossBorders project (eastern and western). A common feature for the specific urban layout of Egyptian temple towns which is also present at Sai, and here, in particular in the southern sector, is the limited domestic space. Much of the room was instead occupied by storage facilities and magazines, obviously connected with the Egyptian administration of Kush (Budka 2017b). The southern part of Sai city comprised the following features (Azim 1975; Adenstedt 2016): the so-called governor's residence (SAF2) with a large columned hall (15.3 x 16.2ml and mud-brick paving in the east; a central

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SACS Egyptian n (New Kingdom) AcrossBorders 2021 Map: C. Geiger Background: Bing Aerial

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Figure 1.1: map of Sai with main sites of t he New Kingdom (map: C. Geiger, ©AcrossBorders).

12

domestic quarter H, including a cluster of five houses (Hl-5); and a western quarter (SAF5), consisting of several rectangular storage rooms and circular silos (Azim 1975, 98, pl. 4; for new details see Adenstedt 2016). Parallels for such a layout can be foun d at other New Kingdom temple towns, especially at Bul1en, Amara West and Sesebi (Kemp 1972, 651-653; Vietl1 2018). Another sector of the town, SAVl North, was excavated between 2008-2012 by the Sai Island Archaeological Mission of Lille 3. Several building phases, from the early 18th Dynasty to Ramesside times and post-New Kingdom eras, were documented (Doyen 2009; 2014; Budka and Doyen 2013, 168-171). The earliest strata at SAVl North (Levels 5 and 4), which would be essential for identifying the founder of the town, are only scarce architectural remains and some occupational deposits. The initial sequence of Egyptian occupation on Sai is therefore hard to reconstruct in this area and mostly relies on the ceramic evidence. Most important at SAVl North was the discovery of remains of the enclosure wall to a length of 39 .32 m, being 4.26 m thick, belonging to Level 3 of the area. No gate was discovered in this part of the town wall. Thanks to stratigraphic evidence and tl1e pottery, this enclosure can be dated to the second half of the long reign of Thutmose III. Interestingly, the architectural remains in sector SAVl North adjacent to the town wall do not correspond to the general town planning visible in the southern sector. The structures are markedly different but find close parallels in tl1e new excavation area SAVl West. The building units at SAVl North include typical Egyptian tripartite houses, considerably smaller than the houses in SAVl, but like houses in Middle Kingdom Nubian fortresses (e.g. at Uronarti and Buhen). Other building units at SAVl North do not find close parallels within Egyptian orthogonal settlements, distinct in both size and ground plan from the houses in SAVl. Thus, SAVl North nicely illustrates that, within the town of Sai, there are several different sectors that contrast regarding tl1eir layout. SAVl East is located to tl1e north of Temple A and was excavated by the AcrossBorders project between 2013-2017 (Budka 2020, 70-122). The main structure in this part of the town is a terrace building, Building A, with a presumed administrative function. SAVl East also yielded large magazines and cellars, making this sector comparable to the southern part of the town. The main phases of use at SAVl East comprise the mid and late 18th Dynasty, corresponding to the periods of building activity at Temple A. SAVl West is located north of the main city gate and comprises the western enclosure wall (Budka 2020, 122-151). Remains of several mud-brick buildings were found toward the east of the town wall. According to the pottery, these date to the mid-18th Dynasty, staying in use

INTRODUCTION

TOMB 26 ON SA! :SLAND

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until the late 18th Dynasty and possibly also the early Ramesside period. In addition, a building phase prior to the town wall was confirmed at SAVl West. Simple mud brick structures comparable to finds in SAVl North are earlier than the town wall. Overall, the remains of 18th Dynasty structures along the enclosure wall in SAVl west are very similar to findings in SAVl North (Budka 2020, 152). Both areas within the Pharaonic town are markedly different from the southern part and SAVl East because no large structures of a possible administrative function and no substantial magazines were found but rather simple domestic buildings of small dimensions with oven installations, grindstone emplacements, small sized cellars and storage bins. Despite its character as a state-built foundation, sectors SAVl North and SAVl West exemplify short-term buildings and complicated processes within the town area of Sai which was part of a very dynamic world with remarkable changes during the New Kingdom (see Budka 2020, 424-427).

chamber tombs (see Minault-Gout and Thill 2012, 404-406), seems to pr edate SAC5 and was possibly used by occupants (of Egyptian origin?) prior to the flourishing time under Thutmose III (publication in preparation by Brigitte Gratien). Anotl1er Egyptian cemetery, SAC4, interestingly with strong links to the Kerma culture (and with early tombs from tl1e Old and Middle Ker ma period, see Gratien 1985), is situated towards the north of the New Kingdom town (Gratien 1985; 2002; Minault-Gout and Thill 2012, 404). According to Gratien, tlus graveyard was used by Kerma people in contact witl1 the newly arrived Egyptians living on the island (datable to the Classical Kerma and especially Recent Kerma periods, Gratien 1985; 2002; see also Williams 2018). One of the most remarkable finds from this cemetery was the skeleton of a horse which wa s dated to th e early New Kingdom (Chaix and Gratien 2002). The largest New Kingdom cemetery is SAC5 which flourished in the mid- and late 18th Dynasty and will be discussed in th e following.

1.1.2 Other New Kingdom sites on Sai

The pyramid cemetery SACS (Fig. 1.3), located around 800m south of the New Kingdom town, represents the most significant Egyptian cemetery on the island (Minault-Gout and Thill 2012, 3; Budka 2014a; 2015a; 2015b; 2017c) . Its size, architecture and the qualitative nature of its material underline the importance of Sai as administrative centre during the mid-18thDynasty in Upper Nubia (MinaultGout and Thill 2012, 418; Budka 2016a; 2017c). The necropolis is of Egyptian type (Minault-Gout and Thill 2012, 406), with a preferred extended position for burials, pyramid superstructures resembling the New Kingdom Theban model and typical Egyptian installations for funerary offering cult (Budka 2014a). The assumption that Egyptian administrative staff and their families (Mi:nault-Gout and Thill 2012, 413-414, for titles attested at SAC5 from French excavations; see also Auenmilller 2020) were buried here is very likely and seems to be reflected in high quality objects such as heart scarabs and stone shabtis.

1.2 The site SACS Approxima tely 1km to the north of the New Kingdom town another domestic site, SAV2, was first tentatively identified by means of aerial photography and consequently investigated by fieldwork in 1969 and 1971 (Fig. 1.1). SAV2 was interpreted by Albert Hesse as a camp site of possibly Middle Kingdom or New Kingdom date, featuring a ditch and being of roughly rectangular shape (Hesse 1981; 1985; for the proposed Middle Kingdom date, see Vercoutter 1986, 11-12; cf Minault-Gout and Thill 2012, 404 with note 5). This dating poses several problems (see Mielle 2012; see also Budka and Doyen 2013, 170). A mixture of the New Kingdom ceramics with pottery of Medieval date and nearby Christian remains hinder a clear assessment. Most recently, Hesse proposed the following: the dating of the original structure to the Middle Kingdom, the presence of a New Kingdom ditch and a ' later' pottery workshop as well as Christian occupation (Hesse 2015, 125, fig. 2). While Middle Kingdom seems quite unlikely given the other remains on the island and especially in its northern part, a New Kingdom camp seems, in general, very likely. Until today, the question of New Kingdom settlement activities outside the town enclosure of SAVl has not yet been investigated in detail (see Budka 2020, 22). Based on evidence from other sites in Nubia, extramural settlements are to be expected at Sai (see Kemp 1972, 653-654; Spencer 2017). The question whether SAV2 is one of these remains unresolved for now and a substantiation would require additional fieldwork. The two main cemeteries of the New Kingdom on Sai are located south of the town and were labelled as SAC5 and SACl (Vercoutter 1986, 14; Minault-Gout and Thill 2012, see Fig.1.1). SACl, a graveyard with about 20

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Figure 1.2: the sectors of Sai city (ma p: C. Geiger, ©Across Borders).

14

INTRODUCTION

TOMB 26 ON SA! ISLAND

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Figure 5.77: pottery vessels associated with the female buria l in Feature 6.

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Figure 5.79: faience vessels associated with the female burial in Feature 6.

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TOMB 26 ON SAi !SLAND THE ARTEFACTS INCLUDING THE CERAMICS OF TOMB 26

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5.2.7 Feature 7 Within the niche labeUed Feature 7 (see O,apter 4), only

some plaster, bones and pottery sherds as well as two beads were found. All of them are loose finds l\ithin the muddy flood level (SU 175) and therefore not of relevance for tomb equipment within Feature 7. The two beads are one faience ring bead (SACS 403, 5 • SX2mrn) and a fragmented oblong bead in faience (SACS 4()1, 10 • SX7mmi

S.3Summary The rich finds from Tomb 26 co,-.,- mateiial from the mid- to late 18th O)nast}C the Ramesside pe.-iod to the preNapatan a.,c! Napaia., eras. related both to bu.,;aJ practices but also t:, proc= ofplt:nde.,-j,,g(,.g. the tools for djgging

in the shape of scr-.;,ersi s...--;ai gifts "'" especially well Prese:Ted in Fearu:-es 5 a:i:l 6 and allow reconstructing L~e or'.g:_-:al to.-nb gn:,u;:s (see C-.apte:- 7l. Th• p,...-,er,ce of an obs:t~ , Vessei fn To;:,. l, 25 is ;:>a.""!:rulan'y ,.-"la.-1.ab!e. as is t:?e :.:se Gf ~ ~ " I h:=e p;;m~t sticks as pan of

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the burial assemblage. Evidence for bitumen In Fenturc 5 raises faN't\'lchi11g questions regarding the trentnicnt or Ille bodies in New Kingdom Nubln. Th• material or Tomb 26 finds close parnUels botll in other tombs of Sa~ but olso In other Egypllnn style c"emeterles In Nubia, especially Soieb. A detailed assessment of the individual tomb groups end Uieir parallels as well as dating can be found In Chapter 7. Despite certain similarities of U\e individual burials, ft became clear tllat U\ere are variances in U\e composition and that certain differences, most likely relevant for displaying social status, can be noted. The quality of manufacture may differ, Various materfals Were employed fur the same objects (see e.g. beads which are attested in gold. carnelian.jasper, faience, clay and u11identified stone or also Ille different eye inlays of coffi.'1s/masks Which are attested with a painted pupil as well as one of stone) and certain differences regarding U\e quantities of objects (e.g. pottezy vessels) are observable.

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Anthropological report of human remains recovered from Tomb 26

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~ 6.1 Introduction Tomb 26 held the mnains or at Inst 36 individuals . between 2015 and 2017 and anthropologi,any whim wer-. canfully =avatrd Two more or Jess contemporan,ous1y buried analysed dirfflly on Sai Island CTigutt 6J). Feature Sa wm, identified as tb . . . persons. Individuals 145 and 162 in named Khn • e m&mal lluia!s, SOOD rollawed by. JS.SO year old male • . IUt1IIUl2. ovtTittr 01gold!ow.llrr, and a 6-60 aid hmale. his wife ID Feature 6. IClunmunose held Ille l!ig!l'5t .. Presumed goldworlcerarulwasburiedwitbbis .~.~~ possible posmon _as • professional

35 yrs, Age group: adult-senile Sex: indeterminate Body height: f: 155.3cm; m: 161.6cm Surface preservation: existing surfaces show signs of erosion Dental/ Oral status: lower frontal teeth severely abraded, slight signs (grade I) of linear enamel hypoplasia on the first upper incisor (r/1?), periapical abscesses recorded for teeth 33, 41 and 42; ante-mortem loss of mandibular premolars and molars. postmortal loss of teeth 31-33, Pathologies and variations: slight porotic hyperostosis on the external lamina along the lambda su111res Oeft and righO, as well as above the occipital protuberance (size: 1.5 • 1.Scm); slight osteophyte formation (grade 2) on the body of at least one cervical and one lumbar vertebra, slight marginal lipping (grade 2) is also present in thoracic and lumbar articular surfaces; the left and right elbow joint and the right proximal wrist appear free of degenerative signs (total grade 1); the left and right shoulder joint show slight signs of marginal lipping (total grade 1.5/2) and the left radloulnar Joint is also slightly affected (grade 1.25);

.... '

\\.~ ...

..

Dental/ oral status: · pathOlogies and variations: no visible pathologies; 51alnlng: . Artefacts: pilgrim flask. alabaster, next to skull oflnd. 3a (SACS 302); three

pieces of charcoal directly underneath skull oflnd. 3a (SAC5 371/2017); pot sherds next to Ind. 3 (SACS 181/2016 and 287/2016); Notes: right skull bone fragments with attached vertebral fragments of an additional individual were found (Ind. 3b);

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1ntlividual: 3a f'iJld noinJ>er: SA~ 356/2016 suaagrapllic ~t: 131 earofucavatton: 2016 : ~ and orientation of skeleton: supine, west~ast ,.ge at death: >35 yrs. Age group: adult-senile ses: indeterminate Jl()dy height: · surface preservation: e.'tisting surfaces show signs of erosion

~

~

Individual: 3b Find numbers: SACS 182/2016, SAC5 260/2016, SACS 286/2016, SACS

356/2016 Stratigraphic unit: 110, 131 Year of ucavation: 2016 Posture and orientation of skeleton: •, west-east Age at death: >35 yrs.

Age group: adult-senile Sex: indeterminate Body height: · Surf.ace preservation: existing surfaces show severe signs of erosion Dental/ Oral 1tatu.1: postmortal loss of teeth 11 and 21; ante-mortem loss

ofleeth 12-18, and 46-48; postmortally damaged root remains of tooth 45; teeth and corresponding tooth sockets 31-38 and 41-44 missing; Pathologlea and variations: no visible pathologies on existing (and heavily eroded) bone fragments, the only gradable Joint (anterior articular surface of the dens axis) shows extensive osteophyte formation (grade 3); Staining:. Artefacts: Nolet:.

®~typ13 1\JtJ.i .1iJ(7'f

11.~11:~

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ea

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Slainlng: Arteracts: one disc bead, eggshell. on chest (SACS 267); two beads. globular/

roughly diamond shape, carnelian (SAC5 277); one ring bead. faience, on skull (SACS 325); one pot sherd next to individual (SACS 083/2016); a few sherds to the east of Uie individual (SACS 140/2016); pottery next to (SACS 183/2016) and pottery below Ind. 2 (SACS 389/2016, SU 144); Notts:-

140

TOMB 26 ON S/\l ISLAND

ANTHROPOLOGICAL REPORT OF HUMAN REMAINS RECOVERED FROM TOMB 26

141

I-

~ C

Cll (.)

if.I

E

Cll

u

§ (.)

0

'O Cll

20 }TS. Age group: adult-senile

Su:male Body height: SUrfa20 yrs. Age group: adult-senile Sex:male? Body height: Surface preservation: existing sucfaces show signS of erosion Dental/ Oral status: Pathologies and variations: extensive osteophyte formation on both

fibulas (extensor digitonun longus); Staining:. Artefacts: . Notes: very robust long bones;

I

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lrm ....

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~~

ANTHRQPOLOG!CJ\l. REPORT OF HUMAN REMA!NS RECOVERED FROM 10MB 26

147

~

Individual: 13 Find number: SACS 363/2016

stratigraphic unit: 137 Year of excavation: 2016 posture and orientation of skeleton: supine, south-north Age at death: >20 yrs.

~~(a)~~

=i \JeJJiiw~Xr]" ,o,w

:i

Age group: adult-senile

~~ :

Sex: · Body height: -

~~ ♦

surface preservation: existing surfaces show signs of erosion

Dental/ oral status: Palhologies and variations: Staining:· Artefacts: Notes: additional right sulladult mandible and right subadult clavicle shaft fragment (see commingled remains);

Individual: 14 Find number: SACS 364/2016 Stratigraphic 1lllil: 137 Year of excavation: 2016 Posture and orientation of skeleton: supine, south-north Age at death: >Z0 ~ Age group: adnh-senile Sex: -

Body height: .

Some• preservation: existing surfaces show signs of erosion Dental / Oral status: Palhologies and variations: Swning:Amfacts: Notes: -

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;

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il

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Figure 63: human remains in Feature 2 (note: the size and position of the bones in the northeastern corner are tentative, see Fig. 8.25) (illustration: P. Heindl, ©AcrossBorders).

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6.3. 1 .1 Summ ary results Feature 2 1n general, the skeletal remains in Featun 2 wen very poorly preserved. However. the

feature hosted 17 distinguishable individuals (Tig. 6.3; Ta.hie s.n The chamber contained 17.7'1(, female and~ male individuals. as well as 35.3'!11 indeterminate individuals. 23.S'!b could not be classified either because they are childnn or because of the limited number ofpreserv20 yrs. Age group: adult-,;enile S.x: female? Body height: Surface preservation: "stin eXJ g surfaces show signs of erosion

I ANTHROPOLOGICAi. REPORT OF HUMAN REMAINS RECOVERED FROM TOMB 26

152

TOMB 26 ON SAi ISLAND

153

~

~

(.I

~

J:ndiTidllal: m

f1lld allJlll>er. S.\CS 1H•'20 Ii Straographie aniC 15S rear of 600.-alioB: _ 20. I7 ot->-elrtnn:supine(disturb.mceofupper bodY

)'OS(urt and oneatabOB

....

~~ f:r- (,~

~ at l!Hth: 3£45 yrs. Al,' group: adult-mature

su:reroal• . ~ presuntioa: en.stir.g surfao,s show signs of erosion / Oral sntas: the peria.oical all= on tooth 14 lies buccally and while the one on tooth 24 aLso lies buccally but has the size of

~

apnem,rn;

;!;,.;iogies and nriations: the cranium shows no pathological signs; mec:a!dfioaionslocatadbetweentheJWl!radiusandulnamg.6.8andflg.6.9) are a passib!e sign ofather=!erosis in this individual whereas the calcification i!djarent to the r.t>t f&"T!ar (Fig.6.S and flg.6.10) probably represents a ~ r',.;itt e!or.g.n,d stJ!oid process (Eagle's Syndrom) as a result of lil.terdcalrificmln af lhe Sl}iohyoid li,,aament (secondary elongation) which is also pre;,,rn on me Iino-ual side of the left mandilJular ramus mg. 6.11); as opposed "' !I!etacar,,cl ll! ar:d IV on the right, and metacarpal Il and m on the Je.'t. the = ~.d right metacarpal has developed very prominent marginal r'.d,,,i,s (t,.,sen:ion of the fi.'St interosseus muscle); the grad.sble ce.,ucal vertebrae have developed extensive osteophytes \\ith signs of ebum2tion on their bodies (grade 3) (fig. 6.11) and also on theirvenehrd joint, (grade 21 whe.'l!as the gradable thoracic and lumbar vertebrae a:ppear less affected (grade 2); since the existing remains of the Cl!l'Vical vertebrae are all asymmetric along their vertical axis and appear "leaning" to the le."i, scnliosis is likely for this individual; in addition, the last lmnbar vertebra has completely fused with the sacrum on the left side (sacra!ised LV segment) and has generated a unilateral lwnbosacral tr-cllSiliona! vertebra, \\nich can also lead to scoliosis; the graded joints are: right shoulder joint (total grade 1), both elbows (both total grade 11 both radio-ulnar joints (both total grade 1), left proximal wrist (total grade 1.25), right promnal wrist (total grade ll, right !rip joint (total grade 2), both knee joints (total grade 2/2.1), both promnal ankles (both total grade ll and both distal ankles (both total grade 1); the medial condyle of the right femur contains a cyst-like impression (approx. 1.5 • 1cm) that suggests the former presence of a loose fragment in the knee joint (osteochorulritis dissecans), whereas small productive changes of the bone (appositions) are found on the lateral condyle of the left femur· Staining: , Artdacts: charcoal close to the feet (SACS 083/2017) and in the individual's orbit (SACS 389/2Dl7); plaster next to Ind 124 (SACS 123/2017)· Notes:'

···._ . ...._.__ ...

-

I... (l)

'(_,

C

C

2cm

Figure 6.9: calcifications between radius and ulna of Ind. 124, Feature 4 (photo: M. Wohlschlager).

~ .... ,1 [t :.~ •;l't "t

.

,.

2cm

i f~~~ !I!

half), ,.-e;1-e.;st

lk>dy heighC 158.7cm

-••••• ~G1yl w '1t 'f 1

F.gure 6.10: cflSlocated ca1ci1ic:aoon (~ ",t,! x>/dl) ...

.

,.

.

Surfact pr,serntion: esjstiilg surfaces show signs of erosion o,ntal / on). snras: all teeth crad-.d during ucavation ~ue to extremely presen-ation, which made most of the evaluauon impossible; both

=-pica! ~ adjawit to the left and right lower first molar

-respecti,"..l); w, peppertorn-sized and are located arowid the distal root; !he maDlJa shows sli,ght si,;-ns of periodontal r,ceSS1on tn the left and nght molar regions; Pathologies and nnations: no cr.nial pathologies; however, the shape of the sJ;:ullsugg,s!S a mild case of crar>jcsynostosis as (Fig. 6.17); one right rill fragment (r,eight: thoracic ,enebrae X/XI/XIl) contams a healed fr.a= "ith the formation of callus on the i.,,side only, which is common fur partial or •greenstic:l1ith a total grade of 1.25 each and the hip joints reach a total grade of 1.4 respectively; the left knee joint is rated 1.12, whereas the right knee joint is slightly more affected \\ith a total grade of 1.45; very slight productive changes lead to a total grade of 1.1 for the right proximal anlde and the right distal ankle is given a total grade of 1.4; staining: residues of blue pigment and wood on the skull (SACS 190/2017) and tuberosity of the right na,icular bone; Artefacts: coffin fragment, blue and yellow, head part (SACS 218/2017), various pigments from coffin/mask (blue, red. yellow and white) and wood(?) associated \\ith Ind. 159 in Feature 6 (SACS 137/2017, 141/2017, 142/2017, 150/2017, 151/2017, 158/2017, 176/2017, 177/2017, 180/2017, 181/2017, 182/2017, 1&3/2017, 184/2017, 192/2017, 193/2017, 195/2017, 196/2017, 197/2017, 199/2017, 201/2017, 202/2017, 215/2017); one eye from coffin. painted (white. blue and red pigment), belonging lo coffin (?) (SAC5 136/2017); one Jell eye inlay from coffin/funerary mas! ... t u -l1ni~ ij-r~ ~ ] " ' mr\ ~ ·TI •m

sex: female? Body height: 151.5cm surface preservation: existing surfaces show severe signs oferosion Dental / oral status: the existing upper right molars, as well as the upper right incisor are very ~e~enly abraded (sloping down lingually); pathologies and vanalions: the nuchal line has a hyper-masculine appearance (grade +2 after Acsadi and Nemeskeri 1970), similar to Ind. 51 from Feature 4; no cranial pathologies, but at this point it should be borne in mind that the remains (especially the bone surfaces) are in very poor condition and most bones were not sufficiently preserved for evaluation; small Schmorl's nodes appear from the cervical vertebra cvn dovm to the ii ' lumbar vertebra LI; the cervical and lumbar vertebrae have developed massive osteophytes, while the thoracic region is only slightly affected; because of the bad erosion, only a few joints could be graded: the left shoulder (total grade 1.25), the left elbow (total grade 1), the left radioulnar joint (total grade 1.14), the left proximal wrist (total grade 1), an indeterminate (1/r?l pisiform bone with eburnation, the left knee (total grade 3) with massive eburnation on the lateral femur condyle and the patella (Fig. 6.23 and Fig. 6.24), the right knee (total grade 25 with productive changes, as well as massive eburnation on the patella) and the left proximal ankle (total grade 1); Staining: Artefacts: charcoal from the left pelvis (SACS 189/2017) and the right leg 2an (SAC5 243/2017); coffin fragments, blue and red on white Figure 6.23: ebumation on the left lateral pigments (SACS 219/2017); one pair of eye inlays from femur condyle of Ind. 160, Feature 6 funerary mask, bronze, plaster and unspecified stone {photo: C Geiger~ (SACS 362); two complete miniature vessels, faience, in head area (SACS 347 and SAC5 348), forty-one small fragments, ivory inlays (?), in head area (SACS 428); plaster, partly painted, from coffin in head area (SACS 229/2017); one beaker in the feet area (SAC5 206/2017), one flowerpot to the ,z,o-. . -,;,~ ,"'~ """'" !f:b~, south of lnd.160 (SACS 207/2017), one dish (SAC5 208/2017) tii:· ~- ~ _· ...... ' and four miniature vessels (SACS 209/2017, 210/2017, •I 211/2017 and 212/2017), pottery, in the head area; one sherd , ~- ~·~Y l•i..~-~~~ to the south of the right leg (SACS 227/2017) and one sherd below coffin (SACS 231/2017); twenty very fragile fragments of unclear substance (hom?)/raw material on top of coffin and nine more in the shoulder area, next to the ivory inlays (SAC5409);

~~ ~

ll

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2cm Figure 6.21: osteophyte formation on cervical vertebrae of Ind. 159, Feature 6 (photo: C. Geiger).

~neloeflo~~~~t to the south-35 yrs.

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secondary disturbance; east-west Age at deatb: 25-45 yrs. Age groap: adult-mature sex: indeterminate Body 1ieight: t 1s2-1cm; m: 159.5cm surface preservation: existing surfaces show severe signs of erosion l)eJ!tal / oral status: the existing tooth sockets too deteriorated for

lr

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Age group: adult-senile sex: female Body height: 161.3cm

r

.._

n

9?~~

traces Dental/ Oral status: teeth 34 and 44 disintegrated during excavation; Pathologies and variations: no visible cranial or postcranial pathologies

f rr.f

on the existing remains; Sclunorl's nodes are found on the cranial side of the fifth lumbar venebral body and the caudal side shows signs of a healed compression fracture (Fig. 6.34), the atlas (Fovea dens) shows slight cranial osteophyte formation and the articular surfaces of the other cervical vertebrae have developed more severe osteophytes, whereas the existing thoracic vertebrae show no signs of modification al all; the lumbar region again displays severe osteophytes; all joints except the left distal ankle (missing) are given a total grade 1;

~~

Artefacts: three fragile fragments of an amulet (?), ivory/bon e (?), to the south of the individual's lower arms (SACS 402); two pieces of gold foil dose to the craruum (SAC5 412); plaster on the fibula (SACS 382/2017); rodent bones underneath the individual (SACS 415/2017 and 334/2017); Notes: individual orientated with its head towards the east;

1 J....ni\

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Surface preservation: existing surfaces show signs of erosion and termite

;1 rr.f 1~1

ii

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JndJvidual: 279 Find number: SACS 279/2017

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Staining; Artefacts: -

Notes:-

3cm

Figure 6.34: raudal compression fracture on the fifth lumbar venebra oi Ind. 279, Feature 5 (photo: C Geiger).

I

• • • • ,.• " ' ' ' '

Status

..

11

Slatu,

17

ff

X

X

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X

X

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Pertodont.

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Caries Loe. ; caries location; peri. Absc. ; perlaplcal abscess; Enam. Hyp.; enamel hypoplasia; Periodont ; periodontal disease; lntravft. Ch.; lntravftal chipping;

1n

ANTHROPOLOGICAL REPORT OF HUMAl'I REMA\NS RECOVERED FROM TOMB 26 TOMB 26 ON SAi ISLAND

173

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Figure 635: riflam:natory charges on right parietal of Ind. 299, Fe3rure 5 (photo: C Geiger~

174

ANTHROPOLOGICAL REPORT OF HUMAN REMAINS RECOVERED FROM TOMB 26 TOIAB 26 ON SA! ISWJD

U

§

surface preservation: existing surfaces show slight signs of erosion Dental/ Oral status: no dental pathologies on existing teeth;

175

=--

Individual: 300 Find numJ>er. SACS 300/2017

stratigraphic unit: 191 Year of excavation: 2017 posture and orientation of skeleton: supine, west-east At,• at death: 3045 yrs. Age group: adult-mature sex: male Body height 165cm surface pn,se,vation: esisting surfaces show severe signs of erosion Dental/ ()ralstatuS: the fragile teeth disintegrated during excavation and

- ~~ ~~ "'""" I f i ~~~ lt! 11:: ? 'l , -ti,11

~~~,.~@fr

made much of the evaluation impossible; Pathologies and variations: the external cranial lamina contains a small porosity, approx. 2.5cm above the external occipital protuberance and the left orbit (right side is missing) displays slight cribra orbitalia; the proximal anddistalphalange ofthe left thwnb have fused (ankylosis), probably after a fracture (Fig. 636); no kinds of disease or degeneration in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, as well as the sacrum; the following joints are gradable: left shoulder (total grade 1.33), right shoulder (total grade 1), both elbow joints (total grade 1), both radio-ulnar joints (total grade 1), the left proximal wrist (total grade 2), both hips (total grade 1), the left knee (total grade 1), the right knee (total grade 1.11), both proximal and distal

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20

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tr~ments of;U¥1fum.m.ndlbte.toodl.~. suput.. ribs, ~rtebr.w, OSCOICM, hummas. ~ius, ulN, grpr;a15. mft•

tlbli, rlbc.Ushll't

02.0/2.0115

·,,.;.... _ ,_ _ """' _ ..,,l,tt-illbula, .......,...,.....~i--""""""'.--

105

Jllffllcuntfform.,ne,clal~omtr.e!!arm

skul, t~th. ribs, sternum. wrt~. os cone, ft'fnur, IMSills. ~

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•CMJ>IIJ. CM'pll phalnges. ftmur, tibY,urYls, ~

skull, rib, wnebr,. humerus. r,dius, femur. ~~ phA&lnges

•

The MN! within the plundered shaft refill,. also present in Fea!Ure 2 (SU 073-SU 075, SU 101) is Jive: - 1 foe!U$-infant 25 yrs. (SU 073 and fl/4) The Iota! MN! in SU fl/0-SU ms and SU 101 is 8. Features 2 (Table 6.10). 3 (Table 6.1H 4 (Table 6.12). 6 (Table 6.13) and 5 (Table 6.14) also contained a number of fragmented commingled remains, which could not be directly assigned to any of the identified individuals. However, ii is possible that they still could belong to at least one of the recovered individuals.

:~.==~~fem.r,dbil.ra...

_!lblo.wpol~J ! ! _ ~ ~pi,.ionges - -- - -- -- - - ~ skul~ (M(l(lible, sc,pua,. rib, wneb,u , r•dJus. ulN. fffflUI', patelf. arp,Ml.phlllnfll

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d :ult. m•nd1bl1, tffd\ sc•pui., wn:N>,-, OS Coa;H, hufflenA. ulnN-, ,_,,_ fmlur, p,1te!Y, tlbl,, c.1rp,ls, meuurp.lls, t.1rwl. pN,langn

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(SU070)

hgmencsof;a.ilum,mandiba.CDOCt,.dlwk.sarpua.,

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2 temporal bones, lowet- lrfi.lTl!Nr (l'OOI ~ incomple W, chlld). 1

southwestun (O(nrf"

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ltftlsdllllbont fragmt'flts of; left Ulac bone, dls!a t half orrighl femur (]nf1nt ii pro.dm.11 left tibia, distal left tibia, wrtebru

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!SS eutem rdgt rlghl r,dlus Onf•nl 1-11. probably same chlld IS In - - - - - - - - - -~.312017-1l1nd-1S)

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eb,a, fr,9mentof leftcl.wk!eshart. _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __

rlghtl)'g0rn1tlcbone_ltftpttell1,ltfttfbll ... -

1.0

18 0 I -g

mid ledlon offfllndlbll (Infant_ p,ob■tlly llml dlld .. t, 040f2017).manclbui..mo1■, aowr,.,eo1:na1,tedMloped (lnflnl. problbly11rr111 chlld a In 040/2017', tnlndibuw molw crown In d..,_,Pfflln& anr,111, probably 11m1 chld 11 !n 040i2017), proxlmal hd ol 1'1ght dlwtcJr. frtgfflfflts e t PmllNl ,.dlul (fwbably UM rNlchlng left racluuoaw ,i:t_51hl rldl1111n040{2017)

no.I

033/2017-11

155

dis~ hilt or It!\ humerus Onf•nt n, p r ~ hilf o( i.tt femur '1nr1nt I-Ill. left tibia: rr~1Mnt1 of: nbull, right u1us.

m

':':w~ITT':_rr.11'!1'"' orse1pull ~

IB

Table 6. 12: continued,

dlilll hllf of right humerua

,rong Wfstern Nfge

pifllltl lo southem _edj_l _ _

033/2017-11

below • nlr1rxt to Fe.ture6

096/2017

I,~ m~1rp1l11n~ ~ -, ~11 ph~ nsi-•

-- - ------· 033/1017-S

"'

_OIS/2017 ----.JS8 -

,. ' '

bes■ I part or oa;lpltal (prob1bty part of Ind. 77). H is, lurnblr

·-_____ic"e "'"''- ---~--_

Qll/2017-2

westem plrl or SU

dlst1! hllf of left Clblll, flfgmenl of flbuN

_;.:.~;~ _ t t~

-

..

l11gmentsol: right c■ lc,neu1, met1c•,-p,I

C: C:

ell (.) (/.)

rlgh1 CMC1n.us, Hgment or SIICrurn

"'

158

I.. Q)

,,,,ru...,)

lat1r1lpart ofrlghtocd plt,l(lnfM11), m,ndibur., rnoa,,.

Nlltm e!!:! 082/1017

(n1ona11t (r1gmenlJ or: carpals. megc.rp,11

Un-ldentln1W.

w1N,rragment1

fn:rmsw.1ngand

'""ill JJZ

(,og111~ s of: (/Jt~I iJ/ld~,., Sil bonH

'"' rl11ht ltmporil _ _ _ _ _ _ .._ Clf!'lntllnd tM

r,-,rn.,..

(1ppru_...,,

crown • root not yet dftteloped (lnr,111). PfO'd'"-11 halt o1 11ghl rldlus, lurnharwrtebr■

20

062!.2017

~:~:::;~~~~-~":il~~~g;~~~~

.........

IJn.ld■ rMlfllbtl

vartous loutlont sout~slern corner

0611201 7

UIHdflltlrtlbl1

cran111r,_.,,..,.. (1,,,,_ "'-I

~~:~~==~•:Mml(hlldo ln03J12017•11•nd ·llk

m

-/2017

soudlweslem tomH ofnn~ .J5ml 10 lhl •ast of MSt.-ncoml'f or V""'1

017/2017

155

p1r1Uel 10 southem 1dge, IOUlhust.,n

03512017

W111t•m •d9eoor1~ rxh rtagrnC!ntl of! IIWK: bone

Ol8120t,

Fh-i ktutlon

corn■r

OS212017

1a1ul pNlange

btlJM ~ borlK 1t os of su__

ldelltffl-,,,-..

SU

-----~

,tghl frmur 001/2017

Ol3l2017•IS ~

1e,; wncti"', NSlfffl

,a

386/2016

~

rl11hl tllUl, 2 wrull. 5 ~i.rul1, l t,rul phal4U''igH

.

"'

]74'.20115

~~ plndrtet,SAC!I

fnigrnfflCSof: dlsWI ulM.J 111$11,. J m.u,tal"IM. J WNf

.....

,a

347(.2011

........

_

fr,~ot:~ltlbM,tl>Ult~

if11tttnch·~

"'

)4S/2-016

ot,-, :-.:n.btt

)

-- - ....~ -- .- """'~"----------------..:..____ NStern ,a ,eoo vendf, P!"-

Uft.&cl .--.............

,!:~Illa .....

--

11!9

,,,..,..s..cs

SU

And-

....-..-

Un-ldenUflable cr.nlal fraglMftb (app,Glt. no.J

t lefto,t,/t(chlld). Jeft p11ell. rtght p,ttlll, distal hllfof '111"'"""1&. I u,p,1.2 r,,gmencsof........,

.,........,ls:

and ribs

=:':":~!:":':1~"!!':;1ne

and t dK:ldoous mow Cchld. 6-8 yrs.J. left scapula. 8 c.,,pals, 5 ffll!YC'rJ)"ls, ltft patella, dlstal half of left tlbli, 91!11 t,IUS. Ifft c,Juneus, 7 c.rsa5, I mtm,ruls, wSIII p h i ~ fragment5 of: rronta (d'llld). right parleUI et adul'I. 1 chlld). ldt l,teral ocdplL,I. ,1gttt zygom.,tlc bone,

190

~~

6 _3.6 summary results

..-:--

z rtgl'l Ol'tiU 11 ,dull. 1 cHld). t left j»rieul, 1 rtghl ttmpof'a~ left. zygomatlc. 3 penn,nenl mot., (aduftl. Z

:,0212011

.

.... ............. ~ ,,..::..::

u ~

1,11-(lodu~ I chlld6-8l"',l,tgl\lm,nd... (childl mld•s«tlon d maodlblt, tooth rooU, p,ox!mal h,,r ot left d,vldl!, axis, oervluil, thorl(lc and lumtMirwrtdlr• (adullJ. wrttbrH(dllldJ, prc./ffllll dfsul tndsolrfght humffllS, proximal and dlstal end, as well H wrt al right ndlos, ulM $haft (chffd), c.arp,1 p.,.,,ges, «tUbulum, prodmll femur, fl!fflur SNR {chlld). tibia Wft (d!lld). p~ ! ,od d~t tnd, H wd ,s 5haft. of Jd'C Rboi.

Tomb 26 revealed 36 distinguishable individuals in features 2, 4, 6 and Salb, as well as a minimum number of eight individuals In Feature 1, the shaft, stretching from the mid-18th Dynasty at least to the Ramesside period. In total, ten males, twelve females and eight lndetenninate individuals were identified, while sl.11 Individuals could not be classlfled, either because they were children (five individuals) or because of the limited number of remains

(on• individual). The 36 distinguishable individuals were assigned to the following age classes: one foetus, one Infant I, three Infant II, eleven adults and eight mature, and twelve fully grown individuals could not be assigned to a specific age class (a detailed list ofage and sex marken of individuals from Tomb 26 is available at: httpsJ/doL Org/10.5282/UbmJdata.218). Tab!• 6.1S swns up the postcranial measurements for individuals from all features.

n

_...

,,.

llil/2017 09112017

"'

11=1

191

109/2017

---llood lewls

southe,atm comt'f •long easwn wall•

191

116/2017

""'lit

"' 191

...

•longsouthemw,!1

dou to flowerpot Jf712017 1n nonhwe:si-

11IJ2017

"'

lnnorthweslemconwr

!246J2017

1'1

2ll/2017

"'

............ from slN~ northemp,an. from slNng

29S®17

iE'l2011 -/2017

191

'"

.!.!'.ghc c,lu5, I rlgh~ caluneus, 1 tarsal, 1 tars,I phal1nge 1 right lempOf'al. 1 right l'jgom1tlc. 2 l'DOlJ or perminent teeth, I molar Jn develOf)ment (chllclL 2 Chorldc wrtebrae, 1 uirp,rs, 5 mttacarp1ls, 5 pNll1ng11 (adult and

chlld1 l~tt partrl.l, 1 tlrs.1, t tarul phll1ng1; fr,gm.nts ~P'D!!.'!'•1~ •ntilBmel junction). as opposed 10 the occlusal surface, since abrasives in the food or a "high attrition environment" generally polish the biting surface and wear away small pits and grooves before dental decay can advance (Cllazel ft aL ZOOS; Mays 2010. 225). Gross attrition is fmiuent!y found in all age groups of ancient Egypt and Nubia (Leek 1972; Hillson 1979; Forshaw 2009; 2014b) and this certainly also applies to the individuals in Tomb 26. Studies on Egyptian bttad demonstrated the contllminatlon with inorganic particles (Leek 1972. 131), most likely through wind-blown sand, but also from the sol! In which the grain was grown, through mudbrick silos that were used for storage of the grain, grinding stones,

ANTHROPOLOGICAL REPORT OF HUMAN REMAINS RECOVERED FROM TOMB 26

193

C;)

Q.)

C

C;)

(.) {Z)

w

~ (Forshaw 2009; Gamu and during th• process o~14a· 2014b). The only case of Irish 2010; fo~W '. djvidual 145 (Feature 5) · the adult JJl • th ·es was p~nI 111 . •aJJc!istal canes on e can rcom-5LZed mesi wllO disPlaYS ~pe ceoftheexislingmolars. Because cervical/approxunalsurfa od·"'"~ can ultimately ·oc1ontal rem """"' d high attrition an pen . cffillson 2oos, 307, 311; lead IO ante-monem tooth loss tooth loss. periapical and anie--mortem Forshaw 2014a), . which can be connected and high abrasion rates aJ,sceSSe5 are an p=t in Tomb 26, the frequency ~f IO canes. . .dered representative for this · on its own IS not CO!ISI canes it is l.iktly that pulp cavity exposure sample. However, 26 accountS for the majority of tooth loss in Tomb .

and

markers . 6·4·2 stress __..,_ on skeletal material allow conclUS1oru Slre5S ll1'U..,_. , 1asia

aboul the general state of health. Enamel hypop . on teeth. porotic hyperoSIOSis (including cribra cranui and aibra orbil.alial. periosteal modificatioru on long bones and reduced height can reveal non-specific forms of nutritional deficiencies and/or infectious disease (Mays 2010, 179; Roberu and Manchester 2010, 39, 222-240). Developmenlal deferu of er,.amel (most commonly expmsed as pined or uansverse lines) are frequently tnaJWUered in archaeological remains. They are a result of 11aw orsuspendfdgrowthduring childhood due to metabolic insults sudi as nutritional deficiencies (e.g. calcium, vitamin Dor general malnutrition) ana/or various diseases such as !even, gut parasites, diarrhoea, rickets, scurvy, measles and whooping roug)l (Goodmann 1991; 1.arsen 1997; Mann and Hant 2005, 30; Mays 2010, 228; Forshaw 2014a). Goodman 0 991) demonstrated that individuals with enamel hypoplasia are apos,d ID higher levels of stress than those withoul and many authon have been able to associate 1treuand the frequency of enamel defect.sat the population level bee Mays 2010, 231-232). The permanent tooth of one child Ond. 5, Feature 2J and two adult individuals Ond. 2, Feature 2 aod Ind. 159, feature 6) respectively had dev~ ped slight enamel hypoplasia (grade 1), which is not cnnsidered as pathologjcaL Ind. 245 (feature 5) was affected by smaD ~ enamel defect.son two of her molars, but none of the investigated individuals in Tomb 26 showed moderate or severe signs of enamel hypoplasia CN=l4) This suggests that, in gmerat, th- · . J)riv!Jeged ~ ~ ~, nught have enjoyed a rather Ind. 259is ane. The buttaI pit in the lower third molars of is example ofa IO-alled/oramen caecum, Which sttn as a nonmetric trait Porolic hyperostosis ( orbitalill) ea be crtbra cranll and CTibra n associated ·th anaemias ruch as . 1d Wl l))edlic genetic wlth diseases lnvo1•1~ e:eU anaemia or thaUasemla ving inllamma1o ' as P•riostiw or injury or, most ry processes such dietary dffictencte, In lr commonly, With chronic Folkens 2005, 320: Lewis on or Vitamins (White and ' and Robens 1997; Ortner 2003 194

10!t.B250H SA! iSlAHD

89; walker et aL 2009). Cribra cranii is d. the cranial vault is thickened and the iagn°sed i,,,• . . externai •oen appears porotic, and porot1c moorar} masll;; the general area of the skeleton. on, from the right tbe pres

Bone

I I

I

I

I

I

same shape as in the carnelian amulet The surface is covered in a dark grey patina, but it appear.; that a series of hatching has also been incised on the bad< and tail to create the scales. Crocodile amulets are known to have been in use in Egypt even before the Early Dynastic period and throughout the entire historic period as apotropaic elements and symbols of rebirth (Andrews 1994, 36-37). No parallels are known to me from the elite cemeteries at Sa~ Aniba or Soleb. A remarkable tomb in Ginis West, thus dose to Amara West, yielded one faience crocodile amule~ most likely of Ramesside date (Vila 1977, site 3-P-50, 151-152, Ilg. 72,12). Furthermore, there ls an intriguing find of a single carnelian amulet from Fadrus (Silve-S6derbergh and Troy 1991, 128, fig. 33, 185/481:1, pl 22). It Is much smaller than the ones from Tomb 26

I

I I I

@I Eli 11

I

I

I

t I

I

I

®~t!Hl@e

@l;I I I 1 t

I

I

I

I

I

Ostrich egg

I

I

@e

f

I I

I

t

I

@e -Cll-0-

I

.

-.

f---l

Geld

I

@

'

' SACS378

D

I

(13 • 2x2mml Interestingly. it ms foWld 1ogether with other pendants wilh an infant burial This might refer to both lhe protective function of lhe amulet and its symbolic value for rebirth. The carnelian amulet in th• shape of a wedjat eye (SACS 382) was found in the feet area of the burial. Wedjat amulets= in general common in New Kingdom Nubia, but in di.11:erent materials and very often in faience (Sav~oderbergh and Troy 1991, pl 25). Stone wedjat amulets with incised details are known from 18th Dynasty Egypt (Andrews 19'14. Ilg. 46i) but such simplified forms as SACS 382 seem 10 be exceptional in Nubia. SAC5 382 has no parallel within Tomb 26 or in SACS. Only two carnelian wedjat amulets are known from Aniba (Steindortt 1937, pl. SI, 30), but lhey are more de1ailed and much larger than SAC5 382. Three

lHE INDNIOU,\L TOMB GROUPS OF TOMB 26

Escaneado con CamScanner

211

Figure 7.20: scarab SACS 387.

Figure 7.22: tomb group TG 06 from Tomb 26, Feature 5.

SAC5401 Type of tomb eqUil,....,.

lColllnlh,nm,y"""' Bodily-

Mt:ast.don ........... Twof~MgbNm(SAC5.t01J NahelrtSC...o,tfatid

Twono..e,p:,a; rqulpmcnt wo1 round except for n nmnll 11111011111 ur hmllly 1111nrnmontn, two folonco ring bonrlN 1111d one Nc11r11h 11 11111101(fig. 7,37). The IJU!O liocurullon or ICIJl'IIIJ SAC5 304 (P)g. 7,37) INorlontod In line with the ovnl , h11po or tho rcvono nnd NIH>W! lhruo 1111l11111ls. The c1•111ru l l'lgurc I• n lion with n rulHe1l right fro11111l p11w, ol.1vlou1ly nllncklng 11 crocotlllo curved In front nnd below It. Tu the ronr or the Ihm Is n l'lnretl cnbrn over two 1m111l horlzontnl d111ho1, f)OHRlbly 1111 nbbrcvlotlon for 11/J. 1 /1,wj. Thla duHlgn with u comblnntlun or thcHc thruc nnlmnl1 (Jndl Novernl p11rnllcl1 (see Cooney 1111d Tyrrell 2005, cat. No. 63, LACMII M.HG.313.35 with reference!), Within Nubl11, Anlb11 yielded o compar11tlvc piece (Stclndorff 1937, pl. 55, 75) nnd Soleb n 11lghtly different design (u lion ubove n crocodile, but lnstend or o cobra with n sun disc, Schill' Giorgini 1971, 173, l'lg.290, pl. 12, Tl2 p6), The pnrnllels hove mostly been dnted to the Second lntermcdlnte Period, but the detailed design of the bnck oflhe scnrnb suggests n production dote l.n the 18th Dynnsty for SACS 364,

Flouro 7.3G: lr1ldy!) SACS 430,

CoMnlfUfttllf)' lnllill not11ly•IU1nfflto1

fUfltrtfYetljl(II CtHN!I( Ytmlt

Ht-~,......, ...-

,wo1..,.,_. ,.......... 0 AUIWJCIIJ

...............

,, ...,.., . . . . OA()Jl,4)

---

Tobie 7.11 : composition of TG 11.

~

SACS364

tm~• ~

II

II

Q

I

,1

II

II

'""

Figure 7.37: scarab SACS 364.

THE INDIVIDUAL TOMB GROUPS OF TOMB 26 TOMB 26 ON SAi ISLAND

Escaneado con CamScanner

225

r

l

~ or tomb ~wlprnem

Cofflnlfuntr,ry rn.sk

Table 7.12: basic composition ofTG 12.

5cm

7.6 The tomb groups from Feature 4 As outlined in Chapter 5, the remains of burials in Feature 4 are difficult to assess, especially in terms of tomb groups. Various bones and several individuals were found in the muddy filling of Fearure 4, induding a single ring bead in faience and a small number of pottery fragments. Two complete vessels, a zir and a dish found at the bottom of Feature 4, have already been discussed since they most probably derive from TG 08 from Feature 6 (see above). Several finds, induding pottery shends, unearthed in Feature 4 may he associated with burials in Fearure 2 (see Chapter 5, cf. also Chapter 8). Overall, no reconstruction of any specific tomb group in Feature 4 is possible. It may, however, be noted that almost no bodily adornment was found, neither were scarabs nor [un~alia. One small fragment attests to a metal object of undear function (SAC5 337). Evidence for coffins is present and will be discussed in the following.

Figure 7.38: inlays SACS 339 and 340 (photos: M Gundlach, ©AcrossBo d. ' ers).

I~

SA ceramic vessels including flowerpots and painted jugs were found, which can be Thutmoside and suggest a building of Tombs in the mid-18th Dynasty and probably soon after Tomb 26. The palaeographic evidence from Tomb 8 will be discussed below. Tomb 7 is the structure which is the closest parallel for the layout of Tomb 26 (building phase le, see Chapter 3). Unfonunately, the burial equipment of the original phase has laJiely been destroyed except for ceramic vessels. The latter includes a deposit of flowerpots nicely matching the one ofTG 02 in Feature Sa in Tomb 26. AU in all, it seems likely that Tomb 7 and Tomb 26 were designed and built at roughly the same time, most probably in the second half of the reign of Thutmose Ill. Shortly after the group ofTombs 1, 3, 5, 7 and 26, Tombs 8 and 6 were built which are different regarding their superstructures and subterranean parts. The importance of Tomb 8 has already been mentioned. Similar to the s1tuauon of Tombs 3 and 7, the original burial gifts from ~oel aound~anced rnid-tBth Dynasty have almost been lost due 0 g and destruction· I • on y one faience vessel and one poItery vessel support this date. in Tomb 26: a

278

TOMB 26 ON SAi iSlAND

The group oflombs dlscussed here ls east and south by further structure . 'llrtii1t1id ' 11o mb 13. which is located s. Tolllbs, Except ,or to .., 4, ti'do~ Iii, these tombs form the southern limit f th e West ot •11t1 IJ. 0 are ammged in a row. Tomb 4 is an tol!\b q~ % l, of which only the shaft and the be . ~ed lllotitr•~d were executed !Minault-Gout and Thiu&lnning of a Tomb 2 has no preserved supe~U. Pl 23 boti'1lber chamber with two niches as the Sllb ctur, ltld, °"1l 1 shaft is very shallow. The burial 'Tranean P•M~ assetnbl -c -r,. rich and can be dated to the late 18th ~age, irt v·•~ than Tombs 1, 3, s, 7 and 26 and maybe co StY, to Tombs 8 and 6. Tolllb 12 cannot be :t•lllPo~ completely plundered. No superstructurea'.""- as It .., and the subterranean pan ls simple With IS _Preser,,,as chamber to the north of the shaft. a SU!gle ~ Tomb 13 was also heavily affected · not show a superstructure and the sllb~r:lirig; It did irregular and comparable to layouts of ean Pan is some oflh at Amara West (e.g. Gl0l, see Binder e tolllhs 2017 shaft is east-west oriented; the main ch,-~ • fig.3). Jb, -•wer'Nith appendix to the northwest is located to th • long e West•an smaller chamber opens from the shaft to th • other is difficult, but a mid-18th Dynasty Origin ise east llattn, Minault-Gout and Thill 2012, 410). P0SSible ~ overall, it seems as if Tomb 13 contemporaneous to Tombs 3 and 5, suggestinCOUid be burial monuments L'I this part of SACS w g I.hat the ere Plann d in kinds of rows a..'ld hewn out according to ' a plan and sequence. Tombs 2, 4 and 12 surround the oth ers as an outer circle of tombs and were added later < • some amulets/scarab . I ankh- or nefer-hierogl h. s s1111p y carry signs like an literacy of the own yp These are no evidence for the er or of the artist Table 9.2 summarise, the or thes t current state or the presence e ea egories In the excavated tombs of SACS s· none ofthem is disturb . mce un ed, category Ois omitted-within ~~g:1: ;s:;:ent the negative evidence for any . e tely did not have I single Inscribed item mUst be considered. Accordin . anothrr cat O • • I to Franzme1er, , • eg ry disturbed tombs without evidence of ~~t was added as Category X. WUstrating the problems ansmg from looting and other formation processes (see Chapter BJ. A first look at Table 91 1"11eals several aspects: First. the category 3 is never attested. There were no jars with dockets as in Aniba (see Heimbold-Doye and Seiler 2019, 4111-424) and this is in general a marked dilference to evidence found in Egypt (see also Chapter 10i Second, there are two tombs which cannot be considered -Tomb 4 because it remained llllfinished and Tomb 24 because it originates from post-New ICingdom times. Third, of the remaining 22 tombs, eight are disturbed without evidence of saipl Here, Tomb 9 is a remarkallle case: its substructure was too disturbed to enable the dating of the monument or to provide evidence of writing; however, this tomb is the only example with remains of a painted chapel in the supersaucture. There, tens were used, illustrating the embeddedness ofits owner within the elite sphere and writm/anists. Among the 14 tombs where saipt appears (Tomb 9 is here excluded). two attest only one category; seven revealed two categories, three a toJal of three categories and only two tombs had evidence in four categories. The latter are Tombs 6 and 26. For Tomb 26, it is notable that TG 07, the burial of Khnummose, has objects in three categories, with the name of the owner, without the name of the owner and with hieroglyphs.. Other inscribed objects from Tomb 26 fall into the category 4, scarabs with a king's name (see Table 9.2). It seems surprising at first glance that Tombs 6 and 26 yielded the largest variety of written evidence since prosopographic information from these tombs is very limited (none from Tomb 6, only Khnummose and maybe his wire/mother from Tomb 26~ Tomb S. which held at least two burials of mayors and therefore of the highest local administrators, only yielded three categories (name of the owner, name of king/god and with hieroglyphs). A closer look reveals that this first impression is misleading: whereas in Tomb 26 only Khnummose had objects of category 1 with his name, Tomb S yielded three

TOMB 26 \NTliE CONTTXT OFCEMETERY SACS TOl.18 26 ON SI-.! iSL/-JjQ

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2115

~-"....

,...,...,,

Cltft0,Y4

c,NtO'YJ

,...

no2&:sf'!,blinCd5

Ntw Kingdom?: sc.rab T1C17

Cet-oorlu

~:°~~ 11th

~;;:::ab

nc,t

Tombl5 Tomb21 Tornb25 Tornb26

.....

,-, ,_,. '"""" Tomb 11

,_, ,_,.

TornbS Tomb7 Totnb8 Tomb 14 Torn.b21 Tornb 26

-·

T-21

Tomo l6

,.

Juneralia respectively with the name of a person. For the

18th Dynasty, Tomb 5 therefore remains at the highest level of the social fabric on Sai, also when considering the degree of written evidence. Nevertheless, Tomb 26 is marked as being situated in the upper sphere of the local community, comparable to Tomb 8 where a family of priests was buried. Table 9.3 summarises the diachronic appearance of script in 14 tombs in SACS; tombs which were too disturbed to yield written evidence were excluded. Category 1 is attested in five tombs in the 18th Dynasty, in three tombs during the Ramesside era and once in a general New Kingdom context. Category 2 is found in seven tombs of the 18th Dynasty and only two in Ramesside contexts. category 4 is evidenced in six 18th Dynasty tombs, in two Ramesside ones, in one New Kingdom and in five unclear contexts. category 5 was found in six 18th Dynasty tombs, in two Ramesside contexts and one each of New Kingdom and unclear date. It does not come as a surprise that category 1 is the rarest attested category of script within all classes during the 18th Dynasty. This category Is the only one attesting to direct contact of the tomb owner with a person able to write. Tomb 26 forms here a group with Tombs 2, S and 8, supponing on a new level the cluster of these monuments as described above. Furthermore, two other tombs, Tombs 1 and 14, are closely r,lated to this group. Both monuments yielded votive scribal palettes which are known to be common status symbols in the New Kingdom (see Cashman 2015) and are in Nubia only attested from the tomb of Amenememhat, chief of Thekhet at Debeira for a scribe Paltsy, which Is the second name of Djehutyhotep, the brother of Amenememhat (Save-Siiderbergh and Troy 1991, 147-148, fig.47: DS, pl. 31, 1 and 3). While the context

of . Lower Nubia is therefore cl this high-ranking person m early ofthe top hierarchy, the two cases in SACS remain unclear. Mmault-Gout interprtted the scribal palettes as proof that the owners must have been imponant oflioals of the Egyptian administration, scribes at the very_least !Minault-llowing Lemos (2018) it is lil, small and horizontal mouth with full, yet rather straight lips; the left ear is larger and more flared than the right one, and has a rounded helix and a rather flat scapha, wltile the right~ is more recessed, smaller and Jess detailed; short round throat, seems not smoothed, with small bulging hem at transition to mummy sheath Beard: no beard

308

TOMB 26 ON SI• sh .• , ' . · -Wrhn/ I •.

Rgure 11.Sa· th

(6) I (.y) nj,h.lj1 , imn ;-, : (?)nhjnkmk .w(j"k '} ,.Jct-~ JP'.(t)~•,.t,,,.,

Cat 5 of Ws~ e_shabti

~1 21 ; Photos ~~~;ig AMul

Agyptisches Mu esy of Georg Steindo~:urn Universitat L . . der e1pz1g © Uhlschmidt). Anna

Notes on the text Only here and With Cat 8 u, . The vocative inte . . .. e epithet tnl'-hnv is ! Th 'l•ct1onJISWritt . . 01IJ\dafterth, e passive element rw is larln"" en IIldlJdingA 1 in.stead of A;'°'d. The llnperfective . -,. ther. passive Partici . e. Thewordhrt-/l/risWritt . P1'Jn(.l)has no.L f. Th -· · enwiththefull e word .,i is only Written With AI Fel'osmon!tr"1dll!rin honrnifu:"""--'-' g. The word br.t is Without .r. . ---mon. h. The verb srd (srwd) has an added _ I. The verb jp is Wrinen wi··• .I-ending. . u,outY] J. The enditicpronountwisWithou;1, k. The verb k, is Written in its fu!U . .

a.

b.

c.

.b L · zig Agyptisches Museum - Georg Steindorff - der Cat. s: Am a, e1p .. . . ·ta-t Le·ipzig AMUL 6121 (Figs. 11.Sa-b) Umvers1 . References: Steindor1f 1937, 79, !99, pl 42.7; Minault-Gout 2012, 190-192, fig.1.5, no. 5; Millier 2013, 422, 30.114

.

Title: vu.w (Wb 3, 479.14-481.4; Taylor 2001, 208, § 2025 (as s.l); Ayedi 2006, no. 1716) Name:-Wsr(Ranl°,,·vtt:k! ~ 1 116

(6)bnl.t (7) [missing!

'Jmn.tJft IP.t(w~

•

Notes on the text: a. The term sh,t 15 .

.

· - Wlitten · . The spelling of1~1)b "".thout 11 and N8. c. The verb jp is With .ty lS SinguJa, in th· d. The writin our y l is gro11p e. gofthewordb 1 The verb hwllackso '·_·1!/rWith RlOissin . f. The word sdh 111 • 40 • as Us common.-,,.~, gu1a, mthe UOUp • · 15 Wlitten ·th ~mer · g. The verb l.rd (l.rWg).15 . WI an inverted O ~ . h Th W!itten With and Without 'ba · e itiveunh/ 1 h ratherlllUch dbinfo.tm 1h k . · s ows-111\iqu . space_ , e wea consonant/ emlhisgrnup-douJ, ~ The term wgb.wis....:, . . lel?eds.P0Ssibtyindicatin j Th . •.. ,tten Ill lls USuaJ g · eword)lb.ljtbegin . forn,WithV2S th k. Bothj1b.ljt andjmn.,j: : • lorn, of 1b(U2J). · L The verb jp is Without y classilied With N 25. 1, but the IW-pronoun is•·" . '""Ywnnen. b

Rgure 11 .Ba; tt, 8 of Nj,-rtfr(E e Shabti Cat_ collection· aft urope, Private

, erJanes 200,

dled the '""11 '$ha/Rt in 8rodbedc 1990, 15-2! With ~ • 1.1>139; Schliigt and and etymology or the W0rdl. discussions ahoot th, meaning SIWlb.lJismost-. While the sttndanl ~ .. -°"uen~thesba!xiotH wrttinghb.tj.I,w,b Mi · the and 2. nocn-;...,., ' ·IJ •••lllWJb.rippearon Cat. 1 ·-r-•u•-,. Whilt the l"11uM· order to intrnduce the shabn's · · n always P""'1I in was only added lwn. for 'W.,, 502). The sign • 'wtst' (It 14) was more or less consist....., Jlll/U

c~,...,_

_

time with individual

. w,u,wnttm.huteach • . tram.. Some smaller lntonsistencies m its design ~ _be found on Cat. 1. In most cases, the upper feather is incised in ootline, wltile 00 Cat. S. it is ~mailer and completely incised. A unique rendering of Jmn.rcan be found on Cat. z. wh~the left oUlline of the feather was alternatively designed as a stippled reed-leaf. Thewritingofthetenn/.lf.1·1117'ner:ropolis'alsopr=nts some interesting variations. Cal 1, z. &, 7 and the shabti of /Jnm. w-ms display the wont as a ligann of /f/J (11 8) and hr 28). Only in the case of the sbabti of l_lnm. • ..,.,, the upper closing line of /.If was not connected 11ith the vertical pole of ntr. Cal 3, 4, S. 9 and 10 display !he word with the 11/r-hieroglyph in honorific transposition followed by the preposition /.If. Only Cat & displays the term with the standard hieroglyphic combination R 10. In addition, tile inner decoration of /.If ~er.; from one ru1tral vertical line connecting the lower and upper base line (Cal 3 and 4) to two (Cal 9) and three connecting lines (Cal 5). In fact, this rendering is more consistenl with the variants of p lQ 3) discussed above and does not resemble the actual signs T 28. Since Cal 10 actually shows /.If in a form thal clearly resembles a simple p, one could again speculale that the br-sign was indeed not undentood as such or ~at the hieratic (?) text template was mislnterpreled (cf. Moller nos. 388 and l97). Moreover, the flag of nir shows 1909 elth:r no inner decoration (Cat. i. 9 and 10) or one (Cat. l. 2,

er

ROUP OF NEW KINGDOMSERPENT\N\TE SHABTIS KHNUMMOSE ANOAG

Escaneado con CamScanner

335

>

. of Jwny from Abydos, London, BM EA32692 (©The Trustees of the British M Figure 11.17: the bronze shabt I useum). 6 and the shabti of llru11. w-111.1) or two small horizontal Jines (cat. , and 7). Jn this way, this sign is comparable to the 35 renderings ofV 30 and V31 (as well as in part N 37 and y 5).

Finally, another sign needs to be briefly discussed that shows particular variation: the "ripple of water" N 35 for n and its derivation N (35) used as classifier. Some shabt1s write N35 in a consistent way either as straight Jines (Cat. 1, 2, 6, s and the shabti of Hnm.w-111s) with or without small vertical end lines, or as zig-zag lines (Cat. 3, 4, 9 and 10). However, there are also inscriptions in which both versions appear next to each other (Cat. 5 and 7). Particularly In the case of CAL 7, one finds a few inconsistencies regarding the n sign: in the first (,rd-11-k/p-tille, N 35 was written with a horizontal stroke, while the second mention of this tille includes the n in the form of a ripple of water. In addition, the N 35 after Inv/ could be inscribed as a simple line (Cat. 1, 2, 5, 6, 8 and the shabti of H11111. w-111s) and in the form of a zig-zag line (cat. 3, 7, 9 and 10). Interestingly, those shabtis on which N 35 is consistenlly written in such a way also exhibit the water-hieroglyph N 35A to be made of three zig-zag lines (Cat. 3 and 9). Jn the other cases, this determinative consists of the abbreviated form of three horizontal lines with or without small vertical endings.

11 .2.5.3 Further individual forms A few further examples allow us to understand the great variability of palaeographical traits in an otherwise coherent group of objects. The shabti of 1/11111.w-111s stands out with its four vertically oriented dots. within the word s!I!! and the l_ater added k1-arms (D 28). Cat. 1 is unique In its use of N5 instead ofN 8 within the word slJ(! and because of the different renderings of R 14 and y 1' as well as the

336

TOMB 26 ON SAi ISLAND

fact that the nw-sign ofjnk in line 5 appears as sirn le . Cat. 2 presents a unique rendering of jmn.r (R p Circle, 4 shows the sign N 37 as a simple line With a srn~ l._ Cll 3 stroke in the centre and the "striking man• A diagol\al 24 resel1lb1" d. . more th e stan mg man with arms in adoration• ~ Moreover, the letter k of jnk in the sarne line lA_lO). . . . was Wl'itten as V 30 and the b1rd-s1gn 1:i the verb h looks rnore like 111-owl (G 17) than an alefvulture (G 1). The same is an on Cat. 9. On Cat. 5, !he N 8 determinative of .i/ui btrue similarities With the sun hieroglyph N 5 resting 0; ~an Impression that can also be parlly gained frorn Cat. 6 an . and 9. Cat. 7 stan ds out with tJ1e most detailed 'easr hierogl h R 15 and a canonical w1(1-sign (M 13). Only on Cat. 8, b~tl\ 11,q/J.w (with V 25) and /lr.1-n/r (with R 10) were Written in the standard form. This feature sets this item well apart from the others. In the case of Cat. 9, the writer alternatively added a "book-roll" C{ ll to jpn In line 2, while the erasure of the jm11.(j1 r j1/J. (jt-section seems to have been motivated by the realisation that this, in fact, was the "incorrect• sequence for the shabti spell. Furthermore, as on Cat. 3, the bird In the verb kl in line 7 resembles an 111-owL For cat 10, orlly the potential rendering of the classifier of the name in the first line in the form of A 17 can be mentioned. 'Ille available photography does not allow us to draw further conclusions.

1

11 .2.5.4 Palaeographical comparisons Minault-Gout (2012, 196) pointed out a number of parallels in which a very similar style of writing individual signs can be recognised: e.g., the limestone shabti of King Ahmose (BM EA32191; Roehrig et aL 2005, 33-34, cat lZ) and the glazed steatite shabti of Snjw (MMA 19.3.206;

et aL 2005, ~8, cat. 16). A further example da Jtoettrlg f om the 11me of Amenhotep n: the blu , tes 11.2,5 Prov elY r · · • 'h I . Je glass• Amongst th enance Pree. snee) shabti of the pn.J-r ·J .. w-n-Jmn K • n mn (CG (•fa1e . r,iewberry 1930-1957, 2, pi.XIV), on which the reed a determ1n~ !habtis gather'fn. ,a

-- - - -

-

jfunewycontFC~ _

:b,,w

D)"\-18

7 .1"~:.-'- - -~ 1

•

"'

--

---

(',,.,,,,... ~,.wJ't(,.,.l, 111,Jli'.I·~ ,0

t,,j-J,l◄-.(lr

_

-

-

---

,91 ,92[11J, Gasse end Rondot 2007, 196-197,4"19 S ------• 13,

fM\.

-- -- ~

\

19,

~ 1

--.. .....

~

Fabian 2017, 23, 71 , 76. (might btl abow). ong to Fe 208 Nlf

-i,,.,

OavlH and Macadam 1957, no, 50-4. Auenm011tr2015,826.

. ~ ~ ~ ~lHW-,.M"',w _ _ _ -

-- ·

D,vles1ndMacad1m19571 ~

cto0 _____ _ _ - ., - - funtrt,Y cont FC .-.r ...1- - - - - - -

11!.ee>fl\.ll-Nrt)'

-- ~~bJttt1nn◄245

Gardiner 1906, 28-31, ph, l -2; Mu~

-~tlho~e~;•r~c;n;~~~~

--

-pk}lr fragmtnl 2015.1287 from near TT 114 U\.I.

,

◄lo.

\ https:/fwww.hornlman.-c.u

----

---

Kltchen 1980, 401 .9; Ch~reau 1994 ,... ----,113.no. ,s.ao.

rntntlont'd lnTTS1 --- -

Newb

Hmestoneshebt1CG47257fromAb)'dos

1930-

trry

1957, 120-121 . --------

M 1 1 currently known to the authors. Table 11 .2: working list of 18th Dynasty ,-111 .IY·

the title of Jmn-111-/11.1, owner of lftherea dingof · et also Cat 11 as 11111-n/TIS corre , Cat.10 and most probably · ' · .. . . uld be the only person from an explicitly religious he wo . th group of shabtis discussed here. Both his tomb milieu m e • th' 1 ,.s. d his u·ue attest to his personal ties to is p ace atDa,_...an 1 1 . tl sibilities he carried out at the oca and the pnes y respon .ch .15 attested by later reused stone blocks sanctUary, whI ah 'th the names of Thutmose Ill, Seti I and Merenpt ~~ 1915, 37-38, pl 25; Farid 1979; Arnold 2003, 65)." Given his local responsibilities, it ls unlikely that further epigraphical evidence for the ~111-nir Jmn- 111 -/•M will come to lighL All identified rock inscriptions in Nubia known to the authors that mention the name J11111-111-/11.1 date to the Middle Kingdom (Auerunilller 2019). A z/11. w Jmrr-111-/11.t from the time of either Thutmose l (or Ill) ls known from an inscription al the Hagr er-Merwa at Kurgus next to a •standard(?l•bearer" of the same name (Davies 2017b, 82, nos. 12·13), although there is no conclusive evidence for either identification as our Jmn-111-(11.1. Nevertheless, the priest Jmn-m-~1.1 lrom Dakka typologically belongs to the milieu of local priests attached to the main sanctuary of their urban centre in Nubia and buried in the respective elite cemetery (c/. Auenmilller 2020, 390-391)." 21 These blocks are also attributed to a lemple building at Quban on lhe other bank of the Nile {Roeder 1930, 15·16). 22 Other representatives of this local priestly milieu, mostly dating to lhe la1er t8thDynasty or early Ramesside times, are Mr•.Jwn.w (shabtis fr om Aruba Tomb S 57: Steindorff 1937, 78). Mr-Ru (heart starab from ~CS Tomb Z: Mirulul1-Gou1 and Thill ZOIZ, 216, pls. 105 and 109); (lti-sb, (shabt.i from SA.CS Tomb 8: Minauh-Gout and Thill 2012, 183-187, pl 92), 'lj (bean scarab from SACS Tomb 8: Minaull-Goul and Thill ZOIZ, ZZl-224, pls. 103 and 108t '>/p,-b Unscribed stone fragments from Soleb Tomb 22: Schiff Giorgini 1911, 24.2, figs.471-412} and finally another Mr-11U (shabti and pot mark from SolehTomb 4: Schiff Giorgini 1971, 116, f\g. lSl and 116, figs, 161-162). Further clearly Rames.side ~-•Fir priests are known ~mAniba ~1-n-111111: shabtis from Tombs 34: Steindorfl' 1937, n ; T -J1111t shabns from Tomb SA 30: Steindorf 1937, 83).

340

TOMB 26 ON SAi \SlAND

6

As /Jrd-n-k1p, N/J-m/1y.t (Cat 4) shoU!d h belonged to the prestigious institution of the ~ve either was connected with the education of the titlth:hich at the royal court and thus offered the pr . ders . . l . . th . esuge of bemg '.11 c ose proXJm1ty to e king (cf. Feucht 1985 Followmg a different interpretation, Nb-m"'· >. . . ,,y.l COUid otherwise have been a child who was born on th . e sarne day as the crown prince (and future king) and w · . . as thus granted such a special Utle (cf. Mathieu 2000), Given his relatively common name, the Nb-m~y.1 mentioned on shabtl Cat. 4 could possibly be identified with other known 18th Dynasty md1v1duals bearing the sarne name. However, prosopographical research has so far not yielded any furth_er da:a for a lird-n-k,p Nb-m~y.r, except from the shabt1 Cat. 4. Currently, ten 18th Dynasty individuals named Nh-111!1y.1 are known to the authors (Table 11.2), none of which can be identified with our MJ-111/1y .1. He is, therefore, one of the many /Jrd.w-nk1p who are only known from one object and who are not characterised by any high administrative office that would allow us to discuss further individual aspects." Amongst the titles displayed by our shabti owners the function of z/11.w 'scribe' appears most frequently: th; owners of Cat. 5, 6 and 8 are all designated as such. Jn the case of Wsr (Cat. 5), both the location of his tomb and the partly destroyed title-addition t...]-n-W1w1.1found on the

23

Nevenheless, the title lvd-n-bf' connects ~IJ-' to W.1T-So J (Cat 7), who himself was a member of the same institution (patt Feucht 1985) or particular group of children (patt Malhieu 2000). As such, it could well be possible that both individuals wen, acquainred wi1h each other. ln an intermediate manner, JfNH!lp (Cl.t. %) could also have had a special relationship with this group. since the w,-,,..lf/111 ffl:,..nfr, one of his successors in office, was a 'chi.Id of W b;I under Arnenhotep m. He is also the oruy !Jnl,n-bp known to have been buried in Nubia, while funher 'childr!n ofth~bp' are known from at least a few rock inscriptions (cf. i.aba 1979, 133. no.95; Davies 2017b, 77-79, fig. 15, C6). 0

-----

' J•r'•J/IW,lj-1t•lmn

i;::,v~lm•n'.1-rs.}I

mldDyn. 18

Oyn. t8

stetl from ICarNk-No,d lrw.-na.Al!SJ

! ~-Gordcn 1999•21 '-2T7. SrJ. 1s1

funtni ry Cont Fen

,0

: ~rd~ -- • no.s11. 1957,1111,,72;&Ner21XQ.J20.

•I fW'lffil) cont K 30

,,

Dyn. t8

b)mentloned Jnrod:1rwt . ~0.-S~~ ofhlssonrb,.wf,-g ptlonSmlf5Dt179 l b~Gmu'.ldlcrcb~~~

- ·

13

,.

Table 11.3: working list of 18th Dynasty ~n-Jmn (except thejm.j-r'-pr-wr-n-Prw-nfr ~Jmni

door lintel of his tomb point to his attachments to Anlba and Lower Nubia. While his son J'~-ms mentions his father in a rock inscription at Toshka East, Wsr himself inscribed his name and title at the Abu Sir massif, a prominent landmark on the east bank of the Nile at the northern end of the Second Cataract, overlooking the river. This inscription marks his own, quite possibly occupationally motivated presence south of Aniba at one of the most frequently visited and epigraphically used places in Nubia. Our understanding of Wsr as a local scribe at the administrative centre of Lower Nubia, Aniba, might also help us to locate his peers ~n-Jmn (Cat. 6) and Nj1-nfr (Cat. 8) as members of the scribal elite at the same social level and with comparable responsibilities, as was surely the case with ~n-Jmn in Egypt While Wsr ls better known through epigraphic sources than Nj1-nfr and ~n-Jmn, the latter could possibly be identified in the prosopographical record of the 18th Dynasty (see below). Since no other individuals named Nj1-nfr are known to the

authors, Cal 8 seems the only epigraphical evidence that attests to his eiistence. A preliminary prosopographiral survey of the known attestations of individuals callod ~1t-Jmn dating to the 18th Dynasty is presentod in Tab!• 11.3. ltprovides the basis for potential further identifications of the owner of shabti Cal 6. Themostprominentjm.j-r'-pr-~T-1t-l'rw-n.fr ,;n-JllUI, active under Amenhotep U. can be eJduded from the discussion. Jn his mensive dossier, then, is no monument on which he bears the simple 1/),. ••title and there are only two instances in which he bears the high-ranking status title l/11. w-/lS\II (Wild 1958, 237; Pumpenrneier 1998, 95-97)." The findspot of Cal 6 seems to suggest a connection to the extra-sepulchral shabti depots of high-ranking non-local officials known from Abydos (Pumpenrneier 1998), but it 24

1n addition. shabti Cat. I has_ until now, never been attributed 10

this particUla.r ~IIVI in the literatun. since there isno compelling evidence ror doing so.

KHNUMMOSEAND AGROUP OF NEW KINGDOM SERPENTlNlTE5HA8TIS

341

Escaneado con CamScanner

. ,able that this shabti represents might be equally concell b"ect from the tomb of a local · ing funerary o J the sole remam t the further 18th Dynasty scri!Je called J!n.Jmn. AmO!lgS · Tabl 11 3 at . th e name of Kn-Jmn listed in e .' officials "" th · Nos. 3 4, 10, 11 and 14. None fi Other z/H "'appear: ' least ve - • • all identified with the owner of ::~~:~~ : : :,' :s. 3~nd 4 would_be ~e most likely did t from a chronological standpoint, given that the can a es I0 II and 14) are only roughly dated (or rather others (Nos. • dateable) to the 18th Dynasty. . The last title holder among the shabti owners is the .th Hnm ,.~ms As jm.j-r'-nb.yw he also assumed goldsm1 - · · , · al ill tit highest possible position in the pro,ess10n m eu eth craft of gold workers (Auenmiiller 2018; 2020). of e f habti fr ur Interestingly, he is the only owner o a ~ . . om o .th a title related to craft aruv1ues. Thus, as group m - f tdsmith Hnm. iv-ms is the only clear representauve o :e social 'sphere of 'dependent specialists' (Trigger 2003, lS4). It could well be that the owners of the anonymous shabtis CaL 1 and 3 as well as 's1-r-/11.t•f (Cat. 9) were art of this social milieu of artisans or craftsmen, but any ~onclusive evidence for this idea is lacking. However, the fact that [1nm. ~ms managed to have access to a restricted foreign object such as a shabti suggests that he belonged to a higher •elite" group, at least in mid-!8th Dynasty colonial Nubia, a position also established on the grounds of the display, through mortuary objects, of cultural affinities with Egypt.

113 Discussion: shabtis in 18th Dynasty Nubia 11.3.1 Provenance, materials and general typology Over 1200 shabtis were found across New Kingdom cemeteries in Nubia (Lemos 2020, II), only 78 (approx. 6-7%) of which could be dated to the 18th Dynasty ITable 11.4)." Thill (1996) produced a thorough list of New Kingdom cemeteries in Nubia containing shabtis that, although now out of date, remains an invaluable resource. Geographically, sites containing shabtis range from Shella! in Lower Nubia to Tombos in Upper Nubia. Comparison of distributions of shabtis at various sites reveals that these objects concentrate at elite sites, especially atAniba (Lemos 2020, 17). Eighteenth Dynasty shabtis from Nubia were mostly made of various types of stone (56 items or 73% based on Table 11.4), but other materials include faience,

25

342

Dates were established mostly based on photographs and descriptions available in archaeologic.al reports. Shabtis from Aniba were analysed by Lemos in Leipzig. The total number of shabtis from New Kingdom Nubia is based on a data set collected by Lemos as part of his Pho thesis and can be considered to represent the shabti phenomenon in New Kingdom Nubia.

TOMB 26 ON SAi ISLAND

clay and wood (21 items or 27 ,,,_ b . -,,, ased general, faience and clay were the mos on l'ab!e ll. used to manufacture shabtis thro h t common,., 4>. In . . . ug out th .. ,ateri m Nub_ia, but therr general style and e New lrr-11-Jl. ft11

Saqqara

L!ldenAf24e

serp1mtlnlte

- - - - --

- --

VB1

_ _ __ _ VB1

-

- -- - - _ . : ; ::.:::.:,:

Am lens, Muste de Pica rdle~J .26

unknown

darkserpentlnlte

VB3

prlvate colhictron

unknown

bladcSC,p@ntlnlte

VB3

Hans& Sonja Humbel colll!:ctlon HHSP-216 (e,:-Koner-Tnmlger)

unknown

black u rpentlnlte

VB3

art market

unknown

black serpentlnlte-

\IC1

CalrojdES9629

ToshkaEasl,tombl

grey.green serpentl nlte

ToshkaEast.tombl

serpentl nlte

Med lnetHa bu7

blackserpentinlte

VITA!

VIIA2

ZurkhZPnl7

"°_'_"'__m _~_OyT,_._ "~--

Schillgl1nd9todt.o. 1990, 80-&t,no.z&

Sothtbys 1992,

- - - - - -- - -- - - - - ----'-.:. °' "c.·.--..J VC2partly

Slmpsont963, i4, flg,10, pl7a-ed?

Dyn.18

Newbmy1930-1957, 22

Relsner1910,63.

Table 11.5: working list of further 18th Dynasty serpentinite shabtis.

If we accept the existence of an Egyptian workshop producing shabtis alongside other objects made of serpentinite, we might actually be able to indicate additional funerary statuettes made of this material that could have been products of the same workshop. Table 11.5 lists several 18th Dynasty serpentinite shabtis belonging to private individuals, which could possibly be considered as products of the same workshop as the shabtis in our group,

346

(llal these two flguri~es could also be locaJ ggests 'f)le closest relatlonsh1p between these shabtis roducts, I.e;...,. net-• . on.bul still "" holding Iphases durin& the New Kingdom {Chapter3). Most importantly. the prev\ous assumption that tlle burial of Khl\Utl\lltOSe in Feature 6 was the interment of the original owner of Tomb 26 could be

,,.tral

revised, thanks to me e:thaustiv,: stud'i of building phases including detail> \ilte cutting 4 26 marks sequences 01 l· As and a roclt.-cUt tombofitptaste!Ul&• was of inlertst to e.,qilore the geology o!iomb \Cllapm th For the large chamben of tomb 26. tiltered -rock which iu,.d e big adv®tage bemg

Escaneado con CamScanner J.

. . bi corn--""" to the rolid rock abO\-e, WAS easily remo, a e i--'k I . I deliberately Howt>,-er, within this roe ma en a chosen · ck d ,,mt it was difficult to control the friable ro . an_ to pre the brea\dng of substantial parts. The entire entrance area (Feilture 3) as \\-ell as the southwestem comer of Feature 2, with the original entrance to Fe~ture Sa, broI,-e in uncontrolled ways and left irregular side ,~-all~ with ca,i ties (see Feature 7, Otapter 4). Mo.st interesting ~s that the buiJden; of Tomb 26 im-ested much time and ob\,oUsl)' n,sources to conceal this original building disaster. The broJ..-en-0ut parts of the wall of the shaft, FeatureS 2 and 3 and the entrance of Feature Sa \\-ere dosro by e.~actly fitting sandstone blocks and plastered. Such an elaborate in'l"estment of worked stones in subterranean parts of tombs in SAC5 is unique and can only be compared to Tomb 7 "-here a stone-buih '1\-all '1\-as erected to divide the chamber into two (see Otapter 3). The comorehensi\"e assessment of all finds from Tomb 26 _ comp~ v-urious groups of burial assemblage like bodily adornment, scarabs, coffins and funerary masks as well as ceramic, faience and stone vessels - enabled a detailed monument-specific chronology as well as the reconstruction o' a certain variability in burial customs. An exhaustive presentation of the individual tomb groups and their parallels as well as dating can be found in Cltapter7. Despite certain similarities in the individual burl~ it became d ear that there are variances in their composition a.-:d that certain differences, most likely relevant for dispiaying social status including gender, can be noted. The quality of manufacture may differ, various mater'.rus were e..'!lployed for the same objects (see e.g. beads'l\-!llch are attest.."11 in gold, carne!ian,jasper, faience, day a.'ld !l!l.identffied stone and note also the elite [uneralia sud 1 as hean scarabs which are attested in different materi2!s for the first owner of Tomb 26, Individual 145, and for Khmim.mose) and certain differences regarding the quantities of objects are observable. Here, the revised assumption that, other than previously thought, it was not Khnummose buried in Feature 6, who was the first owner and builder of Iamb 26, but rather Individual 145 in Feature Sa, is particularly relevant Because of the complete examination of both building and burial phases, the original chamber was identified as Feature Sa (Chapter 3). In this first chamber of Tomb 26, two anonymous burials were placed in wooden coffins and can be dated to the Thutmoside period (TG 01 and 02). JOmummose was deposited in Feature 6 maybe up to one generation later. Taking the neighbouring monument Tomb 5 as a suitable comparison, one may speculate that Tomb 26 was used by a family of officials engaged in goldsmith work (such as in Tomb 5 in which a family of mayors was buried). Maybe Khnummose was therefore the son of the original burials in Feature Sa, but proof is lacking (see Chapter8.10). However, also the assessement of the human remains

352

~l\ggl'SI lhnt Khmnnmose Alltl htlllvldl 101 145 Were r to end, otl,er {Chapter 6). Besides lhe nrtefocls the 1 ' 10 1e11 ' \\ll\\011 Tomb 26 offer lmportnnt Insights te111n1111 ~ 11110 monument on II mkro scn\e level (Cl lhe Users toll\ of 36 individuals could be recons~~ler 6). /\. ntln~r 1he more persons were buried dur!n cted, but In ll\u1n :\l\d afterwards In Tomb 26 TI,e g ll1e New l;llion be assessed as the main phases of elite cemetery SAC5: from ~ the Ill Tolllb 2& ill? llllOSinr. apan reign of Thutmose Ill, mid- to late 18th Dynasty, Ramesside lr!ated as a S11!aJ1 ..,_ 1!ltetm,rus 111 11\is (l)lllb tOll be (!gth and 20th Dynasties), pr~Napatan and Napatan Ynle in the form of a bundl o grapes Goldstem. . . Do!J.Uandrreed.R.E.(eds.), (No.190t ll:t: BrCJi'3ISl;i. E. ·'Lt.ring in 1M New ICmgdom Dentistry 2. Z24--22S.

EC,pt'!;Golden,\,~ TheM01 1S~1085 BL Boston: Museum offme Arts. 168. • u .,,oi_ sn,,ss, adaptation, and enamel Goodman.,._,._ "'" d h ·d d'-"'elapment defectS. in: Ortner, D.J. and AW er e1 e, AL (eds.), Brmum paJeopathology: Qufflll Syntheses and Fu1JJre Options. Washington: 5mitllsonian Instttu·

tion Press, 280-287. ~ J.1982 Cooking; Clisint and Qass. A Study~ Comparalnlt Sociology. Cambridge: Cambridge Uruversity Press.

=

Graefe, E. 1981- untersudumgen Vern,alnmg und GeschiJ:hie der 11'.srirurion der Goaesgemahlin des Amun vom Beg',nn des NeuenRriches bis zur Spiiczeit. Agyptologiscbe Abhandlungen 37. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Grajetzki, w. 2020. Die friedhofe des Neuen Reiches bei Rifeh. Projeklzwischenbericht zur Aufarbeitung der Grabungen von William Marthew Flinders Petrie in Rifeh (Mittelagypten). Sokar 39, 98-105. Gratien, B. 1985. La necropole SAC 4 de l'ile de Sai: l'occupation Kenna, in: Geus, F. and Thill, F. (eds.), Melanges of[erts ii Jean Vercoutter. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, 9'.HOS. Gratien, B. 1986. Sai I. La ruicropole Kenna. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Gratien, B. 2002. La fin du royaurne Kerma - la situation dans l'arriere-pays, in: Jennerstralie 8 (ed.), Tides of the Desert -Gezeiten der Wuste. ContribuJioru. to the Archaeology and Environmental History of Africa in

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1/onour of ~udoq,h lo.)1prr, Al'l-lca l>r l\oln: \lc\nr\ch nnrth l11stlt1it llch1s1or1c • 219·23o n 14 Gre11\r1:, J.-C. _1~9.6. /.rs srot11ctrcs /lm~,Ytl · · Sl>nono l.,1,'l t to. Vntkn11 City: Mii l'l!s du Afi sco Gr lsl'o(; Acgypt\ncn Gregorln1111. ' cgort 011 t·r. O Guksc.h, H. 1995. Ober den \Jn,gnng l'1lt Gr tglt\o Assmnnn, J., Dz\obek, E. and Gu1nnische Bramtcm,ek-ropolc~ Ne ' "- fods.) .;.._ . ·, lie Per8 '•oe. arch/iologiscltcr Forschung, Intern l'•kllven . ' atlona1 Hctdelbcrg 9.-13.6. 1993. Studlen cs S),"'"

.ch Al .. zur Atth" •· 0slo• Gesch I te tagyptens 12. He\delber , •Ologlc u ·• Orientverlug, 13-24. g. lieldelber nd Habachi, l. 1957. The graffiti and Work ger ' h. th ' f Of the VI Kuhs. ~n 19e80regionK~ Aswan. Kush 5, 13.35 ceroys or Habac 1, ... • s.v. umgssohn von Kush . · and Westendorf, W. (eds.), Lexiltian IIOdjash. S °rd Univer;;iy Prts Altha .. . 2002.fl,/lllbK... ',4pe""ltlun..,,,CJ< °"Pmuio: n....,.17D«Dcu f ~ lJ?Off°"ftCITUlatui6pa,,,,,,

n°"ftcmaa...,,,,,,._c "''~ff306~,.,..,,. Mo0:ea 2002, Mosua:~ Holland. 1D. and D'Bn J)en)st .

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Appendix

A complete list of all finds from Acrt>Mllordm ncnatlons in SACS is avallabl• at https-J/

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