The Spanish of Argentina and Uruguay: An Annoted Bibliography for 1940–1978 9783110822953, 9789027933393

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The Spanish of Argentina and Uruguay

JANUA LINGUARUM Studia Memoriae Nicolai van Wijk Dedicata edenda curat

C. H. van Schooneveld Indiana

University

Series Maior 105

The Spanish of Argentina and Uruguay An Annotated Bibliography for 1940-1978 Jack Emory Davis

Mouton Publishers Berlin · New York · Amsterdam

ISBN 90 279 3339 1 © Copyright 1982 by Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin. All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form - by photoprint, microfilm, or any other means - nor transmitted nor translated into a machine language without written permission from the publisher. Typesetting: - Hope Services, Abingdon, England. - Printing: Druckerei Hildebrand, Berlin. - Binding: Lüderitz & Bauer Buchgewerbe GmbH, Berlin. Printed in Germany.

To Ruth

Contents

I.

LEXICOGRAPHY, SEMANTICS, AND ETYMOLOGY

A. Works dealing with 1) Argentina/Uruguay in general, and 2) specifically, the River Plate area B. Studies covering other Argentine provinces or specific areas 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. C.

Catamarca Córdoba Corrientes Cuyo Entre Ríos Jujuy LaRioja Mendoza Neuquén Patagonia Salta San Luis Santa Fe Santiago del Estero Tucumán Works covering more than one province

Vocabularies pertaining to specialized 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Alcoholic drinks and intoxication Animals Arts and crafts Construction Dress Food, etc. Games, etc. Geography and topography Legal and juridical, etc. Mate Meat Medical

4 4 26 26 29 31 34 35 37 38 39 40 40 41 42 43 45 47 51

fields

57 57 58 58 59 59 60 61 62 63 63 64 64

viii

Contents 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

D. E. F.

Mining Newspapers Radiobroadcasting Rural Miscellaneous subjects

Individual word and phrase studies, including lunfardo Miscellaneous word and phrase lists, mostly from lunfardo and/or popular speech Studies dealing with the language, of individual authors (not including lunfardo-lunfardesco writers, who are covered in Sec. G.) 1. Studies in depth 2. Editions having vocabularies, glossaries, linguistic notes 3. Anthologies with vocabularies

G.

Lunfardo and lunfardesco 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

131 131 148 159 160

a. Editions of or by individual authors b. Anthologies

190 194

Gaucho and gauchesco

Place names 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

125

160 161 165 188

1. Dictionaries and word lists 2. Studies of gaucho-gauchesco language 3. Anthologies of gauchesco literature I.

73

Bibliographies Dictionaries and relatively lengthy word lists General and miscellaneous studies Works dealing with the language of individual authors Works of lunfardesco literature having vocabularies, glossaries, or other linguistic commentary or notes

6. Miscellaneous unclassified works H.

65 65 66 66 70

General references-Latin America Argentina in general Uruguay in general Individual provinces and/or areas Individual place names

6. Miscellaneous place name studies

190

196 198 198 201 208 209 209 209 213 214 227 235

J.

Personal names

239

II.

INTER-LANGUAGE INFLUENCE

245

A.

Between Spanish and American indigenous languages

245

Contents Β. Between Spanish and modern European languages 1. Brazilian Portuguese 2. English 3. French 4. Hungarian 5. Italian C. Other interlingual influences 1. African 2. Hebrew

ix 253 253 259 260 261 262 271 271 273

III. PHONOLOGY AND PHONETICS

274

IV. GRAMMAR

289

V. MISCELLANEOUS STUDIES Notes List of Abbreviations Index of Authors Cited

302 332 343 349

Introduction

This bibliography is a comprehensive and annotated coverage of material dealing with the Spanish language of Argentina and Uruguay for 1940-1978. It is a lengthy continuation and extensive revision of a six-installment series published in Orbis (Louvain) from 1966 through 1971. 1 The Orbis articles began as a project to update the Argentine and Uruguayan sections of Madaline Nichols' A Bibliographical Guide to Materials on American Spanish (Harvard Univ. Press, 1941). 2 The present bibliography is much more ambitious than Nichols, and covers many fields (e.g. folklore) not included in her book. I have deliberately omitted some types of materials, such as reprints of studies produced before 1940 with no new material added (even if they were not included in Nichols) and masters theses. However, a number of noteworthy Ph.D. dissertations have been included. The studies have been divided into the categories listed in the Table of Contents. Linguistic scholarship dealing with the Spanish of the New World has been extraordinarily productive during the past decades and seems to be constantly increasing, especially in the River Plate region, Colombia, Chile, the Caribbean region, and Mexico. But there is no single comprehensive annotated bibliography covering all of Spanish America. Anyone wishing to survey the field, or even any given region, is forced to refer to a large number of bibliographies which are selective and/or unannotated. Comprehensive annotated regional compilations, such as this one, are badly needed, not only to cater to the burgeoning interest of scholars in the various regions, but as steps toward a future overall Spanish-American coverage. For the time being, because of its abundance and complexity, the bibliographical study of New World Spanish is best done by regions. 3 This work is, then, unique in that it attempts to be essentially all-inclusive. (The task of gathering and annotating the wealth of studies on ArgentineUruguayan Spanish produced since 1940 makes claims for absolute completeness hazardous. Furthermore, many newspapers and journals published in these two countries have been unavailable to me in the United States.) It covers books, journals, newspapers, book reviews, Festschriften and homenajes, reports of papers given at linguistic congresses and associations, etc. Although my primary bibliographical sources have been largely linguistic or philological, I have also consulted extensively works from the fields of folklore,

2

Introduction

anthropology, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, ethnology, geography, toponymy, and other disciplines. The annotations are both descriptive and critical in nature. They include commentary from other bibliographies and sources (see Annotated Bibliographies under Principal Bibliographical Sources below), particularly from the usually brief but excellent annotations in the Handbook of Latin American Studies. But by far the majority of the annotations are my own. Drawing upon the writings of other bibliographers and commentators is especially important for those starred items that I have been unable to acquire for personal examination. The subject matter of this monograph falls into two general geographical areas: 1) River Plate Spanish which includes much of Uruguay and 2) the Spanish of interior Argentina, treated by provinces, and the rest of Uruguay. The influence of Brazilian Portuguese becomes a significant factor in the northern part of Uruguay, bordering on Brazil, and also in certain neighboring areas of Argentina. As for indigenous languages, their influence is conspicuous in Argentina, but less so in Uruguay. However, my bibliography is concerned with them only insofar as they influence or are influenced by Spanish. PRINCIPAL BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES

The following publications have been of most use in gathering material for this study: Annotated bibliographies: Handbook of Latin American Studies for 1940-1978. Bibliografìa Argentina de Artes y Letras for 1959-1965. Boletín de la Academia Porteño del Lunfardo for 1966-1978. Lunfardo bibliographies in cach issue. Southern Folklore Quarterly for 1940-1974. Annual bibliographies on folk speech. Discontinued in 1974. Years Work in Modern Language Studies for 1940-1978. J. Dabbs, Names. Excellent place-name bibliographies in his series "Namelore in Latin America," 1953-1956. G. B. Huberman, Mil Obras de Lingüística Española e Hispano-americana, Madrid, 1973. C. Solé, Bibliografía sobre el español en América 1920-1967, Washington, 1970. A continuation for the years 1967-1971 is published in Anuario de Letras Χ (1972), 253-288.

Un annotated bibliographies: Linguistic Bibliographies for 1939-1976. Pubi, by the Permanent International Committee of linguists, with a grant from UNESCO. Publications of the Modern Language Association. Since 1957 the yearly bibliography includes Spanish American Linguistics. Revista de Filologia Hispánica for 1940-1947. Periodic bibliographies. Nueva Revista de Filologia Hispánica for 1947-1979. Periodic bibliographies which include Spanish America. Occasional notes.

Introduction

3

Revista Hispánica Moderna for 1940-1969 (in collaboration with NRFH). Very useful periodic bibliog. Discontinued in 1969. Review of Inter-American Bibliography for 1940-1978. Bibliographical sections. Homero Sen's, Bibliografía de la lingüistica , española, Bogotá, 1964. This monumental work has occasional brief annotations. Revista de Filología Española for 1942-1973. Periodic bibliographies. Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie and Romanische Bibliographie for 1940-1970. Especially complete periodic bibliographies.

Of lesser assistance but worthy of mention are: M. L. Wagner, "Cronica bibliográfica hispanoamericana," Revista Portuguesa de Filologia, Suplemento Bibliografico I (1951), 369-398. A survey of some of the main linguistic productions in Spanish America, starting with Cuervo's Apunetaciones. Judicious and interesting commentaries by a distinguished student of Spanish American philology. R. H. Valle, "Bibliografía hispanoamericana del español," Hispania XXXVII (1954), 274-284. Of some value because of the listing of linguistic material found in SpanishAmerican newspapers and journals. Annotated. A. R. Cortázar, "Contribuciones a la bibliografía folklórica argentina (1956-1960)," Folklore Americano, Urna, Años VI-VII, Nos. 6-7 (1959), 38-68. Annotated. Juan A. Carrizo, Historia del folklore argentino, Buenos Aires, 1953, Annotated folklore bibliography. J. Alcina Franch, "El americanismo en las revistas," Revista de Indias, Madrid, XXV (1965), 333-540. Annotated. Β. Fernández, Bibliografía del español de la Argentina, Buenos Aires, 1967. Occasional brief annotations. Although the book is useful, the title is a misnomer since only a relatively small number of items deal with Argentine Spanish. Notes 1. J. E. Davis, "The Spanish of Argentina and Uruguay: An Annotated Bibliography for 1940-1965, I," Orbis 15 (1966), 160-189; Part II, ibid., 15 (1966), 4 4 2 ^ 8 8 ; Part III, ibid., 17 (1968), 232-277; Part IV, ibid., 17 (1968), 542-576; Part V, ibid., 19 (1970), 205-232; Part VI, ibid., 20 (1971), 216-249. 2. The Nichols book was and is an indispensable tool for anyone working in Spanish American dialectology. However, it is obviously far out-of-date, and, besides, does not pretend to be complete or comprehensive. 3. Examples of good regional or specialized annotated bibliographies: Hensley C. Woodbridge, "An Annotated Bibliography of Mexican Spanish for 19401953,"Kentucky Foreign Language Quarterly I (1954), 80-89. — , "Spanish in the American South and Southwest: A Bibliographical Survey for 1940-1953," Orbis III (1954), 236-244. — , "Central American Spanish: A Bibliography (1940-1953)," Inter-American Review of Bibliography VI (1956), 103-115. — , "An Annotated Bibliography of Publications Concerning the Spanish of Bolivia, Cuba, Ecuador, Paraguay and Peru for the Years 1940-1957," Kentucky Foreign Language Quarterly VII (1960), 37-54. Jack Emory Davis, "The Spanish of Mexico: An Annotated Bibliography for 19401969," Hispania (U.S.A.) 54 (Oct. 1971), 624-656. José Polo, "El español familiar y zonas afines," an on-going, mostly annot. bibliog. pubi, in Yelmo, Madrid, starting with No. 1, Aug.-Sept. 1971. Includes Spanish America. Richard V. Teschner, "A Critical Annotated Bibliography of Anglicisms in Spanish," Hispania 57 (1974), 631-678. Includes Spanish America. — , Garland D. Bills and Jerry R. Craddock, Spanish and English of U.S. Hispanos: A Critical, Annotated, Linguistic Bibliography, 1975.

I. Lexicography, Semantics, Etymology 1

A. Works dealing w i t h 1) A r g e n t i n a / U r u g u a y in general, a n d 2 ) specifically, t h e River Plate area [ 1 ] Abad de Santillán, Diego. Diccionario de argentinismos de ayer y de hoy. Buenos Aires, 1976,1000 p. 2 This is the latest and—to my knowledge—the only major dictionary of Argentinisms since Segovia (pub. in 1912, covering some 15,000 terms) and Garzón (1910, 5,500 entries), and registers almost exactly 11,000 words and phrases. The "Prólogo" lists, and comments upon briefly, the "fuentes clásicas" used (Muñiz, Granada, Dellepiane, Lafone Quevedo, Segovia, Garzón, Ciro Bayo, etc.), covering—among other language areas—rural and urban, gauchesco, lunfardo, and provincial or regional items. The author comments upon the Santamaría and Malaret Americanism dictionaries, and reports that the present work complements his Gran Enciclopedia Argentina (9 tomos, Buenos Aires, 1956-1969), which includes "voces, giros, modismos en uso y ya en desuso, propios del país, de su vida, de sus a f a n e s . . e t c . One is sometimes hard-pressed to understand completely the author's criteria for inclusion or omission. For example, the work errs—as is so often the case with regional dictionaries—in including terms that are not, strictly speaking, "argentinismos" (mejiconismo, mise-en-scène, novelístico, onirismo, parapsicología and many other scientific terms, etc.) and morphological variants that might be considered trivial (ahura 'ahora', ajuera 'afuera', etc.). Secondly, in dealing with indigenisms, the etyma are usually included, but one notices some omissions, such as achurar, a well-known Quechuism, and some incomplete treatments, such as "Teruteru. m. Teru-teru; el tero", where neither teru-teru nor tero are defined. On the other hand, some w o r d s indigenous and otherwise—such as gaucho, tango, poncho are treated at encyclopedic length, and the theories of origins are well summarized. Thirdly, although metaphorical extensions and semantic variations are in general adequately covered, one notes occasionally that the author fails to give the regional meaning of some words; e.g. litoral, a localism which in the Plate area means the banks of the great rivers (and adjacent areas) and not just the standard 'seacoast'; perhaps this is considered a sort of place name, a category not covered by the dictionary. Very occasionally one notes an outright error,

Works dealing with 1) Argentina/Uruguay,

and 2) River Plate area

5

such as "ñon, -a. Corrupción de peón . .. [correct so far, but note:] 11 etim. El dicc. acad. registra la voz pero en su forma adjetiva: 'que pía mucho o con exceso' // . . ( s . v . pión). But these criticisms aside, by and large the coverage is extraordinarily rich, regional and complete. For many items, the author uses the "autoridades" method, citing usage from regional literature and/or other lexical sources. Brief but favorable annot. by Canfield, HLAS Vol. 40, No. 6067. [IA] Albuquerque, A. Tenorio d'. " 0 castelhano em Buenos Aires," in QLA, pp.156-171. See No. 1143, Miscellaneous Studies. [IB] Alfonso, Luis. "Colombianismos y argentinismos," BAC 14 (1964), 197-204. A listing and lexical treatment of 70 words and locutions which author claims are used in both countries. Sometimes very brief definitions, other times accompanied by documentation from dictionaries and other linguistic sources. [2] Andreetto, Miguel. "Apuntes lexicográficos," BFMIX (1962), 13-16. Brief notes on linguistic details, occasioned by the author's perusal of the Spanish Academy dictionary and of Buenos Aires and Montevideo newspapers. For example, points out errors in definitions and in grammar made by the Academy dictionary (1956 ed.). [2A] "Argentinismos" or "Enmiendas, ratificación o inclusión de argentinismos en el Dicc. Mayor (1970) y en el Manual (1950) de la Real Acad. Española." BAAL, starting with Vol. 30: 115 (1965), 358-374. Each issue contains this listing of Argentinisms or Americanisms that have been added to the DRAE and the Manual. For the list in BAAL, Vol. 36:141/ 142 (1971), 435-451, Canfield comments: "list of words, with detailed definitions and explanations that do not appear in the 1970 ed. of the Real Academia Dictionary. Interesting examples are abajeño, a person from the South, the opposite of arribeño (norteño), abicharse ('agusanarse'), and acacharpar ('enganchar un vehículo a otro'). Again some of the terms that are called argentinismos are to be heard in Spanish-speaking countries far away." (HLAS Vol. 38, No. 6062) [3] Arlt, Roberto. Aguafuertes porteños. Cronicón de si mismo. El idioma de los argentinos. Buenos Aires, 1969, 192 p. Primarily a book of reminiscences about Buenos Aires, and about literary

6

Lexicography, Semantics, Etymology

style, but with sufficient linguistic material to merit inclusion here. For example, "El idioma de los argentinos" (pp. 147-188) treats the influence of various lunfardo-lunfardesco writers (Last Reason, Félix Lima, Fray Mocho, etc.) on River Plate Spanish. Subdivisions: "El furbo", "El origen de algunas palabras de nuestro léxico popular" (discusses fiaca,fiacúri), "Divertido origen de la palabra 'squenún'", "Ante todo soy periodista", "La lectora que defiende el libro nacional." [4] Arrazola, Roberto. Diccionario de modismos argentinos. Buenos Aires, 1943,193 p. A possibly useful, if somewhat unscientific listing of words and expressions. The author's approach is prescriptive, even emotional. And, as is often the case with many Spanish American lexicographers, he includes among his regionalisms many terms that have wide geographical diffusion. The principal categories of the dictionary are slang terms, metaplasms, vulgarisms, loan words, semantic variations, and a few indigenisms. Annot. by Huberman No. 557. [4A] Arrimondi Pieri, Emilio and María Schlumpp Toledo. "El habla rural de la provincia de Buenos Aires, con especial referencia a la zona de Junín y Aledaños," ACIL XIII/II (1971), 1049-1059. Article begins with "Zona geográfica e historia (conceptos sumarios)," a general non-linguistic description of the region. Then come "Caracteres lingüísticos de la región," divided into: 1. Entonación, 2. Pronunciación, 3. Morfología, 4. Sintaxis, and 5. Léxico. Some examples of data afforded for each section: ENTONACION: briefly treated, the main concept being that because of its bordering on Córdoba "la entonación posee cadencias logradas por alargamiento de las vocales tónicas".3 PRONUNCIACION:4 a) vowels (paine 'peine', menistro, -ado > au, etc.); irregular diphthongization (bochornioso, estriella, haiga, etc.); b) consonants (b: ojepto 'objeto', muñuelo 'buñuelo', güeno, etc.,d: verdá, tuavía; s: bojke 'bosque', nojotroh, etc.; the "yeísmo rehilado"; "grupos consonánticos": perfeuto, asetar 'aceptar', dotor, etc.; also "Lista de variantes" in social classes. Example: objeto: culta: objeto, ojeto; semiculta: ojeto, ojepto, ojecto ; rural : oje to, ojieto, ojeuto)·, c) changes in accent (váyamos, rácimo, etc.). MORFOLOGIA: a) changes in gender (la and el color), b) number (leys, pieses, etc.); c) the voseo; estea for esté, vide for vi, etc.); d) adverbs; e) "interjecciones y muletillas" (e.g., "Como refuerzo final de oración suelen decir 'VioV incansablemente", "Dios libre y guarde!", and "Entre los chicos se dice 'Cruz diablo!'"). SINTAXIS: a) the article (la María, el Ruiz), b) Don más apellido—Don Roca; c) conditional in place of

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and 2) River Plate area

7

imperfect subjunctive ("si vendría ella, iríamos nosotros", etc.). LEXICO: a list of 67 semantic regionalisms in the linguistic areas of "terreno," "plantas," "tiempo," "peces," "animales" and "faenas de la cosecha." Article ends with two "Textos," giving regular orthography with phonemic transcriptions. [4B] Barrenechea, Ana Maria and Mabel M. de Rosetti. "La voz pasiva en el español hablado en Buenos Aires," in El simposio de México, México: UNAM, 1969, pp.234-243. See No. 1090 in Grammar Section. [4C] Barrenechea, A. M. and Teresa Orecchia. "La duplicaión de objetos directos e indirectos en el español hablado en Buenos Aires," RPh XXIV (1970-1971), 58-83. See No. 1088 in Grammar Section. [4D] Barrenechea, A. M. and Alicia Alonso. "Los pronombres personales sujetos en el español hablado en Buenos Aires," in Studia Iberica, pp. 75-91. See No. 1089 in Grammar Section. [5] Barril, Esperanza F. de, and others. Lexique Argentin-Français. Paris, 1963,86 p. An incomplete dictionary (covering A-Ch) produced by University of Paris scholars. For each word, brief French definition along with explanation in Spanish. "The source seems to have been Argentine literature and other Spanish-American dictionaries" (Canfïeld, HLAS Vol. 28, No. 1512 and Vol. 32, No. 3163). Rev. by Z. Hampl.^W VII (1964), 206. [6] Bastianini, René. "Vocabulario de la lengua culta hablada de Buenos Aires," PNI, No. 40 (1942), p. 1; No. 43 (1942), p. 1; No. 48 (1943), p. 3; No. 64 (1946), p. 2. s These articles give results of questionnaires submitted to the members of the Sociedad Argentina de Estudios Lingüísticos on lexical and pronunciation matters—many trivial. Examples: do the members favor lengiiita (61 votes) or lengiiecita (no votes), durmiente or traviesa, mantequilla or manteca"1, etc. [7] Benítez, Juan Jesús. "Cantares de la tradición oral bonaerense," RINT I: 1-2(1948), 102-114. This folklore songbook has at the end "Aclaración de Términos del Texto" which gives definitions or clarifications of 15 terms of which the following are lexical or toponymie regionalisms: LaVerde, pinto, lazo a los tientos, culata, ceba, cazoleta, DosLados, Puchito, embarrada, estar aviado, Pavón, mancarrón, LasHeras.

8

Lexicography, Semantics,

Etymology

[8] Bermúdez, Sergio Washington. "Barbarismos y neologismos. (En torno al libro [de Ragucci] Palabras bárbaras y enfermas [See No. 1125 of this bibliography])," BFM III (1940), 105-113. A letter to Ragucci in which Bermúdez defends "natural" language, "habla vulgar," etc. As a lexicographer, he claims, he can and should do no less, declaring that many so-called barbarismos- " ¡no lo son!" [9] Berro García, Adolfo. "La Academia Nacional de Letras y el diccionario de uruguayismos," BANL II (1948), 33-36. A progress report on the project of the Diccionario de Uruguayismos, started in 1944 and headed (at that time) by Carlos Martinez Vigil. [10] Berro García, Adolfo; José Pedro Segundo; José María Delgado; Carlos María Princivalle. "Repertorio o vocabulario de uruguayismos," RNLA XLVI (1950), 271-284. Another progress report on the compilation of a "vocabulario de uruguayismos" by a committee appointed by the Uruguayan Academia Nacional de Letras. The report defines what an "uruguayismo" is, discusses the problems involved in the project, the methodology being used, and so on. *[11] Berro García, Adolfo. Vocabulario del habla común uruguaya agrupado por temas. Montevideo: Univ. Nacional, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, 1958. [12] Berro García, Adolfo. "El diccionario hispanoamericano de la lengua," BFM IX (1962), 7-12. A report submitted to the Tercer Congreso de las Academias de Lengua Española, Bototá, 1961, 6 on the still-to-be-achieved definitive dictionary of Spanish American Spanish. Author summarizes what has been done along this line in Uruguay, as well as elsewhere. In Uruguay linguistic investigators, armed with Tomás Navarro's Cuestionario lingüístico, in covering the nation had already gathered some 7,000 "voces y giros del habla común uruguaya." (See next annotation.) Annot. HLAS, Vol. 28, No. 1516, and Vol. 30, No. 2532. [13] Berro García, Adolfo. "Cuestionario idiomàtico sintético . . . para servir al levantamiento de la Encuesta Nacional sobre el habla popular uruguaya," BFM IX (1962), 165-174. A report on this linguistic questionnaire whose goal is to determine how the common man expresses himself in the various parts of Uruguay. Also, to

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9

work toward a larger investigation of the differences between the various Spanish American regions, and Spain. Three main divisions: phonetics, morphology, syntax. Gives general instructions as to how the project should be carried out, and the specific items to watch for. Follows in general the procedure outlined in Navarro's Cuestionario lingüístico hispanoamericano. *[14] Zapata Gollán, Agustín. Observaciones acerca del cuestionario preparado por el profesor Adolfo Berro García-'Cuestionario y vocabulario del habla común uruguaya. 'Montevideo, 1963. Folleto. [15] Berro García, Adolfo. "Uruguayismos en el habla común," in Gastón Carrillo Herrera (ed.), Lengua, literatura, folklore. Estudios dedicados a Rodolfo Oroz. Santiago de Chile, 1967, 53-80. Several hundred lexical items taken from some 10,000 gathered by national linguistic investigators working on a Vocabulario de uruguayismos which "se halla en trance de impresión." None of the 10,000 are registered in the Academy Dictionary under the meaning given. All categories of words and phrases are represented-semantic variations, indigenisms, loan words from European languages, idioms, etc. "Here again, many of the so-called uruguayismos are to be heard thousands of miles away." (From Canfield annot., HLAS, Vol. 30, No. 2534.) [16] Bonet, Carmelo M. "Apuntaciones sobre el lenguaje de Buenos Aires," Prensa Literaria (San Juan, Puerto Rico), Vol. 3 (agosto 1965), pp. 17 and 22. Same article published in CALE IV, 138-143, and in Abside 31:1 (1967), 90-97. A well-written popularized article, containing mostly well-known data. Almost all porteño peculiarities are discussed, with emphasis on the voseo, the Italian influence, and the enormous creativity and vitality of neologisms. In sum, an essentially optimistic view as to Argentine Spanish's future and as to the powerful cohesive unity of world-wide Spanish. Annot. by Canfield, HLAS, Vol. 30, No. 2535. *[17] Bonet, Carmelo M. "Anotaciones sobre el lenguaje porteño," Nac, 11 de julio de 1965. [18] Capdevila, Ramón Rafael (ed.). 1700 refranes, dichos y modismos (región central bonaerense). Con un aditamento de refranes de 'Martín Fierro' de uso en la región. La Plata, 1955, 272 p. [Illus.] The main source of this collection is the province of Buenos Aires, especially

10

Lexicography, Semantics,

Etymology

the gaucho town of Tapalqué. The author declares he has been careful to verify the regionalism of his items, and that almost all were gathered by him from direct conversations. A useful compilation. Pages 267-268 present a list of "dichos y refranes" from Martin Fierro that the author knows from personal experience are in use. Annot. by Wogan, HLAS, Vol. 21, No. 3635. [19] Capdevila, Arturo. "Antigüedad de argentinismos," REd 1:2 (1956), 283-300. Attempts to cite the first appearance in Argentine texts of the following words and idioms: achuras, alarife, angelicado, boletería, boletero, boleto, bolilla, bolillero, bozal, clasificación (for 'calificación'), congresales, cuasi, cualesquiera (used with singular noun), conchabado, charla, che, chocolate, churria, de entrada, de inmediato, en lo de, expedirse, empecinado, inconducta, macana-macanazo-macanudo, mandarse mudar, mi amigo, no más, pava, pellejerías, producido (for 'producto'), provisorio, receso, recién, rendir examen, trepidar, vereda, verbos a la diabla. [20] Carella, Tulio. Picaresca porteño. Buenos Aires, 1966, 197 p. Primarily folkloric or costumbrista, this book does include "some linguistic folklore (lunfardo speech, euphemisms, etc.) . . ." (From annot. in "Folklore Bibliog. for 1967," SFQ 32 [1968], No. 182.) [21] Carrizo, Juan Alfredo. Historia del folklore argentino. Buenos Aires, 1953,187 p. Chapter 8, "Folklore lingüístico," is an excellent annotated bibliography of Argentine folk speech. Annot. by Simmons, Romance, No. 209. [22] Carvalho Neto, Paulo de. "Folklore floridense," Folklore Americano (Lima), V:5 (1957), 5-60. [Illustrated] A folklore article about the city of Florida, Uruguay, which is about two hours by bus from Montevideo. Considerable regional vocabulary scattered throughout, but not organized in ABC form. "San Cono festival, games, proverbs, nicknames, gestures, tongue twisters . . . from Florida." (From annot. by Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1957," SFQ 22 [1958], p. 18.) [23] Casadevall, Domingo F. Buenos Aires. Arrabal-Sainete-Tango. Buenos Aires, 1968,167 p. Analyzes the "teatro porteño" ("género chico nacional"), and states how the popular classes of Buenos Aires (especially of the arrabales) and the Italian immigration waves have contributed to the national theatre. Although

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and 2) River Plate area

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not linguistic per se, book does provide some data. For example, "VIII. Influencia del italiano en el lenguaje del saínete porteño" (pp. 99-100); also, a list of about 60 popular words (p. 101) "provenientes de los dialectos de Italia [lengua italiana familiar, dialecto genovés, dialecto napolitano, etc.], incorporados a la jerga orillera o específicamente lunfarda . . (arranyar, cachar, etc.). Throughout the text there are lunfardismos and other localisms in italics, but book has no overall glossary or word-list. 7 [24] Castex, Eusebio R. "Contribución al estudio del vocabulario,* PNI, No. 39 (1942), p. 4; No. 40 (1942), p. 4. A listing of some 300 Argentinisms,most of which are used also in Uruguay - a n d many probably elsewhere. Brief definitions, but not etymologies or other documentation. Author asks for the collaboration and contributions of the readers of PNI (and the members of the Sociedad Argentina de Estudios Lingüísticos), in helping to produce a major regional dictionary "que será el principal objeto del próximo Congreso Americano de la Lengua." [25] Ca sullo, Fernando H. "Argentinismos," REd 11:3 (1957), 601-605. Apparently the first (and only?) installment of an alphabetical listing of grammatical and semantic observations;covers ababân to abollón,8 Categories: guaranismos and other indigenisms, morphological variants {abajar), vulgarisms (abichao), dichos y frases, and semantic variations. Frequently documented by quotations from regional writers, like Benito Lynch. [26] Centeya, Julián [pseudonym of Amleto Vergiati] and Washington Sánchez. Porteñerías. Selección de frases hechas de común empleo por el hombre de la calle. Buenos Aires, 1971,66 p. An informal collection of typically porteño expressions. Far from erudite or professionally linguistic—no documentation, no ABC order, no bibliography—it is nevertheless of interest because of its apparently authentic capturing of the flavor of vulgar Buenos Aires talk. Peppered with lunfardismos, Italianisms, sexual and scatological terms, and just plain slang. Frequently the "definitions" or clarifications are themselves given in esoteric city slang. Annot. HLAS, Vol. 36, No. 3805. [27] Coates, Mary Weld. "The Spanish Language in Uruguay," Hisp 41 (1958), 206-208. Brief informal notes about an American high school teacher's impressions of Uruguayan Spanish, mostly on local semantic variations.

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[28] Coluccio, Félix. Diccionario folklórico argentino. 2a ed. aumentada y corregida. Con voces afines, comparaciones americanas y un apéndice sobre folkloristas e instituciones folklóricas del continente. Ilustraciones musicales del maestro Oscar Bareilles. Buenos Aires, 1950, 505 p. [Illus.].9 This excellent and extensive folklore lexicon has linguistic importance in its definitions and treatment of many regionalisms. These consist of semantic variations, popular speech forms, some lunfardismos, indigenisms (mostly from Quechua pertaining to flora and fauna). "A mass of useful data on Argentine folklore, correlated in one ABC file by keyword . . (From annot. by Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1950," SFQ XV [1951], p. 24.) Other annotations and reviews: C. A. Loprete, Histonium 134 (1950), 78; A. Dornheim, AILC IV (1950), 315-323; A. V., BATF I (1950), 15; W. Giese, RJIV (1951), 443-445\YL&ny,HLAS, Vol. 16, No. 2471; Simmons, Romance, No. 228. [29] Corominas, Juan. "Rasgos semánticos nacionales," AILC I (1941), 1-29. Attempts to isolate and discuss the national essence of many Spanish American and Argentine words. Comments on well-known material, such as how nautical terms took on land-based meanings because many of the colonists were from coastal provinces in Spain, and how cattle-raising terminology in Argentine rural language spread to urban and general usage. Rev. in RFH V (1943), 81-82. [30] Donni de Mirande, Nélida E. La lengua coloquial y la lengua familiar de la literatura argentina. Santa Fe: Univ. del Litoral, 1967,56 p. See No. 1172 in Miscellaneous Studies. *[31] Escobar, Washington. Refranero uruguayo. Pequeña biblia gaucha. Dichos, máximas y sentencias del habla popular, colectadas oralmente en Tacuarembó. Montevideo, 1963, 76 p. *[32] Fernández, Belisario. "Argentinismos," Revista Aires), No. 585 (octubre 1961).

'La Obra' (Buenos

*[33] Fernández, Belisario. "Diccionario de voces comunes," MEC, Nos. 836 and 837 (agosto-setiembre 1942). [34] Fontanella de Weinberg, María Beatriz. "Comportamiento ante -s de hablantes femeninos y masculinos del español bonaerense," RPh XXV (1973), 50-58. See No. 1062 in Phonology-Phonetics.

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and 2 j River Plate area

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[35] Fontanella de Weinberg, María Beatriz. "La evolución de los pronombres de tratamiento en el español bonaerense," Thes 25 (1970), 12-22. See No. 1176 in Miscellaneous Studies. [35A] Fontanella de Weinberg, Μ. Β. "Algunos aspectos de la asimilación lingüística de la población inmigratoria en la Argentina." See No. 1227. [36] Fontanella de Weinberg, María Beatriz, with Myriam Najt. "Los pronombres de tratamiento en el español de Bahía Blanca," Actas de la Quinta Asamblea Interuniversitaria de Filología y Literaturas Hispánicas. Bahía Blanca: Univ. Nac. del Sur, 1969, 142-151. See No. 1177 in Miscellaneous Studies. [36A] Fontanella de Weinberg, María Beatriz. "El rehilamiento bonaerense a fines del siglo XVIII," Thes 28 (1973), 338-343. See No. 1064 in PhonologyPhonetics. [36B] Fontanella de Weinberg, María Beatriz. "La 's' postapical en la región bonaerense," Thes 22 (1967), 394-400. See No. 1065 in Phonetics-Phonology. [36C] Fontanella de Weinberg, María Beatriz. "El voseo en Buenos Aires en las dos primeras décadas del siglo XIX," Thes 26 (1971), 595-514. See No. 1179 in Grammar Section. [36D] Fontanella de Weinberg, María Beatriz. "El voseo en Buenos Aires, un problema histórico-lingüístico," Cuadernos del Sur (Bahía Blanca) 8 - 9 (1968), 174-179. See No. 1178 in Grammar Section. [36E] Fontanella de Weinberg, María Beatriz. "Aspectos sociolingüísticos de -s en el español bonaerense," Orbis XXIII (1974), 85-98. See No. 1060 in Miscellaneous Studies. [36F] Gandolfo, Adriana. "Spanish II, y and rr in Buenos Aires and Corrientes," PICL IX (1964), 212-216. See No. 1069 in Phonetics-Phonology section. [37] Gabriel, José. "El idioma rioplatense," RNLA VII (1944), 115-133. A defense of the Spanish spoken in the Platine area and an attempt to debunk those who believe that Spanish spoken from Peru northward is

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Lexicography, Semantics,

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superior to Argentine Spanish. The author takes up the well-known accusations—archaisms, lunfardismo, gauchofilia, the voseo, and so on. [38] Granada, Daniel. "Apuntamientos sobre lexicografía americana con especial aplicación al Río de la Plata," BAAL XV (1946), 287-365. Also in book form: Buenos Aires, 1948, 221 p. "A stimulating miscellany of notes, hitherto unpublished by the author of Vocabulario rioplatense razonado (2nd ed., Montevideo 1890), one of the best local dictionaries of Americanisms. He advocates a general dictionary of Americanisms, which we now have; contributes words of Indian origin; comments on Indian linguistic characteristics with special emphasis on Guarani; and discourses on multiple facets of language in America" (Kany, HLAS Vol. 12, No. 2332). [39] Guarnieri, Juan Carlos. El habla del boliche. Diccionario del lenguaje popular rioplatense. Montevideo, 1967, 212 p. An unusually fine regional lexicon, affording—both in the introduction and the corpus—interesting and pertinent notes on the origin, components and development of River Plate popular speech. The introduction reviews briefly words of foreign derivation, rural language, lunfardo and its origins and relationships to the tango and the cancionero popular. The categories of the some 4000 words registered are rural terminology, lunfardismos and other terms from the arrabal·, foreign loan words and derivations—especially, of course, the many terms from Italian dialects; semantic and morphological variants, idioms, proverbs. Indigenisms seem few. The author includes etymologies only when he is sure of his ground. The definitions are usually brief, but to the point. Although many items go well beyond the boliche, this excellent work has considerably more merit and regional authenticity than so many of the myriad regional lexical works that have blossomed so profusely in Spanish America, especially during the last decades. [39A] Guarnieri, Juan Carlos. El lenguaje rioplatense. Montevideo, 1978, 99 p. An historico-linguistic survey covering much of the same material itemized in the following annotation of his 1969 book. The book ends with an appendix, "Vocabulario de italianismos, sus derivados y voces italianizadas, en el lenguaje rioplatense," consisting of 476 words and phrases briefly defined. Many interesting items that I have not noticed in similar lists of Italianisms. [40] Guarnieri, Juan Carlos. El lenguaje popular que hablamos y escribimos. Páginas sobre sus orígenes y su historia. Montevideo, 1969, 61 p.

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Although making no claims to startling originality, this booklet provides an excellent popularized treatment of the subject. Main topics discussed: indigenisms, "lenguaje campesino rioplatense," "el habla de los conquistadores y colonizadores," "fenómenos de diferenciación con el castellano actual," "voces y giros arcaicos," influence of non-indigenous languages; cocoliche, lunfardo, chamuyo, the saínete and the cancionero popular their linguistic influence; the vesrre. For all of these categories author gives examples, but unfortunately there is no overall word index. Occasional brief treatment of individual words. In short, a careful study of the popular speech of Buenos Aires and Montevideo. Annot. by Simmons, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1971" in SFQ 36 (1972), No. 1156, and in HLAS, Vol. 34, No. 3088. [41] Guasch Leguizamón, Jorge. "Lenguaje y estilo. Apuntes semánticos," REd, Nueva Serie, 1:7 (1956), 163-166; 1:11 (1956), 404-409; 11:2 (1957), 333-338; 11:3 (1957), 596-601; 11:6 (1957) 595-600; 11:8 (1957), 384389; 11:12 (1957), 639-646; 111:5 (1958), 582-589 (through the letter J; I have not been able to obtain further issues of this journal, in order to examine continuing installments). A serial word study of Argentine semantic and grammatical variations. Author supports his definitions by quoting classic writers, and reputable lexicographers and language scholars. Often calls attention to Argentine "misuse," to erroneous dictionary definitions, and related matters. *[42] Herrero Mayor, Avelino. Apuntaciones lexicográficas y gramaticales; más de mil anotaciones etimológicas y semánticas, prosódicas y sintácticas. Buenos Aires, 1947, 279 p. "The words discussed, many of them learned, treated from a didactic and puristic point of view, are culled in part from the author's previous publications, works of similar tenor. Occasionally examples from accepted writers and grammarians illustrate the wrong as well as the correct usage. Of interest are scattered references to Argentine speech peculiarities: displicente, familiar, firuletes, gringo, menta, pronunciation of radio speakers, maní with plural maníes or manises, paquete, petiso, labiodental/v/, yeísmo, vos, etc. Useful indices of words and authors" (Kany, HLAS Vol. 13, No. 1989). Reviews: C. Martinez Vigil, BICC III (1947), 315-317; M. Lasley, RHM XVI (1950), 178; A. Sánchez, RFE XXXV (1951), 162-164. *[43] Huertas, José Guillermo. Palabras bonaerenses. Buenos Aires, 1963, 91 p. "Gracefully written evocations of Argentine life inspired by the emotional

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Lexicography, Semantics,

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and historical associations of expressions such as tapera, pajonal, mate, etc." (Wogan, Η LAS, Vol. 26, No. 1344)

toleria,

[44] Lewald, H. Ernest. Buenos Aires. Retrato de una sociedad hispánica a través de su literatura. Boston, 1968. 234 p. This reader for college-level Spanish has some random linguistic data. For example: 1) Chapter 19, "El lenguaje porteño" (pp. 183-193) gives a brief historical résumé of Spanish in the New World and what happened to it in the River Plate area; 2) commentary on "Frases y palabras diferenciales" of Ramón Gómez de la Serna and Roberto Arlt, in connection with passages from their work; 3) and on Máximo T. Sáenz (Last Reason) and his Carta a la rea, part of which is quoted (pp. 191-192). Other topics mentioned: gauchesco language, lunfardo, combat between purists and opponents. [45] López, Lucio V. La gran aldea (Costumbres bonaerenses). Introducción, notas y vocabulario de Alberto Oscar Blasi. Buenos Aires, 1965, 287 p. This venerable book of costumbrismo (first published in 1884) has some linguistic detail in the "Notas" (pp. 231-273) suchas commentary on idiomatic expressions and other regionalisms. The "Vocabulario" (pp. 275-285) has 445 terms, most of which are really not regional. [46] Malaret, Augusto. "¿Modismos argentinos?" BAAL XX (1951), 9-24. A list of over 400 idioms that Malaret gleaned from Selva's compilation "Modismos argentinos" (see No. 63 below) and considers part of a general Spanish heritage and not localisms. Annot. in BADAL, No. 25/26 (1966), No. 1603. [47] Marsilio, Horacio de. El lenguaje de los uruguayos. Montevideo, 1969, 60 p. This work may perhaps be best described as a popularized introduction to Uruguayan Spanish, after the author has first cleared the way by giving a brief historical background on language in general and a comparison of peninsular and New World Spanish. The book is well-written and interesting, even if much of the material is quite obvious, and superficially treated. Of the many topics covered, some of the more conspicuous are: toponymy and Guaraní; colonial period Spanish; Negro linguistic influence, as well as that of the waves of immigrants; lunfardo-lunfardesco writers; a comparison of Buenos Aires and Montevidean Spanish; comments on the Rocha region where, he claims, the "purest" Uruguayan Spanish is spoken. Other fields treated are "lenguaje campesino", "lenguaje fronterizo", "lengua coloquial y lengua

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and 2) River Plate area

17

literaria", "gauchismo y nativismo", and the work of José Pedro Rona. The last section of the book contains a list of about 85 Uruguayan expressions now accepted by the Spanish Academy. Rev. by C. A. Fernández Sánchez in Español Actual 24 (abril 1973), p. 24, rather negatively in that, for example, he reproaches Marsilio for having failed to mention some key studies, such as those of Guarnieri (see Nos. 39, 39A, 40, 262, 262A, 263). Annot. by Canfield, HLAS, Vol. 34, No. 3098, and Vol. 32, No. 3121. [48] Martinez Vigil, Carlos. "Nuestra riqueza idiomàtica," BANL I (1947), 237-252. A list of 81 words and idioms quoted from the works of prominent River Plate writers, past and present, but with no reference to editions or pages. The author's point is that these terms should be included in the Spanish Academy dictionary (many of them now are). Among the more interesting items are: agatas, aguada, alarife, apelativo, aprensionarse ('impresionarse'), azotarse ('arrojarse') al agua, bagual, barra ('conjunto de individuos'), chilena ('espuela de domar'), enancar ('llevar en ancas'), a la miseria, un [sic] nación ('extranjero'), palitos ('fósforos'), pedo ('borrachera'), pelucón ('conservador'), pispar ('descubrir'), vicios (mate, cigarros, etc.): [49] Mieres, Celia; Elida Miranda; Eugenia B. de Alberti; Mercedes R. de Berro. Diccionario Uruguayo Documentado. Montevideo, 1966, 135 p. Also mRNLA X (1965), 113-129,243-289,361-427. An "autoridades"-type regional dictionary covering words not registered in the DRAE, 1956 ed. (unless as archaisms). The "Pròlogo" sets forth the authors' purpose-to contribute to the on-going preparation of the Academy's Diccionario Histórico de la Lengua, and also gives their criteria used in the choice of words as well as the procedures followed. The words are taken from 63 Uruguayan post-independence authors embracing all genres. Some 1200 words and phrases are treated, many of which are not, of course, "pure" uruguayismos, or even americanismos. Each item is defined by the authors, sometimes with other lexical documentation; then follow the author and work cited, and finally the quotation itself. Annot. by Canfield, HLAS, Vol. 30, No. 2617. [50] Alberti, Eugenia B. de;Mercedes R. de Berro, Celia Mieres, Elida Miranda. Diccionario documentado de voces uruguayas en Amorim, Espinola, Mas de Ayala, Porta. Montevideo, 1971,202 p. This lexical study is a continuation of the Diccionario Uruguayo Documentado (No. 49 above). The compilers use as source material six novels of

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four prominent 20th-century writers. The prologue specifies their goals, their criteria used in choosing the subject authors, and comments on the work of older Uruguayan novelists. It also claims that the language from the novels is representative of Uruguayan speech on historical, rural, urban, and even slang levels. The four novelists are from different regions and deal with different ambiences, and the authors feel that quotations from the novels document much more vividly than mere definitions the nature of Uruguayan—and even River Plate Spanish. The format for each of the 780 items registered is: 1. word or phrase, 2. the definition, either their own or of some other lexical authority (Guarnieri, Granada, Saubidet, t h e D R A E 1970 ed., etc.), 3. quotation from author. Example: "ABARAJAR: tr. vulg. Recibir en las manos un objeto lanzado por el aire. T. Saubidet. Don Juan el Zorro, 132: Έ1 Cabo Lobo, ya parado, alargó al Cabo Pato la botella. Iba éste a agarrarla cuando, con cortés diligencia, la intentó abarajar el Soldado Cuzco Overo.'" Only those words not appearing in the pre-195 6 Spanish Academy dictionaries are included. [51] Molina y Vedia, Delfina. "Contribución al estudio de nuestra habla," PNI, No. 46 (1943), 3-4 (continuará). One installment of a serialized treatment of frases proverbiales which author finds neither in the Academy Dictionary nor in the dictionaries of Malaret, Segovia, Selva, Arrazola, Garzón, or Cornejo. This article treats some 60 items with definitions and/or paraphrases. 10 *[52] Montes Giraldo, José Joaquín. "Observaciones sobre el español en Montevideo," Noticias Culturales (Instituto Caro y Cuervo, Bogotá), No. 65 (1966), 1-4. "A well-organized examination of the effect of the outstanding features of Montevideo Spanish on the ear of a Colombian who was in the Capital for an ALFAL Congress: fonología, morfosintaxis, léxico. Interestingly, the Uruguayans seemed to hear a /y/ in the /s/ of the Colombian: plaza became a playa to them." (Canfield, HLAS, Vol. 30, No. 2622) [53] Olbrich, Rolf. "Zur volkstümlichen Phraseologie des Rioplatense," RJ 11(1949), 127-170. This somewhat verbose article on Uruguayan folk speech commences with some history of 19th century lexical efforts, and with some recommendations for future lexicographers. In particular, the investigator must keep in mind the important rôle of the physical milieu, and how it affects regional thinking, feeling, and speech. Olbrich describes in detail how the nature, the habitat,

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19

the characteristics and the activities of regional geography, flora and fauna have contributed to proverbial and idiomatic speech. A few examples of semantic and symbolic extensions: 1) vultures—their actions become symbolical for curiosity and close attention; 2) the small teru-teru bird, whose " ¡teru-teru!" is an alarm cry, somehow becomes symbolic of a person who gives evasive answers; 3) the bagre (a large flamboyant and noisy catfish) gives the dicho "Más roncador que bagre"; 4) horses: obviously the horse will occupy a central place in the life and language of the "paisano ganadero." The close relationship between man and horse mirrors itself in the creation of over 200 adjectival and substantival names and labels which have regional semantic nuances or connotations. The author points out, however, that even this rich regional idiom is just a small part of the overall folk phraseology complex which remains general Spanish. Still, these elements of nature in Uruguay have enriched and enlivened the traditional body of Spanish folk phraseology and have afforded picturesque and affective new resources for expression. * [54] Olivera, Miguel Alfredo. "El habla de Buenos Aires," CurCon XXII (1954), 262-264 and 433-454. "Mostly the usual generalizations about porteño speech, including the idea that 'el plebeyismo lingüístico' was implanted by the Rosas dictatorship" (Wogan, HLAS, Vol. 20, No. 3664). [55] Pereira Rodríguez, José. "El lenguaje del Rio de la Piata de Sergio Wàshington Bermúdez," RIB XI (1961), 230-233. A fascinating report on a major piece of River Plate scholarship. The story concerns the monumental El lenguaje del Rio de la Plata begun by Wàshington Pedro Bermúdez and completed by his son, Sergio Wàshington Bermúdez. The latter, in obedience to his father's dying wish, continued the project from 1913 (date of the father's death) to 1947. At its completion, the work had grown to twelve volumes of some 500 pages each, and consisted of more than 18,000 "locuciones y vocablos de uso común en la prensa, parlamentos, literatura, trato ceremonioso y familiar del ámbito rioplatense". But the tragedy is that "desde 1947, esta obra monumental anda en busca de un editor". 11 The article tells how the great work has been praised by such authorities as Américo Castro, Daniel Granada, Augusto Malaret, Ricardo Palma, etc. [56] Bermúdez, Sergio Wàshington. El lexicógrafo rioplatense. Montevideo, 1941,38 p. A prize-winning essay having to do with the problems, complexities, and urgencies of the continuation and completion of El lenguaje del Rio de la

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Plata (see No. 55 above). The author discusses in some detail the qualifications and mandatory professional knowledge of a competent regional lexicographer. He treats a goodly number of individual words to illustrate problems involving etymology, morphosyntactical processes, and so on, and lists six types of words and expressions (with examples of each category) which properly belong in a River Plate dictionary. [57] Quifia González, J. A. "Acerca de algunos porteñismos," PNI, No. 40 (1942), p. 3. Brief random commentary about difference between porteñismo and argentinismo, and about a few "pequeñas monstruosidades" rampant in Buenos Aires familiar speech. [58] Ragucci, Rodolfo. "Neologismos de mis lecturas," BAAL XVI (1947), 249-292, 379-398, 717-734; XVII (1948), 57-70, 209-224, 357-372, 577620; XVIII (1949), 41-58, 185-206, 311-318, 451-458; XIX (1950), 37-48, 143-168; XX (1951), 25-35,185-194, 289-304; XXI (1956), 382-404,505516; XXII (1957), 7-20, 155-168, 538-552; XXIII (1958), 19-34, 165-184; XXIV (1959), 57-72, 289-304; XXV (1960), 39-54, 215-232, 317-332, 453-500; XXVI (1961), 49-64, 175-216, 463-516; XXVII (1962), 15-40, 179-220. Part of the series (covering the years 1947-1951) has been published in book form: Buenos Aires, 1951,290 p.12 This series of articles presents an alphabetical compilation of neologisms (words not registered in the Spanish Academy dictionary, edition of 1947) collected by the author from books, newspapers and journals. Although the terms are well-documented with examples of usage from both Spanish and Spanish American authors, there is no consistent effort to indicate geographical diffusion or to identify the Argentinisms. Flora and fauna as well as technical terms are not included. Reviewed by L. Simbaqueba, BICC X (1954), 431-433. Annot. in HLAS, Vol. 13, No. 2013; 14, 2599; 15, 2142; 16,2500;17,2256;22,4338. [59] Ragucci, Rodolfo. "Apuntaciones sobre el Diccionario de la Real Academia Española," BAAL XII (1943), 425-441. This commentary on the DRAE has a section entitled "Argentinismos" (436-437), which gives a small number of regionalisms, including some lunfardismos—of which author disapproves, as he does of all items he considers "barbarismos." [60] Rona, José Pedro. "Vulgarización o adaptación diastrática de neologismos

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y cultismos," RNLA V (1960), 385-408. Reprint, Montevideo: Univ. de la Repúb., 1962, 18 p. [2 maps] A richly-detailed study by the eminent Uruguayan dialectologist of how certain words of upper-level speech are adapted (with changed forms) by the lower levels; of the changes in form that take place; and of the necessity or preconditioning forces which exist in the process. The subject material is 183 words of this type, many of which were discovered by the author's own investigations. The usage area is limited to Uruguay, and to those terms adapted by the lower idiomatic levels from the upper levels (that is, "vulgarización"), none in the opposite direction. In this word-changing, the action has been vertical ("adaptación diastrática") and downward; no "adaptaciones diatópicas" (horizontal) are included. 13 The deformations are brought about by such necessary and causative factors (to name a few) as: 1) many types of metaplasmic or morphological forces ("prótesis de α", e.g. ajuntarse 'juntarse'; syncope, catolicismo > catolismo\ elimination of consonantal clusters); 2) semantic similarities, aplaudir > presenciar; 3) "cruces de palabras", amígdala > amingala ("posiblemente cruce con minga 'cosa pequeña' "); 4) avoidance of "palabras proparoxítonas", (análisis > anali, etc.). 14 Roña observes that social levels are closer together these days, which stimulates the penetration of "upper class" terms into popular speech. He says too that a distinction must be made between two classes of words that lend themselves to vertical adaptation: a) recently formed neologisms (televisión, etc.), and b) cultismos of older formation which only recently have penetrated all language levels instead of, as previously, being limited to the upper levels. Two maps accompany the study: "Mapa No. 1: Orientación de referencias", a map of Uruguay using a capital letter to identify the departments and small numbers showing the exact place where the deformation was discovered; "Mapa No. 2: Variantes de 'fósforo'", locating the following variants: forfè; fofre and fosfre; fósforo and fólfaro; and fólforo. Rev. by J. Skultéty, PhP VII (1964), 210-211. [61 ] Schallman, Lázaro. Coloquios sobre el lenguaje argentino. Buenos Aires, 1946,291 p. In this treatise on argentinismos, the author groups his terms into four main categories: 1) indigenous words, 2) semantic variations, 3) morphological variants, and 4) loan words. The terms are documented by quotations from reputable authors. Reviewed unfavorably by C. Martinez Vigil (in a letter to Schallman in BANL I [1946], 98-102), the book is criticized on three counts: 1) Martinez opposes the idea of "un lenguaje argentino" or

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indeed of any "national" language except Spanish; 2) he asserts that only a term used exclusively in Argentina is an Argentinism, and 3) he challenges the "Argentine nationality" of many of Schallman's entries. Also reviewed by M. Lasley, RHM XIV (1948), 119-120; and by S. W. Bermúdez, in BFM IV (1945; printed in 1947), 180-184. Annot. by Huberman No. 972. [62] Schallman, Lázaro. "El dialecto argentino. Coloquios lexicográficos," Argentina Libre (Buenos Aires), Oct. 2, 1941. A popularized treatment, in conversational or dialogue form, of what a dialect is, and whether there is really such a thing as dialecto argentino. Conclusion: a resounding yes. Interesting notes on such localisms as binomio, nomas, trasuntar, ponchada, introvertido (instead of introverso), muchachada, cachar and cachada, fumista and fumistería, etc. [63] Selva, Juan B. "Modismos argentinos," BAAL XVII (1948), 225-292. A collection of "modismos, refranes, proverbios, adagios, nuevas frases figuradas y familiares" that are not listed in the Academy dictionary (at that time). The author admits that some are regional, others of widespread usage, some even known in Spain. In the definitions, however, he does not attempt to specify geographical distribution. The list is no doubt useful, but it would have been perhaps more so if Professor Selva had attempted to limit himself to more specifically Argentine idioms (see No. 46 above). [64] Selva, Juan B. "El arcaísmo en la Argentina; voces anticuadas que reviven," BAAL XI (1943), 401-413. The author states: "Hoy me propongo hablar de los arcaísmos más cultos, contados como voces anticuadas por la Real Academia [the dictionary editions of 1936 and 1939]." His thesis is that many so-called archaic terms were still in use in Argentina. Examples: many terms ending in -miento, -ción or •sión, -dura or -ura\ in -dor or -tor or -sor-, in -ble, etc. He claims too that when the Academy dictionary lists participles, it usually condemns them as antiquated (acordante, jubilante, defendiente, etc.). In short, Selva asserts that the Academy is either "demasiado cruel o demasiado descuidada" in giving the death knell to many words. [65] Selva, Juan B. "Arcaísmos que reviven en la Argentina," REd 111:1 (1958), 156-164. An article that covers much the same ground and makes most of the same points as did his previous study just annotated (No. 64). To summarize briefly: the old criticism of the Academy—that it leaves many living words

Works dealing with 1 ) Argentina/Uruguay,

and 2) River Plate area

23

out (words that it categorizes and rejects as archaic) and includes many words that are genuinely antiquated and out of use. The article includes peripherally the problem of lexicography in general—what to include, what to reject, etc. [66] Selva, Juan B. "Casos de generalización y determinación en la semántica argentina," BAAL Χ (1942), 531-555. A treatise on word development by means of these two tropes. The discussion is mostly general, but includes some examples in Argentine usage (example of an Argentine "generalización histórica": branderismo, a type of plagiarism perpetrated by a young porteño named Brander). Selva lists many figures of speech of this kind used in Argentina but which had not been accepted by the Academy at that time. [67] Selva, Juan B. "La metáfora en el crecimiento de nuestra habla," BAAL Χ (1942), 131-167. A study in the semantics of metaphors used in Argentina and elsewhere. The body of the article is made up of two lists: 1) "Metáforas en que se pasa de lo material a lo material"; example: cafetera 'auto desvencijado, que mete mucho ruido'; 2) "Metáforas en que se pasa de lo material a lo inmaterial"; example: cañonazo 'noticia inesperada, sorprendente'. In spite of such evolutionary changes, Selva does not believe that the unity of Castilian is in any real danger. [68] Selva, Juan B. "La sinécdoque y la metonimia en el crecimiento de nuestra habla," BAAL X (1942), 483-495. A listing of some common examples of these tropes as used in Argentina. Examples: 1) from the particular to the general: durazno 'duraznero' and other fruit trees identified by the name of the fruit; 2) from the general to the particular: barra, biblioteca, fiambrera, cambalache, copetín, etc.; 3) words involving the naming of a part for the whole: cabeza, corazón, piernas ('individuos que se juntan para jugar a la baraja'), hacer sebo ('holgazanear'), etc. [69] Silva Valdés, Fernán. "Vocabulario de uruguayismos," BFM III (1941), 276-281. A word list of regionalisms compiled by the poet Silva Valdés from his own writing. Mostly well-known terms; article affords documentary corroboration of the regional lexicons. [70] Silva Valdés, Fernán. "Vocabulario popular del Uruguay," RNLA XLVI (1950), 385-397.

24

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A rather informal collection of some 247 River Plate expressions, from Abacachi through Azulejo (I have been unable to find a continuation of the list). Possibly useful to investigators of lexicography, but the material is in general too well-known to be of great value. "Except for bringing the meaning of a few terms up to date, this vocabulary offers virtually no novelties." (Wogan,HLAS, Vol. 18, No. 2364.) [71] Solá, José Vicente. "Hacia un diccionario general de argentinismos," Nac, 21 de mayo 1950, 2a sec., p. 2. A good summarizing article on the status of Argentine lexical work, and what methodology should be used to bring to light the definitive target dictionary. Solá recommends that it should be based upon the general and regional works already in existence : Garzón and Segovia (works of merit but defective because of omissions), Lafone Quevedo and Avellaneda (Catamarca), Solá (his own Salta dictionary), Aramburu and Lizondo Borda (indigenous sources), Juan Alfonso Carrizo (cancioneros), Arrazola (modismos argentinos), di Lullo (Santiago del Estero), Terrera (Cordoba), Storni and Campanella (Tucumán), Vúletin (Neuquén), Vidal de Battini (San Luis), Saubidet (rural), González del Solar (Jujuy), Mendióroz (north Argentina), Cornejo and Dávalos (Salta), and others. [71 A] Teodorescu, Paul G. "Observaciones sobre el castellano actual en la mayor ciudad de habla española," ACJL XIII/II (1976), 1073-1078. An interesting if admittedly not very original or profound article about how lowlife speech of Buenos Aires has penetrated the popular speech of all social classes. Author's approach is synchronic and is based on personal investigations documented with "encuestas directas sobre las actuales innovaciones y tendencias del hablar porteño" (p. 1075). Affirms that the most outstanding characteristic of the latter is "la consolidación y la unánime aceptación del lenguaje coloquial" with its embracing the voseo and varios argots, especially lunfardo. Documents this evolution by comparing Villamayor's 1915 El lenguaje del bajo fondo with Cammaro ta's 1963 Vocabulario familiar y lunfardo which shows the "enriquecimiento lexical" during those years. According to author, there are four ways in which this growth has come about: 1) "simple invención de palabras" (example: atorrante 'vago que dormía en los caños que la casa A. Torrent había depositado . . .'); 2) "invención por semejanza y parangón semántico" (e.g.guardabarros 'orejas'); 3) "invención de acepciones por derivación y composición" (e.g. amurar 'abandonar' derived from amurado 'individuo aislado por los muros de una cárcel'); and 4) "invención por modificación o deformación" (e.g. garaba for

Works dealing with 1 ) Argentina/Uruguay,

and 2) River Plate area

25

'baraja', gotán 'tango [the vesre], locatelli 'loco' derived from Antonio Locatelli, a daring and somewhat 'mad' aviator, endeveras 'de veras', and malevo 'malévolo'). Other topics treated: l ) t h e Italian migration with its rich dialectal contributions, syntactical as well as lexical; 2) curious verbal innovations, such as dariola, buscariola, etc.; 3) "tendencias fonéticas modernas" such as the consistent pronunciation of final d, so often dropped elsewhere; the unvoicing of the [1] (based on personal research carried out in the suburbs of La Boca and Palermo, and the city of La Plata)—an altogether new sound in Castilian phonemes, 15 4) the attempts of prominent writers (E. Sàbato, Β. Kordon, J. Cortázar) to capture the "realidad de Buenos Aires" by linguistic means, citing their use of lunfardo, regionalisms and other verbal taboos. In summation, the author declares that a plebeian argot has conquered-not only in Buenos Aires, but in such other cities as La Plata, Rosario, Bahía Blanca, Montevideo, and with echoes even in Santiago de Chile; and that this affords a living potential field for future investigation. [72] Terrera, Guillermo Alfredo. Sociologia y vocabulario del habla popular argentina. Buenos Aires, 1968, 142 p. "A sociologist studies the popular speech of Argentina, using an 'históricoculturaP methodology in order to clarify the human and social drives which gave rise to it. The first three chapters are theoretical in nature . . (Simmons, SFQ XXXVI [1972], No. 1213; same annotation in HLAS, Vol. 34, No. 3108). Chapter 4 starts the dictionary itself, which covers 1063 terms. Instead of using an overall ABC listing, the author groups his terms according to origin. There are 17 such groups, the main ones being: words derived from Spanish-old and new; Indian sources; "voces criollas"; Italian dialect sources; and those words deriving from other modern European languages. In regard to indigenisms, one might question some of his etymologies. As for the groupings, one—this one, at least-is somewhat hard pressed to understand the criteria used in placing the words (lunfardismos, for example, are spread throughout several groups). In spite of such reservations, however, the book is an interesting and useful addition to Argentine lexicon. Del Valle, *ComAc No. 423 (April 28, 1969), 3 pp. mimeog., gives "Un análisis" of this book CBAPL VI: 13-34 [Jan. 1976-Dec. 1977], p. 150). Annot. in HLAS Vol. 34, No. 3108. *[73] Terrera, Guillermo Alfredo. Vocabulario y refranero popular Buenos Aires.16

argentino.

[74] Tijeras, Eduardo. "Una peculiaridad popular del habla argentina. Papeletas para un argot de hoy," EstLit, No. 420 (15 de mayo 1969), pp. 40-49.

26

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Brief and informal meditations about some Argentine semantic variations. His comments are in general non-prescriptive, but still he criticizes the general Argentine tendency to "empobrecer" the language in certain cases. Examples: pileta for 'piscina' and saco for 'chaqueta'—these impoverish, whereas such terms as flaca and mer sa (which have no castizo equivalents?) enrich Castilian. [75] Udina, Esaù. "Algunos americanismos comunes a los lenguajes dominicano y argentino," PNI, No. 42 (1942), pp. 1, 3 , 4 . A partial list (cabales through chancleta). However, the majority have a much wider diffusion than just Argentina and the Dominican Republic. 17 52 words are listed. [76] Weber de Kurlat, Frida. "Fórmulas de cortesía en la lengua de Buenos Aires," Fil 12 (1966-1967), 137-192. See No. 1224, Miscellaneous Studies. [76A] Weber, Frida. "Formulas de tratamiento en la lengua de Buenos Aires," RFH III (1941), 105-139. See No. 1223 in Miscellaneous Studies. [77] Wogan, Daniel S. "Vocabulario popular criollo-norteamericano," BBA W II (1946), 37-41. An interesting collection of several hundred words and phrases taken from popular speech of Montevideo, and translated into equivalent terms in North American slang. The author points out the similarity between Montevidean and United States slang, both being the product of a similar ethnic and social melting pot. Annot. by Serfs, No. 15909, and Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1946," SFQ 11 (1947), p. 89.

B. Studies covering other provinces or specific areas18 1. Catamarca [78] Fernández Latour, Olga. "Datos sobre el folklore de la villa de Belén (provincia de Catamarca)," CINIFI (1960), 129-142. Miscellaneous Catamarcan folklore details, including definitions and lengthy descriptions of items having to do with food, traditional costumes, and music. A short glossary at the end defining: árbol ('algarrobo'), batidor, concho, chañar, chuya, fondo, hurgonero, madre (baking term), pichana, pipón. [79] País, Federico E. "Arcaísmos e indigenismos en el habla popular

Studies covering other provinces or specific areas

27

catamarqueña (apuntaciones para una interpretación espiritual del fenómeno lingüístico regional y americano)," Mer, No. 1 (1954), 31-49. A philosophical and psychological approach to the study of archaic and indigenous words used in Catamarca. The author considers them as something more than the products of lexical or historical happenstance. He attempts to show that they are essentially creations of "inner necessity" on the part of the Catamarcan speaker. For this purpose he chooses three archaisms and three indigenisms for analysis. The archaic terms —intruso, aguerrido, and atrevido— came to manifest shades of meaning peculiar to Catamarcan society, and, he insists, are highly revelatory of Catamarcan character. Briefly summarized, they indicate a traditionalist spirit, and one inclined towards moral refinement and conduct. As for indigenous words, what often gives them their vitality and persistence is their potential for emotional and picturesque effect. The indigenisms he analyzes are chango, sacha, and antarca. [80] País, Federico E. Algunos rasgos estilísticos de la lengua popular catamarqueña. Tucumán, 1954, 96 p. A penetrating study (winner of a University of Tucumán literary contest) of the psychology and powers of language. The author uses the language of his native Catamarca as a microcosmos for his analysis. Some specific "rasgos" attributed by Pais to Catamarcan popular speech are "poderoso subjetivismo," "inmediatez emocional," "fuerza interior intensa," "necesidad espiritual de concreción y plasticidad expresivas," "lengua poco regida por la lógica o por esquemas gramaticales abstractos," "una voluntad afanosa de lograr efectos," but at the same time "sujeción de lo emotivo por cierta mesura y timidez delicada," etc. He illustrates his points by analyzing certain words, expressions, syntactical and stylistic arrangements, and even phonological phenomena. Section V ("El léxico popular catamarqueño. Estilística, forma interior, circunstancias histórico-espirituales") is treated in the author's "Arcaísmos e indigenismos . . ." (No. 79) Reviews: J. P. V., RDTP XIII (1957), 365-366; M. Lasley, RHM XXII (1956), 330; A. Bazán, Mer 1:2-4 (1954), 157; Β. Pottier, BHi CVIII (1956), 102-103; M. B. Paladini, Archivo Glottologico Italiano (Florence) XLVII (1962), 165-171. Annot. by Solé No. 511. *[81] Villafuerte, Carlos. Fiestas religiosas en Catamarca. Buenos Aires, 1957, 181 p. "Religious traditions and fiestas of various localities in Catamarca, Argentina, with some general background, glossary, and bibliography" (West, HLAS, Vol. 22, No. 6147). Also annot. by Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1957," SFQ XXII (1958), p. 55.

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[82] Villafuerte, Carlos. Los juegos en el folklore de Catamarca. Buenos Aires, 1957,122 p. [Suplemento de la Revista de Educación, La Plata] This official folklore pamphlet (Ministerio de Educación, Province of Buenos Aires) has linguistic relevance in the vocabulary (scattered throughout the text) dealing with children's games in the northern province of Catamarca. Unfortunately, there is no overall alphabetized word index; however, there are many individual glossaries pertaining to such games as Las bolillas, La cometa, La pallana, Los botones, etc. Almost all of the terms are of Spanish derivation. The book also affords a general Spanish American folklore bibliography referring to games (pp. 123-125). *[83] Villafuerte, Carlos. Sabor y paisaje de provincia. Buenos Aires: Editorial Vertical XX, 1965, 107 p. According to BADAL, No. 27/28 (1965), No. 12854, this folklore book has a "Glosario," apparently keyed to customs and activities in Catamarca. "Describes costumbristic scenes of Catamarca, Argentina; includes such things as street cries, popular beliefs and superstitions, food, pottery, uses of tobacco, traditional ovens, etc." (Simmons, SFQ XXX [1966], No. 531.) [84] Villafuerte, Carlos. Voces y costumbres de Catamarca, Tomo I (Α-K), Buenos Aires, 1954, 399 p.; Tomo II (L-Z), Buenos Aires, 1961, 419 p. (Parts of this dictionary were published also in BAAL XXIV [1959], 133162 [letters L and LL] and 305-392 [letters M and N]). "Sin la pretensión de constituir un trabajo exhaustivo, la obra participa así de lo lingüístico y de lo f o l k l ó r i c o , . . . [pero] cabe destacar que el mismo autor . . . aclara que no es el suyo un trabajo de lingüística; se ha limitado a una recopilación de voces que 'pueden servir para los estudiosos de la lengua'" (From review by F. País, Mer Nos. 2-4 [1954], 159-160). The reviewer points out some defects, such as the omission of some common Catamarcan terms, and the inclusion of others that are not regional at all, or at least not typical. The present annotator, however, finds much of linguistic value. For example, the treatment of slang terms (of which there are many), refranes, and place names is well executed. Many indigenous terms are entered, but etymologies almost never given. Reviews by: D. Buonocore, Univ, No. 54 (1962), 353-354; D. Devoto (a negative review), BHi LXVI (1964), 171 f.; P. Verdevoye,5/// LXVI (1964), 465-467; Canfield, RPh XXIII (1969-1970), 132-134. [85] Villafuerte, Carlos. "Otras voces y costumbres de Catamarca," BAAL XXXVI (1971), 35-84.

Studies covering other provinces or specific areas

29

An addition or supplement to author's Voces y . . . (see item above). About 300 words, phrases, and idioms, some discussed at length (e.g. agua bendita 'bootleg brandy' and còndor, two pages). Some words from the Indian tongues, but source not usually given. Some semantic extensions, like andador 'stout horse', and some unorthodox morphological variants, like zapallazo. Annot. by Simmons, SFQ XXXVII (1973), 294-295. *[85A] Villafuerte, Carlos. Refranero de Catamarca. Buenos Aires: Acad. Arg. de Let., 1972, 335 p. [Publisher's note, Libros Americanos book catalog (July, 1973): "Se refiere al habla popular de la zona nordoeste argentino, zona de mezcla culturales y de atraso evolutivo."] "Lists approximately 3000 proverbs and popular sayings from Catamarca. Explains their meaning and in some cases gives useful bibliographical or comparative notes." (Canfield./ZZ^S, Vol. 36, No. 1974.) *[85B] Wainerman, Catalina. Reglas comunicacionales de teatro pronominal en el habla de la Argentina. Buenos Aires, Instituto Torcuato Di Telia, Centro de Investigaciones Sociales, 1972,45 p., tables (Cuadernos de trabajo, 79). "A paper presented at the III International Congress of Applied Linguistics, Aug. 1972. The writer compares usage in forms of address of a traditional community (Catamarca) with that of B.A. using informants from three levels of society and examining past usage through theatrical works. She discovers that Catamarca is still quite traditional in the matter of formal vs. informal address, especially outside the family and between speakers of two generations. The informal in both places is vos, but B.A. has moved toward informality." (CanileId, HLAS Vol. 38, No. 6111.) 2. Cordoba [86] Barrionuevo Imposti, V. El uso de la madera en el valle de San Javier [Cordoba], See No. 213. [87] Dornheim, Alfredo. "Cercos, puertas y tranqueras en el valle de Nono (Provincia de Córdoba)," Boletín de Estudios Geográficos (Mendoza), 6:22 (1959), 1-34. [Illus.] Covers the terminology used with this subject. Some of the words discussed and (if indigenous) etymologized: quincha, churqui, churquial, pirca or pilca, pirkar, pirquero, palo a pique, trinchera, tapial, tapialera, batiente, varillas, tranquera, vallado, etc. Also gives regional meanings for some well-known terms, such as alambrado.

30

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Etymology

*[88] Dornheim, A. "Posición ergológica de los telares cordobeses en Sud América," RINTl: 1 (1948), 7-29. [Illus.] "Shows distribution of vertical and horizontal hand loom in Latin America. Describes these looms, with good study of form and meaning of words associated with them." (Boggs, SFQ XIII [1949], p. 58.) [89] Dornheim, A. La vivienda rural en el valle de Nono, provincia de Cordoba. Estudio ergológico-lingüístico. Mendoza, 1949, 85 p. [Illus.] Reprint from Anales de Arqueología y Etnologia (Mendoza), IX (1948), 11-95. "Good detailed description of rural house in this region, its parts and accessories, materials and construction, with comparative notes. Also gives local names for things described, making this study also of value for folk speech." (Boggs, SFQ XIV [1950], p. 58.) [90] Dornheim, Alfredo. "La alfarería criolla en los Algarrobos (Provincia de Córdoba)," HomFK I (1952), 335-364. [Illus. with photographs and drawings; bibliog. 361-364.] In this humble, isolated Cordobán village there is still preserved (although almost gone) an archaic form of pottery making. It is of great ethnographic interest. The author studies, with irreproachably scientific methodology, the process of making the cacharros and the vocabulary related to it. He relates the cacharros with other primitive type pottery and the vocabulary with "la tradición lingüística hispánica." (See notes, NRFH XII [1958], 436.) He even attempts to give phonetic transcription of the local pronunciation. Annot. by Wogan,HLAS, Vol. 19, No. 4523. *[91] Fernández, Lirio. Melitón Bazán. Buenos Aires, 1952, 187 p. "Novela de ambiente serrano cordobés. Ilustrada . . . Vocabulario de regionalismos, p. 187." (Cortázar, No. 115.) [92] Flores, Luis Alberto. "Contribución al conocimiento de los regionalismos de Córdoba," BAAL XXV (1960), 365-398. Author indicates that the article makes no pretense at being the last word, but that it is a beginning. Briefly but pertinently points out that there are really no "provincialismos" in Argentina; words slop over into other provinces, and many terms used in Córdoba are known even far away in other parts of Spanish America. Categories treated: idioms, derivations from standard roots (abombarse), semantic variations, flora and fauna, indigenisms (gives languages of origin and etyma), archaisms.

Studies covering other provinces or specific areas

31

[93] Fontanella de Weinberg, María Beatriz. "La entonación del español de Cordoba (Argentina)," Thes 26 (1971), 11-21. See No. 1063, Phonetics and Phonology. *[94] Terrera, Guillermo Alfredo. Primer cancionero popular de Córdoba. Córdoba, 1948,478 p. Annot. by Simmons, Romance, No. 411, but without linguistic data. [95] Viggiano Esain, Julio. "Pregones populares cordobeses. Cantos de trabajo," BAAL XX (1955), 95-157. An analysis of the cries of Cordobán street vendors (such vendors being among the last men extant still using the ancient pregón or public cry). The article discusses such topics as why men sing at their work, the many, many types of vendors, and gives diagrams illustrating intonation and rhythm patterns. The study also shows how the cries differ with location, social status of the vendor, and so on. [96] Viggiano Esain, Julio. Vocabulario popular tradicional cordobés. Córdoba, 1956, 113 p. [Maps, diagrams.] A rather wide-range study of Cordobán speech, with the emphasis on phonetics and morphology, and presenting maps of zonal peculiarities. The dictionary part of the book is composed of the following sub-divisions: zona, voz, significado, figura gramatical, and carácter. The latter two categories are really not very important. The others are perhaps useful, although it is likely that practically all of the terms included are to be found in more professional dictionaries of Argentinisms. [96A] Viggiano Esain, Julio. Cancionero popular de Córdoba. Vol. I. Córdoba, 1969,366 p. This cancionero includes 2100 4-line songs. In the section "Notas analíticas y comparativas" (253-355) there is linguistic material, but the notes refer back to the individual song, and there is no direly needed overall word list. However, I list the book here for those readers very interested in Cordobán regional language. 3. Corrientes [97] Ayala Gauna, Velmiro. Cuentos correntinos. 2a ed., Santa Fe, 1953, 154 p. 19 Has "Vocabulario de voces regionales" (pp. 147-154), 128 items, about

32

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half of which are indigenisms, for which he gives no etymological data. A sensible and useful wordlist. [98] Ayala Gauna, Velmiro. Cuentos y cartas correntinos. 3a ed., Santa Fe, 1955, 129 p. With exactly the same "Vocabulario" as No. 97 above. [99] Ayala Gauna, Velmiro. Otros cuentos correntinos. Buenos Aires, 1966, 171 p. Introducción, notas y vocabulario [de] Eugenio Castelli. "Vocabulario" (pp. 161-170), 147 terms, the usual categories-indigenisms (many Guaraní derivations), semantic variations, some horse and country terms. The "Notas" section (147-159) has much lexical material and morphological data. [ 100] Ayala Gauna, Velmiro. Do« Frutos Gómez, el comisario y otros relatos. Buenos Aires, 1966, 158 p. Introducción, notas y vocabulario de Eugenio Castelli. 20 The "Vocabulario" (154-158) is of the same type as in his other books, and contains 79 items. The "Notas" (149-153), keyed to each story, are full of linguistic miscellany (me se hace ,reclarar 'declarar, confesar', semo 'somos', etc.). [101] Ayala Gauna, Velmiro. Los casos de don Frutos Gómez (cuentos 1 correntinos). Santa Fe, 1955,174 p. "Vocabulario de los regionalismos usados en esta obra" (171-174), 58 correntinismos—the usual variety, mostly one-word definitions, purely for the use of the reader and nothing more. [102] Ayala Gauna, Velmiro. Por el alto Paraná (cuentos correntinos). Buenòs Aires, 1964, 152 p. Introducción, notas y vocabulario de Eugenio Castelli. [Illus.] 21 166 items in this "vocabulario." The Castelli notes are much the same as in Nos. 99 and 100 above-archaisms, metaplasms, and other morphological curiosities. *[ 103] Ayala Gauna, Velmiro. "El español de Corrientes," BFM Χ (19631964), 115-126. "A description of the Spanish of this Northeastern Arg. province, with emphasis on phonology and vocabulary. As often happens because of lack of knowledge of other Hispanic areas, the writer ascribes to local influences

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33

certain traits that belong to the continuum of Castilian and that are to be found thousands of miles away. This is especially true of the lexicon of Corrientes: cuete, tualla, afusilar, ilesia, auja, juersa, agüelo. Much is made of the effects of Guaraní, but the survival of palatal /1 / is not a Guaraní trait" (Canfield,//L>45 Vol. 30, No. 2528). [104] Dellepiane Cálcena, Carlos. "Vocabulario de la platería tradicional de Corrientes," BAAL XXXVI (1971), 345-373. In this technical vocabulary of the silversmiths of Corrientes, author lists a total of 136 terms. He points out that some are used in other provinces, that others are semantic variants of usual meanings, and that still others "son regionalismos de uso común en Corrientes." He indicates when the word is not registered in the DRAE (1970 ed.), amounting to 21. I saw no indigenisms. In general, the list is a demonstration of the conservatism of the traditional Spanish lexicon. [105] Flores, I. Mario. "El castellano en Corrientes," PNI, No. 64 (1946), pp. 2 , 3 . The reference is to the language of Correntine illiterates whose natural tongue is Guaraní but who thoroughly understand Spanish on an everyday level. The article—unscientific but not without interest—shows how the grammatical, lexical, even phonological (no / r / in Guaraní) features of Guaraní produce strange results on local Spanish. Debatable points: 1) author believes the national "vulgarism" che comes beyond doubt from Guaraní che 'yo,' 'mi, mío,' 'soy,' and 2) his contention that lleísmo is completely dominant in Corrientes. [105A] Flores, Luis Alberto. "Vocabulario de regionalismos correntinos," BAAL XXIII (1958), 399-450. About 600 terms are listed, mostly semantic variations (e.g., aguantar for 'esperar', despuntar 'atravesar un río,' etc., gaucho 'Don Juan [i.e. 'donjuanero'] '). Some morphological or archaic deformations (perhaps too many) like ansi, agora, etc. As for etymologies of the indigenisms, one might suggest they be accepted with caution; e.g. che may or may not be clearly Guarani in provenience. All in all, however, there are many items of interest. Annot. in HLAS, Vol. 23, No. 4426. [105B] Gandolfo, Adriana. "Spanish II,y and rr in Buenos Aires and Corrientes," PICL IX (1964), 212-216. See No. 1069 in Phonetics-Phonology section.

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Lexicography, Semantics,

Etymology

[106] Perkins Hidalgo, Guillermo. "Comidas regionales en la provincia de Corrientes," RINTl (1948), 118-121. Notes on a bunch of recipes, most of whose names reflect strong Guaraní influence (El pororó, El guiso guaicurú, El revivo, Caldo de bola, La chatasca, El guiso tropero, El mbaipí, El locro, etc., etc.). Mentioned by Krüger, AILC V (1952), fn. p. 437. [107] Perkins Hidalgo, Guillermo. "La cocina tradicional de Corrientes," CINIFII (1961), 31-49. A folklore article linguistically of interest because of its terminology relating to many Corrientes dishes, medicines, and superstitions. Some of the divisions: Comidas, Postres, Licores, Avío y Locro de los peones, Utiles de la cocina tradicional, dichos, refranes, coplas, etc. No alphabetical index or glossary. Annot. by Paredes, SFQ XXVII (1963), No. 849. [108] Perkins Hidalgo, Guillermo. "Notas sobre folklore material misionero," CINIF III (1962), 35-44. Terminology pertaining to recipes, kitchens, utensils, ovens, etc., in Corrientes and Misiones, again with predominating Guaraní influence. 4. Cuyo [109] Dornheim, A. "Algunos aspectos arcaicos de la cultura popular cuyana," AILC V (1952), 303-336. [Illus.] While primarily a folklore study, the article has considerable lexical value because of the definitions of many terms relating to agricultural activities in the Cuyo region, such as the many kinds of rastras and other instruments. "On types of yoke, harrow, plow, and cart in western Argentina." (Boggs, SFQ XIX [1955], p. 54.) [110] Draghi Lucero, Juan. El loro adivino. Buenos Aires, 1963, 309 p. This book of stories has a "Vocabulario" (293-304) consisting of some 200 lexical items of the usual categories—archaisms, loan words, semantic variants, phonetic and morphological aberrations (oyir, agora, etc.), interjections, some indigenisms (no etymological data), etc. As usual, many not regional at all. Pages 305-307 provide explanations or definitions for 34 "frases empleadas" in the book. By and large, these word and phrase lists are more interesting than the usual ones. "Four tales with regional elements and regional speech from Cuyo, Argentina." (Simmons, SFQ XXX [1966], No. 378).

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5. Entre Ríos [llOA] Boretti de Macchia, Susana. "Designaciones para enfermedades enei habla del Charigüé," Románica 6 (1973), 23-27.22 This brief study deals with sickness terminology used in the island community of Charigüé in Entre Ríos. However, the emphasis is not upon "variedades léxicas regionales," but on "medicina folklórica" and on an investigation of "la funcionalidad social del lenguaje" (p. 23). That is, the goal seems more to ascertain the attitude of the inhabitants toward illness rather than their medical vocabulary as such. The methodology utilized "entrevistas grabadas, conversaciones informales y dirigidas, notas y encuestas," using fifteen informants (out of a population of some 400 residents); data about the informants—age, education, sex, occupation-are given. The informants were questioned primarily about their names for diseases and their symptomatic descriptions. Skin diseases, illustrated by two charts, were used as examples of the type of data sought. Designations for the various categories of sicknesses are not numerous, and "no existe ningún tipo de servicio médico," but rather "curanderas, médicas y rezadoras" (for "enfermedades de dotor el enfermo es trasladado a la ciudad" p. 24). Other topics briefly treated: "enfermedades del aparato digestivo"; "la gran productividad de la forma 'pasmo,' 'pasmar,' 'pasmado' en su aplicación a nombres de enfermedades"; and a few words about therapy, such as . . surge una correlación profunda entre nosografía rudimentaria y mundo mágico y precientífico" (p. 27). [111] Echazarreta, Carlos. Hazañas e don Goyo Cardoso (Cuentos entrerrianos). Buenos Aires, 1941,187 p. This folklore story book has a "Glosario de palabras y expresiones criollas utilizadas en este libro" (181-187), 98 items. Some trivial (juir), others mildly interesting. Very brief definitions, no other linguistic data. [112] Esteva Sáenz, Miguel Angel. "Voces entrerrianas," BAAL XXVIII (1963), 303-370. This vocabulary of words current in the Argentine province of Entre Ríos is, in my opinion, very nearly a model of what a regional dictionary should be. Not only are the definitions clear and concise, but the author seems to have made scrupulous efforts not to include the non-regionalisms which so often clutter up a work of this kind. The categories are semantic variations, refranes (alphabetized by the first word), indigenisms (mostly from Guaraní), flora and fauna terms (sometimes with scientific names, but always with minute descriptions), derivations from standard words (avestrucera 'boleadora

36

Lexicography, Semantics, Etymology

pequeña' for example), phrases (baba del diablo, a type of spider web that sweeps widely over the fields) and idioms, metaplasms (such as the curious culandrero 'curandero'), and some folkloric explanations (sometimes of considerable length), such as la chamarrita 'baile popular.' Definitions are sometimes accompanied by engaging legends. [113] Sáenz, Justo P. (hijo). "Pequeña contribución al folklore entrerriano," BAFA II: 3-5 (1940), 22-27. Also in PNI, No. 46 (1943), 1; 47 (1943), 1; 48 (1943), 3 ; 49 ( 1943), 2. A brief (95 terms) but useful compilation of items gathered by the author during off-and-on stays at an Entre Ríos estancia between the years 1923 and 1934. He admits at once that many of these "regionalisms" are known elsewhere, and that some are even archaic. But he nonetheless insists on their regional quality because of frequency of usage and wide diffusion among all social classes. The vocabulary is called "Nómina de vocablos y modismos de uso corriente en la zona nordeste de la Provincia de Entre Ríos" and the definition category is dubbed "Significado general o equivalente rural porteño." All the usual semantic, morphological, idiomatic and loan groups are represented. [114] Ruiz Moreno, José Antonio. De mi Entre Ríos. Paraná (Prov. of Entre Ríos), 1954,146 p. The "Glosario" (123-139) consists of a useful batch of over 400 so-called localisms defined very briefly; many horse and rural terms. Also a list of 30 terms entitled "Apero completo. Guascas y elementos de trabajo del criollo en la provincia" (140)—simply a list with no definitions. "Refranes y dichos criollos" listed on pages 141-146. [114A] Turi, Antonio Rubén. El castellano en nuestros labios. Ensayos sobre el habla entrerriana. Santa Fe, 1971,145 p. A series of essays perhaps best described as well-documented lexical meditations about certain words, phrases, and gentilicios. Most of the material is prominent in Entre Ríos speech. No word list or glossary. Annot. in HLAS Vol. 34, No. 3110. Also in Gifford, YWMLS 33 (1971), 335: "A coherent series of arts, of linguistic interest are gathered together in El castellano . . . by [Turi] . . . These deal with the little-explored Spanish of the province of Entre Ríos (between the r. Paraná and Uruguay) and treats of vocabulary (e.g. argelar, ababatar) and such subjects as gender usage (e.g. 95). Although the whole might be regarded as a piece of enlightened journalism, it would be

Studies covering other provinces or specific areas

37

unwise to dismiss the book as trivial, when so much of value has been reached through the efforts of local investigators." *[114B] Vitor, Julio. "Habla popular entrerriana," BFM X (1963-1964), 127-149. 6. Jujuy *[114C] Ares de Parga, Dora J. "Algunas voces de origen quichua en el habla regional de Jujuy," Danzas Nativas (revista argentina de danzas y folklore), Buenos Aires, Año 2, No. 20 (May 1958), 5-6. *[115] Ares de Parga, Dora J. "Aspectos lingüísticos de Jujuy," Danzas Nativas (revista argentina de danzas y folklore), Buenos Aires, Año 2, No. 18 (diciembre 1957), 9-12. [116] Autenchlus Maier, Olga F. "El folklore de Casabindo (Puna de Jujuy, Argentina)," RDTP XVI (1960), 115-127. This folklore article about the northernmost Argentine province of Jujuy has lexical value in the considerable number of localisms scattered throughout the text. These are mentioned and defined, but not alphabetically indexed; most are of Quechua derivation. [117] González Arena, Evaristo L. El alma de Humahuaca [Jujuy], Buenos Aires, 1947, 140 p. A collection of six historically-oriented tales, the first being the title story. The reader's-aid vocabulary (139-140) has only 23 items, very briefly defined but possibly worthy of note to those interested in the area. [118] Ovejero, Daniel. El terruño (Vida jujeñaj. Buenos Aires, 1942, 248 p. A folklore book with a "vocabulario" of 9 briefly defined regionalisms, most of which seem indigenous. [119] Ovejero, Daniel. La fontana del santo. Relatos. Buenos Aires, 1945, 203 p. This collection of stories has a vocabulary (201-203) of 40 terms; some rather exotic, apparently Quechua derivations. [120] Sánchez de Bustamante, Teófilo. "Regionalismos jujeños," BAAL XX (1951), 195-247.

38

Lexicography, Semantics, Etymology

An alphabetical listing of 276 terms, either not registered in the Academy dictionary, or used with different meaning in Jujuy. The majority of the items are quechuismos for which the author usually gives the etymologies. But other categories are represented: archaisms, words deriving from Arabic, from Portuguese, from Araucanian, etc. One fails to see what the criterion is that is used by the author for calling a term regional. Many of his items are known throughout Argentina (achura, bagual, rastrojo, etc.), or throughout much of South America (pucho, pitar 'fumar', pilcha, Pachamama, etc.), or even in Spain (alforja, palenque, etc.). There are no introductory remarks which might have clarified this. Annot. by Kany,HLAS, Vol. 17, No. 2259. [121] Sarmiento, Manuel. "Folklore del altiplano de Jujuy," A4 T F I (1951), 145-164. "Describes the region, people, dwelling, food, occupations, coca vice, customs, beliefs, Carnaval, songs (words only), festivals of St. John, Santiago, All Saints, rodeos, vocabulary." (Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1951," SFQ XVI [1952], 25). Ends (161-163) with "A manera de glosario-Vocablos y Acepciones." About 180 localisms, mostly indigenous, mostly rural terminology. And mostly having to do with "la puna jujeña" and "el campesino jujefio." 7. La Rioja [122] Cáceres Freyre, Julián. Diccionario de regionalismos de la provincia de La Rioja. Buenos Aires, 1961, 203 p. [Map; bibliog. pp. 199-203.] One of Argentina's best regional dictionaries covering words and idioms current in La Rioja (northern Argentina, on Chilean border). The author is a distinguished folklorist and native riojano. "A well-organized dictionary . . . The lexical heritage from Quichua is everywhere apparent in the local vocabulary, often with semantic values not found in other regions of Argentina. The author, a careful lexicographer and folklorist, has taken pains to include only material now current in the every-day speech . . . One of the best works of its kind to come from Spanish America in recent years." (Wogan, HLAS, Vol. 26, No. 1312). Praised highly also in annot. by A. Paredes, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1962," SFQ XXVII (1963), p. 105. Reviews: A. Castillo de Lucas, RDTP XVIII (1962),564-565; F. Oberti,#wi IX:31 (1963), 155-156; D. Buonocore, Univ, No. 54 (1962), 353-354; J. Lope Blanch, NRFH XVI (1962), 459-461; J. Viqueira,RPFXV (1969-1971), 335-338. [123] Cáceres Freyre, Julián. "Navidad en La Rioja," ClNIF III (1962), 111148.

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Folklore article with a vocabulary (119-120, 143-144) defining the following riojano localisms: aloja, cardón, coyoyo, chango, gramilla, pacota, penca, tuco, wiracocha. [124] Carrizo, Juan Alfredo. Cancionero popular de LaRioja. Buenos Aires, 1942,3 volumes. Volume 3 in this collection of nearly 6,000 songs has a "Glosario de voces locales" indexed to the canciones or coplas of the entire work. The words are listed, not defined in this glossary; they are defined in notes with the songs, and the lexical information found therein is impressive. There is also a brief "Apéndice al glosario de voces locales". [125] González, Joaquín V. Mis montañas. Noticia y comentarios folklóricos y bibliográficos por E. M. S. Dañero. Notas, bibliog. y vocab. por Julián Cáceres Freyre. Santa Fe, 1963, 250 p. 23 This book, a collection of "recuerdos autobiográficos," has a vocabulary of 74 riojanismos. Many rustic words, some indigenisms, some flora and fauna. [126] Rentería, Silvio A. La Rioja argentina (de antaño y hogaño). Buenos Aires, 1948,309 p. Another folklore book of memoirs. It has some linguistic matter in its "Expresiones y localismos" (142-161)-indigenisms, interjections, flora and fauna, semantic variants, etc. Brief definitions; many not localisms at all; not intended to be a professional job. Also has a list of "Expresiones vulgares y refranes" (161-164). [127] Vera, Nicandro H. Los llanos de La Rioja; evocaciones y aspectos folklóricos. La Rioja, 1955, 131 p. The only lingustic value in this folklore study is a list of 25 regionalisms at the end. Definitions are given but not data as to origin; many are indigenisms. 8. Mendoza [128] Anastasi, Atilio. "El riego rural en Mendoza," HomFK II (1954), 519-534. This article considers the words of both American and peninsular originrelating to the pre-Spanish system of irrigation which still subsists in Mendoza, Argentina, as well as the works of conservation and the tools used for the latter. The study shows diagrams of types of construction used in irrigation. Annot. by Wogan,HLAS, Vol. 22, No. 4303.

40

Lexicography, Semantics,

Etymology

*[129] Chaca, Dionisio. Historia de Tupungato. Descripción históricogeográfica, usos, costumbres y tradiciones. Buenos Aires, 1941, 483 p. [Illus., plates, maps, tables, diagrams.] "Libro muy rico en léxico y folklore de la provincia andina de Mendoza, Argentina" (Serfs No. 15285). [130] Mascialino, Lorenzo N. "Mendocinismos observados en el habla popular de la ciudad de Mendoza (1943-1948)," BAAL XIX (1950), 387-390. A list of 73 terms, consisting largely of semantic and morphological variants, idioms, and a few indigenisms (for which he gives neither etymologies nor languages of origin). Many of his mendocinismos are known elsewhere, which sometimes he indicates, others not. 9. Neuquén *[131] Alamprese, Amanda. "Nuestra habla en el Neuquén," PNI, No. 46 (1943), p. 2. 10. Patagonia *[132] Ferrario, Β. "El problema lingüístico de la Patagonia; su estado actual," Folio Lingüística Americana (Buenos Aires) I (1952), 3-9. [132A] Fernández Sánchez, César A. "Regionalismos léxicos en la flora patagónica," Románica 7 (1974), 67-94. A highly detailed and voluminously documented study of eight plant names deriving from Araucanian. Author bases the study on questionnaires used in four very small Patagonian villages—Aucapán, Copahue, Los Alerces, and Quila Quina—and on extensive documentation from dictionaries, histories, botanical treatises, folklore and legend, etc. Four informants—one in each settlement—were interrogated, and they are described as to age, education, travel experience—or lack of it, occupation (all belong to the same sociocultural level), ethnical details, and language knowledge. The eight plant names studied are: cachanlahuén, cohiue, coirón, colihue, luma, michay, ñancolahuén, and palqui. For each name there is given: 1 ) etymological data with translation to Spanish (when such exists); 2) phonetic transcription and variant pronunciations; 3) morphological detail (e.g. word derivations from original noun); 4) the diffusion of the word or plant (one, cachanlahuén, known as far away as California), i.e. locations where plant grows, type of soil needed, etc.; 5) first recorded usage of word; 6) much on scientific botanical

Studies covering other provinces or specific areas

41

names; 7) variants—and synonyms—of the name; 8) uses and qualities of the plant—food, building material, and-especially—medicinal powers, if any. Lengthy bibliog. at end. Brief annot. by D. Gifford, YWMLS 37 (1975), 340. 11. Salta [133] Dávalos, Juan Carlos. La Venus de los barriales y otros relatos. Tucumán, 1941, 183 p. Pages 165-182 provide a "Léxico de Salta": 193 Salta regionalisms from popular speech appearing in these stories. [134] Solá, José Vicente. Diccionario de regionalismos de Salta. Buenos Aires, 1956, 363 p. [Other editions or re-printings: 1947, 318 p.; 1950, 366 p.; 1953,366 p.; 1955, 366 p. There are probably others.] 24 À regional lexicon of high quality. Author uses an "elimination" process in choosing his terms. First, he rejects any term found in the Spanish Academy, provincial peninsular, or Canary Island dictionaries; he likewise rejects a word or expression if it is listed in such general dictionaries of argentinismos as those of Garzón or Segovia; then, after consulting reputable regional lexicographers who deal with Salta vocabulary (Lafone, Lizondo Borda, Lullo, for example), and finding that such sources accepted the term as a regional one, only then did Solá allow its admission. "A very inclusive, well-organized dictionary of terms used in the northern Argentine province of Salta, where lexical borrowing from the Indian languages, especially Quechua, has been unusually heavy. Words pertaining to the local flora and fauna, place names and idioms, are included, often along with variants and etymologies" (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 23, No. 4478). Reviews of the 1950 edition: F. K r ü g e r n / I C IV (1950), 357-359; G. Gougenheim, BSL XLVI (1950), 122-123; B. Vidal de Battini, Fil III (1951), 148. Other reviews and annotations of various editions: Solé No. 496; Sen's No. 15278; Carrizo, p. 158; B. Jacovella, RUBA, 4a época, I (1947), 521-524; J. P. Roña, Revista Brasileira de Filologia (Rio de Janeiro) 4 (1958), 204-207; F.J.,RHM 26 (1960), 1 3 8 \ H L A S , Vols. 13, No. 2019;16, No.2508; 23, No.4478. *[135] Solá, José Vicente. "Léxico regional de Salta," Nac, 1 de junio 1959. [136] Sola, José Vicente. "Salta y los arcaísmos," PNI, No. 61 (1945), p. 3. A very brief chat about several dozens of "arcaísmos" that Solá says are still in use in Salta, "la más conservadora de las provincias argentinas." Mostly well-known words. A few examples: antruejo 'carnaval,' alcándara 'percha',

42

Lexicography, Semantics, Etymology

tomapwrga, derecera, acémila, cordellate, etc. Annot. by Boggs, HLAS, Vol. 11, No. 2906. 12. San Luis [137] Renca. Folklore Puntano [por Mondragón et al.]. Buenos Aires, 1958, 198 p. [Illus., maps, music, bibliog.] A folkloric study of the Renca region (northeast San Luis province), of interest to this paper since it includes much lexical material on fiestas, folk beliefs, and folk speech. For example, "hay capítulos como los del transporte y aperos de montar . . . y del habla popular en el folklore sociológico . . ." (From a review by J. Viggiano Esain, Revista de Humanidades, Córdoba, Argentina, No. 2 [1959], 190-192.) There is also a study on folk speech, R. L. J. Nardi, "Habla popular" (153-178). "Results of 1956 field trips to Renca . . . of folklore seminar of . . . the National Institute of Philology and Folklore with material collected by M. Mondragón, Susana Chertudi, Ofelia Β. Espel, Ricardo L. J. Nardi, and José Augusto Rodríguez. Describes foods, leather work, textiles, stone work, dances, beliefs, customs, games, festivals, and speech, and gives texts of riddles, tales and legends." (SFQ XXII [1958], p. 21.) Rev. by S. Robe, RPh XVI (1962-1963), 230-233. [138] Vidal de Battini, Berta Elena. El habla rural de San Luis·, Part I: fonética, morfología, sintaxis. Buenos Aires, 1949, 448 p. [Voi. VII, BDH\ maps, illus.] "This long-awaited and competent study deals with the language of the author's native province of San Luis, Argentina. Contains a wealth of linguistic materials, current in this transition zone between the focal areas of Chile and the Argentine Littoral, with steadily increasing pressure from Buenos Aires. This work comprises bibliography, description and history of San Luis (1-20), a short chapter (with a few debatable points) on phonology (21-89), a very detailed account of morphology (90-375), a cursory description of syntax (376-407), and indices of words and subjects. Well documented with illustrative examples and references to class usage. The regional intonation is treated in some detail (191-201). For restrictions, see Y. Malkiel's review in RPh III (1949-1950), 191-201" (Kany, HLAS Vol. 15, No. 2147). "La sección de morfología es la más extensa y mejor tra''"--_Ja. El libro es valiosísimo por el criterio, el método de investigación y la enorme cantidad de datos y observaciones de gran interés para el conocimiento del español hablado en América" (L. Flórez, Lengua española, Bogota. p. 136). "Reflects the Cuestionario lingüístico hispanoamericano of Tomás Navarro

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43

Tomás" (From review by W. Bull, Lan XXVII [1951], 4 0 2 ^ 0 5 ) . Other reviews: A. Badia Margarit, ER IV (1953-54), 313-314; Carrizo, p. 158; W. Elwert, ASNS CLXXXVIII (1951), 183; M. Lasley, RHM XVI (1950), 175; L. Kiddle, HR XVIII (1950), 361-365; T. Navarro, RR XLII (1951), 311313; L. Flórez, BICC VII (1951), 377-378; A. Berro García, BFM V (1949), 781 -782 ; F. Krüger, AILCIV (1950), 340-346 ; M. Garcia Blanco, RFE XXXV (1951), 386-387; C. Crowley, Word IX (1953), 179-181 ; Huberman No. 974. [139] Vidal de Battini, Berta Elena. "Voces marinas en el habla de San Luis," Fil I (1949), 105-150. [Nine illustrations.] The author states: "Contamos con un buen número de voces de origen marino en el habla rural de San Luis, a pesar de ser una provincia tan mediterránea y de estar comprendida en la zona seca de la Argentina. Son todas ellas de uso antiguo en la región; datan de la.época de la conquista y la colonización, y muchas llegaron ya incorporadas al español de América" (p. 105). The words discussed are grouped as follows: "a) designan particularidades topográficas; b) se refieren a fenómenos atmosféricos;c) nombres de construcciones; d ) nombres de comidas y cosas; é) otros n o m b r e s ; / ) verbos; g) expresiones". The article manifests the expert treatment one has come to expect from this scholar. Annot. by K a n y . / f t / l S , Vol. 15, No. 2148, and Boggs, SFQ XV (1951), p. 104.

13. Santa Fe [140] Bergallo, José R. "El lenguaje popular," BDEEC I (1945), 129-138; ibid. 11(1947), 127-154. A listing and discussion of expressions in the popular speech of Santa Fe, which mention parts of the human body. Many of these are not localisms. In fact, the author himself says: "En el lenguaje popular argentino, se usa pródigamente el cuerpo humano, como referencia representativa, según puede apreciarse en las frases, dichos, proverbios, sentencias y locuciones que van a continuación." From annot. in BADAL, No. 25/26 (1966), No. 1560, on first installment: "Maneras de hablar que resistiendo a todas las exigencias de orden técnico y académico, persisten fuertemente arraigadas en la masa anónima del pueblo . . ." Annot. from ibid, on second installment (No. 1561): "Formas de hablar que hacen referencias a animales, peces, ropas, etc. Motivos camperos igualmente arraigados en el habla popular." *[ 140A] Boretti de Macchia, S. A. El español hablado en el litoral argentino. El pronombre. Univ. Nac., Rosario de Santa Fe, 1977,47 p.

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[141] Donni de Mirande, Nélida E. El español hablado en Rosario. Rosario de Santa Fé, 1969,182 p. The study is divided into an "Introducción" (which gives some historical background of the early settlers of Rosario and the Litoral, and other data), and three main sections: "Fonética," "Morfología," and "Sintaxis." As for methodology, author used the general lines of the Navarro Cuestionario plus additional questions, and points out that the material gathered stresses "la pronunciación y uso vulgares." At the end, there is a lengthy and useful "Indice Analítico de Palabras y Expresiones" which steers the reader to pages of the text. All in all, this excellent work represents primarily a book of reference, and one notably rich in data. Annot. and rev. by: Canfield, HLAS, Vol. 32, No. 3064; Baldinger, ZRPh 85 (1969), 650-651; Pottier, BHi 72 (1970), 492; Soli's Acevedo, AnLet 8 (1970), 269-271. [142] Donni de Mirande, Nélida E. "Recursos afectivos en el habla de Rosario," Univ 72 (1967), 247-288. Also offprint: Rosario, 1968,46 p. This scholarly and fascinating study seems to embrace almost every possible type of verbal and non-verbal means of communication used by the rosarinos of Argentina to express, in their own way, their sentiments, meanings, and emotions. She begins with "clics, gestos, y ademanes," claiming that the people of Rosario use much more expressive gesticulations than do, say, the porteños. (For example, the use of the chin or protruding lips to point at someone, rather than one's finger, considered more vulgar.) She goes on to take up phonetics and intonation, accent stress, euphemisms, morphology (e.g., change in verb tense to produce a certain effect), semantics, syntax, etc., as used in the speech of Rosario. Excellent annot. by Canfield, HLAS, Vol. 32, No. 3066. Rev. by R. Williamson, NRFH XXI (1972), 425-427. [142A] Donni de Mirande, Nélida E. "Grupos consonánticos en el español de Rosario," Thes 29 (1974), 526-538. See No. 1058 in Phonetics-Phonology. *[142B] Donni de Mirande, Ν. Ε. El español hablado en el litoral argentino. Formas personales del verbo. Univ. Nac., Rosario de Santa Fe, 1977, 59 p. [143] Zapata Gollán, Agustín. "Buen día lagunita," A AFA III (1947-1948), 117-120. A short rural folktale with footnotes defining and explaining localisms from rural speech. Apparently mostly from Santa Fe province. Some of those defined are: darle un sosegate, trotesito rendidor, encharcarse, el Chajá o

Studies covering other provinces or specific areas yajá, siriaco, bajante, sarcero, echar un corto, descabezar un sueñito, patejear, el boyero, pegar la vuelta.

45 tarango,

[144] Zapata Gollán, Agustín. "Cinco cuentos de don Juan el zorro," BDEEC II (1947), 109-126; also "Otros cinco cuentos de don Juan el zorro," BDEEC 111(1948), 107-131. Folktales current in the province of Santa Fe, collected and edited by the author. The stories have linguistic interest because of the numerous footnotes defining and describing many local terms. Author often cites usage in literary works. The terms are principally semantic extensions and indigenisms.

14. Santiago del Estero [145] Bravo, Domingo A. "El sustrato lingüístico de Santiago del Estero," Hum X: 15 (1962), 77-87. This author's thesis is that Quechua, having arrived in Santiago del Estero with Spanish cannot be considered (as it often is) as a linguistic substratum. "No fue el quichua lengua vernácula, indígena, autóctona, aborigen, invadida por el castellano, sino que fue su compañera de invasión como lengua extranjera, conquistadora, advenediza" (p. 79). It follows, therefore, that the real substrata lie in such long-vanished tongues as "cacán, sanavirón, tonocoté, juri, comechingón, indamás, etc.". [146] Bucca, Salvador. "Datos sobre procedimientos de pesca de Santiago del Estero," BATF 1:3-4 (1950), 24-25. In these brief notes, a number of fishing terms, and names of a few local fish: soco (voz quichua-, name of fish), bagres, sábalos, tararinas, dorao, boquero, línea o espinel, medio mundo o trasmayo, caspi-caballo. Annot. by Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1950," SFQ XV (1951), p. 24. [147] Chertudi, Susana and Ricardo L. J. Nardi. "El tejido en Santiago del Estero," C/A7FI (1960), 53-82. [Illus., diagrams, photos.] A highly technical article on weaving in this Argentine province. Of interest to this bibliography because of lexical data: "En este trabajo se describen las operaciones preliminares y los telares. Por tratarse de una zona de bilingüismo, damos la nomenclatura castellana y quichua anotada." (p. 53) "Traditional weaving in an Argentine province. Description of techniques; definitions of terms used; phonetic guide." ("Folklore Bibliog. for 1960," SFQ XXV [1961], No. 741).

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[148] Corvalán, Octavio. "El substratum quechua en Santiago del Estero," Hum 111:7 (1956), 85-94. The main point of this article is that Quechuan influence is necessary to explain certain features in the Spanish of Santiago. He gives examples in all the main phases of language-morphology, syntax, phonetic structure, and vocabulary. (See Lagmanovich, No. 149, next item.) [149] Lagmanovich, David. "Sobre el español de Santiago del Estero," Hum 111:8(1957), 55-70. A convincing refutation ofCorvalán's theory (see No. 148) that a Quechuan substratum in Santiago del Estero is needed to understand the influence of Quechua there. Lagmanovich believes that the examples cited by Corvalán are too few, and not very valid anyway. [150] Lullo, Orestes di. Cancionero popular de Santiago del Estero. Buenos Aires, 1940, 524 p. [Map. Bibliog.] The linguistic value of this long cancionero (3056 songs) lies in an "Indice de voces explicadas" (98 terms). The list consists of semantic variants, verbal aberrations (dejemén, andabamos, etc.), place names, indigenisms (almost all Quechuan), and folklore explanations. The terms are indexed to the individual song and are treated in footnotes at that point. [151] Lullo, Orestes di. Contribución al estudio de las voces santiagueñas. Santiago del Estero, 1946, 371 p. A conscientious and no doubt useful dictionary, even if the author is not always completely scientific in methodology (for example, inconsistency in providing etyma of indigenous words). The Introduction deals mainly with the Indians of the region. The categories of words treated are: indigenisms, semantic variations, place names, morphological variants, flora and fauna terms, and "las formas afectivas y familiares de los nombres propios y . . . voces del léxico popular que presentan alguna dificultad lingüística . . ." (p. 8). Considerable folklore material. The words are frequently treated with essay length. Reviews and annotations: "Especialmente valioso es el libro del Dr. Orestes di Lullo titulado Contribución . . . Su autor, que investigó el folklore de Santiago del Estero, recogió personalmente las voces registradas . . ." (Carrizo, p. 158); B. Jacovella, RUBA, 4a época, I (1957), 517-521; Revista de Historia de América, Mexico, 1947, 268-269. [152] Lullo, Orestes di. Elementos para un estudio del habla popular de Santiago del Estero. Santiago del Estero, 1961,205 p.

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A wealth of linguistic detail about popular speech—grammar, phonetics, morphology, syntax, archaisms, etc. Many useful lists of words and expressions, dichos and refranes, local terms, names and alterations thereof, toponyms, etc. etc. A highly useful work, but badly in need of an overall word index. *[153] Lullo, Orestes di. El folklore de Santiago del Estero. Material para su estudio y ensayos de interpretación; fiestas, costumbres, danzas, cantos, leyendas, cuentos, fábulas, casos, supersticiones, juegos infantiles, adivinanzas, dichos y refranes, loros y cotorras, conocimientos populares. Tucumán, 1943,446 p. Lexical, semantical and etymological data dispersed throughout the book. Annot. by Boggs, HLAS, Vol. 9, No. 1846. [154] Lullo, Orestes di. El folklore de Santiago del Estero. Medicina y alimentación. Con un apéndice sobre el páaj, una nueva dermatitis venenata; y la colección completa del célebre Dr. Mandouti. Santiago del Estero, 1944, 431 p. Much regional medical terminology in this excellent study of Argentine folk medicine and its history. Of special note is an alphabetical listing of 154 diseases and ailments. Long annot. by Boggs, HLAS Vol. 11, No. 1525. Boggs also in SFQ VIII (1944), pp. 49-59; and SFQ X (1946), p. 92. 15. Tucumán *[155] Avila, María Teresa. "Los animales en el folklore de Tucumán: la lagartija," BATF 111:61-66 (1955), 110-111. "Lizard folklore in Tucumán, Argentina: its names, in legend, hunting, folk medicine, weather forecasting, proverbial comparison, and riddle." (Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1957," SFQ XXII [1958], p. 5.) *[ 156] Mendilaharzu, Fortunato. \Cruz diablo! . . . Cuentos y relatos. Buenos Aires, 1940, 153 p. Has "Glosas (vocabulario)" (Chertudi No. 161). Tucumán regionalisms? [156A] Lagmanovich, David. "La pronunciación del español en Tucumán, Argentina, a través de algunos textos dialectales," Orbis 25 (1975), 298-315. " . . . pubis three letters printed in Tucumán newspapers; these are humorous but genuine attempts at reproducing popular speech and give L. the opportunity to examine the phonology, accentuation and intonation of the texts; D.L. also provides a wealth of bibl. refs." (Gifford, YWMLS 39 [1977], 392.)

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Etymology

*[156B] Rojas, Elena M. "Diminutivos y aumentativos en Tucumán," Humanitas, Univ. Nac. de Tucumán, Tucumán, 18:24(1977), 123-134. [Bibliog.] "Using socio-linguistic approach, writer examines use of diminutives and augmentatives in Tucumán . . . Looks at suffix usage on morphological level, on semantic basis, and according to functions of language. Finds that lower economic class uses diminutives more than upper classes and with less conservative terminations where there is a choice (llavita instead of llavecitay . . . (Canfield, I IL AS Vol. 40, No. 6059.) * [156C] Giorlandini, Eduardo. "Provincialismos tucumanos y regionalismos norteños," ComAc No. 342 (Aug. 1969), 2 pp. mimeog. "Contiene: chirimoya, palta, tamal, locro, tumba de locro, paila, pañero, alfeñique, anco, papaya, empanada tucumana, humita, humita en chala, dulce de sandía, cañachala, cacharpaya, pelao, no tener modos como, irse a la Cocha, cañero, caña de uva, chango, coca, coquear, coqueador, acullico, yista, chalchalero, macharse, machado, sureño,yerbiado." (BAPL VI.13-14 [1976-1977], p. 146.) [157] Mendilaharzu, Fortunato. "Experiencias de campo. Algunas aportaciones lingüísticas tucumanas." BAAL XXV (1960), 543-589. Author discusses rural regionalisms used in Tucumán, how they started, what causes certain semantic projections and "matices," etc. Main body of article consists of a vocabulary of rural localisms; the definitions are often accompanied by examples of popular speech remembered by the author. Annot. by Wogan, HLAS, Vol. 26, No. 1356, and Simmons, SFQ XXX (1966), No. 1016. [158] Rosemberg, Tobías. "Abastos, recovas, abastecedores, y matarifes. Un lenguaje 'profesional' como elemento para estudio de una comunidad folclòrica [Villa Alberdi, Tucumán]," Revista del Instituto de Antropología (San Miguel de Tucumán), Vol. IX, Entrega 2 (1958). Appears to be a thorough and conscientious presentation of a highly specialized regional jargon in this Tucumán town. Discussion and definitions of names given to butchers and meat handlers and sellers (abastecedores, abastos, matarifes, recovas, consignatarios), of parts of animals (agujita, espinazo, cargadito, caracú, partidito), and of words and expressions related to the activity (carnear, clavar las guampas, yuguna, el loro, etc.). Semantic comparisons are made with other parts of Argentina and even of Spanish America.

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[159] Rosemberg, Tobias. "El graficar animalista en el habla popular de Tucumán," BATF 11:45-46 (1954), 249-257. Some 100 Tucumán expressions involving animals. [160] Rosemberg, Tobías; Ana Maria Avila, Lola E. Dupuy. "El pan en el folklore de Tucumán," BATF 1:5-6 (1950), 42-54; ibid. 1:11-12 (1951), 110-115. Names and expressions used with bread and baking in the folk speech of Tucumán. Many names are of ancient lineage. Metaphorical expressions are given (e.g., entregar el rosquete 'to die'). Material divided as follows: "a) nombres vulgares con que se designa el pan de elaboración doméstica; b) diversas clases de pan con relación al material empleado; c) diversas clases de pan, con relación a su uso; d) variedades de pan; e) f o r m a s ; / ) panes rituales; g) elementos para la manufactura del pan; h) tareas propias de la elaboración del pan; i) creencias y supersticiones en torno al pan;/)medicina popular; k) expresiones y dichos populares; /) uso del pan en la preparación de platos alimenticios regionales; m) nombres vulgares con que se designa al pan de elaboración industrial". *[161] Rosemberg, Tobías. "El tiempo en el folklore de Tucumán: meteorología popular," BATF 1:9-10 (1951), 88-92; ibid. 1:11-12(1951), 115-119. "Weather terms and weather beliefs." (Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1951," SFQ XVI [1952], p. 68.) [162] Rosemberg, Tobías. "La menstruación en el folklore de Tucumán," BATF 1:1-2 (1950), 10-13;ibid. 1:3-4(1950), 31. Author claims that the fear that this subject is an improper one for folklore discussion has kept it from getting the attention it deserves—obviously a prudishness to be deplored. Although most of the study deals with folkloric aspects (beliefs, superstitions, "prohibiciones e interdicciones," taboos, medicine and witchcraft, etc.), it includes terms and expressions related to the physiology of menstruation (e.g., 15 names for the condition itself). Annot. by Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1950," SFQ XV (1951), p. 90. [163] Rosemberg, Tobías. "Los animales en el folklore de Tucumán. El gato (Felis Cutus). Noticia," £47^11:35-38 (1953), 164-?; ibid. 11:39-42 (1953), 164-173. Popular expressions, synonyms, and other terminology related to the cat. Annot. by Boggs, SFQ XIX (1955), 23.

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[164] Rosemberg, Tobias; Ana Maria Avila, Lola E. Dupuy. "Los animales dentro del folklore de Tucumán: el perro," Β AT F 1:3-4 (1950), 25-30; ibid. 1:7-8 (1950), 65-70;ibid. 1:13-14 (1951), 135-137. A study of canine folklore, including terminology and expressions. The article has the following sections: "a) refranes; b) dichos y expresiones populares; c) creencias y supersticiones en torno al perro; d) conjuros para evitar ser morbido por los perros; e) medicina popular;/) veterinaria popular;g) mitos; h) cuentos en torno al perro; i) denominaciones con que se designa al perro". Annot. by Boggs, SFQ XVI (1952), p. 17. [165] Rosemberg, Tobías. "Tres aspectos del folklore de Tucumán: embarazo, parto, lactancia," BATF 1:7-8 (1950), 70-75. Regional expressions related to pregnancy, birth and nursing. Annot. by Boggs, SFQ XVI (1952), p. 25. *[166] Rosemberg, Tobias. "'Wellerismos' en el folklore de Tucumán," BATF 111:53-54 (1954), 44-45. *[167] Storni, Julio S. El Hombre de Tukma. Hortus tucumanensis. Tucumán, 1964, Vol. I, 653 p. "[El autor] ha reunido en este primer volumen, de los cinco que piensa comprender su obra completa, un gran cúmulo de voces quechuas empleadas en el Tukma, en ese noroeste argentino tan lleno de sugestiones y de recuerdos de la gran cultura incásica. Y desfilan así, glosadas y explicadas . . . más de seiscientas voces de pura cepa incásica tomadas por el hombre del noroeste e incorporadas a su habla habitual y corriente" (From a review in BFM V [1947], 304-306.) *[168] Storni, Julio S. Motes del Tucumán. Contribución para el mejor conocimiento del folklore argentino. Tucumán: Edit. La Raza, Año I, Entrega 2, 1950, 65 p.; Año II, Ent. 3, 1953, 98 p. "List of nicknames from Tucumán, Argentina, with explanations as to why they were applied to certain individuals alluded to but not named, due to inferences not always complimentary." (Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1951," SFQ XVI [1952], p. 75.) Also annot. in SFQ XVIII (1954), p. 89, and rev. in BFM V ( 1949 ; printed in 1951), 785. [169] Paladini, María Delia. Terminologia de la zafra tucumana. See No. 266.

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16. Works covering more than one province25 [170] Ambrosetti, Juan B. Viaje de un maturrango ν otros relatos folklóricos. Selección, estudio preliminar, y textos introductorios, notas, bibliografía e índices alfabéticos y analíticos por Augusto Raúl Cortázar. Buenos Aires, 1963,308 p. [Maps, drawings, glossaries.] Folkloric tales dealing with widely separated regions of the Argentine. "Essay and field material by the father of Argentine folklore, edited by a distinguished folklorist of the present day" (Américo Paredes. "Folklore Bibliography for 1963." SFQ XXVIII [1964], No. 179). Of specific interest are the notes, pp. 243-271, containing much lexical information. Pages 295-297 give an alphabetical listing of the words and themes treated in the notes. [171] Anzalaz, Fermín Alfredo (ed.). Folklore de los valles calchaquies. Estudio preliminar, selección, notas y glosario de F. A. Anzalaz. Santa Fe, 1961,82 p. A small tome of folklore studies by various authors, assembled by Anzalaz with excellent "Estudio preliminar." Has a glossary of 97 localisms in use in the Calchaqui country in northern Argentina. Definitions based on reputable regionalists. Mostly quechuismos, but with some semantic and morphological variants, a few place names, some music and dance terms. [172] Arancibia, Hernán. Cerros, valles y quebradas. Cuentos de Salta y Jujuy. Buenos Aires, 1952, 206 p. A book of 18 stories with a "vocabulario de regionalismos" (205-206). 48 terms defined briefly; the usual categories. Some well-known, others whose regionalism seems genuine. [173] Ayala Gauna, Velmiro. Paranaseros. (Cuentos de correntinos, chaqueños, entrerrianos y santafesinos.)26 Buenos Aires, 1965,182 p. Has "Vocabulario de voces regionales" (175-182), about 140; the usual categories. [174] Becco, Horacio Jorge. Cancionero tradicional argentino. Buenos Aires, 1960,397 p. Has a one-page (375) "Glosario de voces" of 54 items, not defined where listed but referring to notes on the pages of the text. All categories represented. *[175] Carranza, Azucena, and Leonor M. Lorda Perellón. Huayquitas (Cuentos de collar). Buenos Aires, 1952, 70 p. [Illus.]

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"Colección de 20 tomitos de leyendas folklóricas narradas para los niños . . . Con vocabulario de regionalismos..(Cortázar, No. 135). [176] Carrizo, Jesús M. Folklore argentino. Buenos Aires, 1971, 285 p. With a list of proverbs, folk expressions, idioms, in "Refranes y adagios" (13-176), an ABC listing by first word. Regional items, especially of Catamarca, gathered by the author in 1945-1957. [177] Carrizo, Jesús M. "Algunas supersticiones medicinales del norte argentino," CINIFI (1960), 169-175. Many localisms from the northern Argentine provinces referring to diseases, medicine, and medical customs are defined and explained in this folklore article. Annot. in SFQ XXV (1961), No. 676. *[178] Carrizo, Jesús M. Refranerillo de la alimentación del Norte Argentino. 1945. "Compara los refranes tradicionales en nuestro país con los que figuran en las colecciones españolas de todos los tiempos" (Carrizo, 160). Reviewed by F. Krüger, AILC V (1952), 438: "Siguiendo el ejemplo dado en la Península por el prestigioso doctor Antonio Castillo de Lucas en su Refranerillo de la alimentación (Madrid 1940), el Sr. J. María Carrizo presenta una selección exquisita de refranes y frases usados por los campesinos del Norte argentino, a la que agrega comentarios y observaciones sobre algunos platos característicos de esa zona y su preparación así como dibujos etnográficos de gran interés (del mortero primitivo en que se muele el maíz; la cocina con el círculo de piedra que rodea al fuego ; etc.)." [179] Carrizo, Jesús M. Los refranes y las frases [hechas] en las coplas populares. Buenos Aires, 1941, 54 p. Proverbs and popular sayings, organized alphabetically by first word. Then follows a copla using the item listed; the coplas are identified by province. Material gathered by author during 1937-1939 from folk speech of La Rioja and Catamarca. However the coplas themselves have a wider range, including also Tucumán, Salta, and Jujuy. Comparison of "refranes tradicionales" with Spanish collections of all ages (see Carrizo, p. 160). Annot. by Simmons, Romance, No. 218. [180] Carrizo, Jesús M. and Guillermo Perkins Hidalgo. "Cuentos de la tradición oral argentina (recogidos en Catamarca y Corrientes)," RINT 1:1

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(1948), 58-101 (with Introducción y notas de Β. C. Jacovella); ibid. 1:2 (1948), 209-257. Scattered footnotes give lexical data. [181] Chertudi, Susana (ed.). Cuentos del zorro. Buenos Aires, 1965, 104 p. Selección, presentación y notas por S. Chertudi. This collection of folk tales has some 30 words and phrases defined in footnotes (there is no end vocabulary). Mostly of indigenous extraction, and many referring to flora and fauna. [182] Chertudi, Susana (ed.). Cuentos folklóricos de la Argentina. Primera serie: Buenos Aires, 1960, 254 p. Segunda serie: Buenos Aires, 1964, 226 p. Introd., clasificación y notas de S. Chertudi. The first series has a "Léxico" (251-254) of some 150 localisms. Many indigenisms, also Spanish words not registered in the DRAE; numerous archaisms. Annot. and rev.: Simmons, SFQ XXX (1966), No. 368; Robe, RPh XIX (1967), 99-103; Paredes, JAF 77 (1964), 355. Second series: "Léxico" (219-221), about 90 terms, all kinds of regionalisms with no one type standing out particularly. Rev. in ^ 2 2 (1963), 59-60. [183] Cortázar, Augusto Raúl. Folklore argentino. El noroeste}η Buenos Aires, 1950,64 p. Many localisms (usually italicized) are scattered throughout the text, and frequently explained. But no alphabetical word list is given. It is likely that most, if not all, of these terms may be found in good argentinismo or regional dictionaries. Still, the work perhaps serves as lexical corroboration and documentation. [184] Cortázar, Augusto Raúl. El carnaval en el folklore calchaqui. Buenos Aires, 1949,292 p. [Illus.] "Contains a glossary of words and phrases which, while not scientifically treated, reveal the indissoluble welding of folklore and language, and the retention of peninsular words in the Argentine provinces as opposed to the capital {aloja, arrope, avio, carona, laja, mocho, tranca, etc.)" (Kany, HLAS, Vol. 15, No. 2119). Long annot. by Boggs, SFQ XIII (1949), p. 52. Rev. in BATF1:1-2 (1950), 13-15. [185] Cortázar, Augusto Raúl. "Las fiestas en el folklore calchaqui," AAFA 111(1947-1948), 38-46.

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This article on fiestas in the Calchaqui country in northern Argentina has a glossary at the end defining 23 localisms, almost all semantic variations. [186] Costa, Catalina A. "Contribución al estudio del vocabulario andino; voces usadas en La Rioja, la mayor parte comunes a Catamarca y provincias de Cuyo, centro y norte argentino," PNI, No. 39 (1942), 2, 4; ibid. No. 41 (1942), 2 , 4 . First part deals with indigenisms—mostly Quechuan, but some from Araucanian and Aymara. Cites regional lexicographers Lafone and Iizondo Borda, and their omissions. Etyma and geographical diffusion sometimes given. The second part consists of a "Lista de argentinismos" used all over Argentina, and most, also in Uruguay. Almost all are semantic extensions from peninsular usage. [187] Dávalos, Juan Carlos. Cuentos y relatos del norte argentino. Buenos Aires—México, 1946, 168 p. The "Vocabulario" at end consists of 28 terms with brief definitions; some Quechua words. [187A] Donni de Mirande, Nélida E. "Diferencias internas en el español del sur del litoral argentino," Revista Española de Lingüística (Madrid), 2:2 (1972), 273-283. See No. 1057 in Phonology-Phonetics. [187B] Donni de Mirande, Nélida E. "Aspectos del español en el litoral argentino," Románica 5 (1972), 109-130. This article examines in detail the articulation of the phonemes /}/, /y/, /s/ and /?/, in Santa Fe and Entre Ríos (the part of the "litoral" covered). Before dealing specifically with this regional phonology, author prefaces her findings with a long sociolinguistic analysis (more than half the article) in which she details the precise linguistic theories and points of view, and the types of speech or speech situations (formal, informal, cultured, popular, etc.) on which the investigation is based. She describes the techniques used (tape recordings, spontaneous dialogues, readings from chosen texts, etc.) and the informants interviewed (degree of education, occupation, cultural status, and division into three generations, etc.). Regarding the /}/ and /y/ section, the results center mainly around the type and degree of "yeísmo" found—i.e., whether the articulation is fricative or affricate, whether voiced or unvoiced. Author tells where and under what speech conditions such articulations occur. The treatment of /s/ deals primarily with the aspiration—or loss—of Is/ syllable or word final. The /?/ manifests two types: the "vibrante múltiple"

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([r]) and the "fricative asibilada" ([i]). The relatively brief lexical part of the study gives data as to the general (not scientific) names for certain sicknesses, and points out that "la lengua popular refleja la gran parte que corresponde al factor mágico o supersticioso en la vision de los hablantes sobre la salud o enfermedad." Specifically, she gives the names used in Rosario suburbs for "afecciones del sistema nervioso (alma)," "afecciones del aparato digestivo," skin diseases, and the same listing for the Charigiié island community. 28 [188] Fernández Latour, Olga. Cantares históricos de la tradición argentina. Selección, introducción y notas por O.F.L. Buenos Aires, 1960, 459 p. This songbook has a "Léxico" (431) which is an index of 74 terms keyed to footnotes on the pages of the text. Various kinds of regionalisms, some general Argentinisms. Words are mostly rural terms, a few indigenisms. [189] Fernández Latour de Botas, Olga. Folklore y poesía argentina. Buenos Aires, 1969, 366 p. This scholarly book has a "Glosario de voces regionales" (345-352), evidently with emphasis on northwestern Argentina. 125 terms, all types, heavy on things Gauchesque. [190] tabelloni, José (ed.). Folklore argentino. Buenos Aires, 1959, 397 p. [Maps]29 Considerable folklore vocabulary scattered throughout, but no overall word list or index, therefore clumsy to use. Yet some chapters might be of interest to specialists in certain fields such as "El transporte" (Coluccio), "Toponimia indígena . . (Nardi), etc. Rev. by Sara Sabor Vila, Revista de Historia de América, México, No. 48 (1959), 671-672. [191] Jacovella, Bruno. Fiestas tradicionales argentinas. Buenos Aires, 1953, 71 p. [Illus.] Some lexical material found in footnotes, but most is in a glossary at the end, defining or explaining some 25 terms, mostly Quechuan, some at length, some regional or typical. Rev. by J. O. Prenz,REd 111:3 (1958), 617. *[192] Lorda Perellón, Leonor M. Allpamisqui (Miel). Buenos Aires, 1953, 60 p. [Illus.] Apparently has a "vocabulario de regionalismos" (see Cortázar No. 137).

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[193] Moya, Ismael. Refranero: refranes, proverbios, adagios. Buenos Aires, 1944, 669 p. An excellent study on the Argentine proverb, beginning with an extensive treatment of the proverb form in general and its world history. These proverbs and related material were collected by school teachers from all over the republic, and they are now in the archives of the Instituto de Literatura Argentina. The manner of presentation in the book is alphabetical by the first word. At the end of each letter the author includes a number of proverbs from his own collection. Geographical source of each item is indicated. Included also is a list of proverbs from Martín Fierro. A helpful lexical feature is the explanation of some localisms in footnotes. For a negative view of Moya's book, see Carrizo, 161 : "Lástima grande que estudio tan erudito esté basado en material espurio. Los señores maestros, no especializados, por supuesto, en pesquisas folklóricas, tomaron refranes de todas las fuentes imaginables, y hubo, no pocos de ellos, que se valieron de compilaciones españolas para abultar sus remesas. Si el Dr. Moya hubiera recogido personalmente los refranes de boca del pueblo, como hizo Segovia, el suyo sería el mejor estudio sobre la paremiología argentina." Long annot. by Boggs, SFQ X (1946), 107. *[ 194] Pedemonte, Hugo E. Leyenda del Rio Uruguay. Buenos Aires, 16 p. Con vocabulario. *[195] Rosemberg, Tobías. "Apuntaciones para una terminología médicopopular del Noroeste Argentino," La Razón (La Paz, Bolivia), April 1952. [196] Rosemberg, Tobías. El alma de la montaña. Folklore del Aconquija [northwest Argentina, especially Tucumán], Ed. anotada. Buenos Aires, 1953,129 p.30 A collection of folktales gathered from mountain people. Has a "glosario" of 64 terms in the footnotes at end of each chapter. Along with the usual categories (indigenisms, etc.), the glossary gives names of aboriginal instruments, aboriginal dances, "muletillas y exclamaciones," etc. [197] Villafuerte, Carlos. Del folklore del noroeste. Buenos Aires, 1968, 198 p. An anthology of folklore essays. Has a "glosario* (191-197) of 101 words and phrases. New World localisms, Indianisms, mostly Quechuan, no etymological data. Some regionalisms italicized in text, but no linguistic notes. Annot. by Simmons, SFQ XXXVI (1972), No. 312.

Vocabulary pertaining to specialized

fields

57

C. Vocabulary pertaining to specialized fields 1. Alcoholic drinks and intoxication *[198] Coluccio, Félix. El vino y la borrachera. Vocabulario, dichos, refranes, cancionero, adivinanzas, y creencias. Buenos Aires: Instituto Félix Fernando Bernascoti, 1963, 69 p. [199] Madueño, Raúl R. Léxico de la borrachera. Buenos Aires, 1953, 63 p. [Bibliog. 59-63] Also appeared in Vinos, viñas y frutas, Buenos Aires, 1953, 246-256. A brief dictionary of some 400 words and phrases dealing with alcoholic intoxication and excesses, including both peninsular and Spanish American usage. Categories include archaisms, slang and vulgarisms, words with indigenous origen (etymologies not given), regionalisms, and "standard" Spanish. In most cases the author gives location of usage, drawing largely on the help of Augusto Malaret for this. Parts of speech are not given, and in other ways too the author sometimes employs a rather unsystematic method. A considerable number of coplas and cantares are brought in to illustrate usage. Useful bibliography. Reviewed by J. Pérez V i d a l , R D T P X í l l (1957), 213-214. [200] Madueño, Raúl R. Más voces para un léxico. Buenos Aires, 1955, 16 p. [Bibliog. 15-16] 143 additional terms for the author's Léxico de la borrachera (see above). As in the previous work, the author delves into the hazardous field of geographical usage; it is suggested that the reader not place too much faith in this. Reviewed by F. País, Arbol Nos 3-4 (1955), 51-52. [201] Madueño, Raúl R. Ampliación y corrección de un léxico. Buenos Aires, 1958, 61 p. [Bibliog. 51-61] A third dictionary of terms relating to drunkenness, etc. The author sums up: "He aquí, entonces, lo que se debe agregar o corregir, con lo que totalizamos aproximadamente un millar de expresiones sobre el mismo o parecido tema de la embriaguez" (p. 6). This third in the series, with 472 new listings, corroborates many terms by quoting from well-known writers, both Spanish and Spanish American. Reviewed by J. Pérez Vidal, RDTP XV (1959), 185. *[202] Zappacosta, María E. "Designaciones argentinas de la embriaguez," AILCV1(1957), 426-429. "One hundred and thirty-eight verbs, adjectives and nouns used in Argentina

58

Lexicography, Semantics, Etymology

to designate various states of alcoholic intoxication. Curiously, the author makes no reference to Raúl R. Maduefio's Léxico de la borrachera [see Nos. 199-201] which covers much the same ground" (Wogan, HLAS, Vol. 23, No. 4489). *[203] Zappacosta, María E. "La vitivinicultura en Mendoza," AILC VI (1957), 375-425. [Illus.] "Collects and explains the vocabulary of the wine industry in the region of Mendoza, Argentina. 40 photographic illustrations add to the value of this excellent study" (Wogan,HLAS, Vol. 23, No. 4490). 2. Animals [204] Avila, María Teresa. "Los animales...: la lagartija." See No. 155. [205] Rosemberg, Tobías. "Los animales . . .: el gato." See No. 163. [206] Rosemberg, Tobias, et al. "Los animales...: el perro." See No. 164. [207] Rosemberg, Tobías. "El graficar animalista . . . " See No. 159. 3. Arts and crafts [208] Dellepiane Cálcena, Carlos. "Vocabulario de la platería . . 104.

See No.

[209] Dornheim, Alfredo. "La alfarería criolla . . S e e No. 90. [210] Chertudi, Susana and R. Nardi. "El tejido en Santiago del Estero." See No. 147. [211] Dornheim, Alfredo. "Posición ergológica de los telares..

See No. 88.

[212] Flores, Luis Alberto. El guasquero; trenzados criollos. Buenos Aires, 1960,156 p. [Illus.] A folklore treatise containing an abundance of terminology pertaining to the handicraft of leather work. One appendix is: "Voces, costumbres y creencias de guasqueros, trenzadores y sogueros," an ABC index, many terms of which are standard Spanish, but with sufficient regionalisms and semantic variants to merit inclusion here. (Obviously the objects illustrated, defined

Vocabulary pertaining to specialized fields

59

and discussed have largely to do with horses and their trappings.) Many illustrations—knots, how to weave and braid leather, etc. Rev. by C. Dellepiane C„ CINIFI (1960), 301-302, and annot. in SFQ XXV (1961), No. 748. 4. Construction: wood, houses, fences [213] Barrionuevo Imposti, V. El uso de la madera en el valle de San Javier. Córdoba, 1949,92 p. [Illus.] Not primarily linguistic, but the booklet does include regionalisms used for construction terms and materials, in the Cordobán valley of San Javier. Many illustrations. No index or glossary, but the regionalisms are usually italicized. Rev. by Dornheim, AILCIV (1955), 323-330. [214] Dornheim, A. "Cercos, puertas y tranqueras . . ." See No. 87. [215] Dornheim, A. La vivienda rural...

See No. 89.

[216] Pereda Valdés, Ildefonso. El rancho y otros temas de etnografía y folklore. Montevideo, 1957, 127 p. A collection of folklore essays, only the first of which has pertinence here. It is "El rancho y los materiales empleados en su construcción." Building terms throughout the text and—especially—in the illustrations. No word-index or linguistic notes. *[217] Malanca de Rodríguez Rojas, Alicia. "Aportes al estudio de cultura popular de Punilla, Provincia de Cordoba, Argentina. La vivienda rural," AILC IX (1965), 177 p. Monografía. Rev. by J. Figueroa Lorza, Thes XXIII (1968), 102-103. The excellent review makes clear that the author gives a complete and detailed description of the Punilla (Córdoba) "vivienda rural," both inside and out. Of linguistic importance to this bibliog. is that at the end of each section describing components and characteristics of the "vivienda", the author gives "la terminología correspondiente, comparando los términos encontrados, con los del español general, y con los de países americanos." Illus. with photos and drawings. 5. Dress [218] Millán de Palavecino, María Delia. Fronterizos y meleros; notas para un estudio de indumentaria argentina. Sobretiro del Museo Folklórico Provincial General Manuel Belgrano. San Miguel de Tucumán, 1957,4 p. [Illus.]

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Lexicography, Semantics, Etymology

"Describes dress of cattlemen and honey gatherers of northern Argentina" (Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1957," SFQ XXII [1958], p. 48). [219] Millán de Palavecino, María Delia. "Vestimenta argentina," CINIF I (1960), 95-127. [Illus.] Segunda parte : C/MFII (1961), 183-198. In this folklore study of Argentine clothing and related objects, author divides material into pre-Spanish colonial, and Independence to present day. Scattered throughout text is much lexical data, mostly in connection with the clothing of gauchos, Indians, and rural inhabitants in general. Lengthy descriptions of some major items. No overall ABC index. Annot. in SFQ XXV (1961), No. 768. [220] Millán de Palavecino, María Delia. Vestimenta puneña; notas para un estudio de indumentaria argentina. Sobretiro del Museo Folklórico del Noroeste 'Manuel Belgrano' y del Instituto de Estudios Folklóricos del Tucumán. San Miguel de Tucumán, 1957, 8 p. Monograph on the clothing of the inhabitants of the Puna, ancient Andean land of shepherds and farmers. Sections of the study: "Traje femenino," "Tocado," "Traje masculino," and "Prendas comunes a ambos sexos." No word list or linguistic notes, but a good number of regionalisms (mostly indigenous) are italicized throughout the text. The illustrations also serve as definitions of various articles of apparel and jewelry. 6. Food: recipes, cooking, kitchen terms [221] Carrizo, J. M. Re franerillo de la alimentación .. . See No. 178. [222] Perkins Hidalgo, G. "La cocina tradicional..." See No. 107. [223] Perkins Hidalgo, G. "Comidas regionales . . S e e No. 106. [224] Perkins Hidalgo, G. "Notas sobre folklore material misionero." See No. 108. [225] Rosemberg, T., et al. "El pan . . ." See No. 160. *[226] Suárez, Sara M. and Silvia Kohan. Vocabulario del pan. Buenos Aires: Consejo Nacional de Educación, 1961, 35 p. mimeog. "Includes vocabulary, proverbs, legends pupposedly related to bread." (Simmons, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1964," SFQ XXIX [1965], No. 835.)

Vocabulary pertaining to specialized fields

61

7. Games, sports, hunting, fishing [227] Bucca, Salvador. "Datos sobre procedimientos de pesca . . No. 146.

See

[228] Madueño, Raúl R. Vocabulario y refranero de cazadores. Buenos Aires, 1964, 141 p. Since, by admission of the author, by far the majority of the words in this dictionary are registered in the Spanish Academy dictionary, this is really a technical work, and not regional. Still-and-all, there would seem to be enough argentinismos (and southern South Americanisms) to allow mention here. Some of these : captura, caramañola and variants (which have regional semantic projections), catiadero (La Rioja), catear, cimba, charata, etc. In general, author says very little about geographical diffusion. Bibliography and "Refranero" included. [229] Pottier, B. "Le lexique du football en Argentine," LLTVXLVII (1953), 27-30. A list and discussion of some 200 football terms as used in Argentina, many not listed in the dictionaries with the football meaning. Most of the terms are of Spanish derivation, but there is a considerable number of Anglicisms. The article shows how Argentina's football terminology differs from Spain's. The author claims that if Argentine intonation calls Italian to mind, the lexicon shows clear influence of French and English. Divisions of the study: I. Le terrain; II. Les hommes; III. Les règles du jeu; IV. Aspects du jeu. Annot. by Teschner, No. 157. [230] Suburu, Nilo J. Primer diccionario del fútbol. Montevideo, 1968, 194 p. Mostly standard Spanish terms, but regional in the sense that it includes quite a number of lunfardismos and "palabras extranjeras." Such as afane, araca, balero, banana ('gol, tanto'), batacazo, biaba, camorrero, capote, colarse, copar, cucuza ('cabeza'), back, centre-half, coach, corner-kick, coéquipier. No etymological data nor geographical diffusion. Annot. by Teschner, No. 184. [231 ] Valle, Enrique Ricardo del. Diccionario del turfy las carreras cuadreras. Buenos Aires, 1971, 341 p. As might be expected from this scholar, we have here a thoroughly professional lexicon of all horse racing terms—etymologies, lexical documentation,

62

Lexicography, Semantics, Etymology

and examples of usage. A good number of lunfardismos and Anglicisms. Over 1,000 entries defined and discussed in detail. Annot. by Teschner, No. 153. [232] Villafuerte, C. Los juegos en el folklore de Catamarca. See No. 82.

8. Geography and topography [233] Coluccio, Félix, and Florentino M. Duarte. Vocabulario geográfico. Buenos Aires, 1945, 286 p. [Illus.]31 This technical dictionary defining more than 3,000 geographical, topographic, and other scientific terms is not primarily regional. However, it does include many not found in the Academy Dictionary, and a number of localisms, especially indigenisms (mostly from Araucanian but also from many other South American Indian tongues). Occasionally gives areas of usage; less frequently, etymologies. Usage sometimes documented by River Plate literature or technical sources. Many photographs of places in Argentina illustrating geographical phenomena. Some loan words from non-Indian languages. *[234] Núfiez, Benjamin. Términos topográficos en la Argentina colonial (1516-1810). Un análisis lingüístico cultural. Rio de Janeiro: Coleçâo "Tèrmos Geográficos" 2, Comissáo de Geografìa, Instituto Pan-Americano de Geografia e Historia, 1965, 351 p. [8 maps] Also Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms, 1957, 356 leaves. [Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1957] A lexicographical study to show the semantic shift of topographical terms in colonial Argentina. "The basic assumption is that the Spanish language, like other modern European languages transplanted into the New World, has undergone a process of adaptation and innovation as a result of the new physical environment and socio-cultural conditions" (DAb XVII [1957], 1751-1752). The main body of the work consists of a glossary of 443 words or phrases which designate superficial, terrestrial, or aquatic characteristics or features. Generally, each term is given two definitions, an Academic one and a Colonial one. The Academic definitions were taken from the Diccionario de autoridades (the first edition of the Academy, 1739), and the colonial definitions were deduced from quotations from contemporary written sources. [235] Vúletin, Albert. Geomorfonimia argentina. Santiago del Estero, 1959, 89 p. [27 photographs and diagrams]32 Primarily a geographical-topographical dictionary defining mostly standard Castilian words. However, the author treats certain items that he claims may

Vocabulary pertaining to specialized fields

63

be called "argentinismos," i.e., semantic variants (e.g. travesía). And there are indigenisms included that are certainly American (puna, púcara, etc.). 9. Legal, juridical [236] Couture, E. J. Vocabulario jurídico, con especial referenda al derecho procesal positivo vigente uruguayo. Montevideo, 1960,606 p. This technical dictionary, defining some 1300 terms, is included here because it shows that regional law codes have lexical regionalisms (p. 31). For each item, there is afforded a definition, example of usage, category or type, etymology, and translation to all major European languages. Many straight Latin words as well as Latinisms. *[237] Goldstein, Raúl. Diccionario de derecho penal. Buenos Aires, 1962, 476 p. "This work has been severely criticized by Argentine legal scholars, among them Manuel de Rivacaba: 'No la recomendamos, de ningún modo, a nuestros colegas y creemos será perturbadora en manos de un abogado y altamente de nociva en las de un estudiante'." (Wogan, HLAS, Vol. 26, No. 1337.) [238] Ramírez Gronda, Juan. Diccionario jurídico. Tabla alfabética de palabras, locuciones, conceptos, principios, adagios y aforismos usuales en la ciencia del derecho y en la legislación. 2a ed. Buenos Aires, 1942, 317 p. 33 Regional only in the sense that it is informative as to the terminology used in Argentine legal codes, even if most of this is standard Spanish. See annot. in HLAS, Vol. 8, No. 4642. *[238A] Giorlandini, Eduardo. "Notas idiomáticas de fuentes jurídicas y otras referencias," ComAc No. 317 (May 28, 1969), 3 pp. mimeog. "Contiene: El uso del lenguaje vulgar en notas jurídicas. Ojos de águila, billetes, boleto, carcelería, concubinaje, contrata, engolosinar, idioma nacional, narices, otro sí digo, se le queman los papeles, ir a parar, pecho, presología, presólogo, propiedad horizontal, proxeneta, reo, en tren." (BAPL VI: 13-14 [1976-1977], p. 146.)

10. Mate [239] Campo, Luzán del. Cancionero del mate. Buenos Aires, 1950, 96 p. [3rd ed.] 34 Has "Pequeño vocabulario del mate," 53 terms, a few from Quechua and

64

Lexicography, Semantics,

Etymology

Guaraní. Also "Lenguaje del mate" (p. 35), some figurative expressions in which word mate appears (example: mate de ombû 'visita indeseable'). [240] Villanueva, Amaro. El lenguaje del mate. Buenos Aires, 1967,119 p. Although the book proclaims that "Este no es un vocabulario de nuestra costumbre de colar yerba por la bombilla. Es el código de sus preceptos sociales . . . o una clave de lo que el mate expresa tácitamente al ser brindado. La palabra lenguaje está empleada aquí en su sentido figurado, como 'conjunto de señales que dan a entender una cosa' . . ." Nevertheless, there are many technical regionalisms in italics throughout, as well as some phrases. Rev. in Univ 73 (1967), 287. [241] Vidal de Battini, Berta Elena. "El léxico de los yerbateros," NR FH VII (1953), 190-208. [Illus.: drawings, photographs, map] Vocabulary of those who cultivate, gather, and prepare yerba mate in northeastern Argentina (Corrientes and Misiones provinces). The author gives evidence that this vocabulary is basically Guaraní, although Spanish, Portuguese, and Quechua words are also in use. Annot. by Huberman No. 1006. 11. Meat [242] Rosemberg, T. "Abastos, recovas, abastecedores, y matarifes . . . [Butchers, etc.]" See No. 158. *[243] Saraca, Beatriz, and Hilda Guevara. Vocabulario de la carne. Buenos Aires: Consejo Nac. de Educ., Instituto Félix Fernando Bera, Sem. de Folklore Arg., 1961, 28 p. mimeog. "Includes vocabulary and proverbs related to meat." (Simmons, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1964," SFQ XXIX [1965], No. 832.) *[244] Weyrauch, Enrique. "Pequeña fraseología argentina de la carne," Lebende Sprachen (Berlin-Munich) XII (1967), 123. "Mera lista de palabras, no fraseologia." (Polo, No. 390.) 12. Medicai: health, medicine and drugs, diseases, etc. [245] Carrizo, Jesús M. "Algunas supersticiones medicinales del norte argentino." See No. 177. *[246] Carrizo, Jesús M. Refranerillo de la alimentación del Norte See No. 178.

Argentino.

Vocabulary pertaining to specialized [247] Lullo, Orestes di. El folklore mentación. See No. 154.

fields

65

de Santiago del Estero. Medicina y ali-

*[248] Rosemberg, Tobías. "Apuntaciones para una terminología médicopopular del Noroeste Argentino," La Razón (La Paz, Bolivia), April 1952. [248A] Boretti de Macchia, Susana. "Designaciones para enfermedades en el habla del Charigüé." See No. 110A. 13. Mining [249] Stubbe, Carlos F. Vocabulario minero antiguo. Compilación de términos antiguos usados por los mineros y metalurgistas de la América Ibérica. Buenos Aires, 1945, 219 p. "Contains 'expressions and professional terms used among the miners and metallurgists of yester-year, and many phrases from national idioms relating to mines and minerals which were already used in pre-Columbian times'. A very useful compilation of exclusively professional lingo, derived from a variety of specialized sources listed in the bibliography" (Kany, quoting H. F. Cline, ñLAS Vol. II, No. 1983). [250] Vidal de Battini, Berta Elena. "El léxico de los buscadores de oro de La Carolina, San Luis ; HomFK I (1952), 303-334. [Illus.] A word list, with definitions and notes, of the vocabulary of gold miners in La Carolina, a village and old mining center in the Argentine province of San Luis. An excellent ethno-linguistic investigation. Although the vocabulary under consideration coincides largely with standard Spanish mineral terminology, the study does offer a number of semantic variations, and many words of new formation (llampeador, etc.). Present also in this technical vocabulary are many archaisms and Quechuisms (conana, maray, etc.). The profuse illustrations are helpful and interesting. (See notes, NRFH XII [1958], 436.)

14. Newspapers [251] Andreetto, Miguel Angel. "El idioma castellano en el periódico," BFM VII (1952; printed in 1958), 498-505. A treatment of barbarisms, both grammatical and lexical, found in Argentine newspapers. *[252] Loffler, Anne-Marie. L'emphase

dans la Presse Argentine.

Etude

66

Lexicography, Semantics, Etymology

linguistique sur les titres et les testes de 'La Razón': Syntaxe et semantique. [ . . . ] , tesis de la Université de Paris, 1971, dirigida por Bernard Pottier. Listed by Polo No. 779. 15. Radiobroadcasting [253] "El lenguaje en las transmisiones radiotelefónicas," BAAL XI (1943), 277-281,473-478, 637-642, 841-845. Notes on Argentine radio announcers' mistakes in all fields-phonetics, morphology, syntax, vocabulary. *[254] Carli, Ovidio Ν. "El problema del idioma en la radiodifusión," PNI, No. 43 (1942), pp. 1,3,4. 16. Rural activities: horses and cattle, agriculture, irrigation, plants, etc.35 [255] Alonso, Amado. "Los paisanos ante la vegetación de la Pampa," in Estudios lingüísticos. Temas hispanoamericanos. Madrid, 1953, pp. 78-89. Interesting lexical material re semantic variants of the names of various plants, weeds, grains, etc. and how the campesino employs such standard words as hierba, planta, pasto, cardos, paja,yuyos, etc. No index. [256] Alonso, Amado. "Los paisanos y sus caballos," Ibid. pp. 90-101. Names of horses and colors, trappings, and other horsey vocabulary in Argentina (La Pampa and the Litoral). No index. [257] Althaparro, Ambrosio Juan. De mi pago y de mi tiempo: recuerdos camperos. Prólogo de J. P. Sáenz (hijo). Buenos Aires, 1944, 209 p. A folklore campesino book with "Vocabulario" (177-209) of which the author states: "Este vocabulario sólo comprende las palabras que en el libro figuran en bastardilla, y que eran de uso corriente en el campo. En las definiciones se citan únicamente las acepciones que han sido empleadas en el texto." A useful list of some 350 terms. [258] Bodenbender, Guillermo. "Nombres vulgares, en orden alfabético, y nombres científicos de plantas argentinas, silvestres y cultivadas, con atención especial de la Flora de Córdoba (según Dr. Seckt, Flora Cordobensis, 1930)," RUNC XXVII (1940), 149-162, 891-900, 1237-1247; XXVIII (1941), 126135,509-522.

Vocabulary pertaining to specialized

fields

67

A list of mostly scientific or general Spanish terms, but with a sufficient number of localisms to merit inclusion in this bibliography. [259] Bouton, Roberto Jorge. Bien campero. Diccionario del conocedor del campo. Montevideo, 1968, 125 p. Selección y ordenamiento [por] Germán Wettstein y Raquel Morador. A costumbrista dictionary of rural and farm words, with (naturally) much about horses and cattle and terms relating thereto. Some items treated in considerable detail (like alambrador). Some indigenisms with language of origin given, but no etymologies. 200 terms in all. Annot. by Canfield, HLAS Vol. 32, No. 3034. [260] Coluccio, Felix and Rafael Schiaffino. Folklore y nativismo. Buenos Aires, 1948, 339 p. Folklore with much lexical material scattered throughout. No list of words, but much rustic terminology is discussed under a great variety of chapter headings, e.g. "Faenas del campo," "Alimentos regionales," "Juegos y diversiones," etc. etc. [261] Gordillo Rojas, Elias. Pelos criollos. Buenos Aires, 1942, 147 p. A study of the markings and colors of native Argentine horses. "La primera parte está escrita en verso, en de'cimas que hablan o mejor añoran las yerras, las señaladas, las esquiladas y cerdeadas de antaño, cuando las estancias estaban aun en poder de criollos. La segunda parte del libro está integrada por el vocabulario. Hace la clasificación por pelos y las variaciones operadas en los colores y tipos, con profundo conocimiento del tema" (Carrizo, 159). [262] Guarnieri, Juan C. Nuevo vocabulario campesino rioplatense. Con las locuciones más usadas en el Uruguay. Montevideo, 1957, 198 p. This dictionary's introductory comment has much useful information on gaucho language in general, and about a considerable number of gauchesco writers, from the beginnings up to the present. The second part of this introduction, "Originalidades del lenguaje campesino", is a good short essay on the components of gaucho speech, sources of origin, formative factors, etc. The "Vocabulario Gauchesco" itself is alphabetically arranged, has little etymological data; much folklore material treated from a lexicographical angle. "A useful, handy and inexpensive compilation based on literary texts, and the author's intimate knowledge of River Plate rural speech" (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 21, No. 3641). Annotated by Sable, p. 291.

68

Lexicography, Semantics, Etymology

[262A] Guarnieri, Juan C. Diccionario del lenguaje campesino rioplatense. Contiene alrededor de tres mil voces y locuciones, aclaradas y comentadas. Montevideo, 1968,144 p. The author has based this, dictionary on his previous Nuevo vocabulario . . . (see item above) and has revised and synthesized considerably the earlier work, especially in regard to etymology. Besides the to-be-expected ranchcattle-horse terminology, other categories represented are flora and fauna terms (many of Indian origin, of course), interjections, regional idioms and dichos, and some morphological regionalisms. Interesting and of high quality. From Can field's annot. (HLAS, Vol. 32, No. 3090): . . the result of extended examination of the writings of Ascasubi, Hernández, Obligado, Florencio Sánchez and many others, as well as contacts with the folks of tierra adentro ..." [263] Guarnieri, Juan Carlos. Sabiduría y folklore en el lenguaje campesino rioplatense. Montevideo, 1971, 90 p. This folklore treatise, a complement to author's Diccionario annotated above (No. 262A), covers a great many "voces, sentencias, refranes, dichos y frases hechas" etc. with clarifying commentary. Highly useful in understanding "la narrativa rural." [264] Marrero y Galíndez, Almanzor. Cromohipologia. Buenos Aires, 1945, 295 p. [Color plates.] "Especializado en la pelambre de los yeguarizos es el vocabulario ofrecido por el médico Dr. Almanzor Marrero y Galíndez en su libro Cromohipologia . . .Trata de la clasificación de los pelajes, tal como hizo Gordillo Rojas [see No. 261]. Las veintisiete acuarelas que ilustran el libro de Marrero hecho por don Juan Angel Boero, son de gran fidelidad y arte" (Carrizo, 159). The book is, in short (as the sub-title indicates), "una clasificación de los pelajes, pelos, variedades, subvariedades, variantes, subvariantes, variaciones, señas y particularidades del ganado yeguarizo". [265] Pacheco, Agenor A. Etimología gaucha. Vocablos, modismos y refranes rioplatenses y sureños. Buenos Aires, 1967, 105 p. See No. 745, Gaucho-gauchesco Section. [266] Paladini, María Delia. Terminología de la zafra tucumana. Tucumán: Univ. Nac. de Tue., 1969 [printed in 1970], 73 p. [Illus.] "Study of vocabulario of sugar cane industry of northwestern Argentina in which author traces zafra from Colonial times to present. Cultivation and

Vocabulary pertaining to specialized

fields

69

elaboration are described in detail." (Canfield, HLAS, Vol. 34, No. 3161.) This is of course a technical vocabulary, only partially regional, used by "obreros y cañeros tucumanos." As informants, author drew upon workers and other knowledgeable persons. Pertinent sections: "Vocabulario" (17-42), not in ABC order; "Locuciones" (43-45), 28 items; and, the most important or useful section, "Indice de vocablos" (49-53) which lists 390 words and expressions, steering reader to pages in text. Long bibliography. Data on other sugar-cane producing regions. *[267] Ryan, T. "Las denominaciones tradicionales de las distintas partes del cuerpo del caballo en la zona pampeana," Boletín del Museo de Motivos Populares Argentinos 'José Hernández', Buenos Aires, II, No. 12 (1950), 9-12. [268] Sáenz, Justo P. Equitación gaucha en la pampa y Mesopotamia. No. 747 in "Gaucho y gauchesco."

See

[269] Saubidet, Tito. Vocabulario y refranero criollo. See No. 748 in "Gaucho y gauchesco." [270] Terrera, Guillermo A. El caballo criollo en la tradición argentina. Buenos Aires, 1947, 430 p. [2a ed.] In the section "Voces y refranero del caballo criollo" (pp. 73-87), there is an ABC listing of words describing horses, and proverbs involving horses. Also, dispersed throughout the book is much equine terminology. [271] Terrera, Guillermo A. "Voces y refranero del caballo criollo," BAAL XVII (1948), 409-470. A study and list of words and proverbial sayings that apply to the native horse itself, excluding its trappings. Some of the sections: a) "Variedad de pelos y manchas" with a listing of the various color and spot combinations, some 300 possible combinations; many of these terms are no longer in use; b) "Historia y significado de los vocablos" (the author's attempted etymological derivations are, however, usually undependable); c) terms from various languages: Castilian, Arabic, Latin, Basque, Portuguese, and indigenous tongues (mostly Quechua and Guarani); d) "Historia tradicional de algunos pelos criollos"; e) "Voces usadas en América y algunas de la lengua inglesa". [272] Vidal de Battini, B. E. "El léxico de los yerbateros." See No. 241.

70

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Etymology

[273] Vidal de Battini, Berta Elena. "El léxico ganadero de la Argentina: la oveja en la Patagonia y en Tierra del Fuego," Fil V (1959), 135-189. [Illus.] A very thorough examination of words and phrases used in the sheepraising industry in Argentina. Photographs and drawings enhance this fine study. "Vocabulary, etymologies, customs related to word usage. Well illustrated, but vocabulary not alphabetized." (Annot. in SFQ XXIV [1960], No. 747.) 17. Miscellaneous subjects [274] [The human body] Bergallo, José R. "El lenguaje popular." See No. 140. [275] [Kites] Calderón, J. F. "El barrilete: notas para el léxico de la artesanía argentina," Fil II (1950), 65-71 [Illus.] The author states that "estos apuntes sobre el barrilete [the game of flying kites] remontan a mi infancia en San Nicolás de los Arroyos, allá por el 1889" (p. 65). He discusses the game and presents a glossary of terms used by those who play it. Illustrations of various kinds of Argentine kites. [276] [Banking] Daoud, D. "Lenguaje profesional de los bancarios," BATF 111:61-66(1955), 122-123. The article lists and defines the following most commonly used terms in the banking business in Tucumán: ticar, tique, puntear, balancín, foliar, inicialar, conformes, urgentes, voltanines-voladores, muertos, levantar el muerto, recalco, sumas, ponerse la gorra, llenarse la batea, dedear, faja, contrafaja, fajar-contrafajar, degollar, galleta, fajo, lomo, paquete, lomear, enfardar monedas, lata, latón, gomilla, balances de caja, al pelo, empatar, chirolear, comprobantes muertos, canchero, pinche, cancha. [277] [Music] Devoto, Daniel. "Sobre paremiología musical portefia: baile e instrumentos en el habla bonaerense," FH III (1951), 6-83. According to the author "estas notas se proponen agrupar algunas expresiones porteñas vinculadas con la música. Razones de espacio nos limitan hoy a la danza y los instrumentos" (p. 6). The study has the following divisions: ABREVIATURAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS. ORQUESOGRAFIA. I. Pasos y acciones coreográficas. II. Nombres de bailes. ORGANOGRAFIA. I. Voces que se refieren al tañido y sonido de los instrumentos en general. II. Idiófonos. III. Membranófonos. IV. Aerófonos. V. Cordófonos. (Each of the sections II through V is divided into two parts: A) Partes de los instrumentos, and Β) Los instrumentos y voces derivadas.) VI. Instrumentos mecánicos y

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eléctricos. VII. Conjuntos instrumentales o mixtos y voces afines. ONOMASTICA. I. Nombres de obras musicales. II. Nombres de compositores. Included in this technical study are pertinent remarks on popular Argentine speech. "Documents words, phrases and proverbs relating to music as used in the present-day speech of Buenos Aires . . . It is interspersed with valuable remarks about Argentine speech habits." (Kany, H LAS, Vol. 17, No. 2232.) Also annot. by Boggs, SFQ XVI (1952), p. 76. [278] [Horns] Jijena Sánchez, Rafael. El chifle y él chambao; sus nombres y extensión de su uso. Buenos Aires, 1955, 43 p. "On the horn, its various names, meanings and uses (as container for liquor, foods, gunpowder, producing sounds), and artistic elaboration, chiefly in Argentina, with some reference to other parts of Latin America" (Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1956," SFQ XXI [1957], p. 12). Rev. by M. Acosta Saignes, Archivos Venezolanos de Folklore, Caracas, III (1956), p. 220. [279] [Knives] López Osornio, Mario A. Esgrima criolla. Buenos Aires, 1942, 149 p.36 "Trae a manera de apéndice un vocabulario y refranero exclusivamente del cuchillo, sus formas y usos, recogidos personalmente por [el autor] a paisanos de la provincia de Buenos Aires. En este libro lo trata, como otrora don Enrique de Villena (1384-1439) en su Arte Gsoria, de las distintas formas y nombres del cuchillo: puñal, facón, daga, estoque, etc., de la manera de llevarlos consigo y usarlos y de la esgrima y duelo criollos. También habla del uso del rebenque y del poncho en la pelea" (Carrizo, 160). [280] [The moon] Marinelli, Lucia Rosa and Luz de Aurora Bartolucci. Vocabulario de la luna. Buenos Aires: Instituto 'Félix Femando Bernasconi', Seminario de Folklore Argentino, 1961,22 p. mimeog. I include on the chance that there may be regional items in this listing. Authors themselves give no indication as to "argentinismos," and most of the material is obviously general. "Vocabulary, coplas, riddles, legends, and superstitions relating to the moon" (Simmons, SFQ XXIX [1965], p. 110). [281] [Advertising] Meo Zilio, Giovanni. "Curiosidades onomásticas en el Río de la Plata; 'Etiquetas comerciales'," AnLet III (1963), 221-232. A listing and study of commercial business signs seen in Montevideo, involving the psychology of advertising. The author points out the various kinds of motivations sought for by the signs: advantages of attaining specific virtues or agreeable qualities; plays upon hopes, preferences, aspirations, etc.

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The article has linguistic value in its expounding the semantic, orthographic, and even phonetic phenomena involved in this type of word play and development. All kinds of signs are taken into consideration—affectionate, "hiperbólicas", "chistosas", etc. Contents: I. Introducción; II. Contenido de las etiquetas; III. Aspectos estilísticos; IV. Aspectos formales (alteraciones gráficas y fonéticas de palabras extranjeras; procedimientos ideográficos); V. Productividad de los nombres comerciales; VI. Conclusiones. *[282] [Knots] "Nudos," Aberdeen Angus (Buenos Aires), 1945, No. 25, p. 27; 1946, No. 29, p. 75,14 figs.; No. 30, p. 57, 6 figs.; No. 32, pp. 90-91. Regional terminology? "Describes nudo japonés, cabeza de mástil, nudo de trébol, clavo de amarra, amarra de viga, amarra de envergues, tipo hitch o tapón, cabestros." (Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1946," SFQ XI [1947], P. 76.) [283] [Menstruation] Rosemberg, T. "La menstruación en el folklore de Tucumán." See No. 162. [284] [Childbirth, etc.] Rosemberg, T. "Tres aspectos del folklore de Tucumán: embarazo, parto, lactancia." See No. 165. [285] [The weather] Rosemberg, T. "El tiempo en el folklore de Tucumán . . . " S e e No. 161. [286] [Brand-name terminology] Solari, Héctor Enrique. "Lexicalización de marcas comerciales. Presentación de algunos casos registrados en el hablar rioplatense," BFMIX (1962), 41-55. An excellent analysis of how and why trade names become part of popular speech (cf. Kodak, Victrola, etc., in English), standing for a certain object and not just the particular brand. Examples in River Plate Spanish: primus (a type of kerosene heater), gomina (hair dressing), agua jane (a liquid cleaner), flit, gillete, termofón (another type of heater), polvo royal (from Royal Baking Powder), satinóla (shoe polish), cudquer (from Quaker Oats), frizider (Frigidaire). Author also discourses on the various trajectories of semantics in these and other words, especially in Montevideo. Shows that some have a very ephemeral life, and why. Most of the terms documented by quotations from literature. Briefly annotated by Canfield ("From gillette to coca cola") in HLAS, Vol. 30, No. 2649. [287] [Derogatory names] Valle, Enrique R. del. "Voces gentilicias en la

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lexicología rioplatense," BFM X (1963-1964), 29-52. Also in Lunfardologία (see No. 680), pp. 179-205. A detailed treatment of names given to foreigners in the Rio de la Plata region. Many Italianisms and lunfardismos. With lexical, historical, literary, and etymological documentation. Among the 34 terms defined and discussed are nación, estranji, gringo (particularly detailed commentary), cocoliche, gaita, gallardete, geneize, godo, gongrì, grébano, giiifaro, macaco, maturrango, roto, tallarín, taño, cajetilla, pajerano, payucano. "An interesting examination of the derogatory nicknames used to ridicule or satirize foreigners, to evaluate racial traits or even to show the disdain of the urbanité for the country bumpkin, or vice versa. The principal source is the literatura gauchesca and the dictionaries of americanismos . . ." (From Canfield annot., HLAS, Vol. 30, No. 2658). Annot. by Polo No. 524. [288] [Religious fiestas] Villafuerte, Carlos. Fiestas religiosas en Catamarca. See No. 81.

D. Individual w o r d a n d p h r a s e s t u d i e s , i n c l u d i n g l u n f a r d o 3 7 Acamalar [289] Gobello, José. "Acerca del verbo lunfardo 'acamalar,'" ComAc No. 56 (Nov. 20, 1964), 2 pp. mimeog. 38 An enumeration of the various meanings of this verb, documented by quotes from some prominent lunfardo authors (Felipe Fernández, Silverio Manco, Celedonio Flores, Dante Linyera). It has the following meanings: 1) 'tomar, asir,' 2) 'reunir, juntar; ahorrar y conservar lo que se reúne separándolo del gasto ordinario,' 3) 'mantener, proveer a uno de alimento,' 4) 'encerrar,' 5) 'quitar, arrebatar,' 6) 'percibir, aprehender, comprender o conocer una cosa,' 7) (reflexively) 'arrimarse, juntarse a otros.' [290] Villanueva, Amaro. "El verbo lunfardo acamalar," ComAc No. 126 (Aug. 23, 1966). In BAPL 1:4 (1969), 19-28. 39 A lengthy and detailed treatment of acamalar and other related words and synonyms. Documented with both literary and lexical citations. Achilata [291] Rosemberg, Tobias, et al. "Achilata," BATF 78;ibid. 111:61-66 (1955), 120-121.

111:57-60 (1955),

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This Tucumán word refers to a sort of sherbet (a type called 'helado de agua' in some other places), sold by street vendors. The origin of the word is not known with complete certainty, but local tradition claims that the term began with an Italian street peddler in Tucumán, who cried out something like ¡Hay y elata ['helado']/ which evolved into ¡Achilata! The tradition is supported by a correspondent (ex-resident of Tucumán) who testifies that during his childhood he knew the Italian and his cries. Afanar [292] Valle, Enrique Ricardo del. "Notas lexicográficas: 'afanar'," BFM VIII (1959), 161-166. A study of the verb afanar (lunfardo meaning 'robar, estafar') in which the author surveys the handling—or rather, the mishandling—of the term by various lexicographers. He gives excellent documentation of usage from popular and literary sources, both Spanish and porteño. His relatively brief attention to the word's etymology concludes: "de origen incierto"; he is mostly concerned with the semantic evolution, and theorizes that the word is an extension of 'trabajar' which also means to steal or swindle in lunfardo. 40 Annot. in HLAS, Vol. 24, No. 4974. Afilar [293] Gobello, José. "Algo sobre afilar," in Lunfardía (see No. 640), pp. 9294. Brief but pertinent data as to origin and semantics of this lunfardo word, which means roughly 'to court a woman' but with certain derogatory connotations (cf. Eng. 'to have an axe to grind'). With literary and lexical documentation. Agardelado *[294] Elliff, O. "Acerca de dos voces populares, recreadas en su libro Lunfapoemas," ComAc No. 24 (May 16, 1964), 1 p. mimeog. "Contiene las voces Lunfapoemas y Agardelado ¡a" (BAPL 1:1 [1966], P. 57.) Agarrar [295] Bermúdez, Sergio Washington. "Lenguaje del Río de la Plata. Fraseologia del verbo 'agarrar'," BFM IV (1943), 72-79.

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The author takes up five expressions involving this widely used verb: 1) agarrar a uno de titeo ; 2) agarrar a uno para el patronato ; 3) agarrar a uno para la butifarra', 4) agarrar a uno para las sociales', 5) agarrar una mamada, o mona, o mamúa, o tranca, o tranquilidad, o trina, o un chivo, o peludo, o un peludo como cola de zorro (all of these variants meaning 'embriagarse'). Aguantadero [296] Lianes, Ricardo M. "Acerca de las voces 'aguantadero' y 'colihembra'," ComAc No. 74 (July 29, 1965), 1 p. mimeog. Author calls attention of the members of the Academia Portefia to two words that he admits are new to him. Aguantadero he reports having seen in La Prensa (July 8, 1965) in a police report clearly indicating that the word was used in the sense of "el lugar donde se ocultan los delincuentes después de cometer un delito". As for colihembra, Lianes overheard word in a Buenos Aires confitería, in a conversation between two obviously upper class gentlemen; context indicated meaning of "hembra loca". Author had no further information, and up to then knew of no one that did. Finally, he makes the point that his experience with these terms proves that the "llamada 'jerga lunfardona'" does not always or necessarily emanate from "la cárcel ni de los barrios bajos". [297] Pagano, José. "Sobre la voz 'aguantadero'," ComAc No. 88 (Oct. 3, 1965), 1 p. mimeog. A reply to Lianes (see No. 296 above). Pagano reports that he has known the word aguantadero for many years, primarily through his contacts with prison personnel and with owners and managers of hotels where "concurrían a pernoctar . . . gente con antecedentes policiales y también quienes habían egresado de la cárcel". This illegal giving of lodging was, or is, called aguantadero. (Pagano also gives details in regard to the hotel fees charged, use of faked identification documents, municipal regulations pertaining to hotels, fines, etc.) Summary at end: "El aguantadero es, pues, el escondite más o menos seguro que emplea el delincuente para eludir a la policía." Aguila: Andar [298] Alposta, Luis. "Un antecedente de la voz 'águila'," ComAc No. 122 (July 28, 1966), and in BAPL 1:4 (1969), 13-15. Means 'andar miserable, flaco, pobre.' With historical data, e.g. appeared in poem by Bartolomé Hidalgo in 1820.

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Albardón [299] Laguarda Trias, Rolando A. "Historia semántica de dos uruguayismos: 'cuchilla' y 'albardón'," RNLA 2 o ciclo, 1:188 (1956), 257-282. Also in book form: Montevideo, 1956, 28 p. Impressive study of two Uruguayan orographie localisms, known also in parts of Argentina. Clarifies historical and semantic evolution of both words from early colonial times to present day usage (cuchilla 'cadena de lomas, características del Uruguay, etc.'; albardón 'elevación situada en terrenos bajos y húmedos . . . debido a lo cual las crecientes la convierten en isleta, península o istmo . . .'). Thoroughly and competently documented by innumerable citations from dictionaries, literature, and official documents. Points out many errors by lexicographers, even famous ones such as Granada and Corominas. Summarizes meanings in other parts of Spanish America for both terms. Claims that both words need more study as to Argentine usage, especially in regard to geographical distribution. Much other interesting miscellaneous information. Alpaca. See Vicuña, No. 461. Aliti [300] Bujaldón, Aurelio R. "El adverbio allú," AILC II (1942; printed in 1944), 172-175. Speculation as to origin of u. Details as to etymology, semantics and geographical diffusion (Dávalos, Lullo). Originally from Latin illoc. Discusses similar words in Iberia. Amuro, amurar [301] Gobello, José. "Sobre la interpretación de un verso de Yacaré," ComAc No. 61 (Aprii 9, 1965), 2 pp. mimeog. In Versos rantifusos of Felipe Fernández (Yacaré) the word amuro, reports author of this communication, appears only once (in the sonnet "El pato", which is quoted in its entirety). Del Valle in his annotated edition of Versos rantifusos defines the word with 'derrota'. Gobello disagrees, claiming that the meaning is 'estafa' or, by extension 'robo en general', and he illustrates how the Italian verb murare 'tapar un hueco haciendo en él un muro o tabique' led to lunfardo amurar 'encerrar, emparedar'; the figurative extension is then obvious. Gobello gives lexical and literary documentation, and

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also draws upon his own experience in jail to bear out his claim. He also uses the context of the sonnet itself to prove his point.

Andar de cabeza

[302] Zamora Vicente, Alonso. "Tres expresiones argentinas," EMP V (1954), 141-147. A brief essay extending the knowledge of archaisms and their semantic modifications in Argentine speech, as exemplified by the three expressions andar de cabeza, de arriba, and tener sangre en el ojo. Summary: andar de cabeza is a substitute for the very old phrase 'andar en cabello' (English 'dishevelled'), analogous with such phrases as 'en piernas', 'en cueros', etc. De arriba ('de gorra', 'gratis', 'a cuenta de otro') probably originated in the equally old expression 'venir de allá arriba', meaning heaven. This is still the meaning of de arriba in Spain but in Argentina it came to mean 'unexpected good luck' and from there 'something for nothing', etc. Tener sangre en el ojo ('tener resentimiento, o ira contenida, o deseo de venganza') had as its original meaning 'ser hombre de valor y brioso', and to be very honor conscious. But, as the author says, "nos encontramos pues ante otra frase que al acomodarse a las condiciones de la vida de la colonia, desciende un poco en su contenido semántico, al igual que otros muchos. De una nueva estructura social nació el eliminar el 'punto de honra', y quedan solamente en 'furia, ira, necesidad de venganza'" (p. 147). Treatment documented both with dictionaries and literary works to prove: a) Spanish ancestry of the phrases, and b) actuality of local usage. Annot. by Huberman No. 1009.

Arazá [303] Morínigo, Marcos A. "Arazá," BAAL 14 (1945), 527-528. Author supports Malaret (Diccionario de americanismos) who registers arazá (a fruit) as being used in Paraguay and Argentina only by Guaraní speakers; others use guayaba. (See next item.) [304] Albuquerque, A. Tenorio D'. "Arazá," BAAL 16 (1947), 293-295. A follow-up of Morinigo's note (No. 303). Author claims that in Brazil arazá (araçà) and guayaba are two different plants, and that Malaret is incorrect in contending otherwise.

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Araucano [305] Benigar, Juan. "El nombre de los araucanos," PCAAA II (1963), 119120. Notes as to origins, usage, relationship, and ethnological and linguistic validity of words araucano and mapuche. Also, historical details as to usage {araucano first used by Ercilla, for example). Atorrante [306] Barcia, José. "Acerca de la voz atorrante," ComAc No. 102 (March 21, 1966). Also BAPL 1:2 (1967), 26. By quoting Pío Baroja's use of the word atorrante, Barcia shows that this "porteñismo" had reached Europe around the beginning of the century. [307] Gobello, José and Jorge Alberto Bossio. El Atorrante. Buenos Aires, 1968, 110 p. Collection of stories and poems with "Guía lexicográfica" (103-110). Gives chronological history of the word and variants starting with 1879 (Benigno Lugones in La Nación). Lexicographical citations include Santamaría, Arrazola, Gobello (Lunfardia, pp. 95-97). Azotarse [308] Soler Cañas, Luis. "Acerca del verbo 'azotarse'," ComAc No. 54 (Oct. 30, 1964), 2 pp. mimeog. Author claims that the slang term azotarse, meaning 'caer al agua,' is not a lunfardo term, but that its semantic history as an argentinismo needs clarifying, and requests that other members of the Academia Porteña, or anybody else, come forward with whatever information they may have. Reports that word does not appear in dictionaries with local meaning; quotes Cambacères' novel Sin rumbo where it is used that way. Also finds a roughly similar use in a quote dating 1879, where it meant 'mojarse en el agua.' [309] Jauretche, Arturo. "Acerca de diversos vocablos de interés," ComAc No. 62 (April 29, 1965), 4 pp. mimeog. A reply to Soler Cañas' communication above (No. 308), in regard to azotarse. Jauretche points out, with considerable irritation, that he himself has used the word in his own writings. Gives other data, such as that the word is more typical of Uruguay and Entre Ríos than of the pampas "porque

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supone entrar de golpe a lo profundo del agua, castigándola o castigándose, como en el azote" (p. 1). States his belief that "una breve indagación en los cuentos rioplatenses permitirá encontrar azotarse con frecuencia" (p. 1). This communication also gives rather lengthy treatments of the words paquear and manflora and its variants, as well as shorter consideration of oligarca, almarear. Jauretche claims that all of these words (including azotarse) are really "camperas" rather than lunfardo. [310] Valle, Enrique R. del. "Acerca de la voz 'azotarse'," ComAc No. 87 (May 13,1965), 4 pp. mimeog. Another reply to Soler Cañas. Treats etymology briefly, quoting Corominas and Monlau. Then goes into the semantics, prefacing his notes by pointing out that the "Argentine" meaning for the word ('arrojarse al agua') is indeed abundantly covered by dictionaries and word studies right from 1870 to 1958. Del Valle gives quotes from lexicons and literature, and even points out that the word, with this meaning, may have started out with the "jerga marinera" at the time of the conquistadores. [311] Soler Cañas, Luis. "Acerca del verbo 'azotarse'," ComAc No. 107 (Jan. 20, 1965). Also in BAPL 1:2 (1967), 33-34. More lexical commentary on this word (see items above). In his treatment of its semantics, Soler admits that he had not consulted all possible dictionaries. He still seems to wonder about the "argentinismo" of the term, since many major Argentine lexicons (Salazar, Garzón, Monner Sans, Arrazola, Saubidet, Solá [Salta], Granada, Guarnieri) do not register the word with the meaning 'caer o arrojarse al agua.' Bagual [312J Canals Frau, Salvador. "Sobre el origen de la voz 'bagual'," AILC I (1941), 71-77. The following commentary summarizes the main point of this article: "Bagual es voz netamente argentina, aunque se la encuentra bastante difundida en el Brasil. No pasó del querandí al castellano con el sentido que tiene hoy. Deriva del nombre de un cacique que se llamaba así en su propia lengua. Esto obliga a desistir de una posible etimología española" (Barrenechea and Bruzzi Costas, "Bibliografìa lingüística argentina," RPF/SB 165). [313] Laguarda Trías, Rolando A. "Historia de un caso de simbiosis léxica: 'cimarrón' y 'bagual'," RNLA, 2° ciclo, 111:197 (1958), 383-406.

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A detailed history of the investigations of past lexicographers, semanticists, and etymologists is given in this carefully documented study of the coexistence and interaction of these two River Plate terms, some of whose past meanings were synonymous ('wild horse' for example). History of usage, semantic evolution, and sources of origin are all dealt with in some depth, with summaries of findings and theories. Dates of first usage for the various meanings are given whenever possible. Conclusions as to etyma: cimarrón'. author rejects past solutions, such as Coraminas' cima +arrón, and favors an Arawak origin; bagual: again rejects past findings, such as Canals Frau's theory that word began as name of Querandi chieftain (see above) and believes that it came from a relatively modern transcription of the word mbeguá or béguá 'denominación genérica de unas tribus indias establecidas a principios del siglo XVI, a una y otra margen del Río de la Plata' (p. 402). Author's final word: "A esta convivencia de ex-sinónimos, lograda merced al desplazamiento del significado de uno de ellos [cimarrón means exclusively 'mate amargo' nowadays in the River Plate country], sin destrucción de ninguno, que antes bien refuerzan mutuamente sus existencias, es que aplicamos el nombre de simbiosis léxica" (p. 406).

Bailetin *[313A] Soler Cañas, Luis. "Información suministrada por Raúl González Tufión acerca de los vocablos bailetin y peringundin,'" ComAc No. 327 (July 18, 1969), 2 pp. mimeog. Bajar la caña [313B] Gobello, José; Tomás de Lara; Enrique Ricardo del Valle. "Bajar la caña y taquero."BAPL 11:5 (1971), 74-76. Notes speculating on the origins and semantics of these two terms. The authors disclaim any knowledge of the antecedents of bajar la caña among whose meanings are 'cobrar con exceso una mercadería o un servicio,' 'castigar,' 'reprender, amonestar.' From this phrase came ñaquear, "con igual significado, formado sobre el vesre de caña (ñaca)." As for taquero, again no positive solution is offered. Taquero has two main meanings: 'bailarín' and 'policía.' Possible roots for these two meanings are tachero 'policía,' and toquero, a type of corrupt policeman, like a hijacker. Conclusion: "Preferimos pensar que se trata de un cruce de tachero, taquero, and toquero."

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Bajareque [314] Laguarda Trías, R. A. "Historia de los americanismos 'quincha' y 'bajareque'," RNLA, 2 o ciclo, II: 193 (1957), 372-387. A study of two synonyms which the author claims are true Americanisms not used in Spain. The lexical history and documentation of the two words is treated in a painstaking and thorough way, and both the semantics and etymologies are included, citing opinions of such authorities as Cuervo, Pedro Henriquez Urefla, Corominas, etc. Geographical distribution data is also attempted. As for etymology, Laguarda concludes that quincha is definitely from Quechua, but that the origin of bajareque has not been established with certainty. Balurdos [315] Gobello, José. "Acerca de 'Los Balurdos'," ComAc No. 120 (July 31, 1966). See BAPL 1:3 (1968), 31-32. The word balurdo means 'paquete, atado de ropa,' but in the lunfardo world it has semantic extensions. Gobello gives historical and etymological data of this semanteme, which comes from the argot balourd. Lexical quotes given. Balvanera *[316] Bossio, Jorge Alberto. "Acerca de la voz boliche y de la denominación BalvaneraComAc No. 80 (August 25, 1965), 1 p. mimeog. "Señala la aparición de la voz boliche en un documento de 1854 y la etimología de Balvanera procedente de Valvaneda" (BAPL 1:2 [1967], p. 40). Bañado [317] Laguarda Trías, R. A. "Historia semántica de 'bañado,' 'estero,' y 'estuario'," RNLA, 2 o ciclo, 11:191 (1957), 56-83. A study of how the principal Spanish American lexicographers and topographers define these terms, and the great differences that exist in these definitions. Also, how the words differ in meaning from region to region. The author documents his treatment from both past and contemporary literature. His final contentions are: a) estero and estuario are semantically different even though "las autoridades idiomáticas se empeñen en ignorar [esto]. ..", and b) estero and bañado are true synonyms, even though the same authorities

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"pretenden demostrar que no existe ninguna relación" (p. 56). "An exhaustive study of three terms about whose origin and meaning there has been longstanding confusion" (Wogan,HLAS Vol. 21, No. 3646). Baqueano [318] Laguarda Trías, R. A. "Historia del americanismo 'baqueano'," BAAL XXVI (1961), 65-104. An impressively documented history of the semantics and etymology of this word. Author rejects a Taino origin, as well as numerous other etyma which have been proposed. He argues that baqueano came from a New World Latinism vaco, as follows: Lat. vacuus > *vacus>vago > vacio > vacuo and vaco. Adjective vaco > noun vaquia > vaquiano (baquiano). The form baqueano is due, in the River Plate region, to the influence of vaquero and vaquería, leading to vaquear and inflected forms > vaqueano (baqueano). The semantic evolution from vaco 'libre, vacío' to its modern specialized meanings ('guía', 'conocedor de la tierra', 'práctico de los caminos', etc.) is, although complex, convincingly argued by Laguarda. So: "Vaquiano [baqueano] es, por su origen y formación, voz netamente castellana, y, por el lugar de nacimiento y empleo, típicamente americana" (p. 86). Berretín [319] Villanueva, Amaro. "Acerca de 'berretín.' Sus acepciones y etimología," Univ 66(1965), 159-199. This article is primarily a documented summary of the opinions and theories of various lunfardologists as to the semantics and origins of this apparently troublesome word. There seems to be little doubt that the word comes from Italian, but little agreement as to which dialect. Semantically too, the situation is confusing; the meanings are many, and the author claims that data furnishing a clearcut chronology of the various meanings are lacking. He does attempt to show how baratin ('paco' 'balurdo'), for example, could have evolved to berretín, which now means, among other things, 'sitio donde se guarda alguna cosa.' See following items. *[319A] Gobello, José. "Berretín," ComAc No. 91 (Jan. 20, 1966), 3 pp. mime o. Listed in BAPL 111:6 (1972), No. 180. [320] Villanueva, Amaro. "Acerca de la voz 'berretín'," ComAc No. 104 (Apr. 30, 1966). In BAPL 1:2 (1967), 28-29.

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More discussion of the etymology and semantics of berretin and related words (such as baratin, berrettino, barrettino, barrattina). Continuation of a polémica with José Gobello about the exact roots of the word. Villanueva questions the validity of Gobello's phonetic theories, in working this out. [321] Gobello, José. "Acerca de la voz 'berretin'," ComAc No. 105 (June 3, 1966). In BAPL 1:2(1967), 30-31. And yet another continuation of the dispute. Much of the argument seems to hinge upon the early meanings of this porteñismo ·, was it 'paco, balurdo' or 'metejón, enamoramiento'? Bichicome *[322] Noizeux, Pedro J. "Acerca de la voz 'bichicome'," ComAc No. 25 (May 20, 1964), 1 p. mimeog. [323] Villanueva, Amaro. "Acerca de la voz 'bichicome'," ComAc No. 49 (Oct. 26, 1964), 1 p. mimeog. According to communicant, the word bichicome (or variants bichicoma, pichicoma, pichicome) was brought to Buenos Aires by tourists from the Uruguayan River Plate beaches. There it had the meaning of 'ciruja', best defined as 'trash collector'. By semantic evolution, bichicome came to mean "Cualquier vagabundo de los muelles, o, en acepción más general a todo 'poligriyo'". Villanueva also quotes Devoto and Noizeux (ComAc Nos. 18 and 25) who make the obvious claim that it is a phonetic adaptation of the English word 'beach-comber'. Same is undoubtedly true of Malaret's (Dicc. de americanismos, 1946) bichicuma (Del ingl. beach-comber), also cited by Villanueva. However, Malaret gives a perhaps curious definition, in any event one differing from those above: "Perú. Marinero europeo que se queda en tierra y se dedica a la vagancia". Boleadoras *[324] López Osornio, M. A. Las boleadoras: monografia. Buenos Aires, 1941,62 p. [Illus.] "The work is a study in the origin, types, construction materials, and ways to carry and use the 'boleadoras,' or balls tied to a thong, and used by Gauchos to rope steers." (Sable, No. 1785.) "Trata del origen y evolución de la palabra y de su influencia en el habla popular argentina" (Annot. in "Bibliog.," RFH V [1943], No. 5318).

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Boleto [325] Alposta, Luis. "Acerca de la palabra 'boleto'," ComAc No. 38 (Aug. 27, 1964), 1 p.mimeog. Report on lunfardismo boleto 'mentira'. Gives etymological history. Résumé: from Roman bulliré, bulla "burbuja de aire que se levanta cuando bulle, hierve el agua. Esta imagen redonda del líquido . . . dio signo a la esfera de plomo añadida a los escritos papales, de donde toman dicho nombre . . . En los pequeños documentos la bola era más chica, era una buleta . . . " . This word later becomes boleta or boleto. This is the classical etymology. But popular imagination goes its own way: boleto becomes mixed up with bolita, which "por su mismo rodar fácil, se convierte en la Argentina en sinónimo de 'mentira'. En las calles de Buenos Aires un boleto es una mentira de poca extension y daño; cuando la mentira es rotunda, se agranda en bolazo". Other details: even the street car ticket boleto derives from "bula católica", "y la 'mentira' porteña, del origen de aquella palabra, de su metáfora". Boliche. See No. 316. Bombilla [326] Oberti, Federico. "Disquisiciones sobre el origen de la bombilla," CINIF 1(1960), 151-158. Most of this folklore article deals with the evolution of, and ways of using the River Plate bombilla. But the first pages take up the etymology and semantics of the word itself, citing a number of dictionaries, many of which give truly absurd data. Cabrear *[327] Gobello, José. "Acerca de la voz 'cabrear' y sus derivados," ComAc No. 21 (May 9,1964), 3 pp. mimeog. Cachar, cachada [328] Gobello, José. "Cuatro voces porteñas," in Lunfardía, p. 90. (See No. 640.) Brief but sharp notes on this lunfardismo. [329] Gobello, José. "Origen y sentido de la cachada porteña," Quél, No. 176(1958), 24-25.

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A treatment of the history, semantics and etymology of the porteñismos cachar and cachada. The conclusions: 1) derives from the Italian cacciare 'cazar'; 2) semantic evolution: 'cazar' > 'agarrar, tomar' > 'embromar, burlar'; 3) first written appearance: 1897, in the works of José Sixto Alvarez (Fray Mocho). Did not appear in subsequent writing until a good while later. But "lo cierto es que ya a fines del siglo la palabra cachar andaba en boca de los delincuentes. Y esta comprobación a la mano de cualquiera, hace un poco risible el conato etimológico de quienes quieren derivar nuestra cachada del verbo inglés 'to catch'. Y el de los indigenistas a muerte que lo presentan como voz aborigen" (p. 24). The article points out many erroneous definitions and etyma given by lexicographers. Cajetear *[330] Soler Cañas, Luis. "Acerca de dos vocablos de la jerga carcelaria," ComAc No. 28 (June 12, 1964), 3 pp. mimeog. Notes on cajetear and desporongado. Cajetilla [331] Burnet-Merlín, Alfredo R. "Acerca del origen y significado del vocablo 'cajetilla'," Acuerdo No. 2 (Mar. 28, 1964), BAPL 1:1 (1966), 17-23. About the etymology and semantics of the term. Summarizes the theories of other lunfardistas (Payet, Gobello, del Valle). Gives 12 dictionary definitions, from 1836 (E. Pichardo) thru 1958 (Martin Alonso). Also quotes usage in several writers. [332] Bossio, Jorge Alberto. "Acerca de la voz 'cajetilla'," ComAc No. 78 (Aug. 16, 1965), 2 pp. mimeog. Using internal semantic evidence from an anonymous saínete (El amor de la estanciera, ca. end of 18th century), Bossio concludes that the word cajetilla (porteñismo for 'persona elegante') is a metaplasm (by metathesis) of jaquetilla, itself a diminutive of jaquetón. "Señala el uso de cajetilla desde fines de siglo XVIII y aporta la prueba (jaquetón) que confirmaría la tesis expuesta por la Academia [Porteña del Lunfardo] en su Acuerdo No. 2." (BAPL 1:2 [1967], No. 75, p. 41.) Camalote [333] Laguarda Trías, Rolando A. "Historia de la palabra 'camalote'," BAAL

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XXI (1956), 445-465. Also: REd VI (1961), 420-436. Also in book form: Buenos Aires, 1956, 42 p. A detailed study primarily of the semantics of this widespread americanismo, used to designate several types of water plants. Author gives documentary history of the word, the variants (camelote, gamalota, gamalote, gamelote and gamelota, gramalote), areas of usage in Spanish America and the various meanings (it has four main definitions), and conjectures as to its etymology. Although he claims that the point of origin was in southern Mexico and Honduras (from very early colonial times), he does not accept unreservedly a Nahuatl origin, such as camalotl. Thoroughly documented by citations from many relevant lexicographers and etymologists. Cancha [334] Merlo, Juan Carlos. "Cancha," SFC 1:5 (Oct. 1965), 120-122. Historical treatment of the widely-diffused Quechuism cancha and how it evolved semantically from 'templo o palacio' to current general meaning 'court.' And shows its "asombrosa vitalidad en sus tres largos siglos de vigencia hispánica (121)."Also gives idioms, derivations (canchear, cancherear, cancheo, etc.), both urban and rustic. Cantramilla [335] Caviglia, Buenaventura (hijo). "Anotaciones sobre el vocablo 'cantramilla' (matraquilla)," BFMIV (1945), 14-118. [Illus.] Extensive treatment, with many drawings and photographs, of various types of metal and wooden goads and pricks, etc., accompanied by tinkling bells, rattles, or other sound-producing devices, used in connection with the gear of teams of oxen and cattle in rural Argentina and Uruguay. Although primarily folkloric, the study has linguistic value in the semantic and lexical material involved.41 [336] Caviglia, Β. (hijo). "La cantramilla: Dispositivo sonoro de carretas, picanas, lazos, 'silbadores', grillos carcelarios, etc. (Anticipo esquemático de una tentativa de comprobación)," AAFA I (1945), 95-96. The title gives the gist of these notes. [337] Caviglia, Β. (hijo). "Cantramilla," AAFA II (1946), 104-105. A somewhat unorthodox etymology for cantramilla, deriving from "carreta —con tramilla [from tarabilla 'citóla del molino' > tamarilla > tramilla·, and

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analogous with the Portuguese, word taramela or tramela 'citóla']. De allí el contramilla, y el lógico y sub-consciente, canta tramilla > can(ta) tramilla >

can tramilla." [338] Caviglia, Β. (hijo). "La cantramilla en las traducciones de 'Martin Fierro'," RNLA IX (1947), 123-128. Also in book form: Montevideo 1947, 10 p. Examines how translators in different languages handle the translation of this word, and particularly how they mistranslate it. Annotated by R. Boggs, "Folklore Bibliography for 1948," SFQ XIII (1949), p. 94. [339 J Caviglia, Β. (hijo). "Cantramilla-dispositivo sonoro," A AFA III ( 1 9 4 7 1948), 9 9 - 1 0 7 . [Illus.] A r t i d e on the semantics of cantramilla, claiming, with documentation, that cantramilla is a sound-producing device, synonymous with "picana con cascabeles" used with oxen-drawn plows, etc. "En términos generales: adjunta a picanas, argollas, lazos, ciertos arreadores y aún a algunas coscojas, léxica y originariamente, la cantramilla es, o fue, un dispositivo sonoro" (p. 100). Among the evidence that author uses to support his thesis are many popular phrases using the word, such as "Te voy a hacer sonar las cantramillas" and "Sos puro ruido, como la cantramilla". [340] Caviglia, Β. (hijo). "¿Las cantramillas en la coscoja?," RNLA XI (1948), 12-20. Also in book form: Montevideo 1949, 11 p. [Illus.] "More on the definition of these words. Cites Saubidet's definition of coscoja 'rueda que gira sobre el eje cuadrado del puente del freno . . . A veces lleva argollitas a cada lado'. Caviglia believes these argollitas are cantramillas" (R. Boggs, "Folklore Bibliography for 1949," SFQ XIV [1950], p. 66). [341] Caviglia, Β. (hijo). Folklore gaucho rioplatense. La Cantramilla, I. Montevideo, 1948, 252 p., xvi p. suplemento. [Illus.] A strange hodgepodge of a book, full of an immense quantity of details regarding the etymology, semantics and history of the word and thing cantramilla. But because of its chaotic organization, an exceedingly difficult book to use. A considerable amount of the material in this work is found in the other items by Caviglia on cantramilla in this bibliography, items in which the material is more systematically organized. "Extensive data on etymology and semantics of this word. It appears to be applied to some part of the goad suspended from a long pole on the cart of the pampas, to spur on the front oxen, or its ring" (Boggs, "Folklore Bibliography for 1948" SFQ XIII [ 1 9 4 9 ] , p. 93).

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Capicúa [342] Rosemberg, Tobias, Jean Amades, José Ramón y Fernández Oxea. "Capicúa," BATF 111:53-54 (1954), 37; ibid. 111:57-60 (1955), 80-81 ; ibid. 111:61-66(1955), 111-114. Notes dealing with the word capicúa used in Tucumán, Argentina. The term is Catalonian (cap-i-cua, meaning 'cabeza y cola') and refers to "palindromic" numbers like 383 or 12321. Toward the end of the 19th century in Barcelona, these numbers began to be considered as lucky omens when appearing on one's street car ticket or auto license or other numbered articles. A fad of collecting such numbers began, and the collectors gathered paper bearing them into elegant albums. The fad spread to the rest of Spain, to France, and to Spanish America. The notes mention a possible relationship with the ancient symbol of the snake biting its tail, a symbol of eternity, of eternal youth and renewal. Various kinds of caps-i-cúes are named. Cimarrón. See Bagual, No. 313. Ciruja [343] Pinto, Luis C. "Ciruja," BFM VII (1952), 506-507. Lexicographical commentary on this porteñismo and upon the erroneous handling of it by many lexicographers. Coger [344] Valle, Enrique Ricardo del. "Acerca del significado del verbo 'coger'," ComAc No. 26 (May 29,1964), 2 pp. mimeog. Also in author's Lunfardologia, Chap. 22, pp. 225-228 (No. 680). Interesting but rather inconclusive comments on just how old the peninsular sexual meaning of this verb really is. E.g., Corominas and Max Wagner claim that it "es ya antiguo"; del Valle maintains that documentation to prove it is a real americanismo is still lacking. For the moment he is inclined to believe that it . . es una voz de la lengua oral . . . de las clases no letradas . . ." Ends the report with a list of synonyms from lunfardo and/or popular speech: machetear, pirobar, pirabar, jilotear, poronguear, pasar al cuarto, encamar, enchufar, enterrar, juntar, lastrar, pinchar, repasar, trincar, voltear, etc. Annot. by Simmons, SFQ XXIX (1965), No. 841. [345] Valle, Enrique R. del. "Acerca del resultado de la encuesta dialectal de vocabulario equívoco." See No. 484.

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[346] Soler Cañas, Luis. "Un verbo prohibido," ComAc No. 47 (Sept. 24, 1964), 14 pp. mimeog. A lengthy and heavily documented report on the well-known platense proscription coger, in which the author cites and discusses the use of the word by the following authors or works: 1) Examen de los saínetes, an anonymous saínete, 1804 or 1806; 2) F. Soto y Calvo, 1901; 3) Unamuno, 1903; 4) R. Monner Sans, 1903; 5) E. García Velloso, 1904; 6) T. Garzón, 1910; 7) Lisandro Segovia, 1911; 8) Ciro Bayo, 1912; 9) Javier Bueno; 10) M. Gil de Oto; 11) Roman de Rociar, 1916; 12) Enciclopedia Espasa·, 13) Joaquín Belda, 1920; 14) Lisandro Alvarado, 1929; 15) José Gabriel, 1939; 16) R. Arrazola, 1943; 17) Gran Enciclopedia Argentina, 1956; 18) Un 'epitafio' de 1955; 19) A. B. Massioti; 20) J. López Silva, 1908; 21) Torres del Alamo y Asenjo; 22) A. Casero, 1921. The remaining sections of the report are: 23) "Su difusión en América"; 24) "Formas en que se usa en la Argentina"; 25) "Coger, cajetear y joder"; 26) "Un problema insoluble" and 27) "Coger y dejarse". [347] Soler Cañas, Luis. "Acerca del vocablo 'coger'," ComAc No. 51 (Oct. 9, 1964), 1 p. mimeog. Reports an anecdote about humorous moment caused by Spaniard in Buenos Aires restaurant when he says to the waiter "Coja la minuta y sírvame." Originally published in article by Spanish journalist in the review Hojas Selectas of Barcelona in 1910. [348] Valle, Enrique R. del. "El verbo prohibido," ComAc No. 124 (Mar. 22, 1965). Also in BAPL 1:4 (1969), 17-18. Notes on the semantics of this verb as seen in a River Plate song "La chica del 17." Also comments on the peninsular or standard meaning in the Platine area. Colihembra. See No. 296. Consolador [349] Valle, Enrique R. del. "Acerca del uso y significado de las voces 'consolador' y 'tortillera'," ComAc No. 36 (Aug. 26, 1964), 3 pp. mimeog. Also in author's Lunfardologia, Chap. 25, pp. 243-247 (see No. 680). Reports that these words, like coger, are "voces interdictas" which are destined to go out of usage in polite society (in Buenos Aires, at least) because of sexual connotations. The exact details of their meanings are given at

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considerable length. So, substitutions are or will be necessary; for example, for consolador some paraphrase like "tener (o dar) consuelo o consolamiento". Cosita, cositero *[349A] Barcia, Jose'. "Cositero, cosita," ComAc No. 93 (Mar. 21, 1966), 1 p. mimeog. Iisted in BAPL 111:6 (1972), No. 162. Costa [350] Laguarda Trías, Rolando A. "Historia de dos argentinismos: 'costa' y 'litoral'," BAAL XXIII (1958), 52-59. Also in book form: Buenos Aires, 1958,20 p. "A rigorously documented history of the semantic extensions of two terms which acquired meanings not found in other areas of Spanish America" (Wogan, HLAS, Vol. 24, No. 4741). Costa, in the Plate region, means banks of rivers, streams and lakes, plus adjacent areas; litoral, not only seashore, but the shores of the Plate, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers. Criollo [351] Arrom, José Juan. "'Criollo': definición y matices de un concepto," Hisp XXXIV (1951), 172-176. Also pubi, in Revista Colombiana de Folklore (Bogotá), 2a ép„ No. 2 (1953), 265-272. A survey of the multifarious meanings of this ancient americanismo, from its first documentary appearance in Padre Acosta's Historia natural y moral de las Indias, 1590, to its use in modern times. Professor Arrom gives data as to the geographical spread of the word and its regional meanings. He also points out many erroneous or incomplete definitions given by some lexicographers and other word students. "Examines use of the word . . . and decides it refers to the human result of the Span.-Amer. way of life" (Boggs, SFQ XIX [1955], p. 66). Cuchilla. See No. 299. Cusco o Cuzco *[352] Gobello, José. "Un argentinismo muy español," ComAc (July 1969), 1 p. mimeog.

No. 335

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"Contiene: Procedencia de la voz cusco o cuzco." (BAPL VI:13-14 [19761977], p. 147.) Chacado *[352A] Gobello, José. "Acerca del vocablo 'chacado'," ComAc No. 19 (May 7, 1964), 2 pp. mimeog. Changa [353] López Osornio, Mario A. "Changa," BIFL No. 6 (1946), 3. Derives changa from Quechua chancea 'work of little value.' [354] Pinto, Luis C. "Changa," BFM VII (1952), 507-509. Lexicographical notes on this rioplatensismo and upon the errors committed by many lexicographers in treating it. [355] Rona, José P. "Sobre algunas etimologías rioplatenses," AnLet III (1963), 87-92. An etymological study of changa (and related words changar, changada, changador). Author agrees unhesitatingly with Coraminas' rejection of a Quechuan origin for changa, but questions the Corominas etymology from the Portuguese jangada. Rona prefers to offer as an alternative an African etymon, occasioned by the numerous slaves in the River Plate country during colonial times. His explanation: "La palabra cyanga o canga en lenguas del Kongo se usa para marcar el ritmo cuando se está realizando un trabajo en conjunto . . . Sabemos que había numerosos esclavos procedentes de Cabinda entre los que llegaron a los puertos del Río de la Plata y del Brasil. Podemos suponer que estos esclavos, cuando trabajaban en grupos, utilizarían la palabra canga! para marcar el ritmo, como lo hacen en su patria de origen. Sería razonable esperar que, de vez en cuando, algún hispano-hablante empleara esta palabra en expresiones como háganme una canga, hicieron una canga, etc., y el alto valor expresivo de la frase haría el resto para que la palabra fuera penetrando en el lenguaje de los blancos, con el significado de 'trabajo ocasional' o de 'una determinada tarea de cierta duración'. Con lo cual ya tendríamos nuestra changa actual, sin cambios fónicos ni semánticos ulteriores . . . " (pp. 91-92). [356] Gobello, José. "Changa, ¿Es un quichuismo?" in author's (see No. 640 below), pp. 38-39.

Lunfardia

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Etymology

Charango [357] Balmori, Clemente Hernando. "Apuntes para el étimo del charango," Pres. y fut. I, p. 209-213. Heavily documented treatise on the history and possible roots of this word, meaning a type of stringed instrument. Neither word nor thing known in Spain {charanga, yes). Probably an indigenism from n. Peru, but not, says author, from Quechua. Chau *[357A] Sartor, Mario. "Origen, evolución y difusión de la voz italiana ciao - A r g . chau,'" Rev. de Lenguas Extranjeras, Univ. Nac. de Cuyo (Mendoza), I (1970), 75-86. "Referring to Coraminas' etymology of ciao (chau in America) as coming from schiavo (slave), writer goes back to Latin and Greek sources to show some confusion with words meaning Slavic. Analyzes carefully evolution of sclavum to ciao, deciding that it is Genovese or of Piedmont origin and came to Argentina late in the 19th century. First reference to it is in 1910." (Canfield, HLAS, Vol. 34, No. 3164.) Che [358] Gómez Haedo, Juan Carlos. "Origen del 'che' rioplatense," BFM III (1941-1942), 319-326. The author reviews the etymologies given by several lexicographers (Lenz, Segovia, etc.) who favor an indigenous origin for 'che' (Mapuche or Guarani, for example). But, although admitting that the problem is confusing, he disagrees: "En efecto, el familiar '¡che!' rioplatense no es otra cosa que la interjección '¡ce!' castellana que encontramos frecuentemente usada en los más ilustres clásicos" (p. 322). "Derives it from Castilian ce, found in La Celestina and on through the Golden Age, used as call to attract person's attention, and cites doublet developments like cisme and chisme from cimice, but ignores chronology of this development and has no proof of one of type cisme to chisme nor a che doublet contemporaneous to ci . . ." (Boggs, HLAS Vol. 9, No. 2019; see following entries). [359] Boggs, Ralph S. "Sobre el 'che' rioplatense," BFM IV (1943), 80-81. A brief note taking exception to Gómez Haedo's Castilian origin theory for che (see No. 358), and claiming that "los gallegos regalaron el che al

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pueblo rioplatense. El pronombre de la segunda persona dativo en gallego es che, del latín te, cuyo empleo pleonàstico se cita . . . en la Gramática histórica gallega de V. García de Diego" (p. 80). [360] Gobello, José. "Cuatro voces portefias" in author's Lunfardía (see No. 640 below), pp. 86-88. Summarizes briefly a few theories of che's origin, both Indian and nonIndian. Gobello seems to favor theory of Ciro Bayo (and, of course, of many others) that it derived from the old Spanish ce. [361] Rosenblat, Angel. "Origen e historia del 'che' argentino," Fil Vili (1962), 325-401. An impressively scholarly presentation of the theory that the Argentine che and the Valencian che both derive from Old Spanish ¡ce!. The parts of the study are: I) an examination of theories of indigenous etymologies (Araucanian, Pampa, Guarani, Aimara), all of which he rejects completely; II) the diffusion of the peninsular che: Galicia, Andalusia, Castile, Navarra, Rioja, Biscay, and finally Valencia; III) the River Plate che and its use in other regions; chronology of usage; lexical and semantic factors in present day use; variants such as interior Argentina's chey ; IV) the use of completely different ches in other parts of America; V) The Old Spanish ¡ce! as the origin of both Valencian and Argentine ches, with exhaustive documentation from early literary classics and dictionaries; VI) a discussion of the phonetic transformation of ¡ce! (pronounced tse) to che, via /0e/ or /se/; VII) summary of main conclusions. "Nuestro che tiene, pues, rica tradición hispánica. De llamada interjectiva, se transformó en apelativo o vocativo de carácter familiar, o en partícula introductora o matizadora del diálogo, para manifestar cordialidad, familiaridad y hasta ciertas formas intermedias entre la campechanía y el respeto ('¡Diga, che!'). Su profunda vitalidad en todas las capas sociales, junto al vos, responde al prestigio de lo afectivo, de lo familiar y de lo llano, y a la fuerza de la vena popular, en la lengua y la cultura del Río de la Plata" (p. 401). Rev. by Lastra, Y., IJAL 32 (1966), 174-175 and by Montes G„ J., Thes XX (1965), 650. [362] Roña, José Pedro. "Sobre algunas etimologías rioplatenses,".4«Leí III (1963), 92-100. Another important article summarizing past etymological solutions for the troublesome River Plate che. Rona rejects Lenz' Araucanian ce 'gente', Boggs' Galician te and, with considerably more attention, the Amado AlonsoCorominas theory of Old Spanish ¡ce! being the origin for both Valencian

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Catalonian xe (pronounced ce) and River Plate che. The reasoning applied to these rejections is based both on phonetic and semantic grounds, seems basically sound and erudite, but is too space-consuming to reproduce here. Then Rona proceeds to give his own solution: "Nos i n c l i n a m o s . . . hacia una etimología guaranítica, puesto que: a) la difusión actual del che coincide exactamente con el área de influencia del guaraní; b) hay total concordancia de forma; y c) se nos aparece muy clara la situación en que la palabra guaraní pudo haber pasado al castellano con su valor actual rioplatense" (p. 97). The details are these: 1) che in Guaraní means both 'yo' and 'mi' (for example, che ru means not only 'yo soy (el padre)' but also 'mi padre', and che rasi means both 'yo me enfermo' and 'mi enfermedad'); 2) there was great contact between the River Plate white people and the Guarani Indians during the 17th and 18th centuries; 3) it was natural for the Guarani Indians to use che coronel for the standard Spanish military mi coronel, in the predominantly military society of colonial days. And from there the semantic evolution could proceed apace, implies Rona, to modern day usage. The author terminates his presentation by summarizing the four syntactical patterns involving che in these days; 1) che capitán, che amigo, etc.; this is the usage that predominates in Paraguay and Misiones province; 2) che Juan, che Maria, etc.; more frequent in Uruguay and Buenos Aires than in Paraguay; 3) che vos; very infrequent in Paraguay, perhaps because semantically it is still farther away from 'mi'; 4) che (all by itself); apparently used only in River Plate area, in two ways: a) placed after a sentence ('¿Vamos a la ciudad, che?' 'Tomá este lápiz, che') or b) as an exclamation of displeasure: ¡Che! ('Mirá lo que haces!' etc.). But finally Rona contends that che is never used alone to call someone's attention, as is the Spanish ¡ce!. [363] Malmberg, Bertil. "A propos du 'che' argentin (Note sur la dite étymologie phonétique)," StL VIII (1965), 47-54. 4 2 An attempt to solve the problem of the etymology of che by a phonetic approach, rather than by historic or semantic means. Author mentions two proponents of two main theories: 1) an indigenous origin (Rona and the Guaraní che \ see No. 362; and 2) Old Spanish ce (Rosenblatt; see No. 363A). He prefaces his main thesis by some rather general discussion of "phonetic laws," onomatopoeic and vocative factors, etc. Among other things, he asserts that there are certain kinds of words ór sounds that do not follow the regularity of phonetic laws, and it is therefore wrong to use traditional methods to explain their etymology. For example the universal word marna'. "Si . . . ma-ma se retrouve avec le sens de 'mère' dans les langues les plus diverses, ce n'est pas nécessairement un argument en faveur ni de leur origine

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commune, ni de contacts culturels" (p. 50). He makes the point too that the spirants /s/ and /c/ often overlap. All of these general phenomena, he says, should be kept in mind approaching the ce-che problem. Whether these interjections are identical or not, they do not represent a kind of formation which is very widespread. And this kind of sound is very commonly used vocatively; such sounds have a type of non-linguistic origin, like "¡pst!". That is one reason why Rona was wrong, he claims, in supposing that che cannot come from Old Spanish ce. In any event, Malmberg implies that whatever the real origin of che is, as an interjection it is structurally of the same class as the O.Sp. ce and as other analogous sounds in Romance and other tongues. He even states that the che of Guarani "a pu contribuer à l'expansion de l'inteijection" (p. 53). Conclusion: "Il sera donc de ce point de vue impossible d'isoler le che argentin des autres formations romanes du même type (che valencien et peut-être andalou, chi, tsi, chis dial, esp., chou ou choy nord-esp., so du Puerto Rico, chey chilien, ce/tshe/ italien [lombard], etc. . . ." (p. 53). " . . . As the present reviewer and others have indicated, the Spanish c (e, i) was undoubtedly [s] for a long time before the settlements in America, although infantile diminutives in Spanish tend to gravitate toward [c]: Chepe, Chano, Pancho, Chabela, etc." (From annot. by Canfîeld, HLAS, Vol. 30, No. 2604.) [363A] Rosenblat, Angel. "De nuevo sobre el 'che' rioplatense," in Studia Hispanica in honorem R. Lapesa, Vol. II, Madrid, 1974, pp. 549-554. Notes reaffirming author's insistence that che derives from O.Sp. çe, and opposing the Guaraní etymon, as espoused by Rona (see No. 362) and others. Author makes two points in particular: 1) he fails to see how the Guaraní che = 'mi' can become "un che vocativo", and 2) "Es imposible que el che guaraní ('mi') se haya generalizado, en la zona guaranítica, a favor de un che apelativo previo de la población hispano-hablante." For him, the Guaraní che 'mi' "queda enteramente aparte." For more details see other annotations above on che. China [364] Strube Erdmann, León E. "Contribución folklórica. La voz 'china'," BAAL· Χ (1942), 174-180. Commentary mainly concerned with the semantics of this widely known Quechua word. The literal translation is 'hembra' ("sea humana, sea animal, planta o cosa inanimada"), but the term has come to have a multiplicity of meanings: simply 'india' (as in northwest Argentina), 'sirviente', 'mestiza',

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'niña fácil', 'meretriz', 'criada joven', 'novia', 'querida', 'mujer de indio', 'mujer india puesta al servicio de otro', etc. So in summary "podemos afirmar que la voz china posee una rica gama de matices en su significado, desde el tierno mimo hasta el más grosero insulto . . ." (p. 178) and that "su sentido peyorativo ha evolucionado a voz galante y amable y sigue adquiriendo un destello romántico en la patria argentina" (p. 180). Chirinada *[365] Sáenz, Justo P. (hijo). "'Chirinada', un vocablo netamente argentino," Nac, July 24,1966. Chongo [366] Soler Caftas, Luis. "Acerca de la voz 'chongo'," ComAc No. 35 (Aug. 25,1964), 1 p. mimeog. A report on the word chongo which had previously meant 'obrero', but now means 'homosexual.' Points out difference of opinion as to whether term is lunfardo. For example, Juan José Sebreli of Buenos Aires claims (in his Vida cotidiana y alienación) that it is lunfardo; Soler Cañas himself believes it is not, but that it is a relatively new word, only about 20 years old. So the Academia Porteña should straighten this out. Author quotes a number of users of the word, including the novelist David Viñas, who uses the word in the sense of 'homosexual activo.' [367] Payet, Luciano. "Acerca de la voz 'chongo'," ComAc No. 42 (Sept. 23, 1964). Author states that he has known the term since childhood as simply "un apodo familiar y afectuoso aplicado a los niños", like Pancho, Coco, etc. It was not lunfardo. However, he has since ascertained that it is a widespread americanismo, meaning many different things depending on the country, and he gives many of these meanings. Payet says he now hears that it means, in lunfardo, first 'obrero' and then 'homosexual activo'; however, as far as he is concerned he will neither confirm nor deny this, since he has never heard the word used as 'obrero'. [368] Soler Cañas, Luis. "Acerca de la voz 'chongo'," ComAc No. 44 (Sept. 27,1964), 1 p. mimeog. More about this rather curious word. The points made are: 1) Soler Cañas quotes a friend who knew a machine shop foreman in Buenos Aires who used

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the term in addressing an apprentice with the meaning of pibe 'boy'; thus not an apodo. 2) He quotes two riojanos'. one says it is a riojanismo for 'boy', but that the term chango was more widely used in this sense; the other riojano claims that the word is completely unknown to him in La Rioja. 3) Still another riojano reports that he did not know the term as a localism there, but that he had noticed its use in the Sebreli book, with the meaning of 'sexual pervert'; he supposed it to be an apocopation of machongo or "algo por el estilo". 4) Soler Cañas rejects word as riojanismo. 5) Theories as to its etymology : a) macho > machón > machongo > chongo ; or b) muchacho > muchachón > muchachongo > chongo. 6) Conclusion: most probable original meaning (as far as can be determined "hasta ahora") is 'muchacho' and that then there was a semantic evolution to the meaning 'pervert'. [369] Villanueva, Amaro. "Acerca de la voz 'chongo'," ComAc No. 48 (Oct. 23, 1964), 1 p. mimeog. More about whether chongo is lunfardo or not. Quotes article by Juan José Soiza Reilly in the magazine Fray Mocho (Buenos Aires) dated June 6, 1912, where word appears with one of its lunfardo meanings, 'obrero'. Report proposes that an attempt be made to "orientar la exploración etimológica de la voz cuestionada mediante su previa contrastación semántica con las demás denominaciones que el obrero haya inspirado al lunfardo." De arriba. See No. 302. Dejuro [370] Roña, José Pedro. "Sobre algunas etimologías rioplatenses," AnLet III (1963), 100-101. A brief commentary about the adverbial term dejuro ('de seguro, ciertamente'), known in Arg., Urug., Colom., Andalusia, and probably elsewhere. This peculiar form has apparently come about through a crossing or confusion between 'seguro,' 'de seguro,' 'desiguro,' producing des'guro > dejuro. The sg > / is in fact a phonetic phenomenon extant in Andalusia and in some American zones. Desporongado. See No. 330. Empanadilla [371] Naselli, Carmelina. "Empanadilla (un dolce spagnolo in Sicilia e in Argentina)," in Studi di Folklore, Catania, 1953, pp. 105-119.

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A folklore article about two types of pastry brought by the Spaniards to Sicily and Argentina during colonial days. Author claims that while folklore investigations have shown that many names of types of breads and sweets in Italy are of Spanish origin, the Sicilian 'mpanatigghia < Span, empanadilla, and 'mpanata < empanada, have not been satisfactorily treated either by lexicographers or by folklorists. This article deals, then, with the history and evolution both of the words and of the pastries themselves. Empurrar [372] Valle, Enrique R. del "Acerca de la voz 'empurrar'," ComAc No. 81 (May 12,1965), 1 p. mimeog. A report on the etymology, semantics and dictionary registry of the porteñismo empurrar. Author believes word is "galaico portugués" in origin, and also relates it to other peninsular dialect verbs such as emburriar, apurrar, apurrir. Gives Corominas' opinions: " . . . se trata de un metaplasmo de apurrir porrigère 'largar, ofrecer', de donde *empurreir (presente *empurrïe) y de ahi empurriar > empurrarDiscusses the verb's many meanings in addition to the local connotations, one of which is sexual. Surveys briefly dictionary entries, Academy and American; points out that no dictionaries of Argentinisms carry it except Luis C. Villamayor in his Lenguaje del bajo fondo, Buenos Aires, 1915, p. 74. Encular *[373] Olivari, Nicolás. "Acerca de los vocablos pirulo y encular," No. 29 (June 24, 1964), 1 p. mimeog. Listed in BAPL 1:2 (1967), p. 44.

ComAc

Estero. See No. 317. Estuario. See No. 317. Fachinal [374] Leguizamón Pondal, Martiniano. "Fachinal," BAAL XXI (1956), 39-49. A well-documented study of the Argentiniern fachinal, and an explanation of how it came to have two principal meanings: 1) the name of a plant, and 2) (the original and correct meaning) "un paisaje geobotànico del litoral

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argentino". The word with the latter sense, was taken to the Malvinas (Falkland Islands) by early colonizers. Later, English botanists came there to investigate, heard the word, and came to the erroneous conclusion that it referred to the plants (matas) themselves and not to the flat, shrub-covered lowlands. The term apparently came to River Plate Spanish through Brazilian Portuguese: "Deriva de fachina, palabra portuguesa que proviene del latín fascina 'manojo, fajo, haz de sarmientos y ramas' (francés, fascine; italiano, fascio -, español, fajina), diminutivo defascis 'haz'" (p. 42). Faso *[374A] Gobello, José. "Una probable etimología del vocablo /aso," ComAc No. 324 (June 12, 1969), 1 p. mimeog. Fato [375] Devoto, Juan B. "El fato y el jazz," ComAc No. 128 (Jan. 26, 1966). Annot. in BAPL 1:4, 28-29. Discussion of this porteño jazz term (which has other non-jazz meanings). Shows the "vivencia del lunfardo" among musicians. Gagà [376] Gobello, José. "Acerca del vocablo 'gagà'," ComAc No. 73 (July 2, 1965), 1 p. mimeog. A report on the Buenos Aires upper class localism gagà 'persona que, por sus muchos años, ya no sabe bien lo que dice ni lo que hace'. Gagà is an "automatismo" and Gobello was motivated to write this report when he read Dellepiane's comments on "automatismos, reduplicaciones o voces redobladas". The word itself, however, does not appear in Dellepiane's El idioma del delito, but Gobello reports that it is now current in Buenos Aires. The word, he claims, comes from the French gâteux > the automatismo gaga > gagà. Garúa [377] Malaret, Augusto. "Garúa," BAAL XIV (1945), 383-386. About the history and semantics of this word, as found in the writings of José de Acosta, Corominas, and Malaret. The meaning is "agua menudilla que se llama 'llovizna' en España" (Malaret), and is derived from Portuguese.

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Gaucho [378] Abeille, Luciano. "La palabra gaucho," PNI No. 41 (1942), pp. 1,4. Author derives gaucho from Araucanian cachu 'camarada, compañero, amigo.' *[379] Bassualdo, José Agustín. El gaucho argentino. Buenos Aires, 1943, 158 p. "Contiene 'Origen y etimología de la palabra' . . ." (In annot. by H. J. Becco, La literatura gauchesca: Aportes para una bibliografia I, CINIF II [1961], p. 236). Bassualdo's theory that gaucho comes from Araucanian gachu is discussed in A. Tenorio d'Albuquerque's article, No. 383 below. [380] Coni, Emilio. El gaucho. Buenos Aires, 1945, 368 p. In this excellent history and general study of the gaucho, the following sections have linguistic interest: "Se aplica el calificativo de gauchos a las milicias de caballería"; "Los motivos de la rápida difusión del vocablo en Salta"; "Semántica de la voz 'gaucho' desde 1790 hasta Caseros"; "Semántica de la voz 'gaucho' desde Caseros hasta hoy"; "La semántica de los gauchófilos"; "El lenguaje gauchesco"; "La influencia uruguaya en el vocabulario del Martín Fierro". As for the word's etymology, Coni does not treat it in detail, claiming that no one had reached a truly satisfactory conclusion. He admits, however, that he looks with some favor on the possibility of gaucho < Port. garrucho (the latter being "una voz portuguesa muy empleada en todo el Río Grande" [p. 227]). Coni's linguistic interest in the word lies in its semantic development. 43 [381] Cordero, Héctor Adolfo. Valorización del 'Martin Fierro.' Un estudio crítico de la poesía gauchesca y el texto completo del gran poema de Hernández. Buenos Aires, 1971, 284 p. Mostly literary criticism, but the section "Sobre el origen de la palabra 'gaucho'" (127-139) summarizes some theories of origin (favoring the etymology from Araucanian gachu 'amigo') and tying the semantics in with the development of the social type. Not definitive or complete, but does give a quick popularized sketch. [381A] Rivera, Jorge B. La primitiva literatura gauchesca. Buenos Aires, 1968, 221 p. See No. 775 below. *[381B] Denegri, Luis. "Significado de la palabra 'gaucho' en nuestro medio," Señuelo, Buenos Aires, Año I, No. 4 (1941), p. 11.

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"Análisis del sentido del vocablo, significado social; consideraciones con respecto a paisano, gringo y pueblero." {BADAL, No. 25/26 [1966], No. 1573.) [382] Giese, Wilhelm, "Gaucho," Eusko-Jakintza, Sare (Basses Pyrénées), VI (1952), 76-78. Surveys briefly some past etymological efforts and proposed solutions, with some emphasis on: gaucho < Andalusian gypsy gachó < gaché, proposed by Lehmann-Nitsche in 1928. Rejects this because vocalic change and change of stress appear too forced. Giese believes that "gaucho es una forma abreviada de la palabra vasca gauchori 'ave nocturna' (de gau 'noche' and chori 'pájaro')". Evolving meanings or variants oí gauchori were 'aficionado a andar de noche' and 'robador nocturno'. This would seem to fit the semantics of the word, since the early gauchos were notorious thieves of cows, oxen, and even women. Furthermore, claims Giese, the credibility of the theory is enhanced because of the Basque language's "fuerza vital" amidst the many Basque emigrants of early colonial days. [383] Albuquerque, A. Tenorio d'. "Gaucho. Lo discutido del vocablo," Tradición, Revista Peruana de Cultura, Cuzco, IV: 11 (1952), 42-49. 4 4 A poorly organized rehash of past material on gaucho—man and word. The article includes quotations from a number of Argentine and Brazilian authors in which the word appears, and a review of previously suggested etyma (including the well-known list of over thirty proposed sources, all but a few of which are utter nonsense). The divisions of the article are: an introductory statement, "La opinión del Dr. Ricardo Rojas", "El vocablo escrito", "La etimología Gachu" (Araucanian for 'friend', an etymology espoused by José A. Bassualdo in his El gaucho argentino, Buenos Aires 1943; see No. 379 of this bibliography), and "Gaucho y gaúcho". The study is marred by many typographical and translation errors. Annotated by Boggs, "Folklore Bibliography for 1952," SFQ XVII (1953), p. 77. [384] Dornheim, A. "Die Gaucholiteratur Argentiniens," HomFK II (1954), 623-650. After sketching the history of the gaucho as an ethnic and social type, this study examines and interprets several important works of gauchesco literature, and compares them with certain European works. As for the origin of the word, "the author offers yet another etymology of this enigmatic term: Gypsy gachó, introduced into the River Plate area toward the end of the 18th century" (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 22, No. 4315). Reviewed by A. Alatorre, M. Frenk Alatorre, and J. M. Lope Blanch, NRFH XII (1958), 441.

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[385] Lascano, Gregorio. "El vocablo 'gaucho'," Com No. 13 (1956), 87-93. Essentially a recapitulation of past investigations of the etymology of gaucho. The author concludes (as do several others before him) that gaucho comes from Braz. Port, gaudério, and uses a semantic approach to make his point. Etymologically this process would be something like this: gaudere ('holgorio, alegría, esparcimiento') > gauderio > gaudear (Vagabundear, holgazanear, divertirse y divertir') > *gauyear (by analogy with other changes) > *gaushear gauchear > the adjective gaucho. (These changes, he explains, would come about logically because of the heterogeneous nature of the population—Indians, Spanish speakers, Portuguese speakers, criollos, mestizos, etc.) He supports his thesis by showing that gauderio and gaucho were synonymous as early as 1783. * [386] Rodríguez Molas, Ricardo. "Antigüedad y significado histórico de la palabra 'gaucho'" (1777-1805),BIHA No. 1 (1956), 144-164. [387] Meyer, Augusto. Gaucho: historia de urna palavra. Pòrto Alegre, 1957, 71 p. 45 Although this treatise is perhaps primarily a history of the social entity gaúcho rather than of the word itself, still there is considerable discussion of the semantics and semantic evolution of the term. And much analysis of the oscillating and evolving emotional content of gaúcho and gaucho, especially as to how the original pejorative meanings were gradually replaced by favorable connotations. Author draws upon many authorities and texts from Brazilian literature and folklore to corroborate the study. He shows how the word meant different things to different social groups—the political leaders, the military leaders, the people of the River Plate independence war, the writers of popular poetry, etc. As for the etymology, Meyer criticizes many previous theories, but does not offer his own solution. [388] Laguarda Trías, R. A. "El problema etimológico de 'gaucho'," RNLA, 2° ciclo, IV:202 (1959), 561-583. In this carefully documented article, author claims that in most cases the only valid way to determine an etymon is by means of semantic, geographical and historical factors, and this is the approach he uses. After discrediting many of the common theories as to the word's origin, he too concludes that gaucho derives from the Braz. Port, gaudério. That is, by preservation of the initial syllable gau- and the evolutionary addition of the widely used suffix -cho.

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[389] Assunçâo, Fernando O. "Sobre la etimología del vocablo 'gaucho'," Sunday supplement of the newspaper El Dia, Montevideo, No. 1400, Nov. 15, 1959, n.p. 4 6 Author reaches much the same conclusions as Juan Corominas: that the word probably derives from either French gauche or Quechua wàhçca. *[390] Albuquerque, A. Tenorio d'. "Gaucho. O discutidíssimo étimo do vocábulo," Revista Brasileira, Academia Brasileira de Letras, Rio de Janeiro, 9 : 2 1 - 2 2 (1958), 2 1 4 - 2 4 3 . "Yet another inconclusive examination of the theories advanced to explain the origin of a word claimed by Brazil as well as the Río de la Plata countries." ( W o g a n , / / ¿ X 5 , Vol. 25, No. 3900Ì) [391] Vidart, Daniel D. "Origen y significado del vocablo gaucho" in La vida rural uruguaya (Montevideo, 1955), pp. 65-75. 4 7 One of the most complete summaries of all the theories given t o date (1955). The two divisions are: "I—Etimologías euroasiáticas" and "II—Etimologías indoamericanas." Author bluntly states, at the beginning, "Todavía no sabemos la etimología de la voz gaucho y se continúa discutiendo sobre la semántica de la misma." [392] Paullada, Stephen. "Some Observations on the Word 'gaucho'," NMQ XXXI (1961), 151-162. Another summary of some of the main theories as to the etymology and semantics of gaucho ; little original material. Author concludes that there is no really definite evidence for any of the etyma advanced. He himself favors Quechua huajcho ('orphan' etc.) > guacho > gaucho, but with this whole development being influenced by the Araucanian word kauchu ('astute man'). Annotated by Américo Paredes, "Folklore Bibliography for 1962," SFQ XXVII (1963), No. 894, p. 107. [393] Frieiro, Eduardo, "Gaúcho, guacho, gaudério," Krit XIV (1961), 402-419. Still another review of the historical and social setting and the birth of the gaucho, as well as of the semantic and etymological investigations of the word itself. A résumé of many of the same quotes, dates, definitions, etyma (over 30 have been proposed over the years), etc., as seen in previous articles, especially Meyer's (see No. 387). Author offers no definite solution to the etymological problem. In fact, very little original material, but nevertheless the article perhaps serves as a pleasantly written introduction to the word

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and to the problems involved. The study is divided as follows: 1) "O gaúcho, realidade e ficçào"; 2) "A palavra 'gaucho' e seu mistério"; 3) "A proposito de 'guacho'"; 4) "Notula acérca de 'gaudério'". [393A] Inchauspe, Pedro. La tradición y el gaucho. Ensayo y antecedentes. Buenos Aires, 1956, 235 p. This study is more costumbrista, even sociological, than linguistic. However, since author spends about 30 pages speculating on source and meaning of gaucho, I include the book. He reviews many proposals (some of them patently absurd), such as Engl, gawk or gawky, Port, gauderio, Lat. gaudeo, and possible origin in Araucanian, Guaraní, Spanish, Arabic. He himself, going on semantic rather than etymological history, favors gauderio > gaucho. But concludes that although the word is "netamente rioplatense," the final solution is still not at hand. [394] Assunçâo, F. O. "Algo más sobre los vocablos 'gauderio' y 'gaucho'," RNLA, 2 o ciclo, VII:213-214 (1962), 220-238. Further richly documented commentary on these words. Considerable space given to discrediting various etymological theories, without his taking a firm stand on the word's origin. Discusses semantics, by means of synonyms in the historical evolution, as well as etymology. [395] Morinigo, Marcos A. "La etimología de 'gaucho'," BAAL XXVIII (1963), 243-250. Before giving his solution as to the origin of gaucho, the author surveys some historical and prior etymological data bearing on the problem. He agrees with scholars like Lenz who espouse an Indian origin for the word, but he finds the source not in Quechua, Araucanian, etc., but in Guaraní. (His reasoning rejecting the guacho theory is particularly effective.) In outlining his own solution, he begins by pointing out that investigations have shown that the word came from "el trifinio argentino-uruguayo-brasileño actual" (p. 244). He documents his contentions that gaucho cannot be of Portuguese origin and that "gahúcho o gaucho es voz que por 1787 empieza a sustituir, también en el portugués del sur del Brasil, a los antiguos changador, documentado desde 1729, y gauderio, documentado en 1746. Gaúcho era, pues, un regionalismo usado en el dominio español colindante con el portugués de Rio Grande" (p. 246). This is a bilingual zone of Spanish and Guaraní, and a zone that in the late 18th century was infested with cattle thieves (changadores, gauderios), outlaws who sold hides to the Portuguese, principally to get money for liquor. "Pues bien, este alcohol era llamado ca'ú-in en la lengua de

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los guaraníes . . . Ca'ú significa en guaraní 'borrachera', ca'ú-in 'agua de borrachera' y ca'úcho 'borracho', voz esta última todavía vigente en el guaraní de Corrientes, Misiones y el Paraguay . . ." (p. 248). Morínigo claims, therefore, that it is reasonable to believe that the Indians should call these usually drunken outlaws ca'ûchos and that the term be accepted by the Spanishspeaking people of the region. The transition from ca'úcho to gaúcho offers no difficulty. As for the suffix -cho, the fusion with Guaraní ca'ú is scientifically creditable since: a) many Guaraní words have this ending (carancho, pirincho, etc.), b) many -cho words are common to both Spanish and Guaraní {quebracho, riacho, etc.) and c) even the frequency of the ending in Spanish proper names {Nacho, Pancho, etc.) probably had an effect on the development. So he concludes that gaucho < ca'úcho is linguistically, historically, and culturally completely verisimilar. Annot. by Alcina No. 1130. [396] Machado, Propicio da Silveira. O Gaúcho na Historia e na Lingüistica. Porto Alegre, 1966, 127 p. 48 This socio-ethnico-linguistic study has a whole section (55-61) dedicated to the various etymologies or theories for gaucho. Much additional linguistic data scattered throughout the book. In the "Conclusoes" author says word is from "arabe-persa com base no sánscrito," and then he gives the evolutionary steps. [397] Rona, José Pedro. "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués," Revista de Antropología (Saó Paulo), 12:i-ii (1965), 87-98. A meticulously documented and lucidly written treatise that (one might almost say) settles once for all the provenience of gaucho. The author first discusses briefly the 36 etymologies posited down thru the years, and affirms (with Corominas) that all but three lack linguistic merit, and that some are utterly absurd. The three that have some linguistic possibility are: 1) From Braz. Port, gauderio > gauducho ("hipotético derivado despectivo o diminutivo") > gaúcho > gaucho. 2) From Quechua guacho from wáhía 'pobre, huérfano'. That is, gaucho becomes simply avariant oí guacho, and the Port. gaúcho "una forma secundaria." 3) From Braz. Port, garrucho 'portador de garrocha' > the phonetic change [gahúso] = "esp. dial, gaúcho'" > gaucho. The change in stress offers no difficulty, he proves; in this case Span, gaucho is the "forma secundaria." Rona's rejection of the first two theories is detailed and convincing, as is his working out of the third. To summarize two points: 1) the whole process comes about through a contact of languages, and is not a phenomenon of the internal evolution of one single language. 2) The process must be explained not just from a purely

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linguistic basis, and must be scientifically worked out by including the factor of the social types involved—and evolved—on both sides of the fronterizo zone. Annot. in HLAS, Vol. 32, No. 3013. [397A] Pinto, Luis C. Autoctonía del gaucho rioplateme. Buenos Aires, 1967,23 p. This booklet about the gaucho includes two pages (17-18) on "La etimologia de la voz 'gaucho'" in which author claims that it derives from the Araucanian gatchú or cachú. He bases his opinion on the writings of the early 18th-century Spanish visitadores Jorge Juan and Antonio Ulloa, 49 in which they speak of ". . . los gauchos o gentes campestres." Pinto says this is the first instance of the use of the word and "es anterior a la muy mentada de 'gauderio' que tanto se nombra como antecesora de gaucho." Gayola [398] Gobello, José. "La gayola," in Lunfardia (see No. 640 below), pp. 101-102. Brief notes in this lunfardismo, which is one of many euphemisms for 'cárcel.' Gringo50 [399] Tovar y Ramírez, Enrique D. "Una cháchara sobre 'gringo'," BFM IV (1944), 70-72. Brief notes on some fantastic folk etymologies applied to gringo, a word which the author claims is still not fully clarified as to origin. He mentions the well-known griego, the Gypsy word griengo 'foreigner', and of course "Green grow the lilacs, etc.", the nineteenth-century song known in Mexico as well as in southern South America. Tovar discredits the song theory (an amazingly tenacious folk etymology, as this compiler has occasion to know) by pointing out that the word gringo existed as a place name in Uruguay (El Paso del Gringo) as early as 1785, much before the song was known in Spanish America. Other absurd origins proposed from English: "green-grocers"; "Green go!"; "green corn" (apparently because the North Americans ordered this food so frequently in Mexican restaurants); "green cloth"; "green-colored" (that is, pale and sickly looking). Author offers no definitely new etymon. [400J Bonet, Carmelo M. "El gringo en la literatura rioplatense," BAAL XVII (1948), 621-641.

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Deals with the semantic evolution of the term. Etymology not treated. "Traces the sociological background of the word gringo in the River Plate region as it gradually lost its deprecatory connotation and may today be used as a term of endearment" (Kany, HLAS Vol. 14, No. 2568). [401] Gobello, José. "Gringo llegó de España," in Lunfardía (No. 640 below), pp. 35-37. Originally published in Continente (Buenos Aires), No. 63 (junio 1952), 121-122. Gobello passes over briefly some of the well-known semantic and etymological theories of the word and offers as one of the first appearances in the work of a Jesuit lexicographer, writing before 1767, this definition: "Gringos llaman en Málaga a los extranjeros que tienen cierta especie de acento que los priva de una locución fácil y natural castellana, y en Madrid dan el mismo, y por la misma causa, con particularidad a los irlandeses." Gobello admits that if this is not the final answer, it at least proves that the British invaders and their "Green grows" song had nothing to do with the word's origin. Grúa [402] Andreetto, Miguel Angel. "Sobre el paralelismo semántico entre las voces 'grúa' y 'guinche'," BFM V (1949), 569-575. A study of the coexistence of these synonyms in Buenos Aires, guinche (from Eng. 'winch') being used by the stevedores and dock workers, and grúa, by writers. Author delves into the etymologies of both words, and presents lexical documentation. Also in use are güinche, guinchador, guinchar. Grupo [403] Roña, José Pedro. "Sobre algunas etimologías rioplatenses," AnLet III (1963), 101-102. An analysis of the etymology of the word grupo 'mentira', known throughout the River Plate region. Author claims the word comes from the lunfardo, from where it became a part of common speech. Its origin is the word grupi, a person planted in the crowd at an auction, in collusion with the auctioneer, to raise the offers. Grupi, in turn, comes from the French croupier, and the whole process may be summarized as follows: Fr. croupier >grupi> the verb engrupir ('actuar como grupi, engañar con falsas ofertas') > the noun grupo ('engaño, mentira'). "La coincidencia de forma con grupo español puede ser una mera casualidad, o puede haber influido para que el deverbal fuera grupo y no engrupe o alguna otra forma" (p. 102).

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[404] Gobello, José. "Acerca del vocablo 'grupo'," ComAc No. 46 (Oct. 6, 1964), 3 pp. mimeog. A detailed and well-documented report on the etymology and semantics of grupo and associated terms (engrupir, engrupido, etc.). Gobello corrects, and adds to, Rona's treatment of the word (see No. 403 above). The analysis is too detailed to be summarized conveniently here, but I give two sample conclusions: 1) as to etymology (Rona plus Gobello): Fr. croupier >gurupié> gurupí > grupo; 2) as to semantics (mostly Gobello): "Considero . . . que grupo no es un deverbal de engrupir, sino una voz de la tecnología lunfarda, que pasó al lenguaje lunfardesco y luego al vulgar. El paso semántico de 'ladrón especialista en hacer el cuento del tío, o sea mentir' a 'mentira' no me parece arduo" (p. 3). [405] Rona and Gobello. "Intercambio de notas entre el profesor José Pedro Rona, jefe del departamento de Lingüística del Instituto de Filología de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Universidad del Uruguay, y el señor académico José Gobello, acerca de la palabra 'grupo'," ComAc No. 68 (January 11, 1965), 4 pp. mimeographed. Further conjectures on grupo-engrupir in this detailed and informative exchange between two prominent River Plate philologists (see the two annotations immediately above). Some principal points summarized: Rona gives his technical reasons for believing that grupo came from engrupir (Gobello believes the opposite); Gobello in his answer (p. 4), asks why would grupo derive from engrupir since the word gurupí or grupi was there handy, and would seem to preclude the necessity of creating grupo'i Gobello also makes the point that perhaps the principal trouble in this admittedly complicated problem is "la falta de fuentes jergales italianas". Furthermore, he wonders, somewhat pessimistically, just how valid philological analysis is in leading to the truth "en el intrincado territorio del lunfardo". Guadal [406] Vidal de Battini, Berta Elena. "Un término geográfico: 'guadal'," HomFK II (1954), 313-318. A semantic and etymological treatment of this current Argentine term, apparently no longer used outside that country. Author surveys lexicographical listings by such authorities as Solá, Saubidet, Selva, Granada, Malaret. She derives the word from peninsular Spanish as follows: buhedal (from buhedo 'pond that dries up in warm weather') > buadal > guadal. The changes that take place are analogous with buey > buay >guay, and with b > g as in güeno.

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Guarango [407] Morínigo, Marcos A. "Para la etimología de 'guarango'," BAAL XXIX (1964), 432-437. Notes on an Americanism currently used in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay with the meaning 'grosero, mal educado.' Author finds the roots in a Quechua term guaranga, a type of Inca chieftain. The Spaniards used these leaders to keep their own encomendados submissive. The semantic extension to 'hombre brutal, grosero' is thus feasible, as is the geographical diffusion from the Andean countries to Chile and the River Plate. Notes supported by lexical and historical data. Guinche. See No. 402. Gurupi [408] Cadogan, León. "Acerca de la voz 'gurupi," ComAc No. 69 (May 22, 1965), 2 pp. mimeographed. ' A report on the possibility that the legendary Guarani term Kurupi— which, by means of an historical and semantic evolution described herein, has come to be synonymous with 'proxeneta, alcahuete'—is related to gurupi, 'palabra usada en el lenguaje campesino y lunfardo rioplatense para designar al cómplice del rematador'. Cadogan thinks this is improbable but not impossible. High life *[408A] Lafuente, Miguel Angel. "La expresión high life," ComAc No. 339 (Sept. 25, 1969), 1 p. mimeog. "Contiene: High life. Su primera manifestación en Buenos Aires," (BAPL VI: 13-14 [1976-1977], p. 147). Hincha [409] Gobello, iosé. "Cuatro voces porteflas" in Lunfardïa (see No. 640 below), pp. 90-91. "El hincha porteño," says Gobello, "es el fan norte-americano." It comes about through a semantic extension, meaning a fan who tends to exaggerate or inflate (hinchar) enthusiastically his team's triumphs. Gobello gives other meanings among which one finds 'fastidiar' used with this meaning as far back

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as La Celestina. Also today: "Hinchar significa en buen porteño fastidiar, y del fastidioso se dice que hincha"51 Irupé [410] Casullo, Fernando H. "Voces de supervivencia indígena: 'irupé'," BAAL XXII (1957), 41-49. "After suggesting two possible Guaraní roots for the word irupé, the author traces the occurrence of this aquatic plant (Victoria cruziana) as a theme in Argentine literature and folktales" (Wogan, HLAS, Vol. 22, No. 4311). Jamar. See Manyar, No. 428. Junar [411] Devoto, Juan Bautista. "Acerca del verbo 'junar'," ComAc 119 (July 27,1966). Annot.in BAPL 1:3, 28-31. Quotes use of the word in several tangos. Claims it is a case of vesre from najusar\ supports this by citing other examples of this morphological combination and change. [412] Valle, Enrique R. del. "Acerca del verbo 'junar'," ComAc No. 108 (July 15, 1964). Also in BAPL 1:2 (1967), 35-36. Begins by quoting nine lexical sources, from R. Salillas, 1896, to Gobello and Payet, 1960. Claims word is related semantically and phonologically to the Colombian word funar, which he says "no es más que el gitanismo junar 'conocer, ver, observar', etc., que también ha pasado al lunfardo." Also gives ten "referencias literarias" (from 1916 to 1955) citing usage. Lanza, lancero, lancear and related words [413] Valle, Enrique R. del. "Acerca del origen y significado de las voces 'lanza', 'lancear', 'tirarla lanza', y 'lanzazo'," ComAc No. 30 (June 25, 1964), 3 pp. mimeog. Also in del Valle's Lunfardologia (see No. 680 below), pp. 229-235. A discussion of this series of related words; originally criminal jargon involving activities of pickpockets (lanceros), and instruments used (e.g., lanza is a form of pincers). Supported by many lexical and literary quotations (some correct, others incomplete or inexact) from La Nación, Gandolfi

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Herrero, Gobello, Villamayor, Arlt, Muñoz del Solar, etc. Also about semantic extensions these terms came to mean. Annot. by Simmons, SFQ XXIX (1965), No. 839. Lata [414] Devoto, J. B. "Algunas consideraciones sobre la 'lata'," ComAc No. 86 (Sept. 18, 1965), 2 pp. mimeog. A basically non-linguistic description of the lata, 'ficha que se usaba como comprobante de labor y pago en las casas públicas.' Reports in detail how the prostitutes and pimps were paid off each week, by cashing in the latas. Linyera *[414A] Roseli, Avenir. Linyera. Diálogo lexicológico. Montevideo. *[414B] Gobello, José. "Algo más sobre linyera," ComAc No. 299 (May 10, 1969), 1 p. mimeog. Litoral. See No. 350. Lombardo [415] Soler Cañas, Luis. "Acerca del adjetivo 'lombardo'," ComAc No. 50 (Oct. 8, 1964), 1 p. mimeog. Summarizes Villanueva's treatment (gives names of books) of lombardo as root of lunfardo. Lombardo has had "una mala acepción figurada" going back to the Middle Ages, and being associated with 'money lender', even 'usurer'. Another point: "Lombardo en español es 'banco de crédito' y en francés antiguamente 'montepío' . . Λ Soler adds on his own a quotation of Maeztu from London, appearing in the Spanish weekly Nuevo Mundo (Oct. 31, 1907), to the effect that Lombari Street in London was where the principal banks were located, and that the first banks were an import of the Lombards. Lomillo. See Recado, No. 452. Lonyi *[415A] Gobello, José. "Nuestro híbrido lonyi," ComAc No. 309 (June 12, 1969), 1 p. mimeog.

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"Contiene: lonyi, hacerse el longui, longuis, longui, gilón, longuí, hacerse el longuis, longuiso" (BAPL V M 3 - 1 4 [1976-1977], p. 147). See also No. 1041 Α. Lunfapoemas.

See Agardelado, No. 294.

Lunfardo [416] Valle, Enrique R. del. "Acerca de la definición de 'lunfardo'," ComAc No. 10 (Feb. 20, 1964), 2 pp. mimeog. Also in BAPL 1:1 (1966), 5 0 - 5 2 . " A report on the acceptance by the Academy Dictionary (18th ed.) of del Valle's proposed definition of the word. Annot. by Simmons, SFQ XXIX (1965),No. 837, p. 111. Llama. See Vicuña, No. 461. Macana and derivations: Macanear, Macanudo, Macanazo, etc. [417] Bossio, J. A. "Un antecedente de 'macana'," ComAc No. 123 (May 30, 1966). Also in BAPL 1:4(1969), 15-17. This communication reproduces an article entitled "Macanear" from the newspaper Sudamérica, dated Sept. 27, 1887. Article discusses meanings of the terms macanazo, macanudo, macaneador and macana—from which all the others derive. [418] Gobello, José. "Cuatro voces porteñas" in Lunfardia (No. 640), pp. 86,88-90. Interesting but informal notes about macana, its origins (from Taino, Perú, Aztec, or Spanish itself?), history (went to Spain very early), the switch from literal meanings ('club' or similar instrument) to the figurative 'disparate' or 'mentira' etc. Author conjectures that it may be the only case of a cultismo that entered the "jerga arrabalera" and later rural speech. [419] Spalding, Walter. "Com respeito ao uso da palavra 'macanudo'," BFM 111(1941-1942), 352-354. A report on this curious slang word (meaning 'excellent, marvellous, hot s t u f f ) which author believes derives from Guaraní macana 'club' ( > semantic extension 'nonsense'). (Rather than Guaraní, the word macana is almost certainly Indo-Antillean in origin.) Spalding reports that macanudo is not purely a rioplatensismo (as is often believed) but that it is current in Brazil's

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Rio Grande do Sul, from where it spread to Rio de Janeiro and Säo Paulo. Annot. by Boggs, SFQ VIII (1944), p. 98. [420] Berro García, Adolfo. "Sobre el vocablo 'macanudo'," BFM III (19411942), 300-301. A pronouncement by the Sección de Filología, Instituto de Estudios Superiores of Montevideo, informing the Oficina Municipal de Avisos that the ubiquitous vulgarism macanudo should not be used in city announcements, posters, etc. Machaza [421] "Consulta acerca de la palabra 'machaza'," BAAL XIV (1945), 738-740. A note issued by the Academia Argentina de Letras sanctioning the use of the Argentiniern machaza, meaning 'fuerte, grande,' a genderless adjective, also used in Colombia. Malevo [422] Alonso, Amado. "'Malevo' < port, 'maleva' + 'malévolo', " RFH II (1940), 179-181. Alonso's solution to two conflicting etymologies offered for the River Plate portuguesismo malevo. According to A. J. Battistessa (see "Malevo," RFH 1 [1939], 378-380) malevo can be explained as the Portuguese pronunciation of malévolo, with the loss of the /, as in the case of palatiu > paço. But Leo Spitzer (see RFH II [1940], 177-179) seeks the origin of the Brazilian form malevo in Portuguese maleva 'engaño', a post-verbal form deriving from the old term mallevar 'pedir o dar fianza', and the latter from the Latin manu levare 'levantar la mano para jurar' > 'garantizar'. Alonso's solution: "Proponemos como etimología del bras. > arg. malevo, el cruce o contaminación fonética y semántica de port, maleva con port, moderno malévolo." [422A] Valle, Enrique R. del. "Malevo," in Lunfardologia (No. 680 below), pp. 217-224. 5 3 In dealing with the semantics and etymology of this word, the author reviews the offerings of the Spanish Academy, Spitzer, Battistessa, Tiscornia, Dellepiane, Segovia, D. D. Salazar, Villamayor, Malaret, A. Gandolfi Herrero (Nocáu lirico), Arrazola, and Amado Alonso. As for etymology, author agrees with Spitzer's theory that the word "habría de partir del portugués, maleva, sustantivo y adjetivo masculino, con el sentido de 'malo, cruel, perverso'".

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(See No. 422 above.) Del Valle adds to previous definitions some usages and "matices" that he has discovered, such as inflected adjectival usage (barrios malevos, el andar malevo, filosofía maleva, hazañas malevas and so on), and several morphological derivations usually overlooked (malevón, malevito, malevaje). [423] Rona, José Pedro. "Sobre algunas etimologías rioplatenses," AnLet III (1963), 102-106. Author reviews the etymologies for malevo proposed by Battistessa, Spitzer, and A. Alonso (see No. 422) and rejects them. He thinks that malevo is an apocopation of malévolo, first propounded by the Argentine lexicographers Garzón and Segovia. But this solution of apocopation has been distrusted by etymologists as being too unscientific, and this distrust has resulted in the other theories. Rona, however, favors returning to this "intuitive" theory. His arguments: 1) malevo is not purely Portuguese, but rather a word peculiar to Rio Grande do Sul; 2) this state takes many of its distinctive words from River Plate Spanish; 3) the crucial question to be answered is: why did malévolo apocopate? 4) Previous investigations have shown that the loss of the final syllable is normal in Uruguay "en todas las palabras proparoxítonas que penetran en el nivel vulgar desde el lenguaje culto" (p. 104). Some examples: anali, anale 'análisis', apendi for 'apéndice', caíalo for 'catálogo', fune for 'fúnebre', el lastro for 'elástico', poli for 'póliza', telefo for 'teléfono', etc. 5) Malevo fits perfectly into this category; 6) furthermore, malevo is a term belonging to rural River Plate country, a region "donde se da precisamente el apocopamiento de los cultismos esdrújulos" (p. 105); 7) he gives documentary data proving that malévolo existed before malevo "con el significado de 'gaucho levantisco o fuera de la ley'" (p. 106). And finally 8) "Con el auge del 'gauchequismo' en los países platenses, malevo impone su forma popular—más pintoresca y llamativa para el público 'gauchólatra' de la época—, mientras que malévolo se conserva como adjetivo con la acepción que tiene en el español común. Como la mayoría de los otros gauchismos, malevo penetra también en el portugués rioplatense, y así llegamos a la situación actual" (p. 106).

[424] Elliff, Osvaldo. "Acerca de los 'Folletos Lenguaraces' de Vicente Rossi," ComAc No. 34 (Aug. 21, 1964), 1-2. This report, quoting the lexicographer Rossi, rejects past etymologies for the word malevo, and offers still another solution: "Y vamos a dar la etimolojía más razonable del vocablo, lejos, muy lejos, de todas esas suposiciones

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mejor intencionadas que lójicas: malevo es derivación del vocablo bozal del negro africano colono en América, malembo, que a su vez proviene de la voz conga malembe ..." (p. 2). That is: malembe > malembo > malebo > malevo. [425] Valle, Enrique R. del. "Malevo," in Lunfardología (No. 680), pp. 217224. Also ìnBFM IX (1962), 129-133. Discusses "Semántica," "Etimología," and "Derivación" of this troublesome word, as used in the River Plate region. Cites in detail the most common theories as to origin. An excellent summary. Annot. by Simmons, SFQ XXIX (1965), No. 838; and in BAPL 1:1 (1966), p. 61. Mangar *[426] Gobello, José. "Acerca del verbo 'mangar'," ComAc No. 11 (Mar. 19, 1964), 2 pp. mimeog. Usted in BAPL 1:1 (1966), p. 58. *[426A] Soler Cañas, L. "Acerca del verbo 'mangar'," ComAc No. 17 (Apr. 27, 1964), 3 pp. mimeog. Listed in BAPL 1:1 (1966), p. 60. Manu [427] Valle, Enrique R. del "Acerca de un ejemplo de pervivencia gitana en el lunfardo," ComAc No. 65 (April 15,1965), 2 pp. mimeog. This report begins with a tabulation taken from Gobello and Payet's Breve diccionario lunfardo (see No. 616 of this compilation), giving percentages of the sources of lunfardo words. 54 That Spanish as a source must be kept most in mind is often overlooked by investigators. A case in point is manú which, like many other lunfardo words (and he lists 18 as examples), comes from Spanish via "gitanería". Valle gives at length the etymological process and evolution (from Sanskrit manusa > Hindu manus > Gypsy manú). The semantic transformation is more mysterious and complicated. The probable explanation: Gypsy manú 'hombre, criatura humana, marido' > substitution for "popularismos" like 'tío, tipo, guapo, mozo, etc.', "sobre todo en expresiones con carácter despectivo como la que tiene el semantema tío 'hombre rústico y grosero' y tipo 'persona extraña y original'" until it finally reaches the equivalent of lunfardo otario 'zonzo o víctima de un picaro'.

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Manyar [428] Valle, Enrique R. del. "Acerca de las voces 'manyar' y 'jamar'," ComAc No. 52 (Oct. 31,1964), 3 pp. mimeog. A technical piece tracing the etymology of the lunfardo term manyar 'comer' and other meanings, back to Latin and Greek origins, via Ital. mangiare. Documented with literary and lexicographical citations from standard Spanish, lunfardo, and Italian. Also brought in are the derivations manyado, lunfardo manyado, remanyado, and manyamiento with their meanings. The figurative meanings of manyar, etc., are also treated, as well as the sister word jamar with the same meanings ('comer, mirar, conocer, entender, etc.'). The existence of jamar is explained by "una interversión silábica irregular de manjar·, manjar > ma(n)-j-ar > jamar". Also discussed is the standard yantar and its origins and cognates in modern dialects. Maraca [429] Morínigo, Marcos A. "Sobre etimologías," Susi II (1940), 52-59. This article begins as a general discussion of linguistic scholarship in Argentina, and the author's proposals as to what steps should be taken to expand and improve the status of such scholarship. Morínigo feels that the study of indigenous languages has been both neglected and mishandled for the region. Furthermore, although etymologies are almost always offered for indigenous words, they are usually not the product of scientific analysis and methodology. Author then proceeds to use his own treatment of the word maraca as an example of a properly conducted etymological investigation. He shows how complicated historical semantics can be. He concludes that maraca came into Spanish from Brazilian Guaraní maracá. Mate: Abrir la boca del [430] Villanueva, Amaro. "Abrir la boca del mate," SFC 1:12 (1966), 18-19. A treatment of this dicho which means, figuratively, 1) 'pasar la vida en diversión a diversión' or 2) 'andar enamorado sin remedio.' "Explains the double meaning of a phrase and the ways in which it is used in popular speech" (Simmons, SFQ XXXI [1967], p. 196). Matraquilla. See Cantramilla. Maturrango [431] Bermúdez, Sergio Washington. "El lenguaje del Río de la Plata, " ΒFM V (1946), 61-64.

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In these notes (an exchange of letters between Bermúdez and A. Tenorio d'Albuquerque), Bermúdez quotes his own copious definitions of the word maturrango, definitions that give the history of the word as well as quotations from literature. He portrays the semantic evolution of the term from the meaning 'soldado español' to 'persona torpe para andar a caballo'. Melesca, melescar [432] Arango, José Santiago. " Melesca, melescar," AILCI (1941, i.e. 1942), 78-79. Terms current in the old Cuyo region of Argentina. Melesca is defined as "la operación de recoger restos utilizables que efectúan las gentes pobres". However, semantic variations exist throughout the region. In Mendoza and San Luis the words have come to apply to the gathering of leftover grapes by the poor, equivalent to the term cayascho in San Juan. In Villa Mercedes, San Luis, the meaning is related to gathering anything useful from trash. (In Santiago del Estero and Córdoba, the practically synonymous term cayascho means gathering leftover corn by the poor.) Milonga [432A] Barcia, José. "Variaciones de milonga," BAPL 111:8 (1972), 57-60. Traces origin and semantics of this word, known especially in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina—and even in Paraguay and Bolivia. About its origin: ". . . que el vocablo procede de la lengua bundo-congolense y que su plural es mulonga 'palabrerío difuso' etc." In other places in Brazil it has other meanings (which he gives) but in Brazil the word never originally meant music or song. This is in agreement with Santamaría and Malaret who "no registran milonga, en tanto canción más que en el Uruguay, Bolivia y la Argentina." Then author gives two definitions of the word (one musical, the other not), followed by thirteen derivations, and idioms in which the word appears. Morlaco [433] Barcia, José. "Acerca de la voz 'morlaco'," ComAc No. 79 (July, 1965), 1 p.miineog. A discussion of this word, which, although it appears in the lunfardo verses of Celedonio E. Flores {Mano a mano), is really an americanismo (probably originating in the Caribbean area) rather than lunfardo. Cited are the definitions of the Spanish Academy ('patacón') and of Santamaría's Diccionario general de americanismos ('moneda de un peso, dinero en general').

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Pampa [434] Sáenz, Justo P. (hijo). "Vocablo 'pampa'," BMMPA II (1950), 8-13. "Defines pampa, caballo (vaca) pampa, lazo pampa and a dozen other terms with the word pampa" (R. Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1950," SFQ XV [1951], p. 103). [435] Laguarda Trias, Rolando A. "Historia de los indigenismos 'pampa' y 'sabana'," BAAL XXV (1960), 85-124. A very richly documented article concerning the etymology and, to some extent, the semantics of these two widely spread americanismos that are essentially synonymous. One important conclusion: in general, the use of pampa or sabana depends upon the areas where Quechua or Taino were spoken respectively. Author maps out the historical wanderings of these terms and goes into the chronology of their appearance in considerable detail, naming authors, works, and dates. Párese *[436] Molina y Vedia, Delfina. "'Párese' por 'póngase de pie'," PNI, No. 32 (1940-1941), p. 2. Listed, but not annot., by Boggs, SFQ VI (1942), p. 65. Peleche [437] Barcia, José. "Acerca de la voz 'peleche'," ComAc No. 103 (Apr. 18, 1966), in BAPL 1:2 (1967), 27-28. The verb pelechar is in the Acad. Diet. The Argentines derived a noun which refers to men in a figurative sense, i.e. roughly 'a prosperous, healthy appearance' and with this meaning the word is at least 100 years old. Peringundin. See Bailetín, No. 313A. See also No. 649A. Petiso [438] Roseli, Avenir. Petiso. Diálogo lexicológico. Montevideo, 1963, 143 p. Another one of the author's interesting lexicological meditations, written in dialogue form. The subject is petiso, a short pony-like horse common in Argentina. The author discusses the semantics, etymology, and history of the word, and while doing so reveals his wide reading in writers ancient and

Individual word and phrase studies, including

lunfardo

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modern, as he documents his points. Much more than just petiso is talked over, as topics related to petiso arise—anecdotes, idioms containing the word, and much conversation on the "thing" petiso as well as the word itself. Pibe [439] Gobello, José. "Acerca de la voz 'pibe'," ComAc No. 89 (Aug. 30, 1965), 1 p. mimeographed. A discussion, both etymological and semantic, of the argentinismo pibe and its morphological variants and related words piva, piver, pebe, pibete or pebete, etc. Author cites a number of lexicographers, some of whom erred in etymological derivations. According to him "Pibe n o deriva de pebete, sino del genovés pivetto 'muchachuelo'". Variants or cognates of the word occur in peninsular and Italian dialects, some with different meanings than 'muchacho'. Pijotear [440] Villanueva, A. "Acerca del verbo 'pijotear'," ComAc No. 110 (May 28, 1966), in BAPL 1:2 (1967), 38-39. Friendly controversy with del Valle about the roots of this Platine (or maybe general American) derivation. Some details: Lat. piscis gave the doublet pez (cultismo) and peje. Pijotear (and related words) come from peje and not from the fam. sex term pija, as apparently del Valle had claimed. 55 Pijotear used in the Martin Fierro. Pilcha [441 ] Gobello, José and Tomás de Lara, A. López-Peña, Enrique R. del Valle. "Pilcha," BAPL 111:7 (1972), 58-60. Notes on the provenience of pilcha, and on its many meanings in Argentina (five are cited, with quotations from literature). Etymologies offered include "voz de origen pampa" (Malaret), "Del araucano pulcha . . (Malaret, 3rd ed.), from "el vasco" (Tiscornia). Morínigo suggests a connection with the word as used in Mexico; but there is no evidence of even its use there. Authors also reject a connection with Ital. impelichada. In fact, they reject all these theories, but admit they cannot offer any better one. Pilcheria [442] Barcia, J. "Acerca de 'Una pilcheria'," ComAc 129 (Apr. 18, 1966), in BAPL 1:4(1969), 29-30.

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About a Buenos Aires men's clothing store which gave itself the name pilchería. (Pilchas here refer to modest rural apparel, and the word derives from the "quichua santiagueño".) (See item above.) Pindonga [443] Azeves, Angel H., J. Gobello, T. de Lara, E. R. del Valle. "Pindonga," BAPL 111:6(1972), 52-54. Interesting commentary on the semantics and sources of this word. It would appear that wherever it is used, it means "mujer callejera", either literally or euphemistically. The point of contention in this Acuerdo seems to be whether or not it derives from and is a vulgarism for pene (which many Argentine lexicographers maintain). The authors' conclusion: "La circunstancia de que pindonga se emplee como eufemismo parece indicar la sobrevivencia del significado español 'mujer callejera' en el lenguaje popular de nuestro país, pues no podría usarse como eufemismo el nombre de un órgano sexual." Pinga [444] Krüger, Fritz. "Etimologías hispánicas. I. De pinga 'gota' a pingo 'caballo'," AILCIV (1950), 82-97. A highly technical and richly documented etymological and semantic study of the term pinga and all derivatives and related words, showing how the originally onomatopoeic term pinga 'drop' evolved in the River Plate region to pingo 'horse'. Annotated by Kany, HLAS Vol. 16, No. 2487. Pirulo. See Encular, No. 373. Polvadera [445] Gagnaire, J. "Sur une métathèse argentine: indice d'une réaction de substrat," BHi 70 (1968), 523-524. "A superficial discussion of the metathesis involved in peninsular polvareda and Argentine polvadera(Canfield, HLAS, Vol. 32, No. 3079.) Poncho [446] Morinigo, Marcos A. "Para la etimología de 'poncho'," NRFH IX (1955), 33-35. Also in Programa de filología hispánica, Buenos Aires, 1959, pp.101-106.

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Holds that this Americanism is of peninsular origin, because of the context in a passage from a 1530 chronicle by Alonso de Santa Cruz; and that theories of Indian origin (such as the tentative Araucanian etymology pontho of Lenz and others) are mistaken. Author admits he cannot clarify the 16th century Spanish status of the word, but that "quizá sea voz del léxico de la marinería española del Mediterráneo, una de esas voces que nunca aparecieron en los textos peninsulares y que, como otras, sólo en América salieron del círculo de lo profesional o regional para incorporarse a la lengua general por intermedio de los marineros" (p. 34). As for its meaning, it probably referred to a type of garment made from hides. [447] Dony, Yvonne P. "Le poncho dans le langage argentin," VL No. 83 (1959), 66-68. A listing and brief examination of 21 idioms and popular sayings in Argentina that involve the word poncho. These are: Alzar el poncho, No dejarse pisar el - , Meter el - , No hay quien le pise el - , A - lo corrierón, Darse vuelta el - , Perder el - por una mujer, Lo dejaron sin el - , Donde el diablo perdió el - , Irse como lista de - , Tirar el — del olvido sobre alguna cosa, Más fácil que sacarle el - a un borracho, Alzarse el —, Arrastrar el - , Pisar el — , Pisarse el - , Hacer pisar el —, No es de arriar con el - , Con el cuchillo bajo el - , Llevar (o traer) bajo el - , Una ponchada. [448] Casullo, Fernando H. "Disquicisiones sobre la palabra 'poncho' ¿americana o española?," BAAL XXIX (1964), 85-100. Much of this article is taken up with corroborating Morinigo's claim that poncho is not an indigenism, but rather a Spanish marine or naval term that dates back to the 16th century (see No. 446 above for details). Casullo's own documentation on this is detailed and convincing. Article also quotes the usage of poncho from practically all over, and deals with derivations (e.g. ponchazó), the use of the word in proverbs, dichos and idioms, all documented with author and work. Pulpería [449] Artayeta, Enrique Amadeo. "La pulpería: su etimología y definición," BAFA 11:9-12 (1940), 102-103. Most of this article contains a folkloric description of the pulpería, but author begins by giving brief attention to the etymology of the word. He offers the following possible (and possibly dubious) origins: 1) Mexican pulquería < pulque·, 2) Cuba also has the word, meaning on that island 'puestos

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al aire libre' where 'pulpa de tamarindo'is sold; 3) the Pampa Indian word pulcú 'especie de fermento o chicha'. This became a generic term for alcoholic liquor. Annot. by Boggs, SFQ VI (1942), p. 24. Quincha. See Bajaraque, No. 314. Rancho [450] López Osornio, Mario A. Viviendas en la pampa. Buenos Aires, 1944, 103 p. Primarily folklore—although some random folk speech data ("Léxico, expresiones literarias relacionadas con la vivienda, paremiología, expresiones populares, etc."). But of interest here is the section "Voces derivadas del vocablo rancho" (pp. 90-91): ranchiar, rancherío, ranchería, ranchada, ranchero, rancheadero, ranchito, ranchera and -ita and -erita. "Paremiología" (97-99): 21 dichos using word rancho. Rasch in [451] Devoto, J. Β. "Acerca del obrero 'raschín'," ComAc No. 125 (Mar. 7, 1966), and in BAPL 1:4 (1969), 18-19. A worker on oil tankers. Word comes from rascar which in turn probably derives from Italic raschare (which also gaverasquin, "poco usado"). Most of communication deals with the specific tasks and vicissitudes involved in this laborer's life. Recado [452] Fació, Aníbal D. "Recado o lomillo porteño. Ensayo sobre el nombre y un posible origen." AAFA II (1946), 67-75. This folklore study deals with the lomillo porteño, also called the recado porteño, both terms referring to a type of saddle with trappings peculiar to Buenos Aires province. The word lomillo apparently originally referred to only a part of the saddle, a type of wooden framework to protect the horse's back against heavy loads. Author discusses etymology of lomillo (from Latin lumbus > lumbo > lomo 'la parte del espinazo comprendido en los cuadrúpedos desde la cruz hasta el anca' > lomillo). He also gives the history of the object and describes in detail various kinds of lomillos and the various parts. As for the word recado, it appears simply to be a narrowing of the older Spanish meaning of 'equipment' or 'outfit', but this semantic evolution

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took place only in Argentina. Article annotated by R. Boggs, "Folklore Bibliography for 1948," SFQ XIII (1949), p. 80. [453] Molina, Raúl Alejandro. O r i g e n del término 'recado' como sinónimo de m o n t u r a y sus elementos característicos," Hist III, No. 12 (1958), 10-20. A documented article holding that recado in the sense of 'conjunto de objetos necesarios para hacer ciertas cosas' evolved semantically (in the province of Buenos Aires, the Argentine litoral, and Uruguay) to mean 'saddle and trappings'. Molina points out that several authorities on the semantics of Argentine rural words (such as Tiscornia) have failed t o deal satisfactorily with either recado or lomillo. The article ends with a "Síntesis documental de la evolución de los términos aplicados a las sillas de montar y a los aperos" covering the years 1610 to 1792.

Sabana. See Pampa, No. 435. Señora gorda [454] Barcia, J. "Acerca de la expresión 'señora gorda'," ComAc No. 75 (July 7, 1965), 1 p. mimeog. A common porteño expression, with semantic (political, social) overtones. Conjures up the conservative, reactionary thinking of the bourgeoisie and their indifference to "lo popular" and social problems. Barcia not sure how expression started. Quotes use by the poet Luis Cañé (1925) for whom "la obesidad femenina era . . . la forma inequívoca del juicio respetable . . . Visible actitud burlona o irónica."

Sismando [455] Roseli, Avenir. Sismando. Diálogo lexicológico. Montevideo, 1964, 91 p. Discussion, in form of dialogue, of the meanings and history of this word and its family. Related side trips into gauchesco and lunfardo language. "Defining Iiis term as 'meditando cavilando,' the writer presents a humorous dialogue on the subject." (Canfield, HLAS, Vol. 30, No. 2644.)

Taf i *[456] Storni, Julio S. "La voz ' t a f f , " BIFL, No. 7 (1945), 3. "On Quechua origin and meaning of tafi" (Boggs, SFQ X [1946], 105).

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Taquero. See Bajar la caña, No. 313B. Tartamuda [457] Jauretche, A. "Acerca del vocablo 'tartamuda'," ComAc No. 6 (undated). Also in BAPL 1:1 (1966), 37. Regional meaning is 'ametralladora.' Discussion of the origin of this semantic extension. Tortillera. See Consolador, No. 349. Trascachuya (or trascanchuya) [458] Romero Sosa, Carlos Gregorio. "La voz 'trascachuya' o 'trascanchuya' (un modismo salterio)," BAAL XI (1943), 265-276. An examination of the semantics and etymology of an interesting localism which, according to the author, is "una palabra hispano-indígena o bilingüe". Trasca from Spanish (roughly, 'strip of leather') and chuya from Quechua (roughly, 'clear, delicate, transparent, etc.'). By means of a peculiar semantic evolution, discussed in the article, "hacer una trascanchuya" has come to mean "hacer una cosa mal hecha, una impropiedad, deslealtad, felonía, etc.". And the word trasca[n]chuya itself: 'mediocridad, cualquier cosa, etc.'. Trasfoguero [459] Roseli, Avenir. Trasfoguero. Diálogo lexicológico. Montevideo, 1962, 24 p. A fictional dialogue discussing the semantics and etymology of the River Plate word trasfoguero, and variants and related words such as trashoguero, trafoguero, transfoguero, and trasfuego. Author documents the existence of these forms from both poetry and prose. Also cites many dictionary definitions (many full of errors, including the Academy's, which at that time listed trashoguero, not trasfoguero). The main goal of the study is to prove that the word is not a lusitanismo, but one "de linaje bien castellano" (p. 23). As for semantics, author summarizes at the end how the words should be used: "Trashoguero el individuo que se queda apoltronado en un rincón de la casa, del hogar, cuando los demás integrantes de la familia salen al trabajo; trasfuego la losa o pieza de material (¿o de hierro?) que se coloca en el fondo de chimenea o estufa; y trasfoguero el leño o tronco que arde lentamente en el lar o el fogón, inclusive cuando éste se hace en pleno campo" (p. 24).

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Trúa [460] Payet, Luciano; José Gobello; Amaro Villanueva. Acuerdo No. 1 (Oct. 26, 1963), in BAPL 1:1 (1966), 14-17. Data on semantics, lexicography, literary usage, etymology, phonetics of this word which authors claim is not a lunfardismo, but rather an argentinismo. The "Referencia lexicográfica" gives listings by Ciro Bayo, Garzón, Segovia, Santamaría, Mähret, Enciclopedia ilustrada de la leng. esp., Madueño, and Martin Alonso. Word means 'borrachera'; also used is estar en trúa. Vicuña [461] Storni, Julio S. "Hortus tucumanensis," ΒFM V (1946), 65-68. Brief descriptive scientific notes on vicuña, alpaca, and llama, including etymological interpretations: "Vicuña: Interpretación: Wi = Vi = germen, procreación: lo que surge o fluye; Cuña = humor segregado por las glándulas mucosas; lo que parece o es moco" (p. 66). "Alpaca: Interpretación: Alpa = Allpa = tierra como expresión circunscripta a determinada jurisdicción y destino, en este caso; Ca = afirmación: el que es o está" (p. 66). "Llama: Interpretación: Lia = exclusividad, lo que hace con tal carácter; facilidad de hacer algo y en especial lo que determina el verbo;Ma = partícula que denota movimiento, o sugiere lo relativo a él; trabajo, transporte, etc." (p. 67).

E. Miscellaneous word and phrase lists, m o s t l y lunfardo a n d / o r popular s p e e c h Note: These lists do not include full-fledged dictionaries, although some do cover many hundreds of items. However, the majority are much more limited and I have listed the specific words whenever this would seem practical. [462] Barcia, José. "Acerca de voces germanescas incorporadas al español," ComAc No. 72 (July 1965), 13 pp. mimeog. A list of nearly 800 slang or low-life terms that are included in the Spanish Academy dictionary and/or Casares' Diccionario ideológico. An interesting collection, not primarily lunfardo, but closely related in function and spirit. Some of the prominent categories are words dealing with: crime and criminals, prisons, gambling, police, money, articles of clothing, weapons and fighting, parts of the body, prostitution, drunkenness. "No se incluyen . . . las voces relativas al acto carnal, al sexo, a la pornografía y a los insultos. . .".(p. 1).

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[463] Castex, E. R. "Lunfardismos que no son tales," PNI, No. 40 (1942), 2. Brief article on three words that are usually—but erroneously, according to the author—considered argentinismos or even lunfardismos. Author claims that this type of mistaken attribution is often caused simply by the word's not being registered in the Academy dictionary. The words treated are apolillar, fig. 'robar, etc.'; capacha 'cárcel'; and calote 'estafa'. Author points out that both apollilar and capacha were used by Quevedo, that capacha was also used by Lope, and that calote is not of Hispanic origin, but rather "es voz portuguesa pasada del Brasil cual otras m u c h a s . . . " . * [464] Devoto, J. B. "Acerca de vocablos y giros populares," ComAc 18 (May 3,1964), 2 pp. mimeog. Listed ìnBAPL 1:1 (1966), p. 57; no listing of contents. [465] Devoto, J. Β. "Acerca de varios vocablos lunfardescos," ComAc 37 (Aug. 10,1964), 2 pp. mim. Definitions and treatment of 11 words and phrases: guilla (guiya), brigido, la paloma, brisco, runcha, maranfio, cadenero, ropa, sanata, batir la droga, hacer una farmacia. [466] Devoto, J. B. "Acerca de diversas voces lunfardas," ComAc 40 (Sept. 23,1964), 1 p. mim. Eight lunfardismos are defined; no documentation. The terms are: martineta 'invertido joven', Don Paulino 'pavo', Don Patricio 'pato', Don Roque 'perro' ("Estas denominaciones de animales se usan entre crotos y merodeadores suburbanos, amigos de lo ajeno, en especial de las aves de corral"), guardado 'jailbird', and three rather technical terms having to do with pocket picking operations —marcar, capeo and meter los ganchos. [467] Devoto, J. Β. "Acerca de giros populares," ComAc 77 (Aug. 12, 1965), 2 pp. mim. Brief treatment and definitions of "algunos vocablos y giros populares al uso, corrientes en el arrabal": cara de hacha, garca and gado rea and garquiña, changarin, enchastrin, pesarse, ponerse, colino, descacharrangado, leiba, galomi, faberiano, lápiz faber, obrero del lápiz, and a group of idioms beginning with hijo de, namely, Hijo de Polemarch y Vainilla', de Gontrân y Copeta ', de Diadochos y Mala Pata, de Courtier y Quiniola, de Poniard y Pobrecita,de Le Cœur y Tierra del Fuego, de Tannery Enredista. [468] Devoto, J. Β. "Acerca de algunas voces lunfardas," ComAc 106 (Dec. 16, 1965); in BAPL 1:2 (1967), 32-33.

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Words covered: cunado/a, a la inversa, baranda, tanga, tanguear and fanguero, pasar la corneta, garchar, chagarear and chagar. [469] Elliff, Osvaldo J. "Acerca de diversos neologismos populares," ComAc 27 (May 31,1964), 3 pp. mim. Covers: cocacolero, cocacolista, cocinar, dolcevita, nuevaolista, pijindrt'n, esputnik. [470] Elliff, O. "Acerca de diversas voces del interior del país," ComAc 112 (May 30, 1966). InBAPL 1:3(1968), 14-15. A group of words all referring to male and female sex organs, widely heard in the Plata region: ura, pipiripi, piringuillo, pishilin, pisco, trolas, usuruyu. [471] Elliff, O. "Sobre voces carcelarias," ComAc 117 (June 23, 1966). In BAPL 1:3 (1968), 23. On three words from the "léxico lunfardo-carcelario" which author heard being used by inmates in jail at Olmos, and which he claims were not registered in the dictionaries yet: Mostrador 'homosexual', briyo 'azúcar', pastura 'yerba'. [472] Flury, Lázaro. Folklore; contribución a su estudio integral. Santa Fe, 1963,59 p. This folklore book has (p. 32) a list of 70 words (without definitions) of lunfardo origin that have been assimilated by urban speech. Most of them well-known. Annot. by Simmons, SFQ XXIX (1965), p. 13 and SFQ XXX (1966), No. 66. *[473] Gandolfi Herrero, Arístides (seud. Alvaro Yunque). "Sobre temas varios," ComAc 83 (Aug., 1965), 3 pp. mim. "Contiene: sobrar, estranjis, compadre, tango, biaba" (as annot. in BAPL 1:2 [1967], 42). [474] Gobello, José. "Lunfardismos y voces de la literatura lunfardesca usados por Cristóbal de Chaves en sus Romances de Germania y consignados en el Vocabulario de Germania del mismo autor," ComAc 4 (Sept. 15, 1963), 3 pp. mim. Also in BAPL 1:1 (1966), 29-34. Some 30 terms defined, and examples of literary usage cited. [475] Gobello, José and Eduardo Stilman. Las letras del tango: de Villoldo a Borges. Buenos Aires, 1966, 123 p.

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This book about tango lyrics has a "Guía lexicológica" (107-122) which treats 207 terms, mostly lunfardo. Some proper names of persons and places. Some etymological data (as pebeta). [475A] Gobello, José. Palabras perdidas. Buenos Aires, 1973, 150 p. As a sort of anniversary gesture marking the 1953 publication of the author's Lunfardia (No. 640), Gobello gives us here a book whose prime purpose seems to be to correct "errores y dislates que sobreviven en sus páginas." What it is is a dictionary in which over 100 terms (counting derivations) are treated at length (some words take up four pages). The book is richly documented by citing all manner of sources-other lexicographers and lunfardo students, poets, tangos, saínetes, a police list, philologists past and present, and so on. Shows how some of the words have changed since early lunfardo times, how some have gone out of usage, and how some few are also gauchismos. He often corrects or adds to past definitions, treats with special care the etymology of Italian lunfardismos, and all-in-all has produced an interesting and useful addition to lunfardo lexicography. Extensive bibliography at end (139-146), as well as a list of "Milongas and tangos citados" (147-148). [476] Guerra, Mario Oscar. "Regionalismos misioneros, especialmente posadeños," ComAc 1 (Aug. 18,1963). In BAPL 1:1 (1966), 23-26. Gathered by the author from Buenos Aires high school students, for the Acad. Port, del Lunf. 23 terms defined and illustrated by examples of usage. The terms: abodocado, argelar, bodoque, broto, cachada, crubicar, chivero, chivo, dulce, judiar, caú, manguear, papear, papudo, pichar, picho, santoró, tolongo, tongo, tonguear, villena, ¡ya da!, ¿será que... ? No etym. data. [477] Romero Valdovinos, Néstor. "Observaciones formuladas por el S r . . . . Ν. Romero V. a la común, del prof. Μ. O. Guerra," ComAc 2 (Sept. 4, 1963). In BAPL 1:1 (1966), 26-27. Corroboration and additional data for several terms: abodocado and bodoque, argelar, pichar, santoró. [478] Jauretche, A. "Acerca de diversos vocablos de interés," ComAc 62 (Apr. 29, 1965), 4 p p . mim. Rather lengthy treatments of the terms azotarse, paquear and paco, oligarca, almarear, manflora and variants. Author gives such data as the history of the words, first usages, appearance in literature, etc., and claims that they are really "palabras camperas" rather than lunfardo. See also No. 309.

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*[478A] Giorlandini, Eduardo. "Voces carcelarias y una prohibición del lenguaje de ocultación," ComAc No. 329 (July 1,1969), 1 p. mimeog. "Contiene: abanicar, burra, casa, lujos, marroco, mono, paria, querusa, tarimba,yuta." (BAPL VI:13-14 [1976-1977], p.146.) [479] Pagano, José. "Acerca de algunas voces ladroniles," ComAc 67 (May 29,1965), 1 p.mim. A report on lunfardo words heard in an actual conversation between a thief and a lawyer in a Buenos Aires police station. The words and expressions: batir, cri, cuento, gancho, hacer fondo, lavandero, lucas, dar mancada, oficio, rati, R.H. ('Robos y Hurtos'), and trece. Author states that of these terms only cri was found in the dictionaries he consulted. [480] Soler Cañas, L. "Acerca del vocab. de Drago," ComAc 32 (July 9, 1964), 5 pp. mim. A listing and defining of some 40 words and idioms used by Luis Maria Drago, Los hombres de presa (1888), a study of physical and moral qualities of criminals. The report also gives biographical data re Drago—writer, judge, lawyer, minister, parlamentarían, diplomat. The words defined: argot, biaba, biabistas, bobo, bolin, bufosa, bufoso, cala, caminar, campana, cana (estar en), chafo, chúa, encanado, escruchantes, escrucho, espiantar, ferros,grupos, lunfardo, lunfardos, lunfardos a la gurda, llantar, marroca, mayorengo, mayorengo a la gurda, mayorengo micho, micho, mina, música, otarios o otarios cuadros, polizar, portar, punga, punguistas, quinta, toco, trabajar, trabajo, traya, vaivén, vianda, vianda a domilicio. [481] Soler Cañas, Luis. "Acerca de 'quioskería' y otras denominaciones recientes," ComAc No. 55 (no date), 3 pp. mimeog. Discussion of a group of neologisms referring to business places in Buenos Aires. Some of the terms refer to specific places (author gives addresses), others are used generically. Although the terms are treated in some detail, author points out that he does not pretend to "agotar el tema respecto de los vocablos mencionados en esta comunicación . . .". The words are: quioskería o kioskeria, disquería, saldería, sandwichería, whiskería, grill, autoservice, copetín al paso. [482] Soler Cañas, Luis. "Voces comunes y significaciones comunes en el lunfardo del Río de la Plata, la coba ecuatoriana y el caló de los criminales de Costa Rica," ComAc No. 59 (Oct. 30, 1964), 7 pp. mimeog. This report is based on three sources: 1) the author's own knowledge of

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lunfardo (or, more broadly stated, "lenguaje popular, callejero y cotidiano"), 2) El caló de los criminales de Costa Rica (1916), by David Quirós, and 3) Justino Cornejo's Diccionario del hampa guayaguileña (1957). An introductory statement comments on why so few comparative studies of this nature have been made, and on the general lack of knowledge about the situation. The first comparison made by the author deals with the words caballo ('pantalón') and cruz ('camisa'), examples of words found both in Cornejo and Quirós. Then follow examples of similar forms and meanings found in lunfardo and Costa Rican caló : cachar, confîtes, changüí, mariquita, piantar, trabajar, grafiñar. The comparison between lunfardo and Cornejo's Ecuadorian dictionary deals with: achacado and achacar, afane (and afano, afanar), alacranear, alumbrado, bacán, barato, batir, dar bola, botón, caflche, campana, cana (and encanado and cañero), cuarentón, veintón, cuento and cuentero, cuero, chorro and chorrear, choriza and chorizo, estrilante, estrile and estrillar, estruchante, estruchar, estruche, estruchero, farulero, fulero, gamba, gil, lancear and derivations, mina, paracaidista, paro and esparo, punga and derivations, refile, tira and tirantes, tombo and tombeada, tolompan and lompa and lompas, toquero, trabajo, vento, verdecito, yone and yoni. Many examples of vesrre (jermu 'mujer', lope, on and is 'no' and 'si', etc.) are also pointed out. As to possible influences of one region on another, author refrains from drawing any definite conclusions. [483] Suburu, N. J. Primer diccionario del fútbol. See No. 230. [484] Valle, Enrique R. del. "Acerca del resultado de la encuesta dialectal de vocabulario equívoco," ComAc No. 45 (July 2, 1964), 4 pp. mimeographed. A report on the results of a questionnaire submitted to four River Plate linguistic authorities, about the meanings and uses of seven well-known regionalisms, namely: coger, encamarse, filote, pinchar, leche, mamada, and montar. The authorities questioned were J. Gobello, A. Roseli, Alvaro Yunque (A. Gandolfi Herrero), and Η. E. Solari. The questions asked: "1.— ¿Tiene doble sentido? 2 — ¿Es obsceno o equívoco su empleo en todas las frases? 3.— ¿Qué términos son usados en lugar del que se considera obsceno? 4.— ¿Puede señalar algunos sinónimos?". Annotated by Simmons, "Folklore Bibliography for 1964," SFQ XXIX (1965), No. 840. [485] Valle, Enrique R. del. "La técnica policial y el lunfardo," in Lunfardologia (No. 680), 249-253. First published as "Acerca del significado de ciertas voces lunfardas," ComAc 43 (Sept. 7, 1964), 3 pp. mim. A list of 44 terms taken from "un apunte dictado por el profesor de Técnica

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Policial de la Escuela de Policía Federal [Buenos Aires], en un curso especial".

Defined very briefly are: suca, chiquitín, trique o to or, camisulín, estáchoe, abanico, choro, mancada, guau-guau, piola, abotonar, adorar, alfiler, amarillo, polenta o pájaro cantador, berreta, arzobispo o santa, caprichosa o barretera, bobo con cola, cabra, cabrito, canuto o canutin, burro, caramayola, callada, la partera, masa o pastilla, parné, engomar o desengomar, dos manijas, conventillo, buen dátil, arrebato, spajeirero o despejaire, spada, ferramentosa pesada, yira. The remaining items, mostly dealing with the modus operandi of thieves and burglars, are treated at greater length: punguista and punguear,

pirámide, gancho balcón, escalera, de golpeo, de feria, correo, yuyu, el 2, 3y 5, la bandera y el machito, filomischio. [486] Valle, Enrique R. del. "Acerca de las voces quioskería,

saldería, dis-

quería, sandwichería, whiskería, etc.," ComAc 118 (Mar. 22, 1965). In BA PL 1:3(1968), 24-28. Continues the discussion of the neologisms listed by Soler Cañas, ComAc 55 (my No. 481). Adds about 30 more examples, from abacería to azogueria. Brings in old etymological data way from Latin -arius, etc. Also lists a considerable number of English derivations (garmenteria, candyteria, etc.). Quotes usage, for all this material, by literati and dictionaries.

[487] Vidart, Daniel D. La vida rural uruguaya. Montevideo, 1955, pp. 179-183. In these pages, Vidart gives, as a sociologist, definitions of the

compadrito

and related types (compadre, compadrón, taita, etc.) who are, to a greater or lesser degree, associated with lunfardo. In addition, some 40 other nouns common in popular speech (many lunfardismos) are briefly touched upon. See also No. 391. *[487A] Valle, Enrique R. del. "Un porteñismos: bien porteño," ComAc No. 320 (May 8, 1969), 3 pp. mimeog.

"Contiene: garrón, ronga, rongacatonga, rondacatonga." BAPL VI:13-14 ( 1 9 7 6 - 1 9 7 7 ) , p. 150.

F. Works dealing with the language of individual authors 5 6 1. Studies in depth

Acevedo Diaz, Eduardo (hijo) [488] Acevedo Díaz, Eduardo (hijo). "Voces y giros de la pampa argentina y

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notas sobre su fauna aludida en las locuciones (de la novela 'Ramón Hazaña')," BAAL XIV (1945), 609-640. A list of words and expressions found in the novel Ramón Hazaña, compiled and defined by the novelist himself. The terms refer mostly to the fauna, as these terms occur in local pampa speech. Some indigenisms but these are not etymologized or seldom even identified as indigenous. Some place names. Some inconsequential items. An alphabetically arranged list, with no introductory or concluding comments. See also Nos. 531 and 532. Amorim,

Enrique

[489] Pottier, H. Argentinismos y uruguayismos en la obra de Enrique Amorim. Montevideo, 1958, 222 p. [Illustrated.] This study (written in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Sorbonne degree) is a linguistic consideration of two novels by the Uruguayan Amorim: El caballo y su sombra (1944) and La carreta (1952). Although the study offers little new material, it is in general carefully organized and might serve as an introduction to many characteristics of Platine rural language. However, Mme Pottier's lack of depth in the field of linguistics is seen in certain deficiencies. For example, her treatment of the voseo is incomplete, as is her handling of such well-known terms as che, chancho, gaucho, etc. Her treatment of etymologies is often dubious. The main divisions of the book are "Bibliografía", "Fonética", "Morfología", "Sintaxis" and "Léxico". The arrangement of the lexical section is somewhat odd and cumbersome. Instead of employing an overall alphabetical listing, the author divides up the material by topics, such as "El país", "Aspectos naturales de la pampa", "Cómo dividió el hombre la pampa", "Limites y vías de penetración", "Los hombres y la sociedad", "Guerra", "La indumentaria", "Genio y comportamiento—creencias y achaques", "Actividad pampera", etc. The words and expressions are then listed, defined, and documented under these headings. The author has occasionally consulted and quoted the experts on some fields—Kany, for example, on syntax, and Saubidet and Garzón, as examples of the better regional lexicographers. Rev. by L. Kiddle, RPh XXII (1968), 60-63; also rev. REd IV (1959), 638. Ascasubi, Hilario [490] García Jiménez, Francisco. "Lenguaje y estilo: el vocabulario de un poema gauchesco," REd 111:6 (1958), 523-526. Lexical clarifications for 19 terms found in Ascasubi's Santos Vega o Los

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mellizos de la Flor, terms not previously explained or clarified by Ascasubi. 57 The 19 are: bragao, obero (overo), caldera, limetas, marchancha, flauchin, changango, chaguarazo, doradillo, pascana, yesquerudo, calandria, pie de gato, apretada, cebruno, caronas, dragona,yaguané, cordoncillo. Bonet, Carmelo [491 ] Selva, Juan B. "El neologismo en nuestros escritores," BAAL XXII (1957), 21-40. An examination of the vocabularies of two Argentine writers, Carmelo Bonet and Juan Pablo Echagiie. The latter, according to Selva, used fewer neologisms (i.e., words not registered in the Spanish Academy dictionary) than did Bonet. Borges, Jorge Luis [492] Barrenechea, Ana Maria. "Borges y el lenguaje," NRFH VII (1953), 551-569. A general examination of the language employed by this Argentine author, as well as a discussion of his philosophy of language, and his views as to what the position of Argentine writers should be in regard to it. Author points out Borges' ideas on such linguistic strata as lunfardo, la jerga arrabalera, and gauchesco language, especially as to how and why he rejects them as being without linguistic virtue. Other topics discussed: Borges' use of Americanisms and Argentinisms (lists of various kinds are included); his essays and books of criticism, especially as these apply to the use of regionalisms; his views toward "purism"; his suggestions as to how the language may be enriched (derivations of adjectives from other parts of speech; careful attention to etymology in the effective use of words, etc.); and his generally negative views towards language ("Insiste en que el lenguaje empobrece la realidad vital ..."—p.565; "Hablar es metaforizar, es falsear; hablar es resignarse a ser Góngora . . ."— p.566; "Cualquier idioma es un conjunto caótico de símbolos, inepto para una comprensión del universo . . p. 567). 58 [492A] Arrimondi Pieri, Emilio and María de Los Angeles Schlumpp Toledo. "Recursos estilísticos y tensiones semánticas en la poesía de Jorge Luis Borges," ACIL XII/2 (1971), 629-649. Although this impressive study is almost exclusively about the stylistics and other literary qualities of Borges' poetry, I mention it here because of a few linguistic details, namely, Borges' use of "una larga serie de palabras

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propias de la lengua gauchesca [que] nos adentra en lo propio de Argentina, como: vihuela, taba, cuadreras, chambergo, overo, gauchaje, fierro, conventillo, en verbos como 'aquerenciar' con valor de encariñarse y por extensión radicarse en algún lugar que gusta, entreverar en el sentido de mezclarse y extensivamente por reñir; expresiones como 'es como luz para el manejo' por rápido y listo; 'por más mentas'—por señas, etc." (644), and also Borges' predilection for the localism arrabal. Cambacères, Eugenio [493] Amores de Pagella, Angela Blanco. "La lengua en la obra de Eugenio Cambacères," Univ 45 (1960), 97-115. Author gives biographical details relating to the linguistic background of this novelist, such as his thorough familiarity with Argentine estancia life which enabled him to reproduce rural dialogue with authenticity. Also points out his adeptness in other linguistic areas—the reproduction of slang; of the language of the Argentine immigrants (mostly Italians, French, Galicians of the 1880-1887 period when he wrote his three main novels). Other topics treated are: 1) the novelist's considerable knowledge of Spanish proverbs, giving evidence of his wide acquaintanceship with classical peninsular literature; 2) his mixing of Spanish and Argentine idioms in an interesting way; 3) some talk about his at times "defective" grammar. Latter part of the article is dedicated mostly to the literary aspect of Cambacères' language. "Attempts to show that Cambacères' novels faithfully reflect the language of Buenos Aires in the 1880s" (Wogan,HLAS Vol. 24, No. 4707). Cortázar, Julio [494] Donni de Mirande, Nelly. "Notas sobre la lengua de Cortázar," Boletín de Literaturas Hispánicas, (Santa Fe, Univ. Nac. del Litoral) No. 6 (1966), 71-83. This fine analysis of the language of Cortázar novels (Rayuelo and Los premios) partakes inevitably of stylistics, but belongs in this compilation because of the stress on specific regional linguistic factors. Cortázar's own words set the scene when he speaks of his overall literary goal: "Es necesario encontrar un lenguaje literario que llegue por fin a tener la misma espontaneidad, el mismo derecho que nuestro hermoso, inteligente, rico y hasta deslumbrante estilo oral." S9 In most novels, linguistically speaking, there are two levels: 1) the dialogues, and 2) the non-dialogue sections where the "narrador-autor" takes over. The dialogue passages clearly give greater

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opportunity for the display of coloquial and popular current speech; in the case of Argentine novels, there abound such regional elements as the appearance of the voseo, the use of che, lunfardismos, Italianisms, tango terms, and other porteño slang, and so on. In the non-dialogue passages, Donni shows how Cortázar brilliantly makes the transition from the dialogue level (to the third-person author level) by pointing out that "el discurso interior de las conciencias ["monólogos interiores," stream-of-consciousness technique] que se yuxtaponen a veces [ocurre] sin transición aparente." That is, the "monólogos interiores" are as appropriate and natural in expressing the "rasgos lingüísticos" typical of the characters as is their speech. For each character, the lexicon, the morphology-syntax reflect faithfully his or her own linguistic reality, no matter what social class, generation, intellectual status, etc., is integral to the character. Other devices that bolster the colloquial authenticity of the non-dialogue parts are such stylistic devices as fragmented sentences or phrases or elipses, or telescoped expressions of thoughts and feelings. (Actually, much of this seems so well-known and universally practiced in much modern novelistic writing that it is strange the author does not so admit.) In both the dialogue and non-dialogue passages, Donni quotes an abundance of examples of usage of the speaker being analyzed. (In fact, some individual idiolects are analyzed at some length, such as Pelusa in Los premios.) Cortázar captures this authenticity, says Donni, without resorting to an excess of "lo pintoresco" or "lo regional" and without failing to be intelligible to "nuestros hermanos hispánicos." That is, "el estrato de los diálogos entre los personajes constituye un muestrario maravilloso de los diferentes niveles de lengua coloquial argentina." In summation, Donni maintains that "de acuerdo con todo lo dicho al referirnos a las dos novelas de Cortázar debe admitirse que éste está en el buen camino en lo que se refiere a la plasmación de un verdadero lenguaje nacional de jerarquía literaria con intención estética y no como mero reflejo esporádico o pintoresco de la realidad circundante," and that "intentamos haber demostrado en este estudio . . . que Cortázar, lejos de empobrecer a acanallar su lenguaje literario al emplear nuestra modalidad idiomàtica, la está llevando al plano literario i n t e r n a c i o n a l . . ( p . 83). Echagüe, Juan Pablo. See No. 491. Güiraldes, Ricardo [495] Albuquerque, A. Tenorio d'. "Brasileirismos em Ό ο η Segundo Sombra'," QLA, pp. 49-66. A study of seven words used in the Güiraldes novel which Albuquerque

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says are of Brazilian origin. The words: bife, barullo, barullero, matungo, facón, conchavar, and galpón. Author cites location in novel (1928 ed.), use by other writers, and lexicographical data (R. Monner Sans, Arrazola, Malaret, Schallman, etc.). Also cites usage and opinions of such gauchesco writers as Ascasubi, Hernández, Tiscornia, E. Acevedo, F. Silva Valdés. Ends up by simply listing some of many "gauchismos empregados por Ricardo Güiraldes de uso corrente no Rio Grande do Sul", namely: pulpería, querencia, boliche, redomón, chiripá, mancarrón, carona, china, pilches, pallanque. [496] Becco, Horacio Jorge. 'Don Segundo Sombra' y su vocabulario. 2a ed., aumen., Buenos Aires, 1952, 163 p.60 A collection of essays on the Güiraldes novel. The first one comprises a list of 84 names of trees and general fauna, with explanations and illustrative examples from the novel. Other sections are : "Expresiones y giros idiomáticos" (examples from both Don Segundo Sombra and other Argentine novels); "Algunos antecedentes españoles para nuestra lexicografía gauchesca"; three separate bibliographies (for each of the three sections listed above); an "Indice de palabras"; a short bibliography of Güiraldes' works; and a section on "Algunas ediciones de Don Segundo Sombra". Reviewed (negatively) by J. M. Lope Blanch, NRFH IX (1955), 170-171. Annotated by Wogan.tfZ^S Vol. 18, No. 2323; by Cortázar, No. 56; and by Boggs, "Folklore Bibliography for 1952," SFQ XVII (1953), p. 78. [497] Bonet, Carmelo M. "Homenaje a Ricardo Güiraldes," REd III (1958), 223-237. This tribute to the Argentine writer, by a fellow novelist, deals primarily with the style and literary qualities of Güiraldes. However, occasionally the discussion takes on a linguistic tone, as when the author states : "Gauchismos, giros populares, dichos, frases pintorescas, riman bien con lenguaje realista, lenguaje mechado de ruralismos: cuzco, chucear, charabón, pilcha, tumbiar, chapetón, gualicho, macuco, chifle, chucho . . . y mechado de vulgarismos de distinto origen: atorrante, pajuerano, mamado y palabras sucias que no hay necesidad de transcribir" (p. 235). [498] Cortázar, Augusto R. "Valoración de la naturaleza en el habla del gaucho, a través de 'Don Segundo Sombra'," ILA II (1941), 335-364. Also in MEC 63:85 7 ( 1944), 21 -41 . M Using the Güiraldes novel, Cortázar makes a survey of how nature—plants, animals, landscape—enters into the consciousness of the gaucho and affects his language. The illustrative quotations from the novel are taken from both

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the direct speech of the characters and from indirect expression when it is the author himself who speaks. Cortázar examines the language from three points of view: conceptual or mental, emotional, and aesthetic. The article demonstrates vividly the poetic quality of gaucho speech, and how the gaucho tends to personalize and humanize objects of nature. Cortázar points out how the plant world plays a much smaller rôle in the affective consciousness and speech of the gaucho than does the animal world. Annotated by Rosenblatt, HLASVol. 7, No. 1994. [499] Bravo, Domingo A. El quichua en el 'Martín Fierro 'y en 'Don

Segundo

Sombra. ' See No. 503. [500] Liberal, José R. 'Don Segundo Sombra'de Ricardo Güiraldes. Comentado y anotado. Estudio del vocabulario y fraseología por . . . Liberal. Ilustró O. Gasparini. Buenos Aires, 1946, 99 p. The divisions of this study are: 1) "A manera de pròlogo", 2) O s v a l d o Gasparini", a brief discussion, taken from La Nación, about the illustrator and his line drawings for this book, 3) a brief "Biografía" of Güiraldes, 4) "Ricardo Güiraldes en su obra", an essay primarily on the author's style, the value of his novel for young Argentines, some linguistic commentary, etc., 5) "Fondo", 6) "Forma", 7) "El Gaucho", a good physical and psychological analysis of the gaucho-his life, customs, values, national history, etc.; illustrative quotations from the novel, 8) "Vocabulario y fraseología" (pp. 87-99), which is a glossary of 136 items; although many of these are well-known, in general the choice of words and expressions is rather discriminating, and the treatment is often perceptive and interesting. A useful list. There is a brief bibliography at the end of the book. [501] Pinto, Luis C. 'Don Segundo Sombra,' sus críticas y el idioma. Buenos Aires, 1956, 54 p. 6 2 Most of this small book deals with commentary on the Argentine novelist Manuel Gálvez' criticism of Don Segundo Sombra, and with Pinto's refutations of the negative points in the Gálvez views. Much of this discussion concerns specifically the language of the novel. Pinto defends Güiraldes against the charge of using Gallicisms and other "non-purist" language. For example, he points out that Gallicisms have existed in Spanish literature as far back as the Poema del Cid-, and he lists a considerable number of French words and phrases, Anglicisms, lunfardismos, americanismos, and barbarismos used by Gálvez himself. Pinto also shows the inconsistency of Gálvez' views by quoting from critical opinions dating from 1919 to 1955, in which at one

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moment he praises Giiiraldes extravagantly and condemns him in the next. No doubt the section of most interest to this annotation is 'Don Segundo Sombra' y el idioma, in which he claims that the linguistic aspects of the novel had not been sufficiently studied yet. Also in this section Pinto defends the novelist against such charges as having his gauchos speak at times in a "non-gaucho" way. 63 Pinto contrasts Giiiraldes with other gauchesco writers —Hernández, Hidalgo, Ascasubi—and reveals how Giiiraldes differed from them in that his characters do not always speak "en una lengua específicamente campera", and that he thus widened and universalized "el idioma argentino". He affirms that the vocabulary in the novel indicates clearly Giiiraldes' enormous knowledge of gaucho lore and language. Toward the end of the book, Pinto quotes praise of Don Segundo Sombra by Angel Acuña, Leopoldo Lugones, and the philosopher Alejandro Korn. Parts of the book are: I) Manuel Gálvez y 'Don Segundo Sombra', II) Manuel Gálvez, purista, III) Manuel Gálvez y el galicismo, IV) 'Don Segundo Sombra' y el idioma, V) Gálvez y la crítica. *[501 A] Schätz, Irene Martha Maria. Stil und Sprache in Ricardo Giiiraldes' Don Segundo Sombra. Diss. Munich: 1962, 158 p. (Listed in LB for 19621963, No. 2950.) *[501B] Smith, Herbert G. "Lingüística y temática de Don Segundo Sombra," Surestada (La Plata), Año I, No. 1, Sept. 25, 2, 10/10; 3, 10/25; 4, 11/10, 1952. [501C] Stanford, G. Alonso. "A Study of the Vocabulary of Güiraldes' 'Don Segundo Sombra'," Hisp 25 (1942), 181-188. A useful compilation of the English equivalents of the localisms found in Don Segundo Sombra, with quotations from the novel. Hernández, José [502] Biancolini, L. "El castellano en el habla de El Gaucho Martín Fierro," ACIL Χ (1970), 35-42. These brief notes purport to point out alterations from "castizo" Spanish in gaucho times (as exemplified by the poem), but seem to offer little that is new. The phonetic changes listed are surely characteristic of "archaic" and/or rural Spanish in general. A few examples: tiatro, naides, enderieza, almirar, reclarar, fogón, poyo ('pollo'), esigir, solprender, ploclama, dirme ('irme'), baldido ('baldío'), vide, the voseo, etc. Some of the items are documented by

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taking them back to Latin. The author rightly concludes that "las voces del habla gauchesca son castellanas, o españolas, y no podía ser de menos; son a r c a í s m o s . . . en el habla plebeya." 64 [503] Bravo, Domingo A. El quichua en el 'Martin Fierro'y en 'Don Segundo Sombra'. Buenos Aires, 1968, 91 p. 65 This booklet shows how Quechua has penetrated into Argentine Spanish— or rather, into gauchesco Spanish—as exemplified by words appearing in the two masterworks. For the Martín Fierro, Bravo lists 33 terms, most of them well-known; each word is treated in detail, with etymology, history, and a precise definition. The same treatment is given for Don Segundo Sombra, 37 terms being registered. For each term, the passage using the word is quoted from the respective work {poncho and taita, as special cases in an Appendix). For each term much lexicographical documentation is afforded, as well as a thorough summary and detailed study. [504] Capdevila, Ramón Rafael (ed.). 1700 refranes . . . Con refranes de Martin Fierro de uso en la región. See No. 18. [505] Carilla, Emilio. La creación del Martin Fierro. Buenos Aires, 1973, 307 p. This study of the poem has abundant linguistic data. Chapter headings and sub-headings attest to this. For example: "I—Lengua culta o lengua gauchesca"; "VII—La lengua gauchesca y el Martín Fierro" in which Carilla treats the semantics, morphology, phonology and syntax of the poem. "Apéndice II" is a noteworthy bibliography (pp. 297-303). [506] Castro, Francisco I. Vocabulario y frases de 'Martín Fierro'. Buenos Aires, 1950,468 p.: 2nd ed., 1957,473 p. The main body of this work is an alphabetically arranged vocabulary (21385) comprising lexical, morphological, syntactical, phonetic, and proverbial material found in the Hernández masterpiece. The study is based on Carlos A. Leumann's critical ed. (B.A.: Estrada, 1945, 598 p., 2nd ed., 1951). Pages 389-468 analyze various phrases and idiomatic constructions in the poem. "Terms dealing with gaucho customs are treated extensively (estancia, mate, indio gaucho, etc.). Etymologies are not given" (Kany, HLAS, Vol. 17, No. 2229). Rev. by E. Bosques, Histonium No. 229 (1958), 70-71. *[507] Castro, Francisco I. "Hispanismos y criollismos de 'Martín Fierro'," Noticias Gráficas, Buenos Aires, May 10 and 11, 1955.

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[508] Diaz Seijas, Pedro. "Lo popular americano en 'Martín Fierro'," Revista Nacional de Cultura (Caracas), XXV:156-157 (1963), 98-109. Artide included here not because of specific philological detail—of which there is practically none-but because of commentary about "lo popular americano" and "lo nacional" manifested in the poem's language. In this sense, says Diaz, " . . . El poema tiene carácter de precursor. Es el primero que en lenguaje, espíritu y actitud criollos, incorpora el alma del pueblo al proceso de gestación de una literatura auténticamente n a c i o n a l . . . " (p. 108). Annot. by Simmons, SFQ XXIX (1965), No. 161. [509] Dillon, Ricardo Luis. Advertencia del gaucho Martín Fierro a los marineros de la Armada Nacional. Compilación y textos del Vicario general de la Armada. Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Marina, 1942. "Con un estudio de Eleuterio F. Tiscornia. (Vida de Hernández. La poesía gauchesca. Advertencia lingüística.) 2a ed. Buenos Aires, Sociedad impresora americana, 1943. 350 p." (Cort-Hern No. 2139). Tiscornia's "Advertencia" is a succinct summary of "la lengua gauchesca," much of it very well-known (such as . . lengua rústica, mezcla del arcaísmo español y de voces indígenas . . . " , " . . . heredado de los colonizadores, se conservó . . . y se transmitió con las modificaciones del ambiente . . . hasta la desaparición de los gauchos. Nadie habla ya esa lengua . . etc.). The notes aspire to emphasize especially for the reader "tres particularidades lingüísticas del poema: acentuación, vocalismo, consonantismo." Examples of 1) accent change: cáir, àura, óido, incréible, véia,golpea, etc.; 2) vowel changes: e > i: siguro, lición, etc. (and often the reverse: menistro, polecia, etc.); o > u: cubijas, riguroso, etc.; 3) "articulación de las consonantes es donde el gaucho muestra la mayor rusticidad de su lengua": juersa 'fuerza', güeya 'huella', refalar 'resbalar', amujar 'amusgar', rajido 'rasguido', juir 'huir', etc.; omission of b, c,g, ρ before another consonant: osequiar, otener, indino, etc. Some other points made: "confusión de prefijos": exposición por 'oposición,' declamar por 'reclamar'. "La versificación del poema es completamente regular [los versos son octosílabos]", that is, if one counts syllables as exemplified above. Finally, for the reader who wants more details (a professor, say), Tiscornia refers him to his masterful study La lengua de Martín Fierro, Buenos Aires, 1930 (Tomo III of the BDH). [510] Inchauspe, Pedro. Diccionario del 'Martin Fierro' con un apéndice complementario. Buenos Aires, 1955, 206 p. The introduction to this dictionary warns that it makes no claims to perfection or definitiveness in dealing with the vocabulary of Martin Fierro. This

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warning is necessary because of the "anarchy" prevalent in the wording and spelling of the many editions. The latter, according to Inschauspe, are full of errors and orthographic deviations due to various causes, such as differences of opinion amongst the editors, incompetent proof-reading and type-setting, etc. Categories treated: regionalisms, semantic variations, metaplasms, barbarisms, 66 idioms, indigenisms, proverbs, and spelling variations. The work may be described as an informal vocabulary or glossary rather than a professional dictionary. No parts of speech are given; verbs are usually listed under the inflected form appearing in the poem; Indian words do not include etymologies or even (most of the time) language of origin. Nevertheless, it is a conscientious effort and a potentially useful tool for students and investigators of the poem's language. Definitions are informal, but generally lucid and in agreement with the context of the poem. Parts of the appendix: Consideraciones preliminares; Breve biografía de José Hernández; El escenario: La pampa; El protagonista: El gaucho; Argumento del 'Martín Fierro': primera parte: La ida; segunda parte: La vuelta. [511] Leumann, Carlos Alberto. "José Hernández, filólogo," Pren (June 27, 1943), 2a sec.,p. 1. The linguistic contribution of this article is oriented more to the stylistic and literary aspects of language (imagery, thought content, emotional effect, etc.) than to concrete philological details. Leumann makes the point, for example, that Hernández' dialogue shows a much subtler understanding of "real" gaucho speech (such as in a lack of logical succession of ideas) than does the speech of "los personajes de Ascasubi y Del Campo, que se expresan con urbana coordinación de términos." In short, that the "meditaciones filológicas" of Hernández are perceptive, useful and even profound. [512] Leumann, C. A. El poeta creador. Cómo hizo Hernández 'La vuelta de Martin Fierro. ' Buenos Aires, 1955,282 p. In the "Necesaria introducción" author includes brief treatment of the "lenguaje y estilo" and in the "Conciencia idiomàtica de Hernández" (8-21 ), one mostly on style or stylistics. *[513] Manso, Martín. Las voces del 'Martín Fierro. ' Tucumán, 1 9 4 5 , 3 0 0 p . "Don Martín Manso, en su libro Las voces del Martín Fierro publicado en 1945, apunta los refranes y modismos usados por José Hernández en su poema pastoril" (Carrizo, 161). * [514] Martin Fierro-Vida

del Chacho. Montevideo, 1972,64 p.

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From the book catalog Books from Latin America, 1973: "Este segundo Cuaderno [Cuadernos de Marcha] dedicado a Martin Fierro y su autor, lo componen diversos juicios críticos que pertenecen a Ricardo Rojas, Leopoldo Lugones y Ezequiel Martínez Estrada. A estos textos se agrega otro, menos conocido aún: uno de los 'Folletos lenguaraces' que el oriental Vicente Rossi escribiera en 'Desagravio al lenguaje de Martín Fierro.' Completa el volumen 'La Vida del Chacho,' también de difícil hallazgo y de los pocos libros en prosa de José Hernández." Leguizamón Pondal, Martiniano [515] Grifone, Julia. "Martiniano Leguizamón y su égloga 'Calandria'," ILA 11(1940), 75-227. 6 7 In this excellent study of the gaucho play Calandria the section that is of particular interest to this bibliography is the "Vocabulario" of the third part, "Examen de Calandria" (pp. 179-201). Offers general remarks about the origin and history of popular rural speech in Argentina. Shows how gaucho vocabulary—in spite of the contributions of the Indian languages, the hybridisms, the indigenous toponyms—is still overwhelmingly "de procedencia castellana". Documents this contention by comparing vocabulary of peninsular classics, from the Poema del Cid on. Different types of gauchismos are listed 68 and such topics as the so-called andalucismo of American Spanish, the seseo, yeísmo, etc., are discussed. As for Calandria, author points out its many guaranismos and other regional peculiarities, and how its language differs from porteño speech. "Voces indígenas" (pp. 186-188) are listed, with languages of origin and etyma. Other lists are "Vulgarismos" (pp. 189-190) and "Criollismos" (190-191). In this last section, Grifone claims that the spelling used indicates that Leguizamón was not intent upon reproducing popular speech with absolute realism. 69 Author discusses many other specific points of the playwright's language, including extended discussion of the metaphorical quality of gaucho speech, as illustrated in Calandria. Documented with many quotes from text. Lugones,

Leopoldo

[516] Ghiano, Juan Carlos. "Lugones y el lenguaje," RUBA, 4a época, Año 11, No. 5 (1948), 49-75. In general, a survey and analysis of the principal ideas held by Lugones about language. Although the emphasis of the article is on style, other aspects of language enterin. Some specific points dealt with: the ubiquitous "national

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language" problem; Lugones' suggestions as to how to protect Argentine Spanish against various eroding forces, and a listing of what he feels are the "males del lenguaje"; a brief summary of his study of the language of Martin Fierro; the frequent similarity of his views to those of Alberdi, Sarmiento, and Borges; a pointing out how Lugones' style was strongly influenced by Quevedo and by the "Angel de luz" Góngora, La guerra gaucha discussed as an example of Lugones' breakaway from peninsular "retórica vacua", and commentary on the argentinismos in this book; and his views on the differences between American and peninsular Spanish. Article terminates with a discussion of the poet's own methods of resolving the conflict between "el tema argentino" and "el idioma español" (pp. 73-75). "Traces Leopoldo Lugones' varying reactions toward the condition of Spanish in Argentina, with corroborating citations from his works" (Kany, HLAS Vol. 14, No. 2575). [517] Selva, Juan B. " La guerra gaucha de Lugones. Su estructura léxica," BAE XXXIV (1954), 257-261. Also appeared in Nac, March 7,1954. Primarily an examination of the neologisms in the Lugones work. Illustrates how its vocabulary is rich in castizo terms as well as argentinismos. Considerable comment on Lugones' power of creating new words by means of affixes and other derivative processes (examples: bicomábanse, overeaba, etc.), and his scrupulous concern with the strict Academic meaning when using castizo terms. [517 A] Scari, R. M. "El lenguaje de La guerra gaucha (Lugones)", NRFH XX (1971 [1972]), 389-398). "[This article] gives a useful list of words considered to be argentinismos as well as an example of the spoken language." (Gifford, YWMLS 34 [1972], 306.) Lynch,

Benito

[518] Davis, Jack Emory. "The americanismos in El inglés de los güesos," Hisp 33 (1950), 333-337. The approximately 300 Americanisms in the Lynch novel are divided into the following groups: 1) indigenisms from Quechua, 2) from Guaraní, 3) from Taino, 4) from Araucanian, 5) other words whose roots are almost certainly indigenous, but whose exact sources are obscure, 6) semantic variations from "standard" Spanish, 7) words and phrases which derive from Spanish or Latin roots, which are not listed in peninsular Spanish dictionaries

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and which are apparently unknown in Spain, 8) words and expressions used less in Spain than in America, 9) loan words considered americanismos, 10) idioms, 11) morphological variations. Annotated by Kany, HLAS Vol. 16, No. 2475. [519] Settgast, Edward E. "Some aspects of the rural Argentine dialect in El inglés de losgüesos," Hisp 52 (1969), 393-400. 7 0 Praises Lynch's ability to capture the authentic flavor of Argentine rural language. Author treats four categories: vocabulary, pronunciation, morphology, and syntax. Much of article is, unfortunately, devoted to material that had previously been covered by such scholars as Corominas, Kany, and Canfield. "A brief study of the lexical, syntactic, and phonological elements of the Spanish of the Río de la Plata area . . (Canfield, HLAS, Vol. 32, No. 3153). Rodò, José Enrique [520] Rusconi, Alberto. "Algunos aspectos lexicográficos y fraseológicos de Ariel," BFM V (1949), 553-563. The author's thesis is that in Ariel Rodó manifests a French style, not only in spirit but also in his vocabulary. A list of Gallicisms found in the essay is given, as well as a number of words deriving from English, Latin, and Italian. Annot. by Teschner, No. 182. *[521] Rusconi, Alberto. Ensayos estilísticos. Montevideo, 1951. See chapter on "Extranjerismos y neologismos en la obra de Rodó," pp. 101-117. Rossi,

Vicente

[522] Elliff, Osvaldo. "Acerca de los 'Folletos lenguaraces' de Vicente Rossi," ComAc 34 (Aug. 21, 1964), 3 pp. mim. Discusses Rossi's usage of malevo (see No. 424), cocoliche, taura, and yacumino. Sàbato, Ernesto [523] Dellepiane, Angela B. Sàbato, un análisis de su narrativa. Buenos Aires, 1970,342 p. The book is almost entirely concerned with the novelist's style—especially

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morphology and syntax, and thus not regional. It does have a short section, "Vocabulario" (92-97), which discusses Sábato's language in general, with a few argentinismos thrown in (estancia, casco de estancia, pampero, etc.). Sánchez,

Florencio

[524] Angelo, Giuseppe d'. "Italianismos en el teatro de Florencio Sánchez," Thes 23 (1968), 480-514. A study of the Italianisms used in the popular speech of 13 plays by Sánchez. Prefaces his article by pointing out that the oral influence of Italian on River Plate Spanish has been much studied (cites G. Meo-Zilio as example), but very little on the written language. Pages 490-510 quote, in ABC form, 62 Italianisms in the plays, giving definitions and detailed commentary. Also gives the dialectal origins ("italiano general," "genovés", etc.) and even data on frequency of usage. Annot. by Simmons, SFQ XXXV (1971), No. 944; also in HLAS Vol. 32, No. 3021. [525] Gregorio de Mac, María I. de. "Alternancia de 'vos' y 'tú' en el teatro de Florencio Sánchez," Actas de la Quinta Asamblea Interuniversitaria de Filología y Literaturas Hispánicas. Bahía Blanca, 1969, 104-113. An analysis of the use of tú and vos in Sánchez' plays, and the problem facing the playwright of his days in this regard, since the vos had not as yet achieved a literary level. The author divides the plays into three groups: 1) those where the tuteo is dominant, eight plays; 2) those in which the voseo predominates, nine; and 3) three plays in which Sánchez mixes both pronouns. In analyzing the alternation of tú and vos in the plays of each group, she cites extensively. In the first group, in general the use of tú "resultó afectado y falso." In the second group Sánchez has now mastered the problem of the "alternancia." "M'hijo el dotor", of this group, was a smashing success; indeed, all of his famous plays are of this group. Of the third bunch, apparently the characters use both forms indiscriminately—even inconsistently; in any event, the plays are relatively inferior. In summary, Sánchez was least successful "en las obras en las que intentó presentar teorías y discutir tesis con una pretensión de universalidad .. ."(p. 113), and that his "mejores logros: 'M'hijo el dotor,' 'La Gringa,' 'Barranca abajo' [son] los en que se da una verdadera fusión de temática y expresión." (p. 113). Much of Sánchez' enormous talent lies (in his best plays) in his undisputed mastery of dialogue, of which the solving of the tú-vos factor was a part. [526] Roseli, Avenir. El lenguaje en Florencio Sánchez. Prólogo de A. S. Visca. Montevideo, 1975, 269 p.

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This major work ismuchmore than just a study of the language of Sánchez, incorporating as it does a wealth of biographical data, the chronology and classification of his plays, the social classes of the characters, and even a section on the pre-Sánchez Argentine theatre. The book is thoroughly documented with quotations from the plays and from critics. It may well be that this work is, to date, the definitive study of the language and the theatre of Florencio Sánchez. In general, the plays may be roughly divided into 1) dramas del campo, 2) obras de la ciudad, and 3) obras de tesis. The latter two categories predominate : "De las veintiuna obras conocidas de Sánchez, sólo 4 son de ambiente campero ..." (p. 113). Amore important classification is of the types of characters and their differing modes of speech. In a chart ("Cuadro caracterológico de algunos personajes por su habla" pp. 132-133) Roseli divides them into the following social classes: gauchesco-campero, ciudadano popular, ciudadano medio, ciudadano alto, cocolichesco, lunfardesco, vida frivola. About the first two groups, author states: "El lenguaje campero es, con el ciudadano popular —y en menor dimensión el de la clase media—el más importante, rico y abundante del teatro de Sánchez" (p. 100) and "Las hablas ciudadanas son predominantes en el teatro de Sánchez; y aunque . . . el campero se trasfirió al habla popular metropolitana... aquéllas han de centrar el interés del estudioso de Sánchez" (p. 114). Roseli points out how Sánchez' use of language is inextricably related—depending naturally on the type of play—to "lo gauchesco o lo campero, lo cocolichesco, lo lunfardesco" and also how the typical ways of speech of the various classes intermix and become fused through social contact. Roseli takes up the question of the nature of the "realism" in the Sánchez language. Says author: "Los academistas y parnasianos rechazaban el realismo del teatro sanchiano . . ." (p. 50), much as they had rejected the Martín Fierro twenty-five years before. There is much discussion pro and con-as usual accompanied by citations from critics and the plays—as to whether the "stenographic" or "journalistic" style often used in the Sanchian dialogues is bona fide realism or not. In any event, Roseli is completely convinced—and argues his case persuasively—that the many social types that populate the Sánchez plays do indeed express themselves (with some exceptions) with genuine psychological, social and linguistic realism. Roseli makes detailed examinations of the history and details of cocolichesco and lunfardesco, those peculiarly Platine sociolinguistic phenomena, documenting his treatment with quoted examples of these speech aberrations. As for lunfardesco, Roseli correctly claims that "nadie pretenderá que su teatro sea lunfardesco," but concludes that with his limited but believable use

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of the material lunfardesco (as with that of other linguistic elements) "Sánchez convierte . . . su teatro . . . en documento del más alto valor para el estudio del dialecto rioplatense" (p. 131). The book ends with a good bibliography and three useful indices: 1) "De personajes citados," 2) "De palabras y expresiones referidas o estudiadas," and 3) "De nombres seudónimos y títulos de dramas teatrales o musicales." [527] Wogan, Daniel S. and Américo Barabino. "Vocabulario: los americanismos de Florencio Sánchez," Revlb XIV (1948), 145-197. "Very convenient compilation for readers of Florencio Sánchez. Some 350 entries, 56 of them not registered in Santamaría's Diccionario general de americanismos. Each entry is followed by an illustrative example from the plays of Sánchez . . ." (Kany, HLAS, Vol. 14, No. 2609). A few interesting examples: basurear 'matar' [Cf. current Amer. Eng. 'to waste'], desaguachar 'desahogar', mayorengo 'delegado de policía', morfo 'comida', musolino 'italiano', purrete 'niño'.

Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino [528] Carilla, Emilio. Lengua y estilo en el 'Facundo. ' Tucumán, 1955, 32 p. The author's purpose is to illustrate that Sarmiento achieves his militant, "muscular" and inimitable style by means of such linguistic resources and devices as: abundant use of dialogue; frequency of "signos interrogativos y exclamativos"; "interjecciones e imprecaciones"; "elementos afectivos"; "uso y abuso del polisíndeton"; "construcciones elípticas"; "un afán incontenible de la rapidez"; "adjetivación abundante"; "paralelismos frondosos", etc. Then too, Sarmiento's range of word usage was extraordinarily wide: not only is his writing abundant in archaisms, but also—in the opposite direction—"cuando no tiene a su alcance el vocablo [que necesita] lo crea y lo asesta" (pp. 16-17). Reviews: Carballo Picazo, Α., CH 28:80 (1956); I. Leonard, Hisp 50 (1967), 3 9 1 - 3 9 2 ; in Univ 72 (1967), 201.

Silva Valdés, Fernán. See No. 69. Valle Inclán, Ramón María del. [529] Carilla, Emilio. "Los argentinismos en Valle Inclán (Nota del Centenario)," EspAct No. 9 (Mar. 10, 1967), 1-6. The title of this article is rather misleading, since Carilla dwells much more upon the impressions that Argentina (especially, the pampa) made upon Valle

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Inclán than it does with "argentinismos." Scattered thruout, however, are some: gauchaje, baqueano, mate amargo, viento pampero, potrero, pulpería, montonera, bochinche, compadre and a few others, but even some of these the Spanish writer fails to use with the regional meaning. As for Argentine literary influence upon Valle Inclán, evidence shows he esteemed quite highly Fray Mocho and Sarmiento and the Santos Vega theme, but in general, Carilla concludes that lamentably "Argentina poco significa en los escritos de Valle Inclán" (p. 6) as compared with Mexico, and that in all his prolific and wide-ranging work only three "testimonios literarios" remain where a certain "Argentinism" is revealed: "la prosa discursiva de La lámpara maravillosa, el verso de La pipa de Kif y lo rescatable en las complejidades de Tirano Banderas." (p. 2). Viana, Javier de [530] Albuquerque, A. Tenorio d'. "Brasileirismos em Javier de Viana. Observaçoes em tórno da obra do grande contista Uruguaio," in QLA, pp. 67-86. Also published in BFM V (1947), 235-248. Artide begins by quoting praise for Viana's realism (especially in dialogue) by such critics as Zum Felde and Luis Alberto Sánchez. Albuquerque, who has annotated Viana's books, points out that in his Falsos brasileirismos (see No. 988 below) he gives more than 100 quotes from Viana. Article also contains some general information about border terms, especially gauchismos used in Rio Grande do Sul. The words treated give not only definitions and etymologies, but also documentation from lexicographers and River Plate writers; also given is location in Viana's stories. The words: barullo, barullento, facón (from facäo), farina (farinha), feijoada, matungo, tobiano, quitanda and quitandeiro, pachorriento, chumbar, naco, pirón. 2. Editions having vocabularies, glossaries, linguistic notes 71 Ac evedo Díaz, Eduardo (hijo) [531] Cancha larga. With "Notas explicativas [pp. 329-338] de palabras y expresiones vernáculas usadas en el texto." Buenos Aires, 1959, 338 p. Also 1973 ed., same "Notas". Useful information and lexicographical corroboration in a listing of words and idioms having to do with gaucho and pampa life ; organized by pages of the novel rather than alphabetically. Most terms were missing in the Academy dictionary; in other cases corrections of or additions to the Academy definitions

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are supplied. A wide spectrum of dialectal categories is involved: phonetic and morphological variants from standard Spanish, archaisms, indigenisms, semantic variations, etc. [532] Ramón Hazaña. "Con notas explicativas y expresiones usadas en el texto para su mejor inteligencia o su conocimiento, o apuntes relativos a la pampeana aludida en él". Buenos Aires, 1945, 281 p. The notes manifest the author's mastery of gaucho dialogue and terminology. Many little known terms and their explanation are included. ". . . Novela de la pampa argentina publicada en 1945, trae un interesantísimo vocabulario, tan extenso, que es todo un diccionario de voces regionales de la provincia de Buenos Aires y del sud de Córdoba" (Carrizo, 158). [533] Nativa. Pról. de E. Rodríguez Monegal. Montevideo, 1964, 420 p. At the end of this edition of the novel (pp. 397-420), there is a glossary dubbed "ACLARACION de algunas voces locales usadas en esta obra, para mejor inteligencia de los lectores extraños al país." 109 words and phrases, mostly lenguaje campesino, of course; the usual flora and fauna items, indigenisms, etc. Some of the definitions-descriptions are lengthy and unusually detailed. Barbieri, Vicente [534] El río distante. Relatos de una infancia. Introd., bibliog. H. J. Becco. Nota y vocab. J. C. Pellegrini. Buenos Aires, 1963, 207 p. (2nd ed. 1965, 207 p.) The "Vocabulario" (197-206) includes some 250 terms, with some regionalisms, and a scattering of morphological aberrations, archaisms, and indigenisms. Borges, Jorge Luis *[535] Jorge Luis Borges. París: Cahiers de "L'Herne", 1964, 520 p. This apparent anthology of Borges' work contains "un glossaire d'argentinismes, une bibliographie ajoutent du prix à ce petit moment critique digne de l'oeuvre borgésienne." (Bulletin Critique du Livre Français, Paris, No. 241, Jan. 1966, Tome XXI, No. l , p p . 12-13.) Campo, Estanislao del72 *[536] Fausto. Impresiones del gaucho Anastasio el Pollo en la representación

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de esta ópera. With "Introd., notas y vocab. de J. A. Herrero Mayor." Buenos Aires: Ciordiay Rodriguez, 1946,131 p. Listed by Becco, C/A7FIII (1962), 319. *[537] Fausto . . . With " . . . Notas explicativas . . . y temas de estudio por J. Β. Aguilar Torres." Buenos Aires: Plus Ultra, 1965, 93 p. 73 [538] Fausto . . . With "Introd., notas y vocab. por Nélida Salvador." 2nd ed. Buenos Aires, 1965, 101 p.74 A handy pocket edition with useful notes and vocabulary on gaucho speech. The notes concern themselves mostly with idiomatic constructions, syntactical peculiarities, and folklore items. The vocabulary offers short definitions. [539] Fausto . . . With "Pròlogo de Borges" and "Edición, notas y vocab. de H. J. Becco." Buenos Aires, 1969,98 p. A handsome edition. The "Notas" (71-86) include much linguistic data (as well as clarification of other allusions, and explanations of metaphorical and folkloric language), especially about idiomatic expressions. The 132 notes are keyed to the text of the poem. The "Vocabulario" (89-92) consists of very brief definitions of 206 gauchismos and other regionalisms. [540] Fausto . . . "Con textos de Lauro Ayestarán y Amado Alonso sobre Estanislao del Campo." Montevideo, 1972, 85 p. Shows variations in the first manuscripts. The notes by Amado Alonso on Argentine, especially on archaic, Spanish merit mention. Cañé, Miguel *[541] Juvenilia. "Con un estudio, introd., notas y vocab. de J. C. Pellegrini." Buenos Aires, 1963,90 p. Córdoba, Alberto [541 A] Cuentos de la montaña. With "Glosario," Buenos Aires, 1941, 170 p. Pages 167-170: "Glosario (explicación de 33 voces usadas en el texto"). A collection of short stories which embody folk speech of northern Argentina. The 33 terms in the glossary are nearly all indigenisms. Annot. by Rosenblat, HLAS Vol. 7, No. 4442.

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Dávalos, Juan Carlos [542] Cuentos y relatos del norte argentino. See No. 187. *[543] Idilio Pastoril, "Contiene glosario." Buenos Aires, 1960, 17 p. [544] La Venus de los barriales y otros relatos. See No. 133. [545] "El viento blanco" in Sánchez Barros (No. 607), pp. 97-98, a glossary of 26 terms used in northern Argentina and elsewhere. Domínguez,

Mignon

*[546] El pacará de los tucos: cuentos de la patria vieja. Prólogo de Carmelo N. Bonet. Buenos Aires, 1952,124 p. "Cuentos de ambiente histórico y regional, como las seis 'Estampas catamarqueñas'. Vocabulario. Nombre verdadero de la autora: Petrona Domínguez" (Cortázar No. 128). Draghi Lucero, Juan [547] El loro adivino. See No. 110, Echeverría, Esteban *[548] La cautiva. El matadero. Buenos Aires, 1961, 137 p. With "Introd., notas, vocab. por J. C. Pellegrini." Annot. in CINIFI (1960), 313. Fernández, Lirio [549] Melitón Bazán. See No. 91. Fernández Moreno,

Baldomero

[550] Obra poética. Antología. With "Selección, introd., notas, vocab. y bibliog. por H. J. Becco y María D. Iturralde." Buenos Aires, 1969, 238 p. Τ Iiis book of poems has a "Vocabulario" (229-232) of 137 terms of all kinds, many not even American, but with some genuine argentinismos. The "Notas" do not deal with linguistics.

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[551] "La casa paterna" in Sánchez Barros (No. 607), pp. 71-79, has a onepage glossary. Giiiraldes, Ricardo [552] Don Segundo Sombra. "Con un vocabulario de Pablo Rojas Paz." Buenos Aires, 1943,291 p. The vocabulary ("Caudal lexicográfico de Ricardo Güiraldes," pp. 287-291) consists of 102 words and phrases. The usual categories—semantic variants, metaplasms, idioms, indigenisms, flora and fauna terms, etc. [553] DSS. "Nota preliminar por Julio Molina Aguirre. Pról. por L. Lugones. Indice de voces y giros argentinos por A. Lázaro Ros." 2nd ed. Madrid, 1951, 484 p. 75 This miniature edition of the novel has 183 words and phrases in its "Indice de voces y giros argentinos," consisting of semantic variations, unorthodox syntactical and morphological derivations (e.g,,acasito 'acá mismo'), idioms, flora and fauna terms (mostly Indian), loan words (Eng. sulky, e.g.), and indigenisms (for which etymologies and languages of origin are not given). Although not a scientific glossary, a somewhat more than usually helpful list. [554] DSS. Selecciones del Reader's Digest (Pleasantville, N.Y.) IX:54 (marzo 1945), 85-115. Resumen de la obra con ilus. de Alberto Güiraldes, noticia biobibliogràfica, aclaración de algunas voces y giros e Introd. de Alejandro Sux. A brief extract or condensation of the novel, with several footnotes on each page, giving definitions of regionalisms. *[555] DSS. With "Introd., vocab., y bibliog. por H. J. Becco y pról. de L. Lugones." Madrid: Aguilar, 1964. Illus. by A. Giiiraldes. Rev. by M. D. Iturralde, Com XII:42 (1965), 83-85. [556] DSS. Buenos Aires, 1965,249 p. The "Vocabulario" (245-249) has 185 words and phrases briefly defined. [557] DSS. With "Pról. por L. Lugones. Introd. por H. J. Becco." Madrid: Aguilar, 1967,381 p. A "Vocabulario" (pp. 363-379) defines about 400 words. The usual gauchopampa-estancia regionalisms, almost all very well-known.

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[558] DSS. Edited by A. B. Dellepiane. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1971, 265 p. A college-level reader of high quality. Its "Advertencia lingüística" (pp. 1114) summarizes much data on the morphology and phonetics of "la lengua gauchesca." Next, each page of the text has footnotes giving exceptionally knowledgeable—if brief—definitions and/or explanations of regional words and phrases. Finally, the "Indice de palabras y expresiones anotadas" (253265) refers reader to chapter and footnote number. Hernández,

José76

Note: The reader is warned (again) that the following list of editions of Martín Fierro is probably incomplete. He is reminded also of two other important facts: 1) that the Tiscornia editions listed are apparently based totally, or nearly so, on the famous Tiscornia edition of 1925 (Nichols, No. 506; Serfs, No. 15237), about which the following has been observed: "La edición del poema gauchesco de José Hernández, Martín Fierro, hecho por don Eleuterio F. Tiscornia en 1925, contiene, a más de algunas notas explicativas, un copioso vocabulario de voces usadas en el texto, eruditamente comentadas. Es obra básica para el estudio de la lingüística argentina" (Carrizo, 156); 2) no one interested—even if only slightly—in the language of the poem can fail to keep in mind Tiscornia's monumental La lengua de 'Martín Fierro', Buenos Aires, 1930,317 p. {BDH Vol. III. Annot. by Nichols, No. 445). *[559] El gaucho Martin Fierro y La vuelta de Martín Fierro. "Nueva edición notablemente aumentada. Estudio, notas y vocabulario de Eleuterio F. Tiscornia." Buenos Aires, 1941,422 p. "Págs. 17-20: 'Advertencia lingüística' (Observaciones generales sobre la lengua gauchesca). Págs. 263-327: Notas (Explicación de versos y expresiones del poema). Págs. 329-404: Vocabulario (Explicación y comentario de las voces del poema). Esta edición está dedicada especialmente a la enseñanza y amplía considerablemente la edición de 1939. . . . Las notas y explicacionesde gran valor filológico—son muy útiles para los estudiantes y extranjeros que quieran comprenderei texto gauchesco" (Rosenblat, HLAS Vol. 7, No. 4454). [560] MF Edición anotada por Ramón Villasuso. la ed., Buenos Aires, 1942, 126 p. (2a ed. 1944, 3a ed., 1945). Much lexical and linguistic commentary in the footnotes on each page. *[561] MF "Estudio de Tiscornia." Buenos Aires, 1945, 420 p.

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[562] MF "Edición crítica de Carlos Alberto Leumann. Texto genuino hecho sobre manuscritos de 'La vuelta,' confrontación de éstos con primeras ediciones, examen de otros documentos y habla y testimonios de viejos paisanos. Garantía de fondo en lenguaje, estilo y criteiio de Hernández, y en el consiguiente texto arquetípico del poema." Buenos Aires, 1945, 598 p. [Illus.] 77 *[563] MF Introducción, notas y revisión de Amando Lázaro Ros. Madrid, 1946,460 p. (2a ed., Madrid, 1953,472 p.). *[564] MF "Ed. completamente revisada, totalmente anotada al pie de la página y con un estudio preliminar por Santiago M. Lugones." 2nd ed., Buenos Aires, 1948,346 p. "Advertencia: Esta edición es traslado fiel de la del año 1926 78 . . . Sólo se han modificado unas pocas notas y agregado algunas más para facilitar al lector la comprensión de ciertas expresiones que pueden ocasionarle dudas" (Becco, op. cit., CINIF III [1962], 322-324). [565] MF "Estudio preliminar y vocabulario sintético por Ernesto Morales." Buenos Aires, 1949,396 p. [Illus.] 79 A basic vocabulary (pp. 385-396), covering the usual rural and gaucho linguistic manifestations. *[566] MF "Nueva [6th] ed., notablemente ampliada. Ed. con estudio, notas y vocabulario de . . . Tiscornia." Buenos Aires, 1949, 420 p. *[567] MF "7a ed., notablemente aumentada. Ed. con estudio de . . . Tiscornia." Buenos Aires, 1950,420 p. [568] MF "Comentada y anotada por . . . Tiscornia. Ed. con empleo de signos fonéticos en el texto y advertencia preliminar por Jorge M. Furt. Publicación postuma de los trabajos de . . . Tiscornia incluso el vocabulario y la gramática. Bibliografía pp. 661-674." Buenos Aires, 1951, 674 p. [Illus.] An elegant edition meticulously annotated, with the linguistic material right on the pages of the text itself. *[569] MF "Ed. completa, anotada con un estudio preliminar de José Clemente." Buenos Aires, 1953, 270 p. *[570] MF "8a ed. [?]" Buenos Aires: Losada, 1953, Colección de Textos Literarios.

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[571] MF "Ed. crítica de Angel J. Battistessa." 2a ed., Buenos Aires, 1964, 329 p. (1st ed. 1958) [Illus.] Considerable linguistic data on pages of text by lines. [572] M F Vocabulario por Floréal P. Blanco. Buenos Aires, 1960, 181 p. A minimal vocabulary of about 360 terms. Nothing noteworthy to annotate. [573] MF "Estudio preliminar por Augusto Raúl Cortázar: 'Realidad, vida y poesía en Martin FierroVocabulario por Diego Abad de Santillán." Buenos Aires, 1961,626 p. [Illus.] At the end of this deluxe edition there is an "Indice de voces y frases aclaradas" which is keyed to the footnotes on the pages of the text. Much lexical information is contained in these footnotes. Listed in CINIF III (1962), 322-324. *[574] MF "Introducción, notas y vocabulario por H. J. Becco." Buenos Aires, 1962, 296 p. [Illus.] (*2a ed., 1967, 447 p.) The "Vocabulario" is on pp. 273-294. *[575] MF Buenos Aires: Ed. Trazo, 1962, 140 p. "Nota: Contiene un vocabulario, pp. 131-140" (Becco, Cuad 11:5 [1966], 130). *[576] MF "Biografía, estudio y vocabulario: José Roberto del Río, Elias Carpena y Ernesto Morales." Buenos Aires: Ed. Ciordia; Barcelona: Ed. La espiga, 1962, 249 p. [577] MF 2a. ed., Buenos Aires, 1963, 451 p. "Se agrega un ensayo de Jorge Abelardo Ramos; 'Martín Fierro ha regresado' pp. 441-446; se amplía el vocabulario, pp. 417-429." This vocabulary, the usual type, consists of 361 short definitions, with no other linguistic material. *[578] MF "Prólogo y glosario de Germán Berdiales." Buenos Aires: Edit. Acme, 1963, 282 p. (Col. Robin Hood No. 153). [579] MF "Ed. anotada por Walter Reía." Montevideo: Ed. Síntesis, 1963, 245 p. Has some "Notas lingüísticas" (pp. 235-238), and a "Glosario" (239-245) of about 200 words.

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*[580] MF "Introducción, notas y vocabulario de . . . Tiscornia." Buenos Aires: Losada, 1963, 349 p. (Colección Biblioteca Contemporánea, No. 172). The "Vocabulario" (pp. 279-332) is apparently the original by Tiscornia. "Addenda (bibliografía adicional, 1940-1962) por Horacio Jorge Becco, pp. 339-343." (Cortázar, p. 273.) *[581] MF "Introducción, glosario y notas de Juan Manuel Cotta." Buenos Aires: Cía. Gen. Fabril Editora, 1963, 278 p. *[582] MF "Prólogo de Ezequiel Martínez Estrada." Buenos Aires: Edic. Selectas, 1964, 287 p. "Nota: . . . contiene un 'Vocabulario y refranero,' pp. 289 ff." *[583] MF "Notas lingüísticas." Buenos Aires: Peuser, 1964, 330 p. [584] MF With " Coplas de presentación por Rafael Alberti. Prólogo de Alejandro Losada Guido." Barcelona, 1968,458 p. Has a "Vocabulario," pp. 4 3 7 - 4 5 8 - t h e usual items. [585] The Gaucho Martín Fierro. Edición bilingüe inglés-castellano. New York, 1967,507 p. The English version of the poem is by C. E. Ward. This handsome book furnishes linguistic notes for both languages; the footnotes on the Spanish pages are especially helpful. Hidalgo,

Bartolomé

*[586] Cielitos y diálogos patrióticos. Buenos Aires, 1963. 80 "Introducción, notas y vocabulario [por] H. J. Becco." Irurzun, Blanca [587] Changos. 2a ed., Buenos Aires, 1944, 108 p. A little lexical data, on p. 100, gives brief definitions for "Algunas voces usadas en este libro": cinchada, changos, mishquilas, palan, pallana, pocear, Quetubí, Quiscaloro, Trinchera, Troyar. Apparently these are terms used in Santiago del Estero. Laferrère, Gregorio de [588] ¡Jettatore! Buenos Aires, 1966, 125 p.

Works d ealing with the language of individual authors

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Pages 121-123 give a vocabulary of 48 terms used in the play; also, pp. 119-120, "Notas" which give explanations for regional idioms and expressions. *[589] Las de barranco. Buenos Aires, 1965, 180 p. Has a "Vocabulario." [590] Locos de verano. Buenos Aires, 1966, 171 p. Introducción, notas y vocabulario [de] Sara M. Spinelli. This River Plate drama (written in 1905) has a vocabulary (167-171) which defines briefly some 80 terms—lunfardismos and other types of localisms. Also has "Notas" (151-165) which give occasional linguistic data (mostly consisting of allusions). Lugones,

Leopoldo

[591] "Alerta," short story in Sánchez Barros (No. 607), pp. 40-45. Has a two-page "glosario" of localisms, mostly well-known. [592] La guerra gaucha. "Revisión, notas y vocabulario por Leopoldo Lugones (hijo), para esta nueva edición." Buenos Aires, 1954, 363 p. The "vocabulario" (pp. 351-361) is really an index to the pages of the text and to the footnotes at the end of the chapters. These notes clarify and discuss "voces argentinas, americanas, españolas no muy conocidas, anticuadas, neologismos". They also include some flora and fauna terms, as well as historical and geographical names. There is, in short, considerable lexical material in these notes. Lugones has italicized the peninsular words and neologisms, and has marked with an asterisk the historical and geographical names. A very useful addition to the original 1905 Lugones work. Lynch,

Benito

[593] "El potrillo roano" in Sánchez Barros (No. 607), pp. 55-64. Nine terms are dealt with, in a one-page glossary. Montiel Ballesteros,

Adolfo

[594] Gaucha tierra. 2a ed., Buenos Aires, 1951, 240 p. The "Vocabulario" (pp. 231-240) consists of the usual types-indigenisms, idioms, etc. No etyma or other scholarly trappings, but a good helpful collection of definitions—178 in all.

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Morales, Ernesto *[595] Xilografías de María Moncalvo. 4a ed., Buenos Aires, 1946, 241 p. "Con un vocabulario de voces aborígenes." Ponferrada, Juan Carlos [596] El carnaval del diablo in Teatro argentino contemporáneo, Madrid, 1960,478 p. This anthology includes the Ponferrada folkloric melodrama, and furnishes (pp. 265-266) a vocabulary of "Voces regionales usadas en la obra." 30 terms, mostly indigenisms, brief definitions. Sáenz, Justo P. [597] El pangaré de Galván. Buenos Aires, 1953, 153 p. Stories of estancia life on the pampas of Argentina, in which the ambiente, including folk speech, is authentically reproduced. "El estilo genuinamente argentino, versión artística de la lengua hablada del campo argentino, es otro de los méritos de estos cuentos . . . " (From review by E. González, RH M XXI [1955], p. 50). "Nuevo libro de cuentos de este autor, escritor reputado también como folklorista, que sobresale en la pintura de ambientes camperos de Entre Ríos, su provincia natal" (Cortázar, No. 39). Sánchez, Florencio *[598] Barranca abajo. Buenos Aires, 1964, 106 p. This edition has a "Prólogo, notas y vocabulario de J. R. Lafforgue." *[599] La gringa. Buenos Aires, 1962, 100 p. "Introducción por Jorge Raúl Lafforgue. Notas y vocabulario de Juan Carlos Pellegrini." Silva Valdés, Fernán [600] Cuentos del Uruguay. Buenos Aires, 1945, 222 p. This collection of 27 gaucho stories is accompanied by a vocabulary (pp. 209-222) of 250 localisms used by the author. The usual categories: morphological and semantic variants, words of Indian origin (mostly from Quechua and Guaraní), idiomatic expressions, and a few place names. Although many of the words and phrases are well known, the list is useful,

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and the author has defined his terms competently and concisely. "En cuanto al lenguaje en que se entienden mis hombres—fuera de las expresiones indígenas, ya puras o derivadas generalmente del guaraní—diré que es el español hablado por el gaucho a lo largo de la época en que los episodios se desarrollan, lenguaje corriente en nuestra campaña y que, salvo algunos giros rancios, se usa todavía. Como el lector puede colegir, se trata de un español salpicado de arcaísmos, pero modificado por fuerza de la realidad americana" (p. 12). [601] Barrio Palermo. Montevideo: Monteverde, 1953. Has a "Vocabulario." (See also next entry.) [602] Santos Vega. Buenos Aires, 1957, 189 p. A volume of three plays, one of which is "Barrio Palermo," "drama social o de costumbres" taking place in Buenos Aires ca. 1900. The language of the time and place seems to be authentically captured, and the author has included a "Vocabulario" (136-142) of 149 terms, some of which are lunfardismos but mostly are slang terms of a less narrow range. Silva also includes a "Nota final" (pp. 133-135) in which he discusses informally the language of the play. Zorrilla de San Martin, Juan *[603] Tabaré. Edit. Latinoamericano, 1947. "Vocabulario colocado al final." [604] Tabaré. Montevideo, 1956, 231 p. This edition has an "Indice alfabético de algunas voces indígenas empleadas en el texto" (201-215); 40 terms, including place names (even Uruguay). Usually does not give etyma or even language of origin. One presumes they are either Charrúa or Guaraní. [605] Tabaré. Mexico: Porrúa, 1970, 218 p. "Estudio crítico por Raimundo Lazo. Notas bibliográficas y glosario de hispanoamericanismos usados en la obra." The "glosario" (pp. 33-35) consists of 46 terms, almost all indigenous, and many fauna and flora terms. Also some toponyms. A good sensible glossary. 3. Anthologies with vocabularies [606] Domínguez, Mignon (editor). 16 cuentos argentinos. Colección Lajouane de Folklore Argentino, Vol. 6, Buenos Aires, 1955, 194 p. Also B.A., 1974,230 p.

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The writers represented are Fausto Burgo, Juan Carlos Dávalos, Pablo Rojas Paz, Luis Franco, Angel María Vargas, Clementina Rosa Quenel, Horacio C. Rodríguez, Juan Pablo Echagüe, Lobondón Garra, Guillermo House, Ricardo Guier, Susana Calandrelli, Mateo Booz, Justo P. Sáenz(hijo), Ernesto E. Ezquer Zelaya, and Horacio Quiroga. Of the sixteen stories, twelve are followed by glossaries, some short, others relatively long. At the end of the book there is an "Indice de las palabras explicadas en los glosarios". In this index, there are approximately 220 terms, dealing with most of the usual types of Argentinisms and/or regionalisms—semantic variations, a few indigenisms, metaplasms, etc. These regionalisms are from all over the nation, just as are the authors and their stories. [607] Sánchez Barros, Albino G. Prosa moderna. Antología para la enseñanza media. Buenos Aires, 1953,236 p. 81 Contains excerpts with glossaries from Dávalos (see No. 545), Leopoldo Lugones (No. 591), and Benito Lynch (No. 593), and Fernández Moreno (No. 551).

G. Lunfardo and lunfardesco 82 1. Bibliographies [608] Valle, Enrique Ricardo del. "Bibliografía fundamental del lunfardo," BAPL 1:1 (1966), 53-61; 1:2 (1967), 40-48; 1:3 (1968), 63-88; 1:4 (1969), 39-78; 11:5 (1971), 67-73; 111:6 (1972), 44-51; 111:7 (1972), 61-68; 111:8 (1972), 94-101; IV:9-10 (1973), 133-140; V:11-12 (1975), 148-156; VI: 13-14(1976-1977), 142-150. This on-going bibliography compiled by the librarian of the Academia Porteña del Lunfardo appears in each issue of the Boletín de la APL (which commenced publication in 1966), and covers, among other things, most of the Comunicaciones Académicas (No. 1 of which appeared on Aug. 18, 1963), published in mimeographed form primarily by and for the members of the Academia. The del Valle bibliography covers all types of material—opinions on individual lunfardo words and phrases, discussions of lunfardo literary works and their authors, non-linguistic matters such as historical data, necrology, biography, speeches given by the members, and so on. This is by far the most important bibliography on lunfardo published to date, but it is mostly unannotated. Annot. in SFQ 33 (1969), No. 1092.

Lunfardo and lunfardesco

161

[609] Villanueva, Amaro. "El lunfardo," Univ No. 52 (1962), 13-42. A well-written brief history and analysis of lunfardia, containing a chronologically-listed bibliography of works on the subject from 1879 to 1962. The author derives the word lunfardo from lombardo > lumbardo > lunfardo (as do others). "An excellent survey of lunfardo as a field of investigation . . . " (From annot. by Wogan,HLAS, Vol. 25, No. 3969.) 2. Dictionaries and relatively lengthy word lists 83 [610] Andrade, Juan Carlos. Del debute chamuyar cañero. Buenos Aires, 1967, 105 p. Prólogo by Horacio San Martin. The bulk of this book (pp. 13-85) consists of a lengthy vocabulary of some 1200 terms. This is followed by some lunfardo poems by the author (87-105). "Another in the series of Buenos Aires lunfardo. [The title] simply means 'good jail talk' and is a good lexicon of B.A. underworld language... (Can field, H LAS, Vol. 30, No. 2523.) [611] Barcia, José. "Acerca de voces germanescas incorporadas al español," ComAc No. 72 (July, 1965), 13 pp. mimeog. A list of nearly 800 slang or low-life terms that are included in the Spanish Academy dictionary and/or Casares' Diccionario ideológico. An interesting collection, not primarily lunfardo, but closely related in function and spirit. Some of the prominent categories are words dealing with : crime and criminals, prisons, gambling, police, money, articles of clothing, weapons and fighting, parts of the body, prostitution, drunkenness. "No se incluyen . . . las voces relativas al acto carnal, al sexo, a la pornografía y a los insultos.. (p. 1). [612] Cammarota, Federico. Vocabulario familiar y del lunfardo. 2a ed. corregida y aumentada, Buenos Aires, 1970, 206 p. 84 One of the most recently published major lunfardo lexicons, this work covers 1,734 terms; also includes many "notas explicativas e interpretaciones gráficas . . . " A short introductory section-"Explicaciones previas"—provides brief interesting general notes on lunfardo. 8S The definitions are usually brief (often simply one word), parts of speech are indicated, but etymologies seldom given. The linguistic categories from which lunfardo draws its vocabulary are represented: 1) semantic variations (example: abanico 'agente de policía'); 2) derivations {aceitar 'sobornar'); 3) words that are apparently pure inventions {¡ancú! '¡cuidado!'); 4) words with indigenous roots (achurar 'herir de muerte'); 5) loan words (mostly from Italian, but not exclusively; example: ¡sharap! '¡cállese!' from Eng. 'shut up!'); 6) the vesrre (cocinero

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'billete de cinco pesos'; origin in vesrre of 'cinco'); 7) metaplasms (tano, apheresis of 'Napolitano', i.e. 'Italian'). Many of the terms are not pure lunfardismos, such as cachimba 'pipa'. Annotated by Wogan, H LAS Vol. 26, No. 1316 (1963 ed.), and Canfield, Vol. 34, No. 3074 (1979 ed.). *[612A] Capparelli, Vicente Α., Juan José Dicchio and Juan Carlos Kruizenga. La recopilación de voces comunes y lunfardas. La Plata: Dirección de Investigaciones, Policía de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 1968. Mimeografiada. 3a. ed. 1970. [613] Casullo, Fernando Hugo. Diccionario de voces lunfardas y vulgares. Buenos Aires, 1964, 230 p. A conscientiously compiled lexicon of over 1,100 terms of which some 400 are "vulgares", according to the distinction made by the author. Definitions longer than in the two previously described dictionaries, and occasionally are quite lengthy (e.g., atorrante). Each definition usually accompanied by a sentence illustrating usage, sentences either being composed by Casullo himself, or quoted from Argentine lunfardo writers (in latter case, page numbers of work quoted not given). The terms fit into the usual lunfardo categories, but author seldom indicates etyma or even language source-except in the case of many Italianisms and a few derivations from English and Portuguese. At end of book: 1) a list giving "Nombres e interpretaciones de los números en lengua vulgar y lunfarda (algunos con idénticas o pocas variantes)" and 2) a rather extensive "Bibliografía (libros, diarios y revistas. No figuran letristas ni músicas)". This bibliography is, unfortunately, of limited help since only author, name of work, and date of publication are given. "Another of the useful vocabulary lists that have appeared during the last two years. The emphasis here is on the jargon of the Buenos Aires underworld, and the main source is Argentine literature" (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 28, No. 1532). Reviewed by S.C., Histonium No. 310 (1965), 63-64. [614] Chambers, DwightO. Spanish Dialect Checklists. V.k Lunfardo-Español; I:B Español-Lunfardo. Preliminary Edition. Berkeley, 1968, 35 and 33 pp. In his Foreword, author points out the fallacies in the claims for many past checklists that they are exclusive, spatially and chronologically, to a certain area or time. This compilation consists of some 3000 items chosen from lunfardo, and is intended to be a checklist for investigators, and not primarily a dictionary. Examples of the "telegraphic style" used: A. lunfardo and Spanish (standard) equivalents: abacanar-atribuir categoría; abacanarbrindar lujos; abacanar-darse categoría; and Β. standard and lunfardo:

Lunfardo and lunfardesco

163

abandonar-aceitüT ; abandonar-amurar ; aZwnJoww-dar aceite ; abandonar-largar. Listed by Polo, No. 1219. [614A] Chiaparra, Enrique. Glosario lunfardo. Montevideo, 1978, 256 p. The title of this work is somewhat misleading, since it is a coverage of terms from all types of River Plate slang and popular speech, and not just "pure" lunfardo (whatever that is). It lists some 5000 terms; heavy emphasis on metaphorical extensions, and usually giving a great abundance of synonyms and derivative words. Infrequently documented by lexical or literary quotations. Etyma seldom given. A brief introduction, "¿Qué es el lunfardo?", discusses the usual categories. Admittedly not the work of a professional lexicographer, but nonetheless interesting because of the wealth of material. [615] Dellepiane, Antonio. El idioma del delito y diccionario lunfardo. Buenos Aires, 1967, 121 p. This famous book, published originally in 1894, is included here because of interesting commentary in the introduction which has been added. For example: "A fines del siglo 19 . . . Dellepiane estaba lejos de sospechar . . . la difusión . . . de la jerga lunfarda . . . fuera de su área natural: el mundo del hampa porteña. El orillero . . . vivía en las orillas de la ciudad . . . mitad ciudadano y mitad gaucho, y aun no había sido contaminado por el lenguaje de las cárceles . . From about 1910 on, this argot began to acquire "patente tránsito libre y comienza a reclamar, inclusive, una jerarquía literaria comparable a la que la gauchofìlia había lograda con Hernández y Ascasubi." (pp. 9-10). [616] Gobello, José and Luciano Payet. Breve diccionario lunfardo. Buenos Aires, 1959,72 p. The authors give an introductory word of warning which also serves to set forth their main goals: "No imagine el lector que todas las palabras consignadas en estas páginas son estrictamente lunfardas. Hay también voces dialectales y argentinismos notorios. Compilar un léxico carcelario es tarea de penólogos y no le hemos sido en ninguno de nuestros avatares. Nos propusimos, en cambio, proporcionar una guía, un vademécun o baedeker a quienes desean internarse en la literatura lunfarda, numerosa y desperdigada, y en el paisaje, menospreciado e inevitable, del tango" (p. 7). 700 words are defined, parts of speech indicated, etymologies given for some terms, and quotations from literature are cited. 86 The authors make use of such important previous bibliography on the subject as: Benigno Β. Lugones, Los beduinos urbanos and Los caballeros de industria (articles which originally appeared in La

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Nación of Buenos Aires in 1879); Luis María Drago, Los hombres de presa (1888); Antonio Dellepiane, El idioma del delito (1894); José S. Alvarez (who used also the pseudonyms Fabio Carrizo and Fray Mocho), Memorias de un vigilante (1897); and Luis C. Villamayor, El lenguaje del bajo fondo (1915). Reviewed by A. Balcarce, Histonium No. 265 (1961), 63-64. Also mentioned briefly by G. Meo-Zilio: "El autor ha publicado un Breve diccionario lunfardo . . . en colaboración con Luciano Payet, en el que ha recogido también, con algunas modificaciones, casi todos los italianismos de lunfardía »87

[616A] Gobello, José. Etimologías. Buenos Aires, 1978, 259 p. An impressive etymological dictionary, anticipated, says author, by his Palabras perdidas (see No. 475A) and by other past lexical meditations. Gobello, no doubt the maximum lunfardo lexicologist, covers in detail 395 selected words and phrases. Although the majority are lunfardismos, many items are covered that pertain to River Plate popular speech in general, often treated with emphases on social and cultural factors and nuances, as well as interesting and entertaining reflections on some of the more curious expressions. The words are abundantly documented with quotations from other lunfardo and jerga sources, usually with chronological data on appearances and usage. Much new lexical material is furnished by this indispensable addition to the field of lunfardo lexicography and linguistics. [617] Gobello, José. Diccionario lunfardo y de otros términos antiguos y modernos usuales en Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, 1975, 234 p. A recent, and probably the best, lunfardo dictionary, listing over 3000 terms. Most items include citations of usage from literary and other sources. Author advises that he includes etyma only when he is sure of his ground. All the usual categories that make up lunfardo. An impressive and definitive lexicon. Included at the end of the book is a useful list of "Autoridades invocadas en este trabajo" (some 350 items). Annot. by Canfield, HLAS Vol. 40, No. 6045. [617A] Gobello, José. Palabras perdidas. Buenos Aires, 1973, 150 p. See No. 475A. [618] Silva Valdés, Fernán. "Primer vocabulario lunfo popular anotado en el país," Marcha (Montevideo), XXI:969 (July 24, 1959), p. 9; XXI:973 (Aug. 21,1959), p. 13; and XXL979 (Sept. 18, 1959), p. 13.88 The first installment of this lunfardo vocabulary was introduced by the

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editors: "F.S.V. nos entrega las primeras páginas de un diccionario de la lunfardia que está preparando. Gustosos las publicamos." This first section starts with abacanada and goes to avivado, 33 items, all appearing to be (with some possible exceptions) "genuine" lunfardismos, as do those words listed in the other two installments. The second one (Aug. 21) covers bacán to bronca, 35 terms, and the third (Sept. 18), budín to compadre, 52 terms. 3. General and miscellaneous studies [619] Alposta, Luis. "Expresiones vulgares y populares en el lenguaje médico," BAPL 111:6(1972), 28-40. A discussion (not in dictionary form) of lunfardo terms, nicknames and euphemisms for medical and pathological words, especially relating to tuberculosis ('fuelles o discos picados'), syphillis (many terms, sometimes with blackish humor—"Una noche con Venus y veinte años con Mercurio"), and cancer. Some morphological data—'e/ sistole' for Ία sístole,' etc. Also sections on "Trastornos psiquiátricos" and "Infecciones e intoxicaciones." [620] Astigueta, Fernando Diego. "La mentalidad argentina en el tango y sus modismos," JIAS VII (1965), 67-94. Apparently for the author of this article—a psychiatrist—tango words and phrases have a sort of linguistic mystique all their own. In any event, the doctor purports to demonstrate how Argentines use tango language to manifest certain feeling, certain motivations—in short, even their basic personality. The mother-child relationship is one of several that the author uses to illustrate this psycho-linguistic process. [621] Barcia, José. "Acerca de una pieza escénica de Miguel Ocampo," ComAc No. 39 (Aug. 24, 1964), 4 pp. mimeog. An examination of a saínete (verse play), De paso por aquí by Miguel Ocampo, produced in Buenos Aires in early 1890. The interesting feature of the play is its language, containing many lunfardo words, underlined by Barcia in his reproduction of several scenes. He points out that "podría decirse . . . que ya entonces el lunfardo no pertenecía al círculo cerrado de la jerga ladronesca sino que estaba trascendido al conocimiento popular . . ." (p. 1). He further makes the point that although the theatre was a natural medium for spreading lunfardo, the audience's pre-knowledge of it was naturally necessary for comprehension and enjoyment. In this saínete Ocampo also uses a tango, the other prominent vehicle in disseminating lunfardo. Of the tango Barcia states: "Cabe suponer . . . que en 1890 el tango ya no era

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música prohibida y, mucho menos, pecaminosa desde el momento que se le ofrecía al público en un escenario teatral" (p. 4). [622] Barcia, José. El lunfardo de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, 1973, 173 p. The author, a prominent lunfardologist and scholar, is president of the Academia Portefia del Lunfardo. His important and well-written book covers both general (historical, sociological, psychological) information re lunfardo as well as details about specific words and phrases. Included likewise are quotations from lunfardo writers and discussion thereof. The "Vocabulario" (pp. 151-173) contains over 600 items. Rev. by Luis Ricardo Furlan, BAPL: 9-10 (en.-dic. 1973), 150-151. Excellent annot. by Canfield./ZLAS Vol. 38, No. 6064. [623] Bermúdez, Sergio Washington. "El lunfardo y el lenguaje vernáculo," BFM IV (1945), 180-184. A letter criticizing Schallman's Coloquios sobre el lenguaje argentino89 for having ignored—or being ignorant of—the Uruguayan usage of practically all of his terms. The implication is that Schallman does not know much about americanismos. Bermúdez chooses four words to comment on specifically, words classified as lunfardismos by Schallman: mina, cana, espiantar and otario. The first two are lunfardo, but espiantar is such only with certain meanings, and otario is not lunfardo at all. Of the over 1,000 words listed by Schallman, all of them except about 20, claims Bermúdez, "son de uso común en el Uruguay desde tiempo inmemorial" (p. 184). In addition to the above, there is much comment about lunfardo and slang language in general. [624] Borges, Jorge Luis. "Las alarmas del Dr. Américo Castro" in Borges' Otras inquisiciones, Buenos Aires 1952, pp. 35-42. 9 0 In this brief but sharp rebuttal to Américo Castro's La peculiaridad lingüistica rioplatense y su sentido histórico (1941), Borges points out what he feels to be some errors in Castro's criticism of River Plate Spanish. Part of the article is devoted to lunfardo, which Borges claims Castro does not really understand. Nor does he feel that Castro's disapproval of so-called "gauchofilia" is convincing. [625] Bossio, Jorge Alberto. "Sociología del lunfardo," BAPL 111:7 (1972), 5-22. This article aims at explaining the origin of lunfardo on the historical, ethnic, and sociological bases that existed in Buenos Aires during the period 1852-1890 (when both the tango and lunfardo were conceived). During this

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time, one quarter of the city's population lived in conventillos, wretched, poverty and crime ridden apartments. The conventillo was the integrating factor in this society in a stage of ferment or developing, and here the natives and newcomers in this forced co-existence had to adapt new cultural standards, until out of this acculturation there developed "una nueva mentalidad, un nuevo hábito, y, lógicamente, un nuevo lenguaje." The co-existence was not only one of various ethnic groups (criollos, Spaniards, Italians, and others), but also of many different professions (artisans, workers, seamstresses, prostitutes, delinquents, police, anarquists, etc.). As the author says, in all of this "el intercambio lingüístico debió ser intenso", and the hampa made its linguistic contributions to popular speech as much in the behavioural speech areas as in the racial/cultural areas in general. Author rejects the commonly held belief that lunfardo was born of—or equivalent to— thieves jargon, but hypothesizes that it is the product of this integration of these different human groupings living in the conventillo areas of Buenos Aires during the period. Author documents his thesis with several charts—ethnic percentages, crime rates, percentages of languages contributing to the creation of lunfardo, etc. [626] Carella, Tulio. El tango, mito y esencia. Buenos Aires, 1956, 127 p. A broad study of the tango, its historical antecedents, evolution and language, and its relationship to lunfardo. Although not primarily linguistic, article contains sufficient linguistic data to merit inclusion here. Author quotes, and uses ideas of such authorities as Borges, Martínez Estrada, Clemente, Cantarell Dart, Herrero Mayor, etc. Some brief consideration of individual words. No index nor table of contents; no "vocabulario" nor bibliography. Still, anyone wishing to examine the tango-lunfardo relationship should not overlook possible help here. [627] Casadevall, Domingo F. Buenos Aires. Arrabal-Sainete-Tango. No. 23.

See

[628] Casadevall, Domingo F. El tema de la mala vida en el teatro nacional. Buenos Aires, 1957, 200 p. This study of the Argentine theatre affords much knowledge about Buenos Aires' "gente de mala vida" and their language. The lunfardismos, scattered throughout the text, are italicized, though not indexed. Author explains the reason why the porteños have embraced lunfardo so enthusiastically. Some chapters of particular interest linguistically: "El malevo," "La mina,'" "El lunfardo y su ambiente," "Biabistas, escruchantes, punguistas y escamoteadores"Cuenteros," and "La mujer de todos y sus parásitos." Includes

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discussion of prominent playwrights and plays. Rev. by T. J. Freire,RIL 1:1 (1959), 117-118. [629] Casares, Angel Jorge. "El español, el gaucho, y el lunfardo," La Torre, No. 62 (1968), 103-127. A clearly and interestingly written study that may be described as a popularized introduction first to language and linguistics in general and then to Argentine popular speech, with emphasis on lunfardo and gauchesco speech. Documented with an abundance of words and phrases, as well as with quotations from such writers as Menéndez Pidal, A. Castro, J. Gobello, del Valle, J. Clemente, T. Saubidet. "Offers some general commentary about various aspects of popular speech to be observed in the languge of Buenos Aires." (Simmons, HLAS, Vol. 32, No. 3043.) [630] demente, José E. "El idioma de Buenos Aires" in Borges' and demente's El lenguaje de la Argentina. Buenos Aires, 1953, pp. 37-59. 91 An informative analysis of various phases of porteño Spanish, including commentary about lunfardo and its nature and sources. Clemente lists examples of words from French, Italian, Portuguese, English, and indigenous languages. Also treated briefly are the pronunciation and grammar, as well as general observations on language, slang, criminal jargon, neologisms, etc. [631] Clemente, José E. "Estilística del lunfardo," Sur No. 227 (1954), 51-60. 92 A well-written defense of the study of lunfardo. Opposes the puritanical and moralistic snobbishness prevailing among many linguistic "purists". Author points out that lunfardo is a technical jargon, just as many others, and that it should not be confused with low-life or street language, or "con el guarango". A difference between lunfardo and other technical vocabularies is that lunfardo is by definition obscure and secretive. Once a term or phrase becomes well-known, not to mention appearing in a dictionary, technically it is no longer really lunfardo. It is thus necessarily a rich and constantly changing, constantly creating phenomenon, because of the necessity of replacing terms that have become common knowledge. So, because of the nature of lunfardo, it is impossible to compile a complete and definitive vocabulary ; but it is useful and possible to understand the linguistic mechanisms that motivate and create it. The essay contains considerable general linguistic knowledge, as well as specifically lunfardo material. Semantic evolution and etymology are treated, as well as lunfardo categories and sources (such as metaphors, metaplasms, foreign words, barbarisms, archaisms, proper names,

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etc.). Many individual terms are discussed. Emphasizing constantly, then, that lunfardo is primarily a thieves' jargon author concludes that "al lunfardo auténtico habría que buscarlo en el hampa y no en las difundidas letras de tango o en las frases descaradas que circulan por los teatros saineteros exhibiendo su inofensiva desnudez". [632] Dallegri, Santiago. "El folklore y el lunfardo," ComAc No. 33 (Aug. 8, 1964), 1 p. mimeog. The point of this report is that lunfardo and folklore are two completely separate things and should not be confused, as they often are. Lunfardo comes from "el hampa y los ambientes carcelarios" and has to do with popular language ; folklore has to do with customs. [633] Etchebarne, Miguel D. La influencia del arrabal en la poesía argentina culta. Buenos Aires, 1955, 194 p. This fine study, a combination of literary criticism and sociological analysis, has some scattered linguistic data plus one brief but specific section on "Lengua popular y lunfardo" (pp. 104-115). In it, author discusses origin, formative elements, purpose, characteristic traits, etc., not only of lunfardo but of calò or slang in general. Makes distinctions between lunfardo, arrabalero, and caló. Discusses several prominent lunfardo poets—Yacaré, Carlos de la Púa, Cadícamo—and their styles. [634] Ferrer, Horacio. El libro del tango. Historias e imágenes. 2 tomos. Buenos Aires, 1970. T. 1: 379 p.; T. 2: 384 p. This extraordinary encyclopedia dealing with everything imaginable related to the tango—history, musicians, lyric writers, etc.—also includes so much specific and peripheral data about lunfardo and lunfardesco that it cannot be omitted from this compilation. Among the wealth of details about lunfardo found herein are its sources, how the forces of pejoration and figurative language have operated, how gradually it entered into the general popular speech, and even how it has enriched (never mind what Américo Castro thought) Platine Spanish, and how it evolved into a literary and journalistic medium. Altogether, a most impressive and informative opus. [634A] Furlan, Luis Ricardo. La poesia lunfarda. Buenos Aires, 1971, 115 p. [Illus. with photographs.] 93 Rather informal notes on a multitude of things having to do with lunfardo —its history, sources, extent of diffusion, etc. etc.—much of which is common knowledge. Most of the book deals with "literatura lunfarda" and "literatura

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lunfesca" with often long quotations from the poetry of each category, and with short biographies. At the end, there is a "Breve mataburro [dictionary]" which lists and gives one-word definitions of 294 "voces lunfardas registradas en este ensayo." [635] Gabriel, José. "El idioma rioplatense," RNLA See No. 37.

VII (1944), 115-133.

[636] García Jiménez, Francisco. Estampas del tango. Buenos Aires, 1968, 165 p. 94 An informal series of nostalgic anecdotes and reminiscences about the tango. Although not linguistic, it reveals enough of the lunfardo-tango close relationship to deserve this brief note. [637] Giuria, Carlos Alberto. Indagación del porteño a través de su lenguaje. Buenos Aires, 1965, 98 p. From a brief review in Biblos (Buenos Aires) No. 121 (1965), 38: "[Esta obra] . . . es un ensayo que desmiente aquella frase de Disraeli que sostenía que 'la palabra es el mejor instrumento para ocultar el pensamiento'. El porteño, infatigable creador de tropos y metáforas denuncia en su particular estilo de acuñar frases la honda manera, casi artístico, de extraer relaciones de la fatigosa realidad, para luego aplicarla aguda y certeramente en la diaria comunicación social. Este ensayo contribuye a comprender mejor el alma de nuestro hombre ciudadano . . T h e porteño expressions treated in the book, and illustrating the above commentary, are: Flor de . . ., Bien debute, Estar tirado, Salir de perdedor, Deschavarse, Plantarse, Tener clase, Llorar la carta, Trabajar la moral, Estar jugado, Irse a baraja, Embrocar, Mandarse la parte, Ponerle la firma, Ser un fulmine, No hay que hacerse mala sangre, Poner la tapa, Tener relojeado, Campanear, Manyarlo a uno, ¿De que las vas?, La vieja, ¿A quién le ganaste?, No corre, No corre más, Parar, No le den bola, No hay nada que hacerle, Hay que entrarle por el aro, Qué vachaché, El que las sabe todas, Estar en la pomada, Ser un tipo derecho, Ser un vivanco, La barra, Reo, Desgraciado, Macaneador, Punto, Loco, Macanudo. It will be noted that only a minority of these expressions are "pure" lunfardo. Annot. by Canfield, HLAS Vol. 30, No. 2572. [638] Gobello, José. "Conocer el lunfardo sirve para comprender a una clase social," Qué sucedió en siete días (Buenos Aires) No. 178 (1958), 20-21. An interesting informal article about such things as lunfardo's nature and make-up, the difficulty of distinguishing between thieves' talk and ordinary

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popular language, the even greater difficulty in defining lunfardo (he points out what he feels are inaccuracies or incompleteness in some previous definitions, and then gives his own), and so on. Perhaps of most interest is the author's commentary and conjectures on lunfardo 's future: "Las palabras mueren solas cuando les llega el día . . . Tal vez dentro de unos cuantos años el lunfardo sea una curiosidad de museo. Quizá de sus cuatro mil palabras no queden sino mango, pibe y algunas más. Las letras de los tangos parecerán escritas en sánscrito y a los saínetes de Vacarezza habrá que darlos traducidos. Sin embargo conocer el lunfardo no sirve sólo para entender 'en su idioma original' a Vacarezza y a Contursi. Sirve también para conocer y comprender a una clase social que se expresó muchos años en esa jerga. Y que si va abandonándola gradualmente es porque alguien le dio la oportunidad de manejar conceptos nuevos que exceden la capacidad expresiva del lunfardo." [639] Gobello, José. El lenguaje de mi pueblo. Buenos Aires, 1974,106 p. Informal essays mostly about lunfardo and related material. The section "Hablemos del habla" consists of meditations about language in general using regional examples (especially references to lunfardo's Italian origins) as illustrations. Other points treated: 1) analyses and definitions of lunfardo and cocoliche and their complementary relationship; 2) the sociolinguistic changes in the use of lunfardo (e.g., ocultista > diferenciativo > impulso afectivo)·, 3) a number of Italian-derived words with treatment documented by Italian and other dictionaries; 4) a lexical analysis of "una de las poesías más herméticas del malevo Muñoz [Carlos de la Púa]," "Línea 9," indicating the thirty-two lunfardismos in this poem, of which thirteen (40 per cent) are of Italian provenience; for each word, he gives std. meaning, type of lunfardo and/or where it comes from. In "La desacralización del lunfardo," Gobello, among other points, corrects some misconceptions about lunfardo. "Defensa de chanta" (from the Genoese ciantapuffì > chantapufì > chanta) relates the involvement of the word in a lawsuit. The final essay is a sort of psychological biography of the tanguista E. S. Discépolo, quoting at length many of his tangos and remarking upon his use of some sixty lunfardismos. [640] Gobello, José. Lunfardia: Introducción al estudio del lenguaje porteño. Buenos Aires, 1953, 153 p. A collection of essays on lunfardo, the titles of some of which are: "El vocabulario de [Benigno] Lugones", "Vocabulario de Fabio Carrizo", "Voces germanescas", "Del caló", "Gringo llegó de España", "Oianga, ¿es un quichuismo?", "Prontuario de paquete", "Italianismos porteños", "Genovesismos", "Más dialectismos", "Galicismos", "Brasileñismos", "Indigenismos", "Notas

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sobre el vesrre", "Cuatro voces porteñas [che, macana, cachada, hincha]", "Algo sobre afilar", "Atorrante y su origen", "La gayola", "Tango y alcohol", "Tangos citados". The book closes with two lists, 1) an alphabetical index of the words studied (pp. 111-117), and 2) a list of authors quoted (pp. 119122), and with an appendix that reproduces two essays of Benigno Β. Lugones, originally published in 1879. Reviews: "ro", LdeH No. 51 (1954), 31-32; J. R. Montes, Cap No. 4 (1954), 33-34; C. Marin,Histonium No. 175 (1953), 55. 95 [641] Gobello, José. Viejay nueva lunfardïa. Buenos Aires, 1963, 214 p. A reprinting of author's Lunfardia of 1953 (see No. 640, above). Gobello says of the 1963 printing: "Lunfardia reaparece tal como salió al encuentro del lector en 1953." "Gobello's book is an up-to-date listing, from both literary and contemporary sources of Italianisms, underworld slang, gallicisms, quechuismos, with references to such profound works as the etymological dictionary of Juan Corominas {Diccionario critico etimológico de la lengua castellana, Bern, Switzerland, 1954)" (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 28, No. 1558). *[642] Gobello, José. "El lunfardólogo," Democracia (Buenos Aires), 20-IH (1953). [643] Gobello, José. "¿Para qué sirve el lunfardo?", BAPL 1:2 (1967), 82-91. A report of a speech given by the author, on Oct. 4, 1963, sponsored by the Academia Porteña del Lunfardo. Quotes many derogatory comments about lunfardo made by such luminaries as A. Castro, Borges, Herrero Mayor, Pérez Petit, etc. Gobello defends lunfardo (especially the accusation about its "pobreza de vocabulario"), discusses the nature and purpose of this patois. So, wh?t good is it? For one thing Gobello shows how only lunfardo can express a certain type of River Plate angst, and he quotes from several prominent poets (Linyera, de la Púa, Contursi, el negro "Cele"), to make his point. "Stresses the importance of studying the lunfardo language of Buenos Aires because of its intrinsic expressiveness and color and because knowledge of it is indispensable forreaders of Argentine literature" (Annot. in SFQ 33 [1969], No. 1062). [644] González Tuñón, Raúl. Tangos. Buenos Aires, 1953, 174 p. 96 A collection of vignettes based on the words of well-known tangos. Although it lacks linguistic apparatus (word list, notes, etc.), the language is unusually rich in lunfardismos and other porteñismos.

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[645] Grayson, John D. "Lunfardo, Argentina's Unknown Tongue," Hisp 47 (1964), 66-68. Article on the origin and extensive use of lunfardo in Argentina. Usual sources briefly pointed out-Italianisms, vesre, pure inventions, etc. Gives equivalents in English (and U.S.) slang for a number of items from criminal jargon. Lists several common groups: 1) words for 'man,' 2) for parts of the body, 3) articles of clothing, 4) slang gentilicios (such as y o ni for 'Englishman'), etc. Gives examples of usage from tangos, poetry and prose (selections taken from the Primera antología lunfarda-see No. 714 below). "Notes on and examples of the Argentine caló which has profoundly influenced the spoken language of all classes in Argentina. The author of this undocumented study would have profited—and certainly changed the title of his article—had he consulted the bibliographical survey of lunfardo published in Universidad by Amaro Villanueva . . . " (Wogan,//.L4S, Vol. 26, No. 1339; see No. 609 of this compilation). [646] Hufton, Delia. "Morfología del lunfardo," BAPL V: 11-12 (enero 1974-dic. 1975), 51-67. The belief is generally held that lunfardo is essentially a specialized vocabulary, but one which follows "standard" Spanish in morphology and syntax. This article professes that lunfardo does have morphological peculiarities. Some sample findings: 1. Gender, a. Some nouns can have either gender, as "El/la grasa" (referring to a person); b. Many words ending in e whose final consonant cannot normally end a word—arrastre, deschave, morfe, etc.—are always masculine. 2. Derivations, a. Apocopation is extremely common: lunfardo > lunfa, cirujano > ciruja, bufón, bufoso > bufo-, b. apheresis: atorrante > rante\ c. Prefix usage is not conspicuously different, but it is in the suffixes which are most variable, principally because of the influence of other modern European languages and caló: batilana, caferata, fácilongo, rantifwso, etc.; the ubiquitous vesre97—simple examples likegotán ('tango') and weird ones like chorede ('derecho'), jotrabar ('trabajar'), lloventico ('conventillo'), tegenaite (< 'gente' "con adición"), etc. The author concludes, somewhat poetically: "En pocas palabras la morfología del lunfardo es un espejo del temperamento porteño: cambiante, picaresco, sarcàstico, amante de la chispa intelectual y de su idioma." [647] Laplaza, Francisco P. "Variaciones sobre el lunfardo," BAPL 111:6 (1972), 5-27. This well-documented paper deals with the need to distinguish the various types of "non-standard" speech, and their differing geographical, sociological,

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historical origins, for the purpose of clarifying the essence, classification, and distinctive features of lunfardo. For example: lunfardo is not, he says, argot, germanesco, caló, slang, cant, lingo, furbesco, gergo ["de la mafia o de la camorra"]. He cites authors from many centuries past in making his sundry distinctions. A sample point: M. Etchebarne, following Borges, shows the need to differentiate between lunfardo ("lenguaje del submundo delictivo") and "habla arrabalera" ("decantación o divulgación de voces porteñas, criollas y lunfardas ; y ambos, del habla popular"). Author suggests proper methodology to use to reach valid conclusions in establishing such sub-dialectal differences. [648] Lara, Tomás de and Inés Leoniida Roncetti de Panti. El tema del tango en la literatura argentina. Buenos Aires, 1961,465 p. This comprehensive study of the tango in all its aspects includes some material on lunfardo and porteñismos—much of which is well-known. Some sections of interest: "El tango y la filología" (p. 26 f.), "Etimología de la voz 'tango'" (p. 34; even Japanese has been offered as a source); "Idioma de las letras de tango" (p. 109; authors deplore the use of lunfardo for so many tangos); and an amusing story by Roberto Cassinelli, "Benavente, Gardel y el lunfardo" (pp. 416-417), telling how the Spanish playwright was fascinatedand completely confused—by lunfardo. [649] López Peña, Arturo. El habla popular de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, 1972, 149 p. The first part of this interesting and useful series of essays deals with language-and-life in general. The second part takes up in detail the popular speech of Buenos Aires, with emphasis on lunfardo. Author makes distinctions between the different kinds of speech and attempts to undo some misconceptions and to correct incomplete or erroneous definitions. He converses about many elements related to lunfardo—the tango, word sources, the conventillo, etc., and about lunfardo writers. Although there is no word index, the text is abundantly documented with examples of popular speech, and also with the ideas of many well-known lunfardologists. Annot. by J. Scobie, HLAS, Vol. 36, No. 3216. [649A] López Peña, Arturo. Teoría del argentino. El gaucho, el compadrito, el porteño, el argentino, la. ed., Buenos Aires, 1958, 113 p. [Bibliog.] A collection of 14 brief essays based upon and analyzing these four Argentine social types. Much of the material illustrates how their psychological peculiarities are related to their respective speech patterns. Many words and expressions treated, as are the psychological phenomena that

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produce various semantic changes. Of particular interest is Chapter VI, "El lenguaje del compadrito," in which the author lists the principal components of the compadrito's vocabulary: lunfardo, many loan words, invented words (e.g. peringundin, from Pérez and Gundín, "propietarios de un famoso salón de baile al que concurría el pueblo bajo"), vesre (feca 'cafe', jotraba 'trabajo', etc.), epenthesis (sentimieneto, coránica, etc.). Rev. by Borello, RLAI No. 2 (1960), 137-139; annot. by Wogan,//¿,4S Vol. 23, No. 4445. [650] Lianes, Ricardo M. "Acerca de antecedentes de la literatura lunfardesca," ComAc No. 63 (May 2, 1965), 2 pp. mimeog. A report on the chronology of the first use of lunfardo terminology in Argentine newspapers. The supposedly first use was by B. B. Lugones, writing in La Nación in 1879. Lianes gives evidence that the real first appearance was in 1877-1878. Author quotes letter from W. Jaime Molins about the town of Dolores, province of Buenos Aires. Because of geographical, financial and economic reasons, Dolores became a business and judicial center where many Buenos Aires journalists and lawyers concentrated. In the issue of December 28, 1877, in a newspaper called El General Bum-Bum there appeared the following lunfardo words: beaba [sic], reversar, batir, misha, bacán, morfìlar, espiantado, farra, dar golpe a los bobos, otario cuadro, batido, cana and Ion fardo?* [651 ] Mafud, Julio. Sociología del tango. Buenos Aires, 1966, 126 p. Bibliog. This study includes frequent references to lunfardo and—more important— a goodly number of judicious commentaries about the tango-lunfardo interrelationship. Author also claims that there is a socio-psychological similarity between "literatura lunfardista" and "literatura gauchesca" (p. 123). [652] Pagano H., José León. Criminalidad argentina. Buenos Aires, 1964, 326 p. This book on criminology in Argentina is essentially sociological, but contains considerable linguistic material. The author discusses theories about the origin, evolution, and history of low-life speech in general and of lunfardo in particular, and indicates how it differs from other jergas. All of them use onomatopoeia and-especially-metaphorical language (e.g. lunf. lavandero 'abogado'), but lunfardo differs in its inclusion of 1) many foreign words and phrases {cana, dar la biaba, morfar, etc.), 2) derivations based on similarity of sounds (cumple 'cómplice'), 3) the vesre (among the examples given is cafishio > fioca-in the words of the author "una deformación de una deformación"). Pagano, different from many lunfardo cognoscenti, believes that

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lunfardo impoverishes and corrupts Castilian, especially in its having penetrated the speech of the higher social levels. Much of this comes about through diffusion by means of the tango. The author names and describes many types of lunfardos ('thieves'): biabistas, furcas, pistoleros, llaveros, escrushantes, etc., and some of the professional jargon used by each. Also describes differences between such common porteño types as the compadre, compadrito, and guarango. [653] Pérez, Ricardo. Έ 1 caló," Hisp 48 (1965), 119-120. Although this brief article refers primarily to Cuban slang, there is pertinent reference to, and associations with lunfardo. Caló, says the author, "constituye el lenguaje típico de los bajos fondos de mi país, Cuba" and that his career as a lawyer brought him into contact with it. A difference between Cuban caló and lunfardo is that the former did not spread outside "el cerco del hampa". At end of article, author gives brief listing of caló terms, some of which are also lunfardo, e.g., afanar, campanear, chamullar, enconar, jamar, and perhaps others. [654] Quintana, Federico M. En torno a lo argentino. Buenos Aires, 1941, 159 p. A series of nostalgie memoirs about Argentina. One chapter, "El tango," displays perhaps enough details about lunfardo (history, terminology, psychology) to merit inclusion here. 99 [655] Rangel Guerra, Alfonso. "El lunfardo," VU, Jan. 24, 1965, pp. 3, 8. Another article stressing the fact that lunfardo is not the same as popular language, but that it is "un lenguaje dentro de otro lenguaje". Nothing very new in the treatment, but perhaps a useful summary of the subject, and especially the linguistic mechanism used by lunfardo in creating new words and meanings. [656] "Referencias al lunfardo de 1888" (signed by E.J.M.), Nac, June 1, 1958, p. 7. Historical data as to the first references to lunfardo, "el lenguaje del hampa porteña." It first appeared, says the author, in two La Nación articles by Benigno Lugones ("Los beduinos urbanos," 18 May 1879, and "Los caballeros de la industria," 6 April 1879). Apparently next was Dellepiane's famous book, El idioma del delito (see No. 615), 1894. Article also treats two other early writers, Francisco Ramos Mejia and Luis M. Drago. Many individual lunfardo terms are discussed in the article, and author states that "La jerga ha

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ido, poco a poco, perfeccionándose y ensanchando el círculo de su léxico hasta constituir un verdadero slang. " [657] Rest, Jaime. Notas para una estilística del arrabal. Buenos Aires, 1965, 12 p. This booklet, principally about types of popular speech, lunfardo, and tango lyrics, treats the material more from a literary-poetic-stylistics aspect than from a linguistics one. Author theorizes that tango lyrics and themes have a long lyric lineage not often acknowledged. There is some peripheral linguistics data in examples of lunfardo, so inextricably interwoven in many tangos. No word-lists or linguistic footnotes. [658] Ricci, Julio. "Borges y el lunfardo," Hispanófila, (Madrid), Año 16, No. 2:47 (1973), 73-75. This brief article takes strong exception to comments made by Borges (in the *Boletin del Servicio Informativo Continental: "Lunfardo. Broma para unos, efectivo aporte para otros," Buenos Aires, octubre de 1970) to the effect that lunfardo " . . . es una jerga artificial, una especie de broma . . . [y] yo creo que aquellos que se dedican a estudiarlo están haciendo esa broma," and that "no es posible tomarlo en serio porque no aportan nada." Prof. Ricci claims that, on the contrary, far from being a joke, lunfardo is a very living and important phenomenon in River Plate Spanish, and that to deny this is simply to deny reality. He lists those linguistic features—usually associated with lunfardo—that differentiate River Plate Spanish from the Spanish of Spain, and insists that "los exquisitos" (like Borges) should recognize that the study of lunfardo is of enormous value in understanding River Plate culture. He says that Borges, a "culto," is something like an ancient Roman who would have disapproved of the Appendix Probi. [659] Rodríguez Molas, Ricardo. "Un estudio anónimo sobre el gaucho contemporáneo a José Hernández publicado en 1877," Univ No. 44 (1960), 79-146. The anonymous work mentioned in the title was first published in a Buenos Aires newspaper called El Correo de los Niños in the years 18771878. 100 This newspaper, according to Rodríguez Molas, "presenta un material interesantísimo para el estudio de las costumbres y de la sociedad portería en la segunda mitad del siglo pasado" (p. 84). The body of the article consists of authentic-sounding dialogues between gauchos and porteños. Although the word lunfardo is not mentioned, there is an implication throughout that in those early days there was a certain psychological relationship between gauchesco language and what came to be known as lunfardo.

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[660] Rodríguez Pendás, José J. "El lunfardismo y el problema de nuestra autenticidad espiritual," Histonium No. 133 (1950), 14-16. An interesting, if not particularly profound article, generally about the ubiquitous topic of "un lenguaje argentino" (author disbelieves in such a classification) and specifically about such "impurities" as lunfardo. He states: "Hablemos de argentinismos, de porteñismos, y generalizando, de neologismos. El enorme aporte immigratorio . . . ha afectado perceptiblemente la pureza y el casticismo de nuestro lenguaje diario . . ( p . 14)—especially that of Buenos Aires. The author's general approach is somewhat prescriptive in that he is violently opposed to the inroads of lunfardismo, but not against neologisms per se if they fill a need. But he would exile all "argot, germania, caló, 'slang'", etc. He also points out that the problem of argentinismos is far from new, having been the concern of lexicographers since ca. 1850. *[661 ] Romay, Francisco L. El barrio de Monserrat. Buenos Aires?, 1949. This unusually-hard-to-acquire book has been mentioned by (at least) two scholars who clearly indicate that Romay and the book are lunfardesco. M. D. Etchebarne in his La influencia del arrabal . .. (see No. 633) calls the work a "monografía histórica [con] referencias a compadritos y cuchilleros" (p. 182). Secondly, A. Villanueva in "El lunfardo" (see No. 609) lists but does not annotate Romay and his book (Villanueva, op. cit., p. 25). [662] Rossler, Osvaldo. Buenos Aires dos por cuatro. Buenos Aires, 1967, 214 p. A treatise on porteño language, lunfardo and its literature and—most of all —on the tango and all its ramifications, such as the relationship between tangos and popular speech. There is much philosophizing about language in general-a sort of take-off point for a vigorous defense of lunfardo's linguistic and literary power. The author chooses Carlos de la Púa and his "La crencha engrasada" to illustrate his thesis. The latter part of the book is an anthology of lunfardo poetry, without notes or comments. [663] Sàbato, Ernesto. Tango, discusión y clave. Con una antología de informaciones y opiniones sobre el tango realizada por T. Di Paula, Noemi Lagos, y Tulio Pizzini. Buenos Aires, 1963, 166 p. 101 This book on the tango has a chapter on "El Lunfardo" which attempts to define and describe lunfardo by means of quotations giving the opinions and observations of the following prominent writers: Cane, Gobello, Eusebio Gómez, Borges, Del Valle, Carella, Martínez Estrada, Manuel Gálvez, Capdevila. The book also includes (pp. 153-166) a "Glosario de las principales voces del

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lunfardo" as used by B. B. Lugones, L. M. Drago, Dellepiane, Fray Mocho, L. C. Villamayor. 308 terms are defined, usually briefly. [664] Soler Cañas, Luis. Orígenes de la literatura lunfarda. Prólogo de José Gobello. Buenos Aires, 1965, 268 p. A general history of lunfardo and its leading literary practitioners, accompanied by selections from their work. Written by one of the most knowledgeable authorities on lunfardo, the book begins with a prologue by José Gobello and a "Nota preliminar" by the author, both sections affording useful general information on the subject. The authors treated represent prose, poetry and the theatre, and considerable lexical matter is included. Many dialogues, anecdotes, and scenes from plays are given in toto, much of this material being humorous. The contents are: Prólogo de José Gobello; Nota preliminar (¿Existe la literatura lunfarda? Finalidad de este libro. El lunfardo: vocabulario y no idioma ni dialecto. De la jerga originaria y cerrada a la lengua amplia y generalizada. ¿Lunfarda o lunfardesca? Límites de este trabajo); prose authors: Benigno Β. Lugones, Eduardo Gutiérrez, Antonio Argerich, Vital Montes, Juan A. Piaggio, Antonio B. Masiotti, Fabio Carrizo (José Sixto Alvarez), a group of costumbristas, Mr. LeBlond, Luis C. Villamayor, a group of "estudiosos y diccionaristas"; divisions of the section on "El verso": La poesía lunfarda, La poesía lunfardesca, Primeras manifestaciones, Pepino el 88, Florencio Iriarte, Otros versificadores del 900, Los Payadores, Angel Villoldo, Costumbristas, Silverio Manco, ¿Charles de Soussens?, Evaristo Carriego, Yacaré; divisions of "El teatro": Miguelito Ocampo, La década del 90, A comienzos del XX, Enrique García Velloso, Pedro E. Pico, Carlos M. Pacheco, El lunfardo en las acotaciones, José González Castillo, Alberto Vacarezza, Juan Francisco Palermo. *[664A] Soler Cañas, Luis. "El lunfardo, literatura del porteño," Democracia (Buenos Aires), Aug. 30,1961. *[664B] Soler Cañas, Luis. El idioma del tango. Buenos Aires 1961. Listed in Iiis Cuentos y dial. lunf. (No. 715), p. 241. *[664C] Soler Cañas, Luis. Lunfardo, ¿idioma de Buenos Aires? 1961. "Publicado en Reflector, Buenos Aires,julio de 1964" (So cited in his Orígenes de la lit. lunf. [No. 664], p. 200; also listed on p. 4). [665] Soler Cañas, Luis. "Voces comunes y significaciones comunes en el lunfardo del Río de la Plata, la coba ecuatoriana y el caló de los criminales de Costa Rica." See No. 482.

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[666] Stilman, Eduardo. Historiadel tango. Buenos Aires, 1965, 134 p. Most of this interesting history of the famous dance is dedicated to "Los hombres del tango" (Gardel et al., pp. 47-128). One recalls how the dance began in its early days in the low-class dives of Buenos Aires, and that many tango lyrics were in "original" lunfardo, spiced with criminal jargon, obscenities, and so on. In the section "Lunfardo y habla popular" (35-38), author goes over mostly well-trod ground—lunfardo's origin as a thieves jargon, its linguistic components and changes, and its "mecanismo de mistificación," etc. However, "el uso sistemático del lunfardo para las letras sólo se generalizó tras la llegada de los letristas, en muchos casos escritores cultos ajenos al mundo del lunfardo . . . Después de 1915, el tango había abandonado su ámbito original, ganando el resto de la ciudad." Consequently, this latter-day lunfardo was no longer "ese lunfardo de estado puro, dominio de los malvivientes." There is no word-index, but lunfardismos of all types are dispersed throughout, and often etymologized (e.g. the word tango itself " . . . es vocablo onomatopéyico de origen negro"). The "Bibliografía" (129-134) includes many tango lyricists. [667] Tallón, José Sebastián. El tango en su etapa de música prohibida. Buenos Aires, 1959, 87 p. A well-conceived study of the tango, especially its psychological and moral relationships with Argentine social classes—especially, of course, with the lower strata of Buenos Aires. Of necessity the language (lunfardo and caló) is an inseparable element in a study of this kind. Although the linguistic phase of the book is not lexical (there is no word list or vocabulary), the great number of lunfardismos or porteñismos scattered throughout the book are often peripherally defined. And often the psychological context in which the words are steeped gives a better understanding than a dictionary. [668] Teruggi, Mario E. Panorama del lunfardo. Génesis y esencia de las hablas coloquiales urbanas. Buenos Aires, 1974, 228 p. A wide-ranging, well-written and engrossing treatise (panorama is surely the right word) covering virtually all important aspects of the subject. Although some of the material is of common knowledge, there is no lack of relatively new and original coverage. The chapter titles, accompanied by some of the main topics dealt with, verify the comprehensive scope of the book. Capítulo I. DEFINICIONES Y ALCANCES (a survey of world-wide argots; linguistic stratification; "¿Qué es realmente el lunfardo?", etc.) Cap. II. FORMACION DEL LEXICO LUNFARDO (phonetics, vocabulary creation, morphology, loan words, indigenisms, ruralisms, discussion of many individual words and

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their sources; etc.) Cap. III. CUESTIONES ETIMOLOGICAS, ORTOGRAFICAS Y AFINES. CONCLUSIONES LEXICOGRAFICAS (title indicates main topics). Cap. IV. DINAMICA DEL LUNFARDO. ("Vida de términos lunfardos," diffusion of lunfardo, creators—popular as well as professional—of lunfardismos, etc.) Cap. V. ASPECTOS SOCIOLOGICOS DEL LUNFARDO (lunfardo and sex, sexuality, society; lunfardo criticism; etc.) Cap. VI. ACTITUDES ANTE EL LUNFARDO (attacks and defenses, recent changes in attitudes, literary use of lunfardo, etc.) Cap VII. ¿ENTONCES QUE? The primary emphasis is on why lunfardo must continue to be material for scholarly research and knowledge. The "Lista alfabética de palabras definidas o comentadas" (pp. 213-228) covers over 800 items, directing reader to pages of text where words are treated. There is also a lengthy and useful "Bibliog. citada y consultada" (pp. 205-212). "Magnífico trabajo, muy bien planteado sociológicamente, en donde se ve el enlace entre lo considerado siempre 'delictivo'—lunfardo (argot)—y el lenguaje familiar-coloquial . . ." (Polo, No. 21 [1974-1975], 1399a-s7i). [668A] Teruggi, Mario E. "El lunfardo y el sexo," in author's Panorama... (No. 668), pp. 158-161. Professor Polo has given a separate entry to this chapter, which I consider worthy of quoting here: "Frente a . . . trabajos . . . en que precisamente se hablaba de las diferencias entre el habla de hombres y mujeres, aquí, en cambio aparece muy bien explicado un fenómeno distinto o de asimilación o neutralización: la progresiva relajación de los tabúes 'femeninos' y el acercamiento, en el nivel coloquial-familiar-'lunfardesco', del habla de esta última a la del hombre: la creciente nivelación diafásica. Páginas enormemente sugestivas sociológicamente." (Polo, No. 21 [1974-1975], 1399z-27b.) [669] Valle, Enrique Ricardo del. "Lunfardo histórico," in Lunf, 41-45. Gives historical sketch of lunfardo—word and thing—starting with 1879. Includes names and works of early writers, how the meaning of the word has changed, the spreading from Buenos Aires to other areas, the tango's rôle, and a few other points. *[670] Valle, Enrique Ricardo del. "Laberinto lunfardo," El Mundo (Buenos Aires) Oct. 14,1963. "A propósito de una conferencia dictada por el autor en la Librería Latina, organizada por la Academia Porteña del Lunfardo, el 20 de octubre de 1963. Título de la conferencia: La lunfardología y la gramática del chamuyo rantifuso" (Lunf, p. 259).

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[671] Valle, Enrique Ricardo del. "La interversión silábica o vesre," in Lunf, 75-81. 1 0 2 Notes on the vesre and the "interversión silábica" (which are not completely synonymous, as he points out). This syllabic reversal, an ancient and wide-spread morphological phenomenon, is not simply "un juego de palabras," says the author, but is often characterized by ingenuity and complexity. There are five different types, some simple (nanti < mina ['mujer'] ), others complicated (telangive 'vigilante'). A few other examples: jo trabo 'trabajo' and on to jo trabar 'trabajar'; tegenaite 'gente' plus addition; zorromaco 'corazón '. [672] Valle, Enrique Ricardo del. "Taxonomía lingüística del lunfardo," in Lunf, 23-33. 1 0 3 In this rather rambling treatise on slang, popular and low-life speech, author names many of these types (caló, argot, germania, slang, furbesco, Rotwelsch, coa, etc.) in an attempt to classify lunfardo. Author shows how the mix-up in the use and definition of these types of speech occurs even among specialists, and he points out many errors. He proposes his own definition (which was subsequently accepted by the Spanish Academy): *lunfardo. m. Argent. Delincuente.// Lenguaje de la gente de mal vivir, propio de Buenos Aires y sus alrededores y que posteriormente se ha extendido entre algunas gentes del pueblo."

[673] Valle, Enrique Ricardo del. "¿Dialecto o germanía?", EspAct 5 (June 10, 1965), 5-6. Reprinted in Lunf, 35-40. In attempting to classify lunfardo as a type of speech, author begins by naming and commenting on practically all the categories into which language can be divided and subdivided (a few examples: jerga, lengua secreta, dialecto, caló, argot, patois, lengua oficial, lengua popular, lengua oral, etc.). Some of the main conclusions: 1) "¿es el lunfardo un dialecto?" In estrìctu sensu, no, because all the members of the community do not understand it; 2) "¿es una jerga?" Yes, when used as a thieves jargon; 3) but when it contributes to "la lengua común de todos grupos sociales," what are we to call it? For an answer, he cites, with approval, Gobello and Payet (Breve diccionario lunfardo): "Por extensión [lunfardo es] el lenguaje popular que incluye voces lunfardas y otras traídas por la corriente immigratoria." All of this seems, to this compiler, almost like defining something in a circular fashion, and we are left with the impression that a specific categorization, or even a brief precise definition, is virtually impossible.

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[674] Valle, Enrique Ricardo del. "Acuerdo No. 3. Normas académicas para la edición de textos populares," BAPL 1:2 (1967), 20-24. First published in ComAc No. 70 (June 22, 1965), 10 pp. mimeog. A detailed report giving recommendations for academic standards that should be put into effect in publishing critical editions of works that contain "lenguaje porteño, popular o lunfardo". Much confusion and many spurious texts have characterized the situation, says the author, and he suggests that the Academia Porteña del Lunfardo "debe dictar sus propias Normas para que las tareas individuales de cada uno de sus miembros coincidan en una misma finalidad, cual es la de regularizar el caos escritural de los autores populares" (p. 1), especially in connection with the reprinting of older works and the correction of past errors. Gives the methodology recommended, and even gives a list of works on general world linguistics that are basic for the project. Recommends that both original manuscripts and trustworthy "fuentes orales" are necessary. Divisions of his "Normas académicas . . Ortografía, Crítica [historical data], Bibliografía, Acentuación, Cambio de consonantes, Metaplasmos, Seseo, Betacismo, Yeísmo, Voseo, Fusión de vocales, Cambio de vocales. [675] Valle, Enrique Ricardo del. "El barayete," BAPL 1:4 (1969), 79-87. A comparison of the semantics of lunfardo and the peninsular jargon of the alflladores (knife sharpeners). Author says that in barayete there are many "coincidencias o parecidos" with lunfardo, and he discusses in some detail 27 of them. A few examples: amigorrio (bar.) and amiguelli (lunf.); catrollos (bar. for 'gafas') and cuatrojos (lunf.), and, treated at greater length, the barayete words fui 'malo' and fulé 'malo, falso, ruin,' and the lunfardo fule, fulo, fulero, etc. He speculates that perhaps all these words derive "del gitano ful 'estiércol'." [676] Valle, Enrique Ricardo del. "Influencia del lunfardo en la literatura argentina. Vigencia estilística del lunfardo," 104 in Lunf, 151-160. The nucleus of this somewhat loosely-written essay is the contention that lunfardo has achieved a definite literary status, and in many genres. Author comments on the growth of lunfardo's vocabulary and how it has entered into popular speech in spite of its detractors, and in spite of predictions that it was destined to disappear. Author discusses several prominent lunfardesco writers whose works have attained enormous success. For example, José Sixto Alvarez (Fray Mocho), who created a type of literature and many followers. 105 Other writers he names to bolster his thesis are Scalabrini Ortiz, González Tuñón, and Roberto Arlt (journalist and novelist who "usó el lunfardo como

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uno de los ingredientes naturales de su prosa . . [ p . 155]), Gómez Bas, and Bernardo Verbitsky (costumbrista, whose works are "pinturas realistas de la muchachada del barrio porteño." [156]). [677] Valle, Enrique Ricardo del. "El lunfardo exporta voces," BAPL IV :910(1973), 5-25. About the spread of lunfardismos from the River Plate area to other parts of Spanish America, especially to Colombia, Costa Rica (many lunfardo words used there), and Ecuador. Author cites other investigators, such as M. Wagner, F. Quirós, L. Soler Cañas (who gives many words common to several regions), A. Villanueva, and his own findings. Touches upon efforts to stop the invasion of lunfardo words and on the acceptance or rejection by upper social classes. Some commentary also on the creation of neologisms. [678] Valle, Enrique Ricardo del. "Lunfardo del siglo XX," Lunf, 47-52. Notes on urban lower-class types, such as the compadrito in Buenos Aires, and their equivalents in other cities. Author discusses how and why they adopt distinctive dress, gestures, and—particuarly—speech (the compadrito, for example, uses "expresiones lunfardas y lenguaje delincuente sin ser él un delincuente"), that will establish their identity. There follows a brief survey of some of the leading lunfardo lexicographers, starting with Fastrás' Novísimo diccionario lunfardo, 1915. [679] Valle, Enrique Ricardo del. "Gramática del chamuyo rantifuso," Lunf, 53-60. This interesting but somewhat disorganized essay deals primarily with the lexicon and morphology of lunfardo. As far as syntax is concerned, lunfardo has none of its own but does misuse standard syntax (such as in its omission of "partículas prepositivas y conjuntivas"). But it is in its prodigious faculty to create synonyms where lunfardo is most conspicuous. Examples: del Valle lists 26 terms for cárcel, and even more for cabeza and its derivatives and idioms. However, most of the lunfardo speaker's ideas are limited to "conceptos y usos materiales" and his "vocabulario ideológico" is consequently limited also. In the hyperactive formation of new words, the lunfardo exploits just about everything—suffixes (both Spanish and foreign), figurative language, phonetic changes, barbarismos and deformations—and deformations of deformations, creation of neologisms, and so on. Word creation, while leaning heavily on metaphors, can also occur by means of a wild proliferation of derivations. Take the word Gil (meaning 'tonto' in lunfardo) which gave birth to: gilastro, gilastrón, gilastrún, giliberto, gilimursi, gilito, gilurdo, jilguero, gilernún, etc. and "con sus respectivos femeninos."

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[680] Valle, Enrique Ricardo del. Lunfardologia. Buenos Aires, 1966, 260 p. An anthology of short essays on a great diversity of topics having to do with lunfardo. Many of the chapters have been published previously elsewhere. 106 The book is divided into four different "Aspectos": "Metodológicos," "sociológicos," "literarios", and "lexicográficos." Reviewed negatively by A. Elizaincin (77íes XXII [1967], 487-490), lamenting that this book was not the overall and systematic treatment that he had hoped for; such, therefore, is still to be awaited. However, the annotations by Canfield ( H L A S , Vol. 30, No. 2657) and Simmons (SFQ XXXI [1967], No. 1097) are generally favorable. I myself, while admitting flaws, find the work an indispensable addition to lunfardo bibliography. Rev. by J.B. in BAPL 1:2 (1967), 95-97 and annot. by Solé, No. 568, quoting the Elizaincin review. [681] Valle, Enrique Ricardo del. "Mecanismos auxiliares del lunfardo. El Calambur," Lunf, 67-74. A description of another type of word play (similar to the vesre in spirit but not in form) to which many porteños are addicted. Del Valle 's definition: "El calambur, palabra de origen francés calembour o calembourg, consiste en dar a ciertos vocablos un sentido diverso del que tienen usualmente." It consists not only of simple puns, but also of the substituting—or even inventing—words that sound like the original. Another of its mechanisms used in this word creation (or deformation) consists of tacking on meaningless endings. A few lines from a Vacarezza saínete107 will give examples: A) "Aquí me tenés, completamente a tus Ordóñez. Soy un amiguelli, che." Β) "¡Qué Otarielli soy yo!" C) "¿Y qué se le ha hecho la Mojica [cocoliche for mujica 'mujer']" "¡Qué sé Llorcal" D) "Con Bermejo.'" "¡Pasalacqua!" This sort of thing is of ancient practice and can happen in other languages (he gives examples of English and French and Italian). Nowadays, it is found rampant not just in street talk, but has invaded the theatre, the cine, radiobroadcasting, and, I suppose, television, in Buenos Aires. *[682] Vidart, Daniel D. "Lenguaje popular y lunfardo" and "Ubicación idiomàtica del lunfardo," suplementos de El Dia, Montevideo, Nos. 1159 and 1161 (1955). 108 [683] Vidart, Daniel D. "Sociologia del tango," SODRE No. 4 (1956), 38-80. In this study of the tango, the author includes a section on "El lenguaje" in which he points out how the lyrics of tangos differ—some using "lenguaje popular", some lunfardo, some "lenguaje campesino" and some even "lenguaje culto". He then treats each kind in detail. He repeats the distinction between

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popular speech and lunfardo, and between "lenguaje lunfardo" and "versos lunfardescos", the latter more or less analogous to "lenguaje gaucho" and "gauchesco". Many quotations from lunfardesco poetry and lyrics. Comments upon slang in general and its various names throughout the world; upon the sources of lunfardo; upon how the tango adopted lunfardo for the lyrics, and how the words took on importance with this change. The article ends with a "Glosario de voces lunfardas y modismos rioplatenses citados" (pp. 76-80) which consists of 160 lunfardo and popular terms used in the article. Etymological data often included. [684] Vidart, Daniel D. "El tango y la cultura rioplatense. Antecedentes y destino," Com No. 14 (1957), 13-20. An interesting treatment of the words, music, choreography, history, sociological importance, and so on, of the tango. Although the linguistic data is brief, it is worthy of note. For one thing, author reviews the etymological theories advanced for the word—African, Spanish, Indian (he himself agrees with Rossi, in favoring an African origin). Secondly, he discusses how the tango and lunfardo became allied. [685] Vidart, Daniel D. Teoria del tango. Montevideo, 1964, 87 p. A collection of essays previously published in newspapers and journals. The linguistic material is found primarily in the chapter on the various types of popular speech (pp. 26-40), including lunfardo, naturally, and their interrelationship with the tango. At the end there is a "Glosario de voces lunfardas y populares rioplatenses citadas," about 150 words with brief definitions, and often with etymological data. [686] Vidart, Daniel D. El tango y su mundo. Montevideo, 1967, 219 p. 109 Another collection of mostly previously published articles. Much engrossing and well-written commentary on language and the tango. The "Glosario de voces lunfardas y populares" (pp. 201-210) is apparently identical with the one in Teoría del tango (No. 685 above): 150 or so terms, with often interesting highlights—like mina and milonga, for example. Rev. by J. A. Bossio, BAPL 1:4(1969), 138-139. *[687] Vidart, Daniel D. "Etica y estética del tango," Suplemento de El Día, Montevideo, No. 1168,1945. [688] Villamayor, Luis C. El lenguaje del bajo fondo (vocabulario lunfardo). Edición crítica con prólogo y notas [por Enrique Ricardo del Valle], Buenos Aires, 1969, 196 p.

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Villamayor's book was originally published in 1915 (see Nichols No. 511). Del Valle's introduction (pp. 7-36) gives a biobibliographical sketch of the author and discusses the original edition, giving of course special attention to lunfardo and other types of porteño slang. Pages 36-193 reproduce the 1915 edition, which was "an amplification of the study by Dellepiane [1894]" (Nichols). Annot. by Canfield, HLAS, Vol. 32, No. 3166, and by Simmons, SFQ XXXVI (1972), No. 1218. [689] Villanueva, Amaro. "Sinonimia: Supuesto vicio lunfardo," BAPL 1:3 (1968), 107-113. In this brief defense of lunfardo's alleged semantic sin of using an overly abundant number of synonyms, author claims this is a widely diffused error, and reasons as follows: many ignorant or careless persons call certain words synonyms when they really are not; they simply do not recognize certain nuances. Example (among many): bulin and cotorro both mean "habitaciones de citas amorosas," but they are far from being synonymous; another example: the many words for mujer (mina, grela, doña, percanta, mujica, brame [vesre for 'hembra']), etc. are all to some degree or another "groseras" but again, not synonyms. Author also points out that in lunfardo, as in all slangs or dialects, many words are short-lived (words for 'money' are conspicuous in this), and, as in all these cases, he gives examples. He also repeats the old truism that words that become generally known are no longer used by "el verdadero lunfa." [690] Villanueva, Amaro. "El lunfardo," Univ No. 52 (1962), 13-42. See No. 609. [691] Villarroel, Luis P. Tango, folklore de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, 1957, 163 p. This book gives data on practically every aspect of the tango-its history, famous tango musicians, musical instruments, the letristas, the singers (especially Gardel, of course), names and quotations from many tangos, the etymology of the word itself (believes it comes from a voodoo word changó > tango > tango), and many other things. So basically it is not linguistic. However, at the end there is a "Vocabulario" (159-163) consisting of 69 terms, not in alphabetical order, listing and defining a number of lunfardismos. *[691 A] Dis, Emilio. Código lunfardo. Buenos Aires, 1976, 258 p. "Vicente Emilio Disandro, of Argentina's Federal Police, tells how he learned criminal code teaching at the Escuela Superior de Policía and during

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many years of intense and varied police work in B.A.'s 'nunca acabado bullicio.' Writes of ways of creating words by transposition [vesre] (zabeca for 'cabeza') and describes arrabal's social classes" (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 40, No. 6034).

4. Works dealing with the language of individual authors Alvarez, José Sixto (Fray Mocho) [692] Ara, Guillermo. Fray Mocho. Estudio y Antología. Buenos Aires, 1963,149 p. This examination of the life and. selected works of José Sixto Alvarez (pseud. Fray Mocho) includes a chapter on "La lengua de Alvarez" (103131), treating his style, vocabulary, etc. "La palabra, cotidiana, doméstica, vulgar, chabacana, de a ratos lunfarda en algún momento, crea el estilo de los cuentos de Alvarez" (108). "Cuando se habla del lenguaje de Fray Mocho se piensa casi siempre en el lunfardo con que mechó algunos de sus relatos, los menos interesantes, como ya hemos juzgado" ( 108-109). [693] Gandolfi Herrero, Arístides (Alvaro Yunque). Fray Mocho-Precursor del lunfardo. Versos rantes. Buenos Aires, 1971 78 p. This book (based on a lecture given in 1964) is an examination of the life, work and style of "Fray Mocho." There are many comments about his language and many lunfardismos throughout. The "Vocabulario" (pp. 11-15) lists 111 terms with one-word definitions. Mostly the usual lunfardo terms, with a scattering of other categories, like tungo 'caballo viejo', aphaerisis of matungo; quechuismos like puchos 'colillas'; semantic variants like seco 'sin dinero.' From annot. by Canfield, HLAS, Vol. 34, No. 3112: .'. on influence of great writer of early 1900's, Fray Mocho, who evidently inspired many who depicted lunfardo subsequently." Drago, Luis Maria [694] Soler Cañas, Luis. "Acerca del vocabulario de Drago," ComAc No. 32 (July 9, 1964), 5 pp. mimeog. A listing and defining of some 40 words and idioms used by Luis Maria Drago, Los hombres de presa (1888), a study of physical and moral qualities of criminals. The report also gives biographical data re Drago writer, judge, lawyer, minister, parlamentarían, diplomat. The words defined: argot, biaba,

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biabistas, bobo, bolin, bufosa, bufoso, cala, caminar, campana, cana (estar en), chafo, chua, encanado, escruchantes, escrucho, espiantar, ferros, grupos, lunfardo, lunfardos, lunfardos a la gurda, llantar, mañoca, mayorengo, mayorengo a la gurda, mayorengo micho, micho, mina, música, otarios o otarios cuadros, polizar, portar, punga, punguistas, quinta, toco, trabajar, trabajo, traya, vaivén, vianda, vianda a domicilio. Guardiola, Juan Benigno [695] Guglielmino, Osvaldo. "Acerca de Juan Benigno Guardiola," ComAc No. 53 (Nov. 7, 1964), 3 pp. mimeog. A report of the poet Guardiola (1889-1930), eulogizing him as the first lunfardo poet from the pampa town of Pehuajó. Primarily a post-Romantic, Guardiola did write a relatively small amount of "verso lunfardesco," samples of which are given in the Communication. Iriarte, Florencio *[695A] Stilman, Eduardo. "Acerca de un diálogo lunfardo de Florencio Iriarte," ComAc No. 14 (April 2, 1964). Ocampo, Miguel [696] Barcia, José. "Acerca de una pieza escénica de Miguel Ocampo." See No. 621. Villoldo, Angel [697] Gobello, José and Eduardo Stilman. Diálogos de Villoldo. Buenos Aires, 1964, 154 p. Villoldo was a famous and prolific writer of tangos and verse dialogues. In the prefatory "Noticia" (pp. 7-13), there is a long list of his tangos, and also the words to two of them. The diálogos (pp. 17-73) are costumbrista poetry, portraying Buenos Aires and its streets, inhabitants, etc. Pages 75-154 ("Notas lexicográficas") comprise an alphabetical list of lunfardismos used by Villoldo. Each item is usually treated at length, with dictionary and literary documentation, and coverage of both etymology and derivations. Although less than 100 terms are included, the treatment is complete and professional, and a very useful addition to lunfardo lexicography.

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5. Works of lunfardesco literature having vocabularies, glossaries, or other specifically linguistic commentary or notes 110 a. Editions of or by individual authors [698] Alvarez, José Sixto [Fray Mocho], Memorias de un vigilante, por Fray Mocho. Buenos Aires, 1961,130 p. This edition of the well-known stories, originally published in 1897, has a vocabulary (pp. 125-130), about 75 terms defined very briefly. Some lunfardismos. Definitions keyed to other dictionaries-Cammarota, Gobello, Saubidet, Garzón, Segovia, etc. [699] Aprile, Bartolomé. Arrabal salvaje. Versos de la suburbia. Edición con estudio, notas y vocabulario de Enrique Ricardo del Valle. Buenos Aires, 1964, 165 p. [Bibliog. 161-165], A reissuing oí Arrabal salvaje, originally published in 1938. Although most of his poetry is gauchesco (or neo-gauchesco), Arrabal salvaje is based on city life, and Aprile himself discusses this situation in an explanatory introduction. 111 Enrique R. del Valle gives a survey of the author, his genealogy, birth and growing up in the Buenos Aires suburbs, and other biographical data, as well as a section analyzing his work and place in Argentine literature. The "Vocabulario" (147-157) lists and defines very briefly some 450 lunfardismos and porteño slang terms, and keys them into the pages of the text. "Artistic gauchesque poetry based on popular themes" (Simmons, "Folklore Bibliography for 1965," SFQ XXX [1966], No. 478). [700] Cadicamo, Enrique. La luna del bajo fondo y Abierto toda la noche. Poemas porteños. Con prólogo de Juan José de Soiza Reilly y una nota de Cátulo Castillo. Buenos Aires, 1964, 81 p. A reissuing of two collections of short poems by Cadicamo, in which lunfardismos are numerous and integral. The prologue by Soiza Reilly was written in 1940 for the first appearance of La luna del bajo fondo. In addition to being a defense of Cadicamo's using his talent to write lunfardo poetry, it is also of interest in its analysis of the following terms: rea, morfón, fulero or fulera, apolillar, percanta, bulin, cachar or cachada, otario or otaria, guita, taita, curda or curdela, and papirusa or papusa. The introductory note by Castillo was written for this book, and is a brief critical appreciation of the poet. [701] Etchebarne, Miguel D. Juan Nadie (vida y muerte de un

compadre).

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Preceded by an essay on La sugestión literaria del arrabal porteño. Buenos Aires, 1954,201 p.. The essay preceding the poem Juan Nadie has linguistic value in its discussion of the differences between lunfardo and "la jerga del arrabal". Shows how the latter is "mechada de gauchismos". Most of the essay, however, deals with essentially non-linguistic topics—the compadre, the arrabal, the tango, Buenos Aires and its psychological and physical frontier with the pampa, etc. [702] Fernández, Felipe (Yacaré). Versos rantifusos. Edición con estudio, notas y vocabulario de E. R. del Valle. Buenos Aires, 1964, 110 p. [Bibliog. of Fernández pp. 108-1 IO] 112 The introduction by del Valle gives biographical and bibliographical data about the author and his work, and includes some commentary on the philological and costumbrista aspects of the poetry. The Vocabulario (97107) consists of 514 words and phrases with very brief definitions, usually one word. "Poems of Fernández, the first poet to write literature in the popular lunfardo speech of Buenos Aires" (Simmons, "Folklore Bibliography for 1964," SFQ XXIX [1965], No. 804). [703] Ferrer, Horacio Arturo. Romancero canyengue. Versos lunfas y grotescos. Preceded by "Una carta de Cátulo Castillo." Montevideo, 1967, 78 p. 113 A book of 30 rather ultra-lunfardesque poems, followed by a glossary (pp. 75-78) which the author calls "Menú de lunfarderías" of which he says: ". . . que es menú y no diccionario; que no es semántico ni es etimológico ni cosa que se le parezca; que trata —tan sólo— de insinuar la intención anímica o la intimidad figurativa de algunas palabras gastadas en este romancero." The list comprises 73 terms, many well known but defined in a rather independent manner and with a sort of mischievous twist, like "Ν AMI: Vesrre de mina, en tanto que la mina está muy pobre y está muy triste y está muy sola." [704] Franco, Miguel Ramón. Lunfardia en Villa Gesell. Place and date of publication not given. 56 p. This booklet of lunfardo poetry has a "Vocabulario" (pp. 43-56) of about 200 words and expressions. It is an interesting list, has some unusual entries, and seems more "solidly" lunfardo than many a work of this kind. [705] Gandolfi Herrero, Arístides (Alvaro Yunque). La poesía porterìa y Versos rantes. Buenos Aires, 1961, 75 p. This book consists of a rather long introductory essay on lunfardo poetry

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(pp. 11-50), and the author's poetry itself, "Versos rantes" (51-73), for which he has furnished a glossary of lunfardismos (74-75). The glossary is made up of 82 one-word definitions, not alphabetically arranged but given in order of appearance in the poetry. The sections of the essay are: Ambiente, El Indo-Gaucho-Espafiol, El Mundo de Buenos Aires, El orillero, Gabino Ezeiza, La poesía arrabalera, Milonga y tango, Dialecto, Poetas lunfas, El arrabal y los cultos, and ¿Y el porvenir? [706] Gobello, José. Historias con ladrones. Buenos Aires, 1957,117 p. The author, who served time in jail in Buenos Aires, states that these stories are fictional even though "fueron imaginados y escritos en la cárcel" (p. 5). At the end of the book (113-117) there is a "Notas" section, containing notes that accompany the individual stories. Almost all of them afford brief definitions of the lunfardismos appearing in the'text, and are of considerable help in understanding the stories. It is unfortunate, however, that the author did not see the value of putting these terms in an alphabetical index. "Relatos sobre personajes que viven al margen de la ley o al margen de la felicidad. La prosa clara, sencilla traduce imperciptiblemente el sentido humanitario del autor. Es impresionante la descripción de cárceles bonaerenses, primitivas y corruptoras. Representa una valiosa contribución el empleo exacto del lunfardismo porteño, explicado en el apéndice" (Sibirsky, HLAS Vol. 23, No. 4966). [707] Lamadrid, Juan Carlos. Hombre sumado: poemas. Buenos Aires, 1958, 250 p. This edition of these poems has a "Guía de lunfardismos" (pp. 243-250), preceded by a note of caution to the reader: "Este guía no pretende que se la considere diccionario, sino aclarar la función, el sentimiento y la figuración de los lunfardismos empleados en los respectivos poemas." No linguistic details accompany the definitions, which consist mostly of the usual items, 106 of them. [708] Pagano, José. La biblia rea. Buenos Aires, 1957,143 p. Of the 28 poems in this book of lunfardo verse, five are accompanied by footnotes defining briefly 56 lunfardo and popular speech words. 114 The short prologue, by Barreiros Bazán, praises the poet's style and literary power, and especially his costumbrismo which reveals his thorough familiarity with the Buenos Aires world of delincuency. Also pointed out—and more relevant to our annotation—is Pagano's mastery of porteño underworld speech.

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[709] Pagano, José. Rimas cañeras. Prólogo de Edmundo Leonel Rivero. Buenos Aires, 1965, 150 p. This book of Pagano poetry has, at the end, a "Vocabulario", prepared by the poet himself, of over 400 defined words, representing the usual categories —lunfardismos, arrabalero terms, and other manifestations of Buenos Aires popular speech. The prologue again calls attention to Pagano's deep involvement with and extraordinary knowledge of the "bajo f o n d o " of Buenos Aires. "Nos presenta el ambiente carcelario, el suburbio en pleno y la vida lupanaria de épocas p r e t é r i t a s . . . " (p. 8). Rivero emphasizes too the poet's unchallenged knowledge of lunfardo, "ese pintoresco lenguaje, que el tiempo en su andar lo transladó a otras capas sociales, pues muchas palabras de ese 'caló' o 'argot' se oyen con frecuencia hasta en los claustros universitarios y traspusieron los dinteles de muchos hogares donde se emplean en charlas familiares. . .". And, says Rivero, even the Academy dictionary now registers many lunfardo terms as localisms. Annot. by Canfield, HLAS, Vol. 30, No. 2631. [710] Púa, Carlos de la. La crencha engrasada. Notas especialmente escritas para esta segunda edición por José Gobello. Buenos Aires, 1954, 114 p. 1 1 5 This small tome of lunfardo poems, dedicated to the canillitas of Buenos Aires, contains much lexical information in the notes (pp. 105-113) defining the lunfardismos and porteñismos used in the poetry. These notes are keyed to the pages of the text, but there is no alphabetical list. 59 terms are treated, and they are made up of the usual lunfardo source categories. Gobello documents his definitions and analyses by drawing upon a good number of lexicographers and lunfardo or low-life language specialists, and gives a list of these "Autoridades citadas en las notas de esta edición" on pp. 113-114. For many of the Italianisms he usually gives the source (the part of Italy) and etymological data. "En esta misma década [1920-1930] puede afirmarse que el tema y el lenguaje lunfardescos se asoman a las puertas mismas de la literatura 'en serio' con un libro que hasta hoy sigue siendo el punto más alto de las letras plasmadas en el lenguaje callejero, ciudadano y bel bajo fondo : La crencha engrasada" (Soler Cañas, Orígenes de la literatura lunfarda [see No. 664], p. 130). [711] Silva Valdés, Fernán. Santos Vega. Buenos Aires, 1957, 189 p. A volume of three plays, one of which is "Barrio Palermo," "drama social o de costumbres" taking place in Buenos Aires ca. 1900. 1 1 6 The language of the time and place seems to be authentic, and the author has included a "Vocabulario" ( 1 3 6 - 1 4 2 ) of 149 terms, both lunfardismos and slang terms of a less narrow range. The author has also written a "Nota final" ( 1 3 3 - 1 3 5 ) in which he discusses informally the language of the play.

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[712] Vergiati, Amleto (Julián Centeya). La musa mistonga. Versos del arrabal. Buenos Aires, 1964, 74 p. This book of poems is accompanied by a vocabulario of some 350 terms with very brief definitions, almost all just one word. The usual categories of lunfardo and arrabalero terms. [713] Vergiati, Amleto (Julián Centeya). La musa del barro. Versos de la lunfarda porteña. Buenos Aires, 1969,91 p. This collection also has a "Vocabulario" (pp. 85-91) covering some 216 lunfardo terms, simple definitions to help the reader. b. Anthologies [714] Gobello, José and Luis Soler Cañas. Primera antologia lunfarda. Buenos Aires, 1961, 163 p. Soler Cañas says of this work: "La Primera Antología Lunfarda que seleccioné con José Gobello hace unos años, incluyó trozos lunfardescos de autores no lunfardescos, lo que parece una paradoja y no lo es". 117 The authors included are: Anónimo, Aprile, Arlt, Betinotti, Cadícamo, Carlos de la Púa, Carriego, Contursi, Linyera, Flores, Gandolfi Herrero, González Castillo, González Tuñón, Guardiola, Diez, Mondiola, Centeya, Last Reason, Lima, Menasche, Pagano, Palermo, Payet, Piaggio, Pintos, Florencio Sánchez, Silva Valdés, Vacarezza, and Yacaré. Each section is introduced by a brief paragraph about the author and often a comment about his lunfardo qualities. An introductory "Nota bene" (pp. 7-9) gives a brief history of lunfardo literature, as well as the editors' criteria in choosing the writers represented. [715] Soler Cañas. Luis. Cuentos y diálogos lunfardos, 1885-1964. Buenos Aires, 1965,242 p. In his introductory "Aclaraciones, declaraciones y puntualizaciones previas", the author summarizes the present state of lunfardo literature, points out the difficulties involved in studying it (lack of texts, dictionaries, works-in-print, etc.). He clarifies his purpose in gathering this costumbrista material—to rescue it from "inmerecido olvido", and also to gather material for a future definitive history of Argentine popular literature. Points out that the diálogo is the element which forms the common denominator of his choice of selections. He believes that this book is proof that many first-rate writers have not scorned the use of popular language. Most of the authors are introduced by a bio-bibliographical commentary. Those represented are: Anónimo, Piaggio, Florencio Iriarte, Pintos, Trejo, Mertens, Cayol, Pancho Mingo, de Viana,

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Gunguito, Quesada, Jorge J. M., Agapito Sánchez, Fontanella, G. M. Méndez, Francisco Benavente Dallegri, Aymerich, Torney, Villoldo, Yacaré, Del Conte, "Grafófono", Cruz Orellana, Fastrás, "Numa criolla", Palermo, Lima, Last Reason (Máximo Teodoro Sáenz), Scunio Ferreyra, S. Manco, Guerrico, Aprile, Gradito, Trípoli, Gobello, Diego Lucero, Chas de Cruz. Rev. by L. A. Sciutto, BAPL 1:2 (1967), 115-117. [715A] Antología del lunfardo. Introd., selección y notas de Luis Soler Cañas. Buenos Aires, 1976, 64 p. Brief selections arranged chronologically from the writings of 34 lunfardesco writers (Piaggio, L. Villamayor, Yacaré, C. de la Púa, Discépolo, Dante Linyera, Alvaro Yunque, Julián Centeya—to name just a few). The first selection, "Las letras lunfardescas," by Soler Cañas, gives a short defense of lunfardo as a literary vehicle. He points out too that the book includes "numerosos textos no divulgados hasta ahora en obras del género, lo que le confiere cierta novedad . . ." and that two selections were written "por ladrones y en su propia jerga [Andrés Cepeda and Alberto Arana]" (p. 6). No linguistic notes or glossary. Annot. by Canfield, HLAS Vol. 40, No. 6084. [715B] Gobello, José and Jorge A. Bossio. Tangos, letras y letrìstas. Buenos Aires, 1975,215 p. An anthology of 100 tangos by 45 famous tango writers. Short biographical sketches for each letrista often comment upon the degree and nature of the lunfardo used. [715C] Gobello, José and Eduardo Stilman. Las letras del tango de Villoldo a Borges. See No. 475. [716] Soler Cañas, Luis. Orígenes de la literatura lunfarda. See No. 664. Although strictly speaking this book is not an anthology, it does include passages from various poets, prose writers, and playwrights. [717] Stilman, Eduardo. Antologia del verso lunfardo. Buenos Aires, 1965, 108 p. The Introducción gives a brief summary of the history, sources and mechanics of lunfardo, and points out its essentially ephemeral quality. Author makes the distinction between "lunfarda" and "lunfardesca" poetry; he has attempted to include only the genuine "lunfarda." Each section is preceded by a brief sketch of the author. Authors included: Barbiere, Bettinoti, Caggiano, de la Púa, Carriego, Cayol, Cazón, Linyera, F. Iriarte, Diez, Pedemonte, Vacarezza, Villoldo, Yacaré, and some anónimos.

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[718] Vergiati, Amleto (Julián Centeya). Primera Antología de Tangos Lunfardos. Prólogo y ordenamiento de Julián Centeya. Buenos Aires, 1966, 155 p. The prologue delivers a rather passionate defense of the use of lunfardo in tangos against those "purists" who would do away with it if they could. Author insists that lunfardo has given the tango an unquestioned and unique power of expression. The bulk of the book consists of the words of 82 wellknown tangos, giving also the composer and lyricist for each. At the end (pp. 137-150) there is a "Vocabulario lunfardo y modismos porteños" listing 323 words with short definitions, and comprising all the usual categories of lunfardismos. 6. Miscellaneous unclassified works 118 *[719] Abdala, Raúl Oscar. "Letra de tango y otras letras," Pren, Sept. 27, 1964, and "Nueva inmersión en la letra de tango," Pren, Mar. 7, 1965. *[720] Balcarce, Alejo. "El idioma del tango," serie de notas en el diario Democracia, Buenos Aires, Sept. 15-Oct. 14, 1961. So listed by Villanueva in "El lunfardo," Univ No. 52 (1962), p. 26. (No. 609.) *[721] Benarós, León. "El pueblo de las ranas," artículo en Buenos Aires, 1951. listed in Casullo, Dicc. de voces . . . , bibliog. (No. 613.)

Continente,

*[722] Cassinelli, Roberto. Benavente, Gardely el lunfardo. 1958. Mentioned by Tomás de Lara, El tema del tango..., pp. 416-417. (No. 648.) *[723] Devoto, Juan Bautista. "Tango y lunfardía," ComAc No. I l l (Apr. 14, 1966), 3 pp. mimeog. "Contiene: versos de Julio y Fernán Silva Valdés." (BAPL 111:6 [1972], No. 174.) *[724] Elliff, Osvaldo. Lunfapoemas. Ediciones Buenos Aires, 1963. *[725] Gandolfi Herrero, Arístides (Alvaro Yunque). Nocáu lírico (versos lunfardos). Buenos Aires: Domínguez, 1954. So listed in bibliog., E. R. del Valle, Diccionario del turf. . . (No. 231). Gobello, Dicc. lunf. (No. 617) has Buenos Aires: Aníbal Neira, 1954. It has a "Vocabulario."

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*[726] Gobello, José. "Así habla Buenos Aires," colección de artículos en la revista A vivaio, Buenos Aires, 1958. In bibliog. Cammarota, Vocabulario familiar... (No. 612). *[727] Gobello, José. "Saco corto y pantalon angosto," Qué sucedió en 7 días, Buenos Aires, No. 181:20-21 (May 13, 1958). *[728] Gobello, José and José Barcia. Tangos y milonguita. 1972, 110 p.

Buenos Aires,

*[729] Monte, Juan del. "Para un diccionario," nota en el diario El Mundo, Buenos Aires, 1962. Listed in Villanueva, op. cit. (No. 609.) *[730] Ponce de León, Horacio. Tango. Buenos Aires, 1966, 225 p. *[731] Rebuffo, Luis. "Jerga piamontesa," Comunicación No. 476 a la Academia Porteña del Lunfardo. Rosario, agosto de 1970. Also: Comunicación No. 499 a la A.P.L. Rosario, 22 de nov. de 1971. So listed in bibliog., Gobello, Palabras perdidas (No. 475 A), p. 145. *[732] Santoro, Roberto Jorge. De tango y lo demás. Buenos Aires, 1964, 116 p. *[733] Barcia, José. "La elocución porteña," Comentario (Buenos Aires), 60 (1968), 34-43. *[734] Cruse, Roberto. Psicopatologia del tango. Buenos Aires, 1959, 150 p. *[735] Fentanes, José E. El pibe Cabeza. 1953. Listed in bibliog., Casullo, Dicc. de voces lunfardas (No. 613), p. 225. *[736] García Jiménez, Francisco. "El Porteño," Diario El Día (La Plata), Dec. 30, 1972. *[737] Pinto, Luis C. "En torno al lunfardo. Caducidad de la jerga delictiva," Revista Ateneo (Buenos Aires), No. 47 (agosto 1971), 25-26, 43-45. Usted in bibliog., Teruggi, Panorama del lunfardo (No. 668), p. 303.

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H. Gaucho and gauchesco119 I. Dictionaries and word lists [738] Althaparro, Ambrosio Juan. "Voces de la tierra—Vocabulario pampeano," Señuelo, Buenos Aires, Año I, No. 11 (1945), 20-22. This article announces the supposedly imminent publication of a dictionary of "2.800 voces típicas, de las que empleaba el gaucho de la provincia de Buenos Aires, en la última mitad del siglo pasado." I have been unable to discover any evidence that this book was ever published. The article lists 25 sample words and phrases.120 [739] Burri, René. The Gaucho. Photographs by René Burri. Text by José Luis Lanuza. Foreword by Jorge Luis Borges. New York, 1968, 55 p. This book of photos has a glossary at the end, about 60 Spanish-to-English translations. [740] Coluccio, Félix. "Vocabulario gauchesco," RGA XXVII (1947), 205-219. An alphabetical list of 55 defined words having to do with gaucho life in the River Plate and southern Brazil. Long paragraphs on baqueano, carreras cuadreras, juego de pato, misachico and yerra. Annotated by Kany, HLAS Vol. 13, No. 1971; S. Sabor Vila, RHA XXIV (1947), 511; and Boggs, SFQ XIV (1950), 67. [741] Fernández Latour de Botas, Olga. Folklore y poesia argentina. Buenos Aires, 1969,336 p. [Bibliog.] This work studies and unites, the two trajectories of Argentine poetry and folklore and quotes widely from gauchesque poetry. So although it is not linguistically oriented, there is a "Glosario de voces regionales" (pp. 345-352), covering 125 terms; besides gauchismos, there are indigenisms (mostly from Quechua), semantic variants, and even some lunfardismos. At the end, there is an unusually rich bibliography pertaining to things gaucho and gauchesque. [742] Guarnieri, Juan C. Nuevo vocabulario campesino rioplatense. Con las locuciones más usadas en el Uruguay. Montevideo, 1957, 198 p. This dictionary's introductory comment has much useful information on gaucho language in general, and about a considerable number of gauchesco writers, from the beginnings up to the present. The second part of this introduction, "Originalidades del lenguaje campesino", is a good short essay on the

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components of gaucho speech, sources of origin, formative factors, etc. The "Vocabulario Gauchesco" itself is alphabetically arranged, has little etymological data; much folklore material treated from a lexicographical angle. "A useful, handy and inexpensive compilation based on literary texts, and the author's intimate knowledge of River Plate rural speech" (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 21, No. 3641). Annotated by Sable, p. 291. [743] Inchauspe, Pedro. Voces y costumbres del campo argentino. Buenos Aires, 1942, 266 p. 2a ed., 1949. [Illus.] The main body of this book consists of chapters dealing with various phases of the gaucho and his life—"ambiente, religión, trabajos, sentido de la libertad, alimentos y vicios, creencias, pilchas, bailes y canciones, etc.". Of most interest linguistically is the alphabetical index of over 400 gaucho and rural terms at the end of the book, and also the chapter "Frases" (pp. 171190). Throughout the book the explanation of many terms and topics are of short essay length; these discussions are largely folkloric, but often contain much lexical material and value. "Fine, clear descriptive panorama of folk life of pampas and central Argentina by concise topics, like aljibe, avestruz . . ., etc." (Boggs, SFQ VII [1943], p. 69). Also reviewed by J. A. Carrizo, BDFICU No. 6 (1942), p. 54. [744] Inchauspe, Pedro. Más voces y costumbres del campo argentino. Santa Fe, 1953,350 p. An extension of or supplement to the 1942 book, No. 743 above. [745] Pacheco, Agenor A. "Etimología gaucha". Vocablos, modismos y refranes rioplatenses y sureños. Buenos Aires, 1967,105 ρ. This rural-language dictionary registers nearly 1500 words and expressions. Although no doubt most of these are found in the major argentinismo lexicons (Segovia, Garzón, Saubidet, Guarnieri, etc.), still one feels that many are not. Definitions are brief, sources and etymologies for indigenisms almost never given (except for an occasional "vocablo pampa"). Some few terms are illustrated by quoting lines from the Martin Fierro and other sources. The author, obviously not a professional lexicographer, nevertheless surely knows very well his gaucho-pampa-campesino country and its speech. A fascinating and useful compilation. [746 ] Ra pela, Enrique. Vocabulario, tipos y costumbres del campo argentino. Cosas de nuestra tierra gaucha. Vocabulario, dibujos y relatos de Enrique Rapela. Buenos Aires, 1945, 225 p.

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This dictionary's definitions, accompanied by drawings, treat such rural items as articles of clothing, equipment (knives, boleadoras, etc.), horses and horse trappings and gear, parts of carts and wagons, fauna (e.g., "lenguaje del mate"), Indian details ("cacerías", etc.), animal diseases and "remedios gauchos", etc. Basically a child's book, unattractively printed on poor paper. No alphabetization in body of text, but at end an ABC vocabulary in which "los números indican el cuadro o los cuadros donde se habla de la correspondiente expresión que va a su lado". Some 400 terms in this list. 121 [747] Sáenz, Justo P. (hijo). Equitación gaucha en la pampa y Mesopotamia. 3a ed., aumentada en su texto y con un vocabulario ilustrado. Buenos Aires, 1951,243 p. 122 The body of this excellent work consists of essay-like entries dealing with the pampa horses, their trappings, tools, games with horses, travel equipment for pampa trips, arms and implements for regular country chores and hunting, and a great deal more. Pp. 221-243 supplies a "Vocabulario y significado de algunos términos . . . que figuran en este libro." The book is highly praised by Carrizo, p. 157. [748] Saubidet, Tito. Vocabulario y refranero criollo. Buenos Aires, 1943, 423 p. [Illustrated.]123 This famous work is a veritable encyclopedia of practically everything pertaining to gaucho and/or rural life. It is, as well, "un versado y minucioso muestrario del habla rural portefta", as is stated in the prologue. Abundantly and strikingly illustrated by the author. Six (up to 1962) reprintings, rather than new editions, have been issued of this extraordinarily handsome and indispensable publication. "Abundant lexical and folklore matter concerning the southern part of Buenos Aires province, especially Tapalqué and Azul. While not scientific in method, this work, appropriately illustrated with drawings, can be of great value to the specialist in Argentine rural speech" (Kany, HLAS Vol. 15, No. 2155). The work has stimulated detailed reviews by many other distinguished scholars and journals: A. Castillo de Lucas, RDTP II (1946), 669-671; B. Vidal de Battini, Fil II (1950), 94-95; M. Nichols, The Americas, New York, III (1946), 252-254; F. Krüger, AILCIV (1950), 330-340; PNI No. 48 (1943), 2; L. Arnaud, Hisp XXVIII (1944), 435-437; M.M.L., RHM IX (1943), 114; Carrizo, 157; Wogan, HLAS Vol. 18, No. 2363 and Vol. 24, No. 4784; J. Gillet, HR XIII (1945), 271 f.; M Wagner, RPF/SB (1949/1951), 394.

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2. Studies of gaucho-gauchesco language 124 [749] Alvarez, José Sixto. Un viaje al pais de los matreros, seguido de Cuadros de la ciudad y Cuentos escogidos. Nota biográfica, explicación gramatical y léxico de voces, modismos y neologismos por el Dr. Julio Castellanos. Buenos Aires, 1952,483 p. 125 Collections of mostly rural stories by the late 19th-century Argentine realist also known as "Fray Mocho". The introductory material (pp. 459-461) gives brief notes on the phonetics, morphology and syntax of the gaucho "dialect". The "Léxico" (463-476) consists of some 266 words and idioms; many rural, and flora and fauna terms. Definitions usually brief. A useful list, but editor quite properly points out that "Debe observarse que unas voces son gauchescas o campesinas, y otras porteñas o de la ciudad". [750] Aprile, Bartolomé. Arrabal salvaje. See No. 699 above. [751] Assunçâo, Fernando O. El gaucho. Con un prólogo crítico del profesor Daniel D. Vidart. Montevideo, 1963, 556 p. [Bibliog.] This long folklore work 126 has considerable lexical material scattered throughout (not indexed, however). The second half is devoted to perhaps the most complete coverage extant of possible origins for the word gaucho.127 A good résumé of Assunçâo's own conclusions is given in an excellent review by W. Giese (BICC XIX [1964], 350-353): "El autor subraya dos etimologías que le parecen más admisibles. La primera . . . es la que hace derivar gaucho de la palabra 'castellana' guacho en el sentido de 'triste', 'doliente'. [Giese rejects this.] La segunda . . . es la que supone una procedencia francesa, de gauche 'izquierdo', que también se usa en el sentido de 'descarriado' o 'mal inclinado' . . . Gaucho aparece en España como palabra técnica de los arquitectos, en el sentido de 'alabeado', 'desnivelado', dicho de una superficie . . . Coincide más o menos la aparición en España en 1772 de gaucho 'declive' con la primera cita en 1771, de gaucho como designación de un tipo social, en la América del Sur . . ." Again, Giese is not convinced. However, he praises Assunçâo for having produced a valuable work "de utilidad para una futura solución del problema etimológico". Also revewed by G. Figueira, RIB XIV (1964), 427-429; and Canfield, HLAS Vol. 28, Nos. 1509 and 1598. [752] Belgeri, Francisco. Alma gaucha. Buenos Aires, 1966, 244 p. A folklore book, with much gaucho vocabulary scattered about, especially in the songs where the gauchismos are italicized. No overall word list or glossary.

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[753] Belgeri, Francisco. Habla gaucha. Buenos Aires, 1959, 166 p. [Illus.] A rhymed dictionary of original poetry in décima form, incorporating individual words, proverbs, traditional sayings, idioms and locutions. Gaucho terms italicized, but there is no glossary or index. Many indigenisms, mostly flora and fauna terms. An enormous amount of material, but badly in need of paginated index. A sample décima: "Con mucha plata, forrao, / igual intención, chaludo, / más comunmente, platudo, / el fundido, liquidao, / descartar, dejar de lao, / lo alcohólico, subidor, / por bebedor, tomador, j pequeño y bonito, chiche, I negocio pobre,boliche, / mozo 'e cordel, changador." Annotated by Wogan, HLAS Vol. 24, No. 4711. [754] Borges, Jorge Luis and Adolfo Bioy Casares (eds.). Poesía gauchesca. Mexico, 1955, 2 vols. Vol. I, 633 p.; Vol. II, 798 p. Edición, prólogo, notas y glosario de J.L.B, y A.B.C. This major work contains the poetry of Hidalgo, Ascasubi, del Campo, Lussich, Hernández, and V. R. Lynch. The "Indice de Notas y Glosario" (Vol. II, pp. 763-790) refers the reader to volume number and page for data on word or note. Considerable linguistic data. An impressive and scholarly work. Rev. by E. L. Tinker, Books Abroad XXX: 1 (1956), 72. [755] Bouton, Roberto J. "La vida rural en el Uruguay," RHistM XXVIII (1958), 1-192; X X I X (1959), 1-200. [Illus.] A folkloric dictionary with much semantic and lexical information. The material is divided into subject headings (e.g. "Comida, bebida y 'vicios'"), and each chapter deals with a number of terms, sometimes defined very briefly, other times by whole pages. Among these terms are many over which there has been much debate and controversy, such as gaucho, malevo, gringo, etc. Many Guaraní terms, but etymological data is scant. Illustrations at end of each article. * [ 7 5 6 ] Bravo, Abel H. "El lenguaje de nuestros gauchos," Señuelo, Buenos Aires, septiembre 1940. Año I, No. 1, p. 36. "Existencia en el habla del gaucho de términos españoles, especialmente andaluces." {BADAL, 25/26 [1966], No. 1562.) [757] Bravo, Domingo A. El quichua en el 'Martín Fierro 'y en 'Don Segundo Sombra'. See No. 503. [758] Capdevila, Ramón Rafael (ed.). 1700 refranes . . . Con . . . refranes de Martín Fierro de uso en la región. See No. 18.

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[759] Castro, Francisco I. Vocabulario y frases de 'Martin Fierro'. See No. 506. [760] Casullo, Femando H. La poesia gauchesca rioplatense. Popular y culta. Buenos Aires, 1963, 115 p. The following poets are represented: Hidalgo, Ascasubi, Lucero, Aniceto el Gallo, E. del Campo, Hernández (lengua popular); Echeverría, Mitre, L. M. Domínguez (lengua culta). After each of the popular poets, and after Domínguez of the "cultos", the editor includes a vocabulary (some long, some short) defining terms in the poems. [761] Chávez, Fermín. Poesía rioplatense en estilo gaucho. Buenos Aires, 1962, 162 p. Literary history-anthology type book, but with linguistic data in several dozen footnotes, many of which define or comment on regionalisms. Examples: sacarles el guano 'matarlos', changango 'guitarra rústica', balaquear 'baladronear', andar de rosita o de florecita 'andar desocupando y paseando.' [762] Coluccio, Félix and Rafael Schiaffino. Folklore y nativismo. Buenos Aires, 1948,339 p. Folklore with much lexical material scattered throughout. No list of words, but much rustic terminology is discussed under a great variety of chapter headings, e.g. "Faenas del campo," "Alimentos regionales," "Juegos y diversiones," etc. etc. *[763] Fernández Latour, Olga. Borges y la poesia gauchesca. Buenos Aires: Secretaría de Estado de Obras Públicas, Servicio de Extensión Cultural, 1964, 8 p. (Colección de Ensayos y Monografías, No. 2.) [764] Inchauspe, Pedro. El gaucho y sus costumbres. Buenos Aires, 1955, 160 p. Folklore with lexical value involved in treatment of gaucho costumbrismo —gaucho tasks, clothing, beliefs, superstitions, games and amusements, "frases o modismos," songs and dances, etc. *[765] Inchauspe, Pedro. Las pilchas gauchas. Buenos Aires, 1947, 130 p. [Illus. and vocab.] "Author says this book aims to give a clear and simple description of the dress and equipment of the Argentine gaucho of the 19th century. It does." (Boggs, SFQ XIII [1949], p. 81.) Also Annot. by Carrizo, p. 157.

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[766] Inchauspe, Pedro. Reivindicación del gaucho. Buenos Aires, 1968, 296 p. This is a republication in anthology form of author's Voces y costumbres del campo argentino (No. 743 of this bibliography), Más voces y costumbres del campo argentino (No. 744), El gaucho y sus costumbres (No. 764), and La tradición y el gaucho (No. 393A). [767] Leguizamón, Julio A. "La poesía gauchesca" in Historia de la literatura hispanoamericana, Vol. I, Buenos Aires, 1945, pp. 551-602. Not a great deal of linguistic material per se, but sufficient to merit mention here. [768] Leumann, Carlos A. "Castizo castellano y castizo gaucho," Pren, May 31, 1942,2a sec., p. 1. An article praising gaucho speech for its vigor, originality, and eloquence. Author debunks the claim that it is "castizo" simply because of its archaic quality, and asserts that it has its own "casticidad." [769] Leumann, Carlos A. La literatura gauchesca y la poesia gaucha. Buenos Aires, 1953,213 p. Some of the more linguistically oriented chapters in this basic book are: VI) Espíritu, idioma y primitivismo gauchos en Inglaterra (Hudson); VIII) Las instructivas lecciones filológicas de Hernández; IX) Procesos idiomáticos en el campo argentino; X) Estar en el idioma de los gauchos; Part II: VII) Lo americano nuevo en el idioma de los antiguos gauchos; IX) short essay treatment of cancha, giiella, rastrillada, lloronas y nazarenas (spurs), yerra, pingo, parejero, etc. [770] López Osornio, Mario A. Habla gauchesca. Chascomús, 1945, 63 p. Mostly well-known material about the supposed "vicios" in gaucho speech -unorthodox metaplasms, errors in diction, frowned-upon neologisms, and so on. The format used is a simple listing, without discussion but with quoted examples from gauchesque poetry. In dealing with his material, author makes no pretense of being a professional grammarian or philologist. "Observations on gaucho folkspeech of Argentina, changes of accent and speech sounds, etc., showing many to be archaisms of Spain" (Boggs, HLAS, Vol. 12, No. 1442 ; same annotation in SFQ X [1946], p. 102). [771] Lynch, Ventura R. "Autobiografía de un gaucho" in Selecciones Folklóricas Codex, Buenos Aires, June 1965, pp. 91-97.

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Besides the usual lexical data, article includes some phonetics (escrebir, juera, etc.), morphology (vide, etc.) of gaucho speech. At the end, a summary of gaucho words and expressions. "An extract from Lynch'sFolklore bonaerense, 1953. 128 Lynch reproduces a stenographic transcription of a gaucho 's account of his life. Besides its costumbristic value, the piece reproduces most interesting gaucho speech." (Simmons, SFQ XXX [1966], No. 269.) *[772] Lugones, Leopoldo. "'Entre comillas'. El lenguaje torpe," Señuelo, Buenos Aires, Año I, No. 6 (1941), 26-27. "Habla de los falsos escritores que ridiculizan el lenguaje del gaucho porque no lo conocen; determina formas y modos propios del gaucho verdadero." (BADAL, No. 25/26 [1966], No. 1601.) [773] Martínez Estrada, Ezequiel. "Lo gauchesco," Realidad I (1947), 38-48. "Lo gauchesco" in this article is a general and not linguistic term, and applies to such fields as literary style, verse forms, nationalism, history, even sociology, and so on. Language is treated only peripherally. Still, brief as the linguistic commentary is, it is perhaps sufficient to be mentioned in this bibliography. A sample quote: "De donde Hernández ha bebido en las fuentes mismas, como nadie, es del lenguage; no sólo del idioma que se habla (del léxico, la semántica, la prosodia y la sintaxis) sino del que se siente, del que expresa el sentido vital más que la acepción gramatical." [774] Pérez Petit, Víctor. "El gaucho y su lenguaje," RNLA VII (1944), 230-2 54. 129 In spite of the title, the emphasis of this brief sociological history of the gaudio is upon his character rather than his language. What linguistic material is included is mostly repetition of known material. Author points up the poetic quality of gaucho speech, and how he modified the Spanish of his region. "The first of a series of lectures delivered in September and October, 1944, at the Academia de Letras, Montevideo. Evolution and characteristics of the gaucho. An inadequate, unscientific but nevertheless curious account of gaucho speecli and its difference from urban lunfardo. Inveighs against falsifiers of gaucho speech and psychology. At the end a poetic appraisal of the pantheistic and mystic gaucho soul" (Kany, HLAS Vol. 12, No. 2354). [775] Rivera, Jorge B. La primitiva literatura gauchesca. Buenos Aires, 1968, 221 p. This book is a history of the beginning, the evolution, and the structure of gauchesca literature, but it is not without linguistic data. For example, the

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chapter "El nombre del gaucho" discusses the chronology of the use of the word, giving quotations from literary and government documents where the term is used, like many another investigator, he has no final etymology to propose. Other dialectal matter in the book: 1) a list of gaucho words from Quechua, Guaraní, and Araucanian (p. 38); 2) in the section "Antología anotada" of gauchesca poetry, the footnotes often give definitions of gaucho words, with even occasionally some comment on syntax and morphology; 3) "Anexo I" is a list of "Voces presentes en autores clásicos y gauchescos" (199-206), an ABC glossary of 35 terms, defined and discussed by gauchesco and peninsular writers. No indigenous words in this list. [776] Rodríguez Molas, Ricardo. "Un estudio anónimo sobre el gaucho contemporáneo a José Hernández publicado en 1877." See No. 659. [777] Rodríguez Molas, Ricardo. La primitiva poesía gaucha anterior a Bartolomé Hidalgo. Buenos Aires, 1958, 29 p. 130 Another literary history book included here because of occasional and scattered dialectal comments and/or definitions—especially in the footnotes. [778] Rona, José Pedro. "La reproducción del lenguaje hablado en la literatura gauchesca," RIL IV (1962), 107-119. One of the author's main goals is to determine just what is the difference between the real spoken gaucho language ("lenguaje gaucho") and the reproduction of gaucho speech as portrayed by writers ("lenguaje gauchesco"). Some of the main points: 1) the writers in the past, contemporary to the now vanished gauchos, were much more accurate in reproducing gaucho speech than the present day writers, who mainly imitate the 'first generation' and thus get it second hand; 2) gauchos lived in a vast territory, and it is impossible that there ever was one unified gaucho language. So when gauchesco writers use the same model, as if gaucho language was the same everywhere, they are erroneously transposing linguistic habits of one region to another; 3) there was great difference in personal contact and experiences with the gauchos among gauchesco writers. Most of the latter were city men (even Hidalgo) who had to leam the language. So even these men made errors and Rona points them out specifically. The situation gets even worse with the "second generation" of writers. So more and more the language becomes an "artistic" mode of expression, created for the genre. It becomes a "terminología técnica" and is not a living language. (Examples of errors: haiga was not used for haya all over; trayendo was not gaucho, but tráindo was.); 4) Most writers were untrained in phonetics and make poor graphic imitations. However, says

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Roña, even if "lenguaje gauchesco" is not true to life, this is not necessarily to say that it is bad. An art or genre language may create its own means of expression. [779] Sáenz, Justo P. (hijo). Equitación gaucha en la pampa y See No. 747.

Mesopotamia.

[780] Sánchez Reulet, Aníbal. "La 'poesía gauchesca' como fenómeno literario," Revlb XXVII:52 (1961), 281-299. This essentially literary study of gauchesque poetry includes interesting observations about the much-debated relationship between the original real gaucho songs and poesía gauchesca. Author points out that neither the language nor the themes of poesía gauchesca stem directly from, or are purely imitative of, those of the original payadores, in spite of what is so often claimed. Author documents his thesis with quotations from such knowledgeable writers as Mitre, Borges, and Sarmiento. He concludes that poesía gauchesca is substantially a manifestation of Romanticism, and that the gauchesco poets were obviously captivated by the spirit of such romantically-inspired devices as "lenguaje dialectal," "jerga vulgar," "jerga rústica de los campesinos," and even, at times, "una jerga puramente inventada." [781] Sánchez Garrido, Amelia. "Documentación de peculiaridades lingüísticas rioplatenses en el teatro gauchesco primitivo," RBA 1(1961), 193-208. In order to trace the evolution of certain traits "del habla oral de la campaña bonaerense", the author examines the texts of three early 19th-century saínetes, as antecedents of the later gauchesco theatre. The material is examined from the standpoints of: I) Antecedentes, II) Uso del pronombre de segunda persona, III) Formas verbales en el tratamiento con vos y pronombres complementarios, IV) Uso del che, V) Algunas fórmulas de tratamiento (entre marido y mujer, padres e hijos, de amistad, de respeto). "A valuable contribution to the history of linguistic tendencies in Argentine popular speech" (Wogan, MLA S Vol. 26, No. 1376). [782] Scroggins, Daniel E. A Concordance of José Hernández' 'Martín Fierro'. Columbia: Univ. of Missouri Press, 1971, 251 p. Although not linguistic, this concordance lists many regionalisms of all kinds-semantic diversities, metaplasms, the ubiquitous 'gringo', and much else. *[783] "El lenguaje gauchesco. Una carta interesante," Señuelo, Aires, Año I, No. 4 (1941), p. 25.

Buenos

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"Critica a los que emplean un lenguaje que titulan gauchesco, sin conocer verdaderamente el ambiente." {BADAL, No. 25/26 [1966], p. 25.) *[784] Gazdaru, D. "El adverbio arcaico 'y' en el lenguaje gauchesco," Románica 4(1971), 115-116. [785] Caillava, Domingo A. "La lengua que habló el gaucho," in Historiade la literatura gauchesca en el Uruguay, Montevideo, 1945, pp. 15-19 and 215-223. An introduction to Argentine speech—especially, of course, lo gauchesco. Details—mostly well known—about morphology, syntax (e.g. the voseo), phonetics (yeísmo, etc.), arcaísmos. Also throughout the text there is scattered linguistic commentary in the treatment of the various authors. At end "Autores y críticos citados en esta obra" (215-218) and "Nómina de las publicaciones catalogadas en esta obra" (219-223). 3. Anthologies of gauchesque literature 131 [786] Becco, Horacio Jorge (ed.). Antología de la poesía gauchesca. Con Introd., notas, vocabulario y bibliog. Madrid", 1972, 1779 p. This impressive tome has an extensive vocabulary (pp. 1685-1727) including all kinds of definitions-gauchismos, clarification of allusions, etc. In addition, it has innumerable footnotes with linguistic material. A "must" item for those interested in this genre. [787] Cortázar, Augusto Raúl. Poesía gauchesca argentina. Interpretada con el aporte de la teoría folklórica. Buenos Aires, 1969, 284 p. [Bibliog.] This is a biographical, historical and critical treatment of Hidalgo, Ascasubi, Del Campo, Hernández, Luis Pérez, and Juan A. Godoy. For each writer there is a passage of his work, followed by prose commentary of Cortázar and other critics. At the end of each section (each poet), there are footnotes which explain gauchismos and other regionalisms, taken from the quoted lines of the poet. At the end of the book, an "Indice alfabético" covering authors, themes, "palabras aclaradas," and considerable linguistic matter, guiding the reader to the page and note number in the text. [788] Garganigo, John F. and Walter Reía .Antología de la literatura gauchesca y criollista. Montevideo, 1967, 521 p. This collection has a "glosario" (415-417), defining 100 terms and phrases. Mostly gauchismos, some indigenismos, and a few proper nouns or names (La Mazorca, e.g.).

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[789] Poesía gauchesca. Bartolomé Hidalgo. Hilario Ascasubi. La Habana, 1963,281 p. This book merits inclusion and brief mention because of the many footnotes containing linguistic data. [790] Borges, Jorge Luis and Adolfo Bioy Casares (eds.). Poesia gauchesca. México, 1955, 2 vols. See No. 754.

I. Place names 1. General references—Latin America [791] Dabbs, Jack A. "Namelore in Latin America," Names I (1953), 177187; II (1954), 234-248; IV (1956), 13-38, 168-175. Excellent annotated bibliographies for place names. [792] Index to Map of Hispanic America 1:1,000,000. Vols. 1-12. Washington: American Geographical Society of New York, GPO Publication No. 5, 1943-1945. . . commonly known as the Millionth Map, covers the land area between the United States and Cape Horn. More than 200,000 geographical names . . . " (from Introduction, p. 2). "Each country has a section with alphabetical list of places showing location on the Millionth Map. The longest list of place names available. A vademecum." (Dabbs, NA-1, p. 180) Vol. IX is "Geographical Names in Argentina" and Vol. VIII in Uruguay. 2. Argentina in general [793] Acevedo Diaz, Eduardo. "La toponimia argentina. Su contenido espiritual y tradicional," BAAL XIV (1945), 27-34. "Laments the changing of traditional (though adulterated) place names for etyniologically correct but unfamiliar new forms, especially since criteria of usage in cartography are contradictory" (Kany, HLAS Vol. 11, No. 2871 ). [794] Acevedo Diaz, Eduardo. La toponimia del país y los criterios que la reglan. Buenos Aires, 1957, 12 p. 132 Stresses chaotic situation existing in connection with place names, and the need for rules and criteria. Rev. by G. Furlong, AAA G I (1957), 130-131.

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[795] Ardissone, Romualdo. Aspectos de la glotogeografía argentina. Buenos Aires, 1955, 148 p. [Illus.] In this book on the linguistic geography of Argentina, toponymy is treated in some detail, especially as to how the Indian languages have contributed to place names. An "Indice toponímico" is keyed to the pages of the text. [796] Ardissone, Romualdo. Búsqueda de un exponente toponímico de la Argentina. Buenos Aires (Universidad, Instituto de Geografía, Serie A, No. 21), 1959,35 p. A highly technical treatise on cartography and toponymy in Argentina, by this well-known authority in the field. Among topics under consideration are geographical dictionaries, adequate and inadequate toponyms, Indian and foreign influences, motivations leading to place names, how toponymy expresses the character of the country, etc. [797] Ardissone, Romualdo. Estudio de los nombres de lugar de la Argentina desde el punto de vista geográfico. Contribución metodológica. Buenos Aires (Departamento de Geografía Humana del Museo Etnográfico), 1945, 72 p. 133 Among other things, this article is a sort of text or guide for place name studies based on geography. Besides dealing with the problems of name-giving in general (and in Argentina in particular), it delves into such matters as the significance back of place names, how toponymical studies reveal all sorts of data—e.g., itineraries of explorers and conquistadors, economic activities, political and religious ideals, and so on. [798] Argentine Republic, Guia de comunicaciones (Ex-Guía del Correo), Ed. XXXIX, Buenos Aires, 1955, 536 large pages. An excellent alphabetical compilation of localidades in Argentina. Over 23,000 places are covered by this guide, which gives location, postal, telegraph and telephone services, and even banking facilities in many cases.134 [799] Argentine Republic, Instituto Geográfico Militar, Diccionario geográfico argentino, Buenos Aires, 1954, 2 vols. A straight alphabetical listing of names. Vol. I, 359 p.: Entre Ríos, Corrientes, Misiones. Vol. II, 531 p.: Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut, Comodoro Rivadavia, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego, Malvinas. [800] Automóvil Club Argentino, Guía de viaje de la Argentina: zona norte, Vol. I, Buenos Aires, 1954,446 p. Detailed description of localidades in the north: city and province of

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Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Córdoba, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Jujuy, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Presidente Perón, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán, Territorio Nacional de Formosa. Indexes of maps, towns, and places of interest. The toponymical data is often accompanied by etymologies. [801] Same as above: Vol. II, 1956, 631 p. Zona sur. This volume covers Buenos Aires province, San Luis, Córdoba, Mendoza, La Pampa, Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut, Patagonia. [802] Coni, Fernando. Diccionario geográfico argentino (1877-1880). Buenos Aires, 1951,512 p. 135 "A 1951 reprint of a voluminous and detailed 19th century Argentine gazetteer" (Sable, p. 305, No. 1913). "This carefully prepared volume, though so out of date (it gives the population of Buenos Aires as 200,000) still has sufficient geographical value to warrant its publication" (Kany, HLAS Vol. 17, No. 1113). [803] Fernández Sánchez, César A. "Publicaciones sobre la toponimia indígena de la Argentina," CH No. 268 (1972), 176-180. Gives a general survey of what work has been done in this field and the methods used. Cites names of authors and works; in fact, article is a sort of annotated bibliography, with special emphasis on the work of A. Delfino, J. M. Biedma, and E. H. Martin. Other names dealt with: R. Nardi, R. Casamiquela, Maria Rosa Lida de Malkiel (Patagonia) and L. S. M. Deodat. No index or name list. Gives some place names treated by above authors. Special emphasis on Araucanian sources. See No. 869. [804] Imbelloni, José (ed.). Folklore argentino. Buenos Aires, 1959, 397 p. See No. 190. [805] Nardi, Ricardo L. J. "Toponimia cunza en la Argentina," RGA XLI (1958), 178-180. See No. 916 below. [806] Nardi, Ricardo L. J. "Toponimia indigena de la República Argentina" in Folklore Argentino [see No. 190], Buenos Aires, 1959, pp. 365-397. [Maps] In tliis essay in this folklore anthology, author stipulates the following pre-requisite for effective and accurate study of indigenous place names: knowledge not only of Indian lexicology, but also of phonetics, morphology

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and syntax. He also points out the obstacles involved in studying South American Indian languages, and how little is really known about them. He shows how such other sciences as topography and geography, etc. have to be borne in mind in effective toponymical study. Gives résumé of what has been previously accomplished, especially by the universities of Buenos Aires, La Plata, and Tucumán. The toponymy of the following languages are taken up individually: Quechua, Aymara, Atacamefio (or Qunsa), Humahuaca, Kakán, Huarpe, Comechingón, Sanavirón, Araucano, Chiriguano, Guaraní, Chaqueño, 'Pampa Primitiva', Tewelche, Ona, Chaná-Timbú, Querandí, Puelche, Charrúa, Kaingang, and Yamaná. Two maps show the spread of place names derived from these languages, and pp. 393-397 offer a rather complete bibliography. [807] Piccirilli, Ricardo, Francisco L. Romay, and Leonicio Gianello (eds.). Diccionario histórico argentino. Ediciones históricas argentinas. Buenos Aires, 1953-1955. 6 vols. "Alphabetical list; discussions of persons, places, and movements. Rev. by G. Furlong in Historia (Buenos Aires) I (1955), 184-185." (Dabbs, NA-3, No. 481) Cf. H LAS, Vol. 21, No. 3080, C. B. Kroeber: "Tomo 6, Q-Z. 1954, 897 p. Concluding volume of a fine historical dictionary . . *[808] Stieben, Enrique. Toponimia araucana. Santa Rosa, Argentina: Secretaría General de la Gobernación, 1966, 242 p. Listed unannotated in HLAS, Vol. 32, No. 3160. [809] U.S. Dept of the Interior, Board on Geographic Names, Argentina, Gazetteer No. 103, Washington, 1968,699 p. "This gazetteer contains about 48,300 entries for places and features in Argentina. The entries include standard names approved by the Board on Geographic Names and unapproved variant names, the latter cross referenced to the standard names." (From Foreword, p. 1.) [810] U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Board on Geographic Names, Decisions on Miscellaneous Foreign Names, Decision List No. 5007, GPO, Washington 1950,64 p. This list covers river names for seven South American countries, Argentina being represented by the Uruguay and Paraná Rivers (pp. 4-5). [811] U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Board on Geographic Names, Decisions on Names in Argentina, Cumulative List No. 5302, GPO, Washington 1953, 17 p. An alphabetical list of names in Argentina, approved for official use by the

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U.S. government. Each entry lists the entity (town, bay, lake, village, cape, etc.) and the latitude and longitude. "Unapproved variant names and spellings (discovered in the research on a name) are also listed following the words 'Not adopted'. These may include former names or spellings, names derived by the application of policies or transcription systems misapplied on the subject of the decision" (p. 1). *[812] U.S. Dept of the Interior, Board on Geographic Names, Directions for the Treatment of Geographic Names-Argentina, Special publication No. 64, GPO, Washington 1946,17 p. Listed by Dabbs,M4-2, p. 239, but not annotated. [813] Vidal de Battini, Berta E. "Toponimia," Chapter III of Vol. VIII of La Argentina; suma de geografía, Buenos Aires, 1961, pp. 275-386. Detailed coverage of both Spanish and Indian toponyms. Includes discussion of origin of name Argentina. Long bibliography at end. "A study of the origin and meaning of place names, with consideration of the relation of these to folklore. Includes considerable attention to Quechua, Guaraní and Araucanian names" (Simmons, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1965," SFQ XXX [1966], No. 1035). [814] Vúletin, Alberto. "Factores negativos en la toponimia argentina," Publicaciones de la Sociedad Argentina de Americanistas (Buenos Aires) I (1948), 17-26. 136 Author pleads for the conservation of the genuine forms and meanings of place names, and deplores the adulteration which has taken place. "On errors in comprehension, personal vanity, fancy and whims that makes nonsense of place-names in Argentina" (Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1950," SFQ XV [1951], p. 104). Good review in BFM V (1949), 788, by A. Berro García. 3. Uruguay in general [815] U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Board on Geographic Names, Uruguay, Gazetteer No. 21, Washington 1965, 126 p. This gazetteer is an index giving the following data: name, type of entity (hill, town, stream, etc.), latitude and longitude, and reference to certain major maps listed. "8600 entries for places and features in Uruguay. The entries include approved standard names and unapproved variant names, the latter cross-referenced to the standard names. Users of the gazetteer should always refer to main entries for approved names" (from Foreword, p. 1).

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*[816] U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Board on Geographic Names, Directions for the Treatment of Geographic Names-Uruguay, Special publication No. 91, GPO, 1948,21 p. Usted by Dabbs,M4-2, p. 248. [817] Almirón, Carlos R. "Reseñasy etimología de palabras guaraníes usadas en el Uruguay," BFM VI (1950; printed in 1954), 196-208. Primarily an article on the Guaraní language, but with some toponymie data, including the etymology of the word Uruguay, and various names for the Uruguay River. [818] Bertoni, Guillermo Tell. "Ensayo etimológico sobre la toponimia guaraní del Uruguay," BFM IV (1944), 25-36. "Alphabetical list of nearly 150 street names of Montevideo, river and other geographic names of Uruguay, with Guaraní etyma and their meanings" (Boggs, HLAS Vol. 11, No. 1528; same annotation, SFQ X [1946], p. 98). [819] Rona, José Pedro. "Uruguay: The Problem of Etymology of Place Names of Guaraní Origin," Names VIII (1960), 1-5. Although Uruguay has no indigenous population, this excellent study points out that about 80 per cent of the place names from the early Spanish period are of Guaraní origin, and attempts to analyze them for the original meanings. Author sets forth what he believes to be the correct and authentic method of etymologizing these names, and reveals the technical difficulties involved. One of the important conclusions: the only safe way to investigate the true meaning of a Guaraní place name is to depend upon a native informant. 4. Individual areas Buenos Aires (city and province) [820] Ardissone, Romualdo. "Toponimia bonaerense. Visión panorámica," REd II (1957), 1-29. A rather generalized study of place names in the Buenos Aires region. Names are grouped into such categories as: topographic, geological, pétrographie, origin from flora and fauna, from personal names (surname and given), even family relationships (e.g., Los Primos), toponyms of indigenous origin (sometimes indigenous word derives from translation of the Spanish, e.g. Azul > Callvú). Author claims his work is but an introduction to the subject, although it seems quite complete.

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[821 ] Bucich, Antonio Juan. Origen y evolución de la nomenclatura boquense y algunos atisbos toponímicos locales. Buenos Aires, 1968,111 p. Has to do with the street names of the boquense section of Buenos Aires (on the left bank of the Riachuelo "en sus tramos más cercanos a su desemboque del Río de la Plata."). There is no overall list of streets; they are indicated on various maps which divide the area into suburbs. 137 [822] Lianes, Ricardo M.. "Nombres urbanos del folklore porteño," Pren, Aug. 25,1957, 2a sec. [Sunday supplement], n.p. Author claims that "los nombres de calles, esquinas, barrios, huecos y otros lugares de la vieja ciudad porteña" properly belong to folklore, since many of them were created by the people themselves, spontaneously and anonymously. Shows how popular names often stubbornly win out over official names. Also how many old names survive, although some not in the place of origin; and how names frequently change through "inspiración popular". Many examples of names are given which illustrate the points he makes, and there is much discussion of the history and other details of individual names. An article of considerable interest, no doubt, to those who know and are interested in the Argentine capital. [823] Tello, Eliseo A. Toponimia indigena bonaerense. Lobos (province of Buenos Aires), 1946, 171 p. The introduction discusses the various divisions and dialects of Araucanian (Tehuelche Pampa, Gennaken, etc.), as well as the past opposition to or advocacy of using indigenous place names. Author deplores the fact that modern life, industry and agriculture have caused the disappearance of old indigenous toponyms—railroad stations, towns, even important cities—in favor of modern names. He favors restoring the old names, taking care to reproduce authentic spelling, sounds, and accentuation (since carelessness can alter meanings). Starting on page 22, the book gives paragraph-length treatment of 142 place names in the province of Buenos Aires, giving locations, etymologies and translations into Spanish. Excellent review by Spectator, Histonium No. 90 (1946), 695. Cordoba [824] Montes, Aníbal. "Nomenclador cordobense de toponimia autóctona," AIEA XI(1950), 33-80;XII (1951), 75-144. A thorough study of place names in Córdoba, in which the province is divided into zones, and accompanied by maps and tables. First section of the article deals with such topics as "Toponimia autóctona," "De cómo se hacían

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las encomiendas," "Conquistadores y fechas," "Toponímicos repetidos," "Ubicación de toponímicos," etc. Second installment of the article treats the indigenous place names. Listed by Boggs, SFQ XXII (1958), 64. Comentes [825] Bianchetti, Juan de. "Toponimia guaraní de la provincia de Corrientes," REd III (1958), 105-112. Artide points out areas originally populated by the Guaraní, and that it was not unnatural that they left so many names—place names, flora and fauna terms, and words for practically everything in nature. It then goes on to give definitions and etymologies for 26 Guaraní toponyms. [826] Cafferata, Juan Daniel. Vocabulario geográfico corrcntino. Buenos Aires, 1965, 38 p. [Mimeographed maps] A partial dictionary-encyclopedia, apparently intended for elementary schools, of 257 place names in Corrientes. Covers from Abalos through Comentes only. Many indigenous names for which author sometimes gives etymological data, but not languages of origin. Pages 21-22 are devoted to the city of Corrientes, and pp.22-35 to the province. [827] Cruz Rolla, José. Ñandé ipijuera retá. [Tierra de nuestros abuelos.] Historia, biografía, costumbres, idiomas, paisajes, fauna, flora, leyendas, fábulas, efemérides. Buenos Aires, 1947, 181 p. [Illus.] "Bibliografía del idioma guaraní": pp. 89-92. Throughout this folklore book, there are found many Guaraní words mixed in, even in songs, to the point where occasionally one feels that the correntinos speak a hybrid language. There is much talk about the good features of Guaraní, about its hardiness and resistance to Spanish. The author repeats well-known fact that Guaraní "predomina casi en absoluto en la nomenclatura de la fauna and flora", but that ignorance of the language has adulterated many names, for which he gives examples. Individual chapters on flora and fauna names from Guaraní. Pp. 177-178 give "Toponimia guaraníes", a list of 45 place names, briefly treated but with etymologies. "Referencias", pp. 179-181, is a vocabulary of Guaraní words with Spanish translations, but no etymologies. Cuyo *[828] Ashparimaj (seudónimo). "Voces de la tierra: Cuyo," Buenos Aires, Aflo I, No. 10 (1943), pp. 20-21.

Señuelo,

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217

[829] Bazán, Pedro. El país de Còti (región andina). Cumbre de laArgentinidad. See No. 878. [830] Coraminas, Juan. "Toponomástica cuyana: orientaciones," AIE A V (1944), 95-126. This scholarly presentation starts out by stating that most Argentine and Cuyo place names are of Spanish origin, and thus give no trouble. But there are some unclear curiosities, which he deals with. Other topics treated: appearance (in place names) of words that have gone out of general usage; how local semantics has affected place names; colors in place names; hybrid forms; indigenous sources (much on this, especially on Araucanian);how one has to know the grammatical structure of indigenous languages in order to avoid making mistakes in etymology; etc. Specifically, in dealing with indigenous names derived from languages about which we know so little, the author "proposes 9 types of criteria and data which may guide us in such studies—geographical area, endings, grammatical structures, documents, phonology, phonetics, semantics, geography, and history. Well-organized and exemplified." (From annot. by Boggs, SFQ IX [1945], p. 83.) [831] Strube Erdmann, L. "Toponimia indígena de Cuyo," AI E A XVIIXVIII (1963), 119-136. A treatment of about 400 place names of the Cuyo region (Mendoza, San Juan, San Luis, Pampa Seca). The principal indigenous sources: Huarpe, Araucano, Quechua, Aymara, Diaguita, Pehuenche, Puelche. Usually just indicates where the place is, but sometimes gives etymological information about name. Also gives "Bibliografía, siglas y abreviaturas" for further reference. Chascomús [832] Burnet-Merlin, Alfredo R. Nombres de Chascomús; topónimos de ayer y de hoy. Chascomús, 1954, 39 p. Toponymy of one of the important zones in Argentine history. An admittedly incomplete study or list of Pampa names in the provinces of Buenos Aires, Eva Perón, southern Córdoba and San Luis, part of Santa Fe, northern Rio Negro, eastern Mendoza and "donde más marcada la influencia araucana, el Neuquén". 46 names, only a few of which are indigenous. Much on the name Chascomús itself. Entre Ríos [833] Benavento, Gaspar L. El guaraní en Entre Ríos. Buenos Aires, 1962, 108 p.

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Has a chapter on Toponimia guaranítica" which lists, and usually etymologizes, about 75 place names in this province. [834] Bosch, Beatriz. "Notas sobre toponimia entrerriana," AS AEG VIII (1947), 141-149. Sub-title : "Persistencia y desaparición de topónimos." Some of the points made: the indigenous names of rivers and streams are very old; forest and trees have had big influence on names. Some discussion of individual words. * [834A] Andreetto, Miguel Angel. "La flora en topónimos entrerrianos," La Capital (Rosario), May 5, 1955. [835] Buffa, Josefa Luisa. "Un capítulo de toponimia entrerriana," Hist VI, No. 25 (1961), 14-21. A discussion of Entre Ríos place names, rather more historical than linguistic. For example, relates how the early explorers baptized the newly discovered places with names "extraídos del santoral"; first, a patron saint and then a coupling with the autochthonous geographical name, e.g. San José de Gualeguaychú. Much discussion of individual place names, but no overall list. Heavily documented with old historical writings—archives, provincial histories, etc. [836] Buffa, Josefa Luisa. "Influencia lingüística sobre la toponimia de Entre Ríos (Argentina)," ACIL XII/2 (1971), 361-380. A detailed study principally about the Guaranis and their contributions to toponymy, also pointing out how place names afford historical data. Although many other aboriginal groups have co-existed in the region from far in the past, Guaraní predominance in place names is owed to the influence of the Jesuit missions, where Guaraní became "la lengua general." Author's breakdown of names: "topónimos fitogeográficos"—31 per cent; "zoogeográficos" —22 per cent; "físiogeográficos"—11 per cent; "antropogeográficos"—15 per cent; and "hispanoguaranies"-20 per cent. In the section "La toponimia entrerriana como testimonio del intercambio lingüístico" there is much data on morphological changes from past to present, all types of metaplasms being involved in the evolutionary process. One of the maps, "Micro y macrotoponimia aborigen de Entre Ríos," shows the Indian names of rivers and streams. [837] Buffa, Josefa Luisa. Toponimia Univ. de La Plata, 1966, 201 p.

aborigen de Entre Ríos.

La Plata:

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219

A doctoral thesis based on a diachronic treatment of the aboriginal—mostly Guarani-roots of place names in Entre Ríos. The steps involved: "a. forma del vocablo originario y sentido principal, b. cambios fonéticos acusados, c. su persistencia en el tiempo, d. situación geográfica, e. etimología." A thorough treatment of sources, such as geography, zoology, flora and fauna, "topónimos hispanoguaraníes," "topónimos de origen dudoso o desconido," etc. Unfortunately, no index or list of names, which might have been helpful to the reader. Annot. in HLAS Vol. 29, No. 2305. [838] Camps, Ignacio J. "Orígenes de los nombres toponímicos de la provincia de Entre Ríos," A AFA I (1945), 50-51. Brief treatment dividing place names of this province into Indian and Spanish sources, and giving some data as to some types of sources (names of conquistadors, of saints, flora, etc.). Indigenous names are from Guaraní. Annot. by Boggs, SFQ XI (1947), p. 85. Jujuy [839] Carrillo, Horacio. Humahuaca. Jujuy, 1942, 317 p. Most of these folklore chapters about Humahuaca (a department in the province of Jujuy) originally appeared in La Prensa of Buenos Aires. The parts relevant to this bibliography: 1) "La toponimia" (p. 13 f.) is mostly about the Quechua names Humahuaca and Jujuy (< Shushuyoc 'lugar de cierto comisariato'); 2) "Toponimias jujeñas" (pp. 125-136), which includes first a long treatment of Jujuy and then brief paragraphs on 48 other names, from Aimara and Quechua, sometimes with etymological data; 3) "Apellidos aborígenes jujeños" (pp. 137-138), a list of names and translations only. [840] Fidalgo, Andrés. Breves toponimias y vocabulario jujeños. Buenos Aires, 1965, 58 p. This dictionary of regionalisms has a considerable number of place names. The indigenous terms (mostly from Quechua) often have etymological data. Annot. by Canfield, HLAS, Vol. 30, No. 2561. Malargiie [841] Agüero Blanch, Vicente O. "Toponimia araucana del departamento Malargiie," PCAAA 11(1963), 103-104. Simply a list of names of places in Malargiie, a department in western Argentina, not far from Chilean border. "Relación de una serie de palabras de la toponimia araucana. C.D.R." (Alcina, No. 352).

220

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Semantics,

Etymology

Las Malvinas [842] Daus, Federico. Reseña geográfica de las Islas Malvinas. Con una nota sobre toponimia malvinera. Buenos Aires, 1955, 51 p. Shows how historical vicissitudes produced Spanish, French and English names on the Malvinas (or Falkland Islands). It is mostly, however, a purely geographical study. "Notas sobre la toponimia malvinera" on pp.48-51. [843] Leguizamón Pondal, Martiniano. Toponimia criolla de las Malvinas. Buenos Aires, 1956, 129 p. Really an historical, sociological, or political tract rather than a toponymie study. Still, does give a rather detailed history of the principal names on the islands—none of which is indigenous. Considerable discussion of words that are used as place names in more than one place, e.g. Rancho, Fachinal, Corral. The names refer to ports, rivers, mountains, bays, islands, capes, etc. El Neuquén [844] Casamiquela, Rodolfo M. "Algunos topónimos de origen patagón en el Neuquén," PC AAA 11(1963), 121-127. "Se pretende en este artículo probar la arcaicidad y continuidad temporal del poblamiento tehuelche en el Norte de Neuquén, por medio de la comparación de una serie de topónimos tomados de la onomástica y etnografía. C.D.R." (Alcina No. 117, p. 352). [845] Vúletin, Alberto. "La toponimia del Neuquén, su revisión," PCAAA II (1963), 147-151. "Después de establecer la importancia que tiene la toponimia para conocer a fondo el quehacer humano, relacionado estrechamente con el lugar donde transcurre su vida, el autor analiza detenidamente algunos factores de la toponimia del Neuquén, ateniéndose a algunas reglas para efectuar posibles correcciones. C.D.R." (Alcina No. 120, p. 353). [846] Vúletin, Alberto. Neuquén, nomenclador geográfico del territorio. Con traducciones toponímicas, ubicaciones y descripciones geográficas de sus accidentes. Buenos Aires, 1948, 251 p. A list of over 1,600 place names, giving provincial departments, exact locations, and etymologies in the case of indigenous words—which are in the minority.

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La Pampa [847] Failletey, Lucien Jacques. Pánpa Simi o Lengua Común; nomenclatura pampásica. Etimologia de los nombres. Buenos Aires, 1958, 202 p. Mimeog. The introductory material discusses the Indian language situation in general and the type of work done in this field of study. Most of the investigation has been on Quechua, Guaraní, and Araucanian, but occasional attribution to Sanavirón and Cacán are found. The word Pánpa (or Pampa) is sometimes used as a synonym for Quechua, other times as a Quechuan dialect. Parts of the book relevant to this compilation: 1) "Onomástica", a 5-page etymological dictionary of Quechua words, some of which are names; 2) "Apellidos de caciques e indios", a brief list; 3) "Toponimia", place name lists, divided into various zones, giving locations and broken down etymologically. The regions involved are southern Argentina, the "área mesopotámica" and adjacent zones, Rio Negro ("área pampeana"), southern Cuyo, and Patagonia. His "Conclusión" consists mainly of criticisms of other etymologists. *[848] Hansen, Segundo E. Versiones castellanas de los nombres indígenas correspondientes a los departamentos del Territorio Nacional de La Pampa. Santa Rosa, 1942. "Hansen que fue Inspector de Escuelas y por consiguiente recorrió la gobernación, publicó en 1942 un meduloso estudio sobre topónimos pampeanos con [este] título" (Carrizo, 165). Listed (but not seen) by Dabbs in NA-2, p. 239. *[849] Stieben, Enrique. Topónimos departamentales de La Pampa. Santa Rosa, La Pampa, 1942 [1947?]. "[Este es] un precioso estudio . . . [por] el historiador y gran estudioso de la lengua araucana [Enrique Stieben]" (Carrizo, 165). *[850] Tello, Eliseo A. Toponimia araucana del territorio de La Pampa. Ingeniero Luigi, La Pampa, 1942. Listed by Carrizo, 165. *[851] Tello, Eliseo A. Toponimia araucana-pampa. Santa Rosa (Edición de la Dirección de Cultura de la Provincia de La Pampa), 1958, 102 p. Listed but not annotated by Cort-Delle, No. 337, p. 35. Patagonia [852] Deodat, Leonicio S. M. "Algunas consideraciones sobre toponimia

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histórica de Patagonia," Anuario, 1943-1945, Vol. V, Sociedad de Historia Argentina, Buenos Aires 1947, pp. 261-326. [Maps] An article primarily on the history of Patagonian names, who gave them, their evolution, etc. Much data about the English involved in this region, and their contributions (e.g., Port Desire > Puerto Deseado). Substantially documented as to source materials. Author concludes by making two proposals, one, that the government agencies replace (for historical reasons, accuracy and other desirable factors) some place names that have disappeared; and, two, that the residents of Puerto Deseado name a plaza, street, or something, after Juan Rodriguez Serrano, a prominent Spanish sailor involved in the town's early history. [853] Deodat, Leonicio S. M. "Toponimia de la Patagonia," in Guia de viaje de la Argentina, Buenos Aires (Auto Club Argentino), Vol. 2, 1956, pp. 177191. An apparently complete and useful coverage, with detailed maps. Toponyms listed in alphabetical order; languages of origin and etyma included. [854] Harrington, Tomás. "Nombres indios y galeses de la toponimia patagónica (semántica, ortografía y pronunciación)," RGA XXI (1944), 236238. 138 Discusses and analyzes indigenous and Celtic place names in Patagonia, and shows how they became mixed up. Author's beginning: "La lengua galesa y las de los aborígenes denominados Araucano, Güniina Küne y Aóeni Künk están bien representadas en los nombres propios geográficos de Río Negro, Chubut y Santa Cruz. La céltica fue introducida en el Sur por el primer núcleo colonizador que se estableció en . . . 1865". "Discusses the confusion between names used by Irish settlers and local Indian names" (Dabbs, NA-2, No. 112). [855] Perón, Juan Domingo. Toponimia patagónica de etimología araucana. Buenos Aires, 1950,139 50 p. Pròlogo de José Imbelloni. [Illus.] This work, originally published in 1935-1936 (but not listed in Nichols) has been "revisado y enmendado". It also contains (pp. vii-xv) "El panorama lingüístico de la Patagonia y el Trabajo del General Juan Perón" not included in the original publication. The book is a place name dictionary, with translations into Spanish, usually brief, and only occasionally with etymological data. "Alphabetical list of short entries, showing etymology, sometimes other data" (Dabbs, NA-2, No. 121). Reviewed by O. Menghin, Anthropos (Salzburg) XLVII (1953), 698-699.

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[856] Rodríguez, Martín. Toponimia de la costa patagónica y fueguina. Buenos Aires, 1940, 126 p. [Maps] This book starts with the history of the region, followed by "un ensayo de diccionario toponímico." Most places named after explorers, and other prominent figures, of all nationalities. No indigenous terms. Rio Negro [857] Casamiquela, Rodolfo M. Geonimia de Rio Negro. Viedma, 1967, 49 p. A booklet covering 185 names, each handled as follows: a. name, b. "formas sugeridas", c. indigenous origin or theories of same, d. meaning (if known), and e. a final, total translation. Book ends with "Algunos geónimos complementarios," 22 more. The Introduction tells of difficulties involved in getting facts and good informants, and the necessity—to do this work— of knowing sufficiently well the indigenous sustraía. La Rioja [858] Vega Diaz, Dardo de la. Toponomia riojana. La Rioja (Publicación de la Revista de Historia y Letras de la Rioja), 1944, 334 p. The author, in an introductory note, describes this work as a collection of "Voces onomásticas, vale decir, nombres: nombres geográficos y gentilicios . . . y un repertorio de voces, también indígenas, de las que tan numerosas son en el habla corriente de nuestra gente campesina". This book is, then, a dictionary primarily of place names, with etymologies included for indigenisms. Included also are geographical descriptions, usually short; the etymological treatment also varies. Sometimes the author gives only the language of origin, and sometimes even this is omitted. Included also are surnames of some important Indians. "La toponimia de La Rioja ha sido encarada con erudición por el profesor Vega Díaz" (Carrizo, 164). "Comprehensive and thorough dictionary of names—geographical, ethnic and personal—occurring in La Rioja, Argentina; a very useful reference work for historians, archaeologists and ethnologists" (D. B. Stout, HLAS Vol. 11, No. 406). Salta *[859] Cornejo, Atilio. "Ensayos sobre toponimia aborigen de la provincia de Salta," Boletín del Instituto San Felipe y Santiago de Estudios Históricos de Salta, No. 6 (1940), 91-159. 1 4 0

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[860] Solá, José Vicente. "Salta y su toponimia," BAE XXXI (1951), 127131. This brief article starts out with general information on place names. Then goes on to Salta, a complex linguistic region. Gives sources of place names: 1) geographic, orographic, hydrographie "accidentes"; 2) plant names; 3) indigenous divinities. Author asserts that in analyzing some Salta toponyms, the syntax of the indigenous language must be kept in mind. Gives examples of curious names, e.g. Palomitas not what one would think, but from "para Lomitas". Most Salta place names from indigenous tongues, which he names. Some hybridism, and some from Indian languages not spoken in Salta. Discusses briefly various theories as to the origin of the word Salta itself (based on Aymara theories, Quechua, corruption of sancta, the legend of "Salta, salta para que no te ahogues", etc.); He himself takes no stand. Santa Fe [861] Flury, Lázaro. "Toponimia autóctona de la provincia de Santa Fe," BDEEC 1(1945), 123-127. A list of 33 indigenous place names in Santa Fe. Indian toponyms are relatively few here because so were the Indians. More than one-half of the 33 from Guaraní; others from Quechua, Mocobi, Araucanian; the rest questionable. Author does not pretend his list is complete. Santiago del Estero [862] Gargaro, Maria Luisa G. de. La lengua quichua en Santiago del Estero. Santiago del Estero, 1953,24 p. At the end of this book there is a list of toponyms in this province that come from Quechua. Tucumán [863] Campanella, Andrés. "Glosario etimológico de los nombres indígenas de lugares tucumanos," CMGT I, No. 3 (1938), 50-60; I, No. 4 (1938), 5260; II, No. 5 (1939), 45-52; II, No. 6 (1939), 56-63; II, No. 7 (1939), 53-60; II, No. 8 ( 1939), 5 7-62 ; IV, No. 16 ( 1946), 38-71. A long-running etymological dictionary in which author gives name and location, etymology, "corrupción", "traducción", and language of origin. Although most of these place names are Quechua in origin, other languages are represented, such as Tonokoté, Mapuche, and Kakán; also many names

Place names

225

are hybrids—mixtures of Spanish and some Indian tongue. Treatment usually brief, but upon occasion quite lengthy, such as that afforded for the word Tucumán (for which he claims an Aymara origin). Gives every indication of being a sound scholarly job. *[864] Padilla, Ernesto S. Datos y antecedentes sobre nombres antiguos de Tucumán. No further data found. [865] Storni, Julio S. Diccionario toponomástico del Tucumán. Toponimias indígenas de la provincia del Tucumán. Tucumán, 1953, 95 p. A dictionary of 144 indigenous place names found in Tucumán. Appears to be a thorough lexical treatment of meanings, etymologies, and locations. In addition to the prime toponymical source, Quechua, author also cites the following languages and/or dialects: Tonocote (or Tumunuti, the original language of Tukma = Tucumán), Matara (or Matalla), Isistin, Toquistin, Uristin, Guacara, Diaguita; and he shows where each is used in the province. Many names manifest strong hispanization, as Aconquija < Han Konukilla. Four pages are devoted to Tukma (Tucumán). [866] Storni, Julio S. Hortus guaranensis-generalidades. Segunda parte, 141 Tucumán, 1948, 132 p. A study principally about the structure and nature of the Guaraní language. The parts of interest to this bibliography are "Toponimias" (pp. 111-112), treating the names Humaitá, Itacumbú, and Lambaré, and two lists at the end: 1) "Indice de voces guaraníes" (pp. 126-128), and 2) "Indice de voces castellanas," both lists being indexed to the pages of the text. Annot. by Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1951," SFQ XVI (1952), p. 75. Studies covering more than one region [867] Biedma, Juan Martín. Toponimia del Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi. Buenos Aires, 1967, 282 p. [Illus., map] An ABC dictionary of place names in the Nahuel Huapi region (Nahuel Huapi: "Lago ubicado próximo al límite con la República de Chile entre las provincias de Neuquén y Río Negro"). Many names discussed, some at length, especially the "antropónimos." Approximately one-half of the names derive from Indian roots—mostly Araucanian-and for these author gives brief etymological data. Brief but excellent commentary given by C. Fernández Sánchez in CH 268 (1972), 179-180. See No. 869.

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Etymology

[868] Delfino, Ambrosio. Miscelánea sureña. Buenos Aires, 1968, 219 p. This ABC toponymie dictionary covers place names in both Chile and Argentina (Neuquén, Río Negro and Chubut). Etyma given for indigenous terms. [869] Fernández Sánchez, C. A. "Publicaciones sobre la toponimia indígena de la Argentina," CH 268 (1972), 176-180. This article is substantially a brief but very useful review of three books: J. M Biedma, Toponimia del Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi (No. 867 above); A. Delfino, Miscelánea sureña (No. 868 above); and E. Martín, Notas sobre el cacány . . . (No. 873 below). See also No. 803. [870] Flury, Lázaro. "Güilches. Tradiciones, leyendas, apuntes gramaticales, y vocabulario de la zona pampa-araucana," RUNC XXXI (1944), 3 8 9 ^ 3 8 . Also in book form: Córdoba, 1944, 63 p. Primarily folkloric, this study is included in this compilation because it has a lengthy chapter entitled "Interpretación de algunos nombres de origen pampa-araucano" which covers place names in the territories of La Pampa, Chubut, Rio Negro and the province of Buenos Aires. Annotated by Carrizo, 157, and Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1944," SFQ IX (1945), p. 34. [871] Harrington, Tomás D. Diccionario geográfico de las gobernaciones nacionales. Buenos Aires (Consejo Nacional de Educación), 1941,2 volumes. Vol. 1,200p.: Misiones, Chaco, Formosa, Los Andes; Vol. II, 260 p.: Pampas, Río Negro, Neuquén, Chubut, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego. This dictionary, arranged by governmental regions, is not primarily toponymie, but if a place is named after a person, details are given. If name is Indian, language given. "Da someras noticias sobre los lugares más conocidos de los territorios nacionales y algunas etimologías" (Carrizo, 162). Annotated by Dabbs, ΝΛ-7, p. 181. [872] Harrington, Tomás. "Toponomia del Gününa Küne," Investigaciones y Ensayos (Academia Nacional de la Historia, Buenos Aires) 5 (jul.-dic. 1968), 331-362. Article describing over 50 places, giving their indigenous (Giinüna Küne) names and the translations of these into Spanish. ". . . Data on the Indian etymology of some 56 place names in the area of Rio Negro, Chubut and Santa Cruz in southern Argentina" (J. R. S c o b i e , / / / , ^ Vol. 32, No. 3094). [873] Martín, Eusebia H. Notas sobre el cacán y la toponimia del Noroeste argentino. Buenos Aires, 1964,45 p. [Maps]

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Cacan, an Andean language of northern Argentina, was spoken by "el conjunto de pueblos llamados 'diaguitas'". This linguistic atlas-type study demonstrates that vestiges of this language are manifested in place names and in "onomástica indígena". It establishes the area of the Diaguitas and also, by means of nine maps, isoglosses of word endings, in place names, considered Cacan. There also is given a list of present-day toponyms which have supposedly Cacan forms, and a list of "nombres de caciques y nombres de pueblos o nombres de tribus diaguitas". See brief rev. by C. Fernández Sánchez in CH 268 (1972), p. 180.

5. Individual place names Argentina [874] Rosenblat, Angel. El nombre de la Argentina. Buenos Aires, 1964, 88 p. 142 An interesting and competent exposition of how the name Argentina progressed from the name of a poem, to a poetic adjective, and finally to the name of the nation and to the gentilicio. Also, how the word passed from "la lengua culta al habla común y de la poesía a la legislación" (p. 46). The first River Plate appearance of the word was in the title of the poem "Argentina y conquista del Río de la Plata, con otros acaecimientos de los reinos del Perú, Tucumán y Estado del Brasil" (Lisbon 1602) by Martín del Barco Centenera, a 16th century writer who fancied himself as the Argentine Ercilla. The use in the poem itself is adjectival: "Centenera, en lugar de píateme, usa, con intención poética, un adjetivo latinizante: argentino (sobreargentum, plata)" (p. 16). He was not, however, the inventor of the word. He picked up the term in Peru, where La Cancillería Real de Charcas was also called Cancillería Argentina, found in documentary form as early as the latter half of the 16th century. (And Charcas or Chuquisaca was also known as La Ciudad de la Plata.) Much other detail about the word's relationship to the nation's history and literature is given. Finally, the Congress of 1826 officially sanctioned the name "Constitución de la República Argentina". [875] Vedia y Mitre, Mariano de. "El origen del nombre 'argentino'," Nac, May 24, 1953, 2a sec., p. 1. Claims distant origins of the name argentino lie in the legends of the Sierra de la Plata and of the empire of the Rey Blanco. Since much before Spanish times, Indians had believed in a fabulous silver treasure in this area, and the first Spanish explorers heard about it. Article also repeats well-known facts

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that the city called Charcas, Chuquisaca, and today Sucre, was also known as La Plata, and that "La cancillería real de Charcas se llamó [también] Cancillería Argentina" as early as the 16th century. Article then proceeds to relate much of the same data re Centenera and his poem as found in the Rosenblat book (see No. 874), with favorable acknowledgment by Vedia y Mitre. Latter quotes from the poem to show how both the place name and the gentilicio were used by Centenera, and has this to say about the poem in general: "La inspiración de Centenera pudo ser poca, pero fue brillante y profética cuando de argentum extrajo la palabra argentino.'" [876] Vidal de Battini, Berta E. La Argentina; suma de geografía. See No. 813. Carcarañá [877] Reyes, C. "Carcarañá," RUNC 28 (1941), 487-496. This is a tributary on the right bank of the Paraná River between Rosario and Santa Fe. Author goes into the etymology in detail, using semantics, paleontology, etc. Conclusion: probably from Quechua meaning "camino [nan or ñan or yan] de los cárcaras o charcas," Indians from southern Bolivia. Cuyo [878] Bazán, Pedro. El país de Con (región andina). Cumbre de laArgentinidad. Buenos Aires? 1941, 326 p. This rather general book about the Cuyo region (Cón = Conyu or Cuyo) has a chapter on "Toponimia del País de Cón" (pp. 44-49), in which many place names are discussed but not in alphabetical order. The book covers the etymologies of many Indian words and names existing not only in Cuyo and Argentina, but throughout the whole Andean region to the north. Author is obviously concerned about proper etymologies, but the work is severely handicapped by lacking a word list or word index. Chaco [879] Storni, Julio S. "Interpretación de voces indígenas: 'chacú-chaco'; 'gualamba'," BFM III (1941), 265-270. According to the author, the term Chaco derives from Quechua chaco, but not from Quechua chacú, a commonly accepted etymology. They are, he claims, two completely different words and concepts. Even more erroneous is

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the occasional Guaraní origin given to the term. Gnalamba, often used with the word Chaco, is also Quechuan and means 'pampa' or 'llanura'. [880] López Osornio, Mario A. "Chaco," BIFL No. 5 (1946), 4. Note deriving Chaco from the Quechua word chacu. *[881] Vúletin, Alberto, "'Chaco', un apasionado problema toponímico," Ä£tfIV(1959), 475-483. Chascomús [882] Burnet-Merlin, Alfredo R. Nombres de Chascomús; topónimos de ayer y de hoy. Chascomús, 1954, 39 p. Chascomús is a city in the province of Buenos Aires; the title of this treatise is misleading, since it covers a large area. In effect, the subject is the toponymy of one of the important zones in Argentine history. Ail admittedly incomplete study or list of Pampa names in the provinces of Buenos Aires, Eva Perón (formerly), southern Córdoba and San Luis, part of Santa Fe, northern Rio Negro, eastern Mendoza and "donde más marcada la influencia araucana, el Neuquén." 46 names taken up, only a few of which are indigenous. Much on the name Chascomús itself. Guasupicúa [883] Tiscornia, Eleuterio F. "Guasupicúa," RFHII (1940), 50-52. According to the author, no one has satisfactorily explained the meaning and origin of this term, current during colonial times in Argentina, but no longer in use. The word appears only once in River Plate literature, in Diálogos patrióticos of Bartolomé Hidalgo: El pescuezo apuesto yo A que sobraba dinero Para formar un cordón Dende aqui a Guasupicúa

(w. 284-287)

Tiscornia believes that Hidalgo had heard the word guasipicuna or guasipicúa, used in those days to mean 'una especie de alforja pequeña'. He modified the guasi- to guasu-, and gave this new word a purely imaginary and arbitrary meaning as a place name. Another possibility is presented: "Leguizamón sospecha que Hidalgo se equivocò en la forma queriendo aludir, tal vez, a

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Guairapuitá [name of a battle won by Artigas in 1819] y dice que el verdadero vocablo guaraní es Guasupitá 'ciervo colorado' o Guirapitá 'pájaro colorado' (Ρ- 50). Jujuy [884] Fernández, Belisario. "Etimología y prosodia de la voz 'Jujuy'," MEC Ario LXI, No. 823 (1942), 22-27. Author asserts that the historic toponym Jujuy is one of Argentina's most troublesome words "en su interpretación etimológica, gráfica y prosódica" (p. 22). Because of the capricious nature of the spelling used by the early commentators to reproduce the sounds of Indian words, 18 were the variants for Jujuy (some examples: Xibixibe, Jibejibé, Sivisivi, Chipichipi, Xoxuy, Shushuy, Juiljuil, etc.). Most of these are absurdities. The most likely origin, according to the author, is the word Xuxuyoc 'funcionario aborigen, intendente incásico', with the /χ/ having a /sh/ sound, which was replaced in the 16th century by /j/. Yoc also means 'lugar de' or, in this case, 'valle'. So: "El valle lo atribuyeron los españoles al 'shushuyoc', pero lo desposesionaron y le suprimieron al valle del funcionario, el 'oc' ñnal . . ." (p. 25). The latter part of the article is an admittedly not-altogether-successful attempt to establish the "correct" pronunciation by means of analyzing its prosodie rôle in several coplas. In any case, author concludes that "la prosodia recta es Ju-jú-y" (p. 27). Mailin [885] Gargara, Alfredo. "Mailin," Hist Aflo 6, No. 25 (1961), 106-107. "Se refiere a la tradición que recuerda este topónimo. El hecho tuvo lugar en el siglo XVIII." (BADAL, No. 25/26 [1966], No. 1649.) Author states word is from Quechua; rest of article is historical. Montevideo [886] Mezzera, Baltasar Luis. La etimologia de Montevideo. Montevideo, 1967,51 p. A highly technical treatise, documented with historical and geographical data as well as morphological, etymological, semantic, phonological and even comparative philology. Before giving his own version, he summarizes many others, such as the Port, theory (from possible contact with the Magellan expedition) Monte vide eu > Montevideo. He rejects this, as well as many

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others. The answer, according to the author, is to begin with the Spanish verb avistar. To shorten the evolution as much as possible, we have: "Montevideo es un nombre criollo, compuesto de español monte ('montaña') y de criollo video, que es una modificación especial, debida a gente foránea, de vicheo, nombre frecuentativo . . . que corresponde al verbo criollo también bichar / vichar que quiere decir 'mirar, observar con atención' derivado del español avistar.'" Neuquén

(El)

[887] Alvarez, Gregorio. "Origen y significado del vocablo 'Neuquén'," PCAAA 11(1963), 109-114. Author concludes that this place name is probably Araucanian in origin, and means 'río que tiene fuerza'. "Para analizar el origen y significado del vocablo Neuquén que aun no se ha podido encontrar en ningún diccionario, expone el autor las interpretaciones de algunos investigadores a este respecto, desde la fecha más antigua que es 1777. Hace también el estudio analítico del vocablo y señala algunas notas acerca de la acentuación que se le debe dar a la palabra—C.D.R." (Alcina Franch, No. 116, p. 352). [888] Vúletin, Alberto. "El topónimo Neuquén ; PCAAA 11(1963), 153-156. Sub-title reveals purpose of this brief article: "Su escritura a través de la documentación histórica, su verdadera grafía, su significación y otras consideraciones". " . . . opinión de varios autores, con la intención de fijar la manera uniforme de decirlo: . . . acento agudo o grave. Su opinión personal—acento agudo . . . " . (Alcina Franch, No. 121, p. 353.) Palermo. See No. 894. Pampa (as in Pampa Central, territorial name). See Nos. 434 and 435. Patagonia [889] Lida de Malkiel,María Rosa. "Para la toponimia argentina: 'Patagonia'," HR XX (1952), 321-324. "Argues plausibly that Patagonia derives from 'Patagón,' a grotesque creature mentioned in Primaleón, one of the Palmerin romances." (Wogan, HLAS, Vol. 18, No. 2348.)

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[890] Deodat, L. S. M. "Alrededor del topónimo 'Patagonia'," separata del No. 24 de Patagonia, Boletín de la Casa de Patagonia, Buenos Aires, 1955, 48 p. From a review by J. Coraminas, HR XXVI (1958), 167-168: "El Sr. Deodat en su conferencia rechaza oportunamente varias explicaciones erradas del nombre de Patagonia, recordando que su creador fue Pigafetta, el cronista de la expedición de Magallanes; aquél lo derivó del de los patagones, nombre con el cual tuvo la ocurrencia de bautizarlos, según el propio testimonio, Magallanes en persona. Pero en cuanto a este nombre, no acepta la convincente explicación dada aquí mismo (HR XX, 321 -324) por María Rosa Lida de Malkiel, según la cual sería reminiscencia del monstruo Patagón híbrido de hombre y de perro, que desempeña un papel en la famosa novela de caballerías Primaleón." Coraminas claims that Deodat's reasons are not convincing. He admits, however, that Deodat's documentation is useful, but that it actually tends to support Sra. de Malkiel's thesis. But an even more eloquent argument supporting her "puede derivarse de la existencia . . . de otra parcialidad india a la que los cronistas del siglo XVI atribuyeron el nombre de patagones, indios peruanos sin relación alguna con los de la Patagonia austral. La reminiscencia del conocidísimo Primaleón se produjo, pues, dos veces.. ." Ranas: El Barrio de las [891] Gobello, José. "El Barrio de las Ranas y un gentilicio lunfardo," Qué? No. 173 (1958), 20-21. An article about a formerly disreputable section of Buenos Aires. "El nombre se lo dieron las ranas fáciles de pescar en la laguna que ofrecía su agua y su barro" found in this neighborhood. Detailed description of the area and its exact location, its history, buildings and inhabitants is given. The name is of linguistic interest because it produced "uno de los pocos gentilicios con que cuenta el lunfardo: ranero" which originally meant "simplemente el habitante del Barrio de las Ranas" (p. 29). However, the gentilicio ranero evolved into more generic meanings, such as 'pobre, mistongo, tipo temible, querido de la ranera ('mujer ladrona o de bajo fondo'), etc.'. Renca [892] Nardi, Ricardo L. J. "Toponimia" in Renca; folklore puntano (see No. 137). Buenos Aires, 1958, pp. 26-27. This very brief chapter is simply a discussion of the word Renca. Summary: it came from Chile, is the name of a plant, and probably Araucanian.

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Retiro [893] Sorondo, Miguel. "Procedencia del nombre de El Retiro," BIIH XXVII (1942-1943), 192-226. El Retiro is an affluent northern suburb of Buenos Aires which had its origins around the end of the 18th century. Article points out errors in legends about the name, and gives in great detail the history of the private company, and the men involved, that gave this name to its property. [894] Moglia, Raúl. "Dos nombres porteños: Palermo, Retiro," Fil III (1951), 115-117. Historical discussion of how these two sections of Buenos Aires got their names. Palermo, "zona y paseo actual, proviene del poblador del siglo XVI, Juan Domínguez Palermo," probably a Sicilian. As for El Retiro, "[actualmente] un paseo en Buenos Aires y sus adyacencias," again historical background given. Riachuelo [895] Bucich, Antonio J. "Los varios nombres del Riachuelo," BAPL 1:4 (1969), 10-13. (Originally mimeographed in a * ComAc No. 121 [Aug. 22, 1966].) Historical notes on the origin of this toponym and its many variations. Apparently the official name is Riachuelo de la Boca, but other names include Riachuelo de los Navios, R. de los Querandies, R. de Barracas, R. de la Trinidad·, also Río Pequeño, Rio-Chuelo, Río de Buenos Aires. Author documents where and how he found these names in old books and papers. Salta [896] Solá, José Vicente. "Salta y su toponimia," BAE XXXI (1951), 127131. See No. 860. Santa Fe *[897] Zapata Gollán, Agustín. Santa Fe: topónimo hispanoamericano. Santa Fe: Dpto. de Estudios Etnográficos y Coloniales, 1969, 15 p. Tucumán [898] Campanella, Andrés, "Tucumán," BFM III (1941-1942), 358-361.

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The author derives this toponym from Aymara tuku-huaña 'end, limit' (i.e., of the Inca empire), the evolutionary process being: Tukuhuáña > Tukuhuáñ > Tukuhuán > Tukuván > Tukumán. Annotated by Boggs, HLAS Vol. 9, No. 2017. [899] Auza Arce, Carlos. "Tucumán," RMNL XV (1946), 189-191. Derives this word from tucu + uman. Tucu in Quechua has several meanings; in this case, claims the author, the basic root is thuku 'subterráneo'. Uman is an Aymara root word for 'water', and is common to both Quechua and Aymara. So in this context and construction Tucumán = 'ríos sumergibles'. "Tucumán means 'submergible rivers', and in pre-Columbian times referred to all the regions where they are found in Argentina" (Boggs, "Folklore Bibliography for 1948," SFQ XIII [1949], p. 92). [900] Gargaro, Alfredo. "Tucumán-Significado de esta palabra," Actas del Primer Congreso de Historia de los pueblos de la provincia de Tucumán (12 al 17 de octubre de 1951, Tucumán), pp. 1-27. Author claims that the word Tucumán is a hispanization of the primitive Quechua word Tucma, and that the latter word refers to a geographical location, and nothing more. He documents his stand by quoting from a mid-16thcentury correspondence to the king of Spain, and states that "la expresada correspondencia tiene la virtud de desechar cualquiera conjetura sobre el origen del término" (p. 26). In addition to the linguistic consideration of the word, the article also deals with the following aspects of the province: "Su jurisdicción", "Segregaciones sucesivas hasta la fijación de los actuales límites de la provincia", and "Límites en litigio". * [901 ] Zavalia Matienzo, Roberto. "Etimología de la voz 'Tucumán'," RHistTlI, No. 2 (1961), 5-42. Tuyú [902] Vignati, Milcíades Alejo. "El topónimo 'Tuyú'," REd III (1958), 264-270. Gives the history of the semantics and etymology of the toponym, with documentation. The word is from Guaraní and means 'cigüeña'. However, a confusion arose when as early as 1791, the word came to mean 'avestruz' in River Plate vernacular. One of the reasons for the confusion was that the naturalists who used the name for two different birds had none of them been in Argentina, but got their evidence second hand. So both meanings were

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used: 1) scientifically, for 'stork' and 2) in popular speech, 'ostrich.' Further clarification as to who named the place is afforded by noting that the old maps (such as one of 1748) do not show Tuyú but rather Rincón del Tuyú. The author concludes that "basta la enunciación del topónimo poniendo la voz 'tuyú' en nuestra habla para que la propia redacción 'Rincón del Avestruz' canta a las claras el origen hispánico del bautismo." (p. 270). Uruguay [903] Almirón, Carlos R. "Reseñas y etimología de palabras guaraníes usadas en el Uruguay," BFM VI (1950; printed in 1954), 196-208. Primarily an article on the Guaraní language, but with some toponymie data, including the etymology of the word Uruguay, and various names for the Uruguay River. *[904] Campos, A. R. Significado etimológico de Paraguay and Asunción, 1953, 14 p. See also Nos. 817 and 903.

Uruguay.

[904A] Rona, José Pedro. Uruguay. An offprint of Names VIII (1960), Montevideo, 5 p. See No. 819. An essential conclusion: "We believe therefore that 'tail of the urú bird' should be accepted as the meaning of Uruguay, and that the meaning of the other Guaraní place names should likewise be investigated through living Guaraní speech." (p. 5). Villavicencio [905] Molins, W. Jaime. "Villavicencio,"ÄG/1 XV (1941), 137-144. "Study of the different names previously given this warm-water resort, Province of Mendoza" (Dabbs,M4-2, 238). 6. Miscellaneous place name studies 143 [906] Ardissone, Romualdo. "Fuentes geográficas americanas del idioma," REd IV (1959), 1-26. A rather broad study on how semantic extensions, of place names (and geographical and topographical terms) have enriched the Spanish vocabulary. Shows how both Old and New Worlds have been sources for such words. A few random examples: mayonesa < Mahón, oporto, tequila, polonesa,

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Lexicography, Semantics, Etymology

pambiche (Palm Beach suit or cloth), cordillero (used in Chiloé, Chile for 'labrador que trabaja en la preparación de madera en las Cordilleras'), etc. Derivations from toponymie sources, then, apply to all kinds of thingscoffee, tobacco, cheeses, pottery, liquors, scientific terms (e.g. Califórnidos, an aboriginal type native to California), etc. Even the United States has contributed many words—Far West, etc. Article is also useful in its mentioning and frequently summarizing past studies of this topic. There are not many examples that originate in Argentina and Uruguay, but there are some. For example, a section beginning on p. 24 shows how Argentine place names have been given to geologic periods, e.g. casamayorana, a term applying to part of the Eocene Period, named after Casamayor 'punta situada en la provincia de Santa Cruz'. At the end, author speculates as to whether Old or New World has contributed most. Concludes that a more exhaustive study will have to decide that point. [907] Ardissone, Romualdo. Influencia del ombú en la toponimia sudamericana. Buenos Aires, 1941, 115 p. [Illustrated] "Excellent study of more than 300 occurrences of the name of this tree in place names of Argentina, Uruguay, southern Brazil and Paraguay, chiefly those of ranches, islands, streams and other small places and natural features, rather than large administrative divisions, which usually bear names of historical events and persons" (HLAS Vol. 9, No. 2015; same annotation in "Folklore Bibliog. for 1943," SFQ VIII [1944], p. 92). [908] Ardissone, Romualdo. "Toponimias americanas," RGA XXXVI (1953), 2^3-255. [Maps] Political events and figures have always, of course, been important sources for place names, and the New World is no exception, as this article shows. Especially rich as sources of place names are San Martín, Bolivar, George Washington, Columbus, and Artigas. Maps for these are given. Many other examples. Author concludes by pointing out that "la toponimia es una forma de culto rendido a los proceres" (p. 255). Annotated by Dabbs,M4-2, No. 84, p. 234. [909] Castro Esteves, Ramón de. "Lugares históricos relacionados con San Martín," RGA XVIII (1942), 61-72. [Illus.] An article, rich in photographs, that presents a "survey of places significant in the biography of San Martin, with etymologies of some of the more obscure names" (Dabbs, NA-2, No. 85, p. 236).

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*[910] Coni, Emilio A. Tradición y folklore. La nomenclatura ferroviaria. 1942. "Para dar la razón de la inclusión de estos nombres en la nomenclatura ferroviaria el ingeniero E. A. Coni publicó [en 1942] un cuaderno titulado Tradición . . . [as above]. Es un estudio histórico y folklórico a la vez, muy bien informado." (Carrizo, 162.) [911] Franzini Mendiondo, Elsa. "El seibo tiene un eco toponímico notable en la Argentina," REd IV (1959), 3 9 ^ 8 . Maps. Article begins by detailing the characteristics, locations, uses, and flower of this tree (ceiba, in English), and goes on to show how it has given its name to 81 difference places or streams. Most of these are in Entre Ríos and Corrientes, but the names are also found in Salta, Jujuy, and Tucumán. Usually spelled ceibo. Other derivations used for names: ceibos, ceiba, ceibas, ceibal, ceibalito. [912] Holmer, Nils M. "Indian Place Names in South America and the Antilles," Afames VIII (1960), 133-149,197-219; IX (1961), 37-52. General articles without any index or word-list. Map on p. 49 of last installment shows distribution of Kechua-Aymara, Tupi-Guaranian and Araucanian names. [913] Jover Peralta, Anselmo. El guarani en la geografia de América. Tupá [Buenos Aires, prov.], 1950, 272 p. This book begins by describing the Guaraní language, and by discussing such topics as its influence on Spanish and the history of such, previous studies made on the subject, and much other information about this language. Then commences (p. 13) a dictionary of place names and geographical expressions, divided as follows: pp. 13-20-geographical and toponymical Guaraní words; pp. 21-29—Tupi place names and expressions; pp. 29-46—Indian names in Central America; pp. 47-55—Indian names in the Antilles; pp. 7586—in Bolivia; pp. 87-102-in Brazil; pp. 103-138-in Chile; pp. 139-268-in Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, United States, Guianas, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. The arrangement of the words, a cumbersome one, is alphabetical within each section; an overall alphabetical listing would have been more useful. Furthermore, there are errors (example: ceiba is much more likely to have come from Taino than Guaraní) and the author seems too little versed in linguistics to be able to judge his sources competently. In spite of the title, Guaraní is not the only language included. Author's purpose is stated at beginning: "Partimos . . . de un hecho incuestionable, el de la existencia de

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topónimos y vocablos guaraníes en todo el continente" (p. xxxi). C. A. Ronchi, in a critical review (AILCW [1952], 426-430), claims that the author, in order to maintain this thesis, forces or misinterprets facts violently and deliberately, and that the reader is likely to end up thinking that for Jover Peralta almost any indigenism has a Guaraní origin. Ronchi concludes that for "el lector confiado" the book is untrustworthy. More than 5,000 terms listed. Useful bibliography on pp. 269-272. Annotated by Dabbs, NA-1, p. 181. [914] Koëssler Ilg, Bertha de. "Etimologiá de algunos topónimos según informantes araucanos," PCAAA 11(1963), 139-145. "Siguiendo las fuentes de la etimología popular araucana y, por otra parte, el testimonio de documentos de conquistadores y colonizadores de la primera época, la autora hace un estudio sobre los distintos significados de los topónimos siguientes: Bariloche, Copahue, Curuhuinga, Huahun, Machonico, Neuquén, Poca-Hullo, Quita-Quina, Sancabao y Cerro de la Virgen-C.D.R." (Alcina Franch, No. 119, p. 353). *[915] Molinari, H. J. Sobre la ortografía de los nombres geográficos indígenas de la Argentina. Buenos Aires, 1944. [916] Nardi, Ricardo L. J. "Toponimia cunza en la Argentina," RGA XLI (1958), 178-180. Lists, in paragraph form with no overall ABC listing, of place names from this language for the provinces of Jujuy, Salta and Catamarca. Author describes Cunza: "La lengua cunza o acatamefla es diferente del quechua y del aymara, si bien ha recibido préstamos de ambos y también del araucano e incluso del español. Es de presumirse que todavía se hable en algún punto de nuestro territorio." [917] Strube Erdmann, León E. "Técnica etimológica y etimología andina," RUNC XXX (1943), 419-459. Also in book form: Córdoba, 1943,48 p. Contents of this article: Chapter I is a general introduction to the problems confronting students of the etymologies of indigenous languages. Includes commentary on such factors as the inconsistent and chaotic orthography of the early writers, and on the work of Lenz regarding the writing and pronunciation of the early Spaniards. Since all of this applies especially to toponymy, article is included here. Chapter II treats "las reglas fonéticas que revelan la falsa pronunciación de las voces indígenas". Chapter III, "Las lenguas andinas", surveys sounds and even grammar, accentuation, numbers, mutations, etc. for the following languages: "el araucano, el huarpe, el kakán, el cunza o

Personal names

239

atacameflo, el uru-pukina, el aimará o colla, el quichua o Keshua (runa-simi), el chinchaysuyu, el yunka o mochika (idioma del Chimú)". At end, "Cuadro comparativo de los idiomas andinos" and Bibliography. "Outlines system of investigation of words written, by paleographer, spoken, by folklorist, then by phonologist, finally by etymologist. Examines traits of various Andean Indian languages and reaches conclusions on their phonetic similarities and differences" (Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1943," SFQ VIII [1944], p. 99) Also annotated by Dabbs, NA-2, p. 239. [918] Udaondo, Enrique. Significado de la nomenclatura de las estaciones ferroviarias de la República Argentina. Buenos Aires, 1942, 397 p. This place name dictionary gives a brief treatment for each entry, with emphasis on location and source of name. Most of these places are named after men—governors, other politicians, engineers, military men, etc.; some other sources are some indigenous names—for which author gives scant etymological data, rivers and other topographical features, battles etc. "En este libro se da la etimología de los nombres indígenas, la razón que justifica la inclusión de nombres de personas y de lo que evocan aquellas que tienen nombres de flores, animales o prendas usadas por nuestros paisanos" (Carrizo, 162). J. Personal names 1 4 4 [919] Alvarez, Gregorio. "Gentilicios y patronímicos araucanos," PCAAA II (1963), 105-107. A brief study of Araucanian group or tribal names and patronymics, especially as to their origins. Main sources of gehtilicios: locations, characteristics of inhabited places, names of tribal chiefs. The patronymics come from such tilings as words denoting totems or clans, personal qualities, ancestral nicknames or surnames, place names or terms denoting geographical features, even Spanish names that had a euphonious appeal; etc. [920] Amezaya, Vicente D. "Los apellidos vascos en el Uruguay," ΒFM VII (1952;printed in 1958), 449-462. "Reviews history of Bask family names which are based chiefly on geographic names, and discusses differences in interpreting them and how a list of them should be compiled" (Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1958," SFQ XXIII [1959], p. 70). [921] Banales Lizaso, Miguel. "Los patronímicos vascos en el Uruguay," BFM V ( 1949), 684-777; VIII (1959), 143-159.

240

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A discussion of patronymics of Basque origin found in Uruguay, including a long list of over 10,000 names. "To be followed by a study of their etymology and meaning" (Kany, H LAS Vol. 17, No. 2222 and Vol. 24, 4709). I have found no evidence of a continuation. [922] Beno García, Adolfo. "Gentilicios uruguayos," BFM III (1941-1942), 362-372 and 457-474. A study of the creation of words by means of affixes, and a listing and discussion of the principal Argentine and Uruguayan gentilicios. Many examples given. "Directed by Berro García, chief of philological section of the Instituto de Estudios Superiores, a seminar group gathered and analyzed the adjectival suffixes preferred to designate people and things from various places from all regions of Uruguay. Results recorded here" (Boggs, HLAS Vol. 9, No. 2016; same annotation in SFQ IX [1945], p. 9). [923] Berro García, Adolfo. "Los gentilicios uruguayos," BIFCh VIII, Homenaje a Rodolfo Oroz (1954-1955), 15-34. List of names used to designate people from various cities of the Uruguayan departments. Gives statistics on the main gentilicios used (-ense being favored); gives percentages. [924] Binaya Cannona, Narciso. "Apellidos araucanos de La Pampa," PCAAA II (1963), 25-27. Artide shows how the "pueblo mapuche" put much importance on ancestry, and family names. Shows also how these names originated and evolved in the province of La Pampa. Catalogs, classifies and discusses the names, many of which are mixed up and changed, by history, by the Spanish contact, etc. *[925] Bravo, Domingo A. Hibridación quichua-castellana. Los apodos en el lenguaje popular santiagueño. A paper given at the Congreso Internacional de Folklore de Buenos Aires, Dec. 5-10, 1960 (see CINIFII [1961], 257). [926] Calvo, Carlos. Nobiliario del antiguo virreynato del Rio de la Plata. Buenos Aires, 6 vols., 1936-41. "Histories of distinguished families. Each volume has an alphabetical index of the personal names mentioned in the text" (Dabbs, NA-3, No. 480, p. 170). [927] Cutolo, Vicente Osvaldo. Diccionario de alfónimos y seudónimos de la Argentina, 1800-1930. Buenos Aires 1962, 160 p. 145

Personal names

241

A book listing these two types of pen-names of Argentine authors, accompanied, in some cases, by varying amounts of data about their literary production. The book came about through the author's being engaged in 1962 in the writing of a Diccionario biográfico argentino (1800-1930). Not so much linguistics as it is literary history. 146 Annotated by Wogan, HLAS Vol. 26, No.1327. [928] Díaz, Juan C. Diccionario de nombres propios de personas y apellidos más usuales en el Río de la Plata. Ortografía, ortología, silábica, y prosodia de dichos nombres y apellidos. Apéndices, A. Aponte, ed. Asunción, 1950, 100 p. 147 The parts of this book of interest to this bibliography are: 1) an alphabetical list of names (pp. 19-58), which is a simple listing with no additional data; the names are from many language sources; and 2) two of the appendices: a short list of "Nombres guaraníes españolizados" (example: Toritú > Portillo), and another list of "Nombres y apellidos castellanos guaranizados" (example: Carmen > Kamé). The rest of the book is a rather superficial hodgepodge of grammatical miscellany. [929] Entraigas, R. A. "Un apellido patagónico," Argentina Austral (Buenos Aires) Año 31, No. 341 (March 1960), pp. 10-12. About the name Entraigas, a "colaborador" of this journal. The main facts: a Frenchman named Jean Antoine Entraygues came to Patagonia in 1821. By 1833 his name had evolved to Entraigas, and author shows the various steps, citing local legal documents, etc. Other forms of the name which have appeared: Antruegue, Entraydes, Entrayga, Entraigues, Entraiga, Entraygas, Entreygas. The main points of controversy seem to have been whether to use i OT y, and whether or not to use s. [930] González Mendilaharzu, Carlos M. "Heráldica y apellidos vascos en el Uruguay," BFM V (1949), 69-78. Discusses and analyzes a considerable number of Basque-Uruguayan surnames and their origins. 148 [931] Greñón, Pedro. "Apodos históricos. Relaciones documentales," Hist 1:2 (1955), 97-110. This article consists of a lengthy list of nicknames, gleaned from the Archives of the province of Córdoba. Covers period 1603-1864. First page lias a few generalizations about nicknames—how they arise, what social classes are most prone to use them, various types, etc. This list is not alphabetical, but

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is listed by years. At end (pp. 109-110), there is a "Lista Alfabética de los apodos compilados", but without page index to the text of the article. *[932] Lullo, Orestes di. "Equivalentes familiares santiaguefios de los nombres propios," Revista de la Junta de Estudios Históricos de Santiago del Estero, No. 1, Año I (Sept. 1943), Santiago del Estero. [933] Martín, Eusebia H. Apellidos indígenas documentados en los archivos provinciales del noroeste argentino. Buenos Aires, 1961, 93 p. A listing of real names (men and women) derived from Indian tongues, for Catamarca, Córdoba, Jujuy, La Rioja, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán. The list is broken down into towns. At end of book there is an "Indice alfabético" of some 500 names, divided by provinces. [934] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "Appunti di onomastica rioplatense (comportamenti grafici e fonetici dei cognomi italiani nel Piata)," Atti e Memorie del VII Congresso Internazionale di Onomastica e Toponomastica, Firenze-Pisa, Aprii 4-8, 1961, Voi. 3, pp. 227-239. A technical article showing how Italian names in the River Plate region become hispanicized. Deals with spelling and pronunciation and how Italian adapts itself to the Spanish graphic-phonological system. No index or list of names, material being taken up by phonemic units (such as s plus consonant, sc,gl,gh,gn, etc.). [935] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "Prénoms et surnoms au Río de la Plata," RIO XVI (1964), 21-32 and 105-114. Article surveys prénoms (given names) and surnoms (surnames, in the sense of additional or qualifying names rather than family names) common to the River Plate region. It analyzes their origins and the creative processes which have produced them. Comparisons are made with names and namemaking in peninsular Spanish, and even other European languages and situations are brought in. Author shows how ethnic elements, social class, relative influence of religion and ritual, rural or urban population, influence of cinema, politics, sports, arts, literature, etc.-all play important rôles in the name-creating process. Sections of the article: l. La pluralité onomastique] 2. Prénoms étrangers-, 3. Prénoms qui proviennent de fausses interprétations·, 4. Elements lexicaux divers qui deviennent des prénoms ; 5. Procédés d'altération dans les prénoms,6. Procédés de composition·, 7. Surnoms', 8. Conclusions. [936] Rodríguez Molas, Ricardo. "Apodos coloniales rioplatenses," RHistM XXVII (1957), 217-229.

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An essay on the origin of nicknames—by apocopation, use of suffixes, transformations, etc., followed by a list of 67 historical names taken from the Archivos Generales de la Nación, Division Colonia, Buenos Aires. "Interesting list of colonial n i c k n a m e s . . . " (Wogan,//Z,^45 Vol. 24, No. 4775). [937] Sansone de Martínez, Eneida. "Pequeño diccionario de seudónimos de poetas gauchescos" in author's La imagen en la poesia gauchesca (Montevideo, 1962), pp. 391-394. A list of 96 names. [938] Serdoch, Pedro L. and Igonda, C. Marcelo. Diccionario onomatológico, con la etimologia de más de 2.500 nombres propios. Mendoza 1952, 215 p. Strictly speaking, this onomatological and etymological dictionary of first or given names is not a regional work. However, it is included in this compilation because it purports to include those names most widespread "en nuestro medio." Each entry includes short biographical data on some famous Argentine and/or Spanish American possessors of such names as Juan (e.g., San Martin, Perón), Eva (Perón), Bernardo (O'Higgins, etc.), Francisco (Miranda, etc.), and so on. The book in its first sections gives much general information on the origin or sources and nature of names. The dictionary proper is divided into "Nombres propios más comunes" (pp. 29-96) and "Nombres propios menos comunes" (pp. 97-180). What particular purpose this division serves is a mystery to this annotator. [939] Storni, Julio S. Motes del Tucumán. Contribución para el mejor conocimiento del folklore argentino. See No. 168. [940] Tibón, Gutierre. Onomástica hispanoamericana. Indice de siete mil nombres y apellidos castellanos, vascos, árabes, judíos, italianos, indoamericanos, etc., y un índice toponímico. México 1961,360 p. [Illus.] 149 This is a major work of scholarship of great merit. The following annotations give excellent coverage. "The Hispano-American names discussed in this volume derive from 73 languages, of which 18 are American Indian. Chapter 27 deals with native names from the Antilles, Central and South America . . . A fine work, valuable for cultural as well as linguistic history" (Wogan,HLAS Vol. 25, No. 3966). "This is a compendium, but not a lexicon of information about names, primarily personal names, in Spanish. A series of essays, each of which deals with a particular name or group of names. Etymology and derivatives . . . The etymologies are solid enough, but the most valuable new contributions are the lists of variant forms that have come from a single basic

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form. For example, the book lists 23 family names that derive from Latin Castrum. Such information is rarely available in one place . . . No overall bibliography . . . There is one index of names and family names (pp. 289347), and an index of place-names (pp. 349-360). A valuable companion to the author's earlier Diccionario de nombres propios . . . Place-Names are mostly incidental to the text, not subjects for discussion . . . " (From a review by Dabbs, Names XI [1963], 65-66). Also reviewed by B. Pottier, RIO XVII (1965), 157. [941 ] Tovar y Ramírez, Enrique D. "De la inextricable selva de los apellidos," BAAL XII (1943), 443-458. A list of over 500 surnames classified alphabetically within 16 groups of sources of origin. Some of these groups are: patronymics; saints' names; "modos de subsistir" (e.g. Zapatero); "jerarquías militares o eclesiásticas" (e.g. Abad); "motes y alcuñas" (e.g. Cabezudo); "cualidades morales, etc." (Bravo, Cortés, etc.); nations, provinces, cities; plants; animals; historical allusions (Navas, Las Casas); "alcuñas de nacimiento, señorío, conquista, etc." (Conde, Ladrón de Guevara, etc.); agricultural terms or terms from nature (Lago Helado, Hay Arado, Buey sin Fatiga, etc.). Interesting survey of a rather overlooked topic.

II. Inter-Language Influence

A. Between Spanish and American indigenous languages 150 [942] Abregú Virreira, Carlos. "Palabras pronunciadas por el señor Carlos Abregú Virreira en una de las sesiones de los miércoles de la S.A.D.E.L.," PNI No. 40 (1942), pp. 2,4. A rather informal talk151 about some 35 indigenisms that are very common in daily Argentine conversation. He composes an imaginary paragraph that could have been spoken by a typical porteño. The Quechua words he discusses: cancha, morocho, mate, pampa, yapa, chirimoya, vincha, and curaca', then "argentinismos de procedencia quichua": guarangada, cachada, achinado, mateamos, achurando and incaico. Then words from Guaraní: Paraná, surubí, Ibera, aguaribay, tucura, isoca, mburucuyá, tapera, mandioca, tuyu. Baguales, he claims, is of uncertain origin. [943] Anzalaz, Fermín Alfredo (ed.). Folklore de los valles calchaquies. See No. 171. [944] Aramburu, Julio. Voces de supervivencia indigena. Buenos Aires, 1944,74 p. The main body of this dictionary is a "Vocabulario criollo" defining some 800 words, almost all from Quechua, that are prominent in River Plate Spanish. Perhaps a couple dozen from other languages—Araucanian, Mayan, Nahuatl and Caribe. [945] Ardissone, Romualdo. Aspectos de la glotogeografia argentina. Buenos Aires, 1955,148 p. [Illus.] Although this work is primarily toponymical (see No. 795 above), there is considerable detail pertinent to this section, such as "Supervivencias indígenas* in which author discusses why indigenous words survive {costumbristas like them; colorful effects, etc.); material on unilingualism, bilingualism, plurilingualism, etc.; much too about varying degrees of resistance to Spanish amongst the Indian languages, and, contrariwise, about the fading out of the latter.

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*[946] Ares de Parga, Dora J. "Algunas voces de origen quichua en el habla regional de Jujuy," Danzas Nativas (revista argentina de danzas y folklore), Buenos Aires, Ario 2, No. 20 (May 1958), 5-6. [947] Benavento, Gaspar L. El guarani en Entre Ríos. Buenos Aires, 1962, 108 p. "This is not a study of the Guaraní language in the province of Entre Ríos, Argentina, as the title suggests, but a list of words referring to animal and plants, geographical features, etc., used by Spanish speakers in the area. The author's information, culled largely from secondary sources, and not always accurately, makes such obvious mistakes as ascribing a Guaraní origin to words long known to be of other provenience, e.g. changüí, chamuchina, barbacuá, guayaba. A work to be consulted, but with caution" (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 26, No. 1311). See also No. 833 above. [948] Bravo, Domingo A. El quichua santiagueño: reducto idiomàtico argentino. Tucumán, 1956,400 p. [Maps] This long study of the Quechua language as spoken in Santiago del Estero shows that Quechua there "está muy penetrado de castellano por haber seguido un desarrollo paralelo desde la conquista española hasta la fecha" (p. 219). The inter-lingual influence, however, has functioned in both directions. At the end of the book (396-400) there is a supplemental list of hybrid terms entitled "Hibridación castellana-quichua de voces que no tienen sus letras iniciales en nuestra signografía." [949] Bravo, Domingo A. "El quichua santiagueño," Hum 11:6 (1955), 219-230. An article with some historical data but mostly dealing with "El Cancionero Quichua," giving the original words of some Quechua songs, with translations into "bilingual" Quechua and then into Spanish. [950] Bravo, Domingo A. Diccionario quichua-santiagueño-castellano. 2a ed., rev., Buenos Aires, 1967, 333 p. "This is actually a dictionary of the Quechua of Santiago del Estero, Argentina. The phonetic description, rather well done, shows some mutual influence: // represents zh apparently in both languages. In Peru both would have [L]." (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 30, No. 2537.) [951 ] Bravo, Domingo A. El quichua en el 'Martin Fierro 'y en 'Don Segundo Sombra'. See no. 503.

Between Spanish and American indigenous languages *[952] Bravo, Domingo A. Hibridación quichua-castellam. lenguaje popular santiagueño. See No. 925.

247

Los apodos en el

[953] Bravo, Domingo A. "El sustrato lingüístico de Santiago del Estero," Hum X: 15 (1962), 77-87. See No. 145. * [954] Canal Feijóo, Bernardo. "La voz secreta de la raza en el folklore argentino," in Proceedings of the Eighth American Scientific Congress, held in Washington, D.C., May 10-18, 1940, Vol. II (Anthropological Sciences), Washington (Dept. of State) 1942, pp. 265-269. "Contains an interesting discussion of the use of Quechua words and phrases in the coplas of Santiago del Estero, a region whose Indian population has disappeared through mestizaje. The author concludes that the use of the Indian tongue is not capricious, that it is used to express satire or to state bold truths, which should ethically not be said in Spanish. Unfortunately, this intriguing hypothesis is stated without supporting evidence, as no textual examples of any coplas are given" (Simmons, Romance, No. 185, p. 47). [955] Casullo, Fernando Hugo. "Voces de supervivencia indígena," BAAL XIX (1950), 169-175; 379-385. The following indigenisms are discussed, some at great length, some very briefly: acatanca (or catanga) (Quechua); acullico (Quechua); adobera (no source given); bagre (Guaraní). These four terms on pp. 169-175. On pp. 379385: aibe ("etimología desconocida, muy posiblemente sea voz cacana"); aibal; antarca and antarquearse (Quechua); apacheta (Quechua); aitá ("voz indígena"). Since much more than a simple definition is given for these words, Casullo's notes have perhaps more folkloric value than lexicographical. In many cases he documents his listing with quotes from regional dictionaries or works of literature. In most cases, his etymologies are meticulous and detailed, but he often admits ignorance of sources. [956] Casullo, Fernando Hugo. "Voces de supervivencia indígena (de origen araucano)," BAAL XXVII (1963), 121-130. The author lists, defines, etymologizes, and gives supporting quotations from literary works for the following araucanismos current in Argentina: batuque, calamaco, changua, chapalear, chapaleo, chingolo, chucaro, laucha, mancarrón, matra, pegual, pilcha, pilchaje, pilcherio, pilón, piola, piolín. A painstaking and scholarly production. "Se recoge en este artículo un vocabulario de lengua araucana haciendo hincapié en las voces más usuales. Se hace

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también un estudio comparativo con otras voces de procedencia indígena argentina" (Alcina No. 96, p. 349). [957] Casullo, Fernando Hugo. Voces indígenas en el idioma español. Buenos Aires, 1963-1964, 116 p. Prólogo de Delfín Leocadio Garasa. A dictionary of about 600 words, from abatí to zupay. Gives language of origin, brief definition, usually quotations from literature. Mostly Guaraní and Quechua; next Araucanian. Gives geographical distribution with most attention to the Platine area. Sharply and critically reviewed by Jorge A. Suárez (in "Indigenismos e hispanismos, vistos desde la Argentina," RPh XX [1966]): " . . . o m i t e étimos indígenas y prescinde de referencias que avalen las etimologías y demuestran falta de crítica en la selección de material" (p. 72). The review includes other negative comments. Annot. by Huberman No. 1016. "The title is very presumptuous since the book deals with the Indian elements in Argentine Spanish: Guaraní, Araucano and Quechua terms . . (from annot. by Canfield, H LAS Vol. 30, No. 2550). [958] Corvalán, Octavio. "El substratum quechua en Santiago del Estero," Hum 111:7 (1956), 85-94. See No. 148. [959] Erize, Esteban. Diccionario comentado mapuche-español. Buenos Aires, 1960, 550 p. [Maps and illus.] As a bilingual dictionary this book does not belong in this bibliography. However, there is material that does apply to the field of interlingual influence, and thus pertinent here. Specifically, the introduction has data not only on Spanish loan words in indigenous tongues, but also on loan words from Quechua and-specially—Araucanian, both of which have contributed so richly to the River Plate vocabulary. There is, as well, data about HispanoIndian lexicography in general. The book has been reviewed at considerable length—and in general negatively—by Jorge E. Suárez in "Problemas de lexicografía hispanoindia," RPh XVII (1963), 155-169 (see No. 981). *[960] Guasch,P. Antonio. El idioma guaraní. Gramática, lectura, vocabulario doble. 2a ed., mejorada y acrecentada. Buenos Aires, 1948, 548 p. Another bilingual dictionary, giving evidence of interacting influences between Spanish and Guaraní. "Un problema de suma importancia son los muchos hispanismos que se encuentran en el guaraní y que indican la penetración cultural española en esta lengua" (from review by W. Giese, AILC V [1952], 422).

Between Spanish and American indigenous languages

249

[961] Harrington, Tomás. "Toponimia del Gününa Kiine," Investigaciones y Ensayos. See No. 872. *[962] Harrington, Tomás. "Voces araucanas usuales en nuestro idioma," MEC LXI:831 (1942), 22-30. *[963] Jover Peralta, Anselmo. Guaranismos de la Banda Oriental. No other data found. [964] Jover Peralta, Anselmo. El guaraní en la geografía de América. Tupá [province of Buenos Aires], 1950. See No. 913. *[965] Koëssler-Ilg, Berta. Tradiciones araucanas, I. Anejo I de Rhesis (Univ. Nac. de La Plata), Buenos Aires, 1962, 339 p. [Fotos] According to the Suárez review of this book (No. 980 below), this book is of interest to this study primarily because of treatment of individual indigenisms: patini or patirru, avechucho, lacho, -a, rabincho and other -ncho terms, chulengo. [966] Lagmanovich, David. "Sobre el español de Santiago del Estero," Hum 111:8 (1957), 55-70. About Quechua substratum; see No. 149. [967] Mezzera, Baltasar Luis. Idioma español y habla criolla. Charrúas y vilelas. Montevideo, 1968, 51 p. This book gives some information on how certain Indian languages— Guaraní, Charrúa, Vilela—influence the pronunciation of some words in River Plate Spanish. No vocabulary, word list, or linguistic footnotes. *[968] Millán de Palavecino, María Delia. "Lexicografía de la vestimenta en el área de influencia quechua," Folia Lingüistica Americana (Buenos Aires) 1:1 (1952), 37-69. Rev. by L. Basto Girón, *Folklore Americano (Lima), Año 2, No. 2 (oct. 1954), 190. *[969] Muniagurria, Saturnino. Voces guaraníes del Diccionario No other data found. 152

Académico.

[970] Nardi, Ricardo L. J. "El quichua de Catamarca y La Rioja," CI NI F 111(1962), 189-285. Although this long treatise is a technical study of the Quechua language

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Inter-Language Influence

(both pre- and post-Hispanic) in these Argentine provinces, it does embrace some material on the interaction of Quechua and Spanish. See, for example, the list of "Hispanismos" (Spanish words used by Quechua speakers) (pp. 222224). There is also a section on Quechuan toponymy in the region (pp. 262 f.). Excellently reviewed by J. Suárez in "Indigenismos e hispanismos, vistos desde la Argentina," RPh XX (1966), 68-90. "Study of the Quichua language in the Argentine provinces of the northwest, a dead language since the turn of the century in this region" (Paredes, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1963," SFQ XXVIII [1964], No. 818). [971 ] Rosas, Juan Manuel de. 153 Gramática y diccionario de la lengua pampa (Pampa-Ranquel-Araucano). Buenos Aires, 1947, 303 p. Author lists but does not define a number of Indian words which he says are "argentinismos, si no por la forma y el origen, por el sentido peculiar que tienen en nuestro país. Muchos de estos términos son argentinismos puros" (p. 285). [972] Schiebeck Pintos, A. L. "Indigenismos explicados por el idioma caingang," BFM III (1941-1942), 373-376. This brief article gives etymologies for 62 indigenisms which author claims derive from Kaingang, a primitive South American language of the Gê family. Mostly flora, fauna and topographic terms. Some of these derivations are probably still uncertain or in dispute, and author sometimes admits this. Examples: bagual, carancho, mangangá ("palabra usada por los guaraníes pero que es Kaingang"), pirincho (". . . puede ser Kerandí. .."), etc. [973] Selva, Juan B. "Evolución lingüística del Río de la Plata," BAAL XIII (1944), 7-17. A brief sketch which might well serve as an introductory essay on this topic. The greater part is concerned with the influence of indigenous tongues —Guaraní, Querandí, Charrúa, Quechua, Araucanian-on the Spanish of the region, especially in contributing toponyms, names of flora and fauna, of indigenous customs and objects, etc. He gives various lists of some of these categories, some words having been then accepted by the Spanish Academy, others not. Other subjects treated: archaisms, the voseo, lunfardo, Italianisms and cocoliche (defined as "macarrónica jerga de inmigrantes calabreses, que sólo ha podido imitarse para causar hilaridad", p. 16). Ends by pointing out that pernicious linguistic influence does not lie in foreign "palabras espurias" but rather in construction and syntax. Rev. in Thes I (1945), 421.

Between Spanish and American indigenous languages

251

[974] Selva, Juan B. "Argentinismos de origen indígena," BAAL XX (1951), 37-95. A list of some 500indigenisms,not then registered in the Spanish Academy dictionary (many of them now are). The words are mostly from Quechua, but some derive from other tongues—Araucanian, Pampa, Guaraní, Chiriguano, Cacán, Aimara, Tupí, Caribe, Bunda, Vilela, etc. For some words the author gives as source simply "nombre indígena"; for others, not even that. Geographical distribution is usually attempted. Flora and fauna terms sometimes include the Latin scientific name. The author points out that Quechua, Guaraní, and Araucanian are the three strongest aboriginal forces in toponymy ; that Guaraní and Araucanian are stronger than Quechua in flora and fauna terms; and that Quechua, on the other hand, gave names to many objects on a wide range. The introduction to the study contains a useful bibliography of 115 items. Annotated by K a n y , / / ¿ A S Vol. 17, No. 2260. *[975] Stieben, Enrique. Araucanismos 1952. No other data found.

de uso comente

en nuestra lengua.

[976] Storni, Julio S. El Hombre de Tukma. Hortus tucumanensis. No. 167.

See

*[977] Storni, Julio S. Disidencias con Leopoldo Lugones sobre voces indígenas. Tucumán: Univ. Nac. de Tucumán, 1954, 38 p. Listed without annotation in HLAS, Vol. 20, No. 720a. *[978] Strube Erdmann, León. "Fitonimia araucana (mapuche)", PCAAA II (1963), 449-471. "Relación de una serie de elementos de la fitonimia araucana mapuche . . .C.D.R." (Alcina No. 431). [979] Strube Erdmann, León. "Técnica etimológica y etimología andina." See No. 917. [980] Suárez, Jorge A. "Indigenismos e hispanismos, vistos desde la Argentina,"-R/% XXX (1966), 68-90. A long review of four books treating various aspects of indigenous languages in Argentina. The review and the books have considerable material about the interaction between Spanish and indigenous tongues, and the review merits an entry here on its own. The books reviewed are: 1) R. L. J. Nardi, El quichua de Catamarca y La Rioja (separata de CINIF\ see No. 970 above); 2) G. Α.

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Terrera, Antiguo vocabulario ibero-indígena y su vigencia actual (see No. 982 below); 3) F. H. Casullo, Voces indígenas en el idioma español (see No. 957 above); and 4) B. Koëssler-Ilg, Tradiciones araucanas, I, Anejo I de Rhesis (Universidad Nacional de La Plata), Buenos Aires 1962, 339 p. (See No. 965.) [981] Suárez, Jorge E. "Problemas de lexicografía hispanoindia," RPh XXVII (1963), 155-169. This long review of Erize's Diccionario comentado mapuche-español (see No. 959 above) is included here because it contains considerable data about interlanguage loans—in both directions—between Spanish and some South American Indian languages, especially Quechua and Araucanian, so prominent in River Plate Spanish. [982] Terrera, Guillermo Alfredo. Antiguo vocabulario ibero-indígena y su vigencia actual. Buenos Aires, 1964, 85 p. This book on archaisms in Argentina has been critically reviewed by J. Suárez (see No. 980 above). The reviewer states that "Terrera se propuso recoger únicamente aquellos 'arcaísmos' españoles e indigenismos que fueran generales en todo el país, excepto las grandes concentraciones urbanas. Pero no advirtió que ni su experiencia personal ni el manejo adecuado de los léxicos regionales existentes eran suficientes para tal propósito, el que supone encuestas sistemáticas como las que requiere un atlas lingüístico". In short, because of a lack of scientific method "la labor de Terrera estaba condenada de antemano al fracaso . . (p. 73). Suárez is also in sharp disagreement with Terre ra's—and many others'—contention that the indigenous American languages have had much influence on regional intonation. Annot. by Huberman, No. 619. [983] Tovar, Antonio, "Los préstamos en mataco: contacto de español y lenguas indígenas," ActSal XVI (1962), 461-468. "A study of some three dozen Spanish loan words in a language of the Chaco which shows unusual resistance to the penetration of Spanish' (Bright, HLAS Vol. 29, No. 2347). Tovar introduces his material by noting the mutual dependence of Spanish and indigenous tongues in the formation of the language of dominant tribes in South America. But Mataco, spoken today in western Argentina by some few thousands of Indians, is one of the extreme cases in which the influence of Spanish has been practically nil. [984] Vega Díaz, Dardo de la. "Indianismos riojanos (letras A a H)," Revista de la Junta de Historia y Letras de LaRioja (La Rioja) Año IV, No. 3 (1945), 95-118; Conclusión: letras I a Z, ibid., No. 4, 114-136.

Between Spanish and modern European

languages

253

Approximately 600 well-known terms from Indian tongues are briefly defined. Only occasionally are languages of origin and etymologies given. Mostly flora and fauna, many of these "Indianismos" are known in other parts of South America. [985] Vidal de Battini, Berta E. "Nomenclatura geográfica popular," Chap. IV of Vol. VIII of La Argentina: suma de geografía, Buenos Aires, 1961, pp. 387-448. Much material on language mixtures. Divisions of this chapter: I. Introducción. A. Indigenismos [complete coverage of such terms as pampa, puna, etc.], II. Nombres españoles. A. Arcaísmos; Β. Voces marinas. III. Nombres de plantas y animales. Bibliografía.

B. B e t w e e n Spanish and m o d e r n E u r o p e a n languages 1. Brazilian Portuguese [986] Albuquerque, A. Tenorio d \ "Brasileirismos em 'Don Segundo Sombra'." See No. 495. [987] Albuquerque, A. Tenorio d'. "Brasileirismos em Javier de Viana . . ." See No. 530. * [988] Albuquerque, A. Tenorio d'. Falsos brasileirismos. Rio de Janeiro, 1 9 4 8 , 3 1 7 p. 1 5 4 About Argentinisms and Americanisms in general which author claims have been erroneously designated as of Brazilian origin. Heavily documented, the study is primarily a treatment of the language of Rio Grande do Sul. "Indicates the error of classifying as brasileirismos words coming to other Latin American countries, among them: amolar, apero, amargo, bagual, bochinche, boliche, cancha, gringo, guasca, flete, ponche, chiripá, etc. Cites many illustrative examples of their usage" (Kany, HLAS Vol. 14, No. 2563). Reviewed at length by C. Martinez Vigil in RNLA XI (1948), 3 2 5 - 3 2 8 ; this review is reprinted in QLA, pp. 23-26. [989] Ornellas, Manoelito de. "Espanholismos e nào argentinismos," Correio do Poyo, l'orto Alegre, Jan. 25, 1948 ("página literaria"). Reproduced in QLA, p p . 1 7 9 - 1 8 3 .

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Influence

A critical review of Albuquerque's Falsos brasileirismos. Ornellas disapproves the classification as argentinismos of certain Rio Grande do Sul words, and claims they should be called "espanholismos" or "iberismos". The gist of his argument is that a close cultural contact exists between the Rio Grande do Sul people and Uruguay, not Argentina. Furthermore, this contact dates back to early colonial days, when Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul were settled by people from northern Iberia, where the Leonese and Galician dialects predominated. The Argentine gaucho is, claims Ornellas, very different from his riograndense-\Jrugua.ya.n counterpart and goes back to settlers from southern Spain. So, in short, the linguistic influence is not via Argentina, but rather from northern Iberia itself, and thus the inaccuracy of the designation "argentinismos". [990] Albuquerque, A. Tenorio d'. "Espanholismo e argentinismo. A propósito do livro 'Falsos brasileirismos,'" in QLA, pp. 173-177. 155 A reply to Ornellas' criticism above (No. 989), containing more notes about interchange of linguistic border influences. Albuquerque admits that some Rio Grande words he calls "argentinismos" are in fact "espanholismos", and he lists some. He also asserts that some are "americanismos" as well as "argentinismos". But he insists that many terms are definitely "argentinismos" and not "espanholismos", and he lists a considerable number (containing such words as cancha and macanudo, for example). He claims further that for some words it is practically impossible to say whether they came from Argentina or Uruguay. He quotes a paragraph from Canillita by Sánchez to illustrate this point. [991] Ornellas, Manoelito de. "A linguagem do Pampa," Correio do Povo, Pòrto Alegre, Feb. 24, 1948. Reproduced in QLA, pp. 183-186. A continuation and amplification of the polemic above (Nos. 989 and 990). Again Ornellas draws upon the statistics of Pedro Henríquez Ureña, 156 showing that Argentina was settled principally by southern Spaniards (mostly Andalusians), while Uruguay was settled by people from the Atlantic ports of La Maragateria and La Corufla. Thus the linguistic background of UruguayRio Grande is Leonese, and of Argentina Andalusian. Heavily documented. [992] Albuquerque, A. Tenorio d'. "Gauchismos no Brasil" and "Brasileirismos nos pampas," in QLA, pp. 52-54. Brief commentary on the lexical exchange between Rio Grande do Sul and Argentina-Uruguay, and the gauchos' (and gauchos') part in it.

Between Spanish and modern European languages

255

[993] Albuquerque, A. Tenorio d'. Gauchismos. A linguagem do Rio Grande do Sul. Influência do Castelhano, das línguas africanas, do Guaraní, do Tupi e do Quichua. Pòrto Alegre, 1954, 101 p. This study of the language of Rio Grande do Sul is included here because of the considerable material on Spanish-Portuguese interplay. Abundantly documented with both lexicographical and literary citations. Much miscellany about americanismos in general, as well as border linguistics. Some detailed treatment of individual words. Pages 97-101 give an alphabetical listing of authors cited in the book. "Notes on words which the author considers peculiar to the state of Rio Grande do Sul, with discussion of their origin (Spanish, African, Amerindian)" (R. E. Dimmick, HLAS Vol. 19, No. 5201). [994] Albuquerque, A. Teñorio d'. "O vocabulário do Rio Grande do Sul," RPLP XXVI (1961), 99-108. "General observations on gaúcho speech and its debt to River Plate Spanish" (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 26, No. 1301). Sections of the article: Influência estrangeira no vocabulário sul-riograndense / Falsos brasileirismos / Brasileirismos do sul I Repulsa aos brasileirismos / Documentaçâo. [995] Fuertes Alvarez, Dionisio. "La lengua española en el Rio Grande del Sur (Brazil)," Pres. y fut. 1,361-366. An excellent article about the influence of Spanish upon the language of this Brazilian state, one where some linguists believe the best Portuguese in the world is spoken. In any event, Rio Grande's relation to Castilian is unique among the Brazilian states. Article discusses such factors as the ethnic composition and the colonizing history of the region; the influence of geography; cultural relationships such as the ready penetration of Platine newspapers and books; the fact that Argentine and Uruguayan radio stations are heard better than Brazilian stations; etc. The study also points up the great number of Spanish words in Rio Grande speech (even when these are often erroneously considered as gauchismos), the influence of Spanish on morphology, phonetics and intonation (the language of the gaucho is less nasal and his syllabic accentuation much stronger than the speech of other Brazilians, giving Rio Grande speech greater sonority and clarity). Many other interesting details, including a list of commonly accepted terms used there. [996] Pinto, Luis C. Entre gauchos y gauchos, argentinismos y brasileirismos. Idioma nacional argentino. Ensayos lingüísticos. Buenos Aires, 1963,123 p. A strong believer in a "lengua nacional," author deplores the current (1963) lack of serious "estudios lingüísticos nacionales" and, even more, the

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In ter-Language In flu enee

general tendency to condemn popular language. He states that he is going to concern himself with one of the writers manifesting this tendency: Arturo Capdevila; that he will examine some of the newspaper articles of Capdevila and "su posición bien definida de ultracastellanista . . Λ 1 5 7 In these articles Capdevila sets out to prove that some 35 words are not argentinismos but brasileñismos. Pinto himself then discusses these same words and concludes that Capdevila's work is not serious or scientific, for one tiling because he should have chosen illustrative writers closer to actual usage. [997] Rona, José Pedro.El 'caingusino': un dialecto mixto hispanoportugués. Montevideo (Univ. de Montevideo), 1959, 4 pp. mimeographed. [Map of Misiones] A study of the dialect of the Departamento of Cainguás and parts of the Departamento of Oberá in southern central Misiones province, Argentina. The caingusino (or cainguseiro) region does not border on Brazil, but was settled by a large number of Brazilian immigrants, and thus manifests a dialect somewhat similar to the "fronterizo" speech of northern Uruguay. The field observations were made by the author in 1957 and 1958; he disclaims any profundity for the article because of insufficient time to do a thorough study. Nevertheless, interesting data is provided. For example: the phonetic and lexical elements of the dialect are basically Portuguese; however, it is a true dialect rather than simply "bad" Portuguese because its morphological structure and system is different; the principal groups immigrating into the area were Brazilians, Germans, Slavs, and Japanese in that order. Mixed in too are the remnants of a Guaraní sub-stratum. Some specific phonetic, lexical and morphological details are given. [998] Rona, José Pedro. "La frontera lingüística entre el portugués y el español en el Norte del Uruguay," Veritas, Pòrto Alegre, Año VIII (1963), No. 2, 201-221. [3 maps] "A very active Uruguayan linguist examines Portuguese encroachments in Uruguayan territory in the light of the Meillet theory regarding the development of language frontiers where two patterns of speech meet after advancing from opposite directions. The two should form a well-defined boundary, with the language of either side much as it was in the nucleus settlement. This is not the case, and near the political border there is pure Portuguese in several places, a zone of dialecto fronterizo (a mixture of two languages in all ways) and then a zone of Spanish with slight Portuguese influence. He concludes this is due to political history. One might refer, too, to the similarity of the two languages!" (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 28, No. 1627). Parts of the article:

Between Spanish and modern European languages

257

I: Interrelación del portugués y del español en el Río de la Plata. II. Determinación de las variaciones lingüísticas. III. Los resultados obtenidos. IV. Los distintos tipos de portuguesismos. V. Algunas características de los portuguesismos. VI. Conclusiones metodológicas. Three important maps at end: 1) Grados de penetración de portuguesismos en el Uruguay [4 different zones]; 2) Ocurrencia y significados de la palabra CISCO [four meanings shown: basura, carbón, papel carbónico, trozo pequeño de algo]; 3) Derivados del portugués VARGEN. Rev. by M. Paiva Bolêo,Â/>FXIII (1964-65), 5 8 5 - 8 7 .

[999] Roña. José Pedro. El dialecto 'fronterizo' del Norte del Uruguay. Montevideo, 1 9 6 5 , 4 5 p. 1 5 8 With the exception of the first section (I. Determinación del "dialecto fronterizo"), this study deals almost exclusively with phonology and/or phonetics. The author explains that northern Uruguay consists really of three areas: 1) the extreme north inhabited by Portuguese-speaking people; 2) an area farther to the south, of Spanish-speaking inhabitants, with some Portuguese lexical influence, and 3) a zone between, or partly overlapping, the other regions, where the "real" "dialecto fronterizo" exists, and with which the author is concerned in this study. The other divisions are: II. La mezcla de los sistemas fónicos. III. El sistema propio del "fronterizo". IV. Las realizaciones fonéticas. V. Otros efectos fónicos de la mezcla. Reviewed by M.J .M.S., RPF XII (1962-1963), 717; by A. Avram, SCL 20 (1969), 117-118; and by Ζ. Hampl, PhP Χ ( 1967), 122-123.

[999A] Elizaincín, Adolfo. "The Emergence of Bilingual Dialects on the Brazilian-Uruguayan Border," Ling 177 (1976), 123-139. "Summarizes the political-demographical situation in this area. [Brazilian expansionism] resulted in the reinforcing of border areas by settlements of Uruguayans . . . The position linguistically is complicated by the presence not only of the Fronterizo speech variants but of bilingual patterns in the towns where std. Spanish änd Portuguese are spoken (e.g. Rivera), and where upper class people favour one language or the other according to the situation in which they find themselves. Even on the Urug. side of the border the bilingual system can best be described as Portuguese-based with Spanish interference, however. Lately, bilinguals in Spanish and Fronterizo instead of Spanish and Portuguese are emerging, and this may herald a change." (From annot. by Gifford, YWMLS 38 [ 1 9 7 6 ] , 378.) "A follow-up to Rona's 'La frontera lingüística . . [See No. 9 9 8 ] " (From Canfield's annot. in HLAS, Vol. 40, No. 6038).

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*[999B] Elizaincín, Adolfo. Algunos aspectos de la sociolingüística del dialecto fronterizo. Montevideo, 1973, 15 p. " . . . A follow-up to Rona's 'La frontera lingüística . . .' [See No. 998], . . . Describes in some detail border situation (Urug.-Braz.) in which there is a band near border in Urug. where only Port, is spoken, another farther inland in which a Portuguese with Spanish influence is spoken, and yet another in which the lang, is Portuguese-influenced Span., and finally Span. only. Span, does not penetrate into B r a z i l . . ( F r o m Canfield's annot. in HLAS Vol. 40, No. 6037). [1000] Hensey, Frederik G. The Sociolinguistics of the Brazilian-Uruguayan Border. The Hague-Paris, 1972, 115 p. An extensive, detailed study of the speech of the Brazil-Uruguay border country, specifically of two twin communities—Livramento (Braz.)/Rivera (Urug.) and Jaguaráo (B)/Rio Branco (U.). The book studies the function and operation of the two national languages and of the bilingualism in the current socio-economic milieu of the border. Portuguese is shown to have penetrated into Uruguay far more than Spanish into Brazil, while the language behavior of bilinguals is seen as a function of various social factors. There is greater emphasis on the study of Uruguayan border Portuguese (and of linguistic interference) than on the Spanish of border Uruguay. The main stress is in phonology, but lexicon is also treated in terms of statistical models. There is some discussion of morphology and syntax, supplemented by linguistic texts which include transcriptions of recorded interviews. Many of the findings are highly relevant to the question of vernacular and bilingual education. Gives history of past fronterizo investigations. Also, much data on the methodology used for the study. A thoroughly professional job—perhaps a model for this kind of border linguistic interaction studies. Extensive bibliog. at end. 159 [1000A] Hensey, Fritz [Frederik G.]. "Fronterizo: A Case of Phonological Restructuring," in J. Ornstein (ed.), Three Essays on Linguistic Diversity in the Spanish-Speaking World. The Hague-Paris, 1975, pp. 47-59. A phonological study of the Portuguese of certain areas of northern Uruguay. 160 The gist of the article is the possible structural change of Portuguese and/or fronterizo due to Spanish influence, interference, and bilingualism. Documented heavily with phonemic charts and structural "trees." Author ends article stressing the urgency of more research on fronterizo Portuguese because of changing socioeconomic situations in the border areas of rural Uruguay, leading to possible disappearance of fronterizo dialects as vernaculars. Brief annot. by Gifford, YWMLS 38 (1976), 394.

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[1001] Castex, Eusebio R. "Algunas voces brasileñas pasadas a nosotros," PNI, No. 45 (1943), pp. 3 , 4 . 24 words defined in both Spanish and Portuguese, citing Argentine and Brazilian dictionaries. Attention is frequently called to the lack of lexical documentation. Most items are brief. The words are: bacan, batuque, biaba, bondi, buraco, cachimbo, cara-dura, calote, casal, cafúa, campana, carcamano, escracha, escruncho, farra, gury and guryzada, lunfardo, manata, maricas, mateté, outario, quibébe, safadào, pitar. A number of these terms are lunfardismos. [1002] Wogan, Daniel S. "Algunas expresiones populares en el Brasil e Hispanoamérica," BBA W III (1947), 81-85. An interesting excursion into peripheral lexicography in which the author demonstrates the weakness of American Spanish dictionaries in indicating the geographical distribution of certain terms. In this case, Professor Wogan shows that many terms the Brazilians call "brasileirismos" are also "iberoamericanismos". The terms fit into four categories: Africanisms, Indianisms, Italianisms, and "palabras de varios orígenes". Word lists are given, as well as interesting discussion of some individual words. [1003] López, Brenda V[arsi] de. Lenguaje fronterizo en obras de autores uruguayos. Eliseo Salvador Porta (Artigas), Agustín Ramón Bisio (Rivera), José Monegal (Cerro Largo). Montevideo, 1967, 124 p. In the introduction, author gives, with examples, "grupos que formarían el lenguaje fronterizo usado por los escritores objetos de estudio" (Porta, Bisio, Monegal): 1) Portuguese words, 2) semantic doublets, 3) Port, words modified morphologically or phonetically, 4) Port, words modified semantically, 5) indigenous words. In the corpus each author is treated separately, with ABC vocabularies, in which words are covered in the following order: word, quotation from novel, lexical citations with etymological and semantic data. At end of book there is an overall alphabetical list of the words studied, a total of 189 (Porta 58, Bisio 111, and Monegal 48). "Contiene voces y giros luso-brasileños utilizados por los autores estudiados. . . . La autora aporta valioso material documental." (Luis Alberto Musso, Bibliografía uruguaya sobre Brasil, agosto 1967, p. 53.)

2. English [1004] Barabino, Américo. "English Influence on the Common Speech of the River Plate," Hisp 33 (1950), 163-165.

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Author points out that the population using River Plate common speech amounts to about 5,000,000 people, mostly residents of Buenos Aires and Montevideo. He lists about 50 words, many of which are sport terms, which are of foreign (mostly English) origin, and which have created new ones in the region, or which are used with a special meaning. Annotated in HLAS Vol. 16, No. 2465. Annot. by Teschner No. 151. * [1005] Rusconi, Alberto. "Breve historia de algunos anglicismos usuales en nuestro medio [Uruguay]," Boletín de la Asociación de Profesores de Enseñanza Secundaria y Preparatoria del Uruguay, Montevideo, 1945, 7-9. Listed, unannotated, in Serís No. 15894; comment by Teschner No. 181. *[1006] Mowry, Maxwell R., Jr. "Anglicisms in Journalistic Usage of Buenos Aires, 1870-1971," Ph.D. diss., U. of Illinois, 1974. For the most part, this dissertation is a diachronic lexicography of Anglicisms, based on author's findings in La Prensa and La Nación of Buenos Aires from 1870 thru 1970. For 1971, author also included contemporary Argentine magazines, public advertisements, and orally-heard Anglicisms (a small percentage). For more data on Mowry's dissertation preparation and his goals, see Teschner No. 156.

3. French [1007] Cassano, Paul V. "French Influence on the Spanish of the River Plate," Orbis XXI (1972), 174-182. An article on the principal phonological influences of French on River Plate Spanish. The main occurrences found are: 1) an increase in the frequency of / f / and /ú/ in word-final (tonic) position; 2) the borrowing of the French /y/ and /ce/ among French-Spanish bilinguals; 3) an extension of the Spanish /p/ to the final position; 4) increased frequency of occurrence of the Spanish word-final /t/, /k/, /m/ and /n/. These findings, and some others, are illustrated by phonemic diagrams, and charts of segmental phonemes of French and Argentine Spanish are given in comparison. Canfield (in annot. in HLAS, Vol. 38, No. 6003) feels that "the phonological influence is somewhat exaggerated." Gifford in YWMLS 34 (1972), 307 has an interesting comment: "A large percentage of the phenomena in Spanish which were in Chile ascribed to Mapuche influence in the previous article [Cassano, "A Study of Language Contact in Chile," Orbis 21 (1972), 167-173] are here apparently due to that of the French, which is puzzling."

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[1008] Guasch Leguizamón, Jorge. Galicismos aceptados, aceptables y vitandos. Buenos Aires, 1951, 468 p. 161 Although this book is not regionally oriented, I include it because of the great frequency of Gallicisms in the Plate region. Author treats some 472 "vocablos y giros galicanos que se usan en la lengua actual". Calls attention to fact that many Gallicisms listed—and condemned—by Baralt in 1855 are now accepted. Author also aspires to have his list replace "la famosa obra de Baralt". At end, various indices of authors and works cited. "An interesting study of Gallicisms in modern Spanish. The 462 articles contain appraisals by lexicographers, grammarians, and linguists, and numerous examples of usage culled from modern authors. A much needed sequel to Baralt's century-old Diccionario de galicismos (1855), many of which have long since been accepted into standard Spanish. No doubt present puristic restrictions will in turn be removed sometime in the future" (Kany, HLAS Vol. 17, No. 2240). Rev. by L. Kasten, Books Abroad 28 (1954), 217;annot. by Huberman No. 921. *[ 1009] Iriniz Casás, Nelson. "Gallizismen in der spanischen Sprache Uruguays." Tesis de la Universidad de Viena, 1957. [1010] Rigaud, André. "Le fragnol," VL No. 83 (1959), 96-99. Interesting notes on the fragnol, the hybrid dialect (a cross between "/rancés" and "espagnol") spoken by Frenchmen residing in Argentina. The article dwells almost exclusively on the lexical elements, such as 1) false cognates (e.g., percha-perche, salir-salir, etc.), 2) literal translations of idioms (e.g., realizar un acto-réaliser un acte, "Espere un rato"-"Espérez une rate", etc., etc.) 3) words difficult if not impossible to translate into French (cuadra almacén, etc.). Author shows the various stages a French-speaking person goes through in the contact with Spanish until finally "au dernier stade de l'évolution, le patient, qui ne sait plus ni l'espagnol ni le français, s'exprime dans un langage ésotérique qui est le fragnol à l'état pur".

4. Hungarian [1011] Hauser, Ana. "Cómo hablan los húngaros del Río de la Plata," ArchO IX (1959), 39-55. Author analyzes three different waves of Hungarian immigrants to Argentina and South America; where each originated and its social breakdown: 1) after World War I, from Transylvania, Slovakia; not "real" Hungarians; bilingual or trilingual; make all kinds of errors; mix languages naturally; have no real "conciencia lingüística"; 2) beginning of World War IJ; intellectuals,

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largely from Budapest; real "madre patria" types; monolingual; their major errors are phonetic ones; 3) after World War II; all classes from all parts of Hungary. Make same errors as two groups above. Author says she has guided herself by following the excellent articles of "Juan M. Zilio" (Giovanni MeoZilio; see following articles). She also rightly points out that while "hemos registrado estos errores de boca de inmigrantes h ú n g a r o s , . . . muchos de estos fenómenos son generales en todos los extranjeros" (fn., p. 41). Gives details on difficulties these people have in pronouncing, in morphology, and in syntax. 5. Italian 162 [1012] Angelo, Giuseppe d'. "Italianismos en el teatro de Florencio Sánchez." See No. 524. [1013] Carella, Tulio (ed.). El saínete criollo (antología). Selec., estud. prel. y notas de T.C. Buenos Aires, 1957, 436 p. A history of the saínete. The "Estudio preliminar" has some linguistic commentary, e.g. on cocoliche (21-22), and the section "El idioma" (23-27) on Italian influence. 163 [1014] Casadevall, Domingo F. Buenos Aires. Arrabal-Sainete-Tango. No. 23.

See

[1015] Cassano, Paul V. "The Influence of Italian on the Phonology of the Spanish of Argentina," FI VIII (1974), 557-573. A survey of possible phonological influences of Italian on River Plate Spanish. Author's conclusions—after disclaiming any strictly scientific basis for them: 1) frequency of word-final unaccented /i/; 2) (contrary to James and Ricci, No. 1017) the unlikelihood of Ital. reinforcement of the simplification of certain consonant clusters; 3) (in agreement with James-Ricci) the probable borrowing of Ital. /v/; 4) the truncation of word-final /s/ is too complicated for certainty "and is left unresolved in our presentation" (p. 572); 5) (again, opposing James-Ricci) the Ital. /j/ "may possibly be influencing the development of the Arg. Span, /y/ or /l/ > [dj]: 2." [1016] Donghi de Halperin, Renata. "Los italianos y la lengua de los argentinos," Qlb III (1958), 446-449. 1 6 4 Article begins with details about Italian immigration to Argentina. By 1914 Italian blood had come to represent one-eighth of the entire population.

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But the invasion had not been homogeneous, and the immigrants differed widely in everything, including dialects. As for Italianisms, 1) they are found almost exclusively in familiar or common speech, and rarely in literature or literary language; 2) the influence is almost entirely lexical, constituting a few dozen words; 3) since they represent a form of vulgarism—which the ItaloArgentines themselves have come to distrust—they are not stable, and do not constitute a danger to the purity of Argentine Spanish. But, author asks, how is it possible that the thousands of Italians or persons of Italian blood have had so little effect on the language? She attributes this to linguistic fear, to a growing desire to be "correct" and protect the language: " . . . el lenguaje de los argentinos cultos o semi-cultos se volvió correcto . . . [pero] su corrección fue sinónimo de limitación, de pobreza y se perdió el amor a la aventura expresiva y nos exclavizamos a un pensamiento lineal . . . Escribimos como maestros de escuela . . ." (p. 449). "Holds that Spanish in Argentina has been devitalized by Italians and their descendants who strive to speak and write the new language with pedantic correctness" (Wogan,HLAS Vol. 22, No. 4314). [1017] James, Herman and Julie Ricci. "The Influence of Locally Spoken Italian Dialects on River Plate Spanish," FI 1:1 (1967), 48-59. A tentative (and occasionally somewhat contradictory) investigation into the possibility of the influence of Italian dialects on the phonology of RP Spanish. Authors list RPS characteristics and conclude that, in most cases, Italian influence is most unlikely; that, specifically: the substitution of /v/ for /b/; /z/ for /j/ and / I / ; predorsal (instead of Castilian Spanish cacuminal) /s/; the fall of final /s/; simplification of consonantal clusters; and regional intonation patterns "are all phenomena [of RPS] which could have been [emphasis added] initiated . . . or reinforced by strong Italian influence." But emphasis is made that deviations from CS, "standard" Amer. Span, and RPS are subject to too many socio-historical factors to permit certainty, and that many more investigations have yet to be made. Article calls attention to the work done by G. Meo-Zilio and G. Zannier on the lexical and grammatical areas where Italian influence is more readily ascertainable. The final words make the point that since Italian influence on RP lexicon is irrefutable, there is the possibility of phonological influence as well. Annot. by Canfield, HLAS, Vol. 30, No. 2639, and by E. del Valle, BAPL 1:3 (1968), 125-129. *[ 1018] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "Algunos italianismos en el español popular del Río de la Plata," Diálogo 6/7:23/31 (1964/1965), 141-154. "The author ascribes to Italian influence, either direct or indirect, certain traits of River Plate Spanish. Like many with limited knowledge of other

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manifestations of Spanish, he does not seem to realize that other sections of America and Spain where there are few Italians have his same 'italianismos.' For counter argument see item 2639 [Ricci, Julio. "The Influence of Locally Spoken Italian Dialects on River Plate Spanish." See No. 1017 above]" (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 30, No. 2614). [1019] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "Algunos septentrionalismos italianos en el español rioplatense," RJ XV (1964), 297-301. An alphabetical presentation of 23 River Plate regionalisms whose provenance is in northern Italian dialects, with the exception of Genoese, which dialect is treated in a separate study (see No. 1025 below). For each term (including variants and derivations), author gives definition, social class usage, specific Italian dialect (except when he simply indicates "ital. sept."), frequency of usage, and location of usage in other countries beside Uruguay (if and when such exists). Well-documented by citations from other lexicographical sources; often quotes lines from tangos. The terms treated are: bolin ([bul in, bulincito), buseca, cana (including many idioms and the derivatives encanar, encanado), cángaro, codeguín(es), coiones, cuatrochi, escheto, estraquin, macarroni(s), malandrò, malfati(s), minga, nápole, parmesano, pebete and pibe (very long treatment), ¡sacramento!, salamini es). The dialects indicated include Tuscan, Milanese, Venetian, Parmesan, and Lombard. [1020] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "Canali e veicoli dell'italianismo in Uruguay," LinNos XXIII (1962), 116-121. Artide showing how Italianisms are introduced (canali) into Uruguayan speech, and how they are diffused and perpetuated (veicoli). (Often the social or cultural element involved can be both canale and veicolo.) The outline used by the author is as follows: CANALI: I) Sociologico: a) Immigranti (". . . La massa di tale immigrazione è di tipo basso-popolare . . p. 117), b) Visitanti; II) Culturale: a) Sottoculturale: 1) Folclorico, 2) Mondano (for example "riviste italiane"); b) Culturale in senso stretto: 1) Stampa (many Italian newspapers are printed in Montevideo and Buenos Aires), 2) Libri italiani (poor translations are a particularly fruitful source of Italianisms), 3) Istituti scolastici e culturali, 4) Cinema artistico, 5) Radio, 6) Teatro; c) Infraculturale: 1) Cinema commerciale, 2) Commedia popolare. VEICOLI: I) Sociologico: a) Immigranti italiani (a "vehicle" because of their daily and constant contact with Spanish speakers), b) Parlanti locali (those persons such as students of Italian, and servants or confidants of Italian families); II) Culturale: a) Sottoculturale: 1) Folclorico (such as Italianisms in the lyrics of tangos), 2) Umoristico (such as comic journals); b) Culturali in senso stretto:

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1) Stampa d'informazione (for example, as "journalese" becomes more "popular" in tone, many Italianisms are brought along a H spread), 2) Libri nazionali (especially novels and plays;he cites La Gringa o. Florencio Sánchez as a play whose dialogue is full of Italianisms); c) Infraculturale: 1) Radio private (e.g., many lunfardo Italianisms, "cocoliche" terms and Italianisms in popular songs are heard on "amateur" radio), 2) Cinema rioplatense. [1021] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "El 'cocoliche' r i o p l a t e n s e B I F C h XVI (1964), 61-119. In spite of the disclaimers of the author as to completeness, this study would seem to be the most complete and thorough yet done, on the Hispanicized Italian of the River Plate, the cocoliche. Author points out that this is a Spanish translation of material which appeared previously in Lingua Nostra.165 The parts are: O. Introducción. 1. Fonética y grafía. 166 2. Léxico. 3. Morfología y derivación. 4. Sintaxis. 5. Aspectos estilísticos. 6. Conclusión. 7. Textos en cocoliche. In the introduction, much data is given about "new" and "old" waves of immigration, about differences in culture levels of Italian migrants, etc. The final section, "Textos de 'cocoliche'" consists of three texts, the first "en un español italianizante", the second "en italiano españolizante" and the third "en cocoliche integral o 'cocoliche sensu stricto'". Annot. by Canfield, HLAS Vol. 30, No. 2615. [1022] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni, "Contaminazioni morfologiche nel 'cocoliche' rioplatense," LinNos XVI (1955), 112-117. This study treats the morphological deviations caused by Spanish influence on "cocoliche" (the Hispanicized Italian spoken in the Platine area). Some of the points discussed: changes in gender and number; anomalies in the use of articles, pronouns, adverbs; verbal alterations; prosthetic elements; alteration of suffixes; diphthongization and apocopation; hybrid neologisms; etc. [1023] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "Fenomeni lessicali dell'italiano rioplatense," LinNos XVI (1955), 53-55. About the various types of loan words which have gone into Italian from River Plate Spanish. Some of the categories: 1) "prestiti de necessità" (mate, bombachas, etc.); 2) "prestiti affettivi" (che, macanudo, etc.); 3) "prestiti d'inerzia" (desprevenuto for impreparato, Spanish desprevenido', etc.). [1024] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "Fenomeni stilistici del cocoliche rioplatense," LinNos XVII (1956), 88-91. A brief but excellent study of the effect of Spanish on the stylistics of

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Italian speech patterns in the R.P. region. Annot. by Wogan, HLAS Vol. 21, No. 3653. [1025] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "Genovesismos en el español rioplatense," NRFHXVll (1963-1964), 245-263. 1 6 7 An alphabetically-arranged and well-documented study of "genovesismos", in which author gives a) definition or definitions, b) the original Genoese word, c) usage outside of Uruguay (if any), d ) socio-linguistic class using word (many, for example, are lunfardo terms), and e) frequency of usage. Some 120 terms (including variants and derivations) are treated, some at considerable length. Annot. briefly by Huberman No. 1015. [1026] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni, "Influenze dello spagnolo sull'italiano parlato nel Rio de la Plata," LinNos XVI (1955), 16-22. Lists 28 phonetic phenomena brought into being by the influence of River Plate Spanish on the Italian spoken there. [1027] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "Interferenze sintattiche nel cocoliche rioplatense," LinNos XVII (1956), 54-59. An examination of the syntactical influence exerted by Spanish on Platine Italian. Author finds this influence in all kinds of aberrant usage of prepositions; in a confusion of nominative and objective personal pronouns; in usage of the articles; in cardinal and ordinal number usage; in verbal phenomena, and so on. [ 1028 ] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "Italianismos generales en el español rioplatense," Thes XX (1965), 68-119. Also in book form: Bogotá 1965, 57 p. A lexicographical study of over 200 "italianismos generales" 168 in Uruguayan Spanish. The introduction affords much general information and some bibliography on the little that has been done on this subject. Author points out that previous studies have been made almost exclusively on the Italian elements in Argentine Spanish; and that while the dialects of the two banks of the river are more or less similar, differences do exist, and that he is limiting himself to Uruguayan Spanish. He also names both the various types of Italianisms and the various Italian dialects from which they come. For each term, there is given the definition, the Italian source word, the social class usage, the frequency of usage, and—where he has found it personally—usage outside of Uruguay. Author also discusses the problems involved in this type of investigation. "A list of items of regional speech with definitions and

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comparative notes. Includes a bibliography of works cited" (Simmons, "Folklore Bibliog, for 1966," SFQ XXXI [1967], No. 1160). [1029] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "Italianismos meridionales en el español rioplatense," BIFCh XVII (1965), 225-235. Another fine study by this prolific investigator. This one a lexical listing of some 78 words and phrases which have come from southern Italian dialects into River Plate Spanish during the 20th century. For each item there is given the definition (or translation from Italian), "la capa sociolingiiística y el grado de frecuencia." When he personally found usage outside of Uruguay, he so indicates. Author states that the study is "una simple preselección provisoria susceptible de ulterior elaboración y documentación" (p. 225). "An account of several southern Italianisms current in the Spanish lexicon of the Río de la Plata area, and especially in the lunfardo." (Canfield, H LAS Vol. 30, No. 2616). *[1030] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. Italiano e spagnolo en Uruguay, s.p.i. 4 p. So listed in Noticias Culturales (Bogotá), No. 60 (1966), p. 22. [1031] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "Un morfema italiano con funzione stilistica nello spagnolo rioplatense," LinNos XIX (1958), 58-64. "On the adoption of the Italian suffix -eli, by speakers in the River Plate area." (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 22, No. 4354). [1032] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "Notas de español americano. El elemento jergal italiano en el rioplatense popular," in SLLS (1965), pp. 411-428. Another lexical study by Meo-Zilio, this one pointing out the contribution of Italian "jerga" to Platine Spanish. Some 28 terms (plus variations and derivatives) are treated, some quite lengthily. As usual, author gives definitions, social classification of usage, frequency, and—where personally discovereduse in non-Uruguayan regions. Many of the terms are lunfardismos. The terms are: apolillar (apoliyar, pulishar, apoliye, apoliyadero, etc.), balurdo, batir, bobo, brillo, bufoso, caflsho (cafìcho, caflchear, etc.), campana (campanear, etc.), escabio (escabiar, etc.), espiantar (espiante), fanguses (and fanyugos), funyi and fungi and funye, etc., grana, linyera, manyar (manyamiento and other derivations), marroca, etc., marroco, mayorengo, mina, morfar (morfetear, etc.), orto, pichicata (pichicatearse, etc.), polenta, scrusho or escrusho (escruchante, escruncho, etc.), tira, vento, yuta, etc. Useful bibliography at end of article. Annotated by Simmons, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1966," SFQ XXXI (1967), No. 1183.

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[1033] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "Una serie de morfemi italiani con funzione stilistica nello spagnolo nelT Uruguay," LinNos XX (1959), 49-54. A listing and discussion of the widespread use in Uruguay of the following 14 Italian suffixes: -ini, -eti, -ati, -ani, -ieri, -eia, -oli, -oni, -ato, -un, -icheli, -ichelo, -oti, -ina. Among other things, author shows that there is often a relationship between these suffixes and lunfardo. Annotated by Wogan, HLAS Vol. 22, No. 4355; review in RPF XII (1962-1963), 327, and by A. Griera, BDEsp XXXVII ( 1961 ), 91. [1034] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "Settanta italianismi gastronomici nello spagnolo d'America," LinNos XXVI (1965), 48-54. This article dealing with Italian food names used in Uruguay does not include names used also in peninsular Spanish. The terms are grouped by their endings: -a/-as;-o/-os·, -i/-is; -e/-es ; consonant ¡-es. This special linguistic influence has come about, not only through the well-known waves of 20th century immigrants, but more specifically because of the tendency of many Italians to open restaurants or other types of eating places, and because many became green grocers and fruit dealers. For each item author gives definition (not recipe), frequency of usage (from "corrente" to "raro"), the Italian dialect, if any (and of course the Italian spelling if the word has been Hispanicized), and often other data, such as lexical citations, illustrations of usage in idioms, and use in other parts of Spanish America, when and if personally verified by the author. [1035] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "Sull'elemento italiano nello spagnolo rioplatense," LinNos XXI (1960), 97-103. Another article about the influence of Italian on River Plate Spanish, this one being primarily a discussion of types of lexical borrowing from Italian. Author begins by giving a general outline of the social classes and linguistic "vehicles" which introduce and perpetuate Italianisms. 169 For example, 1) underworld transients who use and enrich the criminal argot lunfardo, which infiltrates the popular language of higher social levels; 2) the tango, so abounding in lunfardismos; 3) the one-act popular play, the saínete, often written in "jerga italoespañola"; and, although less important, not without Italianisms, 4) higher cultural media such as the opera, movies, magazines and books; 5) finally, even peninsular Spanish introduces (as it always has) a number of Italian words. Author shows too how the Italianisms have an evolution of their own—morphologically, syntactically, and semantically. Still, most Italianisms are of a lexical nature, since vocabulary is always a relatively more active linguistic force. 170 After this introductory material, author gives an

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interesting and rather technical series of classifications of Italianisms, with examples of each type. I shall only summarize his outline here. Diachronically, Italianisms may be classified as 1) those which he calls "inter-European", 2) those entering by way of peninsular Spanish, 3) those coming directly from Italian (whether "general" or from dialects). Synchronically, they may be divided into 1) those "fuori del sistema spagnolo" (whether phonetically, morphologically or semantically), and 2) those "nell'ambito del sistema spagnolo". Each of these divisions is further subdivided. Included also is commentary on the different degrees of the influence of "la lingua bassopopolare" and lunfardo (often but not always the same thing) in the various social classes, pointing up especially the difference between men and women. In the upper classes, for example, the use of popular speech is competely restricted to the men, while in the lower classes there is little difference in the degree of usage. Article concludes with still another classification, this one "comparativo", which divides Italianisms "in relazione al loro grado di differenziazione dalle forme originarie". Annotated by Wogan, HLAS Vol. 24, No.4756. * [ 1036] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni and Ettore Rossi. El elemento italiano en el habla de Buenos Aires y Montevideo. Ricerche Rioplatensi 1:1. Florence: Valmartina, 1970, 183 p. "This is perhaps the most thorough study to date of the Italian influence on the Spanish of the [R.P.] region. . . . Written in Italian and translated by Rosario Madrid Játiva. The author reviews carefully the w o r k s . . . on Italianisms in the Spanish of the B.A. area, and then [shows] how some of these have arrived: inter-European Italianisms, Italianisms through peninsular Spanish, loan terms [coming] directly from Italian with the large groups of immigrants [arriving] especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He has even distinguished regional Italian influences, espec. Genovese and southern Italian. An examination of the media that have encouraged the use of Italianisms is made . . . , including sociological and cultural vehicles. The main part of the book is an alphab. listing of what he calls Italianisms. This is followed by a discussion of syntactic and phonetic influences. The book ends with a discussion of the pronunciation of Italian names by Spanish speakers and the ultracorrections that arise in the process." (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 36, No. 3852) "One often looks to Argentine sources for the most enterprising studies of vocabulary, as for instance in the case of Έ1 elemento italiano . . . ' by [Zilio and Rossi] . . . This, achieved through the cooperation of the Academia Porteria del Lunfardo, divides Italianisms regionally (north and south Italy) as well as from the point of view of register and other categories

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(e.g. slang, surnames, pseudoitalianisms—i.e. Italian such as buon giorno per la matina), and phonetic transferences and spelling and liche is revealed as a neopolitanism." (from [1971], 335).

Spanish phrases translated into with final sections on syntactic pronunciation. The term Cocoannot. by Gifford, YWMLS 33

*[1037] Rossi, Ettore. "Apologia del cocoliche," Corriere degli Buenos Aires, Aug.-Sept. 1950.171

Italiani,

*[1038] Rossi, Ettore. "Dizionarietto etimologico del lunfardo di origine cocoliche," Corriere degli Italiani, Buenos Aires, Sept. 1950. *[1039] Rossi, Ettore. "Elogio del cocoliche," Corriere degli Italiani, Buenos Aires, Aug. 1959. *[1040] Rossi, Ettore. "L'influenza italiana nel linguaggio portegno," Corriere degli Italiani, Buenos Aires, May 23, I960. 172 *[1041] Vidart, Daniel. "El italiano en el tango," Almanaque del Banco de Seguros del Estado, Montevideo, 1958, pp. 113 ff. 173 *[1041A] Valle, Enrique R. del. "Un caso de interferencia del italiano en el sistema fonològico del español del Rio de la Piata," ComAc No. 303 (May 8, 1969), 2 pp. mimeog. "Contiene: Longi, lonyi, lonyibardo, lonyipietro(BAPL VI: 13-14 [1976-1977], p. 147). [1042] Zannier, Guido. "Influenza dell'italiano sullalingua scritta rioplatense (1810-1852)," in Influenza della Filosofìa, della Letteratura e della Lingua Italiana nella Cultura del Rio de la Piata (Montevideo, 1966), pp. 181-232. The lengthy introductory parts of this essay deal with mostly well-known data on American Spanish and River Plate Spanish in general. Throughout this summary of River Plate peculiarities (lexicon, syntax, morphology, and especially pronunciation) many illustrative examples are cited. Finally the author comes to the more specific treatment of "L'elemento italiano nel rioplatense" (pp. 195 ff.) which is mostly about the Italian phonological qualities which have influenced the spoken popular speech, that speech area often considered the one most influenced. However, author contends that many Italian words and linguistic traits "si trovano ormai generalizzati anche nella lingua superiore" [emphasis added] (p. 197), and then goes on to show how these

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Italian elements appear in the written language (early magazines, journals, newspapers), and then in contemporary literature—novels, poetry, movie scripts, and so on. Zannier says that most investigators of Italian influence —however they may differ in their views as to how and how much Italian has affected Platine Spanish-contend that the influence comes primarily from the speech of the Italian immigrants. With this view Zannier vehemently disagrees, claiming that the Italian element comes from three diverse sources: 1) the speech of the immigrants, 2) Italian technical language (things and customs of Italian origin), and 3) Italian literary language, as used by River Plate writers. The first source is undeniable. As for the second, Italian technical terms pertaining to manufactured products, foods, sports, customs, and so on, have in effect nothing to do with the immigrants, having come, he insists, directly to the region with the thing referred to. The literary or cultured influence is illustrated by a wealth of quoted examples from the writings of Sarmiento, M. Cané (padre), E. Echeverría, J. Β. Alberdi and Francisco J. de Acha. Although many of these quoted examples of Italianism are stylistic, the author gives examples of cultured Italian syntax, morphology and vocabulary used by these writers. (For a continuation of this essay, see following item.) Rev. in BAPL 1:2 (1967), 97-115. [1043] Zannier, Guido, Influenza dell'italiano sulla lingua scritta rioplatense (Secondo periodo: 1853-1914). Montevideo: Lena, 1967, 111 p. This continuation of No. 1042 above deals with the Italian influence on Sarmiento, gauchesque literature, lunfardia, "el saínete criollo," diaries and autobiographies, the tango, among other items. A highly laudatory review by E. R. del Valle {BAPL 1:3 [1968], 119-123) summarizes this book: "[Esta segunda parte] con el mismo título integra los trabajos que compusieron el primer ensayo en torno al tema 'Influenza de la filosofia, della letteratura e della lingua italiana nella cultura del Río de la Plata' que fue comentado en BAPL 1:2 (1967), 97-115." Del Valle's review deliberately concentrates on the lunfardismos in the work, listing 47. Extensive bibliog. at the end. Also rev. in Thés XXIII (1967), 481, and Univ 72 (1967), 292-293.

C. Other interlingual influences 1. African [1044] Carámbula, Rubén. Negro y tambor. Poemas, pregones, danzas y leyendas sobre motivos del folklore afro-rioplatense. Buenos Aires, 1952, 234 p. [lllus.]

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This folklore volume has a vocabulary (pp. 215-234) covering words used by River Plate (mostly Montevideo) black people, and appearing in the text. The categories include both Spanish and African words (from various African languages since River Plate Negroes came from practically all parts of Africa); many "formas onomatopéyicas" ; some archaisms, gauchismos, flora and fauna terms. Much of the book consists of poetry by Carámbula, and the Introduction has some linguistically interesting sections: "Fisiología del lenguaje de los negros", "Representación fonética", "Pregoneros del Montevideo colonial", "Lingüística", "Influencia del negro en nuestro idioma" (brief), "Vocablos de origen negro", etc. "Estudio sobre el lenguaje afro-criollo de los negros rioplatenses" (Cortázar, No. 21, p. 44). [1045] Becco, Horacio J. Negros y morenos en el cancionero rioplatense. Buenos Aires, 1953, 70 p. A collection of songs dealing with River Plate Negroes and sung by them in times past. Scattered throughout the "Notas" (pp. 55-70) is some lexical material, such as indications of Negro speech in the Argentine, and some regionalisms—both words and idioms—defined and discussed. [1046] Laguarda Trias, Rolando A. "Afronegrismos rioplatenses," BAH XLIX(1969), 27-116. Much of the first part of this article deals with spurious "Africanisms" (pseudo-negrismos), such as catanga, canga, catinga, cebra, malambo, papaga, and zambomba. Then follows a detailed coverage of negrismos, used in the Platine area, divided into sections: 1) Spanish words altered by Negro pronunciation, 2) indigenous words altered by Negro influence, 3) hybrid words (involving Spanish, Indian and African elements), and 4) negrismos involving Spanish prefixes. ABC order within each section, but book has no overall word list. "Traces the history of Africanisms in the Spanish of the Río de la Plata area, surveys scholarship on the subject, and offers a long list of lexicographical items, each accompanied by scholarly notes and commentary." (Simmons, SFQ XXXIV [1970], No. 1085). Brief annot. in Thes 21 (1971), 466. " . . . We find an interest in the slave-trade vocabulary in Laguarda Trias' 'Afronegrismos . . . ' . . . This is a long and detailed study which depends a great deal on written evidence, but which is difficult to find one's way about in. It is, however, one of the few investigations of this sector of the lexicon." (Gifford, YWMLS 32 [1970], 343).

[1047] Soler Cartas, Luis. Negros, gauchos y compadres en el Cancionero de

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la Federación, Estudio y compilación de poesía popular negrista y gauchesca. Buenos Aires, 1958?, 104 p. This book deals with "la hoy por completo olvidada o desconocida poesía popular del tiempo de Rosas" as expressed by the three social levels indicated in the title. The Negro poetry would seem to be especially little known. Although not per se a linguistic study, it is informative as to the speech of Negroes and gauchos of those days. Scattered throughout the text, in a rather disorganized fashion, there is a certain amount of lexical material in notes and interpolations. Sample of "lenguaje negrista": Eta póbere morena De hambre casi se ha mueto Y de contaro lo unitaros Le ha dejado meno tueto Unos soldao en Baracas Me ató como a Jesuquinista Y con é sarabe arimaba Po toda mi cuepesita

(p. 21)

2. Hebrew *[ 1048] Resnick, S. "El judeo-español," in Cinco ensayos sobre temas judíos. Buenos Aires, 1943, pp. 127-179. Serís (No. 14836) quotes from p. 179: "[El hecho de que] en HispanoAmérica . . . lia surgido una generación askenazi que se ha adueñado del español moderno, impulsa necesariamente a la juventud de origen sefardí a imitar su ejemplo, entregándose cada vez más al empleo del castellano puro." [1049] Schallman, Lázaro. Diccionario de hebraísmos y voces afines. Buenos Aires, 1952,206 p. Mostly a bilingual Hebrew-Spanish dictionary, and as such not within the scope of this bibliography. However, there is noteworthy material of interlingual interest, both in the introduction and in the dictionary itself. The parts of the introduction are: I. Castellanización de voces hebreas. II. Elementos hebreos en la formación del castellano. III. Normas generales para la versión prosódica y ortográfica de los hebraísmos a nuestro idioma. Rev. by J.F., Qlb III (1956), 282. Annot. by Huberman No. 581.

III. Phonology and Phonetics

[1050] Alvarez, Juan. "En torno a las tonadas regionales," BAAL XVII (1948), 7-18,493-510; XVIII (1949), 437-450. A study of intonation patterns in Argentina, and what causes differences in different localities—indigenous influence, number of women in the society, presence of Negroes or of foreign influence (Italian and Portuguese particularly conspicuous in River Plate, of course), etc. Pages 493-510 present illustrations by means of acoustical diagrams. "Preliminary remarks concerning a possible future study of Argentine intonation, announced in 1944 by the Academia Argentina de Letras. The author stresses the importance of changes of accent and tempo, repetition of rhythms and development of melodic movements, substratum influence, etc." (Kany, HLAS Vol. 14, No. 2565). "En un excelente informe, Juan Alvarez ('En torno alas tonadas regionales') el conocido historiador de Rosario, expone los diferentes métodos para registrar las tonadas regionales con o sin auxilio de los aparatos modernos (fono-, quimo-, oscilógrafos, etc.) y prevé las grandes dificultades para obtener resultados fidedignos a causa de intervenciones subjetivas . . (G. Moldenhauer, Filología y lingüistica: esencia, problemas actuales y tareas en la Argentina, Rosario de Santa Fe 1952, p. 38). [1051] Alvarez Puebla de Chaves, Mercedes V. "Algunas consideraciones relativas al timbre en fonética," Humanidades (La Plata, Arg.) 31 (1948), 593-626. This is a general article except for the following passage under a subheading "Ejemplo de timbre fonético o regional". I believe it of sufficient interest to warrant inclusion: "En el habla de los sujetos que en Buenos Aires llamamos 'compadritos', se advierte una resonancia nasal que parece ser utilizado voluntariamente para acentuar el gesto y la actitud insolentes, y hacer alarde de bravura, displicencia o desprecio, ante el grupo o 'patota' en que actúan. Esta nazalización tiene, pues, un carácter netamente emocional. El habitante culto lo considera un sentimiento de vulgaridad. Se comprende que esta resonancia nasal no tiene carácter de timbre significativo, puesto que no guarda relación con la idea expresada. Tampoco pertenece al sistema fonético de los argentinos; no es, por lo tanto, un ejemplo de timbre regional. Debe considerársele como un rasgo de un grupo o casta social" (p. 599). But is not the "grupo o casta social" a regional one?

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[1052] Beym, Richard. "Porteño /s/ and [h] [h] [s] [χ] [φ] as Variants," Lin 12(1963), 199-204. Technical notes on the pronunciation of /s/ and certain allophones in the Greater Buenos Aires region. One of main points: "The most discriminating hallmark of the porteño speech is the lack of [z] or [s] as variants of /s/ in consonant clusters as used by the majority of Latin American Spanish speakers" (p. 200). He then discusses each of the allophones as occurring in consonant clusters, and gives examples of pronunciation. His informants were native porteños who knew only Spanish. Ends up by stressing the need for more descriptive phonological studies such as this one and for a completed linguistic atlas for all Spanish-speaking areas. Reviewed negatively by H. L. A. Van Wijk (in "A Note on the Article 'Porteño' /s/ . . . etc-Γ Lin 12 [1963], 307-398), who claims, among other things, that Beym has offered very little new material, that the Argentine /s/ has already been treated rather extensively, especially by Malmberg,175 and that several of the points made are incomplete and some inaccurate. *[1053] Cassano, Paul V. "The Falls of Syllable- and word-final /s/ in Argentina and Paraguay,"Revue des Langues Vivantes (Bruxelles), 38 (1972), No. 3. [1054] Dahl, I., "Español bonaerense," LMP LIX (1944), 11. A short paragraph in the International Phonetic Alphabet, illustrating the sounds of porteño speech. 176 [1055] Díaz Vêlez, Jorge. "Algunas observaciones sobre el yeísmo rehilado en la Argentina," ACIL XII/2 (1971), 381-384. A rather highly technical article, acoustically, dealing with the increasing unvoicing of the i in River Plate Spanish, and with the polemic about it. Surveys the findings of apparently all the main investigators of the phenomenon. 177 Points out the acoustic instability of the articulation (many times it is hard to tell whether s or a weak ζ is being pronounced. Sometimes the evidence is clearcut, such as in the predominance of the s in the speech of young women). Does not deny that the unvoicing is going on, but states that the matter has not been clearly resolved even now. Goes, in detail, into the physiological factors and problems which are involved in the articulation. [1056] Donni de Mirande, Nélida E. "Aspectos del español en el litoral argentino," Románica 5 (1972), 109-130. This article examines in detail the articulation of the phonemes /l/, /y/, /s/ and /r/, in Santa Fe and Entre Ríos (the part of the "litoral" covered). Before

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dealing specifically with this regional phonology, author prefaces her findings with a long sociolinguistic analysis (more than half the article) in which she details the precise linguistic theories and points of view, and the types of speech or speech situations (formal, informal, cultured, popular, etc.) on which the investigation is based. She describes the techniques used (tape recordings, spontaneous dialogues, readings from chosen texts, etc.) and the informants interviewed (degree of education, occupation, cultural status, and division into three generations, etc.). Regarding the /]/ and /y/ section, the results center mainly around the type and degree of "yeísmo" found-i.e., whether the articulation is fricative or affricate, whether voiced or unvoiced. Author tells where and under what speech conditions such articulations occur. The treatment of /s/ deals primarily with the aspiration—or loss—of /s/ syllable or word final. The /?/ manifests two types: the "vibrante múltiple" ([r] and the "fricativa asibilada" [i]). The relatively brief lexical part of the study gives data as to the general (not scientific) names for certain sicknesses, and points out that "la lengua popular refleja la gran parte que corresponde al factor mágico o supersticioso en la vision de los hablantes sobre la salud o enfermedad." Specifically, she gives the names used in Rosario suburbs for "afecciones del sistema nervioso (alma)," "afecciones del aparato digestivo," skin diseases, and the same listing for the Charigiié island community. 1 7 8 [1057] Donni de Mirande, Ν. Ε. "Diferencias internas en el español del sur del litoral argentino," Revista Española de Lingüística (Madrid), 2:2 (1972), 273-283. Also in ACIL XIII/2 (1971), 1039-1047. A phonological (diastatic and diatopic) study of Rosario and Puerto Gaboto (80 kms. from Rosario on the Paraná) in the Argentine litoral region. The phenomena analyzed are the variant articulations of /s/, /r/ and consonantic groups in which these most frequently occur. The results show that the area is far from homogeneous "because two vertical subdialects... can be detected in Rosario, as well as differences between this city and Puerto Gaboto" (from the "Resumen en inglés," Rev. Esp. de Ling., p. 472). "The isoglosses of the variations of /s/ and /r/ interlace . . . and Puerto Gaboto is still joined to the coastal region of Entre Ríos . . . from the linguistics point of view, though a process of linguistic approaching with the urban area (Rosario) has started. This linguistic situation illustrates the cultural characteristics of the studied region" (ibid.). Annot. by Canfield, HLAS Vol. 36, No. 3843: "The writer examines three phenomena: /s/, /?/, /tr/ and finds that the traits of the south of Santa Fe reflect those of Entre Ríos . . . and that social dialects are being noted in Rosario. . . . One might quarrel with the terms

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'explosiva' and 'implosiva' which she uses when describing /s/ as a syllable onset coda respectively." [1058] Donni de Mirande, Ν. Ε. "Grupos consonánticos en el español de Rosario," Thes 29 (1974), 526-538. One of a series of a projected (and partly already realized) larger investigation of the speech of Rosario. 179 In this article, three types of combinations of two consonants are studied: 1) grupos con oclusivas y fricativas sordas o sonoras en posición implosiva como primer elemento del grupo; 2) combinaciones con la sibilante /s/ implosiva en primer término; 3) grupos integrados por nasales. Much detail on specific consonants and groups and the results uncovered. "Another good sociolinguistic study by one of Argentina's women linguists, this one of Rosario (pop. 700,000), using about 180 recordings of individuals, 80 between ages of 35-55, 50 between 24-34, and 50 over 55. Two styles of speech were recorded: formal and colloquial, and distinctions were made on basis of cultural background, urban center or barrio. Results show progressive elimination of first element of combinación culta from urban formal to barrio's spontaneous speech" (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 40, No. 6035). Brief but pertinent comments by Gifford, YWMLS 36 (1974), p. 384. *[ 1059] Fontanella de Weinberg, María Beatriz. Análisis sociolingüistico de un aspecto del español bonaerense. La -s en Bahía Blanca. Bahía Blanca, Univ. Nac. del Sur, Cuadernos de Lingüistica, 1974, 126 p. Mimeografiado. Rev. by O. Cock Hincapié, Thes 31 (1976), 171-175. This excellent and detailed review praises the Fontanella work highly; the latter is basically a study of the incidence of aspiration and/or loss of -s syllable or word final in Buenos Aires province (specifically Bahía Blanca). Author gives the variables and sub-variables of -s syllable final, and her purpose is to analyze the correlation of these variants with extralinguistic variables—style (formal, spontaneous, etc.); social, cultural, educational and occupational levels; age and sex. The review also gives details on the methodology used: 60 interviews with Bahía Blanca natives, both sexes, all ages, and four different styles. Reviewer also summarizes thoroughly results obtained (such as that female informants articulate the /s/ more carefully than males, and that age also makes a difference-younger speakers tend to aspirate the /s/ much more than older people). [1060] Fontanella de Weinberg, Μ. Β. "Aspectos sociolingiiísticos del uso de -s en el español bonaerense," Orbis XXIII (1974), 85-98.

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"[Author] continues her study into the 60 interviews she held in Bahía Blanca [see No. 1062: "Comportamiento ante -s ... del español bonaerense"] in [this article]. Her results rest on a classification of six different categories of people (graded according to position and education), and she illustrates her findings on graphs" (Gifford, YWMLS 36 [1974], 383-384). [1061] Fontanella de Weinberg, Μ. Β. "Comparación de dos entonaciones regionales argentinas," Thes 21 (1966), 17-29. This study purports to examine the intonation patterns of the Buenos Aires region and the city of Tucumán. Gives data re informants, methodology (tape recorder), and diagrams of voice intonation pitch, like Navarro in his Manual. Gives results for each area, then summarizes the differences. ". . . Note that the two patterns correspond roughly to those of tierras altas and costeño in most of America today. . . ." (From annot. by Canfield, HLAS, Vol. 30, No. 2566.) Good annot. by Huberman, No. 1043. [1062] Fontanella de Weinberg, Μ. Β. "Comportamiento ante -s de hablantes femeninos y masculinos del español bonaerense," RPh XXVIII (1973), 50-58. ". . . Takes 60 informants (30 of each sex) and finds that in Bahía Blanca, which lacks any major distinctions as regards occupations and activity by the two sexes, women tend to pronounce -s far more carefully than men tending in general furthermore to more prestige [sic] forms of speech." (Annot. by Gifford, YWMLS 35 [1973], 353.) Author's general summary: "Por ùltimo, podemos señalar que la existencia de una articulación más cuidada de (-s) por parte de las mujeres bahienses parece coincidir . . . con una preferencia general, tanto en lo fonético como en lo gramatical y lexical, por usos de mayor prestigio, que es particularmente notoria en los hablantes femeninos del estrato medio bajo y que contrasta con el mayor uso de formas estigmatizadas por parte de los hombres" (p. 58). [1063] Fontanella de Weinberg, Μ. Β. "La entonación del español en Córdoba (Argentina)," Thes 26(1971), 11-21. In this study of Cordobán intonation, author used four informants of postsecondary education, aged between 20 and 30 years, whose interviews were taped. Analyzes various characteristics of this highly unusual phenomenon, but the main feature may be summarized as follows: "Se distingue en la sílaba inmediatemente anterior a la ultima tónica, en la propia tónica final, o en una pretónica interna, un marcado alargamiento en la cantidad [emphasis added]. . . ." (p. 21). This, she says rightly, is the most notable trait, and the one that distinguishes immediately a Cordobán from any other region. "It would seem

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that the writer confuses intonation (pitch) and stress (intensity) in first part of her presentation, and later treats the two phenomena together, along with length, which seems to be one of the distinguishing features of cordobés" (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 34, No. 3082). "[Fontanella] sees in the intonation of Cordoba (Arg.) one of the most distinctive features of that region in 'La entonación . . . ' . . . This is a welcome contribution to this particular field, which has not been adequately examined, and it transcends the elementary remarks made by Vidal de Battini (1964)." (Gifford, YWMLS 33 [1971], 337.) [1064] Fontanella de Weinberg, M. Β. "El rehilamiento bonaerense a fines del siglo XVIII," Thes 28 (1973), 338-343. "The familiar /2/ (now often /s/) of the Humid Pampa area of Argentina was noted around 1800 for the graphemes II and.y, in comparison to French /, to English dj, to Portuguese / or g{ej), and the writer concludes that it was characteristic of Buenos Aires speech in the 1700s if not earlier." (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 36, No. 3787.) Gives dates of inception and evolution of the phenomenon. Well documented with names of scholars and works who have dealt with it. "[This article] treats of the voiced sibilant which takes the place of [y] in words such as caballo, showing that it has been attested since ca. 1780 in such works as the saínetes gauchescos" (Gifford, YWMLS 35 [1973], p. 353). [1065] Fontanella de Weinberg, M. Β. "La 's' postapical en la región bonaerense," Thes 22 (1967), 394-400. In this investigation, author used 30 regional speakers involved in spontaneous direct conversations. The articulation of the /s/ often seems to depend on how carefully the speaker talks as to whether the /s/ is aspirated or lost {caída). Study does not pretend to give erudite academic analysis, but rather to present observed results and thus to point out the problems which have to be interpreted. "A carefully-wrought analysis of the /s/ syllable final in porteño Spanish, with four rules in distinctive-feature terms and considering both single-word utterances and two-word combinations involving final Is/. Rules are formulated for the behavior, and then the writer calls two of the rules 'optativas' and two 'obligatorias.'" (Canfield, HLAS, Vol. 30, No. 2567.) [1066] Fontanella de Weinberg, Μ. Β. "Tres aportes recientes sobre entonación," Tixes 24 (1969), 306-311. "Although the article has little to do with the Spanish of Latin America, its review of recent writings on intonation is applicable." (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 32, No. 3076.)

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[1067] Foster, David W. "A Note on the /y/ Phoneme of porteño Spanish," Hisp L (1967), 119-121. Brief notes on the isolation of /γ/ as a separate phoneme, as opposed to the stand that it is an allophone of /i/. Foster argues that the peculiarities of porteño Spanish make this isolation even more manifest than in Spanish in general. He gives illustrative examples of Buenos Aires pronunciations of the graphs i and y, using minimal pairs (such as abyecto-abierto and deshielodesierto) to document his notes. Annot. by Canfield, HLAS Vol. 30, No. 2567a, and by Huberman No. 1046. [1068] Foster, David W. "Concerning the Phonemes of Standard and Porteño Spanish," in J. Ornstein (ed.), Three Essays on Linguistic Diversity in the Spanish-Speaking World, The Hague—Paris, 1975, pp. 61-70. Author begins this article by defining some nine distinctive features of Buenos Aires phonology. But the bulk of his paper deals with the /s/ phoneme and the contiguous vowel variants articulated according to their position in the speech group. Foster disagrees vehemently with V. Honsa's180 conclusions regarding porteño phonemics as interpreted by structural linguistics, in that he feels that the latter is inadequate to explain phonemic variants. He favors generative phonology/linguistics for the correct explanation. Author claims that this type of detailed dialectal study is important from a sociolinguistic standpoint as well as just phonological. *[1068A] Frenkel de Berrena Guzmán, Martha E. "The Pre-Consonantal /s/ in River Plate Spanish," Lenguas Vivas (Buenos Aires) 19 (1971), 20-31. [1069] Gandolfo, Adriana. "Spanish II, y and rr in Buenos Aires and Corrientes," PICL IX (1964), 212-216. A comparison of the phonological systems of the Spanish of Buenos Aires and the northwestern province of Corrientes, with emphasis on the pronunciation of II, y and rr. Starts out by contrasting the consonantal systems of General Latin American Spanish with porteño and correntino Spanish. Some main points: 1) the /// phoneme does exist in Corrientes (and not in Buenos Aires nor—except in isolated cases—in GLAS); 2) the y graph, pronounced ï in porteño Spanish, has in Corrientes an affricate sound, like Jack in English: bayo [bajo]; the /F/ of GLAS and Buenos Aires Spanish "corresponds to the /2/ of Corrientes, which has phonetic variants [ i ~ r ~ Z]"; so barro comes out [baZo], Author gives details about her informants, testing methods, and differences in social class pronunciations, in this /r/—/2/ confusion. Ends up by summarizing pedagogical problems involved, especially in orthography and

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orthoepy. There is also data about influence of Guaraní on Corrientes pronunciation. *[1070] Guirao, Miguelina and Ana M. Borzone de Manrique. "Fonemas, sílabas y palabras del español de Buenos Aires. Estudio estadístico," Fil XVI (1972), 135-165. [1071] Guirao, Miguelina and Ana María Borzone de Manrique. "Identification of Argentine Spanish Vowels," Proceedings öf the Seventh International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Montreal (22-28 August 1971), 514-520. 1 8 1 A paper that summarizes a spectographical analysis of Arg. Spanish vowels. Highly technical illustrations showing the frequency of maximum amplitude. Main sections: 1) Relation of the five main Spanish vowels to the cardinal vowel system; 2) Comparison between Arg. Spanish vowels and Amer. Eng. vowels; 3) Effects of vowel duration; 4) Conclusions. [1072] Guitarte, Guillermo. "El ensordecimiento del Zeismo porteño; fonología y fonética," RFE XXXIX (1955), 261-283. About the well-known harsh, voiced frication ("rehilamiento") given to y-II in the River Plate area. Zamora Vicente (see 1085 below) had contended that the upper classes preserve the harsh voicing, while the middle and lower classes tend to give an unvoiced pronunciation. Guitarte disagrees and argues that the situation is more complex than that. For example, he claims the general tendency is for the articulation to become unvoiced because "rehilamiento" (voicing) takes more energy. Says too that "ensordecimiento" is more common among women. Author gathered his data via his own linguistic canvassing of several sections of Buenos Aires. Gives tables of figures. Annot. by Huberman Nos. 804 and 1034, and by Solé No. 431. 182 [1073] Honsa, Vladimir. "The Phonemic Systems of Argentinian Spanish," Hisp XLVIII (1965), 275-283. A detailed comprehensive study of six main sound systems in Arg. Spanish. The six: 1) the Buenos Aires area and to the South; 2) the West and North except 3) Santiago del Estero; 4) provinces of Corrientes and Misiones along the Paraguayan border; 5) Buenos Aires colloquial, and 6) Buenos Aires lunfardo. Author gives phonemic charts for these groups. Written from a structural linguistics point of view. Much data about "standard" Buenos Aires Spanish, the influence of the Perón era, etc. "Professor Honsa has produced here an accurate and well-documented description of some six distinct patterns of Argentine Spanish pronunciation, compared with 'standard'

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American Spanish and standard European Spanish. His tabulation of the distinctive features of each dialect conforms to descriptive linguistic procedure" (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 28, No. 1567). Annot. by Huberman No. 1044. [1074] Malmberg, Bertil. Études sur la phonétique de l'espagnol parlé en Argentine. Lund, 1950, 290 p. 183 A descriptive study, and the first all-inclusive one, of Argentine phonetics. Author made his observations during a stay in Argentina from April through August 1946. The survey is practically limited to upper class porteños, the author depending on secondary sources for other classes (such as "gauchesco"). Much data on the details of his methodology (use of "inscripciones quimográficas", phonograph records, manner of using informants, etc.). Zamora Vicente (in a lengthy review in AILC V [1952], 430-436) claims Malmberg is poor on noting differences between open and closed vowels, and points out other defects of commission and omission in the book (e.g., no one says naide, but nadies is common). But in general Zamora praises the work for its orderliness, its clarity, and its successful efforts in accumulating and treating so much data. Other interesting random evaluations: "The most serious limitation imposed upon this study is due to the author's choice of informants" (review by O. L. Chavarria-Aguilar in Lan XXVII [1951], 412-414); "Especially rewarding are the sections dealing with 'double' vowels, geminate consonants, and prosody. But of greatest interest are the sections on the socalled yeísmo and seseo, and the very good treatment of /s/ and its variants" (ibid.); "The first extended study on the phonetics of spoken Spanish in Argentina with special reference to Buenos Aires and the River Plate region. A critical examination of limited studies and scattered references by previous scholars (Tiscornia, Miguel de Toro, Maspero, Henríquez Ureña, Alonso, Rosenblat, Capdevila, Castro and others), together with the results of the author's own observations and experiments conducted in loco from April to August 1946. Contains 15 pages of transcribed phonetic texts, a helpful index of cited words and forms and a lengthy bibliography. An excellent contribution to American Spanish studies" (Kany, HLAS Vol. 17, No. 2223). Many other reviews and annotations: A. M. Barrenechea, Fil III (1951), 139-144 (of this review Kany says: "Review contains interesting restrictions and additions"—//¿/IS Vol. 17, No. 2223); G. Bonfante, Paideia VII (1952), 245-248; M. Durand, BSL XLVII (1951), 165-166; L. Flórez, Thes VII (1951), 375-377; M. Lasley, RHM XVII (1951), 173; T. Navarro, Word VII (1951), 273-275; G. Rohlfs, ASNS CLXXXIX (1953), 263-264; A. Rosenblat, NRFH IV (1950), 406-408; Rosenblat, NRFH VI (1952), 155-162 ("Points out flaws of methodology and factual observations in Malmberg's

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study. An important review"-Wogan, H LAS Vol. 18, No. 2362); Serfs, No. 15193. Annot. by Huberman No. 977. [1075] Malmberg, Bertil. "Note sur le [2] argentin," Mélanges de Linguistique romane et de philologie Médiévale offerts à M. Maurice Delbouille, Vol. I: Linguistique Romane, Gembloux, 1964, pp. 417-420. Also pubi, in Malmberg's Phonetique générale et romane: Études en allemand, espagnol et français, The Hague, 1971, pp. 467-469. A note mostly about the opposition between [i] and [2] in the hie- and Rewords in Argentine Spanish (hierba = [ierba] and yerba = [2erba]). Malmberg claims that such an opposition existed in 1946, 184 but that, according to Argentine phoneticians, it doesn't now (1962); and that the [2] ("sous ses différentes manifestations phonétiques, comme affriqué, comme partiellement ou complètement assourdi, etc.") has taken over. There is also related commentary on the voiceless-voiced situation of the ll-y sound ([2] and [£]).' 85 Annotated in EspAc No. 4 (March 10, 1964), p. 27. [1076] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "Los sonidos avulsivos en el Río de la Plata," AJONII (1960), 113-120. A study of 8 "sonidos avulsivos" (called "clicks" in English phonetic . terminology) used in the Plate area. There are "tres bilabiales, tres prepalatales, y dos mediopalatales." Gives, for each one, precise physiological description of the articulation, and the meanings and emotions expressed (such as boredom, satisfaction, approval, simply a strong "yes" or "no", etc.). Also when they are used (like calling somebody's attention, e.g. a waiter, a bus conductor, an animal, etc.). Other interesting details, such as the fact that some sounds are made only by men, that technically they are "signos fónicos extrasistematicos", that sometimes they are accompanied by gestures, that they are often similar to interjections and onomatopoeic sounds, etc. Goes into question as to whether they are really phonemes and tells at some length why he believes they can be so considered. Annotated in BFE 9 (1961), 25. [1077] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "Sonidos extralingüísticos en el habla rioplatense/M/CW II (1960), 221-233. Another article on extralinguistic sounds. Author divides them into five series ("fricativos, africados, vibrantes, aspirados, nasales"); there are some 34 sounds altogether. Author warns that these are not all the sounds extant in River Plate speech, nor are they all in general use. All, however, are universally understood. As in the "sonidos avulsivos" (article No. 1076 above), gives

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details as to their general nature, when they are used, physiological description of articulation, and explanation of meanings ("cansancio, fastidio, burla, rabia", etc. etc.)· Again he goes into question as to whether (and if so, how) they can be put into a phonological system; claims this whole matter has been relatively neglected. [1078] Nardi, Ricardo L. J. Έ1 habla en inspiración," CINIFI (1960), 217227 «β A rather highly technical study of the mechanics and phonetics of inspiratory speech, which author claims is quite common in many rural areas of Argentina. The first part of the study deals with this type of speech in general; author then proceeds to deal with Argentina itself. Says manuals of phonetics do not take this up; nor does Malmberg; he believes Vidal's El habla rural de San Luistsl to be the first work to deal with it—but even then not much. Author gives specific parts of Argentina where he has observed it ; says that Patagonia and Cuyo are the zones of greatest intensity, but is heard not only in the north but even in Buenos Aires province; not, however, in the Litoral nor the Chaco. Gives other details, such as that it is particularly common among women and children; that little seems known about how it originated in Argentina (from peninsular Spanish?, American Spanish?, from substratum phenomena? Says he cannot support any of these theories, for lack of data). Although he uses phonetic symbols to reproduce examples (gives at end of article the symbols he has used), he points out the difficulties in phonetic transcription, since regular symbols are not made to reproduce this type of speech. "Discusses habit among people in rural Argentina to speak as they inhale" (Paredes, "Folklore Bibliog. for I960," SFQ XXV [1961], No. 825). [1079] Nardi, Ricardo L. J. "Pablo Groussac y el español de la Argentina," F i / V i (1960), 114-121. In 1881 the governor of Tucumán commissioned Paul Groussac to "redactar una memoria" describing the province. In the Groussac report are found data about Argentine and Tucumán Spanish. In this article, Nardi reproduces and comments upon the Groussac observations. These include material on lexical and grammatical peculiarities in Tucumán, but the real "valla que se levanta entre criollos y peninsulares proviene de la pronunciación . . . " (p. 115). In addition to pointing out such metaplasms as pader, vedera, Grabiel (all metatheses, of course) and piegra (piedra), brama (grama), etc., Groussac claims the main differences in Tucumán pronunciation lie in the articulation of II, r, s (initial and final), and /. Details given for each, with some indication of Indian influence. Nardi in his commentary points out the

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historical value of the Groussac work, that in general it is correct, and that Groussac has anticipated (without getting credit) some discoveries of later scholars. At times Nardi disagrees with Groussac; for example, the latter's comment about there being no ceceo in Argentina is, says Nardi, "exagerado e impresionista". Nardi dwells quite extensively on this topic and documents himself with citations from Navarro, L. Flórez, A. Alonso, and Malmberg.

[1080] Rosenblat, Angel. "Dos observaciones de Sarmiento sobre el seseo," RFHII (1940), 52-54. Sarmiento's observations about the seseo in his time. He reports a case of the preservation of the zeta sound as pronounced by an aged cantor in the province of San Luis. "Del pròlogo a su obra Memoria sobre ortografía americana" (Serís, No. 15008). [1081] Ricci, Julio. Un problema de interpretación fonológica en el español del Uruguay. Montevideo, 1963, 32 p. An involved phonological treatise centering around "el problema de determinación fonológica que . . . plantea el sonido [de] s ante /k/, esto es, ante oclusiva velar sorda (ejs. bosque, mosca, etc.)" in Uruguayan Spanish. In his treatment of phonetic-phonemic-phonological questions and theory, author draws upon many eminent linguistic scholars. As for the specific problem at hand, Ricci carried out an experiment: a passage containing the sound sc/squ was dictated to a group of seven-year-olds, and they put down what they heard. The results: one third wrote s in all cases; one third wrote a mixture of / and s; and the remaining third wrote j or g exclusively. Author's analysis of the results would seem to be summarizable as follows: this s is either an allophone of /s/ ([h]) or of /x/. He concludes that it is an allophone of /x/ but in effect that this is no real solution since what is going on is a change in the local phonological system; that is, it is a case of "indeterminación" or "neutralización". Reviewed at length by J. P. Roña (BFM IX [1962], 199-204) who disagrees strongly with much of the Ricci work. For example, that the [x] sound in mosca is the same as the /x/ in ojo. Rona gives spectograms in his review to prove it is not. Furthermore, Rona made a practically identical experiment to Ricci's but, as he says, "en forma controlada", and with dramatically different results: of nine groups of students he used, the students of eight groups did not write a single / oxg\ in the ninth group eight per cent made this error. Rona's conclusion: the s sound in mosca is an allophone of /s/. Ricci's study is also reviewed negatively by Heles Contreras (.BIFCh XVI [1964], 295-297).

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*[1082] Sánchez Cantón, F. J. "Estudio sobre el español del Plata por el egiptólogo Gaston Maspero en 1872," in Homenaje a J. A. Van Praag, Amsterdam 1956, pp. 114-116. "Calls attention to the importance of Maspero's pioneer study of River Plate Spanish—Sur quelques singularités phonétiques de l'espagnol dans la campagne de Buenos Aires et de Montevideo" (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 23, No. 4471). In regard to the latter work, Serfs (No. 15271) reports Amado Alonso's opinion: "De escaso valor". [1083] Vásquez, Washington. "El fonema /s/ en el español de Uruguay," Revista de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias (Instituto de Filología, Departamento de Lingüística, Universidad de la República), Montevideo, No. 10 (1953), 87-94. Also in pamphlet (reprint) form: Montevideo 1953, 10 p. Highly technical article on the different types of the phoneme /s/ in Uruguay, "fricativo, sordo, anterior", etc. From an abstract by B. Pottier, BHi LXI(1951), 129-130: "Le ^(quelle que soit sagraphie)se réalise,en Uruguay, sous sept variantes: [χ], [γ], [h], [ζ], [s] faible, [ s ], [s]. Dans le cas du -s final, qui tend à disparaître dans l'articulation, une opposition de longueur se crée: 'la casa-las casas > la kasa-lâ k a s â ' . . . L'auteur termine en indiquant l'influence de ces prononciations du s sur la lexicologie et la syntaxe." "Describes variant spellings and pronunciations of s in different situations in the Spanish of Uruguay" (Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1954,"SFQ XIX [1955] p. 73). [1084] Vidal de Battini, Berta Elena. "Extensión de la rr mùltiple en la Argentina," Fil III (1951), 181-184. [Map] Linguistic geography notes on the two types of "rr multiple" in Argentine pronunciation: 1) the trilled ("correct") r of Buenos Aires and its zones of influence, and 2) the "r asibilada" (fricative) of the interior provinces. Map shows distribution of each type. "Indicates zones of multiple vibrant rr (Buenos Aires and southern provinces) and of assibilant rr (northern provinces). On the accompanying map the zones are unfortunately reversed. This is a portion of a study of Argentine geographic linguistics begun by the author in 1945 and not yet completed" (Kany, HLAS Vol. 17, No. 2265). Also annotated by Boggs ("Folklore Bibliog. for 1952," SFQ XVII [1953], p. 85) and Sen's, No. 15198. [1085] Zamora Vicente, Alonso. "Rehilamiento porteño,"Fil I (1949), 5-22. A detailed technical examination of the much-studied y-ll phoneme as pronounced in Buenos Aires. It illustrates, with the help of 19 kymograms

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and 5 palatograms, how the sound differs according to social class. One of the important conclusions is that "el rehilamiento porteño parece que presenta una decidida inclinación a convertirse en una articulación sorda [s]. La variante sonora [2], de menos zumbido y personalidad de lo que corrientemente se cree, tiende a ser deducto de clase social educada, conservadora, y se bate en retirada ante el empuje de la sorda, típica de las clases trabajadoras, artesanas y semicultas de la ciudad" (p. 22). "Trabajo destinado a estudiar el yeísmo bonaerense, representada en la actualidad por una articulación sorda o de una fuerte tendencia a ensordecerse. La pronunciación pro teña, por su prestigio de gran ciudad, va imponiéndose en grandes zonas del habla argentina . . ." (From a review in Orbis I [1952], 224). "This excellent study shows that y and II in Buenos Aires represent a voiced sound [2] in careful cultured speech; this sound is apparently ceding ground to the partially or completely voiceless variant [s] typical of less cultured and working classes" (Kany, H LAS Vol. 15, No. 2150). Also reviewed by Boggs, SFQ XV (1951), 105, and by M. Garcia Blanco, RFE XXXV (1951), 383. Annotated briefly in LB for 1949, p. 102, and in Sen's, No. 15197. [1086] Yorio, Carlos A. "Phonological Style in the Dialect of Spanish of Córdoba, Argentina." DAb, 35/1 (1974), 438A (U. of Michigan). A study of phonological variations in the conversational and reading styles of eleven natives of Córdoba. Author concludes that "a preliminary analysis of the data suggested five variables for further investigation: 1) syllable final s, r and d\ 2) vowel reduction; 3) devoicing of post-tonic segments; 4) vowel lengthening and pitch rise in pre-tonic position; 5) the status of [v] and [λ]." Also treated is a quantitative comparison of each variable in the two styles, especially the lengthening and pitch raising of pre-tonic vowels, since this Cordobán trait is "a unique phenomenon in the Spanish language." [1086A] Wolf, Clara and Elena Jiménez. "El Yeísmo Porteño," in Eseeh, pp. 299-312. This study of the "rehilamiento" ([2]) and the "ensordecimiento" ([5]) in Platine cultured speech is another of the series of the "Proyecto de estudios . . (see No. 1088A and footnote for details). The principal objective of the article is to determine how much unvoicing has taken place during recent decades and what the present status is. Some conclusions: 1) style (formal, informal, etc.) seems to be irrelevant; 2)sex is important; women outnumber men some 15 per cent to 3 per cent in the unvoicing; 3) the factor of age is also significant, since younger informants outdid older speakers by a margin of 21 per cent to 4 per cent. (Incidentally, these authors extended the age

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factor of the corpus to youngsters of 9, 12, 15 and 17. The percentage of "ensordecimiento" increased as the ages decreased. For example, 84 per cent of 9-year-old girls unvoiced, whereas only 3.6 per cent of 55-year-old women did); 4) the factor of sociocultural status seems to have the least effect on the unvoicing process. Specific statistical results are given in 10 charts.

IV. Grammar

Studies included in this section emphasize syntax and morphology, and both descriptive and prescriptive grammar. Other topics covered are solecisms, "barbarismos," linguistic "purity" vs. "corruption," etc. Items having to do with usage of address and social "fórmulas de cortesía" are included in Section V (Miscellaneous Studies). Pedagogical works have been omitted unless they offer specifically regional data. [1087] Academia Argentina de Letras, "Acuerdos acerca del idioma." For the annotation on this material, see No. 1141 below, in Section V. [1088] Barrenechea, Ana Maria and Teresa Orecchia. "La duplicación de objetos directos e indirectos en el español hablado en Buenos Aires," RPh XXIV (1970-1971), 58-83. Also pubi, in Eseeh, pp. 351-381. "Study of redundant object pronouns in B.A. speech. Using variables of form and situation, authors compile statistics in percentages, noting that the redundant occurs over three times as much with the indirect as with the direct. Also consider humano vs. no humano and study individual pronouns" (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 34, No. 3123). A "Proyecto de Estudios.. study; see No. 1088A and footnote for details. " . . . We have [Barrenechea and Orecchia] publishing the results of their enquiry into redundant objects in 'La duplicación . . .' Working with tape-recorders in the city itself, they concentrated mainly on pleonastic pronoun objects. The tables of statistics they bring out look impressive, though one could wish for more actual examples of their material" (Gifford, YWMLS 32 [1970], 348). [1088A] Barrenechea, A. M. "Operadores pragmáticos de actitud oracional: Los adverbios en -mente," in Eseeh, pp. 313-322. This article embodies one of the grammatical investigations of the "Proyecto de Estudio coordinado de la norma lingüística culta de las principales ciudades de Iberoamérica y de la Península Ibérica", initiated in 1966 and sponsored by La Comisión de Lingüística Iberoamericana of the Programa Interamericano de Lingüística y Enseñanza de Idiomas (PILEI). 188 The article, a bit abstruse, analyzes adverbial usage in Buenos Aires taking up three types: 1) adverbs in

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-mente, 2) words and phrases used adverbially, and 3) verbal constructions used adverbially. Article gives preferences of porteño speakers as to each group within a classification of nine "actitudes oracionales." Results are not given in statistics, but in generalities, such as one conclusion at the end where she states that verbal constructions and other adverbs usually "figuran con mayor frecuencia" than do the adverbs in -mente. [1089] Barrenechea, A. M. and Alicia Alonso. "Los pronombres personales sujetos en el español hablado en Buenos Aires," in Studia Iberica, pp. 75-91. Also pubi, in Eseeh, pp. 333-349. Another study carried out by the "Proyecto de estudio . . (see No. 1088A and footnote for details), this one on the usage of subject pronouns. Results are given in 16 tables giving the percentages of the presence or absence of the various pronouns in various situations. 2,594 sentences were analyzed. Conclusions: 1) the subject second persons are those most often expressed; 2) ambiguity is not important in the pronominal subject expression; 3) the small number of sentences in which the pronoun uno appears in non-mandatory circumstances impedes any safe conclusions about its use; 4) in regard to the chart (table) calculations, it is better to rely upon the percentages that relate to ciphers "de presencia y ausencia" of the pronouns than those figures which compare the presence of subjects in studies dedicated to the analysis of optional forms. Good authors' summary in Zubatsky No. 733. [1090] Barrenechea, A. M. and Mabel M. de Rosetti. "La voz pasiva en el español hablado en Buenos Aires," in El simposio de México, México: UNAM, 1969, pp. 234-243. Also pubi, in Eseeh, pp. 395-405. "Authors of this informative article base findings on ten interviews, some 30 minutes each, or six hours of 'free' conversation by adult residents of B.A. Analysis reveals passive occurs in less than three per cent of all verb forms, and that forms with se are popular, both the 'sure' form with se and the impersonal." (Canfield, MLA S Vol. 34, No. 3122.) A "Proyecto de E s t u d i o s . . . " study; see No. 1088A for details. [1091] Berro García, Adolfo. "Formación del femenino en los nombres de profesiones y oficios ejercidos por mujeres," BFM VII (1952), 510-514. Not really about River Plate Spanish, but I include because in the list of 83 formations of the feminine nouns, author does include a little regional commentary. *[1092] Borello, Rodolfo A. "Para la historia del voseo en la Argentina," Cuadernos de Filologia (Cuyo), 111/1969, 25-42. 1 8 9

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[1093] Bozzini, Maria C. "El tratamiento de 'vos' en la Argentina," PNI No. 4 6 ( 1 9 4 3 ) , pp. 2 , 3 . Unpretentious and brief notes about the history of vos and the voseo (and the confusion with voceo 'gritería'). Author's main purpose is to clarify the term, and to correct some misconceptions about its use in Argentina. [1094] Canossa, Luis. Secretos y sorpresas del idioma. Buenos Aires, 1961, 149 p.; also 1 9 6 3 , 1 6 0 p. A rather curious hodgepodge of grammatical and lexicographical observations, in which the author inveighs against such elements in Argentine Spanish as Gallicisms, faulty use of gender and number, orthographic "errors", incorrect prepositional usage, incorrect accentuation, objectionable words and phrases, etc. Author gives lists of right and wrong usage, according to his somewhat personal and proscriptive notions. [1095] Capdevila, Arturo. Consultorio gramatical de urgencia. Buenos Aires, 1 9 6 7 , 2 2 6 p. A puristically-oriented series of essays, dealing with—among other matters -archaisms, "argentinismos" vs. "brasileñismos", some treatment of individual words and expressions, seldom etymologized; etc. "The author of Babel y el castellano traces certain Argentine expressions back to colonial times and scolds his countrymen, including radio announcers, for their careless syntax and esnobismo Γ (Canfield, HLAS, Vol. 32, No. 3041.) [1096] Capdevila, A. "Desazones idiomáticas argentinas," Citad 1:2 (1965), 21-38. A predominantly prescriptive, or normative, listing and discussion of a number of idioms current in Argentina. A sort of informal chat, but not without scholarly overtones. "An account of desafueros of the Río de la Plata area, by well-known Argentine writer. Such inconsistencies as concurrieron una delegación', como ser duraznos; mucha mayor cantidad-, niños medios olvidados, draw his fire although at least two of them are becoming very common . . . " (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 30, No. 2543). *[ 1097] Enet, Cecilia. "1200 comparaciones argentinas," AILC VI (1957), 325-373. "A voluminous collection of comparisons, involving physical and absolute qualities. Unfortunately the author does not separate the natively Argentine comparisons from those current in all Hispanic cultures." (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 23, No. 4422.)

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[1098] Fontanella de Weinberg, María Beatriz. "El voseo en Buenos Aires, un problema histórico lingüístico." See No. 1178. [1099] Fontanella de Weinberg, Μ. Β. "El voseo en Buenos Aires en las dos primeras décadas del siglo XIX." See No. 1179. [1099A] Foster, David W. "Exocentric Ν [NN] nouns in Spanish," Orbis 25 (1975), 44-75. . . Discusses the commonly held view that there is a lack of generative process for forming exocentric compound words in Spanish compared with, say, German, taking the great majority of examples from porteño or Buenos Aires Spanish; Foster shows that despite the reluctance by dictionaries to record exocentric combinations of words (e.g. hombre espejo), there is evidence that Spanish is becoming host to a growing number of compound nouns of Ν [Ν Ν] formation, and classes them under phonological, morphological and syntactical headings" (Gifford, YWMLS 39 [1977], p. 393). Foster lists, in an Appendix, 88 compound nouns categorized in ten different types. A few examples: villa miseria, año luz, escalera caracol. [1099B] Foster, D. W. "A Transformational Analysis of Spanish se," Ling 64(1970), 10-25. "Also based on Argentine Spanish is a paper which examines, in transformational terms, the pronoun se: [Foster, "A Transformational . . .]." (Gifford, YWMLS 32 [1970], 348.) [1099C] García, E. "Gender Switch in Spanish Derivation," RPh 24 (197071), 39-54. "In her study on 'Gender Switch . . .', E. Garcia concentrates on the endings a/ero, ojera, a/in, -on . . . In an enthusiastic postscript, Y. Malkiel points out that the scope of her investigations could be very much widened: not only such derivational gender changes as bombón > bombonera, but many other suffixes (e.g. -uco, -ico, -ucho, -ito) could be studied. The material on which Garcia bases her study comes from the Platense speech of the Argentine." (Gifford, YWMLS 32 [1970], 348.) [1100] Garrigós, F. Gramaticales y filológicas de 'La Prensa'. Buenos Aires, 1944,245 p. This book, a listing of grammatical rules, is not really regionally oriented; but I include it because much of the illustrative material is based on the language used in La Prensa, Buenos Aires' famous daily newspaper. The

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293

points treated are orthographic accent, adjectives, adverbial and conjunctive expressions, affixes, "americanismos y argentinismos" (Chap. 14), archaisms, etc. [1101] Giusti, Roberto F. "Ponencia acerca del mapa del voseo" in CALE IV (1966), 192-194. "Not the usual purist concern with eradication but rather an expression of a desire to know more about extent and variants.'' (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 30, No. 2573.) [1102] Guasch Leguizamón, Jorge. Yerros gramaticales de autores españoles célebres. Buenos Aires, 1959, 53 p. In spite of the title, many River Plate writers are included in this denunciation of "bad" grammar. Thus its inclusion. "Another purist who is critical of 'mistakes' made by his colleagues, especially those of Spain. Like many grammarians, he fails to take into consideration regional differences and very natural syntactic changes." (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 28, No. 1561.) [1103] Guasch Leguizamón, Jorge. Cien anuncios incorrectos. Estudio práctico de la preposición. Buenos Aires, 1955, 56 p. A booklet dealing with the misuse of prepositions (especially a) in commercial signs, in the Argentine capital. There is an "Indice razonado de las expresiones examinadas con indicación del parágrafo en que se estudian" (PP. 51-54). [1104] Guasch Leguizamón, J. "La preposición: dificultades que entraña su estudio," BAAL XVIII (1949), 59-60. Two pages on the use and abuse of the prepositions a, de, and en, taken from a book in preparation to be entitled Uso de las preposiciones.190 Annot. by Kany,HLAS Vol. 15, No. 2122, and by Huberman No. 406. [1105] Herrero Mayor, Avelino. Apuntaciones . . . Buenos Aires, 1947, 279 p. See No. 42.

lexicográficas y gramaticales

[1106] Herrero Mayor, Avelino. Condenación y defensa de la gramática. Buenos Aires, 1942, 256 p. Rather informal reflections on grammar and its relationship to such fields as literature, pedagogy, diction, semantics, etc., etc. Although not primarily concerned with Argentine Spanish as such, book does contain enough regional data to warrant this note.

294

Grammar

[ 1107] Herrero Mayor, Avelino. Cosas del idioma. Indagaciones y experiencias. Buenos Aires, 1959, 125 p. This grammarian's continuing thoughts on "el crecimiento y la evolución del habla en el orden local y su divulgación literaria" (p. 7). A series of essays, mostly on grammatical or stylistic subjects, such as Gallicisms, gender, "fallas en la terminología forense y parlamentaria", use and misuse of the verb hacer, "refranes y locuciones del campo", etc. At the end, an index of the words and phrases treated, about 500. Also an index of "autores, obras y nombres diversos". "Lively, short essays on various aspects of American Spanish, particularly as used in Argentina. Some typical subjects treated are Έ1 macanudo y los uruguayos', 'El "pichel" de Fierro', 'El empleo de dori"" (Wogan, H LAS Vol. 23, No. 4434). [1108] Herrero Mayor, Avelino.Diálogo argentino de la lengua. Buenos Aires, 1954, 122 p. 191 Fifty radio broadcasts for the purpose of improving grammatical usage. A number of americanismos and/or argentinismos are brought up. "A professor and his student discuss various linguistic pitfalls peculiar to Argentina. The author begins his duties as 'catedrático idiomàtico de LRA Radio del Estado' in 1951" (Wogan, tfLAS1 Vol. 19,No.4528). [1109] Herrero Mayor, Avelino. "Historia de unas palabras mal empleadas," REd V (1960), 178-180. Notes on preservar-conservar, interdecir-entredecir, and interdiciónentredicho. *[1110] Herrero Mayor, Avelino. Lengua y gramática. Reflexiones sobre el bien hablar y el mal decir. Buenos Aires, 1955, 126 p. "Eight rather unsubstantial essays on grammatical points of usage, language growth, etc., with occasional reference to Argentine Spanish" (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 20, No. 3648). [1111] Herrero Mayor, Avelino. " El 'vos' en la educación argentina," REd, Trimestre IV, 1964-1965, 59-65. A proscriptive approach to the voseo, in which author gives some historical background. "Using a quotation from Ortega y Gasset, the author speaks of the voseo as a real sin in the behavior pattern of Argentina, without seeming to realize that the grammatical pattern of the individual is formed before he enters school" (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 28, No. 1565).

Grammar

295

[1112] Krüger, Fritz. El argentinismo 'Es de lindo'. Sus variantes y sus antecedentes peninsulares. Estudio de sintaxis comparativa. Madrid (CSIC) 1960, 204 p. This work of impressive erudition is an ensemble of systematic syntactical studies, grouped about the Argentinism es de lindo. This expression is, then, studied not so much for its own idiomatic sake, but rather for an explication of how the preposition de is used in many similar constructions. The study is illustrated by a great wealth of examples taken from the spoken idiom, as the latter is reflected in popular stories, regional novels, saínetes and other dramatic works. The sources are both peninsular (Catalonian, Castilian, and Portuguese) and Spanish American. "A wide-ranging, richly documented syntactical study of a common Argentine idiom. Krüger holds that in this and related expressions, de is the equivalent of tan or mas" (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 25, No. 3927). Reviews: P. R. Olson,HR XXX (1962), 353-355;G. GybbonMonypenny, BHS XXXIX (1962), 255; F. A. Martinez, Thes XVII (1962), 700-704; B. Pottier, RPh XVI (1962-1963), 133-135; R.A.B., RLAI 3 (1961), 148-150; W. Beinhauer, RF No. 73 (1961), 430-432; J. Montes G., BICC XVI (1961), 756-757; J.P.V., RDTP XVI (1960), 533-534; BDEsp XXXVII (1961), 86, by A. Griera; M.J.M.J., RPF XI (1961), 578 f.; V. Bouilly, NRFH XVII (1963-1964), 381-382; H. Guiter.ÄLÄ LXXIV(1961), 249; Huberman No. 428; Sole' No. 443.

[1113] Lavandera, Beatriz Rosario. "Linguistic Structure and Sociolinguistic Conditioning in the Use of Verbal Endings in s¡-Clauses (Buenos Aires Spanish)," DAb 36 (1975), 5262A (Pennsylvania). An analysis of the variation of tense usage in non-past conditional sentences as evidenced in Buenos Aires colloquial spoken Spanish. The three main variants (tenses) involved are the imperfect subjunctive, the present indicative, and the conditional -ria. The data was gathered in face-to-face interviews with 105 B.A. natives, taking into consideration sex, age, education, occupation, and ethnic groups and their interaction. Methodology used in the collecting and evaluation of field data is also described. [1114] Lima, Raúl Alfredo. "Hay que evitar los che y los vos," Vea y Lea, Buenos Aires, No. 437 (July 9,1964), n.p. Brief note quoting a well-known radio and television producer: . . Por razones de comercialización, conviene que los temas no sean demasiado locales y que se destierre el che y el vos de los diálogos, para ganar definitivamente el mercado latinoamericano."

296

Grammar

[1115] Meo-Zilo, Giovanni. "Alcune tendenze sintattiche e stilistiche dello spagnolo medio rioplatense," Qlb III, No. 22 (July 1958), 417-427. "Classifies various solecisms and stylistic deviations which the author believes form a sort of River Plate koiné" (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 22, No. 4353). [1116] "Polémica Meo Zilio," Qlb III, No. 23 (March 1959), 576. A brief article criticizing Meo Zilio's "Alcune tendenze sintattiche . . . " (see preceding annotation). The authors, two River Plate scholars, Delio Sùàrez and Rubén Quiroga, criticize Meo Zilio on several counts, denying what he says about River Plate pronunciation. Suárez claims that article is full of errors and that it shows lack of knowledge of River Plate Spanish. Cites examples. E.g., Meo Zilio speaks of "substrato indígena": there was no such element in Uruguay; "préstamos si, sustrato no". [1117] Miragaya, Eduardo. Diccionario de correcciones y palabras que se emplean equivocadamente en sustitución de las verdaderas. Buenos Aires, 1945,228 p. Although this dictionary of some 500 terms is not, strictly speaking, regional, I include it because the author took his subject matter from an important Argentine newspaper, La Capital of Rosario. [1118] Molina, Raúl Alejandro. "Cuando apareció el voseo en nuestro lenguaje," RIHG XXI (1954), 65-79. 192 Article starts out by considering the old polemic about a "national" language, mentioning many well-known figures espousing the two sides. Then he states: "Pero no es, como dijimos, en el indigenismo, ni en el arcaísmo gauchesco, ni en el pintoresco cocolicheo, ni en la inculta jerga del lunfardo, donde ha de fundarse aquella diferenciación . . . Nosotros creemos verla mejor . . . en el pronombre y en la conjugación de los verbos, como dijo Cuervo." The reference here is, of course, to the verb forms used in the voseo. Author discusses the various possibilities of what caused this verbal evolution, and comes up with the interesting—if dubious—theory that it was the Indian failure to pronounce Castilian verbs correctly that was the prime cause of the modern voseo verb forms. [1119] Orlandi, Clemente. "Barbarismos verbales," REd IV (1959), 143-147 and 347-354. A discussion of barbarismos, vulgarismos, "plebeyismos", argentinismos, "criollismos", americanismos, arcaísmos, ultracorrecciones, neologismos, lunfardismos, gazapos, etc. used in Buenos Aires and environs, and some used

Grammar

297

in the nearby country region. Author defines what he means by the above categories, and gives examples. The second section of the article is subtitled "¿Cuáles son los verbos bárbaros?"; author discusses what he feels is proper in the formation of new verbs and gives many examples, most of the new formations being produced through the use of affixes. Obviously, the Spanish Academy's acceptance-or lack of it—is prominent in all of this. *[1120] Patino Lascano, Ricardo. La pureza del lenguaje. Córdoba (Arg.): Imprenta de la Universidad, 1949, 91 p. [1121] Pinto, Luis C. "El periodismo y el idioma/"BFMVili (1959), 167-171. About the advisability of suppressing the ρ in words of Greek origin (e.g., psicología). Conclusion: suppress it. Some additional etymological commentary. Annot. by Wogan, HLAS Vol. 24, No. 4768. [1122] Portnoy, Antonio. "Apostillas gramaticales," PNI No. 32 (Dec. 1940Jan. 1941), p. 1,4. Grammatical commentary about aparejar, armazón, en base a, tajear, coaligar. Listed by Boggs, SFQ VI (1942), 66. [1123] Ragucci, Rodolfo. Cartas a Eulogio: Más de 200 problemas de bien decir and Más cartas a Eulogio (two books in one). Buenos Aires, 1943,425 p. A verbose and rambling book, nothing very original, and apparently directed to young and linguistically immature persons. Mostly grammar and lexicography-although everything in linguistics seems to interest author. From review in BFM IV (1944), 166-167: "Dos obras de utilidad manifiesta y de profunda valoración. Los errores corrientes de la lengua hablada, los defectos de nuestra habla rioplatense, . . . considerados y analizados con cuidadosa meticulosidad . .." *[1124] Ragucci, Rodolfo. El hablade mi tierra, 24th edition. Buenos Aires, 1960,887 p. "Contains numerous examples of Argentine popular speech generally condemned by the author" (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 26, No. 1368). "In this timehonored Spanish grammar, there are included proverbs, americanismos, argentinismos, slang for words used in Argentine Spanish, tongue-twisters, and curiosities of Spanish" (Sable, Vol. I, p. 360, No. 2446). Reviewed by: R. Torres Quintero, BICC III (1947), 338-339; C. Martinez Vigil, BFM III (1941), 242-245.

298

Grammar

*[1125] Ragucci, Rodolfo. Palabras enfermas y bárbaras. Rosario, 1941, 274 p. "200 problemas idiomáticos resueltos en formas sencillas para los aficionados al bien decir" (Rosenblat, HLAS Vol. 6, No. 3869). Reviewed, in form of letter, by S. W. Bermúdez, 5FM III (1941), 105-113. (See No. 8.) [1126] Reyero, María Luisa. "Algo más acerca de nuestra habla," PNI No. 41 (1942), 3,4. This article reports a talk given before the Sociedad Argentina de Estudios Lingüísticos. It challenges the grammarian Avelino Herrero Mayor and his book Artesanía y prevaricación del castellano. Boils down to a minor polemic between "purists" and "realists", grammatically speaking. Prof. Reyero claims that Herrero is too harsh in his opinions about Argentine youth, their grammatical shortcomings, and their educational system. [1126A] Ricci, Julio. "El diminutivo coquinario en el español del Uruguay." Lebende Sprachen, Augsburg, May 1979, p. 74. Brief note about a supposedly high frequency of the use of diminutives with food and drink nouns in Uruguay. Author attributes a possibly psychological motivation; e.g., one is not so comprometido if he offers a guest a tortillita rather than a (gran) tortilla. Secondly, the inviter limits himself quantitatively as well—"el que ofrece una cervecita ò un cafecito, no ofrece nada más." [1127] Ricci, Julio and Iris Malan de Ricci. Anotaciones sobre el uso de los pronombres tú y vos en el español del Uruguay. Montevideo, Apartado de los Anales del Instituto de Profesores Artigas, Nos. 7-8 (1962), 4 p. Authors divide the population of Uruguay into three zones: 1) "uso exclusivo del pronombre vos" [roughly 55 per cent]; 2) "uso alternado de los pronombres tú y vos" [roughly 44 per cent]; 3) "uso exclusivo del pronombre tiT [roughly 1 per cent]. They point up the differences (especially for level 2) between the two pronouns, how they differ depending upon circumstances and the sex of the speaker, etc. Conclude that an evolution or transition is going on, and that tú will probably triumph. Also note how Uruguayan Spanish differs from Buenos Aires Spanish in this regard. In B.A. "el pronombre vos domina prácticamente en todos los niveles" (p. 3). [1128] Roña, José Pedro. "El uso del futuro en el voseo americano," Fil VII (1961), 121-144. [Three maps]

Grammar

299

A lot of general information about the voseo and its geographical distribution, with emphasis on the River Plate zone. Starting on page 132, gives geographical rundown for all of Spanish America for the following forms: has, habés, habis, hes, heis, habéis, hais and tomarás, tomarés, tomaris, tomaréis. The study is broken into the following sections: 1. Problemática del futuro en el voseo. 2. Clasificación de las formas. 3. La formación del futuro. 4. La distribución geográfica [with the three maps]. 5. La distribución diastrástica. 6. Conclusiones. A careful and scholarly presentation by the distinguished Uruguayan dialectologist. [1129] Sàbato, Ernesto. "El 'voseo'", Indice, Madrid, XXI, No. 208 (1966), 32. 193 A popularized defense of Argentine—or any other regional—Spanish against claims of Castilian (especially Toledan) superiority. (The voseo is mentioned as one characteristic of Arg. Spanish.) Author sums up how Old World Spanish differs from New World Spanish, how the language differs from country to country, social class to social class, even from one member of a family to another, etc. In short, a sensible and good humored defense against linguistic absolutism, so to speak. [1130] Sanguinetti de Martinsen, M. Angela. "El voseo en la escuela," REd 111 (1956), 179-184. Although pedagogical, this article so interestingly comments upon the history and components of Argentine Spanish that I include it. Its major theme is what should the primary and secondary school teachers do about the voseo. Conclusion: "Podemos pedir que el maestro destierre el voseo de su vocabulario diario" (p. 183). *[1131] Santos, Guillermo F. Dislates que se cometen Aires, 1941, 146 p.

al hablar. Buenos

[1132] Schock, Alfredo. 2,000 barbarismos que corrompen el buen decir, 2nd edition. Buenos Aires, 1945, 62 p . m A grammar-type work. A collection largely of trivia, and some outright disparates, which "corrects" idioms, especially those involving prepositional usage, spelling, vulgar or coarse vocabulary, accentuation, etc. Author has collected Iiis material from press in general, daily conversation, official literature, radio, and from the writings of professionals and teachers. [1133] Selva, Juan B. " Arcaísmos en nuestra conjugación," REd III (1958), 325-328. 195

300

Grammar

A brief discussion of the voseo in Argentina. Listed by Wogan, HLAS Vol. 24, No. 4785. [1134] Selva, Juan B. "Acción de los prefijos en el crecimiento del habla," BAAL XIV (1945), 7-26. "A list of new formations, some of them registered in the latest Academy dictionary (1936), others not yet registered. Shows how rapidly neologisms are formed by means of prefixes" (Kany, HLAS Vol. 11, No. 2913). [1135] Selva, Juan B. "El habla más correcta," BAAL IX (1941), 143-151. Informal, and primarily prescriptive notes about usage in Argentina. No index. [1136] Selva, Juan B. "Los sufijos en el crecimiento del habla," BAAL XIV (1945), 387-458. Another list of new formations, this time those created by use of suffixes. Some in the Academy dictionary, some not. Author uses Argentine usage for much of his illustrative material. Annotated by Kany, HLAS Vol. 11, No. 2914, and by Huberman No. 328. [1137] Selva, Juan B. "Verbos nuevos," BAAL XV (1946), 179-192. Still another of the author's series on the growth of Spanish, particularly in the River Plate area. Types of new verbs (not listed in the 16th edition of the Academy Dictionary) originate "por derivación mediata" (with infixes, such as -izar, -iflcar), "por derivación inmediata" (e.g., monologar), and by "parasíntesis" {amigarse, for example). Annot. by Huberman No. 225. [1138] Siracusa, María Isabel. "Morfología verbal del voseo en el habla culta de Buenos Aires," Fil XVI (1972), 201-213. Also pubi, in Eseeh, pp. 383-393. Another study sponsored by—and using the same "corpus lingüístico" of - t h e "Proyecto de Estudios . . ." series (see No. 1088A and footnote for details). This one takes up the verbal inflections used with the voseo in Buenos Aires cultured speech. Author claims that -ás and -és rather than -dis and -éis are favored {-is is practically invariable for the third conjugation) for the present indicative, but that for the subjunctive the porteño prefers the academic cantes, vayas, tengas to cantés, vayás, tengás. Reports that the imperative shows the use of the 2nd per. pl. {cantà, etc.) almost exclusively by all age groups. Deals briefly with the preterite: cantaste rather than cantastes is widely preferred. Gives details of methodology used and quantitative results obtained in a series of charts. Claims that more systematic work is

Grammar

301

needed to determine geographical distribution and sociocultural usage in the wildly deviating verb forms in the voseo regions of Spanish America (quotes a number of scholars in this part of the article), and proposes a method for investigating the situation. [1139] Valle, Enrique Ricardo del. "Acerca del voseo," ComAc No. 31 (July 15, 1964), 2 pp. mimeog. Also in Lunf, pp. 237-241. Author discusses the voseo as a national problem, on many phases of which the Argentines are not in agreement (for example, details of its origin, its exact areas of usage, its relationship to social classes, etc.). He proposes that there be established a national "organism" to take up a nation-wide investigation. "Proposes study in depth of the voseo of Argentina to determine its geographical extension and the degree to which it is found on various social levels" (Simmons, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1964," SFQ XXIX [1965], No. 842). [1140] Vidal de Battini, Berta Elena. "Zonas de leísmo en el español de Argentina," Communications et rapports du premier Congrès de Dialectologie Générale (Louvain, 21-25 August, 1960), II, 160-163. [Map] A discussion of the two zones—Santiago del Estero and Corrientes—where leísmo still exists in Argentina. Primarily concerned with historical data causing this, but contains many other details. Accompanied by a map showing the zones of leísmo, loísmo, and "alternancia".

V. Miscellaneous Studies

This section is composed of those studies that do not seem to fit clearly into the previous categories. They often embody a relatively wide linguistic range. Also prominent in this final group are those works having to do with the evolution and history of Spanish in Argentina/Uruguay, and with the matter of a "national" language vs. "la unidad de la lengua." [1141] Academia Argentina de Letras. "Acuerdos acerca del idioma," Buenos Aires, Vol. I, 1947, 247 p. [covers 1931-1943]; Vol. II, 1954,276 p. [covers 1944-1951], A gathering together in book form of the "Acuerdos" section appearing in each issue of the BAAL. These usually brief notes take up all kinds of linguistic points—grammar, etymology, lexicography, semantics, popular usage, etc., etc. They are often of much interest. Noted in HLAS Vol. 17, No.2111. [1142] Agosti, Hector P. "Un lenguaje redimido," ÍWCNo. 13 (1948),19-34. A penetrating analysis of the "national" language problem, especially as it relates to a national literary language. Author indicates that the latter must come about as much through psychological as through linguistic factors, but that the two are closely related. Much detail about literary language in general, especially regarding the untranslatable quality of good literature, quoting from such authorities as Unamuno and Sarmiento. Some other topics treated: the linguistic importance of "lo gauchesco"; the linguistic influence of the waves of immigrants ("lo gringo"); the relationship between "habla popular y lengua literaria"; the linguistic domination of Buenos Aires, etc. The article is primarily concerned, then, with the future of Argentine literature and its language, and urges the breaking away from foreign influences-Spanish and French particularly—as a necessary step in achieving a genuine national literature. [1143] Albuquerque, A. Tenorio d'. "0 castelhano em Buenos Aires," in QLA, pp. 155-171. A rambling, somewhat disorganized informal article which, in general, discusses various aspects of the longstanding polemic as to whether the

Miscellaneous Studies

303

spread of lunfardismos could produce a "national Argentine" language. The whole first part of the article consists mainly of a series of quotations, from a large number of prominent language "purists", 196 of porteño lowlife speech— especially lunfardo. On the other hand, author also quotes past and present writers who have attempted to emancipate Argentine literature from "la Metrópoli." So, while he deplores foreign and vulgar influences on Buenos Aires Castilian, as well as on the "linguagem popular" of his native Brazil, nevertheless he recognizes vocabulary changes as a natural and inevitable means of linguistic growth. Other topics: the vesre, examples of lunfardesco literature, comparison of Buenos Aires Spanish with that of Colombia and Venezuela. The article is marred by an excess of typographical errors— apparently a nearly complete disregard for careful proof-reading.

[1144] Alfonso, Luis. "Tendencias actuales del español en la Argentina," Arbor LV, Nos. 211-212 (1963), 21-42. Also Pres. y fut. I, 161-182. "An analysis of factors making for linguistic unification and diversification in Argentina. Alfonso concludes that at present the latter factors are stronger" (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 26, No. 1304). "A subjective treatment of the Spanish of Argentina, with emphasis on the written language, the Argentine Academy, education, radio, television, and on the extent to which Indian languages are still spoken within the nation. The section on lunfardo is simply a series of impressions" (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 28, No. 1505). 197

[1145] Alonso, Amado. La Argentina y la nivelación del idioma. Buenos Aires 1943, 192 p. A series of articles dealing with the growing influence that Argentina will have on Spanish in general by means of Argentine books, radio and motion pictures. This study also includes some observations about the teaching of Spanish in Argentina; about the "ideal artístico de la lengua" and "la dicción en el teatro". "Reúne modificados algunos artículos publicados con anterioridad. Véase Amado Alonso, RFH, 1944, VI, 402-409; H. Keniston, HR, 1946, XIV, 81-83" (Serís, No. 15190). Also reviewed by W. Entwhistle, MLR XL (1945), 324. See also Kany's annotation (HLAS Vol. 12, No. 2339) of the Keniston review: "Believes in the validity of Alonso's main thesis: the significance of Argentina's role in the formation of a general Spanish, through book publication, newspapers, magazines, cinema, etc,, but points out its weaknesses: lack of reading habit in many countries, national pride in local versions of Castilian, creative artists' difficulties in writing with an eye on a foreign public." Annot. by Huberman No. 970.

304

Miscellaneous Studies

[1146] Andreetto, Miguel Angel. "Algunas fuentes del castellano en la Argentina," in Actas de la Primera Reunión latino-americana de Lingüistica y Filología (Viña del Mar, Chile, enero de 1964). Bogotá, 1973, pp. 27-48. This primarily historico-semantic work is an interesting popularization of mostly quite well-known material. The first section, "La Conquista. La inmigración. Los particularismos," starts off with a brief history of Spanish since 1492. Tells of the advent of archaisms, still so numerous in gaucho speech (and elsewhere), and of marinerismos, of which he gives a long list of examples (as indeed he does all thru the article for any group he is discussing). He talks of the phonetic vulgarisms brought by the conquistadors, of the rich blossoming of neologisms in the River Plate speech, of which many are indigenisms; and of how many of these words differ semantically, or resemble, peninsular words. He speaks at considerable length of modismos, pointing out the picturesque quality of these new New World items. The second section of the article, "La voz de la raza en topónimos," emphasizes the importance of lo indigena in Argentine history, tradition, and place names—with emphasis on Entre Ríos. Section 3, "La manga ancha en lingüística y lunfardo," deals mostly with the latter. He agrees with Gobello that lunfardo is no longer an esoteric thieves' jargon, "sino al que habla el porteño cuando comienza a entrar en confianza . . . " He says that the proliferation of so many words (coming into lunfardo from so many sources—Italianisms, indigenisms, etc. etc.) poses the problem of which words should be accepted in the "léxico oficial," and which should not. His anwer? Briefly put, use common sense. More specifically—and he ends the article with these words-he seeks "la incorporación de cualquier término siempre que esté respaldado por la buena ley de la buena circulación . . . y responda a una sentida necesidad expresiva. Unicamente ejercitando esa facultad del discernimiento y del sentido común podrá enriquecerse el vocabulario y adquirir cada país americano un matiz propio, aunque en el fondo informado por esa constante castellana surgida en 1492." Rev. by O. Myers, RPh XXX (1976-1977), 254-256. [1147] Andreetto, M. A. "Notas y digresiones sobre el castellano en la Argentina,'"ACIL XII/2 (1971), 1275-1280. An historico-linguistic lexical article listing and commenting upon the elements of the new language born in America. Gives background in Introducción. Section II, "Los particularismos. Voces arcaicas," deals with the semantically changed marinerismos which took hold in America with landbased meanings (40 listed as examples, drawing upon the studies of Corominas and Vidal de Battini),arcaísmos (especially as manifested in gauchesque language); vulgarismos (really also archaisms, some 12 listed). Sec. III, "El

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aporte vernáculo," treats the need for the creation of new terms to meet the lexical exigencies of the new situation—that is, American semantic changes of older peninsular words plus indigenisms, and new "modismos y frases hechas" (15 of these given). In Sec. IV, "La voz de la raza en Entre Ríos," author discusses the indigenous place names in Argentina and their telluric and evocative power. Then proceeds to examine the toponyms of Entre Ríos using the classifications set up by Buffa in her "Toponimia indígena de Entre Ríos" (No. 837 above), and gives examples of each group-a total of 16 from Guaraní. The fifth section, "La manga ancha en el lenguaje," takes up the enormous proliferation of all these neologisms and the problem of which to accept and which to reject, in the quest for the continuation of Castilian linguistic unity. Author opts for common sense, a happy medium—but nonetheless recommends a careful examination of each term on its own merits and desirability (and, in doing this, taking into account the usage "por parte de autores consagrados por el prestigio"). Only thus, "podrá el vocabulario enriquecerse y adquirir un matiz nuevo e informado." *[1148] Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Educación. Segunda encuesta sobre el habla regional. Buenos Aires, 1949, 18 p. [1149] Balmori, Clemente H. "Habla mujeril," Fil VIII (1962), 123-138. A somewhat technical discussion of the physiological and psychological differences between male and female speech, and of the characteristics of women's speech in Argentina, especially Buenos Aires. Gives examples, and uses spectograms to illustrate. Also points out differences in male and female vocabulary. Brief review in Thes XX (1965), 647, and annotated by W. Bright in HLAS Vol. 29, No. 2218. Rev. in TILAS (1965), 111-122. [1150] Battistessa, Angel J. "El argentino y sus interrogantes frente a los problemas de la unidad de la lengua," BAAL XXVII (1963), 33-53. Also in Pres. .ν fut. I, 199-208. Article begins with some questions commonly raised in connection with Argentine Spanish, such as: 1) is there an "idioma nacional"? (author says no), and 2) what about indigenous influence on syntax (very little), morphology (also little; a few hybrid words), phonetics (almost none), and vocabulary (mostly in this field, of course; especially conspicuous in flora and fauna terms). Gives a general picture of what happened to the language from early days up to the present. Concludes by advocating that Argentina should take a lesson from Spain-how she absorbed many new currents and yet maintained a deep unity. "The author contends that in spite of neologisms and the strong

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influence of Italian, Argentine Spanish is still one with Castilian, especially in written form" (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 28, No. 1514). [1151] Bernárdez, Francisco Luis. "Defensa del idioma," Criterio (Buenos Aires) XXXI, No. 1317 (1958), 731. A report on the Congreso de las Academias de la Lengua (Madrid 1956), to which author was an Argentine representative. Purpose of congress: to defend the unity of the language. Some alarm expressed at the widening gap not only between Spain and Spanish America, but between the Spanish American regions themselves. Many opinions about what was taking place; cites Menéndez Pidal (optimistic), Dámaso Alonso (very much the opposite), and others. Bernárdez himself believes that obviously an evolution is going on, but that this is not necessarily unhealthy. And in any case it is inevitable. Pleads for calm co-operation on the part of the academies. [1152] Berro García, Adolfo. "Cuestionario idiomàtico sintético . . . para servir al levantamiento de la Escuela Nacional sobre el habla popular uruguaya." See No. 13. *[1153] Blanco M., Manuel. Idioma y nacionalidad. La Plata, 1941, 22 p. *[1154] Blixen, O. "La lingüística en el Uruguay. Sus objetivos inmediatos," Boletín de la Sociedad de Antropología, Montevideo, I (1955), 5-9. [1155] Borello, Rodolfo A. "Actitud del argentino medio frente a la lengua," Pres. y fut. I, 191-198. An article analyzing the Argentine attitude towards the linguistic peculiarities—and independence of the River Plate region. Author states the problem: "¿Por qué razones los grupos más cultos y potencialmente creadores de la Argentina asumen ante la lengua esta voluntad de autonomía, de desprecio de las normas generales, de deseo de transformación a toda costa?" (p. 194). The answer is found in a number of facts, such as: 1) Sarmiento's desire to revise Spanish spelling; 2) a desire for cultural-especially literaryindependence from Spain; this obviously includes the language (Borello cites the development of English as spoken in the United States); 3) the great waves of immigrants to Argentina starting in the 19 th century; 4) the influence of Martin Fierro and other works; 5) the world-wide influence of Argentina through publishing houses, motion pictures, radio and television, theatre; 6) not only a disregard of the Spanish Academy as the last word, but, beginning in the 1920's, a struggle between Madrid and Buenos Aires for cultural

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domination. Borello defends the language from critics like Amado Alonso and Américo Castro, and the Argentine attitude in general. Furthermore, he feels that it will be Argentina's role in the future to furnish cultural leadership in Spanish America (technical education, books, teachers, "ideas audaces", etc.). This has already begun: for decades it has been the Argentine press that has furnished the translation into Spanish of the larger part of western thought. Still, in his last paragraph, Borello states that Madrid "sigue siendo el mejor mirador para contemplar y tener una imagen clara de la evolución del idioma" (p. 198), and that the task of recording language changes should continue to be done by the Spanish Academy. [1156] Borello, Rodolfo A. "Américo Castro y el habla de Buenos Aires," CH, No. 158 (Feb. 1963), 261-285. A vigorous anti-Américo Castro article, occasioned by the second edition (1961) of Castro's La peculiaridad lingüistica rioplatense (1941) (see No. 1167 below). Borello's principal contention is that Castro's dire predictions as to the future of Platine Spanish—especially because of the existence of lunfardismo and "gauchofilia"—have not only not come true, but were based on false assumptions in the first place. [1157] Borello, Rodolfo A. "Habla coloquial y lengua literaria en las letras argentinas," ALHI (1972), 5-51. An article which traces the evolution and penetration of colloquial language in the works of major Argentine writers beginning with 1810. (Claims that until 1810, the literary language of the Americans was not in major conflict with peninsular or cultured language.) Independence brought attempts to achieve literary (and linguistic) liberty, the first major manifestation being "La poesía gauchesca y el habla rural." This section treats this genre in great detail and points out how and why Hernández was so superior in reproducing rural and gauchesco speech to the other gauchesco writers. The following section, "Los hombres de la generación del 37," the romantics, analyzes the colloquial aspects and elements in Echeverría, Alberdi, and Sarmiento, illustrating their linguistic argentinism not only in spirit and attitude, but in the many genuine colloquialisms. "Los conversadores del ochenta" treats similarly such authors as Mansilla, E. Wilde, M. Cané, E. Cambacères and J. C. Ghiano. There follows a long section devoted to Borges, who, according to Borello, is perhaps "el mejor exponente de numerosos intentos para introducir en todo el campo de lo literario formas del habla cotidiana" (p. 32). An almost equally long section deals with "José S. Alvarez: habla popular y monólogo narrativo," another important figure in the process. Then Julio Cortázar is

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also singled out as a successful incorporator of "el entorno coloquial." Other sections are "Aspectos generales del problema en el siglo XX" in which, among other items, the discussion concerns just how to "distinguir la nacionalidad en una obra" and how to merge the "nivel universalista hispánico" with a "dialectalismo léxico" which avoids being so extreme as to necessitate a special glossary. This part also deals with "lo coloquial" in poetry and the essay, the two genres which, relatively speaking, are linguistically more universal. "Narradores y dramaturgos" takes up twentieth-century playwrights (especially F. Sánchez and Laferrère) and the novelists Arlt, B. Lynch and Mallea. To summarize: the main thrust of the article is to demonstrate how and to what degree the "national" writers make use of colloquial language and how they differ in this usage. Style itself is of course prominent in all this, as are such literary elements as structure, type of rhetoric, scope and goals of the writers, emotional attitudes, type and quantity of dialogue, etc. But all of these are successfully subordinated to the main theme. The authors are analyzed in detail, with long, numerous and illustrative quotations from their works. [1158] Borges, Jorge Luis. The Spanish Language in South America-a Literary Problem. El Gaucho Martin Fierro. Buenos Aires 1963, 36 p. Two fascinating lectures given by Borges in England in 1963. Although the linguistic points touched upon are primarily stylistic or literary, the material is so interestingly presented and sufficiently related to Argentine Spanish, I feel that this booklet belongs in this bibliography. The first lecture consists mostly of Borges' reflections on language-and languages—in general, on Argentine literary Spanish, on the linguistic style of Martín Fierro, on how Borges finally escaped the double perils of "trying to write like a Spaniard" and "trying to be more Argentine than the Argentines" by inventing his own particular kind of jargon. Other topics discussed: Argentina's relationship with the Spanish Academy; the linguistic virtues of modernismo·, and a plea to develop all the possibilities of "our language" but not to stress the differences between the Spanish of the two sides of the Atlantic. The second lecture (given in Spanish) starts out giving a general picture of the role of the gaucho in Argentine history, and goes on to talk about Hernández and his great poem. Some topics taken up: there is no such thing as a gauchesco dialect; the various editions of the poem, and their virtues and defects; the language of other "escritores gauchescos"; and the artistry in the Hernández epic. [1159] Borges, Jorge Luis. "Las alarmas del Dr. Américo Castro" in Borges' Otras inquisiciones, Buenos Aires, 1952, pp. 35-42. See No. 624.

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[1160] Brandon, Alfredo. "Cuidado y conservación del idioma," REd Año LXXXVII, No. 3 (1945), 37-42. A write-up of a radio talk, advocating care in speaking in Argentina. Warns against the voseo, the influence of foreign words and of the words of some popular songs (apparently a reference to lunfardismos so prominent in tangos), etc. Also, a plea for the proper teaching of language and realizing it as an element of national character. [1161] Capdevila, Arturo. Despeñaderos del habla. Negligencia, cursilería, tuntún. Buenos Aires 1952, 174 p. Rather disorganized reflections of a purist on the peculiarities of River Plate Spanish. Points out vulgarisms which menace more "proper" terms, expressions and idioms which he feels are syntactically inadmissible, influence of foreign words, phonetic monstrosities like "cong el corazóng eng ung hilo", etc. Urges grammar teachers to "practice what they preach", especially in regard to an avoidance of the voseo. Reviews: RHM XX (1954), 99; B. Pinzón, BICC X (1954), 433-435. [1162] Casadevall, Domingo F. "Evolución del lenguaje nacional," Pren, June 26, 1960, segunda sec., n.p. In spite of the imposing title, article deals primarily with details. For example: the pronouns vos and tú, and their history; gauchesco language; influence of foreign words, especially those from Italian and Portuguese; "lunfardo por medio del tango y el género chico del teatro nacional", etc. In short, a good popularized article about the history, origins, elements and other phenomena of popular Buenos Aires and Argentine speech of the late 19th and the 20th centuries. *[1163] Casadevall, Domingo F. El lenguaje de las imágenes, el público de las pantallas, para que, afinando su sentido crítico, exija que las películas se expresen en neto lenguaje cinematográfico. Buenos Aires, 1964, 138 p. [1164] Casadevall, Domingo F. "El lenguaje y el carácter nacional," Pren, May 22, 1960, quinta sec., n.p. Another popularized article, this one giving the early history of Argentina which influenced the language. For example, the background was mostly plebeian, there being few aristocrats; and that the country regions "barbarized" the language. The section "Voces americanas" gives a list of americanismos (so-called) found in Golden Age writers, and "Italia hispanizada" gives a number of terms that American Spanish inherited from La lozana andaluza.

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[1165] Casares, Julio. "Unidad de la lengua," La Prensa (New York), Dec. 6, 1953, segunda sección, p. 10. This article, by the secretary of the Spanish Academy, is mostly a general discussion as to whether there is such a thing as "un español americano" or not. Admits obvious differences, but claims they are not sufficient to damage the "unidad de la lengua". He takes up the cudgels against Luis C. Pinto of Argentina, an espouser of the theory that there is such an entity as Argentine (i.e., a national) language. Most of the article deals with Casares' refutation of this, one of his main points being that he and Pinto could switch "by-lines" without there being any violation of linguistic personality, so to speak. [1166] Casartelli, Manuel M. "Espejismo y realidad del lenguaje rioplatense," CH XXII, No. 61 (1955), 8 p. [sin números]. After giving some views on language and Spanish in general, author goes on to discuss the old question as to whether there does exist such a thing as an Argentine national language. Quotes Monner Sans (no, there isn't), and Pinto (yes). Author thinks Argentina is least Spanish of all Spanish America. Refers to all the well-known elements of River Hate Spanish indigenismos, arcaísmos, cocolicheo, lunfardo, all of which are deforming "nuestra lengua nativa". Considerable talk about lunfardo and its complex origin and elements. And about the Spanish Academy and its mishandling of americanismos. Ends up with a sort of compromise as to just what is Argentine Spanish.

[1167] Castro, Américo. La peculiaridad lingüística rioplatense y su sentido histórico, Segunda edición muy renovada. Madrid 1961, 150 p. The second edition of this famous book is not dramatically different from the first edition (Buenos Aires 1941, 159 p.; annotated by Amado Alonso in Nichols, No. 408; published in part also in Memoria del Segundo Congreso de Literatura Ibero-americana, 1941, pp. 85-154). Although Castro has softened his criticisms in certain places, this is principally a matter of wording, and his main contentions stand—and are as controversial as ever. José Pedro Rona in a long and excoriating review (AnLet IV [1964], 332-337) has many excellent points to make. Quoting part of this review is irresistible: "Este libro es mucho menos un ensayo científico que un alegato apasionado, casi pasional, en procura de una reunificación de la lengua española, cuya unidad Castro considera seriamente lesionada por el modo de hablar de los argentinos y de los uruguayos.. . Nuestra intención no es aquí enjuiciar ni defender la actitud de Américo Castro frente a la realidad cultural de la región rioplatense, sino desentrañar y comentar lo que su alegato pueda contener de filología o de

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lingüística. Esta segunda edición nos brinda una excelente oportunidad para hacerlo, ya que debe suponerse que los cambios introducidos en ella por el autor representan una especie de asentamiento de sus juicios, una mengua de su tesitura pasional y una búsqueda de mayor objetividad, justificada por el paso de los años. En efecto, puede notarse que en la segunda edición han sido suprimidas muchas expresiones tan injustas como abiertamente insultantes para con la República Argentina . . . Pero no altera en nada el enfoque total del problema, . . . y no enmienda los errores de concepto y de detalle que se refieren, no ya al fondo histórico del español hablado en la Argentina . . . sino a su realidad lingüística en s í . . . Para decirlo más claramente, no ha percibido sus errores originales . . . No es posible encontrar una correcta explicación histórica, un verdadero sentido histórico, a una peculiaridad lingüística que simplemente no existe. Ni la mente más lúcida podría justificar por qué los argentinos hablan cómo en realidad no hablan . . . Américo Castro, después de una breve estada en Buenos Aires, se dejó llevar por una falsa impresión acerca de la realidad lingüística de ese país, realidad que al parecer no llegó a conocer bien ni a comprender en absoluto. No es cierto que no exista ninguna norma culta rioplatense; esta norma existe y funciona muy bien, sólo que no es igual a la norma madrileña . . . De la comparación de las dos ediciones resulta que son muchas más las supresiones que las adiciones. Esto es muy sintomático acerca del valor del libro. Por primera vez encontramos una 'segunda edición, corregida y disminuida'. En resumen, nos parece bastante inoportuna esta segunda edición de carácter comercial y destinada al público amplio. Es una obra polémica, que ya estaba y está en los anaqueles de todas las instituciones doctas. A veces no es aconsejable servirle al público amplio esta clase de obras, que ese público toma como verdades ya probadas y fuera de toda discusión." Other reviews of the 1961 edition: Norma Pérez Martín, RUBA VI (1961), 815-816 and (by same reviewer) in Institución Cultural Española, Buenos Aires, XVII (1962), 187-188; J. B. Hughes, Nac, Sept. 24, 1961. It would seem useful also to list here the reviews and annotations of the 1941 edition: Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1941," SFQ VI (1942), p. 64 ("Superficial, verbose, prejudiced. Contains scattered data on folklore of Buenos Aires"); HLAS Vol. 7, No. 4440; Universidad (Zaragoza), XXIII (1946), 124-125; J. L. Borges, Sur Χ (1941), 66-70; A. Alonso, Sur XI (1942), 79-81 ; Correo de la Oficina de Cooperación Intelectual, Unión Panamericana, Washington, No. 25 (July 1942), 10-12; Serís, No. 15846; "Bib. lin. arg.," RPF/SB, p. 150; L. Ferrán de Pol, Filosofía y Letras (México) II (1941), 300-302; A. Alonso, RFH IV (1942), 388-390; Boletín del Instituto Español, London, No. 1 (1947), p. 19; Huberman No. 968.

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[1168] Castro, Américo. "Unas palabras complementarias (sobre el lenguaje de Buenos Aires)," Nos VII (1942), 3-10. A brief article in which Castro attempts to explain why he wrote La peculiaridad lingüistica . . . (see No. 1167 above) and even to mollify the hostile reaction aroused by his book. But his original critical stand still peeps forth in such words as "Pero el problema de Buenos Aires no es los diccionarios sino la íntima actitud de la gente respecto de su habla". And some day, he says, this will have to change. [1169] Chiareno, Osvaldo. "Evoluzione della lingua spagnuola in Argentina," Bollettino dell'Istituto di Lingue Estere, Genoa, Anno II, No. 2 (1951-1952), 50-68. A wide-ranging study covering such topics as: influence of indigenous languages on Argentine Spanish, including some phonetic data about the Indian language themselves, and listing many indigenisms; loan words from modern European languages; Argentine phonetics (the seseo, yeísmo) and changes that have evolved in this field ; Argentine morphology (loísmo, voseo)·, even a bit on Argentine syntax. Most of the material is well-known, and some of it rather trivial. [1170] Clemente, José E. El idioma de Buenos Aires in Borges' and Clemente's El lenguaje de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires 1953, pp. 37-59. 1 9 8 A defense of porteño speech and its peculiarities. However, author advocates neither "rebeldía idiomàtica" nor "despotismo académico". "El castellano general" is necessary and desirable to express abstract ideas ("justicia, esperanza, libertad"), but "la modalidad local" is what determines emotional content. Some of the points and topics treated—all of them with an abundance of examples: 1) class distinctions in language, with the lower classes having the greatest linguistic influence on all the classes; 2) the metaphorical quality of "lenguaje popular" ; 3) vocabulary differences often caused by natural surroundings ("las palabras como los frutos adquieren el sabor telúrico del sitio al cual han sido transplantadas" [p. 47]); 4) lunfardo-discussed at some length; 5) brief discussion of prominent lexicographers and philologists who have deált with River Plate Spanish; 6) difference between "vulgarismos", "popularismos", and other linguistic levels. See also No. 624 of this bibliography. "These two essays [Borges' "El idioma de los argentinos" and Clemente's "El idioma de Buenos Aires"] offer a discreet apologia for what Américo Castro called (thereby nettling many Argentinians) 'la peculiaridad rioplatense'" (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 18, No. 2327). Reviewed by A. Yunque (A. Gandolfi Herrero) in Davar (Buenos Aires), No. 48 (1953), 95-97.

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[1171] Díaz Vêlez, Jorge. "La obra semántica de Juan Bautista Selva," Humanitas (Univ. de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México) 13 (1972), 233-242. [Bibliog.] A review of this Argentine scholar's voluminous work, written in both 19th and 20th centuries (see Nos. 63-68,491, 517,973, 974, 1133-1137 for annotations of some of his work; see also Nichols Nos. 200, 218, 227-231, 265, 266, 338,441-443, 502, 503 for pre-1940 writing). I include this article because Selva's work embraces much more than just semantics, in that it is heavily involved in the matter of "la unidad del castellano" and the writers who believe that Arg. Span, is being "fragmented." Díaz Vêlez gives a good summary of the goings-on of this long controversy. Selva believed that ". . . the Spanish language is not being vitiated by the introduction of vocabulary from other sources, and that it will remain 'pure' in spite of all . . ." (from annot. by Canfield, HLAS Vol. 36, No. 3807). [1172] Donni de Mirande, Nélida E. La lengua coloquial y la lengua familiar Je la literatura argentina. Santa Fe, 1967, 56 p. In the "Introducción" to this interesting and well-written article, author examines the differences in general between literary language and spoken language, and defines such terms as "lengua general," "habla coloquial," "lenguaje de narración-descripción," "lengua regional," etc. She then proceeds to analyze in detail the style, structure, techniques and—especially—the linguistic devices and elements of a number of important writers, all documented with an abundance of quotations of their words, expressions, constructions, handling of dialogue not only of the social levels of the characters in the novels but also of the author-narrator. The overall goal is to indicate that the subject authors have used and attained genuine colloquial authenticity and just how they have done it. In the section "La generación del 22" Donni claims that we now have the use of "el lenguaje oral cotidiano argentino en la literatura" without resorting to a "mero reflejo de la realidad circundante." Author examines at length the language and literary styles of Borges in some of his major works. Included here are Borges' ideas about criollismo, lunfardo, lenguaje gauchesco as well as the "rasgos coloquiales" used by Borges (including phonetics, morphosyntax, and vocabulary). Treated similarly in this section is L. Maréchal and his novel Adán Buenosayres. In the final section, "La literatura actual y el lenguaje," author takes up-using the same methodology and treating many of the same topics-the contemporary authors, dealing in detail with the novels of E. Sàbato and J. Cortázar showing that their language is even closer to "los cánones de la lengua hablada," and that it is not a "deformación sino el

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resultado de la evolución natural del castellano en nuestro ámbito." She affirms that these writers have succeeded in harmonizing "los elementos cultos pan-hispánicos" with "los popularismos y familiarismos" to create "un verdadero lenguaje nacional de jerarquía literaria, con intención estética y no [as she had phrased it previously] como mero reflejo esporádico o pintoresco de la realidad circundante." Annot. by Canfield, HLAS Vol. 32, No. 3065, and rev. by Μ. O. González,NRFH XXII (1972), 435-437. [1172A] Elizaincín, Adolfo. "Address Forms in Montevideo Spanish," Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress of Linguists (Vienna Aug. 28Sept. 2, 1977), Innsbruck, 1978, pp. 264-267. A sociolinguistic study which shows the interrelationships between informant (speaker) and auditor-that is, the many different rôle relations that are possible, as demonstrated in the forms of address. Like Fontanella, author follows Brown and Gilman in their assertion that address forms are ruled by the "scales of solidarity and power" (see No. 1177 and foonote). The address forms taken up in the study are: 1) the pronouns tú, usted, and vos, 2) the verb forms tienes/tenés, and 3) four vocatives: title, name, surname, nickname. Both Speakers and Auditors are classified in three ways: age, sex, and situation. Three large "situational domains" (away from home) were chosen for analysis: 1) school, 2) office, and 3) factory. Method used: "A special questionnaire was prepared to register not the use of the forms of address but the consciousness which Montevidean speakers have of their use of them . . . During survey the informant was asked to try to reproduce his forms of addressing a hypothetical Auditor choosing the form he considered to be more acceptable in a given situation." (p. 264) "Once the survey was completed a comprehensive reference chart was prepared covering all possible situations wherein the informant could interact." (p. 265) One might say that this article really describes the method of making such an investigation rather than specific results, since no statistics are given, but rather a number of formulas illustrating some of the situations. *[1173] Fein Pastoriza, Delia. Semántica y estilistica. Montevideo 1955, 337 p. "18 essays on literary and linguistic topics by a member of the Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Montevideo. Those concerned with folk speech, verbal categories in Martin Fierro, gestures, and diminutives are especially interesting" (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 20, No. 3645). [1174] Fein Pastoriza, Delia. "Valores interjeccionales," BFM V (1948), 436455.

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An analysis of the use of interjections in American Spanish, with many examples from River Plate usage. "A stimulating account of the emotive and suggestive force of interjections, including Quechua alalau, acacau, curga, wifala, wifalita, chasquibay, etc., with examples of their usage in popular poetry" (Kany, HLAS Vol. 15, No. 2154). Annotated by Boggs, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1950," SFQ XV (1951), p. 97. [1175] Fontanella de Weinberg, María Beatriz. "Acerca de una hipótesis sobre la lengua del Río de la Plata en el período colonial," Thes 26 (1971), 280-286. "This Argentine linguist examines the theory, advanced by Darcy Ribeiro, that the gauchos and other descendants of the original settlers spoke Guaraní. After reading many documents of the colonial period, especially the 1700s, she does not find evidence of this. Their language was Spanish, with a minimum of Guaraní influence" (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 38, No. 6076). [1176] Fontanella de Weinberg, María Beatriz. "La evolución de los pronombres de tratamiento en el español bonaerense," Thes 25 (1970), 12-22. "Using plays written since the beginning of the 20th century as source material, the author studies changes in modes of address (i.e. tu, vos, and usted) among different social classes and different groups. Compares such evidence with current usage." (Simmons, SFQ 35 [1971], No. 1006.) Also annot. briefly by Gifford, YWMLS 32 (1970), 348. [1177] Fontanella de Weinberg, María Beatriz, with Myriam Najt. "Los pronombres de tratamiento en el español de Bahía Blanca," Actas de la Quinta Asamblea Interuniversitaria de Filología y Literaturas Hispánicas, Bahía Blanca, 1969, 142-151. Another sociolinguistic study which starts out with a general picture of the relationships involved in social address in colloquial speech. The study is limited to the usage of two pronouns: vos and usted. Authors base their study on the premise enunciated in Brown and Gilman's 1960 "The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity", 199 pointing out that these two factors are basic to the choice of address made by the speakers; that is, "solidarity" would lead to a vos-vos or Ud.-Ud. reciprocal treatment, whereas vos-Ud. would indicate a "power" situation, an asymmetrical choice. Authors choose 60 informants, Bahía Blanca natives, for personal interviews based on a questionnaire. Three age groups: 15-25, 35-45, and 55 and older. Other factors in each questionnaire were sex, educational level, profession, and origin of parents. 34 "situaciones presentadas" were set up for the informants to work on. Some

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examples: "Sit. pres." No. 1: "Ud. a su madre y su madre a Ud." (which pronouns would be used?); No. 14: "Ud. a su cuñado y vice versa"; No. 21 : "Ud. a su jefe mayor que Ud. en un trabajo nuevo y vice versa"; No. 34: "¿Cómo trataría Ud. en la calle a un desconocido de igual sexo y edad?" The table of 34 "situaciones presentadas" gives a numerical breakdown of form chosen (V-V, U-U, U-V, or V, U) by the three age groups, showing large differences in age groups and changes in attitudes of generations. [1178] Fontanella de Weinberg, María Beatriz. "El voseo en Buenos Aires, un problema histórico-lingiiistico," Cuadernosdel Sur (Bahía Blanca) 8-9 (1968), 174-179. An article claiming that misinformation about the chronology of the usage of the voseo has come about by simply repeating past errors. Beginning in 1928 with A. Capdevila's El babel y el castellano, there commences the idea that the voseo became widespread in Argentina with the advent of the tyrant Rosas. Américo Castro, a short time later, follows much the same line. Then, almost 30 years later we have contemporary scholars, specifically Maria Gregorio de Mac and Berta Elena Vidal de Battini, perpetuating the error. Fontanella gives documentary evidence that the voseo was culturally widespread much before even the 1810 Independence days. In short, author sees the necessity of a "replanteo crítico de la cuestión," as well as more careful and scientific methodology and much research—especially archival—to clear up the problem. Annot. by Canfield, HLAS Vol. 32, No. 3077. [1179] Fontanella de Weinberg, María Beatriz. "El voseo en Buenos Aires en las dos primeras décadas del siglo XIX," Thes 26 (1971), 495-514. "Cites Arturo Capdevila Babel y el castellano (1928) and others who have decried the existence of voseo in Argentina and who have thought that it was brought in by Rosas and his gauchos in the early part of the 19th century. Investigation shows that the voseo existed along with the tuteo in the century before, and that the voseo finally dominated." (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 38, No. 6079.) *[1179A] Gazdaru, Demetrio. "Juan B. Selva: pionero de la semántica en la Argentina," Románica (La Plata) 4 (1971), 45-54. "Good review of the life and works of Selva born in Buenos Aires prov., author of at least 100 titles, and who worked for the Hinidad' of Spanish" (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 38, No. 6133). See also No. 1171. [1180] Gabriel, José. "El idioma rioplatense," RNLA VII(1944), 115-133. Treats a well-worn theme-a defense of River Plate Spanish, anti-Américo

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Castro and anti-proscriptive in tone. Considers briefly "tono y acento," "pronunciación," "vocabulario," "giros y estructura," etc. See also No. 37 above. *[ 1181] Gottfried, Biserka. "Some aspects of pronouns of address in Argentinian Spanish," Revista de Lenguas Extranjeras (Univ. Nac. de Cuyo, Mendoza, Arg.) 1 (1970), 29-50. Bibliog. "Consideration of situational factors of status, social class, degree of familiarity, age, wealth, etc. Forms that go with tú, vos, usted, vosotros, and ustedes are listed . . . [as are] forms that go with vos in several tenses, and gives examples from Argentine literature . . . " (Canfield,/tt^45, Vol. 34, No. 3132.) [1182] Gregorio de Mac, María Isabel de. "Diferencias generacionales en el empleo de eufemismos," Thes 28 (1973), 14-28. A detailed study of the types, causes, origins, motivations, etc., involved in the use of euphemisms in Rosario, Arg. The "corpus lingüístico" was gathered by interviews, questionnaires, and "diálogos dirigidos" (all taped). The informants were all second-generation rosarinos, middle class, and educated through high school or beyond. They were divided into two groups, one, 20 to 35 years of age, and the other, older than 55. 119 euphemisms were classified in seven sub-groups. "In the belief that the euphemism is a valuable source of knowledge of the collective subconscious of a community, the writer examines the differences in its use from one generation to another. . . . Author finds that the younger group has much more wealth of expression than the older, is much more original in metaphor and metonym production. The article is quite scientific in its analysis of the linguistic and sociological factors involved" (Canfield, HLAS 36, No. 3818). For folklore comment see same volume of HLAS, No. 795. See also 1973 MLA Abstracts, Vol. Ill, No. 4627. [1183] Gregorio de Mac, María Isabel de. El voseo en la literatura argentina. Santa Fe, 1967, 58 p. A lengthy diachronic study of the voseo and its tenacious durability to the point where by now "el uso del voseo se ha extendido a todas las clases socioculturales y ha penetrado en el área de la lengua literaria, en dos de sus manifestaciones más representativas: el teatro y la narrativa" (p. 30). The section titles indicate the historical epochs on which the study is based: "La introducción"; "Origen del voseo. Su evolución en los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII. Méjico y Lima. El área del Plata"; "Emancipación y la tiranía de Rosas ( 1810-1852)" ; "Organización nacional. El inmigrante y su influencia lingüística (1852-1920)"; "Literatura contemporánea (1920 a nuestros días). Estudio particular de este problema en Borges, Sàbato y Cortázar"; "Jorge Luis

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Borges"; "Ernesto Sàbato"; "Julio Cortázar." Author discusses why the voseo has survived in America and not in Spain, and also the long-standing polemic about the "correctness" of this phenomenon and other Argentine linguistic peculiarities and their relation to the problem of "un idioma nacional." The latter part of the book, devoted to several principal playwrights and to Borges, Sàbato and Cortázar, describes their evolving feelings—and their sometime frustrations—with respect to the voseo and their final successful adoption and usage of it. In treating the playwrights, novelists and other writers, author has documented her points with extensive quotations from the speech of the various social classes as well as that of the novelist as narrator. (E.g., Cortázar incorporates the voseo even in his stream-of-consciousness passages in a perfectly natural and literarily authentic way.) Annot. by Canfield, HLAS Vol. 32, No. 3089, and rev. by Lope Blanch, NRFH XXII (1973) 356. [1184] Herrero Mayor, Avelino. Presente y futuro de la lengua española en América. Buenos Aires, 1943, 121 p. *2nd ed., Buenos Aires, 1944, 238 p. Although, as may be inferred from the title, this book is about American Spanish in general, the author has included so much information about Argentine Spanish, and used it as a prime source for his illustrative material, I feel it should not be omitted here. The study begins by sketching in, with broad strokes, the history of Spanish from its origins and continues on to the present (1943) official concern in Argentina with the state of the language there. In discussing the growth and evolution of Spanish, and the problems related thereto, Herrero Mayor includes the views of such giants as Cuervo, Bello, and Menéndez Pidal. As for the question of a "lenguaje nacional", the author, basically a "purist", disbelieves in such an entity. Reviews and annotations: G. C. Rossi, Cultura Neolatina, Bolletino dell'Istituto di Filologia Romanza della Università di Roma, XII (1952), 280-281 ; "Bib. lin. arg.,"/?PF/ SB (1951), 151-152; "Sees future linguistics studies in Spanish America. Inveighs against the lowly condition of the language in Argentina, but thinks improvement is being made" (Kany, HLAS Vol. 11, No. 2938); "La realidad presente disipa los temores de una posible escisión en lo futuro dentro de la lengua española. . . . Libro indispensable en estas materias" (R. Menéndez Pidal, Unidad del idioma in Castilla, la tradición, el idioma, Buenos Aires 1945, p. 207, quoted by Serfs, No. 14948); F. Huarte, RFE XXVIII (1944), 287-289; A. Jiménez-Landi, Revista de las Indias, Bogotá, VII (1946), 942946', BFM IV (1944), 150-152. *[1185] Herrero Mayor, Avelino. El idioma de los argentinos y la unidad literaria del castellano. 1942.

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*[1186] Herrero Mayor, Avelino. Problemas del idioma. Buenos Aires, 1945, 204 p. "Most of this doctrinal material, aimed at raising the standard of Argentine speech, has appeared in the author's previous works, especially in his Presente y futuro de la lengua española en América, 1943 [see No. 1184 above]" (Kany, HLAS Vol. 11, No. 2890). [1187] Herrero Mayor, Avelino. "Preservación y crecimiento del idioma hispanoamericano," Veritas (Buenos Aires) Año 16, No. 183 (Mar. 31, 1946), 214-217. Another article expressing this author's concern for the "purity" of Argentine Spanish. One of his main points is that the ablest writers (along with grammarians and lexicographers) will exert the most influence for "corrección idiomàtica". However, claims that newspapers and magazines can help, and gives report on corrective material being printed in Argentina and in other parts of Spanish America. [ 1188] Herrero Mayor, Avelino. Tradicióny unidad del idioma. El diccionario y otros ensayos. Buenos Aires 1949, 166 p. A collection of essays mostly about the growth and evolution, the unity and diversification, of Castilian. But again I include it because there is much data on Argentine Spanish and many examples of Argentine usage. Some main topics: historical background; the language of the conquistadores; the Academy Dictionary and the Academy's work in general; lunfardo; Martín Fierro\ etc. "Defensor de la unidad idiomàtica, impugnando las deformaciones localistas que, como en Méjico y Argentina, alteran la pureza y la tradición de la lengua" (From review by H. Cortés, BICC VI [1950], 464-465). Also reviewed in ΒFM V (1949), 794; and briefly annotated in Serfs, No. 14949. [1189] Herrero Mayor, Avelino. "Presente y futuro de la lengua española en América," Pres. y fut. II, 109-125. Originally published in BAAL XXVIII (1963), 55-87. This article is partly a condensation and partly an elaboration of some points made in the book above (No. 1184). It is proscriptive and somewhat emotional. The author's thesis is that Argentine Spanish never has been nor will become more than a coloration of Castilian. The new words created, especially by journalism and radio-broadcasting, are often artificial and absurd in form and content; whereas those which evolve from the ancient base are castizo. He draws upon many words from the pago and rural districts to prove Iiis point. With little condemnation, he acknowledges the American

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habit of changing the semantic value of words, and the amalgamation of Spanish and Indian words which obtain Spanish characteristics. However, he is strongly against grafting foreign words into Spanish and feels that the language should be unhindered in its inevitable evolution. Lunfardismos, indigenismos, and technical words he sees as islands of no cultural value which therefore cannot alter Spanish to any significant degree. He stresses the basic unity of Spanish in the hemisphere and scoffs at the many so-called regions and regionalisms. He accepts only a handful of the published argentinismos. The article concludes with the disclosure of a nine point preventive plan to help teachers purify the language of their students—a plan formulated by a committee of the Ministry of Education over which he presided. "After forty years of teaching and research, the author concludes that the Spanish language in America still has considerable tenacity, but like many of his colleagues he attempts to prescribe means of getting rid of impurities, such as the roseo" (Canfìeld, HLAS Vol. 28, No. 1564). *[1190] Jitrik, Noé. El nacimiento de un lenguaje nacional. Fragmentos de literatura argentina. Compilación y prólogo de Noé Jitrik. Buenos Aires: Estudio Entelman, 1972, 196 p. "Edición fuera de comercio" (from a book catalog). *[1191] Lavandera, Beatriz R. "La variable ecológica en el habla de Buenos Aires," Fil XV (1971), 61-85. "This is a Labor-type study (language and social stratification). The researcher used informants who live and work in the same barrio to be sure that they represented the style of speech of the zone. The results are interesting and significant at a time when linguists are beginning to examine more thoroughly the social dialects of urban centers. On the basis of desviaciones from standard usage in word form, in syntax, in diminutives and other elements, the number varies from 0-5 in the centro, Palermo, and Belgrano, to more than 40 in outlying Boca and Pompeya, and the differences seem to coincide with what any porteño knows intuitively about the distribution of social classes in B.A." (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 36, No. 3848). Annot. in Zubatsky, No. 735. [1192] Loprete, Carlos Alberto. "Defensa e ilustración de los argentinismos," Histonium No. 138 (1950), 10-1 1. A popularized article surveying briefly the contest between the "casticistas" and those advocating the use of argentinismos. The author is a vigorous and articulate member of the latter group. Some topics discussed: difference between vulgarismo and argentinismo ; just what is an argentinismo"} ; the

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situation with the Spanish Academy and its gradual acceptance of argentinismos ; there never was such a thing as a "pure" language; "la unidad lingüística" is an impossible ideal (". . . en la vida real no existió esa unidad ni en la misma España"); "la unidad espirituaT is, in any event, more important than "la unidad lingüística"; etc. [1193] Loprete, Carlos Alberto. "Pro y contra de un diccionario argentino," Histonium No. 184 (1954), 13-14. The gist of this article is that there should be created a good dictionary of argentinismos ( " . . . porque ya hay varios malos diccionarios de argentinismos . . ."), and how this project should be carried out. Some points made: the Academia Argentina de Letras should be in charge, with the assistance of a suitable number of linguistic experts to make sure the work would be strictly scientific; takes up reasons why such a dictionary is needed, why it would be useful; much general and popularized data about the nature of language; barbarismos and vulgarismos should not be included, since this would give them a sort of undesirable legitimacy; the dictionary should not be associated with the Spanish Academy; the five characteristics of a real argentinismo'. "argentinidad" (geographical origin), "legalidad" (grammatical), "popularidad", "necesidad" and "buen gusto". Gives examples. [1194] Loprete, Carlos Alberto. "Lengua e imperio. Pro y contra de un diccionario argentino," Histonium No. 185 (1954), 10-12. In essence a continuation of the previous article (No. 1193). Author continues to discuss why a dictionary of Argentinisms is needed (useful to foreign residents in Argentina, to philologists and linguists, to sociologists and psychologists who wish to learn more about the "conciencia colectiva" since the language is a product of such; and, most important, to the Argentines themselves). But he also stresses the importance of realizing that, in spite of regionalisms, etc., there is such a thing as "international" Spanish. But regional dictionaries are necessary to maintain and strengthen this "unidad lingüística", so that all Hispanic peoples may understand each other. [1195] Martinez Vigil, Carlos. "El pretendido idioma argentino: prueba de su inexistencia," BFM III (1941), 237-241. The author's thesis: there is no such thing as a national language; there is only Spanish. Various dialectal or specialized jargons (such as lunfardo, caló, germanio, etc.) cannot be called languages. Even the so-called gauchesco autonomy is still Spanish; same for "national" characteristics, such as the seseo, yeísmo, voseo, arcaísmos, cambios fonéticos y morfológicos y sintácticos, etc.

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*[1196] Martinez Vigil, Carlos. Sobre el lenguaje argentino. Imp. L.I.G.U., 1943.

Montevideo:

[1197] Meo-Zilio, Giovanni. "El lenguaje de los gestos en el Uruguay," BIFCh XIII (1961), 75-163. 200 Also in book form: Montevideo, 1961, 154 p. [Illus.] A general introduction to the origin, classification, and psychology of gestures, followed by a description in detail of a considerable number of specific gestures. Such expressions and ideas as 'gran cantidad', 'miedo', 'perplejidad', 'dinero', 'mentiroso', 'invertido', etc. are dealt with. Other gestures indicate '¿qué quieres?', 'se ha desvanecido', '¡lo embromé!' or '¡embrómese!', '¡lindo!', 'no sé nada', '¡ojo!', and so on. The author asserts that most gestures used in the River Plate region (instead of just Uruguay; the title is misleading) originated in Italy. Excellent and complete descriptions, with illustrations, of the use of the parts of the body in gesturing. "Interesting observations on a little explored area of non-verbal expression in Spanish America" (Wogan, H LAS Vol. 26, No. 1357). ". . . Gestures are generally of two types: representative, either symbolic or natural, and contextual, either expressive-appellative, pragmatic, or indicative. Gestures may involve any part of the body. Studies are only those used by the majority of Uruguayans" (LAPL I, No. 1654, p. 499). Reviewed by A. Menarmi in Le lingue estere (Genoa) XXVIII (1963), 4. [1198] Moldenhauer, Gerardo. Filología y lingüística. Esencia, problemas actuales y tareas en la Argentina. Rosario de Santa Fe 1952, 76 p. This pithy treatise begins with an introductory essay on philology and linguistics in general; then proceeds to give a detailed summation of linguistic activities and authors in the Argentine. Author points out severe lack of "una bibliografía crítico-analítica" in this field. Other points taken up: 1) the urgent need to investigate indigenous languages, especially in regard to indigenous influence on the pronunciation and intonation of Argentine Spanish; 2) bilingualism in Argentina; 3) the effect of European immigrants. [1199] Morales, Ernesto. "El dialecto criollo," Pren, April 27, 1947, segunda sección, p. 1. A popularized article about River Plate speech, almost all of which is wellknown. Some topics: 1) a comparison of the language of Martin Fierro (understood and considered "castizo" by Spaniards) with such writers as Fray Mocho and Javier de Viana (true regionalists not easily understood by outsiders); 2) claims there are three main distinguishing elements in Argentine

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Spanish—especially in "el lenguaje arrabalero" of Buenos Aires, so manifest in the works of Fray Mocho: "el gauchesco", "el lunfardo", and "el cocoliche"; 3) Monner Sans and the Andalusian theory; 4) a brief summary of the voseo. One strange idea: claims that che comes from Araucanian ('hijo de') and that it was taken to Valencia by the Chilean conquistadors. [1200] Monnigo, Marcos A. "Difusión del español en el noroeste Argentina," Hisp 35 (1952), 86-95. Also in author's Programa de filología hispánica,201 Buenos Aires, 1959, pp. 71-100. "Data on the replacement of the native languages in the Tucumán area, principally during the nineteenth century. Original and informative" (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 18, No. 2353). Rev. by L. Oriz, Fil IV (1952-1953), 254-258. An account of the changes in the use of such languages as Quechua, Cacan, and Diaguita. Author obtained much documentation from the archives in Tucumán. See following item. Annot. by Huberman No. 979. [1201] Tovar, Antonio. "La implantación de nuestro idioma en el noroeste argentino, "Nac, October 11,1959,3a sección, p. 2. This article is partially a review of the preceding one (No. 1200). However, it contains additional material, such as general information about the Argentine universities' work with the indigenous languages of the Northwest. Also data on the Spanish-Indian linguistic relationships during the colonial period and after. For example, according to Tovar, Spanish was rapidly losing ground to Quechua until a decree of Carlos III in 1770 ordered that all subjects of the crown—from caciques on down—were to learn and use Spanish. This far-reaching decree sealed the victory of Spanish in America. [1202] Murúa, Pedro Oscar. Habla plebeya y habla vernácula. Santa Fe (Argentina) 1944,20 p. A rather poetically written essay on Argentine popular speech, whose principal point is that there is a great difference between "el habla vernácula" Qr healthy popular speech of widespread class usage, and "el habla plebeya" which is characteristic of what may be called the sick speech or slang of the genuinely lower classes. Other points made: 1) it is the State's job to watch over the destiny of the language, just as in the case of any other national resource; 2) author denies that argot, caló, lunfardo and canyengue are not really necessary (as some claim) to translate certain "inquietudes, afanes y angustias del pueblo" (p. 8); 3) points out economic causes that produce linguistic corruption; 4) language reflects material and moral necessities of the peope; 5) analyzes how the popular mind works when it forges language.

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"Distinguishes well between genuine traditional folkspeech (vernácula) and artificial profanations (plebeya) and derides those who seek in the latter the basis of individuality fora national Argentine language" ( H L A S Vol. 10, No. 1767). [1203] Pagano, José León. "El idioma español en la Argentina," BAAL XXI (1956), 67-73. Also in BAHL III (1956), 35-40. Brief article on old theme: Argentine Spanish is Castilian. Speaks briefly on ceceo and yeísmo (believes in Andalusian theory), and the voseo. Holds forth violently again lunfardo. When all is said and done, the writers will be the ones to defend "la unidad del idioma." "The author, like many before him, inveighs against the specters menacing the purity of Spanish in Argentina: voceo [sic], lunfardismo and plebeyismo" (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 21, No. 3649). *[ 1204] Pérez Martín, Norma. "El problema de la lengua nacional en los primeros románticos argentinos," Univ No. 60 (1964), 221-241. "The question raised by Amado Alonso and Américo Castro regarding the possibility of a national language in Argentina is again aired on the basis of the writings of José Mármol and other romantics" (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 28, No. 1610). Brief comment in Solé No. 423. [1205] Pinto, Luis C. "El uso del idioma nacional," BFM V (1949), 496-498. Brief notes defending the concept of a national language, and opposing "Purists" (especially foreigners) who, he claims, are not competent to judge Arg. Span. Pinto, essentially a descriptive linguist, defends the language as it is spoken and written, including such phenomena as lunfardo. Opposes governmental and academic policing of the language. 202 [1206] Rivas Rooney, Octavio. "El lenguaje rural argentino y el nuevo realismo en la literatura," PNI No. 33 (1940), pp. 1, 2, 4. Title somewhat misleading, since this short discussion is really a literary or stylistic treatment as to how language should be used to create bona fide realism in literature in general, and only incidentally in literature with a rural setting. The main points are that just copying regional or popular vocabulary is not enough; the writer must seek such things as "el ritmo, el sentido, la entonación, manera de ser, la acción", etc., to achieve genuine realism. [1207] Rosenblat, Angel. Las generaciones argentinas del siglo XIX ante el problema de la lengua. Buenos Aires 1961, 52 p. Originally published in RUBA V (1960), 539-584. An interesting and penetrating study of the changes in linguistic phenomena,

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motivations and spirit manifested by three different generations of Argentines: 1810, 1837, and 1880. Some of the specific points discussed: vocabulary changes, and why and how they occurred; the semantics of various terms (porteño, patricio, pellejería, montonera, etc.); the voseo; the seseo; the yeísmo rehilado ·,che;archaisms; and "gaucho" literature. Other topics include: one of the best treatments I have seen of the old question of a "lengua nacional" (Rosenblat believes that even the masterpiece of Martín Fierro is in fact a return to the Hispanic source of Argentine culture); the influence of the Rosas period on the speech of Buenos Aires ("La cultura de Rosas era la de un hombre de la clase social alta de 1810 . . ." [p. 33], but nevertheless Rosas represented the dethronement of the cultured class which had arisen in 1810 and "el habla de Buenos Aires se ruralizaba" during the Rosas regime [p. 40]); effects of immigrants on the language; etc. Annotations and reviews: Wogan, HLAS Vol. 26, No. 1372; J . M. Lope Blanch, HR XXXI (1963), 286288; L. J. Cisneros, RIB XIII (1963), 451-452; W. Mettman,ZRPh LXXXII (1966), 253-255 ;RPF XII (1962-1963), 717. 203 [1208] Rosenblat, Angel. "Sarmiento y Unamuno ante el problema de la lengua," Nac, April 2, 1944, 2a sec., p. 1. Although separated in time and space, the two men reacted similarly to events of their time, including those involving language. Author sets out to investigate-with many quotations from each man—their reactions to the problem of "libertad o academicismo." Sarmiento started out as a purist, but became a rebel—against dictatorship, Neo-Classicisms, "Spanishism," etc. America should have its own language: "El castellano es una lengua muerta." His polemic with Bello "se desencadenó precisamente por sus ideas lingüísticas"; "Bello-demasiado literato"; "Sarmiento defiende el galicismo y la innovación"-a modern attitude. Everything should be new, including language. Wants to reform spelling to adapt it to American pronunciation. Criticizes authors who are still slaves, so to speak, to purism, grammarians, etc. As for Unamuno, he was well-acquainted with Sarmiento's work, and praises him highly. He too makes fun of "la señora gramática", "servillismo academicista", etc. Also represents reaction against pompous rhetoric, etc .—not against the language itself but against its handling. Like Sarmiento, thinks ideas are more important than form, but this doesn't preclude the virtue of a powerful style, even an "incorrect" one. So he too advocates a linguistic revolution. Foreign and new words mean better shadings, nuances, for new ideas. "A una invasión de atroces barbarismos debe nuestra lengua gran parte de sus progresos" and "El mal no está en la invasión del barbarismo, sino en lo poco asimilativo de nuestra lengua, defecto que desvanece a muchos." To renovate the language

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he advocates the study of the effect of popular speech on literary speech. Marvellously refreshing and powerful defense of popular speech. Like Sarmiento, advocates orthographic changes (e.g.,ρ in septiembre, b in obscuro— ridiculous). And, finally, Spain has no divine right to leadership in linguistic matters—"Cada uno su cadaunada." [1209] Sánchez Garrido, Aurelia. Indagación de lo argentino. Lengua, literatura, expresión dramática. Buenos Aires, 1962,190 p. An important and incisive study of the history and evolution of the problem of "un lenguaje nacional argentino". Very much concerned with grammar and teaching, and with "el conflicto permanente entre una gramática normativa y casticista y la realidad del habla l o c a l . . . " (p. 67). In relating language to Argentina, author feels the necessity of considerable exposition on language in general. Some of the chapter titles and sub-titles will give a further idea of the contents: "Lo normativo en la gramática", "Tiranía de la gramática", "La expresión individual antinormativa en la lengua", "La escuela, los argots y el habla gauchesca", "El anhelo de lo nacional en la dramática argentina primitiva", "Lengua y expresión nacional", "Comunidad lingüística y lengua oficial", "Las gramáticas argentinas", etc. Chapter VI, "Documentación de peculiaridades lingüísticas rioplatenses en el teatro gauchesco primitivo" is annotated above at No. 781 of this bibliography. *[1210] Schiaffino, Gerardo. Cómo hablamos y cómo debemos hablar. Buenos Aires, 1952, 63 p. [1211] Selva, Juan B. Evolución del habla. Estudios filológicos. Buenos Aires, 1944, 164 p. Another wide-ranging book by this prolific author, dealing with such topics as "proper" accentuation, the problem of pronunciation in Argentina, archaisms, the "new" Academy Dictionary and neologisms, "correctness" in speaking, the linguistic evolution in the River Plate, and "El porvenir del habla". Listed by Kany, HLAS Vol. 11, No. 2953. Annot. by Huberman No. 16. [1212] Selva, Juan B. "Evolución lingüística del Río de la Plata," BAAL XIII (1944), 7-17. See No. 973. [1213] Solé, Yolanda R. "Correlaciones socio-culturales del uso de tú/vos y usted en la Argentina, Perú, y Puerto Rico," Thes 25 (1970), 161-195. "An excellent study of the use of the informal vs. the formal forms of address in [these] three countries. Three dimensions of social relations are established: 1) Non-reciprocal asymétrie relations between a superior and an

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inferior, in which the formula of treatment is not reciprocal and is determined by the hierarchial predominance that is established. This is the use of the patriarchal tú/vos which the inferior repays with usted\ 2) Symetrical reciprocal relations between equals, in which the treatment is reciprocal, tú/vos or usted, according to the degree of solidarity existing; 3) Whimsical or fleeting relations where the choice depends on individual or circumstantial idiosyncracies. . . . The main point that the writer makes is that the patterns of usage are very complex and depend so much on regional and individual criteria of selection" (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 36, No. 3855). "The comparative uses of tú and vos on one hand and usted on the other is discussed in Y. Solé, 'Correlaciones socio-culturales . . . ' . . . This is a socio-linguistic study, based on questionnaires and interviews with 80 nationals from each area. However, in only one case was the author able to visit the country in question (Puerto Rico) and in the other cases had to depend on informants living in the U.S.A. . . . Argentina is seen as the most modern society of the three, with more use of tú/vos in most speech situations." (Gifford, YWMLS 33 [1971 ], 338.)

[1214] Soler Cañas, Luis. Negros, gauchosy compadres en el Cancionero de la Federación. Estudio y compilación de poesía popular negrista y gauchesca. Buenos Aires, 1958? 104 p. This book deals with "la hoy por completo olvidada o desconocida poesía popular del tiempo de Rosas" as expressed by the three social levels indicated in the title. The Negro poetry would seem to be especially little known. Although not per se a linguistic study, it is informative as to the speech of Negroes and gauchos of those days. Scattered throughout the text, in a rather disorganized fashion, there is a certain amount of lexical material in notes and interpolations. Sample of "lenguaje negrista": Eta póbere morena De hambre casi se ha mueto Y de contaro lo unitaros Le ha dejado meno tueto Unos soldao en Baracas Me ató como a Jesuquinista Y con é sarabe arimaba Po toda mi cuepesita

(p. 21).

[1215] Valle, Enrique R. del. "Folklore de la calle Corrientes," ComAc No. 57 (Sept. 30, 1964). A study in ethno-linguistic transculturation, involving the names of all kinds of business places in the central commercial zone of Buenos Aires. 246

328

Miscellaneous Studies

places listed gleaned from 1) author's own personal investigations, 2) Anuario Kraft, and 3) the Enciclopedia Espasa. Involved are a multitude of nationalities and languages, broken down as follows: English 32%, Spanish 31%, Italian 17%, French 9%, German 3.6%, Portuguese 2%, Latin 2%, Russian 0.44%, Japanese 0.44%, indigenous tongues 1.2%. So some 69% are "extranjerismos" and 31% Spanish. Also noted are signs that use various symbols to indicate the type of establishment (for example, an embalmed horse for a talabartería). Many of the names are interestingly odd and often imaginative. [1216] López Peña, Arturo. "Acerca de Έ1 folklore de la calle Corrientes'," ComAc No. 66 (May 6, 1965), 4 pp. mimeog. A review of del Valle's communication above (No. 1215) which outlines the basic elements of the scientific study of folklore, and by implication criticizes del Valle's use of the term for urban material. Annot. by Simmons, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1965," SFQ XXX (1966), No. 99. [1217] Valle, Enrique R. del. "Acerca de Έ1 folklore de la calle Corrientes'," ComAc No. 82 (Aug. 24, 1965), 8 pp. mimeog. A long and spirited defense of the use of folklore for urban material, in reply to López Pefla (No. 1216). Much bibliography and documentation. 204 [1218] Valle, Enrique R. del. "Liberación lingüística de la literatura argentina," JIAS II (1960), 335-347. Also in Lunf, pp. 161-175. An excellent survey of the type of language used by present day Argentine writers. One general conclusion: " . . . La literatura moderna argentina [está] escrita hoy en la lengua del pueblo, mezcla de dialectos unificados por la base común que les ofrece el español. Esta lengua sufrió no sólo la influencia indígena, sino también el poderoso influjo del negro, hasta que [éste] desapareció de ambas márgenes del Plata" (p. 335). As to whether there is such an entity as "una lengua argentina", author professes not to know exactly. Discussion of several popular Argentine writers, and, at the end, a "Nota bibliográfica" consisting of two rather long lists: one, of "autores liberados lingüísticamente", and the other, a list of the major dictionaries and linguistic studies dealing with Argentine Spanish. "After reviewing attempts to 'liberate' Argentine Spanish from academic domination, the author, a somewhat eager advocate of linguistic autonomy, concludes that the battle is virtually over: 'Estamos haciendo de esa lengua de negros, mulatos, indígenas, italianos, franceses, ingleses y españoles un instrumento literario de nuevo cuflo'" (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 24, No. 4793).

Miscellaneous Studies

329

[1219] Vidal de Battini, Berta Elena. El español de la Argentina. Estudio destinado a los maestros de las escuelas primarias. Buenos Aires, 1954, 89 p. [11 maps;bibliog.] The purpose of this major work of scholarship is to study Argentine Spanish for didactic reasons. The plan: to study 1) pronunciation, 2) morphology, 3) syntax, 4) lexicon, 5) to define the limits of linguistic phenomena, 6) to "diferenciar los rasgos castizos de los dialectales de nuestra lengua", and 7) to come to general conclusions, for good teaching. The Introduction deals with American Spanish in general {andalucismo, indigenismos, and all that) in which the author clearly demonstrates that she is thoroughly conversant with major works and authorities. Then she goes on to discuss Argentine Spanish. Excellent maps, showing, for example, density of population by geographical regions, the expansion of Spanish civilization in Argentine territory, and maps of various linguistic phenomena (the pronunciation of /s/, the 11/y opposition, the [z], and so on). u . . . Normative in purpose, a richly rewarding study of Argentine Spanish . . . The result of research begun in 1945 which took the author to all parts of the national territory, this monograph within its selfimposed limits, is the most skillfully organized, comprehensive investigation yet undertaken in its field. Outstanding are the maps providing totally new information on the pronunciation in Argentina . . . and fixing clearly the regional diversity in intonation patterns. An extremely satisfactory study in all respects" (Wogan, HLAS Vol. 20, No. 3683). Reviews: Berger, NS (1956), 600; Y. Malkiel, RPh IX (1955-1956), 401-402; J. Roña, BFM IX (1962), 191-196. [1220] Vidal de Battini, Β. E. "El español de la Argentina," Pres. y fut I (1964), 183-192. [Maps] This paper (presented at the first Congreso de Instituciones Hispánicas in June 1963) is a synthesis of a "yet-to-be-published work on the Spanish of Argentina. A good half of the article is devoted to recommendations for correct usage" (Canfield, HLAS Vol. 28, No. 1655). The paper also contains some of the material (and maps) of the author's 1954 book (No. 1219 above). Annot. briefly by Simmons, SFQ XXX (1966), No. 1034. [1221 ] Vidal de Battini, Β. E. El español de la Argentina. Estudio destinado a los maestros de las escuelas primarias. Vol. I, Buenos Aires, 1964, 227 p. 20S [Maps and bibliog.] This book is a major expansion and, partly, a rewriting of the 1954 edition (see No. 1219). Many paragraphs and lines are identical with the earlier book; the arrangement of material and sub-titles is often different. On page 10 the

330

Miscellaneous Studies

author explains that "En 1954 se publicó una parte de este trabajo en una primera elaboración. La labor posterior, particularmente la de estos últimos años, no sólo ha actualizado la totalidad de los materiales, sino que los ha afirmado con nuevas observaciones que han enriquecido su caudal". The maps (14 in this edition, 11 in the 1954 book) are much improved—larger, clearer and in color. "Although the study is designed for primary school teachers, it will be of interest to many readers outside this group and it adds a great deal of material on Spanish American dialectology. This is the first comprehensive study of Argentine Spanish done within the framework of modern linguistic geography and with scientific criteria. Includes a section on purpose and methods, chapters on the origin of the settlers which are clear and supportive of later analyses of regional differences, descriptive of pronunciation differences, morphology and syntax and an excellent series of clear and very helpful maps. The five dialect areas that are delineated especially by phonological traits, are litoral, guaranitica, noroeste, Cuyo, central (Córdoba, San Luis)" (Canfield, H LAS Vol. 30, No. 2661). "Studies of regional aspects of Argentine Spanish and including considerable material of interest to folklorists" (Simmons, SFQ XXX [1966], No. 1033). Reviews: D. Gifford, BHS XLIV (1967), 135-137; K. Baldinger, ΖRPh 83 (1967), 215-216; A. Blasi Brambilla, Noe, Feb. 28, 1964; E. Mosonyi, NRFH XIX (1970), 139-143; G. Colón, VoxR 26 (1967), 390-392. Further brief comment by Gifford, YWMLS 37 (1975), 338. *[1222] Vidal de Battini, Β. E. El español de la Argentina. La región lingüística rioplatense en el periodo 1810-1840. En publicación mimeográfica de las Segundas Jornadas de Métodos de Investigación y Enseñanza de la Historia y de la Literatura Rioplatense y de los Estados Unidos. Buenos Aires, 1967. [1223] Weber, Frida. "Fórmulas de tratamiento en la lengua de Buenos Aires," RFH III (1941), 105-139. A detailed study of social titles, address and courtesy (e.g. mi hijo, compañero, don, che, pibe, viejo, vos, niño, etc.) from the standpoint of such factors as personal relationships between the speakers, social position, the generations to which the speakers belong, the environment, emotional circumstances, etc. Considerable reference to historical antecedents, literary documentation, and usage in other parts of America as well as Europe. " . . . Es una investigación sistemática rigurosa de gran valor. A través de lo lingüístico asoma siempre lo social y cultural" (Rosenblat, HLAS Voi. 7, No. 4489). Also annot. in "Bib.lin.arg.," RPF/SB, 158.

Miscellaneous Studies

331

*[1224] Weber de Kurlat, Frida. "Fórmulas de cortesía en la lengua de Buenos Aires," Fil XII (1966-1967), 137-192. "Studies innumerable formulas of courtesy used in the speech of Buenos Aires with subtle analysis of social and psychological facts which come into play" (Simmons, "Folklore Bibliog. for 1970," SFQ XXXV [1971 ], No. 1005). [1225] Weber de Kurlat, F. "Vocabulario para la designación de grupos e'tnicos en el castellano de la Argentina: significados, estilística," Communications et rapports du premier Congrès International de Dialectologie Générale (Louvain, 21-25 August, 1960), III, 273-294. Also in CurCon No. 55 (1960), 76-101. A study of pejorative and eulogistic expressions applied to Indians, Negroes (and combinations of these), and Caucasians. The terms are analyzed from both their moral and physical connotations. Data also include: original and present meanings, etymology (for words of Indian origin), regionalisms, whether word is currently used or not, areas of usage (including nonArgentinian locales), and derivations. The words treated are: indio, aindiado, china (and chinitero, chinaje, chinetaje, chinazo), CUÍCO, coya (and acoyado), chaguanca, chuta, chirete, tape, mestizo, cholo (and cholita, acholado), indio (plus many qualifying adjectives), negro plus adjectives, morocho and moreno (euphemisms for Negro), motoso and motudo, chascón and chascudo (from chasca), catinga (and catingudo, catingoso), and gringo. The latter half of the article discusses in detail the terms criollo and gaucho, including sociological and historical data. All in all, a scholarly and well-documented piece of work. [1226] Weinberg, Félix. "Un olvidado vocabulario americanista de 1853," Thes 31 (1976), 442-480. ". . . Reprints a collection (originally published in 1874) of some 325 indigenous-based words current in Argentine Spanish in the 1850s" (Gifford, YWMLS 39 [1977], 393). *[ 1227] Weinberg, M. B. F. de. "Algunos aspectos de la asimilación lingüística de la población inmigratoria en la Argentina," International Journal of the Sociology of Language (The Hague-New York) 18 (1978), 5-36. ". . . Contrasts the attitude of immigrants towards Spanish with that towards English in the U.S., the difference being that whereas there English is not looked on with any particular national pride, Spanish is, by all new and old-established Argentines; consequently, national immigrant languages have a better chance of survival in the U.S." (Gifford, YWMLS 40 [1978], 387).

Notes

1. Many of the following studies in this section often include material going beyond the purely lexical, semantic or etymological. Data on other aspects of language (grammar, history, phonetics, literature, folklore, etc.) inevitably appear. 2. Other dictionaries, vocabularies, and word lists are recorded in the "Lunfardo and lunfardesco" and "Gaucho and gauchesco" sections of this bibliography. 3. This is not in accordance with what I remember of the Cordobán intonation, which usually elongates the vowel in the syllable before the tonic, as in: "Voy a cooomprar pooorotos." 4. Many of the characteristics cited are widely known outside of Argentina. 5. This is a continuing series. I have not seen all the issues. 6. See also author's earlier report in "Formación del Gran Diccionario de la Lengua Española," BFM VII (1951), 300-306 (a report on the first Congreso de Academias de habla española, México, 1951), and his much later "La encuesta idiomàtica hispanoamericana y los atlas lingüísticos de America," RNLA, 2 ° ciclo, X:223-224 (1965), 65-68. 7. For more on the Argentine theatre, see Casadevall's La evolución de la Argentina vista por el teatro nacional, Buenos Aires, 1965, 187 p. 8. No continuation has been found in the scattered number of issues of REd I have located. 9. Some other editions: 1946 (Solé No. 468); 1948, 203 p. (Sen's No. 15222); 1948, 2 vols. (Solé No. 468), annot. in HLAS Vol. 14, No. 470; 1954; 1964, 510 p. in 2 vols., rev. by C. de L., RDTP XXI (1965), 203-204 and by J. M. Velázquez, Histonium, No. 316 (1965), 67-68. 10. I have not seen all of the preceding or following issues of PNI, which probably have more of this supposed series. 11. This situation has unfortunately arisen before in Spanish American lexicographical history, the classic case being, no doubt, that of Cuervo's great Diccionario de construcción y régimen de la lengua castellana. From 1893 (the date of publication of Volume II of this work) until 1911 (the date of Cuervo's death), no further volumes of the dictionary were published. Only with the birth of a cooperation between the Instituto de Caro y Cuervo and the Organización de Estados Americanos did the necessary funds and facilities become available for a continuation. Volume III was published in 1959. 12. In spite of the extraordinary length of this series, as far as I have been able to determine it never went beyond azurear. 13. In the introductory passages, the author discusses "lower-to-highcr" type changes, as well as those of "horizontal" adaptation, i.e. from one social level t o an equivalent level-even to one in a neighboring country. 14. This aversion to proparoxytones is ancient; cf. Old Span, capítulo > cabildo, e.g. 15. For more on this articulation, see Guitartc, No. 1072 and Zamora Vicente, No. 1085 of this bibliog.; also for a useful general article, see Gabriel G. Bcs, "1.1 concepto de rehilamiento," Thes XIX (1964), 18-42. 16. On p. 140 of Terrera's Sociología y vocabulario... (No. 72 above), the author lists this item as "En prensa". 17. More of this same kind of listing is found in Udina's "Americanismos comunes a

Notes

18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

23. 24.

25.

26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

35.

36.

37.

333

distintos países de América," PNI, No. 43 (1942), pp. 2, 3. Some 50 terms, from chacra through duro. In this article, geographical usage is attempted for about half the terms. Includes regional folklore and literary works which have glossaries, word-lists, linguistic notes or other commentary. Other editions: 1st, apparently 1952; 3rd, 4th and 5 t h - 1 9 6 4 (Rosario, 174 p.). There is a *1960 ed., Rosario, 154 p. with a "Glosario de voces regionales". There is a * 1966 ed. (Buenos Aires, 128 p.) which also has Castelli material. Author states that this article is based on *"E1 habla del Charigiié: aspectos léxicos y cosmovisión," realizado para el Consejo de Investigaciones, U.N.R., 1973, bajo la dirección técnica de la Profesora Nélida Donni de Mirande. (Fn. 1, p. 24.) There is also a *1957 ed. The edition numbers and dates of issue of this work remain somewhat unclear, since it has been impossible to obtain all the various editions or reprints for personal examination. This compiler, however, after extensive consultation of all pertinent bibliographical authorities (Sen's, HLAS, the Unesco Linguistic Bibliography, the PMLA bibliographies, Argentine and Spanish American bibliographical listings, etc.) has concluded that apparently only two really different editions are involved. They are 1) the 1947 edition, 318 p. (called the second edition by some sources; however, I have uncovered no publication prior to 1947), and 2) the 1950 edition, 366 p. (LB lists this one as "2a ed. oficial de la provincia de Salta; Buenos Aires, S. de Amorrortu, 1950, 366 p.") Those books published during the other years m e n t i o n e d - 1 9 5 3 , 1955 and 1 9 5 6 - w o u l d seem to be reprintings of the 1950 edition. Included in this group are folklore works, cancioneros, refraneros, books of stories and/or legends, anthologies, etc., that have glossaries, word lists, and/or linguistic notes. There is also *Paranaseros. . . y Nuevas Cartas Correntinas, Santa Fe, 1957, 133 p., which may have linguistic data. By northwest Argentina, the author means Catamarca, Jujuy, the western part of Salta, northern La Rioja, and Tucumán. For a more detailed lexical investigation of this type for Charigüé, see the Boretti de Macchia article, No. 110A. There is a *1967 edition. There is a 1943 ed. There is also a *1952 cd. (Tucumán, 1952, 300 p.), rev. by H. J. Becco, RUM XX (1954), 240-241. Mentioned favorably by Luis Alfonso in a ponencia "El estudio de las expresiones técnicas y científicas," CALE IV, p. 279. There is a *3rd ed., 1946, 317 p. Other editions: * 1942 (first ed.?); *Cancionero del mate; folklore de Argentina, Brasil, Uruguay y Paraguay. Buenos Aires, 1944, 123 p. (listed in SFQ IX [1945], p. 32). For other works dealing with this heading, see preceding Nos. 29, 89, 109, 113, 114, 128, 138, 139, 143, 157, 203, 212, 241. See also Sec. H, "Gaucho and gauchesco," Nos. 749-790. A short article with same title published in AAFA, 1945, pp. 97-98; annot. by Boggs: "On the art of defending oneself with knife and poncho on the Argentine pampas" (SPQ XI [1947], p. 61). With regard to lunfardo words, one of the main sources for studies of individual words or groups of words has been the Communicaciones Académicas (ComAc) of the Academia Portcña del Lunfardo. With a few exceptions, only those ComAc that I have personally examined, or those reproduced and/or annotated elsewhere,

334

38. 39. 40.

41. 42. 43.

44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51.

52.

53.

54. 55. 56. 57.

Notes will be annotated or included in this bibliography. Note too that many lunfardismos (including the word lunfardo itself) are defined and discussed in Horacio Ferrer's scholarly and encyclopedic Libro del tango (see No. 633). For individual toponyms, see "Place Names" section. See also Gobello, ComAc No. 5 (undated), reprinted in BAPL 1:1 (1966), 27-29. See also Villanueva, ComAc No. 3 (Sept. 11, 1963), 2 pp. mimeog., reprinted in BAPL 1:1 (1966), 27-29. Cf. certain slang connotations of the American English verb 'to hustle': "5. To earn or obtain money aggressively or unethically; to be active or energetic in earning money by one's wits; to seek customers or victims of a deception aggressively" (Wentworth and Flexner, Dictionary of American Slang, New York 1960, s.v.). And hustle as a noun: "1. Any confidence game, crooked gambling game, cheating, deception or other unethical way of earning a living or obtaining money" (ibid.). For additional general information on the cantramilla, see Inchauspe, Pedro, Más voces y costumbres del campo argentino, Santa Fe, 1953, p. 221 ff. Also pubi, in author's Phonetique générale et romane, 1971, pp. 45 3-45 8. See also an earlier but similar treatment by Coni in "Los distintos significados del vocablo 'gaucho' a través de los tiempos y lugares," BANH XV (1941), 309-330. (Also in book form, Buenos Aires, 1942, 24 p.) Rev. in Nac, Oct. 26, 1941, p. 6 ; annot. by Boggs, SFQ VII (1943), p. 67. This article was written for Tradición in Portuguese, and translated to Spanish by E. Morote Best. This study is a reproduction and prolongation of Chap. IV, "Gaucho, Gauderio, Guasca" in Meyer's Prosa dos pagos, Sao Paulo, 1943, 163 p. Author's "Nacimiento del gaucho en la banda oriental," Bol. Hist., Montevideo, Nos. 7 7 - 7 8 (1958), 2746 (which I have not seen) also has etymological data. Much of this material is also given in Vidart's impressive Sociología rural, BarcelonaMadrid: Sal vat, 2 vols., 1960, 1380 p. See particularly pp. 1075-1084. Perhaps more data is given in author's *0 Gado e o Gaucho. Estúdo étimo-analógico e histórico. 1953. Noticias secretas de América (siglo XVIII), a report made to the king in 1735; published in Madrid, 1918. For additional annotations on gringo, see J. E. Davis, "The Spanish of Mexico . . . , " Hisp 54 (1971), Nos. 77-79, p. 633. The word no longer means simply a sports fan: "Del deporte, la palabra pasó a la política, al cine, al teatro y a toda actividad capaz de suscitar reacciones gregarias." (P· 91) Definitions and commentary relative to the term lunfardo (and such related words as lunfa, lunfardesco, etc.) are to be found in the writings of the plethora of authors dealing with many aspects of this socio-linguistic phenomenon. I mention here only some of the most'prominent: E. R. del Valle, J. Gobello, L. Soler Cañas, Α. Dellepiane, Β. Lugones, A. Castro, F. Cammarota, F. Casullo, J. Devoto, Borges, D. Vidart, A. Villanueva, J. Barcia, Η. Ferrer. See also "Lunfardo-lunfardesco" (Section G) below. "Se publicó por primera vez, con ligeras variantes, en BFM IX (1962), 129-133" (Lunfardología, p. 223, footnote 1). Also in ComAc No. 20 (May 8, 1964), 4 pp. mimeog. The four main sources: "Voces españolas-78.50%; Italianismos-12.66%; Galicism o s - 3 . 1 6 % ; Gitanismos-2.33%." Del Valle, *ComAc No. 100 (July 15, 1964), 2 pp. mimeog.; listed, but without reprinting contents, in BAPL 111:6 (1968), p. 50. Not included are lunfardo-lunfardesco writers, who are covered in Sec. G. These 19 items appear in Vol. I of the 1953 ed. of the poem (Buenos Aires: Sopeña).

Notes

58. 59. 60.

61.

62. 63.

64.

65.

66. 67. 68. 69. 70.

71.

72. 73.

74. 75. 76.

335

García Jiménez was to follow this article by another one covering 13 terms in Vol. II. I have not located the continuation. Much of the material in this article is from Borges' El idioma de los argentinos (Buenos Aires, 1928). See Nichols No. 403. See footnote 1, p. 71, this article, for source of quotation. The first edition (Buenos Aires 1950, 40 p.) was originally published as an article, "Don Segundo Sombra y su vocabulario, I: Los árboles y la fauna general," BAAL XIX (1950), 4 9 - 8 0 . Annotated by Kany, HLAS Vol. 16, No. 2467. For a brief linguistic treatment of some 48 names of birds and animals (many from Guaraní and Quechua) appearing in the Giiiraldes novel, see Jorge W. Abalos, "La fauna en Don Segundo Sombra", Cuad 11:4 (1966), 61-76. *2nd ed. ("Corregida y aumentada con nuevos juicios críticos y comentarios"), Buenos Aires, 1957, 60 p. This was deliberate, artistic and effective, says Pinto: "La lengua de Don Segundo Sombra dista tanto del castellano como del habla gaucha de nuestra campaña, salvado lo estrictamente necesario en el diálogo de los actores. Por eso no debe estudiarse la obra, encajándola, aprioristicamente, en un molde purista castellanófilo o localmente tradicionalista" (p. 44). Of course, Unamuno's famous declaration immediately comes to mind: "Martin Fierro es el canto impregnado de españolismos, es española su lengua, españoles sus modismos, españolas sus máximas y su sabiduría, española su alma." (p. 40) This article had its origin in a paper given at the Congreso Internacional de Folklore, Buenos Aires, in Dec, 1960, titled "El quichuismo en dos obras maestras de la literatura argentina: 'Martín Fierro' y 'Don Segundo Sombra'." (See CINIF II (1961), 257.) Some humorous, e.g. Inca-la-perra for 'Inglaterra.' The Grifone study was actually written in 1937. Author takes most of this material from analyses made by such authorities as Ricardo Rojas, Monner Sans, Tiscornia, and Unamuno. In fact, Grifone shows that gaucho writers seem to choose different criteria in reproducing realism, and manifest different degrees of desire to be realistic. See also Settgast, "Analysis of Benito Lynch's Έ1 ingles de los giiesos', Introduction, Critical Notes, Vocabulary, and Linguistic Study of the Argentine Rural Idiom," DAb 28/3 (1967), 1087-A (Florida State). Although every effort has been made to locate and list as many publications of this kind as possible, no claims are made that this section is complete. This is particularly true of such works as the Martin Fierro which has seen so very many editions and rcprintings, many accompanied by linguistic material of one kind or another. However, in spite of the tentative nature of the coverage here, it is hoped that the listing will prove helpful. For a good unannotated listing of the editions and printings of Fausto, as well as of critical studies, see Becco, CINIF III (1962), 318-321. Various editions not seen by m c - s u c h as this o n e - h a v e been listed here, even without positive evidence that linguistic data exist. In fact, this applies also to other authors' editions in this section. There is a *1963 ed., 94 p., with the N. Salvador material. * 1st ed., Madrid, 1 9 4 8 , 5 0 8 p. Of indispensable aid in this compilation of the poem's editions were H. J. Becco's La literatura gauchesca. Aportes para una bibliografía, Buenos Aires, 1961 (also published in CINIF III [1962], 309-362); Becco, "Orientación bibliográfica. José Hernández: 'Martín Fierro' y su bibliografía," Cuad 11:5 (1966), 123-145, and (a second installment), in the same journal, 11:6 (1966), 109-137; Augusto Raúl Cortázar, "José Hernández. Aportes para una bibliografía," Bibliografia Argentina

336

77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82.

83.

84. 85. 86.

87. 88.

Notes de Artes y Letras, No. 6 (1960), 55-129; and José Carlos Maubé'sItinerario bibliogràfico y hemerogràfico del 'Martin Fierro', Buenos Aires, 1943, 179 p. A final remark possibly of some interest: "Se puede afirmar, sin temor a equivocarse, que la colección de ediciones de 'Martín Fierro'.. . que posee The University of Texas Library, en su sección The Latin American Collection, es la mejor del mundo." (Ν. L. Benson in Cuadernos del Sur [Bahía Blanca] 8-9 [1968], 161.) There is apparently a second ed. of the Leumann ed., dated 1951; see Becco, "La literatura gauchesca . . CINI F III (1962), 322-324. """Edición corregida y anotada por Santiago M. Lugones," Buenos Aires, 1926, 94 [sic] p. There is apparently a 1945 ed. with the same contributions by Morales. For notes on the historical and biographical importance of this edition, see R. Borello, "Orientación bibliográfica-Gauchófila," Cuad 1:2 (1965), p. 149. Other editions: 5a, 1961, 232 p.; 6a, 1963, 232 p. Because of the burgeoning interest in lunfardo (both on the part of linguists and the general public) and the resultant proliferation of publications-especially during the last four or five decades of this century, a truly comprehensive annotated bibliography would seem to be unattainable. A word of historical background: the Academia Porteña del Lunfardo, embodying a wide range of scholars and interested individuals, was founded on Dec. 21, 1962. The members of the Academy collaborated in investigating the history, the significance and the circumstances-past and present-of this sub-dialect. At first they wrote up their experiences, memories, opinions, etc., regarding lunfardo in the Comunicaciones Académicas. These mimeographed sheets are hard to come by outside of Buenos Aires, and were obviously not meant to have a wide diffusion. I am indebted to Sr. del Valle and Prof. Hensley C. Woodbridge for having supplied me with many of them, but my coverage is incomplete. In the early issues of the BA PL (1966), many of the ComAc were reprinted and/or annotated, either in the body of the issues of the Boletín or in the del Valle bibliography. Of late, however, the "Bibliografía fundamental" simply lists the contents of the ComAc. In spite of the difficulties involved in obtaining the ComAc, as well as many books, newspapers and journals containing material on lunfardo, I have attempted to make this section of the bibliography as comprehensive as possible. I have also sought to provide a synthesis of the myriad areas and relationships involved with lunfardo and lunfardesco, such as the various levels of Buenos Aires (or River Plate) popular speech, the literature, the tango, the arrabales and compadritos and other socio-linguistic aspects, the gaucho-gauchesco-lunfardo relationship, and so on. Although the following items deal primarily with lunfardo words and expressions, the distinction between "genuine" lunfardo and slang and/or popular speech is seldom clear-cut. This applies also, of course, to "Individual word and phrase studies" (Nos. 289-487). 1st ed., Buenos Aires, 1963, 62 p.; reprinted 1964. For example: "Al modo de sus semejantes, el lunfardo carece de sintaxis y es fundamentalmente metafórico, figurativo, convencional y alegórico . . (p. 8). Re this locating of words, it is, as Meo-Zilio states, ". . . particularmente útil, por cuanto indica caso por caso, las palabras consignadas en trabajos de autores anteriores, hoy muy raros de encontrar. . . " ("Italianismos generales en el español rioplatense," Thes XX [1965], footnote No. 2, p. 68). Ibid. Ii. R. del Valle, commenting on previous lexical ventures of Silva Valdes (his vocabulario for the drama Barrio Palermo [Nos. 601, 602 of this bibliography] and his Vocabulario popular del Uruguay [No. 70]) states: "No conforme aun con estas dos breves incursiones en la lexicografía riopiatense, vuelve sobre el tema, publicando

Notes

337

dos [I found three, but no more] extensos y meritorios artículos en un semanario montevideano con el título ambicioso en el buen sentido del vocablo de Primer vocabulario lunfo popular anotado en el país." (Lunfardología [No. 680] pp. 5 0 51). 89. See No. 61. 90. Reprinted in Borges, Otras inquisiciones, Buenos Aires, 1960, pp. 43-49, and in Borges and Clemente, El lenguaje de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1963, pp. 37-48. Appears also in English translation in Borges' Other Inquisitions, Austin, 1964, pp. 26-30. See also Julio Ricci, "Borges y el lunfardo," No. 658A below. 91. Originally published in the journal Continente (Buenos Aires) No. 61 (1952), and later reprinted in Borges and Clemente, El lenguaje de Buenos Aires, pp. 51-74. 92. Part of this article was reprinted in Borges and Clemente, El lenguaje de Buenos Aires, 1963, pp. 77-102. 93. For further details on lunfardo poets and poetry, see Osvaldo Elliffs Introducción a la poesia rantifusa, Buenos Aires, 1967, 80 p. 94. Originally published in the newspaper El Dia of La Plata. 95. L. Soler Cañas wrote "Lenguaje porteño," which includes mention of Lunfardia, in *ElLíder, Buenos Aires, Oct. 25, 1953. 96. Originally published in 1925. 97. Del Valle cites five "rules" operating in this process, and Gobello claims that vesre makes up ten per cent of lunfardo vocabulary. 98. Author suspects that with "tal termino -lonfardo - n a c i ó la jerga" (p. 2). 99. Etchebarne in La influencia del arrabal. .. (No. 633) commends this work: "Libro fundamental para el estudio del arrabal. Serias referencias al tango y al compadre" (p. 1 8 2 ) .

100. H. J. Becco lists the following numbers of this newspaper: Nos. 107, 116, 118, 122, 123, 127, 129, 132-136, 138; from December 1877 to February 1878 (Becco, "Orientación bibliográfica. José Hernández: 'Martín Fierro' y su bibliografía," Cuadernos del Idioma, Fundación Pedro de Mendoza, Buenos Aires, Año II, No. 6 [1966), p. 230). 101. 2a ed., 1965; 3a ed., 1968. 102. "Se publicó por primera vez con ligeras variantes y con el título 'Excentricidades del lenguaje porteño,' en la revista Continente (Buenos Aires), julio 1955, 92-93 (100)." (Lunf, footnote, p. 80.) 103. Del Valle published also the following article which evidently covered much of the same ground: *"Caló, argot, lunfardo, jerga de la Argentina," Democracia, Feb. 5, 1953. 104. Author's note: "Publicado fragmentariamente, con el mismo título en el diario Democracia, 8 de marzo de 1953." 105. In another footnote, Del Valle gives a long list of Alvarez' costumbristic articles, 62 of which appeared in Caras y Caretas alone during a period of only five years. 106. I have annotated for this bibliography more than half the essays of the book. 107. Alberto Vacarczza, El conventillo de la Paloma. 3a ed. Buenos Aires, La Escena, Revista teatral, No. 585, año XII, nov. 1929. 108. According to the author, the material in these articles is substantially included in his book El tango y su mundo (see p. 7), No. 686 below. 109. Article by him with same title in Suplemento de El Dia, Montevideo, No. 1174, 17 de julio, 1955. 110. Examples of the many excellent works that do not meet this criterion and are thus excluded are Israel Chas de Cruz, Aventuras de la picaresca porteño (cuentos), 1966: Enrique Cadícamo's poems Viento que lleva y trae-, and Joaquín Gómez Bas, Barrio gris (novela lunfarda), 1952. 111. "Arrabal salvaje entra en colecciones g a u c h a s . . . porque el arrabal es 'un pedazo de

338

Notes

campo metido en la ciudad'. Y el porteño orillero fue en todo tiempo un gaucho . . . no obstante su vestimenta 'jailaife' y presumida . . . [etc.]" (p. 46). 112. 1st ed., 1916; 2nd, n.d. This is the 3rd ed. 113. One of the meanings of canyengue is 'lunfardo.' 114. The poems with footnotes: "El estatuto l u n f a r d o " - 1 3 footnotes; "Abelardo Pard a l e s " - ^ ; "Consejos del Pardo A l d a o " - 2 ; "Las diez de ú l t i m a s " - 22 (a very short poem, incidentally); and "A un 'taquero'" - 6 . The explanation for the somewhat uneven placement of footnotes must be that obviously some poems have fewer lexical problems than others, and that the author does not repeat his definitions. An alphabetical vocabulary at the end would n o doubt be of greater service. 115. For further critical analysis ai La crencha engrasada, see Osvaldo Rossler, Buenos Aires dos por cuatro. No. 662 of this bibliography. 116. The other two plays are "Santos Vega" and "Por la gracia de Dios." 117. Orígenes de la literatura lunfarda, "Nota preliminar," p. 13. See Nos. 664 and 716. 118. This group consists of books and articles which almost certainly have to do with lunfardo in one way or another. However, since they have not been available to me, I cannot, of course, annotate them, or even classify them accurately. 119. Many items listed and annotated in preceding sections of this bibliography contain data about gaucho-gauchesco language. Examples: Nos. 255-273 ("Rural activities . . ."); Nos. 378-397A (etymological studies of the word gaucho). The reader may wish to look over studies on the language of Giiiraldes (Nos. 495-501C) and José Hernández (Nos. 502-514). 120. "Algunos términos del 'Vocabulario' citado, pronto a aparecer." (BADAL, No. 25/ 26 [1966], No. 1547.) 121. In 1960 Rapela published Cosas de nuestra tierra (Buenos Aires, 128 p.), a sort of supplement to this work. 122. Other "editions" or reprintings: 1940, 1942, 1959. 123. Many reprintings. Some of them: 2nd, 1945; 3rd, 1948-1949, 4 t h , 1952; 5th, 1 9 5 7 ; 6 t h , 1962, and undoubtedly many more. 124. This section includes folklore studies containing noteworthy linguistic data, and a few publications of (or about) gauchesco literature having glossaries, notes, etc. 125. 2nd ed. (reprinting), 1964. 126. A reprint from Vol. XXIV of the Revista del Instituto Histórico y Geográfico del Uruguay (Montevideo) (1958-1959), pp. 365-918. 127. Assunçâo collected 44 suggested etymologies "vinculadas con 18 lenguas curoasiáticas e indoamericanas, sin arribar a una solución definitiva." (p. 24). 128. This folklore work is only very peripherally linguistic, so I have omitted it. Simmons, Romance, p. 329 annotates it: "A popularization of Lynch's Cancionero bonaerense. Some changes have been made in the interest of clarity and there arc some omissions." 129. Also published in BANL I (1946), 37-61. 130. Also published in Historia (Buenos Aires), 111:9 (1957), 139-163. 131. There are, of course, other anthologies of poesia gauchesca, some with no linguistic material at all, others with so little as not t o be included here. An example of the latter type: La poesía gauchesca en lengua culta. Buenos Aires, 1958, 129 p. In trod, y notas de Rafael R. Rodríguez López. 132. Author published an article with same title in Nac, Jan. 22, 1942, p. 6. 133. Also published in the Anales del Instituto de Etnologia Americana (Mendoza) VI (1945), 209-278. 134. The only other issue of this work which has come to my attention is the 1950 edition (Ed. XXXVII, Buenos Aires, 517 p.), annot. by Dabbs, NA-1, p. 181. 135. Also published as Tomo IX of the Anales de la Sociedad Argentina de Estudios Geográficos, Buenos Aires, 1947.

Notes

339

136. Conferencia pronunciada en la sesión pública celebrada por la Sociedad referida el 27 de Octubre de 1948. 137. For the reader who may be interested, Bucich has written a number of books about this colorful section of the great port city. The following examples are not linguistic per se, but do occasionally contain off-hand toponymie or onomastic details: Nombres para la historia boquense ("nombres" meaning family rather than place names), Buenos Aires, 1966, 29 p.; Los viajeros descubren la boca del Riachuelo (cf. two chapters: "Voces itálicas en el Riachuelo," and "El genovés y la atracción del mar"), Buenos Aires, 1961, 67 p.; La boca del Riachuelo, Buenos Aires, 1971. See also No. 895. 138. Reprinted from Af£C LX, No. 822 (1941), 22-29. 139. There is also a 1948 ed. (Buenos Aires, 37 p.) and possibly others. 140. Carrizo (p. 163) lists but does not annotate this item. Dabbs (NA-2, p. 237) gives a more complete entry than Carrizo, but had not seen the article. 141. First part published in 1939. See Nichols, No. 564. 142. This is a republication, with minor changes plus a small amount of new material, of the author's Argentina, historia de un nombre (Buenos Aires, 1949, 63 p.). The original appearance of this material (which I have not seen) first came out as 1) "Historia de un nombre: Argentina," Nac, March 17, 1940; 2) "Argentina: De Centenera a los poetas de la Revolución," ibid., March 24, 1940, and 3) "República Argentina: Vicisitudes de la denominación," ibid., March 31, 1940. These articles are annotated briefly in Nichols, No. 579, but without pagination. 143. Several of these studies, while obviously not dealing exclusively with ArgentinaUruguay, contain sufficient information about the region to be included in this compilation. 144. A few of the studies in this section do not apply exclusively to Argentina-Uruguay, but I believe their usefulness merits their inclusion here. 145. Published also in BANH XXXII (1961-1962), 417-563. 146.1'or another dictionary in this field, see: Durán, Leopoldo, Contribución a un diccionario de seudónimos en la Argentina, Buenos Aires, 1961, 61 p. 147. There is also a 1966 ed. or reprinting, not seen by me. 148. l-'or further data on Basque names, see López Mendizábal, Isaac, Etimologías de apellidos vascos, Buenos Aires 1958, 794 p. 149. For a similar reference work, sec Alberto and Arturo Carraffa's monumental Diccionario heráldico y genealógico de apellidos españoles y americanos, Salamanca 1952-1963, 86 volumes. 150. Many books and articles annotated previously in this bibliography mention or treat the interaction between Spanish and Indian languages. Those items considered most important have been cross-indexed in the following section. Others-not crossindexed-are: Nos. 2 5 , 4 7 , 79, 87, 92, 105A, 116, 120, 122, 134, 145, 148, 149, 167, 171, 186, 191, 233, 241, 250, 515,518, and 541A. Furthermore, many of the individual words treated above are indigenisms or probably so. Those readers interested in this phase of interlingual influence can see Nos. 289-487. Finally, influence of indigenous languages is particularly conspicuous in place names. The majority of items annotated in Section I above deal with indigenous toponymy and thus may be considered a part of this interlingual section. 151. By the author of Idiomas aborígenes de la República Argentina, Buenos Aires, 1942. 152. Another book by same author which might contain inter-lingual data is: *El guarani; elementos de gramática guaraní y vocabulario de las voces más importantes de este idioma. Buenos Aires, 1947, 250 p. 153. It seems of interest to note that Rosas is now known not to be illiterate (as has been claimed), and that he was knowledgeable about the Pampa languages and was

340

Notes

very interested in the Indian problem. Manual Gálvez wrote the introduction and defends Rosas. 154.1 have been unable to obtain this book for examination. However, in author's QLA, (pp. 117-139) there is a section entitled "Falsos brasileirismos" which is apparently an excerpt from the book. The words discussed in this excerpt are: rancho, cahetilha, cargosear, changador, guacho, solito, matungo, macanudo, vaca (i.e. hacer vaca). 155. Artide originally appeared in Correio do Povo, Pòrto Alegre, Feb. 2, 1948. 156. Taken from ""Comienzos del español América," Revista del Colegio Libre de Estudios Superiores, Buenos Aires, Año IV, No. 12 (1938). 157. Pinto names specifically only two Capdevila articles: 1) "Argentinismos, no. Brasileñismos, sí,"Pren,Oct. 9, 1960, and 2) "Argentinismos. . . Brasileños (sicl,"Pre«, Nov. 11, 1960. I ran across also: "¡Cuántas palabras del Brasil!" Pren, Nov. 27, 1960, and "Otra cosecha de argentinismos . . . brasileños," Pren, Aug. 20, 1961. 158. Comunicación presentada al "IV Coloquio Internacional de Estudos Luso-Brasileiros", Salvador 1959 (so listed by Luis Alberto Musso in Bibliografia Uruguaya sobre Brasil, Montevideo, 1967, No. 208). Rona's article was first published in Montevideo, 1959, 22 pp. mimeographed. For a general article on sociolinguistics in which Rona draws upon material from his fronterizo studies to illustrate certain points, see *"Una visión estructural de la sociolingüística," Santiago [Santiago de Cuba] 7 (junio 1972), 22-36; annot. by Canfield, H LA S Vol. 36, No. 3765. 159. For more details on the bilingual-monolingual situation in Livramento/Rivera, see Hensey's "El bilingüismo en relación a la lectura: encuesta en una comunidad fronteriza," Cebela (Univ. do Rio Grande do Sul, Pòrto Alegre, Brazil) 1:1 (1965), 9097, also his "Livramento/Rivera: the Linguistic Side of International Relations," JIAS 4 (1966), 520-524; and also his "Bilingüismo y convivencia en una frontera sudamericana," Atti: XIV Congresso Intemazionale di Linguistica e Filologia Romanza, Vol. II, Naples, 1974, pp. 601-609. 160. See also Rona, Nos. 998 and 999; Elizaincín, Nos. 999A and 999B. 161. See also his Galicismos vitandos, Buenos Aires, 1931. 162. For more data on the reciprocal influences of Italian and Spanish in the R.P. zone, see 1) the Meo-Zilio articles in the "Phonology and Phonetics" section below, and 2) Section G, "Lunfardo and Lunfardesco", above. 163. For a more complete study of Italian influence on the River Plate saínete as well as the theatre in general, see Vanni Blengino, "La lingua dell'immigrante e il teatro popolare argentino," Lingua e Stile (Bologna), 12 (1977), 405-432. Also contains much about lunfardo and cocoliche. 164. For more on Italianisms, see author's Contribución al estudio del italianismo en la República Argentina. Buenos Aires, 1925, 16 p. Nichols No. 556. 165. And which are annotated here in this section; see Nos. 1020, 1022, 1024, 1027. 166. It appears to me that the author often attributes phonetic qualities to cocoliche which are in fact very common in the Spanish-speaking world in general. A few examples: "1.8. Aspiración de s final de sílaba . . . chiosco [kiohko] . . a n d "1.10. Asimilación de s a r en el grupo sr: israelita pron. [irraelita] en lugar de [izraelita|". 167. Author's note, p. 245: "Este ensayo pertenece a un trabajo más amplio sobre el elemento italiano en el español rioplatense, en preparación." 168. Author explains that "por 'italianismos generales' debe entenderse los que proceden del italiano general (koiné)." 169. Author claims-and explains why-the better the Italian speaks Spanish, the more influence he has on the Spanish speakers. 170. Meo-Zilio states that he has established the authentic Italianism of some 700 words, far more than previous investigators have done.

Notes

341

171. This article is listed in the bibliog. of the Meo-Zilio article No. 1032 above. 172. " . . . en el cual el autor comenta unos cuantos italianismos. . ." (Meo-Zilio, in footnote, p. 69 in No. 1028 above). 173. Mentioned by Meo-Zilio in article No. 1035 above (footnote on p. 97) as being a source for information "sull'influenza degli italiani nel Plata . . ." 174. There is also information on various aspects of Argentine-Uruguayan pronunciation in many items listed and annotated in previous sections of this bibliography (e.g., the Meo-Zilio studies just above, and Vidal de Battini's El habla rural de San Luis, No. 138); and also in many items to appear later. However, I have limited this section to those studies dealing rather more exclusively and specifically with phoneticsphonology, and have excluded 1) interlingual influence items, and 2) works of a general or wide-range nature which will be treated in a future section of this compilation. 175. In his Études sur la phonétique de l'espagnol parlé en Argentine. See No. 1074 below. 176. For a sample of Uruguayan speech, see W. F. Stirling, "Castellano uruguayo," LMP LIV (1939), 28-30, with the same type of transcription into phonetic symbols. 177. A. Alonso, Vidal de Battini, Barrenechea, Malmberg, Guitarte, Zamora Vicente, Navarro Tomás, Lenz, Bès. 178. For a more detailed lexical investigation of this type for Charigüé, see the Boretti de Macchia article, No. 1ÎOA. 179. For example, see Nos. 141 and 1057. 180. See Honsa's "The Phonemic Systems of Argentinian Spanish," No. 1073 of this bibliog. 181. Also pubi, in JPsyR 4 (1975), 17-25. 182. For more, see Guitarte's "Notas para la historia del yeísmo," in Sprache und Geschichte. Festschriften für Harri Meier zum 65. Geburtstag, 1971, 179-198. 183. For additional references to and scattered material on Argentine phonetics, see also Malmberg's Estudios de fcrética hispánica, Madrid (C.S.I.C.) 1965, 154 p. Reviewed by P. M. Lloyd, HR XXXV (1967), 106-112. 184. See his Etudes sur la phonétique,. ., No. 1074 above. 185. He cites the Zamora Vicente and Guitarte works, Nos. 1085 and 1072 in this section. 186. See also author's "Fonética, habla en inspiración", pp. 153-155 in Renca: folklore puntano, No. 137 of this bibliog. 187. No. 138. 188. Other studies carried out in this project and annot. in this bibliog. are Nos. 1086A, 1089, 1090, 1138. For detailed information on the mechanics and precise goals as well as the projects carried out to date, see Juan M. Lope Blanch, pròlogo, Eseeh, pp. 7-12. 189. It will be noted that many articles in this section deal with the voseo in Arg.-Urug. There are many other general studies on the subject. Examples: José Pedro Rona, Geografía y morfología del 'voseo', Pòrto Alegre, 1967, 113 p.; M. Molho, "Observations sur le Voseo'," BHi LXX (1968), 56-76; Μ. Β. Fontanella de Weinberg, "Analogía y confluencia paradigmática en formas verbales de voseo," Thes 31 (1976), 249-272. 190.1 have found no evidence of the publication of this book. 191. Sole No. 423b lists *Diálogo argentino de la lengua. 100 lecciones para hablar bien y escribir mejor. Buenos Aires, 1967, with the sole comment "Para el problema de la unidad de la lengua en Argentina." 192. See also: *Molina, R. Α., "¿Cuándo apareció el voseo en nuestro lenguaje platense?," Nac, Jan. 12,1958; and »Molirn, "El origen del voseo", M e , Jan. 14, 1958. 193. E. R. del Valle, in ComAc No. 31 (1964), reports that same writer wrote article on

342

Notes

the voseo in Leoplân of Buenos Aires, Jan. 17, 1964, No. 716. I have not located this article. 194. Schock also wrote *4,000 barbarismos que corrompen al buen decir, Buenos Aires, 1947, 93 p. I have not seen this book; I presume it is more of the same. 195. See also Selva's "El arcaísmo en la Argentina; voces anticuadas que reviven," No. 64 of this bibliog. 196. Such as R. Oroz, A. Castro, R. Menéndez Pidal, L. Lugones, Borges, Cuervo, etc. 197. Solé, No. 419, has this brief comment: "Estudio de carácter sociolingiiístico en que se discuten los diferentes factores que influyen en el lenguaje en Argentina." 198. A new edition (or reprinting) of these essays appeared in *El lenguaje de Buenos Aires en cuatro ensayos, Buenos Aires 1963 (with a second edition, Buenos Aires 1965, 102 p.). Reviewed by M.A.D.E., Nac, May 31, 1964, p. 4. 199. Roger Brown and Albert Gilman, "The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity," in Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.), Style in Language, New York, 1960, pp. 253-276. 200. See also Meo-Zilio's "Consideraciones generales sobre el lenguaje de los gestos," BIFCh XII (1960), 225-248, for further material on this subject. 201. A collection of ten previously published articles and reviews, as follows: "Indigenismos americanos en el léxico de Lope de Vega," "América en el instrumental retórico del siglo XVI," "Difusión . . . [see above]," "Para la etimología de poncho" (see No. 46), "P. Henríquez Ureña y la lingüística indigenista," "Sanín Cano, filólogo," "El idioma español en América," "La fonética del español en el Paraguay" and "América en las letras españolas del siglo de oro." For negative reactions to this book, see Sen's, No. 14926a and J. M. Lope Blanch, NRFH XIV (1960), 145. Also annot. by Wogan, HLAS Vol. 24, No. 4761. 202. Two books apparently about this same matter are Pinto's *El idioma argentino y el castellano peninsular and *Critica del purismo idiomàtico, 1955. 203. There are scattered remarks about this Rosenblat article in C. P. Otero's "Gramaticalidad y normativismo (A propòsito de algunos escritos de A. Rosenblat)," RPh XX (1966-1967), 53-68. 204. A continuation of this mild polemic is apparently included in * Lopez Peña's "Folklore de la Calle Corrientes," ComAc No. 92 (Nov. 1965), 7 mimeo. pp. (Listed in del Valle, "Bibliog. fundamental," BA PL 111:6 [1972], No. 183.) 205. There is also a *third edition, "nuevamente corregida y amentada," Buenos Aires, 1967.

List of Abbreviations

*

AAAG AAFA Abside ACILX A CIL XII A CIL XIII ActSal AIEA AILC AION Alcina ALFAL ALH AnLet Arbol Arbor ArchO ASAEG ASNS A VF BAAL BAC BADAL ΒΑ E BA FA BA HL BANH BANL BA PL BATF BBAW BDEEC

Not seen by me. Anales de la Academia Argentina de Geografia, Buenos Aires Anales de la Asociación Folklórica Argentina, Buenos Aires Abside, Mexico City Actes du Xe Congrès International des Linguistes, Bucarest, 1970 Acts of the Twelfth International Congress of Romance Linguistics and Philology, Bucarest, 1971 Actes du XIIIe Congrès International de Linguistique et Philologie Romanes, Quebec, 1976 Acta Salmanticensia, Univ. de Salamanca, Spain Anales del Instituto de Etnografia Americana, Mendoza (title varies: see also Anales de Arqueología y Etnologia) Anales del Instituto de Lingüistica, Univ. Nac. del Cuyo, Mendoza Annali, Istituto (Universitario) Orientale, Sezione Linguistica, Naples José Alcina Franch, "El americanismo en las revistas," Revista de Indias, Madrid, XXV (1965), 333-540 Asociación de Lingüística y Filología de América Latina Anales de Literatura Hispanoamericana, Madrid, 1972 Anuario de Letras, Mexico City Arbol, Catamarca, Argentina Arbor, Madrid Archivum, Oviedo Anales de la Sociedad Argentina de Estudios Geográficos, Buenos Aires Archiv für das Studium der Neueren Sprachen, Braunschweig-BerlinHamburg Archivos Venezolanos de Folklore, Caracas Boletín de la Academia Argentina de Letras, Buenos Aires Boletín de la Academia Colombiana, Bogotá Bibliografia Argentina de Artes y Letras, Buenos Aires Boletín de la Academia Española, Madrid Boletín de la Asociación Folklórica Argentina, Buenos Aires Boletín de la Academia Hondurena de la Lengua, Tegucigalpa Boletín de la Academia Nacional de la Historia, Buenos Aires Boletín de la Academia Nacional de Letras, Montevideo Boletín de la Academia Porteña del Lunfardo, Buenos Aires Boletín de la Asociación Tucumana de Folklore, Tucumán Boletín de la Biblioteca Artigas-Washington, Montevideo Boletín del Departamento de Estudios Etnográficos y Coloniales, Santa Fe, Argentina

344

List of Abbreviations

BDEsp BDFICU BDH BFE ΒFM BHi BHS Bib.lin.arg. BICC BIFCh BIFL BIHA BIIH BMMPA Boggs Bol. Hist. Books Abroad BSL CALE Canfield Cap Carrizo CH Chertudi CINIF CMGT Com ComAc Cortázar

Cort-Delle

Cort-Hern CSIC

Boletín de Dialectología Española, Barcelona Boletín del Departamento de Folklore del Instituto de Cooperación Universitaria de los Cursos de Cultura Católica, Buenos Aires Biblioteca de Dialectología Hispanoamericana, Buenos Aires Boletín de Filología Española, Madrid Boletín de Filología, Montevideo Bulletin Hispanique, Bordeaux Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, Liverpool "Bibliografía lingüística argentina (1939-1947)," by Ana M. Barrenechea and Narciso Bruzzi Costas, in RPF/SB I (1951 ), 147-174. Boletín del Instituto Caro y Cuervo, Bogotá. (Changed name to Thesaurus [Thes] with Tomo VII, 1951) Boletín del Instituto de Filología, SznÜ3go de Chile Boletín del Instituto de Folklore del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina Boletín del Instituto de Historia Argentina 'Doctor Emilio Ravignani, ' Buenos Aires Boletín del Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Buenos Aires Boletín del Museo de Motivos Populares Argentinos 'José Hernández, ' Buenos Aires Ralph S. Boggs, Contributing Editor, HLAS\ and bibliographer, SFQ Boletín Histórico, Montevideo Books Abroad, Norman, Okla. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, Paris Congreso de Academias de la Lengua Española, IV, Buenos Aires, Actas y labores, 1966, 786 p. D. Lincoln Canfleld, Contributing Editor oîHLAS Capricornio, Corumba, Brazil Juan Alfredo Carrizo, Historia del folklore argentino, Buenos Aires, 1953, 187 p. Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, Madrid Susana Chertudi, Cuentos folklóricos de la Argentina, Buenos Aires, I960, 254 p. Cuadernos del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Folklóricas, Buenos Aires Cuadernos de Mineralogia y Geologia, Univ. de Tucumán Comentario, Buenos Aires Comunicaciones Académicas, Academia Porteña del Lunfardo, Buenos Aires Augusto Raúl Cortázar, "Contribuciones a la bibliografía folklórica argentina," Folklore Americano, Lima, Años VI-VII, Nos. 6-7 (1959), 38-68 A. R. Cortázar and Carlos Dellepiane Cálcena, Contribución a la bibliografía folklórica argentina (1956-1960), Buenos Aires, 1962, 71 P. A. R. Cortázar, "José Hernández: Aportes para una bibliografía," BADAL, Nos. 5-6 (1960), pp. 55-129 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid

List of A bbreviations Cuad Curcon DAb Democracia Diálogo DRAE EMP ER Eseeh EspAct EstLit FI Fil Gifford G PO Hisp Histonium Hist HLAS

HomFK HR Hubcrman Hum IJAL ILA JA F JIAS JPsyR Kany Krit Lan LAPL La Torre LB

LdeH Lin Ling

345

Cuadernos del Idioma, Buenos Aires Cursos y Conferencias, Buenos Aires Dissertation Abstracts, Ann Arbor, Michigan Democracia, Buenos Aires Diálogo, Montevideo Diccionario de la Real Academia Española Estudios dedicados a Menéndez Pidal (Homenaje 2 o a M. Pidal), Madrid, 1950-1957, 8 volumes Estudis Romanics, Barcelona Estudios sobre el español hablado en las principales ciudades de América, Juan M. Lope Blanch, ed., México: UNAM, 1977, 569 p. Español Actual, OFINES, Madrid La Estafeta Literaria, Madrid Forum Italicum, Tallahassee, Florida Filología, Buenos Aires D. J. Gifford, ed. Latin American Language Studies in YWMLS U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Hispania, Appleton, Wisconsin (now Worcester, Mass.) Histonium, Buenos Aires Historia, Buenos Aires Handbook of Latin American Studies. Prepared for the Hispanic Division of the Library of Congress, Washington. Dolores Moyano Martin, editor. Published by the Univ. of Florida, Gainesville. Used by permission. Homenaje a Fritz Krüger, Mendoza, Argentina. Tomo I, 1952; Tomo II, 1954 Hispanic Review, Philadelphia Gisela Bialik Huberman, Mil Obras de Lingüística Española e Hispanoamericana, Madrid, 1973 Humanitas, Tucuman International Journal of American Linguistics, New York-Baltimore Publicaciones del Instituto de Literatura Argentina, Univ. de Buenos Aires The Journal of American Folklore, Boston-Lancaster-New York Journal of Inter-American Studies, Gainesville, Florida Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, New York-London Charles E. Kany, Contributing Editor, HLAS Kriterien, Belo Horizonte, Brazil Language, Philadelphia Latin America in Periodical Literature, 2 vols., Los Angeles (UCLA, Center of Latin American Studies), 1962-1963 La Torre, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico (Univ.) Linguistic Bibliographies, 23 volumes, 1939-1976. Published by the Permanent International Committee of Linguists, with a grant from UNESCO Libros de Hoy, Buenos Aires Lingua, Amsterdam Linguistics, The Hague

346

List of Abbreviations

LinNos LLN LMP Lunf

Lunfardia

Malmberg

MEC Mer

MLR NA-1 NA-2 NA-3 Nac

Lingua Nostra, Florence Les Langues Néo-Latines, Paris Le Maître Phonétique, London Lunfardologia,

680)

Lunfardia,

Enrique R. del Valle, Buenos Aires, 1966 (No.

José Gobello, Buenos Aires, 1953 (No. 6 4 0 )

Bertil Malmberg, Phonétique Générale et Romane: Etudes en allemand, espagnol et français, The Hague, 1971 El Monitor de la Educación Común, Buenos Aires Revista Meridiano 66, Catamarca, Argentina

The Modem Language Review, Cambridge, England

J . A. Dabbs, "Namelore in Latin America," Names I ( 1 9 5 3 ) , 1 7 7 187 Dabbs, "Namelore in Latin America," Names II (1954), 2 3 4 - 2 4 8 Dabbs, "Namelore in Latin America 1 9 5 4 - 1 9 5 5 / " N a m e s IV ( 1 9 5 6 ) , 168-175 La Nación, Buenos Aires

Names Nichols

Names, Berkeley, California Madaline Nichols, A Bibliographical Guide to Materials on A merican

NMQ

New Mexico Quarterly, Albuquerque

Nos

Spanish,

Nosotros,

Cambridge (Harvard Univ. Press), 1941 Buenos Aires

NRFH NS Orbis

Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, Mexico City Die Neueren Sprachen, Marburg-Bonn Orbis, Louvain

PCAAA

Actas del Primer Congreso del Area Araucana Argentina, Tomo II,

PhP PICL

Philologica Pragensia, Prague Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Linguists, cd.

PMLA

Publications of the Modern Language Association, Baltimore

Paideia Paredes

Paideia, rivista letteraria di informazione bibliografica, Arona Americo Paredes, Bibliographer, SFQ Buenos Aires, 1963

by H. G. Lunt, London, 1964

PNI

Por Nuestro Idioma, Buenos Aires

Polo

José Polo, "El español familiar y zonas afínes," an on-going mostly annotated bibliog. pubi, in Yelmo, Madrid, starting with No. 1, Aug.-Sept. 1971

Pren Pres. y fut.

La Prensa, Buenos Aires Presente y futuro de la lengua española, Actas de la Asamblea de

Qlb QLA

Quaderni Ibero-Americani, Turin Questöes Lingüisticas Americanas, A. Tenorio d'Albuquerque, Rio

Qué7 RBA

Filología del Primer Congreso de Instituciones Hispánicas, Madrid, 2 vols., 1964

de Janeiro, 1949 Qué sucedió en siete (i¡as, Buenos Aires

Revista

Buenos Aires,

Buenos Aires

Ministerio de Educación, Provincia de

List of Abbreviations RDTP Realidad REd Revlb RF RFE RFH RGA RH A RHistM RHistT RH M RIB

RIHG RIL RINT RIO RJ RLAI RLR RMNL RNLA Romance Románica Rosenblat RPF RPF/SB RPh RPLP' RR RUBA RUNC Sable S.A.D.E.L. Sánchez Barros SCL Sen's SFC

347

Revista de Dialectología y Tradiciones Populares, Madrid Realidad, Buenos Aires Revista de Educación, La Plata, Argentina Revista Iberoamericana, Pittsburgh Romanische Forschungen, Erlangen-Cologne Revista de Filologia Española, Madrid Revista de Filología Hispánica, Buenos Aires Revista Geográfica Americana, Buenos Aires Revista de Historia de América, Mexico City Revista Histórica, Montevideo Revista Histórica, Tucumán Revista Hispánica Moderna, New York Review of Inter-American Bibliography (also known as InterAmerican Review of Bibliography and Revista Interamericana de Bibliografia), Washington, D.C. Revista del Instituto Histórico y Geográfico del Uruguay, Montevideo Revista Iberoamericana de Literatura, Montevideo Revista del Instituto Nacional de la Tradición, Buenos Aires Revue Internationale d'Onomastique, Paris Romanistisches Jahrbuch, Hamburg Revista de Literatura Argentina e Iberoamericana, Mendoza, Argentina Revue des Langues Romanes, Montpellier Revista del Museo Nacional, Lima Revista Nacional. Literatura-Arte-Ciencia. Acad. Nac. de Letras, Montevideo See Simmons, Romance Románica, La Plata, Argentina Angel Rosenblat, Contributing Editor, HLAS Revista Portuguesa de Filologia, Coimbra Revista Portuguesa de Filologia, Suplemento Bibliografico, I (1949/1951), Coimbra Romance Philology, Berkeley, California Revista de Portugal, Série A, Lingua Portuguesa, Lisbon The Romanic Review, New York Revista de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Revista de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina Martin H. Sable, A Guide to Latin American Studies, 2 vols., Los Angeles, 1967 Sociedad Argentina de Estudios Lingüísticos, Buenos Aires Albino G. Sánchez Barros, Prosa moderna. Antología para la enseñanza media, 5a ed., Buenos Aires, 1961, 231 p. Studii si Cercetari Lingvistice, Β ucharest Homero Serís, Bibliografía de la lingüistica española, Bogotá, 1964 Selecciones Folklóricos Codex, Buenos Aires

348

List of Abbreviations

SFQ Sibirsky Simmons Simmons, Romance

SLLS

SODRE Solé StL Studia Iberica Sur Sust Teschner Thes TILAS Torre UNAM UNC Univ VL VoxR VU WF Wogan Word YWMLS ΖRPh Zubatsky

Southern Folklore Quarterly, Gainesville, Florida Saul Sibirsky, Contributing Editor, H LAS Merle E. Simmons, Bibliographer, SFQ and Contributing Editor, HLAS Merle E. Simmons, A Bibliography of the 'Romance'and Related Forms in Spanish America, Bloomington (Univ. of Indiana Folklore Series No. 18), 1963, 396 p. Studi di Lingua e Letteratura Spagnola, Università de Torino. Pubblicazioni della facoltà di magisterio, No. 31. Quaderni IberoAmericani, Torino, 1965,482 p. Revista delS.O.D.R.E. (Servicio oficial de difusión radio eléctrica), Montevideo Carlos A. Solé, Bibliografía sobre el español en América 19201967, Washington: Georgetown Univ. Pr., 1970, 175 p. Studia Linguistica, Lund, Sweden Studia Iberica: Festschrift für Hans Flasche, ed. by Karl Herman Körner, Bern, 1973, 712 p. Sur, Buenos Aires Sustancia, Tucumán Richard V. Teschner, "A Critical Annotated Bibliography of Anglicisms in Spanish," Hisp 57 (1974), 631-678 Thesaurus (same as BICC), Boletín del Instituto Caro y Cuervo, Bogotá Travaux de l'Institut d'Etudes Latino-Américaines de l'Université de Strasbourg La Torre, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico (Univ.) Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota Universidad, Santa Fe, Argentina Vie et Langage, Paris Vox Romanica, Bern Vida Universitaria, Monterrey, México Western Folklore, Berkeley Daniel S. Wogan, Contributing Editor, HLAS Word, New York Years Work in Modern Language Studies, London Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie, Halle-Tübingen David S. Zubatsky, "Hispanic Linguistic Studies in Festschriften: An Annotated Bibliography (1957-75)," Hisp 60 (Oct. 1977), 656-717.

Index of Authors Cited

Abad de Santillán, D., 1., 573 Abalos, J., note 61 Abdala, R„ 719 Abeille, L., 378 Abiegú Vineira, C., 942 Academia Argentina de Letras, 1087,1141 Acevcdo Díaz, E. (hijo), 488,495, 531-533, 793. 794 Acosta, José de, 351, 377 Acosta Saignes, M., 278 Acuña, Α., 501 Acha, J. de, 1042 Agosti, H., 1142 Agüero Blanch, V., 841 Aguilar Torres, J., 537 Alamprese, Α., 131 Alatorre, Α., 384 Albcrdi, J. B., 516, 1042,1157 Alberti, E. B. de, 49, 50 Alberti, R., 584 Albuquerque, A. T. d', 1A, 304, 379, 383, 390,431,495. 530, 986-994, 1143 Alcina Franch, J., 395, 841, 844, 845, 887,888,914, 956, 978; p. 3 Alfonso, Luis, 1B, 1144; note 32 Almirón, C., 817, 903 Alonso, Alicia. 4D, 1089 Alonso, Amado, 255, 256, 362,422, 422A, 423 540, 1074, 1079, 1082, 1145. 1155, 1167, 1204;note 177 Alonso, Dámaso. 1151 Alonso. Martin, 331, 460 Alposta, L., 298,325,619 Althapairo, Α., 257, 738 Alvarado. L., 346 Alvarez, G„ 887, 919 Alvaiez, José Sixto [Fray Mocho and Fabio Carrizo], 3, 329, 529, 616, 640, 663, 664, 676, 692, 693. 698, 749, 1157,1199 Alvarez, Juan. 1050 Alvarez Puebla de Chaves, M., 1051 Alvaro Yunque. See Gandolfi Herrero, Arístides

Amades, J., 342 Ambrosetti, J., 170 Amezaya, V., 920 Amores de Pagella, Α., 493 Amorim, E., 50,489 Anastasi, Α., 128 Andrade, J., 610 Andreetto, M., 2, 251, 402, 834A, 1146, 1147 Angelo, G. d', 524, 1012 'Aniceto el Gallo.' 760 Anzalaz, F., 171,943 Aprile, Β., 699, 714, 715, 750 Ara, C., 692 Aramburu, J., 71, 944 Arancibia, H., 172 Arango, J., 432 Ardissone, R., 795-797, 820, 906-908, 945 Ares de Parga, D., 114C, 115,946 Argentine Republic, 798, 799, 1148 Argerich, Α., 664 Arlt, R„ 3, 44, 413, 676, 714, 1157 Arnaud, L., 748 Arrazola, R., 4, 51, 71, 307, 311, 346, 422A, 495 Arrimondi Pieri, E., 4A, 492A Airom, J. J., 351 Artayeta, E., 449 Ascasubi, H., 262A, 490, 495, 501, 511, 615,754,760,787,789 Ashparimaj (seud.), 828 Assunçâo, F., 389, 394, 751 Astigueta, F., 620 Autenchlus Maier, O., 116 Automóvil Club Argentino, 800, 801 Auza Arce, C., 899 Avellaneda, F., 71 Avila, Α. M., 160, 164 Avila. M. T., 155,204 Avram, Α., 999 Ayala Gauna, V., 97-103, 173 Aycstarán, L., 540 Aymerich, R., 715 Azeves, Α., 443

350

Index

Badia Margarit, Α., 138 Balear ce, Α., 616, 720, 736 Baldinger, Κ., 141, 1221 Balmori, C., 357, 1149 Banales Lizaso, M., 921 Barabino, Α., 527, 1004 Baralt, R., 1007 Barbieri, V., 534, 717 Barcia, J., 306, 349A, 432A, 433,437, 442, 454,462, 611, 621, 622,696, 728, 733; note 52 Baroja, Pío, 306 Barreiros Bazán, 708 Barrenechea, Α., 4B,4C,4D, 312,492, 1074, 1088-1090; note 177 Barril, E., 5 ' Barrionuevo Imposti, V., 86, 213 Bartolucci, L., 280 Bassualdo, J., 379, 383 Bastianini, R., 6 Basto Girón, L., 968 Battistessa, Α., 422,422A, 423,571, 1150 Bayo, Ciro, 1, 346, 360,460 Bazán, Α., 80, 829, 878 Becco, Η., 174, 379, 496, 534, 536, 539, 550, 555, 557, 564, 574, 575, 580, 586, 786, 1045; notes 72, 76, 77, 100 Beinhauer, W., 1112 Belda, J„ 346 Belgeri, F., 752, 753 Bello, Α., 1184, 1208 Benarós, L„ 720 Benavente, F., 715 Benavente, J., 648, 722 Benavento, G., 833 , 947 Benigar, J., 305 Benítez, J., 7 Benson, Ν., note 76 Berdiales, G., 578 Bergallo, J„ 140, 274 Berger, 1219 Bermúdez, S. W., 8, 55, 56, 61, 295, 431, 623,1125 Bermúdez, W. P., 55 Bernárdez, F., 1151 Berro, M. R. de, 49, 50 Berro García, Α., 9-15, 138, 420, 814, 922,923, 1091, 1152 Bertoni, G., 818 Bès, G., notes 15, 177 Bettinoti, J., 714, 717 Bey m, R., 1052 Bianchetti, J., 825

Biancolini, L., 502 Biedma, J., 803,867,869 Bills, G., p. 3 Binaya Carmona, N., 924 Bioy Casares, Α., 754, 790 Bisio, Α., 1003 Blanco, F., 572 Blanco M., M., 1153 Blasi Brambilla, Α., 45, 1221 Blengino, V., note 163 Blixen, 0., 1154 Bodenbender, G., 258 Boggs, R., 22, 28, 77, 81, 88, 89, 109, 121,136,139,146,153-155,161-165, 168, 184, 193, 218, 277, 278, 282, 338, 340, 341, 351, 358, 359, 362, 383,419,434, 436,449, 452,456, 496, 740, 743, 765, 770, 814, 818, 824, 830, 838, 866, 870, 898, 899, 917, 920,922, 1083-1085, 1122, 1167, 1174; notes 36,43 Bonet, C., 16, 17,400, 491, 497, 546 Bonfante, G., 1074 Booz, M., 606 Borello, R., 649A, 1092, 1155-1157; note 80 Boretti de Macchia, S., 110A, 140A, 248A; notes 28, 178 Borges, J., 475, 492, 492A, 516, 535, 539, 624,626, 630, 643, 647, 658, 663, 715C, 739, 754, 763, 780, 790, 1157-1159, 1167, 1170, 1172, 1183; notes 52, 92, 196 Borzone de Manrique, Α., 1070, 1071 Bosch, Β., 834 Bosques, E., 506 Bossio, J„ 307, 316, 332, 417, 625, 686, 715B Bouilly, V., 1112 Bouton, R., 259, 755 Bozzini, M., 1093 Brander, 66 Brandon, Α., 1160 Bravo, Α., 756 Bravo, D„ 145, 499, 503, 757, 925, 948-953 Bright, W., 983, 1149 Brown, R., 1172A, 1177; note 199 Bruzzi Costas, Ν., 312 Bucca, S., 146, 227 Bucich, Α., 821,895 Bueno, J., 346 Buffa, J., 835-837,1147

Index Bujaldón, Α., 300 Bull, W., 138 Buonocore, D., 84, 122 Burgo, F., 606 Burnet-Merlin, Α., 331, 832, 882 Burri, R., 739 Cáceres Freyrc, J., 122, 123, 125 Cadícamo, E., 633, 700, 714; note 110 Cadogan, L., 408 Cafferata, J., 826 Caggiano, Α., 717 Caillava, D., 785 Calandrella S., 606 Calderón, J., 275 Calvo, C., 926 Cambacères, E., 308, 493, 1157 Cammarota, F., 71A, 612, 698, 726; note 52 Campanella, Α., 71, 863, 898 Campo, E. del, 511, 536-540, 754, 760, 787 Campo, L. del, 239 Campos, Α., 904 Camps, I., 838 Canal Feijoo, B., 954 Canals Frau, S., 312,313 Cane, L., 454, 663 Cane, M., 541, 1042, 1157 Can field, D., 1, 2A, 5. 15, 1 6 , 4 7 , 4 9 , 52, 84, 85A, 85B, 103, 141, 142, 156B, 259, 262A, 266, 286, 287, 357A, 363, 445,455, 519, 610, 612, 613, 617, 622, 637, 641, 649, 680, 688, 691A, 693, 709, 715A, 751, 840, 950, 957, 998, 999A, 999B, 1010, 1017, 1018, 1021, 1029, 1036, 1057, 1058, 1061, 1063-1067,1073, 1088,1090,1095, 1096,1101,1102,1111,1144,1150, 1171,1172,1175.1178,1179,1179A, 1181-1183. 1189, 1191,1204.1213, 1220, 1221; note 158 Canossa, L., 1094 Cantarell Dart, J., 626 Capdevila, Α., 19,663, 996, 1074, 1095, 1096,1161,1178,1179 Capdevila, R., 18. 504, 758 Capparelli, V., 612A Carámbula, R., 1044 Carballo Picazo, Α., 528 CarcUa, T., 20,626,663, 1013 Carilla, E., 505, 528, 529 Carli, O., 254

351

Carpena, E., 576 Carraffa, Alberto and Arturo, note 149 Carranza, Α., 175 Carriego, E., 664, 714, 717 Carrillo, Η., 839 Carrillo Herrera, G., 15 Carrizo, Fabio. See Alvarez, José Sixto Carrizo, Jesús M., 176-180, 221, 245, 246 Carrizo, Juan Α., 21, 71, 124, 134, 138, 151, 178, 179,193, 261, 264, 279, 513,532,743,747,748,765,848-850, 858,870,871,910,918;notes 76,140; pp. 3, 153 Carvalho Neto, P. de, 22 Casadevall, D., 23, 627, 628, 1014, 1162-1164 Casamiquela, R., 803, 844, 857 Casares, Α., 629 Casares, Julio, 462, 611,1165 Casartelli, M., 1166 Casero, Α., 346 Cassano, P., 1010,1015, 1053 CassineUi, R., 648, 722 Castellanos, J., 759 Castelli, E., 99, 100, 102 Castex, E., 24,463, 1001 Castillo, Cátulo, 700, 703 Castillo de Lucas, Α., 122,178, 748 Castro, Americo, 55, 624, 629, 634, 743, 1074, 1155, 1156, 1158, 1159, 1167, 1168,1170,1178, 1180, 1204; notes 52, 196 Castro, F., 506,507, 759 Castro Esteves, R., 909 CasuUo, F., 25, 410,448, 613, 721,. 735, 760,955-957, 980; note 52 Caviglia, B„ 335-341 Cayol, R„ 715, 717 Cazón, H„ 717 'Cele' el Negro. See Flores, Celedonio Centenera, M. del Barco, 874, 875 Centeya, Julián. See Vergiati, Amleto Chaca, D., 129 Chambers, D„ 614 Chas de Cruz, I., 715; note 110 Chavarría Aguilar, O., 1074 Chaves, C. de, 474 Chávez, F., 761 Chertudi, S., 137, 147, 156, 181,182, 210 Chiaparra, E., 614A Chiareno, O., 1169 Cisneros, J., 1207

352

Index

Clemente, J., 569, 626, 629-631,1170; note 90 Cline, H., 249 Coates, M., 27 Cock Hincapié, O., 1059 Colón, G., 1221 Coluccio, F., 28, 190, 198, 233, 260, 740, 762 Coni, E., 380, 910 Coni, F., 802 Conte, A. C. del, 715 Contreras, H., 1081 Contursi, P., 6 3 8 , 6 4 3 , 7 1 4 Cordero, H., 381 Córdoba, Α., 54ΙΑ Cornejo, Α., 859 Cornejo, J., 5 1 , 7 1 , 4 8 2 Corominas, J., 29, 299, 310, 313, 314, 344, 355, 357A, 362, 372, 377,389, 3 9 7 , 5 1 9 , 6 4 1 , 8 3 0 , 890,1147 Cortázar, Α., 91,170,175,183-185, 192,496,498, 546, 573, 580,597, 787,1044; note 76; p. 3 Cortázar, J., 71A,494, 1157, 1172,1183 Cortés, Η., 1188 Corvalán, O., 148, 149,958 Costa, C., 186 Cotta, J., 581 Couture, E., 236 Craddock, J., p. 3 Crowley, C., 138 a u s e , R., 734 Cruz Orellana [seud. de Julio Cruz Ghio], 715 Cruz Rolla, J., 827 Cuervo, R„ 314, 1118,1184; notes 11, 196; p. 3 Cutolo, V., 927 Dabbs, J., 791, 792, 807, 812, 816, 848, 854, 855, 871, 905, 908, 909,913, 917, 926, 940; notes 134, 140;p.2 Dahl, I., 1054 Dallegri, S., 632, 715 Dañero, E., 125 Daoud, D., 276 Daus, R., 842 Dávalos, J., 71,133,187, 300, 542-545, 606, 607 Davis, J., 518; note 50; p.3 Delfino, Α., 803, 868, 869 Delgado, J., 10 Dellepiane, Angela, 523, 558

Dellepiane, Antonio, 1, 376,422A, 615, 616,656, 663, 688; note 52 Dellepiane Cálcena, C , 104, 208, 212 Denegri, L., 381B Deodat, L., 803, 852, 853, 890 Devoto, J., 375,411, 414,451, 464-468, 728; note 52 Devoto, D., 84, 277, 323 Diaz, J., 928 Diaz Seijas, P., 508 Díaz Vêlez, J., 1055,1171 Dicchio, J., 612A Diez, Iván, 714, 717 Dillon, R., 509 Dimmick, R., 993 Dis (Disandro), Ε., 691A Discépolo, E., 639, 715A Domínguez, L., 760 Domínguez, M., 546, 606 Donghi de Halperín, R., 1016 Donni de Mirande, Ν., 30, 141-142Β, 187Α, 187Β, 494,1056-1058,1172; note 22 Dony, Y., 447 Dornheim, Α., 28, 87-90, 109, 209, 211,213-215,384 Draghi Lucero, J., 110, 547 Drago, L., 480,616, 656, 663, 694 Duarte, F., 233 Dupuy, L., 160, 164 Durán, L., note 146 Durand, M., 1074 Echagüe, J.,491, 606 Echazarreta, C., 111 Echeverría, E., 548, 760, 1042, 1157 Elizaincín, Α., 680, 999Α, 999Β, 1172Α, Elliff, O., 294,424,469-471, 522, 724; note 93 Elwert, W., 138 Enet, C., 1097 Entraigas, R., 929 Entwhistle, W., 1145 Er cilla, Α., 305, 874 Erize, E., 959, 981 Escobar, W., 31 Espel, O., 137 Espinola, F., 50 Esquer Celaya, E., 606 Esteva Sácnz, M., 112 Etchebarne, M„ 633, 647, 661, 701 ; note 89 Ezeiza, Gabino, 705

Index Fació, Α., 452 FaiUetey, L., 847 Fastrás, Rubén [seud. de José Antonio Saldías], 678. 715 Fein Pastoriza, D„ 1173, 1174 Fentanes, J., 735 Fernández, B„ 32, 33, 884; p. 3 Fernández, Felipe [Yacaré], 289, 301, 633, 664, 702, 714, 715, 715A, 717 Fernández, L.,91,549 Fernández Latour, O., 78, 188,189, 741,763 Fernández Moreno, B„ 550, 551, 607 Fernández Sánchez, C., 47, 132A, 803, 867, 869, 873 Ferrán de Pol, L., 1167 Ferrano, Β., 132 Ferrer, Η., 634, 703 ; notes 37,52 Fidalgo, Α., 840 Figueira, G., 751 Figucroa Lorza, J., 217 Flexner, S., note 40 Flores, Celedonio [el negro 'Cele'], 289, 433,643, 714 Flores, I., 105 Flores, Luis Alberto, 92, 105A, 212 Flórez, Luis, 138, 1074, 1079 Flury, L., 472, 861, 870 Fontanella, Α., 715 Fontanella de Weinberg, M., 34-36, 36A-36E, 93, 1059-1066, 1098, 1099, 1172A, 1175-1179,1227; note 189 Foster, D., 1067, 1068, 1099A, 1099B Franco, L., 606 Franco, M„ 704 Franzini Mendiondo, E., 911 Fray Mocho. See Alvarez, José Sixto Freire, T., 628 Frenk Alatorre, M., 384 Frenkel de Berrena G., M., 1068A Frieiro, E., 393 Fuertes Alvarez, D., 995 Furlan, L. Ricardo, 622, 634A Furlong, G., 794, 807 Furt, J.. 568 Gabriel, J., 37, 346, 635, 1180 . Gagnaire, J., 445 Gálvez, M., 501, 663; note 153 Gandolfi Herrero, A. [Alvaro Yunque], 413,422A, 473,484, 693, 705, 714, 715A, 725, 1170

353

Gandolfo, Α., 36F, 105B, 1069 Garasa, D„ 957 García, E., 1099C García Blanco, M., 138, 1085 García de Diego, V., 359 García Jiménez, F., 490, 636, 736 García Velloso, E., 346, 664 Gardel, Carlos, 648, 666, 722 Garganigo, J., 788 Gargaro, Α., 885, 900 Gargaro, M., 862 Garra, L., 606 Garrigós, F., 1100 Garzón, T., 1, 51, 71, 134, 311, 346, 423,460,489,698,745 Gazdaru, D., 784, 1179A Ghiano,J., 516,1157 Gianello, L., 807 Giese, W., 28,382, 751,960 Gifford, D., 114A, 132A, 156A, 517A, 999A, 1000A, 1010,1036,1046,1058, 1060,1062-1064, 1088, 1099A1099C, 1176, 1213, 1221, 1226, 1227 Gil de Oto, M., 346 Gillet, J., 748 GUman, Α., 1172A, 1177;note 199 Giorlandini, E., 156C, 238A, 478A Giuria, C., 637 Giusti, R., 1101 Gobello, J., 289, 293, 301, 307, 313B, 315, 319A, 320, 321, 327-329, 331, 352, 352A, 356, 360, 374A, 376, 398,401,404,405,409,412,413, 414B, 415A, 4 1 8 , 4 2 6 , 4 2 7 , 4 3 9 , 4 4 1 , 4 4 3 , 4 6 0 , 4 7 4 , 4 7 5 , 4 7 5 A , 484, 616, 616A, 617, 617A, 629 638-643, 663, 664,673, 697. 698,706, 710, 714, 715, 715B, 715C, 725-728, 731, 891,1146;notes 52, 97 Godoy, J., 787 Goldstein, R„ 237 Gómez, E., 663 Gómez Bas, J., 676; note 110 Gómez de la Sema, R., 44 Gómez Haedo, J., 358, 359 Góngora, L.,492, 516 González, E., 597 González, J., 125 González, M., 1172 González Arena, E., 117 González Castillo, J., 664, 714 González del Solar, M., 71

354

Index

González Mendilaharzu, C., 930 González Tuñón, R., 313A, 644, 676, 714 Gordillo Rojas, E., 261, 264 Gottfried, B„ 1181 Gougenheim, G., 134 Gradito, J., 715 'Grafófono', 715 Granada, D., 1, 38, 50, 55, 299, 311,406 Grayson, J., 645 Gregorio de Mac, M., 525, 1178,1182, 1183 Greñón, P., 931 Griera, Α., 1033,1112 Grifone, J., 515 Groussac, P., 1079 Guardiola, J., 695,714 Guarnieri, J., 39, 39A, 40, 47, 50,262, 262A, 263,311,742, 745 Guasch, P. Antonio, 960 Guasch Leguizamón, J., 4 1 , 1 0 0 7 , 1 1 0 2 1104 Guerra, M., 476,477 Guerrico, S., 715 Guevara, H., 243 Guglielmino, O., 695 Guier, R., 606 Güiraldes, R., 495-501, 501A-501C, 503,552-558, 986;note 119 Guirao, M., 1070,1071 Guitarte, G., 1072; notes 15, 177, 185 Guiter, H., 1112 Gunguito, E., 715 Gutiérrez, E., 664 Gybbon-Monypenny, G., 1112 Hampl, Ζ., 5 , 9 9 9 Hansen, S., 848 Harrington, T., 854, 871, 872, 961, 962 Hauser, Α., 1011 Henríquez Ureña, P., 314, 991, 1074; note 201 Hensey, F., 1000, lOOOA; note 159 Hernández, José, 18, 193, 262A, 380, 381,495, 499, 501, 502-514, 516, 559-585, 615, 659, 745, 760, 769, 773,776,782,787,1157,1158, 1173, 1199;notes 76,119;p. 153 Herrero Mayor, Α., 42,536,626,643, 1105-1111, 1126, 1183A, 1184-1189 Hidalgo, Β., 298, 501, 586, 754, 760, 778, 787,789,883 Holmer. Ν., 912 Honsa, V., 1068, 1073

House, G.. 606 Huarte, F., 1184 Huberman, G., 4 , 6 1 , 1 3 8 , 241, 302, 957, 982,1007,1025,1049,1061, 1067,1072-1074, 1104, 1112, 1136, 1137,1145,1167,1200,1211;p.2 Huertas, J., 43 Hufton, D., 646 Hughes, J., 1167 Igonda, C., 938 Imbelloni, J., 190, 804,855 Inchauspe, P., 393A, 510, 743, 744, 764-766; note 41 Iriarte, F., 664, 695A, 715, 717 Iriniz Casás, Ν., 1008 Irurzun, B., 587 Iturralde, M., 550, 555 Jacovella, B., 134, 151, 180, 191 James, H., 1015, 1017 Jauretche, Α., 309,457,478 Jijena Sánchez, R., 278 Jiménez, E., 1086A Jiménez Landi, Α., 1184 Jitrik, Ν., 1190 Jorge, J. M. [sic], 715 Jover Peralta, Α., 913, 963, 964 Juan, Jorge, 397A Kany, C., 28, 38,42, 120, 138, 139, 184, 249, 277,400 444,489, 506, 516, 518, 519, 527, 740, 748, 774, 793, 802, 921, 974, 988, 1007, 1050, 1074, 1084, 1085,1104,1134,1136, 1145, 1174, 1184, 1186, 1211;note 60 Kasten, L„ 1007 Keniston, H., 1145 Kiddle, L., 138,489 Koëssler Ilg, B., 914, 965, 980 Kohan, S., 226 Kordon, Β., 71A Kroeber, C., 807 Krüger, F., 106,134, 138, 178, 444, 748, 1112 Kruizenga, J., 612A Lafcrrère, G., 588-590,1157 Lafforgue, J., 598, 599 Lafone Quevedo, S., 1, 71, 134,186 Lafucntc, M., 408A Lagmanovich, D„ 148, 149, 156A, 966

Index Lagos, Ν., 663 Laguarda Trías, R., 299, 313, 314, 317, 318,333,350,388,435,1046 Lamadrid, J., 707 Lanuza, J., 739 Laplaza, F., 647 Lara, T. de, 313B, 4 4 1 , 4 4 3 , 648, 722 Lascano, G., 385 Laslcy, M., 4 2 , 61, 80, 138, 1074 Last Reason [seud. de Máximo Teodoro Sácnz], 3 , 4 4 , 714, 715 Lastra, Y., 361 Lavandera, Β., 1 1 1 3 , 1 1 9 1 Lazo, R „ 605 Leguizamón, J., 767 Leguizamón Pondal, M., 374, 515, 843 Lehmann-Nitsche, R., 382 Lenz, R „ 358, 362, 3 9 5 , 4 4 6 , 917 Leonard, I., 528 Leumann, C., 5 0 6 , 5 1 1 , 5 1 2 , 5 6 2 , 7 6 8 , 7 6 9 Lewald, H„ 44 Liberal, J., 500 Lida de Malkicl, M., 803, 889, 890 Lima, Félix, 3 , 7 1 4 , 715 Lima, R., 1114 Linyera, Dante [scud. de Francisco Bautista Rimoli], 289, 643, 714, 715A, 717 Lizondo Borda, M., 71, 134, 186 Lianes, R., 296, 297, 650, 822 Lloyd, P., note 183 Lofflcr, A. -M., 252 Lope Blanch, J., 122, 3 8 4 , 4 9 6 , 1183, 1207; notes 1 8 8 , 2 0 1 López, Brcnda Varsi de, 1003 López, L., 45 López Mcndizábal, I., note 148 López Osornio, M.. 279, 324, 3 5 3 , 4 5 0 , 770, 880 López Peña, Α., 441, 649, 649A, 1216, 1217 López Silva, J.. 346 Loprcte, C-, 28, 1192-1194 Lorda Perellón, L., 175, 192 Losada Guido, Α., 584 Lucero. Diego [seud. de Luis Alfredo S c i u t t o l , 715. 760 Lugones, B. 307. 6 1 6 . 6 4 0 , 650, 656, 663, 6 6 4 : note 52 Lugones. L.. 501, 514, 516, 517, 517A, 553, 555, 557, 591, 592, 607, 772, 977; note 196 Lugones, L. (lujo), 592

355

Lugones, S., 564 Lullo, O. di, 7 1 , 1 3 4 , 150-154, 247, 300, 932 Lussich, Α., 754 Lynch, B., 25, 518, 519, 593, 607, 1157 Lynch, V., 754, 771 Machado, P., 396 Madueño, R., 199-202, 228, 460 Maeztu, R. de, 415 Mafud, J . , 6 5 1 Malanca de Rodríguez R., Α., 217 Malaret, Α., 1 , 4 6 , 51, 55, 303, 304, 323,. 3 7 7 , 4 0 6 , 4 2 2 A , 432A, 4 4 1 , 4 6 0 , 4 9 5 Malkiel, Y., 138, 1099C, 1219 Mallea, E., 1157 Malmberg, Β., 363, 1 0 5 2 , 1 0 7 4 , 1 0 7 5 , 1078, 1079; note 177 Manco, S., 2 8 9 , 6 6 4 , 7 1 5 Man silla, L., 1157 Manso, M., 513 Maréchal, L., 1172 Marín, C., 640 Marinelli, L., 280 Mármol, J., 1204 Marrero y Galindez, Α., 264 Marsilio, H., 47 Martín, E., 803,869, 873, 933 Martínez, F., 1112 Martínez Estrada, E., 514, 582, 626, 663, 773 Martínez Vigil, C., 9 , 4 2 , 4 8 , 61, 988, 1124,1195,1196 Mas de Ayala, I., 50 Mascialino, L., 130 Maspero, G., 1074, 1082 Massioti, Α., 346, 664 Maubé, J., note 76 Menarini, Α., 1197 Menaschc, M., 714 Méndez, G., 715 Mendilaharzu, F., 1 5 6 , 1 5 7 Mendióroz, J., 71 Menéndez Pidal, R. de, 629, 1151, 1183A, 1184; note 196 Menghin, O., 855 Meo-Zilio, G., 281, 524, 616, 934, 935, 1 0 1 1 , 1 0 1 7 - 1 0 3 6 , 1076, 1 0 7 7 , 1 1 1 5 , 1116, 1197; notes 162, 171-174 Merlo, J., 334 Mertens, F., 715 Mettman, W., 1207 Meyer, Α., 387, 393

356

Index

Mezzera, Β., 886, 967 Mieres, C., 49, 50 Millán de Palavecino, M., 218-220,968 Miragaya, E., 1117 Miranda, E., 49, 50 Mitre, Β., 760, 780 Moglia, R., 894 Moldenhauer, G., 1050, 1198 Molho, M., note 189 Molina, R., 453, 1118 Molina Aguirre, J., 553 Molina y Vedia, D., 51,436 Molinari, H., 915 Molins,W„ 650,905 Mondiola, J., 714 Mondragón, M., 137 Monegal, J., 1003 Monlau, P., 310 Monner Sans, R., 311, 346,495,1166, 1199; note 68 Montagne, Edmundo. See Pancho Mingo Monte, J. del, 729 Montes, Α., 824 Montes, J., 640 Montes, Vital, 664 Montes Giraldo, J., 52, 361,1112 Montiel Ballesteros, Α., 594 Morador, R., 259 Morales, E., 565, 576, 595,1199 Morínigo, M., 303, 304, 395,407,429, 441,446,448, 1200 Morote Best, E., note 44 Mosonyi, E., 1221 Mowry, M., 1006 Moya, I., 193 Mr. Le Blond, 664 Muniagurria, S., 969 Muñiz, F., 1 Muñoz del Solar, C. See Púa, Carlos de la Murúa, P., 1202 Musso, L., 1003;note 158 Myers, O., 1146 Najt, M„ 36, 1177 Nardi, R„ 137. 147, 190, 210, 803, 805, 806, 892, 916, 970, 980, 1078,1079 Naselli, C., 371 Navarro Tomas, T., 12, 13, 138, 141, 1061,1074, 1079; note 177 Nichols, M., 688, 748, 855, 1167,1171; notes 58, 76, 141 ; pp. 1 , 3 , 1 5 3 Noizeux, P., 322, 323 'Nuraa Criollo', 715

Núñez, Β., 234 Oberti, F., 122, 326 Obligado, R., 262A Ocampo, M., 621, 664,696 Olbrich, R., 53 Olivari, N., 373 Olivera, M., 54 Oison, P., 1112 Orecchia, T.,.4C, 1088 Oriz, L., 1200 Orlandi, C., 1119 Ornellas, M., 989-991 Ornstein, J., 1000A, 1068 Oroz, R., note 196 Otero, C., note 203 Ovejero, D., 118, 119 Pacheco, Α., 265, 745 Pacheco, C., 664 Padilla, E., 864 Pagano, J„ 297,479, 708, 709, 714,1203 Pagano, José León (hijo), 652 País, F., 79, 80, 84, 200 Paiva Boléo, M., 998 Paladini, M., 80, 169, 266 Palermo, J., 664,714,715 Palma, R., 55 Pancho Mingo [seud. de Edmundo Montagne] , 7 1 5 Paredes, Α., 107, 122,170,182, 392, 970, 1078 Patiño Lascano, R., 1120 Paula, T. di, 663 Paullada, S., 392 Payet, L., 331, 367, 412,427,460, 616, 673,714 Pedemonte, H., 194, 717 Pellegrini, J., 534, 541, 548, 599 Pepino el 88 [José J. Podestà], 664 Pereda Valdés, I., 216 Pereira Rodríguez, J., 55 Pérez, L., 787 Pérez. R.,653 Pérez Martín, N„, 1167,1204 Pérez Petit, V.,643, 774 Pérez Vidal, J., 199, 201 Perkins Hidalgo, G„ 106-108, 180, 222224 Perón, J„ 855 Piaggio, J., 664, 714, 715, 715A Piccirilli, R., 807 Pico, P., 664

Index Pichardo, E., 331 Pinto, L., 343, 354, 397A, 501, 737, 996, 1121,1165 1166,1205 Pintos, J., 714, 715 Pinzón, B., 1161 Pizzini. T., 663 Polo, J., 244, 252, 287, 614, 668, 668A; P. 3 Ponce de León, Horacio, 730 Ponferrada, J., 596 Porta, E„ 50, 1003 Portnoy, Α., 1122 Pottier, B., 80, 141, 229, 252, 940, 1083, 1112 Pottier, H., 489 Prenz, J., 191 Princivalle, C., 10 Púa, Carlos de la [seud. de Carlos Raúl Muñoz del Solar], 413, 633, 639, 643, 662, 710, 714, 715A, 717 Quencl, C., 606 Quesada, J., 715 Quevedo, F. de, 463, 516 Quintana, F., 654, 731 Quina González, J., 57 Quiroga, H., 606 Quiroga, R., 1116 Quirós, D., 482 Quirós, F., 677 Ragucci, R., 8,58, 59, 1123-1125 Ramírez Gronda, J., 238 Ramón y Fernández Oxea, J., 342 Ramos, J., 577 Ramos Mejía, F., 656 Rangel Guerra, Α., 655 Rapela, E., 746 Rebuffo, L., 731 Reía, W„ 579, 788 Rentería, S., 126 Rcsnick, S., 1048 Rest, J., 657 Reyero, M., 1126 Reyes, C., 877 Ribeiro, D., 1175 Ricci, I. M. de, 1127 Ricci, J., 658, 1015, 1017, 1018, 1081, 1126A, 1127; note 90 Rigaud, Α., 1009 Rimoli, Francisco Bautista. See Linyera, Dante

357

Río, J. R. del, 576 Rivas Rooney, O., 1206 Rivera, J..381A, 775 Rivero, E„ 709 Robe, S., 137, 182 Rodó, J., 520, 521 Rodríguez, H., 606 Rodríguez, J., 137 Rodríguez, M., 856 Rodríguez López, R., note 131 Rodríguez Molas, R., 386, 659, 776, 777, 936 Rodríguez Monegal, E., 533 Rodríguez Pendás, J., 660 Rohlfs, G., 1074 Rojas, E., 156B Rojas, R., 383, 514; notes 67-69 Rojas Paz, P., 552, 606 Roman de Rociar, 346 Romay, F., 661, 807 Romero Sosa, C., 458 Romero Valdovinos, Ν., 477 Roña, J., 47, 60,134, 355, 362, 363, 363A, 370, 397, 403-405,423, 778, 819, 904A, 997-999, 999A, 999B, 1081, 1128, 1167, 1219; notes 160, 189 Roncetti de Panti, I., 648 Ronchi, C., 913 Ros, A. Lázaro, 553, 563 Rosas, J. M., 971 Roseli, Α., 414A, 438,455, 459,484,526 Rosemberg, T., 158-166, 195, 196, 205-207, 225, 242, 248, 283-285, 291,342 Rosenblat, Α., 361,363,363Α, 498,541 Α, 559, 874, 875,1074, 1080, 1125, 1207, 1208,1223 Rosetti, M. de, 4Β, 1090 Rossi, E., 1036-1040 Rossi, G., 1184 Rossi, V., 424, 514, 522,684 Rossler, O., 662; note 115 Ruiz Moreno, J., 114 Rusconi, Α., 520, 521, 1005 Ryan, T., 267 Sàbato, E., 71A, 523, 663, 1129,1172, 1183 Sable, M., 262, 324, 742, 802,1124 Sabor Vila, S., 190,740 Sáenz, J. P. (hijo), 113, 257, 268, 365, 434,597,606,747,779

358

Index

Sáenz, Máximo Teodoro. See Last Reason Salazar, D., 311, 422A Saldías, José Antonio. See Fastiás, R. Salillas, R . , 4 1 2 Salvador, N„ 538 San Martín, H., 610 Sánchez, Α., 42 Sánchez, Agapito, 715 Sánchez, Florencio, 262A, 524-527, 598, 5 9 9 , 7 1 4 , 9 9 0 , 1012, 1020, 1157 Sánchez, L. Α., 530 Sánchez, W., 26 Sánchez Barros, Α., 545, 551, 591, 593, 607 Sánchez Cantón, F., 1082 Sánchez de Bustamante, T., 120 Sánchez Garrido, Α., 781, 1209 Sánchez Reulet, Α., 780 Sanguinetti de Martínez, M., 1130 Sanín Cano, B., note 201 Sansone de Martínez, E., 937 Santa Cruz, A. de, 446 Santamaría, F., 1, 3 0 7 , 4 3 2 A , 433, 4 6 0 , 527 Santoro, R., 732 Santos, G., 1131 Saraca, Β., 243 Sarmiento, D. F., 516, 528, 529, 780, 1042, 1043, 1080, 1142, 1 1 5 5 , 1 1 5 7 , 1208 Sarmiento, M., 121 Sartor, M., 357A Saubidet, T., 50, 71, 269, 311, 340, 4 0 6 , 489,629,698, 745,748 Scalabrini Ortiz, R., 676 Scari, R., 517A Schallman, L., 61, 62, 495, 623, 1049 Schätz, I., 501A Schiaffino, G., 1210 Schiaffino, R., 260, 762 Schiebeck Pintos, Α., 972 Schlumpp Toledo, M., 4A, 492A Schock, Α., 1132 Sciutto, L., 715, 760 Scobie, J., 872 Scroggins, D., 782 Scunio Ferreyra, Ν., 715 Sebcok, T., note 199 Sebreli,J., 366, 368 Segovia, L., 1, 51, 71, 134, 193, 346, 358, 422A, 4 2 3 , 4 6 0 , 698, 745 Segundo, J., 10 Selva, J. B., 46, 51, 6 3 - 6 8 , 4 0 6 , 491,

5 1 7 , 9 7 3 , 9 7 4 , 1133-1137, 1171, 1179A, 1211, 1212 Serdoch, P., 938 Seris, H., 77, 129, 134, 1005, 1048, 1074, 1080, 1082, 1 0 8 4 , 1 0 8 5 , 1 1 4 5 , 1 1 6 7 , 1 1 8 4 , 1 1 8 8 ; n o t e s 9 , 2 4 , 7 6 , 2 0 1 ; p p . 3, 153 Settgast, E., 519 Sibirsky, S., 706 Silva Valdés, F., 69, 7 0 , 4 9 5 , 6 0 0 - 6 0 2 , 618,711,714,723 Simbaqueba, L., 58 Simmons, M., 21, 2 8 , 4 0 , 72, 83, 85, 94, 110,157,179,182,197,226,243, 280, 344, 4 1 3 , 4 1 6 , 4 2 5 , 4 3 0 , 472, 484, 508, 524, 629, 680, 6 8 8 , 6 9 9 , 7 0 2 , 7 7 1 , 813, 954, 1028, 1032, 1 0 4 6 , 1 1 3 9 , 1176, 12.16, 1220, 1221, 1224; note 128 Siracusa, M., 1138 Skultéty, J., 60 Smith, H., 501B Soiza Reilly, J., 369, 700 Solá, J., 71, 134-136, 3 1 1 , 4 0 6 , 860, 896 Solari, H., 2 8 6 , 4 8 4 Solé, C„ 80, 134, 6 8 0 , 1 0 7 2 , 1 1 1 2 , 1 2 0 4 ; notes 9, 191, 197; p. 2 Solé, Y., 1213 Soler Cañas, L., 3 0 8 - 3 1 1 , 313A, 330, 346, 347, 366, 3 6 8 , 4 1 5 , 4 2 6 A , 4 8 0 - 4 8 2 , 4 8 6 , 664, 664A, 664B, 664C, 6 6 5 , 6 7 7 , 694, 710, 714, 715, 715A, 716, 1 0 4 5 , 1 2 1 4 ; notes 52, 95 Soli's Acevedo, M., 141 Sorondo, M., 893 Soto y Calvo, F., 346 Soussens, Charles de, 664 Spalding, W., 419 Spinelli, S., 590 Spitzer, L., 4 2 2 , 4 2 2 a , 4 2 3 Stanford, G., 501C Stieben, E., 808, 849, 975 Stilman, E., 475, 666, 695A, 697, 715C, 717 Stirling, W., note 176 Storni, J., 7 1 , 1 6 7 , 168, 456, 461, 865, 866,879,939,976,977 Stout, D., 858 Strube Erdmann, L., 364, 831, 917, 978, 979 Stubbe, C., 249 Suárcz, D., 1116 Suárcz, J., 957, 959, 965, 970, 9 8 0 - 9 8 2

Index Suárez, S., 226 Subuiu, Ν., 230,483 Sux, Α., 554 Tallón, J., 667 Tello, E., 823,850, 851 Teodorescu, P., 71A Terrera, G., 71-73, 94, 270, 271, 980, 982 Teruggi, M., 668, 668A, 737 Tcschner, R., 229-231, 520, 1004-1006; P. 3 Tibón, G., 940 Tijeras, E., 74 Tinker, E., 754 Tiscomia, E., 153, 422A, 441,453,495, 509, 559, 561, 566-568, 580, 883, 1074; note 68; p. 153 Torney, J., 715 Toro, M. de, 1074 Torres del Alamo, Α., 346 Torres Quintero, R., 1124 Tovar, Α., 983, 1201 Tovar y Ramírez, E., 399, 941 Trejo, Ν., 715 Trípoli, V., 715 Turi, Α., 114 A Udaondo, E., 918 Udina, E., 75 Ulloa, Α., 397A Unamuno, M., 346, 1142, 1208; notes 64, 68 U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 809-812, 815, 816 Vacarezza, Α., 638, 664, 681, 715, 717 Valle, E. R. del 72, 231, 287, 292, 301, 310, 313B, 331, 344, 345, 348, 349, 3 7 2 , 4 1 2 , 4 1 3 , 4 1 6 , 4 2 2 A , 425,427, 4 2 8 , 4 4 0 , 4 4 1 , 4 4 3 , 484-486,487A, 608,629,663,669-681,688,699,702, 725,1017, 1041A, 1043,1139,12151218; notes 52, 82, 88, 97,193; p. 3 Valle Inclán, R„ 529 Van Wijk, H., 1052 Vargas, Α., 606 Vásquez, W., 1083 Vedia y Mitre, M., 875 Vega Díaz, D., 858, 984 Vega Carpio, Lope F. de, 463; note 201 Velazquez, J., note 9 Vera, N., 127

359

Verbitsky, B„ 676 Verdevoye, P., 84 Vergiati, Amleto [seud. Julián Centeya], 26, 712-714, 715A, 718 Viana, J. de, 530, 715, 987, 1199 Vidal de Battini, B., 71,134, 138, 139, 241, 250, 272, 273,406, 748, 813, 876, 985,1063, 1078,1084, 1140, 1147, 1178, 1219-1222; notes 174, 177 Vidart, D„ 391,487, 682-687,751, 1041 ; note 52 Viggiano Esaín, J., 95, 96, 96A, 137 Vignati, M., 902 Villafuerte, C., 81-85, 85A, 197, 232, 288 Villamayor, L„ 71A, 372,413,422A, 6 1 6 , 6 6 3 , 6 6 4 , 6 8 8 , 715A Villanueva, Α., 240, 290, 319, 320, 323, 3 6 9 , 4 1 5 , 4 3 0 , 4 4 0 , 4 6 0 , 609, 645, 661, 677, 689, 690, 720, 729; note 52 Villarroel, L„ 691 Villasuso, R„ 560 Villena, E. de, 279 Villoldo, Α., 475, 664,697, 715, 715C, 717 Viñas, D., 366 Viqueira, J., 122 Visca, Α., 526 Vítor, J., 114B Vúletin, Α., 71, 235, 814, 845, 846, 881, 888 Wagner, M., 344, 677, 748; p. 3 Wainerman, C., 85B Ward, C., 585 Weber de Kurlat, F., 76, 76A, 1223-1225 Weinberg, Félix, 1226 Weinberg, M. Β. F. de, 1227. See also Fontanella de Weinberg, M. Wentworth, H., note 40 West, J., 81 Wettstein, G., 259 Weyrauch, E„ 244 Wilde, E„ 1157 Williamson, R., 142 Wogan, D., 18,43, 54, 70, 77, 90, 122, 128, 134, 157, 202, 203, 237, 262, 317, 350, 384, 390,410, 493,496, 527, 609, 612, 645, 649A, 742, 748, 753,781,889,927,936,940,947,994, 1002, 1016, 1024, 1031, 1033, 1035, 1074, 1082, 1097,1107,1108, 1110, 1112, 1115, 1121,1124,1133,1144,

360

Index

Wogan (cont.) 1170,1173, 1197, 1200, 1203,1207, 1218, 1219; note 201 Wolf, C , 1086A Woodbridge, H., note 82; p. 3 Yacaré. See Fernández, Felipe Yorio, C., 1086 Yunque, Alvaro. See Gandolfí Herrero, Α.

Zamora Vicente, Α., 302,1074, 1085; notes 1 5 , 1 7 7 , 1 8 5 Zannier, G., 1017, 1042,1043 Zapata GoUan, Α., 14, 143,144, 897 Zappacosta, M., 202, 203 Zavalia Matienzo, R., 901 Zorrilla de San Martin, J., 603-605 Zubatsky, D., 1089,1191 Zum Felde, Α., 530

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