The Roman Cemetery at Gerulata Rusovce, Czechoslovakia 9780904531428, 9781407324968

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The Roman Cemetery at Gerulata Rusovce, Czechoslovakia Cudmila Kraskovska revised by the author translated from the Slovak by Hana Schuck

BAR Supplementary Series ro 1976

British Archaeological Reports 122

Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 78P, England GENERAL EDITORS

A.C.C. Brodribb, M.A. Mrs. Y. M. Hands

B.A.R. Supplementa ry Series 10, 1976: Rusovce, Czechoslovakia''

A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M .A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, B.A.

"The Roma n Cemetery a t Gerulata

© Eudmila Kra skovska, Slovenske Narodne Muzeum, Bra tisla va , Czechoslovakia

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780904531428 paperback ISBN 9781407324968 e-book

DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531428

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS Page L IST OF I LLUSTRAT IONS ABBREV IAT IONS FRONT ISP IECE I NTRODUCT ION

1

LOCAT ION AND H ISTORY OF THE S ITE

3

ANALYS IS OF THE CRE MAT ION GRAVES The F unera l R ites

4

Co ins

7

G lass

8

L a mps

1 0

T erra S ig il la ta

1 4

Po ttery

1 6

Orna men ts

2 0

P lated Boxes

2 1

I ron Ob jects

2 3

THE DAT ING OF THE CRE MAT ION BUR IALS

2 4

ANALYS IS OF THE I NHU MAT IONS The F unera l R ites

2 5

G lass

3 5

Co ins

3 9

Po ttery

4 0

Brooches

4 9

Orna men ts

5 2

Miscel laneous

5 7

I ron Ob jects

5 9

THE DAT ING OF THE I NHU MAT IONS

6 1

CONCLUS IONS

6 3

NOTES

6 4

CATALOGUE OF GRAVES

7 1

F IGURES

8 3

PLATES

1 09

L IST OF I LLUSTRAT IONS

Page FRONT ISP IECE:

g lass j ug , Grave 1

f ac ing p . 1 .

F IGURES 1 .

Map :

2 .

L oca t ion o f t he Ce metery

L ocat ion o f G eru la ta Rusovce

D istr ibut ion o f Graves 3 -10.

8 3 8 4 f ac ing p . 8 4

Graves 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 9

8 5

1-18.

Graves 1 0 , 1 1, 1 2, 1 3, 1 8, 1 9 , 2 0

8 6

1 9-25.

Graves 2 1, 2 5 , 2 8, 2 9 , 3 0 , 3 6

8 7

2 6-32.

Graves 3 2, 3 7, 3 9, 4 1, 4 2, 4 3

8 8

3 3-40.

Graves 5 1, 5 2, 5 3, 5 5 , 5 6 , 5 9 , 6 2, 6 7

8 9

4 1-47.

Graves 6 8, 7 2, 7 3, 7 4 , 8 1, 8 2, 8 3, 8 4

9 0

4 8-55.

Graves 8 7, 9 4 , 9 7, 9 8 , 9 9 , 1 01, 1 02, 1 03

9 1

5 6-63.

Graves 1 05, 1 10 , 15, 1 21, 1 36 , 1 39 , 1 40 , 1 45

9 2

6 4-70.

Graves 1 44 , 1 42, 1 46, 1 47, 1 48, 1 49 , 1 63, 1 67

9 3

7 1.

S ta mps o n b r icks

9 4

7 2.

G lass v esse ls f ro m c re mat ion g raves

9 5

7 3.

G lass v esse ls f ro m t he s keleton g raves

9 6

7 4.

G lass f ro m t he s ke leton g raves

9 7

7 5.

S ta mps o n o i l l a mps

9 8

7 6.

T erra s ig il lata

9 9

7 7.

Types o f v esse ls f ro m t he c re mat ion g raves

1 00

7 8.

Types o f v esse ls f ro m t he c re mat ion g raves

1 01

7 9.

Types o f v esse ls f ro m t he s ke leton g raves

1 02

8 0.

Types o f v esse ls f ro m t he s ke leton g raves

1 03

8 1.

Types o f v esse ls f ro m t he s keleton g raves

1 04

8 2.

F ibu lae f ro m t he s ke leton g raves

1 05

8 3.

F ibu lae f ro m t he s ke leton g raves

1 06

8 4.

F ibu lae f ro m t he s ke leton g raves

1 07

8 5.

Orna men ts f ro m t he s ke leton g raves

1 08

PLATES I . I .

Graves 2 , 5 , 7 , 9

1 09

Graves 1 2, 1 5 , 1 8, 1 9 , 2 0, 2 5 , 2 9 , 3 0

1 10

I I.

Graves 3 6 , 7 0 , 8 2, 8 3, 6 5 , 7 4, 9 2

11

I V.

Meta l o b jects

1 12

V .

F inger R ings ;

V I.

Miscel laneous

L a mps

1 13 1 14

ABBREV IAT IONS

AAH

Ac ta Archaeo log ica Akade m iae S c ien t iarum Hungar icae , Budapes t

. t&

Archeo log ia i e r tes itd , Budapest

AR

Archeo log icke r ozh ledy , Praha

AReg

A lba Reg ia , S zekesfehgrvär

Ber RGK

Ber ich t d er Rö m isch-German ischen Ko mm iss ion ,

BJ

Frank fur t a . M. Bonner J ahrb t fcher , Bonn

BR DP

Budapest re isgge i , Budapest D isser ta t iones Pannon icae , Budapest

FA

F o l ia Archaeo log ica , Budapest

I n terc isa I

Barköcz i , L ., e t e l.:

I n terc isa I

Budapes t 1 954. A l fö ld i , M., e t a l .:

S ztä l inväros ).

I n terc isa I .

( Dunapen te le-

G esch ich te d er S tad t i n d er Rö merze it. I n terc isa I .

( Dunapen te le ).

G esch ich te d er S tad t i n d er Rö merze it , Budapest 1 957 PA

Pa mä tky a rcheo log ickg , Praha

S bN M

S born ik Närodnfho muzea , Praha

S lA

S lovenskä a rcheo l6g ia , N itra

SMSS

S born ik Muzea lne j s lovenske j s po locnos t i , Mar t in

g Z AÜSAV

g tud i jne z ves t i Archeo log ickgho ü s tavu S lovenske j a kadg m ie v ied , N itra Z bornik S lovenskeho n ärodngho müzea , Bra t is lava

Z bSN M

Fron t isp iece :

G lass j ug , Grave 1

I NTRODUC T ION

Rusovce p ar ish , i n Bra t is lava-v id iek d istr ict , i s s i tua ted o n t he r igh t b ank o f t he Danube 1 3 km f ro m Bra t is lava ( Map , f ig . 1 ) . Over many y ears o f a rchaeo log ica l r esearch i n t he p ar ish v ery r ich f inds h ave b een made o f ma ter ia l d a t ing b ack t o t he Ro man s et t le men t a t Berg l a nd a lso f ro m a f ew Ro man b ur ia ls i n t h is p ar ish .

T he r esu l ts o f t h is r esearch s how a n e x tens ive

Ro man s et t le men t a t Rusovce d a t ing f ro m t he e nd o f t he i st t o t he e nd o f t he 4 th c en tury A . D. T he e v idence e nab les u s t o d a te Ro man G eru la ta i n t he p ar ish o f Rusovce ( t he Hungar ian Oroszvar ) We a re f am i l iar w ith t he n a me G eru la ta f ro m Ro man h is tor ica l s ources. V . Ondrouch wr ites t ha t t he n ame G eru la ta i s f ound i n t he An ton ine I t inerary a nd o n t he P eut inger map o f t he I V th c en tury A .D. I n t he Not it ia d ign ita tu m o cc iden t is t he n a me o f t he s ta t ion i s g iven a s G ero la ta. The e xac t l oca t ion o f G eru lata r e ma ined f or a l ong t ime c on trovers ia l. T he Hungar ian s cho lars l ooked f or t h is s tat ion i n t he r eg ion o f t he t hen p ar ishes o f Rusovce a nd J arovce .

Accord ing t o V . Ondrouch e ven Cunovo p ar ish must b e c ons idered .1

On t he P eu t inger map G eru la ta w as marked b etween Carnun tu m a nd Ad F lexu m , wh ich means t ha t i t was s i tua ted i n t he t err itory o f t he t wo p ar ishes men t ioned. 2 0 . P e l ik in p laced G eru la ta w ithou t a ny q ues t ion i n Rusovce.

As a r esu l t o f

r esearches a round Berg l , J . D ekan was a b le t o p lace t he Ro man G eru lata w ith c er ta in ty i n Rusovce. 3 I n t h is s tudy w e a re c oncerned n e ither w ith t he m i l itary g arr ison o f G eru lata n or w ith t he c iv il ian s et t le men t i n i t s p rox im ity , b u t w i l l c ons ider t he Ro man g raves d iscovered i n Rusovce p ar ish . Archaeo log ica l e xcava t ions b egan i n Rusovce a t t he e nd o f t he l ast c en tury. I n 1 891 t he Hungar ian s cho lar A . S ö tgr e xcava ted , i n t he c our tyard o f h ouse N o. 1 96 , at o mb made o f b r icks d ecora ted w ith a v ar iety o f s ta mps. By p rob ing i n t he c our tyard h e c a me u pon more d a maged g raves.

I n t he s a me y ear h e

d iscovered i nhu mat ions a nd a s tone t o mb 4 i n t he u pper p ar t o f t he p ar ish . Around t he y ear 1 930 a g a mekeeper c a l led F örst a l leged ly e xcava ted a s acrop hagus i n t he g arden o f t he o ld s choo l.

There a re n o d e ta i ls o f t h is s arco-

p hagus .5 I n 1 949 a rchaeo log ists f ro m t he S lovak museu m e xcava ted n ear t he l oca l c e metery a c h i ld ' s f urn ished g rave. 6 I n 1 964 g raves w ere f ound wh i le b u i ld ing a n ew s choo l.

L a ter o n a n e xcava t ion was c onducted o n t he s i te o f

t he s choo l , wh ich c on t inued o ver s evera l y ears a nd wh ich y ie lded c re ma t ions a nd i nhu ma t ions ( F ig . 2 ) .

Fro m 1 965 a n e x tens ive a nd s yste ma t ic r esearch

p rogra mme w as i n it ia ted :

i tw as c onduc ted a s aj o in t v en ture b y r epresen ta-

t i ves o f t he S lovak Na t iona l Museu m a nd o f t he Archaeo log ica l I ns t itu te o f t he S lovak Acade my o f S c iences.

I n 1 965-1971 r esearch was c oncen tra ted o n t he

r e-exam ina t ion o f t he s tructures i n t he v ic in ity o f Berg l ( J . Dekan , A . P if f l ) a nd t hree Ro man b ur ia ls s i tua ted n ear t he s choo l , i n t he n e ighbourhood

1

o f t he c e metery a nd o n t he s i te o f J RD

Kraskovs 16 . , M. P ich lerovä ).

With in Rusovce p ar ish c re ma t ions a nd i nhu ma t ions w ere f ound i n v ar ious p laces ( s i mp le g raves , b r ick a nd s tone t o mbs a nd a l leged ly a lso a s arcophagus ). T he a foresa id c e meter ies w ere u sed b y m i l itary g arr isons a nd t he c iv i l ian p opu la t ion . T he f inds i n t he g raves r ef lec ted t he c on te mporary c u lture o f t he p eop le a nd t he method o f b ur ia l t est if ied t o t he r e l ig ious b e l iefs o f t he p opu lat i on . T he e xcava t ions o n t he s i te o f t he n ew s choo l h ave n ow b een c onc luded a nd t h is i s why w e s ub m it t he r esu lts o f o ur r esearch t o t he p ub l ic a s t he f irst v o lume o f t he ma ter ia l f ro m t he s i te o f a nc ien t G eru la ta. T he f inds f ro m t he c e metery n ear t he s choo l i n Rusovce w ere r ecorded b y t he me mbers o f t he Preh istor ic D epar tmen t o f t he Archaeo log ica l I ns t itu te , S lovak Na t iona l Museu m , Bra t is lava , i n t he s pec ia l i nven tory u nder t he f o ll ow ing n u mbers : 1 1594-11633, 1861-11886 , 1 2255-12399 , 1 4171-14626. F ina l ly w e w ou ld l i ke t o t hank t he a dm in is tra t ion o f t he S lovak Na t iona l Museu m a nd t he a dm in istra t ion o f t he Archaeo log ica l I nst itu te f or t he ir u nders tand ing a nd f or mak ing i tp oss ib le f or u s t o c onduct o ur r esearch o ver many y ears a t Rusovce a nd f or e nab l ing u s t o p ub lish t he r esu l ts o f t h is r esearch . We w ou ld l ike t o t ender o ur warm t hanks t o Ms. A . KoväC 'a nd Mr . J . Net t ich f or t he ir c o l labora t ion wh ich made i tp oss ib le f or u s t o c o mp lete t h is w ork . We w ou ld l ike t o t hank Mr . J . Net t ich f or d raw ing u p ap lan o f t he b ur ia l g round , Ms. I . § i mekova a nd Ms. T . V ä lekova f or mak ing p hotographs o f t he f inds a nd Mr . V . Meszärog f or d raw ing t he o b jects.

2

LOCAT ION AND H ISTORY OF THE S ITE

Mos t o f t he c e metery was s i tua ted o n t he l and o f t he n ew n ine-year p r i mary s choo l i n Rusovce , i n t he Par ish o f Bra t is lava-v id iek ( nos. 2 64-301, Map /f ig . 2 ) .

The l and was s l igh t ly e leva ted a nd s loped t owards t he e as t .

The l ayer o f h u mus was 4 0-50 cm t h ick w ith f i ne s and u ndernea th .

The g raves

w ere f ound b e tween t he s choo l-bu i ld ings a nd t he g ymnas iu m , i n t he a rea o f t he c our t-yard b eh ind t he g ymnas iu m a nd o n t he n e ighbour ing p lo ts o f Messrs. J . H lad ik ( no. 2 86 ), J . R. D. Rusovce ( no. 2 83 ) , Ms. M. Vol fova ( no. 2 80 ) a nd Ms. M. K le mpova ( no. 2 77 ). H owever , n o g raves w ere f ound o n t he n e ighb our ing p lots n os. 2 74 a nd 2 71, b u t o n p lo t n o. 2 71 a d amaged o b jec t was f ound . T he c e metery o ccup ied a f a ir ly w ide s tr ip o f g round r ough ly 3 0 m l ong i n t he e ast-wes t d irect ion . I n t he Au tu mn o f 1 964 wh i le d igg ing t he f ounda t ions o f t he g ymnas iu m t he w orkmen c a me u pon i nhu ma t ions f ro m wh ich t hey r ecovered 2 v esse ls a nd a b ronze b rooch. These f inds a re n ow i n t he S lovak Na t iona l Museum i n Bra t isl ava.

On t he b as is o f t hese . f inds Ms. P ich lerovä a nd J . Net t ich , me mbers

o f t he Archaeo log ica l Depar t men t , r e-exa m ined t he s i te a nd v er if ied t he e xi s tence o f Ro man g raves.

A s yste ma t ic e xa m ina t ion o f t he b ur ia l g round

n ear t he s choo l was c arr ied o u t b y t he me mbers o f t he S lovak Na t iona l Museu m i n t he y ears o f 1 965-1969. Fro m t he 1 1-30th October 1 965 t hey e xcava ted t he g raves n os . 1 -5 ; n os. 6 -10 ;

b etween May 1 0 th a nd August 1 5th , 19 66 ,t hey f ound g raves

i n 1 967 b etween March 2 0th a nd J une 1s t , a nd b etween J u ly 1 0th

a nd Augus t 1 2th t hey e xcava ted g raves n os. 1-48;

i n 1 968 t hey f ound g raves

n os. 4 9-118 b etween J une 3 rd a nd October 1 5th , f ina l ly i n 1 969 b etween May 1 2th a nd S ep te mber 1 9th t hey e xa m ined g raves 19-167. A ltogether t he me mbers o f t he S lovak Na t iona l Museu m e xcava ted 1 67 Ro man i nhu ma t ion a nd c re ma t ion g raves , a nd t o t he e as t o f t he b ur ia l g round t hey f ound a dwel l ing o f Ro man d a te.

3

ANALYS IS OF THE CRE MAT ION GRAVES Funera l r i tes Cre ma t ion g raves w ere o rd inary p its w ithou t a ny s pec ia l embe l l ishmen t ; t he e xcep t ions t o t h is w ere 4 g raves c overed w ith Ro man b r icks. G rave 1 01 was c overed b y ab r ick r oof wh ich was o r ig ina l ly c on ica l i n s hape.

I tw as

made u p o f l arge t egu lae ( 3 a re p reserved , a l though t here w ere o bv ious ly o r ig ina l ly 4 ). G rave 1 38 h ad a f l a t r oof p robab ly made o f t wo t egu lae o f wh ich o n ly f rag men ts a re p reserved . Grave 1 46 was a lso c overed b y 2t egu lae , t hose h owever w ere d isp laced . G rave 6 9 w as c overed w ith 1 t egu la . Af ragmen t o f b r ick w as f ound i n g rave 1 10 , b u t i ti s u ncer ta in whether i tw as u sed f or c over ing t he g rave.

I n g rave 1 07

a t a d ep th o f 6 0 cm t here w as a g rave l

b ase wh ich s erved a s t he b o t to m o f t he g rave. o n s uch a g rave l b ase a t ad ep th o f 8 0 cm.

Ha lf o f g rave 1 04 w as s i tua ted

The h o les w ere u sua l ly o va l o r o b long i n s hape , t hough s o me w ere r ound i n o u t l ine.

I t was n ot p oss ib le t o s ta te e xac t ly t he o u t l ines a nd d i mens ions o f

t he g rave p i ts w ith 7 o f t he s ha l low g raves. B efore t he s choo l w as b u i l t t here w ere f i e lds a nd s o me t rees o n t he s i te. T he l ayer o f h u mus w as c ompara t ive ly d eep ( c . 4 0-50 cm ) d ue t o d eep p lough ing a nd t o t ree h o les. S o me o f t he c rema t ion g raves a nd f inds w ere i nt he d isturbed l eve l a nd o n ly b y d igg ing d eeper was i tp oss ib le t o e stab l ish t he o u t l ine o f t he g rave p it . T ab le 1 s hows t ha t t he c re ma t ion g raves w ere t yp ica l ly 3 0-55 cm d eep ( t h is was t he c ase f or 5 9 g raves , i .e. a l mos t 8 0% o f t he t o ta l ), t he r est o f t he p its b e ing 6 0-85 cm d eep , e xcep t f or 3 wh ich w ere d eeper ( graves 6 5 , 7 3 a nd 9 4 ). Grave 7 3 h ad t he d eepest p it , i t s b o t to m g o ing d own t o 10 cm . T he o b jec ts t ha t w ere f ound t here ( i ron p la tes a nd r e ma ins o f l ocks , n a i ls a nd f ragmen ts o f w ood ), a w ooden c hes t w ith i ron p la t ing s how t ha t as cr in iu m must h ave b een d epos ited t here. T he c hes t c on ta ined a g lass v esse l i n p er fec t c ond it ion a nd a f eed ing b ot t le , i nd ica t ive o f ac h ild 's g rave. b ones , o n ly l u mps o f s o il c on ta in ing a shes.

T here w ere n o t races o f

G rave 6 5 w as 1 05 cm d eep ;

w ere 3 v esse ls o f e ar thenware a nd o ne o f g lass r anged a long t he w a l l.

t here

T here

w ere n o f rag men ts o f c re ma ted b ones h ere e i ther , o n ly a l arge p iece o f c harc oa l , b u t j udg ing b y t he d i mens ions i tc ou ld n ot h ave b een a n i nhuma t ion . w as p resu mab ly a s ymbo l ic g rave o r c eno taph .

I t

T h is a ssu mp t ion i s b orne o u t

b y t he f ac t t ha t t he v essels w ere n o t i n a ny w ay a f fected b y f ire , n o t h av ing b een o n t he p yre. u nusua l c o l lect ion , f o lded b eaker .

cm .

T he g if ts d epos ited i n t he g rave r epresen t ac ompara t ive ly n o t t he o rd inary o f fer ings :

g lass , t erra s ig i l la ta , a nd a

T he a verage l eng th o f t he g rave-p it w as 1 00-150 cm a nd t he w id th 9 0-110 Grave n o. 9 4 was r e markab le among t he c re ma t ion g raves i n i t s d i mens-

i ons ; i tw as 3 00 cm i n l eng th a nd 1 80 cm i n w id th . The b ot to m o f t he o b long p i t w as a t ad ep th o f 9 0 cm , a nd was among t he d eepes t . T he w a l ls o f t he p i t w ere b urn t r ed t o ah e igh t o f 3 0 cm t o s uch a n e x ten t t ha t t he c on ten ts o f t he p i t h ad r eceded f ro m t he wa l ls. T he b urn t s o i l a lso e x tended o n t he b o t to m i n a1 0-40 cm w ide s tr ip a long t he wa l ls.

O n t he b o t to m a nd t he w a l ls w ere

f ound t races o f wooden p i les a verag ing 1 5-25 cm i n d iame ter .

T he b o t to m was

c overed mos t ly b y s and e xcep t f or a n a rea r ough ly 6 0 x6 0 cm c overed i n p ieces 4

o f c arbon a nd a sma l l g roup o f b urn t b ones.

F ragmen ts o f b urned o b jec ts w ere

a lso f ound , s uch a s ac lay l a mp , i ron a nd b ronze n a i ls , f ragmen ts o f b ronze p la te , a nd p ieces o f f used g lass . T hese o b jects o ccurred ma in ly n ear t he w a l ls. T he p i t w as f u l l o f y e l low s and i n wh ich w ere f ound f ragmen ts o f v esse ls a nd o ne c omp lete sma l l d ish .

T he c en tre o f t he p i t w as p robab ly c leaned o u t i n-

t en t iona l ly a s t he t races o f t he p yre w ere e v iden t o n ly n ear t he w a l ls . Cons ider ing t h is e v idence , n ame ly t he e x traord inar i ly l arge d i mens ions o f t he p i t a nd i t s c on ten ts , w e a ssume t ha t i tw as a p lace f or b urn ing t he d ead . A f ter t he c re ma t ion t he r ema ins o f t he b ones t ogether w ith t he r es idue o f t he p yre a nd f ragmen ts o f d es troyed o f fer ings w ere p laced i n t he i nd iv idua l g raves. I t i s n o tewor thy t ha t t he p os i t ion o f g rave 9 4 w as n ear t he e dge o f t he c eme tery . T here w as a no ther p i t w h ich h ad u nusua l d i mens ions , b e ing 2 25 cm l ong a nd 9 5 cm w ide.

I tp robab ly c ons is ted o f t wo g raves b u t i tw as n o t p oss ib le

t o a scer ta in t he ir o u t l ines i n t he d is turbed s o i l a nd c onsequen t ly i tw as marked a s ' grave 1 23 '. Where c rema t ion g raves w ere c oncerned w e d id n o t n o t ice a ny r egu lar r i tes . T he r e ma ins o f t he p yre , c re ma ted b ones , p ieces o f c arbon , sma l l h eaps o f b urn t c lay a nd f ragmen ts o f o b jects d es troyed i n t he f i re , w ere s imp ly t i pped i n to t he b o t to m o f t he p i t . I n s o me o f t he g raves o ne f ound o n ly a sma l l amoun t o f c re ma ted b ones a nd u sua l ly o n ly a f ew d amaged g ravegoods. We d educe f ro m t h is t ha t where c re ma t ion w as u sed i tw as n ot c us to mary t o b ury t he e n t ire r es idue o f t he f unera l p yre , b u t o n ly a s ymbo l ic q uan t ity o f t he a shes. I tw as f ound t ha t i n s o me c ases i nd iv idua l o b jects w ere p u t i n to t he g rave a f terwards , a s t hey b ore n o t races o f t he e fec t o f f i re ( e .g . sma l l g lass v esse ls i n g raves 7 2 , 7 3 a nd 9 9 ;

al a mp i n g rave 15 ;

p ots i n g raves

8 7 a nd 1 21 ). Ob jec ts p reserved i n t he ir e n t ire ty w ere f ound a lso i n t hose p i ts w ithou t a ny t races o f c re ma ted b ones , t hese p robab ly b e ing s ymbo l ic g raves. T he c onstruc t ion a nd g ravegoods o f g rave 6 5 h ave a lready b een men t ioned. I n g rave 9 0 t here w as a c omp le te sma l l d ish o f t erra s ig i l la ta a nd s ome p o ts herds.

I tw as f ound a t ad ep th o f 6 0 cm s o t ha t i ti s u n l ike ly t ha t i tc ou ld h ave

b een t rans ferred f rom a no ther g rave b y p lough ing a s i tw as t oo d eep f or t ha t t o h appen . E . ,Bön is .d iv ides c re ma t ion g raves i n to u rn-graves a nd p i t-graves. I n t hese i ns tances t he d ead w ere c rema ted a t as pec ia l p lace c a l led a n u s tr inu m , a nd t he r e ma ins o f t he c re ma ted b ones w ere e i ther p u t i n to a c on ta iner o r p laced i n t he g rave-p i t .

Af ur ther t ype w ere t he l arge c re ma t ion g raves , b us ta , w here

t he d ead w ere c rema ted d irec t ly i n t he g rave-p it . I n t he 2 nd c en tury t he c ust om o fb ury ing i nu rns w as i n d ec l ine. T he c ustom o f c re ma t ing t he d ead b ody i n t he g rave s urv ived l ongest i n P annon ia . 7 F . F u lep t e l ls u s t ha t w ooden c hes ts ( scr in ia ) i n w h ich u rns a nd o f fer ings w ere d epos ited u sed t o b e p laced i n g raves i n t he e ar l ier R o man p er iod . T he a u thor d oes n o t t h ink t ha t t he d ead w ere c rema ted i n t he ir g raves b u t i n a no ther s pec ia l ly p repared p lace , t he u s tr inu m . T he h o t a shes w ere p oured i n to a w ooden c hes t , w ith t he o f fer ings o n t op o f t he a shes a nd t hen i tw as p laced i n t he g rave-p it .8 K . S äg i , i n d escr ib ing c re mat i on g raves i nI n terc isa , w r ites t ha t ap yre w as e rec ted n ex t t o t he g rave a nd t he c re ma ted b ones , r ed-ho t c harcoa l a nd a shes w ere p i led t oge ther a nd s hove l led i n to t he g rave-p it .

T he s ides o f t he p i t w ere t here fore b urn t t o t he

5

h e igh t t o wh ich t he h o t r e ma ins o f t he p yre r eached.

T he a u thor c ons iders

b us ta , where b od ies w ere c re ma ted i n t he ir g raves , a s a more a nc ien t means o f i n termen t. 9 I t s ee ms t ha t i n Rusovce a lso h ot a shes f rom t he b ur ia l p lace mus t h ave b een t i pped d own i n to t he g rave a s b urn t s o i l was d is t inct ly n ot icea b le a t t he b o t to ms o f s o me o f t he p its.

One c an a ssu me t ha t , a t t he Rusovce

c e metery , g rave 9 4 was u sed a s t he u str inu m.

I tw as n o t ab us tu m b ecause

t he r e ma ins o f t he p yre a nd t he b ody were n o t p reserved , o n ly a sma l l p or t ion s urv iv ing n ear t he wa l ls.

T he c en tre o f t he p it h ad o bv iously b een c leaned

a nd p repared f or t he n ex t c re ma t ion. One c ou ld p erhaps c a l l g rave 5 4 a b ustu m a s t he w a l ls o f t he p it were f ire-reddened a nd t he r e ma ins o f ac re mat i on l ay a t t he b o t to m. No u rn-graves w ere f ound i n t he c e metery , n or w ere t here a ny f ur ther i nstances o f c re ma t ion o f t he d ead i n t he ir g raves.

I tw ou ld

s ee m p robab le t ha t wooden c hests d ecorated w ith i ron p la t ing , t he r e ma ins o f wh ich w ere p reserved i n g raves ( nos. 7 3 , 9 8 , 1 20 a nd 1 23 ) , s erved a s s cr in ia.

With r egard t o Rusovce w e a ssume t ha t i n t wo i ns tances t he g raves

w ere s ymbo l ic , n a me ly g raves 6 5 a nd 9 0. I n h is w ork o n I n terc isa , K . S äg i l i sts a c eno taph - a s ymbo l ic g rave a nd a t t he s a me t ime d raws o ur a t ten t ion t o t he f act t ha t s ymbo l ic i n termen ts were n o t u nusua l i n Ro man t imes. 1°

6

CO INS A l toge ther 1 0 b ronze c o ins w ere f ound i n t he c re ma t ion g raves i n Rusovce ; o f t hese 4 w ere s o d a maged b y f i re t ha t i t was n ot p oss ib le t o i den t ify t he m p rec ise ly : i ti s o n ly p oss ib le t o s ay t ha t t hey w ere midd le b ronzes ( graves 6 9 , 8 7 , 9 7 a nd 1 29 ).

The ma jor ity o f t he i den t if iab le c o ins were o f t he

emperor H adr ian ( 1 17-138 ), n a me ly t hose i n g raves 7 2 , 7 4, 8 1 a nd 1 05. T hese w ere a l l m idd le b ronzes w ith t he r everse t ype o f t he f igure o f a wo man , S a lus. I ti s n otewor thy t ha t o ne t ype o f c o in i n p ar t icu lar was p laced i n t he g rave , n amely t ha t d ep ict ing S a lus , g ood h ea l th . t o d o w ith a l oca l c usto m.

Th is c ho ice p robab ly h ad s o meth ing

The c o ins o f Hadr ian w ere i nscr ibed COS I I , t h is

i nd ica t ing a d a te o f 19 t o 1 38 A .D . ,a more p rec ise d a t ing o f t hese c o ins n ot b e ing p oss ib le. T he m idd le b ronze o f Faust ina f ro m g rave 6 9 was p ar t ly d amaged b y f ire a nd t h is makes i td if f icu l t t o d eterm ine t he e xact t ype. I t was p robab ly a c o in o f F aust ina I , w ife o f An ton inus P ius ( A.D . 1 41). T he c o in f ro m g rave 9 8 was a midd le b ronze o f An ton inus P ius ( 138-161) wh ich c an b e p rec ise ly d ated t o .

A .D . 1 48.

7

GLASS G lass o b jects f ormed a n impor tan t p ar t o f t he f inds f ro m t he c rema t ion g raves. A l together 9 i t e ms o f g lass w ere f ound i n t hese g raves , r epresen ti ng s evera l t ypes o f v esse l. Three o f t hese w ere sma l l z oo morph ic v esse ls i n t he s hape o f ab ird , wh ich t he s cho lars n amed t e t t inae ( Säugef lasche ). T he b o t t le f ro m g rave 7 3 was made o f c oarser g lass. Two v esse ls f ro m g rave 1 49 h ad t h in wa l ls , a nd a l l w ere made o f g reen g lass ( f ig . 7 2 , n o. 2 , 3 ) . T he v esse l f ro m g rave 7 3 a nd t he b o t t le f ro m g rave 1 49 w ere o f s im ilar s hape a nd d i mens ions ( 8 cm h igh ), a nd t he s econd v esse l f ro m g rave 1 49 w as s l igh t ly sma l ler ( c . 6 cm h igh ).

T he p ar t ly f used v esse l f ro m g rave 6 8

p robab ly c on ta ined e i ther p er fu me o r d ye ( f ig . 7 2, n o. 8 ) . w ith l ong n ecks ( unguen tar ia ) w ere u sed f or s tor ing o i l ; g rave 7 2 was o f af l a t tened g lobu lar s hape ( 10 cm h igh .

Sma l l b ot t les

t he e xamp le f ro m F ig . 7 2, n o. 1 ) .

T he l ong-necked b o t t le f ro m g rave 9 2 was o f c on ica l s hape , t he r im b e ing b roken o f f s o t ha t t he o r ig ina l h e igh t c ou ld n o t b e d eterm ined ( presen t h e igh t 1 3.5 cm ;

f ig . 7 2 ,n o. 4 ) .

s et f or d r ink ing.

J udg ing b y i t s s ize i tc ou ld h ave b een p ar t o f a

A sma l l g lobu lar v esse l f ound i n g rave 1 05 p robab ly h ad

s o meth ing t o d o w ith t o i let a r t ic les ( he igh t 4 .5 cm ;

f i g . 7 2 , n o.

7) .

Fro m

g rave 9 9 c a me a s quare b o t t le o f c oarse g lass w ith a s hor t n eck a nd a r ibbed h and le ( he igh t 1 0.5 cm ; b eau t ifu l v esse l ;

f i g .7 2 , n o. 5 ) .

T he j ug f ro m g rave 6 5 was t he most

i t s r ound b ody f l owed i nto t he n arrow n eck a nd t he r ibbed

h and le p ro jec ted a bove t he r im ( he igh t 1 cm ;

f ig . 7 2, n o. 6 ) .

T he l ast t wo

c on ta iners w ere p robab ly u sed f or s tor ing b everages. A l l t he v esse ls w ere made e i ther f ro m g reen o r g reen ish c o loured g lass. I t s hou ld b e men t i oned t ha t w ith t he e xcep t ion o f t hose f ro m g raves 6 8 a nd 1 05 n one o f t he g lass

v esse ls h ad b een i n t he f ire :

t hey w ere p laced i n t he g rave-p it a f ter-

wards. Many p ara l le ls f or t he g lass v esse ls h ave b een f ound i n Hungary o n m i l it ary s i tes a nd i n c re ma t ion g raves o f t he Ro man p er iod . Sma l l z oo morph ic v esse ls were f ound i n g ood c ond it ion a t Br iget io , I n terc isa a nd A qu incu m. 1 1 I fw e c o mpare t he sma l l v esse ls f ro m Rusovce w ith t he f i nds f ro m t hese s i tes w e n o t ice t ha t t he v esse ls f ro m t he Rusovce g raves w ere more s k ilfu l ly e xecu ted , e spec ia l ly t he o ne f ro m g rave 7 3. I ti s p oss ib le t ha t a l l t he z oomorph ic v esse ls f ro m Rusovce c a me f ro m t he s a me g lass-works. A . Radnö t i wr ites t ha t t he v esse ls f ound i n t he c h i ldrens ' g raves w ere t hose u sed mos t ly i n t he 2 nd c en tury .

L . Bark6cz i wr ites t ha t z oo morph ic v essels o ccurred

l ess f requen t ly i n t he 2 nd c en tury b u t w ere a lso u sed i n t he 3 rd c en tury .1 2 We f i nd a n a na logy b etween t he sma l l b o t t les f ro m t he Rusovce c e me tery a nd t he g lasses f ro m Br iget io d a ted t o t he 2 nd c en tury .

T he ma jor ity o f t he

g lass f ound i n t he f or t a t Br iget io c ons is ted o f av ar iety o f l i t t le b o t t les wh ich w ere o f e i ther w h ite , g reen ish o r b lue ish c o lour ,ung-u en tar ia , wh ich w ere g lobu lar o r f l a t tened , a nd t hose c on ica l i n s hape. L . Bark6cz i d escr ibed t he g lobu lar v esse ls f ro m Br iget io a s b e ing f or u nguen ts. Accord ing t o h im , f l a t tened r ound b o tt les w ere v ery w ide-spread i n t he who le o f P annon ia ( Savar ia , Aqu incu m ) ; b ot t les w ith a c on ica l b ody w ere f ound most ly i n t he r eg ion o f t he Danube , b etween Carnuntu m a nd Aqu incu m ; sma l l b ot t les f or d yes w ere u sed i n t he s ou th-wes tern p ar t o f P annon ia. H e s ta tes t ha t c o mpara t ive ly f ew

a r t ic les o f g lass w ere p reserved i n t he g raves o f t he s econd c en tury d ue t o b ur ia l b y c re ma t ion .1 3

A t I n terc isa v ar ious g lass b ot t les w ere f ound i n c re-

ma t ion g raves o f t he 2 nd c en tury .

A . Radnö t i c onc ludes t ha t t he u nguen tar ia

w ere u sed f or p er fu mes a nd d yes a nd t ha t o i l was p robab ly s tored i n t he l arger b ot t les w ith t a l l n ecks.

1 4

T he s quare b ot t le w ith t he h and le was v ery s im ilar t o t he o ne f ro m Co logne r eferred t o b y 0 . D oppel fe ld . 2 nd c en tury .

1 5

I t was u sed f or b everages a nd d a ted f ro m t he

The s hape o f t he b ot t le w ith t he h and le a nd t he d eep g reen c o lour

o f i t s g lass s uggest a w estern o r ig in ;

i t was p robab ly made i n a Rhen ish g lass-

w orks. Bo t t les o f t h is t ype w ere a lso f ound i n Pannon ia , f or e xa mp le a t Br iget io .1 6 T here i s as im i lar ity b etween t he b igger b ot t le w ith a t a l l n eck a nd t he a r t ic les p roduced i n t he Rh ine land ; p oss ib i l ity o f i t s h av ing b een made t here. t o t he 2 nd c en tury .1 7

w e t herefore d o n o t e xc lude t he 0 . Doppel fe ld d ates a s im ilar b ot t le

The j ug w ith a b u lbous b ody h as n o e xac t p ara l le l

among t he f i nds f ro m Pannon ia.

The sma l l v esse l w ith t he r ound b ody a nd

t a l l n eck i s ac o m mon t ype w ide ly u sed i n t he 2 nd c entury .1 8 Wh ile e xa m in ing t he g lass v esse ls f ro m I n terc isa , A . Radnö t i s ough t t he o r ig ins o f t he impor ted g lass o b jects i n f our d if feren t a reas : M inor , S yr ia a nd t he Rh ine land .

i n Egyp t , As ia

T he a uthor a ssu mes t ha t t he p er fu me a nd

o i l b o t t les o r ig ina ted i n t he Eas t , mos t ly S yr ia , a nd f ound t he ir w ay t o Pann on ia t hrough t rad ing. wa ter .1 9

We a ssu me t ha t t he g lass was u sua l ly t ranspor ted b y

L . Barköcz i s ta ted t ha t t he sma l l v esse ls f ro m Br iget io d a ted

f ro m t he 2 nd c en tury .

H e wr ites t ha t , b es ides t he impor ts f ro m I ta ly , g lass

a r t ic les w ere a lso i mpor ted f rom t he w est , a nd t ha t a r t ic les f ro m e as tern w orkshops w ere f ound among t he m. H e p resu mes t ha t t here w ere g lass-works i n Pannon ia a s e ar ly a s t he 2 nd c entury .

A l though we d o n ot r ecogn ise t he

a r t ic les o f l oca l manu fac ture a nd c anno t i den t ify t he m , w e must r ecogn ise t he ir e x istence. H e c ons iders t he sma l l s i mp le b ot t les o f i n fer ior ma ter ia l a nd o f imper fect w orkmansh ip t o h ave b een made l ocal ly . He i nd icates t ha t t he w orkshops c ou ld h ave b een i n A qu incu m , av iew b ased o n t he g lass f inds A s w e c an s ee , t he Hungar ian s cho lars d id n o t s ucceed i n s o lv ing t he q ues t ion o f t he o r ig ins o f t he i nd iv idua l t ypes o f v essel i n s p ite o f t he g rea t n u mbers o f g lass o b jects t ha t w ere d iscovered . T he sma l l n u mber o f g lass v esse ls f ro m Rusovce d id n o t h e lp i n r eso lv ing t h is q uest ion .

9

LA MPS Sma l l e ar thenware o i lla mps w ere f requen t ly f ound i n t he Rusovce g raves. T h ir ty l a mps a nd 6 l a mp-fragmen ts , 3 6 p ieces a l together , were p reserved i n t he c e metery . T he e n t ire l a mps w ere f ro m 2 t o 3 .5 cm h igh , t he ir a verage h e igh t

b e ing 2 .5-2.8 cm.

The l ength o f t he l a mps v ar ied b e tween 6 .5 a nd

1 0.5 cm , h a l f o f t he m b e ing 8 .5-9 cm l ong .

T he a verage d ia meter o f t he u p-

p er s ur face o f t he l a mps was 4 .4 t o 7 .2 cm , t he ma jor ity a verag ing 5 -6 cm. T he c o lour was n o t u n iform ; mos t w ere g rey ( 16 l a mps ) w ith s o me y e l low o nes a nd s o me r ed o r b rown .

On s o me o f t he l a mps t here w ere t races o f as l ip ,

most ly i n r ed ( graves 6 0 , 8 7 , 9 6 a nd 1 25 ), a nd i n s o me c ases t races o f ay e ll ow a nd b rown s l ip ( graves 6 6 , 7 2 , 7 4 , 7 5 a nd 1 64 ). Excava tors h ave o f ten s tud ied t he c lay l a mps f requen t ly f ound o n Ro man s i tes. T he b as ic c lass if icat i on o f l a mps a ccord ing t o t ypes was made b y S . L oeschcke i n h is w ork o n l a mps f ro m t he Ro man f or t a t V indon issa. 2 1, D . I vä .ny i

h as wr it ten a w ork

o n l a mps f m P annon ia , a nd s he h as e x tended t he c lass if ica t ion made b y S . L oeschke. A c ons iderab le n u mber o f l a mps w ere f ound o n t he i m mense Ro man s i te a t I n terc isa ; aw ork o n t hese w as wr it ten b y K . P öczy i n wh ich s he u sed t he t ypo logy o f D .I väny i .2 3 More r ecen t ly T . S zen t le leky h as p ub l ished a work o n Ro man l a mps , work ing o u t h is own t ypo logy b ut r eferr ing t o t he t ypes o f S . L oeschcke a nd D . I vä .ny i . 2 4 A . N eu mann d iscussed t he l a mps i n t he Ro man c a mp o f V indobona a nd u sed D . I väny i 's c lass if ica t ion . H e c ons idered mos t o f t he f ac tory- made l a mps t ha t w ere f ound t here t o b e t yp ica l p rov inc ia l p roduc ts o f l oca l workshops ; h e i nc luded among t hese l a mps w ith a g lossy s l ip , c o lour-coa ted a nd o nes w ith a r ough s ur face 2 5 When a na lys ing t he c lay l a mps f ro m t he Rusovce c e metery w e h ave u sed S . L oeschcke 's c lass if ica t ion b u t w e r efer a t t he s a me t ime t o t he r e levan t t ype a ccord ing t o t he s ys te m o f D . I väny i. Bo th s cho lars d e f ined t wo b as ic g roups :

l a mps w ith r e l ief d ecora t ion a nd "mass-produced" l a mps ( B i ld lampen ,

F irma la mpen ).

T he f i rst g roup c an b e more p rec ise ly c haracter ised a s l a mps

w ith v o lu tes a nd t hose w i th a r e l ief . On ly o ne l a mp r epresen ta t ive o f t he f i rst g roup was f ound i n Rusovce , n a me ly i n g rave 1 04. I ti s d ecora ted w ith v o lu tes a round t he o pen ing f or t he w ick a nd w ith a r e l ief o f af i sh o n t he d isc ; metr ica l ly p laced .

a nd t he o pen ing f or o i l i s a sym-

T h is l a mp b elongs t o L oeschcke 's t ype 1 .2 6

T .

S zen t le leky i n forms u s t ha t t he c o m mones t t ype was a v ar ian t o f t ype I C. H e l i sts a s t ype I C as im i lar l a mp w ith a f i sh r e l ief . Accord ing t o T . S zen t le leky 's d escr ip t ion , t he l a mp f ro m Rusovce g rave 1 04 a lso b e longed t o t ype I C.

T he

a u thor wr ites t ha t t h is t ype o f l a mp w ith t he f i sh r e l ief b e longs a pprox i ma te ly t o t he i s t c entury ;

i t was p roduced i n t he r e ign o f t he emperor T iber ius ( a f ter

A .D . 3 7 ). L a mps o f t h is t ype w ere u sed i n Pannon ia u n t il t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury .2 7 D . I väny i d ep icts s im ilar l a mps w ith v o lu tes a nd a f i sh r e l ief t ha t w ere f ound o n Ro man s i tes i n H ungary ( Szo mba the ly , G yör , S opron ) a nd t h is t ype d a tes i n Pannon ia t o t he 1 s t a nd 2 nd c en tur ies. A l a mp w ith t h is

1 0

type of decoration was found at Carnuntum.28 Lamps decorated in relief only rarely had a stamp at the bottom.29 The lamp from Rusovce grave 104 re­ presents an older type of lamp with volutes and relief decoration and can be dated to the transition from the 1st to the 2nd centuries. All the other lamps that were found near the school belonged to the "mass­ produced" type. Compared with the lamps with relief decoration, these lamps were simpler and from the practical point of view more functional as sources of light. According to T. Szentleleky they came into use after A.D. 70, at the beginning of the Flavian period. For two centuries they were the predominant type in Italy and in the Danube provinces.30 Most of them had a stamp with a Latin inscription on the base; such stamps were used from the end of the 1st century. D. Ivanyi thinks that initially the stamps bore the name of the individual potter, and later that of the factory. Among such lamps from the graves at Rusovce we can distinguish, follow­ ing the classification of s·. Loeschcke, types IX and X, which are different in their arrangement of the channel for the oil.32 The upper surface of lamp type IX has two variants. In the first there was a narrow moulded border around the disc, and on the neck between the disc and the opening for the wick there was a narrow groove; in the second, the strip on the neck was inter­ rupted and formed a narrow projection which did not quite reach the opening for the wick. On lamps of type X the moulded strip forming a rim around the disc continued further onto the neck and formed a rim around the opening for ·the wick. One or two small openings were sometimes placed between the strip which formed a rim round the neck. An older type of the "mass-produced" lamps of type IX (Ivanyi 's type · XV) was represented by 3 specimens from Rusovce (graves 66, 72 and 80); one of them had no marks, but the other two bore the stamp FORTIS. 33 • According to s. Loeschcke lamps of type IX were produced from A.D. 75 to 100. D. Ivanyi modified this dating for Pannonia, where lamps of type IX were used until the end of the 2nd century. A. Neumann dated some of these types from Vindobona to the end of the 1st century.34 The lamps of type IX which were found in Rusovce can be dated to the first half of the second century. The dating is supported by the finding in grave 72 of a coin of Hadrian (117-138) together with a lamp of this type. The most widely used trade-mark was the stamp FORTIS, which is also reported by S. Loeschcke, D. Ivanyi, T. Szentleleky and K. Poczy.35 T. Szentleleky writes that Fortis . worked in Northern Italy, in the neighbour­ hood of Modena.36 Around 70 (or, according to s. Loeschcke, around 100) Fortis perfected the "mass-produced" type of lamp, Loeschcke's type X or This type of lamp was not changed further and conIvanyi 's type XVII.37 tinued to be produced in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. D. Ivanyi considers that this type of lamp was used in Pannonia from the last decade of the 1st century to the middle of the 4th century. She also says that in the beginning the Pannonian copies of the Italian originals were meticulously made of good material and the letters on the stamps were carefully moulded and prominent. The stamps on the early lamps were also larger. With the later stamps the fabric and workmanship deteriorated and the letters became coarse and ill­ defined. 38

t1

Most o f t he l a mps ( 27 ) f ound a t Rusovce b e longed t o L oeschcke 's t ype X . One, f ro m g rave 1 08, was a v ar ian t o f t ype X w ith a s hor t n eck , c lass if ied b y D . I väny i a s h er t ype XV I I.

The l a mp f ro m g rave 1 08 d if fered f ro m t he

o ther e xa mp les n ot o n ly i n i t s s hape b u t a lso b y t he mark ing : p r in ted t he l et ters RN i n r etrograde.

o n t he b ase w ere

We d o n ot f ind t h is t ype o f s ta mp o n

t he l a mps i n Hungary a ccord ing t o D . I väny i o r K . Pöczy . The mass-produced l a mps w ere u sua l ly u ndecora ted.

H owever , o ne g roup

o f l a mps o f Type X was d ecora ted o n t he d isc w ith a mou lded h ead. t h is t ype was f ound i n g rave 1 15 a t Rusovce ( P l. V ,n o. 1 5).

Al a mp o f

T he d isc was

d ecora ted w ith a mou lded mask a nd a t t he s ides were t wo sma l l o pen ings f or o i l. The mask i s worked i n f ine d eta il a nd i n h igh r e l ief .

I t s hou ld b e n oted

t ha t t h is l a mp b ear ing a s ta mp o f FORT IS i n h igh r e l ief was d ist ingu ished f ro m t he o thers b y i t s e xcel len t workmansh ip . p robab ly s im ilar .

T he l a mp f ro m g rave 1 25 was

Traces o f a mou lded d ecora t ion , p oss ib ly o f ah ead , c an

b e s een o n t he l a mp f ro m g rave 6 0.

Bo th t hese l a mps w ere s ta mped FORT IS

a nd h ad t races o n t he ir s ides o f ar ed s h iny s l ip. L a mps d ecora ted w ith a mou lded h ead a re i l lus trated b y D . I väny i.

We

d o n o t f ind h ere a n e xac t p ara l le l w ith t he l a mp f ro m g rave 1 15 , b u t o ne o f t he l a mps f ro m S zo mba the ly b e longs t o t h is t ype sand t he o ne f ro m E isens tadt h as a s im i lar mask . 39

The l a mp w ith a mask f ro m g rave 15 a nd t wo o thers w ith

ar e l ief o f ah ead f ound a t Rusovce b e longed t o at ype o f d ecora ted l a mp w el l k nown i n Pannon ia. Mass-produced l a mps o f Type X h ad a v ar iety o f s ta mps.

I n Rusovce

t he mos t w ide ly u sed s ta mp was t he o ne o f t he FORT IS f actory , wh ich was f ound o n e leven l a mps ( graves 6 0 , 7 4 , 1 03, 1 10 , 1 15 , 1 25 , 1 29 , 1 46 , 1 49 a nd 1 56 ).

Sma l ler n u mbers o f t he f o l low ing s ta mps was f ound :

AG IL IS F ( grave

8 7 ) CPSF ( grave 1 29 ) ,FEST I ( graves 8 1 a nd 1 17 ) ,LNAR I ( grave 9 4 ), PULL I ( grave 1 63 ),SCA ( grave 9 7 ) , V IB IUS ( graves 9 9 a nd 1 21 ) a nd t races o f as ta mp I ER ( grave 1 32 ;f ig . 7 5 n os. 1 -23 ). T h is was p robably t he s ta mp NER I wh ich was f ound o n al a mp f ro m V indobona. 4 ° On t he b ase o f o ne o f t he l a mps t here was a n e ngraved i nscr ip t ion ( grave 1 29 ).

On ly 5 l a mps o f Type X w ere

u nsta mped ( graves 5 4 , 6 8, 9 8 , 1 05 a nd 1 64 ). A l l t hese s ta mps a re men t ioned i n a r t ic les o n s ta mps f ro m P annon ia. I väny i

men t ions

D .

t he s ta mps AG IL IS F a nd CPSF f ive t imes , FEST I f i f teen

t imes , LNAR I 2 2 t imes , PULL I 7t imes , V IB IUS t w ice , a nd S CA t hree t imes . i 1 The l a mps o f Type X f ro m Rusovce c e metery c an b e d a ted t o t he 2 nd c en tury . Th is d a t ing i s b ased o n t he a ssoc iated f inds.

The l a mps o f t h is t ype were f ound

i n g raves 7 4 , 8 1 a nd 1 05 w ith c o ins o f Hadr ian ( A. D . 17-138 ) a nd i n g rave 9 8 w ith a c o in o f An ton inus P ius ( 138-161). D . I väny i

t ha t

I fw e a ccep t t he a sser t ion o f

t he e ar l ier l a mps h ad a l arge s ta mp i n h igh r e l ief , t hen t he

l a mps f ro m g raves 7 5 , 9 7, 9 9 , 1 10 , 15 , 1 21 a nd 1 56 w ere o f t he e ar ly t ype:1 2 Accord ing t o t h is , t he r es t o f t he l a mps w i th t he sma l l s ta mps i n l ower r el i ef were o f t he s econd h a l f o f t he 2 nd c en tury . One i t em i s p ro m inen t among t he l a mps f ro m t he Rusovce c e metery , n a me ly a f rag men t o f al a mp w ith a f igure o f ah orse.

The b ow l f or t he o i l

i s miss ing a nd o n ly p ar t o f t he f igure r e ma ins , wh ich s erved a s ah and le ( P l. V I , n o. 8 ).

T here i s ac lose p ara l le l i n ac o mp lete l a mp f ound i n

1 2

I n terc isa wh ich h ad a s im ilar mou lded h and le i n t he s hape o f ah orse a nd t he e n t ire l a mp was c overed w ith a g reen g laze. 4 3

D . I väny i d ep icts t he s ame

l a mp w ith a f igure o f ah orse f ro m P e trone l la a nd a s im ilar l a mp was f ound i n A qu incum o f wh ich o n ly t he f igure o f t he h orse s urv ives. D . I väny i p u t t he l a mps w ith t he f igure o f t he h orse t ogether t o f orm a g roup o f s pec ia l f orms a nd s he men t ions t ha t t h is t ype was r epresen ted b y s evera l s pec i mens among t he ma ter ia l f ound i n P annon ia. 44 K . P öczy d escr ibes i n d eta il t he l a mps w ith t he f igure o f t he h orse f rom I n terc isa . S he d raws o ur . a t ten t ion t o t he f ac t t ha t t he who le l a mp was c overed b y ab rown-green g laze c haracter is t ic o f t he a r t icles o f t he 4 th c en tury .

S he c ame t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t t he l a te

g lazed Ro man l a mps w ere made i n w orkshops a t I n terc isa t oge ther w ith s im i lar ly g lazed v esse ls. 45 On t he b as is o f a na logous f i nds i n Hungary w e d a te t he f ragmen t o f t he g lazed l a mp t o t he 4 th c en tury . T he f ragmen t o f t he l a mp w ith t he f igure o f t he h orse w as f ound w h i le d igg ing a nd w e c an a ssu me t ha t i t was n o t c onnected w ith t he c re ma t ions b u t w ith i nhu mat ions o f t he 4 th c en tury .

1 3

TERRA S IG ILLATA T he t erra s ig il la ta was a v ery r e l iab le a id i n t he d a t ing o f t he b ur ia ls a t Rusovce. T he Rusovce c e me tery p roduced a f ew v esse ls o f t erra s ig il la ta o f wh ich 3w ere c o mp lete s pec i mens w ith s ta mps , a nd i n a dd it ion t here w ere s o me s herds. i dua l ly .

Each o f t he v esse ls was d i f feren t a nd i s t herefore d escr ibed i nd ivA sma l l d ish 2 0 cm i n d ia meter f ro m g rave 6 5 h ad a c lear s ta mp

VER INUS FEC ( f ig . 7 7, n o. 2 ) ; t h is i s Dragendor f f t ype 3 2. 46 Ana logous v esse ls d escr ibed b y W. L udow ic i s how t ha t i t was made i n t he Rhe inzabern workshop o f V er inus i n t he 2 nd c en tury . 47 F . Oswa ld a nd D . Pryce a lso men t ion t ha t V er inus w orked i n Rheinzabern . However t hey d escr ibe d i f fere n t t ypes o f d ishes b ear ing t he s ta mp VER INUS ( Dragendor f f f orms 3 5 , 3 6 a nd 3 8 ) , a nd t hey d o n ot h ave Dragendor f f 3 2 w ith t he VER INUS s ta mp.

A c-

c ord ing t o W. L udow ic i t he d ish f ro m g rave b 5 c anno t b e d a ted more c lose ly t han t o t he 2 nd c en tury . 49 A sma l l d ish , Dragendor f f f or m 3 1, d iam. 1 7.5 cm , f ro m b ur ia l 5 7 b ore t he ' s ta mp QU INT IL IAN I. ( f ig . 7 7, n o. 1 ) .

P . Karn itsch wr ites t ha t

QU INT IL IANUS was o ne o f ag roup o f Cen tra l G au l ish p o t ters ( Pa ternus , C ensor ius ). A ccord ing t o Karn itsch , Qu in t i l ianus worked i n t he t ime o f Hadr ian a nd An ton inus P ius. 5 ° W. L udow ic i r efers t o Qu in t i l ianus i n c onnect ion w ith aw orkshop i n Rhe inzabern .5 1 F . Oswa ld a nd D . Pryce wr ite t ha t p o t ters o f t he n ame Qu in t il ianus w orked i n Rhe inzabern a nd L ezoux .5 2 T h is i nd ica tes t ha t t he c up f ro m g rave 8 7 was p robab ly made i n Rhe inzabern i n t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury . T he t h ird sma l l Dragendor f f f orm 3 1 c up , d ia m. 1 7 cm , w as f ro m b ur ia l 9 4 , a nd h ad a s tamp wh ich was p ar t ly d es troyed a nd w as u nreadab le .

S herds

o f t erra s ig i l la ta f ound i n b ur ia ls 9 0 a nd 13 w ere f rom s tra igh t-s ided d ishes , b u t i ti s n o t p oss ib le t o d eterm ine t he ir s hape more c lose ly . T he v esse ls d escr ibed a bove w ere u ndecora ted .

T hose f ro m b ur ia ls 6 5

a nd 8 7 w ere i n n o w ay a f fec ted b y f i re , h av ing b een p u t i n to t he g rave a f terwards. S ince t he s ta mped v esse ls o f t erra s ig il la ta w ere manu factured i n t he 2 nd c en tury t he b ur ia ls a t Rusovce p robab ly a lso d ate f ro m t he 2 nd c en tury , a nd i n t he c ase o f b ur ia l 8 7 more p rec ise ly t o t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury . Uns tra t if ied s herds o f t erra s ig il la ta , l ike t he s herds f ro m i nhu ma t ion N o. 7 , c ame o r ig ina l ly f ro m t he b ur ia ls. We t here fore l i st t he s ta mped a nd o rnamen ted s herds o f t erra s ig il la ta among t he p o t tery f ro m t he b ur ia ls. T he s tamp HAB IL ISF ( f ig . 7 6, n o. 4 )i s p reserved o n t he b ase o f o ne v esse l. G . Macdona ld l i sts t he s ta mp HABIL IS o n t wo t erra s ig il la ta , s herds f ound among t he Ro man o b jec ts i n Wroxeter ( V irocon ium ), Eng land. S tra t igraph ica l ly , h e p laces t he s herds i nt he f i rs t h a l f o f t he 2 nd c en tury , b u t d oes n o t s ta te t he ir o r ig in . G .J uhäsz, W. L udow ic i a nd P . Karn itsch d o n ot l i st t he s ta mp HAB IL IS a l though t he e xa mp le f ro m Eng land p roved t ha t t he n ame

1 4

o f t he p o t ter was c orrect ly r ead .

T he l e t ter H i s q u ite c lear s o t ha t i tc ou ld

n ot h ave b een t he s ta mp S TABIL IS w h ich W. L udow ic i men t ions f ro m Rhe inzabern . I t was p robab ly a d if feren t s ta mp f ro m Rhe inzabern wh ich L udow ic i q uotes a s MAB IL ISF . 5 3 One s herd was d ecora ted b y p ar t o f ah u man f igure w ith a g ar land a nd t he f ore-par t o f ah orse ( f ig. 7 6, n o. 3 ) . I ti s p robab ly a s ea-horse ( h ippoca mpus ). We f ind a na logous f igures o n v essels f ound a t L ezoux . G . J uhasz i l lus tra tes among t he f i nds f ro m Br iget io s herds w ith a g ar land a nd a f igure o f as ea-horse s im i lar t o t hose f ro m L ezoux . T here w as a nother d es ign o n t he L ezoux s herds f ro m Br ige t io , ah u man f orm a nd a h and .

5 4

Fro m t he q uoted e xamp les w e

i den t ify t he p at terned t erra s ig i l la ta s herd a s c om ing f ro m L ezoux . K . Pöczy men t ions t ha t i n A qu incu m t here was a b ranch o f t he L ezoux w orkshop w h ich was b urn t d own b etween t he y ears 1 20-130. 5 5

We d o n o t k now w hether t he

s herd c a me f ro m a l oca l ly- made o r i mpor ted v esse l. T he r es t o f t he f ragmen ts p robab ly b e longed t o o ne v esse l. A Dragendor f f f orm 3 7 d ish was r econstruc ted f ro m t he m , t he s ides o f wh ich w ere d iv ided i n to p ane ls s ome o f w h ich c on ta ined meda l l ions p robab ly 2 i n n u mber ( f ig. 7 6 n o. 5 ) .

I n o ne o f t he meda l l ions t here i s t he h ead o f ah orse.

Another

p robab ly c a me f ro m a v esse l w ith o vo los a nd p ane ls b e low , b u t i t was n o t p oss ib le t o r econstruc t t he d ecora t ion i n d e ta i l f ro m t he f ew s urv iv ing f ragmen ts ( f ig . 7 6, n o. I ). Another sma l l f ragmen t was d ecora ted w ith o vo los ( f ig . 7 6 n o. 6 ) .

T he f ragmen ts w ere i nsu f f ic ien t f or a r econstruc t ion , a nd d id n o t

e nab le u s t o s ay where t he v esse l h ad b een made.

T he o n ly i nd ica t ion o f i t s

o r ig in was f ro m t he g enera l d es ign a nd t he f abr ic :

i t was mos t p robab ly made

a t Rhe inzabern . T he l as t f ragmen t o f t erra s ig il la ta , f ro m b ur ia l 7 , was d ecora ted w ith o vo los a nd t he h ead o f af e l ine ( f ig . 7 6, n o. 2 ). We f ind t h is t ype o f d ecorat i on o n d ishes f ro m Rhe inzabern a nd Westerndor f . A s im i lar h ead w as f ound o n af ragmen t f ro m Br iget io w ith t he s ta mp o f p ot ter ATTON I f ro m Rhe inzabernP 6 One c annot e xc lude t he p oss ib i l ity t ha t f ragmen t f ro m b ur ia l 7c ame f ro m t h is w orkshop. I ti s e v iden t f ro m t he a na lys is o f t he f rag men ts o f t erra s ig il la ta f ro m t he Rusovce c e metery t ha t t he ma jor i ty o f t he v essels w ere p roduced a t Rhe inzab ern ( graves 6 5 , 8 7 a nd s o me o ther f rag men ts ). d es ign p robab ly c a me f ro m L ezoux .

1 5

T he f rag men t w ith t he f igure-

POTTERY The p o t tery f ound w ith t he b ur ia ls s hows o n t he w ho le a u n iform c harac ter . I t i s o bv ious t ha t o n ly c er ta in t ypes o f v esse l w ere u sed f or r itua l p urposes a nd w e c anno t t here fore t e l l f ro m t he f i nds i n t he c e metery wha t t ypes w ere a ctua l ly i n d a i ly u se.

A l l t he v esse ls w ere made o n af as t r ota t ing p o t ter 's

whee l a nd f i red i n s pec ia l k i lns.

We c an d iv ide t he v esse ls f ound i n t he b ur ia ls

i n to g roups a ccord ing t o f abr ic , f orm a nd d ecora t ion . T he v esse ls o f g rey f abr ic w ith a r ough s ur face f ormed a s epara te g roup a nd t hese c an b e s ub-d iv ided i n to s evera l t ypes.

T he c o m mones t t ype i n t he

b ur ia ls was a sma l l w ide- mou thed j ar , t he n eck d ecora ted w ith g rooves w ideni ng o u t i n to a h or izon ta l r i m. T he h e igh t o f t hese p o ts w as 6 .5-9.4 cm , t he max i mu m d iameter was 9 -12.5 cm a nd t he d iameter o f t he b ase 3 -5 cm. F our c o mp lete p ots o f t h is t ype w ere f ound ( bur ia ls 5 4 , 5 9 , 9 9 a nd 1 59 ) a nd 7 f ragmen ts , 1 1 p ieces i n a l l ( f ig . 7 7, r i o. 5 , 6 , 7 ) . Bes ides t he sma l l p o ts wh ich c ou ld b e u sed f or d r ink ing , al arge u ndecora ted p ot w as f ound i n b ur ia l 1 51 ( he igh t 1 6.5 cm ) a nd i n g rave 7 2 ar im f rag men t o f as t i l l l arger p o t was f ound ( f ig . 7 7, n o. 1 ). A c o m mon f or m was t he f o lded b eaker . Two s uch v esse ls i n g rey f abr ic were f ound i n t he b ur ia ls i n Rusovce a nd i tw as e stab l ished t ha t t here a re 2 t ypes. T he b eaker f ro m b ur ia l 6 5 h ad a t a l l n arrow b ody w ith 6 i nden tat ions ( he igh t 2 6.5 cm );

t ha t f ro m b ur ia l 1 21 w as w ider , o f s pher ica l s hape ( he igh t

1 3 cm ) ( f ig . 7 7 , n os. 8 , 9 ) . The ir s tra igh t r ims w ere d ecora ted w ith l i nes. Two f ragmen ts o f s im ilar b eakers w ere f ound ( bur ia ls 11 a nd 1 61). T here was a lso a s econd t ype o f f o lded b eaker a t Rusovce a nd w e w il l d escr ibe t h is i n d eta il i n c onnect ion w ith t he f ine p o t tery . Al arge v esse l f ro m b ur ia l 9 9 o f g rey f abr ic r epresen ted a no ther t ype o f v esse l. I td i f fered c ons iderab ly f ro m t he j ugs i n i t s w ide n eck a nd i t s s pou t , a nd b y i t s r ounded h and le ( he igh t 2 1 cm ) ( f ig . 7 7 , n o. 1 0 ). Another g roup c ons isted o f v esse ls o f ay e l low f abr ic w ith a smooth s urf ace made o f f ine a l luv ia l c lay .

T he j ugs w ere t a l l w ith e gg-shaped b od ies

a nd a n arrow n eck f in ished o f f w ith a f unne ll ike r im ; w as o f ten d ecora ted w ith g rooves.

t he s tr ipl ike h and le

C er ta in v ar ia t ions i n f orm a nd s ize w ere

n ot iceab le w ith t hese j ugs , b u t t hey f or med a s ing le t ype.

F or t he c o mp lete

e xa mp les t he h e igh t o f t he j ugs v ar ied f ro m 2 2 cm t o 3 3 cm , t he d ia meter o f t he r im f ro m 5 t o 7 cm ( t hough s o me l arger j ugs w ere f ound w ith a d ia me ter o f 1 0 cm ), t he max i mu m d iameter f ro m 1 2 cm t o 1 9 cm a nd t he b ase d iameter 5 -7.6 cm. F ive o f t hese y e l low j ugs w ere p reserved ( bur ia ls 2 7 , 5 9 , 7 4 , 8 1 a nd 10 ) a nd 4 0 f ragmen ts ( f ig . 7 8 , n os. 1 , 2 ) . T o t hese w e s hou ld a dd 4 s im i lar j ugs i n r ed f abr ic , mak ing a t o ta l o f 4 9.

S ince 8 3 g raves w ere e xcava-

t ed i n t he c e me tery , i n w h ich t here w ere 4 9 j ugs , t h is t ype o f v esse l was p resen t i n 6 0% o f t he b ur ia ls : t a l l y e l low j ugs w ere t he c o mmones t t ype o f v esse l i n t he c e me tery .

1 6

A sma l l j ug f ro m b ur ia l 1 09 was u nusua l. I ta lso h ad a n e gg-shaped b ody w i th a n arrow n eck wh ich c on t inued i nto a f unnell ike s pou t ( he igh t 1 0.4 cm ) ( f ig. 7 8, n o. 4 ) .

T he j ug f ro m b ur ia l 1 60 d i f fered f ro m t he t a l l j ugs i n i t s

w ider c on ica l n eck wh ich was c on t inuous w ith t he e gg-shaped b ody o n as hor t s te m ( he igh t 1 9 cm ). Fro m t he y e l low a l luv ia l c lay sma l l d ishes w ere a lso made.

T hey were

e ither c on ica l o r h em ispher ica l i n s hape , a nd t he ir r i ms w ere r e in forced. The f ragmen ts i nd ica ted t ha t t hey w ere 3 -5 cm i n h e igh t a nd 8 cm i n d ia meter . F ive f ragmen ts o f t he y e l low c lay f abr ic w ere f ound , a nd o ne f ragmen t o f r ed c o lour ( bur ia ls 7 8 , 9 2, 12 , 13, 15 a nd 17.

O f as im i lar r ed c o lour w ere

t wo c y l indr ica l s te ms b e long ing t o sma l l p ots , t he s hape o f wh ich c ou ld n ot b e d eterm ined ( bur ia l 1 00 ).

Among t he y e l low s herds was o ne t ype w h ich was n o t

p resen t i n t he b ur ia ls b u t u ns tra t if ied f ragmen ts o f wh ich were f ound. as o-ca l led c enser ( Rauchgefass ) :

I t was

aw ide d ish w ith s lop ing s ides o n at a l l s te m

w ith r ich ly mou lded d ecora t ion o n t he s ides o f t he d ish.

T he r ims o f t he d ishes

w ere s lashed a nd b e low , o n t he s ides , w ere a t tached s im i lar ly s lashed c ordons ( t ab le V I , n o. 9 ) .

Ye l low o r g rey-ye l low f ragmen ts o f s ix d ishes made o f t h is

c lay w ere f ound. I tw as n ot p oss ib le t o r econstruct t he d ishes f rom t he f ragmen ts , b u t t he t ype i s k nown t o u s f ro m o ther s i tes. From b ur ia ls 7 8 a nd 1 07 c ame p er fora ted s herds f rom s o me k ind o f s ieve made o f y e l low c lay ( Pl. V I , n o . 6 ) .

I t was n ot p oss ib le t o e s tab l ish t he f orm

o f t he v esse l more c lose ly a nd E . Bbn is 5 7 d oes n o t q uote a ny a na log ies. Ag roup o f v esse ls made o f y e l low c lay w ith a r ed c o lour c oa t i s c onnected w ith t he y e l low f abr ic t ypes d escr ibed a bove.

T he f o lded b eaker i n y el low f abr ic

c o lour-coa ted r ed a l l o ver ( f ig . 7 7, n o. 1 2 ) was r e la ted t o t he b eakers d isc ussed a bove. Fro m b ur ia l 9 2 t here c a me a n e gg-shaped p ot w ith a h or izon ta l r im , wh ich b ore t races o f r ed c o lour-coa t ing o n av erm i l ion c lay ( f ig . 7 8, n o. 3 ) .

T here w ere t races o f s o me r ed c o lour-coa t ing o n af ragmen t o f a

g lobu lar v esse l o n as te m f ro m b ur ia l 1 29.

Af ragmen t o f av esse l o n a

n arrow f oo t-r ing f ro m b ur ia l 14 d if fered f ro m t he o ther c o lour-coa ted v esse ls i n t ha t t he b ody was d ecora ted w ith a wavy r ed l i ne. T he r ed c o lour-coa ted v esse ls w ere i m ita t ions o f t he c ost ly t erra s ig il la ta. T he s hape o f t he d ish i n g rave 7 8 was h em ispher ica l w ith a sma l l f oo t-r ing . On t he i ns ide o f t he b ase was a s ta mp w ithou t a n i nscr ip t ion i n p lan ta p ed is. I t was t he l arges t w e l l-preserved d ish i n t he c e metery ( d ia me ter 2 7 cm ). On ly f ragmen ts s urv ived o f o ther e xa mp les , wh ich s uggested t ha t t he d ishes h ad e i ther s lop ing o r v er t ica l s ides ( bur ia ls 7 5 , 9 4 , 9 6 , 1 01, 16 a nd 1 53 ). I n a dd i t ion t here w ere a f ew i nd iv idua l v esse ls o f v ar ious t ypes w h ich f ormed p ar t o f t he i nven tory o f t he b ur ia ls. T he v esse l f ro m g rave 9 0 h ad a n u nusua l o rna men ta t ion . T here was a b rown c o lour-coa t ing o ver t he y el low c lay w h ich b ore t races o f G arbo t ine a pp l ique.

T he f ragmen t o f af o lded

b eaker f ro m g rave 7 8 made o f r ed c lay w ith a s i lvery c oa t ing was d ecora ted e n b arbo t ine. I n t h is g rave t here w as f ound a f ragmen t o f ar ed g lobu lar c up w ith ah and le wh ich was much f i ner t han t he o ther v esse ls. u n ique f i nd :

ag lobu lar b eaker w ith a c on ica l n eck ;

1 7

Grave 6 5 y ie lded a

o n t he c onvex p ar t i tw as

d ecora ted b y f ine i nc is ions.

I t was v ery t h in , v ery w e l l f i red , a nd c overed

w ith a b lack s h iny c oa t ing ( f ig . 7 8, n o. 6 ) . T he s ha l low d ish f ro m g rave 9 4 was 1 7 cm i n d ia meter ( f ig . 7 8, n o. 5 ) . E . B6n is h as d iscussed t he t ype i n Pannon ia i n t he e ar l ier Ro man t imes a nd made a n a na lys is o f t he v ar ious t ypes o f v esse 1 .5 8

S he t ook a s h er s tar t ing p o in t t he p o t tery o f t he I s t c en tury b u t

f ound t ha t t hese f orms a lso c on t inued i n to t he 2 nd c en tury .

S he d iv ided t he v es-

s els a ccord ing t o t he ir f orms , n ot a ccord ing t o t he ir f abr ics. V ar ious t ypes o f v esse l f ro m t he Rusovce b ur ia ls b ear many s im i lar it ies t o t he v esse ls f ound i n t he r es t o f P annon ia. We w il l f o l low t he o rder i n wh ich w e d ea l t w ith t he v ess els f rom Rusovce. E . Bön is c a l led a sma l l g rey c up a " beaker" a nd g ave t h is n ame t o a l l t he v esse ls u p t o 1 5 cm i n h e igh t.

Th is f orm w as f a ir ly w idespread o n o ther l oca l i-

t i es a nd s he ment ions p ots o f s im i lar f orm a nd d i mens ions f rom t he s i tes i n S opron , Keszthe ly i a nd P etrone l la .5 9

The f o lded b eakers i l lus tra ted b y h er

w ere c harac ter ized b y sma l ler d i mens ions ; t hey were u sua l ly u p t o 1 2 cm i n h e igh t a nd o n ly a f ew were h igher . We f i nd among t hese b o th s hapes f ound i n Rusovce , n a me ly t he t a l l a nd t he g lobu lar b eaker . " Bon is l ooks f or t he o r ig ins o f t he f o lded b eakers among t he g lass v esse ls. I n t he e ar l ier Ro man t imes t he b eakers w ere sma l ler , a nd l a ter o n l arger o nes w ith c oarse g rey s ur faces b eca me p opu lar . T he g rey j ugs w ith s pou ts f ound a t Rusovce b ear a c lose r ese mb lance t o t he v esse ls f ound a t Carnun tu m , E isenstad t , S zo mba the ly i a nd K eszthe ly i.

6 1

We men t ioned t ha t t he mos t w ide ly d istr ibu ted t ype f ound i n t he Rusovce b ur ia ls w as t he t a l l , n arrow-necked j ug made o f y el low c lay . E . Bön is i l lus tra tes s evera l t ypes o f t hese j ugs o f w h ich s he l i sts a bou t 5 0 s im i lar v esse ls , t hus c on f ir m ing t he p opu lar ity o f t h is t ype i n t he who le o f Pannon ia 92 S im i lar j ugs w ere f ound e ven i n Nor icu m , where t hey w ere u sed i n t he 2 nd a nd 3 rd c en tur ies , a s i s d e mons tra ted b y e xa mp les q uoted b y E . S chörgend or fer .6 3 Bon is q uo tes many e xamp les o f c ensers d ecora ted i n d if feren t w ays f ound i n b ur ia ls i n Pannon ia.

S he c oncludes t ha t i ti s imposs ib le t o d a te t h is v esse l

a s i t was u sed i n d i f feren t mod if ica t ions u n t il t he e nd o f t he Ro man e ra. w ere made i n c ons iderab le q uan t it ies i n Pannon ia i n t he 2 nd c en tury .

T hey

Accord-

i ng t o A . S chörgendor fer t he c ensers w ere i n c ircu la t ion i n Aus tr ia i n t he f ron t ier a reas u p t o Carnuntu m , a nd a re f ound o n s i tes o ccup ied b y t he Ro man g arr isons. 6 4

He a ssu mes t ha t t he ir f unct ion was p robably c onnected w ith

s o me r i tua l.

T hey a re f ound i n Austr ia f ro m t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury u p

t o t he 4 th c entury . a ctua l g rave.

I n Rusovce f rag men ts o f t hese c ensers w ere f ound i n a n

We a ssu me t ha t t h is t ype o f v esse l was mos t c er ta in ly u sed f or

r i tua l p urposes , l ike t he l a mps , o r p erhaps f or b urn ing o f a ro ma t ic s ubs tances. T he c ensers w ere p robab ly p laced o ver t he g rave a f ter t he f unera l o r a t s o me s or t o f r equ ie m c e lebra t ions. We d escr ibed t he sma l l d ishes f ro m g raves 7 8 a nd 9 0 a s i m itat ions o f t erra s ig il la ta. A ,Schörgendor fer d escr ibes i m ita t ions o f t erra s ig i l la ta a s v essels , u sua l ly sma l l d ishes , c o loured r ed o n t he ir s ur face a nd l i gh t ly f i red .

T he c lay o f t hese v esse ls q u ick ly b ecame s of t i n t he e ar th a nd t hey

1 8

b egan t o f a l l a par t. 6 5 T hese c harac ter ist ics a lso a pp ly t o t he sma l l d ishes f ro m Rusovce. Bön is wr ites t ha t t he s ta mp i n p lan ta p ed is was u sed i n P annon ia f or a l onger t ime o n t he im ita t ions o f t erra s ig i l la ta t han o n t he o r ig ina l t ypes o f t hese v essels.

T h is t ype o f s ta mp was u sed b y p ot ters o f

t he 2 nd c en tury , b u t u sua l ly w ithout t he n a me o f t he maker. 66 The d ecora t ion o n t he s herd f ro m b ur ia l 9 0 c an b e d escr ibed a s e n b arbot ine. S chörgendor fer d a tes a v esse l w ith b arbo t ine o rna men t a nd a y e l low-brown c o lour-coa t t o t he i s t t o 2 nd c en tury .6 7 Bön is d escr ibes sma l l f o lded b eakers w ith a r ed c o lour-coa t a nd d ecora ted e n b arbo t ine ; h owever , s he d oes n o t d a te t he m a s t h is t ype w as u sed u n t i l t he e nd o f t he Ro man p er iod . Accord ing t o S chörgendor fer t he b arbo t ine d ecora t ion o n d r ink ing v esse ls was e spec ia l ly c o m mon i n t he l s t a nd 2 nd c entur ies , a nd b egan t o d ec l ine a t t he e nd o f t he 2 nd c entury .6 8

T he sma l l v esse l w ith t he b lack c oa t ing f ro m

b ur ia l 6 5 i s v ery s im ilar t o o ne f ound i n Aus tr ia d a ted t o t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c entury .

A . Möcsy c ons iders a s im ilar sma l l b lack v esse l f ro m a b ur ia l a t

S zo mba the ly i t o b e aw estern impor ta t ion ( t he c e me tery was d ated t o t he f irst h a l f o f t he 2 nd c en t ur y )

• 69

T h is f ine p o t , r epresen ted b y af ew v esse ls , was

p robab ly n o t manu fac tured i n Pannon ia b u t was i mpor ted f ro m t he w est . An a na lys is o f t he p ot tery f ound i n t he c e me tery a t Rusovce s hows t ha t t he g rea ter p ar t was manu fac tured i n t he l oca l workshops i n P annon ia ( t he g rey a nd y e l low f abr ics a nd t he r ed c o lour-coa ted v esse l ).

I n a dd it ion t o t hese ,

t here w ere v esse ls w h ich w ere d i f feren t i n f orm a nd f abr ic a nd wh ich c an b e c ons idered a s i mpor ts ( e .g . t he sma l l v ase f ro m b ur ia l 6 5, a nd t he v esse l f ro m b ur ia l 9 0 ). Pannon ia .

T he d a t ing o f t hese v esse ls i s b ased o n t he ir p ara l le ls f ro m

T he f orms i n g rey f abr ic ( t he c up , t he f o lded b eaker , a nd t he j ug )

r eferred t o b y Bön is c orrespond t o s im ilar v esse ls f rom a n e ar l ier Ro man e ra ; t h is means t ha t t hey b e longed t o t he 2 nd c en tury . T h is f orms t he b as is f or d a t ing t he p o t f ro m t he Rusovce b ur ia ls t o t he 2 nd c en tury . K . P öczy h as wr itten o n t he h istory a nd t he p roducts o f t he p o t tery works hops o f Aqu incu m . S o f ar s ix c en tres o f p o t tery manu facture h ave b een d isc overed i n v ar ious p laces. T he w orkshops i n Aqu incu m p roduced p ot tery f ro m t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c en tury t o t he m idd le o f t he 3 rd c en tury . Bes ides o ther t ypes t hey made sma l l d ishes i n im itat ion o f t erra s ig i l lata , c ensers , a nd t a l l j ugs o f y e l low c lay . P öczy a lso men t ions t he p ot tery f actor ies a t Br iget io wh ich w ere o pera t ing i n t he f irst h a lf o f t he 2 nd c en tury . 7° S o f ar w e h ave n o t b een a ble t o a t tr ibu te t he v esse ls f ound i n t he b ur ia ls a t Rusovce t o i nd iv idua l w orkshops , a s t h is e n ta ils s tud ies o f mater ia l a broad. I ti s q u ite p oss ib le, h owever , t ha t s o me v esse ls w ere i mpor ted f rom t he w orkshops r e ferred t o.

1 9

ORNA MENTS Most o f t he o rna men ts w ere d estroyed d ur ing c re ma t ion , a nd o n ly r e mn an ts w ere p reserved i n t he b ur ia ls. f used g lass w ere f ound . 6 9 ;

I n b ur ia ls 9 2, 9 4 a nd 1 29 p ieces o f

Af ragmen t o f ab ronze b rooch was f ound i n b ur ia l

j udg ing b y t he f ragmen t , wh ich w as p ar t o f t he s pr ing a nd b ow , i t was a

b rooch w ith a h igh f asten ing ( f ig .8 5 ,n o. 1 8). T he h igh f asten ing was c o mmon t o b rooches o f s evera l t ypes. I ti s i mposs ib le t o d a te t he b rooch p rec ise ly : M. L am iovä s ays t ha t i ti s v ery d if f icu l t t o d a te t he m c lose ly a s t hey w ere i n u se f ro m t he e nd o f t he i s t t o t he e nd o f t he 3 rd c en tur ies . S he d a ted t he f i nds f ro m S lovak ia t o t he 2 nd a nd 3 rd c en tur ies. T he f ragmen ts o f t he b rooch f ro m t he c re ma t ion c an t herefore b e d a ted t o t he 2 nd c en tury . I n b ur ia l 9 2 f rag men ts w ere f ound o f a n o rna men t made o f b ronze p la tes ; a l l t he f rag men ts s ee m t o c o me f ro m o ne o b ject. T here w ere t wo e nd-p ieces o f t he o rna men t i n t he s hape o f an arrow t ub pa nd a f ragmen t o f t ube w idened i n t he midd le ( P la te I V , n o. 7 ) .

We c an a ssu me f rom t he f ragmen ts t ha t i t

was a n o rna men ta l n eck let , w idened i n t he m idd le a nd t aper ing t o smooth e nds. No p ara l le ls a re k nown f ro m Pannon ia . I n g raves 6 8 a nd 9 4 t here w ere sma l l f ragmen ts o f b ronze p la tes. I n g rave 9 6 t here w as a c urved b ronze p late, p robab ly f ro m a s hea th ( P la te I V , n o. 8 ) . I n g rave 6 9 t here was a n o rna men ta l b ronze p la te i n t he s hape o f ar ectang le w ith v o lu tes a t e i ther e nd

( f ig . 8 5, n o.19 ) .

J udg ing f ro m t he s hape , i t was

p robab ly t he p la te f or a k ey-ho le b e long ing t o ac hest wh ich h ad b een b urned . I th ad b een s corched b u t h ad n o t me lted. 1 21 was a u n ique f ind ;

T he o pen work i ron p la te f ro m g rave

i t s c en tre was f i l led b y as tar-shaped d es ign made o f

b ronze w ire ( f ig . 8 5, n o. 2 0 ) , b u t t here w ere n o h o les f or a ny t hreads n or w ere t here e ye lets f or a f as ten ing , s o i t s s hape o r f unct ion r e ma ins u ncer ta in . t echn ique o f i t s manu fac ture s ugges ts t ha t i tc ou ld h ave c arr ied a n e na mel d ecora t ion .

2 0

T he

PLATED BOXES

I n s ome o f t he b ur ia ls f ragmen ts o f i ron p la t ing w ere f ound , p ar ts o f l ocks a nd n a i ls w h ich w ere r e mnan ts o f b urned b oxes c a l led s cr in ia. The mos t c o mp lete r e ma ins o f ab ox were t hose p reserved i n g rave 7 3 ;

t i n p la t ing f or a k ey-

h o le , t he i ns ide o f al ock , h inges f or t he l i d a nd v ar ious p ieces o f n arrow i ron b ands w h ich w ere p robab ly f ro m t he o u ts ide o f t he b ox . I t was n o t p oss ib le t o r econs truc t t he b ox f ro m t he s urv iv ing f rag men ts , b u t i t was o bv ious f ro m t he s ize o f t he b ands a nd t he k ey-ho le p la te ( 1 1 x1 0 cm ) a nd t he l eng th o f h inges ( 10 cm ) t ha t t he b ox w as c o mpara t ive ly l arge. I t was l ocked b y means o f a f a ir ly c omp l ica ted l ock . The k ey was n o t f ound b u t j udg ing b y t he c ons truc t ion o f t he l ock i th ad a s erra ted t ongue. I t was n ot p oss ib le t o a scer ta in w hether t he n arrow i ron b ands s erved t o s treng then t he c hes t o r whether t hey w ere p ure ly o rnamen ta l. I n b ur ia l 1 20 t here w ere a lso f ound i ron p la tes f ro m a w ooden b ox , n a mely at inned p la te , p robab ly f or a k ey-ho le , a n o b long-shaped t i nned p iece , p robab ly t he s pr ing f ro m a l ock , a nd h inges f ro m t he l i d . Even i n t h is c ase i t was i mposs ib le t o d eterm ine t he s ize o f t he b ox .

I ron f ragmen ts w h ich w ere

p reserved i n b ur ia ls 7 3 a nd 1 20 w ere u ndoubted ly t he r e ma ins o f wooden b oxes. T he p la tes f ro m o ther b ur ia ls d id n ot h ave s uch t yp ica l f ea tures ( par t o f al ock , p la t ing f or a k ey-ho le ) , b u t i ti s q u ite p robab le t ha t t hey c ame f ro m s cr in ia. Fro m b ur ia l 9 5 c a me f ragmen ts o f i ron b ind ings w ith r ivets i n t he c orners : t here was o ne l arger p iece wh ich mus t h ave o r ig ina l ly b een 1 cm l ong a nd a sma l ler f ragmen t o f a no ther s tr ip.

I n c re ma t ion 1 23 t here was a l arger o b-

l ong p la te ( 14 cm l ong ) wh ich d id n o t h ave r ivet h o les. I t was n o t p oss ib le t o a scer ta in t he u se o f a mass ive i ron r ing w ith 2 r ivets ( d ia m. C . 1 0 cm ), f ound i n ac rema t ion g rave.

S im i lar i ron p la tes were f ound i n b ur ia ls 1 05 a nd 7 6 ,

o n to wh ich w ere f as tened n arrow s tr ips b y means o f e ye lets. h ad n e i ther r ivet h o les n or e ye le ts f or f asten ings.

These p la tes

I t was p robab ly p ar t o f

a n i ron l ock . Ac ons iderab le n u mber o f w ooden b oxes w ith meta l p lates w ere f ound i n I n terc isa , b u t i n c on trast t o t hose f ro m Rusovce t he p la tes w ere f or t he most p ar t made o f b ronze a nd n o t i ron . A . Radnö t i a na lysed t he b ronze p lates a nd d iv ided t hem i n to s evera l g roups.

I n s o me o f t he b ur ia ls t he w ood w as a lso

p reserved , w h ich made i tp oss ib le t o a ssess t he s izes o f t he b oxes. F ro m t he w ood r ema ins a nd p la tes i tw as p oss ib le t o r econs truct t he h e igh ts a nd l eng ths o f t he b oxes b u t n o t t he w id ths.

On t he b as is o f t hese measure men ts

Radnö t i g ives t he h e igh t o f t he w ooden b oxes a s 2 2-32 cm , a nd t he ir l eng th a s 2 4-40 cm. 7 2 One c an r egard t he m a s sma l l p or tab le c hes ts w ith a n a vera ge h e igh t o f 2 5 cm a nd a n a verage l ength o f 3 0 cm.

Wooden b oxes w ere

u sua l ly f ound i n w o men 's b ur ia ls a nd j udg ing b y t he f i nds t hey u sua l ly c on ta ined t o i le t i mp le men ts a nd o rna men ts . Radnö t i d id n o t e xa m ine i n d eta i l t he i ron l ocks ; h e men t ions , h owever , t ha t t he l ocks h ad a n i n terna l s l id ing p ar t . The s erra ted k eys b e longed t o t h is t ype o f l ock . 2 1

7 3

A . S a la mon e xa m ined t he i ron p la tes f rom w ooden c hes ts f rom I n terc isa. S he i l lustra ted f ragmen ts o f t hese p la tes a nd p ar ts o f t he l ocks i n h er a r t ic le. 7 4 T he l ock f ound a t Rusovce i n b ur ia l 7 3 was mos t l ike ly c onstruc ted i n t he s ame way a s t he l ock f ound i n I n terc isa. Fragments o f i ron p la tes f ro m c re ma t ion b ur ia ls 7 3 a nd 1 20 p roved t ha t w ooden b oxes ( scr in ia ) w ith i ron l ocks a nd p la tes w ere u sed i n Rusovce c e metery .

2 2

I RON OBJECTS

I ron n a i ls o f v ary ing s izes , u sua l ly w ith a f la t h ead , were p resen t i n many c re ma t ion b ur ia ls. p er g rave.

T hey o ccurred i n c o mpara t ive ly sma l l n u mbers , 1t o 5

Among t hese t here w ere n a ils 9 -13 cm l ong wh ich w ere p robab ly

u sed f or f as ten ing t he p i le o f wood a t t he a c tua l c re ma t ion , a nd n a ils 4 -7.5 cm l ong s o me o f wh ich were u sed f or t he b u i ld ing o f t he p i le o f w ood a nd s o me o f wh ich c a me f ro m p la in wooden c hes ts i n wh ich t he a shes f ro m t he c re mat i on w ere p laced .

T he sma l ler n a i ls ( 2-3.5 cm l ong ) w ere , n o d oub t , u sed

f or t he s ame p urpose.

I ron n a i ls w ere f ound i n o ne t h ird o f t he b ur ia ls.

I ron r ivets w ith a n a verage l eng th o f 1 .5 cm , a nd w ith h em ispher ica l h eads , w ere a lso p resen t i n t hese c re mat ion b ur ia ls.

T here w ere u sua l ly 3 t o 6o f

t he m i n ag rave , d epend ing o n w ha t was l e f t o ver f ro m t he c re ma t ion a nd t i pped i nto t he p it .

I n o n ly t wo b ur ia ls was t here a l arger q uan t ity o f r ivets ,

n a me ly i n b ur ia l 6 8 where t here w ere 1 5 , a nd i n b ur ia l 9 5 where t here were 3 6. I ron r ivets w ere f ound i n 1 5 c re mat ion g raves ( 68, 6 9 , 7 4 , 9 4 , 9 5 , 9 6 , 1 07 , 12 , 1 25 , 1 26 , 1 31, 1 32, 1 41, 1 46 a nd 1 62 ). I n b ur ia l 9 4 t here was a lso f ou nd a sma l l b ronze r ivet .

We w i l l d escr ibe t he u se o f i ron r ivets i n more d eta i l

w hen a na lys ing t he i nhu ma t ions , i n wh ich r ivets w ere f ound i n c ons iderab le q uan t i t ies. On ly o ne c o mp lete i ron k n ife was f ound ( i n c re ma t ion b ur ia l 1 08 ) wh ich h ad ap o in ted b lade a nd a n i nco mp le te i ron h and le ( l eng th 1 5.5 cm ). I n b ur ia l 12 t here was a f ragmen t o f a sma l l , s tra igh t k n ife -b lade 9 cm l ong .

2 3

THE DAT ING OF THE CRE MAT ION BUR IALS

The c re ma t ion b ur ia ls i n Rusovce c e me tery f ormed r ough ly h a lf o f t he e xcava ted g raves. Exam ina t ion o f t he c re ma t ions s hows t ha t t here was a u n iform method o f b ur ia l . The r e ma ins o f t he c re mat ion were t i pped i n to a f a ir ly l arge g rave-p it , a nd s o me o f t he g rave-goods w ere p u t i n to t he b ur ia l a f terwards . Af ew g raves w ere e xcep t ions t o t h is r u le , f or e xamp le , b ur ia ls 6 5 a nd 9 0 wh ich w ere p robab ly c eno taphs , a nd b ur ia l 9 4 w h ich o bv ious ly s erved a s ap lace f or c re ma t ion . The d a t ing o f t he c re ma t ion g raves i s b ased o n t he f i nds o f t he c o ins a nd s o me t ypes o f g rave-goods wh ich a re e as ily d a ted , s uch a s l a mps , t erra s ig i ll a ta a nd p erhaps sma l l g lass v esse ls.

T he c o ins f ound i n t he b ur ia ls d a ted

f ro m A .D . 1 17-148 , i nd ica t ing t ha t t hese b ur ia ls most ly d a ted f ro m t he s econd q uar ter o f t he 2 nd c en tury .

T he c lay l a mps .w ere r epresen ted b y af ew t ypes

wh ich b e longed t o t he f irs t a nd s econd h a l f o f t he 2 nd c entury . l ata was d a ted b y t he s ta mps t o t he 2 nd c en tury . p rec ise ly t o t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury .

T he t erra s ig il-

One c an b e d a ted more

On t he s treng th o f a na logous f i nds

f ro m Pannon ia , t he sma l l g lass v esse ls a lso d a ted f ro m t he 2 nd c entury . We may c onc lude t ha t a l l t he d a tab le f i nds w ere o f t he 2 nd c en tury ; c onsequen t ly t he Rusovce c e metery c an b e d a ted t o t he 2 nd c entury A .D . T he f ash ion o f c re ma t ion c arr ied o n i n o ther c emeter ies i n Pannon ia u n t i l t he midd le o f t he 3 rd c en tury , a nd i ti s q u ite p oss ib le t ha t i nd iv idua l c re ma t ions a t Rusovce c ou ld b e f ro m t he 3 rd c en tury a l though t hey d id n o t c on ta in a ny g rave-goods wh ich w ou ld h ave e nab led u s t o d eter m ine t he ir d a te more p rec isely .

2 4

ANALYS IS OF THE I NHU MAT IONS

THE FUNERAL R ITES I nhu ma t ions i n t he Rusovce c e metery w ere c arr ied o u t i n t wo ways ; e i ther i n c onstructed t o mbs o r i n s imp le g raves . E igh t t o mbs o f b r ick o r s tone were f ound , wh ich c an b e d iv ided i nto s evera l t ypes.

F irs t t hey may b e d iv ided

i n to t he o nes made o f b r ick a nd t he o nes b u il t o f s tone ; o ne a no ther b y t he s hape o f t he G rave 2 w as

t he

t hey a lso d i f fered f ro m

r oof w h ich w as e i ther c on ica l o r f l at .

most c omp l ica ted a nd c arefu l ly c ons truc ted o f a l l. T he

l ong s ide w a l ls w ere f or med b y mor tared t egu lae , a nd t he e nd w a l ls w ere b u il t o f mor tared s tone a nd r a ised a bove t he l eve l o f t he g round. r ested o n t he m , b u i lt o f t egu lae a nd i mbr ices. u p o f l arge s quare b r icks.

A c on ica l r oof

T he b ase o f t he t o mb was made

T he o ther b r ick t o mb , n o. 4 3, h ad t he s ide wal ls

made o f b r icks a nd f ragmen ts o f t egu lae b onded w ith c lay a nd n ot w ith mor tar ; t he e nds w ere f ormed b y s ing le t egu lae a nd t he b ot to m w as c overed w ith b r icks o f v ar ious w id ths ( 28-58 cm ). I n c on trast t o t h is g rave, n u mber 4 3 h ad a f l a t r oof made o f 3s quare b r icks a nd t he ir f ragmen ts.

The c h ild 's t o mb , n o. 1,

w as a lso b u il t i n t h is way b u t o n ly t egu lae w ere u sed h ere.

There were 6 b r icks

o n t he s ides , t hree o n t he b o t to m a nd t hree more f or med t he f l a t r oo f . O ther-g rave c ha mbers w ere b u il t f ro m s tone b onded w ith mor tar o r c lay . G rave 3 9 h ad w a l ls 2 0 cm t h ick , a nd t he f l oor was made o f 4l arge b r icks. T he c on ica l r oof was made o f t egu lae a nd i mbr ices.

T he c onstruct ion o f t he

r oof was t he s a me a s t ha t o f g rave 2 , b u t t he s ide wa l ls w ere n o t r a ised ;

t he

g aps a bove t he m w ere c overed b y t egu lae wh ich i n t urn h e ld t he i mbr ices. Two o ther g raves h ad t he s a me c onstruc t ion w ith a f l at r oof . T he wa l ls o f g rave 1 3 w ere made o f s tone b onded w ith c lay a nd n o t mor tar ; r ested a f rame made o f f rag men ts o f b r icks. l arge s tone a nd 2 t egu lae.

o n t he ir e dges

T he f l oor was c overed b y a

T he f l a t r oo f w as f ormed b y t egu lae.

The s ides

o f t o mb 3 6 w ere b u il t f ro m s tone a nd f rag men ts o f b r ick b onded w ith mor tar. Around t he e dge t here was a f rame o f s tones a nd f ragmen ts o f b r icks a nd o n t h is r es ted t he r oof .

T he f l oor w as c overed b y 3o b long b r icks.

The f l a t

r oof was made o f 3b r icks a nd s ome l arge s tones. G raves 5a nd 2 0 w ere o f as imp ler t ype. T he wa l ls o f g rave 5 , j us t l ike g rave 3 6 , w ere c ons tructed o f s tone b onded w ith mor tar , a nd o n t he t op e dge t here r es ted a f ra me made o f f ragmen ts o f b r icks.

However , t here w ere n o

b r icks o n t he f l oor , a nd t he b ody l ay d irect ly o n t he s and. made o f t hree b r icks a nd a l arge s tone. s quare b r icks w ere u sed ;

T he f l a t r oof was

F or t he c ons truct ion o f t o mb 2 0 , 4

o f t hese t hree w ere s tand ing a t t he h ead a nd t he

f our th b y t he f ee t ; wha t r e ma ined o f t he s ide wa l ls was c ons truc ted o f s tone a nd c lay . T he f l oor w as f ormed b y t he n a tura l s ubso il. No th ing r e ma ined o f t he r oo f .

T here w ere s o me i nd ica t ions o f ab r ick t o mb i n g rave 2 1 : t here

w as o ne b r ick o n e i ther o f t he c ross-wa l ls b y t he h ead a nd f ee t. as im ilar a rrange men t i n t o mb 6w h ich w as d a maged . 2 5

' We a ssu me

I ti s e v iden t f ro m t h is d escr ip t ion t ha t t hree t ypes o f b r ick w ere u sed f or t he c ons truct ion o f t he t o mbs : l arge s quare b r icks ( 60 x 6 0 cm ), t egu lae ( 50 x 4 0 cm ), a nd imbr ices 4 0 cm l ong . T he b r icks u sed f or mi l itary c ons truc t ions w ere marked b y s tamps o f t he a ppropr ia te l eg ion . T hese s t amped b r icks w ere ah e lp i n d a t ing .

T he g rea ter p ar t o f b r icks u sed f or t he c ons truc t ion o f t o mbs

i n Rusovce w ere u nsta . mped. S ta mped b r icks w ere p reserved i n o n ly 3 t o mbs : i n t o mb 6 t here was a t egu la b ear ing a s tamp o f L eg io X IV . T he g rea test n u mber o f s ta mped b r icks was p reserved i n t o mb 3 6 :

o ne t egu la w i th a d a maged

s tamp ( probab ly L eg io X IV ), a nd 2 s quare b r icks marked w ith t he s ta mp o f L eg io X IV G em ina.

A s quare b r ick w ith t he s a me s t a mp w as u sed i n t o mb 4 3.

We n o te t ha t a l l t he marked b r icks b ore t he s ta mp o f L eg io X IV G em ina ;

s uch

b r icks w ere f ound i n c ons iderab le n u mbers o n t he s i te o f a Ro man b u i ld ing a t Berg l , a nd L eg io X IV G em ina was s ta t ioned i n G eru la ta u p t o t he 2 nd c en tury .7 5 Ma ter ia l f ro m o lder b u i ld ings w as p robab ly u sed f or t he c ons truct ion o f 4 th c en tury g raves , wh ich wou ld e xp la in t he o ccurrence o f s tamped b r icks i n t h is l a ter c on tex t . Or ig ina l ly t he g raves w ere s unk i n t he e ar th s o t ha t o n ly t he r oo fs w ere v is ib le o n t he s ur face. I ti s e v iden t f ro m t he d escr ip t ion a bove t hat t here w as s o me v ar ia t ion i n t he ir c ons truct ion . We a lso n ot ice a c er ta in v ar iat ion i n t he d i mens ions o f t hese t o mbs , i n t he d i mens ion o f t he t o mb p roper a nd i n t he r oof . T he l eng th o f t he g rave c hamber w as f ro m 1 55 cm t o 1 95 cm , t he w idth 3 5-55 cm a nd t he d ep th 3 0-50 cm. T he l eng ths o f t he f l at r oo fs w ere c ommensu ra te w ith t he d i mens ions o f t he t o mb ( 170-205 cm ), b u t t he c on ica l r oofs o verl apped t he t o mbs p roper o n a l l s ides ( l eng th 2 00-235 cm , w id th 9 0-95 cm ). Bur ia l i n c onstructed t o mbs w as c er ta in ly more e xpens ive t han i n o rd inary g rave-p its a nd i ti s o n ly l og ica l t o e xpec t t o f i nd i n t he m t he r ichest f i nds , b u t t he Rusovce g raves o f fered q u ite a d i f feren t p icture. Grave 2 c on ta ined a g rea t v ar iety o f g rave-goods ; t he o ccupan t , a wo man , was b ur ied w ith o rnamen ts , 6c o ins , g lass v esse ls f or t o ilet p urposes a nd p o ts. t he u nd isturbed o r ig ina l i nhu ma t ion .

I tw as o bv ious ly

Nor w as t he c h ild 's t o mb ( no. 1), i n

wh ich w ere f ound a c o in a nd t wo v esse ls , d isturbed.

T o mb 2 0 h ad n o r oof ,

b u t t he s ke leton was c o mp lete ly p reserved a nd a b ronze b rooch was i n s i tu ; c onsequen t ly w e a lso c ons ider t h is i nhu ma t ion t o h ave b een u nd isturbed . P ar t o f g rave 1 3 h ad b een d a maged b y at ree h o le wh ich h ad d estroyed t he l ower l imbs ;

t here w ere n o f inds i n t he p reserved p ar t o f t he i nhu ma t ion .

t o mb 3 9 was a lso d a maged a t t he l ower e nd ;

P ar t o f

t here r e ma ined o n ly f ragmen ts

o f t he s ku l l a nd b ones a nd i ns ign if ican t f ragmen ts o f g rave-goods.

H ere i ti s

d i f f icu l t t o d ec ide whether t he t o mb w as d amaged a nd r obbed i n Ro man t imes o r d estroyed a t al a ter p er iod. I n t he g raves men t ioned s o f ar t here w as a lways o n ly o ne p erson b ur ied . I n t o mb 3 6 t here w as a n u nda maged s keleton w ithout g rave-goods , a nd i n t he c orner o f t he g rave b y i t s f eet w ere p i led t ogether t he g rave-goods ( brace lets , ag lass v ase a nd 2 sma l l p ots ).

7 6

An e ven more c o mp l ica ted s i tua t ion w as f ound i n g rave 5 .

T here w as a

c o mp lete s keleton , a nd n ear i t s s ku l l t here w as p laced a nother s ku l l a nd t he b ones o f as econd s ke leton , a nd b y t he f ee t w ere f ound t he s ku l l a nd b ones o f at h ird s ke leton :

b es ides t he b ur ied p erson t he r e ma ins o f t wo i nhu ma t ions

w ere p laced i n t he t o mb.

On ly a b one c omb was f ound n ear t he f i rst s ke leton ,

2 6

i n a dd it ion t o a me ta l p la te b e long ing p robab ly t o a n e ar l ier b ur ia l.

I tc an b e

a ssu med i n t hese c ases ( graves 5 a nd 3 6 ) t ha t t hey w ere f am ily t o mbs. I n b oth t hese t o mbs t here w ere n o g rave-goods w ith t he most r ecen t ly b ur ied s keleton ; w e a ssu me t h is t o b e t he i n f luence o f Chr is t ian ity o n t he b ur ia l r i tes o f t he p opu lat ion .

Accord ing t o A . Radnö t i al o t o f Chr is t ians w ere b ur ied i n t he

c e mtery a tI n terc isa i n t he 4 th c en tury .

7 7

I n t he l ast t o mb ( no. 4 3 ) t he b ones

w ere p i led u p i n o ne p ar t o f t he g rave , b u t t he s ku l l a nd g if ts w ere a bsen t. One c an a ssu me t ha t t he t o mb p repared f or a f ur ther b ur ia l , t hough i ti s s urp r is ing t ha t t he s ku l l a nd g rave-goods w ere r e moved.

The p oss ib il ity r e ma ins

t ha t t he g rave m igh t h ave b een r obbed. The o r ien tat ions o f t he s ke le tons i n t he c onstructed t o mbs a nd t he ir p os it i ons d id n ot d i f fer f ro m t hose o f t he s ke letons i n t he s i mp le g rave p i ts.

I n

t o mbs 2 , 5 , 1 3, 2 0 a nd 3 9 t he s ke leton l ay w ith t he h ead t urned t owards t he n or th-wes t ;

i n t o mb 1 t he h ead was t urned w es t ;

h ead were d irected t owards t he n or th-eas t .

i n t o mb 3 6 t he b ody a nd

T he s urv iv ing s ke le tons l ay i n

a n e x tended p os it ion , a nd t he ir h ands w ere e i ther a longs ide t he b ody o r o n t he l ap ;

o n ly i n t o mb 2 0 d id t he h ands o f t he s ke leton l i e o n t he wa is t.

The b ones f ro m t he b ur ia ls w ere n o t e xa m ined a na to m ica l ly , a nd s o t he s ex o f t he p ersons b ur ied i n t he g raves .was d eterm ined b y t he g rave-goods. Aw o man w as , n o d oub t , b ur ied i n g rave 2 .

J udg ing b y t he measure men ts ,

g rave 1 was t ha t o f ac h ild. T he b rooch f ound i n g rave 2 0 i nd ica ted t ha t t he s keleton w as t ha t o f a man . T he s ke letons i n g raves 3 9 a nd 4 3 were d es troyed , a nd t here w ere n o f i nds i n g rave 1 3 where t he s ke leton was p ar t ly d estroyed . T here w ere n o c harac ter ist ic f i nds w ith t he w e l l-preserved s ke letons i n t he f am i ly g raves 5 a nd 3 6 , b u t j udg ing b y t he b ones t hey w ere women 's s ke letons. S im ilar t o mbs made o fb r ick o r o f s tone w ith r oofs o f v ar ious t ypes o f c ons truc t ion w ere e xcava ted a t s evera l Ro man s i tes i n Pannon ia. T o q uote s o me e xamp les : i n t he c e metery a t Budapes t ( Becs i u tca ) t here w ere t o mbs made o f b r icks , o f s tone s labs o r o f s tone w ith f l a t o r c on ica l r oofs made o f b r ick .

G . P arrag i p u ts t he d a te o f t he c e metery f ro m t he m idd le t o t he e nd o f

t he 4 th c en tury .7 8 A lso i n t he o ther c e me tery a t Budapest , i n Aqu incu m , t here w ere t o mbs made o f b r icks o r o f s tone s labs. 7 9 I n t he b r ick-bu i l t t o mb i n Budapest ( Bog c län i u tca ) t ogether w ith a n o n ion-shaped b rooch t here was a c o in o f Cons tan t ius I .8 0

I n S zekszärde a b r ick t o mb w ith a c on ica l r oof c on-

t a ined s im i lar o b jects. 8 1 I n T ic . ( Ro man G ors iu m ), i n t he c e metery a t Marg it te lep i t here w ere f ound t o mbs o f t ypes wh ich w ere k nown a t Rusovce : t o mbs made o fb r icks , t hose b u i l t o f s tones a nd f ragmen ts o f b r icks , c overed b y c on ica l o r f l a t r oo fs. V . L äny i d a tes t h is c e metery t o t he m idd le o f t he 4 th c entury .8 2 J . F itz d a ted t he Ro man c e metery a t C sakvär ( F lor iana ) t o t he s econd h a l f o f t he 4 th c entury ; t here w as a t o mb t here made o f b r icks w ith a f l a t r oo f. 8 3 T o s um u p , w e c an s ee t ha t t he Hungar ian s cho lars d a ted t he t o mbs b u il t i n b r ick t o t he 4 th c en tury , a nd mos t ly t o i t s s econd h a l f .

I n t he s i tes r efer-

r ed t o , a d jacen t t o mbs w ere b u i l t f ro m b r ick o r f ro m s tone w ith r oofs o f d i ff eren t c onstruct ion . T he u se o f b u i ld ing mater ia ls o r t he c ho ice o f t he s hape o f t he r oo f h ad o bv ious ly n oth ing t o d o w ith c hrono log ica l d eve lopmen t , b u t was i n f luenced b y t he amoun t a nd t he t ype o f ma ter ia l t ha t i t was p oss ib le t o o b ta in .

2 7

The o ther i nhu ma t ions w ere i n s i mp le g rave p its , o b long i n s hape , wh ich were u sua l ly n ot c onstructed i n a ny s pec ia l w ay . On ly i n r are c ases d id o ne f ind t ha t t he s ides o r t he f l oor o f t he p it w ere o fu nusua l c onstruc t ion . I n i nh u ma t ion 5 1 t he f l oor o f t he g rave was h o l lowed o u t i n t he m idd le s o t ha t a long t he l ong s ides w ere f ormed s teps r a ised 1 0 cm a bove t he b o t tom. o f g rave 5 2 was more c o mp l ica ted :

T he d es ign

t wo s teps o f h e igh ts 4 0 a nd 3 0 cm w ere d ug

a bove t he f loor a long t he l ong s ides o f t he g rave , a nd n ear t he s ou th s ide w as at h ird s tep 2 0 cm h igh .

The s teps w ere c ompara t ive ly n arrow ( 6-8 cm w ide )

a nd w ere p robab ly c overed b y w ood t o ah e igh t o f 4 0 cm , t hus f orm ing t he g rave. T he f loors o f s o me o f t he g raves w ere h o l lowed o u t l ike a d ish s o t ha t t he h ead a nd t he f ee t l ay h igher t han t he b ody ( i nhu mat ions 6 6 , 6 7 a nd 1 03 ). I n i nhu ma t ion 8 5 t he h ead was p laced h igher t han t he b ody . T he t roughl ike h o ll owed o u t f l oor o f g rave 9 was c overed b y ad ark l ayer w h ich w as p robab ly t he r e ma ins o f ab ed o f s o me o rgan ic ma t ter o n wh ich t he b ody h ad b een p laced . No t race o f wood s urv ived i n t he s andy s o i l , a nd s o t here w as n o p roof t ha t wooden c o f f ins w ere u sed , b u t t here w ere s ome i nd ica t ions t ha t t hey h ad b een p resen t i n s o me g raves. I n g rave 1 45 t here w as d ark s o i l u nder a nd b es ide t he s ke leton , p robab ly t he r e ma ins o f wood .. Around t he s ke leton t here w ere l arge i ron n a ils w ith t he ir p o in ts t owards t he b ody a nd i n t h is w ay t hey marked t he o u t l ine o f t he c of f in . T here w ere 3 l arge n a i ls n ear t he f eet , w h ich w ere s l igh t ly r a ised , p erhaps f ro m t he l i d o f t he c o f f in . E . Vägo men t ions s im i lar ly p laced n a ils i n a n i nhu ma t ion i n t he c e me tery a t Bö lcske a nd a lso t races o f a wooden c of f in .8 4 f ee t .

I n g rave 5 8 t here w ere 2 n a i ls n ear t he h ead a nd o ne n ear t he

I n g rave 1 39 t here was a l arge n a il b eh ind t he h ead a nd a s econd b y t he

f ee t b u t t here w ere n o t races o f wood . I n i nhu mat ion 2 8 t here w as a n i ron c l inch b eh ind t he h ead a nd a no ther n ear t he h ee ls. J udg ing b y t he l oca t ion o f t he n a ils i n t hese i nhu ma t ions o ne c an a ssume t ha t t hey c ame f rom c of f ins. There were d ark s tr ips a round t he s ke leton i n g rave 1 42 , most p robab ly r ema ins o f wood . J udg ing b y t he p lac ing o f t he g rave-goods i n t he g raves t here w ere n o wooden c of f ins i n t he o ther i nhu mat ions. I n g rave 5 5 t here w ere f ragmen ts o f b r icks a bove t he h ead o f t he s ke le ton The s keleton was d isturbed w ith t he s kul l u ps ide d own

a nd a lso o n i t s f ee t .

a nd t he c hest d a maged , b u t t he g rave-goods r e ma ined i n t he ir p lace. These c ircu mstances i nd ica te t ha t t he d isturbance m igh t h ave h ad s ome r i tua l s ign if icance.

T here w ere 3 l arge s tones a bove t he s ke leton i n i nhu ma t ion 8 2 ,

b u t i t was n o t u sua l t o f ind s tones i n t he i nhuma t ions.

T he p lac ing o f s tones

im med ia te ly a bove t he b ody d oes n ot n ecessar i ly i nd ica te a s ur face s tructure ; t he p oss ib il ity c anno t b e e xc luded t ha t t h is w as t he c ase a s i n t h is i nhu ma t ion . We may d iv ide t he g raves i n to t wo ma in g roups a ccord ing t o t he ir d ep th. The f irs t g roup c ons ists o f s ha l low p i ts 4 5-95 cm d eep . T hese i nhu ma t ions w ere o f ten d amaged b y p lough ing o rb y t he d igg ing o f h o les f or t rees.

I nhu ma-

t i ons o f t he s econd g roup w ere 1 00-200 cm d eep. T he a verage d ep th o f t he d eep i nhu mat ions was 1 00-145 cm , t he d eepes t p its b e ing 1 50-200 cm ( f ound i n o n ly 9 i nhu ma t ions ). Among t hese w ere t he i nhuma t ions o f men w ith b ronze b rooches ( bur ia ls 7 , 1 0 , a nd 8 4 ) a nd r ich ly f urn ished b ur ia ls o f w omen-( nos. 3 a nd 4 1).

We a re o f t he o p in ion , h owever , t ha t t he a ctua l d ep th o f t he g rave

b e low t he modern s ur face d epended o n c hanges i n t he s ur face l eve ls i n p os t2 8

Ro man t imes.

The d ep th o f t he g rave h ad n o th ing t o d o w ith t he i mpor tance

o f t he p erson b ur ied :

we b ase t h is s ta te men t o n t he f act t ha t i n h a l f o f t he

d eep i nhu ma t ions t here were n o g rave-goods o r e lse t hey c on ta ined o n ly p oor f i nds ( graves 3 3, 4 4 , 4 6 a nd 4 8 ).

T he measure men ts o f t he g raves o f b o th

t hese g roups w ere more o r l ess t he s ame ;

t he a verage l eng th was 1 80-210

cm a nd t he w id th 6 0-75 cm. I n t he sma l ler i nhu ma t ions ( 120-150 cm l ong ) w ere b ur ied c h ildren a nd y oung p eop le ( graves 2 3, 3 1, 3 4 a nd 8 5 ). I n t he o ther g raves 1 60-175 cm l ong were w o men 's s ke letons o r t hose t hat w ere f l exed ( graves 2 2 , 3 5 a nd 8 3 ).

I ti s i n terest ing t o n ote t ha t t he e x traord inary l ong

g raves 1 40 ( 235 cm ) a nd 1 44 ( 2 50 cm ) h ad u nusua l o r ien ta t ions ( nor th-south , a nd s ou th-wes t -n or th-east ). Grave 4 7 c u t i n to g rave 4 2 a nd c onsequen t ly t he p it w as e n larged . Rough ly t wo t h irds o f t he i nhu ma t ions i n t he c e metery w ere d eep g raves o f t he s econd t ype , a nd t ha t i s why t hey y ie lded v ery r ich g raveg oods. T he o r ien ta t ion o f t he s ke letons w as i n t wo b as ic d irec t ions.

3 1 s ke letons

( abou t 5 0% o f t he t o ta l ) l ay w ith t he ir h eads t o t he n or th-west . 2 1 s ke letons ( 30% ) l ay t he o ther w ay r ound , w ith t he ir h eads t o t he s ou th-east . We n oted d ev ia t ions f ro m t h is ma in a x is o n ly i n af ew c ases. F ive s keletons w ere l yi ng w ith t he ir h eads w est o r s ou th-wes t -so t ha t more t han h a lf o f t he t o ta l l ay w ith t he ir h eads t o t he w est.

F ive w ere b ur ied w ith t he ir h eads t o t he n or th ,

t hree t o t he n or th-east a nd t wo t o t he s ou th. I n af ew i nstances o ne i nhu ma t ion was s uper i mposed u pon a nother . 2 0 l ay a bove t he s ou th-eas t p ar t o f g rave 1 9 ; 1 2 cm t h ick .

Grave

b etween t he m was a l ayer o f s and

Grave 2 0 was d a ted t o t he m idd le o f t he 4 th c en tury b y ab rooch

o f t he o n ion t ype. I n g rave 1 9 t here w as d epos ited a t yp ica l g rave g roup o f t he 2 nd c entury : ay e l low f abr ic j ug a nd med iu m s ized g rey c up ; t here was a lso a sma l l b urn ished d ish o n af oo t-r ing o f at ype u sed i n t he m idd le o f t he 4 th c en tury .

Fro m t he p o ts f ound i n g rave 1 9 i ti s p oss ib le t o d ate i tt o t he f irs t

h a l f o f t he 4 th c en tury .

The t ime d i f ference b e tween g raves 1 9 a nd 2 0 was o n ly

a bou t 3 0-40 y ears. The s ou th-eas tern p ar t o f b ur ia l 4 7 c u t i n to t he n or th-west p ar t o f n o. 4 2. T he s keleton i n g rave 4 2 was p i led u p i n ah eap a nd t he p ots w ere i n s i tu ; a g rey j ug w ith s pou t a nd a sma l l d ish wh ich i s at yp ica l g rave-group f or i nhu mat i ons o f t he 4 th c entury.

I n g rave 4 7 t here was f ound a g roup o f v esse ls u sed i n

b ur ia ls , n a me ly a y e l low j ug a nd a sma l l g rey p o t ; j ug .

t here was a lso a sma l l r ed

T he q uoted i nstances g o t o s how t ha t t he u se o f t he y e l low j ug w ith t he

sma l l g rey p o t c arr ied o n a nd t ha t t he ir u se d id n o t s top i n t he 2 nd c en tury . Bur ia l 6 2 was a lso d isturbed b y al a ter i nhu ma t ion , n o. 6 3, s o t ha t o n ly t he l ower e x tre m it ies r e ma ined i n s i tu. No th ing was f ound i n t he l ower i nhu ma t ion . The f inds i n g rave 6 3 d a ted f rom t he 4 th c entury : a sma l l g rey d ish a nd i ron r ivets f ro m f ootwear . Grave 8 3 w as s i tua ted a cross t he f eet o f t he s keleton i n g rave 8 2, a nd was d isturbed b y t he l a ter b ur ia l.

Ag rey j ug w ith s pout t yp ica l

o f t he 4 th c en tury w as f ound i n b ur ia l 8 2 , a nd b ur ia l 8 3 d id n ot y ie ld a ny f inds. I nhu ma t ions 1 47-148 c an b e c ons idered a s ad oub le i nhu ma t ion s ince t he s ke letons l ay p ara l le l a nd t here w as o ne s ing le d ark f i l l i n wh ich t he o u t l ines o f s eparate g raves c ou ld n ot b e d is t ingu ished.

T he l ower s ke le ton ( no. 1 48 )

w as a t ad ep th o f 1 05 cm , a nd s ke le ton 1 47 l ay a bove i ti n ab en t p os it ion a t a

3

d epth o f 9 0 cm s o t ha t t he u pper p ar t o f t he b ody o f 1 47 w as r est ing o n t he l egs o f s ke leton 1 48.

Fro m t h is i t was o bv ious t hat s ke leton 1 48 was b ur ied

e ar l ier t han s keleton 1 47 , t hough i tw as n ot p oss ib le t o d a te t he d oub le i nhu mat i ons 1 47-148 a s t here were n o a ssoc ia ted f i nds e xcep t a n a n i ma l b one l y ing b es ide

t he l eg o f s keleton 1 48.

I n s o me i nstances i nhu ma t ions d isturbed e ar l ier b ur ia ls , t he c on ten ts o f wh ich g o t i n to t he ir f i l ls. The f i l l o f g rave 6 6 w as d ark e ar th i n wh ich t here w ere c re ma ted b ones , a nd s herds a nd a l a mp .I n i nhu ma t ion 1 03, p robab ly o f t he 4 th c en tury b y t he o n ion-shaped b rooch w h ich was f ound i n i t , t here w ere f ound , immed iate ly a bove t he s ke leton , t he r e ma ins o f ac re ma t ion ( f ragmen ts o f b urned b ones , f used g lass , p o tsherds a nd a l a mp ).

G rave 1 40 was f i l led

w ith d ark e ar th wh ich c onta ined sma l l f ragmen ts o f b urned b ones f ro m a c rema t ion , wh ich w ere a lso among t he e ar th f i l l o f g rave 1 42. S herds o f t erra s ig il la ta i n t he f i l l o f g rave 7 p robab ly c a me f ro m a n e ar l ier b ur ia l. I n i nhu ma t ions a t Rusovce t he b ody u sua l ly l ay o n i t s b ack i n a n e x tended p os it ion . T h is p os it ion was f ound i n 4 4 i nhuma t ions. I n s o me i ns tances t he s ke leton l ay o n i t s r igh t s ide w ith t he l egs r e trac ted , a nd t hese b ur ia ls d id n o t h ave t he u sua l o r ien tat ion n or th-wes t . I n g raves 2 2 , 8 3 a nd 1 47 t he h ead o f t he s keleton p o in ted s ou th-eas t , i n n o. 2 8 t he h ead p o in ted n or th , a nd i n n o. 5 7 s ou th .

I nb ur ia l 6 2 o n ly t he l ower e x trem it ies h ad s urv ived a nd t hose

w ere r e trac ted , t he h ead h av ing p robab ly b een o r ien tated s ou th-east .

T here

were n o f i nds w ith t he s ke letons i n g raves 2 2 a nd 5 7 b u t j udg ing b y t he ir s i tuat i on i n t he c e metery t hey p robab ly d a ted f ro m t he 4 th c en tury .

N o. 1 47 , w ith

n o g rave-goods , was s i tuated among t he 2 nd c en tury b ur ia ls , b u t t here w as n o d a t ing e v idence o therw ise.

Ad a maged m idd le b ronze c o in , ay e l low j ug a nd

i ron c la mps w ere f ound i n g rave 2 8.

J udg ing b y t he f i nds t h is b ur ia l c ou ld

h ave d a ted f ro m t he 3 rd c en tury . I n g rave 4 5 t he s ke leton p o in ted i n a nu nusua l d irec t ion ( nor th-east - s ou thw est ); i tl ooked a s i fi th ad b een c are less ly t hrown t here a nd t here w ere n o g rave-goods. I ti s e v iden t t ha t a n u nusua l p osture o f t he s keleton w as i n most c ases c onnec ted w ith a d if feren t d irect ion .

I n g rave 7 , t he s ke leton o f a man

l ay f ace d ownwards w ith t he l egs c rossed . T h is i nhu ma t ion c on ta ined t he f o l low ing g rave-goods : ab ronze b rooch , ag lass g ob let , a sma l l j ug , a sma l l d ish c on ta in ing t he b ones o f ab ird , ak n ife a nd a n aw l. I t was t here fore n o t t he g rave o f ap erson o f l i t t le s oc ia l s tand ing , t hrown i n c are less ly , b ecause t he b ody was b ur ied a ccord ing t o t he p reva i l ing c us to ms w ith t he r equ is ite g raveg oods. When d escr ib ing t he p os it ion o f t he b ody i n t he g rave t he p os it ion o f t he a rms s hou ld b e n oted . Mos t o f ten t he h ands w ere f ound t o b e o n t he l ap ( graves 3 , 4 , 1 0 , 1 2, 1 6, 2 3 , 2 9 , 5 1, 5 6 , 8 4 , 1 03 a nd 1 40 ) , o r o ne h and w as o n t he l ap a nd t he o ther l ay s tra igh t b es ide t he b ody ( graves 1 , 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 8 , 2 5 , 3 0 , 5 2 , 5 3 , 8 2, 8 3, 1 45 a nd 1 48 ). I n s ome i ns tances t he h ands w ere p laced o n t he wa ist ( graves 1 9 , 3 2 , 3 7 , 6 6 , 6 7 , 7 0 , 1 39 a nd 1 42 ).

O ther

s ke letons h ad o ne h and o n t he w a ist a nd t he o ther o n t he l ap ( graves 9 , 4 6 , 19 a nd 1 67 ) , o n ly r are ly w ere t he a rms s tretched o u t a longs ide t he b ody ( graves 4 1, 5 8 , 7 1 a nd 14 ). I n af ew c ases a s ke leton h ad i t s a rms o n i t s c hes t ( grave 3 5 ) o r w ith o ne a rm o n t he c hes t a nd t he o ther o n t he w a is t ( graves 3 8 a nd 4 7 ).

T he l egs w ere u sua l ly o u tstretched e xcep t f or t he men-

t i oned i ns tances o f s ke letons w ith r etrac ted l imbs. 3 0

On ly t wo s ke letons

h ad t he ir l egs c rossed b e low t he k nees ( graves 5 6 a nd 1 45 ) a nd o ne s ke leton h ad i t s l egs c rossed a t t he k nees ( grave 7 ) .

I n s o me i nhu ma t ions t he s ke le-

t ons w ere c o mp lete ly d es troyed b y t he a ct ion o f t he s o il b ut t he g rave-goods r e ma ined i n t he ir o r ig ina l p laces ( graves 1 7 , 3 1 a nd 3 4 ); i n o ther i nhu mat i ons t he s ke le tons w ere p reserved b u t t here w ere n o g rave-goods ( graves 3 3, 6 1 a nd 8 5 ) : p ersons.

t hese w ere i n most c ases b od ies o f c h ildren o r o f y oung

An u mber o f i nhu mat ions w ere d a maged b y o u ts ide i n ter ference

a nd t he s ke letons w ere o n ly p ar t ia l ly p reserved , f or i ns tance g raves 2 6 a nd 1 35.

I n g rave 4 0 o n ly h a l f o f t he s ke leton s urv ived , wh i le i n n o. 4 2 t he

b ones h ad b een d e l ibera te ly p i led u p . I n g rave 4 4 t he s ke leton l ay i n t he c orner o f t he g rave ; i n n o. 4 8 t here r e ma ined o n ly f ragmen ts o f b ones. T he s ke leton i n g rave 6 2 was d es troyed b y t he l a ter i nhu ma t ion n o. 6 3;

s im ilar ly i n

g rave 8 3 t he s ke leton was d a maged b y t he d igg ing o f g rave 8 2, a nd i n g rave 1 66 t he s ke leton was d estroyed b y at ree-ho le. I n t he c ase o f i nhu ma t ions t he s ex o f t he d ead was n o t d eter m ined a na to mi ca l ly . S o me o f t he i nhu ma t ions w ere c lass if ied a s ma le o r f e ma le o n t he b as is o f t he g rave-goods p resen t , a nd t he c h ildren 's g raves were i den t if ied b y t he ir s ize a nd t he l eng th o f t he s ke leton .

I nhu ma t ions c on ta in ing o n ion-

s haped b rooches , i ron r ivets f ro m f oo twear , i ron k n ives a nd aw ls w ere r eg arded a s t hose o f ma les. We d id n o t f i nd a ny w eapons i n t he c e metery .

When

a ssess ing t he ma le a nd f e ma le b ones w e t ook t he h e igh t o f t he s ke leton a nd t he t h ickness o f t he b ones i n to c ons idera t ion . As t yp ica l s igns o f f e ma le i nh u ma t ions w e p icked o u t v ar ious o rna men ts , e .g . n eck laces , b racelets , b one b eads , c o mbs a nd m irrors.

I n t h is way t here w ere i den t if ied 2 3 ma le i nhu ma-

t i ons , n a me ly n os 7 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 2, 1 5 , 1 8, 2 5 , 2 9 , 3 0 , 3 2 , 3 7 , 4 6 , 5 6 , 5 8, 6 3 , 6 6, 6 7 , 8 4, 1 03, 19 , 1 40 , 1 44 a nd 1 67 ;

9f e ma le i nhu ma t ions ( nos. 1 , 4 , 1 7 ,

2 1, 4 1, 5 1, 5 3 , 7 0 a nd 1 42 ) a nd 5 c h ildren ( nos. 2 3, 3 1, 3 4 , 8 5 a nd 1 02 ). Grave 3 5 w ith a b rooch was p robab ly a ma le o ne. I ti s a lso p oss ib le t ha t b ur ia l 3 was a ma le o ne a s a n i ron k n ife a nd a f o lded b eaker w as f ound t here ; h owever t here w ere a lso b race lets a nd a g lass b o t t le t here.

We c ons ider t he

s ke letons i n g raves 1 4 , 5 2 a nd 5 5 t o h ave b een f e ma le a . s t hey h ad b race lets o n t he ir a rms.

F ro m t he t o ta l o f 6 8 i nhu ma t ions i n s i mp le g raves , 3 6% w ere

ma le , 1 8% f e ma le a nd 8 % c h ildren ;

1 8% w ere i ndeterm inate a nd c on ta ined

g rave-goods a nd 2 0% w ere i nde term ina te a nd c on ta ined n o g rave-goods. T he a bove s hows t ha t more t han 2 0% o f t he i nhu ma t ions c on ta ined n o g raveg oods , t he r es t o f t he g raves b e ing f urn ished. Among t hese w e d ist ingu ish i t e ms o f d ress ( buck les , b rooches , h obna ils ) a nd o rna men ts ( brace le ts , n eckl aces , r ings ) a nd g rave-goods p roper ( co ins , g lass , p ot tery ).

I ron n a i ls a nd

c lamps w ere c onnected w ith t he c of f ins. I t e ms o f d ress w ere u sua l ly o n t he s ke leton i n t he s a me p lace a s t hey w ere n orma l ly w orn .

I n t he ma le i nhu ma t ions b ronze b rooches o f t he o n ion t ype

w ere u sua l ly t o b e f ound o n t he r igh t s hou lder .

T he c loak was f as tened o n t h is

s hou lder s o t hat t he r igh t a rm h ad f ree move men t ( graves 9 , 1 0 , 1 2 , 1 5 , 2 0 , 2 5 , 2 9 , 3 2, 1 03, 1 44 a nd 1 66 ). I n o n ly o ne i nhu ma t ion ( no. 8 4 ) w as t he b rooch f ound t o b e o n t he l e f t s hou lder .

I ti s w or th n o t ing t ha t t he men w ith t he b rooches

w ere b ur ied w ith t he h eads f ac ing n or th-wes t , s ave n o. 3 2 where t he h ead a nd b ody p o in ted s ou th-eas t .

The s ke le ton i n g rave 3 5 was o r ien ta ted w ith i t s h ead

t o t he s ou th-east a nd h ad a b ronze b rooch n ear t he r igh t a rm wh ich p roved t ha t i t was o r ig ina l ly f as tened o n t he r igh t s hou lder . 3 1

T he b ronze b uck les w ere

u sua l ly f ound l y ing n ear t he r igh t s ide o r n ear t he r igh t l eg e ven i ft wo b uck les b e longed t o t he s a me g armen t ( bur ia ls 1 2 , 3 0 , 3 1 a nd 1 40 ). On ly i n b ur ia l 3 2 where t he b ody l ay w ith t he h ead p o in t ing s outh-eas t , w ere b uck les f ound n ear t he l e f t l eg .

Buck les made o f i ron , j us t l ike t hose o f b ronze , w ere

u sed f or f asten ing b e lts a nd w ere u sua l ly f ound n ear t he r igh t l eg ( bur ia ls 1 8, 4 6 , 1 02 a nd 1 44 ). I n i nhu ma t ions i n wh ich t he s ke leton l ay w ith t he h ead p o in t ing s outh-east t here w ere f ound g roups o f i ron h obna i ls n ear t he l egs.

Dark p a tches r ema ined

i n s o me g raves , p robab ly t he r ema ins o f o rgan ic ma t ter o n wh ich t he h obna ils w ere r anged i n r ows a bove o ne a nother .

We c ons ider t hese

n a i ls t o b e t he

r e ma ins o f l ea ther f oo twear ( bur ia ls 3 7 , 5 6 , 5 8, 6 3, 6 6, 6 7 a nd 19 ). T here w ere b eads f ro m n eck laces s ca t tered a round t he n eck a nd u ndernea th t he s ku l l i n t he f e ma le i nhu ma t ions ( nos. 1 , 2 , 4 , 1 7 , 2 1, 4 1, 5 1, 7 0 , 1 42 ), a nd i n g raves 1 a nd 2 , more b eads l ay n ear t he r igh t s hou lder .

Orna men ta l

b race lets made o f b ronze a nd b one w ere f ound o n t he r igh t a nd l e f t a rms. T here w as u sua l ly o ne b race le t o n t he r igh t a rm ( graves 2 , 4 1, 5 2 a nd 5 5 ) b u t t he s ke leton i n g rave 1 4 h ad t wo. T he n u mber o f b race lets o n t he l e f t a rm v ar ied f ro m o ne t o f i ve ( graves 1 , 2 , 3 , 1 4 a nd 4 1). R ings w ere w orn b y men a nd w o men a l ike a nd w ere e ven f ound i n ac h i ld 's g rave. T he men h ad t he r ing u sua l ly o n t he r igh t h and ( bur ia ls 1 2 a nd 1 44 ), wo men w ore r ings o n e i ther h and ( bur ia ls 1 4 , 4 1, 5 3 a nd 1 42 ). t wo r ings o n e i ther h and o f t he c h ild 's s ke leton i n g rave 1 02. I ron k n ives w ere f ound i n men 's g raves.

T here w ere

T he k n ife l ay i n mos t c ases

n ear t he r igh t l eg , h av ing p robab ly b een s uspended f ro m t he b e l t ( bur ia ls 3 7 , 4 6 a nd 1 02 ). However , t hekn ife i n g rave 2 5 l ay u nder a sma l l d ish , t ha t i n g rave 3 0 was u nder t he s h in-bone t ogether w ith a b uck le a nd t he o ne i n g rave 1 44 l ay a cross t he s h in-bone t oge ther w ith c o ins. t he k n ives w ere p laced i n t he g raves s epara te ly .

I n t hese i nstances

T he k n ives w h ich w ere f ound

n ear t he l e f t l eg o r b e tween t he l egs m igh t h ave b een f as tened t o t he b e l t ( graves 4 0 , 1 03 , 3a nd 1 40 ). I n s o me c ases t he k n ives were p laced n ear t he r igh t s hou lder ( graves 3 1, 3 2 , 8 4 , 1 45 a nd 1 67 ). I n g rave 3 1 t he k n ife l ay n ear t he c h i ld 's h ead t ogether w ith a b uck le , s o ab e l t must h ave l a in t here o r ig ina l ly. T he l ocat ion o f t he c o ins i n i nhu ma t ions i s i mpor tan t . I n mos t c ases t he c o ins l ay n ear t he f ingers a t t he r igh t h and ( graves 2 , 3 , 1 0 , 1 2 , 3 0 a nd 8 4 ) o r a t t he e nd o f t he l e f t h and ( graves 1, 1 4 , 7 0 ). One c an a lso a ssu me t ha t t he c o ins f ound n ear t he p e lv ic b ones mus t o r ig ina l ly h ave b een n ear t he f ingers o f t he d ead p erson ( graves 2 9 a nd 3 2 ).

I n s o me c ases t he c o ins w ere

p laced o nthe c hes t o f t he c orpse ( graves 3 1, 3 2 a nd 1 40 ). A c ons iderab le n u mber o f t he c o ins w ere f ound n ear t he r igh t l eg o f t he s ke leton :

t hey must

h ave b een p laced i n to s o me s or t o f p ocket ( graves 9 , 1 7, 2 5 a nd 1 44 ).

I n

g rave 4 1 t he c o ins l ay n ear t he l e f t l eg a nd i n g rave 2 t hey w ere p laced a t t he e nd o f t he l egs.

I n o n ly o ne i ns tance ( grave 2 8 ) w as t he c o in f ound i n t he

mou th . I n a sma l l n u mber o f t he b ur ia ls t he c o ins l ay i n v ar ious p laces , p erh aps b ecause t hey h ad f a l len f ro m t he ir o r ig ina l p lace , e .g . i n g raves 2 a nd 1 7. I n b ur ia l 1 4 t hree c o ins l ay n ear t he r igh t s hou lder a nd two n ear t he f ingers o f t he l e f t h and , s im ilar ly i n b ur ia l 3 2 f our c o ins l ay o n t he l e f t p ar t o f t he p e lv is a nd o ne o n t he r igh t s hou lder-b lade.

3 2

F if ty-two Ro man c o ins w ere f ound i n 2 1 i nhu ma t ions.

There was n o

f ixed n umber o f c o ins wh ich o ne g ave t o t he d eceased : i n most c ases o n ly o ne c o in w as p laced i n t he g rave , a s i s b orne o u t b y 8b ur ia ls ( nos. 3 , 7 , 1 0 , 1 1, 2 8, 2 9 , 7 0 a nd 8 4 ). Two c o ins w ere f ound i n e ach o f 5i nhu ma t ions ( nos. 9 , 1 2, 1 8, 3 1 a nd 4 1) a nd t hree c o ins e ach i n g raves 1 40 a nd 1 44. F our c o ins w ere f ound i n 3b ur ia ls ( nos. 1 7, 2 5 a nd 3 0 ); f i ve c o ins e ach w ere i n g raves 1 4 a nd 3 2, a nd l ast ly s ix c o ins w ere i n g rave 2 . We c anno t s ee a ny u n if ied p a t tern i n t he p lac ing o f g lass v esse ls a s i n n ear ly e very g rave t he g lass was p ut i n ad i f feren t p lace. I n g raves 9 a nd 1 02, g lass b eakers f or d r ink ing w ere n ear t he h ead . s ide o f t he b ody . s hou lder ;

Co mmon ly t hey w ere o n t he r igh t

I n g raves 1 a nd 3 2 t he b eakers w ere f ound n ear t he r igh t

t he s ke leton i n g rave 7 l ay o n i t s f ace , b u t h ad i tl a in o n i t s b ack

t he b eaker w ou ld a lso h ave b een n ear t he r igh t s hou lder ; i n g raves 3 , 1 44 a nd 1 67 t he v esse ls w ere n ear t he r igh t e lbow , i n g rave 1 03 n ear t he r igh t t h igh , a nd i n g rave 2 1 b y t he e nd o f t he r igh t l eg .

I n g rave 5 1 t he b eaker was a t t he

l e f t s ide o f t he s ke leton n ear t he t h igh , i n g raves 1 2 a nd 5 3 a t t he e nd o f t he l e f t l eg , a nd b etween t he l egs i n b ur ia l 3 0. The o n ly sma l l g lass j ug t ha t was f ound l ay o n t he r igh t t h igh b one i n g rave 1 , a nd a c up i n i nhu ma t ion 1 5 was a t t he f eet o f t he s ke le ton .

G lass t o ilet b o t t les w ere p laced i n d if feren t s po ts :

n ear t he l e f t l eg ( graves 4 a nd 5 3 ), b etween t he l egs ( no. 3 ) n ear t he r igh t a rm ( no. 1 44 ) , a nd n ear t he l ef t a rm ( no. 2 ) .

A s econd g lass b ot t le i n n o. 2 l ay i n

t he c orner o f t he g rave. Pots o f v ar ious t ypes a nd s hapes w ere f ound a t Rusovce i n g rea t n u mbers. When we e xam ine t he l oca t ion o f v esse ls i n t he i nhu ma t ions we h ave t o c ons ider t he t ypes a nd t he c o mb ina t ions o f t hese t ypes. a t v ar ious p laces.

P o ts were l oca ted i n t he g raves

7 5% o f t he v esse ls w ere f ound n ear t he l egs o f t he s ke le ton ,

1 5% n ear t he a r ms a nd 1 0% n ear t he h ead o r t he t runk . The p lac ing o f t he v esse ls n ear t he l egs c an b e s ubd iv ided t hus : n ear t he f eet , 9v esse ls ; n ear t he r igh t f oo t , 1 0 v esse ls ; 1 2 v esse ls ;

n ear t he l ef t f oot , 1 7 v esse ls ;

n ear t he l ef t l eg , 3v esse ls ;

v esse ls n ear t he a rms were p laced t hus : n ear t he r igh t a rm , 1v esse l ; e lbow , 2v esse ls.

n ear t he r igh t l eg ,

a nd n ear t he k nees , 2v essels.

The

n ear t he r igh t s hou lder , 6v esse ls ;

n ear t he l e f t s hou lder , 3v esse ls ;

n ear t he l ef t

N ear t he h ead t here w ere 3 v esse ls , o n t he c hes t t here was

o ne a nd n ear t he p e lv is t here w ere 2 v esse ls. Equa l ly impor tan t i s t he q ues t ion o f wha t t ypes o f v esse l w ere u sed f or r i tua l p urposes.

T he o nes t ha t o ccurred mos t o f ten were s ets o f g rey p ots ,

c ons is t ing o f aj ug w ith s pou t , aj ug o r sma l l j ug f or d r inks a nd a f l a t d ish w ith f ood .

T he s e t o f aj ug w ith s pou t a nd a d ish was f ound i n 5g raves ( nos. 1 , 7 ,

1 0 , 1 8 a nd 2 1 ), t he j ug a nd d ish i n 2g raves ( nos. 1 4 a nd 5 3 ), a nd a f o lded b eaker w ith a d ish was f ound i n 2g raves ( nos. 3 a nd 9 ) . I n g rave 5 2 t here was ac o mp le te s e t : aj ug w ith s pou t , a smal l j ug a nd a d ish . T he s et o f g rey c eram ics w as f ound i n 1 5 g raves. I n af ur ther 9 i nhu ma t ions m ixed s ets w ere f ound , n a mely a g rey v esse l a nd o ne o f ad i f feren t f abr ic , f or i nstance , ag rey d ish a nd a r ed j ug ( grave 2 ) , ag rey d ish a nd a sma l l c o lour-coa ted j ug ( grave 3 1) , o r ac o lour-coa ted d ish a nd a g rey j ug ( grave 2 5 ).

I n t hose b ur ia ls i n wh ich t here was a no ther

p o t tery v esse l i n a dd it ion t o t he b as ic r itua l s et , t here was u sua l ly a g lazed d ecora ted v esse l ( graves 1 , 1 8, 2 1 a nd 2 9 ).

3 3

With t he v esse ls w ere a lso c onnected t he r e ma ins o f f ood , s pec if ica l ly mea t , i n i nhu ma t ions. T here w ere o n o ccas ions b ird b ones , p robab ly c h icken , o n f l a t d ishes. A sma l l d ish c on ta in ing t he b ones o f b irds was f ound i n g raves 1 7 a nd 1 44 n ear t he r igh t l eg , i n n o. 7b y t he k nees , a nd i n n o. 1 4 u nder t he s o le o f t he l e f t f oo t.

I n t he f o l low ing b ur ia ls t he b ird-bones w ere

p reserved w ithout t he d ish a nd w ere f ound i n v ar ious p laces : i n g raves 9 a nd 1 42 t hey w ere o n t he c hes t o f t he s ke leton , i n g rave 1 40 n ear t he l e f t a rm , i n n o. 3 0 i n t he l ef t h and a nd l ast ly i n g raves 1 0 a nd 4 1 o n t he p e lv is. A s w as p o in ted o u t e ar l ier , t he b ody g enera l ly l ay w ith t he h ead p o in t ing n or th-west . Another g roup c ons isted o f t hose i nhu ma t ions i n wh ich t he b ody l ay w ith t he h ead p o in t ing s ou th-east . Amongst t hese , b ur ia l 3 2 c on ta ined f inds wh ich u sua l ly a cco mpan ied s ke le tons o r ien ta ted n or th-west ( an o n ions haped b rooch , Ro man c o ins ), s o t hat i td id n o t b e long t o t he i nhu ma t ions o f t h is " sou th-eastern" g roup.

S o me o f t he b ur ia ls where t he s ke le ton was

p o in ted s ou th-east w ere u n furn ished ( nos. 2 2, 6 1, 6 2 , 8 3, 8 5 , 1 47 a nd 1 48 ). I ti s i n teres t ing t o n o te t ha t b o th t he d oub le b ur ia ls f ound i n t he c e me tery c ont a ined s keletons w ith t he ir h eads p o in t ing s ou th-eas t ( bur ia ls 6 2-63 a nd 1 47-148 ). S ke letons o f t h is g roup w ere o f ten b ad ly p reserved , t he ir a verage h e igh t w as 1 50-155 cm , a nd s o me o f t he m , i n c on tras t t o t he s ke letons wh ich w ere n or th-west o r ien tated , h ad t he ir l egs C rossed ( nos. 2 2, 8 3 a nd 1 47 ). Mos t o f t he g raves w ere 8 0-100 cm d eep , a nd c onsequen t ly t hey b e longed t o t he g roup o f s ha l low i nhu ma t ions. T he i nven tor ies o f t hese i nhuma t ions s how c er ta in p ecu l iar it ies. I ron h obn a i ls f ro m f ootwear were f ound n ear t he l egs ( bur ia ls 3 7 , 5 6 , 5 8 , 6 3, 6 6 , 6 7 a nd 19 ).

T he o n ly k nee-brooch was f ound i n g rave 3 5, wh ich d ates t h is i n-

h u ma t ion t o t he 3 rd c en tury .

On ly i n b ur ia ls w ith t h is o r ien ta t ion w ere f ound

t he g rey c ups a nd t he ma jor ity o f t he y e llow j ugs t ha t c ame f rom 2 nd c en tury b ur ia ls. Y e l low j ugs w ere a lso f ound i n b ur ia ls w ith t he n or th-sou th a nd n or th-east - s ou th-wes t o r ien tat ion ( bur ia ls 2 8 a nd 1 39 ). We c ons ider t ha t t he d i f feren t o r ien ta t ion o f t he s ke leton a nd t he c haracter is t ic g rave-goods j ust ify t he c lass if ica t ion o f t hese i nhu ma t ions a s as eparate g roup .

Withou t

f ur ther e v idence i ti s i mposs ib le t o d ec ide w hether i n t hese w ere g raves o f a d i f feren t e thn ic g roup o r whether t he v ar ia t ion o f b ur ia l r i tes w as c aused b y c hrono log ica l d if ferences. I ti s q u ite p oss ib le t ha t t h is g roup o f b ur ia ls d a ted f ro m t he 3 rd c en tury , ad a te wh ich w ou ld b e b orne o u t b y t he b rooch f ro m g rave 3 5.

3 4

GLASS

More g lass v esse ls w ere f ound i n t he i nhu ma t ions t han i n t he c re ma t ions , t hough o n ly a f ew c o mp lete v esse ls w ere p reserved. The ma jor ity o f t he t h ins ided b eakers h ad b een c rushed b y t he w e igh t o f t he s o il. I n t he b ur ia ls we f ound 2 4 g lass v esse ls o f v ar ious t ypes a nd i n 3g raves t here w ere f ragmen ts o f v esse ls o fu ncer ta in f orm. H a l f o f t he s urv iv ing v esse ls w ere d r ink ing c ups made o f t h in g lass u sua l ly o f ag reen c o lour. H ere w e c an d ist ingu ish 3 b as ic t ypes : at a l l c on ica l c up , a sma l ler c y l indr ica l c up a nd a w ider h em ispher ica l c up. T he t a l l c on ica l c ups w ere r epresen ted b y 7s pec i mens , a nd w ere f ur ther d iv ided i n to s ub-groups. A c o mp lete ly s tra igh t-s ided c up o f c on ica l s hape w ith a s tra igh t e dge was f ound i n g rave 1 67 ( he igh t 8 cm ) ; t he s ame t ype b u t w ith a s l igh t ly o u t-turned r im c a me f ro m g rave 1 02 ( he igh t 1 0.5 • cm ; f ig .73,no. 6 ). O ther c on ica l c ups ( graves 1 03 a nd 1 44 ) w ere o n sma l l f oo t-r ings ( he igh ts 1 0.5 cm , 1.5 cm : f ig . 7 3, n o. 7) . Fragmen ts o f as im i lar c up w ere i n g rave 3 0 ( he igh t c . 1 cm ). T he c up f ro m g rave 9 d if fered f ro m t he p rev ious c ups b y i t s a l most c y l indr ica l ly-shaped b ody wh ich f l owed i n to o ne w ith i t s sma l l f oo t-r ing , t he r im b e ing o u t-turned ( 11.5 cm ;

f i g . 7 3, n o. 8 ). The c ups

f ro m g raves 2 1 a nd 3 2 were b roken a nd i t was imposs ib le t o d eterm ine t he ir s hape more p rec ise ly . As c an b e s een , t he t a l l d r ink ing c ups w ere a l l a pp rox i ma te ly 1 0.5-11.5 cm h igh. T he c up f ro m g rave 5 3 ( f ig. 7 4, n o. 1 ) d i f fered c ons iderab ly f ro m t he u ndecorated c ups j us t d escr ibed. I t was a c on ica l c up o n a sma l l f oo t-r ing w ith a s tra igh t r im , d ecora ted w ith d iagona l f l u t ing , a nd i t was h igher t han t he o thers ( 14 cm ). A c o mp lete c up o f t he s econd t ype was f ound i n g rave 1 .

I t was a c y l indr ica l

v esse l w ith a s tra igh t r im a nd r ounded b o t to m ( he ight 8 .2 cm ;

f ig . 7 3, n o. 3 ).

The c up f ro m g rave 3 ( wh ich w as r econstruc ted ) was o f t he s ame s hape ( he igh t 8 .2 cm ;

f i g . 7 3 , n o. 4 ).

T o t he t h ird t ype was c ups o f h em ispher ica l s hape.

T he b es t p reserved e xamp le w as f ro m g rave 1 5 , w ith a n o u t-turned r im ( he igh t 7 cm ) , a nd a s im i lar c up c ame f ro m g rave 1 2 ( he igh t 7 .7 cm ;

f i g . 7 3, n o. 5 ) .

We c an a ssume t ha t t he g lass f ragmen ts f ound i n g raves 7 a nd 5 1 b e longed t o t h is t ype o f v esse l. Ano ther c o m mon t ype o f g lass v esse l was t he u nguen tar iu m , o f wh ich t here were s ome v ar ia t ions i n s hape.

Two sma l l t mguen tar ia f ro m g rave 2 h ad

h em ispher ica l b od ies w ith f l a ttened b ases , a nd t he r im o f o ne was w idened i n af unnel-l ike f ash ion ( he igh ts 8 cm a nd 1 0 cm ; f ig . 7 3, n o. 1 ; f ig . 7 2, n o. 1 ). An u nguen tar iu m o f s im ilar s hape c a me f ro m g rave 1 44 ( he igh t C . 7 cm ). T he e xamp le f ro m g rave 5 3 d i f fered f ro m t hese i n i t s a sym metr ica l ly w idened r im ( he igh t 8 cm ; f i g . 7 2, n o. 1 0). T he u nguen tar iu m f ro m g rave 3 h ad a s pher ica l b ody a nd a s l igh t ly b en t n eck w ith a r e in forced r im ( he igh t 7 .5 cm ; f ig . 7 2, n o . 9 ) . 7 -10 cm.

T h is s urvey s hows t ha t t he h e igh t o f t he u nguen tar ia was

V essels o f t h is s ize w ere u sed f or p er fu mes o r t o ilet o i ls.

T here

was a s l igh t ly l arger b o t t le f ro m g rave 4 wh ich was b roken ; i t s l ower p ar t was c on ica l , t he b ase was p ressed i n a nd t he r im f unne ll ike ; a s i t was

3 5

b roken t he h e igh t c ou ld n ot b e d eterm ined e xact ly ( approx . 1 cm ). I t was p robab ly f i l led w ith o i l ( f ig . 7 3, n o. 2 ). F ro m g rave 5 2 c a me a b roken b ot t le o f wh ich n o th ing r e ma ined b u t t he n eck w i th a t urned-ou t r i m. J udg ing b y t he f rag men t , t h is v esse l was b igger t han t hose u sed f or o i l a nd w as p robab ly p ar t o f ad r ink ing s et . O ther t ypes o f g lass v essel w ere r epresen ted b y s ing le e xamp les. A sma l l v ase w ith a s pher ica l b ody , a nd a l ow n eck w ith a t urned-ou t r i m made o f r ough g reen g lass was p reserved i n g rave 3 6 ( he igh t 3 .5 cm ; 2 ) .

I tp robab ly b e longed t o at o i let s e t.

f ig . 7 4, n o.

T he mos t b eau t ifu l g lass f ind f ro m

t he Rusovce b ur ia ls w as t he j ug f ro m g rave 1 ( f ig . 7 4, n o.3 ) .

I t was r e mark-

a b le n o t o n ly f or i t s p ropor t ions b u t a lso f or i t s d ecora t ion. T he e gg-shaped b ody was d ecora ted w i th s p ira l t ra i ls a nd a t t he p o in t where t he b ody j o ined t he n eck t here was a d ecora t ive c o l lar .

A s im i lar d ecora t ion f ormed t he r im o f

t he j ug , t he f oot-r ing was f or med b y as tar-shaped d ecora t ion a nd t he e longa ted h and le was d ecora ted w ith g rooves. T he v esse l w as made o f y e l low g lass a nd t he d ecora t ions w ere i n g reen g lass ( he igh t 1 2 cm ).

The j ug t o-

g ether w ith a c up f ormed a d r ink ing s e t o f h igh q ua l ity . The g lass v esse ls i n t he Rusovce b ur ia ls c an b e d iv ided i n to t wo g roups a ccord ing t o t he ir u se : v essels f or t o i let p urposes a nd t hose f or d r ink ing . Unguen tar ia f or s tor ing o i l w ere f ound i n b ur ia ls a s e ar ly a s t he 2 nd c en tury . Tha t t hese u nguen tar ia w ith t he ir s hape u na l tered w ere u sed a lso i n t he 4 th c en tury was p roved b y t he f inds f ro m t he c e meter ies i n Pannon ia.

A . Radnö t i

wr ites when d escr ib ing t he f inds i n I n terc isa t ha t t he u nguen tar ia o ccurred i n t he 4 th c entury g raves.

T h is a u thor n a med t hese v esse ls ' unguen tar ia o f t he

e astern t ype '. 8 5 I n H ungary d r ink ing c ups w ere v ery f requen t ly f ound among t he g raveg oods i n i nhu ma t ions o f t he 4 th c en tury . f i nds f ro m t he l arger s i tes.

We c an s ee t h is when s tudy ing t he

A . Radnö t i p o in ted o u t t ha t a t I n terc isa i n t he i nhu ma t ions o f t he 4 th c en tu ry t here was a v ery c o m mon t ype o f v esse l , n a me ly t he c on ica l c up wh ich k ep t c ropp ing u p i n many v ar ia t ions. Among t hese w ere s l im c on ica l ly s haped c ups a nd t hose o f a l most c y l indr ica l s hape.

As a s econd t ype o f

c up f ound i n g raves o f t he 4 th c en tury t h is a u thor q uo tes a s a n e xamp le a h em ispher ica l v esse l. I n h is o p in ion t he i mpor t ing o f g lass f ro m t he e ast e nded i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he 3 rd c en tury . p eak i n t he f i rst h a l f o f t he 4 th c entury .

Wes tern i mpor ts r eached a

T hese a r tefac ts w ere c arr ied o n

t he Danube t o Pannon ia ma in ly f ro m t he g lass- manu fac tur ing c en tres i n t he Rh ine land .8 6 P ara l lels w ith a l l t he v ar ious t ypes o f t a l l c ups f ro m Rusovce a lso o ccur i n t he c eme ter ies a t S ägvär : s tra igh t-s ided c ups , a nd c ups o n a s hor t s te m. 8 7 T he c ups f ro m S ägvär w ere most ly made f ro m g reen g lass. H ere w e a lso s ee t he p aral le l f or t he h em ispher ica l c up f ro m Rusovce , w h ich s hows t ha t t h is t ype o f v esse l f ormed p ar t o f t he n orma l f urn ish ings o f t he l a te Ro man i nhu ma t ions 8 8 L . Barköcz i p o in ts o ut t ha t t he S a a gvä ,r c e metery y ie lded s o me f ine g lass : v ar ious t ypes o f j ugs , b ot t les a nd c on ica l c ups. Accord ing t o h im t hese t ypes f l our ished i n P annon ia b etween t he y ears 3 203 75.

T he v esse ls w ere met icu lous ly made f ro m g lass wh ich was e i ther

c o lour less o r g reen ish , b o th t ypes h av ing v ery t h in wa l ls.

T he q ua l ity o f

manufacture d eter iora ted i n t he l a t ter p ar t o f t he 4 th c entury , t he s ides o f

3 6

t he v essels b eco m ing r ough a nd t he c o lour b eco m ing g reen o r b lue.

8 9

Cups s im i lar t o t hose f ro m Rusovce w ere a lso f ound n o t o n ly i n P annon ia b u t a lso i n t he a rea o f t he ir manu facture.

0 . Doppe lfe ld men t ions a c on ica l

c up f ro m t he c o l lect ion i n Co logne a nd d a tes i ti t o t he 4 th c entury . 9 ° He p o in ts o u t t ha t s ide b y s ide w i th t he s imp le c ups e i ther w ith o r w ithou t f ootr ings , t here w ere a lso h em ispher ica l d r ink ing c ups.

The y e l low-green g lass c up

w ith d ecora ted s ides f ound i n g rave 5 3 a t Rusovce was v ery s im i lar t o t he v esse ls o f t he 5 th c en tury a nd w as p robab ly o ne o f t he e ar l ies t p roduc ts o f t h is t ype. The j ug w ith t he mou lded d ecora t ion f ro m g rave 1 was p robab ly n o t t he o n ly e xamp le f ro m Pannon ia.

J ugs o f t h is t ype were a lso f ound i n o ther c e me-

t er ies , b ut t hey were n o t s o r ich ly d ecora ted. f ound a t I n terc isa ;

A s im i lar ly s haped j ug was

t he b ody a nd h and le w ere d ecora ted b y g rooves , b u t i td id

h ave a ny d ecora t ion o n t he n eck .

A . Radnö t i c ons iders t h is t ype o f j ug t o b e

o f w estern t ype , o ccurr ing w ide ly i n G au l a nd G ermany .9 1

A . Burger

q uo tes j ugs o f t h is t ype among t he f inds o f g lass f ro m S ä .gvär . T hese v esse ls w ere d ecora ted w ith s p ira l t ra i ls l ike t he Rusovce j ug , b ut i tl acked t he o ther d ecora t ion .9 2

Fro m t he e xa mp les q uo ted , t he Rusovce j ug c an b e c ons idered

t o c o me f ro m a wes tern w orkshop a nd i s t yp ica l o f t he 4 th c en tury . T h is i den t if icat ion i s b ased o n g lass v esse ls manu factured i n t he Rh ineland q uoted b y 0 . Doppe l fe ld i n h is w ork . T he method o f d ecora t ing g lass v essels w ith s p ira l t ra ils was u sed f ro m t he s econd c en tury , a nd i n t he 4 th c entury more s ubs tan t ia l mou lded d ecora t ions w ere a dded 9 3 .A ccord ing t o t ha t a uthor t here were t wo p ara l le l t rends : o ne was t he i ncreas ing ly w idespread u se o f g lass v esse ls , t he o ther v ar ia t ion i n q ua l ity o f t hose v essels. There was a lready a g rea t d if ference i n t he 4 th c en tury b e tween c heap v esse ls d es igned f or d a i ly u se a nd o b jets d 'ar t made o f g lass. 9 4 The j ug f ro m g rave 1 a t Rusovce was i n t he s ty le o f t he 4 th c en tury , when r ich ly d ecora ted v esse ls were v ery p opu lar . T he d a t ing o f i nd iv idua l t ypes o f g lass v esse l i s c on f irmed b y Ro man c o ins wh ich w ere f ound i n t he s a me g raves.

T he sma l l u nguen tar ia i n g rave 2 w ere

a ccompan ied b y c o ins o f Constan t ine Ia nd h is s ons ( 306-350 ), a nd i n g rave 3 b y ac o in o f C ons tan t ine I( 306-337 ), wh ich d a tes b o th b ur ia ls t o t he 4 th c en tury. The l a tes t c o in a cco mpany ing t he b o t t le i n g rave 1 44 was o ne o f Cons tan t ius I ( 337-361), w h ich d a tes t he g rave t o t he s econd h a l f o f t he 4 th c en tury. t ing o f t he b eakers was a lso b ased o n t he a ssoc ia ted c o ins.

T he d a-

The e ar l ies t f orm

i s t he c y l indr ica l c up f ro m g rave 9 , d a ted b y t he c o ins o f G a ler ius Max im ianus ( 305-311) t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he 4 th c en tury . At al c on ica l c up f rom g rave 3 0 d a ted , a ccord ing t o t he a ssoc ia ted c o ins o f Constan t ius I ( 337-361 ), t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he 4 th c en tury . A lso d a t ing f ro m t he s econd h a l f o f t he 4 th c en tury was a h em ispher ica l c up f ro m g rave 1 2, f ound w ith a c o in o f V a lens ( 364-378 ). We d o n o t k now t he f orm o f t he b roken v esse l f rom g rave 3 2 , b u t a ccord ing t o t he c o in o f Va ler ius S everus w ith wh ich i t was f ound ( 305-307 ) i t mus t h ave s t il l h ave b een i n u se a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he 4 th c entury .

3 7

No . 1 .

Emperor

Da te

D eno m inat ion

Reverse l egend

Max im ianus Hereu l ius

2 86-305

AE2

S ACR. MONET . AUGG.

No .

Cohen

Grave n u mber

AQS-Aqu i lea

M in t

V I. 5 04

1 0

P -C, o r PLC-

V I I. 1 20

2 9

ET CAESS NOSTR. 2

Cons tan t ius Ch lorus

2 92-306

AEI

GEN IO POPUL I RO MAN I

L ugdunu m?

r

3

Va ler ia

2 92-315

AE2

VENER I V ICTR IC I U

1

HT

4

V a le r ius S everus

3 05-307

AE2

GEN IC ) POPUL I RO MAN I

1

SMSD

V I I. 2

3 2

V I I. 2 8

3 2

5

Ga ler ius Max im ianus

3 05-311

AE2

GEN IO POPUL I RO MAN I

1

QS- Aqu i lea

V II.87

6

Ga ler ius Max im ianus

3 05-311

AE2

S ACR MONETT AUGG ET CAESS

1

I l leg ib le

V 11.188

7

Cons tan t ine I

3 06-337

AE3

( GLOR IA EXERC ITUS? )

1

SMA ?

V II. 2 45

9 9 1 44

8

Cons tan t ine I

3 06-337

AE3

GLOR IA EXERC ITUS

1

rs i s -S isc ia

VI. 2 45

1 4

9

Cons tan t ine I

3 06-337

AE3

GLOR IA EXERC ITUS

1

I l leg ib le

V I I. 2 53

1 4

1 0

Cons tan t ine I

3 06-337

AE3

GLOR IA EXERC ITUS

1

SMTSA-Thessa lon ica V I I.254

1 1

Cons tan t ine I

3 06-337

AE3

I OV I CONSERVATOR I A

1

S IS-S isc ia

Cohen I V 1.335

1 7

1 2

Cons tan t ine I

3 06-337

AE3

S OL I I NV ICTO CO M IT I

1

TA

V I I. 5 36

1 7

1 3

Cons tan t ine I

3 06-337

AE3

S OL I I NV ICTO CO M IT I

1

V I I. 5 19

1 4

Cons tan t ine I

3 06-337

AE3

S OL I I NV ICTO CO M ET '

1

V I I. 5 30

3 2

1 5

Cons tan t ine I

3 06-337

AE3

D N CONSTANT INUS MAX

1

V I I. 1 23

1 40

V II. 1 23

1 40

3 2

1 6

Cons tan t ine I

3 06-337

AE3

TS

rw -

AUG VOT XX

Thessa lon ica

D N CONSTANT INUS MAX

AS IS-S isc ia

1 4

3

AUG VOT XX 1 7

Cons tan t ine I

3 06-337

1 8

Cons tan t ine I

3 06-337

1 9

2 0

Cons tan t ine I

Cons tan t ine I

3 06-337

3 06-337

AE3 AE3

AE3

AE3

-- VOT PR

TT-T ic inu m

VH. 6 40

0 : CONSTANT INOPOL IS

CONOB

V I.21

R : w ithou t l egend

Cons tan t inop le

C o : CONSTANT INOPOL IS

CONS B

R : w ithou t l egend

Cons tan t inop le

V I I. 2 1

0 : URNS RO MA

SMHA Herac lea

V I I. 1 7

I l leg ib le

VH. 1 7

2

1 4

2

R : w ithou t l egend 2 1

Cons tan t ine I

3 06-337

AE3

0 : URBS RO MA

3 0

R : w ithou t l egend 2 2

Cons tan t ine I

3 06-337

AE?

w ithou t l egend

1

SMIS?

V I I. 7 60

2 3

He lena

3 06-328

AE3

PAX PUBL ICA ?

1

I l leg ib le

V II. 4

2

2 4

L ic in ius I

3 07-323

AE2

GEN IO IMPERATOR IS

T ITA ?

V I I. 4 3

2 5

2 5

L ic in ius I

3 07-323

AE2

I OV I CONSERVATOR '

1

SMTS-Thessa lon ica

V II. 7 8

1 7

3 0

2 6

L ic in ius I

3 07-323

AE3

I OV I CONSERVATOR '

1

S IS-S isc ia

V I I. 6 7

1 7

2 7

L ic in ius I

3 07-323

AE3

I OV I CONSERVATOR ' A

1

S IS-S isc ia

V I I. 7 6

2 5

2 8

L ic in ius I

3 07-323

AE3

I OV I CONSERVATOR ' A

S IS-S isc ia

V I I. 7 6

2 5

2 9

L ic in ius I

3 07-323

AE3

I OV I CONSERVATOR ' A

1

S IS-S isc ia

V I I. 7 3

3 1

3 0

L ic in ius I

3 07-323

AE3

I OV I CONSERVATOR ' E

1

S IS-S isc ia

V I I. 8 6

3 2

3 1

L ic in ius I

3 07-323

AE3

I OV I CONSERVATOR S E ,

1

S IS-S isc ia

V I I. 6 7?

8 4

S IS-S isc ia

V I I. 1 93

2 5

AUGG NN 3 2

L ic in ius I

3 07-323

AE3

V IRTUS EXERC IT VOT XX

3 3

De l ma t ius

3 35-337

AE3

GLOR IA EXERC ITUS

1

AS IS-S isc ia

V I I. 1

1 4

3 4

Cons tan t ine H

3 35-340

AE3

CLAR ITAS RE IPUBL ICAE

1

A S IS-S isc ia

V I I. 5 7

3 1

3 5

Cons tan t ine I

3 35-340

AE3

GLOR IA EXERC ITUS

1

SMKS-Cyz icus

V I I.122

2

3 6

Cons tan t ine I

3 35-340

AE3

GLOR IA EXERC ITUS

1

SMNS-N ieo med ia

V II. 1 22

2

3 7

Cons tan t ine 1

3 35-340

AE3

PROV IDENT IAE CAESS

3 8

Cons tans

3 35-350

AE3

FE L TE MP REPARAT IO

1

ES IS-S isc ia

V I I. 1 63

7 0

S IS-S isc ia

V I I. 2 2

4 1 4 1

3 9

Cons tans

3 35-350

AE3

FEL TE MP REPARAT IO

1

S A

V II. 1 0

4 0

Cons tans

3 35-350

AE3

GLOR IA EXERC ITUS

1

AS IS-S isc ia

V II. 4 8

4 1

Cons tans

3 35-350

AE3

GLOR IA EXERC ITUS

1

AS IS-S i sc ia

V I I. 7 3

1 44

4 2

Cr ispus

+3 37

AE3

CAESARU M NOSTRORU M -

ES IS-S isc ia

V I I. 4 4

1 40

3 0

2

VOT X 4 3

Cons tan t ius I

3 37-361

AE3

GLOR IA EXERC ITUS

S 1SC S isc ia

V I I. 9 2

4 4

Cons tan t ius I

3 37-361

AE3

GLOR IA EXERC ITUS

1

SMTA

V I I. 9 2

4 5

Cons tan t ius I

3 37-361

AE3

GLOR IA EXERC ITUS

1

I l leg ib le

V I I. 1 04

4 6

Va lens

3 64-378

AE3

S ECUR ITAS REIPUBL ICAE

1

T IT

V I I I. 4 7

1

4 7

V a lens

3 64-378

AE3

REST I 'FUTOR RE IPUBL ICAE

I l leg ib le

V I I I. 3 1

1 2

4 8

V a lens

3 64-378

AE3

REST ITUTOR RE IPUBL ICAE

S IS-S isc ia

V I I I. 3 1

1 2

3 0 1 44

CO INS

5 2 Ro man b ronze c o ins were f ound i n t he i nhu ma t ions a t Rusovce.

How-

e ver , o n ly 4 8 c ou ld b e s tud ied a s t wo were d a maged a nd t wo d is in tegra ted d ur ing e xcava t ion . T he f o l low ing c o ins f ro m t he t h ird a nd e ar ly f our th c en tury were f ound : m idd le b ronze o f Max im ianus H ercu l ius , f irst b ronze o f Constan t ius Ch lorus , m idd le b ronze o f G a le na Va ler ia , m idd le b ronze o f• S everus I a nd t wo m idd le b ronze o f Ga ler ius Max im ianus. The ma jor ity o f t he c o ins ( 16 sma ll b ronzes ) w ere o f Cons tant ine I( 306-337 ).

Among t he m w ere t wo c o ins o f t he URBS

RO ype a nd t wo o f t he CONSTANT INOPOL IS t ype. econd l arge g roup . _MA t _ A s was f ormed b y c o ins o f t he s ons o f Constan t ine I : Cr ispus ( 1 p iece ), Constan t ine I ( 4 p ieces ) C onstans ( 4 p ieces ) a nd Constan t ius I ( 3 p ieces ). Fur ther c o inage o f t he p er iod o f Constan t ine Iwas r epresen ted b y o ne p iece o f He lena , 1o f De l ma t ius a nd 9 o f L ic in ius I . The l a test c o ins t o b e f ound w ere 3 o f Va lens ( 364-378 ). I ti s e v iden t f ro m t he c o ins f ound i n t he i nhu ma t ions t hat t he b ur ia l g round a t Rusovce c an b e r ough ly d ated t o b etween 2 90 a nd 3 80. T he ma jor ity o f t he p reserved c o ins h ad l eg ib le min t- marks s o t ha t i t was p oss ib le t o d eterm ine t he ir o r ig in . Co ins f ro m t he m in t o f S isc ia , modern § igak i n J ugos lav ia , p redo m ina ted - t hey r epresen ted 4 0% o f a l l t he c o ins ( 19 p ieces ).

The o ther m in ts w ere r epresen ted b y s ing le p ieces :

A qu ile ia

( 2 p ieces ), H erac lea ( 1p iece ), C onstan t inop le ( 2 ), Cyz icus ( 1 ), N ico med ia ( 1 ), Thessa lon ica ( 3 ), T ic inu m ( 1 ). T he g eograph ica l o r ig in o f t hese c o ins r ef lects t he p reva i l ing t rade r e lat ions a nd t he i n f lux o f s o ld iers i n to a rmy e ncamp men ts i n t h is p ar t o f Pannon ia. *

The Ro man c o ins w ere i den t if ied a ccord ing t o t he work o f H . Cohen : Descr ip t ion h istor ique d es monna ies f rappees s ous l ' e mp ire r o ma ine , 2 nd e d it ion , L e ipz ig , 1 930.

3 9

POTTERY

T he p ot tery f ro m t he i nhu ma t ions c ons is ted o f ag rea ter v ar iety o f v essels a nd t ypes t han t ha t f ro m t he c re mat ions. B es ides t hose t ypes k nown f ro m c re ma t ions ( grey r ough-sur faced , y e l low a nd r ed c o lour-coated f abr ics ) t here were f ur ther g roups manufactured b y ad iferen t t echn ique ( g lazed c eram ics , a nd b urn ished v esse ls ).

On t he o ther h and t here w ere n o t erra s ig il la ta v es-

s e ls o r t he ir im ita t ions , o r t he d e l icate t h in-wa l led p o ts. u sed i n c re ma t ions were n ow manufactured i n n ew f orms ;

The t ypes o f f abr ic f or e xa mp le , t he

g rey f abr ic w ith t he r ough s ur face i nstead o f b e ing r epresen ted o n ly b y t he s i mp le c up was r epresen ted b y j ugs , w ith s pou ts lj ugs , sma l l j ugs a nd d ishes. T he c o lour-coa ted v esse ls d i f fered f ro m t he e ar l ier p roducts i n p ossess ing a d arkr ed , t h ick ly a pp l ied c o lour-coa t .

The p o t tery f ro m t he i nhu ma t ions c an b e

d iv ided i n to s evera l t ypes a ccord ing t o t he manner o f manu facture :

g rey w ith

ar ough s ur face , y e l low , c o lour-coated , g lazed , b urn ished a nd r ough. Among t hese t ypes t he g rey v esse ls w i th t he r ough s ur face f ormed t he l arges t g roup , 5 0 e xa mp les b e ing f ound. O ther t ypes o f p ot w ere r epresen ted b y 3 5 v esse ls.

O f t he e ar l ier f orms o f t he g rey f abr ic , t he d r ink ing c up

f ound i n g raves t 9 , 4 7 a nd 4 8 ( he igh ts 8 -13.5 cm ; i n u se.

f ig . 7 8, n o. 1 2) c on t inued

T he s econd f orm o f t he g rey f abr ic t o s urv ive i n u nchanged f orm

was t he f o lded b eaker ( graves 3 a nd 9 ; f i g . 7 9, n o. 1 ). Cups c orrespond ing i n f orm t o 2 nd c en tury f o lded b eakers w ere f ound i n b o th i nhuraa t ions ; a ccordi ng t o t he ir measure men ts t hey b e longed t o l arger v esse ls ( he igh ts 1 6 cm a nd 1 8.7 cm ). The s et o f d r ink ing v esse ls i n t he i nhuma t ions c ons isted o f at a l l v esse l , aj ug w ith a s pou t o r aj ug a nd sma l ler p i tchers.

T he s ix g rey j ugs w ith s pou ts

wh ich w ere f ound i n g raves .4 1, 4 2 , 5 2, 8 2 a nd 1 44 w ere o f t he s ame f orm , t he e gg-shaped b ody b e ing c on t inuous w ith t he l ow f oot-r ing a nd w ith t he c on ica l n eck f ro m wh ich i t was d iv ided o n ly b y ag roove ; t he mou th was i n t he s hape o f at refo i l a nd f ormed t he o u t let a nd t he s trap-hand le e x tended f ro m t he r im t o t he m idd le o f t he j ug ( f ig . 7 9 , n o . 4 ). A lso t he measure men ts o f t hese j ugs were more o r l ess t he s ame ;

t he ir h e igh t v ar ied b etween 1 9 cm a nd 2 3.5 cm ,

t he d iameter o f t he r im was u sua l ly 9 cm , t he max i mu m d ia meter was o n a verage 1 5 cm a nd t he d ia meter o ft he b ase was 6 .5 cm. h ere w ith a s tandard t ype o f v esse l.

We a re o bv ious ly d ea l ing

As t he u pper p ar t o f t he n eck o f t he p ot

f ro m g rave 3 2 was b roken of i t was imposs ib le t o r econs truct t he r i m. T he r e ma ins s how t ha t i t was a j ug w ith s pou t , n o t aj ug . I t s measure men ts d id n ot d ifer f ro m t hose o f t he p reced ing v esse ls ( he igh t 2 0 cm ). T he g rey j ugs o ccurred i n sma l ler n umbers t han t he j ug w ith s pou t. Two s im i lar j ugs c a me f ro m g rave 6 a nd f ro m t he g raves d amaged i n 1 964 ; t hey h ad a n o va l b ody o n al ow f oo t-r ing w ith a n arrow n eck e nd ing i n aw idened o ut r im. Both h ad a c oarse s trap-hand le ( f ig .7 9 ,n o. 2 ). The j ug f ro m g rave 5 3 h ad as pher ica l b ody a nd a w ider n eck , wh ich b rough t i tn earer t o t he c ategory o f p o ts , b u t i th ad n o s pou t ( f ig .7 9 ,n o.6 ) .

4 0

T he measure men ts o f t he j ugs

d id n o t v ary much ;

t hey w ere 2 1-24 cm h igh , t he d ia meter o f t he r i m was

6 -8 cm , t he max i mu m d ia meter w as 1 4-16 cm , a nd t he d ia me ter o f t he b ase was 6 .8-7.5 cm .

The j ug w ith s pou t a nd j ugs w ere c onsequen t ly r ough ly o f t he s a me

s ize , t he ir v o lu me b e ing a bou t 1 .5 l i tre.

T he v esse l w ith t he m iss ing n eck f ro m

g rave 1 4 p robab ly b e longed t o t he p ots j udg ing b y t he r e ma ins o f t he n arrow n eck . I n t he c re ma t ions , a smal l c up w as u sed f or d r ink ing ; t h is was r ep laced b y a sma l l j ug w ith a h and le.

i n t he i nhu ma t ion

A ltogether 1 2 sma l l g rey

j ugs o f as ing le t ype w ere f ound i n t he i nhu ma t ions a t Rusovce.

T he sma l l

j ug u sua l ly h ad s pher ica l b ody w h ich merged w ith a l ow f oo t-r ing a nd a s hor t n eck wh ich e nded i n af unnell ike w idened r im ;

t here was a r ounded

s trap h and le wh ich u sua l ly e x tended t o t he m idd le o f t he v esse l ( graves 1 , 7 , 1 0 , 2 5 , 8 4 a nd 1 42 ;

f ig . 7 8 , n os. 8 , 1 0).

s haped b ody ( graves 1 8, 2 1, 3 6 a nd 5 2 ). c on ica l ( f ig .7 8 ,n o.7 ) .

S o me o f t he j ugs h ad a more p earT he sma l l j ug f ro m g rave 8 was b i-

A lthough t he sma l lest j ug f ro m g rave 4 d if fered f ro m

o ther e xa mp les i n h av ing a h igher f oo t-r ing a nd a b icon ica l b ody , we c an s t il l i nc lude i ti n t h is g roup ( f ig . 7 8 ,n o. 9) .

The h e igh t o f t hese j ugs v ar ied f ro m

1 0 cm t o 1 5.5 cm , t he r im d ia meter was 6 -9.5 cm , t he max i mu m d ia meter was 9 -13.5 cm a nd t he f oot r ing was 3 . .7-6.5 cm. j ugs o f t h is s hape w ere f ound i n t he c e metery .

i n d ia meter .

Two more

I n g rave 2 7 t here were f rag-

men ts wh ich w ere r econstruc ted t o f orm a sma l l j ug w ith a s pher ica l b ody o f n or ma l s ize , i n ay e llow-grey f abr ic.

Bur ia l 2 7 was d isturbed ;

a s t he f rag-

men ts o f t he e ar l ier a nd l a ter p o ts w ere mixed u p we d o n o t k now whether t h is j ug b e longed t o t he g rave o r n o t.

I n g rave 1 40 t here was a sma l l j ug o f

s im i lar s hape wh ich d id n o t h owever h ave a ny c onnec t ion w ith t he g roup o f v esse ls w i th t he r ough s ur face.

The sma l l j ug , y el low-grey i n c o lour , h ad

a smoo th s ur face ( h e igh t 1 5 cm ). t ed w ith g rooves.

I td if fered a lso i n t ha t i t s r i m was d ecora-

T he f ind f ro m g rave 1 40 p roves t ha t t h is f or m was a ssoc ia-

t ed w i th a g roup o f p o l ished v esse ls wh ich w e d escr ibe b e low . The sma l l , f la t , p la in g rey d ishes w ith s tra igh t , s lop ing s ides a nd i nturned r i ms o ccurred i n t he g rea test n u mbers i n i nhu ma t ion b ur ia ls ( 19 s pec i mens i n a l l ).

These d ishes v ar ied i n s ize b u t t he ir s hape d id n o t a l ter ( graves 1 , 2 , 3 ,

7 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 8 , 2 1, 2 9 , 3 1, 3 2, 4 2 , 5 2 , 5 3, 6 3, 7 0 , 1 40 a nd 1 44 ; 1 3, 1 5-17 ).

f ig . 7 8, n os.

The ir h e igh t was 3 -5.5 cm , t he r im d ia meter v ar ied f ro m 1 5 t o

2 1 cm , a nd t he d ia meter o f t he b ase was 7 .8-15.5 cm. T he d ish ,fro m g rave 5 2 was a sym metr ica l : i t was p robab ly h and- made o r b ad ly f ired. The c o lour o f t he c lay o f t hese d ishes v ar ied f ro m l igh t-grey t o d ark g rey o r b lack . I n a dd it ion t o t he g roup o f g rey d ishes , t here was a lso a sma l l , d eep s lop ing-s ided c ar ina ted b ow l w ith a d ecora ted h or izon ta l r im ( grave 5 6 ; f ig . 7 8 , n o. 14 ) .

I n t he i nhu mat ion b ur ia ls t here w ere a lso t a ll j ugs o f y e l low

f abr ic , made o f a l luv ia l c lay .

T hese j ugs o ccurred e x tens ive ly i n e ar l ier

c re ma t ions , s ix e xa mp les were f ound i n t he i nhu mat ions : 4 7 , 5 6 a nd 1 39 ;

f ig . 8 0, n os. 4 ,5) .

( nos. 1 9 , 2 8, 3 7 ,

These j ugs h ad t he s a me s hape a nd

d i mens ions a s t he v esse ls d escr ibed f ro m c re mat ions ( he igh t 2 2-29 cm ). Obv ious ly t he s hape o f t he v esse l c orresponded t o i t s p urpose , t he s torage o f b everages , a nd i tc ont inued t o b e manu factured u nchanged . The c o lour-coa ted p ots w ere made f ro m t he s a me y e l low a l luv ia l c lay a s t he t a l l j ugs.

I nd iv idua l v esse ls wh ich were p reserved a t Rusovce i nd ica te

4 1

t he v ar iety o f f orms o f t h is o rna men ta l t ype .

T here was a s ing le e xamp le

o f ag lobu lar p o t w i th a f oo t-r ing a nd a s hor t n eck f ro m g rave 7 1, i t s e n t ire s ur face c overed i n s tr ipes o f r ed c o lour-coa t ( he igh t 1 3.6 cm ; f ig 8 0, n o , 1 ). T he s pher ica l b ody o f t he v esse l merged w ith t he f oot-r ing a nd t he s hor t n eck was d ecora ted w ith a b and o f r ed p a in t . Two s lop ing-s ided d ishes f rom g raves 1 7 a nd 2 5 w ere c o lour-coa ted r ed o n t he i ns ide a nd o n t he o u ts ide h ad ar ed b and r ound t he r im ( r im d iame ters o f b o th c . 2 0 cm ; f i g . 7 9 ,n o. 1 0 ). T he a bove v esse ls w ere d ecora ted i n ac lear r ed c o lour ;

t he o nes t ha t

f o l low w ere c overed i n at h ick , d ark r ed c o lour-coa t . T he sma l l d r ink ing c ups f ro m g raves 2 9 a nd 7 0 w ere c o lour-coa ted r ed o n t he o u ts ide e xcep t f or t he f oo t-r ing ( f ig . 8 1, n os. 2 , 3 ). T hey w ere o f s im i lar s hape ( ag lobu lar b ody o n an arrow f oo t-r ing ) a nd s ize ( he igh t C . 1 0 cm ). A p ear-shaped j ug w i th a s tra igh t n eck a nd n arrow f oo t-r ing c ame f ro m g rave 3 1; t he u pper p ar t o f t h is v esse l w as r ed c o lour-coa ted ( f ig . 8 0, n o. 1 0). Another e xamp le f ro m g rave 1 w as a sma l l p ear-shaped v esse l , t he b ody o f w h ich merged w ith t he n eck a nd a n arrow f oo t-r ing . I tw as e n t ire ly c o lour-coa ted i n r ed ( f ig . 8 0, n o. 9 ). We a lso i nc lude among t he c o lour-coa ted v esse ls a j ug o f d is t inc t ive p rof i le f ro m g rave 5 5 , a l though i tw as made o f o lay o f ap redo m inan t ly g rey c o lour ( f ig . 8 1, n o. 1 ) . I t s g lobu lar b ody w as v ery s harp ly s epara ted f rom a n o u t-sp layed f oo t-r ing , t he n arrow n eck e nd ing i n af unne ll ike r im . Round t he n eck w as a n a pp l ied mou lded s tr ip . T he j ug h ad a t h in r ed c o lour-coa t ( he igh t 2 4 cm ). N ine p a in ted v esse ls w ere r ecovered f ro m t he i nhuma t ions a t Rusovce a nd t hey c an b e d iv ided i n to 7 d i f feren t t ypes . We c an d a te a l arger p ropor t ion o f t he r ed c o lour-coa ted v esse ls b ecause o f t he c o ins t ha t w ere f ound w ith t he m . T he c up o n af oo t-r ing f ro m g rave 2 9 was d epos ited a round t he y ear 3 10 , t he d ish f ro m g rave 2 5 c an b e d a ted t o a bou t 3 25. A s econd c up f ro m g rave 7 0 , a sma l l j ug f ro m g rave 3 1, a nd a d ish f rom g rave 1 7 a l l b e longed t o c . 3 40. A l l t he s pec i mens o f c o lour-coa ted p o ts w h ich i tw as p oss ib le t o d a te c ame f rom t he f irs t h a l f o f t he 4 th c en tury . From t he ir manu fac tur ing p rocess , v esse ls made o f r ed c lay w ere c lose ly c onnected w i th t he y e l low f abr ic v esse ls d escr ibed a bove. T hey w ere a lso made o f a l luv ia l c lay a nd w ere w e l l f i red . H owever , t he v esse ls w ere o f d i ff eren t f orms f rom t he y e l low j ugs. T he c haracter ist ics o f t he j ug f ro m g rave 2w ere a p ear-shaped b ody merg ing w ith a c on ica l n eck , af l a t a nd s epara ted f oo t-r ing a nd t he s trap h and le wh ich e x tended t o t he g ir th o f t he v esse l . I t d i f fered f rom t he y e l low j ugs i n i t s o rnamen ta t ion o f a n a pp l ied s tr ip o n t he n eck a nd g rooves o n t he b ody ( f ig . 8 0 , n o. 3 ) . T he j ug f ro m g rave 6 3 was o f ad i f feren t s hape ; i th ad a n o va l b ody o n af oo t-r ing a nd a s hor t w ide n eck . T he h and le , w h ich w as p laced o n t he b ody r a ther t han u nder t he r im , w as s ingu lar , d i f fer ing f rom t he o ther v esse ls ( he igh t 1 5 cm ). F rom g rave 1 5 t here c ame a sma l l r ed p o t w ith a n o va l b ody a nd a n arrow n eck e nd ing i n mou th w ith a s pou t ( he igh t 1 5 cm ; f i g . 8 0 , n o . 6 ). T he s econd p ot f rom g rave 4 7 h ad a g lobu lar b ody a nd a n arrow n eck ( he igh t 1 4 cm ;

f i g . 8 0, n o. 7 )•

T he b urn ished g rey v esse ls w ere l a te , a nd w ere r epresen ted i n t he i nhu mat i ons b y s evera l t ypes : j ugs , d ishes a nd c ups . T he g rey b urn ished j ug f ro m g rave 1 7 r epresen ted a n ew t ype o f t a l l v esse l . I th ad a g lobu lar b ody o n a s hor t f oo t-r ing , as hor t s tra igh t n eck , a nd t he s trap h and le p ro jected a bove t he 4 2

r im ( f ig . 7 9, n o. 7 ).

The j ug f ro m g rave 1 02 ( f ig . 7 9 ,n o. 9 ) d if fered i n

s hape f ro m t he g rey p ots w i th a r ough s ur face.

T he p ear-shaped b ody merged

w ith a s hor t f oo t-r ing a nd a c on ica l n eck a nd t he r ounded h and le r eached t o t he midd le o f t he v esse l.

T he mos t impor tan t f eature was i t s d ecora t ion o f

v er t ica l b ands e x tend ing o ver t he who le b ody . mon o n v esse ls o f t he 5 th c entury .

Th is o rna men tat ion was c o m-

There were n o o ther d a teab le g rave-goods

i n g rave 1 02 b u t f ro m i t s l oca t ion i n t he c e metery t he i nhu ma t ion b e longs t o t he 4 th c en tury l ike t he r est o f t he i nhu ma t ions. I n g raves 1 4 a nd 3 0 t here w ere b urn ished d ishes w ith s lop ing s ides w ith i n-turned r i ms ( he igh ts b o th 4 .5 cm ; 8 ;

f ig . 8 0 , n o. 1 ).

d ia meters 1 6.5 cm , 1 7 cm ;

They w ere d ecora ted i n d iferen t ways ;

a nd t he o ther o ne h ad a r ough b and u nder t he r i m. d ish f ro m g rave 6 8 w as u ndecora ted .

f ig. 7 9 n o.

t he f i rs t h ad l ines

A s i mp le s lop ing-s ided

The d ish f ro m g rave 1 9 was o n al ow

f oo t-r ing , a nd c op ied t he t erra s ig i l lata f or m Dragendor f f 2 7.

( f ig . 8 0 , n o. 2 ).

S o me o f t he b urn ished d ishes a re d a ted b y c o ins :

t he j ug f ro m g rave 1 7 a nd

t he sma l l d ish f ro m g rave 1 4 d a ted f ro m c . 3 40 ;

t he d ish f ro m g rave 3 0 c a me

f ro m c . 3 60. On ly t hose v esse ls wh ich w ere c overed w ith s h iny y e l low , g reen o r b rown b urn ish ing b e longed t o t he 4 th c en tury . . g laze" w as t yp ica l ly l a te.

The meta l l ic , s o-ca l led " leaden-

T here w ere 9 s pec i mens

o f g lazed v esse ls f ro m t he

t he i nhu ma t ions a t Rusovce a nd e very v esse l was a d if feren t t ype. T he most impor tan t f ind f ro m t he Rusovce c e me tery was a n a n thropo morph ic j ug r epresen t ing a f e ma le f igure i n al ong d ress , f ro m g rave 1 8 ( f ig . 8 1, n o. 4 ).

I t was c overed w ith a b rown g laze a nd h ad d ark v er t ica l s tr ipes.

h and le h ad b een b roken i n a n t iqu ity .

The

The n eck o f t he j ug was i n t he f or m o f

a wo man 's h ead a nd n eck , t he l ong d ress was r epresen ted b y a n o va l b ody o n al ow f oo t-r ing .

T he t reatmen t o f t he h ead was a s f ol lows :

t he n ose a nd

c h in w ere mode l led f ro m t he f abr ic o f t he h ead , a nd t he e yes a nd e ars w ere a pp l ied .

An i nc ised h ead-gear f or med t he r im o f t he j ug .

The s hou lders

were s haped l ike a s hor t b od ice w ith a c o l lar wh ich f or med t he d iv is ion f ro m t he ma in b ody o f t he j ug , wh ich was t he l ong s k ir t.

The s hor t s leeves were

mou lded , t he a rms a re r es ted o n t he s to mach , a nd a n o va l c up was h eld i n t he r igh t h and .

The f igure measured 2 9 cm i n h e igh t.

Th is a n thropo morph ic v esse l f ro m Rusovce h as a v ery c lose a na logue i n av esse l f ound i n t he G yör c e metery .9 5

Th is i s aj ug w ith a h and le , r epre-

s en t ing a f e ma le f igure i n ad ress w ith a h ead-band a nd n eck lace ;

t here a re

o n ly sma l l d if ferences i n t he d ress c o mpared w ith t he Rusovce e xa mp le. T he c h ief d i f ference i s i n t ha t t he w o man o f t he Györ j ug , b es ides h o ld ing a c up i n h er r igh t h and , a lso h o lds a s p ind le a nd y arn i n h er l ef t h and.

T he f o l low-

i ng L a t in i nscr ip t ion i s e ngraved o n t he v esse l:

LESES .

E . T ho mas

9 6

I ENVAR IE

P IE

h as d iscussed t he a n thropo morph ic j ug f ro m Györ .

The

s p ind le a nd c up i nd ica ted , a ccord ing t o h er , t ha t t he f igure i s t he g oddess o f f a te , C lo tho , s p inn ing t he t hread o f l i fe.

T he a u thor s tud ied t he p opu lar ity o f

t he c u l t o f C lotho a nd c a me t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t i t was n o t i nd igenous t o Pann on ia , a nd a t tr ibu ted t he j ug t o t he p resence o f s o mebody f ro m I t a ly o r f ro m t he Eas tern Prov inces. Fro m t he s hape a nd t he g laze , T ho mas j udged i tt o b e t he p roduc t o f ap o t tery i n Pannon ia a nd d a ted i tt o 3 50-370.

4 3

On Ro man s i tes i n P annon ia t here o ccurred a n thropo morph ic v esse ls i n t he s hape o f ah u man h ead ( Kop furnen ) o r sma l ler c ups w ith a p las t ic f ace. F . F tRep n o tes t hat t he f ace-vesse ls w ere p opu lar i n Ro man t imes a nd were n o t s u itab le f or d a t ing .

He d escr ibes a sma l l v esse l w ith a f ace f ro m a c re ma-

t i on i n V asas d a ted t o t he m idd le o f t he i s t c entury . He q uo tes a no ther v esse l w ith a f ace w h ich p robab ly o r ig ina ted i n t he d istr ict o f Baranya a nd a lso men t ions as im i lar e xa mp le f ound a t I n terc isa. 9 7

K . Pöczy wr i tes t ha t t he f ace-urns

w ere i nher ited f rom H el len ist ic t rad it ions a nd o ccurred t hroughout t he Ro man p er iod .

A r ed-pa in ted f ace-vessel f ro m I n terc isa d a ted f ro m t he t ime o f t he

S everan d ynasty ( f irs t t h ird o f t he 3 rd c en tury ). A s im i lar v esse l f ro m Br iget io was f ound t ogether w ith a c o in o f G ord ian ( 238-244 ). 9 8 E . T ho mas men t ions ac up w ith a f ace wh ich was f ound i n t he Roman v i l la i n T ä .c ( Gors iu m l. Aqu incu m a c up w as f ound w ith t wo f aces ( t he h ead o f J anus ). 9

I n

A l l t hese v esse ls h ave o ne c o m mon f ea ture , n a me ly t ha t t he f aces a re g rotesque w ith d ispropor t iona te ly l arge e ars a nd a l arge n ose ( Vasas , T aqua ). On a v esse l f ro m T ä .c t he e yes w ere a pp l ied i n t he s a me manner a s o n t he v esse l f ro m Rusovce.

A . S chörgendor fer men t ions s ix s uch v esse ls w ith

f aces f ro m t he E astern A lps , f ro m t he a pprox i ma te a rea o f Nor icum. 1 °° Accord ing t o h im t he a n thropo morph ic v esse ls e vo lved f ro m f ace-urns wh ich h ad t he ir o r ig in i n t he Nor thern I ron Age. T he a u thor q uotes t wo v esse ls i n t he s hape o f aw o man ; t hese h owever h ave a d i f feren t s tance a nd d i f feren t c ostume f ro m t he o nes o n t he v esse ls f ro m P annon ia.

A . S chörgendor fer

t h inks t ha t t he w o men d ep icted o n t he v esse ls w ere d ressed i n l oca l s ty les. The p rob le m o f a n thropo morph ic v esse ls h as ,o f ten a t tracted t he a tten t ion o f s cho lars , n ot o n ly a rchaeo log is ts b u t a lso a r t h is tor ians.

D iscuss ing t he

o r ig in o f u rns w ith f aces , J . Kvg t d raws o ur a t ten t ion t o t he f ac t t ha t t hese v esse ls k ep t t he ir b as ic s hape a nd t ha t t here was o n ly a r ough o u t l ine o f t he h u man f igure. Accord ing t o h im t he a n thopo morph ic v esse ls w ith t he n a tura l ist ic s hape n ot o n ly f ul f il led c er ta in c ond it ions o f t he c u lt b u t a lso f u l f i l led t he ir f unc t ion . 1 °1 Th is c an b e s a id o f t he v esse l f ro m Rusovce , wh ich k ep t t he s hape o f aj ug a nd i n a l l p robab i l ity a lso f u l f i l led i t s f unct ion. J . Kve ' t wr ites t ha t t he d eve lopmen to f n a tura l ist ic a n thropo morph ic a nd z oo morph ic v esse ls i n Ro man t imes was c onnec ted w ith g lass manu facture. G lass c ups w ith t he f ace o fJ anus o r i n t he s hape o f ah uman h ead w ere b e ing manufac tured i n t he s econd c entury i n t he workshops i n Ca mpan ia , a nd l a ter o n i n t hA works hops o f t he Rh ine land a nd i n G au 1.

1 02

T he q ues t ion o f t he d ress o n t he v esse ls f rom Rusovce a nd G yör i s w or th men t ion ing . The w o man 's d ress w as mode l led i n h igh r e l ief a nd w as o bv ious ly t aken f ro m l i fe.

T he d ress c ons isted o f as hor t b od ice w ith a b ig r ound

d éco l leté a nd s hor t s leeves , a nd a l ong w ide s k ir t. w orn b y Ro man w o men a t t ha t t ime.

I tw as n ot a d ress c urren t ly

Ro man w o men w ore a l ong l oose t un ic

o ver wh ich t hey w ore a s hor ter s to le.

T hey w ore d if feren t h a irs ty les a ccord-

i ng t o t he c urren t f ash ion b u t t hey d id n o t a dorn t he ir h eads w ith h igh b ands worn o n t he ir f oreheads. We a ssu me t hat t he d ress w as c onnec ted w ith o ne o f t he g roups o f t he l oca l i nhab itan ts.

As a lready men t ioned t he w o men o n

t he a n thropo morph ic v esse l f ro m N or icum w ere d ressed i n l oca l s ty les.

4 4

T he a n thropomorph ic v esse ls f ro m Rusovce a nd G yör w ere manu factured i n t he s ame w ay , t he ir s ize a nd a r t is t ic c oncep t ion w as t he s ame , a nd t here i s n o d oub t t ha t t hey w ere p roducts o f t he s a me h and . t he ir l oca l ised d is tr ibu t ion :

T h is i s b orne o u t b y

s uch v esse ls w ere n o t f ound o n o ther b ur ia l

p laces i n P annon ia. T he d iscovery o f f igured j ugs a t Rusovce a nd G yör ( a c o mpara t ive ly n ear l oca t ion ) p roves t ha t i n t h is p ar t o f P annon ia t here l i ved as ec t ion o f t he p opu la t ion d i f feren t f ro m t he p eop le a round t he m a nd t ha t t hey k ep tu p t he c u l t o f t he G raeco-Ro man my tho logy . As a no ther r emarkab le f orm w e s hou ld men t ion a n o rnamen ta l v ase w ith p las t ic d ecora t ion a nd a s h iny b rown g laze f ro m g rave 2 9.

T he o va l b ody o f

t he v esse l o n al ow f oo t-r ing merged i n to a c on ica l n eck w ith a r e in forced r im. On t he b ody w ere a pp l ied a l terna te ly v er t ica l l i nes o f h orse-shoe s haped d ecora t ions a nd d rops e n b arbo t ine ( he igh t 2 1.3 cm ). We d o n o t f i nd t h is f orm among t he o ther t ypes o f v esse l ( f ig . 8 1, n o . 5) . A l l t he r ema in ing v esse ls w ere w ithou t mou lded d ecora t ion . T he sma l l v ase f ro m g rave 5 5 a lso h ad a n o va l b ody o n al ow f oo t-r ing , an arrow n eck a nd a y e l low g laze ( he igh t 1 1.7 cm ; f ig . 8 1, n o. 6) . T he s econd v ase , f rom g rave 1 02, h ad a y e l low-green g laze o n ag lobu lar b ody w ith a f oo t-r ing a nd aw ider s tra igh t n eck w ith a w idened r im ( he igh t 1.2 cm ; f i g . 8 1, n o. 7) . I n g rave 1 w as f ound a n amphora w ith t hree h and les c overed w ith a y e l lowg reen g laze. T he b u lbous b ody o n an arrow f oo t merged w ith a s tra igh t n eck d ecora ted w ith g rooves a nd t he s trap h and les w ere a lso d ecora ted w ith g rooves ( he igh t 9 .5 cm ; f ig . 8 1 ,n o. 9) . T he j ug w i th a s pou t wh ich w e e nc oun tered i n g rey f abr ic s urv ived a nd n ow a ppeared i n t he g lazed f abr ic. T he j ug f ro m g rave 1 67 h ad a p ear-shaped b ody o n al ow f oo t , t he b ody merg ing i n to a s tra igh t n eck e nd ing i n as pou t ( f ig . 8 1, n o. 1 ) ; t he v esse l w as c overed w ith b rown g laze ( he igh t 1 5 cm ). Fro m g rave 2 1 c ame a sma l l j ug w ith a y e l low-brown g laze ; i th ad a n o va l b ody o n af oo t , a nd a n arrow n eck w ith a f unne ll ike mou th ; t he s trap s haped h and le w as f o lded a t t he b ot tom e nd i n to ar o l ll ike o rnamen t ( he igh t 1 4 cm ; f i g . 8 1, n o . 1 2 ). T he c up w i th t wo h and les f rom g rave n o . 1 w as a n i n terest ing s hape : t he c y l indr ica l b ody o n an arrow f oo t w as d ecora ted w i th r ows o f v er t ica l g rooves a nd c overed i n a g reen g laze ( he igh t 7 .5 cm ; f i g . 8 1 ,n o. 1 0 ). T he l ast g lazed v esse l , f ro m g rave 3 6 , w as a s imp le c y l indr ica l c up w ith a t h ickened r im ; t he b rown g laze h ad mos t ly f a l len o f f ( he igh t 6 cm ; f ig . 8 1, n o. 8 ) . T he amphora w ith h and les f rom g rave 1 a nd t he c up w ith h and les f ro m g rave 1 w ere made o f r ed c lay ; b o th h ad a n e ngraved d ecorat ion a nd p ossess ed a s im i lar y e l low-green g laze e xcep t f or t he s te m w h ich w as u ng lazed . I n v iew o f t hese c o m mon c haracter is t ics w e c an a ssume t ha t t hese t wo v esse ls c ame f rom t he s ame w orkshop . I ti s p oss ib le t o d a te i nd iv idua l g lazed v esse ls more a ccura te ly b y t he c o ins t ha t w ere f ound i n t he g raves.

T he

d ecora ted v ase w ith t he g rave 2 9 d a ted f ro m t he b eg inn ing o f t he 4 th c entury , C . 3 10 ; t he c up w ith h and les f rom g rave 1 d a ted f ro m t he e nd o f t he 4 th c en tury , C . 3 80. T he c oarse p o ts f or d a i ly u se w ere p u t i n to i nhu ma t ions o n ly i n sma l l n u mbers. T he mos t i mpor tan t w as t he p o t f ro m g rave 4 ( f ig . 8 1 ,n o. 1 3 ) . T he t op t h ird o f t he b rown v esse l w as t he mos t c onvex , t he h or izon ta l r im w as t urned o u tward , a nd i t s s ur face w as d ecora ted w i th s ha l low h or izon ta l

4 5

g rooves. t ype.

Th is p o t r epresen ts t he p rototype o f S lavon ic v esse ls o f t he Danub ian

J . E isner s earched f or t he o r ig in o f t he Danub ian p o t tery among t he

l a te Ro man p o ts.

Th is s im i lar ity i s r e in forced b y ap a t tern o n t he b ase i n t he

f or m o f a n i rregu lar s tar ( he igh t 1 2.2 cm ). Ag rey ish-ye l low j ug f ro m t he 1 964 e xcava t ions a lso b e longs t o t he c oarse p o t tery .

I th as a b icon ica l b ody w ith a n arrow n eck e nd ing i n as pou t a nd a

r ound h and le ( f ig . 8 1, n o. 1 4).

I th ad t h ick wa l ls a nd a n u neven s ur face. I n

t he d isturbed g rave 8 was p reserved a s i mp le p urp le d ish a nd a y e l low-grey p ot whose g lobu lar b ody merged w ith i t s l ow f oo t a nd i t s f unne ll ike n eck . One h as t o a lso i nclude i n t h is g roup t he h eavy v esse l f ro m g rave 1:

t he

g lobu lar b ody o n an arrow f oo t merg ing i n to a f unne ll ike n eck w as d ecora ted w ith v er t ica l r ows o f d o ts wh ich h ad b een i mpressed w ith a p o in ted i nstru men t ( f ig . 7 9, n o. 3 ).

A lthough t he v esse l was d ark-grey i td id n ot b e long t o t he

g rey c era m ics w ith a c oarse s urface d escr ibed a bove , a s i t was n o t o f as u ita b ly h igh s tandard o f work mansh ip. The d a t ing o f t he v ar ious t ypes o f p o t tery f ro m t he i nhu ma t ions a t Rusovce i s made p oss ib le b y t he f inds made o n o ther Ro man s i tes i n Hungary . C oncent ra t ing o n t he n u mer ical ly l arges t g roup , t ha t o f t he g rey v esse ls w ith t he c oarse s ur face. S urvey ing t he l a te Ro man d o mest ic p ot tery f ro m I n terc isa , K . P öczy p o in ts o u t t ha t i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he 3 rd c en tury t here i s ad ec l ine i n t he q ua l ity o f p ot tery ; p ropor t ions.

t he f orms b eco me s i mp ler a nd t he v esse ls l ose t he ir b a lanced

I t i s ma in ly t he p o t tery f ro m I n terc isa wh ich o f fers p ara l lels t o

t he v esse ls f ro m Rusovce c e metery .

T he g rey b eakers t ha t w ere f ound i n t he

i nhu ma t ions a t Rusovce w ere a lso p resen t a t I n terc isa.

Accord ing t o K . P öczy

t h is s hape was u sed i n Pannon ia u n t il t he e nd o f t he 4 th c en tury. 1 °3

A lso t he

f o lded b eakers i n P annon ia were u sed t o t he e nd o f t he Ro man p er iod .

Para l-

l els w ith t he b eakers f ro m Rusovce were among t he f i nds f rom I n terc isa a nd Br iget io.These v esse ls i n e ither g rey o r b lack f abr ic w ere l arger a nd c oarser4 0 4 The g rey j ugs w ith s pou ts were p roduced i n Pannon ia i n v ar ious mod if ica t ions. T he j ugs f ro m Rusovce w ere most ly s im i lar t o t he Type 8 7 j ugs f ro m I n terc isa. K . Pöczy d educes t ha t t h is f orm s urv ived l ongest i n t he p rov inces o f Pannon ia a nd Nor icu m where i tl asted t o t he e nd o f t he Ro man p er iod. d or fer d ep ic ts a g rey j ug o f s im i lar s hape. 1°6

1° 5

A . S chörgen-

E . Bön is p laces s im i lar j ugs

w ith s pou ts among t he e ar ly Ro man f or ms when made o f y e l low o r r ed ' c lay .

1 07

T here a re p ara l le ls f or t he g rey j ugs f ro m Rusovce among t he p o t tery f ro m I n terc isa. 1 08

T hese s i mp le j ugs w ere a lso made f ro m y e l low a l luv ia l c lay .

A c o mpara t ive ly l arge n u mber o f g rey sma l l j ugs w ere f ound i n i nhu ma t ions a t Rusovce.

K . Pöczy d escr ibes t hese sma l l j ugs a s c haracter is t ic h ouseho ld

v esse ls o f t he 4 th c en tury .

T he a u thor n otes t ha t sma l l j ugs w ith h and les w h ich

p ro jec t a bove t he r im o ccur i n Pannon ia e xc lus ive ly i n t he 4 th c entury .

T he

p opu lar ity o f t hese sma l l j ugs was c on f ined t o P annon ia. Bes ides I n terc isa , K . Pöczy men t ions f ur ther f ind ing p laces , n a me ly P ecs , Györ , a nd Br iget io . a nd Br iget io. 1 09

S im i lar sma l l j ugs were f ound i n t he c e metery i n S ägvär .

A . S chörgendor fer men t ions sma l l j ugs o f t h is t ype f ro m Austr ia a nd d a tes t he m t o t he 4 th c en tury a nd t he f irst h a l f o f t he 5 th c entury .110 T he g rey d ishes w ere p resen t a t Rusovce i n g rea t n umbers. I tw as t he most p opu lar

4 6

f orm d ur ing t he who le Ro man p er iod f rom t he I st t o t he 4 th c en tury .

K . P öczy

wr ites t ha t t he sma l l s lop ing-s ided d ishes o ccur t hroughou t Pannon ia ( e .g . a t I n terc isa a nd Br iget io ) i n t he 4 th c en tury .

K . Burgerill d raws a t ten t ion t o

t he f ac t t ha t t h is s hape was a bsen t o n ly i n t he c e metery a t S ' agvär.

A sma l l

b ow l w i th a h or izon ta l r i m was f ound o n o ther s i tes i n P annon ia. K . P öczy n oted t ha t t hese sma l l b ow ls w ere f ound a t I n terc isa a nd A qu incu m. 12 I tc an b e s een f ro m t he a na lys is o f t he g rey v esse ls t ha t t he f orms f ound a t Rusovce w ere c o m mon t hroughou t Pannon ia a nd i t s n e ighbourhood . T hese v esse ls a re d a ted t o t he 4 th c en tury . Pa in ted o r c o lour-coa ted v esse ls o ccurred o n s i tes i n Pannon ia i n s evera l f orms w i th t he p a in t ing mos t ly i n r ed . T he r ed-pa in ted amphora w ith t hree h and les f rom g rave 3 4 h as p ara l le ls i n t he Pannon ian p ot tery . K . P öczy ment i ons a s im i lar sma l l amphora w ith c o loured r ed f ro m I n terc isa .

T he a u thor

men t ions t ha t amphorae w ith 2 o r 3h and les w ere p opu lar f ro m t he i s t t o t he 3 rd c en tur ies .

A . S chörgendor fer d ep icts a n amphora o f t h is s hape b u t d oes n o t

d escr ibe t he c o lour-coa t ing . c en tury . 13

H e d a tes t h is t ype o f amphora a s 2 nd t o 3 rd

Among t he p ot tery d escr ibed b y A . S chörgendor fer t here w ere c ups o n a l ow f oot s im i lar i n s hape t o t he o nes f ro m g raves 2 9 a nd 7 0 a t Rusovce. T he a u thor d a tes t h is f orm t o t he 4 th c en tury .1 .4 We f ind c lose a na log ies w ith a j ug f ro m g rave 5 5 , s how ing a c lear d iv is ion b etween f o t a nd b ody , a t I n terc isa. K . P öczy l ooked f or p ro totypes o f t hese f or ms among me ta l v esse ls. S he c ons idered t he r ed c o lour-coa t ing o n t he j ugs t o b e ag laze b u t men t ioned t ha t t he ' g laze ' was s o t h in t ha t i ti s h ard t o d ist ingu ish i tf ro m t he c o lour o f t he ma ter ia l. T h is t ype o fj ug o ccurred i n t he i nhu mat ions a t S agvär.

A . Burger l i sts i t

among t he t ypes o f d omest ic p ot tery a nd a lso c ons iders i tt o b e ac opy o f meta l v esse ls. 15 K . Pöczy i so lated f ro m t he d o mest ic p o t tery a t I n terc isa a s pec ia l g toup o f v esse ls w ith a b rown b urn ished s ur face.

T he a u thor d ates a sma l l b ow l .

s im ilar t o t he o ne o n as te m f ro m Rusovce , g rave 1 9 , a s 4 th c en tury , a lthough E . Bön is l i s ts t h is t ype o f sma l l b ow l among t he e ar ly g lazed v esse ls. 16 K . Pöczy c ons iders t he b urn ished v esse ls t o b e l ate Ro man . T o t h is g roup b e longed j ugs d ecora ted w ith v er t ica l b ands o r al a t t iced d es ign a nd d ishes w ith s lop ing s ides. T he j ug w ith t he b urn ished o rna men ta t ion f ro m Rusovce was o f t he s ame f orm a nd d i mens ions a s aj ug o f t h is t ype f ro m I n terc isa. 17 V esse ls w ith b urn ished d ecora t ion w ere f ound a t I n terc isa i n i nhu ma t ions wh ich d id n o t c ont a in a ny c o ins. I nhu ma t ions c on ta in ing t hese v esse ls w ere i n ap ar t o f t he b ur ia l g round w h ich p roduced c o ins d a t ing f ro m 3 40-380. T he g rea t v ar iety o f f orms o f t h is t ype c an b e s een f ro m t he s urvey o f t he g lazed v esse ls.

We f i nd a na log ies w ith s o me o f t he f or ms f ro m Rusovce

among t he g lazed p ot tery f rom I n terc isa wh ich w as s tud ied b y K . P öczy , T he v esse l f ro m I n terc isa h ad a s im ilar s hape t o t hat f ro m g rave 2 9 ; i t t oo w as d ecora ted w ith r ows o f a pp l ique h orseshoel ike o rna men ta t ion ; t he d i f ference l ay o n ly i n t he p lac ing o f t he d ecora t ion a nd i n t he y e l low c olour o f t he g laze.

Ag lobu lar v ase f ro m a 4 th c entury b ur ia l g round i n Budapest ( u l.

Bogdan i ) 18 w as l i kew ise d ecora ted w ith a pp l ique h orseshoel ike o rna men tat i on . T he c up w ith t wo h and les f ro m g rave 1 w as s im i lar t o o ne f ro m I n terc isa. I tw as made o f r ed c lay , c overed w ith a y el low-green g laze a nd w ith a n e ngraved d ecora t ion . Accord ing t o K . P öczy t h is f orm w as w ide ly 4 7

d istr ibu ted i n Pannon ia where i tc on t inued u n t il t he e nd o f t he 4 th c entury . Bes ides t he f ind f ro m I n terc isa t he a u thor men t ions o ne f ro m Br iget io . 1 19 A . S chörgendor fer d escr ibes t h is t ype o f c up w ith h and les , d ecora ted w ith i nc is ions a nd w ith a y e l low g laze , a nd d a tes i tt o t he s econd h a l f o f t he 4 th c en tury .1 20 The g lazed amphora w ith t hree h and les c an b e c o mpared w ith a v esse l w ith a g reen-brown g laze f ro m S ägvä .r .

A lso A . S chörgendor fer d ep ic ts a

v esse l o f as im i lar s hape g lazed i n y el low a nd d a tes i tt o t he 4 th c en tury .1 21 G lazed j ugs s im ilar t o t he o ne f ro m G rave 1 67 a t Rusovce w ere f ound i n t he S ägvgr c e metery .1 22 K . P öczy wr ites t ha t t he j ugs f or med t he g rea test p ar t p ar t o f t he g lazed v esse ls a t I n terc isa. S he d a tes t he n a t ive l a te Ro man p o ts a s 4 th c en tury . I n t he S ägvär c e metery t he g lazed p ot tery i s d a ted b y t he c o ins t o 3 46-360. 1 23 As c an b e s een f ro m t h is s urvey , v esse ls o f v ary ing t ypes f ro m Rusovce c e metery h ad n u merous p ara l le ls o n o ther b ur ia l a nd dwe l l ing s i tes o f t he Ro man p er iod i n P annon ia.

The s pread o f s im ilar t ypes o f p o t tery o ver a

w ide a rea i nd ica tes t ha t t hese w ere l oca l ly-produced a r t ic les a nd n o t impor ts. I n t he e ar l ier p er iod we n oted i n b ur ia ls v esse ls impor ted f ro m t he w es t ( t erra s ig i l la ta , f ine p o t tery ). We d o n ot f i nd v esse ls i n i nhu ma t ions t ha t s tand o u t a s b e ing o f f ore ign manu fac ture. P ot tery was manu factured i n Pannon ia i n many p laces a nd w e c an a ssume t ha t t here w ere a lso f actor ies i n t he n e ighbourhood o f G eru la ta . , a l though w e h ave n o t b een a b le t o l oca te t he m s o f ar . We k now , h owever , a bou t p ot ter ies i n o ther p laces. T here was o ne i n T ä .c ( Gors iu m ), where g lazed v esse ls were made. Work w en t o n i n t h is w orkshop f ro m t he e nd o f t he 3 rd t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he 4 th c entury .124 Vesse ls w ere made i n t h is w orkshop wh ich w ere d ecora ted w ith p last ic h orseshoe-shaped o rna men ta t ion. I n c onnect ion. w ith t he p o t tery f ound a t I n terc isa , K . Pbczy wr ites t ha t t he g rea test p ar t o f v esse ls o f av ar iety o f f orme w ere made i n l oca l workshops.

T he a u thor

f o l lowed u p t he d istr ibu t ion o f t he i nd iv idua l t ypes o f v essel a nd c ame t o t h is c onc lus ion : f or t he n e ighbourhood o f S avar ia a g roup o f g lazed v esse ls was c haracter ist ic , among wh ich w ere j ugs w ith s pou t c overed w ith a s h iny b rown g laze a nd sma l l v ases w ith a y e l low g laze. T a l l j ugs w ith a r ed c o lour-coa t a nd a n arrow a pp l ique s tr ip o n t he n eck w ere made i n a workshop n ear Arrabona . No t f ar f ro m Aqu incu m , g lobu lar a nd b icon ica l j ugs a nd sma l l d ishes w ith s p layed r ims w ere a c o m mon l oca l t ype. T he c haracter ist ic o f t he p o t tery i n t he r eg ion o f I n terc isa was a t yp ica l p orous g laze e i ther o f g reen o r y e llowg reen c olour .1 25 K . Pöczy d a tes t he d eve lopmen t o f t he p ot tery manu facture i n I n terc isa t o t he e nd o f t he 3 rd a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he 4 th c en tury . Dur ing t h is t ime t he l oca l w orkshops s upp l ied t he s urround ing s et t le men ts w ith t he ir p roducts .1 26 P ub l ica t ion o f af u l l a nd d eta iled s tudy o f t he p ot tery f ro m Rusovce a nd t he s urround ing Ro man c en tres ( Magyarövär a nd Györ ) w i l l , n o d oubt , s how t he d istr ibu t ion o f t he i nd iv idua l t ypes o f v esse ls a nd e nab le u s t o l oca te t he ir c en tres o f manu facture.

4 8

BROOCHES A l l t he b ronze b rooches t ha t w ere f ound i n i nhu ma t ions a t Rusovce , e xcep t f or o ne , b e longed t o t he o n ion-shaped t ype , f our teen o f wh ich were f ound. Among t hese w e c an d ist ingu ish t he 3 f o l low ing t ypes : 1 . k nobs.

S i mp le , f a ir ly sma l l b rooches ( l eng th 6 .3-7.5 cm ) w ith 3 o n ion-shaped T he f la t b ow a nd t he c ross-bar were u ndecora ted , t he t hree k nobs w ere

d iv ided f ro m t he c ross-bar b y smooth r ings , t he r ectangu lar f oot ( ver t ica l b ar ) was u ndecora ted o r was d ecora ted o n ly a t t he e nd b y i nc is ions , a nd t he p in was made o f b ronze ( graves 9 , 1 0 a nd 3 2 ;

f ig . 8 2, n os. 1 , 2 , 3 ).

T he b rooch i n

g rave 1 0 w as f ound w ith a c o in o f Max im ianus Hercu l ius ( 286-305 ); i n g rave 9 was a c o in o f Ga ler ius Max im ianus ( 305-311); a nd i n g rave 3 2 t here w ere c o ins o f C onstan t ine I( 306-337 ). 2 .

T he b rooches f ro m g raves 2 5 , 2 9 a nd 8 4 c an b e

r egarded a s at rans i-

t i ona l t ype wh ich c o mb ined t he t yp ica l e le men ts o f t ypes 1 a nd 3 ( f ig . 8 2 ,n os. 4 , 5 ; 8 3 , n o. I ). The b rooches w ere o f v ary ing l eng ths ( 6.5-8.6 cm ) a nd h ad 2o r 3o n ion-shaped k nobs. On ly o n t he b rooch f ro m g rave 2 5 was t he f la t b ow d ecora ted .

T he S tra igh t c ross-bar o n t he b rooches f ro m g raves 2 9 a nd 8 4 h ad

mou lded d ecora t ion .

On t he b rooch f ro m g rave 2 9 t here were o rna men ta l r ings

s et b etween t he k nob a nd t he c ross-bar .

The r ectangu lar f oot-p late was d e-

c ora ted w ith i nc is ions b u t o n t he b rooch f ro m g rave 2 9 t here were i nden tat ions i nstead .

T he b rooch f ro m g rave 8 4 h ad a n i ron p in .

I n g rave 2 9 was f ound ,

t ogether w ith t he b rooch , ac o in o f Constan t ius Ch lorus ( 292-306 ) ;

i n g rave 2 5

2 5 t here w ere f ound c o ins o f L ic in ius S en . ( 307-323 ). 3 .

Th is g roup was r epresen ted b y d ecora ted b rooches o f v ar ious l eng ths

( 6 .4-9.7 cm ) w ith 2 o r 3o n ion-shaped k nobs ( graves 7 , 1 2, 1 5 , 2 0 , 1 03, 1 44 a nd 1 67 , d is turbed g rave f ig . 8 3, n os. 2 -4 ;

f ig . 8 4 , n os. 1 -5 ).

Th is was b y

f ar t he b iggest g roup a nd i tc on ta ined more t han h a l f o f t he b rooches f ound . I n g rave 1 5 t he b rooch h ad a r a ther w ide , a rched b ow w ith a n i nc ised d ecora t ion . T he c ross-bar o f t rapezo ida l s hape u sua l ly h ad a n i nc ised d ecora t ion , a nd o n s o me b rooches was p er fora ted ( graves 1 03 a nd 1 44 ). s haped , c ons ist ing o f ab a l l w ith a p o in ted p ro trus ion .

T he k nobs w ere o n ionThe k nobs were s epara-

t ed b y smoo th o r s erra ted r ings ( graves 1 2 , 1 03 a nd 1 44 ).

The v er t ica l r ect-

a ngu lar b ar was e i ther d ecora ted t hroughout ( graves 1 5 , 2 0 , 1 03 a nd 1 44 ) o r o n ly o n t he f oot-p la te ( graves 7 , 1 2 a nd 1 67 ).

T he v er t ica l b ars were d ecora ted

e ither b y i nc is ions o r b y e ngraved r ings ( graves 1 2, 1 5 a nd 1 67 ) a nd b y sma l l i nden ta t ions ( graves 7 a nd 1 44 ).

T he b rooch i n g rave 1 44 was f ound w ith c o ins

o f Cons tan t ius I ( 337-361), t he l arges t b rooch i n g rave 1 2 was f ound w ith c o ins o f Va lens ( 364-378 ) a nd t he b rooch f ro m g rave 7 was f ound w ith a d a maged sma l l b ronze o f t he 4 th c en tury . T he b rooches d escr ibed a bove mos t ly h ad b ronze p ins , e xcep t f or t hose f ro m g raves 1 2 , 1 5 a nd 1 67 w ith i ron p ins. T he b rooch f ro m g rave 1 2 h ad a d ev ice f or s ecur ing t he p in . T he b rooch f ro m g rave 1 03 h ad a s im ilar d ev ice ,

4 9

a nd a r e mnan t o f a no ther s urv ived o n ab rooch f ro m g rave 8 4. I ti s wor th n ot ing t ha t i ron p ins w ith t hese g uards w ere most ly f ound o n b rooches t ha t w ere r ich ly d ecora ted .

A l l t he b rooches d escr ibed were c as t ;

t hey w ere 2 .3-3.4 cm

l ong a nd 6 .3-9.7 cm l ong , w ith a n a verage l eng th o f 6 .7-7.5 cm .

T he d ecora-

t i on o n t he b ow a nd o n t he h or izon ta l a nd v er t ica l b ars was c o mposed o f s evera l e le men ts : e ngraved l ines , s p ira ls , r ings , c oncen tr ic r ings , d eep i nc is ions a nd sma l l i nden tat ions.

The r ec tangu lar v er t ica l p la te o f ten h ad s erra ted e dges.

The c o ins f ound w ith t he b rooches s how t ha t t he t hree t ypes o fb rooch r ep resen t ac hrono log ica l d eve lopmen t.

T he c o ins i nd icate t ha t t ype ( 1 ), t he

sma l ler , u ndecorated b rooches , d a te f ro m t he f irst t h ird o f t he 4 th c en tury . Av ery modes t ly d ecora ted t ype o fb rooch w as a lso i n u se i n t he s ame p er iod . The t h ird g roup , t he r ich ly d ecora ted b rooches , b elongs t o t he l as t t wo t h irds o f t he 4 th c en tury . V . S akäi ' made a s urvey o f o n ion-shaped b rooches f ound i n C en tra l Europe a nd h e d a tes t he o nes f ound i n Bohe m ia , Morav ia a nd S lovak ia t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he 4 th c en tury .

He a ssu mes t ha t t he o lder t ype o f o n ion-shaped b rooch

f ound i t s w ay o n t o t he p resen t-day t err itory o f Czechos lovak ia f ro m N or icu m .1 27 B . S voboda a lso d a tes t he o n iön-shaped b rooches t o t he 4 th c entury .

H e a lso c la i ms t ha t d ur ing i t s d eve lop men t t he v er t ica l p la te o f t ie

b rooch b eca me l onger t o a f ford s pace f or t he d ecorat ion .1 28

A c ons iderab le

n u mber o f o n ion-shaped b rooches w ere f ound i n i nhu ma t ions i n Pannon ian c e meter ies o f t he Ro man p er iod. I n d iscuss ing t he Ro man c e me ter ies a t I n terc isa , K . S ä .g i q uotes f inds o f o n ion-shaped b rooches i n i nhu ma t ions a nd d a tes t he m t o t he s econd h a lf , o r t o t he e nd , o f t he 4 th c en tury .1 29

On ion-

s haped b rooches were f ound i n t he c e metery a t Keszthe ly i , where t hey were d a ted b y Ro man c o ins f ro m Cons tan t ine It o Va lens. A . Sk i s ta tes t ha t t he b rooches w ere w orn o n t he r igh t s hou lder f as tened w ith t he v er t ica l b ar u ppermost .1 30

Th is b ears o u t o bserva t ions made a t Rusovce.

T he o n ion-

s haped b rooches were p ar t o f as o ld ier 's d ress , a nd o n ly r are ly w ere t hey f ound i n f e ma le i nhu ma t ions.

Brooches o f t h is t ype wh ich w ere f ound i n t he

c e metery a t Ercs i were d a ted b y c o ins o f C ons tan t ius I

a nd V e tran io

1 31

F or ty-one o n ion-shaped b rooches w ere f ound i n t he l a te Ro man c e metery a t S ägv6r ;

s o me o f t he m w ere o f s im ilar f orm a nd were d ecorated i n as im i lar

way t o t he b rooches f ound a t Rusovce , wh ich o thers d i f fered i n b e ing s hor ter a nd more mass ive .1 32 N . Bel ja jev h as s tud ied Byzan t ine b rooches a nd i n t h is c onnect ion h e h as f o l lowed u p t he d eve lop men t o f t he o n ion-shaped b rooches.

An o lder t ype

d a t ing f ro m t he e nd o f t he 3 rd c en tury a nd f ro m t he b eg inn ing o f t he 4 th c en tury h ad a n u ndecora ted h or izon ta l b ar , t he s pher ica l k nobs w ere o f t he s a me d ia meter a s t he c ross b ar , t he b ow a nd t he p late w ere d ecorated w ith i nc is ions o r w ith im ita t ion f i l igree w ork .

I n t he n ex t g roup t he h or izon ta l

b ar b ecame w ider , b u t t he g enera l c harca ter o f t he b rooch r e ma ined t he s a me , a nd t he k nobs b eca me more p o in ted a s at rans it ion t owards t he o n ions hape. T he t h ird g roup , d a t ing f ro m t he e nd o f t he 4 th a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he 5 th c en tury , was c haracter ised b y i t s more e labora te d ecora t ion , t he b ow a nd p late b e ing d ecora ted w ith wavy l i nes a nd s p ira ls , a nd t he k nobs b e ing o n ions haped .

T o t h is g roup b elongs a lso t he s a fety d ev ice g uard ing t he p in .

5 0

Co ins o f C ons tan t ine Ia nd G ra t ian d a ted t hese b rooches. 1 33 Accord ing t o N . Be l ja jev t he d eve lopmen t o f t he o n ion-shaped b rooches c o inc ided r ough ly w i th t he d evelop men t o f t he d ecora ted b rooches a t Rusovce. Bes ides t he o n ion-shaped b rooches , t here was f ound a t Rusovce i n g rave 3 5 ab ronze b rooch o f ad i f feren t t ype. I t was a sma l ler k nee-shaped f i bu la w ith ah igh f asten ing . M. L äm iova-Sch m ied lovä d a tes t h is t ype o f b rooch t o t he 2 nd/ 3 rd c en tury . T he b rooch f rom Rusovce p robab ly b e longed t o t he 3 rd c en tury ; i t was t here fore t he e ar l iest t ype o f b rooch f ound i n a n i nhu ma t ion ( f ig. 8 2, n o. 6 ) .134

5 1

ORNA MENTS B eads f rom n eck laces w ere f ound i n f e ma le i nhuma t ions , mos t ly made o f c o loured g lass o r g lass p aste. I tw as l ess u sua l t o f i nd b eads made o f g o ld , t i n , amber o r b one. P ersons b ur ied i n 8i nhuma t ions h ad n eck laces ( graves 1 , 2 , 4 , 1 7 , 2 1, 4 1, 5 1 a nd 1 42 ). T hey w ere made u p o f d i f feren t n u mbers o f b eads ( f ro m 1 3 t o 2 70 ) a nd i n a l l more t han 8 00 b eads w ere f ound i n t hese i nhu ma t ions. We c an d is t ingu isn s evera l t ypes among t he g lass b eads.

T he ma jor ity

o f t he b eads w ere s pher ica l , c on ica l , c y l indr ica l , b icon ica l o r a nnu lar .T he b eads w ere most ly made o f d ark b lue o r g reen g lass , t here w ere h owever a lso s o me t ha t w ere b rown , y e l low o r l i gh t b lue . T he n eck lace f rom g rave 4 w as made u p o f 2 70 sma l l b eads o f d i f feren t c o lours ;

t he o ne f rom g rave 1 42 w as made O f 1 79 b eads a nd i nc luded a c y l in-

d r ica l g reen g lass b ead . T he n eck lace f rom g rave 4 1 w as made u p o f 2 30 b eads o f wh ich 2 15 w ere smal l a nd t he r es t l arger . Among t he m w ere c on ica l a nd s pher ica l o nes o f g reen g lass ( 8 ) , b icon ica l b eads , p o lygona l b eads o fb lue g lass a nd d iv ided b eads , a nd f our s pher ica l b eads c on ta in ing g o ld l ea f . T he o ther n eck laces w ere made u p o f a sma l ler n umber o f b eads b u t t he ir c o mpos it ion w as v ery v ar ied . b eads :

T he n eck lace f ro m g rave 5 1 w as made o f 3 3

most ( 19 ) w ere c y l indr ica l g reen g lass b eads , 5w ere sma l l g reen

a nnu lar b eads ; t here w as o ne c on ica l b ead made o fb lue g lass , t hree s pher ic a l b eads c on ta in ing g o ld l ea f , f our v ase-shaped b eads made o fb one , a nd a c o i led t ube made o fb ronze w ire. T here w ere u nusua l b eads i n t he n eck lace f ro m g rave 1 7 ( 38 b eads ). T he ma jor ity w ere c y l indr ica l a nd made o f b lack amber e ngraved w ith l i nes ( 16 ) ; b es ides t h is t here w ere d iv ided b eads made o f b lack p as te ( 5 ), l ong b icon ica l b eads o f b lue g lass ( 8 ) , sma l ler b lue c on ica l , b icon ica l a nd s pher ica l o nes ( 8 ) , g reen c y l indr ica l o r c ircu lar b eads ( 1 o f e ach ) a nd l as t ly t wo l arge amber b eads, T he f i nes t n eck lace w as f ound i n g rave 1 . I tc ons is ted o f 3 3 b eads a nd a n o rnamen ta l f as ten ing o f g o ld w ire. T he e leven b eads w ere made f rom g o ldt in a l loy , a nd 2 a nnu lar b eads w ere o f amber . T he r est o f t he b eads w ere g lass , ma in ly a nnu lar a nd s pher ica l a nd o f l i gh t-b lue g lass ( 12 ), w ith o ne g reen o ne. One l arge d ark b lue b ead w as p o lygona l , t he r est o f t he l arger b eads w ere made f ro m a g reen o r g rey-b lue g lass p as te ( 5 ). One c y l indr ica l b ead w as d ecora ted . I n t he 1 5-bead n eck lace f ro m g rave 2 , b es ides t he sma l l r ound b eads o f d ark b lue g lass ( 1 1) t here w as a l arger c y l indr ica l b ead made f ro m t he s a me g lass , ab rown b ead o f a n u nusua l p ear-shape , a nd 2b one b eads.

T he n eck-

l ace f rom g rave 2 1 c on ta ined 1 3 b eads , made u p o f sma l l r ound a nd a ngu lar g reen b eads ( 12 ) , a nd o ne l arge p o lygona l b ead o f d ark b lue g lass . Around t he n eck o f s ke le ton i n g rave 7 0 w ere t he r e ma ins o f a n o rna men t wh ich c an b e d escr ibed a s a' choker '.

T o t he r e mnan ts o f al ea ther c o l lar

t here w ere f as tened sma l l s p ira ls o f f i ne b ronze w ire , a nd b e tween t hem o n 5 2

sma l l w ires w ere h ung b eads :

t hree were p o lygona l g reen g lass b eads , e igh t

were made f ro m b lue g lass i n t he s hape o f ad rop , a nd t he r es t w ere s pher ica l b eads o f wh ite p aste.

The o rnamen t was p robab ly i n t he s hape o f af a ir ly n ar-

r ow l ea ther c o l lar , d ecora ted w ith sma l l w ire s p ira ls a nd sma l l b eads wh ich w ere s ewn o n t o i t , a nd t he who le b andwas f as tened r ound t he n eck . I ti s c lear f ro m t h is s urvey t hat a w ide v ar ie ty o f b eads was u sed f or n eckl aces. T he mos t p opu lar w ere b eads made f ro m g reen o r b lue g lass ; t he b ead o f b rown g lass was u n ique. Co mparat ive ly p rec ious were b eads made f ro m t ransparen t g lass w ith a g o ldlea f u nder lay .

I n a dd it ion b eads were made

f ro m o paque p as te i n e i ther g reen , g rey-b lue o r b lack .

On ly o ne b ead made

o f p as te w as d ecora ted . On ly r arely w ere b eads made f ro m o ther mater ia ls. T he mos t e xpens ive w ere sma l l b eads made f rom t h in g o ld f o il. Amber b eads h ad t he s imp le s hape o f af l at tened b a l l. Cy l indr ica l b one b eads w ere f ound , t ogether w i th more c o mp l ica ted v asel ike s hapes p robab ly manu factured o n a l a the.

Among t he v a luab le b eads w ere s o me o f b lack amber , f ound i n o n ly

o ne n eck lace. G o ld b eads f ro m i nhu ma t ions a tI n terc isa a re d ep icted b y M. A lfö ld i. T h is c e metery a lso p roduced b eads o f b lack amber .1 35 I n t he Rusovce b ur ia ls t here w ere f ound 1 2 r ings o f s evera l t ypes. Fro m g rave 1 02 c a me 2 p la in r ings made o f b ronze w ire. I n g raves 4 1 a nd 1 02 ( f ig. 7 4 , n o. 5 ) t here w ere u ndecorated r ings made f ro m b ronze-p la te. There w ere 2 r ings i n g rave 5 3 made f ro m a b ronze b and w ith o ne e nd b eaten o ut . I n g rave 1 02 t here was a r ing c ons ist ing o f ab and w ith a p la in f la t b eze l. T he mos t i n teres t ing g roup c ons isted o f r ings o f b ronze o r s i lver w ith a b eze l. T he b ronze r ing f ro m g rave 1 2 h ad a b eze l o n wh ich was n ea t ly e ng raved a s ty l ised b ird w ith i t s h ead f ac ing b ack ( f ig . 7 4, n o. 4) . The b ronze r ing f rom g rave 1 4 h ad a n o pa l i nset made o f t wo p ar ts o n wh ich a b us t was e ngraved ( f ig . 7 4 , n o. 6) .

A s i lver r ing f ro m g rave 4 1 h ad a n i nset made o f

l i gh t b lue g lass a lso w ith a n e ngrav ing o f ab ust ( f ig . 7 4 , n o. 7 ). r ing f rom g rave 1 44 h ad a s tone i nset i n t he b eze l.

A s i lver

Ow ing t o d a mage i t was

n o t p oss ib le t o a scer ta in t he t ype o f s tone ( f ig . 7 4, n o. 8). Fro m g rave 1 42 c a me a f ragmen tary r ing o f w h ite meta l wh ich p robab ly h ad a b eze l .

Af ragmen t o f a n i ron r ing was f ound i n g rave 5 3.

These r ings

w ere o f v ar ious d iameters , v ary ing f ro m 1 .6 t o 2 .4 cm , d epend ing o n whether t he r ing b e longed t o ac h i ld o r t o a n a du l t. Ornamen ta l r ings w ith a b eze l o r i nse t o bv ious ly r ef lected t he s ta tus o f t he ir owners. I n e very c ase t hese r ings were f ound w ith c o ins , a nd i n t he ma jor ity o f c ases i n ma le i nhu ma t ions. The r ing w ith t he o pa l i n tag l io i n g rave 1 4 w as d a ted t o t he f irst h a l f o f t he 4 th c en tury b y c o ins o f Cons tan t ine I . T he s i lver r ing i n g rave 4 1 w as d ated b y c o ins o f Constans t o t he m idd le o f t he 4 th c en tury . I ti s r e markab le t ha t t h is , t he l arges t r ing ( d iameter 2 .4 cm ) w as w orn b y aw o man.

T he s i lver r ing i n g rave 1 44 was d ated t o

t he s econd h a l f o f t he 4 th c en tury b y c o ins o f C onstan t ius I .

The r ing w ith t he

b ird f rom g rave 1 2 was d a ted t o t he s econd h a l f o f t he 4 th c en tury b y c o ins o f V a lens. Among t he f i nds f ro m I n terc isa were r ings o f v ar ious t ypes , among t he m r ings w ith b eze ls o r i nsets , s im i lar t o t he r ings f ound a t Rusovce. 5 3

M.

A lf t S ld i c ons idered t he r ings w ith r ound b eze ls t o b e l a te.

S he d a ted t he m

t ogether w ith t he s ea l ing r ings , wh ich h ave a b eze l w ith a r eversed e ngrav ing , t o t he m idd le o f t he 4 th c ent u .ry .1 36

A t Rusovce s o me o f t he r ings w ith a n

e ngraved b eze l d ated f ro m t he f irs t h a lf o f t he 4 th c en tury . S pec ia l men t ion s hou ld b e made o f t he s i lver r ing f rom g rave 2 5 ( f ig . 7 4, n o. 9) . I th ad o n i t s o u ts ide sma l l r ounded p la tes wh ich w ere e ngraved w ith l et ters f orm ing t he i nscr ip t ion U S ILVANV M V IATORE M c o mp leted b y a swas t ika.

I t was 3 cm i n d ia meter , s o i tw as l arger t han t he o ther r ings. I t

was n o t f ound o n af inger b u t l ay b y t he h ead a s i fi th ad b een p u t i n to t he g rave a s a n a f ter though t. L ic in ius :

I t was f ound i n t he g rave o f a man , t oge ther w ith c o ins o f

t h is d a tes i tt o t he f i rst h a l f o f t he 4 th c entury .

T he i nscr ip t ion o n t he r ing ( S ILVANV M V IATORE M ) c an b e e xp la ined i n v ar ious ways. T he n a me S i lvanus o ccurs i n Pannon ia i n i nscr ip t ions o n t o mb-stones. T he n a mes S i lvanus a nd V ia tor a re h owever u sed a s c ogno m ina : i n i nscr ip t ions o n t he r ing w e d o n o t a ctua l ly h ave t he p ersona l n a me ( praeno men ), o r t he f am i ly n a me ( no men g en t i l is ) , b u t t wo c ogno m ina n ex t t o e ach o ther , wh ich e xc ludes t h is t ype o f e xp lana t ion. 1 37 Ano ther p oss ib i l ity i s t ha t S i lvanus i s u sed a s n a me a nd V iator a s ad esc r ip t ion o f af unc t ion , V iator mean ing n ot o n ly ' t rave l ler ' b u t a lso a n o f f ic ia l messenger . However , at h ird e xp lana t ion s ee ms t he most f eas ib le : r ing w ith t he i nscr ip t ion was a c u l t o b ject.

n ame ly t ha t t he

I ft ha t i s s o , t he r ing i s e v idence

o f t he r e l ig ious l i fe o f t he i nhab itan ts o f t he r eg ion i n t he 4 th c en tury .

S i lvanus

a n a nc ien t Ro man g od o f t he f orest who was a lso t he g uard ian o f g ardens a nd h erds o f c at t le.

T he i nhab itan ts o f P annon ia w orsh ipped ma in ly S i lvanus ,

b es ides p ay ing h o mage t o t he o f f ic ia l c u l ts o f J up iter , J uno a nd M inerva. Swoboda wr ites t ha t S i lvanus , t he c h ief d e ity o f t he o r ig ina l i nhab itan ts o f

E .

Pannon ia , managed t o k eep h is u n ique p os it ion t hroughou t t he Roman p er iod138 Ob jects c onnected w ith t he c u l t o f S i lvanus h ave b een f ound o n n u merous s i tes i n Pannon ia.

T hese a re most ly a l tars w ith i nscr ip t ions , b u t t here a re

a lso sma l l o b jects s uch a s r ings.

A ltars , s cu lp tures , r el ie fs a nd o b jects

c onsecra ted t o S i lvanus h ave most ly b een f ound i n Ro man v i l las.

Among t hese

a re i nscr ip t ions t o " S i lvano S i lves tr i" a nd " S i lvano Do mest ico" .1 39 Two a l tars w ere f ound i n t he n e ighbourhood o f Br iget io w ith d ed ica t ions t o S i lvanus ; at h ird a l tar was d ed ica ted t o S i lvanus D o mes t icus. 1 4° I n Aqu incum , 3 5 s tone a l tars w ere f ound a ssoc ia ted w ith t he c u lt o f S i lvanus , t he g reates t n umber d a t ing f ro m t he f irs t h a l f o f t he 3 rd c en tury .

I n r ecen t y ears t wo a l tars w ere

d iscovered i n e xcava t ions , o ne i nscr ibed S i lvano S i lves tro a nd t he o ther S i lvan i S i lves tr i .1 41

Af ragmen t o f a n a ltar was f ound i n I n terc isa i nscr ibed S i lvano

Deo S ancto. I n G ors iu m t here was f ound a r e l ief d ep ict ing S i lvanus a nd i nsc r ibed S i lvanus Do mes t icus. 1 42 E . Swoboda men t ions 2 a l tars d ed ica ted t o S i lvanus f ound i n Carnun tu m ;

o ne b ore t he i nscr ip t ion S i lvanus S i lves ter . H e

men t ions t ha t i n r ecen t y ears 4 a l tars d ed ica ted t o S i lvanus w ere f ound i n t he t own. 1 43

I n t he c e me tery a t K eszthe ly i as i lver r ing was f ound i n a n i nhu ma t ion

w ith t he i nscr ip t ion S TE S ILVANE .1 44 T he a bove e xa mp les s how t ha t t he Ro man S i lvanus a lso h ad t he a t tr ibu tes o f S i lves ter a nd D o mes t icus. On t he r ing f ro m Rusovce t here was a f ur ther t i t le , t ha t o f V iator . 5 4

T he b race lets f ound i n i nhu ma t ions a t Rusovce w ere made o f b ronze , i ron o rb one.

T he c o m monest w ere t he b ronze b race lets , o f wh ich s evera l t ypes

c ou ld b e d is t ingu ished. The s i mp les t was t he c losed b race let made f ro m a r ound w ire , a st ha t f ro m g rave 3 ( f ig . 8 5, n o. ) . There was a s im ilar b racel e t made o f ar od o f c ircu lar c ross-sect ion w ith t h ickened e nds i n g rave 2 ( f ig . 8 5, n o. 4 ).

Ab race let made f ro m t h in w ire was f ound i n g rave 4 1;

o r ig ina l ly i t s n ow o pen e nds w ere p robab ly f urn ished w ith a h ook a nd e ye ( f ig . 8 5, n o.2 ) .

We f ind t ha t ah ook a nd e ye f as ten ing i s u sed o n b race lets

made o f t w isted w ire , s evera l o f wh ich w ere f ound (g rave 4 1, 3 e xamp les ; g rave 5 2, 1 e xa mp le ;

f ig . 8 5, n os. 5 , 8 ).

T he r est o f t he b race lets were

o pen a nd t he ir e nds were d ecora ted i n v ar ious ways.

T he b race let f ro m g rave

3 6 was made f ro m a t h in r od w ith t he e nds f l a t tened o u t a nd d ecora ted w ith s tamped c irc les ( f ig . 8 5 , n o. 3 ) .

T he r ec tangu lar e nds o f t he b race let f ro m

g rave 5 5 h ad i nc ised d ecora t ion ( f ig . 8 5 , n o. 9 ) .

T he e nds o f t he t wo b race lets

f rom g rave 1 4 were f la t tened a nd h ad a n i nc ised d ecorat ion o f l i nes a nd r inga nd-dot , wh ich may b e t he s ty l ised h ead o f as nake ( f ig , 8 5 , n os. 6 , 7 ) .

T he

e nds o f t he b racele t f ro m g rave 4 1 h ad q u ite d ef in ite s ty l ised h eads o f s nakes ( f ig . 8 5 , n o. 1 0 ). T he f ragmen t o f ab race let f ro m g rave 1h ad t he f orm o f a n arrow b and w ith a z igzag d es ign ; i n t h is c ase i ti s i mposs ib le t o s ay whether t he b race let was c losed o r o pen ( f ig . 8 5 , n o. 1 1 ). T he measure men ts o f t he b race lets w ere more o r l ess t he s ame ; d ia meter w as u sua l ly 6 cm ;

t he ir

t wo w ere 6 .5 cm i n d ia meter a nd t here w ere 2

sma l ler o nes w ith d ia meters o f 5 .5 cm. The i ron b race le ts were s o c orroded t ha t o n ly f ragmen ts r e ma ined ( graves 1 4 a nd 7 1). s i tu ;

On ly i n g rave 3 w as i tp oss ib le t o measure t he i ron b racelet i n

i tw as 6 cm i n d ia meter , a nd was made o f a sma l l i ron r od a round wh ich

w as w ound b ronze w ire. Brace le ts made o f b one s urv ived o n ly a s f ragmen ts. I n g rave 3 6 t here was a c losed , u ndecora ted b race let , i t s o va l e nds j o ined w ith 2 b ronze r ivets ( f ig .8 5 ,n o. 1 2 ).

A s im i lar s imp le b race let c a me f ro m g rave 4 1.

I n g rave

2 1 w ere f ound f rag men ts o f ab race let d ecora ted w ith a n e nc irc l ing g roove ( f ig . 8 5, n o. 1 3).

Af rag men t o f a more mass ive b one b race let f ro m g rave 2

w as d ecora ted w ith d iagona l g rooves ( f ig . 8 5, n o. 1 4 ). On ly a n a pprox i ma te a ssess men t o f t he s ize o f t he f ragmen tary b race lets c an b e made ; t hey a ppear t o h ave b een o va l , 7 x 6 cm t o 7 x 8 cm i n d ia meter . M. A lfö ld i h as d escr ibed t he b race lets o f v ar ious mater ia ls f ound a t I n terc isa .

S he d iv ided t he b ronze b race lets i n to t wo ma in t ypes :

o f w ire a nd t hose made o f a me ta l s tr ip.

t hose made

Among t he b race lets made o f w ire

w ere t hose made o f s evera l t w is ted w ires w ith h ook a nd e ye f as ten ing , l ike t he b race le ts f ro m g raves 4 1 a nd 5 2 a t Rusovce. T h is t ype o f b race let b egan i n t he 3 rd c en tury a nd was i n u se i n t he 4 th c en tury .

A ccord ing t o t he a u thor

t he mos t p opu lar t ype i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he 4 th c en tury was t ha t made f ro m ab ronze r od w ith d ecora ted e nds , s im ilar t o t hose f ro m g raves 1 4 a nd 4 1 a t Rusovce. M. A l fö ld i s tates t ha t t he b race lets w ith t he h eads o f s nakes a nd t hose made o f aw ire w ound r ound a r od w ere t yp ica l g rave-goods i n P annon ia i n t he s econd t h ird o f t he 4 th c en tury .1 45

5 5

T he b one b race lets f ound a t I n terc isa w ere d ecora ted w ith e ngraved l i nes a nd r ings. M. A l fö ld i c ons iders t hese b race lets t o b e at yp ica l i t em o f wo mens ' d ress.Alfö ld iova c ons iders t hese b race lets t o b e at yp ica l i t em o f wo mens ' d ress.

S he d a tes t he m t o t he l a t ter p ar t o f t he 4 th c en tury a nd s eeks

t he ir o r ig ins i n t he Western p rov inces. 1 46 I t i s s urpr is ing t ha t n o e ar-r ings w ere f ound a t Rusovce , a l though v ar ious t ypes w ere f ound i n i nhu mat ions o f t he 4 th c en tury o n o ther s i tes ( e .g . i n S ägvär a nd I n terc isa c e me ter ies ). T he s ing le sma l l e arr ing f ound a t Rusovce i n g rave 2 1 was made o f g o ld w ire ( p la te V ,n o. 1 ) . Th is s imp le t ype o f e ar-r ing was a lso f ound i n t he c e metery a t I n terc isa , where a n umber o f g o ld e ar-r ings w ere f ound.

Ear-r ings o f t h is t ype made o f g o ld a nd b ronze w ire

were a lso f ound a t S ägvä .r .1 47 Af ragmen t o f b ronze p la te o f u nknown u se was f ound i n g rave 5 d ecora ted w ith a p unched a nd i nc ised d ecora t ion , a nd was f astened w ith f l a t r ive ts ( f ig . 8 5 , n o. 1 5 ). R. Koch h as d iscussed s im i lar l ate Ro man p la tes a nd d escr ibes c lose p ara l le ls w ith t he Rusovce f ind . H is w ere b ronze p la tes f ro m We inhe im ( Germany ) a nd h e c ons iders t he m t o b e p ar ts o f as e t b e long ing t o ab el t .

I n

h is o p in ion b e l t p la tes w ith p unched d ecora t ion d a te f ro m c . 4 00. T hese b e l ts f ormed p ar t o f t he m i l itary d ress a nd w ere p opu lar o n t he Rh ine a nd Danube f ron t iers .1 48

T he p la te f ro m g rave 5 w as o f t h is t ype a nd h ad t he s ame s ty le

o f d ecora t ion a s t hose f ro m We inhe i m.

T he d eta ils o f t he o rnamen t w ere

h owever d if feren t . Buck les o fb ronze o r i ron w ere p ar t o f t he ma le d ress. Two b ronze b uck les w ere f ound i n g raves 3 0 a nd 3 2, a nd t wo i ron o nes i n g rave 1 8. These b uck les w ere most ly o va l a nd w ere j o ined w ith a d oub le p la te t o wh ich t he b e l t was a t tached ( graves 3 0 a nd 3 2 ). p reserved w ithou t p la tes. c ircu lar a nd h ad i ron p ins.

T he o va l b uck les f ro m g raves 1 2 a nd 3 0 were

I n g raves 3 1 a nd 1 40 b oth b ronze b uck les w ere T he b uck le f ro m g rave 3 1 h ad t wo p rotuberances

f or t he a t tachmen t o f t he b e l t ( P la te

I V, n os. 1 , 4 , 5 ) .

T he ma jor ity o f t he o va l b ronze b uck les h ad i ron p ins , o n ly t he b uck les f ro m g raves 1 2 a nd 3 2 b e ing made e n t ire ly o f b ronze. The d ia meter o f t he b ronze b uck les was u sua l ly 2 .4-3.5 cm , t he i ron o nes b e ing g enera l ly l arger w ith a d ia meter o f 3 .5-5.6 cm. T he i ron b uck les w ere a lso e i ther o va l ( graves 1 8, 4 6 a nd 1 44 ) o r c ircu lar ( graves 3 4 a nd 1 02 ).

5 6

( P la te I V , n os. 2 , 3 , 6 ) .

M ISCE LLANEOUS

On ly o ne b one c o mb was f ound i n t he Rusovce c e metery , i n g rave 5 . T h is d oub le-s ided c o mb was made f ro m t hree p la tes j o ined b y s ix b ronze r ivets , t he s ides o f t he p la tes b e ing d ecora ted w ith e ngraved c oncen tr ic c irc les ( f ig .8 5, n o.16 ) .

T h is s k i lfu l ly made t ype o f c o mb p o in ts t o al a ter Ro man d a te.

C o mbs ,

made o f b one , o f Ro man d a te w ere d iscussed b y S . T ho mas who d escr ibed , h owe ver , o n ly t he o ne-s ided t hreelayer t ype ;

s he d id n ot i nc lude i n h er d iscuss ion

t he d oub le-s ided c ombs. 1 49 M. L am iovä-Schm ied lovä . d a tes t he d oub le-s ided t hreelayer c o mb f rom g ebas tovce t o t he 4 th c en tury . 1 50 Af ragmen t o f at hreel ayer c o mb f ro m Kapugany d ecora ted w ith c oncen tr ic r ings , was d a ted t o t he 5 th c en tury .

V . Bud inskY-Kr iCka d a ted a d oub le-s ided c omb f rom L ev ice a lso

t o t he 5 th c en tury .

1 51

As n o o b jects f ro m t he 5 th c en tury w ere f ound a t Rusovce w e h ave t o d a te t he c o mb f ro m g rave 5t o t he l a te 4 th c en tury . T h is d a t ing i s s uppor ted b y f inds a t I n terc isa o f t hreelayer d oub le-s ided c o mbs made o f b one wh ich , a cc ord ing t o M. A lfö ld i , w ere i n u se i n t h is a rea f ro m t he b eg inn ing o f t he 4 th c en tury .1 52 On ly a f ew sma l l o b jects o f d a ily u se w ere f ound i n t he i nhu ma t ions. T he v esse l made f ro m b ronze p late w ith a s ha l low l id a nd a c ha in , f ro m g rave 1 67, was a n i nk-po t ( a tra men tar iu m , P la te V I ,n o. 2 ).

Ab ronze i nk-pot o f t he

s a me s hape a nd s ize w as f ound a t I n terc isa , b u t h ad a t in l i d w ith a c ha in . A . Radno t i wr ites t ha t a n i nk-po t was q u ite o f ten i nc luded among t he g rave-goods i n i nhu ma t ions 1 53

I ti s q u ite l ikely t ha t t he l i d f ro m g rave 1 2 a t Rusovce

c a me f ro m a s im i lar i nk-po t :

t he a ssoc ia ted c y l indr ica l v esse l , 6 cm h igh ,

o bv ious ly made f ro m s o me o rgan ic ma ter ia l , h ad d is in tegrated.

T he l id was

o f t he s a me s hape a nd s ize ( d ia meter 3 .5 cm ) a s t he l i ds o f t he o ther i nk-po ts. Bo th t hese i nk-po ts l ay i n ma le g raves i n a ssoc ia t ion w ith b rooches.

Co ins

o f Va lens d a ted g rave 1 2 t o t he m idd le o f t he 4 th c en tur y . An i so la ted f i nd was a r ec tangu lar whetstone f ro m t he ma le i nhu ma t ion i n g rave 2 5.

Fro m g rave 1 8 t here c a me a b icon ica l p endan t o fu nknown p urpose

( P la te V I , n o. 3 ) . I n t he f e ma le b ur ia l 1 was f ound a sma l l a nnu lar d isc made o f t i n p late d ecora ted w ith mou lded p at tern o f a wavy l i ne a nd r ings ( f ig . 8 5 ,n o.17 ) .

I t

was t he f ra me o f am irror wh ich h ad b een l ost . An u mber o f m irror f ra mes were d iscovered a t I n terc isa : J . F itz d iv ided t he m i n to s evera l t ypes a ccordi ng t o s hape a nd d ecora t ion.

I n terc isa Type I X a f fords t he c losest p ara l le l t o

t he Rusovce f ra me , b u t i td i f fers s l igh t ly i n i t s d ecora t ion.

J . F itz d a tes t he

g roup o f m irror f ra mes w ith t he t endr i ll ike d ecora t ion t o t he 3 rd-4th c en tur ies ; i n h is o p in ion t h is s ty le o f d ecora t ion i s o f Eastern o r ig in . Accord ing t o h im t he sma l l s ize o f t he m irror ( d ia meter c . 3 cm ) made i ti mprac t ica l t o u se a nd i t s f unc t ion was a l most t ha t o f a n amu let o r o f ag i f t t o t he d eceased. He s tates t hat t he f ra mes were mos t ly made o f t in a nd i n t h is c onnect ion h e r em inds u s o f t he mag ica l a nd c ura t ive p roper t ies o f t ha t meta 1.154

A lso i n wo men 's g raves n os. 2 1 a nd 4 1 t here w ere b one s p ind le-whor ls ( P la te V I, n o. 4 ). a nd 3 .5 cm.

T he d ia meters o f t hese b icon ica l s p ind le-whor ls w ere 3 .3

M. A lfö ld i

1 55

r ecorded a s im ilar s p ind le-whor l f rom I n terc isa .

5 8

I RON OBJECTS

Ac o mpara t ive ly sma l l n u mber o f i ron o b jects were f ound i n t he i nhu ma t ions a t Rusovce ;

o f t hese o n ly t wo t ypes w ere r epresen ted , n ame ly k n ives a nd aw ls.

I n t h is p er iod i ron w eapons w ere n o l onger u sed a s g rave-goods. w ere u sua l ly f ound i n ma le b ur ia ls.

I ron k n ives

They h ad a s tra igh t b lade a nd a t ang wh ich

a ccoun ted f or r ough ly a t h ird o f t he who le l eng th.

T hey f e l l i n to t wo g roups

a ccord ing t o s ize : t he s hor ter o nes w ere 8 -11 cm l ong a nd 1 .8-3 cm w ide ( graves 2 5 , 3 1, 7 a nd 1 02 ), a nd t he b igger o nes w ere 1 5.5-19 cm l ong a nd 2 -3.5 cm w ide ( graves 3 2 , 8 4 , 1 03 a nd 1 40 ).

Traces o f w ood w ere g enera l ly

v is ib le o n t he t ang , d er ived f rom t he h and le ;

t he k n ife f ro m g rave 8 4 h ad a

w ooden s hea th . I n s o me o f t he g raves t here was a n i ron aw l a s w e l l a s ak n ife ( graves 7 , 9 , 1 02 a nd 1 03 ). T he i ron p ar t o f t he aw l wh ich was p reserved was o n a verage 9 -9.6 cm l ong . S o me t races o f t he w ooden h and le u sua l ly s urv ived o n t he t ang . The p o in ted i ron o b jec t f ro m g rave 1 44 was p robab ly a t oo l ; i t was 1 5 cm l ong a nd c ou ld h ave b een a p unch w ith a n i ron h and le. Groups o f i ron h obna ils w ith h em ispher ica l h eads were f ound i n g raves w here t he b ody was o r ien tated w ith i t s h ead t o t he s ou th-east .

T he n a i ls w ere

a lways f ound n ear t he l ower l imbs. I n g rave 3 7 t here w as a d ark o va l s ta in b y t he l e f t k nee measur ing 3 0 x 1 cm a nd r ough ly 4 cm d eep o n wh ich l ay 5 5 i ron n a i ls. I n g rave 5 6 t here w as a l ong d ark s ta in b es ide t he f e mur , 3 8 x 8 cm i n a rea , o n wh ich l ay 3 l ayers o f i r on n a i ls o ne a bove a nother : 18 n a i ls a re p reserved ;

i n o ne l ayer t here w ere a bou t 4 0 s uch n a ils.

I n g rave 6 3 t here

was a d ark s ta in b es ide t he f e mur , 2 5 x 7 x 5 cm d eep , where t here w ere t hree l ayers o f i ron h obna i ls n u mber ing 3 8 i n a l l ; 2 more n a ils w ere f ound n ear t he h ee l . r ow .

By t he l e f t f e mur w ere 3 4 s im i lar n a ils i n t hree l ayers b u t i n o ne

A ltoge ther 7 4 n a i ls w ere f ound b y t he l egs.

I n g rave 6 7 t here was a

r ow o f n a i ls b es ide t he f e mur a nd b etween t he f e murs w ere t wo r ows o f n a ils p laced d iagona l ly ;

l ower d own w as y et a no ther r ow ;

a l together 6 4 n a i ls w ere

p reserved . I n g rave 5 8 t here w ere t en h obna i ls b y t he e nd o f t he l ef t l eg , i n g rave 6 6 e igh teen n a i ls w ere f ound b y t he l e f t t i b ia.

L ast ly i n g rave 19 , i n t he c orners

o f t he g rave b y t he l egs t here w ere d ark s ta ins 1 3-15 cm i n d ia meter ;

o n t hese

l ay i ron h obna ils i n 2r ows ( 1 1 a nd 9 n a i ls r espect ively ). We a ssu me t ha t t he d ark s ta ins w ere r e ma ins o f s o me o rgan ic ma t ter , p robab ly l ea ther f oo twear t he s o les o f wh ich w ere s tudded w ith i ron h obna ils. On ab r ick i n g rave 3 6 was p reserved t he i mpr in t o f am il itary s hoe , t he s o le o f wh ich w as c overed w ith h obna i ls w ith h em ispher ica l h eads.

T hey were

p laced a round t he c ircu m ference o f t he s o le a nd i n t wo r ows u p t he m idd le. I n t h is c ase t here w ere 1 10 n a i ls o n t he s o le. Fur ther f ootpr in ts o n t h is a nd o n o ther b r icks were l ess c lear a nd t he n u mbers o f n a ils c ou ld n o t b e e stab l ished .

5 9

I ron h obna i ls o ccurred i n i nhu ma t ions i n v ar ious n u mbers f ro m 1 0 t o 1 18, p oss ib ly b ecause d if feren t n u mbers o f n a i ls w ere u sed f or t he manu fact ure o f d iferen t s ty les o f f oo twear .

I n s o me i nstances where g roups o f n a ils

were f used t ogether b y r us t t hey f ormed c urved l ines , i nd ica t ing t ha t t hey w ere f ro m e i ther t he t oe o r t he h ee l o f t he s hoe.

L ea ther b oo ts w ith i ron

h obna ils was p ar t o f t he m il itary e qu ip men t ( ca l igae ), a nd g raves where i ron n a ils w ere f ound c an b e c ons idered a s m i l itary i nhu ma t ions. When d iscuss ing i ron o b jects f ro m t he c amp i n I n terc isa , A . S a la mon d escr ibed s im i lar i ron h obna ils w ith r ound h eads , w h ich s he a ssumed w ere u sed o n f oo twear a nd a lso f or d ecora t ing l ea ther h andbags a nd s hea ths f or k n ives. 1 56 I n s o me g raves i ron n a ils o f v ar ious s izes were f ound. Na i ls f rom g raves 5 8, 1 39 a nd 1 45, a s men t ioned a bove , p robab ly c a me f ro m w ooden c of f ins.. T he c ircu mstances o f t he f i nds i n o ther i nhu ma t ions w ere n o t s o c lear-cu t a s t o e nab le u s t o d eterm ine t he f unc t ion o f t he n a i ls.

I n g rave 4 , 2l arge n a ils

w ere f ound ( 13 cm a nd 1 0.5 cm l ong ). T here was a n a i l i n g rave 3 8 , a nd a sma l l o ne i n g rave 6 3. T he q uan t ity o f n a i ls i n t hese g raves w as i nsu f f ic ien t t o p rove t he e x is tence o f w ooden c o f f ins.

6 0

TH E DATING OF TH E INHUMATIONS The dating of the Rusovce cemetery is based primarily on the Roman coins in the inhumations. The coins that were identified belonged to the Roman emperors from Maximianus H erculius to Valens (286-378). The period of the inhumations, according to coins, therefore covers roughly 100 years, approximately from the end of the 3rd century to the end of the 4th. The da­ ting of the inhumations to the 4th century is supported by the study of the burial rites and of the other finds. In the 3rd century, the burial rites in Pannonia were already changing from cremation to inhumation. Examples quoted from cemeteries in H ungary show that tonibs built in brick and stone were in use in this province in the 4th century. H ungarian scholars place them mostly in the middle of the 4th century. The onion-shaped bronze brooch was the commonest of all the finds. It was a customary part of a Roman soldier's dress and brooches of this form were used exclusively in the 4th century. It could therefore be safely relied upon for the purposes of dating. Other finds from inhumations verified the 4th century date of the cemetery. From parallels with cemeteries in Hungary, the types of glass vessel from inhum.ations at Rusovce- (cylindrical and conical beakers, and the decorated jug) dated to the 4th century. Some of the earlier pottery types continued to be manufactured (e.g. yellow jugs, and the coarse grey vessels) but pots with a coloured metallic glaze were typical products of the 4th century kilns; this was also confirmed by Hungarian scholars (K. Poczy ). At Rusovce there was a group of inhumations in which the skeletons had their heads orientated to the south-east. This group formed, as it were, a group intermediate between the cremations and the inhum.ations in which the body was orientated with its head to the north-west. In the cemetery to the east of the gymnasium, not one burial was found with the head of the skeleton pointed south-east. Among the south-east orientated skeletons there was also one, grave 35, containing a knee-shaped brooch, which can be dated to the 3rd century. It is possible that this group of burials, which lay on the edge of the 4th century burial ground, was earlier and still belonged to the second half of the 3rd century. It has been concluded therefore that the overall duration of inhumations at the Rusovce cemetery extended from the second half of the 3rd century to the end of the 4th century. The question of the dating of the Rusovce cemetery can be conclusively settled on the basis of the grave-goods found there. H owever, the question of the ethnic and social composition of the population buried there remains uncertain until we have sufficient material from other cemeteries in this dis­ trict at our disposal. The male inhumation with onion-shaped bronze brooches showed that these were soldiers garrisoned in Roman Gerulata. The burials of women an�c���� �e� !�stify tha� this lo�ality wa� also use� as?- _civilian cemetery _ - . __

61

f or t he l oca l c o mmun i ty . T he sma l l n umber o f c h i ldren 's g raves i s s urp r is ing ; p robab ly t he c h i ldren 's s ke le tons w ere b ur ied i n s ha l lower g raves a nd s o h ave b een d es troyed b y c u l t iva t ion . I th as b een men t ioned t ha t g raves 5 a nd 3 6 , b u i l t i n b r ick a nd c on ta in ing s evera l s ke le tons , w ere p robab ly f am i ly t o mbs . T he o bserva t ion t ha t t he p ersons b ur ied i n t hese t o mbs w ere w i thou t g rave-goods i nd ica tes t ha t t hey may h ave b een Chr is t ians. J . S z i lagy i b e l ieves t ha t t here may h ave b een Chr is t ians i n Aqu incu m a s e ar ly a s t he f i rs t h a l f o f t he 4 th c en tury .1 57

6 2

CONC LUS IONS

I n c ons ider ing t he r esu l ts o f t he e xcavat ion o f t h is c e me tery , i t must b e b orne i n m ind t ha t Rusovce i s t he o n ly l oca l ity i n t he f ormer Ro man p rov ince o f Pannon ia where t he e xcava t ion h as b een c onducted b y S lovak a rchaeo log ists. H ither to t he e v idence r e lat ing t o t he p er iod o f Ro man r u le i n t he D anube r eg ion h as b een o bta ined f rom t he lef t b ank o f t he r iver , where t he Ro man g arr isons w ere s urrounded b y ab arbar ian p opu la t ion ( Dev in , S tupava , P äc , L eänyvär , M i lanovce ). I n t h is e xcava t ion t here w ere o bta ined f or t he f irs t t ime n u mero us r e ma ins o f t he p rov inc ia l Ro man c u l ture , a s o pposed t o i so la ted , impor ted , o b jects. T he a na lys is o f t he b ur ia l r i tes a nd o f t he f inds f ro m t he c e metery a t Rusovce s how t hat t he s i te c ons isted o f t wo b ur ia l p laces wh ich d i f fered f ro m o ne a no ther i n t he manner o f b ur ia l a nd i n t he a cco mpany ing g rave-goods. Cre mat ions b e longed r ough ly i n t he 2 nd c en tury , b u t i ti s q u ite p oss ib le t ha t s o me o f t he m e x tended i n to t he b eg inn ing o f t he 3 rd c en tury .

T he d a t ing

was b ased o n f inds o f c o ins , g lass , l a mps , a nd t erra s ig il la ta .

T he i nhu ma-

t i ons i n o rd inary g raves o r i n b r ick-bu i l t t o mbs c an b e d a ted f ro m t he s econd h a l f o f t he 3 rd c en tury t o t he e nd o f t he 4 th c en tury .

T he d a t ing o f t hese

b ur ia ls was c on f irmed b y t he f i nds o f Ro man c o ins , a nd s uch t yp ica l o b jects a s b rooches , r ings , g lass a nd g lazed a nd b urn ished p ot tery .

T he e x istence

o f c e me ter ies a lso s hows t ha t G eru lata was o ccup ied a t l east f ro m t he s econd t o t he f our th c en tur ies. The f inds f ro m t he c e metery i l lustra te b ur ia l c us to ms c onnected w ith t he r e l ig ious c oncep t ions o f t he p opu la t ion o f t ha t t ime. The f i nds r ef lect t he ma ter ia l c u lture o f t he n a t ive p eop le , a nd t he f inds f ro m Rusovce a f ford a r e l iab le b as is f or t he d a t ing o f s im i lar o b jects f ound i n t he a d jacen t n on-Ro man r eg ions. I ti s a ssu med t hat t he o b jects f ound a t Rusovce w ere i n d a ily u se b y t he p opu la t ion , s o t ha t t he d a te o f manu facture c o inc ided w ith t he d a te o f u se.

When d a t ing o b jects a cqu ired f ro m o u ts ide t he Ro man t err itory , w e

h ave t o a l low a c er ta in t ime b etween t he a c tua l manu facture o f t he o b ject , i t s a cqu is i t ion a nd i t s b ur ia l . I tc an b e s a id i n c onc lus ion t ha t t he a rchaeo log ica l r esearch a t Rusovce , wh ich l asted s evera l y ears , n o t o n ly e nr iched t he c o l lect ions o f t he S lovak Na t iona l Museu m w ith n ew t ypes o f a r tefacts , b u t a lso y ie lded i n for ma t ion r e la t ing t o t hese f inds a nd c on tr ibu ted t o t he u nderstand ing o f t he l i fe o f t he p opu la t ion f ro m t he 2 nd t o t he 4 th c entury .

6 3

NOTES

1 .

Ondrouch , V .:

Kp o lohe a d e jinä m r i manske j G eru la ty .

4 3-45 , 1 949-1951, 2 .

De jiny l ids tva.

3 .

P e l ikän , 0 . : 1 18.

P .

I n :

SMSS ,

9 3.

l v t imske Imper iu m , z v . 2 , Praha 1 936 , p . 6 24 , p rf loha. S lovensko a r imske Imper iu m , Brat is lava 1 960 , p p. 1 10 ,

Dekan , J .:

VYs ledky v Ysku mov v Rusovc iach-Geru la te. Referä t

-L ib l ice 1 971. 4 .

Ondrouch, V .:

5 .

I b id . p . 9 7.

6 .

Kraskovskä ,

2 2 .c it .p. 9 5.

Nä lez r rmskeho h robu v Rusovc iach .

I n :

AR , 3 , 1 951,

p . 1 60 , 1 61, 1 70. 7 .

Bön is , E .:

Rö merze it l iche Gräber i n Ha l i mba.

I n :

FA , 1 2, 1 960 ,

p p. 9 7-99. 8 .

F t t lep , F .:

Das Fr i ihka iserze it l iche Gräber fe ld v on Vasas.

I n :

AAH ,

9 , 1 958, p . 3 89. 9 .

S äg i ,K .:

D ie Ausgrabungen i m r öm ischen G räber fe ld v on I n terc isa im

J ahre 1 949.

I n :

I n terc isa I , p p . 6 3, 6 4.

S äg i d raws o ur a t ten t ion t o

t he f ac t t ha t a ccord ing t o Ro man l aw t he u str inu m s hou ld h ave b een s i tua ted 5 00 p aces o u ts ide t he s e t t le men t . 1 0. 1 1.

S äg i , K .:

. c it., p p . 6 5 ;6 6.

Barköcz i , L .:

D ie d a t ier ten G lasfunde a us d em I .

Br iget io.

FA , 1 8, 1 966-1967 , f ig . 3 0 :

I n :

f ässe u nd G lasgegens tände. S z i lägy i , J .: Radnö t i , A .:

1 3.

Barköcz i , L .:

1 4.

Radnö t i , A .:

1 5.

2 O ZV II I :

. c it .

I n terc isa I , p l. 2 0aX :

P .

1 54.

Barköcz i, L .:

2 2 .c it . p p . 7 4-78, f ig . 2 8 : 1 ;

G lasge-

4 .

9 2 .c it . p p. 1 42, 1 43;

2 2 .c it. p . 7 8. 2 9 : 2 , 3 .

p l. XXV I : 2 , 3 , 6 , 9 ;

XXV I I :

2 , 3 .-

Doppe l fe ld , 0 .:

Rö m isches u nd f rank isches G las i n Kö ln .

f ig . 5 9.

9 2. c i. L f ig . 2 7 : 2 .

1 6.

Barköcz i , L .:

1 7.

Doppe lfe ld , 0 .:

1 8.

Radnö t i , A . :

1 9.

I b id .

P P.

J ahrhunder t v on

Radnöt i , A .:

Aqu incu m , Budapest 1 956 , p l. 2 0 (V.

1 2.

1 ;

I n :

2 .

2. 2 .c it . f ig . 6 6.

o p. c it .p l. XX IX : 9 .

1 41, 1 45.

6 4

Kö ln 1 966 ,

2 0:

Barköcz i, L .:

22 .c it. p p. 6 7, 8 2.

2 1.

L oeschcke , S .:

2 2.

I vä .ny i , D .:

La mpen a us V indon issa.

D ie p annon ischen La mpen.

Zür ich 1 919. DP, S 2 ,

2 .

Budapest

1 935. 2 3.

Pöczy , K .:

La mpen.

2 4.

S zen t le leky , T .:

2 5.

Neu mann , A .:

I n :

I n terc isa 1 , p . 8 7.

Anc ien t l a mps.

Budapest 1 969.

Der r öm ische L i mes i n Usterre ich , La mpen u nd a ndere

Beleuchtungsgerä te a us V indobona.

Wien 1 967 , p p. 9 ,10.

9 2 .c it. p . 2 11.

2 6.

L oeschcke , S .:

2 7.

S zen t le leky , T .:

2 8.

I väny i , D .:

2 9.

L oeschcke , S .:

3 0.

S zen t leleky , T .:

3 1.

I väny i , D .:

3 2.

L oeschcke, S .:

3 3.

I väny i , D .:

2 .c it. p . 1 6.

3 4.

I b id . p . 1 6.

N eu mann , A .:

3 5.

2 E. c it. p . 2 80. I vä ,ny i , D .: S zen t lekeky , T .: 2 2 .c it . p . 9 2. Pöczy , K .:

2 .c it. p p. 6 8, 6 9 , 7 1, f ig . 8 0.

9 _ 2 .c it. p p. 1 0 , 1 1, P l. X I :

1 , 4 , 5 , 6 .

22 .c it. p . 2 43.

9 2 .c i t p . 9 2.

2 2 .c it. p . 1 0.

S zen t le leky , T .:

9 2 .c i t . p . 2 55 ;

P l. XV I II

_ i z _ ) 2 .c it

S zen t le leky , T .:

3 7.

I b id . p . 9 2.

p . 9 2.

X IX.

p . 1 0.

Loeschcke , S .:

3 6.

I

9 _ 2 .c i t

2.c it . p . 3 0.

2 2 c i t . p p. 8 8,128.

22 .c it. p . 9 2.

L oeschcke , S .:

9 _ 2 .c it. p p. 2 62, 2 82.

I väny i , D .: 2 p .

c i t .p . 1 6. 3 8.

I väny i, D .:

2 .c it. p p. 1 9 , 2 9.

3 9.

I b id . P l. L -L I I;

4 0.

Neu mann , A .:

4 1.

I väny i , D .:

P l. L I ;

9 ,11.

2 2 .c it. f ig . 7 0.

2 2. c i t .30, 3 1;

LX XKV I : 4 3-45 , 4 9-67 ; XCV : 3 1-34.

P l. LXX IX :

XCI I I : 3 0-55 ;

I väny i , D .:

I b id. p p. 1 9 , 2 9.

4 3.

Pöczy , K .:

22 .c it. c . 1 1, P l. XXI I I :

4 4.

I väny i , D .:

9 2 .c i t . p . 2 5 , P l. LXV : 8 , 1 4.

4 5.

Pöczy , K .:

9 2 .c i t . p . 9 0.

4 6.

Dragendor ff , H .:

4 7.

L udow ic i , W.:

I n :

LX )0 .2 1 : 1 : 3 -5 ;

XCIV : 7 4-80 ; XC V II I : 1 -3;

4 2.

Terra S ig illa ta.

1 -4 ;

1 4.

BJ, 9 6 , 1 895.

S te mpe l-B ilder Rö m ischer T öp fer ( aus me inen Aus-

g rabungen i n Rhe inzabern ), 1 901-1905 , p p. 7 6 , 2 85.

6 5

4 8.

Oswa ld , F . - Pryce , D .:

T erra s ig il la ta.

L ondon 1 966 , p p. 1 94 ,

2 02, 2 14. 4 9.

Ludow ic i , W.:

5 0.

Karn itsch , P .:

2 2 .c i t. p . 7 6. D ie Re l iefs ig il la ta v on Ov ilava.

L inz 1 959 , p p . 3 1,

3 2, 7 6.

2 2. c it. p p. 6 0 , 2 81.

5 1.

L udow ic i, W.:

5 2.

Oswa ld , F . - Pryce , D .:

5 3.

MacDona ld , G .:

. c it. p p. 1 21, 2 06.

Forschungen i n r öm ischen Br itann ien .

Neunzehn ter BerRGK , Frank fur t am Ma in 1 930 , p . 7 1. W.: 5 4.

J uhäsz, G .: X I : 7 ;

5 5.

2 .c it. p . 7 2 6 . 4 428;

I n : L udow ic i,

p . 6 , 6 , 4 610.

D ie S ig il la ten v on Br iget io , DP , S2 ,

3 , P l. I X : 1 ;

X : 1 3, 1 4.

Pöczy , K .:

D ie T öpferwerkstät ten v on Aqu incu m.

I n :

AAH, 7 ,

1 956, p . 1 26. 5 6.

J uhäsz , G .:

5 7.

Bön is, E .:

22 .c it. P l. X IV :

1 4.

D ie Ka iserze it l iche Kera m ik v on Pannon ien .

Ma ter ia len d er f rühen Ka iserze it.

I .

D ie

DP , S2 , g . 2 0 , Budapest 1 942.

J . S z ilägy i d ep icts a p ot tery c o lander w ith a h and le f ro m Aqu incu m , made h owever o f g rey c lay. S z ilagy i, J .:

2 2.

5 8.

Bön is , E .:

5 9.

I b id. p p. 4 1, 19 ;

6 0.

I b id. p p. 4 2, 1 07, 1 09 ; P l. XV I I :

6 1.

I b id. p . 2 27 ;

6 2.

I b id. p p. 1 99 , 2 09, 2 22 ;

6 3.

S chörgendor fer , A .:

P l. XV I I I : 2 5 , 2 7. 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 9.

P l. XX IX : 1 7. P l. )aV I : 3 , 1 3;

Bön is , E .:

o p.c it. p . 5 1; P l. = II.

p p. 1 7 , 9 4 , 1 85 ;

S chörgendor fer , A .:

6 6.

Bön is , E .:

6 7.

S chörgendor fer , A .: Bön is , E .:

.4 64. S chörgendor fer , A .:

2 .c it .

P l. 1: 1 61, 1 62.

6 5.

6 8.

XX IX : 1 .

D ie r ö merze it l iche Kera m ik d er Ostalpen länder.

München , Wien 1 942, p . 5 3, 6 4.

o p. c it. P l. X .

_ 9 2 .c i t

p . 1 11.

22 .c it . p . 4 8. 2 2 .c it . p . 2 0 , ' 6 . 1 94.

2 2 .c it. p p. 4 3, 1 08;

P l. XV I I :

1 8. S chörgendor fer , A .:

22 .c it . p . 1 11. 6 9.

S chörgendor fer , A .:

2 2

p . 2 3, 6 . 2 14.

Gräber i n S avar ia ( Szo mbathe ly ). 5 7, 1 . 7 0.

I n :

Möcsy, A .: Frührö m ische

AE, 8 1, 1 954,

P .

1 90 ; f ig . 1 3 :

Pöczy , K .: D ie Töpferwerks tät ten v on Aqu incu m. I n : AAH , 7 , 1 956 , p p. 7 3, 7 4 , 1 35 ; f ig . 4 : 3 , 5 ; P l. I V : 1 1; P l. V : 1 4, 1 6.

6 6

71.

Lamiova-Schmiedlova, M.: Spony z doby rfmskej na Slovensku. In: AUSAV, 5, 1961, p. 19.

sz

72.

Radn6ti, A.: Mtlbel und KastchenbeschHige, Schlosser und Schltissel. In: Intercisa II, pp. 241-249.

73.

Ibid., pp. 242, 245.

74.

Salamon, A.: Gebrauchsgegenstlinde und Werkzeuge aus Eisen. In: Intercisa II, pp. 369, 370; Pl. LXX: 1-12; Pl. LXXI: 13, 14.

75.

Kraskovska, �-: Vyskum r(mskej stanice v Rusovciach v rokoch 1961 a 1964. In: ZbSNM-Hist6ria, 7, 1967, pp. 47, 48, 52; fig. 7: 1-6.

76.

A grey jug was probably buried with the later inhumation.

77.

Radn6ti, A.:

78.

Parragi, G.: Neuere sptttrtlmische Funde auf der Becsi Strasse. In: BR, 21, 1964, p. 238; fig. 39, 40.

79.

Parragi, G.: Weitere Grttber aus der Freilegung in der Glasfabric von6buda. In: AE, 92, 1965, pp. 46-48.

80.

Parragi, G.: Sptttrtlmische Friedhof in der Bogdani Strasse. BR, 20, 1963, p. 326; fig. 7, 14-16.

81.

Meszaros, Gy.: Ein sptttrtsmisches Ziegelgrab in Szekszard-SzcHtshegy. In: AE, 89, 1962, pp. 84-88; fig. 3, 4.

82.

Freilegung des Begrttbnisfeldes von Margittelep. In: AReg, Fitz, J. - Banki, Sz. - Lanyi, V .: Dritter Bericht Uber die Ausgrabungen in der rtlmischen Siedlung bei Tac 19611962. In: AReg, 4-5, 1963-1964, Pl. LI: 1-8.

83.

Fitz, J.: Floriana. In: Areg, 2-3, 1963, pp. 157, 158;

Glasgeflisse und Ghsgegenstlinde, QE.cit. p. 154.

In:

Lanyi, V.:

4-5, 1963-1964, p. 220.

Pl. XLVIII:

1-4. 84.

Vag6, B. E.: Sptttrtlmische Grttber in Interci sa und in Bl:Hcske. In: AE, 88, 1961, fig. 5.

. 85 186.

Radn6ti, A.: �.cit. p. 144; Pl. XXVI: 3.

1

87 •

Ibid., pp. 152-153; Pl. XXXIII:

1 O. 12.

Burger, A.: The late Roman cemetery at Sa gv ar. Pl. 99: 2; Pl. 125: 5, 7, 8.

In:

AAH, 1 , 1966,

88.

Ibid. Pl. 115: 2; Pl. 120: 2.

89 •

Bark6czi, L. - Salamon, A.: Glasfunde von Ende des 4 und Anfang des 5. Jhr. in Ungarn. In: AE, 95, 1968, p. 38 .

90.

Doppelfeld, O.: �.cit. p. 50; fig. 82.

91.

Radn6ti, A.: _2E.cit. p. 149; PL XXXI: 5.

92.

Burger, A.:

3.

op.cit. Pl. 96: 3; Pl. 125: 23.

Doppelfeld, 0.: op.cit. fig. 79, 105, 106.

67

9 4.

I b id. p . 4 7.

9 5.

U zsok i , A .:

A Györ i Xan tus J änos Muzeu m , Führer z ur Ausstel lung ,

Györ 1 967 , p . 3 4 ; 9 6.

Tho mas , E .: Muzeu m.

9 7.

f ig. 3 : 3 ;

9 8.

Pöczy , K .:

9 9.

Tho mas , E .:

1 00.

Arrabona , 3 , Györ 1 961, p p. 1 7-32;

f ig. 8 .

Das Frühka iserze it l iche Gräber fe ld v on Vasas ,

p p. 3 76 ,377 ;

CCIV.

Ro man g lazed ware o rna men ta l v essels i n t he Györ

I n :

Fü lep , F .:

f ig . 7 .

Kera m ik .

P l. I V : 4 ; I n :

I n terc isa I , p p. 4 9 , 5 0.

Römische V il len i n Pannon ien.

S zilägy i, J .:

S chörgendor fer , A .:

j. c it.

f ig . 6 : 6 .

Budapest 1 964, P l.

o p.c it. P l. V I II. _ . z ) 2 .c it . 6 6, 6 7, 8 1, 8 2;

P l. 4 6 ,

5 66 , 5 67 ;

P l. 4 7 , ' 6.5 61. 1 01.

Kvet , J .: I n :

Myg lenka n atura l ist ic 4ch n ädob o d p raveku d o r enesance.

S bN M , I , Praha 1 938, p p. 1 23, 1 24.

1 02.

I b id. p . 1 31.

1 03.

Pöczy , K .:

9 _ 2 .cit. p p. 8 0 , 8 2, 8 3;

1 04.

I b id. p . 8 3;

f ig . 4 2, T 6 3, 6 4.

1 05.

I b id . p . 8 3;

f ig . 4 4, T 8 7-89 ;

1 06.

S chörgendor fer , A .:

1 07.

Bön is , E .:

2 2 .c it. p . 2 23;

1 08.

Pöczy , K .:

2 2 .c it . P l. XV II : 4 ,

1 09.

I b id. p p. 8 4 , 8 5 ;

1 10.

Burger , A .: 9 _ 2 .c it. P l. 1 26 : 2 2, 2 5. p . 2 6 ; P l. 1 7, C . 2 43; P l. 1 8, C . 2 45.

1 11.

Pöczy , K .:

2 2 .c it. p . 4 4, 4 5.

1 12.

Pöczy , K .:

22 .c it. p . 4 5 ; f ig . 3 8, T 9 .

1 13.

I b id . p . 1 26 ; f ig . 4 3, T 7 3a.

f ig . 4 0 , T3 8b.

P l. XV : 1 5-18.

2 2 .c it. p . 5 8 ;

P l. 4 1, C ' . 5 06.

P l. XX [X : 8 . 1 4.

f ig. 4 5 , T 9 3, 9 4 , 9 4a ;

P l. 2 0 Z : 1 4-15 ;

P l. I X :13.

S chörgendor fer , A .: _ 9 2 .c i t .

Burger , A .:

22 . c i t. p . 1 42.

S chörgendor fer , A .:

2 2 .cit p . 6 3,

C . 5 41. 14. 15.

I b id. p . 2 2, Pöczy , K .:

.2 09. 2 2. c it. p p. 7 2, 7 6 ;

p . 1 41; P l. 1 26 : 3 0 ;

f ig . 4 8, T 1 12.

Burger , A .: o p.c it.

f ig . 8 4.

1 16.

Pöczy , K .: 2 2 .c it. p . 8 1; f ig. 3 8, T 6 . P l. XX [ : 4 7.

1 17.

Pöczy , K .:

_ 9 2. c it. p . 1 10 ;

1 18.

I b id. p . 7 2;

f ig . 3 9 , T 1 9.

Bön is, E .: 9 2. c it .p. 1 69 ;

P l. X IX : 1 3; Parrag i, Gy .:

C . k at . 1 9. S pä trö m ische Fr iedhof i n

d er Bogdän i S trasse , 2 2. c i t. f ig . 1 . 1 19.

Pöczy , K .:

9 2. c it. p . 7 1;

f ig . 3 8, T 1 6 ; P l. XV I I I : 4 .

6 8

1 20.

S chörgendor fer , A .:

2 E .c it . p . 5 ,

1 21.

Burger , A .:

1 22.

Burger , A .:

2 2 .c it . p . 1 22 ;

1 23.

Pöczy , K .:

2 .c it . p . 7 7.

1 24.

T ho mas , E .:

C.5 1;

P l. 4 .

2 2 .c i t . p . 1 33 ; P l. CV I I : 4 . 2 2 .c i t . p . 6 2, C . 5 38 ; P l. 4 3.

S chörgendor fer , A .:

P l. CV II : 5 -7. Burger , A .:

2 2 .c it. p . 1 40.

Rö m ische V il len i n Pannon ien , 2 2 .c it . p p . 3 21, 3 22 ,

P l. CCV. 1 25.

Pöczy , K .:

. c it . p . 7 6.

1 26.

I b id . p p. 3 0 , 3 1.

1 27.

S akäf ' , V .:

S pony s c ibu lov itIm i k nof liky y e s ti :edni Evrope/. I n : PA ,

5 2, 1 961. p p. 4 32, 4 35. 1 28.

S voboda , B .:

1 29.

S äg i , K .:

2 ( 2 .c it. p p. 9 2. 9 5.

S äg i , K .:

D ie s pätrö m ische Bevö lkerung d er Umgebung v on Keszthe ly .

1 30.

I n : 1 31.

e chy a i / lmske Imper iu m.

Praha 1 948 , p . 1 67.

AAH , 1 2 , 1 960 , p p. 2 06 , 2 39.

F itz , J .:

S pätrö m ische G räber i n Ercs i,

I n :

AReg , 2 -3, 1 963, p p.

1 59-161. 1 32.

Burger , A .:

1 33.

Bel ja jev , N . M.: V izan t i i. 8 9 ;

22 .c it. p . 1 42 ;

I n :

OCer l k i p o v izan t i jsko j a rcheo log i i.

I -F ibu ly v

S em inar iu m Kondakov ianu m , 3 , Praha 1 929 , p p. 8 6-

P l. XV : 1 , 3 , 5 , 1 3.

1 34.

L am iovä-Sch m ied lovä , M.:

1 35.

A lf t i ld i , M.:

1 36.

I b id . p . 4 13;

1 37.

I rmscher , J .:

2 2 .c it . p . 1 9 , P l. V : 9 , 1 0.

S ch mucksachen .

LXXX E : 5 , 6 ;

A . :

P l. LX MC LX .

I n :

I n terc isa I , p p . 4 41, 4 52 ; P l.

f ig . 9 4 : 1 7. P l. L 20 (V I I : 2 ;

P l. LXXV I I I : 8 .

L ex ikon d er An t ike.

L e ipz ig 1 971, p . 3 71. Möcsy ,

D ie Bevö lkerung v on Pannon ien b is z u d en Marko mannenkr iegen .

Budapest 1 959 , p p. 1 25 , 1 90 , 1 96. 1 38.

Swoboda , E .:

Carnuntu m. G raz-Kö ln 1 958 , p . 1 62.

1 39.

Tho mas , E .:

2 2 .c it . p p. 1 44 , 1 45 , 1 98, 3 99.

1 40.

Ondrouch , V .: 3 9 , 4 0 , 4 6.

1 41.

S z i lägy i, J .:

L i mes r o manus n a S lovensku.

2 ( 2 .c it . p . 1 08.

We l lner , J .:

Bra t is lava 1 938, p p .

E in we iteres Denkma l

d es M ithras-Ku l tes a us Aqu incu m. I n : BR , 2 1, 1 964 , p . 2 60 ; f ig . 1 2. Ürögd i , G .: S puren v on Bankgeschä f ten i n Aqu incu m. 1 964 , p . 2 44 ; f ig . 1 . 1 42.

Erde ly i , G . -F i l lep , F .:

Ka ta log d er S te indenk mä ler .

I , p . 3 26 , C . 3 56.

6 9

I n : BR , 2 1,

I n : I n terc isa

1 43.

Swoboda , E .:

1 44.

S äg i , K .:

2 2 .c it . p p. 1 42 , 1 50 , 2 45.

D ie s pä trö m ische Bevö lkerung d er Umgebung v on Keszthe ly ,

2E .c it . p . 2 44. 1 45.

A l fö ld i, M.:

2 2 .c it. p p . 4 18 , 4 19 , 4 21;

1 46.

I b id . p p. 4 84 , 4 85 ;

1 47.

S äg i, K .:

P l. XX I :

P l. 9 5 , g rave 2 4 : Koch , R .:

4 ;

1 9 , 2 0.

1 49.

Burger , A .:

2 _ 2. c it . p p . 1 02 , 1 30 ;

P l. 17 , g rave 2 94 : 3 .

D ie s pä tka iserze it l iche G i ir telgarn itur v on d er Ehrenburg

b e i Forchhe im ( Ober franken ). 1 17 ;

1 5-17.

D ie Ausgrabungen i n r öm ischen Gräber fe ld v on I n terc isa ,

2 2 .c it . p . 7 9 ;

1 48.

P l. L . )00C IV :

f ig . 8 8 , 8 9.

I n :

G erman ia , 4 3, 1 965 , p p. 1 08 , 15 ,

P l. 1 3 : 4 .

Tho mas , S

S tud ien z u d en g erman ischen Kä m men d es r öm ischen

Ka iserze it .

I n :

Arbe its- u nd Forschungsber ich te z ur s ächs ichen

Bodendenkma lpf lege , 8 , L e ipz ig 1 960 , p p. 5 6-64. 1 50.

L am iovä-Sch m ied lovä , M.:

Hrebene z d oby r imske j as tahovan ia

n ärodov z \ T-c hodneho S lovenska.

Archeolog icke s tud i jni

ma ter iä ly CsAV , 1 , Praha 1 964 , p . 1 99 ; 1 51.

Bud inskY-Kr iCka , V .: Kapuganoch .

I n :

Kr iCka , V .:

Hroby z d oby r imske j as tahovan ia n ärodov v

S IA , 5 , 1 957 , p p . 3 56, 3 59 ;

1 53.

Bud inskY-

f ig . 9 8.

A lfö ld i , M.:

Knochengegens tände.

Radnö t i , A .:

G efässe , L a mpen u nd T in ten fässer a us Bronze.

I n terc isa I , p . 2 09 ; 1 54.

f ig . 1 : 2 .

Preh istor icke a r anode jinne n ä lezy v L ev ic iach . I n :

AR , 2 , 1 950 , p p . 1 53, 1 54 ; 1 52.

f ig . 3 : 4 .

F itz , J .:

I n :

I n terc isa I , p . 4 79 ;

f ig . 1 09. I n :

P l. XL I : 4 .

B le igegens tände.

I n :

I n terc isa I , p p . 3 84-392 ; P l.

L .X X 1V : 4 . 1 55. 1 56.

A lfö ld i , M.: S a la mon , A .: I n terc isa

1 57.

2 .c it . p . 4 83.

S z i lägy i , J .:

G ebrauchgegens tände u nd Werkzeuge a us E isen .

p . 3 73 ;

P l. L )0 ( : 2 6, 2 7.

2 _ 2 .c i t . p . 13.

7 0

I n :

CATALOGUE OF GRAVES G rave 1 , s ke leton g rave o f aw o man . F inds : g lass g ob let , f i g . 7 3 :3 ;

sma l l g lass j ug , f i g. 7 4 :3, n eck lace o f g o lden

b eads ( 1 1 ) a nd g lass b eads ( 22 ) p l. V I :1; sma l l f ra me o f a mirror , f i g . 8 5 :17 ; f i g . 7 8 :8 ;

b ronze b race let , f i g . 8 5 :11;

b ow l , a s f ig. 7 8 :15 ;

sma l l amphora , f i g. 8 1:9 ;

sma l l j ug ,

sma l l v ase , f ig. 8 0 :9.

G rave 2 , s ke le ton g rave o f aw o man , t o mb b u i lt o f b r icks. F inds : sma l l g lass f l ask , f i g. 7 2 :11;

sma l l g lass f l ask , f ig. 7 3 :1;

n eck lace

o f g lass b eads ( 13 ) a nd b one b eads ( 2 ) ; b ronze b race let , f i g. 8 5 :4 ; b one b race let , f ig . 8 5 :14 ; c o ins : Cons tan t ine I( 3 ), Cons tan t ine I ( 2 ), C ons tans ( 1 );

b ow l , a s f i g . 7 8 :15 ;

j ug , f ig . 8 0 :3.

G rave 3 , s ke leton g rave. F inds : g lass g ob let , f i g . 7 3 :4 ; sma l l g lass b ot t le , f ig. 7 2 :9 ; b ronze b race let , f i g. 8 5 :1; f ragmen t o f a n i ron b race let ; i ron k n ife ; c o in : C onstan t ine I( 1 ) ;

b ow l , a s f i g. 7 8 :15 ;

f o lded b eaker , f ig . 7 9 :1.

G rave 4 , s ke leton g rave o f aw o man . F inds : g lass b o t t le , f i g . 7 3 :4 ; n eck lace o f g lass b eads , ( 270 ); f i g . 7 8 :9 ; p o t , f i g. 8 1:13 ; i ron n a ils ( 2 ). G rave 5 , s ke le ton g rave ( 3 s ke le tons : t o mb b u i l t o f s tone. F inds : b one c o mb , f i g . 8 5 :16 ;

sma l l j ug ,

1man , 1w o man a nd 1u n iden t if ied ),

b ronze f i t t ing , f ig . 8 5 :15.

G rave 6 , s ke le ton g rave , d a maged . F inds : j ug , f i g . 7 9 :2 ;

b r ick w ith s tamp LEG = I.

G rave 7 , s ke le ton g rave o f a man . F inds : b ronze f i bu la , f i g. 8 3 :2 ;

b roken g lass g ob let ;

i ron k n ife a nd aw l ;

f ragment o f a4 th c en tury c o in ; sma l l j ug , a s f ig . 7 8 :8 ; 7 8 :15 ; f rag men t o f t erra s ig i l la ta , f ig . 7 6 :2.

b ow l , a s

G rave 8 , d amaged. F inds :

sma l l j ug , f i g . 7 8 :7 ;

v esse l , b ow l.

G rave 9 , s ke leton g rave o f a man . F inds :

g lass.g ob let , f i g. 7 3 :8 ; b ronze f i bu la , f i g. 8 2 :1; c o ins : Max im ianus ( 2 ) ; i ron p o in t ; f o lded b eaker , a s f i g . 7 9 :1; f i g . 7 8 :15.

G a ler ius b ow l , a s

G rave 1 0 , s ke leton g rave o f a man . F inds :

b ronze f i bu la , f i g . 8 2 :2 ; c o in : Max im ianus Hercu l ius ; a s f i g . 7 8 :9 ; b ow l , a s f i g . 7 8 :15.

G rave 1, s ke leton g rave o f ac h i ld , t o mb b u i lt i n b r ick . F inds : c o in :

Va lens ;

v esse l , f i g . 7 9 :3 ; 7 1

c up , f i g . 8 1 :10.

sma l l j ug ,

G rave 1 2, s ke le ton g rave o f a man . F inds : b ronze f i bu la , f ig . 8 3 :3 ; c o ins :

V a lens ( 2 ) ;

b ronze r ing , f ig . 7 4 :4 ;

g lass c up , a s f i g . 7 3 :5 ;

b ronze b uck le ,

b ronze c over .

G rave 1 3, s ke leton g rave , t o mb b u il t , d amaged , w ithou t f inds. G rave 1 4 , s ke le ton g rave. F inds :

b ronze b race let , f ig . 8 5 :6 ,7 ; b ronze r ing , f i g . 7 4 :6 ; f ragmen t o f a n i ron b race le t ; c o ins : Cons tan t ine I( 4 ), D e l ma t ius ( 1 ) ; j ug , d a maged ; b ow l , 7 9 :8.

G rave 1 5 , s ke le ton g rave o f a man . F inds : f i bu la o f b ronze , f ig . 8 3 :4 ;

j ug w ith l i p , f i g . 8 0 :6 ;

g lass c up , f i g . 7 3 :5.

G rave 1 6 , s ke le ton g rave , w ithou t f i nds. G rave 1 7 , s ke leton g rave. F inds : n eck lace o f g lass b eads ( 36 ) a nd b eads o f y e l low amber ( 2 ); C ons tan t ine I ( 2 ), L ic in ius I( 2 );

c o ins :

j ug , f i g . 7 9 :7 ; b ow l , a s f ig . 7 9 :10.

G rave 1 8 , s ke leton g rave o f a man? F inds : b ronze p endan t , p l. V I: 3 ; i ron c lasps ( 2 ), p l. V I: 6 ; c o ins , d estroyed ( 2 ); a n thropo morph ic v esse l , f i g . 8 1 :4 ; sma l l j ug , f ig . 7 8 :18 ; b ow l , f i g . 7 8 :16. G rave 1 9 , s ke leton g rave. F inds : j ug , f i g . 8 0 :5 ;

sma l l p o t , a s f ig . 7 8 :12 ;

b ow l , f i g . 8 0 :2,

G rave 2 0 , s keleton g rave o f a man , t o mb b u i l t. F inds : b ronze f i bu la , f i g . 8 4 :1. G rave 2 1, s ke leton g rave o f aw o man ( 2 b r icks ). F inds : sma l l e ar-r ing o f g o ld , p l. V :1; b race le t , f i g . 8 5 :13;

n eck lace o f g lass b eads ( 13 );

b one s p ind le w hor l , p l. V I :4 ;

( broken ), sma l l j ug , a s f i g . 7 8 :7 ;

b one

g lass g ob let

b ow l , f ig . 7 8 :16.

G rave 2 2 , s ke leton g rave o f a man , w ithou t f i nds. G rave 2 3, s ke leton g rave , w ithout f i nds. G rave 2 4 , d a maged , ( br icks ). G rave 2 5 , s ke leton g rave o f a man . F inds : b ronze f i bu la , f i g . 8 2 :5 ; s i lver r ing , f i g . 7 4 :9 ; c o ins : L ic in ius I( 4 ); sma l l i ron k n ife , p l. I V :11; w he tstone ; sma l l j ug , f i g . 7 8 :9 ; b ow l , f i g . 7 8 :17. G rave 2 6 , s ke leton g rave w ithout f i nds. G rave 2 7 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : p o t , a s f i g . 8 1:13 ; j ug , a s f i g . 8 0 :10 ;

j ug , a s f i g , 7 8 :1; sma l l j ug , a s f ig . 7 8 :7 ; sma l l b ow l , a s f i g , 7 8 :16 ; s p ind le whor l ; i ron n a ils ( 2 ).

7 2

G rave 2 8, s ke leton g rave. F inds : c o in , d a maged ;

j ug , f ig , 8 0 :4 ;

i ron h ooked n a ils ( 2 ).

Grave 2 9 , s ke leton g rave. F inds :

b ronze f i bu la , f i g. 8 2 :4 ; c o in : Cons tan t ius Ch lorus ; v ase , f ig . 8 1 :5 ; g ob let , f i g . 8 1:3 ; b ow l , f ig . 7 8 :15.

i ron h ooked n a il ;

G rave 3 0 , s ke leton g rave o f a man . F inds :

g lass g ob let , b roken ;

b ronze b uck le, p l. I V :1;

b ronze b uck le ; c o ins :

Constan t ine I( 1 ), C onstan t ius I ( 2 ); H e lena ; i ron k n ife ;

b ow l , f ig . 8 0 :1.

G rave 3 1, s ke leton g rave o f ac h i ld . F inds : b ronze b uck le , p l . I V :5 ; k n ife , p l. I V :10 ;

c o ins :

L ic in ius I , Constan t ine I ;

sma l l j ug , f i g . 8 0 :10 ;

sma l l i ron

b ow l , a s f ig. 7 8 :17.

Grave 3 2, s ke leton g rave o f a man . F inds : b ronze f i bu la , f i g . 8 2 :3 ;

b ronze b uck le , p l. I V :4 ;

b ronze b uck le ,

c o ins : V a ler ius S everus , V a ler ia , Constan t ine I( 2 ), L ic in ius I ; i ron k n ife , p l. I V :13 ; g lass g ob let ( broken ); j ug w ith l i p , a s f i g. 7 9 :5 ; b ow l , a s f i g . 7 8 :16. G rave 3 3, s keleton g rave , w ithou t f i nds. G rave 3 4 , s ke leton g rave. F inds : i ron b uck le ;

amphora , f i g . 8 0 :8.

G rave 3 5 , s ke leton g rave. F inds : b ronze f i bu la , f i g . 8 2 :6. G rave 3 6 , s ke leton g rave w ith 2 s ke letons o f w o men , t o mb b u il t :

2b r icks w ith

s tamps o f LEG X [I I I Ga nd t egu la , p l. V I :11. F inds : sma l l g lass v ase , f ig . 7 4 :2 ; b ronze b racelet , f ig . 8 5 :3 ; b one b race let , f ig . 8 5 :12 ; sma l l g ob le t , f i g . 8 1 :8; sma l l j ug , a s f ig. 7 8 :7. G rave 3 7, s ke leton g rave. F inds : j ug , a s f i g . 8 0 :5 ;

sma l l i ron k n ife ;

i ron n a il f ro m b oo t.

G rave 3 8 , s ke leton g rave. F inds : i ron n a il. G rave 3 9 , s ke leton g rave , t o mb b u i lt . F inds : i ron f rag men t . G rave 4 0 , s ke leton g rave. F inds : i ron k n ife , p l . I V :12. G rave 4 1, s ke leton g rave o f aw o man . F inds : n eck lace o f g lass b eads ( 230 ); b ronze b race let , f ig . 8 5 :10 ; b ronze b race le t , f ig . 8 5 :2 ; b ronze b race le ts ( 3 ) , f i g . 8 5 :5 ; b one b race le t , b roken ;

s i lver r ing , f i g. 7 4 :7 ;

7 3

b ronze r ing , f i g . 7 4 :5 ;

c o ins :

C ons tans , ( 2 ); 7 9 :4 ;

b one s p ind le whor l , d amaged ;

j ug w ith l i p , a s f ig .

b ow l , a s f i g. 7 8 :16.

G rave 4 2 , s ke le ton g rave. F inds : j ug w ith l i p , a s f ig . 7 9 :5 ;

b ow l , a s f i g . 7 8 :16.

Grave 4 3, s ke leton g rave , t o mb b u i lt i n b r ick , b r ick w ith s ta mp o f LEG X [ I I I G . F inds : f ragmen t o f g lass. G rave 4 4 , s ke leton g rave w ithou t f inds. G rave 4 5 , s ke leton g rave w ithou t f inds. G rave 4 6 , s ke leton g rave. F inds : i ron c lasp , p l. I V :3;

sma l l i ron k n ife.

G rave 4 7, s ke leton g rave o f a man . F inds : g lass f ragmen t ; j ug , a s f ig , 8 0 :5 ; sma l l p o t , f ig . 7 8 :12.

sma l l j ug w ith l i p , f i g . 8 0 :7 ;

G rave 4 8 , s ke leton g rave. F inds : i ron aw l , p l. I V :17 ;

f ragmen t o f ab ronze n eed le ;

p ot , a s f ig . 7 8 :12 ;

p otsherd . G rave 4 9 , s ke leton g rave , d a maged . G rave 5 0 , d amaged . Grave 5 1, s ke leton g rave o f a wo man . F inds : n eck lace o f g lass b eads ( 28 ) a nd b one b eads ( 4 ), g lass c up ( broken ) ; i ron n a ils. G rave 5 2 , s ke leton g rave o f a man . F inds : g lass b ot t le ( broken ); f i g . 7 9 :5 ;

b ronze b race let , f ig . 8 5 :8 ;

j ug w ith l i p , a s

b ow l , a s f i g . 7 8 :16.

Grave 5 3, s ke leton g rave o f a wo man. F inds : g lass g ob let , f i g . 7 4 :1;

sma l l g lass f l ask , f i g . 7 2 :10 ;

( 2 ) p l. V :4 ; f rag men t o f a n i ron r ing ;

j ug , f i g. 7 96 ;

b ronze r ings

h ow l , a s f i g .

7 8 :15. G rave 5 4 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : o i l l a mp , a s p l . V :11;

sma l l p o t , f i g . 7 7 :5 , p otsherd o f j ug ;

i ron

n a i ls ( 2 ). G rave 5 5 , s ke leton g rave o f a man ( br icks ). F inds : b ronze b race le t , f ig . 8 5 :9 ;

sma l l v ase , f i g. 8 1:6 ;

j ug , f i g . 8 1 :1.

G rave 5 6 , s ke leton g rave o f a man . F inds : j ug , a s f i g . 8 0 :5 ;

b ow l , f i g . 7 8 :14 , i ron n a i ls f ro m b oots.

7 4

G rave 5 7, s ke leton g rave , w ithou t f i nds. Grave 5 8, s ke leton g rave o f a man . F inds : i ron n a ils ( 4 ) , i ron n a i ls f ro m b oots. G rave 5 9 , c re mat ion g rave. F inds : j ug , a s f i g . 7 8 :1;

p ot , a s f i g. 7 7 :5.

G rave 6 0 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : o i l l a mp , a s p l . V :11, a nd f i g. 7 5 :14 ;

p o tsherd , i ron n a i l.

G rave 6 1, s ke leton g rave w ithou t d iscover ies. Grave 6 2 , s ke leton g rave , w ithout f i nds , d a maged. G rave 6 3 , s ke leton g rave o f a man . F inds : j ug , a s f ig . 7 9 :6 ;

b ow l , f i g . 7 8 :17 , i ron n a il , i ron n a ils f ro m b oo ts.

G rave 6 4 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : p o tsherd . G rave 6 5 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : f o lded b eaker , f i g. 7 7 :8 ; f ig . 7 7 :2 ;

sma l l v ase , f ig . 7 8 :6 ;

t erra s ig il la ta b ow l ,

sma l l g lass j ug , f ig . 7 2 :6.

G rave 6 6 , s ke leton g rave. F inds : i ron n a ils f rom b oo ts. T he r ubb ish w as f ro m t he c re ma t ion g rave 6 6a : o i l l a mp , p l. V :9 , 1 0 , f i g . 7 5 :13 ; j ug f ragmen t. G rave 6 7, s ke leton g rave. F inds : i ron n a ils f ro m b oots , f ragmen t o f an a i l. Grave 6 8, c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : o i l l a mp , a s p l . V :11;

sma l l g lass f l ask , f i g. 7 2 :8 ;

b ronze f i t t ings

( 2 ) , i ron n a i l ; i ron f rag men ts ( 2 ) , i ron n a ils f ro m b oots ; f ragmen t o f av esse l ; j ug f rag men t.

b ow l ;

Grave 6 9 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : c o ins :

F aus t ina I ;

d a maged c o in ;

i ron n a il f ro m b oo ts ;

b ronze

f i t t ing ,f ig . 8 5 :19 ;

f ragmen t o f a n o i l l a mp , f i g. 7 5 :17.

G rave 7 0 , s ke le on g rave o f aw oman . F inds : n eck lace w ith b eads ; l e t ;

g ob let ;

c o in :

f i g . 8 1 :2 ;

C onstan t ine I ;

f rag men t o f a n i ron b race-

j ug w ith l i p , f ig . 7 9 :5 ;

b ow l , a s f i g . 7 8 :15.

Grave 7 1, s ke leton g rave. F inds : v esse l , f i g . 8 0 :11;

f ragmen t o f a n i ron b race let ;

f ragmen t o f a

v esse l. Grave 7 2, c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : g lass b ot t le , f i g . 7 2 :1; c o in : Hadr ian ; o i l l a mp , a s p l. V :9 ; i ron n a i l , f ragmen t o f aj ug ; f ragmen t o f ap o t. 7 5

G rave 7 3 , c re mat ion g rave. F inds : sma l l z oo morph ic v esse l o f g lass , f i g . 7 2 :2 ; i ron f i t t ings f ro m a c hest , p l. I V :18. Grave 7 4 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : c o in : b oo ts ;

Hadr ian ;

o i l l a mp , a s p l. V :11, a nd f i g . 7 5 :15 ;

j ug , f i g . 7 8 :1;

i rcn n a i ls f ro m

p otsherds.

Grave 7 5 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : o i l l a mp , a s p l. V :11, f i g . 7 5 :10 ;

i ron n a i l : f rag men t o f av esse l ;

s herd o f ab ow l. G rave 7 6 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : i ron f ragmen t ( 2 ); i ron n a i l ; f ragmen t o f aj ug . G rave 7 7 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : i ron n a ils ( 2 );

f ragmen t o f aj ug .

Grave 7 8 : c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : b ow l , a s a n i m itat ion o f t he t erra s ig i l la ta , f i g . 7 7 :3 ; f ragmen t o f a v esse l ; f ragmen ts o f aj ug ( 2 ), s herd o f af o lded b eaker ; s herd o f a sma l l b ow l ;

s herd o f as tra iner , p l . V I :10.

G rave 7 9 , n o r e ma ins. F inds : i ron f ragmen ts. Grave 8 0 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : o i l l a mp , a s p l. V :9 ;

i ron n a i ls , i ron n a ils f ro m b oo ts ;

s herds o f a

j ug . G rave 8 1, c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : c o in :

Hadr ian ;

i ron n a i ls ;

p l. V :16, f i g . 7 5 :3 ;

i ron n a i ls f ro m b oo ts ;

o i l l a mp , a s

j ug , a s f i g . 7 8 :1.

G rave 8 2 , s ke leton g rave. F inds : j ug w ith l i p , a s f ig . 7 9 :5 ; o f ap ot .

s herd o f av essel , p a inted o ver ;

f ragmen t

G rave 8 3, s ke leton g rave , w ithou t f i nds. G rave 8 4 , s ke leton g rave o f a man . F inds : b ronze f i bu la , f ig . 8 3 :1;

c o in :

L ic in ius I ;

i ron k n ife ;

sma l l j ug ,

a s f i g . 7 8 :10. G rave 8 5 , s ke leton g rave o f ac h ild , w ithou t f i nds. G rave 8 6 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : i ron n a il ;

f ragmen t o f aj ug , a s f i g . 7 8 :1.

G rave 8 7 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : d amaged c o in ; i ron n a ils ( 2 ); o i l l amp , a s p l . V :11; b ow l o f t erra s ig i l lata , f i g . 7 7 :1. 7 6

f i g . 7 5 :1;

Grave 8 8, c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : f ragmen t o f av esse l ;

i ron n a ils.

G rave 8 9 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : s herds o f av esse l ;

i ron n a i l.

G rave 9 0 , n o r e ma ins? F inds : b ow l , a s a n i m ita t ion o f t he t erra s ig il la ta , f ig . 7 7 :4 ; v esse l ;

f ragmen t o f a

f ragmen ts o f t erra s ig il la ta.

G rave 9 1, c re ma t ion g rave. G rave 9 2, c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : f ragmen ts o f a n o rnamen t o f b ronze , p l. I V :7 ; i ron f ragmen t , i ron n a i l , g lass b o t t le , f i g . 7 2 :4; f used g lass b eads? f ragmen t o f a n o i l l a mp , p o t , f ig . 7 8 :3;

s herd o f aj ug , s herd o f a sma l l b ow l ,

s herd o f av esse l. Grave 9 3, c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : f ragmen t o f aj ug . G rave 9 4 , c re ma t ion g rave , p robab ly a p lace f or t he c rema t ion o f t he d ead b od ies. F inds : v ar ious i ron n a i ls ( 9 ), i ron n a i ls f ro m b oots , f ragmen ts o f b ronze , a nd a n a i l , f ragmen t o f g lass , sme lted g lass , o i l l a mp , a s p l . V :11, f ig . 7 5 :18 ; b ow l o f t erra s ig i l la ta , a s f i g . 7 7 :1, s herd o f av esse l a nd a b ow l. G rave 9 5 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : i ron f i t t ings f ro m a c hes t , p l. T V :19 ; i ron n a ils ( 2 ) , i ron n a ils f ro m b oo ts , f ragmen t o f aj ug , s herds o f av esse l , f ragmen t o f ap ot . G rave 9 6, c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : f ragmen t o f ab ronze f i bu la , f i g . 8 5 :18 ,

f i t t ings o f b ronze , p l. I V :8 ,

i ron n a ils f rom b oo ts , o i l l a mp , a s p l. V :11, f ragmen t o f a n o i l l a mp , f ragmen t o f aj ug , a s f i g . 7 8 :1; s herd o f av esse l , s herd o f ab ow l. G rave 9 7, c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : d amaged c o in , i ron n a i l , o i l l a mp , p l. V :11, 1 2 , f i g . 7 5 :20 , s herd o f aj ug , s herd o f a sma l l p o t , s herd o f av esse l , me lted g lass b eads. G rave 9 8, c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : c o in :

An ton inus P ius , o i l l a mp , a s p l. V :16 , s herd o f a smal l p ot .

Grave 9 9 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : g lass b ot t le , f i g . 7 2 :5 , o i l l a mp , a s p l. V :11, f i g . 7 5 :22, j ug w ith l i p , f ig . 7 7 :10 , sma l l p ot , f i g . 7 7 :7 , i ron f ragmen t . G rave 1 00 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : s herds o f 3v esse ls.

7 7

Grave 1 01, c re ma t ion g rave , t he

r oo f o f b r icks.

F inds : i ron n a ils ( 2 ) , s herd o f aj ug , s herd o f ab ow l. G rave 1 02, s ke leton g rave o f ac h ild. F inds : g lass g ob let , f ig . 7 3 :6, b ronze r ings ( 4 ), i ron b uck le , i ron k n ife , a s p l. I V :9 , i ron aw l , a s p l. I V :16 ;

sma l l v ase , f ig . 8 1 :7 , j ug , f ig . 7 9 :9.

G rave 1 03, s ke le ton g rave o f a man . F inds : g lass g ob let , a s f ig . 7 3 :7 , b ronze f i bu la , f ig . 8 4 :2 , b ronze r ing , sma l l r ing o f b ronze , i ron k n ife , p l . I V :9 , i ron aw l , p l. I V :16. T here w as i n t he i n f i l l ing c re ma t ion g rave 1 03, w ith a ssoc ia ted f inds :

o i l l a mp , f i g .

7 5 :12, s herds o f av esse l. Grave 1 04 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : o i l l a mp , p l. V :6, f rag men t o f aj ug . G rave 1 05 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : sma l l v essel o f g lass , f ig . 7 2 :7 , c o in : Hadr ian , i ron l ock? p l. I V :14 ; i ron n a il , o i l l a mp , a s p l. V :11, sma l l f l ags tone , s herd o f aj ug . Grave 1 06 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : i ron n a ils ( 2 ), s herds. G rave 1 07, c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : f ragmen t o f aj ug , s herd o f as tra iner , Grave 1 08 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds :

o i l l a mp , p l . V :7 ,8 , f ig . 7 5 :24 , sma l l i ron k n ife , i ron n a i ls ( 5 ).

Grave 1 09 , c re mat ion g rave. F inds : sma l l j ug , f ig . 7 8 :4. G rave 10 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : o i l l a mp , p l . V :13, f i g . 7 5 :5 , j ug , f i g. 7 8 :2, f rag men t o f av esse l. G rave 11, c re ma t ion g rave? F inds : f rag men t o f av esse l ( 2 ). Grave 12 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : f ragmen ts o f a n i ron r ing , i ron k n ife , i ron n a i l , i ron n a ils f ro m b oo ts , f ragmen t o f a n o i l l a mp , f ragmen t o f ap o t , f ragmen t o f av esse l , f ragmen t o f a sma l l b ow l , f ragmen t o f ab ow l , s herd o f aj ug . G rave 13, c re mat ion g rave. F inds : f ragmen t o f ab ow l a s a n i m ita t ion o f t erra s ig i l lata , s herd o f b ow l o f t erra s ig i l la ta. G rave 14 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : f ragmen t o f ap a in ted v esse l.

7 8

G rave 15 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : i ron n a il , o i l l a mp , p l . V :15 , f ig . 7 5 :6 , f ragmen t o f aj ug , f ragmen t o f aj ug , f ragmen t o f a sma l l b ow l. Grave 16 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : f ragmen ts o f ap ot , f ragmen t o f ab ow l. G rave 17 , c re ma t ion g rave? F inds : o i l l a mp , a s p l. V :11, f i g . 7 5 :4 , f ragmen ts o f a sma l l b ow l. G rave 18 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : f ragmen ts o f 3j ugs , a s f i g . 7 8 :1. G rave 19 , s ke leton g rave o f a man . F inds : i ron n a i ls f ro m b oo ts. G rave 1 20 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : i ron f i t t ings o f ac hes t , f ragmen t o f a sma l l i ron r ing , i ron h ook , f ragmen ts o f v esse ls ( 2 ). G rave 1 21, c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : i ron f i t t ings, i ron n a i l , o i l l a mp , a s p l. V :14 , f ig . 7 5 :21, f o lded b eaker , f ig . 7 7 :9, f rag men t o f aj ug . G rave 1 22 , c re ma t ion g rave? F inds : s herds o f aj ug . G rave 1 23 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : i ron f i t t ings o f ac hes t , i ron n a ils ( 4 ), f ragmen t o f aj ug , s herds o f v esse ls ( 2 ). G rave 1 24 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : i ron n a ils ( 8 ), i ron n a i ls f ro m b oo ts. G rave 1 25 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : i ron n a ils f ro m b oots , i ron n a i l , o i l l a mp , l ike p l. V :11, f i g . 7 5 :9. G rave 1 26 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : i ron n a i ls ( 3 ), i ron n a ils f ro m b oo ts , s herds o f aj ug . G rave 1 27 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : f ragmen ts o f ap ot , f ragmen t o f ab r ick . G rave 1 28 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : s herd o f aj ug , f ragmen t o f ap o t . G rave 1 29 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : o i l l a mp , a s p l . V :16, f i g . 7 5 :2 ; f ragmen t o f a n o i l l a mp , f i g . 7 5 :7 , f ragmen t o f a n o i l l a mp , f ig . 7 5 :26 ; f used g lass b eads , f rag men ts o f v esse ls ( 3 ), b ow l , d a maged .

7 9

Grave 1 30 , g rave? F inds : s herds o f av esse l. G rave 1 31, c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : i ron n a ils ( 3 ), i ron n a ils f ro m b oots , s herds o f aj ug . Grave 1 32, c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : i ron n a ils f ro m b oo ts , f ragmen t o f a n o i l l a mp , f ig . 7 5 :23 , s herd o f av esse l. G rave 1 33, c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : f ragmen t o f aj ug? G rave 1 34 , c re mat ion g rave. F inds : f ragmen t o f aj ug , f ragmen ts o f g lass . Grave 1 35 , s ke leton g rave , w ithou t f inds. G rave 1 36 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : i ron n a i ls ( 3 ) , j ug , a s f ig . 7 8 :1, s heids o f v esse ls , i ron s lag . G rave 1 37, c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : f o lded b eaker , f ig . 7 7 :12. Grave 1 38 , c re ma t ion g rave , b r icks. F inds : i ron n a il. G rave 1 39 , s ke le ton g rave. F inds : i ron n a ils ( 4 ), i ron n a ils f ro m b oots , j ug , a s f i g . 8 0 :5. Grave 1 40 , s ke leton g rave o f a man . F inds : c lasp o fb ronze , sma l l i ron k n ife , c o ins :

Cons tan t ine I( 2 ), Cr ispus

( 1 ), j ug , a s f ig . 7 8 :8 , f ragmen t o f ab ow l. Grave 1 41, c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : i ron n a i ls f ro m b oots , s herd o f j ug . Grave 1 42, s ke le ton g rave o f aw o man . F inds : n eck lace o f g lass b eads ( 179 ) , f ragmen t o f aw h ite metal r ing , sma l l j ug , a s f ig . 7 8 :7. G rave 1 43, c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : i ron n a il , f rag men ts o f ap o t . G rave 1 44 , s ke leton g rave o f a man . F inds : f i bu la o f b ronze , f i g. 8 4 :4 , s i lver r ing , f ig . 7 4 :8 , c o ins : C ons tan t ine I , Constans , Constan t ius I , g ob let o f g lass , f i g . 7 3 :7, sma l l g lass b ot t le , a s f ig . 7 2 :10 , i ron b uck le , p l . I V :2 , i ron p o in t , p l . I V :15 , i ron k n ife , i ron n a i ls f ro m b oots , j ug w ith l i p , f i g . 7 9 :4 , b ow l , f i g . 7 8 :13.

8 0

Grave 1 45 , s keleton g rave. F inds : f ragmen t o f a n i ron k n ife , i ron n a i ls ( 8 ). G rave 1 46 , c re mat ion g rave. F inds : i ron n a ils , i ron n a i ls f ro m b oo ts , i ron f ragmen t , o i l l a mp , a s p l. V :16 , f ig . 7 5 :16. G raves 1 47-148, d oub le s keleton g rave. F inds : i ron c lasp . G rave 1 49 , c re mat ion g rave. F inds : sma l l z oo morph ic v esse ls o f g lass ( 2 ), o i l l a mp , a s p l . V :16, f ig. 7 5 :4. G rave 1 50 , c re mat ion g rave. F inds : f ragmen t o f aj ug . G rave 1 51, c re mat ion g rave. F inds : i ron n a il , p ot , f i g . 7 7 :11, s herd o f av esse l. G rave 1 52 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds :

s herds o f av esse l.

G rave 1 53, c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : i ron n a ils ( 2 ), s herd o f ab ow l , s herd o f at erra s ig il lata b ow l . G rave 1 54 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : s herd o f aj ug . G rave 1 55 , c re mat ion g rave. F inds : f ragmen t o f av esse l , s herd o f aj ug . Grave 1 56 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : o i l l a mp , p l. V :16 , f i g . 7 5 :11, i ron n a i l , f ragmen t o f ap o t , f ragmen t o f aj ug . G rave 1 57 , c re mat ion g rave. F inds : i ron n a i l , s herd o f av esse l , f ragmen t o f a sma l l g lass v esse l . G rave 1 58, c re mat ion g rave. F inds : s herds o f a sma l l v esse l. G rave 1 59 , c re mat ion g rave. F inds : sma l l p o t , f ig . 7 7 :6, s herd o f aj ug . G rave 1 60 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : j ug , a s f i g . 7 8 :2. G rave 1 61, c re mat ion g rave. F inds : f rag men t o f ap o t ,

s herd o f aj ug , s herd o f af o lded b eaker .

8 1

Grave 1 62 , c re mat ion g rave. F inds : i ron n a i ls f ro m b oo ts , s herds o f aj ug . Grave 1 63, c re mat ion g rave. F inds : o i l l a mp , a s p l. V :16, f ig . 7 5 :19 , j ug . Grave 1 64 , c re ma t ion g rave. F inds : o i l l a mp , a s p l . V :11, i ron n a i l , f ragmen t o f aj ug . Grave 1 65 , c re ma t ion g rave? F inds : f ragmen t o f aj ug , f ragmen t o f av esse l. Grave 1 66 , s ke leton g rave. F inds : f ragmen ts o f a sma l l g lass v esse l. G rave 1 67, s ke leton g rave o f a man . F inds : b ronze f i bu la , f i g . 8 4 :4 , sma l l b ronze i nk p ot , p l. V I: 2 , g lass g ob let ( broken ), j ug w ith l i p , f ig . 8 1 :11, f ragmen t o f ak n ife. Da maged t o mbs o f 1 964 F inds : b ronze f i bu la , f i g . 8 4 :5 , j ug , a s f i g . 7 9 :2 , j ug w ith l i p , f ig . 8 1:14. F inds f ro m t r ia l e xcava t ions : s herds o f ac enser , p l. V I :9 , f ragmen ts o f a n o i l l a mp , e na me l led s ta tuette o f ah orse , p l. ' V I: 8 . No te :

t he s exes o f t he s ke letons h ave b een d e term ined a nato m ica l ly .

8 2

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L oca t ion o f G eru lata Rusovce

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D istr ibut ion o f G raves

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Grave 3

F ig . 6 .

Grave 4

Grave 1 F ig . 4 .

F ig. 7 .

Grave 5

Grave 2

F ig . 8 .

Grave 5

F ig . 9 .

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F ig . 1 0.

Grave 9

Grave 1 1

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F ig . 1 5.

Grave 1 0 F ig . 1 4.

Grave 1 3

Grave 1 2

F ig . 1 3.

F ig. 1 7.

G rave 1 8

F ig . 1 6.

Grave 1 4

8 6

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Graves 1 9 a nd 2 0

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F ig . 2 0. i g . 1 9.

Grave 2 5

F ig. 2 1.

Grave 2 8

F ig. 2 2.

Grave 2 9

Grave 2 1

E D g . 2 3.

Grave 3 0

F ig . 2 4.

Grave 3 G

8 7

F ig . 2 5.

Grave 3 6

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Grave 3 2

F ig - 2 7.

Grave 3 7

F ig . 2 8.

F ig . 3 1. F ig . 3 0.

Grave 4 2

8 8

Grave 3 9

Grave 4 3

F ig . 2 9.

Grave 4 1

F ig . 3 2.

Grave 4 3

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F ig. 3 3.

Grave 5 1

F ig. 3 4.

Grave 5 2

F ig . 3 5.

Grave 5 3

F ig . 4 0.

Grave 6 7

P ) 2 -

F ig . 3 6.

Grave 5 5

F ig . 3 7.

Grave 5 6

8 9

F ig . 3 8.

Grave 5 9

F ig . 3 9.

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Grave 6 3

•2

F ig . 4 3.

F ig . 4 1.

Grave 6 8

F ig . 4 2.

F ig . 4 4.

F ig. 4 5.

Grave 7 2

Grave 7 4

Grave 8 1

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L F ig . 4 6.

Graves 8 2 a nd 8 3

9 0

F ig . 4 7.

Grave 8 4

Grave 8 7

F ig . 5 2.

Grave 9 9

.

1 9 0,

F ig . 4 9.

F ig. 5 3.

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F ig . 5 0.

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Grave 9 4

Grave 1 01

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Grave 9 8

F ig. 5 4.

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F ig . 5 6.

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F ig . 5 8.

Grave 1 15.

G rave 1 05

F ig . 5 9.

2

Grave 1 10

Grave 1 21

1

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42 2 F ig . 6 1.

Grave 1 39

F ig . 6 0.

Grave 1 36

9 2

F ig . 6 3.

Grave 1 45

F ig . 6 2.

Grave 1 4

F ig . 6 6.

F ig . 6 5.

Grave 1 46

Grave 1 42

F ig . 6 7. Graves 1 47 a nd 1 48

F ig . 6 4.

Grave 1 44

F ig . 6 8.

Grave 1 49

F ig . 6 9.

Grave 1 63 F ig . 7 0.

9 3

Grave 1 67

( L EeKH H

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( M U ] G C

F ig . 7 1.

S ta mps o n b r icks :

1 -grave 6 ;

S ca le 1 :2

9 4

2 -4-grave 3 6 ;

4

5

5 -grave 4 3.

4 9 7

8

F ig . 7 2.

G lass v esse ls f ro m c re ma t ion g raves :

1 -unguen tar iu m , g rave 7 2 ;

2 , 3 -zoo morph ic v esse ls , g raves 7 3, 1 49 ; 6 -s ma l l j ug , g rave 6 5 ; g rave 6 8.

7 -s ma l l v essel , g rave 1 05 ;

G lass f rom t he s ke leton g raves :

g raves 3 , 5 3, 2 .

4 -5-bot t le , g rave 9 2 , 9 9 ;

S ca le 1 :2

9 5

8 -unguen tar iu m ,

9 -11-unguen tar ia ,

2

8

F ig . 7 3.

G lass v esse ls f ro m t he s ke leton g raves : 2 , 4 ;

1 , 2 -unguen tar ia , g raves

3 , 4 -cy l indr ica l g ob lets , g raves 1 , 3 ;

6 -8-con ica l g ob le ts , g raves 1 02 , 1 44 , 9 .

9 6

5 -cup , g rave 1 5 ;

S ca le 1 :2

2

4

6

7

8 9 -7 , 1U Yr Y V ir -L VT7\ T 2‘

F ig . 7 4.

A

f : t v \r ‘ fi if ? T i l

G lass f ro m t he s ke leton g raves : v esse l , g rave 3 6 ;

3 -s ma l l j ug ,

0

1 -con ica l g ob le t , g rave 5 3; g rave 1 .

Ornamen ts f ro m t he s ke leton g raves : 6 -grave 1 4 ;

8 -grave 1 44 ;

2 -s ma l l

S ca le 1 :2.

4 -grave 1 2;

9 -grave 2 5.

9 7

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S ca le 1 :1

5 ,7-grave 4 1;

g : L s g

c r 5 Y

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6

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4

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1 9

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2 1

2 2

2 3 2 4

J 2 L )J2 F ig. 7 5.

2 6

2 5

S ta mps o n o il l a mps :

1 -AG IL IS F , g rave 8 7;

3 ,4-FEST I, g raves 8 1, 1 17 ;

1 49 , 1 25, 7 5, 1 56 , 1 03, 6 6 , 6 0 , 7 4 , 1 46, 6 9 ; 1 9 -PULL I , g rave 1 63; 1 21, 9 9 ; g rave 8 0 ;

2 0-SCA, g rave 9 7;

2 3IER , g rave 1 32;

1 8-LNAR I, g rave 9 4 ;

2 1, 2 2- V IB IUS, g rave

2 4-NR , g rave 1 08;

2 6-curs ive s cr ip t , g rave 1 29.

9 8

2 -CPSF, g rave 1 29 ;

5 -17-FORT IS , g raves 10 ,115, 1 29 ,

S ca le 1 :1

2 5-uncer ta in ,

b I ) g z i

9 9

1 2

F ig . 7 7.

Types o f v esse ls f ro m t he c re ma t ion g raves. d ish , g raves 8 7 , 6 5 ; 9 0 ;

im ita t ion t erra s ig i l la ta :

r ough g rey p o t tery :

3 , 4 -d ish , g rave 7 8,

5 -7-sma l l p o t , g raves 5 4 , 1 59 , 9 9 ;

f o lded b eaker , g raves 6 5 , 1 21; g rave 1 51;

T erra s ig il la ta : 1 ,2-

p a in ted c era m ic :

S ca le 1 :4

1 00

1 0jug w ith l ip , g rave 9 9 : 1 2-fo lded b eaker , g rave 1 37.

8 ,9 -

1-po t ,

5

6

2

F ig. 7 8.

Types o f v essels f ro m t he c re mat ion g raves. 1 ,2jug , g raves 7 4, 10 ; 1 09 ;

r ough c era m ic :

v essel , g rave 6 5.

3 -vesse l , g rave 9 2;

5 -bow l , g rave 9 4 ;

1 5

Yel low c era m ic : 4 -s ma ll j ug , g rave

f ine c era m ic :

6 -s ma l l

Types o f v esse ls f ro m t he s kele ton g raves.

Grey r ough c era m ic :

7 -11-s ma l l j ug , g raves 8 , 1 , 4 , 8 4, 1 8 ;

1 2-s ma l l p ot , g rave 4 7;

1 3-17-bow l , g raves 1 44, 5 6, 2 9 , 1 8, 6 3.

S ca le 1 :4 1 01

9

F ig . 7 9.

Types o f v essels f ro m t he s ke leton g raves. 1 -fo lded b eaker , g rave 3 ; g rave 1;

Grey r ough c era m ic :

2 ,6 jugs , g raves 6 , 5 3;

4 ,5jugs w ith l ips , g raves 1 44 , 7 0 ;

7 ,9jugs , g raves 1 7, 1 02; 1 0-d ish , g rave 2 5.

8 -d ish , g rave 1 4 ;

S ca le 1 :4

1 02

3 -s ma l l v esse l ,

p o l ished c era m ic : p a in ted c era m ic :

F ig . 8 0.

Types o f v esse ls f rom t he s ke leton g raves. 1 ,2-d ishes , g raves 3 0 , 1 9 ; 2 8, 1 9 ;

P o l ished c era m ic : 3 -5 ,jugs , g raves 2 ,

6 ,7-s ma l l j ugs w ith l ips , g raves 1 5 , 4 7;

8 -a mphora , g rave 3 4 ; 3 1;

y e l low c era m ic :

1-vase , g rave 7 1.

9 -s ma l l v ase , g rave 1 ; S ca le 1 :4

1 03

p a in ted c era m ic :

1 0-s ma l l j ug , g rave

V iwilutetvirtee

I l i fN am ing » )

p t up on r a in u i l u i

1 4

F ig . 8 1.

T ypes o f v esse ls f ro m t he s ke leton g raves. 1 jug , g rave 5 5 ;

2 ,3-gob lets , g raves 7 0 , 2 9 ;

4 -an thropo morph ic v esse l , g rave 1 8 ; sma l l v ases , g raves 5 5 , 1 02 ; g rave 1 ;

P a in ted c era m ic : g lazed c era m ic :

5 -vase , g rave 2 9 ;

8 -s ma l l g ob let , g rave 3 6 ;

1 0-cup , g rave 1 1, 1jug w ith l ip , g rave 1 67 ;

j ug , g rave 2 1;

d o mest ic c era m ic :

l ip , d a maged g rave.

S ca le 1 :4

1 3-pt , g rave 4 ;

6 ,7 9 -a mpho 1 2-s ma l l

1 4jug w ith

6

F ig . 8 2.

F ibu lae f ro m t he s keleton g raves : 3 -grave 3 2; S ca le 1 :2

4 -grave 2 9 ;

1 -grave 9 ;

5 -grave 2 5 ;

2 -grave 1 0 ;

6 -grave 3 5.

F ig . 8 3.

F ibu lae f ro m t he s keleton g raves : 3 -grave 1 2;

4 -grave 1 5.

S ca le 1 :2

1 -grave 8 4 ;

2 -grave 7 ;

2

F ig . 8 4.

F ibu lae f ro m t he s ke leton g raves : 3 -grave 1 44 ;

4 -grave 1 67 ;

1 -grave 2 0 ;

5 -da maged g rave.

2 -grave 1 03 ; S ca le 1 :2

1 0

1 2

F ig . 8 5.

Orna men ts f ro m t he s ke leton g raves : 3 ,12-grave 3 6 ; 9 -grave 5 5 ;

4 ,14-grave 2 ;

1,17-grave 1 ; S ca le 1 :2

2 ,5 ,10-grave 4 1

6 ,7-grave 1 4 ; 8 -grave 5 2 ;

1 3-grave 2 1;

F inds f ro m t he c re ma t ion g raves : 2 0-grave 1 21.

1 -grave 3 ;

1 5 ,16-grave 6 .

1 8-grave 9 6 ;

1 9-grave 6 9 ;

P la te I .

1 ,2-grave 2 ;

3 ,4-grave 5 ;

5 -grave 7 ;

6 -grave 9

P la te I .

1 -grave 1 2;

2 -grave 1 5 ;

6 -graves 2 9 , 3 0

3 -grave 1 8;

4 -graves 1 9 , 2 0 ;

5 -grave 2 5

P la te I I.

1 -grave 3 6 ; 7 4

2 -grave 7 0 ;

6 -grave 9 2

3 -graves 8 2, 8 3;

4 -grave 6 5 ;

5 -grave

5

9

1 0

1

1 2 1 4

1 3

1 5 P la te I V .

Meta l Ob jects. g rave 3 2 ;

1 -grave 3 0 ;

5 ,10-grave 3 1;

2 ,15-grave 1 44 ; 6 -grave 1 8;

3 -grave 4 6 ;

7 -grave 9 2 ;

9 ,16-grave 1 03 ; 1 1-grave 2 5 ; 1 2-grave 4 0 ; g rave 4 8 ; 1 8-grave 7 3 ; 1 9-grave 9 5

4 ,13-

8 -grave 9 6 ;

1 4-grave 1 05 ;

1 7-

1

P la te V .

F inger R ings ;

L a mps :

1 -grave 2 1;

2 -grave 1 2 ;

3 -grave 4 1;

4 -grave 5 3; 5 -grave 1 44 ; 6 -grave 1 04 ; 7 ,8-grave 1 08 ; 9 ,10g rave 6 6 ; 1 1,12-grave 9 7 ; 1 3-grave 1 10 ; 1 4-grave 1 21; 1 5g rave 1 15 ;

1 6-grave 1 56

1 2

3

P la te V I.

M isce l laneous : 5 -grave 1 1;

1 -grave 1 ;

7 -grave 2 9 ;

2 -grave 1 67 ;

8 ,9-s tray f inds ;

3 ,6-grave 1 8 ; 1 0-grave 7 8 ;

4 -grave 2 1: 1 1-grave 3 6