The Statesman's Yearbook 2024: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World [1 ed.] 1349960756, 9781349960750

Table of contents :
World Population Developments
Largest Urban Agglomerations
Key World Facts
Chronology
April 2022 - March 2023
Week beginning 03 April 2022
Week beginning 10 April 2022
Week beginning 17 April 2022
Week beginning 24 April 2022
Week beginning 1 May 2022
Week beginning 8 May 2022
Week beginning 15 May 2022
Week beginning 22 May 2022
Week beginning 29 May 2022
Week beginning 5 June 2022
Week beginning 12 June 2022
Week beginning 19 June 2022
Week beginning 26 June 2022
Week beginning 3 July 2022
Week beginning 10 July 2022
Week beginning 17 July 2022
Week beginning 24 July 2022
Week beginning 31 July 2022
Week beginning 7 August 2022
Week beginning 14 August 2022
Week beginning 21 August 2022
Week beginning 28 August 2022
Week beginning 4 September 2022
Week beginning 11 September 2022
Week beginning 18 September 2022
Week beginning 25 September 2022
Week beginning 2 October 2022
Week beginning 9 October 2022
Week beginning 16 October 2022
Week beginning 23 October 2022
Week beginning 30 October 2022
Week beginning 6 November 2022
Week beginning 13 November 2022
Week beginning 20 November 2022
Week beginning 27 November 2022
Week beginning 4 December 2022
Week beginning 11 December 2022
Week beginning 18 December 2022
Week beginning 25 December 2022
Week beginning 1 January 2023
Week beginning 8 January 2023
Week beginning 15 January 2023
Week beginning 22 January 2023
Week beginning 29 January 2023
Week beginning 5 February 2023
Week beginning 12 February 2023
Week beginning 19 February 2023
Week beginning 26 February 2023
Week beginning 5 March 2023
Week beginning 12 March 2023
Week beginning 19 March 2023
Week beginning 26 March 2023
Contents
Part I: International Organizations
Key Global Organizations
United Nations (UN)
1. The General Assembly
2. The Security Council
3. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
4. The International Court of Justice (ICJ)
5. The Secretariat
Current Leaders
Member States of the UN
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Preamble
United Nations System
Specialized Agencies of the UN
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) - The World Bank
Current Leaders
International Development Association (IDA)
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
International Labour Organization (ILO)
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Current Leaders
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
Universal Postal Union (UPU)
World Health Organization (WHO)
Current Leaders
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
Other Organs Related to the UN
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
UN Conventions
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Further Reading
United Nations (UN)
Specialized Agencies of the UN
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Other Organs Related to the UN
Europe
European Union (EU)
EU Institutions
European Commission
Current Leaders
Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat)
Council of the European Union (Council of Ministers)
The European Council
Current Leaders
European Parliament
Court of Justice of the European Union
European Court of Auditors
European Central Bank
Other EU Structures
European Investment Bank (EIB)
European Data Protection Supervisor
European Ombudsman
Main EU Agencies
Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)
Central European Initiative (CEI)
CERN - The European Organization for Nuclear Research
Council of Europe
Council of the Baltic Sea States
Danube Commission
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
European Broadcasting Union (EBU)
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
European Space Agency (ESA)
European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)
Nordic Council
Nordic Development Fund (NDF)
Nordic Investment Bank (NIB)
Organization for Security and Co-Operation In Europe (OSCE)
Further Reading
Main EU Agencies
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
Other Organizations
Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)
Amnesty International (AI)
Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Commonwealth
Member States of the Commonwealth
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Eurasian Economic Union (EEU)
International Air Transport Association (IATA)
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
International Criminal Court (ICC)
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA)
International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO)
International Olympic Committee (ioc)
International Organisation of La Francophonie
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
International Road Federation (IRF)
International Seabed Authority (ISA)
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO)
International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)
INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization)
Islamic Development Bank
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders (MSF)
Nobel Prizes
Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Current Leaders
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
Union for International Cancer Control (UICC)
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)
World Council of Churches
World Customs Organization
World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)
Further Reading
Amnesty International (AI)
Commonwealth
Eurasian Economic Union (EEU)
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
International Criminal Court (ICC)
INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
World Council of Churches
Africa
African Development Bank
African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank)
African Union (AU)
Bank of Central African States (BEAC)
Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO)
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
East African Community (EAC)
East African Development Bank (EADB)
Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
Intergovernmental Authority on Development
Lake Chad Basin Commission
Niger Basin Authority
Southern African Customs Union (SACU)
Southern African Development Community (SADC)
Tripartite Free Trade Area (TFTA)
West African Development Bank (BOAD)
West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA)
Further Reading
African Union (AU)
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
Americas
Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL)
Andean Community
Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)
Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI)
Central American Integration System (SICA)
Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB)
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
Latin American and Carribean Economic System (SELA)
Latin American Integration Association (ALADI/LAIA)
Latin American Reserve Fund
Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
Organization of American States (OAS)
Pacific Alliance
Secretariat for Central American Economic Integration (SIECA)
Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR)
Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
Further Reading
Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
Asia/Pacific
Asian Development Bank
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC)
Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Colombo Plan
Cooperation Council of Turkic-Speaking States (Turkic Council)
Economic Co-operation Organization (ECO)
Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)
Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC)
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC)
Further Reading
Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Middle East
Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD)
Arab Monetary Fund (AMF)
Arab Organization for Agricultural Development (AOAD)
Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC)
League of Arab States
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC)
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
OPEC Fund for International Development
Further Reading
Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC)
League of Arab States
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Environmental Organizations
Friends of the Earth International
Global Environment Facility (GEF)
Greenpeace International
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
Treaties
Antarctic Treaty
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
Further Reading
Antarctic Treaty
Leading Think Tanks
African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD)
American Enterprise Institute (for Public Policy Research)
Asian Development Bank Institute
Atlantic Council
Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (CIDOB)
Brookings Institution
Bruegel
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Carnegie Middle East Center
Carnegie European Center
Carnegie China Center
Carnegie India Center
Cato Institute
Center for American Progress
Center for Strategic and International Studies
Centre for Economic Policy Research
Centre for European Policy Studies
Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI)
Centre for Social and Economic Research (CASE)
Chatham House (Royal Institute of International Affairs)
China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales (CARI)
Council on Foreign Relations
Danish Institute for International Studies
European Council on Foreign Relations
Fraser Institute
French Institute of International Relations (IFRI)
Friedrich Ebert Foundation (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung; FES)
Fundação Getulio Vargas
German Development Institute (DIE)
German Institute for International and Security Affairs (Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik; SWP)
Heritage Foundation
Human Rights Watch
Manohar Parikkar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (MP-IDSA)
Institute of Development Studies (IDS)
Institute of World Economy and International Relations
Instituto Affari Internazionali
International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)
Japan Institute of International Affairs (JIIA)
Konrad Adenauer Foundation (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung)
Korea Development Institute (KDI)
Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP)
National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
Netherlands Institute of International Relations `Clingendael´
Observer Research Foundation (ORF)
Peterson Institute for International Economics
RAND Corporation
Razumkov Centre
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)
Transparency International
Urban Institute
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
Part II: Countries of the World A-Z
Afghanistan
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Defence
Army
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Calendar
Further Reading
Albania
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leader
Bajram Begaj
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Algeria
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Ayman Benabderrahmane
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Andorra
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Xavier Espot Zamora
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Agriculture
Forestry
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Further Reading
Angola
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
João Lourenço
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Antigua and Barbuda
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Gaston Browne
Defence
Army
Navy
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Festivals
World Heritage Sites
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Argentina
Key Historical Events
Independence
Perón
Falklands War
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Alberto Fernndez
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Armenia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Vahagn Garniki Khachaturyan
Nikol Pashinyan
Defence
Army
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Australia
Key Historical Events
Trade and Prosperity
Social and Constitutional Reform
Post-War Recovery
Free Market Politics
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
State Government
Administration of Territories
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
House of Representatives
Senate
Current Government
Current Leaders
Anthony Norman Albanese
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
High Court
Other Federal Courts
State Courts
Industrial Tribunals
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Australian Territories and States
Australian Capital Territory
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Agriculture
Forestry
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Northern Territory
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
Tourism
New South Wales
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Queensland
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
Tourism
South Australia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Tasmania
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Victoria
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Brown Coal
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Western Australia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Australian External Territories
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Australian Antarctic Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Coral Sea Islands
Heard and Mcdonald Islands
Norfolk Island
Further Reading
Australia
Australian territories and states
Northern Territory
New South Wales
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia
Austria
Key Historical Events
Holy Roman Empire
Enlightened Despotism
German Alliance
Nazism
Post-War Period
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Alexander Van der Bellen
Karl Nehammer
Defence
Army
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Trade Fairs
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Azerbaijan
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Ilham Aliyev
Ali Asadov
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Artsakh
Nakhichevan
Further Reading
Azerbaijan
The Bahamas
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Philip Davis
Defence
Navy
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Bahrain
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
HH Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al-Khalifa
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Water
Minerals
Agriculture
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Bangladesh
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Sheikh Hasina Wajed
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Barbados
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Sandra Mason
Mia Mottley
Defence
Army
Navy
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Belarus
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Alyaksandr Rygorovich Lukashenka
Defence
Army
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Belgium
Key Historical Events
Trade Centres
War of Succession
Towards Independence
The Congo
European Union
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Alexander De Croo
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Belize
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Juan Antonio Briceño
Defence
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Benin
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Patrice Talon
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Bhutan
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Lotay Tshering
Defence
Army
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Bolivia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Luis Arce
Position
Introduction
Early Life
Career in Office
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Defence
Army
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Botswana
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Mokgweetsi Masisi
Defence
Army
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Brazil
Key Historical Events
Independence
Economic Problems
Return to Democracy
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Luiz Incio Lula da Silva
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Ethanol
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Brunei
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Current Government
Current Leaders
Sultan Sir Hassanal Bolkiah (Sultan of Brunei)
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Bulgaria
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Rumen Radev
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Burkina Faso
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leader
Ibrahim Traoré
Defence
Army
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Burundi
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Evariste Ndayishimiye
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Cabo Verde
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
José Maria Neves
Position
Introduction
Early Life
Career in Office
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Cambodia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Hun Sen
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Cameroon
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Paul Biya
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Canada
Key Historical Events
English-French Rivalry
Dominion Status
Prosperity and Reform
Post-War Politics
Indian Rights
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Justin Trudeau
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking And Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Livestock
Livestock Products
Forestry
Fur Trade
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Police
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Canadian Provinces
Local Government
Alberta
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Performance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Culture
Tourism
British Columbia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Performance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Culture
Tourism
Manitoba
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Performance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Culture
Tourism
New Brunswick
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Performance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Culture
Tourism
Newfoundland and Labrador
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Performance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Culture
Tourism
Nova Scotia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Performance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Culture
Tourism
Ontario
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Performance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Prince Edward Island
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Performance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Culture
Tourism
Quebec-Québec
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Performance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Water
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Saskatchewan
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Performance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Culture
Tourism
The Northwest Territories
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Performance
Energy and Natural Resources
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Forestry
Trapping and Game
Fisheries
Industry
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Nunavut
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Currency
Budget
Performance
Energy and Natural Resources
Minerals
Hunting and Trapping
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Culture
Tourism
Yukon
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Performance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fur Trade
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Culture
Tourism
Further Reading
Canada
Alberta
British Columbia
Manitoba
Newfoundland and Labrador
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
Ontario
Quebec-Québec
Saskatchewan
The Northwest Territories
Nunavut
Yukon
Central African Republic
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Faustin-Archange Touadéra
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Chad
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Mahamat Idriss Deby
Defence
Army
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
World Heritage Sites
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Chile
Key Historical Events
Opposition to Spain
Bourbon Rule
Independence
Conflict with the USA
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leader
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
China
Key Historical Events
Genghis Khan
Nationalism and Communism
Expansionism
Cultural Revolution
Territory and Population
Tibet
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Xi Jinping
Li Qiang
Defence
Nuclear Weapons
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Wind
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Water
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Hong Kong
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
The British Administration
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Agriculture
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
External Economic Relations
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Education
Health
Justice
Welfare
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Festivals
Macao
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Taiwan
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Culture
Tourism
Festivals
Further Reading
China
Hong Kong
Macao
Taiwan
Colombia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Gustavo Francisco Petro Urrego ODB ODSC ODIC
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Comoros
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Azali Assoumani
Defence
Army
Navy
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Congo, Democratic Republic of The
Key Historical Events
Independence and Anarchy
Violence and Collapse
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Félix Tshisekedi
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Congo, Republic of the
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Denis Sassou-Nguesso
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
World Heritage Sites
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Costa Rica
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Rodrigo Chaves Robles
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Wing
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Côte d´Ivoire
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
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Alassane Ouattara
Defence
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
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Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
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Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Croatia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
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National Anthem
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European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Zoran Milanović
Andrej Plenković
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
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Cuba
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Miguel Díaz-Canel
Manuel Marrero Cruz
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Cyprus
Key Historical Events
Territory And Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution And Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Nikos Christodoulides
Defence
National Guard
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
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Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
`Turkish Republic Of Northern Cyprus (Trnc)´
Further Reading
Cyprus
Turkish Republic Of Northern Cyprus (TRNC)
Czech Republic
Key Historical Events
Hussite Revolution
Enlightened Despotism
Creation of the State
Nazi Occupation
Soviet Domination
Prague Spring
Velvet Revolution
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Petr Pavel
Petr Fiala
Defence
Army
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
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Denmark
Key Historical Events
Imperial Rise and Fall
Social Reform
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European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Mette Frederiksen
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Home Guard (Hjemmeværnet)
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Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Wind
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
The Faroe Islands
Greenland
Further Reading
Denmark
The Faroe Islands
Greenland
Djibouti
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Ismail Omar Guelleh
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Dominica
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Charles Angelo Savarin
Roosevelt Skerrit
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Dominican Republic
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Luis Abinader
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performanc
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Ecuador
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Guillermo Lasso
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Egypt
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Abdel Fattah al-Sisi
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Suez Canal
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
El Salvador
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Nayib Bukele
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Equatorial Guinea
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Brig.-Gen. Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
Position
Introduction
Early Life
Career in Office
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Eritrea
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Issaias Afewerki
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
World Heritage Sites
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Estonia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Alar Karis
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Eswatini
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Mswati III
Defence
Army Air Wing
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Ethiopia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Abiy Ahmed
Defence
Army
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Calendar
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Fiji
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Wiliame Katonivere
Sitiveni Ligamamada Rabuka CF OBE MSD
Defence
Army
Navy
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Police
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Finland
Key Historical Events
Civil War
Winter War
Pacifying Russia
Defending Neutrality
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Sauli Niinistö
Sanna Marin
Defence
Army
Border Guard
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Water
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Tertiary Education
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Health
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Culture
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Festivals
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Further Reading
France
Key Historical Events
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Fifth Republic
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Local Government
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Emmanuel Macron
Élisabeth Borne
Defence
Nuclear Weapons
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Economy
Overview
Currency
Franc Zone
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Trade Fairs
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Penal code
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Health
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World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
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Departments and Collectivities Overseas
Overseas Departments and Regions
French Guiana
Guyane Française
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Mayotte
Réunion
Overseas Collectivities
French Polynesia
Territoire de la Polynésie Française
St Barthélemy
Saint-Barthélemy
St Martin
Saint-Martin
St Pierre and Miquelon
Saint-Pierre et Miquelon
Wallis and Futuna
Wallis et Futuna
Sui Generis Collectivities
New Caledonia
Nouvelle-Calédonie
Southern and Antarctic Territories
Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises
Minor Territories
Clipperton Island
Further Reading
France
Departments and Collectivities Overseas
Gabon
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
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Current Government
Current Leaders
Ali Bongo Ondimba
Alain Claude Bilie By Nze
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
The Gambia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Adama Barrow
Defence
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Georgia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Salome Zourabichvili
Irakli Garibashvili
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Abkhazia
Adjara
South Ossetia-Alania
Further Reading
Georgia
Germany
Key Historical Events
Habsburg Rule
Reformation
Thirty Years War
Unification
Bismarck
First World War
Rise Of Hitler
Race To War
Post-War Period
Reunification
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
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National Anthem
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Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Frank-Walter Steinmeier
Olaf Scholz
Defence
Arms Trade
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil And Gas
Wind
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Trade Fairs
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Higher Education
Health
Welfare
Family Allowances
Unemployment Allowances
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Public Youth Welfare
Pension Reform
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Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
The Bundesländer
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Agriculture
Forestry
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Bavaria
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Performance
Energy and Natural Resources
Agriculture
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Welfare
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Festivals
Berlin
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Brandenburg
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Performance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Agriculture
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Social Institutions
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Bremen
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Energy and Natural Resources
Agriculture
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Hamburg
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Energy and Natural Resources
Agriculture
Industry
Labour
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Hessen
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Performance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Agriculture
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Lower Saxony
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Agriculture
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Mecklenburg-West Pomerania
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Energy and Natural Resources
Agriculture
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Shipping
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Religion
Culture
Tourism
North Rhine-Westphalia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Economy
Budget
Energy and Natural Resources
Agriculture
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Rhineland-Palatinate
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Energy and Natural Resources
Agriculture
Forestry
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Saarland
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Agriculture
Forestry
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Shipping
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Saxony
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Energy and Natural Resources
Agriculture
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Social Institutions
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Saxony-Anhalt
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Energy and Natural Resources
Agriculture
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Social Institutions
Education
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Schleswig-Holstein
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Energy and Natural Resources
Agriculture
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Shipping
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Thuringia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Energy and Natural Resources
Agriculture
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Social Institutions
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
Tourism
Further Reading
Germany
The Bundesländer
Bavaria
Berlin
Brandenburg
Bremen
Hamburg
Hessen
Lower Saxony
Mecklenburg-West Pomerania
North Rhine-Westphalia
Rhineland-Palatinate
Saarland
Saxony
Saxony-Anhalt
Schleswig-Holstein
Thuringia
Ghana
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Nana Akufo-Addo
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Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
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Minerals
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Rail
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Justice
Supreme Court
Court of Appeal
High Court of Justice
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Further Reading
Greece
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Climate
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National Anthem
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Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Kyriakos Mitsotakis
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
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Forestry
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Industry
Labour
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Education
Health
Welfare
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Press
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Further Reading
Grenada
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Dickon Amiss Thomas Mitchell
Defence
Royal Grenada Police Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
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Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Guatemala
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Alejandro Giammattei
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
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Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
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Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Guinea
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Mamady Doumbouya
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
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Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Guinea-Bissau
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Umaro Sissoco Embaló
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Further Reading
Guyana
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Irfan Ali
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Oil and Gas
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Haiti
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Ariel Henry
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Honduras
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Xiomara Castro
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
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Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
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Hungary
Key Historical Events
Ottoman Threat
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Dual Monarchy
Soviet Rule
Gradual Reform
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Climate
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National Anthem
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European Parliament
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Current Leaders
Katalin Novk
Viktor Orbn
Defence
Army
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
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Fisheries
Industry
Labour
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Education
Health
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Iceland
Key Historical Events
Home Rule
Territory and Population
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National Anthem
Government Chronology
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Current Leaders
Guni Thorlacius Jóhannesson
Katrín Jakobsdóttir
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Navy
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Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
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Environment
Electricity
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Labour
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Education
Health
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Culture
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India
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Overview
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Budget
Performance
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Further Reading
India
Punjab
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Indonesia
Key Historical Events
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Current Leaders
Joko Widodo
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Overview
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Budget
Performance
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Iran
Key Historical Events
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Current Leaders
Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei
Ebrahim Raisi
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Performance
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Environment
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Minerals
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Health
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Iraq
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Alexander
Rise of Baghdad
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Current Leaders
Dr. Abdul Latif Rashid
Mohammed Shayya´ Sabbar Al-Sudani
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Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
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Further Reading
Iraq
Ireland
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Current Government
Current Leaders
Michael D. Higgins
Leo Varadkar
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Corps
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
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Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Peat
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
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Roads
Rail
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Shipping
Inland Waterways
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eir-Operational Information
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Israel
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Current Leaders
Benjamin Netanyahu
Position
Defence
Nuclear Weapons
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
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Law
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Palestinian Territories
Key Historical Events
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Overview
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Performance
Banking and Finance
Budget
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Forestry
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Justice
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Culture
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Israel
Palestinian Territories
Italy
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Roman Domination
Fall of Rome
North South Divide
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Renaissance
Unification
Twentieth Century
Post-War Period
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European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Sergio Mattarella
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
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Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
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Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
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Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
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Rail
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Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
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Further Reading
Jamaica
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Andrew Holness
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
World Heritage Sites
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Japan
Key Historical Events
Shogun
Isolation
Rise of the Military
Pearl Harbor
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Fumio Kishida
Naruhito
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Coastguard
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Jordan
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Abdullah Bin Al Hussein II
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Kazakhstan
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
Alikhan Smailov
Defence
Nuclear Weapons
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representatives
Further Reading
Kenya
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
William Kipchirchir Samoei Arap Ruto CGH
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Kiribati
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Taneti Maamau
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Korea, North
Key Historical Events
National Unity
Japanese Influence
Korea Divided
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Kim Jong-un
Defence
Nuclear Weapons
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Calendar
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Korea, South
Key Historical Events
National Unity
Japanese Influence
Korea Divided
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Yoon Suk-yeol
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Kuwait
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Nawaf Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Water
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Kyrgyzstan
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Sadyr Japarov
Akylbek Japarov
Defence
Army
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representatives
Further Reading
Laos
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Thongloun Sisoulith
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Latvia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Edgars Rinkēvičs
Krisjānis Kariņs
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Lebanon
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Najib Mikati
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Lesotho
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Samuel Ntsokoane Matekane
Defence
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Liberia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
George Weah
Defence
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Libya
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Defence
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Water
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Further Reading
Liechtenstein
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Hans-Adam II
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Agriculture
Forestry
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Police
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Lithuania
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Gitanas Nausėda
Ingrida Simonytė
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Luxembourg
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Xavier Bettel
Defence
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Agriculture
Forestry
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Trade Fairs
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Madagascar
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Andry Rajoelina
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Malawi
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Lazarus Chakwera
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Wing
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Trade Fairs
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Malaysia
Key Historical Events
British Influence
Colonial Rule
Post-War Period
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Supreme Head of State (Yang di-Pertuan Agong)
Sultan of Johor
Sultan of Kedah
Sultan of Kelantan
Yang Di-Pertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan
Sultan of Pahang
Sultan of Perak
Raja of Perlis
Sultan of Selangor
Sultan of Terengganu
Yang di Pertua Negeri Melaka
Yang di-Pertua Negeri Pulau Pinang (Penang)
Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sabah
Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sarawak
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Sultan Abdullah
Anwar bin Ibrahim
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Maldives
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Ibrahim Mohamed Solih
Defence
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Mali
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Colonel Assimi Goïta
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Malta
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
George Vella
Robert Abela
Defence
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Agriculture
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Trade Fairs
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Marshall Islands
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
David Kabua
Defence
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Mauritania
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Mohamed Ould Ghazouani
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Mauritius
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Pravind Jugnauth
Defence
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Mexico
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Andrés Manuel López Obrador
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Micronesia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Wesley W. Simina
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Tourism
World Heritage Sites
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Moldova
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Maia Sandu
Defence
Army
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Transnistria
Further Reading
Moldova
Monaco
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Sisters of the Prince
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Albert II
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Police
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Mongolia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh
Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene
Defence
Army
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Montenegro
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Jakov Milatović
Dritan Abazović
Position
Introduction
Early Life
Career in Office
Defence
Army
Navy
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Environment
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Morocco
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Mohammed VI ibn al-Hassan
Aziz Akhannouch
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Western Sahara
Further Reading
Morocco
Western Sahara
Mozambique
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Filipe Nyusi
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Myanmar
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
World Heritage Sites
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Namibia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Hage Geingob
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Nauru
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Russ Joseph Kun
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Fisheries
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Nepal
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Ram Chandra Poudel
Pushpa Kamal Dahal
Defence
Army
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Netherlands
Key Historical Events
Burgundian Rule
Independence and the Golden Age
Napoleon
European War
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Other Members of the Royal House
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Mark Rutte
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Police
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Overseas Countries and Territories
Autonomous Countries Within the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Aruba
CuraÇao
Sint Maarten
Autonomous Special Municipalities of the Netherlands
Bonaire
Saba
Sint Eustatius
Further Reading
Netherlands
New Zealand
Key Historical Events
British Ascendancy
Economic Boom
Twentieth Century
Welfare State
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Christopher John Hipkins
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Police
Ombudsmen
Education
Health
Welfare
Social Welfare Benefits
Reciprocity with Other Countries
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Territories Overseas
Tokelau
Ross Dependency
Self-Governing Territories Overseas
The Cook Islands
Niue
Further Reading
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Daniel Ortega
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Niger
Key Historical Events
Territory And Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Mohamed Bazoum
Defence
Army
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Nigeria
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Bola Tinubu
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
North Macedonia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Stevo Pendarovski
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Norway
Key Historical Events
Viking Strength
Independence
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Jonas Gahr Støre
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Home Guard
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Dependencies
Svalbard
Jan Mayen
Bouvet Island
Peter I Island
Queen Maud Land
Further Reading
Norway
Svalbard
Oman
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Sayyid Haitham bin Tariq Al Said
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Pakistan
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Arif Alvi
Defence
Nuclear Weapons
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Water
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Palau
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Surangel S. Whipps, Jr.
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
World Heritage Sites
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Panama
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Laurentino Cortizo
Defence
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Panama Canal
Administrator of the Panama Canal Authority
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Papua New Guinea
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
James Marape
Defence
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
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Communications
Roads
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Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Bougainville
Further Reading
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Santiago Peña Palacios
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Peru
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Tourism
Fetivals
Further Reading
Philippines
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Bangsamoro
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Ferdinand Marcos
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Police
Education
Health
Welfare
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Poland
Key Historical Events
Polish Wars
Second World War
Post-War Reform
Solidarity
Western Integration
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Andrzej Duda
Mateusz Morawiecki
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Portugal
Key Historical Events
Empire Building
Spanish Rule
Dictatorship to Democracy
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
António Costa
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Qatar
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Current Government
Current Leaders
Tamim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Agriculture
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Rail
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Romania
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Klaus Iohannis
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
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Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Russia
Key Historical Events
Romanovs
Catherine the Great
Revolution
Stalin
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Post-Soviet Era
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Current Leaders
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin
Mikhail Mishustin
Defence
Nuclear Weapons
Chemical and Biological Weapons
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Army
Strategic Nuclear Ground Forces
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Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
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Health
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The Republics
Status
Adygeya
Altai
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Karachai-Cherkessia
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Mordovia
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Autonomous Districts and Provinces
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Yevreyskaya (Jewish) Autonomous Oblast (Province)
Further Reading
Russia
Chechnya
Rwanda
Key Historical Events
Independence
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Paul Kagame
Édouard Ngirente
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Army
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
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Electricity
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Minerals
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Education
Health
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Culture
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
St Kitts and Nevis
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Terrance Drew
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
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Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
St Lucia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Philip J. Pierre
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
St Vincent and the Grenadines
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Dr Ralph E. Gonsalves
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Samoa
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Fiamē Naoni Mata´afa
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
San Marino
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Alessandro Scarano
Adele Tonnini
Defence
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Agriculture
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
São Tomé and Príncipe
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Carlos Vila Nova
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Further Reading
Saudi Arabia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Air Defence Force
National Guard
Industrial Security Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Water
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Calendar
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Senegal
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Macky Sall
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Oil and Gas
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Serbia
Key Historical Events
Kosovo
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Aleksandar Vučić
Ana Brnabić
Defence
Army
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Environment
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Kosovo and Metohija
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Constitution and Government
Recent Elections
Current Government
International Relations
Economy
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Industry
Labour
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Religion
Culture
Worlds Heritage Sites
Vojvodina
Further Reading
Serbia
Kosovo and Metohija
Seychelles
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Wavel Ramkalawan
Defence
Coastguard
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Water
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Sierra Leone
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Julius Maada Bio
Defence
Army
Navy
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Singapore
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Lee Hsien Loong
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Water
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Festivals
World Heritage Sites
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Slovakia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Zuzana Čaputov
ľudovít Ódor
Defence
Army
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Slovenia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Dr. Natasa Pirc Musar
Dr. Robert Golob
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Solomon Islands
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Manasseh Sogavare
Defence
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Somalia
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
Galmudug
Hirshabelle
Jubaland
Puntland
Somaliland
Southwestern State
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed
Defence
Army
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
South Africa
Key Historical Events
Boer War
Apartheid
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Cyril Ramaphosa
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
South African Provinces
Eastern Cape
Free State
Gauteng
Kwazulu-Natal
Limpopo
Mpumalanga
Northern Cape
North-West
Western Cape
Further Reading
South Africa
South Sudan
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Current Government
Current Leaders
Salva Kiir Mayardit
Defence
Economy
Overview
Currency
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Agriculture
Forestry
Minerals
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Spain
Key Historical Events
The Modern State
End of Empire
Civil War
Territory and Population
Languages
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Pedro Snchez
Defence
Army
Guardia Civil
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Wind
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Trade Fairs
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Sri Lanka
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Sudan
Key Historical Events
Egyptian Ascendancy
Rise of the Mahdi
Independence
Accelerating Violence
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Lieut.-Gen. Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan
Osman Hussein
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Suriname
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Recent Elections
Current Government
Current Leaders
Chandrikapersad Santokhi
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Oil and Gas
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Sweden
Key Historical Events
Empire Building
Modern Economy
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
European Parliament
Current Government
Current Leaders
Ulf Hjalmar Ed Kristersson
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Press
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Switzerland
Key Historical Events
Territory and Population
Social Statistics
Climate
Constitution and Government
National Anthem
Government Chronology
Recent Elections
Current Government
Defence
Army
Navy
Air Force
International Relations
Economy
Overview
Currency
Budget
Performance
Banking and Finance
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment
Electricity
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fisheries
Industry
Labour
International Trade
Imports and Exports
Communications
Roads
Rail
Civil Aviation
Shipping
Telecommunications
Social Institutions
Justice
Education
Health
Welfare
Religion
Culture
World Heritage Sites
Tourism
Festivals
Diplomatic Representation
Further Reading
Syria
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