The Routledge Course in Arabic Business Translation: Arabic-English-Arabic [1 ed.] 9780367773311, 9780367773335, 9781003170846

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The Routledge Course in Arabic Business Translation

The Routledge Course in Arabic Business Translation: Arabic-English-Arabic is an essential coursebook for university students wishing to develop their skills in translating different types of business texts between English and Arabic. Practical in its approach, the book introduces translation students to the concept of translation and equivalence in the context of business texts, business translators, and the linguistic and syntactic features of business texts. It also highlights translation tools and technology in addition to the translation strategies which can be adopted to render business texts between English and Arabic. Key features in the book include: • • • • • •

Six comprehensive chapters covering (after the Introduction) the areas of economics, management, production, finance, and marketing in the translation industry; Detailed explanation of the lexical and syntactic features of business texts; Practical English and Arabic business translation texts featuring a vast business vocabulary bank; Authentic business texts extracted from English and Arabic books containing economic, management, production, finance, and marketing texts; Great range of English and Arabic translation exercises to enable students to practice their familiarity with business vocabulary they learned throughout the book; and Glossaries following all English and Arabic business texts containing the translation of main vocabulary items.

The practicality of the approach adopted in this book makes it an essential business translation coursebook for translation students. In addition, the carefully designed content helps students to easily explore different types of business texts, familiarize themselves with key words, and complete translation exercises. University instructors working on English and Arabic business translations will find this book highly useful. Mahmoud Altarabin is an assistant professor of translation and linguistics at the Islamic University, Gaza, where he teaches different translation courses to undergraduates and postgraduates. He authored The Routledge Course on Media, Legal and Technical Translation, On Translating Arabic and English Media Texts, and Basics of Translation: A Textbook for Arab University Students.

Routledge Studies in Arabic Translation

Routledge Studies in Arabic Translation explores themes and theories involving the Arabic language. This series addresses the complexities and emerging perspectives within Arabic translation including linguistic, literary, semiotic, cognitive, cultural, philosophical, sociological, political, socio-economic, educational, and professional. Providing an essential knowledge base for researchers and scholars of the Arabic language and translation studies, this series presents the most innovative research in this emerging area. The Routledge Course on Media, Legal and Technical Translation English-Arabic-English Mahmoud Altarabin The Routledge Course in Arabic Business Translation Arabic-English-Arabic Mahmoud Altarabin For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/languages/ series/RSAT

The Routledge Course in Arabic Business Translation Arabic-English-Arabic

Mahmoud Altarabin

First published 2022 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2022 Mahmoud Altarabin The right of Mahmoud Altarabin to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-0-367-77331-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-77333-5 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-17084-6 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003170846 Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC

To my family

Contents

List of tables Foreword Acknowledgments

x xi xii

Introduction

1

1

Business translation: basic concepts 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Translation and equivalence 4 1.3 Business translators 6 1.4 Features of business texts 6 1.4.1 Lexical features 7 1.4.2 Syntactic features 8 1.5 Translation tools and technology 9 1.5.1 General translation tools 9 1.5.2 CAT tools 10 1.6 Translation strategies 10 1.6.1 Literal translation 10 1.6.2 Calque 11 1.6.3 Borrowing 12 1.6.4 Varied equivalents 12

3

2

Translating economic texts 2.1 Business cycle 14 Section 1: English into Arabic 14 Section 2: Arabic into English 18 2.2 Employment 22 Section 1: English into Arabic 22 Section 2: Arabic into English 26 2.3 Corporate social responsibility 28 Section 1: English into Arabic 28 Section 2: Arabic into English 32

14

viii Contents 2.4 International trade 34 Section 1: English into Arabic 34 Section 2: Arabic into English 38 3

Translating management texts 3.1 Management 41 Section 1: English into Arabic 41 Section 2: Arabic into English 45 3.2 Company and organization structure 49 Section 1: English into Arabic 49 Section 2: Arabic into English 53

41

4

Translating production texts 4.1 Economy sectors 57 Section 1: English into Arabic Section 2: Arabic into English 4.2 Production 64 Section 1: English into Arabic Section 2: Arabic into English 4.3 Logistics 72 Section 1: English into Arabic Section 2: Arabic into English 4.4 Quality 80 Section 1: English into Arabic Section 2: Arabic into English

57

5

57 61 64 68 72 76 80 84

Translating finance texts 5.1 Accounting and financial statements 88 Section 1: English into Arabic 88 Section 2: Arabic into English 92 5.2 Banking 96 Section 1: English into Arabic 96 Section 2: Arabic into English 100 5.3 Islamic banking and finance 104 Section 1: English into Arabic 104 Section 2: Arabic into English 108 5.4 Corporate financing and bonds 112 Section 1: English into Arabic 112 Section 2: Arabic into English 116 5.5 Futures and derivatives 120 Section 1: English into Arabic 120 Section 2: Arabic into English 124 5.6 Market competition 128 Section 1: English into Arabic 128 Section 2: Arabic into English 132

88

Contents

ix

5.7 Microfinance 136 Section 1: English into Arabic 136 Section 2: Arabic into English 140 6

Translating marketing texts 6.1 Products and brands 144 Section 1: English into Arabic Section 2: Arabic into English 6.2 Marketing 150 Section 1: English into Arabic Section 2: Arabic into English 6.3 Advertising 158 Section 1: English into Arabic Section 2: Arabic into English 6.4 E-commerce 166 Section 1: English into Arabic Section 2: Arabic into English References Index

144 144 148 150 154 158 162 166 170 175 182

Tables

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

Example of business vocabulary Literal English into Arabic literal translations Literal Arabic into English translations Islamic finance terms borrowed into English Varied English target language equivalents Varied Arabic target language equivalents

8 11 11 12 12 13

Foreword

The Routledge Course in Arabic Business Translation is the first book to offer a comprehensive practical course in translating business material from Arabic to English and vice versa. Its six chapters cover basic issues in general and business translation (Chapter 1), followed by key areas in business translation – economics (Chapter 2), management (Chapter 3), production (Chapter 4), finance (Chapter 5) and marketing (Chapter 6). The chapters are divided into specific topics; e.g. ‘Business cycle,’ ‘Employment,’ ‘Corporate Social Responsibility,’ and ‘International Trade’ in chapter 2. For each topic a number of texts in English and Arabic are provided, and for each text there is a series of guided practical text-based exercises of different types that focus on that particular text, covering both English>Arabic and Arabic>English translation. By working through this book, students will acquire a thorough grounding in both the vocabulary and generic features of a range of Arabic and English business texts and will develop coherent strategies and techniques for translating these texts into the other language. I am very happy to recommend this book to teachers and students alike. James Dickins, University of Leeds 18.02.2021

Acknowledgments

It is my solemn duty to thank Allah for giving me the insight, patience, skills, and great dedication to complete the authoring of this book, my second book with Routledge. I also thank my parents and wife for their wholehearted support. I am immensely grateful to Andrea Hartill, a senior commissioning editor and publisher at Routledge, for her considerable support, great encouragement, and follow-up. I am also thankful for Ellie Auton, the editorial assistant for language learning at Routledge. I am profoundly indebted to James Dickins for writing the foreword. I would also like to express my gratitude to the academic staff at the Department of English, Islamic University of Gaza, for their continuous support.

Introduction

The literature on translation issues between English and Arabic abounds and can be found in books, chapters in edited books, theses, and journal articles. Although various translation textbooks are recommended for English and Arabic translation courses, the books on translating business texts are rare, especially books intended for undergraduate students. Despite the fact that business translation courses are now part of translation programs at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels in different universities, there seem to be no high-quality textbooks which can sharpen students’ skills in translating major business text types, which generally include English and Arabic texts on economics, management, production, finance, and marketing. Given the aforementioned state of affairs, one can simply ask: “Does this book offer better innovative content than existing books?” The Routledge Course in Arabic Business Translation is not designed to be the only coursebook on business translation between English and Arabic, because this is not practically possible. However, the unique English and Arabic textual content and the careful selection of the vast range of business topics make it an essential and engaging coursebook not only for translation students but also for instructors. Texts and translation exercises are equally divided between English and Arabic in order to sharpen students’ translation skills in two directions.

Aim of the book The Routledge Course in Arabic Business Translation: Arabic-English-Arabic is primarily authored to offer a bidirectional account of English and Arabic business translation texts. The book provides translation students with a detailed analysis of the defining lexical and syntactic features of business texts and lists practical translation strategies. It is completely practical and classifies business texts into main categories: economics, management, production, finance, and marketing. This collection of major categories, which include subcategories, provides students and instructors alike with a unique collection of English and Arabic textual material and translation exercises. There are two main reasons for selecting the collection of the English and Arabic business texts which the book contains. First, the vast range of English and Arabic business texts included in the book are believed to be the most common types of business texts which students and translators are expected to render. Second, translation students at different levels are always driven by the need to enhance their translation skills in English and Arabic. The book features a carefully designed content to enhance students’ translation skills and at the same time enrich their vocabulary bank. Each English and Arabic business text is followed by the translation of the main business terms to provide students with common accurate translations. DOI: 10.4324/9781003170846-1

2

Introduction

The varied types of translation exercises aim to sharpen three translation skills: translation, searching for the meaning of specific business terms and analyzing inaccurately translated sentences. One exercise requires students to translate sentences containing main business terms for which a model translation is provided. Another exercise requires searching for the meaning of English or Arabic business terms. At another level, students are required to analyze inaccurate translations of specific sentences to test how far they keep themselves familiar with business terms. In addition, students are also required to translate short passages quoted from books covering the subtopics included in each part of the classification of business texts: economics, management, production, finance, and marketing. Thus, this book is strongly believed to be an essential coursebook mainly for undergraduate translation students across the Arab world universities and other universities or academic institutions in non-Arab countries teaching business translation courses (English and Arabic). It is carefully authored to ensure providing students with considerable translation experience in academic and professional settings.

Book structure The book contains six chapters. Chapter 1 introduces students to basic concepts such as translation and equivalence, business translators, lexical and syntactic features of business texts, translation tools and technology, and translation strategies. Chapter 2 is entitled Economics and includes texts on business cycle, employment, corporate social responsibility, and international trade. Chapter 3 is entitled Management and includes two main subsections: management and company and organization structure. Chapter 4, Production, includes texts on economy sectors, production, logistics, and quality. Chapter 5 is entitled Finance and includes texts on accounting and financial statements, banking, Islamic banking and finance, corporate financing and bonds, futures and derivatives, market competition, and microfinance. Chapter 6 is entitled Marketing and includes texts on products and brands, marketing, advertising, and e-commerce. Translation instructors can select English or Arabic texts and exercises which are relevant to their course descriptions.

1

Business translation: Basic concepts

1.1 Introduction Translation is a driving force in modern society which enables and promotes effective communication between different nations around the globe. In addition to the role it plays in protecting cultural heritage, translation is an invaluable tool for transmitting knowledge and sharing ideas, expertise, and information. It continues to facilitate scientific and technical advancement in today’s globalized and fast-paced information era. Furthermore, the advancement in various fields has dramatically changed the way we experience different aspects of our lives, including education, culture, science, economy, and business. Translation in its capacity as a means of disseminating knowledge has always paved the way for advancement in various academic fields. Byrne (2012, p. 1) highlights the significance of translation as follows: Virtually every aspect of our lives from education and work to entertainment, shopping and travel has been swept along by a seemingly unstoppable wave of new inventions and technological advances. What many people do not realize is that these inventions and advances are accompanied at almost every step of the way by translation in its capacity as a vehicle for disseminating scientific and technical knowledge. Reflecting its indispensability, translation proves to be an absolutely reliable means devised to promote business between not only individuals but also public and private business institutions in countries speaking different languages around the world. Furthermore, translation connects the legal and economic aspects of international business through the translation of contracts, company laws, meeting minutes, various types of agreements, business plans, business and market reports, financial documents as well as regulatory and insurance documents. Economy in the Arab world is largely connected to the international economy (El-Zaim, 1991; Al-Shaer, 2015; and Al-Bursan, 2011). In addition, the daily volume of business transactions between Arab businesses and those in non-Arab countries can be beyond measure. Business documents of diverse types are translated between English and Arabic to promote business or determine the rights and duties of the parties to business transactions. Adding to its critical significance to individuals and companies, business translation can be used in academic disciplines at various levels. The nature of business texts may considerably differ from other types of translation texts. The type of equivalence sought in business translation is generally determined by linguistic factors rather than paralinguistic factors which basically relate to non-lexical elements of texts. This indicates that functional equivalence can be the dominant type of equivalence DOI: 10.4324/9781003170846-2

4

Business translation

aimed at when rendering business texts. In addition, translating business texts is subject to temporal, financial, and reliability parameters which govern the translation of such texts and the criteria against which they are evaluated. With regard to the temporal (time) parameter, the translation of business texts is carried out under time constraints or deadlines which can sometimes entail higher costs on the part of the clients requesting fast translations. Due to the strictness of time, many translators would be tempted to resort to machine translation, which can be impractical especially when dealing with particular languages such as English and Arabic. However, it should be noted that machine translation – which, in the case of English and Arabic, most notably includes web-based platforms such as Google Translate, Reverso Context, and Almaany1 – can be used to render individual words or phrases “accurately.” However, one needs to ensure editing the translations to reflect the meaning of the source language’s terms. Some online platforms such as Google Translate do not classify word meanings according to specific domains such as legal, technical, financial, economic, religious, and so on. It is therefore difficult for undergraduate students and beginner translators to determine the accuracy of translating words like depression, which has domain-based meanings when translating into Arabic. Almaany online dictionary classifies the Arabic equivalents of depression according to domain: ‫ اﻛﺘﺌﺎب‬،‫( اﻧﮭﯿﺎر‬psychology), ‫ رﻛﻮد‬،‫( ﻛﺴﺎد‬economic), and ‫( ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺟﻮي‬weather forecast). This draws our attention to the fact that such differences in meaning should be taken into careful consideration when selecting specific word meanings and excluding others. Reliability of texts and translators is another decisive parameter in business translation. In the light of temporal constraints, business translation often involves a compromise over reliability, speed, and cost (Chiper, 2000). Generally, translated business texts can be judged reliable when they reflect all source text details and information, on the one hand, and provide an accurate basis for their users’ actions, on the other. Translators’ reliability is “judged in relation to the text, to clients, and to technology” (Chiper, 2000, p. 218). While text reliability is achieved by paying attention to details, use of academic resources, and editing of texts, translators’ reliability is judged against the ability to work on different text types, meeting deadlines, and negotiating abilities. With reference to technology, translators’ reliability is judged against the ability to use computer software and internet to deliver their translations. Other concepts of immense significance to business translation include the very basic terms such as translation, equivalence, translation strategies, and translator’s tools.

1.2 Translation and equivalence Although this book is confined to translating business texts, it is necessary to link business translation to basic translation concepts which are central to most text types. One of these concepts is the basic definition of translation itself. The key terms in various translation definitions include, but are not limited to, “process” and “rendering” (Simpson & Weiner, 1989), “reproducing” (Nida & Taber, 1969), and “replacement” and “equivalent text” (Catford, 1965). Translation is primarily a process following which translators decode the syntactic and semantic components of the source text to search for target text equivalents and then render the source text. In addition, translation involves a reproduction or replacement of the source text according to the norms of the target language. Let us consider the following example from English business texts. ST: A business cycle is a short-term pattern of economic expansions and contractions.

Business translation

5

Syntactic and semantic decoding of the sentence: A business cycle is a noun phrase meaning ‫دورة اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬/‫دورة اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬, is (verb be) cannot be translated into Arabic when it is present, and translators therefore should search for a natural equivalent by turning the whole sentence into verbless sentence ‫ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﺳﻤﯿﺔ‬or using a verb such as ‫ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬in case the translator decides to render it into a verbal sentence ‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﯿﺔ‬. Shortterm pattern is an adjective and noun construction meaning ‫ ﻧﻤﻂ ﻗﺼﯿﺮ اﻷﺟﻞ‬and of economic expansions and contractions is a prepositional phrase meaning ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ واﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬. Note that translators can use the plural sense and say ‫ﻓﺘﺮات اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ واﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬. Given this explanation, the ST sentence can be rendered as:

.‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺪورة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ أﺣﺪ اﻷﻧﻤﺎط ﻗﺼﯿﺮة اﻷﺟﻞ ﻟﻔﺘﺮات اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ أو اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ .‫اﻟﺪورة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ھﻲ أﺣﺪ اﻷﻧﻤﺎط ﻗﺼﯿﺮة اﻷﺟﻞ ﻟﻔﺘﺮات اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ أو اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ Translators may for example replace ‫ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬with ‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬at the lexical level and ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺪورة‬ with ‫ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل دورة‬at the phrase level. ‫ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺪورة‬and ‫ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل دورة‬are two accurate translations of business cycle and can be used interchangeably without semantic differences. Having more than one target language equivalent is usually discussed under equivalence, a central concept in translation which is briefly discussed below. Equivalence Translation theorists and scholars have not yet agreed on one definition of equivalence, nor have they agreed on classifying its types and textual levels, which include word level equivalence, phrase and clause level equivalence, sentence equivalence, and text equivalence. It is, however, commonly agreed that what complicates achieving equivalence are the factors which do not directly relate to the linguistic components of the text but which do relate mainly to society, culture, and religion. Achieving equivalence has always been problematic or impossible (Catford, 1965; Newmark, 1981; Biguenet & Schulte, 1989; Ivir, 1996; Hatim & Munday, 2004; Baker, 2018). The difficulty in achieving equivalence relates to extralinguistic factors which are far beyond the simple selection of words. One of the translation theorists who focused on linguistic equivalence was Mona Baker in her In Other Words (2018).2 She divided equivalence into different language levels which include word level, phrase level, grammatical level, and textual level. In addition, she discussed the problems of equivalence at each level and proposed some practical solutions. Problems of equivalence in business texts, being a subcategory of technical texts, can arise in different domains and at different levels. Word level equivalence is of immense significance here because students mainly look for equivalents at word level followed by phrase level. Given the domain and word level factors, depression can mean ‫ اﻛﺘﺌﺎب‬،‫اﻧﮭﯿﺎر‬ (psychology), ‫ رﻛﻮد‬،‫( ﻛﺴﺎد‬economic), and ‫( ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺟﻮي‬weather forecast). This reflects that students and translators should be aware of the different uses of a word in order to select the accurate translation. Duties generally means ‫واﺟﺒﺎت‬/‫ﻣﮭﺎم‬. However, in the business texts, it means ‫رﺳﻮم ﺟﻤﺮﻛﯿﺔ‬. What makes equivalence more complicated is the availability of more than one equivalent translation in the same domain. Business means ‫ أﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬and ‫ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت‬when used in plural (businesses). Logistics has different translations into Arabic within the business domain, and there is no specific criterion to prefer one equivalent to the other/others. The technical Arabic translation of the term is ‫ﻋﻠﻢ إدارة ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬, which basically relates to managing the flow of

6

Business translation

goods, information, and other resources such as products from production areas to consumption areas. The term can also be rendered into Arabic through borrowing as ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺔ‬. One of the problematic translations of the term is ‫ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺔ‬, which could be used in military fields, commercial fields, and production fields. Despite the availability of different translations of logistics into Arabic, ‫ ﻋﻠﻢ إدارة ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬or ‫ اﻟﺴﻮﻗﯿﺎت‬remains a seemingly better translation of the term in the context of business texts. Bottleneck in business and economic texts does not have one Arabic translation which can clearly account for the meaning in the business field. One of the available translations is ‫ اﺧﺘﻨﺎق‬,which provides a very general meaning of the English term referring to congestion in the production system. Al-Mawrid dictionary, a well-known English-Arabic dictionary, translates bottleneck as ‫ﻣﺨﻨﻖ‬, which does not practically reflect the meaning mentioned just now. Therefore, paraphrasing the term into Arabic as ‫ اﻛﺘﻈﺎظ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬or ‫اﻛﺘﻈﺎظ ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬can better reflect the meaning of the term. Other similar translations can also be used. Translating financial terms from English into Arabic can also cause difficulties. Financial statements has different Arabic translations such as ‫ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬and ‫ﻗﻮاﺋﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬. The difference between the two lies in that ‫ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬is more commonly used. When translating business, economic, or financial terms between English and Arabic, students are advised to adopt commonly used target language equivalents. In addition, students may further explore the context-based meaning and usage of the source language terms to ensure that the selected target language equivalents reflect the specific meanings of source language terms. Furthermore, preference can be given to commonly used terms instead of accurate terms which may not be known to a larger readership. Student translators should also familiarize themselves with the contextual usage of certain business terms whose meanings significantly differ from one context to another.

1.3 Business translators Translators perform an essential and complex role in the translation industry in general and in business translation specifically. In addition to the different types of technical texts that include, but are not limited to, business, financial, economic, and medical texts, there are different types of translators who work in different places. Many government and private institutions and companies employ their own translators mainly to reduce costs, to ensure continuous availability of translators, and to develop translators’ skills to better meet the specific needs of the employing institutions. Generally, translators working for certain institutions work on and translate specific types of texts. Another category of translators includes freelance translators who are self-employed and search for translation work. They work on various text types, and they frequently edit or revise the work of other translators. Translators working on business texts can be staff, in-house, or freelance translators. These translators sharpen their own skills to learn the extensive terminology which characterizes business texts. Business translators may also need to have a university degree, have considerable computer skills, and work with others on specific translation projects. In addition, translators working on technical texts, which include business texts, must have a good command of both the source language and the target language in addition to mastering research skills needed to carry out the translation of complex business texts.

1.4 Features of business texts Business texts are a subcategory of technical texts and therefore share common features with these texts. Tylor (1998) explains that the term technical includes scientific disciplines such as medicine, physics, and so on, applied technology, and less obviously “scientific” subjects

Business translation

7

such as economics. Business texts can be divided into two basic categories: culturally common business texts (business and market reports, financial statements, business letters, production, management, etc.) and culturally uncommon business texts (Islamic banking and finance). Business texts have a number of key features which set them apart from other texts having no technical nature. The features are mainly confined to lexical units and syntactic structures. The following are some of the key defining features of business texts. 1.4.1 Lexical features Language features Sharing common features with technical language, business language is different from ordinary language used in general textbooks. Pinchuk (1977) lists the features of technical language which, for the purposes of this book, apply to business language. Pinchuk says that technical language is specialized, that it is economic in terms of linguistic means, and that it defines terms accurately. The components which affect the readability of business texts are writer, text, and readers (Kirkman & Turk, 2005). Informative language The language used in business texts is an informative language featuring impersonal style (Dickins, Hervey & Higgins, 2017), Tylor (1998) and Dukāte (2009). This type of informative language which features the use of declarative sentences can be seen in various types of business documents. Use of metaphors One feature of literary texts which can be noticed in business language is the use of metaphors (figure of speech) to explain a certain idea. Examples of business metaphors include low hanging fruit (easy and quick wins), lots of moving parts (a project or a program with numerous components), and boil the ocean (a lot of work with a small return). Terminology Business texts feature domain-specific terms which set them apart from other technical texts. In addition, business terms belong to a number of business domains such as management, finance, and marketing. In addition to the domain-specific terms, business texts can include words which have different meanings when used in a general sense. Depression in everyday language refers to feelings. When used in a business domain, the word refers to a severe recession in an economy or market. Facts The presentation of facts is one of the main features of business texts. Consider the following example: The price of U.S. crude fell as much as 34% to $27.34 a barrel (Disha Experts, 2020).

.ً ‫ دوﻻراً أﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﺎ‬27.34 ‫ ﺣﯿﺚ أﺻﺒﺢ ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﯿﻞ‬34% ‫ھﺒﻂ ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻷﻣﺮﯾﻜﻲ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬

8

Business translation Table 1.1 Example of business vocabulary ST term

TT

project life cycle Gantt Chart contingency plan cash flow income statement fixed assets balance sheet cost-based pricing E-commerce inbound marketing

‫دورة ﺣﯿﺎة اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬ (‫ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺟﺎﻧﺖ )ﯾﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺔ اﻟﻄﻮارئ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻨﻘﺪي‬ ‫اﻹﯾﺮادات‬/‫ﺑﯿﺎن اﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫أﺻﻮل ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻒ اﻟﻤﯿﺰاﻧﯿﺔ‬/‫ﺑﯿﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻌﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرة إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ (‫اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ )اﻟﻮارد‬

However, business texts may include predictions about future events. Consider the following example: Any management action that would increase the level of expected return would have a positive effect (Jain & Khan, 2007, 4.11).

.‫ﺛﻤﺔ أﺛﺮ إﯾﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻷي إﺟﺮاء إداري ﻗﺪ ﯾﺴﺎھﻢ ﻓﻲ رﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬ 1.4.2 Syntactic features Business writing is practically listed under technical writing and both, therefore, share some significant syntactic structures. Use of simple declarative sentences, nominalization, and passive structures are major syntactic features in business discourse. Abstract nouns and gerunds Dickins et al. (2017, p. 241) say that technical texts feature the use of abstract subjects. Notice the use of abstract nouns and gerunds in the following texts and the absence of nouns referring to concrete entities. Management comprises the interlocking functions of formulating corporate policy and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing the . . . resources to achieve the policy’s objectives (Saxena, 2009). Another example: A fancy management philosophy called Business Process Re-engineering looks precisely at this. Its goal is the simplification of all business processes, by getting rid of any unnecessary steps (Voortman, 2004). Passive structures Business writing features the use of passive structures. Consider the following examples: • •

The reports must be presented to the management to be reviewed and updated annually. A final report will be sent to the National Food Administration (NCM, 2004).

Business translation

9

Simple sentences Simplicity is a significant feature of technical texts (Byrne, 2012). Its significance lies in reducing the work readers need to do to understand the text, and therefore the risk of misunderstanding is reduced. Technical texts which include business texts use simple and declarative sentences to ensure simplicity. The following is an example of simple declarative sentences: • •

Marketing is exciting, important, and profitable (Burrow, 2008). There was strong central planning and a good deal of informal support and direction of industrial development (Stretton, 1999).

Nominalization Nominalization refers to “the use of a noun in the same language or in a TT” (Hervey & Higgins, 2002, p. 180). Dickins et al. (2017) point out that nominalization is a common feature of technical texts. In addition, Pinchuk (1977, p. 165) explains that “nominalization style is easier to write.” Tylor (1998) says that nominalization distinguishes the grammar of technical texts from the grammar of the spoken language. Consider the following example: •

The decisions about the extent and method of government intervention are therefore continually being made and reviewed by governments, and their electorate (Gillespie, 2016, p. 13).

1.5 Translation tools and technology Carrying out any translation work today primarily depends on using different tools and software which highlights the strong link between translation and technology and the significant role technology plays in translating technical, scientific and business texts. Knowledge, translation, and technology are interrelated in that translation promotes the dissemination of technical and scientific knowledge while technological applications have significant impact on translation. Scholars anticipate that technology will have more dominance in the translation industry in the future. We have seen instant translation software for different uses, as in the case with the Google Translate application which is used to translate road signs through using the mobile camera. In the business world, the use of technology changed the way business is conducted and also helped the globalization of business activities. Technology has increased the demand for translators, which requires translators’ familiarity with different technological applications as a necessary requirement to meet the new and changing demand on translation. Almost all translations are now carried out using computer applications which save time and facilitate easier and faster communication between translators and clients. In addition, translators need to get used to the advancements in the field of technology and translation because their job has gone far beyond using Microsoft Word or email. They are now required to deal with different tools, technologies, and files. We consider now some of the common general and text-processing tools which translators can use. 1.5.1 General translation tools General translation tools are the tools which translators and others not involved in the translation industry can use. These tools can be traditional such as paper-based dictionaries or technological such as computers and electronic dictionaries. A management student may use a traditional or electronic bilingual dictionary to translate business terms between English and

10

Business translation

Arabic. The same applies to students in scientific and nonscientific disciplines. It is important to note that preference is given to electronic tools which can be cheaper and less timeconsuming. Google offers a free translation service which many people, including translators, use to search for the meanings of specific words. Another important and freely available online tool available for business translators working on English and Arabic texts is Almaany online dictionary. The most significant feature of this online dictionary lies in providing domainbased meanings. It also offers translated examples for the contextual use of words. Translators and student translators need to verify the accuracy of the translations carried out through such tools, especially Google Translate. Electronic translation tools can sometimes provide all possible translations of a given term without highlighting the contextual use of each translation. 1.5.2 CAT tools Technically, translators may be requested to deal with basic software such as Microsoft Office programs and Adobe products. At a more advanced level, certain translation companies and agencies may require translators’ knowledge and use of Computer Assisted Translation (CAT) tools which may seem highly expensive and time-consuming at the initial stages. CAT tools basically include translation memories, machine translation, terminology management, and some other significant features. The most popular paid CAT tools are SDL Trados, memoQ, and Wordfast. Some translation agencies require having at least one of these as a precondition for assigning translation projects. SDL Trados is probably the most well-known CAT tool available in the market. In addition, its features include powerful translation memory, advanced terminology management technology, editing, project management, and machine translation. SDL Trados is very useful when translating texts which contain repeated information in specific types of texts which normally do not include literary texts. MemoQ offers similar features to those of SDL Trados, while Wordfast runs within Microsoft Word, handles different text formats, and has a translation memory and terminology management. It is essential that translators and student translators train themselves on using these translation technologies because the future of translation is gearing toward the integration of CAT tools in translation.

1.6 Translation strategies The selection of a translation strategy depends on the availability of target language equivalent business terms which are usually technical and objective in nature. In addition, the purpose of translation sometimes determines the method of rendering source language texts into a target language. Is the translation going to be used for general information purposes? Is it going to be published? Is it going to be used by business institutions to understand the nature of business in a specific area? Generally speaking, direct translation/literal translation is the most common translation strategy adopted in rendering technical texts in general and business texts specifically. It can be followed by borrowing, explanation, and varied equivalents. 1.6.1 Literal translation What is meant by literal translation here is the availability of direct target language equivalents, whether on the word level or the phrase level. This type of translation does not pose any challenge to translators or student translators because they can simply look up the meaning

Business translation

11

of English or Arabic words in traditional paper-based dictionaries or electronic dictionaries. However, they are advised to ensure that the selected meaning suits the context. For example, depression is translated as ‫ اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺟﻮي‬،‫ ﺿﻌﻒ‬،‫( ﺣﺰن‬Baalbaki & Baalbaki, 2008, p. 332). Out of these literal translations of the word, only ‫ أزﻣﺔ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬is used in the business context. Translators also need to take into consideration that literal or direct translation does not always mean one-to-one correspondence but can also mean one-to-two, as in the previous example. Consider the following examples of business terms which are literally translated between English and Arabic. Table 1.2 Literal English into Arabic literal translations ST

TT

investment market economies inflation goods marketing management

‫اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺎت ﺳﻮﻗﯿﺔ‬/ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺴﻮق‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺨﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬/‫ﺳﻠﻊ‬ ‫إدارة اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬

Table 1.3 Literal Arabic into English translations TT

ST

unemployment fiscal policy monetary policy financial policy government spending strategic planning information flow

‫ﺑﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ ﻧﻘﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ ﺿﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ ﻧﻔﻘﺎت ﺣﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ‬/ ‫إﻧﻔﺎق ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬

Note that some Arabic phrases such as ‫ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬can have different English equivalent terms, but each is used in a specific context. Student translators therefore need to explore the contextual use of each equivalent to ensure that it suits the specific context in which the source language term was used. 1.6.2 Calque Calque is primarily a type of borrowing which refers to the literal translation of source text individual words to create a new term in the target language. It is important to note that some target language near synonyms are sometimes used. Consider the following examples: 1 2

Long position: The term long position refers to an investor’s purchase of a security or derivative with the expectation that its price will rise in the future. In many Arabic business texts, it is literally translated as ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ طﻮﯾﻞ‬. Short position: A short position refers to the selling of a security or derivative because its future price is expected to decrease. It is usually translated in Arabic business texts as ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻗﺼﯿﺮ‬.

12

Business translation

Long position is sometimes translated into a more general meaning as ‫ ءاﺮﺷ‬, while short position is rendered as ‫ﻊﯿﺑ‬. Although such translations reflect the general meaning of buying and selling, they do not make specific reference to an investor’s buying or selling of securities or derivatives. Therefore, student translators are advised to note such differences in meaning. 1.6.3 Borrowing Borrowing is commonly used when translating business terms between English and Arabic. For example, cartel can be borrowed into Arabic as ‫اﻟﻜﺎرﺗﻞ‬. The word refers to a group of companies cooperating together to improve their profits, stop competition among themselves, and dominate the market in which they operate. It can also be rendered as ‫اﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬, but such rendering may not reflect all aspects of the source language term. Gantt Chart is translated into Arabic as ‫ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺟﺎﻧﺖ‬and is sometimes followed by ‫ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع‬in parentheses to highlight its specific meaning. English borrows a number of Arabic financial terms which are either used on their own or followed by an explanation. Consider the examples in the following table. Table 1.4 Islamic finance terms borrowed into English Functional equivalent

TT borrowing

ST

joint partnership arrangement profit-loss-sharing partnership cost-plus financing give something on rent sharia-compliant bonds interest-free loan order to manufacture by specification

Musharakah Mudarabah Murabahah Ijar Sukuk Qard Hassan Istisna’

‫ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺑﺤﺔ‬ ‫إﯾﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﺻﻜﻮك‬ ‫ﻗﺮض ﺣﺴﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺼﻨﺎع‬

1.6.4 Varied equivalents Some business and financial terms can have more than one target language equivalent and student translators therefore need to consider the context in which each of these equivalents is used. Consider the following examples: Table 1.5 Varied English target language equivalents TT

ST

monetary policy fiscal policy financial policy government spending government expenditure

‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ ﻧﻘﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ ﺿﺮﯾﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫إﻧﻔﺎق ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮوﻓﺎت ﺣﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ‬

The need to explore the contextual usage of a target language equivalent arises when a number of target language equivalents exist for one source language term, as in the case of the Arabic terms above. While monetary policy refers to the actions of the monetary authority or the central bank to control money supply and interest rates in addition to achieving other policy objectives, fiscal policy refers to the government actions to control and adjust spending levels and tax rates. Financial policy can refer to the policies which aim to achieve

Business translation

13

Table 1.6 Varied Arabic target language equivalents ST

TT

logistics

‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ إدارة ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻮﻗﯿﺎت‬ ‫دورة اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫دورة اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﺋﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬

business cycle goods financial statements

financial stability and market efficiency and determine the roles and responsibilities within a financial system of business firms. One English word or phrase can have different equivalents in Arabic. Students therefore need to explore the contextual use of such variants and select the appropriate equivalents. For example, the words ‫ ﺳﻠﻊ‬and ‫ ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬refer to goods in English. However, ‫ ﺳﻠﻊ‬is used in the context where meeting human needs and consumption are mentioned. ‫ ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬is mainly mentioned in the context of shipment and tax on imports. Therefore, student translators should adopt the appropriate translation strategy taking into account the differences in target language equivalents.

Notes 1 These are the main translation websites used by Arab translators and student translators. 2 Her book had its first edition in (1992) and its second in (2011).

2

Translating economic texts

2.1 Business cycle Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1: The business cycle The business cycle or trade cycle is a permanent feature of market economies: gross domestic product (GDP) fluctuates as booms and recessions succeed each other. During a boom, an economy (or at least parts of it) expands to the point where it is working at full capacity, so that production, employment, prices, profits, investment, and interest rates all tend to rise. During a recession, the demand for goods and services declines and the economy begins to work at below its potential. Investment, output, employment, profits, commodity and share prices, and interest rates generally fall. A serious, long-standing recession is called a depression or a slump (Zompanti, 2009, p. 18)

Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

business cycle market economies fluctuates recessions investment tend to goods below its potential depression

‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬/‫دورة اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺎت ﺳﻮق‬ ‫ ﯾﺘﺄرﺟﺢ‬/ ‫ﯾﺘﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫ اﻟﻜﺴﺎد‬/ ‫ﻓﺘﺮات اﻟﺮﻛﻮد‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻤﯿﻞ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻊ‬/‫ﺑﻀﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫دون ﻣﺴﺘﻮى إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺗﮫ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﺎد‬

trade cycle GDP booms full capacity interest rates demand for declines output slump

‫دورة ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ‬/ ‫إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮات اﻻزدھﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ طﺎﻗﺘﮫ‬ ‫أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫طﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ھﺒﻮط‬

Exercise 1: Using the vocabulary list above, translate the passage above up to “all tend to rise.” Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • •

A business cycle is a short-term pattern of economic expansions and contractions. A market economy relies on capitalism to create an environment in which producers and consumers are free to sell and buy what they choose. In economics, a recession refers to the contraction of a business cycle which reflects a significant decline in economic activity. The global demand for goods can increase or decrease.

Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations. The first one is done for you. •

A depression is a severe downturn in economic activity.

.‫اﻹزدھﺎر اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ھﻮ اﻟﺘﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ .‫ ﯾُﻌﺮف اﻟﻜﺴﺎد ﺑﺄﻧﮫ ﺗﺮاﺟﻊ ﺷﺪﯾﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬or ‫اﻟﻜﺴﺎد ھﻮ ﺗﺮاﺟﻊ ﺷﺪﯾﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ DOI: 10.4324/9781003170846-3

• •

Translating economic texts 15 •

Petrol prices have fluctuated dramatically in recent years.

•

A company cannot survive if there is no demand on its goods or services.

•

People in different sectors may lose their jobs during a downturn in the business cycle.

.‫ﺷﮭﺪت أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻐﺎز ﺛﺒﺎﺗﺎ ً ﻣﻠﺤﻮظﺎ َ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻷﺧﯿﺮة‬

.‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻮاﺻﻠﺔ أﻋﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل وﺟﻮد طﻠﺐ ﻗﻠﯿﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻌﮭﺎ وﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ .‫ﯾﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﻮن وظﺎﺋﻔﮭﻢ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة ﻋﺪم ﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﺪورة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬

• • •

Exercise 4: Match the English words/phrases with their Arabic translations. ST 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

surplus monetary policy fiscal policy intervention decrease spending trough upturn consumption equilibrium commodity

TT a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.

‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ ﻧﻘﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺾ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻠﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﺮوﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻌﺎش‬ ‫ﺗﻮازن‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎع‬ ‫اﺳﺘﮭﻼك‬

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • •

Governments use fiscal policy to adjust spending levels and tax rates. Consumer surplus refers to the economic measurement of the benefits a consumer receives. Consumption in economics is the use of goods or services. Economic equilibrium is the balance between economic forces such as supply and demand. Budget balance declines when a government increases its spending or decreases taxes.

Exercise 6: Read the following passage and then (1) translate the italicized text, and (2) find what matches the Arabic translations following the passage. Practically every phase of economic life has felt the force of these great general movements. In addition to these longtime movements and general trends there has been a constant ebb and flow of economic life. Industry has been subjected to cycles of prosperity and depression – great wave movements with three to eleven years from crest to crest and which vary widely in intensity and depth. The concept of “normality” in regard to economic life is a situation of flux and reflux. Industry is continually merging from one phase of the business cycle to another (Thomas, 2015).

.‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺤﺪة‬ .‫ﺷﻌﺮت ﺑﻘﻮة اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ .‫ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﺨﺺ اﻟﺤﯿﺎة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬

• • •

16

Translating economic texts

Text 2 A number of economists have criticized ABCT’s use of interest rates in explaining the cycle. They include the claim that ABCT exaggerates the importance of interest rates in influencing the volume of investment and the claim that ABCT says businesses use changes in interest rates to predict how the demand for goods will change (specifically, to predict shifts in demand from consumers’ goods to capital goods during the cycle) but that interest rates are not good predictors of demand. The claims also include that inflation affects short-term interest rates more than long-term interest rates, so investment should not be affected much by changes in interest rates due to inflation because investment depends more on changes in long-term rates (Simpson, 2014, p. 89).

Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

economists interest rates exaggerates volume of investment predict shifts in demand capital goods inflation long-term

‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة‬/‫ﻣﻌﺪﻻت‬ ‫ﯾﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﺘَﻨَﺒﱠﺄ ﺑِـ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻻت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ رأﺳﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬/ ‫ﺳﻠﻊ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺨﻢ‬ ‫طﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺟﻞ‬

ABCT claim influencing businesses demand for goods consumers’ goods predictors short-term depends

‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ دورة اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ ّإدَﻋﺎء‬/‫َزْﻋﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻊ اﺳﺘﮭﻼﻛﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮات‬ ‫ﻗﺼﯿﺮ اﻷﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the above passage. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • • • •

Interest rate means the amount of a loan charged as interest to the borrower. This amount must be paid to the lender. It is predicted that lower cost investments in this field will perform better than investments of higher costs. This list includes the major exporters of capital goods. There was a sudden shift in demand for consumers’ goods. Inflation refers to the increase in the cost of living caused by the rise of goods and services prices. Short-term investments or temporary investments can be sold or converted to cash. The current situation necessitates protecting the new project against the ups and downs of any business cycle. There are gloomy predictions for a quick economic recovery after the COVID-19 pandemic. The new research focuses on the impact of the business cycle on the economy.

Translating economic texts 17 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

Commodity prices in the secondary market depend on interest rates.

•

Exporting capital goods significantly promotes the national economy.

•

There is steady demand for goods and services.

.‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺮض واﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬ .‫ﯾﻌﺰز اﺳﺘﯿﺮاد اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻻﺳﺘﮭﻼﻛﯿﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻮطﻨﻲ‬ .‫ﺛﻤﺔ طﻠﺐ ﻣﺘﺬﺑﺬب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﺿﺔ‬

• • •

Exercise 4: Match the English words with their Arabic translations.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

ST

TT

consultant contract peak excess stimulate save transact fluctuate purchase boom

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j.

‫ذروة‬ ‫ﯾﺸﺠﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺾ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﺮاء‬ ‫ازدھﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﺪﺧﺮ‬ ‫ ﯾﺘﺄرﺟﺢ‬/ ‫ﯾﺘﺬﺑﺬب‬

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

The newly appointed consultant can provide expert advice on business in emerging markets. The company designed a strategy to manage possible price fluctuations. Contract theory studies how economic actors such as individuals and organizations sign legally binding agreements. An economic boom refers to the significant growth of a company’s sales or a country’s GDP. The peak of a business cycle refers to the highest point of an economic expansion and the beginning of a contraction phase. All companies must follow new purchase procedures.

Exercise 6: Read the following passage and then translate the italicized words. Observing business cycles at the sectoral level has the great advantage that it sheds light on economic transmission mechanisms, whereas for stabilization policy purposes its benefits are not so clear. This is based on the notion that the business cycle is mainly driven by fluctuations in demand that can be smoothed by interventions targeting certain demand components. Opposite to this, supply side measures are understood to aim at the trend component only (Scheiblecker, 2008, p. 3).

‫‪18‬‬

‫‪Translating economic texts‬‬

‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫إن ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻮﯾﺶ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻸھﺪاف واﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮارﯾﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻣﮭﺪت اﻷﻣﺮ ﻟﻈﮭﻮر ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺪورة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‪ ،‬أطﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ دورة اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻓﺘﺮة اﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎت ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﯿﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ زﯾﺎدة اﻹﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ وﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ‪ .‬وھﻮ اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺳﯿﺆدي إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮظﯿﻒ‪ ،‬واﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺑﯿﺌﺔ أﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﺸﺠﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﻔﺰ أﻓﺮاد اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻮﯾﺖ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺪ أن ھﺬا اﻻﻧﺘﻌﺎش ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪورة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﯾﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﺠﻮة ﺗﻀﺨﻤﯿﺔ وارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎ ً ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‪ .‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﮭﺎ ﺗﺘﺠﮫ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻛﺒﺢ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ إﺣﺪاث اﻧﻜﻤﺎش ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪورة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Al-Afandi, 2020‬‬

‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﻮﯾﺶ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺠﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻌﺎش‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪obfuscation‬‬ ‫‪elections‬‬ ‫‪expansionist‬‬ ‫‪tax cuts‬‬ ‫‪unemployment‬‬ ‫‪favorable‬‬ ‫‪boom‬‬ ‫‪control‬‬ ‫‪to eliminate‬‬

‫ﻣﮭﺪت اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫إﻧﻔﺎق ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮظﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺌﺔ أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺪ أن‬ ‫ﻓﺠﻮة ﺗﻀﺨﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫طﻠﺐ ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬

‫‪paved the way‬‬ ‫‪fiscal policy‬‬ ‫‪government spending‬‬ ‫‪employment‬‬ ‫‪business environment‬‬ ‫‪however‬‬ ‫‪inflationary gap‬‬ ‫‪aggregate demand‬‬ ‫‪deflation‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the passage above.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﮭﺪف اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦ ھﻨﺎك أي دور ﻟﻠﺴﯿﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﻘﺮار‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﮭﺪف ﻣﺘﺨﺬو اﻟﻘﺮارات اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﻌﺎم‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺎﻗﺶ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ وأﺛﺮھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻓﺰاً ﻗﻮﯾﺎ ً ﻟﻼدﺧﺎر واﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻮظﯿﻒ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺪأ ﺿﻤﺎن ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ وظﯿﻔﺔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻮاطﻨﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎھﻢ ﺗﻨﻮﯾﻊ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺑﯿﺌﺔ أﻋﻤﺎل ﻗﻮﯾﺔ وﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺪورة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻧﺘﻌﺎش وﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻛﺴﺎد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪث اﻟﻔﺠﻮة اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻤﯿﺔ إذا ﻛﺎن اﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺸﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺳﺒﻞ ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻞ اﻹﯾﺮادات اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ وﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ً‬ ‫اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺎرون ﻣﺨﺘﺼﻮن اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺘﺨﻔﯿﺾ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ أﺛﺮ إﯾﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻌﻘﺪ ﺧﻼل ﺷﮭﺮﯾﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش ﻋﺎدة ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮار اﻧﺨﻔﺎض أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﺬﻟﻚ آﺛﺎراً ﺳﻠﺒﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﺗﺠﺎوز ھﺬا اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش اﻟﺤﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﮫ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل وﺟﻮد ﻓﺠﻮة ﺗﻀﺨﻤﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating economic texts 19‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations. The first one‬‬ ‫‪is done for you.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﮭﺪف اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﺪﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪The fiscal policy aims to discuss inflation implications.‬‬ ‫‪Correction: The monetary policy aims to eliminate inflation.‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫‪Inflation may cause expected financial flows.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪The current president said that taxes will support the unemployed.‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﯾﺆدي اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺠﺰ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ذﻛﺮ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺲ اﻷﻣﺮﯾﻜﻲ أن ﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ ﺳﯿﺴﺎﻋﺪ ذوي اﻟﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 4: Match the Arabic words with their English translations.‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﺋﺾ‬ ‫إﻧﻔﺎق‬ ‫ﺧﺒﯿﺮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ذروة‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻌﺎش‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎدي‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬

‫‪TT‬‬ ‫‪a.‬‬ ‫‪b.‬‬ ‫‪c.‬‬ ‫‪d.‬‬ ‫‪e.‬‬ ‫‪f.‬‬ ‫‪g.‬‬ ‫‪h.‬‬ ‫‪i.‬‬ ‫‪j.‬‬

‫‪spending‬‬ ‫‪economy‬‬ ‫‪increase‬‬ ‫‪surplus‬‬ ‫‪upswing‬‬ ‫‪sovereign‬‬ ‫‪economist‬‬ ‫‪peak‬‬ ‫‪growth‬‬ ‫‪volume‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺪوث ﻓﺎﺋﺾ ﻓﻲ ﻣﮭﻦ ﻣﺤﺪدة وﻋﺠﺰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﮭﻦ أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ أﺳﺒﺎب ﻣﻨﻄﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺧﺒﯿﺮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي أﺟﻨﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺪوق اﻟﺴﯿﺎدي أﺣﺪ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺾ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻎ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ ‪ 6.1‬ﺑﻠﯿﻮن رﯾﺎل‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﻨﻮب أﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺎ أﻛﺒﺮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﻤﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي أﻗﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺪى اﻟﻄﻮﯾﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫طﻠﺒﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺒﯿﺮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي دراﺳﺔ أﺛﺮ اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ وﺳﺒﻞ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ ھﺬه‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ أرﺑﺎح ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 2020‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻹﻏﻼق اﻟﺬي ﺳﺒﺒﺘﮫ أزﻣﺔ ﻛﻮروﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪان‬ ‫ﻛﺜﯿﺮة ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺖ اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ إﻧﻔﺎق ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻘﯿﻤﺔ ‪ 10‬ﻣﻼﯾﯿﻦ دوﻻر ﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺷﮭﺪت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدات اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ اﻧﻔﺘﺎﺣﺎ ً ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻷﺧﯿﺮة ﻣﻤﺎ أﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ھﺬه اﻟﺪول ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺔ ﺟﺰءاً ﻣﻦ أﺛﺮھﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدات اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ إذا ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎرﻧﺎھﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﺈن اﻟﻮاردات ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ وﺟﺐ إﯾﺠﺎد ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ واﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ‪(Ayeb, 2010, p. 192) .‬‬

‫‪Translating economic texts‬‬

‫‪20‬‬

‫‪Text 2‬‬

‫ﻓﮭﻮ ﯾﺮى أن ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻲ رأس اﻟﻤﺎل‪ ،‬أو اﻟﺮأﺳﻤﺎﻟﯿﯿﻦ ﯾﺮﻏﺒﻮن داﺋﻤﺎ ً ﻓﻲ زﯾﺎدة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﻣﺮاﻛﻤﺔ أرﺑﺎﺣﮭﻢ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ اﻟﻤﯿﻞ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر واﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻨﻤﻮ واﻻزدھﺎر اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي )ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻌﺎش ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪورة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﺪ أن ھﺬا اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ رﯾﻜﺎردو ﻟﯿﺲ ﻗﺎﺑﻼً ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻷﺟﻞ اﻟﻄﻮﯾﻞ‪ ،‬وھﻨﺎ ﯾﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫رﯾﻜﺎردو ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻷرﺑﺎح واﻷﺟﻮر‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻷرﺑﺎح ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺼﻮرة رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻷﺟﻮر‬ ‫واﻷﺧﯿﺮة ﺗﻤﯿﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺟﻞ اﻟﻄﻮﯾﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺰاﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺗﺰاﯾﺪ اﻷﺟﻮر ﯾﺴﺒﺐ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ ﯾﻔﻠﺢ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ إﯾﻘﺎف اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻷرﺑﺎح‪ .‬ﺑﻞ إن اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻟﺪورة‬ ‫اﻷرﺑﺎح‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﮫ ﯾﺴﺒﺐ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض أرﺑﺎح اﻟﺮأﺳﻤﺎﻟﯿﯿﻦ‪(Al-Afandi, 2020, p. 20) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻲ رأس اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﻛﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻌﺎش‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺲ ً‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻼ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺮﺑﺢ‬ ‫إﯾﻘﺎف‬ ‫دورة اﻷرﺑﺎح‬

‫‪capitalists‬‬ ‫‪accumulation‬‬ ‫‪boom phase‬‬ ‫‪unsustainable‬‬ ‫‪mainly‬‬ ‫‪tend to‬‬ ‫‪profit rate‬‬ ‫‪curb‬‬ ‫‪profit cycle‬‬

‫زﯾﺎدة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻊ‬ ‫رﯾﻜﺎردو‬ ‫أﺟﻮر‬ ‫اﻷﺧﯿﺮة‬ ‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺒﺐ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬

‫‪increase production‬‬ ‫‪expansion‬‬ ‫‪Ricardo‬‬ ‫‪salaries‬‬ ‫‪latter‬‬ ‫‪decline‬‬ ‫‪technical progress‬‬ ‫‪contradicts‬‬ ‫‪causes decline‬‬

‫‪.‬اﻻزدھﺎر اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‪Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence up to .‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

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‫ﻗﺪ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺮأﺳﻤﺎﻟﯿﻮن اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻮاﺟﮭﺔ رأﺳﻤﺎﻟﯿﯿﻦ آﺧﺮﯾﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﮭﺪف ھﺬا اﻹﺟﺮاء إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻌﺎش اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺎرﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ زﯾﺎدة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ زﯾﺎدة اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت واﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﮭﺪف‪.‬‬ ‫أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﻄﺎع ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻤﺮار‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺆﺛﺮ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض أرﺑﺎح اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻠﺒﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ أداء اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ واﻟﺮﺿﺎ اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ إﯾﺠﺎد طﺮق ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻷرﺑﺎح‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﮭﺪف زﯾﺎدة اﻷرﺑﺎح وﺗﻮﺳﯿﻊ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎراﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺰاﯾﺪ اﻷﺟﻮر اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺪى اﻟﺒﻌﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:‬‬

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‫ﯾﺰﯾﺪ ھﺬا اﻹﺟﺮاء اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻷﺳﻌﺎر وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻷرﺑﺎح‪.‬‬

‫‪These measures promote productive capacity which cause a price increase and thus an‬‬ ‫‪increase in profits.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪It led to focusing on increasing commodity production.‬‬

‫•‬

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‫أدى ذﻟﻚ اﻹﺟﺮاء إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ زﯾﺎدة إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ أو اﻟﺠﻮدة‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating economic texts 21‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 4: Match the Arabic words/phrases with their English translations.‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫رھﻦ ﻋﻘﺎري‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎء ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ‪ /‬اﻟﺘﺴﺮﯾﺢ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻔﺰ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻘﻠﺐ ‪ /‬ﯾﺘﺄرﺟﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒﺆ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻧﺎﺷﺌﺔ‬

‫‪TT‬‬ ‫‪a.‬‬ ‫‪b.‬‬ ‫‪c.‬‬ ‫‪d.‬‬ ‫‪e.‬‬ ‫‪f.‬‬ ‫‪g.‬‬ ‫‪h.‬‬ ‫‪i.‬‬ ‫‪j.‬‬

‫‪drop‬‬ ‫‪stimulate‬‬ ‫‪mortgage‬‬ ‫‪fluctuate‬‬ ‫‪lay off‬‬ ‫‪trend‬‬ ‫‪flows‬‬ ‫‪start-up‬‬ ‫‪resource‬‬ ‫‪to predict‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾُﻌﺮف اﻟﺮھﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد وأﯾﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﻖ ﻣﻠﻜﯿﺔ ﻋﻘﺎر )‪ (property‬إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﮭﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺮض ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﺗﺴﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻘﺮض‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺠﺄ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺴﺮﯾﺢ اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ﻟﺪﯾﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺮورھﺎ ﺑﺄزﻣﺎت ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻗﺎع )‪ (trough‬اﻟﺪورة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺮاھﻦ إﻟﻰ وﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﺤﻔﯿﺰ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻦ أزﻣﺔ ﻛﻮروﻧﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫أﺛﺮت ﺳﻠﺒﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪورة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﺑﺎرﺗﻔﺎع اﻷﺳﻌﺎر وزﯾﺎدة اﻟﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻔﺮدي واﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮز أھﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﺪﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ إﯾﺠﺎد ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻧﻔﺎذ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻓﺘﺮة اﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎت ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﯿﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ زﯾﺎدة اﻹﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ وﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪأت ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﻧﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ذات ﺟﻮدة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫درﺳﺖ اﻟﻠﺠﺎن آﻟﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮارد وﺗﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻓﻲ ظﻞ اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ ﺑﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺎدﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻨﺒﺆ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺪورات اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ وﻣﺪﺗﮭﺎ ﻟﻮﺟﻮد اﺧﺘﻼف ﻓﻲ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﺪول ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮوج ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش واﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل إﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺒﺐ اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎ ً ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ﻓﻲ أرﺑﺎح اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ واﻟﺪورة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ؛ ﻓﺎﻟﺪورة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‪ :‬ھﻲ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﺮﻛﻮد واﻻﻧﺘﻌﺎش‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻞ دورة اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟﯿﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة أن ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺄزﻣﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﻞ أزﻣﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺪ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺟﺰءاً‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪورة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‪ ،‬أي دورة اﻻﻧﺘﻌﺎش‪ ،‬وﺗﺄﺗﻲ اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻣﻦ ﻗﻤﺔ دورة اﻻﻧﺘﻌﺎش‬ ‫واﻟﺮواج اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‪ ،‬وﯾﺆدي اﻧﮭﯿﺎر اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ دﻓﻊ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻓﻲ ﻏﯿﺎھﺐ دورة اﻟﺮﻛﻮد واﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‪ ،‬أي أن‬ ‫اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﺪورة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬروة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎع ‪(Bin Omar, 2017, pp. 35–36) (trough).‬‬

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Translating economic texts

2.2 Employment Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1 JOB MARKET

A number of measures were attempted in order to combat the crisis in the job market. Thus, employment measures and unemployment insurance were improved, as well as measures for those who had lost their jobs. In July 2009, parliament adopted the “law for employment initiative.” The aim of the law is to mitigate the impact of the financial crisis on the unemployed, to create means by which job positions can be maintained, and to give a larger number of people the opportunity to participate in employment activities. The law should help companies cope better with the difficulties arising from the financial crisis and help to avoid disproportionate job losses. In addition, companies offering social work receive a 50% subsidy from the employment office for the salaries payable (Jungmann & Sagemann, 2011).

Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

job market were attempted employment insurance parliament mitigate financial crisis cope better subsidy

‫ﺳﻮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﺗﺨﺬت‬ ‫ﺗﻮظﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻟﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻔﯿﻒ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أزﻣﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ‬/ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﻗﻠﻢ‬ ‫دﻋﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬/‫إﻋﺎﻧﺔ‬

measures combat crisis unemployment lost job employment initiative impact job positions arising from payable

‫ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﺎت‬/ ‫ﺗﺪاﺑﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺟﮭﺔ أزﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ وظﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎدرة اﻟﺘﻮظﯿﻒ‬ ‫أﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺐ وظﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻖ اﻟﺪﻓﻊ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first two sentences from the above passage. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

These strategies are specifically designed to help you exercise your skills in the job market. The proposed measures effectively combat the financial crisis. The new data on private-sector employment reflect the coverage of unemployment insurance. The parliament approved the measures to mitigate the socio-economic impact of job losses resulting from the financial crisis. A new plan was put forward to highlight the importance of a practical monetary policy to cope with possible future financial crises. The new measures aim to mitigate the impact of the financial crisis.

Translating economic texts 23 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

The unemployed protested against the insufficient subsidies.

•

The committee discussed the delay in paying the employees’ salaries.

•

Financial performance measures help evaluate the progress achieved in the company’s performance.

.‫اﺣﺘﺞ اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪم ﻛﻔﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺎت اﻟﺸﮭﺮﯾﺔ‬ .‫ﻗﺮرت اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻋﺪم دﻓﻊ رواﺗﺐ اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ‬ .‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ ﻋﻮاﺋﻖ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﻓﻲ أداء اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬

• • •

Exercise 4: Match the English words with their Arabic translations.

ST

TT

1 2 3 4 5 6

unprofitable rationalization employability recruitment downsizing deregulation

a. b. c. d. e. f.

7 8 9 10

welfare sack tenure restructuring

g. h. i. j.

‫ﺗﺮﺷﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮظﯿﻒ‬/‫ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬/‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﯾﺮ‬/ ‫إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﻮد‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻼﺣﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺺ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ‬ ‫ ﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ‬/ ‫إﻋﺎدة ھﯿﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪة اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻮظﻔﯿﻦ‬/‫ﯾﺴﺮح‬ ‫)اﻟﺮﻓﺎه )اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

The market report demonstrates that some unprofitable companies will soon exit the market. Many managers agreed to promote rationalization in order to increase the profitability of their companies. The downsizing dimension focuses on the short-term profits a company aims to achieve. The majority of the company board members decided to prevent managers from sacking employees within three months of their commencing the work. The management has put forward a plan to restructure the company at the earliest opportunity. The Ministry of Labor began promoting short-term employment initiatives to reduce the high unemployment rates.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: COSTS OF DOWNSIZING

Downsizing is often very costly to a corporation. More than 50 percent of companies that downsize fail to reach their financial objectives. More than one million people are permanently laid off each year. For example, Boeing eliminated 60,000 jobs between 1989 and 1997. The company’s orders for jets increased from two hundred to nine hundred within two years. The company has had a difficult time hiring qualified people. (Alkhafaji, 2001, p. 153)

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Translating economic texts

Text 2 The centrality of labor flexibility, wage costs, and unemployment in debates over European economic development puts employment systems at the heart of any putative Europeanization of national economies. An employment system refers to the interaction of various formative institutions making up the national and sectoral profile of the labor force. These institutions comprise the training and educational processes, the legal and industrial relations regulations, the organizational structure and practices of industry, and the politics of the workplace. However, we are not using the term employment system in the sense of a formal model of the use and reproduction of labor (Cressey & Jones, 1995).

Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

centrality wage debates puts at heart national economies sectoral profile comprise regulations

‫ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ‬/ ‫أھﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫أﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﺷﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﻀﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ أوﻟﻮﯾﺎت‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدات وطﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺎت ﻗﻄﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﻀﻢ‬/ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻮاﺋﺢ‬/‫أﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬

labor flexibility costs economic development Europeanization formative institutions labor force legal and industrial organizational structure

‫ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ ﺳﻮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫إﺿﻔﺎء طﺎﺑﻊ أوروﺑﻲ‬/‫أورﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﻧﺎﺷﺌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ وﺻﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﯿﻜﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first two sentences from the above passage. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • • • •

Responding to changes in market conditions is what defines labor flexibility in the labor market. Different governments can play different roles to promote the economic development of their countries. Many economists support the globalization of national economies. Some companies find it difficult to work internationally because of the conflicting economic regulations. Companies must devise stable organizational structures to achieve success in competitive global business environments. The new regulations pose serious challenges to emerging markets. Most manufacturing companies cannot offer high-wage jobs due to the financial losses they incurred during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The new organizational structure must clearly highlight the roles and responsibilities as well as the information flow in order to enable all employees to carry out their tasks more efficiently. The Arab Gulf countries discussed a joint plan to enhance economic development in order to improve the living conditions in poor Muslim countries.

Translating economic texts 25 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

People in the first group did not actively contribute to national economies.

•

The new study reviews the positive economic developments associated with economic growth.

•

Artificial wage increases enforced by government policies were severely criticized.

.‫ﺳﺎھﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺑﻨﺠﺎح ﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدات اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ‬ .‫ﯾﺴﺘﻌﺮض ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﻮرات اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬ .‫اﻧﺘﻘﺪت اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﺰﯾﺎدات اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻄﻂ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬

• • •

Exercise 4: Translate the following words and phrases into Arabic.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

ST

TT

employment agency industrialized economies job insecurity fire employers probationary period temporary jobs public sector competitiveness local companies

……………………………………….. ……………………………………….. ……………………………………….. ……………………………………….. ……………………………………….. ……………………………………….. ……………………………………….. ……………………………………….. ……………………………………….. ………………………………………..

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • •

Applicants can email their job applications to the employment agency no later than April 30, 2021. Industrialized economies (‫ )اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدات اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬need to consider the effect of their macroeconomic policies on regional and international economic development. Companies must clearly explain the conditions of the probationary period before signing employment contracts. Competition among local companies drives constant development of their products targeting different customers. Statistics indicate that a high proportion of workers occupy temporary private-sector jobs. The economic and job insecurity forced many employees to search for better opportunities abroad. Disabled people are at higher risk of job insecurity.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: EFFECTS OF JOB FLEXIBILITY ON JOB INSECURITY

Because employees are contracted on a permanent basis after the probation period, they do not experience job insecurity. This is seen as a positive motivational effect, not only by the employees but also by the organization that wants to deliver a sustained high level of service to customers (Vuuren & Klandermans, 1999).

‫‪Translating economic texts‬‬

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‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮازي ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺺ اﺳﺘﻘﺪام اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻮاﻓﺪة‪ ،‬ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﯾﺔ وﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎت دول اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺞ أن ﺗﻘﻠﺺ اﻟﺘﻮظﯿﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬وﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻮظﺎﺋﻒ ﻛﻮﺳﯿﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ؛ إذ ﯾﻔﺘﺮض أن ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻮظﯿﻒ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﺒﻨﯿﺎ ً‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎج اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ دول اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺞ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﯾﺒﺪو أن‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك أي ﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ رﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻷﺟﺪى ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺺ ﻋﺪدھﻢ‪ .‬إن ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﻮظﯿﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺳﯿﻘﻠﻞ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻮظﯿﻒ اﻟﻤﻮاطﻨﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص؛ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻮاطﻦ ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﺧﯿﺎره اﻷﺳﮭﻞ واﻷﻓﻀﻞ أن ﯾﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪ .‬وﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻷﺟﻮر اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻄﻠﺒﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻮاطﻨﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﯾُﻔﺘﺮض أن ﺗﺴﺎوي‬ ‫أﺟﻮرھﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪(ACRPS, 2019) .‬‬

‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻮاﻓﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﺣﺘﯿﺎج ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة ﻋﺪد‬ ‫أﺟﺪى‬

‫‪downsizing‬‬ ‫‪foreign workers‬‬ ‫‪stop using‬‬ ‫‪genuine need‬‬ ‫‪increased number‬‬ ‫‪more effective‬‬

‫اﺳﺘﻘﺪام‬ ‫ﺗﻮظﯿﻒ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻮظﻔﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮظﯿﻒ ﻣﻮاطﻨﯿﻦ‬

‫‪recruitment‬‬ ‫‪government employment‬‬ ‫‪income distribution‬‬ ‫‪institutions‬‬ ‫‪employees‬‬ ‫‪employ citizens‬‬

‫‪ in the above passage.‬ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ ‪Exercise 1: Translate until‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫واﻓﻘﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻘﺪام ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺎرﯾﻦ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﯿﻦ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺗﻨﻤﻮﯾﺔ إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺿﻊ‪ ،‬ﯾﺒﻘﻰ اﻟﺘﻮظﯿﻒ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮاه اﻟﺴﻨﻮي‪ ،‬وھﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻷدﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻘﺪﯾﻦ اﻷﺧﯿﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻌﺪد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ دول ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﺘﻌﺎون اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻮاﻓﺪة ﺣﯿﺚ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﮭﺎ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺗﻌﺪاد‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺎن ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺪول‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺆدي زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ وظﺎﺋﻒ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ زﯾﺎدة ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ أن اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﯾﺴﻌﻰ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻮظﯿﻒ اﻟﻤﻮاطﻨﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﮭﻦ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻟﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ا ﻟﺒﻄﺎ ﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:‬‬

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‫ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل اﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻟﻠﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎل ﻻ ﯾﺮﯾﺪھﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﻮن‪ ،‬أو ﻻ ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻌﻮن اﻟﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪Companies recruit foreign workers only when host country workers do not accept car‬‬‫‪rying out a certain type of work.‬‬

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‫‪The report highlighted the impact of income distribution.‬‬

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‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫أﺷﺎر اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﺴﻠﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﺎدل ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﻟﺪﯾﮭﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺎت ﻣﻊ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﺗﻤﻠﻜﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﻣﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﯿﯿﻦ أو ﻣﻮظﻔﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص‪.‬‬

‫‪Individuals having relations with government-owned companies are government‬‬ ‫‪employees.‬‬

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‫‪Translating economic texts 27‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the following phrases into English.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ظﺮوف اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﻔﺘﻘﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﺒﺮة‬ ‫رب اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ /‬ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﺄﻣﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﻟﻠﻮظﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ ﺳﻮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺠﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬

‫‪.................................................‬‬ ‫‪.................................................‬‬ ‫‪.................................................‬‬ ‫‪.................................................‬‬ ‫‪.................................................‬‬ ‫‪.................................................‬‬ ‫‪.................................................‬‬ ‫‪.................................................‬‬ ‫‪.................................................‬‬ ‫‪.................................................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺪد ﻣﺪة ‪ 180‬ﯾﻮﻣﺎ ً‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻌﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ واﻷوﻟﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎت اﻟﺼﯿﻨﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ ﺳﻮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﻛﻔﺎءة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﻊ ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﺳﺘﯿﺮاد اﻟﺴﯿﺎرات ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻔﺎوﺿﺎت ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق وواﺟﺒﺎت ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺎول اﻟﺪول ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﺠﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻲ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻟﻠﻤﻮاطﻨﯿﻦ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ اﺣﺘﻜﺎرھﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ أن ظﺮوف اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻌﺎم أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ظﺮوف ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص وﯾﺮون ﻛﺬﻟﻚ أن‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻷﻣﺎن اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻌﺎم‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺐ اﻟﻤﮭﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺼﺺ ﻹﻋﺪاد ﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﮭﺮة وﻣﮭﻨﯿﯿﻦ دوراً ﻓﻌﺎﻻً ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ وﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻨﺢ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ ﻷﺳﺮ اﻟﻄﻼب ﻓﺮﺻﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﻓﯿﻖ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﺳﺮ‬ ‫وﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﺳﻮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫أظﮭﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﺬي أﻋﺪﺗﮫ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺆﺧﺮاً أن ﺑﻌﺾ أﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻹدارة ﯾﻔﺘﻘﺮون إﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﺒﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻻت إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ‪ ،‬وإدارة اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ‪ ،‬واﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﻮن ﺑﻄﻠﺐ وظﯿﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ داﺋﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ إﻧﮭﺎء ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺪدﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﯾﻮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﻟﻠﻮظﯿﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﺑﺤﺜﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﺣﯿﻦ آﺧﺮﯾﻦ ﯾﻤﻜﻨﮭﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫طﺒﻘﺎ ً ﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ‪(Al-Karkhi, 2014 p. 55) :‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎس أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ ﻓﮭﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻔﮭﻮﻣﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺒﺴﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف ﻛﻮﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ وﺗﻮﺛﯿﻖ وﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻟﻠﻮظﯿﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫إن اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻓﻲ وﺻﻒ اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ واﻟﻮاﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﮭﺎرات واﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺎت واﻟﻨﻤﺎذج اﻟﺬھﻨﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ‪ ،‬أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﺳﺘﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻼت واﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﯿﺔ وﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬

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Translating economic texts

2.3 Corporate social responsibility Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1 PROFITS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

In the 1920s, many large American corporations began, on a wide scale, to establish pension funds, employee stock ownership, life insurance schemes, limitations on working hours, and high wages. They built houses, churches, schools and libraries, provided medical and legal services, and gave money to charities. Since this is fairly surprising behaviour for business corporations, there must be a good explanation. Neil J. Mitchell argues that the reason for many of these actions, most of which clearly did not bring immediate cash benefits, was that large corporations had a legitimacy problem. The existence of large corporations showed the classical economic theory of perfect competition to be inadequate. Consequently, large corporations introduced ‘welfare capitalism’ as a way of creating favourable public opinion. (Zompanti, 2009, pp. 98–99)

Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

social responsibility establish insurance schemes gave money business corporations legitimacy problem inadequate favorable

‫ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎت ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ‬/‫ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮع ﺑﺄﻣﻮال‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ‬/‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺷﺮﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ‬/ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺋﻢ‬/‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬

corporations stock ownership limitations charities cash benefits perfect competition welfare public opinion

‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻜﯿﺔ اﻷﺳﮭﻢ‬/‫ﺣﯿﺎزة‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﺧﯿﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺤﻘﺎﻗﺎت ﻧﻘﺪﯾﺔ‬/‫ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ اﻟﺮﻓﺎھﯿﺔ‬/ ‫اﻟﺮﻋﺎﯾﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫رأي ﻋﺎم‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the above passage. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

The study reflects the importance of corporate social responsibility as a significant element of corporate image in local and international markets. Drivers must show at the point of entry the insurance policy which covers their vehicles. Parents receiving cash benefits should take responsibility for their families. The present research paper examines and evaluates the use of corporate social responsibility in competitive markets. Many large American corporations began, on a wide scale, to establish pension funds, employee stock ownership, life insurance policies, limitations on working hours, and high wages. They built houses, schools, and libraries, and gave money to charities.

Translating economic texts 29 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

The annual report shows that three business corporations did not implement the strategic plan related to corporate social responsibility.

•

An employee received cash benefits after submitting all necessary financial documents.

•

A perfect competition market provides producers and consumers with full information.

.‫أظﮭﺮت اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﯾﺮ اﻟﺸﮭﺮﯾﺔ أن ﺛﻼﺛﯿﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ طﺒﻘﺖ اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻟﺴﻨﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪات اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ .‫ﺗﻘﺪم ﻣﻮظﻒ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪات ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ .‫ﯾﻘﺪم اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﺤﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﯿﻦ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬

• • •

Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

maximize profits free enterprise durable goods economic downturn ethical obligation expenditures money supply go bankrupt

.................. ‫ﺗﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ......... ‫ﻣﻨﺸﺄة‬/‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ ﻣﻌﻤﺮة‬.............. ‫ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬............ ‫ أﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬............... ……………….. ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮوض اﻟﻨﻘﺪي‬ ‫ﯾﻔﻠﺲ‬

eliminate discrimination conform to directors’ meeting age of retirement lay off staff fiscal measures excess savings increase taxation

..... ‫ﯾﻘﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ………………….. ................ ‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎع‬ ‫ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ‬............ ................. ‫ﺗﺴﺮﯾﺢ‬ ‫ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬..................... ‫ ﻓﺎﺋﻀﺔ‬............... ‫ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ اﻟﻤﻔﺮوﺿﺔ‬.......

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

New managers must focus all efforts on maximizing profits. The central government should take necessary measures to respond to the economic downturn. Three recent reports indicate that the interest rate is not a practical tool for managing the money supply. The current economic downturn caused heavy losses for major companies working in the region. Due to the economic crisis, many companies working abroad had to stop their operations and lay off their staff. The existence of large corporations reflects the inadequacy of the classical economic theory of perfect competition.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been around through good and bad financial times. CSR is defined as “situations where the firm goes beyond compliance and engages in actions that appear to further some social good beyond the interests of the firms and that which is required by law.” More broadly, CSR encompasses the components of economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic business decisions (GECRC, 2009).

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Translating economic texts

Text 2 CORPORATE SOCIAL IRRESPONSIBILITY: THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AND IDEOLOGY

The focus of this chapter is on the role of government in relation to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the 2007–2010 financial crises. It argues that the financial crisis was a result of a failure of government. More specifically, it locates the origins of failure, which gave rise to the crisis, in the political and economic changes of the 1980s and after. The UK Thatcher government along with that of the Reagan administration in the United States delivered a new right, neo-liberal, laissez faire economic agenda that has come to be characterised, rightly or wrongly, as market fundamentalism (Soros, 1998; Stiglitz, 2002). Neoliberalism and market fundamentalism can be equated to government irresponsibility and that the move to free up markets, among other things, ultimately gave rise to the 2007–2010 financial crises. (Jones, 2010).

Vocabulary ST

TT

‫ﻋﻘﯿﺪة‬/‫أﯾﺪﯾﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ‬ ideology argue ‫ﯾﺠﺎدل‬ locates ‫ﺗﺤﺪد‬ Thatcher government ‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺎﺗﺸﺮ‬ ‫ اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬/ ‫ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬ laissez-faire ‫أﺻﻮﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻮق‬ market fundamentalism can be equated ‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺴﺎواﺗﮫ ب‬... the move to ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺟﮫ ﻧﺤﻮ‬/‫اﻟﺘﺤﺮك‬

ST

TT

‫أزﻣﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ financial crisis failure ‫ﻓﺸﻞ‬ gave rise ‫ أدت إﻟﻰ‬/ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ neoliberal ‫ﻟﯿﺒﺮاﻟﻲ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺗُﻮﺻﻒ‬ be characterized ‫اﻟﻠﯿﺒﺮاﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة‬ neoliberalism irresponsibility ‫اﻧﻌﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ‬/‫اﻟﻼﻣﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ‬ free up ‫ﺗﺤﺮﯾﺮ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the third sentence of the above passage. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • •

This paper investigates the status of corporate social responsibility within the globalized free market. Advocates of market fundamentalism strongly believe in the possibility of maximizing individual freedom through free markets. Some claim that neoliberalism threatened job stability and consequently the economic security of individuals. It is believed that market failure was a major cause for the financial crisis. Neoliberalism and market fundamentalism can be equated to government irresponsibility and that the move to free up markets, among other things, ultimately gave rise to the 2007–2010 financial crisis. The focus of this chapter is on the role of government in relation to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the 2007–2010 financial crises. It argues that the financial crisis was a result of government failure.

Translating economic texts 31 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

Economic ideologies focus on the structuring of economies, unlike economic theories, which focus on how economies work.

‫ﯾﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻔﻜﺮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻤﺎط اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺎت ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ .‫ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎت اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬ •

•

What would the US do to regain its influence in the international economy if neoliberalism fails?

‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﻲ اﺗﺒﻌﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻮﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﺘﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ إذا ﻓﺸﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﯿﺒﺮاﻟﯿﻮن؟‬

•

Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

raise capital corporate governance corporate ethics corporate contribution supply chain resource management corporate self-regulation policies and practices

.......... ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬/‫ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ‬ ........... ‫إدارة‬ ‫ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬............ .......... ‫ﻣﺴﺎھﻤﺔ‬ ‫ إﻣﺪادات‬............ ‫ اﻟﻤﻮارد‬........... … ‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ذاﺗﻲ‬ ........ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺎت و‬

make profits strategic management form a business stockholders societal goals comply with business strategy strategic initiative

.................... ‫ﯾﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ‬......... ………………… ‫أﺻﺤﺎب ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬/‫ﻣﺴﺎھﻤﯿﻦ‬ ‫ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﯿﺔ‬.............. ‫ﯾﻤﺘﺜﻞ ل‬ ‫ ﻋﻤﻞ‬................... .................. ‫ﻣﺒﺎدرة‬

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

Companies are permitted to raise capital from borrowing or donations. No deposits from ordinary individuals are allowed. The proposed program is designed to develop human resource management as well as the company’s strategic planning. All employers must adopt policies and practices aiming at the eradication of discrimination against women in workplaces. The present research paper examines the impact of a company’s business strategy on the performance of its corporate social responsibility. The new business strategy which will be adopted by the company clearly outlines the role it plays to undertake its corporate social responsibility. Public and private-sector companies should not mainly focus on making profits.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: During the long and distinguished history of the “company” or business/corporate in India and other parts of the world, business leaders have been trying to make a positive impact on the society, communities around them and the world, in some way or the other. The problem with CSR is that nobody is very clear about what exactly it encompasses (Mennakanti & Miryala, 2016).

‫‪Translating economic texts‬‬

‫‪32‬‬

‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫ﯾﻜﺘﺴﺐ اﻟﺪور اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت واﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﺰاﯾﺪة ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺨﻠﻲ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أدوارھﺎ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﯿﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺻﺤﺒﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻛﺎن ﯾﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮭﺎ أﻣﺮ طﺒﯿﻌﻲ وﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ظﻞ اﻧﺘﻔﺎء اﻟﮭﺪف اﻟﺮﺑﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﯾﺮھﺎ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت‪ ،‬وإن ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ إﯾﺮادات وأرﺑﺎﺣﺎ ً طﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ .‬وﻛﺎن ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎ ً ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﻮل ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ وإﻋﺎدة ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﮭﺎ‬ ‫وإدارﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻷﺳﺎس أن ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻒ دورھﺎ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﺨﺼﺨﺼﺔ أظﮭﺮ أن‬ ‫اﻟﺪور اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ واﻻﻟﺘﺰام اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت ھﻮ أﯾﻀﺎ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﯾﻌﻮد ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﺮﺑﺢ وﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻨﺰاﻋﺎت‬ ‫واﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ اﻹدارة واﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻧﺘﻤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪﯾﻦ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‪(Elasrag, 2018) .‬‬

‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﯾﻜﺘﺴﺐ أھﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻠﻲ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺒﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻔﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﺪﯾﺮھﺎ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ إﯾﺮادات‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻗﻄﺎع‬ ‫ﺧﺎص‬

‫‪becomes important‬‬ ‫‪giving up‬‬ ‫‪associated with‬‬ ‫‪absence of‬‬ ‫‪state-run‬‬ ‫‪generate revenues‬‬ ‫‪transferring to‬‬ ‫‪privatization‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﺼﺨﺼﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺰام اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺮﺑﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻨﺰاﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪﯾﻦ‬

‫‪privatization‬‬ ‫‪moral obligation‬‬ ‫‪investment‬‬ ‫‪increasing profits‬‬ ‫‪reduce conflicts‬‬ ‫‪difference‬‬ ‫‪affiliation‬‬ ‫‪beneficiaries‬‬

‫ﺗﺪﯾﺮھﺎ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت ‪Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence until‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﺸﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺗﻌﺰز رﺑﺤﯿﺘﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻤﺜﻞ دور اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬھﺎ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل واﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻈﻢ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻔﻖ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﺤﺪد ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت وﺗﻌﺪد أﺷﻜﺎﻟﮭﺎ وﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻀﺢ رؤﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺣﻮل دورھﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺶ ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺨﺼﺨﺼﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﮫ ﻣﻦ آﺛﺎر ﺳﻠﺒﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﯿﺎدﯾﻦ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺮى اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد أن اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﻮدھﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﻜﻤﮫ‬ ‫واﺟﺒﺎﺗﮭﺎ واﻟﺘﺰاﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻀﻤﻦ أداء اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﺪورھﺎ ﺗﺠﺎه ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺘﮭﺎ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﺣﺼﻮﻟﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ دﻋﻢ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ أﻓﺮاد اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻷھﺪاﻓﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﺧﻄﻄﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﮫ؛ وﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﺈن أداء اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻻﻟﺘﺰاﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﯿﺔ ﯾﻌﺰز ﻣﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫وأﺳﺲ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻜﺘﺴﺐ اﻟﺪور اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت واﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﺰاﯾﺪة ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺨﻠﻲ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ أدوارھﺎ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating economic texts 33‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﻛﺎن ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎ ً ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﻮل ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ أن ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻒ دورھﺎ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﯾﻌﻜﺲ اﻟﺘﻮظﯿﻒ آﺛﺎر ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻟﺪورھﺎ ﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Preventing unemployment reflects that corporates implement their social responsibility‬‬ ‫‪roles.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪Few public institutions realized the importance of their social linkage.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫أدرﻛﺖ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص أھﻤﯿﺔ ارﺗﺒﺎطﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ وﺿﺮورة زﯾﺎدة أﻧﺸﻄﺘﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدات اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿـﻖ ﺗﻮازن‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت‬ ‫دور اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ دوﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫أداء ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻲ‬

‫…………‪advanced‬‬ ‫………… ‪community‬‬ ‫‪……………………..‬‬ ‫‪business …………….‬‬ ‫………………………‬ ‫‪basic economic ……..‬‬ ‫‪…………… standards‬‬ ‫………………………‬

‫اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﺰة اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫رﺿﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ‬ ‫أﺛﺮ إﯾﺠﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎدرات ذاﺗﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬

‫‪……………….‬‬ ‫‪……………….‬‬ ‫‪……………….‬‬ ‫‪………. impact‬‬ ‫………‪local com‬‬ ‫‪sustainable………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪providing ……….‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﯿﺦ ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﻗﻮاﻋﺪھﺎ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻠﺘﺰم‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮوع اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎت واﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻌﺐ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻋﻼم دوراً ﻓﺎﻋﻼً ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺄھﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗُﺒﺮز‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺺ ﻧﺠﺎح ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﺰﻣﺖ ﺑﻤﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺘﮭﺎ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮز أھﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮر اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﺘﻮازن ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ واﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾُﺒﺮز اﻟﺘﺸﺮﯾﻊ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ أھﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ واﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻛﺄﻓﻀﻞ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻀﺎري‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺤﻮر ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺣﻮل ﺑﯿﺎن أﺛﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ واﻟﺮﺿﺎ اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ أداء‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻋﺪة ﺗﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ أداء اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت وﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺘﮭﺎ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎ ً ﻟﺪورھﺎ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻔﺬ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ‪ ،‬واﻹﻗﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ واﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ وﺗﻘﺪم‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮرت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ إﺟﺮاء ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ ﻷﻧﺸﻄﺘﮭﺎ وﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻌﮭﺎ واﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﺑﺮاﻣﺠﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى أداءھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻓﺮﺿﺖ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ ﻣﺆﺧﺮاً ﺑﻘﻮة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﺳﻮاء اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ أو‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﺮﺿﺖ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺘﻲ أﻗﺮﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ ً‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع آﺧﺮ – وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي ﯾﻐﺪو ﺑﻌﯿﺪاً ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪود ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ – ﺣﻮل ﻣﺎھﯿﺔ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻛﻮﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﺒﺎدرة‬ ‫أم إﻟﺰام؟ ھﺬا اﻟﺠﺪل اﻟﺬي ﯾﻀﻊ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت )اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص( ﻣﺘﺄرﺟﺤﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺷﻘﯿﻦ‪ :‬ھﻞ ھﻲ إﻟﺰام ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت؟‬ ‫أم ھﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺒﺎدر ﺑﮫ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‪(Abu Annasr, 2015, p. 15) .‬‬

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Translating economic texts

2.4 International trade Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1 In many respects international trade in services is importantly different from trade in goods. Indeed, the fact that multilateral negotiations on trade in services began in earnest four decades after the beginning of multilateral negotiations on trade in goods is a testament to this difference. The basic economic argument for reducing or eliminating impediments to trade rests on the improvements in efficiency in the allocation of a country’s resources that result from such actions. In essence, trade allows a country to focus its resources and energies on what it does relatively better than the rest of the world, importing those things that it does less well, and paying for its imports by exporting the things that it does especially well (White, 2001, pp. 5–6).

Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

international trade economic argument rests on allocation of resources importing

‫ﺗﺠﺎرة دوﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎش اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ اﻟﻤﻮارد‬ ‫اﺳﺘﯿﺮاد‬

multilateral ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻷطﺮاف‬ eliminating impediments ‫إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻮاﺋﻖ‬ efficiency ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة‬ focus resources ‫ﯾﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻤﻮارد‬ does less well ‫ ﯾﺠﯿﺪھﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻗﻞ‬/ ‫ﻻ ﯾﺠﯿﺪ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬

Additional vocabulary trade barriers free trade comparative advantage balance of payments

‫ﻋﻮاﺋﻖ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرة ﺣﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰة ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰان اﻟﻤﺪﻓﻮﻋﺎت‬

dumping tariffs subsidize protectionism

‫إﻏﺮاق اﻟﺴﻮق ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﺎت ﺟﻤﺮﻛﯿﺔ‬ ‫ ﯾﻘﺪم اﻟﻌﻮن‬/ ‫ﯾﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬/ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first two sentences of the above passage. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

The Palestinian government is planning to promote international trade despite the Israeli measure to oppose the plan. Allocation of the available resources can cause conflicts if such allocation does not take sustainable development into account. The planned meeting will discuss different mechanisms and initiatives aiming at eliminating international trade barriers and promoting free trade. Aiming to promote domestic products and industries, many governments in the region are attempting to follow protectionism which aims to restrict international trade. The representatives participating in the meeting called on the developed countries to discontinue dumping goods into the Middle East markets. International trade in services is significantly different from trade in goods.

Translating economic texts 35 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

You must follow certain procedures and obtain permission to import goods.

•

Foreign companies need to discontinue dumping subsidized products into our domestic markets.

•

The charity developed a policy to allocate the available resources to support children.

.‫ﻻ ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﻘﯿﺪ ﺑﺈﺟﺮاءات ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﺪﯾﺮ ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﻠﺨﺎرج‬ .‫ﯾﺘﻌﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻷﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل إﻏﺮاق ﺳﻮﻗﻨﺎ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ‬ .‫وﺿﻌﺖ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﯿﺮﯾﺔ إﺟﺮاءات ﺻﺎرﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﺼﯿﺺ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻷطﻔﺎل‬

• • •

Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

balance of trade merchandise trade trade deficit cost and freight Free-Trade Zone electronic commerce bill of lading non-tariff barriers customs

‫ﻣﯿﺰان ﺗﺠﺎري‬ ‫ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬/‫ ﺳﻠﻊ‬......... ............... ‫ﻋﺠﺰ‬ ................ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ و‬ ................ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ........... ‫ﺗﺠﺎرة‬ ‫ اﻟﺸﺤﻦ‬.............. ......................... ……………….

infant industry strategic industries economic slowdown Barter trade surplus market economy market disruption performance bond autarky

‫ ﻧﺎﺷﺌﺔ‬.............. ................ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎت‬ ........... ‫ﺗﺮاﺟﻊ‬/‫ﺗﺒﺎطﺆ‬ …………………. ................ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺾ‬ ‫ اﻟﺴﻮق‬............... ‫اﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﺴﻮق‬ ...... ‫ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻛﺘﻔﺎء ذاﺗﻲ‬

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • •

Amid the pandemic, the central government is putting forward plans to avoid any possible downturn in merchandise trade. There are proposals to establish a free-trade zone in line with our international commitments to meet the expectations of all partners. Due to the weak world economy and the escalating trade war between the United States and China, there is a dramatic slowdown in global trade. The basic economic argument for reducing impediments to trade rests on the improvements in the efficiency of allocating a country’s resources that result from such actions.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabi: TRADE DEFICITS AND SURPLUSES

When a country’s imports exceed its exports – that is, when it has a negative balance of trade – it suffers a trade deficit. When exports exceed imports, the nation enjoys a trade surplus. Several factors, such as general economic conditions and the effect of trade agreements, influence trade deficits and surpluses. For example, higher domestic costs, greater international competition, and continuing economic problems among some of its regional trading partners have slowed the tremendous growth in exports that Japan once enjoyed (Ebert & Griffin, 2013, p. 94).

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Translating economic texts

Text 2 IMPORTANCE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE TO NATIONS

Almost all nations of the world endeavour to develop their export markets, as export has increasingly become an engine of economic growth, development and national prosperity. The success of smaller economies like Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea is based on the fact that these economies are the centre of global manufacturing, trading and services activities. When the domestic markets are small, foreign markets provide opportunities to achieve economies of scale, trade expansion and economic growth to the nation. Secondly, countries tend to export commodities, goods and services, in case the demand for them in the local markets is limited, such as the export of agricultural products by the EU, the US and Australia and oil export from the Middle East countries. (Singh, 2009)

Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

endeavor an engine of smaller economies global manufacturing services activities foreign markets trade expansion commodities agricultural products

‫ﯾﺴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮك ﻟـ‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدات ﺻﻐﺮى‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻊ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬ ‫أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﻮاق ﺧﺎرﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺗﺠﺎري‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت زراﻋﯿﺔ‬

export markets prosperity the center of trading domestic markets economies of scale tend to demand for oil export

‫أﺳﻮاق اﻟﺘﺼﺪﯾﺮ‬ ‫ازدھﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮر‬/‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﺪاول‬ ‫ داﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬/ ‫أﺳﻮاق ﻣﺤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ اﻟﻤﻘﯿﺎس اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬/ ‫وﻓﻮرات اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﯿﻞ إﻟﻰ‬/‫ﯾﻤﯿﻞ‬ ‫طﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the above passage. Exercise 2: Translate following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

In 2018, China’s global manufacturing accounted for 28% of global manufacturing. Some local companies gained considerable experience in foreign markets and can therefore succeed in competing with other companies. Different countries engage in international trade to expand their goods and services market. International trade enables consumers to buy cheaper products. Export crops are grown for export markets and are usually traded on international markets. The Ministry of Agriculture stressed the need to enhance the capacity to implement international standards for agricultural products to ensure the competitiveness of those products in international markets. The success of smaller economies like Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea is based on the fact that these economies are centers of global manufacturing, trading, and services activities.

Translating economic texts 37 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

The central government discussed different ways to enhance the capacity of small companies in domestic markets.

.‫ﻧﺎﻗﺸﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻟﺘﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ‬ •

•

Efficient government export authorities can help local companies to identify possible opportunities to market their products in export markets.

.‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻔﺮص اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻹﻗﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ‬

•

Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

economic barriers branch office forbid exportation a domestic business trade gap quota encourage trade international transactions import substitution

‫ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬............. ................ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ‬ .......... ‫ﯾﺤﻈﺮ‬/‫ﯾﻤﻨﻊ‬ ................ ‫ أﻋﻤﺎل‬/ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬ ................ ‫ﻓﺠﻮة‬ ....................... ....................... .... ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬ ........ ‫إﺣﻼل‬/‫اﺳﺘﺒﺪال‬

economic differences flow of capital revenue tariffs embargo trade fair set a limit imports declined declining industries export earnings

..................... ....................... ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ‬ .............. ‫إﯾﺮادات‬ ............................. .................. ‫ﻣﻌﺮض‬ ............................ ........................... ‫ ﻣﺘﺪھﻮرة‬............... ................... ‫ﻋﺎﺋﺪات‬

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

Social barriers can sometimes lead to economic barriers which can include protectionism trade policies. Different governments made provisions which forbid the exportation of goods, technologies, or services if they are intended to promote the economic development of an enemy country. Different countries have recently proposed legislation to eliminate legal and economic barriers to international transactions. Countries relying on commodity exports are at risk of insufficient export earnings due to the intense competition in international markets. When domestic markets are small, foreign markets provide opportunities to achieve economies of scale, trade expansion, and economic growth in a nation. Many countries tend to export goods and services in case the demand for them in the local markets is limited, as in the exporting of agricultural products by the EU, the US, and Australia, and in the oil exports from Middle East countries.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: BARRIERS TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Whether a business is truly multinational or sells to only a few foreign markets, several factors will affect its international operations. Success in foreign markets will largely depend on the ways it responds to social, economic, legal, and political barriers to international trade (Ebert & Griffin, 2013, p. 103).

‫‪Translating economic texts‬‬

‫‪38‬‬

‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ واﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﮭﺪت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮة ﻟﻠﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ وﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﺗﻄﻮرات ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮھﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﻋﻘﺪت‬ ‫اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ وﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ )‪ (WTO‬ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،1995‬وھﻨﺎك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺮات‪/‬اﻟﺒﻮرﺻﺎت ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ واﻟﺴﻠﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺧﻀﻌﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻷﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻼت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺪاﻓﻊ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺲ وراء اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ واﻟﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻮرة واﻟﺴﻔﻦ واﻟﻤﻮاﻧﺊ اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ أﻗﯿﺎم اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ أرﻗﺎﻣﺎ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺟﺪا‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2000‬ﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬ ‫أﻗﯿﺎم اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ )‪ (6.5‬ﺗﺮﯾﻠﻮن دوﻻر‪ ،‬أي أﻧﮭﺎ ازدادت )ﻋﺸﺮون ﻣﺮة( ﻣﻨﺬ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ ،1970‬وﺗﺒﺎﯾﻨﺖ ﻣﺴﺎھﻤﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺪول ﻓﻲ أﻗﯿﺎم اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ وﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺎت‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺘﮭﺎ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2009‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﯿﻦ‪ ،‬أﻟﻤﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﺛﻢ اﻟﯿﺎﺑﺎن‪(Assamirrai, 2016, p. 201) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺪت اﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻮرﺻﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻊ‬ ‫أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻌﻤﻼت‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻊ وﺗﻄﻮر‬ ‫أﻗﯿﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﯾﻨﺖ‬

‫‪globalization‬‬ ‫‪agreements were concluded‬‬ ‫‪exchanges‬‬ ‫‪goods/commodities‬‬ ‫‪exchange rates‬‬ ‫‪expansion and development‬‬ ‫‪values‬‬ ‫‪varied‬‬

‫ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ وﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫ﺧﻀﻌﺖ‬ ‫داﻓﻊ رﺋﯿﺴﻲ‬ ‫وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺘﮭﺎ‬

‫‪goods and services‬‬ ‫‪to regulate‬‬ ‫‪fix prices‬‬ ‫‪was subjected to‬‬ ‫‪main drive‬‬ ‫‪transportation‬‬ ‫‪valued at‬‬ ‫‪topped by‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence until 1995.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﺟﻮھﺮ اﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ ﺗﺮى أن اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻧﺸﺎط اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﺮﺑﺢ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻠﺪول اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﮭﺎ إﻧﺘﺎج ﻛﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺑﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻟﺪول اﻷﺧﺮى‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﺴﻠﻊ‪ ،‬واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‪ ،‬واﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﯿﻦ دول ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻠﻌﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر دوراً ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﺗﺠﺎھﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗُﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺮض واﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮز أھﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاﻧﺊ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺴﮭﯿﻞ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﻮﻧﮭﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎء وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أدى ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ وﺟﺬب اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات أﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي وﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺮ وﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ أھﺪاف اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺳﺒﻞ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت اﻷﺳﻮاق ﻋﻘﺪ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرة دوﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﺨﺎص وﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﮭﺎرات واﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﺘﺒﺎدل اﻟﺘﺠﺎري اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫أدت اﻟﻘﯿﻮد اﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﺮﺿﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪول ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺪھﻮر اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﻌﯿﺸﯿﺔ ﻟﻔﺌﺎت ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﻀﻌﺖ ﻟﺘﺪاﺑﯿﺮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﺻﺎرﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺪاﻓﻊ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ وراء اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ واﻟﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻮرة اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺰزت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating economic texts 39‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﺳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺶ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺗﺤﻔﯿﺰ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر اﻷﺟﻨﺒﻲ وأﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ واﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪The committee discussed barriers to foreign investment, use of currency and interna‬‬‫‪tional trade.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪The state institution confirmed its support to the globalization of protectionism.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫أﻛﺪت اﻟﻮزارة أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺆﯾﺪ ﻋﻮﻟﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻔﺎوﺿﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ دول اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﻮل اﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﮭﺪف إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺎت اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪The two countries must negotiate international trade agreements aiming at strengthen‬‬‫‪ing global economies.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺴﻌﺮ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮردة‬ ‫ﯾﻀﻊ ﻋﺮاﻗﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺰﯾﺪ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ ‪ /‬ﺳﺪ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ اﻟﺴﻮق‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﯿﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ‬

‫‪law of ………..‬‬ ‫‪flow of ……….‬‬ ‫……‪marketing‬‬ ‫‪………….. goods‬‬ ‫……………‪impose‬‬ ‫‪……………. costs‬‬ ‫‪meet ……………...‬‬ ‫‪expand…………….‬‬ ‫‪…………….surplus‬‬

‫ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﮭﻼك ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺪاول اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻏﺬاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد طﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺸﺤﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻘﺎت اﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻮق ﻋﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬

‫‪………….... sector‬‬ ‫‪direct ..…………..‬‬ ‫…………… ‪trading‬‬ ‫‪food ……………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪date of …………..‬‬ ‫‪date of …………..‬‬ ‫‪…………….. costs‬‬ ‫……………………‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﯿﻦ واﻟﺘﺠﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺤﺪود‪.‬‬ ‫أدى ﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﻤﮭﺎرات اﻹدارﯾﺔ واﻟﻌﺠﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺑﻂء ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ وﻋﺪم اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎدي اﻟﻌﺠﺰ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان ﺑﮭﺪف‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮوﯾﺞ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻓﺮص ﺑﯿﻌﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺪر اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﺾ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺑﻠﺪان ﻣﺠﺎورة ﻓﻲ أﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺎ أو إﻟﻰ دول اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻨﺎﻗﺶ اﻟﻤﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺳﯿﻌﻘﺪ اﻟﺸﮭﺮ اﻟﻘﺎدم ﺳﺒﻞ ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﻮارد وﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺸﺖ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ ﺳﺒﻞ ﻣﻮاﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮاﺟﮫ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﻨﻘﻞ واﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﻋﺎﺋﺪات اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﺸﺮاء ﺳﻠﻊ وﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ دول ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﯿﺔ اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻮق‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ واﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر اﻷﺟﻨﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﻼﺣﻆ أن ﻣﻌﺪل ﻧﻤﻮ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر اﻷﺟﻨﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ زاد ﺑﻤﻌﺪل أﺳﺮع وأﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ زﯾﺎدة ﻣﻌﺪل ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﺪل ﻧﻤﻮ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﯾﻤﯿﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ إﻟﻰ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 12%‬ﺧﻼل ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﯿﻨﺎت ﺣﯿﺚ وﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم ‪ 1998‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 695‬ﻣﻠﯿﺎر دوﻻر ﺛﻢ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ زﯾﺎدة وﺻﻠﺖ إﻟﻰ ‪ 45%‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ وﺻﻞ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1999‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 1088‬ﻣﻠﯿﺎر‬ ‫دوﻻر وﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ زﯾﺎدة ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪.57%‬‬ ‫)‪(Awad & Shehata, 2018, p. 32‬‬

‫‪Translating economic texts‬‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫‪Text 2‬‬

‫ﻓﻔﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻷﺧﯿﺮة ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﺋﻖ ﺑﺪل ﻣﺤﺮك ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ھﺬه اﻟﺤﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﯾﺪة ﻣﻌﻨﺎھﺎ ﻣﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ إﺑﻄﺎء اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي وارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫واﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﺬا‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺗﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ وﺗﻘﯿﯿﺪھﺎ ھﻮ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺪﻧﻲ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺒﺎطﺆ اﻟﻮاﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻛﺎن ﻣﺴﺆوﻻً ﺑﺎﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻋﻦ ھﺒﻮط ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻨﻮي ﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 8%‬ﺧﻼل اﻟﺴﺘﯿﻨﺎت إﻟﻰ ‪ 5.7%‬ﺧﻼل اﻟﺴﺒﻌﯿﻨﺎت وإﻟﻰ ‪ 2.7%‬ﺧﻼل اﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻷول ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﯿﻨﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Shaheen, 2018, p. 37‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻷﺧﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻻت‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎطﺆ واﺳﻊ‬ ‫ھﺒﻮط ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺘﯿﻨﺎت‬

‫‪recent years‬‬ ‫‪protectionism‬‬ ‫‪drive‬‬ ‫‪low rates‬‬ ‫‪extended slowdown‬‬ ‫‪drop in average‬‬ ‫‪sixties‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫إﺑﻄﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﻘﯿﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﻌﯿﻨﺎت‬

‫‪TT‬‬ ‫‪turned into‬‬ ‫‪barrier‬‬ ‫‪slowing down‬‬ ‫‪restricting‬‬ ‫‪growth rates‬‬ ‫‪volume of‬‬ ‫‪seventies‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Translate the first passage above.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻧﻌﻜﺴﺖ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻧﺘﮭﺠﺘﮭﺎ ھﺬه اﻟﺒﻠﺪان ﺳﻠﺒﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ واﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﮭﺠﮭﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات‬ ‫اﻷﺧﯿﺮة إﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﺋﻖ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺮك اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ واﻟﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻮظﺔ ﻟﺘﺪاول اﻟﺴﻠﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺸﻜﻞ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻨﻤﻮ وارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﺋﻘﺎ ً ﯾﮭﺪد ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‪.‬‬ ‫أظﮭﺮت اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﯾﺮ أن ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺎت ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﮭﻤﺔ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ظﻞ ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺮﻛﻮد اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺴﻮق‪ ،‬وﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ وﻋﺪم‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﻲ واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫أظﮭﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﺴﻨﻮي أن زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ وزﯾﺎدة دﺧﻞ اﻷﺳﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ طﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻓﻲ اﻵوﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﯿﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫رﻓﻌﺖ اﻟﻠﺠﺎن اﻟﻤﻌﻨﯿﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﺎﺗﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻻﺗﺨﺎذ ﺗﺪاﺑﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﺗﺠﺎرة دوﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺆدي اﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ واﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻓﺮص اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ أﺳﻮاق ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫وﺗﺤﻔﯿﺰ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻛﻘﻮة ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﻋﺪة ﺑﻠﺪان إﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻨﻤﻮ طﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺟﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻋﺮﺑﺖ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻠﻘﮭﺎ ﺣﯿﺎل ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ھﺒﻮط ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ﺗﺠﺎرة اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي أﺛﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺎت اﻟﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

3

Translating management texts

3.1 Management Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1: The management process Managers work in charities, social organizations, educational institutions, and government agencies. Regardless of the nature and size of an organization, managers are among its most important resources. Management itself is the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling an organization’s financial, physical, human, and information resources to achieve its goals. Managers oversee the use of all these resources in their respective firms. All aspects of a manager’s job are interrelated. Any given manager is likely to be engaged in each of these activities during the course of any given day (Ebert & Griffin, 2013, p. 114).

Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

managers social organizations government agencies resources leading human oversee aspects be engaged in

‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﻛﺎﻻت ﺣﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎدة‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮي‬ ‫ﯾﺸﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻻت‬ ‫ ﯾﻨﺨﺮط ﻓﻲ‬/ ‫ﯾﺸﺎرك‬

charities institutions nature and size management physical achieve its goals firms interrelated the course of

‫ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺎت ﺧﯿﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬ ‫طﺒﯿﻌﺔ وﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫ﻣﺎدي‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻖ أھﺪاﻓﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first two sentences of the above passage. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • •

Managers of social organizations must inform all employees about the competencies related to the effective management of their organizations. This research paper discusses the effective implementation of strategic management programs in government agencies. The report highlights government agencies’ weak management policies that did not promote managing local resources. Some people believe that public-sector management has the same qualities as privatesector management.

DOI: 10.4324/9781003170846-4

42

Translating management texts

•

Managers of the public-sector institutions need to employ strategies that ensure effective human resource management. Management is sometimes referred to as the process of achieving the strategic goals of a certain institution.

•

Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

The process of human resource management includes the selection and recruitment of employees.

•

Managers are responsible for overseeing a company or employees and for directing and planning the human resources and administrative functions of a specific company.

.‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر وﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﯿﮭﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺴﺆﻟﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺪﯾﺮﯾﻦ ﻛﻼً ﻣﻦ إدارة اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ أو ﻣﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ‬ .‫ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ وﺗﻮﺟﯿﮫ اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬

• •

Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

comprehensive strategy operational plans work environment satisfy priority time management measure performance communicate objectives develop strategies perform tasks

‫ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬........... ................ ‫ﺧﻄﻂ‬ ......................... .................. ‫ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ‬ ........................ ............. ‫ﻗﯿﺎس‬ ...... ‫ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻞ‬/ ‫اﻹﺑﻼغ ﻋﻦ‬ ............... ‫ ﯾﻄﻮر‬/ ‫ﯾﻀﻊ‬ ............... ‫ﯾﺆدي‬

determine goals supervise emerging markets foster partnerships make decisions set objectives board of directors unsatisfactory allocate resources

.................... ‫ﯾﺤﺪد‬ ........................... ‫ ﻧﺎﺷﺌﺔ‬.................... ................... ‫ﯾﻌﺰز‬ .................... ‫ﯾﺘﺨﺬ‬ ................... ‫ﯾﺤﺪد‬ ..................‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ‬ .......................... .............. ‫ﯾﺨﺼﺺ‬

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

A comprehensive strategy is a company’s plan to achieve its planned objectives. Operational plans provide managers with detailed and necessary information on the tasks that must be performed. A manager’s responsibilities include measuring employees’ performance and providing them with direction. The tasks of a company’s board of directors include sorting out priorities, developing strategic plans, finding and allocating resources, and achieving strategic objectives. The central government currently seeks to foster partnerships with the private sector, which plays a key role in emerging markets. Time management is the optimal tool for maximizing productivity during a given period of time.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: POLICIES

In the context of company strategy, policies are guiding rules or principles that are regarded as an integral part of the company’s “success model”; that is to say, they are practices or ways of doing things, often long established, that are seen as indispensable parts of the company’s formula for achieving a sustainable competitive advantage (Sadler, 2003, p. 10).

Translating management texts 43 Text 2 Strategic management can be seen as the linking process between the management of the organization’s internal resources and its external relationships with its customers, suppliers, competitors, and the economic and social environment in which it exists. The organization develops these relationships from its abilities and resources. Hence, the organization uses its history, skills, resources, knowledge, and various concepts to explore its future actions. For some large organizations, there are additional aspects of strategy that occur at their headquarters. This is called the corporate level of strategic management and covers such topics as raising finance and dealing with subsidiaries (Lynch, 2015, p. 10). Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

strategic management internal resources customers competitors develops relationships concepts future actions headquarters raising finance

‫إدارة إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد داﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻼء‬/‫زﺑﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎھﯿﻢ‬ ‫إﺟﺮاءات ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮات‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬

linking process external relationships suppliers social environment abilities explore aspects corporate level subsidiaries

‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ رﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت ﺧﺎرﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮردون‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺌﺔ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرات‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﻜﺸﻒ‬ ‫أوﺟﮫ‬/‫ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺷﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬/‫ﻓﺮوع‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the above passage. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • •

Some countries focus on strategic management of industrial development to promote national economies. The present research paper is designed to analyze the impact of firms’ external relationships on development at the organizational level. The process of internal resource management is specifically designed to identify priorities, to effectively and efficiently develop resources, and to foster productivity. The new business strategy aims to develop business relationships among different companies. Customers can benefit from the presence of different competitors, which leads to a reduction in goods and services prices because competing companies seek to secure a larger market share. New companies are aware that developing their business largely depends on building strong relationships with internal and external institutions. The political, economic, and social environment and the free-trade zone have attracted different investors to various economic sectors in the country, which consequently led to economic growth.

44

Translating management texts

Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

The study recommended carrying out an analysis and evaluation of the available resources and capabilities.

•

The committee discussed allocating all available physical and human resources to achieve the planned objectives.

.‫أوﺻﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺑﺈﺟﺮاء دراﺳﺔ ﺟﺪوى ﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬ .‫ﺳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺶ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﮭﺎ اﻟﻘﺎدم ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ أھﺪاف اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬

• •

Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. ST

TT

.............. ‫ﯾﻨﻔﺬ‬/‫ﯾﻄﺒﻖ‬ implement strategy sustainable advantages ................ utilize resources ............ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﻐﻞ‬/‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ survive competition ............. ‫ ﯾﺠﺎري‬/ ‫ﯾﺼﻤﺪ أﻣﺎم‬ create value ............ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ‬/‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬ project management ........................ performance indicator ...............‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ‬ brand management ‫ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬....... operations management ....................

ST

TT

........................ management culture general manager ................ ‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮ‬ enhance performance ............... ‫ﯾﻌﺰز‬ exploit linkages ......... ‫ﯾﺴﺘﻐﻞ‬/‫ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ change objectives ............................ company activities ............................ management tools ............................ international expansion .............. ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻊ‬ functional organization ‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ وظﯿﻔﻲ‬

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

The institution decided to implement its strategies and programs to gain sustainable advantages. Some new strategic plans present different mechanisms to develop work capacities and utilize resources efficiently. The general manager stressed the need to include key performance indicators and other essential elements in any future project management plan. Some local companies began to improve their operations management to face the challenges of foreign companies’ international expansion. Public-sector institutions may utilize management tools developed by the private sector to improve performance. The project management team members believe that developing the company activities can significantly help meeting the needs of the local community.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: Company directors are responsible to shareholders and other stakeholders to ensure that the capital invested in the company is used prudently. Directors are expected to maximize the return on investment for that capital. The principal reason for having a project authorization procedure is to ensure that money will only be spent on projects that promise to be profitable or are otherwise essential in the interests of the organization and its stakeholders (Lock, 2013, p. 119).

‫‪Translating management texts 45‬‬ ‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﻌﻰ إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة ﺷﻌﺒﯿﺔ اﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ أو ﺳﻠﻌﺘﮭﺎ وﺗﻔﻀﯿﻠﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﯿﺮھﺎ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺳﻤﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻒ وراء اﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ أو اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ وﺗﺮوﯾﺞ ﺑﯿﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ أو ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﮭﻮر إﻟﻰ زﺑﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺔ أو اﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻹﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺳﯿﺲ ھﻮﯾﺔ وﺻﻮرة ﻗﯿﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ أو اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق ﻓﮭﻲ ﺗﮭﺪف أن ﺗﻜﻮن راﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﯿﺰة ﻋﻦ ﻏﯿﺮھﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻹﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ أﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ وﺗﻮﺳﯿﻌﮭﺎ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﺸﺮ أﻓﻜﺎر ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﯾﺘﻘﺒﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻨﺎس‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻔﺴﺢ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻌﮭﺎ أو ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﺟﺪﯾﺪة وأﺳﻮاق ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‪(Al-Hariri, 2016b, pp. 26–27) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫زﯾﺎدة ﺷﻌﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻀﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻒ وراء‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﮭﻮر‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺳﯿﺲ ھﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫راﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﯿﺰة‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺸﺮ أﻓﻜﺎر‬

‫‪increase popularity‬‬ ‫‪favor/give preference to‬‬ ‫‪produces‬‬ ‫‪turn audience into‬‬ ‫‪global corporations‬‬ ‫‪create identity‬‬ ‫‪leading‬‬ ‫‪outstanding‬‬ ‫‪disseminating ideas‬‬

‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﺳﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮوﯾﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت دوﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة ﻗﯿﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﺢ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬

‫‪company/firm name‬‬ ‫‪build reputation‬‬ ‫‪promotion‬‬ ‫‪strategic relationships‬‬ ‫‪international institutions‬‬ ‫‪leading image‬‬ ‫‪in its field‬‬ ‫‪expanding‬‬ ‫‪allow/give way to‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ‪Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence until‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English.‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫دﺧﻠﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻹﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 2020‬ﻟﻀﻤﺎن إﺗﺒﺎع أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺟﻮدة ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻨﺎ وﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻼً ﺟﻮھﺮﯾﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻗﺪرة ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ واﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪم ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻟﺸﺮﯾﺤﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﻨﺪ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮون واﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ أو ﺳﻤﻌﺘﮭﺎ ﻛﺪﻟﯿﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮدة ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﯾﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﺸﺮ أﻓﻜﺎر ﺳﻠﺒﯿﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻤﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن ﻣﺒﯿﻌﺎت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺧﺒﺮاء ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﺑﻐﺮض اﻟﺘﺮوﯾﺞ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت وﺧﺪﻣﺎت ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ واﻹﻗﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻤﺜﻞ أﺛﺮ ﺗﻔﻀﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻊ اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺢ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﯿﻦ ﻗﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻣﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷرﺑﺎح‪.‬‬ ‫ھﺪﻓﺖ اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻹﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺳﯿﺲ ھﻮﯾﺘﮭﺎ ﻛﺸﺮﻛﺔ راﺋﺪة ﺗﻘﺪم أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻋﻤﻠﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺿﻊ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺎت ﺗﮭﺪف إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻷرﺑﺎح ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﺴﻮﻗﯿﺔ وزﯾﺎدة‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ أھﺪاف زﯾﺎدة رﺑﺢ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺧﻔﺾ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﮭﺎ وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺟﻮدﺗﮭﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ دول اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺞ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating management texts‬‬

‫‪46‬‬

‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ زﯾﺎدة ﻓﺮص ﻣﺴﺎھﻤﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر واﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‪.‬‬ ‫‪International institutions can limit their contribution to the economic development.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪The company previous management sought to discuss expanding activities in all EU‬‬ ‫‪countries.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪Increasing productivity leads to increasing integration of services regionally.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﺴﻌﻰ إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﺳﯿﻊ ﻧﻄﺎق ﻋﻤﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ دول اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺆدي زﯾﺎدة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻌﯿﺪﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ واﻟﺪوﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﺛﻮرة ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﯿﺔ‬ ‫ظﺮوف اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎطﺎت إﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﻜﯿﻒ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫إﺷﺒﺎع ‪ /‬إرﺿﺎء ﺣﺎﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪم ورﻓﺎھﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮظﯿﻒ اﻟﻤﻮارد‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎط ﺗﺠﺎري‬

‫………‪information‬‬ ‫‪…………………...‬‬ ‫‪human…………...‬‬ ‫‪to adapt‬‬ ‫‪optimal …………..‬‬ ‫‪satisfy …………....‬‬ ‫‪……… prosperity‬‬ ‫‪utilize …………..‬‬ ‫…………‪business‬‬

‫ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ‪ /‬إدارة اﻟﻤﻮارد‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺨﯿﺮ ‪ /‬اﺳﺘﻐﻼل ﻣﻮارد‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ إﺟﺮاءات‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﯿﮫ وﻗﯿﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ وﺣﻮﻛﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺴﯿﻖ واﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫أھﺪاف ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬

‫……………………‬ ‫‪………management‬‬ ‫……………‪harness‬‬ ‫‪….……..procedures‬‬ ‫………… ‪guidance‬‬ ‫‪…………governance‬‬ ‫‪…………....oversight‬‬ ‫………‪organizational‬‬ ‫………………‪assess‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻋﻘﺪت ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎ ً ﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺳﺒﻞ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻗﺪراﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺘﺨﻄﯿﻂ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﻲ‪ ،‬وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺟﻮدة ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وإدارة ﻣﻮاردھﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻛﺪت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮورة ﺗﮭﯿﺌﺔ ﻓﺮص اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر وﺟﺬﺑﮫ ﻛﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻤﻮارد ﻣﺤﻠﯿﺎ ً‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻊ ﻧﻘﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدات ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﮭﺪف اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻹدارة اﻹﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻤﺎن اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﻘﯿﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻸﻧﺸﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺮﻛﺰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﺴﯿﻖ واﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬وإدارة ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر وﺿﻤﺎن اﻻﻟﺘﺰام‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﯿﻂ اﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﮭﺪف اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻷوﻗﺎت وﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻋﺘﻤﺪت ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺟﮭﻮد اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻮارد ﻟﻀﻤﺎن اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ظﻞ اﻷزﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﺗﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ دوراً ھﺎﻣﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺎت إدارة اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ ﻟﻤﮭﺎﻣﮭﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺰﯾﺎدة ﺣﺪة اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮﻧﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺿﻐﻄﺎ ً ﻣﺘﺰاﯾﺪاً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺟﮭﺰة اﻹدارﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮاء اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ أم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ أﻛﺜﺮ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‪ .‬وھﺬا ﺑﺪوره ﺷﻜﻞ ﺿﻐﻄﺎ ً ﻣﺘﺰاﯾﺪاً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ إدارة اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﮭﺎ ﻟﯿﺴﻌﻮا إﻟﻰ إﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﻜﺮة ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻷﻓﺮاد‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Rashid, 2018, p. 31‬‬

‫‪Translating management texts 47‬‬ ‫‪Text 2‬‬

‫وﻟﻠﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ أداء إدارة اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ ﻟﻮظﺎﺋﻔﮭﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺆدي اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮات‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﯿﺎن إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﮭﺎرات اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ھﯿﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫أﺳﻮاق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﺒﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺰاﯾﺪ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﺳﺘﺤﺪاث أﻋﻤﺎل ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‪ ،‬واﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻦ أﻋﻤﺎل وﺧﺪﻣﺎت أﺧﺮى ﺗﺨﻄﺎھﺎ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪ .‬وﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ دون آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻼ‪ .‬ﻓﮭﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺮض واﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻷﻧﻮاع ﻛﺜﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ إدارة اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﮭﺎرات واﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎت‪ ،‬وھﺬا ﺑﺪوره ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ووﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎب اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ وﻧﻮﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺐ وﻏﯿﺮ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ وظﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ‪ .‬وأﺑﺮز ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ أﺣﺪﺛﺘﮫ اﻟﺘﻄﻮرات اﻟﮭﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺮت ﻓﻲ ﻣﯿﺪان ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت اﻵﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻮاﻋﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ أﺳﮭﻢ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫أﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻵﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وھﻮ ﻣﺎ أدي إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺤﺪاث وظﺎﺋﻒ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ً ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﮭﺎرات ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬واﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎء ﻋﻦ وظﺎﺋﻒ أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Rashid, 2018, p. 33‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫أداء وظﺎﺋﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﮭﺎرات ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ھﯿﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺤﺪاث‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻄﺎھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮض واﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎب ‪ /‬ﺟﺬب‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﺒﺎت آﻟﯿﺔ‬

‫‪technological factors‬‬ ‫‪perform functions‬‬ ‫‪necessary skills‬‬ ‫‪structures‬‬ ‫‪developing/introducing‬‬ ‫‪surpass‬‬ ‫‪supply and demand‬‬ ‫‪attracting‬‬ ‫‪computer industry‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮات‬ ‫ﺳﻮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺰاﯾﺪ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎء ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﺼﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻄﻮرات‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬

‫‪significant impact‬‬ ‫‪changes‬‬ ‫‪job market‬‬ ‫‪demand increase‬‬ ‫‪dispense with‬‬ ‫‪aspects‬‬ ‫‪specializations‬‬ ‫‪developments‬‬ ‫‪departments‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence up to‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﻌﺰز اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ إدارة ﻣﻮاردھﺎ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ وﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ أھﺪاﻓﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﮭﺪف اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻣﮭﺎرات إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻗﺪرات اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ وإدارة اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮارد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﻤﺔ أﺛﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﻲ ﻟﺴﻮء إدارة أدوار اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ وﻣﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺎﺗﮭﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺘﮭﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎھﻤﺖ اﻟﺠﮭﻮد اﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺬﻟﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﺘﻮازن ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﺮض واﻟﻄﻠﺐ وﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ أﺳﻌﺎر ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك ﺗﻄﻮرات ﺗﮭﺪف إﻟﻰ إدﺧﺎل ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻨﺎت ﻓﻲ أداء اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺠﻠﺲ إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﺳﺘﺤﺪاث آﻟﯿﺎت ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﺗﻀﻤﻦ اﺗﺒﺎع اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺈدارة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﮭﺪت اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻷﺧﯿﺮة ﺗﺰاﯾﺪاً ﻣﻠﺤﻮظﺎ ً ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻠﺤﻮم ﺑﻌﺪ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪.%25‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺤﺪﺛﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ وظﺎﺋﻒ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻟﻤﻮاﻛﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﻮرات ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ رﻏﺒﺎت اﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎب ﻣﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ﺟﺪد‪.‬‬ ‫أﺳﮭﻢ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﻄﻮر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻵﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating management texts‬‬

‫‪48‬‬

‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮاﺟﮫ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻋﺪم ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺚ ھﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫‪The main obstacle facing the public sector is the introduction of company structures.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪The program aimed to provide company managers with skills related to communication‬‬ ‫‪techniques.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪The team discussed the evaluation of demand on new resources.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﮭﺪف ورﺷﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ إﻟﻰ إﻛﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﺘﺪرﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﮭﺎرات ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺸﺖ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺮض واﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﺒﺪﯾﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 4: Complete the English translation in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫أداء ﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫إدارة ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬ ‫ﺛﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺗﻘﺎرﯾﺮ‬ ‫أھﺪاف ﻗﺼﯿﺮة اﻟﻤﺪى‬ ‫رﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬

‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪oversight....................‬‬ ‫‪effective.....................‬‬ ‫‪....................................‬‬ ‫‪respond ....................‬‬ ‫‪investors.....................‬‬ ‫‪follow-up...................‬‬ ‫‪short-term.................‬‬ ‫‪raise............................‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻷزﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻂ ﺗﻜﺘﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫رﻓﻊ ﻛﻔﺎءة‬ ‫ﯾﺮاﻗﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫رﺿﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ‬ ‫طﺮح ‪ /‬ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت‬

‫‪.....................................‬‬ ‫‪tactical.......................‬‬ ‫‪comprehensive ..............‬‬ ‫‪increase ...........................‬‬ ‫‪oversee.......................‬‬ ‫‪.................. satisfaction‬‬ ‫‪implementing ................‬‬ ‫‪introduce.........................‬‬ ‫‪determine .......................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﻹﯾﺠﺎد وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺮأة ﻓﻲ إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫واﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص‪.‬‬ ‫أوﺻﺖ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ ﺑﺘﺄﺳﯿﺲ ھﯿﺌﺔ رﻗﺎﺑﺔ وﺷﻔﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ أداء اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺰاﻣﮭﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ وﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫رﻛﺰ اﺟﺘﻤﺎع ﻣﺠﻠﺲ إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ آﻟﯿﺎت ﻟﻘﯿﺎس ﻣﺪى اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﮭﺎ ﺑﻤﻮاﻛﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﮭﺪف ﺗﺸﺠﯿﻊ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ إﻟﻰ رﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ أھﺪاف اﻹﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ رﺿﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ وﺿﻤﺎن اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻣﻮارد اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪث ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ طﺮح ُﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ أداء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺴﺮت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ رأس ﻣﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪم ﻗﺪرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺘﺠﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ اﻹﻏﻼق ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻔﺸﻲ ﻓﯿﺮوس ﻛﻮروﻧﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮر ﻓﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ أھﺪاﻓﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ اﻟﻤﻮارد‪ :‬ھﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪة ﺧﻄﻮات ﺻﻤﻤﺖ ﻟﺘﺰوﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻓﺮاد اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﯿﻦ ﻟﻠﻮظﺎﺋﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬إن ھﺬه اﻟﺨﻄﻮات ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ اﻟﻮظﺎﺋﻒ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎب ﺛﻢ اﻻﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﺛﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﯿﯿﻦ‪(Mohammed, 2014, p. 38) .‬‬

Translating management texts 49

3.2 Company and organization structure Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1 Most public administration organizations have a hierarchical, “pyramidal” structure. In a hierarchical organizational structure, power is centralized, and project teams may be established for issues that are cross-cutting. When a network approach is chosen inside such an organization, typically a process team (with a horizontal orientation) is installed that profits from and is supported by a (vertically oriented) hierarchical structure. A typical market style organization has business or profit units that compete with each other to get hold of the available resources. In several Dutch ministries nowadays, internal services have to be paid for by policy units. This market concept is an attempt to lower the total costs (Meuleman, 2008, p. 338). Vocabulary ST

TT

‫إدارة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ public administration organizational structure ‫ھﯿﻜﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ‬ centralized ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ‬ cross-cutting (‫ ﻋﺮﺿﯿﺔ )ﻋﺪة ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت‬/ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ installed ‫ﯾُﺸﻜﻞ‬ market style ‫ﻧﻤﻂ اﻟﺴﻮق‬ compete with ‫ﯾﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻣﻊ‬ available resources ‫ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬ internal services ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت داﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬

ST

TT

‫ھﺮﻣﻲ‬ hierarchical power ‫ ﻗﻮة‬/ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ‬ project teams ‫ﻓﺮق اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬ network approach ‫ﻧﮭﺞ ﺷﺒﻜﻲ‬ profits from ‫ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ business for profit ‫أﻋﻤﺎل رﺑﺤﯿﺔ‬ get hold of ‫ ﯾﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺑـ‬/ ‫ﯾﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ Dutch ministries ‫وزارات ھﻮﻟﻨﺪﯾﺔ‬ market concept ‫ﻣﻔﮭﻮم اﻟﺴﻮق‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first two sentences above into Arabic. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • •

Public administration is responsible for organizing government policies and the performance of state employees. The organizational structure of a private-sector company means that private individuals own and manage the company and its activities. Two studies discussed the impact of selecting a certain organizational structure based on the firm’s ability to compete in domestic markets. Some companies offer a number of internal services to their employees working in different departments and units. The general manager recommended maximizing the use of available resources in order to quickly overcome the financial difficulties. For-profit organizations primarily aim to generate profits, which means that they spend less than what they earn. The organization management selected three highly skilled employees to join its new project team.

50

Translating management texts

Exercise 3: Identify correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

The newly appointed manager worked for a competing company.

•

The government decided to allocate all available resources to boost productivity.

•

Women’s participation in public administration was a priority for the newly elected government.

.‫ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﺮك اﻟﻤﻮظﻒ اﻟﺬي ُﻋﯿﻦ ﻣﺆﺧﺮاً ﻋﻤﻠﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎن ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﮭﺎ‬

.‫ﻗﺮرت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬ .ً‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ أوﻟﻮﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻧﺘُﺨﺒﺖ ﻣﺆﺧﺮا‬

• • •

Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

marketing manager delegate responsibility collaborating with optimal structure chain of command give instructions internal functions reporting relationships autonomous divisions

................. ‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮ‬ ............... ‫ﯾﻔﻮض‬ ....................... ‫ اﻷﻣﺜﻞ‬.............. ‫ اﻷواﻣﺮ‬................ .............. ‫ﯾﺼﺪر‬ ............... ‫ﻣﮭﺎم‬ ....... ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ‬ ‫ ذاﺗﯿﺔ‬/ ‫ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬.................

encourage innovation outsourcing contract matrix management run the risk of line authority allows flexibility line manager functional structure permanent conflicts

............ ‫ﯾﺸﺠﻊ‬ ‫ ﻣﺼﺪر ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬...... ‫ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬........... ‫ﯾﺨﺎطﺮ ب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬.........‫ﺧﻂ‬ ..................... ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬............... ‫وظﯿﻔﻲ‬.............. .....................

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • •

Companies employ marketing managers to attract customers. Managers promote the brands, products, and services of the companies they work for. In a horizontal company structure, managers can delegate certain tasks to employees at lower structure levels through the “chain of command.” All companies should have good organizational structures which clearly explain the reporting relationships to promote employees’ performance. Successful managers encourage motivation among employees to increase productivity and achieve profits. The higher management asserted the need to define the line authority and chain of command to avoid any conflicts. While the central management controls the organization as a whole, autonomous divisions take most decisions. The line manager prepares job descriptions and employee performance evaluation forms.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: Organizational structure is the organization’s formal system of task, power, and reporting relationships. Organizational structure coordinates, controls, and motivates employees (Gully & Phillips, 2013, p. 127).

Translating management texts 51 Text 2 An organizational structure defines how job tasks are formally divided, grouped, and coordinated. Jobs are grouped into departments, and departments are linked to form the organizational structure. Organizational structure is the formal pattern of interaction and coordination designed by management to link the tasks of individuals and groups in achieving organizational goals. The word “formal” in this context refers to the fact that organization structures typically are created by management for specific purposes related to achieving organizational goals and hence are official or formal outcomes of the organizing function. Organizations also have informal structures, or patterns of interaction, which are not designed by management but which emerge usually because of common interests or friendship (Aquinas, 2008, p. 94). Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

organization structure grouped into link specific purposes formal outcomes informal structures emerge

‫ھﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗُﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫أﻏﺮاض ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ رﺳﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﯿﺎﻛﻞ ﻏﯿﺮ رﺳﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ ﯾﻨﺸﺄ‬/ ‫ﯾﻈﮭﺮ‬

formally divided coordination context organizational goals organizing function patterns common interests

ً ‫ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ رﺳﻤﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺴﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎق‬ ‫أھﺪاف ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﮭﻤﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻤﺎط‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first two sentences from the above passage. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • • •

The nature of tasks determines the type of organizational structure. The committee recommended establishing a new company to achieve the specific purposes. Three members from the board of directors held a meeting to discuss and evaluate the formal outcomes and organizing functions. Achieving common business interests requires resolving any possible conflicts and coordinating tasks. Organizational design refers to the selection and management of organizational structure aspects in order to achieve the organizational goals. Companies should carefully design their organizational structure to support the communication patterns among employees and effectively implement their business strategies. Effective organizational structures can significantly contribute to achieving organizational goals by promoting positive relationships, improving efficiency, and motivating employees. The performance of many companies depends on their responding to changes by redesigning their organizational structures.

52

Translating management texts

Exercise 3: Correct the errors in the following Arabic translations: •

Job applicants should consider the organizational structure if they decide to apply for a job in a specific company.

‫ﻻ ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﻗﺮروا اﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﺑﻄﻠﺐ وظﯿﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬ .‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬

•

•

The effectiveness of a structure depends on the nature of the organization and the environment in which it operates.

•

The activities and performance of a certain level in an organizational structure are supervised by a higher level.

.‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ھﯿﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ طﺒﯿﻌﺘﮭﺎ واﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﮭﺎ‬ .‫ﯾﺸﺮف ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﺸﻄﺘﮫ وأداءه‬

• •

Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

job title incompatible goals mission division of labor competitive environment integrate employees structural changes

.............. ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ‬ ........................ ........................ ................. ‫ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ‬ ................. .................... ‫ﯾﺪﻣﺞ‬ ‫ ھﯿﻜﻠﯿﺔ‬...................

unified structure specialized jobs improve effectiveness restructuring temporary groups organizational rules specialize or perform

............................ ........................... .................... ...................‫إﻋﺎدة‬ .......................... .................‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ......................

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • •

The workforce analysis refers to all jobs within a department and shows the total number of employees working in the department and their job titles. Division of labor is defined as the process of separating a work process at an organization into a number of tasks. Different people are assigned different tasks to perform. The competitive environment in which different businesses operate depends on the opportunities available for them to compete effectively with one another. Some internal or external factors may require making changes to the organization’s structure. These can include changes to the organization’s strategic goals and operations. The rules of business institutions determine and govern how employees perform their tasks and meet their responsibilities.

Exercise 6: Translate the italicized words in the following passage: Organizational structure is associated with group formation, i.e. the setting up of divisions, departments, work sections, etc. The term “group” is commonly defined as a number of people who: (1) interact with one another; (2) are psychologically aware of one another; and (3) perceive themselves to be a group (Noaum, 2001, p. 79).

‫‪Translating management texts 53‬‬ ‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫اﻟﮭﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻀﻤﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻗﻨﻮات اﻧﺴﯿﺎب اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻹدارات واﻷﻗﺴﺎم واﻟﻔﺮوع‪،‬‬ ‫ووﺻﻒ اﻟﻮظﺎﺋﻒ واﻟﻠﺠﺎن‪ .‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﯿﮫ أن اﻟﮭﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﺘﻤﻜﯿﻦ ھﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﮭﯿﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﯿﻒ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ وﺳﮭﻮﻟﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت وﻗﺪرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات‪ .‬وﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ وﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻮظﺎﺋﻒ‪ .‬وﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﺮد ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ رﺋﯿﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬وﺗﻜﻮن اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﻠﯿﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﻗﻮي ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻛﻜﻞ‪ ،‬وﯾﻨﻌﻜﺲ ھﺬا ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪﯾﺮﯾﻦ وﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻮزﯾﻌﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻹدارة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻓﺮاد‪ .‬ﻓﺈن ﺗﮭﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﺘﻤﻜﯿﻦ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة اﻟﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻹدارﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎدة اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﻄﯿﺎت ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Abu Hatlah, 2010, p. 37‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﯾﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫اﻧﺴﯿﺎب اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻹدارات‬ ‫وﺻﻒ وظﺎﺋﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﻗﻮي‬ ‫ﺗﮭﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺎت ﻣﻌﺘﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻄﯿﺎت‬

‫‪includes‬‬ ‫‪authority flow‬‬ ‫‪administrations‬‬ ‫‪job description‬‬ ‫‪work/labor division‬‬ ‫‪strong control‬‬ ‫‪create atmosphere‬‬ ‫‪common practices‬‬ ‫‪data/facts‬‬

‫ﻗﻨﻮات‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬ ‫ﻓﺮوع‬ ‫ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ وﺗﻜﯿﻒ‬ ‫اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﻠﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻜﯿﻦ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﺎ ً‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬

‫‪channels‬‬ ‫‪characteristics‬‬ ‫‪divisions‬‬ ‫‪flexibility and adaptation‬‬ ‫‪senior management‬‬ ‫‪information flow‬‬ ‫‪empowerment‬‬ ‫‪most compatible‬‬ ‫‪knowledge age‬‬

‫اﻟﻮظﺎﺋﻒ واﻟﻠﺠﺎن ‪Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence up to‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻋﺮض ﻣﺠﻠﺲ إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ واﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻤﻞ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ووﺻﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻮظﺎﺋﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪم اﻟﻤﺪﯾﺮ وﺻﻔﺎ ً دﻗﯿﻘﺎ ً ﻵﻟﯿﺎت ﻋﻤﻞ اﻹدارات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﮭﺎﻣﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وطﺮق اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫إطﻼع اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺪد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎدة‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻹداري ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺪرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻧﻈﻤﮭﺎ اﻹدارﯾﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻈﯿﻢ ﻛﻔﺎءة ﻋﻤﻠﮭﺎ وﻓﺎﻋﻠﯿﺘﮫ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﯿﺎ ً وإﻗﻠﯿﻤﯿﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﮭﺪف وﺿﻊ ھﯿﻜﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ ﺟﯿﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻮظﺎﺋﻒ واﻹدارات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬واﻧﺴﯿﺎب اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬وطﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻦ أھﻤﯿﺔ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ھﯿﻜﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﯿﻦ أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ذﻛﺮت إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ أن اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﯾﺤﺪد أﺳﺲ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ﺣﺴﺐ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺗﮭﻢ ﺑﮭﺪف إﻧﺠﺎز‬ ‫ﻣﮭﺎﻣﮭﻢ ﺑﻔﺎﻋﻠﯿﺔ وﺿﻤﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ أھﺪاف اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪد اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت أﻗﺴﺎم ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‪ ،‬وﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷﻓﺮاد داﺧﻠﮭﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﮭﺎم اﻟﻤﻨﻮطﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮظﻒ واﻟﺘﻨﺴﯿﻖ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating management texts‬‬

‫‪54‬‬

‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﺣﻘﻘﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ أھﺪاﻓﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ وﺿﻊ ھﯿﻜﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ ﯾﺤﺪد آﻟﯿﺎت ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ اﻟﻤﮭﺎم واﻟﺘﻨﺴﯿﻖ واﻹﺷﺮاف‪.‬‬

‫‪The company achieved its goals after developing an organizational structure that defines‬‬ ‫‪its tasks.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪The previously adopted plan provides different ways of dealing with corporate confi‬‬‫‪dential information.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮض اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻹﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة ﺳﺒﻞ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت داﺧﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫إﻋﺎدة ﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ وﺗﻨﺴﯿﻖ‬ ‫وﺣﺪات وﻣﮭﻤﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻤﺎت إدارﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت وظﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺼﺪر أواﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺠﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮؤوﺳﯿﻦ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯿﻦ‬

‫‪…………………….‬‬ ‫……………………‬ ‫‪…………………….‬‬ ‫‪…………………….‬‬ ‫‪functional ………….‬‬ ‫‪…………………….‬‬ ‫‪…………………….‬‬ ‫‪…………………….‬‬ ‫‪……… subordinates‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ إداري‬ ‫ﻗﻨﻮات اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫إداري ووظﯿﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ ﻣﮭﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻮﯾﺾ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ وﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ‬

‫‪managerial …………..‬‬ ‫‪……………………….‬‬ ‫‪………….. & functional‬‬ ‫………… ‪allocation of‬‬ ‫‪…………………….‬‬ ‫…………… ‪delegate‬‬ ‫……… ‪organizational‬‬ ‫‪…………………….‬‬ ‫‪…………………….‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫أدت إﻋﺎدة ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ أھﺪاف اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ورؤﯾﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﮭﺪف‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ وﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺒﯿﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ أن ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻹداري ﺗﮭﺪف إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻷداء واﻟﻜﻔﺎءة ﻟﻨﻈﻤﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻹدارﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إدﺧﺎل ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﺟﻮھﺮﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻹدارة‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﮭﺎم اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ أھﺪاف ورؤﯾﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ وإﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮص ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ واﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت واﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﯿﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺸﺖ إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ واﻟﻤﮭﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﺴﺎم‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺪراء واﻟﻤﺮؤوﺳﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺳﺒﻞ ﺣﺸﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗُﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﺎﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ واﻟﻤﮭﺎم اﻟﻤﻨﻮطﺔ ﺑﮭﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪد اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﻤﮭﺎم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺺ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ واﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ أھﺪاﻓﮭﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﮫ ﯾﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﻗﺴﺎم‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻠﻌﺐ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ وﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻷھﺪاف دوراً أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﺠﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ أداءھﻢ‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻟﮭﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the underlined words into English:‬‬

‫أﺳﻠﻮب اﻹدارة وﻗﯿﻤﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ اﻷﺳﺎﻟﯿﺐ اﻹدارﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪھﺎ اﻹدارة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺪد واﻻﺧﺘﻼف‪ ،‬وأن أي ﺗﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻹداري وﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﯾﺴﺎھﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻠﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺪﯾﻤﻘﺮاطﻲ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﺳﺘﺤﺪاث وﺣﺪات ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ إﺣﺪاث ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Qadi, 2015, p. 133‬‬

‫‪Translating management texts 55‬‬ ‫‪Text 2‬‬

‫أھﺪاف إﻋﺪاد اﻟﮭﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻟﺘﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻹداري‪ :‬ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﯿﺎن اﻷﻗﺴﺎم واﻹدارات واﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻹدارﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻌﻄﻲ ﻓﻜﺮة واﺿﺤﺔ ﻋﻦ طﺒﯿﻌﺔ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ وﻓﻜﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ وظﺎﺋﻔﮭﺎ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻀﺢ ھﯿﻜﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﺮارات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬أو ﻓﻲ إدارة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‪ ،‬وأي اﻟﻮﺣﺪات ﻟﻜﻞ إدارة‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‪ :‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻹدارات ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﯿﺎن ﺧﻄﻮط اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‪ ،‬وأي ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬ ‫إﻋﺪاد اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻔﺎت اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﯿﺔ‪ :‬وﻣﻊ ﺑﺮوز اﻟﺘﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻹداري‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻹدارة ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﮭﻤﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﺴﺎم واﻟﻮﺣﺪات‪ ،‬إذ ﺗﻮزع اﻟﻤﮭﻤﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹدارات اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺪورھﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﮭﻤﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻛﻠﺔ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وﺗﻮزﻋﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣﺪاﺗﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ :‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف أن اﻟﻤﺮاﺗﺐ اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻧﯿﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺗﻘﺎرﯾﺮھﺎ )اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت( ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺗﺐ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮاً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻹدارات اﻟﻌﻠﯿﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪ ،‬وﺗﺤﻮﻟﮭﺎ ﻷواﻣﺮ إدارﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﯿﮭﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﯿﺪھﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺗﺐ اﻟﺪﻧﯿﺎ واﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﺧﺒﺮات اﻹدارات اﻟﻌﻠﯿﺎ وﻗﺪرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Bash, 2018, p. 132‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫إﻋﺪاد ھﯿﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎن‬ ‫وظﺎﺋﻒ رﺋﯿﺴﺔ‬ ‫ھﯿﻜﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﺮارات‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮط اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﺎت وظﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ وظﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ دﻧﯿﺎ‬

‫‪TT‬‬ ‫‪preparing structures‬‬ ‫‪showing‬‬ ‫‪main jobs‬‬ ‫‪decision structures‬‬ ‫‪communication lines‬‬ ‫‪job descriptions‬‬ ‫‪job levels‬‬ ‫‪data analysis‬‬ ‫‪lower levels‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ إداري‬ ‫وﺣﺪات إدارﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻛﻠﺔ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﺗﻘﺎرﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﯿﮭﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر‬

‫‪TT‬‬ ‫‪administrative division‬‬ ‫‪administrative units‬‬ ‫‪authority lines‬‬ ‫‪communication variables‬‬ ‫‪deals directly‬‬ ‫‪assigned to them‬‬ ‫‪report to‬‬ ‫‪directive‬‬ ‫‪invest resources‬‬

‫وظﺎﺋﻔﮭﺎ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﺔ ‪Exercise 1: Translate the first three lines up to‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﯾﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ اﻟﺠﯿﺪ آﻟﯿﺎت ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ أدوار اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺎﺗﮭﻢ وﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﺗﻨﺴﯿﻖ اﻷدوار واﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺎت وﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻜﻨﺖ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻹدارﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻣﻮارد اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻔﺎﻋﻠﯿﺔ اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻋﺰز ﻗﺪرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﺪ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة ﻗﺼﯿﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ آﻟﯿﺎت وﺧﻄﻮط اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺮاﺗﺐ اﻟﺪﻧﯿﺎ واﻟﻤﺮاﺗﺐ اﻟﻌﻠﯿﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ آﻟﯿﺎت إﻋﺪاد اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﯾﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺶ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎع اﻷﺳﺒﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻮظﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وھﯿﻜﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﺮارات ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ﺟﺪد واﻟﻤﮭﺎم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﻮﻛﻞ إﻟﯿﮭﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﺴﻨﻮي ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮارات اﻟﺘﻮﺟﯿﮭﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ظﻞ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻷﺧﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺑﯿﺌﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻛﺪ رﺋﯿﺲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺿﺮورة اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻋﺎدة ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻔﺎت اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮرات ﺳﻮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟﻤﮭﺎم واﻷدوار اﻟﻤﻨﻮطﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻹدارات ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating management texts‬‬

‫‪56‬‬

‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﯾُﻈﮭﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻹداري ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻹدارﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ واﻟﻤﺮاﺗﺐ اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪The organizational structure clearly shows the job descriptions.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄدﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﮭﺎم اﻟﻤﻮﻛﻠﺔ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﻌﺪم وﺿﻮح ﺧﻄﻮط اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﯿﻦ وﺣﺪاﺗﮭﺎ اﻹدارﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪The different departments at the company performed some of the tasks assigned to‬‬ ‫‪them.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪The job data analysis shows the responsibilities and duties of higher management‬‬ ‫‪employees.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫ﺗﺤﺪد اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻔﺎت اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺎت وواﺟﺒﺎت ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ھﯿﻜﻞ وظﯿﻔﻲ‬ ‫أﻧﺸﻄﺔ وﻣﮭﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ واﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد ﺑﺸﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻷھﺪاف‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت‬

‫‪TT‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫ﻣﮭﻤﺔ وإﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﺪات اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮارات‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت واﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻘﻖ أرﺑﺎح‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮات ﺑﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫إﺷﺮاف وﺗﻨﺴﯿﻖ‬

‫‪TT‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻗﺪم ﻣﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺮاً ﻣﻔﺼﻼً إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻹدارة ﯾﺸﯿﺮ ﺑﻮﺿﻮح إﻟﻰ أن أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة وﺗﻨﻔﺬ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ واﻟﻤﮭﺎم اﻟﻤﻮﻛﻠﺔ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﺘﺪاﺑﯿﺮ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻣﮭﻤﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ وﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﮭﺪف إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﺪﻧﯿﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ إﺷﺮاف وﺗﻨﺴﯿﻖ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﯿﺎ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﺳﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻔﺎﻋﻠﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪم ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎ ً ﻹدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺣﻮل ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﺘﺮوﯾﺞ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ واﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫أﺳﻮاق ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ظﻞ ﺗﻐﯿﺮات ﺑﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻣﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ أﻧﺸﻄﺘﮭﺎ وﻣﮭﺎﻣﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺴﯿﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺟﮭﺎت اﺗﺨﺎذ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮار‪.‬‬ ‫أوﺿﺤﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ أﻧﮫ ھﻨﺎك إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﺪﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﮭﺎم ﺑﮭﺪف إﯾﺠﺎد ھﯿﻜﻞ وظﯿﻔﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻨﮫ ﺗﻮﺣﯿﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻗﺴﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت إﻟﻰ إدﺧﺎل ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻋﻠﻰ ھﯿﺎﻛﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ أو ﻋﻨﺪ إﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ھﺬه اﻟﮭﯿﺎﻛﻞ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﻋﺐ اﻟﺘﻄﻮرات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻓﻤﺜﻼً ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺪﻣﺞ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ أﺧﺮى أو ﺗﻘﻮم‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮاء ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ أو ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﺘﺮي ﺟﺰءاً ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك ﻧﺠﺪ أﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﻀﻄﺮة‬ ‫إﻟﻰ إﺟﺮاء ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ھﯿﺎﻛﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ‪(Amer, 2013, p. 159) .‬‬

Translating production texts

4

4.1 Economy sectors Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1 The economy is an organized system of activities in communities which generate wealth. Primary sector activities generate wealth through the collection or exploitation of natural resources. Industries in this sector include agriculture, mining, forestry and fishing. Secondary sector activities generate wealth through the processing of natural resources and the manufacturing of goods from raw materials. Industries in this sector include steel making, ship building, textiles, food processing and many others. Tertiary sector activities generate wealth through the provision of services. Activities in this sector include personal services such as retail, tourism, education and health care and professional services such as accountancy and banking (Hattersley, 2002, p. 46). Vocabulary ST

TT

organized system collection natural resources mining raw materials textiles tertiary-sector health care accountancy

‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻨﺴﻖ‬ ‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬/ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد طﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد ﺧﺎم‬ ‫أﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻋﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬

ST

TT

generate wealth exploitation industries processing steel making food processing retail professional services banking

‫ﯾﻮﻟﺪ ﺛﺮوة‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻐﻼل‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻔﻮﻻذ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﮭﯿﺰ اﻷﻏﺬﯾﺔ‬/‫ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﮭﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل( ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ‬/‫)ﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬

Exercise 1: Translate from the beginning up to “forestry and fishing.” Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • •

The recently published reports indicate that major global market forces can play an effective role in generating wealth and spreading prosperity. This category reflects the high demand for natural resources and raw materials in order to satisfy human needs. Accountancy and banking are two types of professional services which are part of commercial services and world trade. Marketing food-processing industries internationally relies on food safety and quality. India is considered the world’s second largest textile manufacturer. Its textile industry is cotton-based.

DOI: 10.4324/9781003170846-5

58

Translating production texts

Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

Distinguishing between livelihood industries and growth industries was a priority for the new administration.

•

The company explained that it has plans to create the necessary environment that encourages generating wealth.

.‫ﻟﻢ ﯾﺸﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺮ ﺑﻮﺿﻮح إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﯿﯿﺰ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻠﺔ واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺨﻔﯿﻔﺔ‬ .‫أوﺿﺤﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺮھﺎ اﻟﺴﻨﻮي أﻧﮭﺎ وﺿﻌﺖ ﺧﻄﻄﺎ ً ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﺑﯿﺌﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺜﺮوة‬ •

• •

Local financial institutions can provide banking services to local and international organizations.

.‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻹﻗﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ واﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‬

•

Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. ST

TT

advertising products manufacturing companies provide service finished products heavy industries manufacturing industry packaging and processing final consumer fishing

........................... .................... ........................ ........................ ....................... ............... ‫ﻗﻄﺎع‬ ..…………… ...................... .....................

ST commercial services assemble automobile production financial activities social work financial operations pumping oil health care transportation

TT

...................... ...................... .................. ...................... ..................... ..................... ‫ ﻧﻔﻂ‬................. ..................... ....................

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • •

Commercial services and activities require more advanced mechanisms for advertising products. The declining exports of the manufacturing industry contributed to the financial problems the country is seeking to address. Strategic plans to promote automobile production were submitted to the Ministry of Trade and Industry. Inadequate packaging and processing facilities caused major economic losses coupled with the loss food producers incurred due to farmers’ poor access to markets. Saudi Arabia has recently announced that it will increase pumping oil to about 13 million barrels a day.

Exercise 6: Translate the following into Arabic: How do the economic sectors differ? The primary sector of an economy depends on the natural environment to produce economic goods. The types of jobs in this sector vary widely – farmer, miner, fishery worker, timber worker, cattle rancher. In the secondary sector, manufactured products are made from raw materials (Shepard, 2009, p. 394).

Translating production texts 59 Text 2 The tertiary sector originally included all the rest of the economy – services. Tertiary-sector jobs include a vast array of jobs, from low-paying jobs such as retail sales, auto mechanics, and barbers, to high-skill, high-wage careers such as computer programmers, lawyers, and doctors. The large scope of the tertiary sector and the growth of new economic activities such as information technology and government services has given rise to the quaternary category. Quaternary activities are information industries such as education, research, information technology, and consulting. Tertiary and quaternary activities together comprise the services-producing sector of the economy; the final product is a (mostly) non-tangible service (Bennett, Leonard & Patton, 2018, p. 141). Vocabulary ST

TT

vast array retail sales barbers lawyers government services quaternary consulting final product

‫ﻣﺠﻮﻋﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﯿﻌﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻼﻗﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻣﻮن‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﺣﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫رﺑﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺸﺎرات‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬

ST low-paying auto mechanic high-wage careers large scope given rise to information industries comprise non-tangible service

TT

‫ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻷﺟﺮ‬/ ‫ﻣﺘﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﻲ ﺳﯿﺎرات‬ ‫ﻣﮭﻦ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻷﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ‬ ‫أدت إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ‬/ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺎدﯾﺔ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first two sentences up to “and doctors.” Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • • •

The new measures provide a vast array of self-employment opportunities for many entrepreneurs. Education, health care, electricity, and public transportation are basic government services. Indian information industries continue to play a significant global role. The different types of non-tangible services and products include, but are not limited to, education, consulting, investment banking, and computer software. The considerable challenge related to these services is that they cannot be tested in advance. Different local food companies introduced stricter measures to reduce chemical components in their final products. Implementing its new strategic plan, the company seeks to promote its retail sales in order to maximize profits. Many women work in less productive and low-paying jobs in different areas across the world. Tertiary and quaternary activities together comprise the services-producing sector of the economy.

60

Translating production texts

Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

The new report shows that information industries promote the productivity of other industries.

•

Despite the large scope of the services which the government provides, some challenges impede the provision of certain services.

•

The company manager identified seven retail sales targets.

.‫ﯾﻈﮭﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺮ أن اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت ﺗﺰﯾﺪ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ .‫ﺗﻐﻠﺒﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﯿﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬ .‫ﺣﺪدت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ أھﺪاف ﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬

• • •

Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

exported goods service sector serve needs extraction of oil shift focus marketing products IT specialists production costs advertisers

........................... .................... ‫ﻗﻄﺎع‬ ..................... ‫ﯾﻠﺒﻲ‬ .............. ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج‬ .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ..........................

final consumers salespeople production of goods human consumption mechanization of farming retail outlet accountants reduce costs imported materials

.................. ‫ﻣﻨﺪوﺑﻲ‬ .......................... ‫ ﺑﺸﺮي‬................... ........... ‫ﻣﯿﻜﻨﺔ‬ ................... ‫ﻣﻨﻔﺬ‬ .......................... .......................... ..........................

...........................

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • •

Many underdeveloped countries export a limited range of goods to support their national economies. Seeking to enhance the quality of energy services to final consumers, UNDP has recently implemented different cost-effective and renewable energy projects. Scientific research can play a significant role in the production of goods and enhancing their competitiveness. The multinational company prepared a new map for its retail outlets in Saudi Arabia. E-commerce is an effective tool for enhancing the marketing of products and services that can be distributed electronically. The government intends to gradually adopt the mechanization of farming to improve agricultural practices. They discussed the poor infrastructure, which caused production costs to increase.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: SERVICE SECTOR NOT DOMINATED BY WOMEN

The expansion of service-sector employment is taking place not only at the same time as the increase in women’s employment but also to a large extent in the form of increasing female employment (Wagner, 2004, p. 98).

‫‪Translating production texts 61‬‬ ‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪ :‬ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت )أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ واﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ( أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻲ )اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ( وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺪﺧﻮل ﺗﺤﻮل ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﻨﺸﺎطﯿﻦ اﻵﺧﺮﯾﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻌﺮض‪ :‬ﯾﺤﺪث ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة ﺗﺤﻮل أو اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ”رأس اﻟﻤﺎل واﻟﻌﻤﻞ“ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻛﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﻌﺪل ﻧﻤﻮ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺜﻼث‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻄﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﯾﺘﻤﺘﻌﺎن ﺑﻤﯿﺰة ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ وﺗﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫وﯾﺮﺟﻊ ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ أﺳﺒﺎب ﻣﻨﮭﺎ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺎت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ وﻷن اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﮭﺬﯾﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﯿﻦ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻋﺎﺋﺪ أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ورأس اﻟﻤﺎل وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺆدي ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻤﻮارد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﯿﻦ اﻵﺧﺮﯾﻦ‪(Abdul Maqsoud, 2018, 159) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

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‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺼﺎﺣﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮل ﻧﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮل أو اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﺪ أﻛﺒﺮ‬

‫‪demand aspect‬‬ ‫‪produced by‬‬ ‫‪secondary sector‬‬ ‫‪associated with‬‬ ‫‪relative shift‬‬ ‫‪shift or transfer‬‬ ‫‪productivity growth‬‬ ‫‪greater return‬‬

‫ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ داﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺪﺧﻮل‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻌﺮض‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻷوﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺎت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬

‫‪internal flexibility‬‬ ‫‪economic activity‬‬ ‫‪tertiary sector‬‬ ‫‪income increase‬‬ ‫‪supply aspect‬‬ ‫‪primary sector‬‬ ‫‪economies of scale‬‬ ‫‪high returns‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Translate the first half of the text above (point 1).‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫طﺮﺣﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺧﻄﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺣﻤﻼت إﻋﻼﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔ ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺴﻠﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻛﺪت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﮭﺎ اﻷﺧﯿﺮ أن أھﻢ ﺳﺒﻞ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي واﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺟﮭﺖ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر اﻷﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎراﺗﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻷوﻟﻲ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺪﯾﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺎت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ وﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ ھﯿﻤﻨﺘﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻹﻗﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬ ‫اﺗﺒﺎع اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺎت ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎرات اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ أﺣﺪ أھﻢ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎرات‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ واﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻋﻮاﺋﺪ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﻋﺪة ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ رأس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‪.‬‬ ‫أدت اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﺗﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺺ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺼﺎدرات إﻟﻰ أﺿﺮار اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ طﻮﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating production texts‬‬

‫‪62‬‬

‫‪Text 2‬‬

‫ﯾﺘﻤﺜﻞ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺮك اﻷﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ”اﻟﺜﺮوة اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة ﻟﻸﻣﻢ“‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺑﻜﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺳﻠﻊ وﺧﺪﻣﺎت ذات ﺑﻌﺪ رﻣﺰي‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻹﻧﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ً ﺟﺬرﯾﺎ ً ﻋﻦ‬ ‫"ﻧﻤﻮذج" اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﮭﺎ اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻً ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻮ ﯾﻘﻮده اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻷوﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي‪ ،‬وﺑﻌﺪه ﻗﻄﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺪءاً ﻣﻦ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ "ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ" ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮاج واﻟﺰراﻋﺔ واﻻرﺗﻘﺎء ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻘﻔﺰة اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد زراﻋﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﻊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ واﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت ﺗﺴﺘﻐﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻼﺣﻆ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ً ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﯿﻦ واﻟﮭﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﯾﺘﯿﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت ﺗﺠﺎوز اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬وﯾﺆﻛﺪ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ ﻟﻌﺎم ‪ 2013‬أﯾﻀﺎ ً أن اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪان اﻟﺠﻨﻮب ﺗﺰداد ﺣﺠﻤﺎ ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ودﺧﻼ وطﻤﻮﺣﺎت‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫أن ﯾﻔﻀﻲ اﻟﺘﺰاﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺰاﯾﺪ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ذي اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﺰي ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ )‪(UNESCO & UNDP, 2013, p. 44‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺑﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻹﻧﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻐﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺰاﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪drive‬‬ ‫‪related sectors‬‬ ‫‪development work‬‬ ‫‪added value‬‬ ‫‪value formation‬‬ ‫‪exploit technology‬‬ ‫‪human development‬‬ ‫‪continuous increase‬‬

‫اﻷﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ رﻣﺰي‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮاج‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻔﺰة اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎوز اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﻔﻀﻲ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫‪current patterns‬‬ ‫‪symbolic dimension‬‬ ‫‪services sector‬‬ ‫‪extractive industries‬‬ ‫‪transitional leap‬‬ ‫‪leapfrogging stages‬‬ ‫‪leads to‬‬ ‫‪industrial economies‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ رﻣﺰي ‪Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence up to‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ اﻟﻨﺰاﻋﺎت واﻟﺤﺮوب ﺳﻠﺒﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﺣﯿﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ واﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﺘﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﺖ زﯾﺎدة ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات اﻷﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺎ ً رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺿﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻋﺪت اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺮاً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻼ ﺣﻮل ﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ وﺳﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮت ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان ﺑﻘﻔﺰة اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻜﻨﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺳﯿﺲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻗﻮي ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة‪.‬‬ ‫أدت زﯾﺎدة اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻐﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫أﺷﺎرت ﺗﻘﺎرﯾﺮ ﻋﺪة أن اﻟﺪول اﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﻧﻤﻮاً ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﻧﻤﻮاً اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ازدھﺮت ﻋﺪة ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻮل ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات ﻛﺒﯿﺮة أدت إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻷﻣﯿﺮﻛﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫أﺻﺪر ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻹﻧﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺗﻘﺎرﯾﺮ ﺗﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ وﺟﻮد ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻗﻮﯾﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷھﺪاف اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد زراﻋﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﺼﺎدرات ودﻋﻢ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻮطﻨﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺰز اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﯿﺎﺑﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻓﻲ أﺳﻮاق ﻛﺜﯿﺮة ﻣﺜﻞ أﺳﻮاق اﻟﻌﻤﻼت‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating production texts 63‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻓﯿﺘﻨﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ‪ 109‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻹﻧﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻌﺎم ‪.2003‬‬ ‫‪Vienna was ranked 190 on development index according to the UN 2003 report.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪The government sector ignored the need to discuss the main patterns of economic devel‬‬‫‪opment to identify costs.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ھﻨﺎك ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ أﺛﺮ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺶ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺳﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﻟﺤﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻗﻄﺎع اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪The central government called for an urgent meeting with local companies working in‬‬ ‫‪mining sector.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺮك رﺋﯿﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﯾﻦ أﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد ‪ /‬ﺳﻠﻊ اﺳﺘﮭﻼﻛﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻖ وظﺎﺋﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاﺟﯿﺔ‬

‫‪……….. drive‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪extractive………..‬‬

‫ﺟﺬب اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎھﺎت اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺮﻋﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرة اﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﺘﻌﺎون‬ ‫ﺗﺮوﯾﺞ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬

‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪…………. trends‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎر ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺎ ً رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي وزﯾﺎدة دﺧﻞ ﻓﺌﺎت ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﯿﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮرت ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ ﺗﮭﺪف إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻋﻤﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﻛﺎت ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﯾﻦ أﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎھﻢ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ أن طﻮرت اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫طﺎﻟﺒﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﺑﻀﺮورة ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ دﻋﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺬوي اﻟﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺪود‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻤﻜﯿﻨﮭﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺮﻋﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻋﺪت ﻟﺠﻨﺔ وزارة اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر وﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﺧﻄﺔ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرﯾﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﮭﺪف ﺟﺬب اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات اﻷﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ وزﯾﺎدة ﺗﺪﻓﻘﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ دول إﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي وﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدھﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻛﺪت وزارة اﻟﺸﺆون اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ أﻧﮭﺎ أﻋﺪت ﺧﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺰوﯾﺪ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺤﺘﺎﺟﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ واﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻻﺳﺘﮭﻼﻛﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺎت اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ أﯾﻀﺎ ً ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻌﺸﺮﯾﻦ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﯿﺒﺎ ً ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر اﻷﺟﻨﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬واﻧﺘﻘﻠﺖ اﻟﻤﻜﺴﯿﻚ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮة‪ ،‬ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺳﺠﻠﺖ اﻟﺼﯿﻦ أﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر اﻷﺟﻨﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪(Ahmed, 2018, p. 55) .‬‬

64

Translating production texts

4.2 Production Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1 JIT (Just-in-Time), sometimes known as lean or stockless production, provides the means to reduce inventory levels, improve product quality, reduce production and delivery lead times, as well as reduce machine set-up times. In the JIT environment, excess manufacturing capacity is used instead of buffer stocks to hedge against changes in demand patterns that may arise. JIT primarily applies to repetitive manufacturing processes in which the same products and components are produced over and over again. The implementation of JIT requires cooperation between the trading partners using EDI as the means to exchange business transactions that are then integrated into their respective IT applications. However, the manufacturer normally initiates the process by issuing an order or the delivery request (call-off) to the supplier (Chesher, Kaura & Linton, 2002, p. 117). Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

JIT product quality machine setup buffer stocks demand patterns trading partners business transactions manufacturer delivery request

‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬/‫ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺎﻛﯿﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰون اﺣﺘﯿﺎطﻲ‬ ‫أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎء ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ُﻣﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻞ‬/ ‫طﻠﺐ ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻢ‬

stockless production lead times excess hedge implementation EDI integrated into issuing an order supplier

‫إﻧﺘﺎج دون ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ‬ ‫ اﻟﺘﻮرﯾﺪ‬/ ‫ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮط‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎدل إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻣﺞ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫طﻠﺐ‬/‫ﯾﺼﺪر أﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the passage above. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

New measures are adopted to ensure the reduction of total costs. The Egyptian government called for discussions with trading partners to strengthen trading practices. Advantages of stockless production, which is also called JIT, include low space requirements. The workshop aimed to familiarize producers with the demand patterns and the markets’ consumer preferences. Removing restrictions on business transactions can significantly improve local economies. The committee announced that no hedging transactions will be made for the current financial year.

Translating production texts 65 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

The financing of buffer stocks to help stabilize commodity prices was not efficient.

•

It is advisable to avoid technicians who are not authorized by the manufacturer.

•

The manufacturer introduced new procedures to reduce lead times to achieve customer satisfaction.

.‫أﺛﺒﺖ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺘﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ .‫ﯾﻨﺼﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻔﻨﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ‬ .‫ﺳﯿﻨﺎﻗﺶ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ إﺟﺮاءات ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺘﻮرﯾﺪ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ رﺿﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎء‬

• • •

Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. ST

TT

production lines operational technology food industry assembles products insufficient capacity product demand demand changes production runs specialized production

………………. ‫ ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻠﯿﺔ‬................ ......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ........... ‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮات ﻓﻲ‬ ...............‫دورات‬ .........................

ST

TT

mass demand competitive manufacturing power plants inventory costs large facilities delivering goods component product defects industrial activities

‫ ﻛﻤﻲ‬................ ...................... ............. ‫ﻣﺤﻄﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ‬............. ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .......................

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • •

The inspection team checked different machines and production lines to ensure adherence to quality and safety measures. Different NGOs claimed that local food industry companies spend millions of dollars on the marketing of unhealthy foods. Manufacturing companies assume that there will always be sufficient product demand. The company has recently put forward a plan to facilitate its global commercial transactions through ensuring timely delivery of goods. A product defect refers to the defect which prevents the usability of that product to meet the purposes for which it was produced. The study also highlights the need to promote women’s participation in industrial activities. The new strategy reflects the importance of economic restructuring which takes into consideration the specialized production of selected products.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: MASS PRODUCTION

Mass production is when a production line is only used for the manufacture of one product in very large quantities. Production continues until there is no longer any demand. A motor car is a good example of mass production (Shepard, 2004, p. 55).

66

Translating production texts

Text 2 Batch production: Where a limited quantity of each type of product is authorized for manufacture at a time. Mass and flow production: Where a production run is conducted either on a single machine or on a number of machines, arranged according to the sequence of operations, and several numbers of a product are manufactured at a time and stocked in warehouse awaiting sales. Process production: Where a production run is conducted of a single product and stocked in the warehouses awaiting sales. Continuous production: One-piece flow is a technique used to manufacture components in a cellular environment. Cellular manufacturing: It is an approach that helps build a variety of products with as little waste as possible. Equipment and workstations are arranged in a sequence that supports a smooth flow of materials and components through the process, with minimal transport or delay (Sinha, 2008, p. 213). Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

batch production flow production production run stocked continuous production cellular manufacturing equipment smooth flow

‫إﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻓﻌﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬/ ‫إﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬ ‫دورة إﻧﺘﺎج‬/‫دﻓﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗُﺨﺰن‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻊ ﺧﻠﻮي‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪات‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺳﻠﺲ‬

mass production authorized for are manufactured process production cellular environment little waste workstations transport or delay

‫إﻧﺘﺎج ﻛﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺧﺺ ل‬.. ‫ﺗُﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺌﺔ ﺧﻠﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫إھﺪار ﻗﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻄﺎت ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ أو ﺗﺄﺧﯿﺮ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first two short passages from the above. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • •

Batch production can be beneficial for factories which manufacture seasonal products for which the demand is difficult to forecast. Production runs refer to producing certain quantities of units by production lines to achieve the desired inventory. The committee recommended addressing the considerable challenges in order to ensure flows in cellular manufacturing in the cellular environment. The automobile industry is a good example of mass production. Some IT companies decided to replace their computer workstations at a cost of USD 50,000. Different major companies implemented new measures to avoid transport delay, which can adversely affect their profitability. The new report highlights that there is little waste when following strategic measures to cut domestic spending.

Translating production texts 67 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translation. The average annual productivity is around 350 kg of “Sri Lankan Cinnamon” per hectare. In Madagascar, the average annual yield from a cinnamon plantation is around 180–220 kg/ha of cinnamon sticks, and 60–65 kg/ha of cinnamon chips. Productivity of true cinnamon in Sri Lanka was around 4,700 kg/ha only, and 1999–2000 registered only a marginal increase over the average (Nirmal-Babu, Ravindran & Shylaja, 2003, p. 289).

‫ ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬،‫ وﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﯾﺸﻮ‬.‫ ﻛﺠﻢ ﻣﻦ ”اﻟﻘﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻼﻧﻜﯿﺔ“ ﻟﻠﮭﻜﺘﺎر‬35.00 ‫ﯾﺒﻠﻎ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻨﻮﯾﺔ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬ ‫ ھﻜﺘﺎر ﻣﻦ أﻋﻮاد اﻟﻘﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺄة ﻓﻲ أﻛﯿﺎس‬/ ‫ ﻛﺠﻢ‬220–180 ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ اﻟﺮﺑﻊ ﺳﻨ ﻮ ي ﻣﻦ زراﻋﺔ اﻟﻘﺮﻓﺔ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬ ‫ وﺑﻠﻎ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺮﯾﻼﻧﻜﺎ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬.‫ ﻟﻠﮭﻜﺘﺎر ﻣﻦ رﻗﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻘﺮﻓﺔ‬/ ‫ ﻛﺠﻢ‬65–60‫ و‬،‫ﺑﻼﺳﺘﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬ .2000 ‫ زﯾﺎدة ھﺎﻣﺸﯿﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻌﺎم‬2000 ‫ وﺳﺠﻞ ﻋﺎم‬،‫ ھﻜﺘﺎر‬/ ‫ ﻛﺠﻢ‬4700 Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

demand forecasting obsolescence risk fixed costs production facility demand stimulation utilize resources demand variation performing activities quantity discount

………………. .......................... .......................... .......................... ………………. ………………. ………………. …………...….. ……….....……

product scheduling lead time entice customer product defect company suppliers unprofitable products production process avoid additional cost flow of materials

.................‫ﺟﺪوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻢ‬/‫إﻧﺠﺎز‬.......... ........................ ……………… ……………… ……………… ………………. ………………. ……………….

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

The consultants’ report highlighted that the lack of a clear demand for suitable production facilities led to serious deficiencies. Additional costs and risk of obsolescence resulted from the delay which the company attributed to force majeure. Resources must be utilized effectively and efficiently in order to promote productivity. Price fluctuations of different materials used in the industrial activities resulted in demand variations. The company management discussed different plans to manage unprofitable products. The central government implemented a strategic plan to integrate women into the production process and ensure training them to increase productivity.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: Continuous production is used to manufacture standardized high-volume products that meet everyday mass market demand. This type of production is highly automated and uses machines that can run continuously for processes such as forming or printing. The machines might only be stopped for routine maintenance (Cresswell, 2004, p. 27).

‫‪Translating production texts‬‬

‫‪68‬‬

‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت ﺳﻠﻌﯿﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺳﻠﻌﺎ ً ﻣﺎدﯾﺔ وﺗﻀﻢ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ واﻟﺮي واﻟﺼﺮف واﻟﺘﺸﯿﯿﺪ واﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫واﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺳﻠﻌﺎ ً ﻻ ﻣﺎدﯾﺔ أي ﺧﺪﻣﺎت وﺗﻀﻢ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻞ واﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻼت واﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ واﻹﺳﻜﺎن‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ واﻟﻤﺎل واﻟﺘﺠﺎرة واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺴﻠﻌﯿﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺪ أن ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻧﻤﻮاً ﻣﺘﻮازﻧﺎ ً ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺎ ً ﻣﻊ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﮭﺎ أي ﯾﺠﺐ أﻻ ﻧﺴﺮف‬ ‫ﻓﻲ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺴﻠﻌﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺠﺐ أﻻ ﻧﺴﺮف ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺴﻠﻌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮازﻧﺔ ھﻮ اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت وﻻ ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﻄﺎع ﻋﻦ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻷن‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ وأﻧﺸﻄﺘﮫ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ وﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺿﻤﺎن ھﺬا اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮد إﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺗﺒﺎع أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺘﺨﻄﯿﻂ‪(Al-Hariri, 2016a, p. 98) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت ﺳﻠﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت ﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺮف ﻓﻲ إﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮد‬

‫‪commodity sectors‬‬ ‫‪industrial sector‬‬ ‫‪services sectors‬‬ ‫‪warehousing‬‬ ‫‪should‬‬ ‫‪overproduce‬‬ ‫‪at the expense of‬‬ ‫‪national economy‬‬ ‫‪desired consensus‬‬

‫ﺳﻠﻊ ﻣﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺮف واﻟﺘﺸﯿﯿﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻼت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮازﻧﺎ ً ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺎ ً‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺴﻠﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮازﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺘﺨﻄﯿﻂ‬

‫‪material goods‬‬ ‫‪drainage & construction‬‬ ‫‪communication‬‬ ‫‪utilities‬‬ ‫‪balanced and consistent‬‬ ‫‪commodity production‬‬ ‫‪balanced development‬‬ ‫‪coherent, integrated‬‬ ‫‪planning method‬‬

‫واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ‪Exercise 1: Translate bulleted lines up to‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻮﯾﻊ أﻧﺸﻄﺘﮭﺎ واﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎراﺗﮭﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت ﺳﻠﻌﯿﺔ أﺧﺮى ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ دوراً ﺑﺎرزاً ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪم ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ‪ ،‬واﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻋﺪت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎت ﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل وﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺴﻠﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺮاھﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﺳﺎﺋﻞ وﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت إﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻣﺖ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻊ اﻷﻏﺬﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﯿﻂ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮورة ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ آﻟﯿﺎت ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﻓﻖ ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﻨﻘﻞ واﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻼت أﺣﺪ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺰز ﺳﺒﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻧﻈﺮاً‬ ‫ﻷھﻤﯿﺘﮫ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺸﺖ وزارة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد وﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص أھﻤﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮازﻧﺔ وﺳﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﯿﻮب اﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻤﻮارد‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating production texts 69‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﺳﺘﺘﺒﻨﻰ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ أﺳﺎﻟﯿﺐ ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة وﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ إﺷﺮاك ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﺨﺎص‪.‬‬

‫‪The central government will adopt new methods and will exclude private-sector‬‬ ‫‪institutions.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪One of the reasons from this increase lies in teenagers’ hesitation to gain immaterial‬‬ ‫‪goods.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪The annual report indicated that local investments in the industrial sector were lesser‬‬ ‫‪than the investments in aquaculture.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﺐ ھﺬه اﻟﺰﯾﺎدة إﻟﻰ ﻣﯿﻞ ﻓﺌﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﺎب إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻟﻤﺎدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺮ أن ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﺗﺪاول اﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر أﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ اﺷﺘﺮاﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻤﻮارد‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪر ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﻼك واﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎت ﻧﺎﺷﺌﺔ‬

‫‪………… trading‬‬ ‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪participatory ……..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪expanding …………...‬‬ ‫‪………….. generating‬‬ ‫………………………‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫…………… ‪infant‬‬

‫ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮردة‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺷﯿﺪ اﻟﻤﻮارد‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮات‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﯿﻊ اﻟﺼﺎدرات‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺰراﻋﻲ‬

‫‪integrated …………….‬‬ ‫‪competitive …………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………….‬‬ ‫……………… ‪realization‬‬ ‫‪………………………..‬‬ ‫‪……………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………..‬‬ ‫‪……………………….‬‬ ‫‪…………………….‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ھﺬه اﻹﺟﺮاءات ﺗﺤﺪد آﻟﯿﺎت ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﺗﺪاول اﻟﺴﻠﻊ وﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ واﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﺎ ً ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺳﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻈﻮرة‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺼﯿﻨﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﮭﺎ وﺻﺎدراﺗﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ دول ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﮭﺪف زﯾﺎدة اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺿﻌﺖ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺎت ﺗﮭﺪف إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ وﺗﺸﺠﯿﻊ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ دﻋﻤﺎ ً ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻤﻜﯿﻨﮭﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﻢ اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ دول اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﺤﻮل ﺗﺪرﯾﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﻣﻮاردھﺎ اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺸﺖ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﺳﺒﻞ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺮﺷﯿﺪ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪأت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻋﺪة ﺧﻄﻮات ﺗﮭﺪف إﻟﻰ دﻋﻢ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻮطﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮردة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻂ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر اﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﺨﺎص اﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﯾﻮﺿﺢ اﻵﻟﯿﺎت واﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺗﺒﺎﻋﮭﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ وزﯾﺎدة ﻓﺮص اﻟﺘﺼﺪﯾﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﮭﺪف اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﻓﺮص ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺌﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﺎب ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﻣﮭﺎراﺗﮭﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺮص ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺪرة ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮازﻧﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating production texts‬‬

‫‪70‬‬

‫‪Text 2‬‬

‫أھﺪاف إدارة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻻ ﺷﻚ أن إدارة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎ ً واﺣﺪاً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪة واﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت واﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت أو إدارات ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ واﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ واﻷﻓﺮاد وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ وﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﺈن أھﺪاف ھﺬه اﻹدارة ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫أن ﺗﻨﺒﺜﻖ أو ﺗﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻷھﺪاف اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ وﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺎرض ﻣﻌﮭﺎ‪ .‬إذ ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي ﻧﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ أن‪ ،‬إدارة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ”ﺗﮭﺪف إﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ أو ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ذات ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت أو ﻛﻤﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪودة ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﺪر ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة“ وﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻨﮫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷھﺪاف ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ وﻧﻮﻋﯿﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ أن ﺗﺒﺎع ﺳﻠﻌﺘﮫ ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ أن ﯾﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫اﻷھﺪاف اﻟﻨﻮﻋﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﻟﻠﺠﻮدة وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ إذا أراد ُ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻌﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ‪ ،‬وإﻻ ﻓﻼ ﺗﺒﺎع ھﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﻊ أو اﻟﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻹﯾﺮادات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪(Abdulrahman, 2018, pp. 23–33) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫إدارة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬ ‫إدارات‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﺎرض‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻌﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬

‫‪production management‬‬ ‫‪institutions‬‬ ‫‪departments‬‬ ‫‪contradict‬‬ ‫‪quantitative‬‬ ‫‪implementation‬‬ ‫‪producer‬‬ ‫‪consumer expects‬‬ ‫‪unit cost‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺷﻚ أن‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺒﺜﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة‬ ‫اﻷھﺪاف اﻟﻨﻮﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻮدة‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻹﯾﺮادات‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫‪undoubtedly‬‬ ‫‪industrial units‬‬ ‫‪emerge from‬‬ ‫‪efficiency‬‬ ‫‪qualitative goals‬‬ ‫‪quality‬‬ ‫‪specifications‬‬ ‫‪lower revenues‬‬ ‫‪average output‬‬

‫‪.‬وﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺎرض ﻣﻌﮭﺎ ‪Exercise 1: Translate up to‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺣﺪدت اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ آﻟﯿﺎت ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻹدارة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪ ،‬ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن زﯾﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت واﻷرﺑﺎح ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﻌﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ أداء اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ أﻛﺴﺐ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج وﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺼﺎدراﺗﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻗﺶ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻮ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﺨﺎص أھﻤﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻷھﺪاف اﻟﻨﻮﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ‬ ‫أداء اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﮭﺪف اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺪم ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺪوق اﻟﻨﻘﺪ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻔﻘﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬ ‫اﻹﯾﺮادات واﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ أﺛﺮت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻋﺪت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ دراﺳﺔ ﻟﻔﮭﻢ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻌﮫ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﻮن ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ ﺟﻮدة ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻨﺎ واﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ إﻧﺠﺎز ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ دﻋﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ وﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ دوﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أﺷﺎر اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺿﺮورة ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﺗﺪرﯾﺐ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﻘﺪم ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻹدارات اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻜﯿﻨﮭﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻛﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻋﻤﻠﮭﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ أﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺎرض اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻊ ﺿﺮورة اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠٮﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﺷﺘﻜﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ وﺟﻮدﺗﮫ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺗﮭﻢ واﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎﺗﮭﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫أوﺿﺢ اﻟﻤﺪﯾﺮ أن اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ھﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﻠﺖ اﻟﺘﺸﺠﯿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺟﻮدة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating production texts 71‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ أرﺑﺎﺣﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﻮء إدارة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ أﻋﺎﻗﺖ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪The industrial company did not achieve its expected products because it did not develop‬‬ ‫‪its products.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪A number of international institutions provided insufficient financial support to imple‬‬‫‪ment development projects in different countries.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪There is an urgent need to manage the increase in the production of basic goods.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ دوﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎطﻖ رﯾﻔﯿﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﯿﺔ اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﯾﺪة‪.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻄﯿﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻮﻟﻤﺔ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‬ ‫طﻠﺐ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﺼﺪﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻮﯾﻊ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬

‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬

‫اﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﺎر اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﯿﺪ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻀﯿﻼت ‪ /‬ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺪي ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎطﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﯿﯿﻒ ‪ /‬ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫طﺎﻗﺔ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫رﻓﻊ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬

‫‪.................................‬‬ ‫‪.................................‬‬ ‫‪.................................‬‬ ‫‪.................................‬‬ ‫‪.................................‬‬ ‫‪.................................‬‬ ‫‪.................................‬‬ ‫‪.................................‬‬ ‫‪.................................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following Arabic sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫راﺟﻌﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﺟﻮدة ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻤﻌﺘﮭﺎ وﻋﻼﻣﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ واﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎت دول اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺞ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات اﻷﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺣﻮاﻓﺰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﯾﻦ اﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺛﺮ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﯿﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺠﺪات‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ‪ ،‬وزﯾﺎدة اﻟﺼﺎدرات اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺆدي ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻮﯾﻊ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﯿﻦ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ واﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺘﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫أﺟﺮت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻔﺎوﺿﺎت ﻣﻊ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﺣﻮل اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎدة ﺗﺼﺪﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺤﺘﺎﺟﮭﺎ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻤﻠﺖ اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ورﻓﻊ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺘﮭﺎ وﺗﻨﻮﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻮاﺟﮫ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺟﺬب اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات اﻷﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﻋﺪم ﻗﺪرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ زﯾﺎدة أرﺑﺎﺣﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﻮﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ اﻷﺟﻨﺒﻲ ﺗﺘﯿﺢ ﻟﮫ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼل ﺑﻘﺮارات اﻹدارة ﻋﻦ أي طﺮف ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﯿﻔﺔ‪ ،‬وﯾﺘﺠﺴﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات اﻷﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻓﻲ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻓﺮوع ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﺴﯿﺎت أو ﺑﺸﺮاء ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪(Shalghoum, 2012, p. 25) .‬‬

72

Translating production texts

4.3 Logistics Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1 THE ROLE OF LOGISTICS IN THE DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL

The distribution channel helps in creating time and place utilities of the product, which are for customer satisfaction. The channel will help the firm to make the product available at a place of the customer’s choice, and the channel’s efficiency and its effectiveness is greatly dependent on the logistics operation of the firm to fulfill the demand. However, logistics will help in the movement of the product to make it available in the right quantity whenever the customer needs it. Hence, the logistics network needs to be integrated with the distribution channels of the firm. The distribution channel is the place of transaction for the firm’s products and it acts as an interface between the customer and the firm. However, the effectiveness of this interface is greatly dependent on the efficiency of the logistics operations to move the products in the required quantity and variety. (Sople, 2007, p. 133) Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

logistics utilities firm efficiency fulfill demand integrated with acts as interface

‫ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻟﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺔ‬/ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ إدارة اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة‬ ‫ﯾﻠﺒﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﯾﺪﻣﺞ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻮاﺟﮭﺔ‬

distribution channel customer satisfaction make available logistics operation network transaction quantity and variety

‫ﻗﻨﺎة ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‬ ‫رﺿﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﯿﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ إﻣﺪادات اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ وﻧﻮﻋﯿﺔ‬

Exercise 1: Find in the passage what matches the following translations:

‫ ﺳﺘﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻹﻣﺪادات ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻹﺗﺎﺣﺘﮫ‬،‫ ﻛﻔﺎءة وﻓﺎﻋﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن ﯾﺨﺘﺎره اﻟﺰﺑﻮن‬ Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

Most companies are currently working to better fulfill their customers’ demands to improve their sales and profitability. Businesses need to cooperate with their partners in order to effectively implement strategies to improve the efficiency of all distribution channels. Two government agencies recommended increasing the quantity and variety of local products to meet local demand. The new strategies include using more advanced modes of transport and developing existing logistics operations. Managing directors review the reports on service delivery and customer satisfaction. The report highlights the need to improve logistics efficiency.

Translating production texts 73 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

The new strategy requires continuous monitoring of customer satisfaction levels.

•

Many private-sector businesses highlighted the need to develop a network of distribution channels.

•

There is continuous growth in the variety and quantity of different services.

.‫ﺳﺘﺘﻨﺎول اﻵﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة اﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﺮﺿﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ‬ .‫أﺑﺮزت ﺷﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﺨﺎص اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ دور ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ‬ .‫ھﻨﺎك ﻧﻤﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

• • •

Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

adapt needs distribution network perishability of products components scarcity certificate of origin commercial invoice customs clearance certified supplier freight charge

……………………. ………………. ……………. ………………... ‫ﻣﻨﺸﺄ‬.................... ……………….. ................‫ﺗﺨﻠﯿﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬.................... ‫اﻟﺸﺤﻦ‬.....................

consumer expectations combat threats logistic chain labor requirements spatial integration container durable goods delivery instructions indirect cost

…………….. …………….. …………….. …………….. …………….. …………….. ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺮة‬.............. …………….. ……………..

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • •

The manager expressed his concerns about the effects of competition restrictions on the logistical distribution network. The seller may provide the carrier with alternative delivery instructions within a reasonable time. Commercial invoice refers to the legal document between suppliers and customers describing the goods that suppliers sell to customers and the amount due. Some industrial companies began to outline new measures aiming at adapting the changing needs of local and external consumers. The central government is planning to support farmers, improve the infrastructure of rural areas, and reduce agricultural products’ perishability. This training is designed to familiarize different producers with the requirements of the domestic and international markets. Different local producers decided to improve their products to meet consumer expectations.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: The logistics channel refers to the means by which products flow physically from where they are available to where they are needed. The marketing channel refers to the means by which necessary transactional elements are managed (Bardi, Coyle, Gibson, Langley & Novack, 2008, p. 254).

74

Translating production texts

Text 2 HOW LOGISTICS SYSTEMS WORK

Logistics systems are made up of three main activities: order processing, inventory management, and freight transportation. ORDER PROCESSING

Order processing is strictly related to information flows in the logistics system and includes a number of operations. Customers may have to request the products by filling out an order form. These orders are transmitted and checked. The availability of the requested items and customer’s credit status are then verified. Later on, items are retrieved from the stock (or produced), packed, and delivered along with their shipping documentation. Finally, customers have to be kept informed about the status of their orders (Ghiani, Laporte & Musmanno, 2004, p. 6). Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

systems order processing freight transportation information flows order form checked verified delivered documentation

‫أﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﮭﯿﺰ اﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬/ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج‬ ‫ﺗُﻔﺤﺺ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﻢ‬ ‫وﺛﺎﺋﻖ‬

made up of inventory management strictly related to filling out transmitted credit status packed shipping kept informed

‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬ ‫إدارة اﻟﻤﺨﺰون‬ ً‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪا‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗُﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ اﺋﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺒﺊ‬ ‫ﺷﺤﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ إﻋﻼﻣﮭﻢ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence from the above passage. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • • •

Experts say that reducing the time between order processing and delivery can reduce costs. Some companies incurred major losses due to the poor inventory management principles. In logistics, information flow can refer to the exchange of information relating to sales and inventory. A number of local companies jointly concluded agreements to improve the efficiency of freight transportation. The goods which the suppler shipped to the customer two weeks ago are listed on the order form. Customs officers generally check all goods to be imported or exported to ensure they are not subject to duties. Customers can request the products and goods by filling out an order form which is afterwards transmitted and checked. Carrier companies keep customers informed on the status of their shipments.

Translating production texts 75 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

Logistics will assist the movement of the product to make it available in the right quantity.

.‫ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻊ أﻻ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺔ ﻛﻔﺎءﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮه ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺤﺪدھﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ‬

•

•

The distribution channel is the chain by which the firm’s products are distributed to different places.

•

The effectiveness of this interface is greatly dependent on the efficiency of the logistics operations.

.‫ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ ھﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ وﺗﻮزﯾﻌﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻨﻮات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ .‫ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯿﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﻮاﺟﮭﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻔﺎءة ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬

• •

Exercise 4: Translate the English phrases in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

total cost goods description warehouse operator demand generation procurement reduced stocks cargo tracking logistics systems status of order

………………….. ………………… ………………. ……………….. …………………... …………………... …………………... ………………….. …………………..

demand planning transport operator logistics management transportation efficiency dangerous goods transport document preventive maintenance global logistics integrated transportation

………………… ……………‫ﻣﺘﻌﮭﺪ‬ ……………….. ……………. ………………… ………………… …………….. …………………. …………….

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • • • • •

Dangerous goods should be labeled with descriptive information to indicate their military or commercial use. Some countries restrict the work of transport operators, which can increase the cost of goods transportation. The company recommended adopting advanced cargo tracking to develop logistics systems. Promoting regional and international trade requires improving regional infrastructure and integrated transportation systems. The major elements of the new strategy include demand planning to ensure that products are delivered and customers are satisfied. A proper goods description facilitates transportation-related procedures. These steps can be achieved by carrying out proper preventive maintenance and developing information and communication infrastructure. The assistance which the firm can provide includes undertaking demand generation activities and developing logistics management systems. The reports indicate that reducing the requirements reflects good inventory management practices which generally result in reduced stocks. The company updated its cargo tracking system.

‫‪Translating production texts‬‬

‫‪76‬‬

‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫ﻟﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ورﺟﺎل اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻓﺈن ﻟﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺗﻌﻨﻲ "ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻀﻤﻦ أن ﻛﻞ آﻟﺔ وﻛﻞ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻟﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ وﺑﺎﻟﻜﯿﻔﯿﺔ واﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﻣﺪادھﺎ ﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺟﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮارد‪ ،‬وﺻﯿﺎﻧﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﻜﻔﻞ أداءھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ"‪ .‬وﻟﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺗﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻨﻘﻞ واﻹﻣﺪاد‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﮭﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻧﺴﯿﺎب اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻹﻣﺪاد‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﯾﺮﺿﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ‪ ،‬وﯾﮭﺪف إﻟﻰ دﻋﻢ‬ ‫رﺑﺤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ وﺗﻤﯿﺰھﺎ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ أﯾﻀﺎ ﯾُﺮاﻋﻰ ﺣﺬف ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎج أو اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪(Shoaib, 2014, p. 33) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﻟﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫رﺟﺎل اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻄﺔ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﯿﻔﯿﺔ واﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﯿﺎﻧﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻣﺪاد‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺮاﻋﻲ‬

‫‪production logistics‬‬ ‫‪businessmen‬‬ ‫‪production unit‬‬ ‫‪manner and quantity‬‬ ‫‪maintaining it‬‬ ‫‪logistics‬‬ ‫‪overseeing‬‬ ‫‪productive value‬‬ ‫‪takes into account‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫إﻣﺪادھﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻧﺴﯿﺎب اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻹﻣﺪادات‬ ‫رﺑﺤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬

‫‪business community‬‬ ‫‪organizing processes‬‬ ‫‪as required‬‬ ‫‪supplying it‬‬ ‫‪ensures‬‬ ‫‪activities flow‬‬ ‫‪supplies flow‬‬ ‫‪firm profitability‬‬ ‫‪firm‬‬

‫‪.‬واﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ‪Exercise 1: Translate from the beginning up to‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺎھﻢ إدارة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﻌﺎون ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻓﺮص‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻘﮭﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﯿﺎ ً ودوﻟﯿﺎ ً‪.‬‬ ‫أٌﻗﺮ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻮن ﺑﻀﺮورة اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﺎل ﻣﻊ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﯿﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗُﺼﻨﻒ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات واﻵﻻت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج وﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻮظﯿﻔﺘﮭﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺮﺟﻊ ھﺬا اﻻﺧﺘﻼف إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪة ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ أﺑﺮزھﺎ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺺ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ وﺗﻘﻠﯿﻠﮭﺎ ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة رﺑﺤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎق ﻋﻤﻠﮭﺎ وزﯾﺎدة إﻧﺘﺎﺟﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﮭﺪف إﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺨﺎزن إﻗﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺿﻤﺎن ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻹﻣﺪادات وﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻟﻀﺮورﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮزﯾﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل أوﻗﺎت اﻟﻄﻮارئ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺆدي ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت وﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺗﺴﮭﯿﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯾﻊ وإﻋﺪاد اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﯾﺮ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﻤﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺗﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻨﻘﻞ واﻹﻣﺪاد‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﮭﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻧﺴﯿﺎب اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating production texts 77‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﯾﺆدي ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻹدارة اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ رﺿﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ وزﯾﺎدة رﺑﺤﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل دﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Reviewing the logistics management can result in achieving satisfaction and increasing‬‬ ‫‪profitability.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻸﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ زﯾﺎدة ﻓﺮص ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Annual development of services can increase a company’s chances to expand in regional‬‬ ‫‪and international markets.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪The speedy addition of goods and services can hinder the success of any nonprofitable‬‬ ‫‪institution.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫ﺗﻌﺰز ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻧﺠﺎح أي ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ رﺑﺤﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫رﻏﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ وﺗﻮرﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ ﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت ‪ /‬أﺳﺎﻟﯿﺐ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ‪ /‬ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻤﺮارﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺘﻮرﯾﺪ‬

‫‪...................................‬‬ ‫‪...................................‬‬ ‫‪...................................‬‬ ‫‪...................................‬‬ ‫‪...................................‬‬ ‫‪...................................‬‬ ‫‪...................................‬‬ ‫‪...................................‬‬ ‫‪...................................‬‬

‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻹدارة‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﻮارد‬ ‫أﻧﺸﻄﺔ داﻋﻤﺔ‬ ‫دﻋﻢ ﻟﻮﺟﯿﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﯿﻌﺎب‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻷداء‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ‬

‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ھﻨﺎك ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ رﻏﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ وﻗﺪرﺗﮭﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻮاق‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺠﻊ إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﯾﻈﮭﺮون ﻛﻔﺎءة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ إدارة اﻟﻤﻮارد‪ ،‬اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻌﺰز‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﺳﺘﻐﻼل ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻮارد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﯾﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﯿﻔﺎء ﺷﺮوط وﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﺳﺘﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻤﺮارﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ إﻟﻰ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﺗﻮرﯾﺪ ﺧﺎرﺟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﻋﺪم ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻤﻮردﯾﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻠﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت إﻧﺘﺎج ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﺠﻨﺴﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪة أﺳﻮاق إﻗﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ ودوﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﺰزت ﺳﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت وزادت أرﺑﺎﺣﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﺣﺪﯾﺜﺔ ﺻﺪﯾﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺌﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﺒﯿﺌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺆدي اﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻗﯿﻮد اﺳﺘﯿﺮاد اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة ﺗﺪﻓﻘﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺪت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﺗﻮرﯾﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎن‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating production texts‬‬

‫‪78‬‬

‫‪Text 2‬‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﻛﻤﻔﮭﻮم ﯾﻘﻮم ﻋﻠﻰ إدارة ﺗﺪﻓﻖ وﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة وﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺨﺎم إﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﮭﻼك اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ وﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﺤﻘﻖ رﺿﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ وزﯾﺎدة رﺑﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﯾﺴﺮي ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻷﻓﻘﻲ واﻟﺮأﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪ ،‬أي أﻧﮭﻤﺎ ﺳﺎھﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ إرﺳﺎء دﻋﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻮﻟﻤﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﺘﺠﺎرة ﺑﻞ وﻓﻲ ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻂ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪاﺛﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﻔﺮع ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮوع إدارة اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻊ‪ ،‬إذ ﺗﻄﻮرت ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﻲ ‪ physical distribution‬إﻟﻰ إدارة ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد ‪ Material management‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ إﻟﻰ ﻟﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ‪ integrated logistics‬ﺗﻀﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ إدارة اﻟﻤﻮاد واﻟﺘﻲ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺎت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ inbound logistics‬واﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺎت اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﺔ ‪.outbound logistics‬‬ ‫)‪(Dodeen, 2012, p. 77‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺨﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ‬ ‫إرﺳﺎء دﻋﺎﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﻋﯿﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺎت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﺔ‬

‫‪operations‬‬ ‫‪raw material‬‬ ‫‪vertical integration‬‬ ‫‪lay the foundations‬‬ ‫‪establish pattern‬‬ ‫‪physical distribution‬‬ ‫‪turned into‬‬ ‫‪inbound logistics‬‬

‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ وﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﮭﻼك‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﻟﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ب‬ ‫إدارة ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺎت ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺎت اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﺔ‬

‫‪flow and storage‬‬ ‫‪consumption stage‬‬ ‫‪industry level‬‬ ‫‪globalizing‬‬ ‫‪characterized by‬‬ ‫‪material management‬‬ ‫‪integrated logistics‬‬ ‫‪outbound logistics‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﮭﻼك اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ ‪Exercise 1: Translate up to‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗُﻌﺮف اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ وإدارة ﺗﺪﻓﻖ وﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت واﻟﺴﻠﻊ وﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫وﺻﻮﻻ إﻟﻰ أﻣﺎﻛﻦ اﺳﺘﮭﻼﻛﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ ﺑﺪءاً ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﺄھﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻐﺬاء ﯾُﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻜﻤﯿﺎت ﺗﺰﯾﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﯿﻊ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺎت ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ ﺗُﮭﺪر إﻣﺎ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج أو ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﮭﻼك‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﮭﺪف اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة إﻟﻰ دﻋﻢ اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ وإدارﺗﮭﺎ وﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫أوﻛﻠﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﮭﻤﺔ إدارة اﻟﻤﻮارد إﻟﻰ ﻓﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺳﯿﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﺟﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻮن اﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮاﺟﮭﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﻮﻟﻤﺔ اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺎت وآﺛﺎرھﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﻠﻮﺟﯿﺴﺘﯿﺎت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﺔ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮرﯾﺪ وﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﺎم وﺗﺴﻠﯿﻤﮭﺎ وإﻋﺪاد‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﯾﺮ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﮭﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﮭﻼك‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺗﺨﺎذ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺪاﺑﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﮭﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮرت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ‪ ،‬وﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻮرﯾﺪ ﻣﻤﻠﻮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺳﺎھﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة ﻓﻲ إرﺳﺎء دﻋﺎﺋﻢ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﮫ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻋﻮﻟﻤﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ ﻧﻤﻂ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻔﮭﻮم اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺔ ﻋﺪة ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating production texts 79‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

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‫ﻟﻌﺒﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ دوراً ً‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻞ واﻟﺸﺤﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Modern technology has played a significant role in supporting all private-sectors.‬‬

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‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻧﺠﺎح ﻟﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺠﮭﺎ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺑﺮز اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ رﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺠﺎﺣﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪The success of transportation slightly depends on the annual development of its‬‬ ‫‪program.‬‬

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‫‪The factors affecting the identification of shipping ports include the place of retail‬‬ ‫‪outlets.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﺨﺰن ﺗﺸﻤﻞ أﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﻣﺨﺰون زاﺋﺪ‬ ‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫طﻠﺐ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫طﻠﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ‬ ‫أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫إدارة اﻟﺸﺮاء‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﺮﺑﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺎت‬

‫‪…………………...‬‬ ‫‪…………………...‬‬ ‫‪…………………...‬‬ ‫‪…………………...‬‬ ‫‪…………………...‬‬ ‫‪…………………...‬‬ ‫‪procurement ……..‬‬ ‫‪…………………...‬‬ ‫‪…………………...‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﻓﻖ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫اﺳﺘﮭﻼك ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻓﻊ واﻟﺠﺬب‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻮدة إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻲ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺔ‬ ‫إﺟﺮاءات ﺟﻤﺮﻛﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻣﯿﺰة ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ‬

‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫‪………………..‬‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﺳﺘﺒﺪال ﻣﺮاﻓﻖ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ ﺑﻤﺮاﻓﻖ إﻧﺘﺎج ﺣﺪﯾﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﺒﯿﺌﻲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺔ وزﯾﺎدة اﻟﺮﺑﺤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺘﻲ اﻟﺪﻓﻊ واﻟﺠﺬب ﻹﯾﺼﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﺪف؛ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ إﯾﺼﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﮭﺪف إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺬب إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻔﯿﺰ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻋﺘﻤﺪت اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ دﻋﻢ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻲ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺔ ﻹﯾﺼﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪات إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﺎﺟﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎطﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﯿﺔ ﻗﺼﯿﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻔﺎوض اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻹﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺔ ﺣﻮل ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ إﺟﺮاءات ﺟﻤﺮﻛﯿﺔ ﻣﺒﺴﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﮭﯿﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻹﻏﺎﺛﯿﺔ أو اﻟﻄﺎرﺋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮرت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ زﯾﺎدة اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎراﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺔ اﻋﺘﻤﺎداً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاردھﺎ وﺧﺒﺮﺗﮭﺎ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻣﯿﺰة ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل أﻋﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك ﺗﻌﺎون ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ واﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻓﻊ واﻟﺠﺬب‪ :‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ھﺬه اﻹﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ ذات اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺤﺎ ً ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ً ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺟﮭﻮد اﻟﺒﯿﻊ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ھﻲ اﻷﻧﺴﺐ‬ ‫وﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﺎء اﻟﺘﺮوﯾﺞ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﯾﺸﺠﻌﮭﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ ھﺎﻣﺶ اﻟﺮﺑﺢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Assamaidi’i, 2010, p. 271‬‬

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Translating production texts

4.4 Quality Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1 Successful organizations realize that a major factor in Total Quality improvement is monitoring performance in meeting or exceeding customer requirements. In this context, they understand that “customers” are not only the people to whom you sell products or offer services but also are your internal staff. All your personnel interact with their own “suppliers” in the processes they operate, not just the people who sell products or services to your organization. These internal suppliers “down the line” in a process provide an input to the next job and thus satisfy their customers – the people “up the line” who need the information or material. The quality of any organization’s products or services is determined by the basic business or manufacturing processes that create them. If the chain of processes is made efficient and effective, then the resulting products or services will also be efficient and effective and will satisfy the external customer (Peratec, 1994). Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

realize Total Quality meeting requirements internal staff processes…...operate input “up the line” manufacturing processes efficient and effective

‫ﺗﺪرك‬ ‫ﺟﻮدة ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬/ ‫اﺳﺘﯿﻔﺎء ﺷﺮوط‬ ‫ﻣﻮظﻔﯿﻦ داﺧﻠﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻔﺬ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻼت‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿﻊ‬ ‫ُﻛﻔُﺆ وﻓﻌﺎل‬

major factor monitoring performance offer services personnel “down the line” satisfy is determined by chain of processes external customer

‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ رﺋﯿﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ أداء‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪم ﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺷﺆون اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮة ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﯾُﺮﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪدھﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫زﺑﻮن ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the above passage. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

This department provides technical and logistical support to different international organizations and external customers. These measures were aimed at introducing new organizational systems to achieve total quality. Many environmental and health problems resulted from manufacturing processes which led to air and water pollution. The organization explained that monitoring performance against objectives is one of the key success conditions. If the chain of processes is made efficient and effective, then the resulting products or services will also be efficient and effective. The center reviewed the way it offers services to ensure quality standards.

Translating production texts 81 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

Internal suppliers provide an input to the next job and thus satisfy their customers who need information or material.

‫ﯾﻮﻓﺮ ﺗﺠﺎر اﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻣﺪﺧﻼت إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺤﻘﻘﻮن أرﺑﺎﺣﺎ ً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪﯾﻦ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﯾﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮن‬ .‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬

•

•

Quality management refers to an organization’s designing and provision of quality products and services.

•

The union supports different companies to develop their capabilities based on the principles of total quality management.

.‫ﯾﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺈدارة اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺔ ﻗﯿﺎم ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮوﯾﺞ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ .‫ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﻟﺘﻤﻜﯿﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺒﻨﻮد إدارة اﻟﺠﻮدة‬

• •

Exercise 4: Translate the English phrases in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

maximize output product return eliminate waste quality planning quality control quality improvement eliminate defects incorporate changes increased revenue

………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… …………….. ………………… ………………. …………………

work environment product reliability product durability quality assurance continuous improvements management techniques customer complaints higher productivity design products

………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… …………... …………….. ……………….. ………………… …………………

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • •

The management began to devote its efforts to improve production efficiency through rationalizing the use of available resources. Although product return is expensive to companies, it guarantees the satisfaction of customers who can return defected products for the purpose of repair, refund, or replacement. It is necessary to familiarize all local manufacturers with the latest internationally adopted product reliability standards. Successful organizations realize that a major factor in total quality improvement is monitoring performance in meeting or exceeding customer requirements.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: Whether it is called total quality management (TQM), continuous quality improvement (CQI), or some other term, TQM/CQI is a structured organizational process for involving personnel in planning and executing a continuous flow of improvements to provide quality health care that meets or exceeds expectations (Kaluzny & Mclaughlin, 2004, p. 3).

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Translating production texts

Text 2 CUSTOMER SATISFACTION

The buzzword in today’s marketing management or total quality management is the customer’s satisfaction. A customer is satisfied when his stated and implied needs are fulfilled. Here the need could go much beyond the product and service to enter into the areas like aesthetics, time of delivery, place of delivery, life, the way the sales transaction is handled, etc. The true definition of quality emerges only and mainly from customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction can be achieved through the fulfillment of the stated and implied needs of the customer by the use of the products and/or services offered by the organization. The effect of customer satisfaction is the continued brand loyalty, repurchase of the products and service as well as the customer acting as an opinion leader in the market for the organization. To satisfy a customer, the extremely important task for an organization is to understand what the customer actually needs (Mukherjee, 2006, p. 34). Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

customer satisfaction marketing management stated and implied aesthetics emerges brand loyalty acting as extremely important

‫رﺿﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ‬ ‫إدارة اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ ﺻﺮﯾﺢ وﺿﻤﻨﻲ‬/ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺎت‬ ‫ ﯾﻨﺒﺜﻖ ﻣﻨﮫ‬/ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﻻء ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺆدي دور‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻎ اﻷھﻤﯿﺔ‬

buzzword is satisfied go beyond is handled fulfillment of repurchase opinion leader actually needs

‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬/ ‫ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮ طﻨﺎن‬ ‫ﯾﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺿﺎ‬ ‫ ﯾﺘﺨﻄﻰ‬/ ‫ﯾﺘﺠﺎوز‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺸﺮاء‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬/ ‫ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ رأي‬/ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﺪ‬ ً ‫ﯾﺤﺘﺎج ﻓﻌﻠﯿﺎ‬

Exercise 1: Find in the passage what matches the following translations:

‫ ﯾﻨﺸﺄ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ رﺿﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ‬،‫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻌﺪى اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺣﺪود اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗُﻠﺒﻰ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺗﮫ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻨﺔ واﻟﻀﻤﻨﯿﺔ‬ Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

Two teams reviewed the work of distribution channels to ensure reducing costs and properly adopt strategic marketing management. The proposed approach requires continuous control of the quality of services to achieve the highest level of customer satisfaction. The effect of customer satisfaction is the continued brand loyalty, repurchase of the products and services, and the customer acting as an opinion leader in the market for the organization. Companies can achieve continued brand loyalty when improving the levels of customer satisfaction. The improved quality of products can stimulate different customers to repurchase such products. The fulfillment of customers’ changing needs guarantees continuous suitable working conditions and profitability.

Translating production texts 83 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

When businesses are capable of continuing to adapt to changing customer needs, they can achieve competitive advantages in the market.

‫ﺗﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﯿﺰاﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻋﻤﻠﮭﺎ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻋﺪم ﻗﺪرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاﻛﺒﺔ اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮة‬

•

•

The private sector has significantly promoted its role as a service provider in different countries.

•

A number of governments implemented strict measures to improve the quality of the services provided to customers and to protect them against monopoly.

.‫ﺳﺎھﻢ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻠﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪة ﻗﺎرات‬ ‫طﺒﻘﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت اﻹﻗﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﺪة إﺟﺮاءات ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻷوﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ وﺣﻤﺎﯾﺘﮭﻢ‬ .‫ﻣﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‬

• •

Exercise 4: Translate the English phrases in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

service policy service expectations customer base instant feedback competitive pricing marketing abilities quality indicators export success import policies

……………….. …………… ……………….. ……………….. …………….. ……………... ………………. ………………... ………………..

service optimization company performance economically competitive economic competitiveness compete effectively competitive markets productivity growth product improvement boost export

……………….. ………………. ……………… ……………. ………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… …………………

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • •

Some companies adopted new customer service policies in order to familiarize their employees with how to deal with customers who are not satisfied with products. Governments should emphasize the need to promote different modern distribution networks which will improve service expectations. Competitive pricing can limit the ability of producers in developing countries to compete in international markets. The new program aims at developing women’s productive capacity and marketing abilities to ensure that they can compete successfully in domestic markets. Producers generally substitute different materials to ensure cost reduction and product improvement.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: The state has also good export potential of nontraditional items such as fruits, vegetables, spices, and sericulture. In fact, the horticultural products need exploitation to boost export of agricultural products from the state (Prasad, 2002, p. 235).

‫‪Translating production texts‬‬

‫‪84‬‬

‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫إدارة اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ھﻲ اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ إدارة اﻟﺠﻮدة ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﺠﻮدة‪ .‬وأﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ ﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫وھﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﮭﻮم اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ ﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة وھﻮ ﯾﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻐﺬاء اﺑﺘﺪاء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﯿﻂ ﻟﻠﺠﻮدة – ﺟـﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺘـﺼﻤﯿﻢ –ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﺎم واﻟﺨﺎﻣﺎت – اﻟﻌﻤﺎل – اﻟﻤﺎﻛﯿﻨﺎت – اﻹدارة – اﻟﻨﻘﻞ – اﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ – اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ – ﺧﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﻊ ‪ . . .‬وﺧﻼﻓـﮫ‪ .‬أي أن إدارة اﻟﺠـﻮدة اﻟـﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻀﺎﻓﺮ ﻛﻞ اﻟﺠﮭﻮد واﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻹرﺿﺎء رﻏﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤـﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﻘﺪر اﻹﻣﻜﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ أﻻ ﯾﺨﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪ .‬وﺗﻌﺮف اﻟـ‬ ‫‪ TQM‬ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ ”ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻣﻔﺎھﯿﻢ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ وﻋﻠـﻰ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت“ وﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺔ اﻹدارة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻮدة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ ﻛـﻞ رﺋﯿﺲ ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى إﻟﻰ أدﻧﺎه ﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل ﺗﺨﺼﺼﮫ‪ .‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن إدارة اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ رﻏﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ وإدارة اﻟﺘـﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ وإدارة اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﯾﺎت ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺷـﺮاء اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺎت ﺑﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﺟﯿﺪة وإدارة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿﻌﯿﺔ وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ واﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ إﺟﺮاء اﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎرات واﻟﻔﺤـﺺ وإدارة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌـﺎت ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت واﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‪(Ali & Hamzawi, 2007, p. 9) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﮭﻮم اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﻄﯿﻂ ﻟﻠﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﻊ‬ ‫إرﺿﺎء رﻏﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﺨﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات وﻓﺤﺺ‬

‫‪Total Quality‬‬ ‫‪continuous improvement‬‬ ‫‪modern concept‬‬ ‫‪quality planning‬‬ ‫‪after-sales service‬‬ ‫‪satisfy desires‬‬ ‫‪impair ability‬‬ ‫‪rests with‬‬ ‫‪tests and inspection‬‬

‫اﺗﺠﺎه ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫رﻗﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻣﺎت‪/‬ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺎﻓﺮ اﻟﺠﮭﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬

‫‪trend towards‬‬ ‫‪overall control‬‬ ‫‪quality control‬‬ ‫‪materials‬‬ ‫‪concerted effort‬‬ ‫‪reduce costs‬‬ ‫‪competitiveness‬‬ ‫‪manufacturing‬‬ ‫‪customers’ remarks‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Find in the passage what matches the following translations:‬‬ ‫‪quality management through continuous improvement, which indicates controlling food qual‬‬‫‪ity, disrupt product competitiveness, responsible for determining the required specifications‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﻄﺒﻖ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎدئ إدارة اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﮭﺪف دﻋﻢ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﻗﺪراﺗﮭﺎ وﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮھﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻧﺠﺎح ﺷﺮﻛﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﺠﻮدة ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻣﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎدة ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ ردود اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﻌﻜﺴﯿﺔ وﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﺑﮭﺪف اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼء اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﺼﺪﯾﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﺴﮭﯿﻞ ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating production texts 85‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

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‫ﺗﺴﺘﻮرد ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪول اﻹﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺔ ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﺋﯿﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﺑﺪون اﻟﺘﻘﯿﺪ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪Central African countries import secondary food items without identifying general stan‬‬‫‪dards of product quality assessment.‬‬

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‫‪Government and private-sector institutions temporarily hire exports to perform quality‬‬ ‫‪control for their products.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪Quality planning is a key factor in ensuring a company’s productivity in regional and‬‬ ‫‪international markets.‬‬

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‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺎع ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻮظﯿﻒ ﺧﺒﺮاء ﻹﺟﺮاء ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ ﺟﻮدة ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ رﻗﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة أھﻢ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺿﻤﺎن اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ واﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﻛﻔﺎءة إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺪﻋﻢ أھﺪاف‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ واﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻘﻖ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬

‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫………… ‪standard‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬

‫ﺳﻮء اﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﻘﺼﻮر‬ ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ واﻟﺘﻘﯿﯿﻢ‬ ‫أداء ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫آﻻت وﻋﻤﺎل‬

‫…………… ‪poor‬‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻣﻌﺪات اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗُﻨﻘﻞ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ً إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﯿﻦ ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﻛﻔﺎءﺗﮭﻢ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮھﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮردﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﯿﯿﻦ ﯾﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ واﻟﺠﻮدة ﯾﻌﺪ أﺣﺪ أﺑﺮز ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ان ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﱢ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮء ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ أﻟﺤﻖ ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻓﺎدﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ أﻧﮭﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻠﺘﺰم ﺑﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت أو ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺪة طﻮﯾﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أدى ﺗﺴﮭﯿﻞ اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺠﻤﺮﻛﯿﺔ وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﺠﻮدة إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة ﻛﻤﯿﺔ إﻧﺘﺎج وﺗﺼﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة دول ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪول ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ وھﻮ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﻜﺲ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻟﮭﺬا اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﺠﻮدة ﻋﻠﻰ إدارة اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate following passage into English:‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿﻊ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺠﻮدة ھﻨﺎ اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻖ واﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت وﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ وھﻲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ وﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻤﮫ‪ ،‬وﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ھﻨﺎ ذات ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ واﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﯿﺔ وﯾﺘﻢ وﺿﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻨﺎءاً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎت وﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﺎس ﺟﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف ﻓﻲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﮫ ﻋﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‪(Ashyouni, 2014, p. 12) .‬‬

‫‪Translating production texts‬‬

‫‪86‬‬

‫‪Text 2‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺠﻮدة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ أھﺪاف واﺿﺤﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﺮﺑﺤﯿﺔ واﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق‪ :‬إذ ﯾﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻣﺆﺷﺮا ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﮭﺎ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺮﺑﺤﯿﺔ وﺧﻠﻖ اﻟﺤﺼﺺ اﻟﺴﻮﻗﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة واﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ .‬وﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺷﻌﺎر إدارة اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ )إﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ ﻣﻦ أول وھﻠﺔ ‪ (Do the Right Things The First Time‬ﻣﻌﯿﺎراً ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ وﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻮء ﺗﺨﻔﯿﻒ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻠﯿﺔ واﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﻮم ﻣﮭﻤﺔ اﻹدارة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻮدة ﺑﺎﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﮭﺎدﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﯿﻦ واﻟﻤﺮﺗﻘﺒﯿﻦ وﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻤﮫ ﻟﮭﻢ وﯾﺠﺮي ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺆداة ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻷﻓﺮاد اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫إﺑﺘﺪاءاً ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﻮث اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﺑﻐﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺮاد اﻋﺘﻤﺎدھﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻌﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻤﺰﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻤﮫ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Hammoud, 2002, p. 83‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫أھﺪاف واﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮاً‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﺺ اﻟﺴﻮﻗﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻔﯿﻒ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻷﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻼء اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻘﺒﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﺮاد اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬

‫‪clear objectives‬‬ ‫‪an indicator‬‬ ‫‪which would‬‬ ‫‪market shares‬‬ ‫‪reduce costs‬‬ ‫‪optimal level‬‬ ‫‪potential customers‬‬ ‫‪personnel‬‬ ‫‪identify specifications‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﺮﺑﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺮﺑﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯿﺎراً‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆداة‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻮث اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺰﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻤﮫ‬

‫‪achieve profitability‬‬ ‫‪increase sales‬‬ ‫‪increase profitability‬‬ ‫‪a standard‬‬ ‫‪operational processes‬‬ ‫‪consumers‬‬ ‫‪done by‬‬ ‫‪market research‬‬ ‫‪to be introduced‬‬

‫‪.‬اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence up to‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﻤﻜﻨﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺑﺤﯿﺔ ودﺧﻠﺖ أﺳﻮاﻗﺎ ً ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﺗﻐﻠﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻮب ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أدت اﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺮوﯾﺠﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ وﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ أرﺑﺎح‬ ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﯿﺔ ﻗﺼﯿﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﻮارد واﻹﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺑﺤﻮث اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ واﻟﻨﻮﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺨﺪﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة ﺣﺼﺘﮭﻢ اﻟﺴﻮﻗﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫وﺿﻤﺎن اﻟﻤﯿﺰة اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ وﺧﻮاﺻﮭﺎ ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻓﺌﺎت ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ وﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫رﻏﺒﺎﺗﮭﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺎت وﺧﻄﻂ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺨﻔﯿﻒ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ اﻟﻌﺠﺰ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ إﻋﺪاد ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻧﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻼء اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﯿﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating production texts 87‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﮭﻤﺔ اﻹدارة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻮدة اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﮭﺪف إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﯿﻦ واﻟﻤﺮﺗﻘﺒﯿﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪TQM plans may include targeting previous and current customers.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪The commission inspects imported goods to ensure the conformity of their use with the‬‬ ‫‪specifications of the ordered goods.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﻔﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﯿﺪ ﺑﺎﻷھﺪاف اﻟﻮاﺿﺤﺔ ﻹدارة اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ أﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﺪر ﻣﻦ اﻻﻟﺘﺰام ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺠﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪It is necessary to avoid abiding by the clear objectives of TQM in order to achieve‬‬ ‫‪acceptable commitment to products quality local standards.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺎت اﻟﺴﻮق‬ ‫ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت أﻋﻤﺎل ﺻﻐﯿﺮة‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺎن اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻛﻔﺎءة‬ ‫ﯾﻠﺒﻲ ‪ /‬ﯾﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻘﺪرات‬

‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪…………………...‬‬ ‫‪………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………...‬‬ ‫‪…………………...‬‬ ‫‪…………………...‬‬ ‫‪…………………...‬‬ ‫‪meets …………….‬‬ ‫‪…………………...‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻛﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد ﻣﻜﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫أدوات اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮات اﻷداء اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎن اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ وﺗﺼﻨﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬

‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻋﺎﻣﻸ أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺎ ً ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺎت اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ واﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻷرﺑﺎح ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮض ﻏﺎﻟﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ذات ﺟﻮدة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺴﻮﻗﯿﺔ وﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮض ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻣﺸﺎﺑﮭﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻛﺪت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺿﺮورة ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻣﺆﺷﺮات اﻷداء اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ أھﺪاﻓﮭﺎ وإﻧﺠﺎز أﻋﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻮق ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ أﺳﻮاق دوﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻮاﻛﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻓﻲ اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت ورﻏﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻤﺮارﯾﺔ أﻋﻤﺎﻟﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺼﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﺗﺪرﯾﺒﯿﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻗﺪرات اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ ﻟﺪﯾﮭﺎ وﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﮭﻢ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﺠﻮدة وآﻟﯿﺎت ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪.‬‬ ‫راﻗﺒﺖ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ ﻣﺪى اﻟﺘﺰام ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﯿﺎ ً‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫إن ﻧﺠﺎح اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺪى اﻟﻄﻮﯾﻞ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت وﺣﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼء اﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﮭﺪف‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﻲ ﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻌﻤﻼء واﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ذات ﺟﻮدة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﺳﻌﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Dodeen, 2010, p. 48‬‬

5

Translating finance texts

5.1 Accounting and financial statements Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1 FRS 18 sets out the principles to be followed in selecting accounting policies and the disclosures for the readers to understand the accounting policies adopted and how they have been applied. It requires specific disclosures about the adopted accounting policies and changes to those policies and, in some circumstances, disclosures about the estimation techniques used in applying those policies. Accounting policies are the principles, bases, conventions, rules, and practices adopted by an organization in preparing and presenting financial statements. In essence, accounting policies specify how the effects of transactions and other events are to be reflected in financial statements through recognizing, measuring and presenting assets, liabilities, gains, losses, and changes to capital (or shareholders’ funds) (Kwok, 2005, pp. 25–26). Vocabulary ST

TT

‫ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬

financial statements sets out disclosures circumstances conventions specify recognizing assets gains

‫ﯾﺤﺪد‬ ‫إﻗﺮارت‬ ‫ أوﺿﺎع‬/ (‫ظﺮوف )ﺣﺎﻻت‬ ‫ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت‬/ ‫أﻋﺮاف‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪد‬ ‫ ﺗﻤﻤﯿﺰ‬/ ‫ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ‬ ‫أﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﺳﺐ‬

ST

TT

FRS

/ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ إﺑﻼغ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺎت ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪة‬/ ‫ﻣﺘﺒﻌﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﻟﯿﺐ اﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس‬ ‫دﯾﻮن‬/‫اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﺎت‬ ‫رأس ﻣﺎل‬

accounting policies adopted estimation techniques practices transactions measuring liabilities capital

Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the above passage. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • •

The company hired an experienced auditor to review its financial statements and prepare a report on any breach. The standard accounting policies are primarily designed to ensure that financial statements provide accurate financial information. New banking systems in different financial institutions were updated to facilitate faster and more reliable financial transactions. Many local traders try to achieve financial gains by illegally selling imported goods across the country. The government committee ordered the company to submit its financial disclosures and accounting policies. The project team informed the donors about the required technical support. Accounting policies are the principles and rules adopted by an organization.

DOI: 10.4324/9781003170846-6

Translating finance texts 89 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

More financial resources are needed to implement several projects.

•

The police department was investigating some suspicious financial transactions.

.‫ھﻨﺎك ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻤﻮارد ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ‬ •

.‫أﺟﺮى ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﺸﺮطﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎ ً ﺣﻮل ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﮭﻮﻟﺔ وﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﻏﺴﯿﻞ اﻷﻣﻮال‬

• •

The new manager is responsible for managing financial accounting, financial transactions, and auditing.

.‫ واﻟﺤﻮاﻻت واﻟﺘﺪﻗﯿﻖ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬،‫ﯾﺘﻮﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺎ ً ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬

•

Exercise 4: Translate the English phrases in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

business accounting financial accounting balance sheet cash flow insolvency accounting cycle acquisition annual report audit risk

………………….. ………………….. ………………….. ………………….. ………………….. …………………..

auditors’ report bank statement bankruptcy budget consumer goods debtor discount face value financial institution

…………………

‫اﺳﺘﺤﻮاذ‬

………………….. …………………..

................. ‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬

………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… …………………

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

Efficient production management, business accounting and marketing strategies can significantly improve the operations of small companies. The principles which govern the functioning of financial accounts are different from the principles governing other types of accounting. COVID-19 lockdowns caused the insolvency of many companies locally and internationally. The company management has begun taking serious steps toward implementing the auditor’s recommendations and suggestions. Major imports in the last decade were consumer goods, electrical appliances, and electronic devices. The recent financial annual report clearly outlines the company’s financial and operating activities.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: The primary purpose of accounting is to provide financial information about an economic entity. Many people both within and outside a business organization need information about the entity. For example, managers of the business need information to aid in making decisions about the operation of the business. Investors need information that will aid them in deciding how to invest their money (Gallun & Wright, 2005, p. 21).

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Translating finance texts

Text 2 The term “Financial Statements” is used to denote only two basic statements: a)

Balance Sheet (or Position Statement), which shows the financial position of an enterprise at a particular point of time. b) Profit and Loss Account (or Income Statement), which shows the financial performance of business operations during an accounting period. USEFULNESS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The information contained in these statements is used by the management, present and potential investors, lenders, short-term creditors, employees, customers, and governments and their agencies to satisfy some of their different needs for information. Users can get truer insight about the financial strengths and weaknesses of the firm if they properly analyze the information from their own points of view (Tulsian, B. & Tulsian, P., 2017). Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

term denotes position statement income statement accounting period potential investors short-term creditors truer insight

‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ‬/ ‫ﯾﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎن وﺿﻊ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎن دﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮة ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫داﺋﻨﯿﻦ ﻷﺟﻞ ﻗﺼﯿﺮ‬ ‫رؤﯾﺔ أدق‬

statements balance sheet profit/loss account financial performance usefulness lenders users financial strengths

‫ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻒ ﻣﯿﺰاﻧﯿﺔ‬/‫ﺑﯿﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب رﺑﺢ وﺧﺴﺎرة‬ ‫أداء ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ‬/ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮﺿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط ﻗﻮة ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬

Exercise 1: Translate a. and b. above. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • •

The statement of financial position submitted to the committee did not clearly indicate the value of the company’s business. The income statements and cash flow statements were reviewed by an external accountant. Potential investors can now explore suitable investment opportunities in this competitive business environment. New assessments are expected to explore the company’s financial strengths and weakness, production capacity, and quality management. The poor financial performance of the company indicates the absence of proper financial management. The end of the accounting period should clearly indicate net income and financial performance. Borrowers were not able to pay off their loans to the lenders due to the crisis.

Translating finance texts 91 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

Users can get truer insight about the financial strengths of the firm if they analyze the financial information.

‫ وذﻟﻚ إذا ﻗﺎﻣﻮا‬،‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺪد اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ أدق ﺣﻮل ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻘﻮة واﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ .‫ﺑﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬ •

Two reports on the accounting period will be submitted to the external auditor.

•

The board of directors discussed the poor financial performance.

.‫ﺳﯿﻘﻮم ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﺑﺘﺴﻠﯿﻢ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﮭﺎﺋﯿﯿﻦ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﺣﻮل اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ‬ .‫ﻧﺎﻗﺶ اﻟﻔﺮﯾﻖ أداء اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﻤﺎﺿﯿﺔ‬

• • •

Exercise 4: Translate the English phrases in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

operating expenses audit manager asset depreciation expense gross income hedging internal audit letter of credit limited company

……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ………………

fraud accounting standards gross profit general partnership fixed assets indirect cost inflation rate investment activities investment income

……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ………………

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

Accounting standards are regularly reviewed to ensure keeping pace with the developing business environment. The gains and losses from the investment activities were properly reviewed and recorded. New legislations were enacted to allow two types of partnerships: general partnership and limited partnership. The partners decided to refrain from setting up their limited company because the procedures are complex. The miscalculation of indirect costs was not taken into consideration during the financial review process. High inflation rates indicate an increase in the prices of consumer goods.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: Cost accounting is that branch of accounting information system which records, measures and reports information about costs. A cost is a sacrifice of resource. Costs are reflected in the accounting system by outlays of cash, promises to pay cash at a future date, and the expiration of the value of an asset. The primary purpose of cost accounting is the ascertainment and its use in decision-making and performance evaluation. (Jain & Khan, 2006, p. 9).

‫‪Translating finance texts‬‬

‫‪92‬‬

‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ھﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﯾﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺧﻼت وﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ وﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎت‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻷﺣﺪاث اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ وإﺛﺒﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﯿﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻔﯿﺪة ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ أﻓﺮاداً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮارات‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﮭﺎ أﯾﻀﺎ ً ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ واﻟﻤﺒﺎدئ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ وﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄة ﺧﻼل ﻣﺪة ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ وإﯾﺼﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻠﺨﺼﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﺨﺬي اﻟﻘﺮارات ﺑﮭﺪف اﺗﺨﺎذ‬ ‫ﻗﺮارات رﺷﯿﺪة‪.‬‬ ‫وﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻷﺣﺪاث اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻤﻨﺸﺄة ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻠﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻞ‬ ‫ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻷطﺮاف اﻟﻤﮭﺘﻤﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪(Ashabani, 2014, p. 4) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ وﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﺣﺪاث اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻟﯿﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ واﻟﻤﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ وﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄة‬ ‫ﻗﺮارات رﺷﯿﺪة‬

‫‪accounting‬‬ ‫‪includes‬‬ ‫‪operation & output‬‬ ‫‪economic events‬‬ ‫‪turning . . . into‬‬ ‫‪rules and principles‬‬ ‫‪recording and analyzing‬‬ ‫‪firm‬‬ ‫‪informed decision‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻼت‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬ ‫وإﺛﺒﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮارات‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪة ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻷﺣﺪاث‬

‫‪information system‬‬ ‫‪inputs‬‬ ‫‪interpret‬‬ ‫‪enter into‬‬ ‫‪decision making‬‬ ‫‪govern‬‬ ‫‪financial transactions‬‬ ‫‪financial period‬‬ ‫‪identify events‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Find in the passage what matches the following translations:‬‬ ‫‪then turning them into useful information, taking economic decisions, the science which‬‬ ‫‪looks into, a specific time period‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﺗﻀﺮ اﻷﺣﺪاث اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة اﻹﻏﻼق اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺎﺋﺤﺔ ﻛﻮروﻧﺎ ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ وأرﺑﺎﺣﮭﺎ‬ ‫ووﺿﻌﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ آﻟﯿﺔ إﻋﺪاد اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﯾﺮ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯾﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ واﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺟﺪﯾﺪة وﻣﺘﻄﻮرة‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪة ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺸﻮﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﯾﺘﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻘﻮم اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺪة أﻗﺼﺎھﺎ ﺷﮭﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﮫ ﺑﺘﺴﺠﯿﻞ وﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﮭﺪف اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ وﺟﻮد ﺧﻠﻞ ﻓﻲ آﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﺣﺪاث اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺴﺎﻋﺪ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻘﺮارات‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﺨﺎذ ﻗﺮارات رﺷﯿﺪة‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺮاﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ أﺳﻮاق ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪ ،‬اﻻﻟﺘﺰام ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪدھﺎ اﻟﻠﺠﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬه اﻷﺳﻮاق‪.‬‬ ‫أدت اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﺠﺮى اﻷﺣﺪاث اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻘﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺿﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts 93‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﯾﺆدي اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ وﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻮرة إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Use of accounting systems improves reviewing the company accounts.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫ﺗﺄﺛﺮت اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﺎدﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‪.‬‬

‫‪Different economic aspects were affected by government procedures aiming at promot‬‬‫‪ing external trade.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪The commission studies the financial information of the company and prepares a report‬‬ ‫‪which is later submitted to external auditors.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ وإﻋﺪاد ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺮ ﯾﺘﻢ رﻓﻌﮫ إﻟﻰ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻘﺮار‪.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﺳﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ إﺑﺪاﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫رﻛﻮد اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫إﺟﺮاءات ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ رأﺳﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺒﺔ دﺧﻞ‬

‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ دوﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺮداد‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ دوﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ دﻓﺘﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮوﻓﺎت ﻣﺆﺟﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺺ ‪ /‬ﺗﺪﻗﯿﻖ داﺧﻠﻲ‬

‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫‪…………auditing‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫أﻋﺪت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺮھﺎ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ وأرﺳﻠﺘﮫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﺧﺎرﺟﯿﯿﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻗﯿﻖ واﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﺟﻮد ﺧﻠﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻀﻤﻦ اﺗﺒﺎع اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ وﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﺰام اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫أﺛﺮ اﻟﺮﻛﻮد اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﻛﺜﯿﺮة ﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻓﺎدﺣﺔ وأﻟﻐﺖ ﻋﻘﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪم ﻗﺪرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ دﻓﻊ اﻟﺮواﺗﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻀﻊ رواﺗﺐ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ واﻟﺨﺎص ﻟﻀﺮﯾﺒﺔ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗُﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ أﻏﻠﺐ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان‬ ‫ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫أﺿﺎف اﻟﻮزﯾﺮ أن اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺎﻓﻰ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎ ً ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻛﻮد وﺑﺪون اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ رأﺳﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺑﻔﻀﻞ إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺘﺼﺪي ﻟﻸزﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗُﺪرج اﻟﻤﻌﺪات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ إذا ﺗﺠﺎوزت ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭﺎ اﻻﺳﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﺒﻠﻐﺎ ً ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺎ ً‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ھﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﯾﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺧﻼت وﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ وﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻢ إﻋﺪاد اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ طﺒﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺨﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻤﯿﺔ ﻟﺮأس اﻟﻤﺎل‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج واﻟﻤﻔﺎھﯿﻢ اﻷﺧﺮى أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻷﻏﺮاض إﻣﺪاد ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻔﯿﺪة ﻓﻲ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮارات اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‪(Assakni, 2016, p. 110) .‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts‬‬

‫‪94‬‬

‫‪Text 2‬‬

‫ﻓﺮوع اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ :‬وھﻲ اﻟﻔﺮع اﻟﺬي ﯾﮭﺘﻢ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ وﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﺗﻠﺨﯿﺼﮭﺎ ﺑﮭﺪف ﻗﯿﺎس ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻧﺸﺎط‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄة ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ وﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ھﻲ ﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄة وﯾﺮﺗﻜﺰ‬ ‫اھﺘﻤﺎﻣﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻸطﺮاف اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ‪) .‬اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ واﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻹدارﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﺑﺪأ ھﺬا اﻟﻔﺮع ﺑﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج أو ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ﺛﻢ ﺗﻄﻮر إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻹدارﯾﺔ ﻻرﺗﺒﺎطﮭﺎ ﺑﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ ﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻹداري ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ ﺑﺪأ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻓﻲ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮارات اﻹدارﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻄﻮر ﻟﯿﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺪم اﻹدارة ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﯿﻂ واﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ وﻗﯿﺎس اﻷداء‪ ،‬وھﺬا ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻹدارﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‪(Assayed, 2014, p. 32) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﻓﺮوع‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺨﯿﺺ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ دﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺧﺎرﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ إدارﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ‬

‫‪branches‬‬ ‫‪summarizing‬‬ ‫‪income statement‬‬ ‫‪external accounting‬‬ ‫‪management accounting‬‬ ‫‪unit cost‬‬ ‫‪accounting information‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ وﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫أطﺮاف ﺧﺎرﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ارﺗﺒﺎطﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس أداء‬

‫‪analyzing and recording‬‬ ‫‪measuring outcome‬‬ ‫‪external parties‬‬ ‫‪cost accounting‬‬ ‫‪production cost‬‬ ‫‪its relevance to‬‬ ‫‪performance measurement‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Find in the text what matches the following translations:‬‬ ‫– ‪and focuses on providing financial information – this branch began as cost accounting‬‬ ‫‪administrative use of accounting information – this is called‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﺮﺟﻊ اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﺿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻵوﻧﺔ اﻷﺧﯿﺮة إﻟﻰ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺳﻌﺮ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ووﺟﻮد ﺑﺪاﺋﻞ أﺧﺮى أﻗﻞ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺣﺼﻮل اﻟﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷدوﯾﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎر ﻣﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ أرﺑﺎح ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ‪ ،‬وﺿﻤﺎن ﻋﺪم إﻓﻼﺳﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ دراﺳﺔ وﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺆدي ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ دﻗﯿﻘﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة وﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ إﻟﻰ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ ھﺬه‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯾﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻹدارﯾﺔ اﻋﺘﻤﺎداً رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ أو ﻗﯿﺎس أداء اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﻀﻤﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﺘﻘﯿﯿﻢ ﻗﯿﺎس‬ ‫اﻷداء ﻓﻲ ﺿﻮء ﻣﺆﺷﺮات أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗُﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ﺿﺮﯾﺒﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻌﺪم ظﮭﻮرھﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺠﮭﺎت اﻟﺮاﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﮭﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯾﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺗﺒﺎع اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ وھﺬا ﻟﻀﻤﺎن اﻟﺘﺴﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts 95‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﯾﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻮن إﻟﻰ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺮاء وﺿﻤﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ أرﺑﺎح‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺗﮭﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪Businessmen try to reduce production cost to enable consumers to select different prod‬‬‫‪ucts and achieve profits for their partners.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ وﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻗﯿﺎس ﻧﺠﺎح ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻌﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﮭﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺤﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺪف ﺿﻤﺎن اﺳﺘﻤﺮارﯾﺔ ﺣﺼﻮﻟﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬

‫‪Humanitarian organizations provide information on the impact of their projects to‬‬ ‫‪ensure receiving funds to complete the implementation of other projects.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪Reducing production unit cost will certainly cause minor losses to the company.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺳﻌﺮ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﺒﺪ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻓﺎدﺣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫إدارات ﺣﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫داﺋﻦ وﻣﺪﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ ﺧﺎرﺟﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر رﺋﯿﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎت ﻧﻘﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻚ اﻟﺪﻓﺎﺗﺮ‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﻣﻮظﻔﯿﻦ‬

‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺮوﻓﺎت ﺣﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫دﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻘﺔ وﻣﺼﺪاﻗﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮص اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎت ﻧﻘﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻧﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎرﯾﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬

‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺶ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺼﯿﻞ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ ﺑﮭﺪف زﯾﺎدة ﻣﻮاردھﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ وﺗﺮﺷﯿﺪ ﻣﺼﺮوﻓﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻘﺪﻣﮫ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻘﺮوض ﻗﺼﯿﺮة اﻷﺟﻞ وﺗﺪرﯾﺐ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ إدارة اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯾﻊ‬ ‫وﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ أوﺿﺎﻋﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫وأرﺑﺎﺣﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻛﺪ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﺴﻨﻮي ﺿﺮورة ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺎت ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻒ وﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ وﻓﻘﺎ ً‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص اﻏﺘﻨﺎم ﻓﺮص اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻹﻗﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ وﻓﻲ أﺳﻮاق اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﮫ اﻟﺨﺼﻮص‪.‬‬ ‫وظﻔﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻹدارﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﮭﻤﺔ ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ واﺣﺪة ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺮﺟﻊ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ھﺬا‬ ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ -‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﯿﺎ ً ‪ -‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺘﺒﺎﯾﻨﺔ ﺟﻮھﺮﯾﺎ ً ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت واﻷﺣﺪاث‪(Assoufi, 2011, p. 64) .‬‬

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Translating finance texts

5.2 Banking Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1 FOUR TYPES OF BANKS

Investment banks are a subset of the banking industry and have a special legal structure to execute their roles in the capital markets. There are four main types of banks: retail banks, commercial banks, investment banks, and universal banks. Retail banks are focused primarily on collecting deposits from individuals and organizations and making loans. Commercial banks are focused on serving the banking needs of corporations. For example, a commercial bank may offer a working capital loan to fund the operation of a business. After World War Il, 60% of lending in the United States was done by retail and commercial banks. By 2008, that was down to 20%. In large part, this shift was a result of the growth of money-market funds, bond funds, and securitization – all financial vehicles related to the investment banking industry. Universal banks engage in retail, commercial, and investment banking practices (Howard & Snider, 2010, p. 21). Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

capital loan banking industry execute roles retail banks universal banks making loans corporations bond funds financial vehicles

‫ﻗﺮض رأس ﻣﺎل‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺆدي أدوار‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎرف اﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎرف ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﻗﺮوض‬/ ‫ﻣﻨﺢ‬ ‫ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت‬/ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎدﯾﻖ ﺳﻨﺪات‬ ‫آﻟﯿﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬

subset legal structure capital markets commercial banks collecting deposits banking needs money-market funds securitization investment banking

‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﯿﻜﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫أﺳﻮاق رأس اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎرف ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻞ إﯾﺪاﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎدﯾﻖ ﺳﻮق اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫إﺻﺪار أوراق ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬/‫ﺗﺴﻨﯿﺪ أﺻﻮل‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرﯾﺔ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first two sentences in the above passage. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

The central bank decided to review the role of financial institutions and investment banks. Commitment to the standards of and transparency in the international banking industry promotes reliable banking transactions. The proposal relating to allowing some banks to make loans and accept deposits was rejected because some banks cannot engage in these two activities. After World War Il, 60% of lending in the United States was done by retail and commercial banks. Commercial banks are focused on serving the banking needs of corporations. Universal banks engage in retail, commercial, and investment banking practices.

Translating finance texts 97 Exercise 3: Correct the errors in the following Arabic translations: •

The main source of financing investment is borrowing through international capital markets.

•

Retails banks do not provide good wealth management and tax planning services, unlike private banks.

•

The latest report submitted to the committee discussed the financial accounting and activities of two local commercial banks.

.‫ﻻ ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻻﻗﺘﺮاض ﻣﻦ أﺳﻮاق رأس اﻟﻤﺎل أﺣﺪ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‬ .‫ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت إدارة اﻟﺜﺮوة ﺑﺨﻼف اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ .‫ﯾﻨﺎﻗﺶ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮي اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻹدارﯾﺔ واﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﯿﯿﻦ‬

• • •

Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table.. ST

TT

ST

TT

brokers raise money home mortgages attract clients financial models electronic banking fees financial advisor national bank

…...………………. ....................... ‫ﯾﺠﻤﻊ‬ …...………………. …...………………. …...………………. …...………………. …...………………. …...………………. …...……………….

banking day student loans hedge funds certificate of deposit direct deposit interest rate commission fees sell assets payment due date

................. ‫ﯾﻮم ﻋﻤﻞ‬ …....…………….. …....…………….. …....…………….. …....…………….. …....…………….. …....…………….. …....…………….. …....……………..

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • •

Different banks generally raise money by providing different types of loans such as personal loans. A major portion of personal savings in the United States is used to pay for home mortgages. This research discusses the suitability of the security procedures followed in electronic banking. The agreement signed by the parties does not specify the beginning of each month as the payment due date for the goods and materials. Many NGOs around the world provide assistance to poor students through student loans. The company appointed a financial advisor to provide financial planning and help it achieve its financial goals. The investment banking industry is growing in the Middle East.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: Services offered by microfinance institutions (MFIs) now range from loans, savings, and insurance to money banking, healthcare, and well beyond. Yet microcredit, the offering of small, uncollateralized loans, is where microfinance has its roots and is the topic of Chapter 5 (Watkins, 2018).

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Translating finance texts

Text 2 E-banking (Electronic Banking): Some commercial banks provide the facility of e-banking through which a customer can operate his account via internet. He can transfer money and can also make payments of various bills. Through e-banking transactions can be carried out safely and with total confidentiality. Remittance of Funds/Transfer of Money: Commercial banks remit money from one place to another or even from one country to another. Remittance of fund is done by telegraphic transfer, mail transfer, demand draft, etc. Dealings in Foreign exchange: By keeping separate foreign exchange department, commercial banks offer services for converting one currency into another. Banks make profit in foreign exchange transactions. (Oswaal Editorial Board, 2019, p. 200). Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

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e-banking operate account make payment total confidentiality remit money mail transfer dealings make profit

‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺪﯾﺮ ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺪد دﻓﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﺮﯾﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ‬ ً ‫ﯾﺤﻮل ﻣﺒﻠﻐﺎ ً ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻘﻖ رﺑﺢ‬

provide facility transfer money bills remittance of funds telegraphic transfer demand draft converting currency foreign exchange

(‫ﯾﻘﺪم ﺧﺪﻣﺎت )ﺗﺴﮭﯿﻼت‬ ً ‫ﯾﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺗﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﻣﻮال‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ ﺗﻠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ‬ ‫إﺷﻌﺎر دﻓﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ ﻋﻤﻼت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻼت أﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first passage above. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • • •

Many developed countries depend on e-banking to carry out different electronic transactions. Bank customers can now manage their accounts electronically to complete money transfers and payments. In many Gulf countries, different financial institutions and banks allow expatriates to remit money to a bank account in their home country. A large number of workers in the Middle East completely rely on such financial services for a rapid remittance of funds to their families’ bank accounts. The insufficient foreign exchange reserves do not allow large remittances to be made this month. The contractual obligations show that the employer must make payments to the employee without delay. Different currency converters are freely available online to convert one currency into another. The company provides facilities for small businesses in the area.

Translating finance texts 99 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

Commercial banks remit money from one place to another or even from one country to another.

•

Banks make profit in foreign exchange transactions.

•

Many commercial banks operating in the region paused their investments to avoid possible losses during the financial crisis.

.‫ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻘﺒﻮل اﻟﻮداﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎن إﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎن آﺧﺮ‬ .‫ﺗﻜﺒﺪت اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻼت اﻷﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ‬ .‫ﺧﻔﻀﺖ ﻋﺪة ﺑﻨﻮك اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎراﺗﮭﺎ ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬

• • •

Exercise 4: Translate the English phrases in the following table.. ST

TT

ST

TT

market reforms central bank internet banking investment banking bill payments debit from lending activities returns financial lease

…………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… ……………………

monetary policy savings account profit and loss sharing transfers of funds make transactions currency fluctuations home mortgages interest on deposit tax advantages

…………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… ……………………

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • •

Market reforms depend on different factors such as the removal of trade barriers which can promote economic integration. Most banks use internet banking systems which allow customers to manage their accounts through the internet. The parties which signed the agreement agreed on profit and loss sharing in any type of transaction carried out by either party. The company reviewed the effects of currency fluctuations on its operations and transactions. The latest report shows that donor financial institutions did not provide any extra funding to continue carrying out some financial activities. Investors should take their investment decisions based on the projected economic returns. The bank cannot achieve profits this year.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: A commercial bank is licensed to take deposits – the funds that are paid into current (checking) and deposit (savings) accounts by its customers. Banks are highly regulated across Europe, though laws and regulatory arrangements vary from country to country. One reason is to protect the funds of depositors. Another is to safeguard the stability of the financial system. (Loosvelt, Lott, Phillips-Sandy & Roberts, 2013, p. 7).

‫‪Translating finance texts‬‬

‫‪100‬‬

‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪(Abdulbaqi, 2016):‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺴﻠﻒ واﻟﻘﺮوض وﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺼﻨﺎع ﻟﻠﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎﻟﮭﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺗﻢ وﺟﮫ ورﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ واﻟﻤﺴﺎھﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺸﺎء ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﺻﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﻮم ھﺬه اﻟﺒﻨﻮك ﺑﻤﻨﺢ ﺳﻠﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﺰارﻋﯿﻦ ﻟﻤﺪة ﻗﺼﯿﺮة ﺑﻀﻤﺎن اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﯿﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ھﺬه اﻟﺒﻨﻮك ﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﺻﻐﺎر اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻤﺮاﺑﯿﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﻌﻘﺎرﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻮظﻒ أﻣﻮاﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺢ ﻗﺮوض ذات آﺟﺎل ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ رھﻦ ﻋﻘﺎري ﺑﻀﻤﺎن أراض زراﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ ﻻﺳﺘﺼﻼح اﻷراﺿﻲ أو ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻘﺎرات‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ أﻏﻠﺐ اﻷﺣﻮال ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ھﺬه اﻟﺒﻨﻮك ﺗﺤﺖ إﺷﺮاف اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻀﻤﺎن اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮظﻒ أﻣﻮاﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫رھﻦ ﻋﻘﺎري‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻘﺎرات‬

‫‪specialized banks‬‬ ‫‪industrial banks‬‬ ‫‪industrializers‬‬ ‫‪agricultural banks‬‬ ‫‪crops as collateral‬‬ ‫‪invest their monies‬‬ ‫‪mortgage‬‬ ‫‪construct buildings‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺴﻠﻒ‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎء ﺷﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺪة ﻗﺼﯿﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﻌﻘﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ذات آﺟﺎل‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﺼﻼح اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ إﺷﺮاف اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬

‫‪in terms of‬‬ ‫‪offer advances‬‬ ‫‪establish companies‬‬ ‫‪for a short term‬‬ ‫‪land banks‬‬ ‫‪long-term‬‬ ‫‪land reclamation‬‬ ‫‪understate supervision‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Translate no. 1 from the above passage.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﯾﻦ زﯾﺎدة ﺣﺠﻢ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎراﺗﮭﻢ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ واﻟﺒﻨﻮك‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺬت ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻹﻏﺎﺛﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ ﻓﻲ إﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺎ ﺑﮭﺪف اﺳﺘﺼﻼح اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ وﺗﻤﻜﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺴﺐ دﺧﻞ ﯾﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﯿﺔ اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎﺗﮭﻢ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺰراﻋﻲ واﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻮطﻨﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻣﺖ اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ وﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻗﺮوﺿﺎ ً ﻗﺼﯿﺮة اﻷﺟﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺰارﻋﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻤﻜﯿﻨﮭﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ زراﻋﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﺻﯿﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﻓﺮاد إﻧﺸﺎء ﺷﺮﻛﺎت أو اﻟﺪﺧﻮل ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮاﻛﺎت ﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ إﺷﺮاف اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ووﻓﻘﺎ ً‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻨﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ذﻛﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎً‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﺬت اﻟﮭﯿﺌﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﺎ ً ﯾﻘﺪم ﺣﻮاﻓﺰ إﺳﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ دﻋﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎص‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﺎدرﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ طﻠﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ رھﻦ ﻋﻘﺎري‪.‬‬ ‫أوﻗﻔﺖ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ واﻟﺒﻨﻮك ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ُﺳﻠَﻒ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺿﻮن اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻟﻎ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎھﻤﺖ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮھﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﺎري وﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻌﻘﺎرات وﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻹﺳﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ‬ ‫إﻋﺪاد ھﺬه اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts 101‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﺗﻮظﻒ اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﻌﻘﺎرﯾﺔ أﻣﻮاﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺢ ﻗﺮوض ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ رھﻦ ﻋﻘﺎري‪.‬‬

‫‪Private banks invest their monies in offering loans after the payment of all loan amounts.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪Private industrial banks offered loans to a number of local farmers.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪Industrial banks offer loans depending on the cash withdrawal by other customers.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻗﺪﻣﺖ اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ ﻗﺮوﺿﺎ ً ﺑﺪون ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﯿﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﺑﻤﻨﺢ اﻟﻘﺮوض اﻋﺘﻤﺎداً ﻋﻠﻰ إﯾﺪاع أﻣﻮال ﻣﻦ أﺷﺨﺎص آﺧﺮﯾﻦ ﻟﺪﯾﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺌﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﺋﺘﻤﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻮﻟﺔ ﻧﻘﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻮﯾﻊ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫أوراق ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺮوض ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ ﺗﻨﻤﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮص اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرﯾﺔ‬

‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬

‫ﻋﻮﻟﻤﺔ أﺳﻮاق ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﺋﺘﻤﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮل وداﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﻮداﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ‬ ‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻹﯾﺮادات‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺎرج‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻘﺎت ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫وداﺋﻊ ﻣﺤﻠﯿﺔ‬

‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗُﻌﺮف اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ إﺟﺮاء اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ ﺑﻄﺮق إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ أي ﻣﻜﺎن دون اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺬھﺎب ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺮف‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻜﻨﺖ اﻟﻨﺴﺎء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮوض طﻮﯾﻠﺔ اﻷﺟﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺮﯾﻔﯿﺔ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ أﻏﻠﺐ اﻟﺪول ﻷي ﻛﯿﺎن ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف ﺑﻘﺒﻮل وداﺋﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫أﺷﺎر ﻣﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﺮف إﻟﻰ أھﻤﯿﺔ ﺗﻨﻮﯾﻊ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات ﺑﮭﺪف اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻷرﺑﺎح ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫أدى ﺗﺒﺎطﺆ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ وزﯾﺎدة اﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﮭﻮد اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ اﻟﮭﺎدﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸزﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ واﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻹﯾﺮادات‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻣﺖ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺤﺔ دﻋﻤﺎ ً ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎ ً وﻗﺮﺿﺎ ً ﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ ﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪة ﺑﻠﺪان ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﻤﻜﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮص ﻋﻤﻞ وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ دﺧﻠﮭﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك ﻓﺮص اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪة ﺑﻠﺪان ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﻓﺮاد واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﮭﺎ ﻟﺘﻮﺳﯿﻊ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬ ‫أرﺑﺎح‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻹﯾﺮادات ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻓﺎدﺣﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻷول ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ )ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ(‪(Assairafi, 2013, p. 29) :‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ھﺬه اﻟﺒﻨﻮك ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺎدرھﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﻮظﺎﺋﻔﮭﺎ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ أﻧﺸﻄﺘﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاردھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺬاﺗﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻮداﺋﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ دوراً ﻣﻠﺤﻮظﺎً‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ أن ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻮداﺋﻊ ﻻ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ واﺣﺪاً ﻣﻦ أﻏﺮاﺿﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎن طﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺟﻞ ﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺤﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts‬‬

‫‪102‬‬ ‫‪Text 2‬‬

‫اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﻲ واﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫إﺗﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻔﺮص أﻣﺎم اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﺳﻮاء ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺤﺪود أو‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎء ﻓﺮوع ﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وھﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺳﯿﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﮫ آﺛﺎراً ﺳﻠﺒﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﮭﺎز اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﻲ واﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ أھﻤﮭﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻷﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﮭﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﮭﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ھﺮوب وﻏﺴﯿﻞ رؤوس اﻷﻣﻮال ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﯿﻀﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎت اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﯿﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ رؤوس‬ ‫اﻷﻣﻮال اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪(Musaitafi & Zayan, 2015, p. 181) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺤﺪود‬ ‫اﻟﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﮭﺎز اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻛﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﮭﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﺐ‬

‫‪implications of‬‬ ‫‪banking sector‬‬ ‫‪provide services‬‬ ‫‪across borders‬‬ ‫‪developing countries‬‬ ‫‪banking system‬‬ ‫‪macroeconomic‬‬ ‫‪tax evasion‬‬ ‫‪withholding‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺮﯾﺮ‬ ‫إﺗﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻔﺮص‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎء ﻓﺮوع‬ ‫آﺛﺎراً ﺳﻠﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻷﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﺴﯿﻞ رؤوس أﻣﻮال‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎت اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﯿﺔ‬

‫‪liberalization‬‬ ‫‪offer opportunities‬‬ ‫‪banking markets‬‬ ‫‪establish branches‬‬ ‫‪negative effects‬‬ ‫‪foreign banks‬‬ ‫‪development policy‬‬ ‫‪money laundering‬‬ ‫‪regulatory authorities‬‬

‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدات اﻟﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ ‪Exercise 1: Translate the first part up to‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﺳﺘﺮداد ﺛﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻼﺋﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺬي ﺳﺒﻖ اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻗﺘﺮاض ﻓﺮوع اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ أو اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻨﻮك‬ ‫اﻷﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫طﺎﻟﺒﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺴﻦ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﺗﺒﺎع ﻧﮭﺞ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ اﻟﺘﮭﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ‬ ‫وﻏﺴﯿﻞ اﻷﻣﻮال‪.‬‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻨﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﯿﺘﮭﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻗﺮاض واﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎرات اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺪول اﻷﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪة ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ وإﺟﺮاءات دوﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗُﺒﺮز اﻷھﻤﯿﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ وﻣﺪى أﺛﺮھﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺪى اﻟﻘﺮﯾﺐ واﻟﺒﻌﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫أدرﻛﺖ اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮض ﻟﮭﺎ اﻟﺠﮭﺎز اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺪة ﺳﻨﻮات‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻗﻤﺖ‬ ‫وأدت ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺎف إﻟﻰ اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮض ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪول ﻗﯿﻮداً ﺻﺎرﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻓﺮوع ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت أﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أراﺿﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﮭﺪف ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻷﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts 103‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﮭﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Some private banks can use different methods to evade taxes.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫أوﻗﻔﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﺠﻨﺴﯿﺎت ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪A number of regional companies reduced the provision of their financial in Africa due‬‬ ‫‪to the financial crisis.‬‬

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‫•‬

‫أﺛﺮت اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻌﺮض اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﮭﻢ إﻟﻰ ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪The financial crisis impacted partners’ confidence given the minor losses some incurred.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻗﺼﯿﺮ اﻷﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﮭﯿﻼت ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫أﺻﺤﺎب وداﺋﻊ ﻣﺤﻠﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﺟﺘﺬاب ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺢ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ‬

‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪…………...facilities‬‬ ‫‪……. depositors‬‬ ‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪…………. industry‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬

‫ﺟﺬب رؤوس اﻷﻣﻮال‬ ‫وﻓﺮة اﻟﺴﯿﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮر ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﺪات ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺎت ﻧﻘﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ‬

‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫……… ‪abundant‬‬ ‫………… ‪interest‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫……… ‪monetary‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻘﺪرات اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺪاد وﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯾﻊ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ أﺳﻮاق ﺟﺪﯾﺪة وﺟﺬب‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎري‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﺬل ﺟﮭﻮد ﻟﺠﺬب‬ ‫رؤوس اﻷﻣﻮال ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أدى ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد اﻟﺘﺴﮭﯿﻼت اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺮﯾﻔﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻗﻢ اﻷزﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻷطﺮاف ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ واﺗﺒﺎع اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ أداء اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة وﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ﺑﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﺗﮭﺪف إﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺣﻮاﻓﺰ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﺖ ﻋﺪة دول ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻼت ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎھﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ دﻋﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ وإﻗﺮاض اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﯿﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺟﺰء ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻗﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ واﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺟﺴﺘﯿﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺸﺤﻦ واﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﯾﺘﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺒﻨﻚ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي طﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻘﺮوض ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن ھﻨﺎك أھﺪاف ﻏﯿﺮ ﺷﺮﻋﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ وراء طﻠﺐ اﻟﻘﺮض‪.‬‬ ‫وﯾﻌﺪ اﻟﮭﺪف اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ وراء إﻋﻄﺎء اﻟﺒﻨﻮك ﻓﺮﺻﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺮاض ھﻮ إﻋﻄﺎء اﻟﺒﻨﻮك ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻮاﺟﮫ‬ ‫ﺧﺴﺎرة ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎطﺎت أو زﯾﺎدة طﺎرﺋﺔ أو ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺮوض‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Hamid, 2017, p. 40‬‬

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5.3 Islamic banking and finance Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1 Islamic financial institutions are those that are based, in their objectives and operations, on Qur’anic principles. They are thus set apart from ‘conventional’ institutions, which have no such religious preoccupations. Islamic banks provide commercial services that comply with the religious injunctions of Islam. Crucially, these banks provide services to their customers free from interest (the Arabic term for which is riba), and the giving and taking of interest is prohibited in all transactions. This prohibition makes an Islamic banking system differ fundamentally from a conventional banking system. Technically, riba refers to the addition in the amount of the principal of a loan according to the time for which it is loaned and the amount of the loan. In earlier historical times there was a fierce debate as to whether the term riba relates to interest or usury, although there now appears to be consensus of opinion among Islamic scholars that the term extends to all forms of interest (Kettell, 2011, pp. 31–32). Vocabulary ST

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ST

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financial institutions conventional commercial services religious injunctions giving and taking differ fundamentally technically fierce debate consensus

‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺪي‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻟﯿﻢ دﯾﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻄﺎء وأﺧﺬ‬ ً ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻮھﺮﯾﺎ‬ ً ‫اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ‬ ً‫ﺟﺪﻻ ﺣﺎدا‬ ً ‫ﺗَﻮاﻓُﻖ‬

Qur’anic principles preoccupations comply with free from interest prohibited banking system principal of a loan interest or usury extends to

‫ﻣﺒﺎدئ ﻗﺮآﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻈﻮرة‬/‫ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﻨﻜﻲ‬ ‫أﺻﻞ اﻟﻘﺮض‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪة أو رﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﻤﻞ‬

Exercise 1: Find in the passage what matches the following translations:

‫ ﻣﺤﺮم‬،‫ ﺗﻘﺪم ﺧﺪﻣﺎت إﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻼﺋﮭﺎ ﺑﺪون ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ‬،‫ ھﻨﺎك اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﯿﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ‬،‫وﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬ ‫ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ اﻟﺪﯾﻦ‬،‫ ﯾﺠﻌﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ً ﻋﻦ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ Exercise 2: Translate the following sentence into Arabic: • • • • •

Developing agriculture and industrial sectors mainly depend on efficient commercial services which promote the role these sectors play in the economy. The committee highlighted the need to establish an efficient banking system in light of relevant financial policies. The financial institution explained that the amount is due after three years. Therefore, borrowers do not need to repay the loan principal immediately. Different individuals or entities misuse financial systems to carry out money-laundering activities. In the Islamic financial system, borrowers do not pay interest on loans.

Translating finance texts 105 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

Islamic financial institutions are those that are based, in their objectives and operations, on Qur’anic principles.

•

Islamic banks provide financial services and loans to their customers free of interest.

•

The Islamic financial system developed new financial products.

.‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎت وﻣﺪﺧﻼت اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﯿﻢ اﻟﻘﺮآن‬ .‫ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﻗﺮوﺿﺎ ً ﺑﺪون ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ‬

.‫طﻮرت اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ أﻧﻮاﻋﺎ ً ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬

• • •

Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translation in the following table. ST

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loan repayments predetermined ratio actual amount guaranteed profit finance projects price fixing shariah-compliant financing activities equity participation equitable distribution

..…………….. ……………… ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ‬................ ………………. ………………. ……………….

‫رأس اﻟﻤﺎل‬............. ‫ﻋﺎدل‬..............

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charge interest .................‫ﯾﻔﺮض‬ risk-sharing …………………. additional amount …………………. borrowed principal …………………. moral obligation …………………. productive venture .................. ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ‬ ......................... ‫ ﻣﺘﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ‬....................... fundamental sources property rights

……………… …………………

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

In Islamic banking transactions, loan repayments are subject to sharia-compliant standards. There was a need for further explanation of the terms and conditions which control equity participation. The international financial institution will finance projects in different Asian and African countries. All financial services provided by Islamic banks are fundamentally different from those provided by traditional banks. Islamic banking system considers the sharing of profits and losses as a main pillar of its financial transactions. The taking and giving of riba is completely prohibited in Islam.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: Islamic finance has grown rapidly over the last several years, in terms both of the volume of lending and of the range of financial products that are available at institutional and retail levels. The main characteristic of these financial instruments is that they are compliant with the sharia – the Islamic legal system. Since the Islamic financial system differs in important ways from the conventional interest-based lending system, there is a need to devote more attention to the particular issues raised by Islamic finance (Mirakhor & Zaidi, 2007, p. 49).

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Text 2 This reduces the Islamic financial system from overexposure to risks associated with excessive leveraging and imprudent risk taking. In Islamic financial transactions, money is not a commodity but a medium of exchange, a store of value and a unit of measurement. Money represents purchasing power and cannot be utilized to increase the purchasing power without any productive activity. Secondly, it needs to be highlighted that Islamic finance encourages business transactions on a mutual risk-sharing basis. The practice of risk sharing provides the impetus for the Islamic financial institutions to conduct the appropriate due diligence and maintain the explicit requirements for disclosure and transparency. These requirements thus serve to promote the adoption of sound risk-management practices by the Islamic financial institutions (Venardos, 2010, p. 11). Vocabulary ST

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reduces overexposure excessive leveraging medium of exchange utilized Islamic finance impetus explicit requirements adoption of

‫ﯾﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض اﻟﻤﻔﺮط‬/ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ل‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺪاﻧﺔ ﻣﻔﺮطﺔ‬ ‫وﺳﯿﻠﺔ ﺗﺒﺎدل‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ إﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫داﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت واﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫إﻗﺮار‬/‫اﻋﺘﻤﺎد‬

financial system associated with risk taking purchasing power productive activity risk sharing due diligence disclosure risk management

‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ب‬ ‫ ﻣﺨﺎطﺮة‬/ ‫ﻣﺠﺎزﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة ﺷﺮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎط ﻣﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺬل ﻋﻨﺎﯾﺔ واﺟﺒﺔ‬ ‫إﻓﺼﺎح‬/‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬ ‫إدارة اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the above passage. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • •

The fundamental reforms undertaken by the government aim at promoting the performance of the financial system. Excluding young people from productive activity will certainly lead to negative consequences. In order to overcome the current crisis, institutions must prioritize risk- management strategies. Islamic finance and banking services are used in different Arab countries to provide different services to customers. Famine may not in certain cases be attributed to the lack or shortage of food but rather the lack of purchasing power. In Islamic financial transactions, money is not a commodity but a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a unit of measurement. These requirements thus serve to promote the adoption of sound risk-management practices by the Islamic financial institutions.

Translating finance texts 107 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

Money represents purchasing power and cannot be utilized to increase the purchasing power without any productive activity.

•

Islamic finance encourages business transactions on a mutual risk-sharing basis.

•

Islamic financial institutions maintain the explicit requirements for disclosure and transparency.

.‫ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﻣﻮال ﻟﺘﻌﻈﯿﻢ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‬ .‫ﻻ ﯾﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ ﻛﺄﺳﺎس ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ .‫ﻻ ﺗﻠﺘﺰم اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻹﻓﺼﺎح واﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﯿﺔ‬

• • •

Exercise 4: Translate the English phrases in the following table. ST

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potential risks economic environment method of financing financing instruments financing division investment accounts Islamic mortgage higher return

……………….. ……………….. ……………….. ……………….. ……………….. ……………….. ……………….. ………………..

crisis environment slower growth Islamic economics Islamic capital market fixed repayments investment products transfer of risk leasing facilities

……………….. ……………….. ……………….. ……………….. ……………….. ……………….. ……………….. ………………..

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • •

The government needs to adopt an efficient system of governance that can promote economic growth in a stable economic environment. The committee from the Islamic Bank stressed the need to review all financing methods to ensure their compliance to sharia. Customers can deposit cash amounts in different bank accounts such as investment accounts. Another possible solution is the Islamic mortgage, which enables you to purchase a car through a sharia-compliant method without paying any interest (riba). The Islamic capital market allows transactions of sharia-compliant assets in a more reliable environment. Mudarabah, a main pillar of Islamic banking, is defined as a profit-and-loss-sharing contract. Investors can choose different investment products in order to diversify their investments.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: Most Islamic financial institutions engage in a variety of financial operations. Besides their range of equity, trade financing, and lending operations, Islamic banks worldwide also offer a wide array of wholesale and retail products, including loans, partnership investments, and foreign exchange transactions (Warde, 2000, p. 132).

‫‪Translating finance texts‬‬

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‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫إن اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺼﺮف اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ أن ﯾﺠﺪ ﻣﻼذاً ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﻲ واﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎري ﺑﻌﯿﺪاً ﻋﻦ ﺷﺒﮭﺔ اﻟﺮﺑﺎ أي ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻌﺎطﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة أﺧﺬاً وﻋﻄﺎءاً وإﻧﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺟﺬب اﻟﻮداﺋﻊ واﻟﻤﺪﺧﺮات وﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ آﻟﯿﺎت وأوﻋﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرﯾﺔ ﻛﻔﻮءة‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺬب ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺪﺧﺮات وﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ واﻷﺳﺲ واﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﯿﺔ وأن ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ .‬اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﺟﺎءت ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ ﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺸﺪ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر‬ ‫واﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﻐﺮض إﯾﺠﺎد ﻗﻨﻮات وأوﻋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﻲ وﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ أﺳﺎﻟﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﺑﺢ واﻟﺨﺴﺎرة ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت واﻻﻟﺘﺰام ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺲ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ واﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرﯾﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪة إﻟﻰ أﺳﺲ اﻟﻮﺳﺎطﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ‪(Almusari, 2018, p. 28) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﯾﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺬب اﻟﻮداﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺢ واﻟﺨﺴﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﺎطﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬

‫‪puts across‬‬ ‫‪emerge from‬‬ ‫‪banking transactions‬‬ ‫‪package‬‬ ‫‪attract deposits‬‬ ‫‪comply with‬‬ ‫‪seeks‬‬ ‫‪profit and loss‬‬ ‫‪financial intermediary‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮف اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻼذاً‬ ‫ﺷﺒﮭﺔ اﻟﺮﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪﺧﺮات‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻨﻮات وأوﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺰام ب‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬

‫‪Islamic bank‬‬ ‫‪resort‬‬ ‫‪riba‬‬ ‫‪banking products‬‬ ‫‪savings‬‬ ‫‪sharia rules‬‬ ‫‪channels & mechanisms‬‬ ‫‪commitment to‬‬ ‫‪adoption of‬‬

‫ﺷﺒﮭﺔ اﻟﺮﺑﺎ ‪Exercise 1: Translate from the beginning of the above passage up to‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺮف اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺗﮫ وﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮫ ﺑﮭﺪف ﺟﺬب رؤوس اﻷﻣﻮال واﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات ﻣﺮﺑﺤﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺪم اﻟﻤﺼﺮف اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺟﺬب اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات‬ ‫واﻟﻮداﺋﻊ واﻟﻤﺪﺧﺮات وﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ آﻟﯿﺎت اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرﯾﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻔﺎءة ﻟﺠﺬب اﻟﻤﺪﺧﺮات‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻷﺳﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻣﺒﺪأ وأﺳﺎﻟﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﺑﺢ واﻟﺨﺴﺎرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺲ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﯾﺔ واﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪم ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﺟﺬب اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات واﻟﻮداﺋﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ ﻟﻌﺪة‬ ‫ﻓﺌﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﺮاد واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫طﻮرت اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﺎ ً ﺟﺪﯾﺪاً ﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ وﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﺨﺎص‪ ،‬وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯿﺔ ودور ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻮﺳﺎطﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻛﺪت إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺿﺮورة اﺗﺨﺎذ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﺪاﺑﯿﺮ واﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺚ وﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨﺢ اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﻗﺮوﺿﺎ ً ﺑﻼ ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﺎ ً ﺑﻤﺒﺎدئ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻌﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺮم اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﻤﺼﺮف اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺑﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع وﺑﯿﻌﮫ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﯿﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts 109‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻻﻟﺘﺰام ﺑﻤﺒﺎدئ وﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﺷﻔﺎﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪All local companies should review their accounting principles to ensure maximum‬‬ ‫‪transparency in the capital market.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪Arab Islamic banks minimize riba transactions in their banking transactions.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪Conventional and Islamic banks support projects in different areas.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﺮﺑﻮﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﺑﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ ﺗﻨﻤﻮﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎطﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﺳﻮق اﻟﺼﻜﻮك‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻌﻮاﺋﺪ‬ ‫أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرﺑﺔ‬ ‫أدوات ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﯾﻞ إﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ واﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪل ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﺬب اﻟﻤﺪﺧﺮات‬

‫…………… ‪sukuk‬‬ ‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪……….instruments‬‬ ‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪………… savings‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺮوض‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻮزع أرﺑﺎح‬ ‫وداﺋﻊ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺬب ﻣﻮارد ﻧﻘﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺮوض ﻧﻘﺪﯾﺔ‬

‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪interests ………..‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪access to………..‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪...……………….‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻧﺠﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﯾﺔ ﺧﻼل ﺳﻨﻮات ﻗﺼﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﺳﻮق ﺻﻜﻮك ﺳﺠﻞ ﻣﺆﺷﺮه ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎ ً ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة إﺻﺪار اﻟﺼﻜﻮك ﻣﺤﻠﯿﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫أﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺧﻄﺔ إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎﺗﮫ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻘﺪم ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪات‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أوﺿﺤﺖ إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺳﺘﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻌﻮاﺋﺪ ﺧﻼل أﺳﺒﻮع‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﺣﻘﻘﺖ أرﺑﺎﺣﺎ ً ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ زﯾﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﮭﻮم اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺮوض ﻻ ﯾﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺪم ﻗﺮوﺿﺎ ً ﻧﻘﺪﯾﺔ وإﻧﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮظﻒ اﻷﻣﻮال ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﺸﻄﺘﮭﺎ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻷﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت واﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ أدوات ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺮاﺑﺤﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﯿﺔ اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت‬ ‫ورﻏﺒﺎت ﻋﻤﻼﺋﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮف اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺬب اﻟﻤﺪﺧﺮات واﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻨﻘﺪﯾﺔ ﺑﮭﺪف اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرھﺎ‬ ‫وﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻷﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﺻﻜﻮك اﻟﻤﻀﺎرﺑﺔ واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‪ :‬ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻜﻮك ﯾﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟﻤﺪرة ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬وﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﻀﺎرﺑﺔ أو اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﯾﺸﺎرك اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺘﺒﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﺑﺢ أو‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺴﺎرة ﻓﻲ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‪(Ismail, 2020, p. 87) .‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts‬‬

‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪Text 2‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﻋﻘﻮد اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﺑﺨﻤﺲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺗﺸﺘﺮك ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻘﻮد وھﻲ‪ (1 :‬ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮق‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ؛ ‪ (2‬اﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ ھﻮ أﺳﺎس اﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ؛ ‪ (3‬اﻋﺘﻤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮق آﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ؛ ‪ (4‬اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ؛ ‪(5‬‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺰام اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﯿﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ :‬ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‪ :‬إن أھﻢ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺤﺼﺮ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻘﻮد ھﻲ أن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﯾﺮﺗﺒﻂ – ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‪ .‬وﻧﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ إﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت وﺗﺒﺎدﻟﮭﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﯿﻜﻮن ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺎت أي ﺑﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎل إﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻤﻮل أﯾﻀﺎ ً ﺑﺈﺟﺎرة اﻵﻻت واﻷرض واﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرھﺎ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ إﻧﺘﺎج‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ أن‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻘﻮد اﻟﺒﯿﻊ اﻵﺟﻞ واﻟﺴﻠﻢ واﻻﺳﺘﺼﻨﺎع ﻟﺸﺮاء اﻵﻻت واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‪(Qahf, 2013, pp. 105–106) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬ ‫ﺳﻮق ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻋﺘﻤﺎد آﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮد اﻟﺒﯿﻊ اﻵﺟﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺼﻨﺎع‬

‫‪are characterized by‬‬ ‫‪features‬‬ ‫‪actual market‬‬ ‫‪adopting a mechanism‬‬ ‫‪contractual justice‬‬ ‫‪listing‬‬ ‫‪through musharakah‬‬ ‫‪futures contracts‬‬ ‫‪istisna‬‬

‫ﻋﻘﻮد اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺘﺮك ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺰام اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎدﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺟﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬

‫‪financing contracts‬‬ ‫‪common for‬‬ ‫‪ownership‬‬ ‫‪identify returns‬‬ ‫‪moral obligation‬‬ ‫‪trading them‬‬ ‫‪ijarah‬‬ ‫‪salam‬‬ ‫‪production materials‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Translate the first passage above.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

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‫ھﻨﺎك ﺧﻤﺲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﮭﺎ ﻋﻘﻮد اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ أﺣﺪھﺎ اﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ أﺳﺎﺳﺎ ً ﻟﻠﺮﺑﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ارﺗﺒﺎطﺎ ً وﺛﯿﻘﺎ ً ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﯿﺔ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ واﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﯾﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻗﻊ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﺎن ﻋﻘﺪ ﺑﯿﻊ آﺟﻞ‪ ،‬وھﻮ ﻋﻘﺪ ﯾﻠﺰم اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮى ﺑﺸﺮاء أﺻﻞ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ وﺑﺴﻌﺮ ﯾﺤﺪده‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ ً وﯾﻮاﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮي‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻠﻌﺐ اﻻﺳﺘﺼﻨﺎع دوراً ﻓﺎﻋﻼً ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﮫ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة وﻛﺒﯿﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﯿﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﺎز ﺑﮭﺎ ﻋﻘﻮد اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ھﻲ اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺤﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎوض‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ أﺣﺪ أﺳﺲ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺘﺼﺮ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎج وﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾُﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺟﮭﺎ وﺗﺪاوﻟﮭﺎ وﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻷﺣﻜﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﻌﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻘﺪﻣﮫ اﻟﻤﺼﺮف ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻌﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﮫ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﺷﺮاء‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ أﺛﺎث وأﺟﮭﺰة ﻛﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﯿﺔ وﻣﻮاد ﺑﻨﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻘﻮد اﻟﺒﯿﻊ اﻵﺟﻞ واﻻﺳﺘﺼﻨﺎع ﻟﺸﺮاء اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts 111‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

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‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﯿﻊ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺑﯿﻊ آﺟﻞ‪ ،‬ﯾﺘﻌﮭﺪ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮي ﺑﺸﺮاء ﺳﻠﻊ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪When signing an outsourcing contract, the buyer undertakes to buy certain goods‬‬ ‫‪immediately.‬‬

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‫‪The capital market is the market where actual products are traded.‬‬

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‫اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ إﻧﺘﺎج وﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺮاﺑﺤﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻷدوات اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻠﯿﺔ ﺷﯿﻮﻋﺎً‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺣﻠﻮﻻً ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮاء ﺳﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Musharakah is a common financial plan which enables customers to buy and sell differ‬‬‫‪ent materials.‬‬

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‫‪Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﻋﻘﻮد اﻟﺒﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﯿﻐﺔ ﺑﺪﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺪرة اﻟﺨﺒﺮاء‬ ‫إﺟﺮاء اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬ ‫رﺳﺨﺖ ﻣﺒﺪأ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر أﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺪاﻟﺔ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﯿﻐﺔ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬

‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪actual …………..‬‬ ‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪conducting……….‬‬ ‫……… ‪established‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪co-financing…….‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ رﺑﺢ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺤﻘﺎق ﻋﻮاﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ إﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﺑﺪون ﻓﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻔﯿﻒ ﺣﺪة اﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻮق ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬

‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪entitlement to……….‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪........................‬‬ ‫‪........................‬‬ ‫……‪interest-free‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﻘﺪم اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ ﺑﺪﯾﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺳﺎطﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ واﻟﺘﺎم ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ أﺳﺎﺳﺎ ً ﻻﺳﺘﺤﻘﺎق أﯾﺔ أرﺑﺎح أو ﻋﻮاﺋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد اﻟﺘﻄﻮر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ وﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ وﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻘﺪرات ھﻮ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ وﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮه‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻠﺖ أﺣﺪ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ واﺟﮭﺖ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﯾﺘﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺪرة اﻟﺨﺒﺮاء اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫وأﺳﺲ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﯿﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﯿﺰات ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي‬ ‫ﯾﺸﻤﻞ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻤﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺢ ﻣﻼﯾﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﯿﻦ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ إﺟﺮاء‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺗﮭﻢ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻟﯿﻢ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺘﯿﺢ اﻟﻤﺼﺮف اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺪم اﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻗﺮوض دون ﻓﺎﺋﺪة ﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﺳﺪاد ﺗﺼﻞ ﻟﻤﺪة ‪ 12‬ﺷﮭﺮاً‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫واﺳﺘﻨﺎداً ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﺘﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻤﯿﯿﺰ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﺻﯿﻎ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﯿﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺟﯿﮫ ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺻﯿﻐﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﮭﺎ ﻟﯿﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺨﺎطﺮھﺎ‪ .‬وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ اﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎن وﻣﺨﺎطﺮ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺻﯿﻎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﻟﻤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ أﺻﺤﺎب ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﯾﺘﺤﻤﻠﮭﺎ أﺻﺤﺎب ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Almughrabi, 2020, p. 52‬‬

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Translating finance texts

5.4 Corporate financing and bonds Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1 Corporations are financed by the issuance and sale of corporate securities, which include stocks and bonds. Stocks, or equity securities, represent the purchase of ownership in the business firm. Bonds (debentures), or debt securities, represent the borrowing of funds by firms (and governments). Of course, not all debt is in the form of debt securities. For example, some debt is in the form of accounts payable and notes payable, which typically are short-term debts. Bonds are simply a way for corporations to split up their long-term debt so that it can be more easily marketed. Bonds are issued by business firms and by governments at all levels as evidence of the funds they are borrowing from investors. Bonds normally have a designated maturity date – the date when the principal, or face amount, of the bond (or loan) is returned to the investor (Clarkson, Cross & Miller, 2010, p. 769).

Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

corporations issuance of stocks equity securities business firm debt securities accounts payable split up principal

‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫إﺻﺪار‬ ‫أﺳﮭﻢ‬ ‫أوراق ﻣﻠﻜﯿﺔ‬/‫ﺳﻨﺪات‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪات دﯾﻮن‬ ‫ذﻣﻢ داﺋﻨﺔ‬/‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫أﺻﻞ اﻟﺪﯾﻦ‬

financed by corporate securities bonds purchase of ownership debentures borrowing of funds notes payable maturity date face amount

‫ﺗُﻤﻮل ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أوراق ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪات‬ ‫ﺷﺮاء ﻣﻠﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪات دﯾﻦ‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺮاض اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪات اﻟﺪﻓﻊ‬/‫أوراق‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻻﺳﺘﺤﻘﺎق‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻠﻎ اﺳﻤﻲ‬/‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬

Exercise 1: Find in the text what matches the following translation:

‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻷﺳﮭﻢ واﻟﺴﻨﺪات – ﻋﻠﻰ ھﯿﺌﺔ ﺳﻨﺪات دﯾﻮن – ﺗُﻤﻮل ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﺻﺪار وﺑﯿﻊ‬ Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • •

Government-sector and private-sector representatives stressed the need for cooperation between local governments and corporations in the promotion and protection of the local economy. Strengthening and developing a competitive market for corporate securities and equity securities can significantly stimulate economic growth. Private-sector institutions can explore different methods of promoting their cooperation with small business firms. The management agreed to borrow funds from external institutions in order to overcome the company’s financial crisis. Unlike other types of funds, investment funds represent debt securities with specific maturity dates.

Translating finance texts 113 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

Bonds are simply a way for corporations to split up their long-term debt so that it can be more easily marketed.

‫ ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺴﮭﻞ ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﺗﻠﻚ‬،‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ أوراق اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ أﺣﺪ اﻵﻟﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﻌﮭﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻟﺘﻘﺴﯿﻢ دﯾﻮﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة‬ .‫اﻷوراق اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ •

Bonds are issued by business firms and by governments at all levels as evidence of the funds they are borrowing from investors.

.‫ﺗُﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ اﻷوراق اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻛﺪﻟﯿﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﺪﯾﺪ دﯾﻮن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﯿﻦ‬ •

•

•

The company management stressed the need to settle all its accounts payable.

.‫ﺷﺪد ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮورة ﺗﺴﻮﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺳﻨﺪات دﻓﻊ اﻟﺪﯾﻮن‬

•

Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. ST

TT

obtain financing venture capital private equity firm capital structure tradable shareholder common stock receive returns interest payments

ST ………………

‫اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎري‬............... ‫أﺳﮭﻢ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬............ ....................‫ھﯿﻜﻞ‬

……………….. ……………….. ‫ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ‬................... ………………. ……………….

purchase stock start-ups debtor’s business portion of capital sources of finance return principal ownership structure remaining earnings dividends

TT ………………..

‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﻧﺎﺷﺌﺔ‬

………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… …………………. ………………… …………………

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

In capital markets, most companies obtain financing through the issuance and selling of securities. While banks refrain from extending the offering of loans to high-risk companies, investors do not purchase stocks in any business firm that does not show a successful history of business transactions. Start-up companies often obtain their venture capital from external investors or businessmen. Private equity firms, which can sell their shares to the public, normally obtain their funding from rich businessmen and investors. The team identified new and suitable sources of financing for the company’s new investments. Many companies began to search for different sources of financing.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: The term corporate bond is a general term for a negotiable long-term debt security issued by a company to raise capital that is purchased by an investor. For example, a company wishing to raise $100 million of debt capital can do so by issuing bonds and selling them to investors (Coyle, 2002, p. 2).

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Translating finance texts

Text 2 The primary role of the financial manager is to ensure that his or her company has a sufficient supply of capital. There are two ways of looking at the financial manager’s role: • •

a buyer of capital who seeks to minimize its cost, that is, the traditional view; a seller of financial securities who tries to maximize their value.

The financial manager or chief financial officer (CFO) is responsible for financing the firm and acts as an intermediary between the financial system’s institutions and markets, on the one hand, and the enterprise, on the other; The financial investor invests in financial securities. More generally, the financial investor provides the firm with financial resources, and may be either an equity investor or a lender (Dallocchio, Le Fur, Quiry & Salvi, 2009, p. 1).

Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

primary role supply of capital seeks to traditional view maximize financing the firm intermediary financial investor

‫دور أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ رأس اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻌﻰ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫رأي ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺪي‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬ ‫وﺳﯿﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬

financial manager buyer of capital minimize financial securities chief financial officer acts as the enterprise financial resources

‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮي رأس ﻣﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ‬/‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫أوراق ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆول ﻣﺎﻟﻲ رﺋﯿﺴﻲ‬ ‫ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ‬/ ‫ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ك‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the above text. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

Financial managers are considered buyers of capital whose goal is to buy such capital at a minimal cost. One of the main responsibilities of the chief financial officer lies in financing the firm. Financial investors provide different business firms with necessary financial resources. The financial expert advised the management on the need for technical support and financial resources to achieve the firm’s objectives. The chief financial officer prepared a complete report on cash flows as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the business. E-commerce helped many individuals and corporations to promote their business and financial activities electronically. Some of such activities include banking services and trading of financial securities.

Translating finance texts 115 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

Different companies obtain their financing through issuing and selling securities, including equity securities.

•

Local and external investors can provide venture capital to start-ups.

.‫ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ أﻧﺸﻄﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺑﯿﻊ ﺳﻨﺪات اﻟﺪﯾﻮن وﺑﻌﺾ أﺻﻮﻟﮭﺎ‬ .‫ﯾﺴﺎھﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮون اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﻮن ﻓﻲ رأس ﻣﺎل اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﮭﺪف اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ‬ •

• •

Wealthy investors often aim to own shares in private equity firms when they provide such firms with necessary funding.

ً .‫ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻼ ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ ﯾﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮون إﻟﻰ اﻣﺘﻼك ﺣﺼﺺ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﺪﻣﻮن‬

•

Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

funding sources investment decisions increase value financing decisions transaction risks sale of bonds pay for bonds accrued interests fall in value

………………….. ………………….. ………………….. ………………….. …………………... …………………... ………………….. ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻘﺔ‬.................. ................... ‫ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬

capital structuring financial planning corporate governance financing requirements issue new debt distribute profits payment period resale value market risk

………………… ………………… ................. ‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤﺔ‬ ……………. ………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… …………………

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

Managers working at different corporations primarily aim to increase the value of such corporations to investors and partners. Financial experts have sufficient knowledge and information and can assist managers to make informed investment decisions. The company called for a meeting to discuss its objectives for the following year and at the same time explore possible investment opportunities. Capital structuring refers to the process through which companies finance their assets. Regardless of the types of stock, business firms need to have a sound financial planning mechanism. The company paid off its debts on the specific payment periods and carried out new business activities.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: Corporate bonds are exposed to a variety of risks, including interest rate risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, industry risk, cyclical risk, and company-specific event risk. As compensation for these and other risks, investors demand that corporate bond portfolios have higher expected returns than bond portfolios with lower risks (Crabbe & Fabozzi, 2003, p. 1).

‫‪Translating finance texts‬‬

‫‪116‬‬

‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷن اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺎرﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ‪ IFRS‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ واﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫وإﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻓﺸﻠﺖ ﺟﻤﯿﻌﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ھﺎم ﻓﻲ ﻗﯿﺎس وﻣﻨﻊ ﺣﺪوث اﻟﻐﺶ واﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري وﺿﻊ ﻣﺒﺎدئ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ أن ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯿﺔ ﺑﻄﺒﯿﻌﺘﮭﺎ وﻣﺤﺪدة أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫وإﺟﺮاءات ﺣﻮﻛﻤﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺴﮭﻞ ﺗﺠﺎوزھﺎ أو ﺗﻄﻮﯾﻌﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‪ ،‬ﯾﺘﻮﺟﺐ أن ﺗﺘﻄﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ رﺋﯿﺴﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻣﻮر اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ وﺿﻊ ﺣﺪود رأس ﻣﺎل اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس ﺟﻮدة ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس ﺟﻮدة اﻷرﺑﺎح أو اﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺔ‪(Alhyali, 2015, p. 207) .‬‬

‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻷن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺎرﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﻠﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺶ واﻟﺨﻄﺄ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ ﻣﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪدة أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﺮق‬

‫‪given that‬‬ ‫‪financial reporting‬‬ ‫‪good practices‬‬ ‫‪failed‬‬ ‫‪fraud and error‬‬ ‫‪develop guidelines‬‬ ‫‪binding to companies‬‬ ‫‪more specific‬‬ ‫‪address‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس وﻣﻨﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯿﺔ ﺑﻄﺒﯿﻌﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎوز أو ﺗﻄﻮﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس ﺟﻮدة‬

‫‪international standards‬‬ ‫‪control measures‬‬ ‫‪governance procedures‬‬ ‫‪measuring and preventing‬‬ ‫‪financial statements‬‬ ‫‪corporate financing‬‬ ‫‪objective in nature‬‬ ‫‪bypass or adapt‬‬ ‫‪quality measurement‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪Exercise 1: Translate the last three lines of the above text up to‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

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‫أﻗﺮت اﻹدارة ﻓﻲ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﮭﺎ اﻷﺧﯿﺮ إﺟﺮاء ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ دورﯾﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ وﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺆدي اﻋﺘﻤﺎد اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﺣﯿﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﺳﯿﺎﺳﺎت إﺟﺮاء ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ وﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ودﻗﺔ ﻋﺮض اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك ﻋﻼﻗﺔ وﺛﯿﻘﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺷﺮوط ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺳﻤﻌﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎت اﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﻗﺪر اﻻﻣﻜﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻌﺎون ﺷﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ وﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ وﻣﺒﺎدئ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ُﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻂ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﻟﮭﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﻐﺶ واﻟﺨﻄﺄ اﻟﺬي ارﺗﻜﺒﮫ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎء؛ وﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻗﺮر اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ واﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ھﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت وأﻧﺸﻄﺘﮭﺎ وﻗﺪرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى وأرﺑﺎﺣﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﺒﻨﻮك أﻧﻮاﻋﺎ ً ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮوض ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة واﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺸﺮط وﺟﻮد أﺻﻮل ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﺪاد اﻟﻘﺮوض‪.‬‬ ‫أﺟﺮت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ودﻗﯿﻘﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts 117‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

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‫ﯾﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة واﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﺮوض ﺑﻘﺪرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺪاد ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﺮوض‪.‬‬ ‫‪Offering loans to small companies depends on the availability of short-term loans.‬‬

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‫أوﻗﻔﺖ اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﺢ اﻟﻘﺮوض ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪم ﻗﺪرة ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﯾﻮن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Local and international banks temporarily stopped offering loans to all companies due‬‬ ‫‪to their inability to pay off the loans.‬‬

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‫‪Microfinancing is known to be objective compared to other procedures.‬‬

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‫ﺗﻤﺘﺎز ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﯿﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺈﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫إﺻﺪار اﻟﺴﻨﺪات‬ ‫ﻋﺠﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺪاد دﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮات ﺗﺴﺪﯾﺪ دﯾﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺮاض‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪات ﺑﻠﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ دﯾﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺨﺎطﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﺪ وﻣﺨﺎطﺮ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺮﺑﺤﯿﺔ‬

‫…………… ‪bonds‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………...‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪municipal ………...‬‬ ‫‪………..refinancing‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪..............................‬‬

‫ﺳﻨﺪات ﺣﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ أرﺑﺎح ﻧﻘﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺳﻮﻗﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﮭﻢ‬ ‫ھﯿﻜﻞ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻒ اﺋﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮق ﻣﻠﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻈﯿﻢ اﻟﺮﺑﺢ‬

‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪………….. rating‬‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪…………..equity‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

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‫أﺻﺪت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﯾﻌﺎ ً ﯾﻠﺰم ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﻼد ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﯿﺎطﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻛﺴﻨﺪات ﺣﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻺدارة أن ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺶ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ واﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻷرﺑﺎح اﻟﻨﻘﺪﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﮭﻢ أو إﻋﺎدة ﺷﺮاء ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﮭﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦ ھﻨﺎك أﺛﺮ واﺿﺢ ﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺴﮭﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﺮف ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﻤﺎﺿﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻊ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ طﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺮف وﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺗﮫ ﻟﺠﺬب اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات ذات ﻋﺎﺋﺪات ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺿﻌﺖ ﻋﺪة ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﺧﻄﻄﺎ ً ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﺗﮭﺪف إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﻐﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة اﻻﻧﺘﻌﺎش اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة أرﺑﺎﺣﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻔﺎدﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺒﺪﺗﮭﺎ ﺧﻼل اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﻠﺘﺰم ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺑﻔﺘﺮات ﺳﺪاد اﻟﺪﯾﻮن‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت وﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﮫ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎراﺗﮭﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻷوﺿﺎع اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﯾﻮﺟﺪ أﻣﺎم اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺘﻨﺎ اﻟﺮاھﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺒﺎﯾﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﮭﺎ وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ وﺷﺮوط اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‪ .‬وﻋﻠﯿﮫ‪ ،‬أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹدارة اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت أن ﺗﺤﺪد‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻗﮫ ﺑﺪاﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﮭﺪف اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ واﺧﺘﯿﺎر اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻠﻲ اﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ واﻟﻜﯿﻔﯿﺔ‪(Shaheen, 2017, p. 101) .‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts‬‬

‫‪118‬‬ ‫‪Text 2‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‪ :‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﻣﻨﺸﺄة ﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺮوض‪ ،‬أو إﻟﻰ إﺻﺪار ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺳﮭﻢ أو‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺪات‪ ،‬وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻤﯿﺔ ﺑﻘﺮوض ﻣﻮﺳﻤﯿﺔ ذات دﻓﻌﺎت ﻣﻮﺳﻤﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﺠﺪر اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺿﺮورة ﻋﺪم اﻹﺳﺮاف ﻓﻲ إﺻﺪار اﻟﺴﻨﺪات أو اﻷﺳﮭﻢ‪ ،‬ﻷن ذﻟﻚ ﯾﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﺎت ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄة‪ ،‬وھﺬا‬ ‫ﺣﺎل اﻟﻘﺮوض أﯾﻀﺎ‪ ،‬وﻟﮭﺬا ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺿﺮورة اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺪة وأﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺿﻊ وﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻠﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻠﯿﺔ ﻛﻼً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺸﺎطﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﻨﻔﻖ ﺑﮭﺎ اﻷﻣﻮال‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪات‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻣﻮال اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺪاد وأن ھﺬه اﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﺗﺒﯿﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﺔ واﻟﺨﺎرﺟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻠﯿﺔ واﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ وﺗﻘﯿﯿﻤﮭﺎ‪ :‬إن ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﺨﻄﺔ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮة‪ ،‬وﺗﺼﺤﯿﺢ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ أو أي أﺳﺒﺎب أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Almograbi, 2016, pp. 134–135‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬ ‫أﺳﮭﻢ أو ﺳﻨﺪات‬ ‫دﻓﻌﺎت ﻣﻮﺳﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺪة وأﺳﻠﻮب‬ ‫ﺳﺘُﻨﻔﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎت داﺧﻠﺔ وﺧﺎرﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬

‫‪necessary funding‬‬ ‫‪stocks or bonds‬‬ ‫‪seasonal payments‬‬ ‫‪liabilities‬‬ ‫‪duration and method‬‬ ‫‪will be spent‬‬ ‫‪guarantees‬‬ ‫‪inflows & outflows‬‬ ‫‪continuous follow-up‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺸﺄة‬ ‫أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﻮﺳﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫إﺻﺪار ﻓﻲ اﻹﺳﺮاف‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪات اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺪاد‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎت‬

‫‪Institution‬‬ ‫‪seasonal activities‬‬ ‫‪overissuing‬‬ ‫‪proportionality‬‬ ‫‪funding plan‬‬ ‫‪expected returns‬‬ ‫‪repayment‬‬ ‫‪applicable‬‬ ‫‪deviations‬‬

‫دﻓﻌﺎت ﻣﻮﺳﻤﯿﺔ ‪Exercise 1: Translate from the beginning of the above text up to‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

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‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﺸﺎطﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﻨﻔﻖ ﺑﮭﺎ اﻷﻣﻮال‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪات اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻣﻮال اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب أو ﺟﺬب اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات ﺟﯿﺪة ﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﯾﻌﺰى‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪم وﺿﻮح ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ وھﯿﻜﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻘﻮم ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺑﺘﻘﯿﯿﻢ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎراﺗﮭﺎ وإﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﺨﻄﯿﻂ ﻷﻧﺸﻄﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪات اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫طﻠﺒﺖ اﻟﺠﮭﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺤﺔ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ وﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ أﻋﺪﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻘﻮم اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﯿﺪاﻧﯿﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﺔ واﻟﺨﺎرﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺧﺮق ﻟﻠﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ اﻻﻟﺘﺰام ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻠﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺿﺮورة اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺨﻄﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻘﯿﯿﻤﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻠﺰوم‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺸﺘﺮط ﺗﺴﺪﯾﺪ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺪﻓﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻤﯿﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮض ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺮف‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts 119‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

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‫أﺟﺮت ﻋﺪة ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻤﺎ ً ﺷﺎﻣﻼً ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎراﺗﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﯿﻂ ﻷﻧﺸﻄﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫اﻷرﺑﺎح اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‪.‬‬

‫‪Some local companies conducted a review of their external investments and planning‬‬ ‫‪for their activities which did not attract good investments.‬‬

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‫ﺗﻤﻮل ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت أﻧﺸﻄﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻗﺮوض ﻣﻮﺳﻤﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﺪدھﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف ﻋﻠﻰ دﻓﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻤﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Local companies finance their investments through seasonal loans.‬‬

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‫•‬

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‫ﺳﺘﻘﻮم اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﯿﯿﻢ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﯿﺪاﻧﯿﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﺔ واﻟﺨﺎرﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺧﺮق ﻟﻠﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪The committee will collect and examine all reports on cash flows to verify the possibil‬‬‫‪ity of a breach.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات أﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﺾ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ‬ ‫طﺮق اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎن اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻨﻘﺪي‬ ‫أﺻﻮل ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬

‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫…………………‬

‫ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﺴﺎب اﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ واﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﺾ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻹﻗﺮاض‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ اﻟﺴﻨﺪات‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎرف ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻜﺒﺪ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬

‫…………………‬ ‫‪fiscal……….‬‬ ‫‪………………..‬‬ ‫………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫‪………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………….‬‬ ‫‪bear ………….‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة ﻟﺒﻠﺪاﻧﮭﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ أﺛﺮت ﺳﻠﺒﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ دول ﻛﺜﯿﺮة ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺸﺖ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯾﻊ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﮭﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺤﺔ ﻋﺪة ﻧﻘﺎط ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻄﺮق ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯾﻊ واﻷھﺪاف اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﯾﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫وأﺛﺮھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪﯾﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ‪ -‬اﻟﺮاﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮوض ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺮف ﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻌﮭﺎ ‪ -‬اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺮض اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﮭﺪت اﻟﺒﻼد زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات اﻷﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺜﻼث ﺳﻨﻮات اﻷﺧﯿﺮة‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‪.‬‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻗﻮﯾﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻨﺢ ﻗﺮوﺿﺎ ً ﻟﻸﻓﺮاد واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﻋﻤﺪت ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺧﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻹﻗﺮاض‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺸﺖ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ طﺮق ﺿﻤﺎن اﺳﺘﻤﺮار اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻨﻘﺪي ﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ أﻧﺸﻄﺘﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ أﺷﺮﻧﺎ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪ -‬وھﻲ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﻘﺮوض اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت اﻷﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ واﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻹﻗﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪات واﻟﻤﻨﺢ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ ‪ -‬أﺻﺒﺢ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ أن ﺗﺼﺪر ﺳﻨﺪات ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻼت أﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺪاوﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‪(Alkhader, 2010, p. 228) .‬‬

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Translating finance texts

5.5 Futures and derivatives Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1 A derivative security is a financial contract whose value is derived from the value of something else, such as a stock price, a commodity price, an exchange rate, an interest rate, or even an index of prices. Derivatives are financial contracts whose value/price is dependent on the behaviour of the price of one or more basic underlying assets (often simply known as the underlying). These contracts are legally binding agreements, made on the trading screen of stock exchanges, to buy or sell an asset in future. The asset can be a share, index, interest rate, bond, rupee dollar exchange rate, sugar, crude oil, soyabean, cotton, coffee and what you have. Thus, a ‘derivative’ is a financial instrument, or contract, between two parties that derived its value from some other underlying asset or underlying reference price, interest rate, or index. A derivative by itself does not constitute ownership, instead it is a promise to convey ownership (Debasish & Mishra, 2009, p. 2).

Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

derivative security stock price exchange rate index of prices assets stock exchanges index crude constitute ownership

‫ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﺴﮭﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﺼﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫أﺻﻮل‬ ‫أﺳﻮاق أوراق ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﻜﯿﺔ‬

financial contract commodity price interest rate derivatives binding agreements share bond financial instrument convey ownership

‫ﻋﻘﺪ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت‬ ‫اﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪ‬ ‫أداة ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﻠﻜﯿﺔ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence in the above passage. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

The rapid growth of derivative securities can pose significant reporting, accounting, and financial problems. Different government agencies stressed the need to promote risk-management rules and to introduce tools to control the price index of real estate. The increase in the exchange rate significantly affected the competitiveness of different exports. Two committees proposed a number of measures and standards to protect local consumers from sudden commodity price changes. Some industrial companies withdrew their loan applications due to the high interest rate the bank charges. The second party did not abide by the conditions of the financial contract.

Translating finance texts 121 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

The asset can be a share, index, interest rate, bond, rupee to dollar exchange rate, sugar, crude oil, coffee, and so on.

‫ ﺳﻌﺮ‬،‫ ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺮوض طﻮﯾﻠﺔ اﻷﺟﻞ‬،‫ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬،‫ﺗﻜﻮن اﻷوراق اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﯿﺌﺔ أﺳﮭﻢ‬ .‫ واﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ واﻟﻘﮭﻮة‬،‫ ﺳﻜﺮ‬،‫ﺻﺮف اﻟﺮوﺑﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪوﻻر‬

•

•

Derivatives by themselves do not constitute ownership; they are instead promises to convey ownership.

•

Some banks increased the issuance of securities instead of loans as a practical financial instrument.

.‫ وﻟﯿﺴﺖ وﻋﻮداً ﺑﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﯿﺔ‬،‫ﺗﻜﻤﻦ أھﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎت ﻓﻲ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﻜﯿﺔ‬

‫ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر ھﺬه اﻷﺳﮭﻢ أوراﻗﺎ ً ﺗﻮﻓﺮ‬،‫أﺻﺪرت ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ أﺳﮭﻤﺎ ً ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮوض طﻮﯾﻠﺔ اﻷﺟﻞ‬ .‫ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬

• •

Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

derives its price initial investments underlying commodities demand for product rate of return enhance value derivatives market price volatility enhance competition

………………. ………………. ………………. ………………. ………………. ………………. ………………. ………………. ……………….

underlying assets financial assets currencies commodities contracts impact revenue risk exposure derivative instruments growth of derivatives hedging tool

‫ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺪ‬............. ……………….. ……………….. ……………….. ……………….. ……………….. ……………….. ……………….. ………………..

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • •

Compared to other types of financial contracts and instruments, derivatives require initial investment. One of the main features of financial derivatives lies in deriving their value from underlying assets. One of the main differences between shares and derivatives lies in the fact that shares are primarily assets while derivatives are normally contracts. The establishment of the derivatives market was mainly dependent on the need of natural resources producers and users to hedge against price fluctuations in underlying commodities. There are different methods to enhance competition.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: The value of a futures contract on a commodity is based primarily on expected future spot prices and the storage costs of holding the particular commodity. Thus, commodity prices and their derivatives are determined by supply and demand behavior in a particular market. Understanding the pricing of a commodity can require detailed knowledge of supply and demand factors in the cash market (Junkus, 2010, p. 77).

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Translating finance texts

Text 2 Commodity Futures Contracts: A futures contract is an agreement for buying or selling a commodity for a predetermined delivery price at a specific future time. Futures are standardized contracts that are traded on organized futures exchanges. They ensure performance of the contracts and thus remove the default risk. The major function of futures markets is to transfer price risk from hedgers to speculators. For example, suppose a farmer in Punjab is expecting his crop of wheat to be ready in two months but is worried that the price of wheat may decline in this period. In order to minimize his risk, he can enter into a futures contract to sell his crop in two months at a price determined now. This way, he is able to hedge his risk of a possible adverse change in the price of his product (Prakashan, 2008, p. 7). Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

futures contracts delivery price standardized contracts performance of major function transfer price risk speculators enter into contract

‫ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺔ‬/ ‫ﻋﻘﻮد آﺟﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮد ﻣﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫أداء‬ ‫وظﯿﻔﺔ رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎرﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ‬

predetermined specific future time futures exchanges default risk futures markets hedger minimize his risk adverse change

ً ‫ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫وﻗﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ ﻣﺤﺪد‬ ‫ﺑﻮرﺻﺎت ﻋﻘﻮد آﺟﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ ﻋﺠﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺪاد دﯾﻮن‬ ‫أﺳﻮاق ﻋﻘﻮد آﺟﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﻮط ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺎطﺮه‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﻲ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence in the above text. Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • • •

Futures contracts, which indicate a contract to take or deliver a commodity at a future date, are hedges against the risks resulting from market movements. Some foreign investors complained about a number of local suppliers who continued to increase the delivery prices of their goods and services. Major financial institutions in developed countries had transactions with companies which operated as land speculators than exporters of domestic products and goods. The company entered into a futures contract in order to hedge against any possible risks and losses due to unfavorable changes in the market in which it carries out most of its activities. Hedgers can be wholesalers, manufacturers, and retailers and are key participants in the futures market. The major function of futures markets is to transfer price risk from hedgers to speculators. The industrial company managed to hedge its risks of adverse changes in the price of its products. Futures contracts are legally binding.

Translating finance texts 123 Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

The parties entering into a futures contract can sell or buy commodities at a predetermined price.

•

Some companies prefer futures contracts to other types of contracts because they increase the opportunities to hedge against risks.

.‫ﯾﻮﻗﻊ طﺮﻓﺎ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺛﯿﻘﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﺒﯿﻊ أو ﺷﺮاء ﺳﻠﻊ ﻣﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﺴﻌﺮ ﻣﺤﺪد ﯾﺘﻔﻘﺎن ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬ ‫ ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﻌﺪم اﻟﻘﺪرة‬،‫ﻻ ﺗﻤﯿﻞ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﻮد آﺟﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻮاع أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد‬ .‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻮط ﺿﺪ أي ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ‬ •

• •

The sudden changes in delivery prices reduced the profits of local suppliers.

.‫أﻟﺤﻘﺖ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﻓﻲ أﺳﻌﺎر ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻢ اﻷﺻﻮل ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻓﺎدﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﯿﻦ‬

•

Exercise 4: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

anticipate shortage eliminate risks foreign currencies derivatives pricing transfer risk futures delivery take on obligation prevent losses price movement

........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ................ ‫ﯾﺤﻮل‬ ........................... ........................... ........................... .......................‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮ‬

commodity derivatives currency futures manage risks currency swaps quality of assets volatility to speculate physical commodities market participants

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ................‫ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﻀﺎت‬/ ‫ﻣﺒﺎدﻻت‬ ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

When buyers anticipate shortages of certain crops in the following season, the futures prices of such crops will increase at the current time. Different types of derivatives are used to eliminate the risks of unexpected price changes. Currency futures refer to a type of contract which enables the selling and buying of certain currencies at a specific price and a specific time in the future. Commodity derivatives’ market is that market in which the buyers and sellers enter into contracts to buy or sell commodities at predetermined prices to be delivered at specific future times. The buyer in futures contracts takes on the obligation to buy the commodities at a specific price. The committee discussed different strategies to eliminate risks.

Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into Arabic: The futures market is a global marketplace, initially created as a place for farmers and merchants to buy and sell commodities for either spot or future delivery. This was done to lessen the risk of both waste and scarcity. Rather than trade in physical commodities, futures markets buy and sell futures contracts, which state the price per unit (Debasish & Mishra, 2009, p. 65).

‫‪Translating finance texts‬‬

‫‪124‬‬

‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ أھﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷدوات اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻗﺘﺤﻤﺖ أﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺎل وﺑﻘﻮة ﻓﮭﻲ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ أھﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﻮرات‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ .‬واﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻋﻘﻮد ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺒﻨﻮد ﺧﺎرج‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﺰاﻧﯿﺔ وﺗﺘﺤﺪد ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷوراق اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ‪ .‬وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ أھﻢ اﻷدوات‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺤﻠﻮل ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﮭﺎ أﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺎل ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‪ ،‬وﺳﻮق اﻷوراق ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺟﮫ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ وھﻲ أﺣﺪ اﻷدوات اﻟﻮﻟﯿﺪة ﻋﻦ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﻋﺪت ﻋﻠﻰ إﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﺟﻌﻞ اﻷﺳﻮاق أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻼً‪ ،‬وﻛﻔﺎءة‪ ،‬وﺳﯿﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﻘﺮارھﺎ وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﮭﺎ ﺣﯿﺚ أﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺗﻄﻮرات ﻣﺬھﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Abdulqader, 2017, p. 9‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺤﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮرات ﻣﺜﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻮد ﺧﺎرج ﻣﯿﺰاﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫أدوات وﻟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻼ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ‬

‫‪financial derivatives‬‬ ‫‪strongly entered‬‬ ‫‪interesting developments‬‬ ‫‪off-balance-sheet items‬‬ ‫‪underlying‬‬ ‫‪financial problems‬‬ ‫‪new instruments‬‬ ‫‪more integrated‬‬

‫اﻷدوات اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮد ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷوراق اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫ﺳﻮق أوراق‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ‬

‫‪financial instruments‬‬ ‫‪money markets‬‬ ‫‪futures contracts‬‬ ‫‪securities‬‬ ‫‪provide solutions‬‬ ‫‪securities market‬‬ ‫‪financial products‬‬ ‫‪international finance‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Translate the first sentence of the above passage.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻵﺟﻠﺔ ﺑﮭﺪف اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎت أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ وﯾﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﺗﺸﺘﺮط ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻵﺟﻠﺔ‬ ‫ھﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻌﻤﻼت اﻷﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺪاوﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷدوات اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻛﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﻮط ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎت أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺼﺮف‪.‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺤﺪﺛﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﺌﺎت ﻋﻤﻼﺋﮭﺎ ﻣﻤﻦ ﻟﮭﻢ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت وﻣﺼﺎرف وﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫أوروﺑﯿﺔ وأﻣﺮﯾﻜﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ ﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫دوﻟﻲ ﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯾﻌﮭﺎ ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﻠﻘﯿﻮد اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﺮﺿﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺒﻨﻮك‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﺖ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﺎﺋﻘﺎ ً أﻣﺎم ﻧﻤﻮ أﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺼﻌﺐ إﻧﺸﺎء ﺳﻮق أوراق ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﺗﺴﻌﯿﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي أﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺬب رؤوس اﻷﻣﻮال اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﺳﯿﻮﻟﺔ ﻧﻘﺪﯾﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻼت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻻﺿﻄﺮاب‬ ‫أﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺎل ﺧﻼل اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻋﻘﻮد ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺒﻨﻮد ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻤﯿﺰاﻧﯿﺔ وﺗﺘﺤﺪد ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷوراق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts 125‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻮط ﺿﺪ ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ ﺗﻘﻠﺐ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫‪• Financial instruments help companies to invest their savings against price fluctuations.‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﺗﺆدي اﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت أﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺎل إﻟﻰ إﻋﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ وﺑﺎﻗﻲ دول اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﺤﻖ ﺿﺮراً‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎ ً ﺑﺎﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺎت ھﺬه اﻟﺪول‪.‬‬

‫‪Financial markets competitiveness can hinder international trade between Arab coun‬‬‫‪tries which can slightly affect their economies.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫ً‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻮﻻ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻔﺌﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪم ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻷوراق اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬

‫‪All institutions working on financial instruments provide practical solutions to their‬‬ ‫‪local clients.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Complete the English translations in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻢ ﻣﺎدي‬ ‫ﺗﺪاول اﻟﻌﻘﺪ اﻵﺟﻞ‬ ‫وﻗﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻌﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ اﻵﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺖ ﺗﺴﻮﯾﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻓﺎء ﺑﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻢ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﻸﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ‬

‫………… ‪physical‬‬ ‫‪trading ………….‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫………… ‪binding‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫……………‪future‬‬

‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ اﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺮ اﻷﺻﻞ‬ ‫إدارة ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ ﺳﻌﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺘﻖ ‪ /‬ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻻﺳﺘﺤﻘﺎق ‪ /‬اﻟﺼﻼﺣﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻮق اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎت‬

‫‪............................‬‬ ‫……… ‪underlying‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪derives ……….‬‬ ‫‪........................‬‬ ‫‪expiration …….‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻵﺟﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﺎﺋﻊ واﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮي ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻤﺎ ً ﻣﺎدﯾﺎ ً ﻟﻸﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻠﺠﺄ اﻟﺒﺎﺋﻊ واﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻵﺟﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎت أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ أو‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻣﺤﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻦ أﺣﺪ اﻟﺴﻤﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮد اﻵﺟﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ اﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪم وﻓﺎء‬ ‫أﺣﺪ طﺮﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰاﻣﺎﺗﮫ‪.‬‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك ﻏﺎﯾﺘﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻵﺟﻠﺔ وھﻤﺎ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎت أﺳﻌﺎر اﻷﺻﻮل‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻀﺎرﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻣﻜﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎت أﺳﻌﺎر ھﺬه اﻷﺻﻮل‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ أھﻢ اﻷدوات اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻗﺘﺤﻤﺖ أﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺎل‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻔﻖ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻌﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ اﻵﺟﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻛﺜﯿﺮاً ﻋﻠﻰ أدوات ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ أﺧﺮى ﺗﻌﺪ أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻨﻘﺪﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻨﺪات ‪ bonds‬أو اﻷﺳﮭﻢ‬ ‫‪ ، shares‬وﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎت ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺎ ً ﺑﺨﺴﺎرة ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‪ ،‬وإن اﻟﮭﺪف اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎت ھﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺮض إﯾﺠﺎد طﺮق ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺎت ﻣﻮاﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ‪ .‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺪف اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﯿﺰة أﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﻻﻛﺘﺴﺎب ﻓﺮص ﻣﺮﺑﺤﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ أو ﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻂ اﻟﻤﺤﻔﻈﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرﯾﺔ ﺿﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪(Alfatlawi & Alrabi’i, 2012, p. 5 ) .‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts‬‬

‫‪126‬‬ ‫‪Text 2‬‬

‫اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻮط‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﺤﻮط اﻟﻐﺮض اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ إﻧﺸﺎء أﺳﻮاق اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﮭﺪف ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎر واﻟﺼﻨﺎع واﻟﻤﺰارﻋﯿﻦ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ‪ .‬وﯾﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻮط اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺎت‪ ،‬إﺑﺮام ﻋﻘﻮد ﺑﯿﻊ أو‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﮭﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﺮاء ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎر ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺛﺎر ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ﻷي ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﻗﺪ ﯾﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫وﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﺎن رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺎن ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﺤﻮط‪ :‬اﻟﺘﺤﻮط ﺑﻤﺮﻛﺰ طﻮﯾﻞ )ﺗﻐﻄﯿﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﺮاء( واﻟﺘﺤﻮط ﺑﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻗﺼﯿﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮط ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻘﻮد ﻷﻏﺮاض اﻟﺘﺤﻮط ﺿﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ‪ ،‬وﻣﺜﺎل ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮط ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ ﺗﻘﻠﺐ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة ﻋﻨﺪ اﻻﻗﺘﺮاض‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮط ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ ﺗﻘﻠﺐ أﺳﻌﺎر ﺻﺮف اﻟﻌﻤﻼت اﻷﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮط ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺴﻨﺪات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻆ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫)‪(Qandour, 2017, p. 304‬‬

‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮط‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎء أﺳﻮاق‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ طﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﻮط‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺮاض‬ ‫أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺴﻨﺪات‬

‫‪hedging‬‬ ‫‪creating markets‬‬ ‫‪price change‬‬ ‫‪using futures‬‬ ‫‪to prevent‬‬ ‫‪long position‬‬ ‫‪hedging investor‬‬ ‫‪borrowing‬‬ ‫‪bonds prices‬‬

‫اﻟﻐﺮض اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﮭﻢ‬ ‫إﺑﺮام ﻋﻘﻮد‬ ‫اﻵﺛﺎر ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮط ﺑﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻗﺼﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﺐ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫ﺻﺮف اﻟﻌﻤﻼت اﻷﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻆ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‬

‫‪main purpose‬‬ ‫‪protecting traders‬‬ ‫‪their disadvantage‬‬ ‫‪concluding contracts‬‬ ‫‪undesirable effects‬‬ ‫‪short position hedging‬‬ ‫‪interest rate volatility‬‬ ‫‪foreign exchange‬‬ ‫‪international portfolios‬‬

‫ً‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ ‪Exercise 1: Translate the above text up to‬‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻟﺤﮭﻢ‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﺨﻀﻊ اﻟﻤﺒﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ دوﻟﯿﺔ ُﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎر وﻛﺎﻓﺔ أﻧﺸﻄﺘﮭﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻛﺜﯿﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻠﺠﺄ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷدوات اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻨﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎت ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎت اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ھﺬه اﻷدوات ﻟﻐﺎﯾﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻮط‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺸﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ إﻧﺸﺎء أﺳﻮاق ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺿﻤﺎن ﺗﺴﮭﯿﻞ‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻧﺖ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎت أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وھﻮ اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي أﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺒﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ إﺟﺮاءات ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ وﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﻂ ﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ اﻟﺘﺠﺎر اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺗﻀﺮرھﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ أﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫ﺻﺮف اﻟﻌﻤﻼت اﻷﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻮط اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺎت‪ ،‬وإﺑﺮام ﻋﻘﻮد ﺑﯿﻊ أو ﺷﺮاء ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎر ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺛﺎر‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ﻷي ﺗﻐﯿﺮ أﺳﻌﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮط ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻘﻮد ﻷﻏﺮاض اﻟﺘﺤﻮط ﺿﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts 127‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

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‫طﻠﺒﺖ إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻷرﺑﺎح ﻓﻲ ظﻞ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر وارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪The company manager reviewed its profits and losses in the light of production‬‬ ‫‪fluctuations.‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﻋﺎرﺿﺖ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ ﻓﻜﺮة إﻧﺸﺎء أﺳﻮاق ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻷوﺿﺎع‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺒﺒﮭﺎ اﻹﻏﻼق اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺎﺋﺤﺔ ﻛﻮروﻧﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪The government and private-sector committees approved creating markets in the area‬‬ ‫‪due to the difficult conditions resulting from the pandemic.‬‬

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‫•‬

‫•‬

‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪول اﻹﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ ﺧﻄﻂ ﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻻﻗﺘﺮاض ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻨﻮك‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪A number of countries in Africa and the Middle East did not fully implement their‬‬ ‫‪development plans given the high cost of loans from regional banks.‬‬

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‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻋﺎﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﺐ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮات ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﯾﻦ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫أرﺑﺎح ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﺤﺔ‬

‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬

‫ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻧﺎﺟﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮض ﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ اﺋﺘﻤﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫إدارة ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻷﺻﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت ﺻﺮف أﺟﻨﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات ﺑﻌﻮاﺋﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ اﻟﺴﻮق‬

‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬

‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫أﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﺛﻼث ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﺤﻠﯿﺔ إﻓﻼﺳﮭﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪم ﻗﺪرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ اﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎت أﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻼت ﺧﻼل اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻮط ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرھﺎ أداة إدارة ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎن اﻟﻐﺮض اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ إﻧﺸﺎء أﺳﻮاق اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺔ ھﻮ اﻟﺘﺤﻮط‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﮭﺪف ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎر واﻟﺼﻨﺎع‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ‪.‬‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺰارﻋﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻐﻄﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﺮﻛﺰ طﻮﯾﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﯾﻠﺠﺄ إﻟﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ )اﻟﺘﺤﻮط ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮاء( اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ )أو ﯾﺤﺘﺎج( ﺷﺮاء أﺻﻞ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ )ﺳﻠﻌﺔ أو ورﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ أو ﻋﻤﻠﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻻﺣﻖ وﯾﺨﺸﻰ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺳﻌﺮه ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ ‪ . . .‬ﺑﮭﺪف اﻟﻮﻗﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‪ ،‬وﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻣﻮاﺟﮭﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ ﯾﻠﺠﺄ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺷﺮاء ﻋﻘﻮد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻷﺻﻞ ﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎر ﻣﺤﺪدة‬ ‫وﺑﺘﻮارﯾﺦ ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﻮﻗﯿﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﯿﮫ وﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎﺳﮭﺎ ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺈﺑﺮام ﻋﻘﻮد ﺑﯿﻊ اﻷﺻﻞ ﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎر ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻟﮫ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﻗﺪر ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﺎﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮة ﺗﻌﻮﺿﮭﺎ اﻷرﺑﺎح اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ )‪.(Qandour, 2017, p. 304‬‬

128

Translating finance texts

5.6 Market competition Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1 Competition and Monopoly Power: All markets, in any industry, commence their existence with the introduction by a firm of a product, good, or service to meet previously unfulfilled demand. The introduction of new products involves expenditures (by the firms who make the products) that produce common benefits for each market where the products are sold. For example, the costs that a pharmaceutical manufacturer faces to develop a new drug are one and the same, irrespective of whether the drug is sold in one country or another. Costs that cannot be allocated to any single or particular market are referred to as common costs. Common costs are fixed costs, and the amount of such costs depends on the technical complexities and risks involved in introducing a new product to the market (Djolov, 2006, p. 9).

Vocabulary ST

TT

competition ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ commence ‫ﯾﺒﺪأ‬ unfulfilled demand ‫ ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﻮﻓﺎء ﺑﮫ‬/ ‫طﻠﺐ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻠﺒﻰ‬ common benefits ‫ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ new drug ‫دواء ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬ common costs ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬

ST

TT

monopoly ‫اﺣﺘﻜﺎر‬ introduction of ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ‬/‫طﺮح‬ expenditures ‫ﻧﻔﻘﺎت‬ pharmaceutical ‫دواﺋﻲ‬ irrespective of ‫ ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ‬/ ‫ﺑﺼﺮف اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ technical complexities ‫ﺗﻌﻘﯿﺪات ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • • •

All markets, in any industry, commence their existence with the introduction by a firm of a product, good, or service to meet previously unfulfilled demand. The introduction of new products involves expenditures that produce common benefits for each market where the products are sold. The costs that a pharmaceutical manufacturer faces to develop a new drug are one and the same, irrespective of whether the drug is sold in one country or another. Costs that cannot be allocated to any single or particular market are referred to as common costs. Common costs are fixed costs, and the amount of such costs depends on the technical complexities and risks involved in introducing new products. The proposed policies primarily aim to raise profits above the expected average which market competition can achieve. Some of the companies which provide services mainly in the Arab world were not able to compete in African countries due to the different customer needs. Local and international companies can achieve common benefits when participating in different business activities.

Translating finance texts 129 Exercise 2: Correct the errors in the following Arabic translations: •

If business firms decide to operate in a highly competitive market, they need to view customers’ changing needs as a priority.

‫ ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﻗﺮرت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺮأﺳﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ أﺳﻮاق إﻗﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ .‫دراﺳﺔ اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼء اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮة‬ •

Many Saudi companies are planning to introduce new products to the domestic market to meet local demand.

‫ﺑﺪأت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﯾﺔ وﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻹﻗﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ ﺑﻄﺮح ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﯿﺔ‬ .‫اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼء اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﯿﻦ‬ •

•

•

Market competition among companies can lead to the invention of new products which can better meet consumers’ needs.

‫ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﯿﺔ اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬،‫أدت اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬

•

Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

speedy marketing single market compete with market power product market market structure sharp changes market leader new products

………………….. ………………….. ………………….. ………………….. ………………….. ………………….. ………………….. ………………….. …………………..

drive efficiency compete successfully enter foreign market affect competition enhance competitiveness rival firms lose market share monopolistic competition barriers to entry

………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… …………………

Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • •

Companies competing in international markets can focus their efforts to achieve speedy marketing. The company was able to compete successfully in the international market thanks to its effective strategic management. Companies normally do not develop a specific strategy for single markets but rather adopt strategies they developed earlier to compete in different markets. Some companies use their brand and image to compete with other companies in international markets.

Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic: Direct competitors are businesses that sell the same or similar products, provide the same services, target the same demographic market, and operate in the same geographic area as your business. Direct competitors are your biggest competition because they want to sell to, and build customer loyalty with, the exact same people you want (Stephenson, 2007, p. 46).

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Translating finance texts

Text 2 Measures of competition decrease for three industries and increase for the fourth. Competition decreases in those industries where rival firms also have high financial leverage and entry is relatively difficult. While competition decreases, leveraged firms either lose substantial market share or fail to gain share when smaller rivals exit the industry. Competition increases when the firms with high financial leverage maintain market share and rivals have low debt. In the industry where competition decreased, the leading firm actually gained market share, but only at the expense of its own and industry participants’ profits. Competition, on all measures, has increased in this industry. Decreases in competition documented are consistent with models where debt commits the leveraged firm to behave less aggressively (Phillips, 1993, p. 2).

Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

measures rival firms relatively difficult market share smaller rivals low debt consistent with

‫ﺗﺪاﺑﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ً ‫ﺻﻌﺐ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺔ ﺳﻮﻗﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﻦ أﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﯿﻞ‬/‫دﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ‬

three industries financial leverage substantial gain share maintain at the expense of commits

TT

‫ﺛﻼث ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫راﻓﻌﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻮھﺮي‬/‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﺴﺐ ﺣﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﯾُﻠﺰم‬

Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • • • • •

Measures of competition decrease for three industries and increase for the fourth. Competition decreases in those industries where rival firms also have high financial leverage, and entry is relatively difficult. While competition decreases, some firms either lose substantial market share or fail to gain share when smaller rivals exit the industry. Competition increases when the firms with high financial leverage maintain market share and rivals have low debt. In the industry where competition decreased, the leading firm actually gained market share, but only at the expense of its own and industry participants’ profits. Competition, on all measures, has increased in this industry. Decreases in competition documented are consistent with models where debt commits the leveraged firm to behave less aggressively. The government suggested encouraging competition and decreasing customs fees and taxes on imports. In market competition, competing companies sell their services and products at lower prices in order to achieve some profits and grow their market share. Although different companies can adopt different competition strategies, non-price competition is most common in monopolistic competition due to the strong competition among firms.

Translating finance texts 131 Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

The export company decided to meet the challenges and difficulties by building and strengthening its market leader position and promoting its brand in regional and international markets.

‫ﻗﺮرت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺼﺎدرات واﻟﻮاردات اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺘﮭﺎ‬ .‫ وﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ واﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‬،‫ﻛﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق‬ •

Many local companies were not able to meet the international standards relating to products and export competitiveness and therefore they will lose their market shares.

‫ وﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﺗﻔﻘﺪ‬،‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﺪة ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ .‫ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت أرﺑﺎﺣﮭﺎ وﺣﺼﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺴﻮﻗﯿﺔ‬ •

•

•

The local companies which signed the agreement are expected to create barriers to the entry of new firms in order to avoid competition.

‫ ﺑﮭﺪف‬،‫ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ وﻗﻌﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺔ ﺑﺨﻠﻖ ﻋﻮاﺋﻖ ﻟﺪﺧﻮل اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‬ .‫ﺣﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ وﻗﻌﺖ اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‬

•

Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

total sales revenue economic factors increase efficiency natural monopoly existing suppliers smaller competitors exited market successful firms pricing policy

………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… …………………

public utilities market concentration capital financing barrier to competition preferred price prices and quantities influence on market product differentiation corporate strategies

………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… ………………… …………………

Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • •

The company managed, during a short period of time, to sell a huge quantity of its products and therefore achieved high total sales revenue. It is inefficient to have companies compete to provide public utilities such as electricity and water because they cannot lay different networks of cables and pipes. Some economic, financial, and technical factors make it impossible for new firms to enter the market. The management discussed removing all barriers to competition.

Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic: In a competitive commercial environment, the only certain way to monitor performance is by comparison of results against those of competitors. The standards established in the appraisal of competitor profiles provide the foundation for a full analysis of market shares (Stapleton & Thomas, 1998, p. 47).

‫‪Translating finance texts‬‬

‫‪132‬‬

‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﺒﺎﯾﻦ ھﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺴﻮق ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ دﺧﻮل ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﺟﺪﯾﺪة إﻟﻰ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ أو اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮق إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ‪ ،‬إذ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن ھﺬه اﻟﺤﻮاﺟﺰ أو ﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎت اﻟﺪﺧﻮل ﺿﺌﯿﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق ذات اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷﻣﺮ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ إﻻ ﻗﯿﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻮاق‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﻮاﺟﺰ ﺿﺌﯿﻠﺔ‬ ‫أﻣﺎم اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎرﯾﺔ‪ .‬أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻜﺎر اﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﻛﺄﺳﻮاق اﻟﺴﯿﺎرات وﺗﻜﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﺒﺘﺮول‪ ،‬ﻓﮭﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻮاﺟﺰ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻮق ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻮاق ﺣﯿﺚ ﻗﺪ ﯾﻨﻄﻮي ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﻟﻠﺴﯿﺎرات أو ﻣﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﻜﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﺒﺘﺮول ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ ﺑﺎھﻈﺔ‪ .‬أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎر‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﯿﺲ ھﻨﺎك أدﻧﻲ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﺪﺧﻮل ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﺳﻮاق‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﮫ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد دﺧﻮل أي ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻮق‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺘﻔﻲ ﺻﻔﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎرﯾﺔ‪(Riziq, 1998, pp. 293–294) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﺒﺎﯾﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﺿﺌﯿﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات ﺻﻐﯿﺮة‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻜﺎر اﻟﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻄﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪vary/differ‬‬ ‫‪industrial areas‬‬ ‫‪barriers‬‬ ‫‪minimum‬‬ ‫‪small investments‬‬ ‫‪oligopoly‬‬ ‫‪involve‬‬

‫ھﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺴﻮق‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻜﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﺒﺘﺮول‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ ﺑﺎھﻈﺔ‬

‫‪market structures‬‬ ‫‪standard products‬‬ ‫‪constraints‬‬ ‫‪perfect competition‬‬ ‫‪monopolistic‬‬ ‫‪petroleum refining‬‬ ‫‪high costs‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﯾﺤﺪث ﺗﺒﺎﯾﻦ ﻓﻲ ھﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺴﻮق ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ دﺧﻮل ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﺟﺪﯾﺪة إﻟﻰ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ أو اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻮق إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫إذ ﺗﻜﻮن ھﺬه اﻟﺤﻮاﺟﺰ أو ﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎت اﻟﺪﺧﻮل ﺿﺌﯿﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق ذات اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻷﻣﺮ إﻻ ﻗﯿﺎم اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻮاق‪،‬‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﻮاﺟﺰ ﺿﺌﯿﻠﺔ أﻣﺎم اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻜﺎر اﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﻛﺄﺳﻮاق اﻟﺴﯿﺎرات وﺗﻜﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﺒﺘﺮول‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻮاﺟﺰ اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮق ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﺳﻮاق ﺣﯿﺚ ﻗﺪ ﯾﻨﻄﻮي ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﻟﻠﺴﯿﺎرات أو ﻣﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﻜﺮﯾﺮ اﻟﺒﺘﺮول ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ ﺑﺎھﻈﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎر‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﯿﺲ ھﻨﺎك أدﻧﻲ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﺪﺧﻮل ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﺳﻮاق‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﮫ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد دﺧﻮل أي‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻮق‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺘﻔﻲ ﺻﻔﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أراض ﻟﺰراﻋﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻀﺮوات واﻟﻔﻮاﻛﮫ وﻣﻨﺎطﻖ أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺘﺨﺼﯿﺺ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻺﺳﻜﺎن وﻣﻨﺎطﻖ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺎطﻖ أﺳﻮاق‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع اﻟﻤﻤﻮل ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪة وﻛﺎﻻت دوﻟﯿﺔ ﯾﻘﺪم رأس ﻣﺎل ﯾ َُﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات‬ ‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮة‪ ،‬ﺗﮭﺪف ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت إﻗﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ ودوﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﺎھﻈﺔ وآﺛﺎر‬ ‫اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts 133‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫ھﻨﺎك اﺧﺘﻼف ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ھﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺴﻮق ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﺨﺺ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﯿﺰات اﻹﻋﻼﻧﯿﺔ وﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺴﻠﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪There is no major difference in market structures in relation to competitive advertise‬‬‫‪ment and goods prices.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪Pricing competition disappears in non-competitive markets.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪All markets characterized by monopoly depend on price competition.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﻼﺳﻌﺮﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق ذات اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻜﺎر اﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ رﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﻼﺳﻌﺮﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 3: Complete the English translations in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻋﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫رﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت ﺳﻮﻗﯿﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺗﺮوﯾﺠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎت ﻧﻘﺪﯾﺔ إﯾﺠﺎﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﺣﺼﺔ اﻟﺴﻮق‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺗﺴﮭﯿﻼت‬

‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫‪…………………..‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﻮق ﻋﻠﻰ أداء آﺧﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ ﻗﯿﺎدة اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﻦ‬ ‫دﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ أﺳﻮاق ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺴﻮق‬

‫‪outperform …….‬‬ ‫…… ‪cost leadership‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻗﺪﻣﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ إطﺎراً ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎ ً ﯾﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﻟﺔ واﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻲ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﯿﻦ وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ذات ﺟﻮدة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻤﻦ ﺟﻮھﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﯿﻦ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﯿﻦ‪ ،‬أو ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻲ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت أو اﻟﻤﺼﺪرﯾﻦ أو ﻏﯿﺮھﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﻮق ﻋﻠﻰ أداء اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﻦ اﻵﺧﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق‪.‬‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﺎدة ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ھﻲ إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ ﺗﺘﺒﻌﮭﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ أﺳﻌﺎر ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺳﻌﺎر ﺧﺪﻣﺎت وﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﻦ ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻣﯿﺰات ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة اﻷرﺑﺎح‪.‬‬ ‫أﻋﺪت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺧﻄﺔ إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﻮاﺟﮭﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﺷﻤﻠﺖ ﺧﻄﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺮوﯾﺠﯿﺔ وﺧﻔﺾ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎت ﻧﻘﺪﯾﺔ إﯾﺠﺎﺑﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻌﻜﺲ ﻗﺪرة ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﺴﻮﻗﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺴﻮق ﻋﺎﻣﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﺣﺼﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺴﻮﻗﯿﺔ وﺑﺤﺜﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ أﺳﻮاق ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻟﺘﻘﻮﯾﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺴﻮﻗﯿﺔ وﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷرﺑﺎح‪.‬‬ ‫دﻋﻤﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق وﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﺴﮭﯿﻼت ﻟﻠﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮرت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺗﺴﮭﯿﻼت ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﯿﻦ واﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﯿﻦ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ اﻷھﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﯿﺪ أن ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ ”اﻟﺘﻮازن اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ اﻟﻌﺎم“ )‪ (General Competitive Equilibrium‬ﻻ ﺗﻌﻮد‬ ‫ذات ﺟﺪوى ﺣﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺬر ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ”اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ“ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق وﺣﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﻮد اﻷﺳﻮاق ﻣﻜﺎﻧﮭﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ”اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮص“ )‪ .(Imperfect Competition‬وأﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮص ﺗﻄﺮﻓﺎ ً ھﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎر اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Kanaan, 2016‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts‬‬

‫‪134‬‬ ‫‪Text 2‬‬

‫ﯾﺆدي ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎج إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق‪ ،‬وﯾﻜﺜﺮ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ھﻨﺎك ﻋﻮاﺋﻖ ﺗﻤﻨﻊ دﺧﻮل اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﻦ )ﻛﻘﻄﺎع اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت(‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ أﺧﺮى ﺗﺴﻌﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﺮى إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻮق ﻓﺘﻠﺠﺄ إﻟﻰ اﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎج ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻮذ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق‪ ،‬وھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎج‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ رﻓﻊ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﺷﺄﻧﮫ ﺷﺄن اﻟﻜﺮﺗﻼت‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﮫ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﮭﯿﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ ﻟﺴﻌﯿﮭﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺟﺎت ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ أو ﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر أﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ واﻟﺰﯾﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﺰ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي واﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‪(Azzandi, 2018, p. 220) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫اﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻮذ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﺗﻼت‬ ‫ﺗﮭﯿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‬

‫‪merger‬‬ ‫‪competing firms‬‬ ‫‪prevents‬‬ ‫‪pursuit‬‬ ‫‪acquires‬‬ ‫‪cartels‬‬ ‫‪dominates‬‬ ‫‪competition severity‬‬ ‫‪lowering prices‬‬

‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺘﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﺋﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺔ‬ ‫رﻓﻊ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﺰ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬

‫‪increasing concentration‬‬ ‫‪constraints‬‬ ‫‪competitors‬‬ ‫‪share‬‬ ‫‪increase prices‬‬ ‫‪allows‬‬ ‫‪production facilities‬‬ ‫‪cost reduction‬‬ ‫‪economic concentration‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﺆدي ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎج إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق‪،‬‬ ‫وﯾﻜﺜﺮ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ھﻨﺎك ﻋﻮاﺋﻖ ﺗﻤﻨﻊ دﺧﻮل اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﻦ )ﻛﻘﻄﺎع اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻌﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﺮى إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻮق‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻠﺠﺄ إﻟﻰ اﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎج ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻮذ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق‪.‬‬ ‫ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎج ﻗﺪ ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ رﻓﻊ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﺷﺄﻧﮫ ﺷﺄن اﻟﻜﺮﺗﻼت‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﮫ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﮭﯿﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ ﻟﺴﻌﯿﮭﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻮق‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺟﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ أو ﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر أﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ واﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﺰ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي واﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺰز ﻗﺪرة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق ﻛﻼً ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ وﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺑﺪورھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﺰ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﺴﻮق‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺴﮭﻢ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻤﺎن اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ أﺳﻌﺎر ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﺑﮭﺪف اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ أﻋﺪاد أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻮن إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ وﺟﻮدھﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺗﺒﺎع اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺎت ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت وﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ أﺳﻌﺎرھﺎ وﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts 135‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Correct the errors in the following English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﺗﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﺣﺼﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺴﻮﻗﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ أﻧﺸﻄﺘﮭﺎ وﻣﻮاﺟﮭﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‪.‬‬

‫‪Local and regional companies seek to reduce their market share by expanding their‬‬ ‫‪activities and avoiding other competing companies‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة ﺗﻌﺰز ﻗﺪرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻮاق‪.‬‬

‫‪Being familiar with market competition enhances the company ability to compete with‬‬ ‫‪regional companies working in different markets.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫ھﻨﺎك اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺎت ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻮاﺟﮭﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت وﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻌﺎر واﻟﺘﺮوﯾﺞ اﻟﻔﻌﺎل ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪There are non-pricing competition strategies which ensure facing the competition of‬‬ ‫‪local companies. These strategies include introducing new products, reducing prices‬‬ ‫‪and promoting products.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪Exercise 3: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ أﺳﻮاق ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫آﻟﯿﺎت إﻧﺘﺎج ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬

‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬

‫زﯾﺎدة ﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت أﻗﻞ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﯾﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻮن‬ ‫ﯾﺨﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﺬب ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﺪد‬

‫‪sharpen………..‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ واﻹﻗﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت أوﻟﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﺿﻤﺎن ﻋﺪم ﺗﺄﺛﺮ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﺑﺘﺨﻔﯿﺾ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ دﻋﻢ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﻟﺘﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻗﺪرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻟﺬي‬ ‫ﯾﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺒﻼد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺴﺮت ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻤﮭﺎ ﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت أﻗﻞ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮق ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻓﯿﮫ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت واﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ أﺳﻮاق ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻗﺪرﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ‪ ،‬وھﺬا ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ أﺳﻮاق ﺧﺎرﺟﯿﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ أھﺪاﻓﮭﺎ وﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎري اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ وﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻔﺎوت اﻟﺪول ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺪﻋﺎﺋﯿﺔ واﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﺪﻓﺔ‪(Azzuboun, 2016, p. 6) .‬‬

136

Translating finance texts

5.7 Microfinance Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1 Microfinance has emerged as an important tool for poverty alleviation. The term “microfinance” refers to methodologies used to make extremely small financial transactions at reasonable levels of cost and affordability. Experience has demonstrated the potential of microfinance for expanding and deepening the access of the poor and low-income households and of their microenterprises to financial services. In most developing countries, licensed banks typically serve no more than 5 to 20% of the population. The emergence of sustainable microfinance institutions (MFIs) has enhanced the development of the financial sector in many countries that have undertaken macroeconomic and financial reforms by extending the reach of the financial system to new market niches and contributing to financial deepening. However, MFIs need to change and develop as the scope of their operations grows beyond the provision of credit – to include savings, insurance, and other financial services – and as the scale of their operations expands to reach larger numbers of clients (Gallardo, Ouattara, Randhawa & Steel, 2005, p. 1).

Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

microfinance refers to to make reasonable levels potential of low-income households licensed banks institutions market niches

‫ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ أﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﯿﺮ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ ﻋﻤﻞ‬/ ‫إﺟﺮاء‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬/‫ﻗﺪرة‬ ‫أﺳﺮ دﺧﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﺘﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻮك ﻣﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﺳﻮﻗﯿﺔ‬

poverty alleviation methodologies financial transactions affordability the access of microenterprises sustainable financial reforms financial deepening

‫ﺗﺨﻔﯿﻒ ﺣﺪة اﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬ ‫آﻟﯿﺎت‬/‫طﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪام‬ ‫إﺻﻼﺣﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻖ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • •

Microfinance has emerged as an important tool for poverty alleviation. The term “microfinance” refers to methodologies used to make extremely small financial transactions at reasonable levels of cost and affordability. Experience has demonstrated the potential of microfinance for expanding and deepening the access of the poor and low-income households and of their microenterprises to financial services. In most developing countries, licensed banks typically serve no more than 5 to 20% of the population. The development of the financial sector promotes economic growth.

Translating finance texts 137 Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

Some countries, including Arab countries, began to support microfinance institutions to enable them to provide financial aid to different borrowers.

‫ﺑﺪأت ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﺑﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ وذﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻤﻜﯿﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺣﻮاﻓﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺘﺮﺿﯿﻦ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﯾﻦ‬ .‫ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

•

•

Promoting the work of microfinance institutions requires facilitating their financial transactions.

•

Microfinance institutions and transactions are governed by specific laws.

.‫ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻠﻮاﺋﺢ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﮭﺎ‬ .‫ھﻨﺎك ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﺪدة ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ‬

• •

Exercise 3: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

provide microfinance small loans predatory lending strengthen communities microfinance programs low-risk activity microfinance providers low-income individuals lending practices

……………… ………………. ............. ‫ ﺟﺸﻊ‬/ ‫اﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻲ‬ ………….. …………… ………………. …………… …………… ……………….

invest in microfinance sell insurance reduce poverty low-income economies new opportunities investments surged access microfinance small business loans traditional banking

……………. ………………… ………………… …………….. ………………… ‫ زادت‬................... ‫ﺣﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ‬............. ………………... ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ‬......

Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • •

The financial institution provides different financial services, including microfinance, to low-income and unemployed individuals in order to alleviate poverty. Investments in microfinance can be directed toward specific microfinance programs which aim to strengthen local communities. All lending practices must comply with the laws and regulations which regulate the work of microfinance institutions. These laws clearly indicate that predatory lending is prohibited. Investments in microfinance have significantly surged in the last decade. Low-income individuals can explore new opportunities to improve their living conditions by applying for small business loans through microfinance. Traditional banking services are not suitable for low-income or unemployed individuals who often request financing from microfinance institutions. Microfinance can reduce poverty and help low-income individuals.

Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic: Most microfinance programs are small and vulnerable to resource constraints. Most operate in a few locations and serve specific clusters of clients, so they are exposed to the systemic risks of undiversified loan portfolios (Meyer & Zeller, 2002, p. 2).

138

Translating finance texts

Text 2 Private-sector MFIs are often indigenous groups or NGOs operated by local leaders in their communities. They are frequently supported by international donors and international NGOs that provide technical assistance or funding, particularly in the start-up phase. Some private MFIs still subsidize interest rates or deliver subsidized services; others create self-sufficient operations and rely less and less on external donor funds. A few are beginning to access funding through commercial banks and international money markets. In addition to NGOs, both banks and nonbank financial intermediaries may provide financial services to the micro sector. Private-sector MFIs that have operated in or are currently operating in the country or region influence the success of new providers by establishing client (or beneficiary) expectations (Ledgerwood, 1998, p. 16).

Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

private-sector NGOs international donors funding subsidize subsidized services donor funds money markets intermediaries

‫ﻗﻄﺎع ﺧﺎص‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺤﯿﻦ دوﻟﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫أﻣﻮال اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺤﯿﻦ‬ ‫أﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫وﺳﻄﺎء‬/‫ﺟﮭﺎت وﺳﯿﻄﺔ‬

indigenous local leaders technical assistance start-up phase interest rates self-sufficient commercial banks nonbank micro sector

‫ﺳﻜﺎن أﺻﻠﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫زﻋﻤﺎء ﻣﺤﻠﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺪء‬ ‫ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة‬/ ‫أﺳﻌﺎر‬ ً ‫ﻣﻜﺘﻔﻲ ذاﺗﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎرف ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺑﻨﻜﻲ‬/ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة‬

Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • •

Private-sector MFIs are often indigenous groups or NGOs operated by local leaders in their communities. MFIs are frequently supported by international donors and international NGOs that provide technical assistance or funding, particularly in the start-up phase. Some private MFIs still subsidize interest rates or deliver subsidized services; others create self-sufficient operations and rely less and less on external donor funds. A few are beginning to access funding through commercial banks and international money markets. In addition to NGOs, both banks and nonbank financial intermediaries may provide financial services to the micro sector. Private-sector MFIs that have operated in or are currently operating in the country or region influence the success of new providers by establishing client (or beneficiary) expectations. Some MFIs provide subsidized services to a larger number of individuals.

Translating finance texts 139 Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

Microfinance is considered a type of financial services which primarily targets and provides services to individuals who cannot access the services provided by conventional banks.

‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ طﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺟﻞ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ً ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﮭﺪف اﻷﻓﺮاد اﻟﻘﺎدرﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬ .‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬

•

• Some international donors and NGOs provide technical support and guidance to MFIs.

.‫ﺗﻘﺪم ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ دﻋﻤﺎ ً ﻓﻨﯿﺎ ً إﻟﻰ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ‬

•

•

The main role MFIs play lies in bridging the gap between traditional banking and financial institutions and the individuals who cannot access the services of such institutions.

‫ﯾﻜﻤﻦ اﻟﺪور اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﯿﻦ اﻷﻓﺮاد ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﺎدرﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ‬ .‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬

•

Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

microfinance activities limited amounts nonbanking manage debt conventional lenders micro lending economic shocks microloan program offer loans

…….……… ........................ ……………….. ………………. …………….. .......................... ……………….. ………………. ……………….

exploit opportunity fund a social project formal institutions limited financial resources repayment plans higher costs small financial loans lending requirements donor associations

‫ ﯾﺴﺘﻐﻞ‬................. ……………….. ......................... ………….. ………………… ………………… ………………… ………………. …………………

Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • •

Some of the MFIs working in India are trying to exploit market opportunities by providing loans to potential clients. There is a surge in microfinance activities which indicates that MFIs are expanding the scope of their work. The financial activities which some MFIs carry out can include funding social projects to help the poor. This bank does not offer loans to low-income individuals.

Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic: Microfinance initiatives can therefore provide access to financial services (such as lowlevel credit, deposit and insurance mechanisms), which in turn can stimulate a larger percentage of any population’s involvement in a development process by targeting those who otherwise find it difficult to access financial mechanisms (Royle, 2016, p. 30).

‫‪Translating finance texts‬‬

‫‪140‬‬

‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫ﻹﺿﻔﺎء ﻣﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري أﯾﻀﺎ ً دﻋﻢ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺼﻐﺮى ﻟﺘﻮﺳﯿﻊ ﻓﺮص‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ وﻓﺮص اﻟﺘﻮظﯿﻒ اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮاء‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﻻ ﯾﺘﺴﻨﻰ ذﻟﻚ دون دﻋﻢ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺐ اﻟﻤﮭﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ‪ ،‬وﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﺟﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻣﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺮﯾﻔﯿﺔ واﻷﺣﯿﺎء اﻟﻔﻘﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪن‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗﺪل اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ ﻟﻢ ﯾﺆد إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺎة اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت اﻷﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺮاً ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‪ .‬ذﻟﻚ ﻷن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ ظﻠﮫ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 30%‬أو ‪ .45%‬وﻗﺪ ﺳﺒﺐ ھﺬا ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎة‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺘﺮﺿﯿﻦ‪ .‬ﯾﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼزم إﺗﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻟﻤﻦ ﯾﻌﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻔﻘﺮ اﻟﺸﺪﯾﺪ وﻓﻖ أﺳﺲ إﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺧﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ‪ .‬وھﺬا ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ وﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻲ اﻟﺰﻛﺎة واﻟﻮﻗﻒ‪ .‬أﻣﺎ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﺨﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدرﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﯿﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺮوﯾﺞ ﺻﯿﻎ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷرﺑﺎح‪(Shabra, 2011, pp. 76–77) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫إﺿﻔﺎء‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺼﻐﺮى‬ ‫ﻓﺮص ﻋﻤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺐ اﻟﻤﮭﻨﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﺟﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﯿﺎء اﻟﻔﻘﯿﺮة‬ ‫اﻷﺷﺪ ﻓﻘﺮاً‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺿﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻛﺎة واﻟﻮﻗﻒ‬

‫‪to make‬‬ ‫‪microenterprise‬‬ ‫‪employment opportunities‬‬ ‫‪professional training‬‬ ‫‪urgent needs‬‬ ‫‪slums‬‬ ‫‪the poorest‬‬ ‫‪borrowers‬‬ ‫‪zakat and waqf‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﺳﯿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮظﯿﻒ اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ أﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﻓﻖ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺮوﯾﺞ‬

‫‪development process‬‬ ‫‪to increase‬‬ ‫‪self-employment‬‬ ‫‪microfinance‬‬ ‫‪infrastructure facilities‬‬ ‫‪bank interest‬‬ ‫‪actual interest rate‬‬ ‫‪requires integration‬‬ ‫‪promotion‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻹﺿﻔﺎء ﻣﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري أﯾﻀﺎ ً دﻋﻢ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺼﻐﺮى ﻟﺘﻮﺳﯿﻊ ﻓﺮص‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ وﻓﺮص اﻟﺘﻮظﯿﻒ اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮاء‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﯾﺘﺴﻨﻰ دﻋﻢ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺼﻐﺮى دون دﻋﻢ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺐ اﻟﻤﮭﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ‪ ،‬وﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ اﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺟﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻣﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺮﯾﻔﯿﺔ واﻷﺣﯿﺎء اﻟﻔﻘﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪن‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪل اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ ﻟﻢ ﯾﺆد إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺎة اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﺷﺪ ﻓﻘﺮاً ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‪ ،‬ذﻟﻚ ﻷن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ ظﻠﮫ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ‪ 30%‬أو ‪.45%‬‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎة ﻓﻌﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺘﺮﺿﯿﻦ‪ .‬ﯾﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼزم إﺗﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻟﻤﻦ ﯾﻌﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻔﻘﺮ اﻟﺸﺪﯾﺪ وﻓﻖ‬ ‫أﺳﺲ إﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺧﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ وﻣﺆﺳﺴﺘﻲ اﻟﺰﻛﺎة واﻟﻮﻗﻒ‪ .‬أﻣﺎ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﺨﺺ اﻟﻘﺎدرﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﯿﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮوﯾﺞ ﺻﯿﻎ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷرﺑﺎح‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﮭﺪف اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ذوي اﻟﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺪود اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﻻ ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻌﻮن اﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮوض‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫طﻮرت ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ أﻧﺸﻄﺘﮭﺎ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻘﺪﯾﻦ اﻷﺧﯿﺮﯾﻦ وﺗﻤﻜﻨﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺎطﻖ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻓﺌﺎت ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻤﺆھﻠﯿﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻗﺪرات اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ ﻟﺪﯾﮭﺎ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﺨﺺ ﻧﻄﺎق وآﻟﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﻘﺮوض اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮز أھﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts 141‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫أدى ظﮭﻮر ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ دور اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪول ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪The delayed emergence of financial institutions promoted the role of commercial banks‬‬ ‫‪in the region.‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﯾﻌﺰز اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻗﺪرة ﻣﺤﺪودي اﻟﺪﺧﻞ واﻟﻔﻘﺮاء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮظﯿﻒ اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ واﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ دﺧﻞ ﯾﻤﻜﻨﮭﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮاھﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﯿﺸﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪MFIs develop the poor people’s capacity of self-employment and maintaining a good‬‬ ‫‪salary.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫ﺗﻘﺪم ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺠﮭﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ واﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ دﻋﻤﺎ ً ﻓﻨﯿﺎ ً وﺗﺪرﯾﺒﺎ ً ﻣﮭﻨﯿﺎ ً إﻟﻰ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ وذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻤﻜﯿﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﺑﻔﺎﻋﻠﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪A number of local donors provide support for MFIs to enable them to provide their‬‬ ‫‪services.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪Exercise 3: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﻗﺮوض ﺻﻐﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ ﻣﺘﻨﺎھﯿﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﯿﺴﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪرة اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ رﺳﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺮص ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ زراﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻔﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ‬

‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪micro………….‬‬ ‫‪easy……………….‬‬ ‫‪…………………...‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ واﻹﻗﺮاض‬ ‫دﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ رﺑﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺮوض اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﺳﯿﻮﻟﺔ ﻻزﻣﺔ‬ ‫وﺳﯿﻠﺔ رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت إﻗﺮاض ﻣﺤﻠﯿﺔ‬

‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫…………………‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫درﺳﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﻟﺘﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﯾﻔﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ دﺧﻞ ﺳﻜﺎن ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪم ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻗﺮوﺿﺎ ً ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻟﻠﻤﺰارﻋﯿﻦ واﻟﻨﺴﺎء‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻌﮭﻢ اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪھﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ إدرار اﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪم ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﺮﺳﻤﯿﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ إﻗﺮاض ذوي اﻟﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺪود‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻤﻜﯿﻨﮭﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻹﻗﺮاض اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﺳﯿﻮﻟﺔ ﻻزﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺰارﻋﯿﻦ ﻟﺘﻤﻜﯿﻨﮭﻢ ﻣﻦ زرع ﻣﺤﺎﺻﯿﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﯾﮭﺪف ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻲ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﻒ وﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻓﻲ دول ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎون اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﺻﻨﺪوق اﻟﻨﻘﺪ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ واﻷوﻗﺎف ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪة اﻟﻔﻘﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Source: https://www.sesric.org/‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts‬‬

‫‪142‬‬

‫‪Text 2: Source: https://alghad.com/‬‬

‫ﻓﺘﺢ ظﮭﻮر اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ أﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻌﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل أﻣﺎم ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﻼﯾﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ رواد‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺮق اﻷوﺳﻂ وﺧﺎرﺟﮭﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﺤﺮى أﻟﯿﺸﯿﺎ ﺑﻮﻟﺮ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺻﻌﻮد ﺟﯿﻞ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ آﻟﯿﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ .‬أﺑﺮم ﻣﺼﺮف اﻟﺮﯾﺎن‪ ،‬وھﻮ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺼﺮف إﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‪ ،‬ﺷﺮاﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻹﻏﺎﺛﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وھﻲ إﺣﺪى أﻛﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻟﺨﯿﺮﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ إطﺎر ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺮاﻛﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺮر أن ﯾﺴﺎھﻢ اﻟﻤﺼﺮف ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ أﺣﺪث ﻣﺒﺎدرات اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄﺮﺣﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫وإﺗﺎﺣﺘﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﻋﻤﻼﺋﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻋﺪدھﻢ ‪ 70‬أﻟﻒ ﻋﻤﯿﻞ ﻓﻲ ّ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة وﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺮق اﻷوﺳﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫ووﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻛﺮوﺳﯿﻦ‪ ،‬رﺋﯿﺲ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻹﻏﺎﺛﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﮭﺪف ھﺬه‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺸﺄن أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﺒﺎدرات اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻤﺜّﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﯿًﺎ ﺳﻮى‬ ‫واﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻌﯿﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

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‫ظﮭﻮر‬ ‫أﺣﻜﺎم‬ ‫رواد اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮى‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ أﺻﻐﺮ إﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻟﺨﯿﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺮﺣﮭﺎ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻮﻋﻲ‬

‫‪emergence of‬‬ ‫‪rules‬‬ ‫‪entrepreneurs‬‬ ‫‪looking into‬‬ ‫‪Islamic microfinance‬‬ ‫‪humanitarian organizations‬‬ ‫‪promoting‬‬ ‫‪they offer‬‬ ‫‪increase awareness‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﻓﻖ‬ ‫أﻣﺎم ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﯿﻞ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮف اﻟﺮﯾﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮاﻛﺔ‬ ‫أﺣﺪث ﻣﺒﺎدرات‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻼﺋﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻌﯿﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬

‫‪compatible with‬‬ ‫‪for financing‬‬ ‫‪potential‬‬ ‫‪new generation‬‬ ‫‪al Rayan bank‬‬ ‫‪partnership‬‬ ‫‪latest initiatives‬‬ ‫‪their clients‬‬ ‫‪internationally‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

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‫ظﮭﻮر اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ أﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻌﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل أﻣﺎم ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﻼﯾﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ رواد‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺮق اﻷوﺳﻂ وﺧﺎرﺟﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮى أﻟﯿﺸﯿﺎ ﺑﻮﻟﺮ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺻﻌﻮد ﺟﯿﻞ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ آﻟﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫أﺑﺮم ﻣﺼﺮف اﻟﺮﯾﺎن‪ ،‬وھﻮ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺼﺮف إﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‪ ،‬ﺷﺮاﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻹﻏﺎﺛﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وھﻲ إﺣﺪى أﻛﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻟﺨﯿﺮﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ إطﺎر ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺮاﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺮر أن ﯾﺴﺎھﻢ اﻟﻤﺼﺮف ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ أﺣﺪث ﻣﺒﺎدرات اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄﺮﺣﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ وإﺗﺎﺣﺘﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﻋﻤﻼﺋﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻋﺪدھﻢ ‪ 70‬أﻟﻒ ﻋﻤﯿﻞ ﻓﻲ ّ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة وﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺮق اﻷوﺳﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻛﺮوﺳﯿﻦ‪ ،‬رﺋﯿﺲ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻹﻏﺎﺛﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﮭﺪف ھﺬه‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺸﺄن أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﺒﺎدرات اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻤﺜّﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﯿًﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻮى واﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻌﯿﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺨﯿﺮﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﮭﺎ وﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﺪﯾﮭﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻌﺰز ﻗﺪرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ دﻋﻢ ﻣﺤﺪودي اﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗُﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودي اﻟﺪﺧﻞ واﻷﺳﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺮوض ﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ أﺣﻜﺎم اﻟﺸﺮﻋﯿﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ أﺣﺪ أﺑﺮز اﻟﺨﯿﺎرات اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ أﻣﺎم ﻓﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪودي اﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating finance texts 143‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Correct the errors in the following English translations:‬‬

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‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ راﻓﺪاً ﺟﺪﯾﺪاً ﻣﻦ رواﻓﺪ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮاء‪.‬‬

‫‪Islamic microfinance is one aspect of traditional financing where banks provide support‬‬ ‫‪to different clients including the poor.‬‬

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‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ أﺑﺮز ﺳﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻏﯿﺎب اﻟﺮﺑﺎ واﻟﺪواﻓﻊ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ أرﺑﺎح‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﺮف‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻷوﺿﺎع اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪A major feature of Islamic microfinance lies in promoting and increasing interest-based‬‬ ‫‪financing and traditional banking to achieve profits.‬‬

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‫•‬

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‫ﺣﻘﻖ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﻮاً ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺎ ً ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وﺳﺎھﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﯿﻦ ﻣﻼﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﮭﻤﺸﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ واﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Microfinance achieved limited growth in the last centuries and enabled millions in the‬‬ ‫‪Arab countries to apply for traditional financial services.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪Exercise 3: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ واﻷرﺑﺎح‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻜﯿﻦ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﻮازن‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ أﺛﺮ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬

‫‪.......................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺮﯾﻔﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮاء‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻤﺮارﯾﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻠﯿﺔ وﺗﻤﻮﯾﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ اﻷداء اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺠﺰي‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫أداة ﻟﻤﺤﺎرﺑﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬

‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ أﺣﺪ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺤﺎرﺑﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺮﯾﻔﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ دوراً ﺑﺎرزاً ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻤﻜﯿﻦ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي واﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺴﻌﻲ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬ ‫ھﺪﻓﯿﻦ أﺳﺎﺳﯿﻦ‪ ،‬وھﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ وطﻤﻮﺣﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺮاء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﮭﺪف ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ أﺛﺮ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮزت أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ زﯾﺎدة اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﮫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪم ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮاء‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻜﻨﮭﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ دﺧﻠﮭﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺬت اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺮﯾﻔﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻠﺒﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗّﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻷردن ﺣﯿﺚ ﻻ ﺗﺰال ھﻨﺎك ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﺎﺳﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻓﺎة إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‪ .‬ھﻨﺎك ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 4%‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﯾﻔﻀﻠﻮن اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪم ﻣﺰﯾﺠﺎ ً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ واﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Source: https://www.findevgateway.org/‬‬

6

Translating marketing texts

6.1 Products and brands Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1 The corporate brand has become increasingly important in today’s markets and society. Not only do corporate brands provide companies with competitive advantages, they also represent the way in which companies behave towards society. Products and brands have been fulfilling consumers’ needs for quite some time, but now, as markets are full of interchangeable products and brands, consumers increasingly look for distinguishing companies. Companies use a corporate branding strategy – that is, a strategy in which the corporate brand plays a central role – to radiate reliability, innovativeness, or social responsibility, for example. Consumers use such company associations to evaluate the company. This evaluation is often referred to as the corporate image. Consumers’ evaluations of the company’s products and services are generally considered to be moderated by this corporate image and vice versa; the product evaluations influence the image of the corporate brand (Cramer, Neijens & Smith, 2003, p. 111). Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

corporate brand competitive advantages fulfilling needs distinguish central role innovativeness corporate image

‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺒﻲ اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻤﯿﺰة‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮري‬/‫دور ﻣﺮﻛﺰي‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎر‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬

increasingly important represent interchangeable branding strategy radiate reliability social responsibility moderated by

‫ﺗﺰداد أھﻤﯿﺘﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺎدل‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫أﻣﺎﻧﺔ‬/‫ﯾﻌﻜﺲ وﻓﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺔ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ إدارة‬/ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ اﺷﺮاف‬

Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • •

The corporate brand has become increasingly important in today’s markets and society. Products and brands have been fulfilling consumers’ needs for quite some time, but now, as markets are full of interchangeable products and brands, consumers increasingly look for ways to distinguish one company from another.. Companies use a corporate branding strategy – that is, a strategy in which the corporate brand plays a central role – to radiate reliability, innovativeness, or social responsibility. Consumers use such company associations to evaluate the company. This evaluation is often referred to as the corporate image. The company is working to promote its corporate brand in different areas.

DOI: 10.4324/9781003170846-7

Translating marketing texts 145 Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

Consumers’ evaluations of the company’s products and services are generally affected by this corporate image and vice versa; the product evaluations influence the image of the corporate brand.

‫ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻮردﯾﻦ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم إﻟﻰ اﻹدارة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺻﻮرة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ .‫واﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ؛ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮرة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ •

Not only do corporate brands provide companies with competitive advantages; they also represent the way in which companies behave toward society.

‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻹﻗﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ وﺗﻌﺰز دورھﺎ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ .‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺻﻮرﺗﮭﺎ‬ •

•

•

While companies make products, consumers build corporate brands through their expectations and experiences with the products.

.‫ﺗﺘﻌﺎون اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت واﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺻﻮرة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎت‬

•

Exercise 3: Complete the Arabic translations in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

offer to a market satisfy a want related products declining profitability sale by retailers competing offerings extensive advertising product’s logo marketing practice

…………………. …………………... ………………….. ……………... ………………….. ………………. ……………... …………………... …………………

reinforce evolving needs growing sales re-evaluate product mix are branded customers’ attitudes brand recognition to market products distinguish products

………………… ………………… ………………… ……………. ......................‫ذات‬ ……………….. ..............‫اﻻﻋﺘﺮاف ﺑـ‬ ………………… ……………….

Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • •

Companies offer their products to local or international markets in order to satisfy customers’ wants or needs. A product logo can help consumers easily identify the name of the manufacturing company which reflects a product recognition. Some poor corporate branding strategies which the company implemented resulted in a profitability decline. Companies can reinforce their brand names by promoting their exclusive packaging and design.

Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic: All brands signify a relationship between consumers and an environment. However, brands differ on which environment, which aspect of that environment and which consumers they relate. In online environments consumers cannot physically inspect and evaluate the products or services offered (Guang & Pennington, 2009, p. 163).

146

Translating marketing texts

Text 2 Pricing of Products – Price of product refers to the amount of money customers have to pay to obtain a product. The demand for a product or service is related to its price. Generally lower the price, higher would be the demand for the product and vice versa. The marketers have to properly analyze the factors determining the price of a product and take several crucial decisions in this respect, including setting the pricing objectives, determining the pricing strategies, determining the price and changing the prices. Physical Distribution – Managing physical distribution is another very important function in the marketing of goods and services. The two major decision areas under this function include (i) decision regarding channels of distribution or the marketing intermediaries and (ii) physical movement of the product from place of production to place of consumption (Tulsian, 2007, p. 12). Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

pricing customers demand for marketers crucial decisions pricing objectives physical distribution marketing intermediaries

‫اﻟﺘﺴﻌﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‬/‫اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻮﻗﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺮارات ﺣﺎﺳﻤﺔ‬ ‫أھﺪاف اﻟﺘﺴﻌﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﻋﯿﻨﻲ‬ ‫وﺳﻄﺎء ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬

amount of money to obtain related to factors determining setting pricing strategies channels of distribution consumption

‫ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ب‬/‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ب‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﺪدة‬ ‫ ﺿﺒﻂ‬/ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺴﻌﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﮭﻼك‬

Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • • •

Pricing of Product: Price of product refers to the amount of money customers have to pay to obtain a product. The demand for a product or service is related to its price. Generally lower the price, higher would be the demand for the product and vice versa. The marketers have to properly analyze the factors determining the price of a product and take several crucial decisions in this respect. The decision relates to setting the pricing objectives, determining the pricing strategies, determining the price and changing the prices. Physical Distribution: Managing physical distribution is another very important function in the marketing of goods and services. The two major decision areas under this function include (i) decision regarding channels of distribution or the marketing intermediaries and (ii) physical movement of the product from place of production to place of consumption. The physical distribution is based on the efficiency of the logistics company which operates in different countries.

Translating marketing texts 147 Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

Different companies can use varied pricing strategies when marketing and selling their products.

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻧﻔﺲ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺎت ﺗﺴﻌﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺮض ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ‬ .‫وﺑﯿﻌﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬ •

Some NGOs provide assistance to farmers which includes small agricultural loans and marketing of their products.

‫ ﯾﺸﻤﻞ ﻗﺮوض طﻮﯾﻠﺔ اﻷﺟﻞ وﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق‬،‫ﺗﻘﺪم ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ دﻋﻤﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻤﺰارﻋﯿﻦ‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ‬ •

•

•

In developing countries, consumers prefer imported products to products made locally because of the high quality of imported products.

‫ﯾﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﺷﺮاء ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻣﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮردة اﻟﺘﻲ‬ .‫ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬

•

Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

production processes marketing skills product specifications protect products category of products utilitarian benefits company reputation usage experience strong brands

……………... …………………... ……………. ………………… ……………… ………………… ……………… ………………….. …………………..

habit of consuming product innovation brand management unscrupulous competitors consumer perceptions prominence in markets launch new products create awareness brand elements

………………… ………………… ………………… …………. ……………… …………….. ………………... ………………… …………………

Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • •

Environmentalist have stressed the importance of developing and introducing production processes which do not harm the environment. Companies generally use their brands to protect their products and services from unscrupulous competitors. International companies which promote product innovation can achieve prominence in international markets. Different companies adopt different marketing skills and strategies to develop the habit of consuming among their clients.

Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic: The main function of product policy is to guide the activities of the firm toward common goals. In that the success of the company is measured not only by its current profits but also by its long-term growth, the company must strike a delicate balance between optimizing its current operations and making adequate provision for the future (Baker & McTavish, 1976, p. 19).

‫‪Translating marketing texts‬‬

‫‪148‬‬

‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺒﺮ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺻﻔﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت أو اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ أو اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﯿﺰھﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮاء ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﻨﻮع أو اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫أو اﻟﻀﻤﺎن أو طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ‪ ،‬وﯾﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت أو اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﺎز ﺑﮭﺎ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت أو ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ أﺧﺮى ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ أو ﻣﺸﺎﺑﮭﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻓﯿﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﮭﺎ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة واﻹﺗﻘﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت أو اﻟﺒﻀﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺎن ھﻮ ﺗﻌﮭﺪ اﻟﺼﺎﻧﻊ أو اﻟﺘﺎﺟﺮ ﺑﺼﻼﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت أو اﻟﺒﻀﺎﻋﺔ أو ﺑﯿﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺒﮭﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﮫ أن ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت واﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ وﺗﻔﻀﯿﻠﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﯿﺮھﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ إﺣﺪى وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﺟﺮ أو اﻟﺼﺎﻧﻊ أو ﻣﻘﺪم اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻺﻋﻼن ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮫ أو ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻌﮫ أو‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ اﻹﻋﻼن واﻟﺪﻋﺎﯾﺔ ﻟﻌﻼﻣﺘﮫ أن ﯾﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ أذھﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻋﻼن اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪(Alghwairi, 2008) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﺎز‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﺗﻘﺎن‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬

‫‪trademark‬‬ ‫‪rank‬‬ ‫‪feature‬‬ ‫‪similar‬‬ ‫‪perfection‬‬ ‫‪product viability‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬ ‫ﺗﻌﮭﺪ اﻟﺼﺎﻧﻊ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼن واﻟﺪﻋﺎﯾﺔ‬

‫‪status‬‬ ‫‪guarantee‬‬ ‫‪same‬‬ ‫‪quality level‬‬ ‫‪manufacturer undertaking‬‬ ‫‪publicity‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﻌﺒﺮ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺻﻔﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت أو اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ أو اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﯿﺰھﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮاء ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﻨﻮع أو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ أو اﻟﻀﻤﺎن أو طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت أو اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﺎز ﺑﮭﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت أو ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ أو ﻣﺸﺎﺑﮭﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﯾﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﮭﺎ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة واﻹﺗﻘﺎن ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت أو اﻟﺒﻀﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺎن ھﻮ ﺗﻌﮭﺪ اﻟﺼﺎﻧﻊ أو‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺟﺮ ﺑﺼﻼﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت أو اﻟﺒﻀﺎﻋﺔ أو ﺑﯿﺎن اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺒﮭﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﮫ أن ﯾﺆدي‬ ‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت واﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ وﺗﻔﻀﯿﻠﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﯿﺮھﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ أو ﻣﻘﺪم اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻺﻋﻼن ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮫ أو ﺑﻀﺎﺋﻌﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ إﺣﺪى وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﺟﺮ أو ُ‬ ‫أو اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ‪ ،‬إذ ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ اﻹﻋﻼن واﻟﺪﻋﺎﯾﺔ ﻟﻌﻼﻣﺘﮫ أن ﯾﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ أذھﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻋﻼن اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة وﺗﺴﺨﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ ﺣﻤﻼت اﻹﻋﻼن واﻟﺪﻋﺎﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮوﯾﺞ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ أﺳﻮاق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻤﯿﺰ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪ ﯾﺸﻤﻞ ﺷﻌﺎرات أو رﺳﻮﻣﺎت أو رﻣﻮز أو ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﺗﺤﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ؛ وﺗﻤﻨﺢ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﺣﻘﻮق ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺟﻮدة ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻨﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﮭﺪف‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ وﺳﻤﻌﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺻﻼﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت أﺣﺪ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﺴﺐ ﺛﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬وھﻮ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺻﻮرة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺻﻮرة ﻋﻼﻣﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﻠﺰم ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﻨﺠﺎح ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﺴﻮق ﺿﻤﺎن ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت واﻧﺘﻈﺎم ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating marketing texts 149‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

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‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻤﻌﺔ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﯿﺪة ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎراﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎطﻖ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‪.‬‬

‫‪Some local private-sector companies depend on their consumers’ experience reputation‬‬ ‫‪in order to fund their investments locally and internationally.‬‬

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‫ﺧﻠﺼﺖ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺮھﺎ أن ﺳﻤﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﺮت ﺳﻠﺒﺎ ً ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت أﺧﺮى دﺧﻠﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻮق ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‪ .‬وﻋﻠﯿﮫ‪ ،‬ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ وﺿﻊ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺎت ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺳﻤﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﻮدة وﻋﺮض أﺳﻌﺎر ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪The external committee said that the company brand was badly affected by other com‬‬‫‪peting companies. Therefore, it must develop strategies to ensure competing in other‬‬ ‫‪markets in order to improve its reputation.‬‬

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‫ﺗﺸﯿﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت واﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺎت اﻷﻋﻤﺎل أن ﺳﻤﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺛﺮوة إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺒﻐﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪Some new research papers indicate that business strategies can help improve a company‬‬ ‫‪reputation by protecting its strategic wealth.‬‬

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‫‪Exercise 3: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻌﺔ ﺟﯿﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻋﺎﺋﺪات ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫إﺑﺮاز ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻒ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﺳﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ وﻻء اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ‬

‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪........................‬‬

‫ﺷﻌﺎرات‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ أداء ﻣﺎﻟﻲ أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻮﯾﮫ ﺳﻤﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮازن اﻟﻘﺪرات اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اھﺘﻤﺎم اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻤﺰاﯾﺎ‬

‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪........................‬‬ ‫‪.......................‬‬ ‫‪.......................‬‬ ‫‪.......................‬‬ ‫‪.......................‬‬ ‫‪.......................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﯿﺎم اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺪورھﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ أﺣﺪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻧﺠﺎﺣﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء وﺑﻨﺎء ﺳﻤﻌﺔ ﺟﯿﺪة ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻮراً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺟﻠﺔ ﺗﺮدي ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺸﻮﯾﮫ ﺳﻤﻌﺘﮭﺎ وﻋﺪم اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻋﺎﺋﺪات ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺔ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ وﻻء اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﻮازن اﻟﻘﺪرات اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﻤﻮﺿﻊ‪:‬‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﻤﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ طﺮح ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻓﻲ أﻣﺎﻛﻦ طﻠﺐ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻓﻲ أﺳﻮق ﺟﺪﯾﺪة وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻷﺻﻨﺎف‬ ‫واﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ واﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ واﻟﻘﻄﺎع‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة ﺗﺤﺮض ﻗﺮار ﺷﺮاء اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‪ ،‬إن إﻋﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻮﺿﻊ ﻗﺮار اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﮫ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻻﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﺘﺤﺮك ورواج اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Meraj, 2013, p. 70‬‬

150

Translating marketing texts

6.2 Marketing Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1 Most people in business have an understanding of what marketing is all about – getting and keeping the right customers. Although you will find many definitions on marketing when you search for it, I like this definition best for its simplicity and usability. Marketing can be direct marketing, viral marketing, branding, customer relationship management, promotion and advertising, public relations, and so on. Product marketing is marketing that is focused on the product (or service) the company is bringing to market. Product managers can be found in all kinds of companies, from pharmaceutical makers to furniture manufacturers and from fast-food chains to computer vendors. Regardless of the industry, product managers have one thing in common; they are responsible for the marketing of their product (Butje, 2012, p. 2). Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

people in business getting and keeping direct marketing branding advertising is bringing to fast-food chains

‫أﺻﺤﺎب أﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺬب واﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰ ﺗﺠﺎري‬/‫ﺗﻮﺳﯿﻢ‬ ‫إﻋﻼن‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ ل‬ ‫ﺳﻼﺳﻞ وﺟﺒﺎت ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺔ‬

what marketing is usability viral marketing promotion public relations product managers computer vendors

‫ﻣﺎھﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻓﯿﺮوﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮوﯾﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪراء اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮردي أﺟﮭﺰة ﺣﺎﺳﻮب‬

Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • •

Most people in business have an understanding of what marketing is all about – getting and keeping the right customers. Although you will find many definitions on marketing when you search for it, this definition is the best because of its simplicity and usability. Marketing can be direct marketing, viral marketing, branding, customer relationship management, promotion and advertising, public relations, and so on. Product marketing is marketing that is focused on the product (or service) the company is bringing to market. Product managers can be found in all kinds of companies, from pharmaceutical makers to furniture manufacturers and from fast-food chains to computer vendors. Regardless of the industry, product managers have one thing in common; they are responsible for the marketing of their product. The use of modern technology can develop new direct marketing channels and promote competitiveness.

Translating marketing texts 151 Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

The new product manager was tasked with preparing a new plan to effectively and efficiently market the company products.

‫طُﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ إﻋﺪاد ﺧﻄﺔ إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﻔﺎﻋﻠﯿﺔ‬ .‫وﻛﻔﺎءة‬ •

The start-up company developed a plan to promote itself by disseminating information about its products and brand.

،‫أﻋﺪت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق ﻟﻔﺘﺮة طﻮﯾﻠﺔ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺗﺮوﯾﺠﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻧﺸﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ ﺳﻤﻌﺘﮭﺎ‬ .‫ وﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬،‫وﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻋﻤﻠﮭﺎ‬ •

•

•

In order to improve its services, the company management reviewed its customer relationship management which it used to analyze its customers’ interactions and feedback on the services provided to them.

‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ إدارة اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء واﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ .‫ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻤﻼء اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﮭﻢ‬

•

Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

product life cycle decline phase optimize sales results product definition regular improvements design phase product marketer time and budget competitors’ products

………………. ………………. ……………. ……………… …………….. ………………. ……………… ……………… …………….

product success getting right customers strategizing technical design extend product life continuous adjustments target market user experience profit performance

………………… ……………… ………………… ………………… ………………… ……………. ………………… ………………… …………………

Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • •

The company has limited opportunities to directly influence the final phase of the product life cycle and may therefore experience a decline phase. The main indicator of the success of the product marketers lies in their ability to optimize sales. The committee representing public- and private-sector companies encouraged the efforts aimed at reducing environmental impacts during the product life cycle.

Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic: When examining external opportunities and threats, marketing managers must analyze aspects of the marketing environment. This process is called environmental scanning – the collection and interpretation of information about forces, events, and relationships in the external environment that may affect the future of the organization or the implementation of the marketing plan (Hair, Lamb & McDaniel, 2012, p. 33).

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Translating marketing texts

Text 2 Firms interested in targeting the older consumer are faced with a number of decisions regarding the development and marketing of products and services. These range from new product development to minor modifications in product features to better satisfy the needs of older consumers. In the area of product management, product decisions do not necessarily involve new product development and change. Marketers may simply promote the same products differently or position them in a way that would be of greater appeal to the older person. Thus, decisions concerning the development and marketing of products and services range widely in scope. Regardless of the nature of the decision, managers need to understand older persons’ needs, attitudes, and perceptions of existing products. Understanding such needs would enable marketers to design products and services to satisfy older consumer needs, modify existing products or services, or even position them differently to better serve the needs of the marketer (Moschis, 1994, p. 89). Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

firms range from … to product features older consumers promote perceptions of existing products

‫ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬/ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﻛﺒﺎر اﻟﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺮوج‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮرات ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮة‬

targeting minor modifications satisfy the needs marketers greater appeal design products position

‫ﺗﺴﺘﮭﺪف‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻼت طﻔﯿﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﺒﻲ اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻮﻗﻮن‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺼﻤﻢ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺮض‬

Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • • • •

Firms interested in targeting the older consumer are faced with a number of decisions regarding the development and marketing of products and services. These range from new product development to minor modifications in product features to better satisfy the needs of older consumers. In the area of product management, product decisions do not necessarily involve new product development and change. Marketers may simply promote the same products differently or position them in a way that would be of greater appeal to the older person. Decisions concerning the development and marketing of products and services range widely in scope. Regardless of the nature of the decision, managers need to understand older persons’ needs, attitudes, and perceptions of existing products. Understanding such needs would enable marketers to design products and services to satisfy older consumer needs, modify existing products or services, or even position them differently to better serve the needs of the marketer. Companies take older consumers into consideration when marketing products.

Translating marketing texts 153 Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

E-marketing enables different producers to market their products in different places.

‫ﯾﻜﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪي اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﯿﻦ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺮوﯾﺞ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﻢ ﺑﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ .‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ •

Direct marketing depends on direct communication with carefully selected customers.

‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺎت ﻛﺜﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﯾﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﯿﺎرھﻢ‬ .‫ﺑﻌﻨﺎﯾﺔ‬ •

• •

The two main types of marketing are domestic marketing and international marketing.

.‫ واﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻹﻗﻠﯿﻤﻲ‬،‫ھﻨﺎك ﻧﻮﻋﺎن ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ وھﻤﺎ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‬

•

Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

marketing task marketing plan marketing campaign marketing principles satisfy varied needs marketing objective favorable market market conditions domestic markets

……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………...

marketing strategy cost-effective marketing trading of goods promotion and distribution target potential customers marketing activities marketing management huge market share supply of goods

……………… …………… ………………. …………. ………….. ………………. …………….. ………………. ………………

Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • •

The marketing department discussed different topics which include marketing tasks, cost-effective marketing, and marketing campaigns. Effective marketing management enables companies to practically apply market techniques and methods. Given the favorable market conditions, many manufacturers and exporters focused on producing and exporting highly profitable goods. The marketing plan clearly outlines the activities which the company should undertake to achieve the marketing objectives. The marketing strategy which the company adopted was effective.

Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic: Products contain features. A person buys the product to receive the benefits of its features. The benefits are the advantages the features bring to the user. No one cares if you can make your product light in weight. That’s a product feature. (Dobkin, 1996, p. 63).

‫‪Translating marketing texts‬‬

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‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫ﯾﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﺟﺰءاً ھﺎﻣﺎ ً ﻣﻦ أﺟﺰاء اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت وﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ وﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ طﻤﻮﺣﺎﺗﮫ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻣﺠﺎﻻً ﻟﻠﺘﻮظﯿﻒ وﺧﻠﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻮظﺎﺋﻒ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﺛﻠﺜﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ً ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‪ .‬وﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ‪ 50%‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ أو اﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ‪ .‬واﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﮫ أن ﯾﺪﻋﻢ أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺤﯿﺎة‬ ‫وﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﻓﺎھﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬وﯾﻄﻮر ﻧﻤﻂ اﻟﺤﯿﺎة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﺠﻨﺲ‪ ،‬وﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ أن ﻟﻠﻌﺮض واﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﯿﺎة اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻘﻲ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺪرة وﻛﻔﺎءة‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺎت‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ أﻧﮫ ﯾﺴﻌﻰ إﻟﻰ إظﮭﺎر ﺣﺎﺟﺎت ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ورﻏﺒﺎت ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺘﮭﺎ وإﻣﺪاد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ ﺑﮭﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﺪون اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ واﻻﺧﺘﺮاﻋﺎت اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر واﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻛﻲ ﯾﻘﻮﻣﻮا ﺑﺸﺮاﺋﮭﺎ واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻧﺸﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ وﻣﺤﻠﻲ‪ .‬وﺑﻔﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻟﻜﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺳﻠﻊ ﺿﺮورﯾﺔ‪(Abbas & Alkamim, 2011, pp. 28–29) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

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‫اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ طﻤﻮﺣﺎﺗﮫ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻖ وظﺎﺋﻒ‬ ‫أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺤﯿﺎة‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ وﻣﺤﻠﻲ‬

‫‪marketing‬‬ ‫‪produce products‬‬ ‫‪achieve aspirations‬‬ ‫‪create jobs‬‬ ‫‪life style‬‬ ‫‪goods and services‬‬ ‫‪globally and locally‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮظﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻂ ﺣﯿﺎة‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺮاﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻟﻜﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬

‫‪organizational‬‬ ‫‪necessary services‬‬ ‫‪employment‬‬ ‫‪exceeds‬‬ ‫‪life pattern‬‬ ‫‪inventions‬‬ ‫‪luxury goods‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﺟﺰءاً ھﺎﻣﺎ ً ﻣﻦ أﺟﺰاء اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫وﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ وﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ طﻤﻮﺣﺎﺗﮫ‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻻ ﻟﻠﺘﻮظﯿﻒ وﺧﻠﻖ اﻟﻮظﺎﺋﻒ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﺛﻠﺜﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ً ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‪ .‬وﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ً ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ‪ 50%‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫أو اﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﮫ أن ﯾﺪﻋﻢ أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺤﯿﺎة وﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﻓﺎھﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫وﯾﻄﻮر ﻧﻤﻂ اﻟﺤﯿﺎة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪ ،‬واﻟﺠﻨﺲ‪ ،‬وﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ أن ﻟﻠﻌﺮض واﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﯿﺎة اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻘﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺪرة وﻛﻔﺎءة‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺎت‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ أﻧﮫ ﯾﺴﻌﻰ إﻟﻰ إظﮭﺎر‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺟﺎت ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ورﻏﺒﺎت ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺘﮭﺎ وإﻣﺪاد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ ﺑﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪون اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ واﻻﺧﺘﺮاﻋﺎت اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر واﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻛﻲ ﯾﻘﻮﻣﻮا ﺑﺸﺮاﺋﮭﺎ‬ ‫واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻧﺸﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ وﻣﺤﻠﻲ‪ .‬وﺑﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻟﻜﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫أو اﻟﺘﺮﻓﯿﮭﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺳﻠﻊ ﺿﺮورﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻼً ﻋﻠﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻹﯾﺮادات اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺿﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺿﺮاﺋﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻟﻜﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ و اﻟﺘﺮﻓﯿﮭﯿﺔ وﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻮاردات‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ أﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺠﻠﺲ إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﻌﮭﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮرات ﻣﺠﺎل ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating marketing texts 155‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Correct the errors in the following English translations:‬‬

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‫ﺗﺒﺮز أھﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﻓﺮص ﻋﻤﻞ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎب‪.‬‬

‫‪The importance of direct marketing lies in reducing employment by providing job‬‬ ‫‪opportunities to the youth.‬‬

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‫ﯾﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ واﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺼﻨﻌﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت وﻣﻘﺪﻣﻲ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف رﻏﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ وﺗﻠﺒﯿﺘﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪Local marketing refers to the processes which help producers identify consumers tastes‬‬ ‫‪and meet them.‬‬

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‫•‬

‫•‬

‫ﺗﺒﺪأ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻗﺒﻞ طﺮح اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق ﺑﻔﺘﺮة طﻮﯾﻠﺔ؛ وﺗﺸﻤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‪،‬‬ ‫واﻹﻋﻼن ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺮوﯾﺞ واﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪Advertisement begins much earlier than selling the products in markets and includes‬‬ ‫‪offering new products, developing products, evaluation and distribution of the‬‬ ‫‪products.‬‬

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‫‪Exercise 3: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺟﺎت ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎدات اﻟﺸﺮاء‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻓﺮص اﻟﺴﻮق‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮض اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫دواﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬

‫‪…………………..‬‬ ‫……………………‬ ‫‪................................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪..............................‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﺴﻮق‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻤﻼء ﺣﺎﻟﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءات ﻣﻤﯿﺰة‬ ‫أﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار اﻟﺸﺮاء‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﺮﺑﺤﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻂ اﻟﺴﻮق‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺮاق ﺳﻮق‬

‫…………………‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪……… skimming‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻔﺮص اﻟﺴﻮق اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻘﻢ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﺒﯿﺘﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت ﺗﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت وﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ أرﺑﺎح‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ واﻷﻓﺮاد ﻣﻤﻦ ﯾﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﺸﺮاء ﺳﻠﻊ وﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪدت إدارة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﺮص اﻟﺴﻮق وﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺗﮭﺪف ﺑﺸﻜﻞ رﺋﯿﺴﻲ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﺮﺑﺤﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺴﻠﻊ دوراً أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆدي ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﺮ إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﻊ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ أداة اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺗﺮوﯾﺠﯿﺔ رﺋﯿﺴﺔ وأﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﮭﻼﻛﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ طﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﺗﻌﻘﯿﺪه وﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﮫ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ ﯾﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻻﺳﺘﮭﻼﻛﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼن وﺗﻨﺸﯿﻂ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت‪ ،‬ﯾﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﻮق اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﻊ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Alabbadi & Sweedan, 2011, p. 343‬‬

‫‪Translating marketing texts‬‬

‫‪156‬‬ ‫‪Text 2‬‬

‫ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺪﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬أدﻟﺔ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ وﻓﮭﺎرﺳﮭﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﻼت اﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ وﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺪﯾﻮھﺎت واﻟﻤﺪوﻧﺎت واﻟﺼﺤﻒ واﻟﻤﺠﻼت‪ ،‬وﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰه‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻌﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﺪف‪ ،‬وﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ واﻟﺘﺮوﯾﺞ‪ ،‬وﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎل واﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﻢ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷدوات ﻟﺘﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ذا ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ‪ ،‬وھﺬه اﻷدوات ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ واﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺮوﯾﺞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪ ،‬وﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﯿﻮﺗﯿﻮب اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﺮح‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﯿﻞ وﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﺮاء واﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ‪ ،‬وﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻌﺮض ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻮظﻒ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ واﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ‪ ،‬وﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺪﻋﺎﯾﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻔﺘﮫ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﯿﻞ‪(Azzubi & Annasr, 2019, p. 8) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺪﯾﺎت ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﮭﺎرس‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻼت ﺑﺮﯾﺪ إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‪/‬ﺗﺮوﯾﺞ‬ ‫ذا ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﯿﻞ‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪e-marketing‬‬ ‫‪specialized forums‬‬ ‫‪indexes‬‬ ‫‪email campaigns‬‬ ‫‪distribution/promotion‬‬ ‫‪effective‬‬ ‫‪in details‬‬

‫اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫أدﻟﺔ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ إﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﮭﺪف‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻮظﻒ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬

‫‪free ads‬‬ ‫‪web directory‬‬ ‫‪social media websites‬‬ ‫‪targeted community‬‬ ‫‪delivery‬‬ ‫‪search engines‬‬ ‫‪marketing officer‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

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‫ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺪﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬أدﻟﺔ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ وﻓﮭﺎرﺳﮭﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﻼت اﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﯿﺪﯾﻮھﺎت واﻟﻤﺪوﻧﺎت واﻟﺼﺤﻒ واﻟﻤﺠﻼت‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰه‪ ،‬واﻟﺴﻌﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﺪف‪ ،‬وﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ واﻟﺘﺮوﯾﺞ‪ ،‬وﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎل واﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷدوات ﻟﺘﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ذا ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯿﺔ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ‪ ،‬وھﺬه اﻷدوات‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ واﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺮوﯾﺞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪ ،‬وﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮﺗﯿﻮب اﻟﺬي ﯾﺸﺮح اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﯿﻞ وﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﺮاء واﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ‪ ،‬وﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻌﺮض‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻮظﻒ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ واﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ‪ ،‬وﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺪﻋﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻠﻔﺘﮫ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﯿﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ إﻟﻰ إدارة ﺟﯿﺪة وﺧﻄﻂ واﺿﺤﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﯿﻒ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺿﻤﺎن اﻟﺘﺰام ﻣﻮظﻒ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﺑﺎﻵداب اﻟﻤﮭﻨﯿﺔ وﻣﮭﺎرات اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﮫ ﯾﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﺪة أﺳﺎﻟﯿﺐ وﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت ﻟﺠﺬب اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ وإﻗﻨﺎﻋﮭﻢ ﺑﺸﺮاء اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ھﺬه‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﻟﯿﺐ اﻟﺘﺮوﯾﺞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺪﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ وﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺣﻤﻼت اﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ أھﻤﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻟﺪى ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻋﺪة وﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﮭﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating marketing texts 157‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

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‫ﯾﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺘﻤﯿﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﯾﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﺋﻌﻮن ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﺑﺮاز‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت‪ ،‬أو اﻹﻋﻼن أو ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﯿﻒ‪.‬‬

‫‪Product differentiation refers to making a product compete with other products in the‬‬ ‫‪market by promoting advertisement or packaging.‬‬

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‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻓﺮص اﻟﺴﻮق ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﺘﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﺴﻮق‪ ،‬ةﯾﺘﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﺪف‬ ‫وإﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Companies should identify marketing by doing market segmentation which includes‬‬ ‫‪finding a competitive market and producing competitive products.‬‬

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‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪ ،‬وﻣﻜﺎن ﺑﯿﻌﮫ وآﻟﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺮوﯾﺞ ﻟﮫ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺪف زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪Companies may need to review products price, quality, sales, and advertisement to‬‬ ‫‪improve product sales.‬‬

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‫‪Exercise 3: Complete the English translations in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫إﺷﺒﺎع ﺣﺎﺟﺎت أﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻗﻨﻮات‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻊ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫أدوات ‪ /‬أﺳﺎﻟﯿﺐ ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺪراء اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ داﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ رﻗﻤﻲ‬

‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪inbound ………...‬‬ ‫‪………………….‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﻌﯿﺮ وﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﯾﺞ ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﺪف‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮص اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬

‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪…..…………mix‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾُﻌﺮف اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﻷدوات اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮭﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ أھﺪاﻓﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻘﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﺪف‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻗﺪرة ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ اﻟﻮﻋﻲ اﻟﺠﯿﺪ ﺑﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﺪف‪ ،‬وﺣﺠﻤﮫ وﻧﻮﻋﮫ‬ ‫وأﺳﺎﻟﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻤﻦ أھﻤﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﺪف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻄﺮأ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‪ ،‬واﻟﺴﻮق‪ ،‬واﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺎت ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﺣﺪﯾﺜﺔ ﻟﺠﺬب اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺑﯿﻊ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫إن اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻟﯿﻮم ﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﺠﺮد وظﯿﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ وظﺎﺋﻒ ﻣﻨﺸﺂت اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‪ .‬إﻧﮫ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ وأﺳﻠﻮب ﺗﻔﻜﯿﺮي‪ ،‬ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ أن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ھﻮ طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﯿﻢ وھﯿﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﺸﺄة اﻷﻋﻤﺎل وأﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻟﯿﺲ ﺣﻤﻠﺔ إﻋﻼﻧﻲ‬ ‫ة ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‪ .‬إن اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ھﻮ ﺟﺰء ﻻ ﯾﺘﺠﺰأ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ وﻣﮭﺎم ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮد ﻣﻦ أﻓﺮاد ﻣﻨﺸﺂت اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ‪business‬‬ ‫‪.institutions‬‬ ‫)‪(Attaii, 2008, p. 241‬‬

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Translating marketing texts

6.3 Advertising Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1 The sellers are also trying to get customers’ attention on the product through nonpersonal communication by advertising through suitable media. In the last ten years, new media have emerged and with computer-aided design facilities, advertising has become more forceful and its usage has spread widely. Advertising provides customers the right to choose a product which best fulfills their needs. It is also used to combat severe competition. Advertising and Brands: Brand names give advertising efforts their full thrust, as it is the brand that the company wants to promote through advertising. Advertising efforts therefore revolve around brands. Sellers take full advantage of brand equity by using the same brand for related products by having brand extensions. However, if the new product does not come up to the level of the original product, it could dilute the brand equity of the main product; companies have to keep a vigil on brand equity (Mathur, 2010, p. 252). Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

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advertising customers’ attention suitable media design facilities spread widely combat brands revolve around brand equity

‫إﻋﻼن‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺒﺎه اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ‬ ‫وﺳﺎﺋﻞ إﻋﻼم ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺎرب‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪور ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻜﯿﺔ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬

to get nonpersonal new media more forceful provides the right severe competition full thrust full advantage brand extensions

‫ﯾﺠﺬب‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫وﺳﺎﺋﻞ إﻋﻼم أﺣﺪث‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﯿﺔ‬/‫أﻗﻮى‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻨﺢ ﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺷﺮﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة اﻟﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫أﻗﺼﻰ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﯿﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • •

The sellers are also trying to get customers’ attention on the product through nonpersonal communication by advertising through suitable media. In the last ten years, new media have emerged and with computer-aided design facilities, advertising has become more forceful and its usage has spread widely. Advertising provides customers with the right to choose a product which best fulfills their needs. It is also used to combat severe competition. Brand names give advertising efforts their full thrust, as it is the brand that the company wants to promote through advertising. Advertising efforts therefore revolve around brands. Sellers take full advantage of brand equity by using the same brand for related products.

Translating marketing texts 159 Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

If the new product does not come up to the level of the original product, it could dilute the brand equity of the main product.

‫ ﻻ ﺗﻀﻌﻒ ﻣﻠﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻟﺠﻮدة اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ .‫اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ •

Advertisement in commodities and agricultural products markets is more beneficial to the whole industry than advertisement in other markets.

‫ وذﻟﻚ ﺣﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻋﻼن‬،‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻷﻛﺜﺮ أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ .‫اﻟﻤﻔﯿﺪ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬ •

•

•

The competitive advertising model divides a company’s advertising spending into one part which affects the market demand and another part which affects the market share.

،‫ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﺟﺰء ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ طﻠﺐ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ‬،‫ﯾﻘﺴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﺪﻋﺎﯾﺔ إﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪة أﻗﺴﺎم‬ .‫وآﺧﺮ ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ أرﺑﺎح اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬

•

Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table. ST

TT

ST

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merchandising efforts product displays attractive purchase promotional offers audio advertising marketing goals product launch local advertising advertising budget

…………….. ………………. ………………. ………………. ………………. ………………. ……………… ………………. ……………….

total market demand gain market share offer incentives to buyers dealers brand advertising advertising expenditures advertising campaign high advertising costs point of purchase

……………. ……………. …………. …………….. ……………. ………….. …………….. ……………. …………….

Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • •

Sellers and suppliers generally offer incentives to buyers to persuade them to buy larger quantities of the product. One of the main reasons for the company’s failure to achieve higher profits lies in its inability to organize huge advertising campaigns at higher advertising expenditures. Some consumers continue to buy the products of a specific brand despite the promotional offers from other competitors.

Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic: Advertising is bringing a product (or service) to the attention of potential and current customers. Advertising is focused on one particular product or service. Thus, an advertising plan for one product might be very different than that for another product. Advertising is typically done with signs, brochures, commercials, direct mailings or email messages, personal contact, and so on. (Gupta, 2009, p. 261).

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Text 2 Advertising plays a strong role in the economy. It provides useful information to consumers that tells them about product and service choices as well as comparing features, benefits, and prices. With more complete information, consumers and businesses often choose to purchase additional products and services. Advertising also plays a significant role in the business cycle. As the broader economy shifts between periods of growth and recession, advertising shifts its focus. During downturns, like the one we’re in now, ads may focus on the price of a product or service. If one company curtails advertising in order to cut costs during a downturn, another company might boost ad spending to grab customers and grow its market share. Advertising helps stimulate economic growth. In a country in which consumer spending determines the future of the economy, advertising motivates people to spend more. By encouraging more buying, advertising promotes both job growth and productivity growth both to help meet increased demand and to enable each consumer to have more to spend (Solomon, 2009, p. 49). Vocabulary ST

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ST

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plays a role choices benefits purchase broader economy shifts focus ads cut costs grab customers stimulate growth

ً‫ﯾﺆدي دورا‬ ‫ﺧﯿﺎرات‬ ‫ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ‬/‫ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﺘﺮي‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد أوﺳﻊ ﻧﻄﺎق‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻮل اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ‬ ‫إﻋﻼﻧﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺬب اﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻔﺰ ﻧﻤﻮ‬

tells about comparing features businesses business cycle growth/recession downturns curtails boost ad spending market share productivity growth

‫ﯾﺨﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬ ‫ أﻋﻤﺎل‬/ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫دورة اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫رﻛﻮد‬/‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮات رﻛﻮد‬ ‫ ﯾﻘﻠﺺ‬/ ‫ﯾﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺰﯾﺪ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ إﻋﻼﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺔ ﺳﻮق‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • •

Advertising plays a strong role in the economy. It provides useful information to consumers that tells them about product and service choices. With more complete information, consumers and businesses often choose to purchase additional products and services. Advertising plays a significant role in the business cycle. As the broader economy shifts between periods of growth and recession, advertising shifts its focus. If one company curtails advertising in order to cut costs during a downturn, another company might boost ad spending to grab customers and grow its market share. Advertising helps stimulate economic growth.

Translating marketing texts 161 Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

In a country in which consumer spending determines the future of the economy, advertising motivates people to spend more.

‫ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ اﻟﺪﻋﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﯾﺤﺪد ﻓﯿﮭﺎ إﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬ .‫ﻟﻠﺒﻼد‬ •

By encouraging more buying, advertising promotes both job growth and productivity growth both to help meet increased demand and to enable each consumer to have more to spend.

‫ ﻻﺗﺆﺛﺮ اﻟﺪﻋﺎﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎھﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﺠﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮاء اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺪ‬ .‫ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ •

•

•

Underdeveloped countries are far behind developing countries in terms of productivity growth.

.‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﺨﺺ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬

•

Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table. ST

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ST

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regional advertising product sales best-quality product retain market generate employment uses and benefits sales promotion build brand loyalty target customers

……………. …………… …………… …………… …………… ………….... …………… …………… ……………

advertising effect product publicity price reasonableness product substitution generate sales varieties of products existing products additional sales advertising revenues

…………….. …………….. ……………. ……………. ……………. ……………. ……………. ……………. …………….

Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • •

Most companies allocate marketing budgets because they help them increase and promote the sales of their existing products. Competition in the current rapidly changing marketplace requires developing effective strategies to reach target customers. Customers sometimes prefer product substitutions which meet the same needs to highcost products which they cannot afford. Farmers, manufacturers, and exporters are currently focusing on varieties of products which have higher profitability.

Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic: International advertising can, therefore, be viewed as a communication process that takes place in multiple cultures that differ in terms of values, communication styles, and consumption patterns. International advertising is also a business activity involving advertisers and the advertising agencies that create ads and buy media in different countries (Poonia, 2010, p. 171).

‫‪Translating marketing texts‬‬

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‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫أﺛﺮ اﻹﻋﻼن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪:‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺆﺛﺮاً ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺷﺄﻧﮫ ﺷﺄن اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻟﻠﻤﺰﯾﺞ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻘﻲ‪ .‬وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ درﺟﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻹﻋﻼن‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت وﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ وﻟﯿﺲ ھﻨﺎك ﻣﺎ ﯾﺆﻛﺪ أن ﺣﺠﻢ إﻧﻔﺎق إﻋﻼﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ زﯾﺎدة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪ .‬وﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل أن‪:‬‬ ‫أ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻹﻋﻼن ﻋﻠﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت وﻟﻜﻦ إﻟﻰ أي ﻣﺪى ﯾﻨﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ذﻟﻚ ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻮاﺗﯿﺔ ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻹﻋﻼن‪:‬‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻦ ﻋﻨﮭﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻏﯿﺮھﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺒﺪﯾﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻹﻋﻼن ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰه‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﺜﻼﺟﺔ ﯾﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮاً ﻣﻦ اﻹﻋﻼن ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﯾﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰه ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺴﻜﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ دواﻓﻊ اﻟﺸﺮاء اﻟﻌﺎطﻔﯿﺔ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﺛﺎرة دواﻓﻊ اﻟﺘﻤﯿﺰ واﻟﺘﻔﻮق ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻵﺧﺮﯾﻦ ﻟﺤﺜﮭﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮاء اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪(Alallaq, 2019, p. 27) .‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

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‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫أﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﯾﺞ ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻘﻲ‬ ‫إﻧﻔﺎق إﻋﻼﻧﻲ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺗﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺒﺪﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫إﺛﺎرة دواﻓﻊ‬

‫‪impact‬‬ ‫‪on demand‬‬ ‫‪marketing mix‬‬ ‫‪ads spending‬‬ ‫‪specific increase‬‬ ‫‪depends on‬‬ ‫‪favorable‬‬ ‫‪alternative products‬‬ ‫‪generate motivation‬‬

‫اﻹﻋﻼن‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺆﺛﺮاً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﺮوف‬ ‫ﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫دواﻓﻊ ﻋﺎطﻔﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺚ‬

‫‪advertising‬‬ ‫‪crucial factor‬‬ ‫‪volume‬‬ ‫‪leads to‬‬ ‫‪demand increase‬‬ ‫‪conditions‬‬ ‫‪differentiate products‬‬ ‫‪emotional drives‬‬ ‫‪encourage‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ً‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺆﺛﺮاً ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺷﺄﻧﮫ ﺷﺄن اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻟﻠﻤﺰﯾﺞ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻘﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻹﻋﻼن‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ درﺟﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻹﻋﻼن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت وﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وﻟﯿﺲ ھﻨﺎك ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺆﻛﺪ أن ﺣﺠﻢ إﻧﻔﺎق إﻋﻼﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﺳﻮف ﯾﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ زﯾﺎدة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻹﻋﻼن ﻋﻠﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ إﻟﻰ أي ﻣﺪى ﯾﻨﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ؟‪ ،‬اﻷﻣﺮ ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻮاﺗﯿﺔ ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻹﻋﻼن‪:‬‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻦ ﻋﻨﮭﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻏﯿﺮھﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺒﺪﯾﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻹﻋﻼن ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰه ﻛﺎﻟﺜﻼﺟﺔ ﯾﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮاً ﻣﻦ اﻹﻋﻼن ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﯾﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰه ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺴﻜﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ دواﻓﻊ اﻟﺸﺮاء اﻟﻌﺎطﻔﯿﺔ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﺛﺎرة دواﻓﻊ اﻟﺘﻤﯿﺰ واﻟﺘﻔﻮق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻵﺧﺮﯾﻦ ﻟﺤﺜﮭﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮاء اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating marketing texts 163‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺑﺪﯾﻠﺔ آﻣﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﯿﻒ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ‪ ،‬وﺿﻤﺎن ﺗﻠﺒﯿﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﺪر ﻣﻦ اﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬

‫‪Alternatives must be provided in order to reduce costs of importing goods on the one‬‬ ‫‪hand and ensure meeting basics needs on the other.‬‬

‫•‬

‫ذﻛﺮت إﺣﺪى اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ أن دوﻟﺔ اﻹﻣﺎرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ دول اﻟﺸﺮق اﻷوﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﺨﺺ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق اﻹﻋﻼﻧﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪A regional NGO stated that USSR comes first among Arab countries in terms of the‬‬ ‫‪volume of spending.‬‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫•‬

‫ﯾﻌﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺰﯾﺞ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻘﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ أدوات وأﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﮭﺪف ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷوﻗﺎت واﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ وﺑﺎﻷﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Marketing includes marketing strategies which primarily aim at providing products at‬‬ ‫‪suitable costs.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪Exercise 3: Complete the English translations in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫إﻋﻼن إﺑﺪاﻋﻲ ‪ /‬ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻨﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺔ إﻋﻼﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻔﯿﻀﺎت اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺼﻘﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﯿﻮب اﻹﻋﻼن اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪي‬ ‫إﻋﻼن ذﻛﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﮭﻮر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﺪف‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎط ﺗﺮوﯾﺠﻲ‬

‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪......................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬

‫وﺟﻮد وﻓﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﮭﺪف اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬ ‫إطﻼق ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﯿﻨﺎت ﻣﺠﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫إﻋﻼن ﺷﻔﮭﻲ‬ ‫إﻋﻼﻧﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ إذاﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫إﻋﻼﻧﺎت ﺗﻠﻔﺰﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ‬ ‫إﻋﻼﻧﺎت ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ‬

‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪........................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫…………‪word-of-mouth‬‬ ‫‪……...commercials‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﮭﺪف اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد وﻓﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة؛ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﻤﺜﻞ ھﺪﻓﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺬب اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﻟﺸﺮاء ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة واﻟﻤﺒﺘﻜﺮة ﺟﺬاﺑﺔ وھﺬه ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﺰز ھﺪف اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻗﻨﺎع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﺑﺸﺮاء ھﺬه‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺗﺴﺨﯿﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ أﻧﻮاع اﻹﻋﻼن ﻟﻠﺘﺮوﯾﺞ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ واﻹذاﻋﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة ﻋﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل وﺿﻊ ﻣﻠﺼﻘﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺮق‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫راﺟﻌﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ أﻧﺸﻄﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﺮوﯾﺠﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﺪى ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺬﻛﯿﺔ ‪ -‬ﺑﺘﺼﻤﯿﻤﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺎز‪ -‬ﺳﺘﺠﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﮭﻢ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮن‬ ‫وھﻢ ﯾﺘﻠﻘﻮن اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﺨﺎذ ﻗﺮارات ﺷﺮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ أﻓﻀﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﮭﻼك اﻟﻔﻘﺮات‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼﻧﯿﺔ ﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﯿﺒﺴﻲ أو اﻟﻌﻠﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﺨﺘﺎر اﻟﻨﺎس أن ﯾﺸﺎھﺪوا اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﯿﺔ ﻛﺒﺸﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺮاء ﻣﻨﺘﺞ أو ﺧﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Abdulhameed, 2018, pp. 65–66‬‬

‫‪Translating marketing texts‬‬

‫‪164‬‬ ‫‪Text 2‬‬

‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻵﻟﻲ‪ ،‬أﺻﺒﺢ ﻻ ﻏﻨﻰ ﻋﻦ إدﺧﺎل اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻵﻟﻲ واﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻹﻋﻼم واﻹﻋﻼن‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺟﻌﻞ اﻹﻋﻼن اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﯾﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ً ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻘﺪ أﺻﺒﺢ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼن ﯾﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮح ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﻋﺮﺿﮫ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ إﺑﮭﺎراً‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﮭﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺋﻤﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼن ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺪع اﻟﺒﺼﺮﯾﺔ واﻟﻤﺰج ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ واﻟﺨﯿﺎل ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﺨﯿﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ إﻣﺎ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺣﺪ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد أو ﻣﺒﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫أﺣﺪ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺠﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﯿﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ أﺑﻌﺎداً أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺼﺪاﻗﯿﺔ وﺻﺮاﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺎﻗﺶ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ أھﻤﯿﺔ إدﺧﺎل اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة ﻓﻲ اﻹﻋﻼن اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﯾﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻊ اﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻌﺮﺿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼن ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻊ ﻣﺎدﯾﺔ أو ﺧﺪﻣﺎت أو أﻓﻜﺎر ﯾﺒﻠﻮرھﺎ وﯾﺠﻌﻠﮭﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ وﺿﻮﺣﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎھﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻌﺮض اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﻟﻺﻋﻼن اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة ﻣﺜﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻋﻼن‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Sedhom, 2020, p. 7‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻏﻨﻰ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼم واﻹﻋﻼن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘﻮد‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺋﻤﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪع اﻟﺒﺼﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻼﺛﯿﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻊ ﻣﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ‬

‫‪technology advancement‬‬ ‫‪indispensable‬‬ ‫‪media and advertisement‬‬ ‫‪decades‬‬ ‫‪product details‬‬ ‫‪those in charge of‬‬ ‫‪optical illusion‬‬ ‫‪two-dimensional‬‬ ‫)‪three-dimensional (3D‬‬ ‫‪material goods‬‬ ‫‪new types‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻵﻟﻲ‬ ‫وﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة‬ ‫إﻋﻼن ﺗﻠﻔﺰﯾﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ اﺑﮭﺎراً‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ واﻟﺨﯿﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺴﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪاﻗﯿﺔ وﺻﺮاﻣﺔ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ وﺿﻮﺣﺎ ً‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ‬

‫‪computer‬‬ ‫‪multimedia‬‬ ‫‪TV advertisement‬‬ ‫‪accurate‬‬ ‫‪more impressive‬‬ ‫‪advertising industry‬‬ ‫‪reality and fantasy‬‬ ‫‪design‬‬ ‫‪credibility and rigor‬‬ ‫‪clearer‬‬ ‫‪virtual reality‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

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‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻵﻟﻲ‪ ،‬أﺻﺒﺢ ﻻ ﻏﻨﻰ ﻋﻦ إدﺧﺎل اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻵﻟﻲ واﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻹﻋﻼم واﻹﻋﻼن‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺟﻌﻞ اﻹﻋﻼن اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﯾﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ً ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺴﺐ اﻹﻋﻼن دﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮح ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﻋﺮﺿﮫ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ إﺑﮭﺎراً‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﮭﻞ اﻹﻋﻼن ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺋﻤﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺪع اﻟﺒﺼﺮﯾﺔ واﻟﻤﺰج ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ واﻟﺨﯿﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﺨﯿﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ ﻣﺰج اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺨﯿﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺣﺪ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد أو‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺣﺪ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺠﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﯿﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ أﺑﻌﺎداً أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺼﺪاﻗﯿﺔ وﺻﺮاﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺎﻗﺶ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ أھﻤﯿﺔ إدﺧﺎل اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة ﻓﻲ اﻹﻋﻼن اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﯾﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ اﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻌﺮﺿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼن ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻊ ﻣﺎدﯾﺔ أو ﺧﺪﻣﺎت أو أﻓﻜﺎر ﯾﺒﻠﻮرھﺎ وﯾﺠﻌﻠﮭﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ وﺿﻮﺣﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎھﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺮض اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﻟﻺﻋﻼن اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة ﻣﺜﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻋﻼن‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﺨﺺ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻹﻋﻼن واﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪ ،‬ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻹﻋﻼن ﻋﻠﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮه ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻗﺪرة اﻹﻋﻼن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﺮﯾﺔ ﺑﻌﺪة ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ طﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻦ ﻋﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﻈﺮوف اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating marketing texts 165‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the following English translations:‬‬

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‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ أﺷﻜﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻹﻋﻼن ﻋﻨﮭﺎ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ زﯾﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫‪Ads lead to increase in demand and profits.‬‬

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‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت ﻣﻨﻊ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض‪.‬‬ ‫‪Advertising can partially prevent the speed in demand decline.‬‬

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‫ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ أو اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ اﻹﻋﻼن اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪The ability of an ad to influence customers lies in the ability of goods and services to‬‬ ‫‪attract them.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 3: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫وﻛﺎﻻت اﻹﻋﻼن‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﮭﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻨﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﺮوﯾﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﻮد ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻣﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﺾ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻔﯿﺾ ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﺒﯿﻊ‬

‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪........................‬‬ ‫‪........................‬‬ ‫‪........................‬‬ ‫‪........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎت ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫رﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻮرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺬب اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه‬ ‫ﻋﺮض ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺷﺮاء آﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻀﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﺾ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻹﻋﻼن‬

‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗُﺼﻤﻢ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت ﻛﻲ ﺗﺤﺪث ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮاً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﻗﻨﺎﻋﮭﻢ ﺑﺸﺮاء اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﮭﺪف أدوات وآﻟﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺮض ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎﺗﮫ وﻣﻨﺎﻓﻌﮫ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ واﺿﺢ ﻟﺠﻤﮭﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﯿﻮب اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﮭﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻨﻘﺎل إرﺳﺎل رﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻼءم ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﺟﺎت ورﻏﺒﺎت ﻣﺴﺘﻠﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻓﻲ أوﻗﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك ارﺗﺒﺎط وﺛﯿﻖ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ وﺗﻔﻀﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‪ ،‬أي أن زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺗﻔﻀﯿﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺣﻤﻼت إﻋﻼﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﻠﻔﺰﯾﻮﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻹﻋﻼن اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﯾﻮﻧﻲ وﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﺑﺪﻻً‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ إﻋﻼﻧﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻹﻋﻼن ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﯿﺴﺒﻮك‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻨﯿﻦ ﯾﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﻨﺸﺎطﮭﻢ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﮭﻢ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة دون اﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﻷﺟﮭﺰة ﺧﺎرﺟﯿﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻت اﻹﻋﻼﻧﯿﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫وﯾﻠﺰم أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﯾﮫ ﺟﮭﺎز ﯾﺘﻮﻟﻲ اﻟﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎط ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﯿﻂ واﻹﺷﺮاف واﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﯾﻌﮭﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻨﻮن ﺑﻨﺸﺎطﮭﻢ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﻲ إﻟﻰ وﻛﺎﻻت اﻹﻋﻼن اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Alhasan, 2010, p. 71‬‬

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Translating marketing texts

6.4 E-commerce Section 1: English into Arabic Text 1 Advantages of Electronic Commerce: Firms are interested in electronic commerce because, quite simply, it can help increase profits. All the advantages of electronic commerce for businesses can be summarized in one statement: electronic commerce can increase sales and decrease costs. Advertising done well on the web can get even a small firm’s promotional message out to potential customers in every country in the world. A firm can use electronic commerce to reach small groups of customers that are geographically scattered. The web is particularly useful in creating virtual communities that become ideal target markets for specific types of products or services. A virtual community is a gathering of people who share a common interest, but instead of this gathering occurring in the physical world, it takes place on the internet (Schneider, 2011). Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

advantages firms for businesses statement decrease costs promotional message virtual communities target markets gathering of people

‫ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ‬ ‫ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬/ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫ ﺑﯿﺎن‬/ (‫ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺔ )ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻠﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬ ‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺮوﯾﺠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﻮاق ﻣﺴﺘﮭﺪﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ أﺷﺨﺎص‬

electronic commerce increase profits be summarized increase sales web potential customers ideal specific types common interest

‫ﺗﺠﺎرة إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺰﯾﺪ اﻷرﺑﺎح‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺨﯿﺼﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺰﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻼء ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺤﺪدة‬ ‫اھﺘﻤﺎم ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬

Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • •

Advantages of Electronic Commerce: Firms are interested in electronic commerce because, quite simply, it can help increase profits. All the advantages of electronic commerce for businesses can be summarized in one statement: electronic commerce can increase sales and decrease costs. Advertising done well on the web can get even a small firm’s promotional message out to potential customers in every country in the world. A firm can use electronic commerce to reach small groups of customers that are geographically scattered. The web is particularly useful in creating virtual communities that become ideal target markets for specific types of products or services. A virtual community is a gathering of people who share a common interest, but instead of this gathering occurring in the physical world, it takes place on the internet.

Translating marketing texts 167 Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the Arabic translations: •

The company’s prior experience in e-commerce made it achieve success in conducting online transactions.

‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺒﺮﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‬،‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ أرﺑﺎح ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼﺗﮭﺎ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ .‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ •

Sellers believe in achieving higher profits when shifting to e-commerce because of the low advertisement costs and increase in sales.

‫ ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬،‫ﯾﺮى اﻟﺒﺎﻋﺔ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ أرﺑﺎح أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل دراﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺘﺮح اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ .‫اﻟﻤﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ واﻷرﺑﺎح اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬ •

•

•

One of the advantages of e-commerce for seller and buyers lies in increasing sales and purchase opportunities.

.‫ وﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻤﻨﺢ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻔﺮص ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ‬،‫ﺗﻤﻨﺢ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﺮﺻﺎ ً ﻛﺜﯿﺮة ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺋﻌﯿﻦ ﻟﺒﯿﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﻢ‬

•

Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

attract new customers traditional commerce digital products speed and accuracy e-market geographically scattered virtual community social commerce email marketing

………… …………… …………… …………… ………….. …………. ……………. ……………. …………….

make customers satisfied variety of sellers electronic payments negotiate price competitive bid information handle sales inquiries identify new suppliers online buying product availability

…………... ……………… ……………… ……………… ..………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ………………

Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • •

Sellers can rely on promotional messages to introduce their new products to their potential customers. E-commerce is characterized by speed and accuracy which helps those engaged in it achieve higher profits. Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are major social networking websites which can significantly promote social commerce. E-commerce offers buyers better opportunities to search for more products and identify new suppliers. Electronic payments are mainly used in e-commerce to save time.

Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic: Middle Eastern experience with e-business and e-commerce is even less extensive than government involvement online. In mid-1999 it was estimated that consumers in all Arab countries combined had spent only $95 million on online purchases in the previous fourteen months, with just 18% of those purchases made from vendors in the Middle East (Franda, 2002, p. 73).

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Translating marketing texts

Text 2 B2C e-commerce can involve electronic transactions in marketing, ordering, and paying, after-sales service, and in the case of intangible or virtual goods and services, even delivery. B2C e-commerce is used by customers for the convenience of purchasing products or services over the web. Businesses use B2C e-commerce to attract new customers, to reach new markets, and promote products and services. B2C e-commerce is also called consumer-oriented e-commerce. In consumer-oriented e-commerce, companies deploy virtual storefronts to sell their goods and services directly to the customer. B2B e-commerce and B2C e-commerce share at least two major goals. One of these major goals is to complete the transaction on time. For example, in the case of B2C e-commerce, the seller has to minimize the time between the time of purchase and the time the buyer gets his goods. Another of the major goals is to complete the transaction without taking into account distance and time to provide even more satisfaction for customers (Finnie & Sun, 2013, p. 59). Vocabulary ST

TT

ST

TT

B2C electronic transactions intangible delivery businesses new customers promote deploy B2B

‫ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﺂت ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ وﻣﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻠﻤﻮس‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻢ‬ ‫ أﻋﻤﺎل‬/ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻼء ﺟﺪد‬ ‫ﯾﺮوج ل‬ ‫ ﺗﻨﺸﺮ‬/ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬

involve after-sales service virtual goods convenience of attract to reach consumer-oriented virtual storefronts minimize

‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻊ اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺬب‬ ‫ﯾﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﮭﺪف اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ‬ ‫واﺟﮭﺎت اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ‬

Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • • •

B2C e-commerce can involve electronic transactions in marketing, ordering, and paying, after-sales service, and in the case of intangible or virtual goods and services, even delivery. B2C e-commerce is used by customers for the convenience of purchasing products or services over the web. Businesses use B2C e-commerce to attract new customers, to reach new markets, and promote products and services. B2C e-commerce is also called consumer-oriented e-commerce. In consumer-oriented e-commerce, companies deploy virtual storefronts to sell their goods and services directly to the customer. B2B e-commerce and B2C e-commerce share at least two major goals. One of these major goals is to complete the transaction on time. For example, in the case of B2C e-commerce, the seller has to minimize the time between the time of purchase and the time the buyer gets his goods.

Translating marketing texts 169 Exercise 2: Correct the errors in the following Arabic translations: •

The second goal is to complete the transaction without taking into account distance and time to provide even more satisfaction for customers.

‫ﯾﺘﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﮭﺪف اﻷﺧﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة‬ .‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﺒﻮل اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬

•

•

After-sales service refers to the maintenance services which manufacturers or sellers offer during the warranty period.

•

Many sellers and buyers conduct electronic translations to sell or buy goods and services.

.‫ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺼﯿﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻘﺪﻣﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﻮن أو اﻟﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة ﺻﻼﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬،‫ﯾﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺨﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﻊ‬ .‫ﯾﻘﻮم ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺈﺟﺮاء ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼﺗﮭﻢ ﻟﺒﯿﻊ أو ﺷﺮاء اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬

• •

Exercise 3: Translate the English phrases in the following table. ST

TT

ST

TT

deal directly dealing with consumer protection e-commerce security network environment trust a merchant requested services order information information integrity

…………………… …………………… ……………... ………………. ……………... …………………… ……………….. ………………… ……………...

retail website volume of e-commerce consumer acceptance support services e-transactions e-commerce initiatives e-commerce market authentication method fraud and deception

……………….. ................ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ………………. ………………… ………………… ……………… ………………… ……………. …………………

Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into Arabic: • • • • •

In consumer-to-consumer (C2C) e-commerce, consumers use different websites to directly interact with each other. In business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce, companies can directly offer their products on a retail website which buyers can visit to purchase goods directly. In e-commerce environment, customers browse the websites of different companies which may not be operating or existing in their country. The volume of e-commerce exceeded USD 1 billion in 2008, with UAE and KSA coming at the top of list of the countries engaging in this type of commerce. E-commerce in some Arab countries requires consumer acceptance and confidence.

Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into Arabic: Today e-commerce plays a major role in the world’s economy, and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly realizing the potential benefits of e-commerce technologies as they continue to adopt e-commerce to create and sustain competitive advantages. SME definitions vary from country to country (Al-Somali, Clegg & Gholami, 2013, p. 127).

‫‪Translating marketing texts‬‬

‫‪170‬‬

‫‪Section 2: Arabic into English‬‬ ‫‪Text 1‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ أﺣﺪ ﺛﻤﺎر اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺸﮭﺪھﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﯿﻮم‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ واﺣﺪاً ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻘﻮم اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ وﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺗﺖ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻼ ﺷﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻠﻜﮫ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺬھﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻘﺪرات اﻟﻔﻜﺮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺪدت وﺟﮭﺎت ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﯿﻦ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻮا ﻣﻔﮭﻮم اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻨﮭﻢ ﻣﻦ ﯾﺮى أﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﺑﯿﻊ وﺷﺮاء ﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﯿﻦ أو ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺮى اﻟﺒﻌﺾ أﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﺘﺠﺎري واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﯿﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ أن ﯾﻌﻘﺪ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﻘﺎت اﻟﺒﯿﻊ واﻟﺸﺮاء ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮب ﺳﺮﯾﻊ وﺳﮭﻞ‪ .‬وﺗﻌﺮﻓﮭﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﺼﻔﻘﺎت وﺗﺄﺳﯿﺲ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ وﺗﻮزﯾﻊ وﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ وﺑﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪(Abdullah, 2017, p. 16) .‬‬

‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﺸﮭﺪھﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرات ﻓﻜﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﯿﺢ ل‬ ‫أﺳﻠﻮب ﺳﺮﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫‪is considered‬‬ ‫‪witnesses‬‬ ‫‪information technology‬‬ ‫‪economic activities‬‬ ‫‪intellectual abilities‬‬ ‫‪web‬‬ ‫‪enables‬‬ ‫‪quickly‬‬ ‫‪a complete range‬‬

‫ﺛﻮرة ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻼ ﺷﻚ‬ ‫طﺎﻗﺎت ذھﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﺸﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل ﺗﺠﺎري‬ ‫ﺻﻔﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬

‫‪information revolution‬‬ ‫‪digital economy‬‬ ‫‪undoubtedly affects‬‬ ‫‪mental energy‬‬ ‫‪humans‬‬ ‫‪business area‬‬ ‫‪transactions‬‬ ‫‪WTO‬‬ ‫‪commercial ties‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ أﺣﺪ ﺛﻤﺎر اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺸﮭﺪھﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﯿﻮم‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ واﺣﺪاً ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻘﻮم اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ وﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ‪،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺗﺖ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻼ ﺷﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻠﻜﮫ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺬھﻨﯿﺔ واﻟﻘﺪرات اﻟﻔﻜﺮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪدت وﺟﮭﺎت ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﯿﻦ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻮا ﻣﻔﮭﻮم اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻨﮭﻢ ﻣﻦ ﯾﺮى أﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﺑﯿﻊ‬ ‫وﺷﺮاء ﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﯿﻦ أو ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺮى اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن أن اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﺘﺠﺎري‬ ‫‪،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﯿﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ أن ﯾﻌﻘﺪ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﻘﺎت اﻟﺒﯿﻊ واﻟﺸﺮاء ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮب ﺳﺮﯾﻊ وﺳﮭﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﻋﻘﺪ اﻟﺼﻔﻘﺎت‬ ‫وﺗﺄﺳﯿﺲ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ وﺗﻮزﯾﻊ وﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ وﺑﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻋﺒﺮ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك ﻋﺪة ﻣﮭﺎم ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ اﻹﺷﺮاف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﻓﺾ اﻟﻤﻨﺎزﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻠﺠﺎن اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﯾﺮھﺎ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎون واﻟﺘﻨﺴﯿﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎت دوﻟﯿﺔ أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎھﻤﺖ ﺛﻮرة ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ وﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ آﻟﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating marketing texts 171‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

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‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻧﺠﺎح اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﺳﻠﻌﮭﺎ وﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺧﻄﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻘﯿﺔ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ أھﺪاﻓﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪The development of email commerce depends on the company ability to market its‬‬ ‫‪products by implementing a strategic marketing plan.‬‬

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‫ﺗﺆدي ﻋﺪم اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﯿﯿﺪ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Lack of familiarity with e-commerce restricts developing such type of commerce in‬‬ ‫‪many non-Arab countries.‬‬

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‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻐﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن ھﻨﺎك ﻣﺤﺎوﻻت ﻓﺮدﯾﺔ ﻹﻧﺠﺎز‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﻘﺎت إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Because the volume of e-commerce is small, many individuals refrained from conduct‬‬‫‪ing online transactions.‬‬

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‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﯿﺔ وإﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺴﮭﯿﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪Arab countries should study the effectiveness and role of e-commerce in developing the‬‬ ‫‪infrastructure under coordinated laws.‬‬

‫‪Exercise 3: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﺳﻮق إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫دﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ أﻋﻤﺎل‬

‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬

‫ﯾﺘﯿﺢ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻊ إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫إﻋﻼن إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬

‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ھﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻛﻤﻜﺎن ﻟﻠﺴﻮق ﯾﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﯿﮫ اﻟﺒﺎﺋﻌﻮن‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮون‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﻊ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ھﻮ ﺑﯿﻊ اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﺒﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﻌﺮض اﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ وﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﺛﻤﻨﮭﺎ وﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮي ﺑﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ واﻟﺸﺮاء‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﺑﯿﻊ وﺷﺮاء اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬إذ إن اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ داﺋﻤﺎ ً ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺒﯿﻊ واﻟﺸﺮاء وإرﺳﺎل اﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻼت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ اﻷﻣﺮ ﺗﻨﻄﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ھﻮ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻜﺜﯿﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺖ ﺣﺘﻰ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﺑﯿﻊ وﺷﺮاء اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪(Kafi, 2010, p. 60) .‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ھﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﯾﺘﯿﺢ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺣﺮﻛﺎت ﺑﯿﻊ وﺷﺮاء اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﯿﺢ‬ ‫أﯾﻀﺎ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ اﻟﻌﻮاﺋﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﺗﻌﺰﯾﺰ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﯿﺚ أن اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺘﯿﺢ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت دﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻌﺎت وﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Kafi, 2010, p. 60‬‬

‫‪Translating marketing texts‬‬

‫‪172‬‬ ‫‪Text 2‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺪﺛﺖ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ )‪ (ITB‬اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﻋﻦ واﻗﻊ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﯾﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت واﻷﻓﺮاد‪ ،‬وأﺷﺎرت إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻖ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻻ ﯾﺰال ﻣﺘﻤﺜﻼً ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪم ﺛﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬وﺗﺨﻮف اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻗﺔ واﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ؛ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﺮدد اﻟﻌﻤﻼء إزاء طﺮح ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ ﺣﻮل ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎﺗﮭﻢ اﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎﻧﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ورﻏﻢ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن أﺳﻮاق اﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ‬ ‫ظﮭﻮرھﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﻈﯿﺮﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ وﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻄﻮر اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﯿﺪ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪة ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ أﺧﺮى‪ .‬وﺗﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻷﺧﯿﺮة اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮭﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﺪ دوراً ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﺠﯿﻊ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮأة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬھﺎب ﺑﻤﻔﺮدھﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ اﻟﺘﺴﻮق‪ ،‬ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﮭﺎ أن ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دوراً إﯾﺠﺎﺑﯿﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Masri, 2012, p. 220‬‬ ‫‪Vocabulary‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫واﻗﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻖ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻗﺔ واﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎﺗﮭﻢ اﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮر اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬

‫‪specialized‬‬ ‫‪reality‬‬ ‫‪greatest obstacle‬‬ ‫‪theft and fraud‬‬ ‫‪their credit cards‬‬ ‫‪financial institutions‬‬ ‫‪economic development‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫اﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت وأﻓﺮاد‬ ‫أﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫طﺮح ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﻮاق اﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﯿﺪ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬

‫‪TT‬‬ ‫‪e-publishing‬‬ ‫‪firms and individuals‬‬ ‫‪internet security‬‬ ‫‪giving details‬‬ ‫‪banking services‬‬ ‫‪retail market‬‬ ‫‪social traditions‬‬

‫‪Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺗﺤﺪﺛﺖ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ )‪ (ITB‬اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﻋﻦ واﻗﻊ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﯾﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت واﻷﻓﺮاد‪.‬‬ ‫أﺷﺎرت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻖ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻻ ﯾﺰال ﻣﺘﻤﺜﻼً ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪم ﺛﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺑﺄﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬وﺗﺨﻮف‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻗﺔ واﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺆدي ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻗﺔ واﻻﺣﺘﯿﺎل إﻟﻰ ﺗﺮدد اﻟﻌﻤﻼء إزاء طﺮح ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ ﺣﻮل ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎﺗﮭﻢ اﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎﻧﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫رﻏﻢ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن أﺳﻮاق‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ ظﮭﻮرھﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﯾﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﯿﺮﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ وﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺘﻄﻮر‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﯿﺪ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪة ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﻋﺪة ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮭﺬا اﻟﺒﻠﺪ دوراً ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﺠﯿﻊ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺮأة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬھﺎب ﺑﻤﻔﺮدھﺎ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ اﻟﺘﺴﻮق‪ ،‬دوراً إﯾﺠﺎﺑﯿﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻮاﺟﮫ ﺻﺎﻧﻌﻮ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﯿﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎت ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺪول اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫راﺟﻌﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺎت أﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮭﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﮭﺪف إﻟﻰ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating marketing texts 173‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 2: Translate the following passages into English:‬‬

‫•‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷردن ﺗﻨﻄﻮي ﺑﺼﻮرة رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﻘﺎت ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت أردﻧﯿﺔ ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ‬ ‫وﺷﺮﻛﺎﺋﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻷردﻧﯿﯿﻦ‪ ،‬وﺗﺘﺮاﻓﻖ ھﺬه اﻟﺼﻔﻘﺎت ﻣﻊ طﺮق ﺗﺴﺪﯾﺪ ﺗﻤﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺼﺎرف أﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺑﺎت ﺗﺴﺪﯾﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﺎدة ﺧﺎرج اﻷردن‪ ،‬وﺗﻤﯿﻞ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ھﺬه اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻧﺤﻮ اﻻﺳﺘﯿﺮاد وﻟﯿﺲ اﻟﺘﺼﺪﯾﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Ashweirif, 2013, p. 197‬‬

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‫ﺗﺤﺘﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‪ ،‬ﻷن اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﺴﻮر ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ أن ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﯿﺴﺮت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺪول ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﻮاﻓﺮ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة أﻣﺎم اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Masri, 2012, p. 49‬‬

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‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫اﺑﺘﺪاء ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ اﻟﺘﻤﯿﯿﺰ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ واﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ ‪ E-business‬ﻓﺎﻷﺧﯿﺮة ھﻲ أوﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻗﺎ ً وأﺷﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ وﺗﻘﻮم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻜﺮة أﺗﻤﺘﺔ اﻷداء وﺗﺤﻮل أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻹدارﯾﺔ واﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄة‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(Abdullah, 2017, p. 20‬‬

‫‪Exercise 3: Using the translations in the table below, translate the sentences which‬‬ ‫‪follow:‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ اﻟﺒﯿﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻤﺎدي‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻼء اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬

‫‪products distribution‬‬ ‫‪wholesale outlets‬‬ ‫‪products properties‬‬ ‫‪physical distribution‬‬ ‫‪product delivery‬‬ ‫‪final products‬‬ ‫‪external clients‬‬ ‫‪demand fluctuations‬‬

‫ﻣﺨﺎزن اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻧﺸﺎط‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﯿﻠﺔ اﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻼء‬ ‫وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎر اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻤﯿﺎت أﻛﺒﺮ‬

‫‪company warehouse‬‬ ‫‪add value‬‬ ‫‪activity cost‬‬ ‫‪best way‬‬ ‫‪clients‬‬ ‫‪transportation‬‬ ‫‪wholesalers‬‬ ‫‪at larger quantities‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﻌﺪ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺎزن اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ اﻟﺒﯿﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺧﻄﻮة ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻀﯿﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺰﺑﻮن ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺮ‪ ،‬وإﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻧﺸﺎط‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ أو اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻤﺎدي‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺮف اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ ﺑﺄﻧﮫ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎن إﻧﺘﺎﺟﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺎن اﺳﺘﮭﻼﻛﮭﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪد اﻟﺘﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻮﺳﯿﻠﺔ اﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻟﻠﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ووﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﯿﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﻮن ﻛﻤﯿﺎت ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﯿﻦ وﺗﻘﺪم ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﯾُﻌﺮف‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﻮن أﯾﻀﺎ ﺑﺘﺠﺎر اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎع اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت أﺧﺮى ﺑﻜﻤﯿﺎت أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﯿﻞ اﻟﻔﺮدي‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﻮن ﺣﺎﺟﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺮاﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ اﻻﻟﺘﺰام ﺑﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪدھﺎ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﺨﺺ ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‪ ،‬ﺣﺪدت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾُﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻮزﯾﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاطﻨﯿﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة اﻷزﻣﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪Translating marketing texts‬‬

‫‪174‬‬

‫‪Exercise 4: Identify and correct the errors in the English translations:‬‬

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‫ﺗﻜﻤﻦ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺪرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮاء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫أو اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪The strength of the company lies in discussing the consumers’ demand variations in‬‬ ‫‪regional markets.‬‬

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‫ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺒﯿﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ اﻟﻔﺮدﯾﺔ وﺗﺠﺎر اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﯾﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﺘﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻓﻲ أﺳﻮاق‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪The manufacturing company sells its products to groups of people and wholesalers who‬‬ ‫‪distribute them in domestic markets.‬‬

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‫ﺗﺒﺮز أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻗﺮب ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﻣﺨﺎزن اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫وﺿﻤﺎن وﺻﻮل اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ اﻟﺒﯿﻊ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻗﺼﯿﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪The significance of a company location closeness to distribution sites lies in avoiding‬‬ ‫‪unnecessary costs for transporting final products.‬‬

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‫‪Exercise 5: Translate the Arabic phrases in the following table.‬‬ ‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫‪ST‬‬

‫‪TT‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرة اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫إﻗﻨﺎع اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬ ‫َدور اﻟﺪﻋﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺟﻮدة‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫أذواق اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬

‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬ ‫‪.............................‬‬ ‫‪............................‬‬

‫ﯾﻔﻀﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدي وظﺎﺋﻒ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ ُ‬ ‫إﺗﻘﺎن ﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬ ‫طﺮح أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬ ‫ھﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬

‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪..........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪.........................‬‬

‫‪Exercise 6: Translate the following sentences into English:‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ﯾﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﻮن ﺷﺮاء ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻣﺸﮭﻮرة ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺮز أھﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺴﮭﯿﻞ ﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﮭﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Exercise 7: Translate the following passage into English:‬‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺪاوﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق – وﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﯾﺨﻀﻊ ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻚ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ أو‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻮﺳﯿﻂ )اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺼﻨﯿﻊ(‪ .‬وﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻄﻮر ﻣﻔﮭﻮم اﻟﺠﻮدة – ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮد ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻣﻔﮭﻮم ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪ control‬اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻛﺄﺣﺪ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج أو اﻟﺘﺼﻨﯿﻊ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻔﮭﻮم إدارة اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج – ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻣﻔﮭﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛﯿﺪ ‪ assurance‬اﻟﺠﻮدة‪(Hasan, 2002, p. 15) .‬‬

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Index

accounting 2, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 97, 109, 120 administration 8, 30, 49, 50, 58 agricultural 36, 37, 60, 73, 83, 100, 147, 159 allocation 34, 54 Arab world 2, 3, 128 assets 8, 88, 91, 97, 107, 115, 120, 121, 123 balance 15, 34, 35, 89, 90, 147 banking 2, 7, 57, 58, 59, 88, 96, 97, 98, 99, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 114, 137, 139, 143, 172 benefits 15, 17, 28, 29, 128, 147, 153, 160, 161, 169 bonds 2, 12, 112, 113, 115, 117, 118, 125, 126 brand 82, 129, 131, 144, 145, 147, 149, 151, 158, 161 business(es) 3, 5, 16, 52, 72, 73, 83, 98, 129, 160, 166, 168; cycle 2, 4, 5, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 160; institutions 3, 10, 52; texts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11; transactions 3, 64, 106, 107, 113 buyer 11, 114, 123, 168 capacity 3, 14, 20, 36, 37, 64, 65, 83, 90, 141 capital 16, 17, 31, 37, 44, 88, 96, 97, 107, 109, 111, 113, 114, 115, 131 cash 8, 16, 28, 29, 89, 90, 91, 101, 107, 114, 119, 121 channel 72, 73, 75 commercial 6, 57, 58, 65, 73, 75, 96, 97, 98, 99, 104, 131, 138, 141, 170 communication 3, 9, 48, 51, 55, 68, 75, 153, 158, 161 competition 2, 12, 25, 28, 29, 35, 37, 44, 73, 121, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 158, 161 competitive 24, 28, 42, 52, 65, 69, 83, 90, 112, 129, 131, 133, 144, 145, 157, 159, 167, 169 competitors 43, 129, 131, 134, 147, 151, 159 components 4, 5, 7, 17, 29, 59, 64, 66, 73 consumers 14, 16, 29, 36, 60, 73, 86, 95, 120, 129, 144, 145, 147, 149, 152, 155, 159, 160, 167, 169, 174

contraction 14, 17 contracts 3, 25, 110, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126 controlling 41, 84 corporations 28, 29, 45, 96, 112, 113, 114, 115 cost(s) 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 23, 24, 35, 39, 49, 60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 73, 74, 75, 82, 83, 84, 86, 91, 94, 95, 114, 121, 127, 128, 132, 133, 134, 136, 139, 159, 160, 163, 166, 167, 174 currency 39, 98, 99, 123 customers 25, 43, 50, 72, 73, 74, 75, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 90, 98, 99, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 129, 145, 146, 150, 151, 153, 158, 159, 160, 161, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169 debt 112, 113, 115, 130, 139 decisions 9, 29, 42, 50, 89, 92, 99, 115, 146, 152 delivery 64, 65, 72, 73, 74, 2, 122, 123, 156, 168, 173 demand 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 36, 37, 7, 48, 57, 61, 64, 5, 66, 67, 72, 75, 98, 115, 121, 128, 128, 146, 159, 160, 161, 162, 165, 174 deposits 31, 96, 99, 108 derivative 11, 120, 121 design 51, 81, 145, 151, 152, 158, 164 directors 29, 42, 44, 51, 2, 91 distribution 26, 72, 73, 75, 78, 82, 83, 105, 146, 153, 155, 156, 173, 174 domestic markets 35, 36, 37, 49, 83, 158, 174 domestic product 14, 34, 122 e-commerce 2, 8, 60, 144, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171 economic development 24, 25, 37, 46, 63, 172 economic expansion 4, 5, 14, 17 economic growth 25, 36, 37, 43, 107, 112, 136, 160 economy 2, 3, 7, 14, 16, 17, 19, 31, 35, 57, 58, 59, 68, 104, 112, 160, 161, 169, 170 efficiency 13, 34, 35, 51, 70, 72, 74, 75, 81, 129, 131, 146 employee 28, 29, 50, 98 employment 2, 14, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 60, 140, 154, 155, 161

Index environment 14, 18, 42, 43, 52, 58, 64, 66, 81, 90, 91, 107, 131, 145, 147, 151, 169 equivalence 2, 3, 4, 5 exchange 38, 64, 74, 98, 99, 106, 107, 120, 121, 126 expansion 17, 20, 36, 37, 44, 60 export 36, 37, 60, 83, 131 external 43, 52, 73, 80, 90, 91, 93, 94, 112, 113, 115, 119, 138, 149, 151 final product(s) 59, 173, 174 finance 1, 2, 7, 12, 43, 88, 104, 105, 106, 107, 113, 115, 119, 124 financial 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 19, 22, 23, 24, 29, 30, 41, 49, 58, 64, 71, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 7, 98, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 130, 131, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 143, 172; crisis 22, 30, 99, 103, 112; institutions 58, 88, 96, 98, 99, 104, 105, 106, 107, 122, 139, 141, 172 firms 13, 29, 41, 43, 112, 113, 114, 115, 128, 129, 130, 131, 134, 152, 166, 172 fixed 8, 67, 91, 107, 128 flexibility 24, 25, 50, 53, 61 flow 5, 8, 11, 24, 37, 39, 53, 66, 67, 73, 74, 76, 81, 89, 90 food 8, 39, 57, 58, 59, 65, 84, 85, 106 foreign markets 36, 37 funds 28, 88, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 112, 113, 138 futures 2, 110, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126 generate 32, 49, 57, 161, 162 goods and services 14, 16, 17, 36, 37, 38, 43, 77, 122, 146, 154, 165, 168, 169 growth 17, 19, 25, 35, 36, 37, 40, 43, 58, 59, 61, 73, 83, 96, 107, 112, 120, 121, 136, 143, 147, 160, 161 hedge 64, 97, 121, 122, 123 image 28, 45, 129, 144, 145 imports 13, 34, 35, 37, 89, 130 improvement 80, 81, 83, 84 increase 8, 14, 16, 19, 20, 23, 29, 45, 47, 48, 50, 58, 60, 61, 62, 67, 69, 71, 75, 77, 86, 91, 106, 107, 115, 120, 122, 123, 130, 131, 134, 140, 142, 161, 162, 165, 166, 167 industrial 9, 24, 43, 62, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 100, 101, 104, 120, 122, 132 industry(ies) 6, 9, 15, 24, 34, 35, 37, 47, 57, 58, 60, 62, 65, 66, 78, 96, 97, 103, 115, 128, 130, 150, 159, 164 inflation 11, 16, 19, 91 instrument 120, 121 interest 12, 14, 16, 17, 29, 97, 99, 103, 104, 105, 107, 113, 115, 120, 121, 126, 138, 140, 166

183

internal 43, 49, 50, 52, 61, 80, 81, 91 international trade 2, 34, 36, 37, 39, 75, 125 investments 16, 69, 99, 107, 113, 119, 121, 132, 137, 49 Islamic 2, 7, 12, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 142, 143 job market 22, 47 lending 96, 99, 105, 107, 137, 139 loan 12, 16, 96, 101, 104, 105, 112, 120, 137 logistics 2, 5, 6, 13, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 146 loss 58, 90, 99, 108 management 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 23, 31, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50, 51, 53, 56, 67, 70, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 82, 84, 89, 90, 94, 97, 106, 112, 113, 114, 129, 131, 147, 150, 151, 152, 153 managers 23, 29, 41, 42, 48, 50, 89, 114, 115, 150, 151, 152 manufacturing 24, 36, 57, 58, 64, 65, 66, 80, 84, 145, 174 marketing 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 11, 39, 50, 57, 60, 65, 73, 82, 83, 89, 129, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 161, 162, 163, 167, 171 materials 57, 58, 60, 66, 67, 83, 84, 97, 110, 111 microfinance 2, 97, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143 money 12, 28, 29, 44, 89, 97, 98, 99, 102, 06, 107, 124, 138, 146 needs 4, 6, 13, 44, 57, 60, 72, 73, 82, 83, 90, 96, 106, 107, 128, 129, 140, 144, 145, 152, 153, 158, 161, 163 network 49, 72, 73 offer 1, 24, 49, 80, 96, 98, 100, 101, 102, 107, 139, 142, 145, 159, 169 operations 29, 37, 44, 52, 58, 66, 72, 74, 75, 78, 89, 90, 99, 104, 105, 107, 136, 138, 147 order 1, 5, 22, 23, 24, 49, 51, 57, 59, 64, 66, 67, 72, 74, 75, 83, 87, 106, 107, 112, 122, 130, 131, 137, 145, 149, 151, 160, 163, 169 organizations 17, 41, 43, 49, 51, 58, 80, 81, 95, 96, 142 organizing 8, 41, 49, 51, 76 ownership 28, 112, 120, 121 partners 35, 64, 72, 91, 95, 103, 115 pay 90, 91, 97, 104, 117, 146 payments 34, 98, 99, 113, 118, 167 performance 23, 31, 35, 42, 44, 49, 50, 51, 52, 80, 81, 83, 90, 91, 106, 122, 131, 151 planning 8, 9, 11, 31, 34, 41, 42, 68, 73, 75, 81, 84, 97, 115, 119, 129 policies 12, 25, 28, 31, 37, 41, 42, 49, 83, 88, 104, 128

184

Index

political 30, 43 predict 16, 21 price 7, 11, 17, 20, 67, 105, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 131, 133, 146, 157, 160, 161, 167 production 1, 2, 6, 7, 14, 20, 57, 58, 60, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 76, 81, 89, 90, 94, 95, 127, 134, 146, 147 profits 12, 14, 20, 23, 28, 29, 31, 32, 9, 50, 59, 95, 99, 105, 115, 123, 127, 128, 130, 143, 147, 159, 165, 166, 167 project 7, 8, 10, 16, 44, 49, 88, 139 promotion 45, 112, 140, 150, 153, 156, 161 purchase 11, 17, 107, 112, 113, 159, 160, 167, 168, 169 quality 2, 57, 60, 64, 65, 70, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 90, 116, 123, 147, 148, 157 reduce 6, 23, 32, 59, 60, 64, 65, 73, 74, 84, 95, 135, 137, 163 resources 4, 6, 8, 34, 35, 41, 42, 43, 44, 48, 49, 50, 55, 57, 67, 81, 89, 114, 121, 139 retail 57, 59, 60, 79, 96, 105, 107, 169, 172 returns 61, 99, 110, 113, 115, 118 risks 106, 107, 115, 122, 123, 128, 137 sales 17, 59, 60, 66, 72, 74, 82, 86, 131, 145, 151, 157, 161, 166, 167 satisfaction 48, 65, 72, 73, 77, 81, 82, 168, 169 satisfy 42, 46, 57, 80, 81, 82, 84, 90, 145, 152, 153 savings 29, 97, 99, 109, 125, 136 scientific 3, 6, 9, 10, 60 scope 59, 60, 136, 139, 152 security(ies) 11, 12, 97, 112, 113, 114, 115, 120, 121, 124, 169, 172 seller 73, 114, 167, 168 short-term 4, 5, 14, 16, 23, 48, 90, 112, 117 statements 2, 6, 7, 13, 88, 90, 116 stocks 64, 65, 75, 112, 113, 118 strategic management 31, 41, 43, 129 structure 2, 24, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56, 96, 113, 129 suppliers 43, 67, 73, 80, 81, 122, 123, 131, 159, 167 surplus 15, 19, 35, 39 sustainable 33, 34, 42, 44, 136 target 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 129, 151, 153, 161, 166 technical 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 80, 88, 114, 128, 131, 138, 139, 151 terminology 6, 7, 10 tool 3, 10, 29, 42, 60, 121, 136 total 49, 52, 64, 75, 80, 81, 82, 84, 98, 131, 159 trade 2, 14, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 57, 58, 75, 93, 99, 107, 123, 125 transport 66, 72, 75

unemployment 11, 18, 22, 23, 24, 33 wholesale 107, 173

‫ أداء‬20, 23, 32, 33, 47, 48, 52, 54, 70, 76, 77,

80, 85, 87, 90, 91, 94, 103, 122, 133, 143, 149, 173 ‫ إداري‬8, 53, 54 ‫ ارﺗﻔﺎع‬18, 19, 20, 21, 40, 61, 70, 83, 94, 95, 109, 127, 165 ‫ اﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬20, 71, 142, 143 ‫ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﯿﺠﯿﺔ‬26, 27, 31, 43, 45, 46, 48, 54, 65, 68, 79, 87, 109, 133, 144, 149, 151, 157 ‫ اﺳﺘﮭﻼك‬15, 16, 17, 39, 63, 69, 78, 79, 80, 146, 155, 163, 173 ‫ أﺳﮭﻢ‬28, 112, 113, 117, 118, 121, 125 ‫ أﺳﻮاق‬27, 36, 37, 38, 40, 45, 47, 56, 61, 62, 63, 71, 77, 85, 86, 87, 92, 95, 6, 97, 101, 102, 103, 110, 111, 115, 119, 120, 122, 124, 25, 126, 127, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 138, 141, 145, 147, 148, 151, 155, 156, 159, 163, 166, 171, 172, 173, 174 ‫ إﻋﻼن‬61, 133, 148, 150, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 171 ‫ أﻋﻤﺎل‬5, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 26, 31, 32, 37, 47, 49, 54, 57, 71, 76, 79, 87, 92, 96, 100, 101, 109, 110, 124, 140, 141, 142, 149, 150, 155, 157, 160, 168, 171, 173 ‫ اﻷﺟﻮر‬20, 26 ‫ اﻹدارة‬27, 32, 46, 53, 54, 55, 56, 70, 71, 77, 84, 86, 87, 94, 116, 117, 145 ‫ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬16, 18, 20, 27, 39, 45, 46, 48, 56, 61, 62, 63, 68, 69, 70, 71, 95, 97, 101, 103, 108, 109, 111, 117, 118, 119, 124, 125, 127 ‫ اﻻﻧﺘﻌﺎش‬18, 20, 21, 117 ‫ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق‬18, 19, 21, 160, 161, 163 ‫ اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬5, 18, 19, 21 ‫ اﻹﯾﺮادات‬8, 18, 70, 101, 154 ‫ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬18, 26, 40, 69, 140, 155 ‫ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ‬40, 61, 78, 95, 124, 126, 161 ‫ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‬34, 38, 39, 40, 62, 63, 68, 78, 85, 103, 125, 135, 167, 170, 171, 172 ‫ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ‬38, 39, 40, 68 ‫ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬8, 11, 54, 65, 61, 68, 69, 82, 84, 86, 135, 140, 150, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 163, 165 ‫ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬8, 20, 68, 93, 133, 135 ‫ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬27, 43, 46, 56, 70, 89, 95, 103, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 117, 118, 119, 124, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 172 ‫ اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ‬5, 20, 38, 47 ‫ اﻟﺘﻮظﯿﻒ‬18, 22, 26, 33, 140, 141 ‫ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬6, 13, 17, 18, 27, 38, 45, 46, 60, 61, 62, 63, 68, 70, 75, 77, 78, 79, 81, 83, 101, 104, 108, 110, 111, 116, 133, 135, 139, 143, 148, 149, 151, 154, 155, 159, 165, 169, 171, 172, 173

‫‪185‬‬

‫‪Index‬‬

‫‪114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 124, 127, 136,‬‬ ‫‪137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 149, 172‬‬ ‫‪ 24, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56‬ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪ 24, 27, 32, 33, 39, 40, 43, 46, 62, 63, 68,‬ﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪69, 89, 101, 102, 103, 111, 119, 124, 127,‬‬ ‫‪142, 149‬‬ ‫‪ 26, 53, 54, 55, 69, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79,‬ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‬ ‫‪109, 110, 117, 35, 146, 155, 156, 157, 165,‬‬ ‫‪170, 173, 174‬‬ ‫‪ 18, 22, 23, 26, 33, 46, 85, 140, 141, 154‬ﺗﻮظﯿﻒ‬ ‫‪ 20, 21, 45, 46, 47, 64, 68, 70, 71, 80, 81,‬ﺟﻮدة‬ ‫‪83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 116, 129, 133, 134, 135,‬‬ ‫‪147, 148, 149, 159, 174‬‬ ‫‪ 11, 12, 18, 19, 21, 23, 26, 63, 70, 79,‬ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪93, 172‬‬ ‫‪ 53, 54, 85, 110, 117, 148, 149, 152,‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬ ‫‪157, 160, 173‬‬ ‫‪ 8, 15, 19, 21, 26, 30, 40, 45, 62, 63, 69, 80,‬دﺧﻞ‬ ‫‪81, 86, 90, 92, 93, 94, 100, 101, 105, 109,‬‬ ‫‪132, 136, 140, 141, 142, 143, 149, 154‬‬ ‫‪ 5, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 172‬دورة اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪ 5, 13, 14, 16, 18‬دورة اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫‪ 20, 48, 61, 88, 93, 96, 97, 105, 114,‬رأس اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫‪115, 116, 132‬‬ ‫‪ 46, 48, 53, 76, 84, 85, 94, 116, 117, 118, 133‬رﻗﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪ 7, 39, 87, 94, 95, 110, 120, 121, 122, 123,‬ﺳﻌﺮ‬ ‫‪125, 127, 133, 155, 156, 157, 164, 165‬‬ ‫‪ 96, 112, 113, 115, 117, 118, 119, 125, 126‬ﺳﻨﺪات‬ ‫‪ 11, 14, 17, 20, 22, 24, 27, 29, 30, 34, 35,‬ﺳﻮق‬ ‫‪39, 40, 45, 47, 48, 55, 71, 79, 86, 87, 96, 108,‬‬ ‫‪109, 110, 111, 117, 124, 125, 127, 131, 132,‬‬ ‫‪133, 134, 135, 148, 149, 151, 155, 157, 160,‬‬ ‫‪171, 174‬‬ ‫‪ 18, 19, 27, 31, 40, 45, 69, 86, 88, 95,‬ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫‪101, 102, 116, 119, 135, 170, 172‬‬ ‫‪ 15, 92, 93, 110, 111, 122, 123, 124, 125,‬ﻋﻘﻮد‬ ‫‪126, 127, 143, 164‬‬ ‫‪ 95, 96, 100, 101, 103, 105, 108, 109, 111,‬ﻗﺮوض‬ ‫‪116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 140, 141, 142, 147‬‬ ‫‪ 4, 5, 14, 18, 48‬ﻛﺴﺎد‬ ‫‪ 57, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 109, 151‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪ 46, 71, 101, 102, 106, 107, 108, 111, 117,‬ﻣﺨﺎطﺮ‬ ‫‪122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 143‬‬ ‫‪ 20, 21, 27, 28, 45, 46, 76, 77, 84, 85,‬ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬ ‫‪87, 92, 102, 116, 119, 128, 129, 130, 131,‬‬ ‫‪132, 133, 134, 135, 149, 155, 157, 158,‬‬ ‫‪164‬‬

‫‪ 8, 19, 21, 26, 63, 93, 94, 132, 140, 141,‬اﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬

‫‪142, 143, 154‬‬ ‫‪ 5, 15, 18, 20, 21‬اﻟﺪورة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪ 16, 17, 18, 26, 38, 39, 47, 48, 52, 61, 62,‬اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫‪64, 72, 74, 79, 94, 98, 103, 109, 143, 146, 154,‬‬ ‫‪155, 157, 161, 162, 164, 165, 171, 173, 174‬‬ ‫‪ 17, 18, 38, 47, 48, 61, 155‬اﻟﻌﺮض‬ ‫‪ 25, 38, 40, 71‬اﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪ 20, 23, 26, 27, 32, 33, 37, 38, 42, 48, 57,‬اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫‪61, 62, 63, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 79, 81, 83, 85,‬‬ ‫‪93, 95, 102, 108, 116, 117, 124, 131, 135,‬‬ ‫‪141, 149‬‬ ‫‪ 8, 21, 27, 49, 55, 87, 108, 109, 119, 132,‬اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬ ‫‪134, 141‬‬ ‫‪ 20, 21, 27, 31, 34, 35, 39, 42, 44, 46, 47,‬اﻟﻤﻮارد‬ ‫‪48, 50, 54, 61, 68, 69, 76, 77, 78, 86, 89, 109,‬‬ ‫‪111, 142‬‬ ‫‪ 32, 33, 42, 45, 46, 58, 63, 70, 100, 104,‬اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬ ‫‪105, 108, 109, 113, 117, 119, 124, 125, 137,‬‬ ‫‪141, 142, 143, 172‬‬ ‫‪ 53, 55, 56‬اﻟﮭﯿﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫‪ 16, 20, 46, 60, 61, 67, 68, 71, 76, 77, 79,‬إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪85, 95, 107, 110, 127, 134, 135, 143, 160,‬‬ ‫‪161, 171, 173‬‬ ‫‪ 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 109, 116, 117, 119,‬ﺑﻨﻮك‬ ‫‪124, 127, 136, 139, 140‬‬ ‫‪ 79, 84, 110, 111, 155, 165, 168, 169, 170,‬اﻟﺒﯿﻊ‬ ‫‪171, 173, 174‬‬ ‫‪ 18, 20, 27, 55, 84, 86, 91, 92, 93, 94, 118,‬ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫‪135, 151, 157‬‬ ‫‪ 64, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127‬ﺗﺤﻮط‬ ‫‪ 39, 64, 65, 68, 77, 78, 84, 173‬ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ‬ ‫‪ 11, 42, 46, 47, 48, 8, 69, 78, 84, 85, 94,‬ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ‬ ‫‪118, 119, 165‬‬ ‫‪ 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 21, 37, 39, 53, 54, 55, 62, 63,‬ﺗﺪﻓﻖ‬ ‫‪66, 69, 74, 76, 77, 78, 95, 118, 119, 133‬‬ ‫‪ 39, 45, 65, 63, 79, 81, 86, 133, 135, 140, 148,‬ﺗﺮوﯾﺞ‬ ‫‪150, 151, 153, 155, 156, 157, 163, 165, 166‬‬ ‫‪ 8, 11, 39, 45, 54, 56, 61, 68, 69, 70, 76,‬ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻖ‬ ‫‪82, 84, 86, 113, 135, 140, 141, 146, 147, 150,‬‬ ‫‪151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 162, 163,‬‬ ‫‪165, 170, 171‬‬ ‫‪ 20, 24, 38, 39, 45, 71, 76, 84, 85, 86, 94,‬ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬ ‫‪95, 117, 119, 127, 128, 132, 133, 134, 136,‬‬ ‫‪154, 160, 163, 165, 166, 167, 174‬‬ ‫‪ 21, 27, 43, 46, 56, 62, 63, 65, 70, 89, 95, 97,‬ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫‪100, 101, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111,‬‬