Table of contents : Front-Matter_2021_Thermal--Mechanical--and-Hybrid-Chemical-Energy-Storage-Sy Front matter Copyright_2021_Thermal--Mechanical--and-Hybrid-Chemical-Energy-Storage-Syste Copyright Contributors_2021_Thermal--Mechanical--and-Hybrid-Chemical-Energy-Storage-Sy Contributors Editors-biograp_2021_Thermal--Mechanical--and-Hybrid-Chemical-Energy-Storage Editors biography Foreword_2021_Thermal--Mechanical--and-Hybrid-Chemical-Energy-Storage-System Foreword Acknowledgment_2021_Thermal--Mechanical--and-Hybrid-Chemical-Energy-Storage- Acknowledgments Nomenclature_2021_Thermal--Mechanical--and-Hybrid-Chemical-Energy-Storage-Sy Nomenclature Chapter-1---Introduction-to-_2021_Thermal--Mechanical--and-Hybrid-Chemical-E Introduction to energy storage Chapter outline Motivation for energy storage Worldwide power generation mix and trends Renewable variability and demand mismatch Opportunities and challenges for energy storage Basic thermodynamics of energy storage First law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics Materials for energy storage Thermal energy storage materials Sensible heat storage materials Phase change materials Sorption heat storage materials Chemical reaction materials (without sorption) Chemical energy storage materials Introduction to energy storage technologies References Chapter-2---Mass-grid-storage-with-_2021_Thermal--Mechanical--and-Hybrid-Che Mass grid storage with reversible Brayton engines Chapter outline Introduction The grid storage problem World energy budget Renewable load leveling Pricing Safety Digression: Flow batteries Thermodynamic reversibility Membrane cost constraint Electrode entropy creation Loss component: Viscous flow resistance Loss component: Electrical resistance Irrelevant losses Battery as thermal engine The Brayton battery Molten nitrate salt technology Entropy metric Turbomachinery entropy generation Heat exchanger entropy generation Loss component: Viscous flow resistance Loss component: Approach temperature Loss component: Thermal leak Heat exchanger optimization Steam technology precedents High pressure and power Motor/generator speed limitation Bearings and seals Cooling Reversible turbomachinery Stage loading Velocity triangles Minimal-loss condition Euler turbine equation Half-reaction condition Prototype values Summary References Chapter-3---Thermal-energ_2021_Thermal--Mechanical--and-Hybrid-Chemical-Ener Thermal energy storage Chapter outline Sensible heat liquid thermal energy storage Liquid thermal energy storage Two-tank TES in CSP Single-tank TES for district heating TES with nuclear power Solid thermal energy storage Solid TES overview Solid TES materials and structure Tube-in-concrete Description Advantages and disadvantages Technical challenges Technology status Packed beds Technology description Applications Technical challenges Alternative packed bed designs Stacked bricks Technology description Applications Analysis Methods Governing equations 3D/2D simulation 1D simulation Packed bed 1D model example Simplified calculation method Design considerations Temperature gradient effects Direct vs. indirect heat exchange 2-Phase working fluids Thermocline dual-media thermal energy storage Motivation for using dual-media thermocline thermal energy storage Dual-media thermocline thermal storage design considerations A solution to thermocline degradation: Terrafores TerraKlineTM technology Packed-bed solid and fluid thermocline calculations Low-temperature cool thermal storage Overview of cool thermal storage applications Building air conditioning Building space conditioning Turbine inlet air cooling Cool thermal storage technologies Sensible energy change Latent energy change Static ice internal-melt Static ice external-melt Encapsulated ice and PCMs Unitary air conditioning systems Dynamic ice storage References Chapter-4---Mechanical-ene_2021_Thermal--Mechanical--and-Hybrid-Chemical-Ene Mechanical energy storage Chapter outline Pumped hydroelectric storage Overview and basics design parameters Working principle and basic design parameters Types of pumped storage plants Historical development and types of pumped storage units Power unit concepts and their main operation modes Reversible power units Reversible power units with variable speed Ternary power units with fixed speed Comparisons of reversible with ternary power units Application objectives and business opportunities for pumped storage Flywheel energy storage Background Application areas Comparison to other energy storage technologies Technology projections Mechanical design Steel flywheels Geometry and construction Material properties Yield strength Annular flywheel versus shaftless flywheel Fatigue strength Conclusion Steel versus composite flywheels Composite flywheels Background Comparison with various energy storage systems Material selection and geometrical design of FESS Optimal composite flywheel design for enhanced energy density Flywheel stress analysis Flywheel stress analysis-Single-ring flywheels Flywheel stress analysis-Multiring flywheels Future trends for composite flywheels Nanomaterials Additive manufacturing Bearings and rotordynamics Bearings Contact-type bearings Magnetic bearings Rotordynamics Electrical design Conventional motor/generator design Motor types and function Motor/generator control Magnetic bearing control Bearingless motors for flywheel energy storage Introduction Principle of operation Bearingless motor sizing laws Operation of bearingless motors Auxiliary components Vacuum systems Support structure Containment Auxiliary bearings Loss mechanisms Windage loss Bearing losses Motor/generator losses Gravity and buoyancy-based energy storage systems Gravity energy storage (GES) Buoyancy energy storage (BES) Acknowledgments References Further reading Chapter-5---Chemical-energ_2021_Thermal--Mechanical--and-Hybrid-Chemical-Ene Chemical energy storage Chapter outline Introduction Hydrogen storage Reversible solid-state hydrogen storage materials Advances in chemisorption materials Advances in physisorption materials Benchmarks for low-density, ultra-high surface area storage materials Thermochemical energy storage concepts by reaction type Redox reactions Pure metal oxides redox systems BaO2/BaO CuO/Cu2O Fe2O3/Fe3O4 Mn2O3/Mn3O4 Co3O4/CoO Mixed metal oxides redox systems Doping Co3O4/CoO redox couple Doping Mn2O3/Mn3O4 redox couple Perovskites Spinels/monoxide Hydration reactions Carbonation reactions Alkaline earth carbonates (CaCO3, SrCO3, BaCO3) Other reactions Closed-loop reversible reactions Multistep reactions for hydrogen production Hybrid processes References Further reading Chapter-6---Heat-engine-based-_2021_Thermal--Mechanical--and-Hybrid-Chemical Heat engine-based storage systems Chapter outline Thermodynamic cycles and systems Heat engines and heat pumps Carnot and reverse Carnot cycle Round-trip efficiency Exergy Working fluids Working temperature range Pressure range Heat transfer properties Safety/environmental impact Power density Cost Degradation and material compatibility Cryogenic energy storage Background LAES system description Charging system Discharging system Pilot plant Performance Scale Engineering considerations Alternative working fluids Advanced concepts Pumped heat Introduction The basic ideal gas cycle Charging cycle Discharging cycle The ideal gas cycle with recuperation The ideal gas overlap cycle Influencing factors on ideal gas cycles Influence of pressure Influence of temperatures Heat rejection Inventory control in ideal gas cycles Parametric sensitivity for the recuperated cycle Options regarding the point of heat rejection Trans-critical CO2 cycle Options regarding the thermal stores Heat exchanger service integration Equipment sharing between charging and discharging cycles Hydrogen storage Introduction Gas turbine combustion systems Flame speed Flame temperature Combustion stability Flammability range (lower explosion limit-LEL, upper explosion limit-UEL) Gas group and maximum experimental safe gap (MESG) Hydrogen diffusivity Hydrogen embrittlement Application for industrial gas turbines Gas turbines configured with diffusion flame combustors Combustion system Package and balance of plant impacts Gas turbines configured with lean premixed (DLE and DLN) combustion systems Lean premixed combustion systems Package impacts CO2 emissions reduction Pipeline transportation Hydrogen gas properties relevant for pipeline transport Compressed air energy storage (CAES) Introduction Types of CAES cycles Simple-cycle CAES Recuperated cycle CAES Adiabatic CAES Isothermal CAES Gas turbine integrated CAES Current CAES power plants Rotating equipment requirements Heat exchanger requirements References Chapter-7---Energy-storage_2021_Thermal--Mechanical--and-Hybrid-Chemical-Ene Energy storage services Chapter outline Wholesale energy time-shifting and arbitrage Capacity Ancillary services Background Frequency regulation Spinning and nonspinning reserves Primary response and inertia Voltage support Black start Behind the meter and renewable integration Output firming of PV/wind farms for IPPs Demand management Backup power and micro grids Examples of energy storage operation on the market References Chapter-8---Applications-of-_2021_Thermal--Mechanical--and-Hybrid-Chemical-E Applications of energy storage Chapter outline Introduction Fossil fuel power plants Description Principles of operation Steam turbine power plants Gas turbine power plants Storage options for fossil fuel power plants Compressed air energy storage Adiabatic compressed air energy storage Diabatic-compressed air energy storage Thermal energy storage Thermal energy storage for conventional power plants Thermal energy storage for combined cycle power plants Thermal energy storage for nuclear energy systems Challenges facing base load producing nuclear power Possible solutions Energy storage methods Energy storage integration Sensible heat storage Exergy recovery and efficiency Energy density Concentrating solar power Thermal energy storage Heat transfer fluids Thermal energy storage and turbine T Potential system designs and current research Solar salt molten salt power tower High-temperature tower with direct TES High-temperature tower with indirect TES High-temperature tower with PCM Testing Phases of testing Testing standards and procedures Types of tests and performance metrics Testing facilities Energy storage codes and standards Safety standards and certification by type References Chapter-9---Path-to-commer_2021_Thermal--Mechanical--and-Hybrid-Chemical-Ene Path to commercialization Chapter Outline Market place Conditions Financial benefits Energy arbitrage Capacity payments Ancillary services Frequency regulation Spinning reserve Nonspinning reserve Black start Voltage support Other grid benefits Behind-the-meter applications and small-scale grids Opportunities and scale Utility scale Industrial scale Commercial scale Residential scale Economic considerations Market modeling Levelized cost methods Risk and financing Capital Commodity Regulatory Environmental Technology considerations Installed (capital) costs Operational and maintenance (O&M) costs Battery energy storage systems (BESS) Pumped hydro Thermal storage Compressed air energy storage Flywheel Ultracapacitor Efficiency Storage duration Sizing and siting Operational (part load) flexibility Dispatch modeling and revenue production Energy markets and energy price variation Day-ahead vs real-time markets Frequency regulation Price array sorting method Stored resource valuation method Formal mathematical optimization Adding ancillary service cooptimization References Chapter-10---Advanced-c_2021_Thermal--Mechanical--and-Hybrid-Chemical-Energy Advanced concepts Chapter outline Introduction Thermal energy storage Sensible storage research/facilities Latent heat research Mechanical energy storage Advanced constant pressure CAES Poly-generation with CAES Distributed CAES Supercritical CAES Porous media CAES with a cushion gas Flywheels Introduction Flywheel energy system Bearing development Flywheel material development Power quality and hybrid renewable energy systems Electrical energy storage Supercapacitor Superconducting magnetic energy storage Hybrid energy concepts Thermal-chemical with mechanical Other hybrid concepts References Index_2021_Thermal--Mechanical--and-Hybrid-Chemical-Energy-Storage-Systems Index