The Poetic Works of Helius Eobanus Hessus Volume 5: A Veritable Proteus, 1524-1528 (Renaissance Society of America, 15) [Illustrated] 9789004414655, 9789004414662, 9004414657

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The Poetic Works of Helius Eobanus Hessus Volume 5

The Renaissance Society of America texts and studies series

Editor-in-Chief David Marsh (Rutgers University)

Editorial Board Anne Coldiron (Florida State University) Paul Grendler, Emeritus (University of Toronto) James Hankins (Harvard University) Gerhild Scholz-Williams (Washington University in St. Louis) Lía Schwartz Lerner (CUNY Graduate Center)

volume 15

The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/rsa

The Poetic Works of

Helius Eobanus Hessus Volume 5 A Veritable Proteus, 1524–1528

Edited, Translated, and Annotated by

Harry Vredeveld

LEIDEN | BOSTON

Cover illustration: Silverpoint portrait of Eobanus Hessus by Albrecht Dü rer. © The Trustees of the British Museum The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2003070860

Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill‑typeface. ISSN 2212-3091 ISBN 978-90-04-41465-5 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-41466-2 (e-book) Copyright 2020 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.

illustration 1

Portrait of Eobanus. Woodcut by Albrecht Dürer, with an epigraph by the poet himself. [Nuremberg: Friedrich Peypus, August 1526] Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna (Image no.: 7684262; Inventory no.: PORT_00091378_01)

Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Corrigenda to Volume 1 xii Addendum to Volume 3 xiii Corrigenda and Addendum to Volume 4 xiv

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot Some Rules for Preserving Good Health Introduction 3 Text and Translation

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Elegiae tres Three Elegies Introduction 164 Excursus: The Woodcut Portrait of Eobanus Text and Translation 186

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Venus triumphans Venus Triumphant Introduction 211 Text and Translation

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In hypocrisim vestitus monastici ἐκφώνησις An Outcry against the Hypocrisy of the Monastic Habit Introduction 279 Text and Translation

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Bucolicorum idyllia XVII Seventeen Bucolic Idyls Introduction 309 Text and Translation

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Supplementary Notes Notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot Notes to Elegiae tres 586 Notes to Venus triumphans 598 Notes to In hypocrisim vestitus monastici ἐκφώνησις 626 Notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 635 List of Abbreviations 795 Index of Medieval and Neo-Latin Words Glossarial Index 815 General Index 836

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Illustrations 1

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Portrait of Eobanus. Woodcut by Albrecht Dürer, with an epigraph by the poet himself. [Nuremberg: Friedrich Peypus, August 1526]. Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna (Image no.: 7684262; Inventory no.: PORT_00091378_01) v Portrait of Georg Sturtz at age forty-four. Woodcut by Hans Brosamer in Georg Sturtz, Ein tröstlich und vhast nützlich Regiment vor die Pestilentz. Erfurt: Merten von Dolgen, 1543, sig. F3v. Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen 2 Title page of Bonae valetudinis conservandae praecepta. Erfurt: [Johann Loersfelt], 1524. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin–Preußischer Kulturbesitz | Abteilung Historische Drucke (1 in: Ag 523: R) 50 Title page of Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot. [Nuremberg: Johann Petreius, 1531]. Photo. et coll. BNU, Strasbourg 51 Title page of Elegiae tres. Nuremberg: Friedrich Peypus, 1526. Stadtbibliothek im Bildungscampus Nürnberg (6 an Phil. 2867.8o) 162 Portrait of Philip Melanchthon. Engraving by Albrecht Dürer, with an epigraph contributed by Eobanus (1526). British Museum, London (Museum no.: E,3.33). © The Trustees of the British Museum 163 Portrait of Eobanus. Silverpoint drawing by Albrecht Dürer (1526). British Museum, London (Museum no.: SL,5218.21). © The Trustees of the British Museum 171 Portrait of Eobanus. Woodcut by Dürer, with an epigraph by the poet himself. Second state. [Nuremberg: Friedrich Peypus, May 1527]. British Museum, London (Museum no.: 1895,0122.772). © The Trustees of the British Museum 172 Epigrams by Johann Alexander Brassicanus on the verso of Dürer’s woodcut of Eobanus. [May 1527]. Edges trimmed; text lightly mutilated. British Museum, London (Museum no.: 1895,0122.772). © The Trustees of the British Museum 173 Portrait of Eobanus. Woodcut by Dürer (third state), with an epicedium and epitaph by Johann Gigas. (Zwickau: Wolfgang Meyerpeck, [1540?]). Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington 174 Title page of Venus triumphans, personally inscribed to Hieronymus Baumgartner. Nuremberg: Johann Petreius, 1527. Stadtbibliothek im Bildungscampus Nürnberg (4 an Phil. 2862. 8o) 210 Title page of In hypocrisim vestitus monastici ἐκφώνησις. [Nuremberg: Johann Petreius, 1527]. Stadtbibliothek im Bildungscampus Nürnberg (6 an Phil. 2862. 8o) 278 Title page of Ad illustrissimum Principem Ioannem Fridericum, Ducem Saxoniae.

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illustrations Elegia. Nuremberg: Friedrich Peypus, 1526. Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna (*44.G.33) 306 Title page of Ex Idylliis encomia duo. Nuremberg: Johann Petreius, 1527. Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna (*44.G.34) 307 Title page of Bucolicorum idyllia XII .... His accessere ex recenti aeditione idyllia quinque. Haguenau: Johann Setzer, 1528. Stadtbibliothek im Bildungscampus Nürnberg (3 an Phil. 2862.8o) 308 Portrait of Willibald Pirckheimer. Engraving by Albrecht Dürer (1524). British Museum, London (Museum no.: E,3.34). Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum 332 Portrait thought to be of Johann Feige of Lichtenau. Oil painting by Lukas Cranach (early 1530s?). The National Gallery, London (Inventory no.: NG1925) 333

Acknowledgments Like its predecessors, Volume 5 has taken a tortuous path to publication—long enough, certainly, and at times frustrating enough, too, to extort the wistful sigh, forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit. At journey’s end, however, as travails past transmute into the joy of recollection, I find myself thinking back with special delight, not to the toilsome road so much as to the friends and colleagues who generously offered counsel and waybread. To all I owe an enduring debt, to none more than Klaus-Dietrich (Cloudy) Fischer. For at a time when he himself was going full tilt at his Habilitationsschrift on Neo-Latin verse dietetics (1986), he never thought twice about setting his own work aside in order to pore over my text and translation of Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot, review my notes, and give me the benefit of his wide learning. Now that the fruits of our common labor are at long last ready for harvest, I can do no more than dedicate them to him. Because so much of the spadework for this volume dates back to the 1970s and 80s, I gratefully acknowledge the support I received during those decades from The Ohio State University, in particular the College of Humanities, the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, and the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures. As always, my thanks also go to the many libraries here and in Europe that have helped me over the years and to The Renaissance Society of America for its steadfast commitment to this edition.

Corrigenda to Volume 1 Bucolicon, pp. 318–319. In Buc. 6.5, correct “Non vetet” (B) to “Non veter” (AO). In consequence, ll. 3–8 should be repunctuated and retranslated, as follows: Modo sit sylvas intrare patenteis. Iuglandes si grande nuces, captare colurnas Non veter, arbusta atque humiles cantare myricas. Nunc tamen audaces nimium nimiumque Camaenas Primus ego in patrios agros et Teutona ducam Pascua. All I aspire to is to enter those spacious woods. If walnuts are beyond my reach, may I at least not be kept from picking hazelnuts or singing of hedgerows and humble tamarisks. All the same, I’m now the first to bring the audacious, no, reckless Muses to my homeland and onto the pastures of Germany. I am very much obliged to Rüdiger Niehl for prompting these corrections in a personal message.

Addendum to Volume 3 Oratio, sive praelectio, p. 72. There is another copy of the booklet in the Bibliothek des Evangelischen Predigerseminars, Wittenberg. The call number is B86/10.

Corrigenda and Addendum to Volume 4 Oratio de studiorum instauratione, p. 84. In the second sentence of the first complete paragraph, the reference to Strieder’s Grundlage should read: “Friedrich W. Strieder’s Grundlage zu einer hessischen Gelehrten und Schriftsteller Geschichte: Seit der Reformation bis auf gegenwärtige Zeiten, vol. 3 (Göttingen, 1783), 381n and 394.” In evangelici Doctoris Martini Lutheri laudem defensionemque elegiae, p. 218. To the list of later reprints add the following item: “Nikolaus Selnecker, Epistola ad Ambrosium Wolffium Lutheromastiga (Leipzig, 1580), 21–24. Latin text of no. 7 (based on O).” On p. 238, change the period at the end of Luth. 3.25 to a comma. The sentence should read: “Intus ut ex altis haerent tabulata columnis, / Stante foras agmen pensile maius erat.”

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

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illustration 2 Portrait of Georg Sturtz at age forty-four. Woodcut by Hans Brosamer in Georg Sturtz, Ein tröstlich und vhast nützlich Regiment vor die Pestilentz. Erfurt: Merten von Dolgen, 1543, sig. F3v Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen

Introduction As enrollment at the University of Erfurt withered following the disastrous summer of 1521, Eobanus found himself on the brink of penury. Even in the best of times he was but a poor manager of money, forever juggling debts. Now, with a growing family to feed, he also had to face the prospect of losing one or even both of his lectorships, the one funded by the university, the other by the city of Erfurt.1 At first he coped by writing panegyric verses in hopes of patronage: an elegy for John Frederick I of Saxony in January 1522, a consolation for William of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in July, and in the autumn, elegiacs congratulating Philip of Hesse on his campaign against Franz von Sickingen.2 But efforts like these were inevitably hit-or-miss affairs. Of the nets he cast out in 1522, only the poem for John Frederick yielded a liberal reward.3 There was nothing for it, then, but to look out for a more stable and lucrative profession. At Frankfurt an der Oder in 1513, Eobanus had studied law as well as medicine, continuing those pursuits at Leipzig the next year, though not for long.4 By that time, his sights had become firmly fixed on a university career. Still, if his academic dreams were to founder, he knew he always had a door open to an entirely different profession. The first occasion to test that confidence arose in the early months of 1515, half a year after the poet’s return to Erfurt. The hopedfor lectorship at the university had failed to materialize. Newly married but still unemployed, still living in his father-in-law’s “Haus zur Engelsburg,”5 he had desperately hunted for some salaried position, even enlisting the good offices of his mentor and friend Mutianus Rufus, all without avail.6 In the end some of his closest friends had started pressing him to go back to his legal or medical studies. But Mutianus, who clear-sightedly saw in Eobanus the born poet, woefully unsuited either to the humdrum of law or the urine flasks of medicine,

1 See Poetic Works, 4:5. 2 On the elegy to Duke John Frederick, see pp. 166–167 below. For the consolation to Duke William, see Poetic Works, 4:371–389. The congratulatory poem for Philip of Hesse (not extant) is mentioned in a letter of 22 November 1522 to the chancellor of Hesse, Johann Feige; see Epp. fam., 3–4. 3 See Epp. fam., 4, letter of 22 November 1522 to Johann Feige. 4 For Eobanus’s law studies, see Camerarius, Nar. 7.10–11, with n. 26; 11.8; Eob. Poetic Works, 2:45–48. For his early medical studies, see Poetic Works, 2:48, n. 13. 5 On this house, see pp. 6–7 and 19–20 below. 6 For the story of Eobanus’s return to Erfurt and his subsequent job search, see Poetic Works, 3:3–17. On Mutianus Rufus (1471–1526), see Camerarius, Nar. 12.12–13, with n. 36 (1:37–39); Fidel Rädle in VLDH, 2:377–400; Bernstein, Mutianus.

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004414662_002

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had vigorously warned him against such a step. Now, a full seven years later, with his career as a lecturer at Erfurt veering toward the abyss, he cast the old warnings to the wind and resumed his studies in law. The decision taken, Eobanus felt exhilarated. In his mind he was already freed from the toils of poverty, already a man of law. On 1 July 1522, he joked to his former student Johann Spangenberg: “From a less than excellent poet I have turned into a standout lawyer.”7 But as Mutianus had long since foreseen, Eobanus soon wearied of law. In the summer of 1523, therefore, he threw himself into the much more congenial discipline of medicine. After all, as he was fond of saying, his patron Apollo was not only the leader of the Muses but also the inventor of the medical arts.8 Once again he felt that surge of liberation. Once more he bragged of his shape-shifting feats, telling Mutianus how he had transformed himself first from a poet into a lawyer and now from a lawyer into a physician. He was a veritable Proteus!9 Mutianus responded sardonically in late November: “You write that you are a Proteus. Ho there! So, you are a god, are you? But if you are a god, where is the altar, the temple, the incense casket consecrated to your divinity? You will say, ‘They all stood tall; but when the gods tumbled down recently, we felt them collapse.’ Well and good. But no shipwreck ever befalls Proteus; he swims away unscathed. And if the poets are knocked down from their perch, he just puts on the mask of [the physician] Archigenes and compounds a mithridaticum. If his mixtures are not valued, he straightway acts the king. If the kings are expelled, he is called a consul. Soon thereafter he turns from a consul into a rhetor. That is the essence of Proteus’s divinity.”10 Undeterred by Mutianus’s raillery, Eobanus forged ahead. By February 1524, the “fledgling candidate of medicine,” as he now styled himself, was trumpeting his “truly amazing metamorphosis, to be turned so suddenly from a poet into a physician.”11 A few months later he repeated the boast in letters to Georg

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See Epp. fam., 13, letter of 1 July 1522: “ex poeta non optimo sum factus maximus iureconsultus.” See also Epp. fam., 88–89, letter to Johann Drach, ca. late July 1522 (misdated 1523 in Epp. fam.), and Mutian. Ep. 617, letter of 15 July 1523. See, for example, Mutian. Ep. 617, letter of 15 July 1523. Eobanus took a lifelong delight in medicine; see Camerarius, Nar. 21.7; Eob. Dial. 1.21; and, for example, Eobanus’s letter of 6 July 1534 to Joachim Camerarius, Epp. 1, sig. L4r: “isto studio … nullum aliud est nec utilius nec amoenius, quo ego pro mea mediocritate delector vehementer.” Though no longer extant, Eobanus’s letter can be reconstructed in part from Mutian. Ep. 619. Mutian. Ep. 619. See Dial. 1.17, 29.

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Sturtz and Joachim Camerarius.12 And in the dedicatory letter to his Precepts for Preserving Good Health, dated in August that same year, he exults: “Poets tell the story that Hesiod was changed from a shepherd into a poet in one single dream. I myself, which is a considerably more astonishing metamorphosis, was changed, not while dreaming but wide awake, not from a shepherd into a poet, like him and many others, but (believe it or not) from a poet into a physician, as few before me.”13 The image of himself as a Proteus, incessantly reinventing himself and escaping his bonds, would help sustain our humanist throughout his last two years in Erfurt and the early years in Nuremberg. Introducing his scholarly annotations on Vergil’s Eclogues and Georgics in 1528, he imagines how people will marvel at his sudden transformation into a philologist, almost as if he had turned his back on his own ingenium.14 As late as 1531 he confides to Moritz Seydel, a student at the University of Leipzig, how much he enjoys acting the Proteus, though minus the god’s guile and malice.15 Thus, when he applies the image to Camerarius in the autumn of 1526, it is he himself whom he sees reflected in his friend: “I marvel at you, for, as I see, you leave nothing unattempted: just now a comic poet, shortly thereafter a melic poet, then a lyricist, now a psalmographer. Who can put up with you, O Proteus?”16

Georg Sturtz as Eobanus’s Teacher and Patron Eobanus’s pursuit of a doctorate in medicine would have been unthinkable without the mentoring and patronage of his dear friend Georg Sturtz. Joachim Camerarius tells the story as follows: when Eobanus’s resources … were, to use Terence’s phrase, “reduced to dire straits” and the city’s regard for him was utterly withdrawn, a few private individuals (among whom Sturtz occupied the first place) did 12

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Epp. fam., 100, letter of ca. June 1524 to Sturtz: “Nunc coeptum laborem absolvemus, ut quamprimum in manus et in ora hominum veniamus iniiciamusque ceu miraculum orbi, tam repente ex poeta factum esse medicum. Nam haec, dubio procul, mira videbitur omnibus esse μεταμόρφωσις.” See also Epp. fam., 93, letter of 6 July 1524 to Sturtz; Epp. 4, sig. B6v, letter of ca. late July 1524 to Camerarius. Val., 1.ded. 1–2. Adnot., dedicatory letter, sig. A2r–v. See Rudolf Ehwald, “Vier Briefe aus der Sammlung des Gymnasium Ernestinum,” in Programm des Herzoglichen Gymnasium Ernestinum zu Gotha (Gotha, 1893), 16. Epp. 1, sigs. H7v–H8r.

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everything they could to support this learned and upright and blameless man and, most importantly, this loyal friend of theirs. After careful deliberation about the welfare both of himself and his children, they agreed that he should apply himself to some lucrative profession, not in order to become more famous but to avoid being famished in the very near future. It was those friends, therefore, who suggested to him that he study medicine, since his earlier attempts at reading law had gotten nowhere. Relying especially on Sturtz’s help and financial backing, he avidly threw himself into this field of study, at once purchased the necessary books, and began to master this body of knowledge with the greatest eagerness. And though he admittedly never advanced so far as to practice medicine, he nonetheless pursued these studies as long as he lived and greatly enjoyed reading books that dealt with that subject.17 The son of Andreas Sturtz (Stortz), who had made his fortune mining for silver in the Ore Mountains, Georg was born in 1490, probably in Geyer. After attending the Latin school in nearby Annaberg, he matriculated at Erfurt in the summer semester of 1505, earning his BA the following year, together with Eobanus. Thereupon he helped manage his father’s mines, all the more when the latter became mayor of Annaberg in 1509.18 In the summer of 1516, Sturtz enrolled at the University of Orléans.19 Studies in Italy followed. Returning to Erfurt in 1519, he became MA in February 1521, ranking first in a class of eighteen, ahead of Camerarius.20 At Erfurt, Sturtz’s prestige was such that he was elected rector of the university for the summer semester of 1523. Having graduated MD on December 9 at Wittenberg, he was admitted to the medical faculty at Erfurt. On 27 September 1524 he was elected dean of medicine, a post he would occupy frequently until his death in 1548. Shortly after his return from Italy—perhaps already in the spring of 1519— Sturtz bought the house “Zur Engelsburg” from the estate of Eobanus’s de-

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Camerarius, Nar. 21.4–7. See Wolfgang Altmann, “Die medizinische Fakultät der Universität Erfurt im Zeitalter der Spätscholastik und des Humanismus (1392–1524),” in Johannes Irmscher, ed., Renaissance und Humanismus in Mittel- und Osteuropa: Eine Sammlung von Materialien (Berlin, 1962), 1:100–200, here at p. 167. For an outline of Sturtz’s life, see Kleineidam, 3:231–232. He enrolled as “Magister Georgius Sturtz de Monte Sancte Anne, Misnensis diocesis.” See Cornelia M. Ridderikhoff, ed., Premier livre des procurateurs de la Nation Germanique de l’ ancienne Université d’Orléans, 1444–1546, part 1, Texte des rapports des procurateurs (Leiden, 1971), 188. Kleineidam, 2:373.

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ceased father-in-law21 and then spared no expense to transform the building into a “common lodging place for men of letters,”22 complete with a richly stocked library and an equally well supplied wine cellar, both of which he freely shared with his closest friends: the fellow student Joachim Camerarius (1500– 1574), whom he invited to live at his home;23 the mathematics teacher Adam Ries (1492–1559), who educated himself in Sturtz’s library; also such penurious poets as Euricius Cordus (1486–1535) and Eobanus himself. Cordus appears to have become friends with Sturtz in the first half of 1519.24 In September the following year, he dedicated his newly revised and expanded Epigrammata to Sturtz, for which the wealthy miner’s son rewarded him so royally that Cordus promptly hailed him as a new Maecenas and Augustus. In a follow-up epigram addressed to Eobanus, Cordus goes on to wonder why his fellow Hessian has not yet sung the praises of this “new Augustus.” Does he not know how highly Sturtz prizes the Muses? “If he heaps that much gold on me, a poetaster like Choerilus, imagine what an erudite Vergil like you may expect!”25 Like Cordus, Eobanus must have befriended Sturtz already in 1519, perhaps as soon as the latter acquired the Engelsburg.26 The extant record, however, 21 22 23 24

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See Camerarius, Nar. 14.8; 20.1; cf. p. 3 above. Now demolished, the house was located at what is presently Allerheiligenstraße 20. See Cordus, Epigr., ded., dated 18 September 1520 (p. 1, l. 25): “commune litteratorum deversorium.” See Camerarius, Nar. 20.1. Camerarius lived in the Engelsburg until mid-1521. On his life and works, see Poetic Works, 1:6; Joachim Hamm in VL 16, 1:425–438. On Euricius Cordus, see n. 34 at Camerarius, Nar. 12.1 (1:36–37); Peter Dilg in VLDH, 1:470– 496. The earliest epigram that Cordus addresses to Sturtz (Epigr. 3.20) can be placed in the first half of 1519, sometime between the death of Maximilian I (January 12) and the election of Charles V (June 28). For the epigrams, see Epigrammata, bk. 4, in Cordus, Opera poetica omnia [Frankfurt am Main, ca. 1550], fols. 146v–147r. Eobanus himself lived there from autumn 1514 until about mid-1515; cf. Camerarius, Nar. 14.8, with n. 45 (1:42). His last known letter from the Engelsburg is dated 7 March 1515; see Gisela Möncke, “Zwei Erfurter Drucke mit unbekannten Gedichten von Eobanus Hessus,” Gutenberg-Jahrbuch 79 (2004): 147–152, here at p. 151. By November 1515, well before Sturtz arrived on the scene, he and his bride had moved into a little house of their own—a cottage (“casula”) that our king of poets jokingly took to calling his royal palace (“regia”); see Epp. fam., 23. The dwelling was located next to the Gera River, within view of the Augustinian church. See Sylv. 4.26.12–13, where Eobanus asks Petrejus Eberbach to visit him at home, “vicini prope vortices Hierae, / Quos Aurelia templa conspicantur.” Writing to Lang on 10 March 1521, he signs his verse letter “from my house on the Gera”; see Epp. fam., 69. The house appears to have been known as the “Rosengarten,” for in a letter to Johann Drach, also dated 10 March 1521, Eobanus signs “Ex Roseto”; see Epp. fam., 22. The phrase “ex Roseto” or “ex Roseto nostro” occurs twice more in 1525. See Collectio Camerariana, vol. 16 (MS Clm 10366, BSB, Munich), no. 35, dated June 6; Epp. 1, sig. P4r, dated October 4.

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shows no trace of familiarity between the two men until February 1521, when we see our chronically debt-ridden humanist hailing Sturtz as “the best of men, … composed of kindness and the Graces, a friend to be cherished with perpetual faithfulness,” and then asking if he might borrow a silver goblet for a party celebrating the birth of a baby boy.27 From that point forward, Eobanus’s correspondence overflows with letters and poems to Sturtz. Several book dedications also pay the highest tribute to him: first in Some Letters Concerning the More Humane Studies (1523), then in the Precepts for Preserving Good Health (1524; revised 1531), and finally in Book Two of the Sylvae (1535/39). Sturtz’s support of Cordus and Eobanus far exceeded the norm of beneficent patronage. After graduating MA in February 1521, Sturtz, at his own expense, took Cordus with him to Italy to study medicine and did not return until the latter had been promoted MD at Ferrara in the autumn. Then, immediately after his own promotion to MD at Wittenberg in late 1523, Sturtz took it upon himself to personally direct Eobanus’s studies. A letter that Eobanus wrote at the start of 1524 offers a first glimpse of Sturtz’s teaching methods. Addressing his friend as “physician, his dearest teacher,” Eobanus presents him with a New Year’s gift, in the form of two epigrams of astrological interest, the one on “The Opposition of the Signs in the Zodiac,” the other on “The Aspects of the Planets, from the Signs.” The poet explains: “The idea came to me yesterday after lunch, when you had handed me the material that I was to express in verses. I have not only done that but am also sending you these (admittedly so-so) verselets. Later on I’ll send you more on the same topic. For, not to dissemble the truth,” he continues, “the fact is that you have fired my mind with an astonishing love for those studies, given how clearly you set before my eyes all the things that I both hold and always have held highest. And so, no sooner had I left you than I sent for Julius Firmicus and his school of astrologers.”28 Eobanus’s letter shows Sturtz to have been an extraordinary teacher who knew how to engage and motivate his student at the deepest level, starting off by patiently elucidating the topics at hand and thereupon—a stroke of genius!—asking him to recast selected materials into verse. The versified texts,

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Eobanus sold the house after the move to Nuremberg in May 1526, using the proceeds to help settle some of his debts; see Epp. 1, sig. P8v, letter of 13 November 1526 to Johann Gröningen. Epp. fam., 98, not dated. The date can be deduced from a letter of 10 March 1521 to Johann Lang, where Eobanus mentions that “the infant prince” is now barely one month old; see Epp. fam., 72. Epp. fam., 103–104. Eobanus’s letter is undated, but must have been written on 1 January 1524.

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of course, would serve Eobanus as mnemonics, to help him recall what he had studied. Just as importantly, they would also help nurture and sustain his enthusiasm for the medical profession. Additionally, Sturtz must have reasoned, the verses would eventually add up to an impressive handbook on healthful living. For starters, then, Sturtz had Eobanus read up on iatroastrology, the branch of medicine that investigates how the planets and zodiacal signs govern the body and influence health. While foreign to modern scientific medicine, this ancient-medieval specialty had of late become hugely popular, thanks especially to Marsilio Ficino’s Three Books on Life (1489).29 Eobanus had perused that regimen of health as early as 1508, but only as an interested humanist.30 Now, in early 1524, he was studying it professionally, as a candidate of medicine. The passion that Sturtz inspired first bursts into public view in the defense of medicine that opens the first of Eobanus’s Three Dialogues, written that same January and published late the next month. Portraying himself in conversation with his fellow student Martin Hune, our budding doctor comments: you know very well yourself that a physician cannot afford to be ignorant of any of the things you mention, for example, the four elements—the generative bodies of the world—and how each of these is related to three of the twelve signs of the zodiac as well as the four complexions of the body; how the four seasons (as Galen explains) correspond most beautifully and perfectly to those quaternions in accordance with the four combinations and, so to speak, classes of primary qualities; then too, knowing which of the twelve signs agree better with a woman’s constitution, and which ones better with a man’s .... The zodiacal signs, furthermore, are distributed in groups of equal size over the four parts of the year, each being assigned to a given month. Then one has to know the ways in which the just-mentioned seasons stand in relation to each other, also which seasons either correct or aggravate which diseases, and in what respect. I won’t mention the aspects of the wandering stars, to whose natures not only bodies, but also metals and plants and all things earth-born correspond. To these I could add the four regions of the world and, after them,

29

30

On the book’s reception in Germany, see Sven Limbeck, “Marsilio Ficino,” in VL, 11:442– 443. Grantley R. McDonald has promised a book entitled Marsilio Ficino in Germany, from Renaissance to Enlightenment: A Reception History. On astrology in our period, see Brendan Dooley, ed., A Companion to Astrology in the Renaissance (Leiden, 2014); Monica Azzolini and Adam Mosley, “Astronomy and Astrology,” in BENLW, 1:667–677 (chap. 50). See Ama. 25.2–7, nn.; also see Gen. ebrios. 23.2–3, published in 1515.

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the principal winds, planets, ages of man, and then go on to the qualities and quantities of the bodies, all grouped in quaternions—if I, fledgling candidate of medicine that I am, were not ashamed of rambling further than my modest knowledge can either bear or allow. All the same, here you have practically the whole natural world in a nutshell, gathered up in a series of quaternaries, more outlined by me than elaborated.31 To this flaunting of newly acquired knowledge, Hune responds with suitable compliments and his own apologia for medical astrology: A little while ago, when you were arguing that a physician needs to be especially well grounded in natural science, I was reminded of what our Hippocrates wrote: “A physician who knows nothing about the workings of the heavens and the stars is like a blind man who gropes his way with a stick, but stumbles pitifully at every step and goes astray. He does not deserve the title of physician; and no person would knowingly let himself be treated by such a man, seeing that he only follows whatever he imagines might be either good or bad in each instance.” From these words, I think, it is quite clear that a physician who is not thoroughly versed in the secrets of all nature is an impostor and a quack.32 As soon as he had finished reviewing the fundamentals of natural philosophy, as these relate to medical theory, Eobanus embarked on the next stage of his studies: dietetics, the regimen of healthy living. The aim of this discipline was to develop sound principles to nurture and preserve the factors that are fundamental to the human body. Known as the seven “naturals,” these factors comprise the elements (fire, air, water, earth), the qualities (hot, cold, dry, moist), the humors (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm), and finally, the members, faculties, spirits, and operations. To help maintain the seven naturals and keep them in proper balance, physicians advised patients to give close attention to the six “non-naturals” over which we have at least some measure of control: the air we breathe, food and drink, retention and evacuation (including sexual intercourse), exercise and rest, sleeping and waking, the emotions and passions. Paying heed to the non-naturals has great benefits, for it holds out the promise of a long and healthful life.33 31 32 33

Dial. 1.26–29. Dial. 1.39–40. For an overview of medieval medicine, see Nancy G. Siraisi, Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine: An Introduction to Knowledge and Practice (Chicago, 1990). On Galen’s

introduction

11

Analysis of the Precepts for Preserving Good Health reveals exactly which dietetic works Eobanus studied and versified under Sturtz’s direction.34 Besides Book One of the already mentioned Three Books on Life by Marsilio Ficino, he must have been reading portions of On Medicine by the Roman encyclopedist A. Cornelius Celsus (fl. ca. 25CE). At any rate, several selections from Celsus appear prominently among the poem’s general precepts. To stimulate Eobanus’s competitive spirit, Sturtz also had his student memorize the Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum (Salernitan Guide to Health), an immensely popular twelfth-century poem that had long since been in print, often with the commentary attributed to Arnald of Villanova (ca. 1240–1311) but actually dating from the 1470s.35 Already in the introduction to his Precepts, Eobanus alludes to the medieval verses of the Salernitan Guide: The few [matters] that I’ll sing have been sung before, but without Apollo’s assistance, and thus in some respect this labor will be my own. Indeed, if you compare the earlier versions with the one you read here, you will know that I have lifted them out of darkness. For what lay moldering in neglect and sunk in profound barbarism will flow more lucidly in poetic verse. And certainly, a good many of Eobanus’s aphorisms are elegant renderings of the homely mnemonics in the Salernitan Guide, also of the Salernitan verses quoted in the pseudo-Arnaldian commentary. Next, Sturtz had Eobanus study

34 35

dietetics, see Mark Grant, Galen on Food and Diet (London, 2000). On Renaissance dietetics, see Ken Albala, Eating Right in the Renaissance (Berkeley, 2002). On the regimens of health, see Melitta W. Adamson, Medieval Dietetics: Food and Drink in Regimen Sanitatis Literature from 800 to 1400 (Frankfurt am Main, 1995); Marilyn Nicoud, Les régimes de santé au Moyen Âge: Naissance et diffusion d’une écriture médicale (XIIIe–XVe siècle) (Rome, 2007), 2 vols. For a first analysis, see my “Helius Eobanus Hessus’ Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot: An Inquiry into Its Sources,” Janus 72 (1985): 83–112. For the medieval verses as they circulated in manuscript, see Virginia de Frutos González, ed. and trans., Flos medicine (Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum): Estudio, edición crítica y traducción (Valladolid, 2010). Eobanus, of course, would not have studied the verses in a manuscript. He used the abbreviated print version, with the late-medieval commentary. For the printed version of the poem, see Johann C.G. Ackermann, ed., Regimen Sanitatis Salerni, sive Scholae Salernitanae de conservanda bona valetudine praecepta (Stendal, 1790); Patricia W. Cummins, “A Salernitan Regimen of Health,” Allegorica 1 (1976): 78–101. For the date of the commentary, see René Verrier, Études sur Arnaud de Villeneuve, 1240(?)– 1311, part 3 (Paris, 1949), 61–62; Ernest Wickersheimer, “Autour du ‘Régime de Salerne,’” Le Scalpel 50 (1952): 1506–1510.

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the topic of food and drink, mostly as epitomized in Book One of Paul of Aegina’s medical compendium (seventh-century CE). Sturtz no doubt selected this source partly for its concision, partly too because it was readily available in the humanistic translation by Guillaume Cop of Basel—the same physician to whom Erasmus had dedicated his famed poem on old age.36 First published at Paris in 1510 under the title Praecepta salubria (Salubrious Precepts), Cop’s translation had been reprinted at Strasbourg in 1511 and at Paris in 1512. Missing in Eobanus’s own Precepts are two pillars of contemporary medical theory, Galen and Avicenna. Sturtz would have reserved those authors for later study, so as not to overwhelm the beginner with tomes of densely technical lore.

Printing History: First Edition After months of work, Eobanus was finally able to tell Sturtz in early June 1524: “My book On the Preservation of Health (or whatever other title may be deemed appropriate) is ready for publication.” At his friend’s request, he continues, he plans to append a substantial set of epigrams on the notable physicians and the nine Muses, whose portraits Sturtz was intending to display in his private study—that “Museum,” or (as Sturtz prefers) that “Nest of the Muses.” Sturtz’s table of the various types of fevers would, of course, also be attached.37 A few weeks later he wrote Sturtz again to say that those epigrams, too, were now finished. He, Eobanus, will just need to look everything over again and “also correct the passage you pointed out to me yesterday.” The whole book, he vows, will be dedicated to his friend and patron, both within the dietetic poem itself (that is, in its opening and closing sections) and in a prefatory letter, so that Sturtz’s name will be assured of immortality. Time permitting, he will also add an encomium of medicine in verse.38 By early July 1524, the entire manuscript was done.39 Before sending it out, however, our poet sought the advice of Joachim Camerarius in Wittenberg, who, while no medical doctor, was an expert on versification and in all matters Greek and Roman. Camerarius responded in about mid-July with several philological remarks and queries.40 After revising his manuscript in the light of these 36 37 38 39 40

Erasmus, Carm. 2. See Epp. fam., 99 (undated). See Epp. fam., 99–100. See Epp. fam., 93, letter of 6 July 1524 to Georg Sturtz. See Epp. fam., 266.

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comments,41 Eobanus handed it to the printer at the beginning of August. The booklet came out at Erfurt in early September, without indication of printer (Johann Loersfelt):42 A (1524) BONAE VALETVDINIS CON= | ſeruandæ præcepta ad Magnificum D. | Georgium Sturtiaden per Eo= | banum Heſsum. | Medicinæ Laus ad Martinum Hunum | per Eundem. | Muſæum Sturtianum per Eundem. | Tabula differentiarum omnis generis Febrium | per D. Georgium Sturtiaden. | Tabula cognoſcendorum ſecundum com= | munes & planetares horas humorum: | per Henricum Grammatæum. | 1524 | Colophon: Collation: Contents:

41 42 43

Excuſſum Erphurdiæ: e Regione diui Ser= | uatij. Anno domini Milleſimoquin= | genteſimoviceſimoquarto. | 4o: A–G4, [$2 (–G2) signed], A2, [A1 signed] (30 leaves), and two attached foldout single-leaf prints A1r title page; A1v blank; A2r–A2v dedicatory letter; A3r–D4r Bonae valetudinis conservandae … Eobani Hessi diligentia decerptum praemetium; D4v Eobanus Hessus lectori S. (= app. 1); D4v–G1r Medicinae encomion ex Erasmo; G1v Magnifico viro D. Georgio Sturtiadae Medicinarum Doctori Eob. Hessus S. (= app. 2); G2r–G3v Chorus nobilium medicorum in Musaeo Sturtiano Erphurdiae; G4r–G4v Chorus Musarum in eodem; G4v In foribus Musaei (= app. 3); G4v colophon; A1r– A2r user’s guide to Heinrich Schreyber’s Duo vetera instrumenta,43

See Epp. 4, ca. late July 1524, sigs. B6r–B7r. See Martin von Hase, Bibliographie der Erfurter Drucke von 1501–1550 (Nieuwkoop, 1968), no. 699. Born at Erfurt in the early 1490s, Heinrich Schreyber (Grammateus) studied at Vienna and Cracow, then returned to teach at Vienna in 1517. A plague in 1521 forced him to depart, first to Nuremberg, then to Erfurt. In August 1523, Eobanus and Petrejus Eberbach each wrote a liminary epigram for Schreyber’s Algorismus de integris. Regula de tri cum exemplis … (Erfurt, 1523). In 1525 Schreyber was back in Vienna, where he died shortly afterward. The tabula that he appends to Eobanus’s book correlates the planetary hours and zodiacal signs with the four humors. A user’s guide introduces the tabula. Because this guide is often lacking in the extant copies or, when present, is sometimes physically separated from the woodcut table, it is completely ignored in the literature on Schreyber. See, for example, Wolfgang Meretz, “Standortnachweise der Drucke und Autographen von Heinrich Schreyber (= Grammateus, vor 1496 bis 1525), Christoff Rudolff (1500? bis 1545?) und Michael Stifel (1487? bis 1567),” Archiv für Geschichte des Buchwesens 16 (1976): 325, no. 8; also the confused presentation in Wolfgang Kaunzner, “Zur Algebra des Heinrich Schreyber,” in Manfred Weidauer, ed., Heinrich Schreyber aus Erfurt, genannt Grammateus: Festschrift zum 500. Geburtstag (Munich, 1996), 25–64, here at 29–30.

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divided into the following sections: A1r Praesentis instrumenti partium descriptio; Propositio prima. Humorem qualibet hora regentem reperire. Canon primus; A1v Propositio secunda. Canon; Propositio tertia, followed first by Canon, then by Planerarum [sic] ordo est talis; A2r Propositio ultima, followed by Canon; A2v blank. Immediately following Schreyber’s user’s guide in the Erlangen copy are two foldout single-leaf tabulae, both blank on verso. The first foldout bears the heading: “In tabulam febrium clarissimi medici, D. Georgii Sturtiadae. Eobanus Hessus lectori”; then follow four elegiac distichs (see app. 4). Immediately below this epigram is Sturtz’s table of the fevers.44 At the foot of the page are the words: “Vale, lector, et Febribus nostris foeliciter ipse scilicet minime febricitans fruere. Quod dum facis, has primitias aequi bonique consulas rogamus.” Then follows the colophon: “Erphurdie, mense Septembri M.D.XXIIII.” The second foldout is an elaborate woodcut table correlating the planetary hours and zodiacal signs with the four humors, under the heading: “Duo vetera instrumenta in unum congesta cum propriis canonibus per Magistrum Henricum Grammateum Erffordensem.” Catchwords: None Running titles: None Location: Erlangen, Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen-Nuremberg Call number: H60/4 TREW.Q 261

The Erlangen copy served as copy text for the edition of the title page and dedicatory letter of A (1.ded.) as well as of Appendices 1–4. I have also seen the copy at Augsburg, Staats- und Stadtbibliothek (4 Ink 446#Beibd.). The Augsburg copy has Schreyber’s user’s guide, but not the tabulae. The copies in Berlin, SB (1 in: Ag 523), and Vienna, ÖNB (*44.G.32) are available online in a digital facsimile via VD 16, no. E 1460. The latter two copies lack Schreyber’s user’s guide as well as the tabulae. The copy in Ratsschulbibliothek at Zwickau (22.11.3/8) has Schreyber’s user’s guide and tabula, but not Sturtz’s table. The same goes for the copy in Copenhagen, Det Kongelige Bibliotek (75:1, 37). There are further copies in Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Library; Dresden, Sächsische Landesbibliothek–Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek; Erfurt, UB, Depositum Erfurt; Leipzig, UB; London, BL; St. Petersburg, National Library of Russia; Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek; Trier, Stadtbibliothek. 44

Writing to Sturtz on 6 September 1524, Eobanus says that the printer did not have the required Greek characters for Sturtz’s table. That is why the Greek words are all printed in roman type. See Epp. fam., 84.

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Already on September 6, Eobanus was able to send several copies to Sturtz, who at the time was living in Joachimsthal (now Jáchymov).45 In a covering letter the poet explains that Schreyber’s table had delayed the book’s publication. In consequence, he adds, the book came out too late to be displayed at the Frankfurt book fair, as initially planned.

Analysis of A 1: Precepts for Preserving Good Health The poem is structured as follows: 1. Prologue (sig. A3r). The work begins with an invocation to the heaven-born Urania. As elsewhere in Eobanus’s oeuvre, this Urania is a Christian Muse.46 Her father is Christ Apollo, the inventor of medicine, born of the Virgin Muse. Read outside its historical context, the Christian invocation looks strangely out of place, given that there is nothing at all religious about the medical poem itself. It should be recalled, however, that at the time he wrote the invocation Eobanus was also fiercely defending medicine against the evangelical zealots who taught that healing is only of God (Dial. 1).47 His invocation, then, must be understood as another salvo against the radical preachers: Musa, repertoris medicarum filia rerum, Te duce conanti scribere pauca fave. Coelorum decus Uranie,48 sed Apolline nata Quem peperit nullo Pieris usa viro,49 Huc ades et nostris te, diva, laboribus infer, Dum ferimus medica pharmaca pauca manu. Sed mihi nec faciles monstret Podalyrius herbas. Nemo hic Phillirides, nemo Machaon erit.

45 46

47 48 49

Epp. fam., 83–84. Eobanus speaks of the Christian Urania as early as 1512; see Vict., app. 2.13–14, n. At Hod. 428–430, she is “a tenth sister [to the Muses], the heaven-born Urania who … wins human souls for the stars.” See also Hypocr. B 4.1, n. See Dial. 1. At Wirt. 19–21, Urania is “astrorum decus” (ornament of the stars), a phrase taken from Verg. A. 9.405; cf. Eob. Hod. 318, where the Virgin is lauded as “astrorum sublime Decus.” Cf. Vict., ded. 19–20; Luth. 5.17–18; Epic. 6.116; Sylv. 2.5.40: “Virgine qui solus natus Apollo dea est.”

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Diva potens numeris, coelo sata, spiret, et ipse Qui dedit has artes Christus Apollo regat. Muse, daughter of the inventor of medicine, grant me your favor as I endeavor to write a few matters under your guidance. Ornament of heaven, Urania, but daughter of the Apollo who was born of the Pierian Maid without intercourse with a man, come hither and enter into this work of mine as I gather up some medicinal precepts with a physician’s hand. All the same, no Podalirius will show me the efficacious herbs. There will be no Chiron here, no Machaon. May the heaven-born goddess, mistress of song, breathe upon me, and may the same Christ Apollo who gave these arts govern them too. The invocation is immediately followed by a propositio (ll. 3–10 in BO) announcing the work’s theme. The poet intends to sing of matters that have been sung before, but only in “barbaric” medieval verse. His own verses will be much more refined and lucid and hence easier to commit to memory. Eobanus’s ambition, then, is to displace the Salernitan Guide with humanistic elegiacs. The invocation and propositio completed, the author now modestly asks the reader’s indulgence. He wrote the work as a novice student of medicine, and in a great hurry to boot. That is why it lacks the graces of a polished style.50 Eobanus concludes with a brief dedication to Georg Sturtz, whom he acknowledges as “the prime mover of this poem.” The aspiring physician hopes to present his teacher-patron with more brilliant and mature works in future years, once he too has attained the degree of MD (ll. 17–26 in BO). 2. Body of the poem (ll. 29–652 in BO). The poem proper is divided into three main sections, arranged in the same sequence as in the Salernitan Guide: (a) General aphorisms for preserving health (sigs. A3v–B3r). The materials are drawn from the Salernitan Guide, with additional passages from Ficino’s Three Books on Life and Celsus’s On Medicine. (b) Properties of various foods (sigs. B3r–D2v). The principal source is Paul of Aegina’s Praecepta salubria, bk. 1. Less commonly used are such authorities as Dioscorides, Serenus Sammonicus, and Bartolomeo Platina. (c) Quaternions of the macro-microcosm (sigs. D2v–D4r). This section is introduced as follows:

50

For the topos of affected modesty, see Curtius, ELLMA, 83–85; Lausberg, §275.b; Eob. Nup., ded. 12, n.

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Finiturus eram parvi congesta libelli Cum talis dextra venit ab aure sonus: “Nuper inutilibus, vates, operate Camoenis, Qui sacra nunc Phoebi lucra ferentis adis, Parva sed exacti superest pars iusta laboris. Adiice praeceptis pauca elementa tuis.” Respicio. Prope constiterat crinitus Apollo, Quattuor excutiens lilia utraque manu. Ipse quaternarios quosdam superesse canendos Coniectans, calamo talia scripta dedi. I was about to finish compiling this little book when the following words fell upon my right ear: “You who until recently devoted yourself wholly to the ungainful Muses, bard, but are now approaching the sanctuary of lucrative Phoebus, you still have a small but essential part of your labor left to complete. Add these few basic principles to your precepts.” I looked behind me. Nearby stood long-haired Apollo, brandishing four lilies in each hand. Inferring that there were yet some quaternaries to be sung, I dashed off the following verses. Then follows a summary of the quaternions in the macro- and microcosm, beginning with the elements, humors, qualities, and temperaments and ending with the ages of man and the planets (ll. 37–80 in B). A good portion of the material in this section comes from the Salernitan Guide and the pseudoArnaldian commentary. 3. Epilogue (sig. D4r). In a brief conclusion, Eobanus once again addresses his teacher Georg Sturtz: Restat ut ipse suo sicut te munere Apollo Imbuit et medicas iussit habere manus, Sic mea quo possis informes pectora cultu Et medicas iubeas me quoque habere manus. Tunc tibi maiores maioris carminis haustus, Tunc dabimus meritis praemia digna tuis. Vive, decus nostrum! Medicus te servet Apollo, Saepius ut relegas carmina nostra. Vale. Just as Apollo himself instructed you with his gift and commanded you to have a physician’s hands, so it remains for you, as best you can, to mold my

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breast with that same training and to command me too to possess a physician’s hands. Then will I invite you to drink deeper drafts from a greater poem, then will I present you with rewards commensurate with your merits. Live long, my glorious friend! May Apollo the Physician preserve you, so that you may often read and reread these verses of mine. Farewell. 2: Praise of Medicine In A, the Praise of Medicine is introduced by a short prose preface (app. 1). The Praise, we learn here, is a last-minute addition,51 composed at the request of the poet’s friend and fellow student of medicine, Martin Hune.52 A native of Gittelde in Brunswick, Hune had matriculated at Erfurt in 1508, becoming BA in 1509. Following a prolonged absence, he returned to Erfurt around 1517, where he earned the MA the next year. In 1520 he was named professor in the Collegium maius. As the university continued its steep decline in 1523, Hune (like Eobanus himself) took up the study of medicine. In the dialogue “Melaenus” (Dial. 1) of early 1524, Eobanus portrays him as a dogged defender of medical studies against the evangelical radicals. Coming back from a visit with Erasmus at Basel in the late winter of 1524, Hune was elected dean of arts for the summer semester. From late October 1525 to July 1526, he was in Joachimsthal, presumably to gain practical experience in Sturtz’s pharmacy. After stopping over in Nuremberg to visit Eobanus in early August 1526, Hune traveled to Italy to complete his medical training. He graduated MD at Padua in 1531. Thereafter he practiced medicine in Graz. In the prose preface to the Praise of Medicine, Eobanus remarks that he has spent all of three days on the work, in what he calls “my improvident haste.” Symptomatic of this haste are occasional stylistic lapses. Already Joachim Camerarius, looking over a draft of the poem in July 1524, criticized as awkwardly ambiguous several verses that address the dedicatee Martin Hune:53 Dicere neu pudeat versu quae magnus Erasmus Valde pari scripsit cum Cicerone stylo. Si tamen illius per te magis inclyta fiunt Scripta, peto veniam: vincit hoc illud opus.

51 52 53

This characterization is confirmed by the correspondence; see p. 12 above. For the exordial topos (“I write at the behest of …”), see Curtius, ELLMA, 85; Lausberg, § 275.a; cf. Eob. Val. 2.5–8; Eras. 1–3. See Epp. fam., 266, written not long after the drowning death of Wilhelm Nesen on 6 July 1524. The “ambiguous” distichs do not appear in the book as published in 1524. They are replaced, it appears, by ll. 411–412 in the published text.

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Also do not let it bother you that [this poem] expresses in verse what the great Erasmus wrote very much on a par with Cicero’s style. But if, thanks to you, the former’s oration should gain in renown, I beg pardon: the latter work eclipses the former. In the just quoted verses, as well as in the prose preface and the poem’s title, Eobanus openly acknowledges that his Praise of Medicine versifies Erasmus’s Declamation in Praise of the Medical Art, first published at Louvain in 1518.54 In the conclusion (ll. 413–418) he briefly describes how he went about using that source. He started, he says, by culling suitable “flowers” from Erasmus’s prose and then proceeded to add some “chaplets” of his own. This done, he turned the assembled materials into poetic form. 3–4: Epigrams for Sturtz’s Museum After acquiring the Engelsburg in 1519, Georg Sturtz vowed that he would turn his home into “a common lodging place for men of letters.” By the early autumn of 1520, he had not only made good on that pledge but had also, to quote Euricius Cordus, “erected in [that house] a ‘Nest of the Muses’ … with marvelously beautiful construction.”55 Eobanus offers a similar description in the dedicatory letter to his Precepts (Val., 1.ded. 14). Sturtz’s entire house, he comments, deserves to be called a Museum, a shrine to the Muses. Nevertheless, he continues, the name applies particularly to “that most beautiful retreat in that wonderfully charming abode of yours.” Absent a detailed description, Sturtz’s Museum has given rise to much speculation. The prevailing theory, first proposed by Johannes Biereye in 1922, holds that the structure must have been a Holzstube, or Bohlenstube, a type of wellheated, oak-paneled interior room commonly found in elegant townhouses of the age. Biereye even felt confident that he had located the Holzstube on the second floor—strangely enough, not in the Engelsburg itself but in the adjoining Haus zum schwarzen Roß.56 Biereye’s localization has lately been discredited, for the self-evident reason that Sturtz never did own the adjoining house. Biereye’s conjecture that the Museum was a Holzstube remains very much alive, however.57 54 55

56 57

For an edition, see ASD 1.4:145–186; for a translation, see CWE 29:31–50. See Cordus, Epigr., ded. (p. 1, ll. 24–27); cf. p. 12 above. On the Engelsburg, see Misch, 52– 114. Misch (p. 89) argues that Eobanus and his family must have continued living in the Engelsburg long after Sturtz bought the house in 1519. This is not correct. Eobanus lived there only from the autumn of 1514 to about mid-1515. See p. 7 above, with n. 26. Johannes Biereye, “Die Engelsburg ‘hinter Allerheiligen’ in Erfurt,”Blätter für Heimatkunde (Beilage der Mitteldeutschen Zeitung), 1922, part 1.2. See Misch, 93.

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A hitherto overlooked account explodes the latter theory too. For in the prefatory letter to his edition of Eobanus’s medical poem, first printed at Leipzig in 1551, Sturtz’s sometime housemate Joachim Camerarius explains that the Museum was in fact not a Holzstube at all, but rather a rotunda annexed to the Engelsburg: “To his house he [Sturtz] had a small circular addition built, in form like a dining room, in which he often used to make merry with his friends and from time to time also read or write something.” Camerarius goes on to say that Sturtz “wanted to adorn the walls all around with pictures as well as with Hessus’s verses. That is why Eobanus called it a Museum, which he embellished with these memorable epigrams.”58 The idea of commissioning the distichs came to Sturtz in the spring of 1524. His plan seems to have been as follows. First, Eobanus was to write two sets of epigrams, one on the notable physicians, another on the nine Muses. Sturtz would then have each of the epigrams illustrated by a professional artist. In about mid-June, Eobanus informed Sturtz that he was making excellent progress: My book On the Preservation of Health … is ready for publication. To that we will add as a special attraction not only the epigrams [for the Museum] that I am working on right now but also your “Table of the Fevers.” … Now, as regards your Museum, or, if you prefer, your “Nest of the Muses”: I will demonstrate how and in what fashion the pictures of the physicians are to be carried out, likewise the portraits of the Muses. Your job will be to keep the whole business on track. For I can hardly wait until those physicians, which I am currently bringing forth, as well as those Muses, which I have been bringing forth so often already [that is, in so many variations], come to life in your home.59 By early August all the pictures must have been installed in the Museum, for in the preface to his epigrams (app. 2.3) Eobanus comments: “I cannot imagine how you could have demonstrated that proposition [that man is born for the Muses and Graces] more effectively than you did just recently, when, as if in

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See Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot …, libellus egregius et utilis ab H. Eobano Hesso compositus …, ed. Camerarius (Leipzig, 1551), sig. A4r-v: “Adiunxerat hic [Sturtiades] aedibus suis domunculam quasi triclinii forma rotundam, in qua et cum amicis saepe hilariuscule esse et interdum legere aut scribere aliquid solebat. Huius ambitum et picturis exornari et versibus Hessiacis celebrari voluerat. Museum igitur Eobanus nominabat, quod his monumentis epigrammatum illustravit.” Epp. fam., 99.

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a single temple, you brought together two most beautiful choirs of the Muses and the physicians, so that a good part of human happiness appears to find expression in those all but breathing portraits in your Museum.” Besides the epigrams on the physicians and Muses, Eobanus also gave Sturtz two elegiac distichs, to be placed over the door to the Museum (app. 3). The inscription neatly explains why the room’s walls are decorated with portraits of the illustrious physicians and the Muses: Apollo is the patron god of both.

Revising the Precepts Publication of the Precepts for Preserving Good Health in 1524 did not mark the end of Eobanus’s ambitions in medicine. After all, the poem had never been intended as a capstone to his studies, only as their first fruits. And so we see him in early 1525 raising money for medical books by selling volumes from his own personal library and sedulously reading Galen, in particular the master’s Methodus.60 In March, however, a tone of urgency, even desperation, creeps into the correspondence. His teacher and patron Georg Sturtz had just recently left strife-torn Erfurt in disgust and returned to his mines in the Ore Mountains. Eobanus, meanwhile, was fearing the imminent loss of his city-paid lectorship. Writing to Sturtz on March 3 and 13, he affirms that he is persevering in his studies. But, he reminds his friend, all the theory in the world cannot give him either practical experience or bring him closer to the title of doctor. Sturtz must help him now, just as he helped Euricius Cordus earlier. In Eobanus’s case, such assistance would cost Sturtz only a fraction of what he had laid out for Cordus’s studies in Italy, for he, Eobanus, would be happy to take his degree at some German university. Prague would be a fine choice, both academically and strategically, given its proximity to Joachimsthal. If Sturtz prefers, Eobanus concludes, he would also be happy to go to Vienna or Wittenberg. Obtaining the doctorate should not take him all that long, assuming he were freed from other obligations.61 The long-dreaded blow fell in May 1525. Eobanus lost his city-paid lectorship. Henceforth he would have to get by on just half his old salary. To make matters worse, he knew that his university-funded position could be withdrawn at any

60

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Epp. fam., 103. The books to be sold include Plutarch’s Lives, a Greek Aesop published by Aldo Manuzio, editions of Vegetius, Frontinus, and others, also an edition of Polybius’s Histories. For Eobanus’s study of Galen’s Methodus, see Epp. fam., 95. For the two letters, see Epp. fam., 106–107, 112–115.

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time, too. By August 13 he was reduced to wishing that his old teacher were still in Erfurt. As dean, Sturtz might at least have arranged for Eobanus and Hune to obtain a bachelor’s degree in medicine.62 Just then, at the very nadir of the poet’s fortunes, relief arrived unexpectedly from the outside. Stopping over in Erfurt with the canon Jakob Fuchs, Joachim Camerarius brought news that plans were afoot to found an evangelical academy in Nuremberg. Philip Melanchthon had agreed to recruit the faculty and would certainly propose Eobanus, were it not common knowledge that their friend had his heart set on a doctorate in medicine. Very much inclined to accept the post, yet reluctant to decide until he had first consulted with Sturtz, Eobanus wrote his patron about the matter on August 22.63 When Sturtz thereupon counseled accepting the offer, Eobanus answered Camerarius accordingly. The formal invitation from Melanchthon reached him at the end of the month.64 By early May 1526, all three friends—the school’s organizer Melanchthon, its first rector Camerarius, and its star teacher Eobanus—were in Nuremberg to attend the festive inauguration of the new school. The rush of activities that accompanied the move to Nuremberg and the subsequent flurry of publications and literary projects all conspired to push Eobanus’s medical studies to the periphery for the next few years. By the winter of 1529/30, however, the old story played itself out one more time: over his ears in debt, our humanist sought out a wealthy patron to finance his pursuit of the MD. This time around, his hopes rested on the young Nuremberg patrician and councilor Hieronymus Baumgartner (1498–1565), who had studied with Melanchthon at Wittenberg. If Baumgartner would be so good as to persuade the city to fund his studies, Eobanus gives his word that he will return to Nuremberg and teach school, just as before, while practicing medicine on the side.65 On 5 March 1530 he made another appeal to Baumgartner.66 After publishing his many current projects—the Sylvae, Psalm paraphrases, Idyls, Heroides, even the Hippocratic Aphorisms67—he would dearly love to resume his medical studies. That labor would not only supply endless material for future poetry but in time would also provide him with a good living.

62 63 64 65 66 67

Epp. fam., 105–106. See Epp. 2, sigs. C3r–C4r, letter of 22 August 1525 to Sturtz. See Epp. 2, sig. C4r–v, letter of 1 September 1525 to Sturtz. See Hummel, no. 22 (undated), pp. 55–60, especially p. 60. See Hummel, no. 29, p. 66. Cf. p. 27 below. Eobanus sometimes applies the term “aphorisms” also to his own dietetic poem; see, for example, Val., app. 1.1: “aphorismos tuendae sanitati idoneos”; Sylv. 2, ded.: “aphorismis tuendae valetudinis.”

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It is amidst the realities of unpaid debts and the renewed fantasies of Protean metamorphosis that the idea of revising the Precepts first emerges. The immediate impetus appears to have come from Georg Sturtz. Responding to a (now lost) letter from Sturtz in the autumn of 1528, Eobanus agrees that it would indeed be good to bring the dietetic poem out again. In fact, he himself has been thinking of doing so, after colleagues and friends in Nuremberg had given the same advice.68 For the time being, however, he is far too occupied with other tasks to undertake the revision.

Printing History: Second Edition As Eobanus had foreseen, nearly two years would pass before he was able to send Sturtz a fair copy of the revised poem. In a follow-up letter of 11 November 1530 he thanks his patron for his very handsome gift of gold and promises a substantial dedicatory letter, longer than the previous one.69 The book came out early the following April, without indication of place, printer, or date [Nuremberg: Johann Petreius, 1531]:70 B (1531) BONAE VA | LETVDINIS CONSERVAN- | dæ rationes aliquot. | Simplicium ciborum facultates quædam. | Medicinæ Encomion. | Chorus illuſtrium medicorum. | Nouem Muſæ. | AVTHORE HELIO EO- | BANO HESSO. | Liber de ſeipſo loquitur. | [3 Latin elegiac distichs] | ẺÓΒΑΝΟΣ | [1 Greek elegiac distich] | Colophon: Collation: Contents:

None 8o: A–D8 [$5 (–D4; D5 missigned C4) signed], 32 leaves A1r title page; A1v–A3v dedicatory letter; A4r–C1v Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot; C2r–D2r Medicinae laus; D2v–D6r Chorus illustrium medicorum; D6v–D7r Chorus Musarum; D7v list of errata; D8 blank Catchwords: On versos and rectos; lacking on A3v, D6r, D7r; miscatching “Grana” on B7v as “Gratia” Running titles: None

68 69 70

Epp. fam., 134, letter of 18 November 1528. See Epp. fam., 133, letter of 11 November 1530. For the exact date of publication, cf. Hummel, no. 32, pp. 70–72, letter of 5 April 1531, where Eobanus complains to Hieronymus Baumgartner that, “deluded by the printers’ lies,” he has been made to wait “all year to get this book printed, the one you now see before you.”

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Copy text:

Strasbourg, BNU Call number: R 104 212. In this copy the marginalia on sigs. A6 and A7 are partially cropped.

The Strasbourg copy serves as the copy text for the present edition. I have also examined the copy in Bamberg, Staatliche Bibliothek (L.r.r.o 60/2). There are further copies in Bonn, ULB; Copenhagen, Kongelige Bibliotek, bound with Alexandri Benedicti physici Anatomice, sive historia corporis humani ([Cologne], 1527); Cracow, Princes Czartoryski Library; Hildesheim, Dombibliothek; Leipzig, UB; Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek; Wolfenbüttel, HAB. The 1531 edition was a publisher’s dream. In Nuremberg, at least, it flew off the shelves, as we learn from Eobanus’s letter to Sturtz, written in the spring of 1533, not long after the poet had left Nuremberg and returned to Erfurt: “By chance I recently ran across this little book of mine that I dedicated to you. I don’t know if you saw it in this particular form. Certainly, if I didn’t send it to you in Nuremberg, I confess that I blundered. This could well have happened because of the scarcity of copies, for the booklet was no sooner published than it sold out in Nuremberg.”71 Eobanus did send a copy to Erasmus of Rotterdam, who reacted favorably on 11 August 1531. After receiving the book, Erasmus writes, he dipped into it at once and found himself impressed: “To date I have yet to see anything more happy than this your vein.”72

Analysis of B 1: Some Rules for Preserving Good Health In his dedicatory letter to Sturtz—now completely rewritten—Eobanus characterizes the 1531 redaction as “altogether different from its predecessor, given that I have not only purged much that appeared superfluous and conceivably even detrimental to understanding and replaced it with other material but have even modified the very arrangement and form.” Additionally, he notes, he has broken the text into chapters to make the poem more enjoyable to read and easier to fix in the memory.73 The revision, then, is primarily marked by a more efficient presentation and arrangement of the material and by systematic division into chapters. As in A, the main body of the work is framed by a prologue and epilogue: 71 72 73

Epp. fam., 96. See C.M. Bruehl, “Zwei unbekannte Briefe von Erasmus,” Quaerendo 16 (1986): 250. Val., 2.ded. 9–11.

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Prologue (ll. 1–28). Pruned back to a single distich, the invocation sheds the overtly Christian character of the original version. By 1531, we may infer, Eobanus no longer felt any need to defend his poem against evangelical critics. Accordingly, the Muse is now identified only as “daughter of the inventor of medicine.” The rest of the prologue is little changed. The dietetic poem proper (ll. 29–652) remains divided into three sections:74 (a) Unlike A, which starts off with general rules for preserving health and only later outlines the constitution and functions of the human body, B begins with a discussion of the body and then leads into the general rules. The section opens with an account of the quaternions of the macro-microcosm (ll. 29–80), originally placed at the poem’s end in A. Then follows an explanation of the spirits and powers (ll. 81–100), originally placed among the general rules for good health. The rearrangement lets Eobanus dispense with the mythological transition to his account of the quaternions in A; see pp. 16–17 above. (b) General aphorisms for preserving health (ll. 101–262). Essentially unchanged in content, this part shows much internal rearrangement. (c) Properties of various foods (ll. 263–652). This section is left largely unchanged. Epilogue (ll. 653–660). Like the prologue, the epilogue is much abbreviated. Gone are the verses in which Eobanus expresses his hope of obtaining a medical doctorate and thereafter presenting Sturtz with bigger and better poems.

2–4: Praise of Medicine; Epigrams for Sturtz’s Museum The prose prefaces that introduce the Praise of Medicine and the epigrams for Sturtz’s Museum in A (app. 1 and 2) are eliminated in B. Aside from minor corrections and changes in wording, the Praise of Medicine (Val. 2) is little altered. Eobanus likewise makes only small verbal changes in the Choir of the Illustrious Physicians (Val. 3) but does append two new epigrams. He furthermore substi-

74

Johann Placotomus makes the same division in his commentary to Eobanus’s Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot (Frankfurt am Main, 1551), fol. 5v: “distribuam totum opusculum in tria capita, sive potius in tres partes principales. Prima est de natura, seu constitutione, hominis. Secunda continet generalia quaedam praecepta de usu rerum ad victum necessarium. Tertia facultates alimentorum praecipuorum describit.”

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tutes one version of his epigram on Antonius Musa for another (Val. 3.93–96). The discarded version (sig. G3v in A) runs as follows: ANTONIUS MUSA Maximus imperio coluit me Caesar amicum. Ex medicis igitur primus habendus eram. Ne fierem, nocuit Musae mihi Musa Maronis. Quem colimus. Divo charior ille fuit. ANTONIUS MUSA The Supreme Ruler Caesar cherished me as his friend.75 Among the physicians, therefore, I could rightly claim to be first. That I could not also become first as Musa is owing to Maro’s Muse. Him I cherished deeply. To me he was dearer than a god. Also discarded in B are Eobanus’s concluding epigram (app. 3), Heinrich Schreyber’s user’s guide and foldout table, and Georg Sturtz’s table of the fevers. The Choir of the Muses (Val. 4) has just a few minor changes in wording.

Printing History: Third Edition After publishing B in April 1531, Eobanus made two last-ditch appeals to raise funds toward the MD, the one plea directed to Hieronymus Baumgartner, the other to the Nuremberg town physician Johann Magenbuch (1500–1546).76 When both efforts came to naught, he saw himself forced to abandon his dream

75 76

Musa was personal physician to Caesar Augustus, who held him in highest esteem for curing him of a serious illness in 23 BCE. Maro is Vergil’s family name. For the appeal to Baumgartner, see Hummel, no. 32, pp. 70–72, letter of 5 April 1531. Eobanus simultaneously approached Johann Magenbuch, whom he praises in the dedicatory letter of B (Val., 2.ded. 19). Magenbuch graduated MD at Wittenberg on 9 December 1523, together with Georg Sturtz. From 1524 until his death he served as town physician of Nuremberg. See Peter Assion and Joachim Telle, “Der Nürnberger Stadtartz Johannes Magenbuch: Zu Leben und Werk eines Mediziners der Reformationszeit,” Sudhoffs Archiv 56 (1972): 353–421. After Eobanus sent him a copy of the revised medical book (see Sylv. 6.8), Magenbuch urged the poet to continue his medical studies, given that the Muses cannot provide him with an adequate living. In his response (Sylv. 6.9), Eobanus writes that he is looking forward to meeting Magenbuch soon to discuss funding for these studies.

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once and for all. As time passed, he grew to accept and even embrace his lot. To Martin Hune, now a doctor in Graz, he explained on 23 December 1532: he has given up on medicine, not because he has become disenchanted with the discipline but because he can see no future in it for himself. He was born to be a poet. Having already enjoyed some success writing medical verse, he assures his friend, he hopes to continue in that vein, and more brilliantly too. Indeed, he boasts, he may yet become the first to give medicine “some of the luster that the light of poetry can bestow.”77 The pledge to continue writing medical verse was no idle promise. At Sturtz’s suggestion, in fact, Eobanus had already begun to versify the Hippocratic Aphorisms in the first half of 1530, presumably with the intent of attaching them to his revised medical poem (B).78 However, the Homer lectures that Joachim Camerarius gave in the summer of that year so stirred the poet’s heart that he immediately stopped working on the Aphorisms and instead turned his energies to translating the Iliad into Latin verse.79 Still, as he labored on the Homer translation and his many other projects throughout this period, he never forgot Sturtz’s desire to see the Hippocratic Aphorisms in verse. In autumn 1537, for example, he told the Hessian Chancellor Johann Feige as well as Georg Sturtz that he was planning a third edition of his dietetic poem that was to be “amazingly expanded” with the versified Aphorisms.80 However, with work on the Latin Iliad dragging into 1538 and beyond, the augmented edition stood no chance of progressing beyond talk. In his Operum farragines duae of 1539, therefore, Eobanus simply reprints B in its entirety, without the Aphorisms: O (1539) OPERVM FARRAGINES DVAE, part 2, sigs. K6r–O4v. For a bibliographical description, see Poetic Works, 2:52–54. Besides the copy at Wolfenbüttel, HAB (143 Poetica), I have consulted the following copies: Mannheim, UB (Sch 073/049 Notation: L 334 D 092), in a digital facsimile available online at http://www .uni‑mannheim.de/mateo/camena/AUTBIO/hessus.html; Munich, BSB (Res/ P.o.lat. 462), in a digital facsimile available via VD 16, no. E 1437; Prague, National 77 78 79

80

Epp. fam., 239–240 (misdated MDXXXVI). See Hummel, no. 29, p. 66, letter of 5 March 1530 to Hieronymus Baumgartner, where Eobanus says he is currently versifying “Aphorismos rerum medicarum.” Cf. Epp. fam., 136, letter of 7 March 1532 to Georg Sturtz. See also Epp. fam., 149, letter of 11 August 1538 to Georg Sturtz: “Post hoc opus absolutum [i.e., the Iliad], quod erit ad nundinas paschales, Aphorismos aggrediar, quos iam coeperam, absoluturus nisi Homerus interpolasset et suo iure praevertisset.” See Epp. fam., 164, letter of 8 November 1537 to Johann Feige; Epp. fam., 131–132, letter of 11 December 1537 to Georg Sturtz.

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Library (9 J 134), in a digital facsimile available via Google Books; Vienna, ÖNB (78.F.109), in a digital facsimile available via VD 16, no. E 1437; Washington, DC, National Library of Medicine (WZ 240 H587 1539), in a microfilm copy. The Farragines was reprinted at Frankfurt am Main in 1549 and 1564. Because O offers a straight reprint of B, with only minor changes, B will serve as base text for the present edition.

Afterlife Especially as revised in B, Eobanus’s book went on to become a great publishing success. Besides the already mentioned reprints in Operum farragines duae (1539, 1549, 1564), there are well over twenty full and partial reprints in the sixteenth century alone. Two physicians wrote learned commentaries to the medical poem. The dietetic verses were even translated into German rhyming couplets. Reprints continue into the nineteenth century. Thus, after De generibus ebriosorum, the work became Eobanus’s second bestseller. But as with that anonymously published satire, much of the success was destined to be posthumous. Momentum first builds in the 1530s and 40s and then rapidly accelerates in the early 1550s. Partial Reprints of A A was partially reprinted three times: 1 (a) Bonae valetudinis conservandae praecepta ad magnificum D. Georgium Strutiaden [sic], autore Eobano Hesso. Medicinae laus ad Martinum Hunum. Coena Baptistae Fierae de herbarum virtutibus et ea medicae artis parte quae in victus ratione consistit (Strasbourg: Heinrich Sybold, 1530). The volume reprints Val. 1–4, but omits the dedicatory letter, the sidenotes to Val. 1 and 2, the prose prefaces to Val. 2–4, Schreyber’s user’s guide, and the two tabulae. In a prefatory letter to the reader (sig. A1v), the publisher commends Eobanus’s Precepts as a beautifully worded compilation, drawn from many sources. Following Eobanus’s booklet he adds Battista Fiera’s Coena de herbarum virtutibus, Walahfrid Strabo’s Hortulus, Polybus’s De salubri victus ratione privatorum (trans. Johann Winther of Andernach), and Aristotle’s Problemata quae ad stirpium genus et oleracea pertinent. Eobanus owned a copy of the Strasbourg reprint; see Epp. fam., 132, letter of 11 December 1537 to Georg Sturtz. (b) Reprinted, Paris: Simon de Colines, 1533, under the title Bonae valetudinis conservandae praecepta ad magnificum D. Georgium Stru-

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tiaden [sic], authore Eobano Hesso. Medicinae laus ad Martinum Hunum. Coena Baptistae Fierae de herbarum virtutibus et ea medicae artis parte quae in victus ratione consistit. Item Polybus, De salubri victus ratione privatorum, Ioanne Guinterio Andernaco medico interprete. Aristotelis Problemata quae ad stirpium genus et oleracea pertinent. Saluberrima bonae valetudinis tuendae praecepta Eobani Hessi, poetae festivissimi, elegiaco carmine ad imitationem Galeni conscripta novisque commentariis a Petro Hassardo Armenteriano, medico et chirurgo, illustrata (Frankfurt am Main: heirs of Christian Egenolff, 1568). Reprints Val. 1 according to the Paris reprint of 1533,81 but adds a commentary by the Flemish physician-astrologer Pieter Haschaert (Hassardus).82 In his dedicatory letter to Charles de Brimeau (fols. 2r–3v), Haschaert praises Eobanus’s Precepts as a most admirable piece of work that, in its brief compass, spans the whole of dietetics. But because of the poem’s concision and the ignorance of so many people, the author feels it useful to accompany the verses with a detailed commentary, despite the earlier commentary by Johann Placotomus, which he has consulted.83 The book concludes with Placotomus’s Themata, quod doctrina de sanitate tuenda studiosis literarum valde utilis et necessaria sit et in quibus rebus sanitatis tutela consistat.

Verse Translation of A The dietetic poem (Val. 1) was freely paraphrased in German rhymed couplets by the schoolmaster-poet Johann Bischoff (Episcopius)84 in De conservanda valetudine hominum praecepta salutaria. Heilsame unnd gar sehr nuͤ tzliche Precepta unnd lehren/ der Menschlichen gesundheit wol zu pflegen .... Zuvor durch den hochberuͤ mpten Poeten Elium/ Eobanum/ Hessum / auß dem Galeno gezogen/ und durch Lateinische Verß beschriben, Nun aber ins Teutsch vertirt/ und durch lustige Rithmos oder Reimen beschriben/ und in Druck gegeben durch M. Ioh. Episcopium (Nuremberg: Hans Koler, 1576). Bischoff bases his transla81

82 83 84

At l. 155, for example, Haschaert prints “Comito deinde,” as in the Paris reprint of 1533, where A and the Strasbourg reprint read “Tum comato.” At l. 467, Haschaert has “Cruda est beta? nocet,” as in the Paris reprint of 1533, while A and the Strasbourg reprint read “Cruda est beta nocet.” On Haschaert (b. 1523) and his commentary, see L. Elaut, “P. Hasschaert uit Armentières kommentarieert Eobanus Hessus,” Scientiarum historia 2 (1960): 59–67. For Placotomus’s commentary, see pp. 30–32 below. On Bischoff’s life, see Friedrich Merzbacher, “Zur Lebensgeschichte des Magisters Johannes Episcopius,” Würzburger Diözesangeschichtsblätter 16/17 (1954/55): 371–374.

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tion on Haschaert’s reprint of A (1568), often expanding that text with material from the commentary. On fol. 56v, he explicitly mentions Haschaert as “der Medicus Petrus Hassard” and summarizes his comments on beer. Full Reprints of B B was reprinted seven times in all: three times in the Farragines operum duae (1539, 1549, 1564) and four times elsewhere: 1 Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot. Simplicium ciborum facultates quaedam. Medicinae encomion. Chorus illustrium medicorum. Novem Musae. Authore Helio Eobano Hesso ([Wittenberg]: Josef Klug, 1543). 2 Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot. Simplicium ciborum facultates quaedam. Medicinae encomion. Chorus illustrium medicorum. Novem Musae. Autore Helio Eobano Hesso (Wittenberg: Josef Klug, 1544). The copy text is B, not the error-riddled reprint of 1543. 3 (a) Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot, una cum indicatione facultatum praecipuorum ciborum simplicium, libellus egregius et utilis, ab H. Eobano Hesso compositus, et nunc aliquanto quam ante accuratius editus. Item Medicinae encomium, et Chorus illustrium medicorum, et Novem Musae. Autore eodem Eobano, ed. Joachim Camerarius (Leipzig: Georg Hantsch, 1551). Camerarius’s copy text is the Wittenberg reprint of 1543, with which his text shares many unique misprints. In the dedicatory letter to Kaspar Peucer (1525– 1602), Camerarius notes (sig. A3v) that he has seen Johann Placotomus’s annotated edition of the medical poem, presumably the work’s first printing (Frankfurt am Main, March 1551), for which see below. He also states that he has corrected some printing errors, for he well remembers the original wording from his many discussions with Eobanus at Nuremberg (sig. A2v). (b) Reprinted, Regensburg: Heinrich Geissler, 1561. Appended is De electione meliorum simplicium ac specierum medicinalium, Rhytmi M. Othonis Cremonensis. Partial Reprints of B: The Dietetic Poem As revised in B, Eobanus’s medical poem was reprinted seventeen times, generally with the commentary by the physician-professor Johann Placotomus (1514– 1577).85

85

Placotomus graduated MD in 1543 at Wittenberg. From 1544 until October 1550 he was

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Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot. Authore Helio Eobano Hesso (Erfurt: Merten von Dolgen, 1550). Reprints Val. 1 only, without dedicatory letter and sidenotes. The copy text is the Wittenberg reprint of 1543. (a) De tuenda bona valetudine, libellus Eobani Hessi, commentariis doctissimis illustratus a Ioanne Placotomo, in Academia Regiomontana professore, medico .... Eiusdem, De natura et viribus cerevisiarum et mulsarum opusculum. De causis, praeservatione, et curatione ebrietatis, dissertationes. Cum indice (Frankfurt am Main: Christian Egenolff, March 1551). Contains Val. 1 and selected sidenotes, with a commentary and added tracts by Johann Placotomus. In his dedicatory letter, Placotomus explains that he taught Eobanus’s poem to his students the preceding year and is now publishing his lecture notes. Placotomus’s copy text is B. (b) Reprinted, Frankfurt am Main: Christian Egenolff, October 1551. (c) Reprinted, Paris: Martin Le Jeune, 1555 (with some copies printed “apud Guillaume Julian” or “apud Guillaume Cavellat”). (a) Expanded reprint of 2 (b): De tuenda bona valetudine, libellus Eobani Hessi, commentariis doctissimis illustratus a Ioanne Placotomo, in Academia Regiomontana professore, medico .... Eiusdem, De natura et viribus cerevisiarum et mulsarum opusculum. De causis, praeservatione, et curatione ebrietatis, dissertationes. Coena Baptistae Fierae .... Strabi Galli poetae Hortulus amoenissimus (Frankfurt am Main: Christian Egenolff, 1554). Contains Val. 1, with the commentary and added tracts by Johann Placotomus. Attached are Battista Fiera’s Coena and Strabo’s Hortulus. The book circulates in two states, one without, the other with colophon. (b) Reprinted, Frankfurt am Main: Christian Egenolff, 1556. (c) Reprinted, Frankfurt am Main: Christian Egenolff, 1557. (d) Reprinted, Frankfurt am Main: Christian Egenolff, 1559. Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot. Autore Helio Eobano Hesso. De facetia mensae deque caeteris honestis adolescentum moribus, elegia Ioannis Sulpitii (Frankfurt an der Oder: Johann Eichorn, [ca. 1555]). Contains Val. 1 (from O), with an attached elegy by Giovanni Sulpizio da Veroli. (a) De tuenda bona valetudine, libellus Eobani Hessi, commentariis doctissimis a Ioanne Placotomo, professore medico quondam in Acadeprofessor of medicine at Königsberg and personal physician to Albert of Prussia. On his life and works, see Holm-Dietmar Schwarz, “Placotomus (eigentlich Brettschneider, Bredtschneider), Johann,” in Neue Deutsche Biographie (Berlin, 1953–), 20:495–496; Melanchthon, Briefwechsel, 11:216–217.

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mia Regiomontana illustratus .... Accesserunt et alia nonnulla lectu non indigna (Frankfurt am Main: heirs of Christian Egenolff, 1560). Contains Val. 1, with Placotomus’s commentary. Attached are an elegy on beer by Georg Aemilius and various tracts by Placotomus. These in turn are followed by Eobanus’s Medicinae encomium (without sidenotes) and the epigrams on the illustrious physicians and the nine Muses. Immediately following these texts is Eobanus’s epigram “In foribus Musaei” (app. 3), taken from A or, more likely, one of its reprints. Fol. 126r–v prints some epigrams (dubiously) attributed to Eobanus. Then follow Strabo’s Hortulus and Battista Fiera’s Coena. (b) Reprinted, Frankfurt am Main: heirs of Christian Egenolff, 1564. (c) Reprinted, Frankfurt am Main: heirs of Christian Egenolff, 1571. (d) Reprinted, Frankfurt am Main: heirs of Christian Egenolff, 1582; facsimile reprint by Anton F.W. Sommer (Vienna, 2006). Imperatores Germanici descripti versibus a Georgio Sabino Brandeburgensi. Item De tuenda bona valetudine, libellus Helii Eobani Hessi (Eisleben: Urban Gaubisch, 1561). Contains Val. 1 (from B), without sidenotes. Appended are Eob. Sylv. 2.2, “In ebrietatem,” and 2.3, “Comparatio Veneris et Bacchi.” (a) Johann S. Henninger, ed., Quadriga scriptorum diaeteticorum celebriorum, section 3: De tuenda bona valetudine libellus Eobani Hessi et Coena Baptistae Fierae Mantuani (Strasbourg, 1712/13).86 Text from B. (b) Reprinted in Johann S. Henninger, ed., Collectio scriptorum medicodiaeteticorum (Leipzig, 1726), section 3. (c) Reprinted in József Miklos Kovachich, ed., Scholae Salernitanae praecepta conservandae valetudinis. Accesserunt alia diaetetica (Buda, 1821), 19–45.

Partial Reprints: The Epigrams for Sturtz’s Museum The epigrams on the physicians and the nine Muses enjoyed a number of reprints, too, invariably as part of a larger work: 1 (a) In Regimen sanitatis Roberti Geopretii [sic] Atrebatis, non solum medicis, verum etiam omnibus studiosis pernecessarium et utile. Eiusdem tractatus de peste (Paris: Jean Dupré, 1539), fols. 37v–39v. The

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Each of the volume’s four sections has its own title page, dated 1712. The overall title page is dated 1713.

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epigrams on the physicians (without the alternative versions on Apollo and Galen) are taken from the Paris reprint of 1533. (b) Reprinted, Paris: Arnold and Charles Angeliers and Denis Janot, 1540, fols. 37v–39v. 2 The epigrams on the physicians and Muses, with the concluding epigram “In foribus Musaei,” are reprinted from A (or a reprint) in Paul R. Redlich, ed., Elogium et coemeterium medicorum ex variis voluminibus concentratum (Prague, 1688), sigs. A5r–A7v, under the following heading: “Elogium medicorum. Musaeum Erphurdiense Sturtianum, id est, Chorus veterum medicorum et Musarum, Apelleo penicillo effigiatorum. Quorum epigraphe excellentissimo viro D. Georgio Sturtiadae, Medicinae Doctori, ab Eobano Hesso, vate insigni atque egregio philiatro, benevolis Apolline et Musis feliciter deproperata atque dedicata, anno salutis 1524.” The epigrams on the nine Muses were also reprinted without the epigrams on the physicians: 1 Georg Fabricius (using the pseudonym Gerardus Faustus), ed., Poetae historici item Germani aliquot celebres, singulis distichis descripti (Strasbourg: Johann Schott, 1546), sig. d1r–v. 2 [Georg Fabricius], Poetae Germani et exteri. Historici Germaniae. Iuris consulti recentiores. Medici. Singulis distichis descripti … diversis autoribus (Görlitz: Ambrosius Fritsch, 1573), 64–65; repr. 1574, on pp. 69–70. 3 Nikolaus Reusner, Aureolorum emblematum liber singularis (Strasbourg: Bernhard Jobin, 1587), sigs. K3r–K4r; repr. 1591, on sigs. L5r–L6r. Reusner’s text of the epigrams reappears in the following four books: 4 (a) Johannes A. Planer, Gynaeceum doctum (Wittenberg, 1686), § XIX. (The work is a Latin dissertation, defended under the presidency of Johannes Pasch.) (b) [Johannes A. Planer], Johannis Paschii P.P. Gynaeceum doctum, sive dissertatio historico-literaria. Vom Belehrten Frauenzimmer (Wittenberg, 1701), 15–16. (c) Johannes A. Planer, Tractatus de Gynaeceo docto, d.i. Von gelehrtem Frauenzimmer (Wittenberg, 1715), 17–18. 5 Johann A. Fabricius, Abriß einer allgemeinen Historie der Gelehrsamkeit, vol. 2 (Leipzig, 1752), 59–60. Inclusion in Educational Texts Selections from Eobanus’s dietetic poem soon became a staple of educational anthologies: 1 Leonhard Culmann, ed., Sententiae philosophicae, seu versus poetarum morales in puerorum usum collecti (Nuremberg: Georg Wachter, 1542),

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concluding section, sigs. E7r–E8r. Collects a series of precepts for healthy living from B: Val. 1.151–160, 165–178, 181–188, 191–196, 203–206. Culmann (1497–1562) taught school in Nuremberg during Eobanus’s time there. Johann Monheim, Tomus secundus elementorum physiologiae, seu philosophiae naturalis, tres libros continens (Cologne: heirs of Johann Gymnich, 1544), sigs. k3v–k6v. Reprints Val. 1.405–566 from O. Monheim (ca. 1509– 1564) taught school at Essen in 1532–1536, thereafter in Cologne until 1545 and in Düsseldorf until his death. Helii Eobani Hessi, poetae Germani, operum flores ac sententiae insigniores, commodo studiosorum selecti, ed. Christoph Aulaeus (Frankfurt am Main: Christian Egenolff, 1551; repr. 1560), sigs. I4v–I6v. The book excerpts or adapts numerous distichs, mostly from A (or one of its reprints): Val. 1.111–112, 117–118, 119–120, 121–122, 125–126, 127–128, 143–144, 151–152, 153– 154, 155–156, 157–158, 159–160, 161–162, 163–164, 165–166, 167–168, 169–170, 171–172, 173–174, 179–180, 181–182, 185–186, 187–188, 193–194, 195–196, 203– 204, 205–206, 209–210, 213–214, 237–238, 245–246, 261–262, 629–630, 641– 642; Val. 2.7–8, 11–12, 19–20, 23–24, 25–26, 33–34, 35–36, 55–56, 73–74, 77–78, 83–84, 105–106, 107–108, 125–126, 127–128, 137–138, 171–172, 177–178, 193–194, 201–202, 221–222, 225–226, 275–276, 279–280, 313–314, 315–316, 319–320, 321–322, 327–328, 363–364, 397–398, 403–404. A native of Erfurt, Aulaeus was crowned poet laureate on 15 June 1548. He was named professor of poetry at the University of Erfurt, but was dismissed from that post in February 1551.87 Thomas Faber, ed., Novae scholae Christianae puerilis libri novem. Collecti ex XX piis poetis recentibus, in quibus omnis de Deo et salute animorum doctrina varie et salutariter exponitur (Basel: Johann Oporinus, 1565). Excerpts Val. 1.127–134 (p. 389); Val. 1.143–148 (p. 404); Val. 1.121–126 (p. 617); Val. 2.137–138 (p. 631); Val. 1.111–116 (p. 637); Val. 1. 231–242 (p. 640). Faber (1532–1595) taught in Meissen until 1574; thereafter he was school rector in Bautzen. Heinrich Knaust, Officia scholastica, seu regula discentium. Libelli duo, valde utiles et necessarii scholasticis … (Erfurt: Georg Baumann, 1574), sigs. G7r–G8r, excerpting the general rules at Val. 1.29–30, 109–136 (according to A) and recommending the passage for memorization. On sig. G8v, Knaust quotes Regimen Salern. 2–9, simply to demonstrate the superior-

On his life and works, see Kleineidam, 3:71–73, with n. 263; John L. Flood, Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook, vol. 1 (Berlin, 2006), 104– 105.

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ity of modern verse. A school rector, lawyer, and prolific author, a good friend of Johann Placotomus, Knaust (ca. 1521–1580) practiced law and taught privately at Erfurt from 1557.88 Nikolaus Reusner, ed., Polyanthea, sive paradisus poeticus, omnibus propemodum arboribus, plantis, et stirpibus consitus, omnique genere animantium tam terrestrium quam aquatilium inhabitatus …, studiosis, praesertim medicinae, utilissimus. Una cum penu poetica variis esculentis et potulentis ad victum quotidianum necessariis referta (Basel: Sebastian Henricpetri, 1578). The book excerpts or adapts (without attribution) numerous distichs on the foods from Val. 1. The copy text is A as reprinted at Paris in 1533 or (more probably) at Frankfurt am Main in 1568: (p. 16) 339– 400; (p. 78) 451–452, 457–458; (p. 79) 459–460; (p. 84) 469–470, 487–488, 473; (p. 85) 501–502, 527, 530; (p. 86) 531–532, 533–534; (p. 87) 485–486; (p. 112) 601–602; (p. 113) 509–510; (p. 237) 555–556; (p. 238) 559–560, 551– 552; (p. 239) 553–554, 561–564; (p. 240) 449–450; (p. 241) 447–448; (p. 242) 471–472; (p. 243) 467–468, 491–492, 463–464; (p. 244) 527–528, 517–518, 521–522, 495–496, 515–516, 535, 538; (p. 245) 541–542; (p. 246) 427–428; (p. 247) 425–426; (p. 248) 419–420; (p. 249) 415–416; (p. 253) 435–436, 423– 424; (p. 256) 291–292, 305–306, 319–320, 307–310; (p. 257) 317–318, 311–314, 289–290; (p. 260) 585–586; (p. 261) 379–380, 373–374, 383–384, 387–388; (p. 262) 399–400, 389–390; (p. 264) 353–354, 347–348, 355–356, 343–346, 351–352, 357–358, 589–590; (p. 265) 591–596; (p. 266) 437–438; (p. 270) 623–624; (p. 275) 649–652. Reusner (1545–1602) taught school in Augsburg and Lauingen. After becoming Doctor of Laws in 1583, he was professor of jurisprudence in Strasbourg and Jena. Alajos Grynaeus, ed., Phoenix Pannonius (Pest, 1859). On pp. 118–122, Grynaus excerpts the following verses (without attribution): Val. 1.101–148, 159–168, 171–172, 205, 181–184, 193–194. Grynaeus (1804–1860) was professor of pastoral theology at the University of Pest.

Inclusion in Health Guides Eobanus’s verses are also commonly excerpted in guides to healthy living, notably: 1 Antoine Mizauld, Alexikepus, seu auxiliaris hortus, extemporanea morborum remedia ex singulorum viridariis facile comparanda paucis proponens (Paris, 1565; repr. 1574, 1575; Cologne, 1576, etc.; also translated into German and French), excerpting the following verses (with attribution): (p. 5)

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463–466; (p. 17) 469–472; (p. 31) 467–468; (p. 33) 473–474; (p. 43) 521–522; (p. 54) 507–508; (p. 57) 511–512, 515–516; (p. 60) 513–514; (p. 65) 530; (p. 68) 531–534; (p. 97) 543–544. Calendarium simul et pietatis et sanitatis rationem continens, pro Christiani hominis maxime peregrinantis perpetuo usu, recepta quaque ex authoritate collectum ([Regensburg: Johann Burger?], 1588). On sigs. F8v–G3r, the book quotes a series of Eobanus’s precepts for preserving good health (without attribution): Val. 1.29–30, 109–110, 117–120, 125–128, 137–140, 151– 160, 163–182, 185–188, 191–196, 203–206, 207–214, 223–228, 231–238. Simon Günther, ed., Hortulus sanitatis amoenissimus, hoc est, De tuenda et conservanda bona valetudine omnibus literatis et peregrinantibus libellus accommodatissimus et maxime necessarius, in lucem editus … (Speyer, 1608), sections 3–4, nos. 186, 189, 193, 196, 197, 204, 206–207, 215–224, 233, 235–238, 240, 245–248, 250–254, 258, 261, 264–266, 275, 284, 291–292, 406, 428, excerpting the following verses (without attribution): Val. 1.589–590, 595–596, 391–392, 369–370, 373–374, 363–364, 574, 527–530, 464, 165–166, 168, 179–180, 143–146, 175–178, 169–170, 173–174, 193–200, 205–206, 319–320, 305–306, 291–292, 309–310, 307–308, 317–318, 341–344, 349–350, 345–348, 351–358, 581–588, 515–516, 181–184, 207–218, 185–190, 559–560, 459–460, 487–488, 473, 469–470, 489–490. Sylvester Kundtmann, Schola principum juniorum, das ist, Gründlicher Unterricht / wie sich junge Regenten und Potentaten gegen sich selbst / gegen Freund und Feind / auch ihre Officirer und Unterthanen … verhalten sollen (Schleusingen, 1631), excerpting the following verses (from A or a reprint): (p. 73) Val. 1.29–30, 109–110; (pp. 81–85) Val. 1.163–164, 167–168, 205–206; (p. 99) Val. 1.209–212; (p. 103) Val. 1.151–154; (p. 112) Val. 1.143–146. Johann S. Elsholtz, Diaeteticon, das ist Newes Tisch-Buch oder Unterricht von Erhaltung guter Gesundheit durch eine ordentliche Diät … (Cölln an der Spree [Berlin], 1682; repr. 1690, 1715), excerpting the following verses (with attribution): (p. 3) 267–280; (p. 10) 555–556; (p. 12) 561–562; (p. 19) 447– 448; (p. 23) 501–502; (p. 27) 527–534; (p. 30) 517–524; (p. 34) 537–542; (p. 36) 485–486; (p. 37) 463–466; (p. 40) 483–484; (p. 42) 475–478; (p. 48) 469–470; (p. 50) 467–468; (p. 51) 487–488, 473–474; (p. 53) 547–548; (p. 54) 543–544; (p. 63) 439–440; (p. 65) 425–426; (p. 68) 415–418; (p. 76) 429–430; (p. 78) 437–438; (p. 81) 435–436; (p. 82) 441–444; (p. 89) 423–424; (p. 102) 321– 322; (p. 103) 323–324; (p. 106) 325–338; (p. 107) 285–288; (p. 108) 319–320; (p. 109) 307–310; (p. 110) 305–306; (p. 113) 289–298; (p. 117) 317–318; (p. 120) 311–312; (p. 122) 313–314; (p. 125) 349–350; (p. 127) 355–356; (p. 128) 353–354, 347–348, 357–358; (pp. 132–133) 601–616; (p. 135) 597–600; (p. 140) 365– 366; (p. 142) 385–388; (p. 157) 379–382; (p. 165) 375–376; (p. 166) 369–370;

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(p. 170) 371–374; (p. 171) 403–404; (p. 172) 399–402; (p. 181) 393–394; (p. 186) 589–592; (p. 188) 595–596; (194) 567–572; (p. 195) 581–588; (p. 208) 573–574; (p. 215) 579–580; (p. 228) 575–576; (p. 308) 621–646; (pp. 322–323) 647–652; (p. 338) 159–168; (pp. 345–346) 223–262. Incorporation into the Salernitan Guide: The Curio/Krell Revision (1545–1557) Unable to dislodge the Salernitan Guide from its perch atop the medical handbooks, Eobanus’s dietetic aphorisms did the next best thing: they infiltrated themselves into humanistic revisions of the venerable poem and its commentary. The process starts in the mid-1540s with two candidates of medicine, Johann Curio and Jakob Krell, who, as it happened, were studying under Georg Sturtz at Erfurt.89 Introduced to the Salernitan Guide, Sturtz’s students were captivated by the poem’s lively, authoritative maxims and by the “splendid and succinct exegeses of that most celebrated physician and philosopher Arnald of Villanova.” Like Eobanus before them, however, they also found themselves taken aback by the work’s “barbaric” style. The two medical novices, therefore, made it their mission to update the medieval poem for modern readers by rewriting at least some of the verses and then pruning, correcting, and expanding the commentary.90 The Curio/Krell revision came out at Frankfurt am Main in 1545 under the title: On the Preservation of Good Health, a Small Work of the School of Salerno, Written in Verse to the King of England. Together with Arnald of Villanova’s … Highly Concise and Most Useful Expositions. And All These Texts So Meticulously Purged of Barbarism and of the Infinite Errors with Which They Abound That They Have Now, As It Were, Put On a Fresh Face

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Johann Curio of Rheinberg matriculated at Erfurt in 1531 and earned the BA in 1532, the MA in 1535. Promoted to bachelor of medicine in 1547, he became MD at Erfurt in 1548. That same year he succeeded the deceased Georg Sturtz as dean of medicine, a post he held until his death in 1561; see Kleineidam, 3:217–219, 229. Jakob Krell of Meissen was promoted MD at Marburg in 1549; see A. von Dommer, Die ältesten Drucke aus Marburg in Hessen, 1527–1566 (Marburg, 1892), 113, no. 226. Like Curio an excellent Graecist, Krell went on to write among other verses a Greek poem on the medical virtues of herbs (1561), still extant in manuscript; see Carlos Gilly, Die Manuskripte in der Bibliothek des Johannes Oporinus: Verzeichnis der Manuskripte und Druckvorlagen aus dem Nachlass Oporins anhand des von Theodor Zwinger und Basilius Amerbach erstellten Inventariums (Basel, 2001), 90, no. 75. Curio and Krell were both good friends with the poet Christoph Aulaeus of Erfurt (cf. p. 34 above). After Krell contributed an epigram to Aulaeus’s Panegyricus illustrissimi et inclyti herois Mauricii, D. G. Saxoniae ducis …, Marchionis Misniae (Erfurt, 1545), Aulaeus returned the favor in Curio/Krell, Opusc. (1545). See Curio/Krell, Opusc. (1545), dedicatory letter, sigs. *2r–*3v.

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and Can Be Read Without Repugnance.91 Now Johann Curio, for one, was a great admirer of Eobanus, so much so, in fact, that it was said of him that Eobanus’s distichs were ever on his lips.92 It is thus entirely in character that, when he and Krell went about the business of revising the Guide’s more roughhewn verses, they repeatedly turned to our poet for inspiration. In chapter 40, fol. 68r, they substitute “Et de carne sua sanguis eritque bonus” (Regimen 125) with Eobanus’s “Hinc melior toto corpore sanguis inest,” here borrowing their second hemistich from Val. 1.50. In chapter 48, fol. 75r, they rephrase “Digeritur facile pulmo” (Regimen 148) by quoting Val. 1.355, “Concoctu facilis pulmo est.” In chapter 56, fol. 83v, they expand Regimen 170, “Ista notare cibo debet medicus dietando,” into an elegiac distich by adding Val. 1.34 in lightly adapted form: “Ista notare cibo debet medicus bene doctus, / Ne male conveniens ingrediatur iter.” Like the already mentioned borrowings from Eobanus, this newly interpolated verse maintains its place in all the many reprints and adaptations of the Curio-Krell edition. Eventually it found a place in Salvatore de Renzi’s eclectic collection, Flos medicinae Scholae Salerni (Naples, 1859), at l. 320.93 In 1554, Curio and Krell—both long since graduated as doctors—published a revised second edition, marked by much further reworking and expansion of the commentary. Here too the collaborators continue to give evidence of their admiration for Eobanus’s Rules. For in their commentary on the famous couplet at Regimen 8–9 (reworded in their edition as “Si tibi deficiant medici, medici tibi fiant / Haec tria: mens hilaris, requies, moderata diaeta”), the friends now insert four of Eobanus’s most memorable distichs (Val. 1.119–126), introducing them with the laudatory phrase, “ut Eobanus noster diserte canens admonet” (as our Eobanus eloquently advises in his song):94

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De conservanda bona valetudine opusculum Scholae Salernitanae, ad Regem Angliae versibus conscriptum. Cum Arnoldi Novicomensis … brevissimis ac utilissimis enarrationibus. Et haec omnia a barbarie et infinitis quibus scatebant mendis tam accurate repurgata ut iam quasi novam faciem induerint citraque offensionem legi possint. See Ludwig Helmbold, Epigrammatum liber unus (Erfurt, 1561), sig. C7v: “Me quoties tecum convivia, Curio, iungunt, / In labiis Hessi disticha semper habes.” Helmbold (1532–1598) earned the MA at Erfurt in 1554 and taught there until 1570. In De Renzi’s edition, the entire distich (Flos 319–320) derives from Curio, Opusc. (1557) or a later reprint. Curio/Krell, Opusc. (1554), fol. 6r; Curio, Opusc. (1557), fol. 6r; and often thereafter; taken over in René Moreau, ed., Schola Salernitana, hoc est, de valetudine tuenda, opus nova methodo instructum (Paris, 1625), 16 (in the main text), and Zacharias Sylvius, ed., Schola Salernitana, sive de conservanda valetudine praecepta metrica (Rotterdam, 1649), 9 (both often reprinted).

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Utere convivis non tristibus. Utere amicis Quos nugae et risus et ioca salsa iuvant. Quem non blanda iuvent varii modulamina cantus? Hinc iecur et renes aegraque corda stupent.95 Nam nihil humanas tanta dulcedine mentes Afficit ac melicae nobile vocis opus. Tange lyram digitis, animi dolor omnis abibit. Dulcisonum reficit tristia corda melos. The thus expanded commentary was so often reprinted in the following centuries that it ended up supplanting the original late medieval text. So it was that the physician and distinguished professor John Ordronaux (1830–1908), introducing the Salernitan Guide in his 1870 edition and translation, could quote this part of the commentary as a fine specimen of Arnald of Villanovas’s “graceful and lucid style.” “Its Latinity,” he goes on to declare, “is so far in advance of that of the Poem itself, as to afford a striking evidence of the contrast between the productions of lettered and unlettered men in the same field of professional composition.”96 In 1557 Curio brought out a thoroughly revised third edition, this time wholly under his own name, omitting all mention of Krell. Besides rewriting and expanding many of the commentary sections of the 1554 edition, Curio recasts a few more of the Salernitan verses that he finds repugnant to the ear, most flagrantly a hexameter containing multiple abbreviations (Regimen 260): “Terra melanch., aqua fleg., et aer sanguis, choler. ignis.” Finding it impossible to improve on the offending line himself, however, he simply replaces it with the ready-made distich at Eob. Val. 1.41–42: Terra melancholicis, aqua confertur pituitae, Aer sanguineis, ignea vis cholerae.97 This distich, too, wended its way into Salvatore de Renzi’s Flos medicinae Scholae Salerni (Naples, 1859), ll. 1684–1685. Thus enshrined, it lives on, for example, in Andrea Sinno’s reedition and translation, Regimen sanitatis: Flos medicinae scholae Salerni (Salerno, 1941; repr. 1973, 1979, 1987, 2014). 95 96

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Overlooking the book’s errata list, the editors quote the distich as misprinted in B. See John Ordronaux, ed. and trans., Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum: Code of Health of the School of Salernum (Philadelphia, 1870; 1871), 40–42. Ordronaux unknowingly takes his Latin texts from Curio’s humanistically rewritten version—not directly, but via Zacharias Sylvius; cf. n. 94 above. Curio, Opusc. (1557), chap. 87, fol. 222r.

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Incorporation into Bruitsma’s Modern-Ancient School of Salerno (1633) Keeping the Salernitan Guide relevant in the age of humanism was also the aim of Reinier Bruitsma of Sneek, town physician of Mechelen from 1610 until his death in 1660.98 As a medical student, Bruitsma had memorized the medieval poem in the humanistic revision by Curio and Krell and hence saw no need for further tinkering with the wording. Still, his early encounters with the work did open his eyes to another flaw: its lack of systematic organization, which make the verses difficult to remember and consult. In about 1618, accordingly, Bruitsma set his sights on remedying the problem for future students. As a first step, he grouped all the Salernitan verses into topics, starting with physiology and the six non-naturals, continuing with remedies for specific diseases, and ending with phlebotomy. To flesh out the various topics, he next supplemented these hexameters with a large number of elegiac distichs, nearly all quoted or adapted from humanistic sources. Thus reorganized and expanded, Bruitsma’s textbook is divided into 150 brief chapters, each with a heading of its own, many also with citation of authorities. Bringing up the rear are medieval quatrains on the twelve months of the year, as revised by Joachim Camerarius, and leonine hexameters on the simples by Otto Cremonensis, both of which works had first been attached to Curio’s edition of the Salernitan Guide in 1557. Appositely entitled The Modern-Ancient School of Salerno, Bruitsma’s collection was published at Mechelen in 1633.99 Reprints came out at Louvain in 1635, 1641, and 1646, at Douai in 1636, and at Mechelen in 1667. The opening three chapters can serve as a sample of Bruitsma’s procedure: 1

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Notitia sui corporis ad tuendam sanitatem necessaria Corpore tu quicumque voles animoque valere, Sincera iugiter mente precare Deum. Hinc noscenda tui tibi sunt primordia prima Corporis et quinam sit status inde tibi,

On Bruitsma’s life and works, see G. Van Doorslaer, “Aperçu historique sur la Médecine et les Médecins à Malines avant le XIXe siècle,” Bulletin du Cercle archéologique, littéraire et artistique de Malines 10 (1900): 121–300, here at pp. 210–216. Novo-antiqua Schola Salerna. Antiqua: Sanis solidisque veterum archiatrorum praeceptis, rhythmo brevi, facili, suavi datis, ad sartam tectamque humani corporis valetudinem conservandam producendamque. Nova: ordine concinno, nexu continuo, fideli citatione ac additione CCCC & amplius versuum perutili et necessaria, ad certius citiusque formanda et firmanda artis potissimum medicae candidatorum ingenia, iudicia, memoriam et usum. The edition consulted is the Louvain reprint of 1641. On Bruitsma’s intentions and method of organization, see the book’s preface.

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Cognita quae certam possint monstrare salutem, Ne male conveniens ingrediaris iter. Ergo rudes simul haec simul et versate periti: Omnibus iste potest utilis esse labor. 2

Hominem ex anima, corpore, et quatuor elementis constare Sunt duo, mens, corpus, fragilis primordia vitae. Illius coelum est, huius origo solum. Vilius idque licet, constat tamen ex elementis Quatuor, et sunt haec aer, aqua, ignis, humus.

3

Humorum numerus et cum elementis comparatio Humores sic inde trahunt, a quolibet unum, Sanguis cum cholera, phlegma, melancholia. Terra melancholicis, aqua confertur pituitae, Aer sanguineis, ignea vis cholerae.

The bulk of these verses is either quoted or adapted from Eobanus’s Rules for Preserving Good Health, as given in Placotomus’s commentated edition: 1.1, 3– 6 from Val. 1.29–34; 2.3–4 from Val. 1.37–38; 3.1 from Val. 1.39; and 3.2–4 from Curio, Opusc. (1557), chap. 87, fol. 222r, quoting Eob. Val. 1.41–42. Of the remaining verses, 1.2 is by Bruitsma himself, while 1.7–8 and 2.1–3 are drawn from two epigrams by Arnold Manlius of Gent (d. 1607) introducing and commending Jan Wouters’s translation of Dat epitome, ofte cort begriip, der Anatomien Andr. Vesalii (Brugge, 1569), sigs. +2v and +3v. Heavy use of Eobanus’s Rules continues in chapters 9–117 (chapter numbers in parentheses, followed by the line numbers in Val. 1): (9) 49; (10) 53; (11) 51; (23) 179–180, 163, 168; (27) 165–166; (33) 307–310; (34) 317–318; (38) 369–370; (39) 389–392, 395–396; (40) 375–376; (41) 385–386; (43) 343–344; (44) 347–348; (45) 353–354; (46) 357–358; (47) 393–394; (49) 321–324, 403–404; (56) 581–586; (58) 621–627, 630–638; (73) 245–246; (76) 157–158; (77) 169, 172; (78) 229–230, 233– 236, 121, 176; (79) 209–216; (80) 171–172; (81) 195–196, 199–200; (82) 203–204; (83) 205–206; (84) 193–194; (85) 109–112, 117–120, 125–128, 133, 130; (86) 506–512, 515– 516; (88) 537–538, 541–542; (89) 495–500; (95) 494/478, 449; (97) 543–548; (102) 463–466; (106) 417, 416; (109) 423–424; (117) 527–530. A few years after Bruitsma published his Novo-antiqua Schola Salerna, Robert van den Berghe (Montanus), town physician of Diksmuide (d. ca. 1650), came out with a quite different handbook, written in prose and titled Diaetema, sive salubris victus ratio novo-antiqua (Louvain, 1637; repr. 1640, 1643). For this book, Van den Berghe borrows not only the phrase “Modern-Ancient” from

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Bruitsma’s title but also takes over numerous verses from the compilation itself. But where Bruitsma carefully demarcates the medieval hexameters from the elegiacs written by the modern humanists, that distinction is lost on Van den Berghe. Among the lines he quotes from what he terms the “Schola Salern.,” a good many in fact do not come from the medieval poem as updated by Curio. They are Eobanus’s. Here the circle has closed. Quotations and Adaptations Thanks to all the reprints and extracts, Eobanus’s dietetic aphorisms lived on for centuries also in a broad stream of quotations and adaptations. The distichs on the four humors (Val. 1.49–56), for example, reappear in a series of tetrastichs on the four temperaments as engraved by Raphael Sadler I in 1583 (after Maarten de Vos). Thus the tetrastich beneath “Sanguineus” reads: “Vena tumet, rubet et ridet, lascivit et audet / … / …, / Cui nimius pleno corpore sanguis inest.” The one beneath “Cholericus” reads: “Tinnit ab aure, sitit, furit, ardet, somniat ignes / … / …, / Cui nimius cholerae corpora sanguis agit.” The one beneath “Melancholicus” reads: “Anxius et niger est, timet omnia tristia, dormit / … / …, / Mole sua bilis quem nimis atra premit”; the one beneath “Phlegmaticus” reads: “Nil sapit, os humet, fastidit, somniat undas / … / …, / Humida cui nimio phlegmate membra madent.” About a decade or so later, the tetrastichs under Pieter de Jode’s engravings on the same theme likewise derive from Eobanus, if more distantly. Thus, in the tetrastich beneath “Sanguineus,” the last two lines read: “Vena tumet, rubent, rident, lasciviaque ipsis / … placet”; the epigraph beneath “Cholericus” reads: “At furiunt, ardent, sitiunt, tristesque minantur / Interitus … / …, / Queis nimius cholerae corpora sanguis agit”; the one beneath “Melancholicus” reads: “Tristitia, anxietate, metu, et nigredine torpent / … / …, / Mole sua bilis quos nimis atra premit”; and the one beneath “Phlegmaticus” reads: “Vix sapiunt, hument, undasque frequenter oberrant / … / …, / Humida queis nimio phlegmate membra madent.”100 One further example will suffice. In his renowned The Anatomy of Melancholy, first published in 1621, Robert Burton quotes Val. 1.126: “ ‘Dulcisonum reficit tristia corda melos,’ Eobanus Hessus.”101 In the immediately following chapter, he quotes Val. 1.119–120, as follows: “What shall I say then, but to every 100

101

Cf. Gerlinde L. Notarp, Von Heiterkeit, Zorn, Schwermut und Lethargie: Studien zur Ikonographie der vier Temperamente in der niederländischen Serien- und Genregraphik des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts (Münster, 1998), 74–77, 120–122, 184–188, 252–257, 329–331, 346–348, 370–371, 389–390. Burton, Anatomy 2.2.6.3 (2:113, l. 13).

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melancholy man, ‘Utere convivis, non tristibus utere amicis / Quos nugae, et risus, et joca salsa juvant.’ Feast often, and use friends not still so sad, / Whose jests and merriments may make thee glad.”102 Burton probably took both quotations from Christoph Aulaeus’s Operum flores (1551; 1560). He also knew the verses from the commentary to the Salernitan Guide as revised by Johann Curio in 1557 and then often reprinted.103 102

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Burton, Anatomy 2.2.6.4 (2:121, ll. 26–31), with attribution to Eobanus in the margin. Burton’s misleading punctuation (and consequent mistranslation) of Val. 1.119–120 otherwise occurs only in Aulaeus’s Operum flores. See pp. 37–39 above. That Burton also knew Eobanus’s verses from Curio, Opusc. (1557) can be inferred from several circumstances. First, he openly refers to Curio’s commentary (without mention of Krell) at Anatomy 1.2.2.1 (1:212, l. 4): “Curio in his Comment on Schola Salerna.” He does so again at Anatomy 1.2.2.4 (1:232, ll. 23–24): “as Joh: Curio in his 10. chap. well reprehends,” with the sidenote “On Schola Salernitana.” Second, Anatomy 2.2.6.4 (2:117, ll. 2–3) starts with a quotation from Regimen 8–9, as revised in Curio/Krell, Opusc. (1545), chap. 1, fol. 2v, and then repeated in Curio’s version (1557 and later). Third, in the commentary, as rewritten in Curio/Krell, Opusc. (1554), fol. 6r, and repeated in Curio’s revision (1557), Eobanus’s distichs are followed by nine hexameters that are partly quoted, partly rewritten from Fracastoro, Syphilis 2.108–112 and 1.374–378. Now Burton follows precisely the same pattern at Anatomy 2.2.6.4 (2:121, l. 28–122, l. 2). For after quoting Eobanus’s distich “Utere—iuvant,” he immediately goes on to quote one of Fracastoro’s verses as altered in Curio/Krell and reprinted by Curio: “Accedant iuvenumque chori mistaeque puellae.” At Anatomy 2.2.6.1 (2:102, ll. 4–6) Burton quotes three more of these hexameters as altered in Curio/Krell and transmitted by Curio in 1557 and later.

Title page and dedicatory letter in the first edition (Erfurt, 1524) A1r

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BONAE VALETUDINIS CONSERVANDAE PRAECEPTA Ad magnificum D. Georgium Sturtiaden per Eobanum Hessum Medicinae laus. Ad Martinum Hunum per eundem Musaeum Sturtianum per eundem Tabula differentiarum omnis generis febrium per D. Georgium Sturtiaden Tabula cognoscendorum secundum communes et planetares horas humorum per Henricum Grammataeum 1524

Title page and dedicatory letter in the first edition (Erfurt, 1524) PRECEPTS FOR PRESERVING GOOD HEALTH To the honorable Mr. Georg Sturtz by Eobanus Hessus Praise of medicine. To Martin Hune by the same Sturtz’s Museum, by the same Table of the differences of every type of fevers by Mr. Georg Sturtz Table for recognizing the humors according to the common and planetary hours by Heinrich Schreyber 1524

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EOBANUS HESSUS MAGNIFICO VIRO, D. GEORGIO STURTIADAE, MEDICO CLARISSIMO, PRECEPTORI SUO CHARISSIMO, S. D. Fabulantur poetae Hesiodum ex pastore poetam uno somno factum. 2 Ego, quae aliquanto est methamorphosis admirabilior, non somnians sed vigilans, non ex pastore poeta, ut ille et multi, sed ex poeta medicus, si diis placet, ut pauci sum factus, tua et ope et virtute, Georgi Sturtiade, “O et praesidium et dulce decus meum.” 3 Quamquam hic, quae horum temporum est malignitas, futuros video qui dicturi sint arrogantiam hanc esse non ferendam, quod pridianus medicinae candidatus gloriari ausim factum iam esse medicum. 4 Quibus, quia verius nihil possum, illud Therentianum respondebo, “Faciunt nae intelligendo ut nihil intelligant,” cum et istam loquendi consuetudinem familiaris sermo obtinuerit et iocari frequenter soleamus factum esse quod nuper fieri coeperis. 5 Sed quid hic argutari attinet? 6 Ad institutum revertor. 7 Is, quem pauloante dicebam, Hesiodus memor accepti beneficii quod somniaverat monumentum Musis posuit. 8 Ingratum me, qui quod evigilans vidensque a te acceperim oblitus nullum adhuc tuae erga me pietatis, mei erga te officii, testimonium aediderim! 9 Quorsum haec? Ut videas, humanissime Georgi, laborare me et volvere animo non tam ut praesentibus tuis in me meritis respondeam (non possum enim) quam ut futuris (futura enim multa video) dignus inveniar. 10 Haec agitanti in animum venit audax quidem sed tamen pium consilium hunc libellum, quem tuo hortatu tuoque maxime iussu conscripseram, tibi nominatim dedicandi, alioqui perpetuis carceribus ceu intempestivum abortum mancipaturus. 11 Qui cum ipse suae sibi imbecillitatis conscius lucem subter1.ded. A. 1 On Georg Sturtz, see pp. 5–12 above. 2 As at Dial. 1.19, Eobanus fuses two traditions of the poetic initiation. The first is the one told in Hes. Th. 22–34: Hesiod was tending his flock below Mount Helicon when the Muses came to him and made him a poet; cf. Ov. Ars 1.27–28; Fast. 6.13–14. In this version there is no suggestion that the poet saw the Muses in a dream. Poets like Callimachus and Ennius, however, recount their initiation as a dream vision. The satirist Persius alludes to this later tradition in Prologue 1–3, but denies experiencing any such transformation himself. The

EOBANUS HESSUS SENDS GREETINGS TO THE HONORABLE MAN, MR. GEORG STURTZ, THE RENOWNED PHYSICIAN, HIS DEAREST TEACHER.1 Poets tell the story that Hesiod was changed from a shepherd into a poet in one single dream.2 I myself, which is a considerably more astonishing metamorphosis, was changed, not while dreaming but wide awake, not from a shepherd into a poet, like him and many others, but (believe it or not) from a poet into a physician, as few before me, and all through your assistance and goodness, Georg Sturtz, “O you, my bulwark and sweet glory.”3 In my case, however, for such is the malignity of these times, I foresee that there will be those who will declare this a presumption not to be borne, namely that I, a fledgling candidate in medicine, should have the temerity to boast of being a physician already. Because I cannot think of anything more apropos, I will answer them with that Terentian dictum: “All that their know-it-all attitude proves is that they know nothing.” Surely it is not merely a familiar manner of speaking but also a common jest to say that you have already become what you are actually only just setting out to become. But why split hairs here? I return to my purpose. The man I mentioned a moment ago, Hesiod, showed his gratitude for the favor received by erecting what he had dreamed as a monument to the Muses.4 What an ingrate I have been! Forgetting what I received from you while wide awake and with open eyes, I have yet to publish any testimonial either of your benevolence toward me or of my sense of obligation toward you. Why do I keep harping on this? To show you, Georg, kindest of men, that I am worrying and pondering, not so much how I might make return for your present merits toward me (for that I cannot do) as rather how I might be found worthy of future ones (for I do see many more in the offing). As I was turning these matters over, I came to the admittedly bold yet nonetheless affectionate decision of dedicating this little book, which I had written at your urging and most especially at your bidding, expressly to you. It was either do that or consign the premature stillborn, so to speak, to perpetual confinement.5 Seeing that my booklet, only too conscious of its own

two traditions appear side by side in Eob. Buc. 8/Idyl. 12. In that poem, Polyphemus dreams that the Muses offer him the laurel crown. Meanwhile, his fellow herdsman Heliades is made a poet while wide awake. 3 Quoting Hor. Carm. 1.1.2, addressed to Horace’s patron C. Maecenas. 4 After the Muses made him a poet, Hesiod wrote the Theogony at their bidding. 5 That is, consign it to the drawer.

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fugeret neque posset suo satis robore niti, adminicula adieci quaedam quibus fulciretur, tuam in primis ingeniosissimam tabulam febrium, rem tota medicina ut usu frequentissimam ita cognitu difficilimam, | tum Grammataei nostri figuram de humoribus summo artificio digestam. 12 Impudens sim si mea laudem, quae tam bonis adiici vix merebantur, nisi sperassem medicinae studiosum visum iri qui utcumque medicinam laudare potuisset. 13 Accessit tuum Musaeum, utinam tam nostro carmine illustratum quam tuis sumptibus tuaque prudentia magnifice excultum! 14 Quamvis enim tota tua domus Musaeum iure optimo dici mereatur, ille tamen pulcherrimarum aedium recessus amoenissimus, hoc nomine insignitus, Apollini, Musis et medicis praesidenti, proprie est dedicatus. 15 Itaque et rei magnitudine et ingenii imbecillitate conterritus, statui aliquoties ab incoepto desistere. 16 Sed addebat animum mihi tua in fovendis et studiis et studiosis perpetua et singularis virtus, summa humanitas, incredibilis liberalitas, cuius rei inter alia multa unum praecipue exemplum occurrebat, quod videbam quo animo, quali studio, quantis impensis, Cordum nostrum ad id fortunae quo evasit pauloante evexeris, qua Philippum Melanchthonem, qua Ioachimum Camerarium, iuvenes optimos, animas candidissimas, qua item Martinum Hunum, alterum Eobanum dico, benignitate prosequare. 17 Quae si parva sunt exempla, dignus sim qui maiora non intelligam! 18 Libellum itaque hunc, qualisqualis est, quem bona ex parte ipse peperisti, sic honorificentissime oblatum, acceperis si tibi inscriptum tuumque esse cognoveris, satis tutatus fueris si non aspernatus, demum satis posteritati commendabis si probaris. 19 Bene vale, patrone colendissime. 20 Erphurdiae, mense Augusto anno 1524.

6 For these foldout tables, attached to the book in the 1524 edition, see pp. 13–14 and 26 above. 7 Alluding to the Praise of Medicine (Val. 2).

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feebleness, was shunning the light of day and was scarcely able to stand on its own, I added some crutches to prop it up: first, your highly ingenious table of the fevers, a topic that in the entire field of medicine is not just the one most frequently encountered but also the hardest to grasp, and second, the outline concerning the humors that our dear Schreyber has laid out with utmost artfulness.6 It would be shameless of me to praise my work, which hardly merits having such fine pieces attached to it. All I can do is hope to pass for a student of medicine who, as best he could, managed to offer a praise of medicine.7 The book is rounded off with a celebration of your Museum.8 How I wish it were as sumptuously embellished in my song as it is adorned with your lavishness and your prudence! For even though your entire home very justly deserves to be called a Museum, nevertheless it is that most beautiful retreat in that wonderfully charming abode of yours that, being distinguished with this name, is specially dedicated to Apollo, who presides over the Muses and physicians. And so, terrified at both the magnitude of my theme and the feebleness of my talent, I repeatedly resolved to desist from this undertaking. What heartened me, however, was your unfaltering and extraordinary vigor, your supreme humanity, your unbelievable munificence in fostering not only studies but also students. Among many other examples of this, one in particular stands out in my mind. For I saw with what zeal, what enthusiasm, what great expenditures you recently raised our dear Cordus to that rank to which he aspired, also with what generosity you honored Philip Melanchthon and Joachim Camerarius, those outstanding young men, those purest of souls, and likewise Martin Hune—a second Eobanus I call him.9 If these are petty examples, may I deserve never to recognize any greater! Here, then, is the little book, such as it is, that in good part you yourself brought into being and that I herewith present to you with deepest respect. You will have welcomed it if you acknowledge that it is inscribed to you and is your very own. You will have sufficiently protected it if you do not spurn it. In fine, you will have sufficiently commended it to posterity if you think well of it. Farewell, most revered patron. Erfurt, in the month of August in the year 1524.

8 Sturtz’s private study, a shrine to the Muses. See pp. 19–21 above. 9 On Sturtz’s patronage of Euricius Cordus, see pp. 7–8; on Joachim Camerarius, see p. 7, with n. 23; on Martin Hune, see p. 18. Philip Melanchthon introduced himself to Sturtz in a letter of 5 May 1522; see Melanchthon, Ep. 226.

illustration 3 Title page of Bonae valetudinis conservandae praecepta. Erfurt: [Johann Loersfelt], 1524 Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin–Preussischer Kultur-Besitz | Abteilung Historische Drucke (1 in: Ag 523: R)

illustration 4 Title page of Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot. [Nuremberg: Johann Petreius, 1531] Photo. et coll. BNU, Strasbourg

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BONAE VALETUDINIS CONSERVANDAE RATIONES ALIQUOT

Simplicium ciborum facultates quaedam Medicinae encomion Chorus illustrium medicorum Novem Musae authore Helio Eobano Hesso

LIBER DE SEIPSO LOQUITUR.

5

Qui modo mancus eram nec totum factus ad unguem, Deposui cultus quos habuisse pudet. Nam quia me cupidae properabam ostendere luci, Forma domi melior pene relicta fuit. Qui male progenitum poteras odisse, renatum Inspice me. Fies aequior inde mihi.

ΕΟΒΑΝΟΣ Εἰ νέα τέρπουσιν, δίδομεν νέα, ἀλλὰ παρέργως. Δῶκε δὲ καὖ δώσει μείζονα τῶνδε χρόνος.

SOME RULES FOR PRESERVING GOOD HEALTH A few properties of the simple foods Encomium of medicine Choir of the illustrious physicians The nine Muses by Helius Eobanus Hessus

THE BOOK SPEAKS ABOUT ITSELF. Looking disheveled just now, not dressed up to my standards, I have thrown off the garb that I am ashamed to have worn. For because I could not wait to show myself off to the eager public, I had all but left my best gown at home. If you could not abide my former misbegotten self, do look me over now that I am reborn. Then you will think better of me.

EOBANUS If new works delight, I do offer a new work, but only incidentally. Time has given, and in turn will give, greater things than this.

EXIMIO BONARUM ARTIUM AC MEDICINAE PROFESSORI, D. GEORGIO STURTIADAE ERPHURDIANO, EOBANUS HESSUS S.

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Sextus iam annus agitur, optime Sturtiade, postquam libellum hunc nescio scripserim infelicius an ediderim festinantius. 2 Utrunque sane contigisse mihi toto hoc quod ab ipsius editione intercessit tempore et amici quidam animadverterunt et ego non dissimulavi, cum sane quaedam, etsi non ita multa, essent in eo libro tam chalcographorum vicio perperam excusa quam a me ipso nimia festinatione parum diligenter animadversa et inconsiderantius multo—tantum abest ut, dum alios accuso, meipsum culpa liberem—quam vel huius aetatis iudicium vel eruditionis (quantumvis exiguae) existimatio requirebant effusa. 3 Itaque, cum ab eo tempore poenitentia non mediocri eius editi libelli ductus fuissem, saepe cogitabam ad praelum et censuram revocare scriptum, a neutro horum satis elaboratum, ut emendatis quae commiserant typographi et repositis quae ipse neglexeram denuo exiret liber et emendatior et locupletior. 4 Quod consilium meum cum hactenus alia super alia accrescentia negocia semper in crastinum reiicerent et ego toto hoc fere quadriennio | quod Nurembergae sum nunc vertendo Theocrito, nunc aliis scribendis poematis, tum quae circa rem scholasticam emergunt laboribus, aegre me explicarem, factum est ut et mea opinione et amicorum exspectatione tardius hic infelix foetus velut renasceretur. 5 Quem nunc tandem, nactus nonnihil ocii, revocatum ad cunas denuo peperi et non secus ac alterum Bacchum foemori adalligatum meo fovi donec maturesceret magis. 6 Quod etsi sero (ut verum est) ita factum videri haud dubie possit, malui tamen temporariae tarditatis quam perpetuae ignaviae ac negligentiae accusari, iam plus satis meo ipsius periculo edoctus tutiorem esse seram prudentiam quam inconsultam festinationem, quantumvis speciosam.

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2.ded. BO. 10

2 etsi B: et etsi O.

Published at Nuremberg in February 1531.

EOBANUS HESSUS TO THE EMINENT PROFESSOR OF THE GOOD ARTS AND MEDICINE AT ERFURT, MR. GEORG STURTZ, GREETINGS It has been six years, excellent Sturtz, since I either wrote this little book too infelicitously or brought it out in too much of a hurry, I cannot say which. That both, in fact, befell me is something which several friends have remarked on throughout the time that elapsed since its publication and which I myself have not ignored. The truth of the matter is that there were indeed some, even if not all that many, errors in this book. A handful of them are misprints that can be attributed to the compositors. The others are blunders that I myself in my undue haste did not attend to with sufficient diligence but instead—so far am I from absolving myself of blame while accusing others—spilled out far more heedlessly than either the considered judgment of this age or my reputation for learning (however meager) demand. Accordingly, prodded ever since by no little regret at publishing this booklet, I have often had a mind to call the work back to press and to critical revision, neither of which had taken sufficient pains, so that, after correcting what the printers had committed and setting right what I myself had bungled, the book might go forth again, not only better corrected in text but also richer in content. However, as other tasks kept piling up on top of each other and hitherto caused me to put off this plan of mine to some future date and because I myself, during practically this whole quadrennium that I have spent in Nuremberg, was scarcely able to extricate myself, now from translating Theocritus,10 now from writing other poems, quite aside from the labors arising from my teaching position, it came about that this ill-starred offspring was, so to speak, reborn quite a bit later than either I could have imagined or my friends expected. Having now at last obtained a modicum of leisure, I summoned it back to the cradle and brought it forth a second time, sewing it into my thigh like a second Bacchus11 and nurturing it there until it could reach fuller maturity. Even though this can undoubtedly be seen as happening too late (as is indeed the case), I would nevertheless much rather prefer to be accused of procrastination than of chronic laziness and negligence, given that I have now learned only too well, at my own peril, that belated prudence is safer than headlong haste, however appealing. 11

After the death of Bacchus’s mother Semele, Jupiter carried the fetus to term in his thigh.

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7 Hoc ego consilio, mi Georgi, libellum hunc, tuo nomini in perpetuum dedicatum, quocunque modo potui in publicum revocatum iterumque in meum ius ditionemque adsertum atque in libertatem vindicatum, talem feci qualem vides, ex veteri novum, ex depravato emendatum, ex paupere etiam (si diis placet) locupletiorem. 8 Quid enim non fatear a veris ingeniorum divitiis quam longissime me abesse? 9 Quid multis? Totus alius a priore libellus noster prodit, cum non solum multa quae videbantur superfluere atque etiam officere posse deterserim aliaque his substituerim verumetiam ordinem ipsum ac formam immutaverim. 10 Quod qua ratione a me sit factum nihil attinet dicere, cum nec libellum suapte mole perexiguum longiore | praefatione velim dehonestare nec operae praecium videatur in re iuxta omnibus manifesta laboris multum insumere. 11 Mihi certe hic ordo et haec libelli forma visa sunt multo iucundiora ac plausibiliora futura legentibus quam esse potuerint priora illa in unam quandam ceu massam confusa ac nullis nec ordinibus nec intervallis distincta, cum istiuscemodi distinctiones semper plurimum habuerint cum in legendo iucunditatis tum in his quae legeris memoria firmiter retinendis adiumenti. 12 Quanquam haud scio an in meo libello quicquam tale insit quod vel legere quis dignetur vel meminisse, cum multo etiam magis futuros esse haud ambigam qui hunc meum laborem ut ineptum et a mea professione abhorrentem sint calumniaturi. 13 De his loquor vero qui, cum ipsi ne uni quidem studiorum generi satis feliciter assueverint, aliis tamen velut modum ingeniorum praescribere dignum ducunt, sacrilegium esse existimantes unius professionis non secus ac agri limites egressum in alienum falcem mittere. 14 Sic enim existimant aliis omnibus aliena esse debere ea quae ipsi utcunque sola attigerunt, nec intelligunt miseri, sicut ipsi ab omnibus, etiam illis quae profitentur, bonis studiis sunt alienissimi, ita nihil omnino bonarum artium ab his qui semel humanarum literarum commilitio sese adiunxerunt oportere vel prorsus ignorari vel omnino non attingi. 15 Ipsum te testem habeo quendam ex hoc genere non multis ante | annis dicere ausum poetas iamdudum suis fabulis

7 mi B: om. O.

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It is by this counsel, my dear Georg, that I have revised the present booklet—forever dedicated to your name, brought back before the public to the best of my abilities, and once again restored to my control and authority and set at liberty—and turned it into the work such as you see: from an old into a new, from an error-ridden into a well-corrected, even (would you believe it?) from a scanty into a much more bountiful one. But why not confess, too, that I am as far removed from the true wealth of genius as one can possibly be? Why go on and on? The booklet that now goes out into the world is altogether different from its predecessor, given that I have not only purged much that appeared superfluous and conceivably even detrimental to understanding and replaced it with other material but have even modified the very arrangement and form. I see no need to explain exactly how I carried this out, first, because I do not want to disfigure this slender little book with an excessively long preface, and second, because it scarcely appears worthwhile to put a great deal of effort into something so evident to all. To me, at least, it seemed that the booklet’s current arrangement and form will be far more attractive and praiseworthy to readers than the previous version could ever be, because the material there was still, so to speak, jumbled together in a confused heap and not divided into regular chapters or separated by blank lines, even though divisions of this sort invariably make the reading much more enjoyable and, in particular, help fix whatever you read firmly in memory. That said, I really do not know if there is anything in my booklet that people will even think worth either the reading or the remembering, all the more as I have no doubt that there will be those who will vilify this work of mine as impertinent and at odds with my profession. The persons I am speaking of are in fact the very ones who, though they have not so much as mastered a single branch of learning themselves, nevertheless see fit, as it were, to impose intellectual limits on others, deeming it a sacrilege when a man oversteps the boundaries of one profession, as if it were a farmer’s field, and thrusts his sickle into another. They actually are convinced that everybody else ought to steer clear of the one discipline that they themselves happen to have taken up. The miscreants obviously have no idea how utterly unversed they are in all the good studies, even the ones they lecture on, nor do they realize that those who have once and for all joined the fellowship of humane letters ought neither to be wholly ignorant of nor completely untouched by any of the good arts. I have you yourself as witness how, not so many years ago, one of that ilk had the gall to declare that the poets had

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et theologiam conspurcasse et medicinam, si eo se immittant, brevi conspurcaturos. 16 Immodestior forte sim si hic dicam idem mihi ipsi quoque nuper contigisse. 17 Itaque modestiae famam aucupabor ex hoc loco et ignavos istos crabrones ne dignos quidem ducam quos irritem, qui suopte ingenio satis sunt, cum molesti aliis tum sibi ipsis noxii. 18 Cum sint permulta hoc tam corrupto saeculo etiam doctorum et humanitatis laudem ambientium virorum vicia ad quae velis nolis tamen connivendum tibi sit et citius reperias qui tantum non damnent quam qui ingenue laudent ea quae veram laudem merebantur, adeo ut non omnino infoeliciter tecum agi dicas si modo invenias qui dedicari aliquid sibi tuarum lucubrationum patiantur et non etiam aegre ferant se velut dato beneficio, quod tamen agnoscere omnino nolint, obligari—miseram sane conditionem temporum, in quibus tantum abest ut placere quibusdam possis ut etiam benemerendo offendas!—me sane plurimum consolantur primum tua in provehendis his studiis singularis virtus et humanitas, deinde eorum consensus quibus in hac urbe meorum studiorum et sociis utor et adiutoribus. 19 Inter quos vel praecipuo loco Ioannes Magebucchus, non medicae solum rei doctissimus professor verum etiam aliarum omnium bonarum disciplinarum consultissimus, non est passus hunc nostrum libellum diutius deli- | tescere, quin potius enixe hortatus est ut denuo ederem nec inviderem—ut magnifice quidem (quam vellem etiam vere!) de me sentit vir ille— usui publico opusculum, ut exiguum, ita multis fortassis non inutile futurum. 20 Itaque cum hic liber te (ut scis) authore primum natus sit, hoc nunc (ut vides) monitore renascitur et in lucem prodit, faxit Deus ut Musis propitiis et Gratiis bene iuvantibus. 21 De Ioachimo Camerario meo quid dicam, quem, ut in omnibus ferme aliis soleo, ita et in hoc edendo libello Aristarchum adhibui? 22 Haec ideo scribo ut intelligas me non ambitione aliqua aut temerario animi impetu sed iudicio potius et consensu docto-

19 aliarum O: aliorum B.

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long since defiled theology with their fables and, were they to meddle with medicine, would soon be desecrating that subject next. It may perhaps be overly immodest of me to aver that the same thing recently happened to me here too. Accordingly, I will do no more than seek a reputation for modesty from this affair and dismiss those slothful hornets as not even worth the stirring up, seeing that they are quite smug about their own cleverness: a vexation to others and an even greater affliction to themselves. In so depraved a century as ours, in which even men of learning and those striving to win renown for humane culture are tarnished with a great many vices to which you willy-nilly have to turn a blind eye, you will sooner find men who all but condemn whatever deserves true praise than those who candidly praise it. This has become so commonplace nowadays that you reckon yourself not wholly unfortunate if you can just find patrons who condescend to have one of your lucubrations dedicated to them and, moreover, do not take it ill to be put under obligation, so to speak, for the benefit received, a benefit that they, however, disdain to acknowledge on any account—surely a wretched state of affairs in which, far from being able to do people a favor, you actually offend by deserving well of them! In this plight I certainly am very much consoled, first, by your extraordinary merit and humanity in promoting these studies, and second, by the unanimous support of those whom I am fortunate to possess in this city both as colleagues and as backers of my studies. Assuredly preeminent among them is Johann Magenbuch, not only a most learned practitioner of medicine but also deeply versed in the other good disciplines.12 He it was who would not allow this booklet of mine to remain hidden in the drawer any longer but instead strenuously exhorted me to bring it out again and—so highly (how I wish it were also justly!) does that man esteem me—not begrudge the little work to public use, for small though it is, it might yet perhaps not be without profit for many. And so, whereas this book (as you know) first came into the world at your initiative, it has now (as you see) been reborn and brought into the light of day at his prompting—would to God, with the Muses’ favor and the Graces’ kindly help! What need I say of my dear Joachim Camerarius? As I rely on him in practically everything else, so I also consulted him as my Aristarch in preparing this booklet for publication. I mention these things only to make you understand that it was not some personal vanity or illadvised impulse but rather the considered judgment and general assent of 12

Johann Magenbuch, town physician of Nuremberg from 1524 until his death in 1546. Cf. p. 26 above, with n. 76.

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rum ad huius poematis secundam editionem fuisse impulsum, cum et ipse iam ante non semel ad hoc faciendum me sis hortatus et his nunc tantis talibusque viris approbantibus nullo pacto non adquiescendum mihi videretur. 23 Bene vale. 24 Nurembergae, Calend. Novembris M.D.XXXI.

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learned men that prompted me to bring out a second edition of this poem. Seeing that you yourself urged me to do this earlier already, and not just once either, and since men of such great distinction as these have now expressed their approval, it seemed to me that I could not but comply. Farewell. Nuremberg, 1 November 1531.13

13

The true date of this letter is 1 November 1530. The year was mechanically updated to 1531 by the printer, who did not start setting type until early that year.

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BONAE VALETUDINIS CONSERVANDAE RATIONES ALIQUOT, TUM DE SIMPLICIUM CIBORUM FACULTATIBUS, HELII EOBANI HESSI Musa, repertoris medicarum filia rerum, Te duce conanti scribere pauca fave. Pauca canam, cantata prius, sed Apolline nullo, Et labor hic aliquo nomine noster erit. Nanque hic si qua leges adiuncta prioribus, idem Nos ea de tenebris exeruisse scies. Nam quae foeda situ iacuere et mersa profunda Barbarie, versu lucidiora fluent. Adde quod et numeros facile est meminisse nec ullis Dotibus ingenii gratia maior inest. Quisquis ad haec igitur veri praeludia vultum Demittes, oculo fac patiente legas Nec vicio vertas quia sit rude carmen et omni Exculti careat dexteritate styli. Scripsimus ista rudes cui nunc assuescimus artis, Et sunt praecipiti carmina facta mora. Tu quoque, Sturtiadum decus et nova fama, Georgi, Huius praecipuus carminis author eras. Cogere nanque tibi ceu prima elementa iubebas Cuius nunc titulos et decus artis habes. Has igitur tibi primitias ignobilis agri Parvaque de sterili munera rure damus. Accipe ferque libens inopis mediocria Musae. Saepe etiam divis vilia dona placent. Tunc, ubi me studiis maior melioribus usus Induet, his parvis splendidiora dabo.

Dedicatio operis.

Val. 1. ABO. Tituli ante singula capita adduntur in BO. Tit. Bonae—Hessi BO: Bonae valetudinis conservandae ex variis medicorum ceu messibus Eobani Hessi diligentia decerptum praemetium A. Post 2 legitur in A: Coelorum decus Uranie, sed Apolline nata / Quem peperit nullo Pieris usa viro, / Huc ades et nostris te, diva, laboribus infer, / Dum ferimus medica pharmaca pauca manu. / Sed mihi nec faciles monstret Podalyrius herbas. / Nemo hic Phillirides, nemo Machaon erit. / Diva potens numeris, coelo sata, spiret, et ipse / Qui dedit has artes Christus Apollo regat. 6 scies A: scias BO. 11 veri praeludia BO: ceu progymnasmata A. 17m Dedicatio operis BO: Operis dedicatio A. 26 splendidiora dabo BO: arduiora canam A.

1

SOME RULES FOR PRESERVING GOOD HEALTH. ALSO CONCERNING THE PROPERTIES OF SIMPLE FOODS. BY HELIUS EOBANUS HESSUS Muse, daughter of the inventor of medicine, grant me your favor as I endeavor to write a few matters under your guidance.14 The few that I’ll sing have been sung before, but without Apollo’s assistance, and thus in some respect this labor will be my own. Indeed, if you compare the earlier versions with the one you read here, you will know that I have lifted them out of darkness. For what lay moldering in neglect and sunk in profound barbarism will flow more lucidly in poetic verse.15 Add to this, too, that metrical lines are readily committed to memory and that no other [10] gifts of genius possess a greater charm. Everyone of you, therefore, who casts a glance at this prelude to the main body of the book, be sure to continue reading with patient eye. Do not reckon it a fault that the poem is rough-hewn and lacks all the felicity of a polished style. I wrote these verses while still a novice in the art with which I am just now becoming familiar and, moreover, composed them at headlong speed. You too, Georg, ornament and newest pride of the Sturtz family, you were the prime mover of this poem. For it was you who enjoined me to gather up for you, so to speak, the first principles of that art [20] whose titles and dignity you now possess. I therefore offer you these first fruits of my undistinguished field, meager gifts from barren soil. Accept this humble product of a feeble Muse, take it up gladly. Even paltry offerings are often pleasing to the gods. Hereafter, when greater experience endows me with deeper insights, I will present you with something more splendid than small trifles like these. Now, to keep

14 15

Dedication of the work.

In the first edition, this Muse is identified as the heavenly Urania, daughter of Christ Apollo; see pp. 15–16 above. The medieval hexameters of the Salernitan Guide are to be supplanted with humanistic elegiacs.

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Nunc, ne longa breves aequent exordia ludos, Hinc meus in coepto pulvere curret equus.

RERUM NATURALIUM BREVIS DIGESTIO, AB ELEMENTIS ET HUMORIBUS

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Principio, quicunque voles animoque valere Corporis et sana conditione frui, Cognoscenda tui tibi sunt primordia primum Corporis et quis nam sit status inde tibi, Cognita quae certae possint monstrare salutis, Ne male conveniens ingrediaris, iter. Haec tibi sed brevibus depingam singula formis. Polliciti non sunt pondera plena mei. Quattuor ut constant elementis corpora nostra, Quae sunt, ut perhibent, aer, aqua, ignis, humus, Humores sic inde trahunt, a quolibet unum, Quos tamen in versu vix cecinisse queas. Terra melancholicis, aqua confertur pituitae, Aer sanguineis, ignea vis cholerae. Sicut enim sicca est natura et frigida terrae, Vis elementaris friget et humet aquae, Sicut et humorem calido commiscuit aer, Siccus ut est ignis vimque caloris habet, Sic vis humorum respondet quaelibet uni, Ordine si repetas quo mihi dicta vides. Vena tumet, rubet et ridet, lascivit et audet, Cui nimius pleno corpore sanguis inest. Nil sapit, os humet, fastidit, somniat undas, Humida cui nimio phlegmate membra madent. Tinnit ab aure, sitit, furit, aret, somniat ignes,

Elementa.

Qualitates humorum ad elementa.

Signa sanguinis abundantis. Phlegmatis. Cholerae.

In marg. ad 29 Generales conservandae sanitatis regulae. A. 31–36 Cognoscenda—plena mei. add. BO. 37–80 Hi vv. leguntur in A post 652 (v. infra). 37 Quattuor AO: Quatuor B. 38 perhibent BO: memorant A. In marg. ad 39 Humores. A. 53 aret A: ardet BO. 16

Eobanus starts off by presenting the theoretical foundation for his dietetic poem. The human body is a microcosm. Like the macrocosm, it is composed of the four elements,

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this long prologue from turning into a short production, my horse will proceed to run on the track it has entered.

BRIEF DIGEST OF THE NATURAL WORLD, BEGINNING WITH THE ELEMENTS AND HUMORS16 First and foremost, whoever of you desires to be strong of mind [30] and enjoy health of body, it is essential that you understand the fundamental principles of your body and how they affect your constitution. Once understood, these principles can point the way to robust health and keep you from veering off track. I will describe each of them for you, but only in outline. My promise does not carry full weight. Our bodies are made up of four elements, which, they say, are air, water, fire, earth. These in turn give rise to the humors, one from each. [40] The latter, however, are very hard to sing in verse. Earth corresponds to black bile, water to phlegm, air to blood, the force of fire to choler. For just as the nature of earth is dry and cold, whereas the elemental force of water is cold and wet, just as air combines moisture and heat, while fire is dry and has the force of heat, so each elemental force corresponds to one of the humors, if you just repeat them in the same order you see me mention them. Your veins swell, you are ruddy-skinned and prone to laughter, you are lustful and daring: [50] these signs indicate that your well-filled body has an overabundance of blood. You have no appetite, your mouth drools, you get nauseated and dream about water: these signs indicate that your moist limbs are sodden with an overabundance of phlegm. You have ringing in the ears, are prone to thirst and anger, feel

Elements. The qualities of the humors with respect to the elements.

Signs of abundant blood.

Of phlegm. Of choler.

each of which possesses one pair of the four qualities hot, cold, dry, moist. The elements and their qualities correspond to the four bodily humors, blood, phlegm, choler (yellow bile), and black bile. Ideally these humors are kept in balance. In many people, however, and at different seasons of the year and of life, one or another of the humors tends to predominate. This condition is at the root of the four temperaments. Thus an excess of black bile produces a melancholic temperament, whereas a superfluity of blood produces a sanguine temperament. Similarly, too much choler makes one choleric, while too much phlegm makes one phlegmatic. Associated with the four temperaments are numerous other tetrads: the seasons, ages of man, cardinal points, trigons of the zodiac, and so forth. Cf. pp. 9–10 above.

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Cui nimius cholerae corpora sanguis agit. Anxius et niger est, timet omnia, tristia dormit, Mole sua bilis quem nimis atra premit. Quattuor humores hos anni quattuor horis Confer et obliquae signa timenda rotae. Aestati choleram dabimus. Tria signa sequentur Ignea, nempe Aries, Tensa sagitta, Leo. Autumni nigra bilis erit. Tria signa sequentur Terrea: Bos vector, candida Virgo, Caper. Vere tumet sanguis, sed et hunc tria signa sequentur Aerea, ut Gemini, Lanx vaga, Fusor aquae. Phlegma aequabit hyems, per aquatica signa notandum. Haec sunt Retrogradus, trux Nepa, Piscis iners. Nunc age, limitibus conclusum quattuor orbem Aspice et aetatum quamlibet inde nota. Sanguine sol oriens pueriles vendicat artus, Firma dies choleram, laeta iuventa, tibi. Phlegmatis occasus plenam facit esse senectam, Bile nigra Boreae sed plaga decrepitos. Ver velut infantes nativo germine pascit, Quos placido spectans sydere Phoebus amat. Aetatem iuvenum notat aestas. Martis in illa Exultant vires et furor arma movet. Maturos, autumne, senes, quos frigida Luna Instabili varios lumine semper agit. Decrepitos hyemis natura aequabit inertes, Quos vorat immiti falcifer ore senex.

Melancholiae. Qualitates humorum ad horas anni et signa zodiaci.

Humores ad regiones et aetates.

Planetae, aetates, et horae anni.

54 sanguis BO: fervor A. 55 timet omnia, tristia dormit sic interpungit Camerarius (1551): timet omnia: tristia dormit A, timet omnia tristia, dormit BO. 55m Melancholiae BO: Melancholicae A. 57–58 Quattuor [Quatuor … quatuor B]—rotae BO: Hos anni confer humores quattuor horis / Signaque terribilis saepe timenda rotae A. 57m Qualitates— zodiaci BO: Horae anni. Signa zodiaci A. In marg. ad 59 Aestas. Cholera. A. 60 Tensa sagitta, Leo BO: et Leo et Arcitenens A. In marg. ad 61 Autumnus. Melancho. A. 62 vector AB: victor O. In marg. ad 63 Ver. Sanguis. A. 64 Lanx—aquae BO: Libra, puer Phrygius A. In marg. ad 65 Hyems. Phlegma. A. 66 Retrogradus … Piscis iners BO: Cancer iners … Pisciculi A. 67 quattuor AB (B in erratis) O: quatuor B (in textu). 67m Humores— aetates. add. BO. 69 artus BO: annos A. In marg. ad 69 Oriens. Sang. Pueritia. A. 70 Firma dies BO: Meridies A. In marg. ad 70 Meri. Chol. Iuventus. A. In marg. ad 71 Occ. Phleg. Senectus. A. In marg. ad 72 Septent. Melanch. Decre. A. 73m Planetae—anni. add. BO. In marg. ad 73 Pueri. Ver. Sol. A. In marg. ad 75 Iuven. Aestas. Mars. A. In marg. ad 77 Senec. Aut. Saturnus [sic]. A. In marg. ad 79 Decr. Hyems. Luna [sic]. A.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

parched, and dream about fires: these signs indicate that your body is affected by an overabundance of choleric blood. You are anxious, have swarthy skin, are in dread of everything, and have sad dreams: these signs indicate that you are burdened with an overabundance of black bile. Combine these four humors with the four seasons of the year, likewise the fearful signs of the slanting circle.17 To summer we will assign choler. It is associated with the three [60] fiery signs, namely the Ram, Archer,18 Lion. Black bile will peak in autumn. Associated with it are the three earthy signs: the ferrying Bull,19 the fair Virgin, the Goat. Blood swells in the springtime. It too is associated with three signs, the airy ones known as the Twins, the swaying Balance, the Water Pourer. Winter will be matched with phlegm, characterized by the aquatic signs. These are the Retrograde,20 the fierce Scorpion, the sluggish Fish. Now look at the four corners of the world and then relate them to each of the ages of life. The eastern sun lays claim to blood and childhood, [70] the South to choler and joyful youth. The western sun causes the elderly to be full of phlegm, while the North fills the decrepit with black bile. Spring nurtures the children, so to speak, with nature’s bud. Them the sun loves and watches over with kindly eye. Summer marks the age of youth. In this season the powers of Mars run riot and fury takes up arms. You, autumn, govern the elderly, whom the frigid moon with its inconstant light makes moody. The character of winter will match the decrepit dodderers, [80] whom the old Sickle-bearer21 devours with pitiless maw.

17 18 19 20 21

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Of black bile.

The qualities of the humors with respect to the seasons of the year and the signs of the zodiac.

The humors with respect to the cardinal points and the ages of life. Planets, ages, and annual seasons.

The signs of the zodiac. Literally, “Drawn Arrow.” The bull that carried the princess Europa on its back to Crete was later placed among the stars as the constellation Taurus. The Crab (Cancer). An ancient agricultural divinity, Saturn is represented as an old man bearing a sickle. As a Graeco-Roman god identified with Kronos-Chronos, he devours his own children and is the god of time and death.

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SPIRITUS ET VIRTUTES

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Quattuor hinc etiam nostrae instrumenta salutis Servare arcana relligione decet. Pectoris in fontem sanguis tenuissimus intrat. Nobilis assurgens spiritus inde venit. Viribus inde vigent toti vitalibus artus. Dicitur hic reliquis purior esse vapor. At cerebro velut aetherea dominantur in arce Effectus virtus quos animalis habet. Hepatis et stomachi vis naturalis ab oris Effluit, omnigeni sanguinis ista domus. Ergo spiritui sanguis deservit, at ille Sensibus. Hi famulos ceu rationis agunt. Quisquis amas igitur studiorum intendere curis, Haec tanta in promptu commoda semper habe. Qualis enim sensus de sanguine spiritibusque, Talibus ingenium viribus esse solet. Custodire potes medicas haec firma per artes, Si frugi vitam vivere forte voles. Haec, tibi Palladio quicunque ex pulvere laudem Quaeris, habe. Sed nos utraque turba manet.

Spiritus. Virtus vitalis. Animalis.

GENERALES TUENDAE VALETUDINIS PRAECEPTIUNCULAE Ergo age, quisquis eris, sive ista sequenda putabis Seu minus et forsan splendidiora petis, Hic quoque, ne dubita, pars est tibi iusta salutis. Parva etiam magnum plurima pondus habent.

81–218 Hi vv. leguntur hoc ordine in A: 109–120, 125–128, 135–136, 143–150, 167–174, 165–166, 163–164, 185–206, 151–158, 181–184, 159–162, 177–178, 175–176, 179–180, 207–218, 81–100. 81 Quattuor [Quattuor B in erratis, Quatuor B in textu]—salutis BO: Quattuor ergo tui velut instrumenta laboris A. In marg. ad 81 Studiosorum instrumenta. A. 82 decet BO: stude A. 85m Virtus vitalis BO: Virtus vitalis in corde A. 87m Animalis BO: Virtus animalis in cerebro A. 89–90 Hepatis—Effluit BO: Naturalis epar virtus stomachumque voracem / Possidet A. In marg. ad 89 Virtus naturalis in epate et stomacho. A. 90 ista AB: iste O. 101–108 Ergo—egent. add. BO.

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THE SPIRITS AND POWERS Next, we must religiously maintain the four instruments of our health.22 The thinnest part of the blood enters the wellspring of the breast. From there comes the noble spirit that rises upward. It is from that source that our whole body flourishes with the vital powers. This vapor is said to be purer than the others. But in the brain, that heavenly citadel, so to speak, the dominant effects are those generated by the animal power. The natural power flows forth from the region of the liver and stomach, [90] that home of the all-begetting blood. Thus the blood subserves the spirit, while the latter subserves the senses. These act as the servants of reason. All you scholars, therefore, who love to devote yourselves to studies, always keep these great benefits before your eyes. For as the senses are dependent on the blood and the spirits, so the mind is dependent on the aforementioned powers. You can keep these strong with the help of the healing arts, provided you are resolved to live a temperate life. These words are meant for those of you who seek renown in the arena of Pallas. [100] But now I go back to addressing both groups.23

The spirit. The vital power. The animal power.

SHORT GENERAL PRECEPTS FOR MAINTAINING HEALTH Well then, whoever you may be, whether or not you consider these precepts worth following or perhaps are looking for more dazzling ones, here too, have no doubt, you will find an essential part of health. Many small rules together also carry much weight.

22

23

In this section, Eobanus versifies Ficino, De vita 1.2. Just as athletes take good care of their legs and arms, singers of their voices, craftsmen of their tools, so literary scholars must take exquisite care of their own instruments: the brain, the heart, the stomach, and, above all, the spirit. The spirit is a pure, subtle, hot, and clear vapor, generated by the heart out of the more subtle blood. From the heart it ascends to the brain where the soul uses it for exercising the interior and exterior senses. Thus the blood subserves the spirit; the spirit, the senses; the senses, reason. The natural (nutritive) power resides in the liver and stomach and produces the blood. The heart is home to the vital power (the innate heat). The animal (sentient) power dominates in the brain. Scholars and the public at large.

70 105

110

A6v

115

120

125

130

135

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [1

Sit tibi praecipue simplex et recta voluntas Velle animi sana conditione frui. Quo si non valeas, frustra servare laboras Corpora quae medicae munere mentis egent. Omnia curarum fomenta relinque nec ullis Pectus habe pressum sollicitudinibus. Anxia mens non ipsa sibi, non rebus agendis Constat. Ab hac vicium corpora saepe trahunt. Hinc variae pestes, morborum hinc mille figurae. Crede animum nostri corporis esse ducem. Saepe graves ista veniunt ex arce labores, Sicut ab aereis pestilis aura plagis. Quaere igitur, sed honesta, tuis solatia curis, Quae tibi nec somni nec loca sola dabunt. Utere convivis non tristibus. Utere amicis Quos nugae et risus et ioca salsa iuvant. Quem non blanda iuvent varii modulamina cantus, Huic iecur et renes aegraque corda stupent, Nam nihil humanas tanta dulcedine mentes Afficit ac melicae nobile vocis opus. Tange lyram digitis, animi dolor omnis abibit. Dulcisonum reficit tristia corda melos. Ira, animis laetale malum, procul absit. Ab illa Mors saepe ingeniis corporibusque venit. Turbat enim caecaque animos caligine versat Et sensus tota cum ratione rapit. Sicut enim tactae ferro candente lacunae, Sic motu calidi sanguinis ira fremit. Hinc subitis fractos accendit febribus artus. Saepius his etiam deteriora facit. Hinc atram ratione omni praevertere bilem Convenit et causis non statuisse locum.

De affectibus animi. Tristicia.

Laeticia.

Ira.

109–111m De affectibus animi. Tristicia BO: Prima [sc. regula]. Tristitia vitanda A. 117m Laeticia. add. BO. 121–124 Quem non—opus. add. BO. 122 Huic B (in erratis) O: Hinc B (in textu). 125 lyram BO: chelin A. 129–134 Turbat—facit. add. BO.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

First and foremost, make the simple and right resolution for yourself to want to enjoy a sound condition of mind. If you are not healthy in that regard, you will labor in vain to maintain a body that lacks the mind’s power of healing. Get rid of everything that foments cares and [110] do not allow any worries to press on your heart. A distressed mind is not itself; it is incapable of action. From this, the body often contracts an ailment. Hence, plagues of all sorts; hence, myriad forms of diseases. Believe me, the mind is our body’s guide. Often grave afflictions emanate from that citadel, just like a pestilential breeze from the regions of the air. Seek out ways, therefore, to relieve your cares, respectable ways, however, the kind that neither sleep nor solitude will provide. Enjoy merry table companions. Enjoy friends [120] who revel in banter and laughs and witty jests. Whoever is not cheered by the alluring melodies of diverse songs is dead in liver and kidneys and troubled heart, for nothing thrills human minds with such deep enchantment as the noble music of a tuneful voice. Strum the lute with your fingers, and all the soul’s pain will flee. A sweetsounding melody restores the despondent heart. Let anger, that deadly evil for souls, stay far away. From there, death often befalls minds and bodies. For anger plunges the soul into turmoil and whirls it about in a blind fog [130] and sweeps away the senses, together with all reasoning power. For much like a pool of water touched by white-hot iron, so anger seethes when the blood boils hot. That is how it debilitates the limbs and inflames them with sudden fevers. Very often it causes even worse effects than this. For that reason one had best forestall black bile at all costs and give it no chance to make trouble.

71

The affects of the mind. Despondency.

Gladness.

Anger.

72

140

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [1

Quid referam nimio gliscentia gaudia motu? Quid referam nimio pectora fracta metu? Caetera quid referam quae mentes plurima nostras Evertunt, miseris noxia corporibus?

Gaudium. Metus.

DE HIS QUAE AD CORPUS PERTINENT

A7r

145

150

155

160

A7v 165

Quod si vis constare animo, studia atque labores Corporis observa cum ratione tui. Immodici sensus perturbat copia Bacchi. Inde quis enumeret quot mala proveniant? Corporis exhaurit succos animique vigorem Opprimit. Ingenium strangulat atque necat. Sed prius in sicca gaudebit piscis arena, Bacche oblite modi, quam tua damna canam. Ergo modum praescribe deo tam grande nocenti. Cum venit accepta conditione, iuvat. Mane relucentes caput erecturus in auras, Et caput et corpus leniter omne frica. Tum porro manibus puro de fonte lavatis Os, oculos, dentes purior unda lavet. Tum compone vagos, sed eburno pectine, crines. Haec cerebro res est non medicina levis. Dum licet, ante cibum, stomacho sine pondere, corpus Omne bis exerce, sed modice et leviter. Prandia non adeas nisi amor te cogat edendi Et vacuum stomachum noveris ante cibo, Peius enim nihil est humano in corpore quam si Mistio discordans fiat uterque cibus. Vina sitim, comedenda famem spectare decebit. Invito stomacho qualiacunque nocent. Bis tibi quoque die cibus est sumendus, at ille

Ebrietas.

Frictio. Lotio. Comptio. Exercitium. Exspectandum appetitum.

Cibus.

137–142 Quid referam—ratione tui. add. BO. 143m Ebrietas BO: Ebrietas nimia A. 146 Opprimit. Ingenium BO: Opprimit et mentes A. Post 148 legitur in A: Atque ea sunt alio quodam mihi dicta libello, / Et sunt nequitiae nomina multa tuae. 151m Frictio BO: Fricatio A. 155 compone conieci: comato ABO. 157m Exercitium scripsi: Exercit. BO: Exercitium ante prandium A. 159m Exspectandum appetitum BO: Appetitus semper expectandus A. In marg. ad 163 Spectandam appetentiam. A. 165 Bis tibi—cibus est BO: Quotidie cibus est tibi bis A. 165m Cibus BO: Cibus qualis A.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

Why speak of joys that blaze up too violently? Why speak of hearts broken by inordinate fear? Why speak of the great many other passions that [140] overthrow our minds and wreak harm on our poor bodies?

73 Joy. Fear.

CONCERNING THOSE MATTERS THAT PERTAIN TO THE BODY Now if you want to preserve your faculties unimpaired, be smart and pay attention to the needs and workings of the body. Immoderate wine bibbing perturbs the senses. Who can reckon up how many ills arise from that? It saps the body’s strength and extinguishes vigor of mind. It strangles and kills the intellect. But sooner will a fish rejoice on dry land than I could sing of all the damage you cause, Bacchus, when you forget restraint. Therefore, put a limit on that god who can inflict such havoc. [150] When he comes on this condition, he delights. Each morning, before you raise your head into the new light of day, gently massage both the head and entire body. Then, after washing your hands in clean running water, use even cleaner water to rinse your face, eyes, teeth. Then straighten out your tousled hair, but with an ivory comb. This practice is no mean medicine for the brain.24 Whenever you can, exercise the whole body twice a day before a meal,25 on an empty stomach, but moderately and gently. Do not sit down at table unless a desire to eat compels you [160] and you know your stomach is empty of the previous meal, for nothing is worse in the human body than when two meals combine to form a discordant mix. Wine should be guided by thirst, food by hunger. When the stomach rebels, everything is harmful. You should, moreover, take food twice a day. However, let it be well seasoned,26 easily

24 25 26

Drunkenness.

Massage. Washing. Combing. Exercise. Wait for appetite.

Food.

Ficino recommends this practice as a preparation for meditation and scholarly study; see De vita 1.8. Eobanus’s commentator Placotomus explains: before lunch and dinner. Because scholars are predisposed to an excess of black bile and hence to melancholy, they should counteract the cold humor by seasoning their food with hot spices. Cf. l. 318 below.

74

170

175

180

185

A8r

190

195

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [1

Sit bene conditus, sit levis et modicus. Moesta procul fugiant longae fastidia mensae. Sic pota ut sitias, sic ede ut esurias. Nec propere a mensa studiis intenderis unquam, Sed tribus aut horis quattuor inde vaca. Quod si forte tibi quiddam dormire necesse est, Altera post epulas fluxerit hora vide. Ocia perturbant stomachum. Iuvat actio, ni sit Nondum concocto turbidus ille cibo. Utiliter vegetant vocalis verbera linguae, Arma, pilae, saltus, tessera, cursus, equi. Qui bene concoxit, multo satis ille labori est; Qui male, praescripta se ratione gerat. Ut peccat stomachum qui mole gravavit iniqua, Sic plerunque nimis continuisse nocet. Lotus ubi exieris thermas, fuge frigora. Pransus, Stare potes, modice (si libet) ire potes. Stantis enim cibus in stomacho considit. Euntis Est eadem ratio, si pede tardus eat. Meiere profuerit quoties vesica laborat, Fece gravis venter nec cohibendus erit. Nec flatum retine nisi noxia cogat honestas. Hic est natura praeside turpe nihil. Edicto vetuit crepitus ructusque teneri Claudius. O medici principis imperium! Esse magis frugi coenam quam sumptibus auctam, Lauta quidem, sed non fercula multa velim. A coena vigilans unam ne excesseris horam, Ne cerebro noceat nox vigilata tuo. Occiduo cum sole cubilia strata subintra. Tu quoque de plumis hoc redeunte redi.

Satietas. Studium a cibo. Somnus a cibo. Ocium. Exercitium.

Concoctio.

Balneum. Quatenus standum eundumque. Mictio. Excretio.

Crepitus. Ructus. Coena. Studium a coena. Quando dormiendum surgendumque.

166 bene BO: probe A. 167 longae AB: longe O. 169m Studium a cibo BO: Non studendum statim a mensa A. 170 Sed BO: Aut A; quattuor AO: quatuor B. 171m Somnus a cibo BO: Non dormiendum a cibo statim A. 173m Exercitium A: Exercit. BO. In marg. ad 175 Quae exercitia. A. 177–178m Concoctio BO: Concoctio bona. Mala A. In marg. ad 179– 180 Medium tenuere beati. A. 183 considit 1533, Camerarius (1551): consedit ABO. 185m Mictio BO: Vesica A. 186m Excretio BO: Venter A. 187 cogat AB: cogit O. In marg. ad 187 Flatus ventris. A. 191m Coena BO: Coena qualis A. 192 quidem BO: magis A. 193 vigilans BO: lucubrans A. 193m Studium a coena BO: Post coenam quatenus lucubrandum A.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

digested, and moderate in amount. Keep well clear of the cloying satiety that a lengthy dinner brings on. Drink as your thirst requires; eat as your hunger demands. Never apply yourself to studies immediately after table, [170] but first allow three or four hours of leisure.27 Now if you happen to need a nap after a big dinner, be sure to let an hour or two elapse. Inactivity upsets the stomach. Exertion does it good, provided it is not churning with as yet unconcocted food.28 Effectively invigorating activities include loud reading, fencing, ball games, jumping, playing at dice, running, horseback riding. Anyone who has concocted well can handle a vigorous workout. If not, he should keep the exercise within prescribed limits. Overloading the stomach is [180] generally just as harmful as too much restraint. When you emerge washed from a hot bath, take care not to get chilled. After lunch you may stand or, if you like, take a moderate walk. For the food settles in the stomach while you stand. Walking affords the same benefit, so long as you stroll at an easy pace. It is beneficial to urinate any time the bladder is strained. A belly laden with feces should not be held back either. Do not suppress a wind except when injurious decency compels. There is nothing shameful about the urging of nature. In an edict, Claudius forbade the restraining of farts and burps. [190] Oh, the authority of a physician-in-chief! Dinner I would like to be frugal rather than lavish, the courses to be elegant, certainly, but not numerous. After dinner do not stay up for more than an hour lest a sleepless night harm your brain. Slip under the blankets with the setting sun. When it rises again, you too should

27 28

75 Satiety. Studying after a meal. Sleeping after a meal. Inactivity. Exercise.

Concoction.

Bathing. How much one should stand and walk. Urination. Excretion. Farts. Burps. Dinner. Studying after dinner. When to sleep and rise.

Intellectual activity was believed to hinder the digestive process. For that reason, studying is best done in the morning and afternoon, not after a big dinner. Medical authorities likened digestion in the stomach to cooking (“concoction”), just as food is cooked in a kettle over a blazing fire. See Ken Albala, Eating Right in the Renaissance (Berkeley, 2002), 54–62.

76

200

205

210

215 A8v

220

225

230

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [1

Sic etenim ratio naturae suadet et illas Condidit ingeniis corporibusque vices. Tempora nam somno nocturna, diurna labori Cum daret, haec voluit nos data iussa sequi. Sed quia tardat hyems Phoebum, quia tempore messis Exorta citius luce colorat humum, Ipsa parens rerum tibi tres et quattuor horas Deputat. Haec iustae tempora noctis erunt. Dormiture, latus dextrum preme, mane sinistrum. Ingestum ratio concoquit ista cibum. Quaeritis an Veneri liceat parere vocanti? Hic quoque erit certus (sicut ubique) modus. Multa Venus vires exhaurit spiritibusque Noxia consumit corpora mille modis. Rara levat corpusque iuvat Venus. Optima vita est Quae neque casta nimis nec nimis est petulans. At tu, cui studii flores fructusque petuntur, Si possis Venerem spernere, sanus eris. Nanque nec Aonidum Venus improba ludit in hortis, Nec turpes flammas Musa pudica probat. Ipsa gubernatrix studiorum casta Minerva est. Artibus ingenuis est inimica Venus. Iam ne cuncta putes parvo voluisse libello Claudere, quae nemo dinumerare queat, Accipe consilium quo non est verius ullum Atque ita Naturam dicere crede tibi: Sanus es et nullis confectus corpora morbis Et tuus es nec te iussa aliena trahunt, Nullius obstrictus medicorum legibus esto. Deformet corpus nullus alipta tuum. Quin potius varium vitae sectare tenorem Teque tibi similem ne patiare diu. Nunc urbana potes tractare negocia. Saepe Rura graves casus non habitura petes.

Somnus naturalis.

Venus.

Quid agendum bene valentibus.

Laudes et commoda vitae rusticae.

200 daret BO: dedit A. 203 quattuor A: quatuor BO. 203m Somnus naturalis BO: Somnus naturalis horae septem A. In marg. ad 205 Quomodo cubandum. A. 206 Ingestum— cibum BO: Incoctum ratio digerit illa cibum A. 207m Venus. BO: om. A. In marg. ad 209, 211, 213 Venus frequens. Rara. Studiis inimica. A.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

rise from bed. That indeed is what the law of nature advises and why she ordained this regular alternation for minds and bodies. For when she gave us nighttime to sleep and daytime to work, [200] she wanted us to follow these commands. But because winter retards the sunrise, because in harvest time the sun tinges the earth earlier with its morning light, Mother Nature herself allots you seven hours. That will be the right amount of time per night. When you go to sleep, lie on your right side; in the morning, on your left. This practice helps concoct the food you took in. Are you wondering if we may heed the call of Venus? Here too (as in everything else) there is a definite limit. Frequent intercourse drains the powers, harms the spirits, [210] and exhausts the body in myriad ways. Occasional intercourse refreshes and benefits the body. The best way of life is one that is neither too chaste nor too wanton. But you, to whom the blossoms and fruits of scholarship beckon, if you can spurn Venus, you will keep well. After all, shameless Venus does not sport in the Muses’ gardens, nor does the virginal Muse approve of lustful flames. Minerva, the directress of studies, is chaste herself. The sworn enemy of the liberal arts is Venus. Now, lest you imagine that I intend to cram every last rule into this little booklet—[220] nobody could possibly compile a full list—take the truest advice of all and imagine Nature instructing you as follows: If you are healthy and your body is not impaired by any diseases, if you are your own master and not obliged to follow others’ commands, then do not feel constrained by medical rules. Don’t let a trainer contort your body. Instead, follow a varied manner of life and avoid staying in a rut for long. Sometimes you’ll want to handle your affairs in town. Often [230] you’ll seek the country to escape the burden

77

Natural sleep.

Venus.

Advice for those in good health.

The advantages and benefits of country life.

78

235

240 B1r

245

250

255

260

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [1

Mille voluptatum species tibi rura ministrant. Non aliquo poteris sanior esse loco. Nunc timidum longa captabis arundine piscem, Nunc udo aeriam vimine fallis avem. Nunc errare greges pecudum spectabis ab alto Vertice, nunc sylvas frigidaque antra subis. Nusquam commodius quam vivere rure beato. Illa potest ipsos vita decere deos. Felices, quos rura iuvant, quibus illa voluptas Contigit! Hoc optem vivere posse modo. Hac ego vel Croesos vita mutare ducentos, Hac asini nolim ditia sceptra Midae. Saepe hic profuerit placidae indulsisse quieti. Saepius at sanis praestat agenda dari. Perdit enim validas vecors ignavia vires. Confirmat modicus restituitque labor. Illa senectutem citius quam debuit affert; Hic aevi florem donat adesse diu. Interdum thermas, interdum frigida inibis Balnea. Saepe unges corpora, saepe minus. Saepe cibis tuto poteris vulgaribus uti. Saepe frequens, alio tempore solus eris. Nonnunquam plus quam decuit sumpsisse ciborum; Nunc potes audacem non habuisse gulam. Utilius multum, qui concoquit omnia, sumit. Nulla quidem sanis regula certa datur. Haec poterunt servare alacres et corpore firmi. Ius libertatis nullius aeger habet. Sanus es, auxilium noli consumere morbi, Ut, si forte cadas, tu medeare tibi. Nam cito destituunt consumptae corpora vires. Restituunt validae quamlibet aegra sibi.

Ignavia. Labor.

234 aeriam scripsi: aereum A, aerium BO. 242 asini nolim … sceptra BO: nolim Phrygii … regna A. 246 modicus 1533: medicus ABO.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

of cares. The countryside will offer you a thousand kinds of delight. There is no other place where you could be healthier. Now you’ll catch timorous fish with a long rod, now you’ll snare a bird of the air with a limed twig. Sometimes you’ll sit on a hilltop watching herds of cattle roam. At other times, you’ll plunge into forests and refreshing caves. Nowhere is life so pleasant as in the blessed countryside. Such a life would be fit for the gods themselves. Happy those who can enjoy the country and are granted that delight! [240] If I could, I would love to live in this way myself. I would not trade this life for even two hundred Croesuses or the opulent realms of Midas the Ass.29 Often it will do you good to indulge in quiet relaxation there. More often, though, it is better for healthy people to be given things to do. In truth, mindless sloth destroys physical fitness. Moderate work strengthens and restores it. The former brings on old age faster than it should; the latter prolongs the flower of youth. Sometimes you’ll take hot baths, sometimes cold ones. [250] Often you’ll rub your body with oil, often not at all. Often it will be perfectly fine to use everyday foods. Often you’ll be in company, at other times by yourself. Now and again you can eat more than is proper; then you can go back to keeping your appetite in check. If you are able to digest everything, you may eat whatever you like. Indeed, for healthy people there is no set rule. People who are active and sound of body are free to adhere to these guidelines. The sick do not have any such freedom. If you are in good health, do not deplete your reserves against disease. [260] Then, if you do happen to fall ill, you can get over it by yourself. For once sapped, strength rapidly fails the body. Robust fitness speedily restores the body to itself, no matter how sick.

29

79

Sloth. Work.

King Midas of Phrygia asked Bacchus to make everything he touched become gold. It was not until his food and drink turned to gold, too, that he recognized the folly of his wish. Later he foolishly preferred Pan’s pipes to Apollo’s lyre, whereupon Apollo punished him by giving him ass’s ears. See Ov. Met. 11.100–179; Eob. Nob. 320; Vitanda ebriet. 4.1.

80

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [1

SIMPLICIUM CIBORUM FACULTATES ALIQUOT

B1v 265

270

275

280

285

Nunc tibi quae ratio, quae sit natura ciborum Versibus imparibus noster Apollo canet, Non tamen omnigenum. Quis enim queat? Ista futurae Praemetium messis carmina pauca damus. Sicut edax ignis praepinguem lampada pascit Donec stuppa calens quo foveatur habet; Postquam deinde sequax flammam defecerit humor, Ipsa perexiguo tempore tota perit: Sic calor in nostro bibit humida corpore donec Naturae faciles sunt alimenta cibi. Quae si deficiant rimantem cuncta calorem, Certum est hoc animam depereunte sequi. Nanque ubi iam quod agat non invenit, efflat in auras Materia vires destituente suas. Illa igitur ratio est quae corpora nostra foveri Praecipit et vires sustinuisse cibo. Nam quia dissolvunt calor et qui circuit aer, In loca qui subeant est opus esse cibos. Qui quia sunt varii nec ab una lege petendi, Refert accipias quosve quibusve modis. Utque hinc incipiam: quosdam quaesisse videmus Quae caro plus vegetet corpora quaeque minus. Bruta feris video praelata domestica, quorum Plus alimentorum carnibus esse putant. Illa tamen durant et fortia corpora reddunt, Haec ut sana magis constituantur agunt.

Naturalis ratio ciborum a simili.

Calor et humor in corpore.

Differentia animalium.

In marg. ad 263 De ratione ciborum. A. 266 messis scripsi: messi ABO. 267m Naturalis— simili BO: Ratio ciborum naturalis. A simili A. 270 perexiguo AB: per exiguo O. 271m corpore BO: corpore humano A. 278 vires—cibo BO: certa lege necesse facit A. 279 Nam BO: Et A. 285m Differentia animalium BO: Animalia fera. Domestica A.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

81

SOME PROPERTIES OF THE SIMPLE FOODS Now my Apollo will sing for you, in verses of unequal length,30 what is the basic principle, what the nature of foods. However, I don’t intend to treat all varieties. For who could manage that? I offer these few verses as first fruits of the harvest to come. Just as consuming fire feeds on an oil lamp for as long as the glowing wick possesses fuel to keep it alive; but then, after the sustaining moisture runs out, [270] the flame dies completely in a very short time: so the heat in our body drinks up the radical moisture for as long as nature has a ready supply to feed on.31 But if that sustenance fails the all-searching heat, the heat dies too. As soon as this happens, the breath of life inevitably follows. For when the heat no longer finds anything to act on, the fuel having run out, it breathes out its powers into the air. This, then, is the principle that enjoins us to nurture our body and sustain its powers with food. For because the innate heat and the enveloping air deplete the powers, [280] we have to keep eating foods to replenish them. Because there are many kinds of foods and no one rule covers them all, it is important to know which to take, and in what way. And to start off with this: I see that some physicians have studied which type of meat quickens the body more, which less. To wild beasts, I see, they prefer domesticated animals, whose meat they deem more nutritious. The former, however, harden and strengthen the body, while the latter make for a healthier constitution.

30 31

Physiological explanation for foods by way of a simile. Heat and moisture in the body.

Differences in animals.

In elegiac verse. In ancient-medieval physiology, the body’s innate heat is fueled by the radical moisture, very much as a burning lamp consumes oil. Appropriate foods, consumed in moderation and well digested, were thought capable of moderating and slowing down this natural process and hence of prolonging life.

82

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [1

CARNES

B2r

290

295

300

305

310

B2v 315

320

Quis neget? Utque negat nemo, sic prima suillis Carnibus et merita gloria laude datur. Erepti pavidis lactentes matribus hoedi, Et multis nuper nata capella placet. Attamen est ratio palmam tribuisse suillis, Quod similes hominum carnibus esse ferunt. Quod verum docuit rerum experientia doctrix, Quae potior causis omnibus esse potest. Saepe humana aliquos in viscera casus adegit, Atque homines iussit mandere dira fames. Ne quid inexpertum medicina relinqueret, olim Membratim vivos execuisse ferunt. Atque ita divinum paucorum crimine munus Facta (nefas dictu) carnificina fuit. Quae velut e spacio res me tulit. Ergo suillae Vis naturae hominum proxima carnis erat. Lanigerarum ovium succo peccante redundat, Hircus olens itidem capraque crimen habent. De bove semper edat qui bilem despicit atram. Quo senior bos est, hoc caro peior erit. Viscera si quis edit vetulae praerancida vaccae, Implicitus duris febribus esse volet. Me lepus hyberno caulem depastus in horto, Quantumvis bilis terreat atra, capit, Me tener e caecis data praeda cuniculus antris, Me tenerum quicquid lustra domusque ferunt, Me tener haec inter, certum licet ipsa sciuro Ridiculo nomen lingua Latina neget. Concoctu nimium dura est cervina, sed illam Conditam calidis sumere saepe licet. Laudatur vitulina magis, sed ab ubere matris Rapta modo. Est veteri gratia nempe minor. Summatim, nova sunt semper meliora vetustis Et stomacho possunt commodiore coqui.

Suilla. Hoedina. Capellarum. Suilla humanae similima.

Erophilus et Erasistratus.

Ovina. Hircina. Caprina. Bubula. Vaccina. Leporina. Cuniculina. Sciurina. Cervina. Vitulina. Recentes. Vetustae.

289m Suilla BO: Carnes. Suilla A. 291 lactentes BO: lactantes A. 300 execuisse ferunt BO: execuere viros A. 306 habent BO: habet A. 309 edit BO: edat A. 315–316 Me tener—neget. (cum adnotatione marginali) add. BO. 320 Est veteri BO: Veteri est A.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

83

MEATS Who would deny it? Surely no one! Well then, among the meats, pork [290] is rightfully given pride of place. Suckling kids, snatched from their frightened mothers, and newborn she-goats are a great favorite with many. Nevertheless, there is reason to award the palm to pork, because it is said to be similar to human flesh. This has been shown by that great teacher, experience, which can be far more authoritative than any theory. Calamity has often driven some to human flesh, and dreadful hunger has compelled them to devour people. So that medicine might leave nothing unexplored, [300] men long ago are said to have been dissected limb by limb while yet alive. And thus, through the inhumanity of a few, that gift from heaven (horrible to say) was turned into the executioner’s trade. This discussion has, so to speak, gotten me off on a tangent. As I was saying, in its natural essence pork is nearest to human flesh. The meat of wooly sheep contains an excess of bad juice. The stinking he-goat and she-goat have the same problem. Eat beef any time you like, so long as you don’t mind the black bile. The older the ox, the worse its flesh will be. Anyone who eats the really rancid meat of an old cow [310] must wish to be in the toils of harsh fevers. I myself am fond of hares fattened on cabbage in the winter garden, even though the black bile alarms me. I am also fond of tender rabbits taken as prey from their dark burrows and of whatever tender meat the woods and yards bring forth—including the tender flesh of the amusing squirrel, an animal to which the Latin language denies a name of its own.32 Deer meat is very hard to concoct. Seasoned with hot spices, however, it may be taken frequently. The flesh of calves has more to commend it, but only if snatched from the mother’s teats. [320] That of an older calf, of course, is less palatable. Summarily speaking, the flesh of young animals is always superior to that of old ones, for it is more easily concocted in the stomach. Correspondingly,

32

Of pigs. Of kids. Of she-goats. Pork the most similar to human flesh.

Herophilus and Erasistratus.

Of sheep. Of he-goats. Of she-goats. Of oxen. Of cows. Of hares. Of rabbits. Of squirrels. Of deer. Of calves.

Young. Old.

If you want to say “squirrel” in Latin, you have to use sciurus, a word taken from Greek.

84

325

330

335

B3r 340

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [1

Sic maribus castrata, praeibunt pinguia siccis Quadrupedum, nec nos caetera turba movet. Vidi ego in Arctois impexum Tartaron oris Immanes avidis dentibus esse feras. Vidi et equina fero laniare cadavera morsu Crudaque Sauromatis frusta fuisse cibum. Quas ego non alces, immania monstra, comedi! Quos ego non uros semiferasque boves! Dii melius, tali vitam quam degere cultu Qui nihil humani, nomina praeter, habet! Nos caelo meliore sati meliora sequemur, Corporis atque animi quo tueamur opes. Quae quibus adfuerint, non illis aurea deerit Copia, nec regnum divitis omne Midae. Tam bene si valeas animoque et corpore, vinces Quae bona cunque homini maximus orbis habet. Hoc poteris medicas pulchre tenuisse per artes, Si modo non sordent haec elementa tibi.

Victus barbarorum. Equi. Alces. Uri.

MEMBRA ANIMALIUM

345

350

Ergo ubi carne famem pulsurus es, hoc quoque cura, Quid faciant stomacho singula membra tuo. Auribus et rostris, quae sunt in quoque animali, Et caro durior est et minus apta coqui. Lingua parum nutrit quia laxa et sanguine cassa est, Sive sit illa avium, sive sit illa boum. Mammarum de glande ferunt praestare suillas, Exangues renes non cito posse coqui. Saepe avidis cerebellorum pituita molesta est. Apte cocta tamen convenienter alunt. Spinarum similis cerebro solet esse medulla. Dulcia gustanti plus tamen illa sapit. Cor, iecur, atque lien succi sunt nulla ferentis Commoda, sed nigra corpora bile gravant.

Aures. Rostra. Lingua. Mammillae. Glandes. Renes. Cerebra. Medulla spinarum. Cor. Iecur. Lien.

325m Victus barbarorum. add. BO. 327 laniare BO: lacerare A. 327m Equi. BO: Equina. A. 330m Uri BO: Uri. Boves sylvestres A. 331 vitam quam BO: quam vitam A. In marg. ad 341 Membra animalium. A. 353 sunt AB: sum O.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

the flesh of castrated beasts is preferable to that of uncastrated ones, the flesh of fatted animals to that of lean ones. The other quadrupeds do not appeal to us. With my own eyes I saw the unkempt Tartar in the north country ravenously devouring huge beasts. I saw the Sarmatians, too, savagely tearing at the flesh of dead horses and using the uncooked morsels for food. What a lot of elk I consumed, enormous monsters! [330] What a lot of aurochs and half-wild oxen I ate! Thank God we don’t lead so barbaric a life as that, which, but for the name, has nothing human about it! We, who were born under a better sky, will follow a better counsel by which to preserve the treasures of body and mind. Whoever possesses them will not lack for golden plenty or the whole realm of rich Midas. If you are truly healthy in mind and body, you will surpass whatever blessing the whole wide world has to offer a person. You can maintain this state excellently well with the help of the medical arts, [340] provided you do not dismiss these rudiments as so much rubbish.

85

The food of the barbarians. Horses. Elk. Aurochs.

THE PARTS OF ANIMALS Well then, when you are looking to slake hunger with meat, also pay attention to what the individual parts do in your stomach. The flesh of ears and snouts in every animal is rather tough and not easy to concoct. The tongue gives little nourishment because it is spongy and bloodless, no matter whether it is that of birds or of oxen. As for the mammary gland, the best are reputed to be those of swine. Being bloodless, kidneys cannot be concocted quickly, they say. Those avid for brains often find the phlegm hard to take. [350] When properly concocted, however, they are quite nutritious. The marrow of the spine generally resembles the brain. However, it is sweeter to the taste. The heart, liver, and spleen contain juice that, far from providing benefits, burdens the body with black bile. The lung is readily con-

Ears. Snouts. Tongue. Udders. Glands. Kidneys. Brain. Marrow of the spine. Heart. Liver. Spleen.

86 355

360

Concoctu facilis pulmo est et laxior illis, Sed nimio utentes phlegmate tardat ali. Intestina quoque humorem crassum omnia gignunt, Incondita magis, pulverulenta minus. Caetera praestabunt medici maiora professi. Noster in exiguo pulvere sudat equus.

Pulmo. Intestina.

AVES

B3v

365

370

375

380

B4r

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [1

385

Plumigerarum avium ratio est diversa, quod illae Digestu faciles corpora peius alunt, Ex his praecipue perdix tenerique columbi Et quae de Scythico Phaside nomen habet Gallinaeque hominum manibus data pabula pastae, Coniugio pingues, galle propheta, tuo, Et quas prisca suis celebravit Ionia mensis, Ignotae nostras (ut reor) inter aves. Firmius in parvis alimentum creditur ut quas Allectas pastu retia parva trahunt: Vocales merulae fringillaque frigore gaudens Et passer petulans et galeata caput. Sed tamen a nostris patinis procul, improbe passer, Esse velis. Plus te dulcis alauda placet. Voce sua melius vernabit Daulias ales, Possit ut ingratae quam cibus esse gulae. Stercoreos edat ille epopas dirasque Celenos Qui tantum possit non metuisse nefas. Inter aves turdus qui dixit gloria prima est, Quercubus Epyri verior ille fuit. Plus tamen hanc commendat hyems aestate volucrem, Tunc loca iuniperis nanque referta colunt. Gratior autumni praepingues copia reddit. Tunc humiles colles et loca plana tenent. Quid moror in parvis? Mensarum gloria, pavo Plus lauti et nitidi quam bonitatis habet.

Perdices. Columbi. Phasiani. Gallinae. Attagenes. Aviculae. Merulae. Fringillae. Passeres. Alaudae. Lusciniae. Epopes. Harpyiae. Turdi.

Pavones.

In marg. ad 361 Aves. A. 363 praecipue BO: praecipuae A. 366–368 Coniugio—aves BO: Notior et priscis attagen Ionibus A. 371m Fringillae BO: Fringilla A. 376 Possit ut BO: Debeat A. 384 tenent A: colunt BO per dittographiam.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

cocted and spongier than the already mentioned parts, but being too full of phlegm, it is slow to yield its nourishment to eaters. Intestines likewise all produce a thick humor, the unseasoned ones more, the well-spiced ones less. The rest will be found in the physicians who have set more ambitious goals. [360] My foaming horse runs on a very small track.

87 Lung. Intestines.

FOWLS Feathered fowls are different33 in that they are easy to digest but nourish the body less. This is especially true for the partridge, the tender pigeons, and the bird that takes its name from the Phasis River in Scythia,34 also for the hens that are grain-fed by human hands and fattened with its mate, the prophetic rooster, as well as for the ones that ancient Ionia commended for her tables but to my knowledge are unknown among our own fowls. The nourishment provided by small birds such as [370] are lured with food and caught in small nets is thought to be more substantial: the tuneful blackbirds, the frost-loving chaffinch, the saucy sparrow, and the crested lark. All the same, wanton sparrow, be so good as to keep far from our skillets! The delightful lark is more agreeable than you. The Daulian bird will warble its spring song far too well to serve as food for the ungrateful gullet. As for the dung-eating hoopoes and dreadful Celaenos,35 let him who does not shrink from such an abomination feed on them. Whoever said that “among birds the thrush is the prime glory” [380] spoke truer than the oaks of Epirus.36 Still, this bird is better enjoyed in winter than in summer, for then they haunt places crammed with juniper trees. The more satisfying abundance of autumn really fattens them up. In that season they keep to the low hills and level plains. Why speak only of small fowls? Ornament of the table, the peacock possesses more gentility and beauty than wholesomeness. The first to 33 34 35 36

Partridges. Pigeons. Pheasants. Hens. Francolins. Small birds. Blackbirds. Chaffinches. Sparrows. Larks. Nightingales. Hoopoes. Harpies. Thrushes.

Peacocks.

Different from the quadrupeds, as Placotomus explains. Pheasants are so named because they were first imported from the Phasis River in Colchis. Vultures. In Vergil’s Aeneid, Celaeno is one of the Harpies—man-eating vultures with the faces of women. The quotation comes from Mart. 13.92; the translation is adapted from D.R. Shackleton Bailey. Martial, Eobanus says, spoke more truly than Jupiter’s oracle in the oak groves of Epirus.

88

390

395

400

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [1

Intulit hunc primus coenis Hortensius audax. Addubites lingua doctior anne gula. Saepe meas oneret mensas fluviatilis anser, Dum diffarcta gravet corpora pinguis adeps. Corpora multum implet, sed adhaeret inutilis humor Et stomacho insidens vix bene digeritur. Tu tamen implumes sapienter adederis alas. Rectius his editur partibus omnis avis. Parvum distat anas, cervice et pectore praestans. Dixerit ergo aliquis: “Caetera redde coquo.” Munda valebat edi rostratior omnibus ales, Sed Palamedeae praevaluistis aves. Qui primus docuit Phoebeos mandere cygnos, In Phoebum et Musas impius ille fuit. Sed tamen hos eadem ratio est imponere mensis Quae reliquis raro parcit aquatilibus. Omnes nanque fere sunt deterioris eduli Quae volucrum fluvios pigraque stagna colunt.

Anseres.

Alae avium. Anates. Ciconiae. Grues. Cygni.

Aquaticae omnes.

FRUCTUS ARBORUM 405

B4v 410

Nunc quid ab arboribus prosit noceatve legenti, Parte aliqua tantum, sed breviore, canam. Nec mea glandiferas quercus nondum orbis adulti Musa canet, verum temporis huius opes, Praecipue autumni praegnantes divitis hortos, Copia quem cornu tota fluente beat. Ergo tot inter opes regnantis fructibus anni Prima locum merito ficus et uva tenent, Utraque nam succis implet melioribus et nil Quae noceant vicii damna ferentis habet.

Ficus. Uvae.

390 Dum—adeps BO: Dummodo sagina membra gravata trahat A. 398 Sed BO: Cui A. 403–404 Omnes—colunt BO: Omnis enim volucrum fluvios quae turba frequentat / Edulii vicium deterioris habet A. 403m Aquaticae omnes BO: Aves aquaticae A. In marg. ad 405 FRUCTUS arborum. A. 406 breviore AB (B in erratis) O: breviora B (in textu). In marg. ad 407 Glandes. A. 409 praegnantes BO: pregnantis A. 413 implet BO: implent A. 414 Quae BO: Quo A; habet scripsi: habent ABO.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

serve it for dinner was the daring Hortensius. Here you may well wonder if he was more discerning in the tongue than the palate.37 May my tables be oft laden with the river goose, [390] so long as oily fat burdens their overstuffed bodies. Its flesh is very nutritious. However, an unwholesome juice clings to it; and because it lies heavy in the stomach, it is hard to digest. You are nevertheless well advised to nibble on the plucked wings. These parts are the most wholesome of every bird. The duck is not all that different. Its neck and breast are outstanding. That is why somebody or other might well quip: “Send the rest back to the cook.”38 The elegant fowl that is longer-billed than all others was once considered good to eat, but that was before you, Palamedes’s birds,39 carried the day. Whoever it was who first taught the eating of Phoebus’s swans [400] showed no reverence toward Phoebus and the Muses.40 They are nonetheless served at banquets for the same reason that seldom spares the other waterfowls. Still, all the ones that haunt rivers and sluggish marshes are generally not as good to eat.

89

Geese.

Bird wings. Ducks. Storks. Cranes. Swans.

All waterfowls.

THE FRUIT OF TREES Now, if only selectively, and very briefly at that, I will sing which tree fruits benefit or harm those who pick them. However, my Muse will not sing of the acorn-laden oaks of primitive times, only of modernday riches, particularly the orchards swelling in the teeming autumn, [410] which Abundance blesses with overflowing horn. Well then, among the many treasures of the fruit-bearing season, the fig and grape deservedly hold first place, for each of them nourishes the body with excellent juices and has no drawbacks that might

37 38 39 40

Figs. Grapes.

Q. Hortensius Hortalus (114–50 BCE) was Cicero’s nearest rival in oratory. Quoting Mart. 13.52.2. Cranes, because King Palamedes of Euboea is said to have invented several letters of the Greek alphabet by observing their flight formations. A standard emblem of the poet, swans are sacred to Apollo.

90 415

420

425

430

B5r 435

440

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [1

Alba prius, nunc rubra tuo de sanguine, Thysbe, Humida sunt multum, frigida, mora, minus. Ante cibos gustata alios, sunt mollia ventri Et stomacho, quamvis parva alimenta ferant. Noxia sunt stomacho cerasi praedulcia poma. Ingerat haec eadem si quis acerba, iuvant. Illa movent, haec adstringunt communiter alvum. Vis uvas eadem rubraque mora tenet. Ut iuvat utilibus ventrem nux pinea succis, Sic aegre vires exuit ipsa suas. Persica quisquis edes, coenae sint prima videto, Ne noceant alio non cito pulsa cibo. Dulcia mala calent reliquis magis et cito ventrem Restituunt. Acidis frigidus humor inest. At stomachum firmant alvumque austera coercent, Praecipue arboribus quae legit alta Cydon. Quae pira non levius matura et grandia possunt, Sed plus corporibus roboris inde venit. Punica non implent adeo, sed frigore laedunt. Mespila, ut adstringant, sorbaque, laxe, vora. Iuglandes prodesse ferunt nec pascere multum, Pascere avellanas plus, valuisse minus. Dives, amigdalino mensam sine lacte caveto. Pauperibus medicam non tulit ullus opem. Barbara longinquis quae misit pruna Damascus Ante cibos alvum sumpta movere solent. Si quem sacra tui victus Dodona iuvabunt, Setigeri stomachum vellet habere suis. Castaneas molles patulae sub tegmine fagi Ipse ego pro duris glandibus esse velim.

420 haec BO: huic A. 423m Nuces pineae BO: Nux pinea A. 434m Sorba. AB: om. O.

Mora.

Cerasa.

Nuces pineae. Persica. Mala dulcia. Acida. Austera. Cydonia. Pira. Punica. Mespila. Sorba. Nuces iuglandes. Avellanae. Amigdalae. Pruna Damascena. Glandes. Castaneae.

429m Austera. add. BO.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

cause harm. Originally white but now red with Thisbe’s blood, mulberries are very moist but not cold.41 Eaten before other foods, they loosen the belly and stomach, though they offer little nutrition. The sugar-sweet fruits of the cherry are harmful to the stomach. [420] If you eat the sour ones, they are good for you. The sweet ones move, the sour ones generally bind the bowels. The same holds true for grapes and red mulberries. While the pine nut benefits the belly with useful juices, it surrenders its powers only grudgingly. Any of you who eats peaches, see to it that you do so at the start of a meal, for if not quickly pushed down by other food they are harmful. Sweet apples are more heating than the others and quickly restore bowel function. The acid ones contain a cold juice. Sour apples, however, fortify the stomach and constipate the bowels. [430] This is especially true for the kind that lofty Cydonia plucks from her trees.42 Ripe and large pears have pretty much the same powers but impart more strength to the body. Pomegranates are not as filling; still, they are harmful on account of their coldness. If you have loose bowels, devour medlars and serviceberries to bind them. Walnuts are said to be wholesome but not all that nutritious, whereas filberts are reputed to be more nutritious but less substantial. If you are rich, stay away from a table without almond milk. It is a medication that nobody hands out to the poor. The plums that exotic Damascus sends from far away43 [440] are apt to move the bowels when taken before a meal. If the nuts from Dodona’s sacred grove44 are going to do any good, one had best have the stomach of a bristly boar. Instead of hard acorns, I myself would like to eat soft chestnuts beneath the cover of a spreading beech.45

41

42 43 44 45

91 Mulberries. Cherries.

Pine nuts. Peaches. Sweet apples. Acid ones. Sour ones. Quinces. Pears. Pomegranates. Medlars. Serviceberries. Walnuts. Filberts. Almonds. Damson plums. Acorns. Chestnuts.

Believing that his lover Thisbe was dead, Pyramus killed himself under a mulberry tree. At this, the mulberries—formerly white—turned a blood-red color. See Ov. Met. 4.51– 52, 125–127. To the Greeks, quinces were Cydonian apples, after the town of Cydonia in Crete; see Plin. Nat. 15.37. Damsons, or damascene plums, are so named because they came from Damascus in Syria; see Plin. Nat. 13.51; 15.43. Acorns. Dodona in central Epirus boasted an oak grove with a famous oracle of Jupiter. Acorns are traditionally associated with the diet of prehistoric times (cf. l. 407 above). Chestnuts make a frequent appearance in pastoral, either as food or as a lover’s gift; see Idyl. 10.49, n. Eobanus plays on this bucolic background by weaving in two phrases from Vergil’s first eclogue. Thus, in a poetic-learned twist, the poet enjoys his chestnuts in the idyllic shade of a beech tree.

92

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [1

LEGUMINA 445

450

455 B5v

460

Sunt etiam vario diversa legumina pastu, E quibus audaci legimus ista manu. Laxior, exiguas lentes potes esse, sed illis Ater in exiguo corpore succus inest. Saepe fabae leni sufflarunt corpora flatu, Pisa minus, bilem sed peperere nigram. At tibi quae clarum peperere legumina nomen Nomine sunt, Cicero, nunc quoque grata tuo. Exhaustis reparant genitalia semina membris Nec Venerem vires deseruisse sinunt. Quin etiam lapidem vesicae saepe minutim Duriter haerentem dissecuisse solent. Reptilibus Cynicum vescatur turba lupinis. Immundos decuit sordida pera canes. Saepe aliquem memini de foeno dicere Graeco: “Ante cibum sumptum calfacit et soluit.” Plura nec hic opus est, nec vulgi postulat usus. Ergo etiam hic olerum nomina pauca canam.

Lentes. Fabae. Pisa. Ciceres.

Lupini. Foenum Graecum.

OLERA

465

470

Hortorum lactuca decus, quia friget et humet, Saepe leves somnos conciliare solet. Atque ut corporibus reliqua omnia vincit alendis, Sic vivi succus sanguinis inde venit. Cruda est beta, nocet; coctam sumpsisse iuvabit. Sumpta frequens stomachum vellicat atque iecur. Brassica ventris onus bis cocta comestaque sistet, Sed semel et modice cocta resolvet idem. Profuit hanc succo conspergere pinguis olivae. Lac auget, multum seminis esse facit.

Lactuca.

Beta. Brassica.

In marg. ad 445 LEGUMINA. A. 453 reparant BO: redigunt A. 456 solent BO: liquet A. 459m Foenum Graecum B (in erratis) O: Foenugraecum A, Foeni Graecum B (in textu). In marg. ad 462 OLERA. A. 470 resolvet BO: resolvit A. 472 seminis Placotomus: sanguinis ABO.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

93

LEGUMES There are also different kinds of legumes with various nutritive properties. From this group I have boldly picked out the following examples. If your bowels are too loose, you can eat the tiny lentils. Within their tiny body, however, there is a black juice. Beans often distend the belly with gentle winds; [450] peas less so, but they do engender black bile. By contrast, the legumes that gave you your illustrious name, Cicero, are for that very reason welcome even today.46 They restore the genital semen to the exhausted members and do not allow the powers for love-making to slacken. Moreover, they often break into small pieces a stone that painfully clings to the bladder. Let the tribe of Cynics feed on creeping lupines to its heart’s content. Their sordid satchels were fit for filthy dogs.47 I often remember somebody or other telling me about fenugreek: [460] “Taken before a meal, it warms and loosens.” There is no point to discussing further kinds here, seeing that they are not in everyday use. Accordingly, I will now sing a few types of vegetables, too.

Lentils. Beans. Peas. Chickpeas.

Lupines. Fenugreek.

VEGETABLES Because lettuce, that ornament of gardens, is cold and moist, it often induces gentle sleep. As it surpasses all others in nourishing the body, so it also produces lively blood. If the beet is raw, it is harmful; when cooked, it will be good to take. Taken frequently, it tears at the stomach and liver. Cabbage will stop the belly’s load, provided it is cooked twice48 before being consumed. [470] But boiled once for a moderate time, it will loosen the bowels. Sprinkling it with succulent olive oil enhances this effect. It also increases milk and makes for

46 47

48

Lettuce. Beet. Cabbage.

The name Cicero derives from the Latin cicer (chickpea). According to Paul of Aegina, lupines are hard to digest and form a bad fluid in the blood. For that reason they are fit only for dogs—and for Cynic philosophers, whose name derives from the Greek word for dog. Cynics liked to imitate their master Diogenes by carrying their daily provisions in a beggar’s satchel. Cooks draw off the water in which the cabbage is boiled and then repeat the cooking in fresh water.

94

475

B6r

480

485

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [1

Ignavum sine honore blitum, sine viribus, estur Hoc solo, ventrem quod bene deiiciat. Herba salax eruca, deae gratissima amorum, Saepe velim nostras condiat illa dapes. Illa levi flamma frigentes calfacit artus; Illa levat fessi tedia longa thori. Miscueris dictam satyrorum a moribus herbam Urticaeque levi semina trita manu, Hei mihi, ne castas spectatum vade puellas. Iste furor nulla dissimulatur ope. Hinc nigra quae gelidis gaudent nasturtia rivis Offendunt stomachum, sed Venerem stimulant. Rara cibos ineunt cum dulcibus intyba malvis. Recte utrunque tamen, si libet, esse potes. Frigidus atriplicum cholerae vim discutit humor Coctarum. Crudis virus inesse puta.

Blitum. Eruca.

Satyrion. Urtica.

Nasturtium. Intybum. Malvae. Atriplex.

RADICES

490

495

500

Nunc age, quae solis valeant radicibus herbae Usibus humanis commeminisse iuvet. Commoda multivoris praebent alimenta colonis Rustica proiectis eruta rapa comis. Nam quia naturae calidae vim temperat humor, Inflat, alit, Veneris dulcia bella movet. Longa breves stomachi pellunt fastidia bulbi Iamque olim Veneri mortua membra novant. Humores gravido viscosos pectore ducunt. Corpora bis cocti plus aluisse solent. Adde garum succumque oleae, magis omnia praestant, Sed tamen et flatus torminaque efficiunt. Sunt etiam calidi mensis sua munera dauci, At vitio cocti non satis esse solent.

Rapa.

Bulbi.

Pastinacae.

474 bene BO: probe A. 475m Eruca A: Erucae BO. 482 Iste BO: Ille A. 485 Rara BO: Raro A. 486m Malvae. add. BO. In marg. ad 489 RADICES. A. 490 iuvet BO: libet A. 492m Rapa BO: Rapum A. 496 membra BO: membro A. 497 Humores … viscosos BO: Viscosos … humores a A.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

much semen. Bland, misprized, without nutritional powers, spinach is eaten only because it loosens the bowels well. The salacious herb arugula is most dear to the goddess of love. I’d be glad if it would often season my meals. It warms the frigid members with a gentle flame; it relieves the long tedium of a tiresome bed. If you were to take the herb named after the satyrs’ behavior [480] and mix it with stinging nettle seeds, ground by a nimble hand, then—ah me!—don’t go watching chaste girls.49 There is no way that passion can be concealed. Next is the dark cress that delights in cold brooks. It upsets the stomach but arouses sexual urges. Chicory and sweet mallows are rarely served for dinner. If you like, however, you may rightly eat of both. The cold juice of cooked orachs dissipates the force of choler. Consider the raw ones poisonous.

95 Spinach. Arugula.

Satyrion. Stinging nettle. Cress. Chicory. Mallows. Orach.

ROOTS Well, I would now like to review the plants that are fit [490] for human consumption only in their roots. Dug up and stripped of their leaves, rustic turnips offer a food well suited to multivorous peasants. For because its juice tempers the force of natural heat, it produces flatulence, is nourishing, and stimulates the sweet wars of Venus. Small bulbs50 dispel the stomach’s lingering aversion to food and revive the members long since dead to sexual desire. They clear viscous humors from the burdened chest. Cooked twice, they are apt to be more nourishing. Adding fish sauce and olive oil will enhance all these effects. [500] However, they do cause both flatulence and colic. The hot carrots, too, have their contributions to make to the tables, but if not cooked sufficiently they tend to be harmful.

49 50

Turnips.

Bulbs.

Carrots.

Satyrion (named for the lusty satyrs) and nettle seeds were considered aphrodisiacs. In particular, onions and garlic bulbs.

96 B6v 505

510

515

520

525

B7r 530

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [1

Allia si quantas habeant grave olentia vires Quaeris, habe paucis quae meminisse iuvet. Hoc hortense genus Graeci σκορόδωνα vocarunt. Hoc ceu theriacam rustica turba probat. Nanque venenatis melius vix ulla medentur Pharmaca. Serpentes illius arcet odor. Morsu letifero quem laesit araneolus mus, Hoc bibat. Hoc etiam dira aconita fugat. Praeterea coctumve cibo crudumve comestum, Calfacit et stomachos humiditate levat. Est tamen ex multis aliis nescire pudendum Quod nihil hoc Veneri gratius esse solet. Verum oculis stomachoque nocet, si copia sumpti Multa sit, et sicca conficit ora siti. Vilia mordaces quamvis sint prandia cepae, Cruda tamen stomachi dissoluisse solent. Plura malis coctae (crudas nocet esse) medentur. Esse tamen noli, qui memor esse voles. Officiunt oculis capitati segmina porri. Interiora gravi viscera mole premunt. Hinc vario surgunt insomnia plena tumultu, At Venerem, sicut talia cuncta, movent. Praeteriturus eram raphani bona, qualibus aiunt Radices inter nomen habere bonas. Ille replet vacuam ventosis flatibus alvum. Ante cibos noli sumere, crimen habet, Attamen et laudem, sensus quia reddit acutos, Et sunt ante cibum qui magis esse probent. Fabula narratur sacros ab Apolline Delphos Omnibus hunc aliis praeposuisse cibis. Ex auro ut raphanum sacrarent, pondere betam Argenti, plumbum rapa fuisse ferunt.

Allium.

Cepae.

Porrum.

Raphanus.

Raphanus aureus.

505 σκορόδωνα BO: scorodona A. 509 quem AB (B in erratis) O: quae B (in textu). 518 solent BO: queunt A. 521m Porrum. add. BO. 523 surgunt BO: exurgunt A. 533–534m Raphanus aureus BO: Raphanus aureus. Beta argentea. Rapum plumbeum. A.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

If you want to know what great powers the strong-smelling garlic possesses, here, in a few words, are the most memorable ones. In Greek, the garden variety of this bulb is called skorodon. Country people prize it as an antidote for snake bites. And indeed, hardly any medicine works better for curing those infected with poison. Its odor drives snakes away. Anyone who has been wounded by the deadly bite of a shrewmouse [510] should drink this. It also counteracts the dreadful aconite. Besides, either cooked for food or eaten raw, it warms the body and relieves the stomach of moisture. It would be shameful, nevertheless, if one did not know among many other things that nothing is dearer to Venus than this bulb. Still, taken in large quantity it harms the eyes and stomach and afflicts the mouth with a dry thirst. Even though the pungent onions have little nourishing value, they do tend to break up unconcocted food in the stomach. When boiled (it is injurious to eat them raw), they frequently cure diseases. [520] Still, don’t eat them if you want a good memory. Chopped pieces of headed leeks are bad for the eyes. They weigh down the inner entrails with a heavy burden. Thence arise dreams filled with all manner of turmoil. On the other hand, like all such, they stimulate sexual desire. I nearly overlooked the virtues of the radish, which have given it a reputation among the beneficial roots. It fills the empty belly with windy flatulence. Do not take it before meals, because that has bad consequences. Nevertheless, it also has the virtue of sharpening the senses. [530] Some authorities, however, do recommend eating it before a meal. The story is told that the people of Delphi, hallowed by Apollo, ranked this food above all others. To consecrate the radish, they are said to have made it out of gold, the beet out of silver, the turnip out of lead.

97 Garlic.

Onions.

Leek.

Radish.

Radish of gold.

98 535

540

545

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [1

Si quis amat vernae redolentia tubera terrae, Virtutis medicae norit habere nihil. Lauta decent nitidae boleti fercula coenae, Sed nisi percoctis virus inesse puta. Nam neque desipuit qui, “Qualem Claudius edit Boletum,” lepido carmine dixit, “edas.” Cui pituita placet vel inani frigida succo Pectora, fungorum milia multa voret. Humida frigoribus cognata cucurbita parvo Quod vires faciat pondere corpus alit. Putribus haec eadem peponum sunt omnia succis, Sed lapidem trudunt membraque bile gravant. His minus humectat cucumis frigetque, sed idem Et succo malus est et male digeritur.

Tubera. Boleti.

Fungi. Cucurbitae. Pepones. Cucumeres.

FRUMENTACEA

550 B7v

555

560

Frumentis quoque non eadem natura nec idem Est sapor. Ex illis pauca, sed apta, canam. Nobile viscosi genus est nec inutile chondri, Grana sed ut ptisanae vilia coctus erit. Dulci quisquis amas alicam confundere mulso, Assimilem chondro noveris esse cibum. Pabula triticeae frugis male cruda coquuntur. Robur ab artocopo condita maius habent. Gratior e molli solet esse siligine panis. Mox similae dotes nostra culina probat. Servitiis aptas praestabunt furfura coenas. His est per ventrem ianua laxa satis. Hordea desiccant bene fricta, sed humida coctis Vis erit. Exiguum roboris inde venit.

Chondrus. Ptisana. Alica. Triticum. Panis siligineus. Similaceus. Furfuraceus. Hordeaceus.

535–538 Si quis—puta (cum adnotatione marginali) BO: Si quis amat tuberes, boletos rodat olentes; / Sed, nisi percoctis, virus inesse putet A, cum adnotationibus marginalibus Tuberes. Boleti. 545–546 Putribus—gravant BO: Sunt eadem duris peponibus omnia, praeter / Quod lapidem trudunt et choleram pariunt A. 547m Cucumeres [Cucumeros B]. add. BO. 548 Et succo BO: Est succo A. In marg. ad 549 FRUMENTACEA. A. 552 Grana—erit BO: Si bene ceu vilis ptisana coctus erit A. 552m Ptisana. add. BO. 555–557 Pabula— panis BO: Haud leviter triticum coquitur, sed plurima coctum / Robora, si panem feceris inde, dabit. / Hunc tamen eximium dabit e siligine pistor A. 562 venit BO: datur A.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

Anyone who enjoys truffles redolent of spring earth will know that they have no medicinal virtue. Mushrooms adorn the elegant courses of a splendid dinner. All the same, consider them poisonous, unless thoroughly cooked. You may be sure he was no fool who, in a witty epigram, remarked: “May you eat [540] a mushroom of the kind that Claudius ate.”51 Anyone who likes mucous congestion and a chilled, catarrh-filled chest should devour morels by the thousands. Moist and cold, the gourd yields little nourishment that can give the body strength. Like the gourds, watermelons all contain putrid juices but do expel kidney stones. They also burden the body with bile.52 The cucumber is of a less moistening and cooling nature than these. Still, it contains a bad juice and is poorly digested.

99 Truffles. Mushrooms.

Morels. Gourds. Watermelons. Cucumbers.

CEREAL FOODS The various cereals, too, differ from each other with respect to their nature and [550] their taste. Of these I will now describe a few, but apposite, examples. A familiar and useful, if quite glutinous, type is spelt. It is best eaten boiled like ordinary pearl barley. If any of you like emmer groats mixed with sweet honey wine, you will know that this food is very similar to groats of spelt. Cereal made of uncooked wheat is poorly concocted. Prepared by a baker, it has more strength. Bread made from soft white wheat is generally prized highest. After this, our kitchen commends the qualities of regular flour. Bran loaves will offer a dinner fit for slaves. [560] For that sort of bread, the path through the belly stands wide open. Barley has drying force when well roasted, but moistening power if boiled. Either way, it provides lit-

51 52

Quoting Mart. 1.20.4. Emperor Claudius died of mushroom poisoning. That is, they cause jaundice.

Groats of spelt. Pearl barley. Emmer groats. Wheat. Bread from white wheat. From normal flour. From bran. From barley.

100

565

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [1

Balnea visurus madidas aestate polentas, Ne sitias, siccis faucibus ante vora. Caetera vel nobis incognita sunt vel eisdem Viribus et brevibus non referenda modis.

Polenta.

PISCES

570

B8r

575

580

585

Semper edat fatuos, monachorum prandia, pisces, Cui placet elumbis regula Pythagorae, Non quia piscitium ratione probaverit ulla, Sed quia dixit ali carnibus esse nefas. Et tamen hinc quod edam fuerit ne forte recusem, Quo mea praecipue luxuriosa gula est. Nanque nec esocis teneri pectuscula spernam Mollia nec sapidi squamea terga lupi. Me iuvet anguillae potius bona frustula tostae Mandere quam vetulae viscera cruda bovis. Praeterea facilis non sunt mala prandia mulli, Et precium cancer, si piper adsit, habet. Nec tantum e Siculo petitur murena profundo. Omne quod est usquam flumina nostra ferunt. Praefertur quod saxa colit genus omnibus unum, Nam mala limosi plura habuere lacus. Praestiterint etiam capti e fluvialibus undis Ignavis quales unda palustris habet. Qualescunque tamen pingues fuge. Pingue venenum est, Omnibus et pravus piscibus humor inest. Phlegmatico turbant tenues humore medullas. Sanguinis inde aliquid quis putet esse boni?

Esox. Lupus. Anguilla. Mullus. Cancer. Murena. Saxatiles. Lacustres. Fluviatiles. Palustres. Pingues.

564 Ne BO: Ni A. 566 non BO: vix A. In marg. ad 567 PISCES. A. Post 568 leguntur vv. 587–588 in A. 569–570 Non quia—nefas. add. BO. 572–574 Quo mea—terga lupi BO: Esocem tenerum difficilemque lupum A. 575–578 Me iuvet—habet. add. BO. 580 usquam BO: ullis A. 581–584 Praefertur—habet. add. BO. 585m Pingues BO: Pinguedo piscium A. Post 586 leguntur vv. 597–600 in A. 587–588 Hi vv. leguntur post v. 568 in A.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

tle nutritional strength. If you’ll be visiting the baths in summer, eat lots of barley gruel beforehand to wet your parched throat lest you get thirsty. The other varieties are either foreign to us or possess the same properties and hence do not need to be included in a short poem like this.

101 Barley gruel.

FISH Go ahead, keep eating insipid fish, the monks’ meal, whoever of you likes the enervating rule of Pythagoras. I say this, not because he would have approved of the eating of fish for any reason, [570] but because he taught that consuming meat is a sacrilege.53 And yet it may well be because I don’t refrain from eating fish that my palate has become especially self-indulgent. For in truth I won’t spurn the soft breast of a tender salmon or the scaly back of a tasty bass. Some good filets of baked eel appeal to me more than the nauseating meat of an elderly cow. A dish of easily digested mullet is not bad either. The crab is prized too, provided there is pepper at hand.54 The moray is not caught only in the Sicilian deep. [580] In fact, our rivers supply all the species that occur elsewhere. The kind of fish that lives among rocks is considered best of all, for the many sorts found in muddy lakes are bad. Likewise, those that are caught in rivers are better than the sluggish ones found in marshes. But whatever the species, avoid fatty fish. Their fat is poison. Moreover, a bad juice is present in all fishes. With their phlegmatic humor they upset the tender marrow. Who could suppose that any good blood can come from that?

53

54

Salmon. Bass. Eel. Mullet. Crab. Moray. Rock fish. Lake fish. River fish. Marsh fish. Fatty fish.

Pythagoras of Samos (sixth century BCE) forbade the eating of meat; he also abstained from fish. Cf. Ov. Met. 15.75–95; Erasmus, Adag. 1.1.2, no. 36 (mentioned by Placotomus); 1.5.29; Eob. Val. 2.251, following Erasmus. As a hot-dry food, pepper counteracts the cold-moist nature of crab meat. Cf. ll. 166 and 318 above.

102

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [1

OVA

590

595

Vesceris, sed adhuc a matre calentibus, ovis, Optima gallinae Phasiadesque ferunt. At quae Tarpaei custos Iovis excubat anser Quaeque parit, non sunt optima, claudus anas. Utque magis vires augere trementia possunt, Sic melius stomacho sorpta venire solent. Fricta meis nolim contingere plurima coenis, Ni solvant acri mista Falerna garo.

Gallinarum. Phasianarum. Anserum. Anatum. Trementia. Sorbilia. Fricta.

LACTICINIA

B8v

600

605

610

615

Caseolos nisi lactantes et ab ubere pressos Ne crebro comedas consuluisse velim. Inde putri mordax vesicae pondus adhaesit, Gutta nec inde boni sanguinis ulla venit. Lacte ferunt Nomadum genteis vixisse ferino Et mulgere truces saepe cynocephalos. Pascitur emulctis horrens nive Sarmata bubus, Quosque viros propior Parrhasis Ursa videt. Hinc sua littorei miserunt dona Suedi, Hinc fera flaventes Anglia caseolos, Hinc quam lata patet nivei Germania lactis Munera. Praecipue Saxonis ora probat, Quique suis alacres habitant in montibus Hessi Et clausi aeternis rupibus Helvetii. Quid Phrysios referam? Quid Vestphala rura? Quid omnes, Assuetos placito munere lactis ali?— Corpora praecipue cum robore firmet alatque Et cito condiscat sanguinis esse loco. Hinc nivei crassique aequaliter optima virtus. Caetera me brevitas dicere iussa vetat.

Lac cynocephalorum. Bubulum. Casei Suedici. Anglici. Germani lactis avidi.

In marg. ad 589 OVA. A. 590m Phasianarum BO: Phasianorum A. 591–592, 593–594 Distichorum ordo inversus est in ABO, corr. Placotomus. 597–600 Hi vv. leguntur post v. 586 in A. 597 lactantes BO: lactentes A. In marg. ad 597 Caseus. A. 598 Ne AB: Nec O. 607m Germani—avidi. add. BO. 612 placito BO: placido A. In marg. ad 615 Lac equaliter crassum. A.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

103

EGGS If you eat eggs, choose the ones still warm from the mother. [590] The best are those laid by hens and pheasants. However, the ones brooded by the goose, protector of Capitoline Jupiter,55 and the ones laid by the waddling duck are not the best. Just as soft-boiled eggs are more able to build strength, the ones that can be slurped down tend to pass more readily into the stomach. At my meals I would not want many fried eggs served unless dissolved in Falernian wine, mixed with a sharp fish sauce.

Of hens. Of pheasants. Of geese. Of ducks. Soft-boiled. Slurpable. Fried.

MILK FOODS Unless it is milky and fresh from the udder, I would like to advise you not to eat cheese too often. Otherwise you may end up with a vexing stone that adheres to the ulcerated bladder. [600] Besides, cheese does not generate a drop of good blood. The Numidians, so it is said, live on the milk of wild beasts and commonly draw it from the fierce baboons. The snow-caked Poles feed on the milk of cows, as do the peoples on whom the Parrhasian Bear looks down from nearby.56 Thence come the gifts that the shore-dwelling Swedes send us, thence the small yellow cheeses that warlike England exports, thence the blessings of snow-white milk that Germany produces throughout her length and breadth. Especially fond of milk are the Saxons and the brisk Hessians, who live among their mountains, [610] and the Swiss, hemmed in by eternal crags. Why mention the Frisians? Why the Westphalians? Why all the peoples accustomed to being nourished by the delectable gift of milk?—and for good reason too, seeing that it robustly strengthens and nourishes bodies and has a knack for quickly changing into blood. The best in that respect is milk that is uniformly white and thick. Brevity keeps me from discussing the rest.

55 56

Milk of baboons. Of cows. Swedish cheeses. English. The Germans avid for milk.

The sacred geese on the Capitoline Hill warned the defenders of a nocturnal attack by the Gauls in 390 BCE. The peoples of Scandinavia, who live in the far north. The epithet “Parrhasian” recalls the myth of Callisto, a nymph of Parrhasia in Arcadia who was raped by Jupiter. After the jealous Juno changed her into a bear, Jupiter placed her among the stars as Ursa Major (Greater Bear).

104

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [1

VINA

C1r 620

625

630

635

640

C1v

645

Praeteriturus eram quod praeteriisse nocebat, In partes siquidem, Bacche, vocandus eras. Corpore nam quicunque voles animoque valere, Scire operae precium est quid queat iste deus. Omne merum vires in corpora praestat et auget, Idque magis si sit crassius atque rubens. Dulce nocet stomacho, quamvis alimenta ministret. Consulit huic melius quisquis acerba bibit. At minus hoc nutrit, multo minus, alba, sed omni Plus fulvum vino commoditatis habet. Et siccum calidumque magis vetus omne recenti est. Difficiles etiam solvere musta solent. Omnia restituunt cognatum vina calorem, Et cito pars melior sanguinis inde venit, Nam penetrat partesque cibum partitur in omnes Membraque restituit quae tenuata iacent. Languentis pellit stomachi fastidia et auget Esuriem, reficit quos pituita gravat. Bile per urinas vacuat redditque colorem, Exhilarat mentes, robora firma facit. Talia vina quidem modice data commoda praestant. Immodice noli sumere, sumpta nocent. Utque frequens nocet ebrietas, sic rara iuvabit, Et sumptum prodest evomuisse merum. Invitant stomachum rarae bona pocula mensae. Plus nimio corpus multiplicata gravant. Quod si nec fueris abstemius et nec asotus, Crede mihi, punctum quodlibet inde feres. Nec mihi Clitorio quisquam de fonte loquatur, Copia dum largum fundat amica merum.

Crassum. Rubeum. Dulce. Acerbum. Album. Fulvum. Vetus. Recens. Mustum. Commoda modice sumpti.

620 iste BO: ille A. In marg. ad 621 VINA. A. 624 Consulit—bibit BO: Consuluit stomacho si quis acerba bibit A. 627 omne AB: omni O. 629 calorem Elsholtz: colorem ABO. 629m Commoda—sumpti BO: Modice sumpti commoda A. 635 colorem A: calorem BO. 636 Exhilarat—facit BO: Exhilaratque animos roboraque accumulat A. In marg. ad 639 Ebrietas frequens nocet. Rara prodest. A. 642 multiplicata BO: quottidiana A. 643– 644 Quod si—feres BO: Ergo nec abstemius nec vivere semper asotus / Qui poterit, punctum quodlibet ille tulit A.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

105

WINES I was about to pass over what it would be harmful to pass over, because you, Bacchus, really must take your turn at center stage. For if any of you wishes to stay healthy in body and mind, [620] it is worth the trouble to know what that god can do. All wine furnishes and adds strength to the body, all the more if it is rather thick and ruddy. Sweet wine harms the stomach, although it does provide nourishment. One is better advised to drink acidic wine. However, the latter is not as nourishing, white wine much less so. But of all wine, the yellow offers the most benefit. All old wine dries and heats more than young wine. Must is apt to loosen even constipated bowels. All wines naturally restore the innate heat [630] and for that reason readily form the better part of the blood. Moreover, wine penetrates the food and breaks it down into all its constituent parts and restores strength to bodies that have become weakened by disease. In the ill, it dispels the stomach’s aversion to food and increases appetite. It reinvigorates those burdened with catarrh, evacuates bile through the urine and restores color, gladdens the mind, imparts robust strength. Such, indeed, are the benefits that wine confers when used in moderation. Do not consume it immoderately, for such consumption is harmful. But while chronic drunkenness is harmful, an occasional bout will do you good. [640] It also helps to vomit up the wine that you’ve imbibed. Fine wines invite the stomach to an exquisite meal. Multiplied too often, they burden the body. But as long as you are not abstemious and also not dissipated, trust me, that is the way to win everyone’s vote. Just don’t talk to me about the spring at Clitor,57 so long as friendly Abundance pours out unstinted wine.

57

Thick. Red. Sweet. Acidic. White. Yellow. Old. Young. Must. Benefits when taken in moderation.

Drinking from the Clitorian spring in Arcadia will forever sour your taste for wine. See Ov. Met. 15.322–323; Plin. Nat. 31.16.

106

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [1

CEREVISIA

650

Qui docuit crasso Cererem confundere succo, Huic iratus erat Bacchus et ipsa Ceres. Nam Pelusiaci qui laudat pocula zythi, Illi nec cerebrum nec caput esse potest. Renibus et nervis cerebroque hic noxius humor, Saepe etiam leprae semina foeda iacit.

CONCLUSIO

655

660

Plura quidem potui, sed me ceu littore abactum Longius immensi terruit unda freti. Haec quoque quam metuo, ne me iuveniliter ausum Plus nimio vivis invida fama ferat! Sed tibi, Sturtiadum clarissima fama, Georgi, Omni parendum conditione fuit. Nam quia iusta tuo poteras mandare poetae, Te duce quae potuit pondera ferre tulit. Τέλος

In marg. ad 647 Cerevisia. A. 648 Huic—Ceres BO: Hunc Cererem et Bacchum deseruisse puto A. In marg. ad 649 Zythum. A. Post 652 legitur in A: Finiturus eram parvi congesta libelli / Cum talis dextra venit ab aure sonus: / “Nuper inutilibus, vates, operate Camoenis, / Qui sacra nunc Phoebi lucra ferentis adis, / Parva, sed exacti superest pars iusta laboris. / Adiice praeceptis pauca elementa tuis.” / Respicio. Prope constiterat crinitus Apollo, / Quattuor excutiens lilia utraque manu. / Ipse quaternarios quosdam superesse canendos / Coniectans, calamo talia scripta dedi. (Inde sequuntur vv. 37–80 in A). 654 Longius BO: Dum sequor A. Post 660 legitur in A: Restat ut ipse suo sicut te munere Apollo / Imbuit et medicas iussit habere manus, / Sic mea quo possis informes pectora cultu / Et medicas iubeas me quoque habere manus. / Tunc tibi maiores maioris carminis haustus, / Tunc dabimus meritis praemia digna tuis. / Vive, decus nostrum! Medicus te servet Apollo, / Saepius ut relegas carmina nostra. Vale. Subscriptio Τέλος addidi: Finis AO, om. B.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

107

BEER Whoever it was who first taught the mixing of grain in a thick brew, he infuriated Bacchus and Ceres herself. Indeed, anyone who praises tankards of Pelusian ale58 [650] cannot possibly possess either brains or sense. This brew is harmful to the kidneys, nerves, and brain. Frequently it even sows the ghastly seeds of leprosy.

CONCLUSION I could go on and on, of course; but as if swept too far from the shore, I feel terrified by the waves of the boundless sea. How I fear, too, lest fame, overmuch jealous of the living, might take this youthful venture of mine amiss! All the same, Georg, brightest ornament of the Sturtz family, I could not but heed your wish, come what may. For inasmuch as you felt comfortable entrusting a suitable task to your poet, [660] he felt comfortable bearing a burden he could manage under your guidance. The end

58

A barley beer known as zythum, anciently brewed in the Egyptian city of Pelusium. By equating this ale with modern beer, Eobanus elicited howls of indignation from his beer-loving compatriots.

C2r

2

5

10

15

C2v

20

25

MEDICINAE LAUS, PER EOBANUM HESSUM EX ERASMO VERSU REDDITA Unice nostrorum studii vitaeque sodalis, Hune, nec Hessiaca non memorande cheli, Ut nuper nomen medicorum in verba dedisti Et novus haec Phoebi miles in arma venis, Sic petis ut medicae scribam tibi nomina laudis, Quis sit divinae quantus et artis honor. Obsequor, idque volens, animo tam iusta petenti Quaeque bonus nemo non tribuisse volet. Idque ego dum facio, tibi dum promissa feruntur, Causa brevis debet carminis esse mei.

Captatio benevolentiae.

Si qua datis hominum debetur munere rebus Gloria, diis merito talis habenda fuit. Maxima diis, siquidem causas mirata, vetustas, Artibus humanis munera parva dedit, Non quia fictilibus dignum sit credere divis Aut non omne quod est muneris esse Dei, Sed quia sic precium rebus fecisse volebant, Maior ut eximiis artibus esset honor. Sic leges, sic iusticiam, sic iura fidemque, Munera divorum maximus orbis habet. Ut taceam reliquas humanis usibus artes Concessas, caelo sic medicina data est. Nanque malis certa morbis ratione mederi Vix hominum credi posse videtur opus. Saepe ope praesenti fugientem sistere vitam Divinae partem conditionis habet. Plus satis hoc laudata, quod ipso munere laudis Non eget et proprio est nomine clara satis.

Narratio cum probatione. Argumentum ab appositis.

Val. 2. ABO. Adnotationes marginales adduntur passim in BO. Ante Medicinae laudem in A legitur epistula Eobani Hessi ad lectorem (vide Appendicem 1). Tit. Medicinae—reddita BO: Medicinae encomion ex Erasmo, per Eobanum Hessum versu redditum, ad Martinum Hunum A. 1–2 Unice—cheli BO: Unice nostrarum comes et fidissime rerum, / Hune, sodalitii gloria prima mei A. 12 merito BO: potior A. 13 causas BO: causae A. 18 esset B: esse AO.

2

PRAISE OF MEDICINE, RENDERED IN VERSE BY EOBANUS HESSUS OUT OF ERASMUS Matchless comrade in study and life, Hune, and worthy of celebration by the Hessian lyre: after recently defending the good name of physicians and enlisting as a raw recruit in that soldiery of Phoebus, you now ask me to write you a praise of medicine and extol the great achievements of this godlike art.59 I eagerly comply with your request, for it is so justified that no decent person would think of turning it down. But until I actually carry that out, until I fulfill my promise to you, [10] I had best not enlarge on the occasion for this poem.

Captation of goodwill.

If any glory is due to the discoveries made by men, such glory deservedly belongs to the gods. That is why antiquity, which revered all discoverers, paid highest homage to the gods but only small tribute to the human arts. They did so, not because it is fitting to believe in man-made gods or to deny that everything that exists is the gift of God, but because this is how they wanted to hail those achievements, in order that greater honor might redound to the preeminent arts. In the same way, people all over the world esteem law and justice, rights and good faith, [20] as blessings from the gods. In that very way, to say nothing of the other arts vouchsafed for the benefit of humankind, medicine is a gift of heaven. Certainly it does seem hard to believe that the healing of bad diseases on sure principles can be the work of men. Repeatedly prescribing an effective remedy to snatch life back even as it is slipping away, that is to partake of the divine condition. Medicine is more than sufficiently praised in this too, that she has no need of that very honor of being praised and is sufficiently glori-

The facts of the case, with proof.

59

Argument from comparisons.

On Martin Hune, see p. 18 above. A candidate of medicine himself, Hune staunchly defends the profession against the radical preachers at Erfurt in the first of Eobanus’s Dialogi tres, printed in February 1524.

110

30

35

40

45 C3r

50

55

60

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [2

Nanque nec utilius quicquam nec cuius egerent Plus ope mortales iussit habere Deus. Multa quidem, fateor, nostrae data commoda vitae, Fortunae in primis liberioris opes. Sed nisi tu valeas animoque et corpore constes, Horum, quicquid erit, nullius usus erit. Ut valeas medicina docet, quo munere maius Largiri regum nullius arca potest. Atque ut divina res maiestate verenda est, Laudari humano non satis ore potest. Quod quia non potuit fieri sermone pedestri, Forsitan in versu gratia maior erit. Nunc age, volve animo, circumfer in omnia mentem, Naturae varias emeditare vices, Quam sit in humanis discors variatio membris, Non iisdem semper sed nec ubique sibi. Nanque tot aetatum discrimina corpora mutant, Dissimiles sexus dissimilesque situs. Illos ira premit, iuvat hos clementia caeli. Hos studia evertunt, his meliora favent. Tot genera ut vitae taceam, quibus omnibus una Est opus ut medica constituantur ope, Quis queat herbarum tot milia dicere? Plus quam Nomina morborum nota trecenta ferunt. Inde quot emanent, nulli, puto, dicere promptum est. Tot genera in partes quis secuisse queat? Quae cuncta ingenio rimari atque arte magistra Vix erit humanae conditionis opus. Est aliquid mensum certis rationibus orbem Et velut artifici composuisse manu. Maior ab ingenio medici labor omnia praestat, Naturae occultum cui nihil esse potest. Multa scholae possunt rerum decreta sophorum Dicere, sed sola garrulitate valent. Rebus agit medicus. Verbis res applicat, et quod Tantum verbo aliquis disputat, ipse facit.

36 nullius BO: nullus A. 49 vitae taceam BO: taceam vitae A. volet A. 64 ipse BO: ille A.

Ab utili.

Temperamentorum humani corporis varietas.

CCC morborum nomina.

A minori.

Philosophi garruli. Medici res tractant.

54 quis … queat BO: qui …

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

ous on her own account. For of all the things that God commanded us mortals to possess, none is more useful, none more essential [30] than the assistance that medicine provides. Our life, I grant you, is indeed supplied with many blessings, especially the bounties of a more liberal fortune. But unless you enjoy good health and are strong in mind and body, those blessings, no matter what they may be, will do you no good at all. Medicine teaches you to keep healthy. That is a boon greater than anything that the treasury of kings can bestow. And just as this art, in all its divine majesty, must fill us with awe, so the human voice cannot exalt it enough. But given that its praises are beyond the power of prosaic speech, [40] verse perhaps may offer greater charm. Well then, ponder in your mind, cast your thoughts on the world around you, carefully study the various cycles of nature: what an incongruous diversity there is in the human body, which never remains the same or stays true to itself in all circumstances. For the successive ages of life wreak changes on the body, as do the different sexes and different locations. Some people are laid low by heaven’s wrath; others are lifted up by heaven’s indulgence. Studies are the ruination of some, the salvation of others. To say nothing of the countless walks of life, all of which [50] have the same need to stay healthy with the help of medicine, who could count up the many thousands of herbs? Over three hundred diseases, they say, have been identified. How many more those in turn might give rise to, nobody, I imagine, will find it easy to say. Who could split the myriad classes into their respective subdivisions? Investigating all these things with ingenuity and magisterial art, that is a task practically beyond human strength. It is no mean feat to survey the earth’s landmasses with accurate measurements and map them out, so to speak, with a craftsman’s hand. Greater than that is the physician’s labor, for he has to rely entirely on his intellect. [60] Indeed, he cannot afford to be ignorant of any of nature’s secrets. Schools of philosophy excel at laying down many theories about the natural world, but their only strength is garrulity. The physician deals with reality. He puts words into practice, and what another debates only with words, he takes to hand. Boldly seizing

111

From utility.

Variety of temperaments in the human body.

300 kinds of diseases.

Argument from the lesser.

Philosophers are garrulous. Doctors deal with reality.

112 65

70 C3v

75

80

85

90

95

C4r

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [2

Ille manus audax naturae viribus infert Cogit et hanc cursus vertere saepe suos. Ille velut terrae fibris excludit apertis Quicquid et haec extra, quicquid et intus habet. Omnia quis referat? Quot sunt data nomina rebus, Artibus hic credi tot valuisse potest. Iam si non pudor est, si fas est vera fateri, Ars immortali est proxima nostra Deo. Sicut enim Deus est vitam qui donat et aufert Ablatamque potest reddere quando libet, Sic medicina datam, si non infida, tuetur. Quis neget humani muneris esse nihil? Prisca suos sileant vanos mendacia divos, Magna quibus tribuunt, sed caritura fide. Tyndaridam in lucem revocatum Epidaurius anguis, Iactet Prusiacus funera victa senex. Quae licet a vero procul absint, mira videri Posset ut ars, licuit transiliisse fidem. At non est eadem servare et reddere vitam Gloria, et haec propria est numinis, illa hominis. Quid tamen hoc refert si qui moriturus obibat Obtinuit medica ne moreretur ope? Respirasse liquet supremo a funere multos Fatalem casu nec subiisse rogum. Quod casus paucis dedit, hoc ars provida multis. Mirari hanc poteras, ille sine arte fuit. Ut tamen hanc caelo debemus et omnia, sic nos Omnibus hoc paucis quod dedit ille damus. Nam neque divinum vulgavit in omnia munus Et voluit cunctis esse salutis opem. Aspice morborum quot sint exempla. Quibusdam Exitium praesens, ni medearis, adest, Quale quod elisis dissolvit corpora nervis, Quale quod in venas pestile virus agit,

A simili.

A remotione.

A casu.

Ab exemplis. Παράλυσις. Pestilentia.

79 Tyndaridam scripsi (ut in textu Erasmi, ASD 1.4:166): Tyndarida ABO; revocatum Camerarius (1551): revocatam ABO. 89 casus paucis BO: paucis casus A. 92 ille scripsi: illa ABO. 95 sint BO: sunt A. 96 adest BO: inest A. 98–100 Quale quod in—modis BO: Quale quod obstructis praevocat arteriis A.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

nature’s powers, he often compels her to change course. He uncovers, as it were, the very fibers of the earth and exposes all that it holds within and without. Who could mention everything? As many as there are names for things, [70] so many are the arts that a physician may be assumed to have mastered. Now, if it is no shame, if it is right to acknowledge the truth, this art of ours comes nearest to the immortal God. For just as it is God who gives and takes away life and can then restore it at his pleasure, so medicine, if not unfaithful to its calling, will preserve our God-given life. Who would go so far as to assert that human effort counts for nothing? Let ancient myth stop bringing up its false gods, to whom it attributes great but unbelievable deeds. Let Epidaurus’s serpent brag of calling Tyndareus back to life.60 [80] Let the old man of Prusa boast of conquering death.61 But while such tales are far-fetched, the straining of credulity is justified as a way to show the art for the miracle that it is. The glory of saving a life is admittedly not the same as that of bringing it back. The latter is the part of God, the former of man. Yet what difference does this make if a man on the verge of death is saved from dying with medicine’s help? Clearly, many have come back from death’s door and escaped the funeral pyre by chance. But what chance has given to a few, our provident art has granted to many. [90] The latter should fill you with awe; the former requires no skill. But just as we owe our art, like everything else, to heaven, so we bestow on all what chance gives to the few. For heaven did not scatter this godlike gift over all the world, but it did desire all people to have the treasure of health. Consider how many kinds of illnesses there are. Some of them would quickly prove fatal unless you effected a cure. Take, for instance, the disease that wastes away the muscles and robs the body of strength, or the one that drives its pestilential poison into the arter-

60

61

113

Argument from comparison.

From distancing. From chance.

From examples. Paralysis. Plague.

The Epidaurian serpent represents Aesculapius, the god of medicine. A symbol of rejuvenation and long life because they annually shed their skin, snakes were worshiped at Aesculapius’s temple at Epidaurus in Argolis. Among other miracles, Aesculapius brought Helen’s stepfather Tyndareus back from the dead; cf. Val. 3.9–12, 23. Asclepiades of Prusa in Bithynia (first century BCE) was the first to bring Greek medicine to Rome. He gained renown for bringing a dead man back to life. Cf. Val. 3.41–44.

114

100

105

110

115

120

C4v 125

130

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [2

Quale ubi spumifero compressa arteria flatu Suffocat gravibus corpora lapsa modis. Qualia multa ferunt mutantes tempora casus, Qualia multa solent corpora nostra pati. Omnibus auxilium medicus tulit, omnibus idem Est opifex, ipso non renuente Deo. Qui quia naturae docuit cognoscere vires, Quod docet, hoc uti nos voluisse liquet. Quis neget ante diem multos periisse supremum Quod medica tangi non potuere manu? Milia quot Stygias innarunt ante paludes Quam decuit medicae quod nihil artis erat? Milia quot degunt hodie vitalibus auris Quae tantum nasci contigit huius ope? Nam quia nascendi discrimina mille fuerunt, Mille modis haec ars auxiliata fuit, Quae modo nascentes et ab ipso limine vitae Accipit et certa vivere lege facit. Quod si est esse deum plures iuvisse, vel hoc est In medico verum vel ratione caret. Non modo nanque iuvat, verum quoque servat, et uno Elogium duplicis nomine laudis habet. Iam taceo reliquas, quarum nec semper egemus, Nec doctos omneis artibus esse iuvat. Huius ubique opus est opera. Seu corporis aegri Sive animi vicium contigit, illa levat. Sicut enim quosdam vulgant contagia morbos In sibi vicinis corpora iuncta locis, Sic animo quodcunque grave est in corpus abundat, Rursus et hoc animum perdere saepe solet. Arte sua sed ubi medicus componit utrunque, Praestat ut hoc valeat, langueat ille minus. Finge relegatos omnes vel ad ultima morbos Limina terrarum; finge dolere nihil. Qua talem ratione statum defendere possis Non video, medicus ni tibi monstret opem.

99 spumifero Klaus-Dietrich Fischer (privatim): fumifero BO. Accipit BO: Excipit A; facit BO: docet A.

Ἐπιληψία.

A minori. A causa.

Ab authoritate.

Ἀπόφασις.

A simili.

Medicus corpus et animum curat.

A difficili.

111 quot BO: quod A.

116

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

ies, or the kind that constricts the windpipe, makes the breath frothy, [100] chokes the body, and causes it to fall heavily to the ground. Life-changing events bring on many diseases like these; our bodies commonly suffer many such afflictions. To each and every one the physician offers assistance; to all, God willing, he brings relief. Seeing that God taught us to investigate the powers of nature, it is obvious that he would also want us to put that knowledge to use. Who would deny that many have died an untimely death because they could not get treatment by a healing hand? How many thousands have crossed the Stygian swamps sooner than necessary [110] because the art of medicine did not yet exist? How many thousands breathe the vital air today who owe their birth solely to medical help? For given that there are a thousand perils of childbirth, this art renders aid in myriad ways. It welcomes the newborns at the very threshold of life and by sound principles gives them the chance to live. Now if it is the essence of divinity to assist many people, that statement either holds true for the physician or makes no sense at all. For he not only assists but also saves, and thus in the one [120] name he has the testimonial of twofold praise. As for the other arts, I can pass over them now in silence. We neither need them all the time nor benefit from having experts in each. Medical care is a universal need. If we fall sick in body or mind, medicine alleviates the condition. For just as contagions transmit certain diseases from person to person in crowded places, so too whatever weighs on the mind spills over onto the body, and that in turn often impairs the mind. But when the physician mends both with his art, [130] he causes the body to heal and the mind to suffer less. Imagine that all diseases were banished to the ends of the earth; imagine that no one suffered from ailments. I do not see how you could contrive to preserve such a state of affairs unless a physician

115 Epilepsy.

From the lesser. From cause.

From authority.

Negation.

From comparison. The physician treats the body and the mind.

From difficulty.

116 135

140

145

C5r

150

155

160

165

170

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [2

Ille docet qui quenque cibi releventve premantve. Convictus legem totius ille docet. Res gravis est, et ut est, sic omnibus esse videtur, Infirmo reptans curva senecta gradu. Haec ut sera magis, magis ut iucundior adsit, Si quaeris, medici provida cura dabit. Desiit esse senex vetulusque repubuit Aeson. Causa iuventutis Colchidos herba fuit. Perpetuo iuvenem fama est vixisse Phaona, Unctum pyxidibus, diva Cytheri, tuis. Et ne vana morer fugientis gaudia formae Solius et curam corporis esse velim: Sunt etenim qui sacra colunt, qui mystica tractant, Qui iubeant animos excolere, inde nihil. Quorum ut parte aliqua tam frivola dicta refellam, Quid ferat ars animis nostra videre libet. Principio, quis tam viciorum est impiger hostis Quam medicus? Quis tam sobrietatis amans? Plus quoque tristiciae nemo moderatur et irae, Nemo magis Veneri temperat atque gulae. Ille docet morbos animi compescere primum, Si volet, ut veram sentiat aeger opem. Is tibi seu victus seu rerum lege medetur. Languida nunc atra pectora bile levat, Nunc cordis reficit vires fulcitque cerebrum Spiritibus, lapsus corrigit ingenii. Si qua iacent memori velut instrumenta, reponit. Naturam ad sese corporis illa trahunt. Quae dum cuncta facit, dum praestat singula, nunquid Parte hominem totum servat utraque sui? Nam quos mole gravat somni letargus iniqua, Quos animo captos dira phrenesis habet, Quos maniae vitium premit aut lymphaticus error, Quosve malum sydus reddidit attonitos, Hos qui restituit num restituisse videtur Quantus homo est animo, corpore quantus homo est?

138 Infirmo BO: Extremo A.

149 refellam O: revellam AB.

Ἀναδίπλωσις.

Ab exemplis fabulosis.

Transitio.

Ab affectibus.

Medicus animi vicia curat.

Memoria.

Letargus. Φρένησις. Mania. Attoniti.

159 fulcitque BO: fulciatque A.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

offered you his help. He teaches which kinds of food either relieve or burden each person. The principles of all healthful living: that is what he teaches. Shuffling along with palsied step, crookbacked old age is a heavy burden indeed, and hence is rightly considered so by all the world. To delay its onset, to make it more pleasant, [140] that, to tell truth, is something which the provident care of a physician can make possible. The aged Aeson ceased being old and grew young again. He owed his rejuvenation to the Colchian’s herbs.62 Legend has it that Phaon enjoyed perpetual youth. That was possible only because the goddess of Cythera anointed him with her potions.63 But to stop dwelling on the vain joys of fleeting beauty and focusing solely on the body’s care: the fact is that there are preachers and theologians who tell us to improve the soul, nothing else. To rebut their frivolous assertions, at least in part, [150] let us examine what our art can offer the soul. First of all, who is so indefatigable an enemy of the vices as the physician? Who is a greater friend of sobriety? Too, no one does more to curb despondency and anger, no one does more to temper the excesses of venery and gluttony. He shows how to arrest the diseases of the soul, so that any sick person who desires it can experience true relief. He then cures you either through dietetics or with drugs. Sometimes he rids the listless breast of black bile, sometimes he restores strength to the heart, fortifies the brain with its spirits, [160] and corrects the failings of the mind. If any of memory’s instruments, so to speak, have broken down, he repairs them, for they are dependent on the body’s condition. Now as he accomplishes all these tasks, as he performs each of these feats, does he not cure the whole man, in both parts of his being? When lethargy oppresses people with an inordinate burden of sleep, when dreadful delirium robs them of their intellect, when a manic fit or insane delusion overpowers them or an evil star strikes them with apoplexy, is it not obvious that he who restores such people to health also restores [170] the whole per-

62 63

117 Reduplication at the start and close of sentences.

From mythical examples.

Transition.

From the affects. The physician treats the vices of the soul.

Memory.

Lethargy. Delirium. Mania. Apoplectics.

Aeson was the father of the Argonaut Jason. The Colchian sorceress Medea rejuvenated him with magic formulas and potions. For the story, see Ov. Met. 7.251–293. Venus was worshiped at Cythera. She rejuvenated the old ferryman Phaon after he took her across the Chios Strait without charge.

118

175 C5v

180

185

190

195

200 C6r

205

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [2

A viciis animum qui liberat, ille medetur Vix uni. Medicans corpus utrunque facit. Frustra erit ille animae medicus qui, lucis egentem Nactus, ad oppressum frivola verba ferat. Saepius at medicus poterit revocare labantem, Ut sit curari qui queat inde, animum. Corporis atque animi si quidem natura cohaeret Semper et alterius postulat alter opem, Hic tamen ex illo pendet magis. Omnis ab illo Naturae quandam transtulit ille notam. Qui volet ergo animo bene constanterque valere, Si facit ut valeat corpore, sanus erit. Quod quia nemo alia nisi praestitit arte medendi, Haec ista potior laus memoranda fuit. Vox divina suum medicis decernit honorem, Praecipit et iusta relligione coli. I nunc, sanctarum spaciosa volumina legum, I, veteres iacta, nomina tanta, sophos! Omnia sunt hominum paulatim inventa per artes. Ut creat hanc artem, sic docet ipse Deus. Nam nisi mentitur, medicina est omnis ab illo. Non probat hoc uno pagina sancta loco. Omnia deberi qui nos genuere fatemur, Quod vitam nobis hi tribuere semel. Plura tamen medicis, excepto numine divum, Quod vitam servant saepius ancipitem. Ense minax nostris cervicibus imminet hostis. Quem qui propellunt dicimus esse pios. Pro vita medicus tot vitae pugnat in hostes. Ingratus meritis talibus esse queas? Aequali divum reges veneramur honore, Quod vitae dominos credimus atque necis. Hos tamen haud aliter nostrae quam quatenus illam Esse sinant vitae iura tenere vides. Adde quod haud aliam quam corporis illa potestas. Ars dabit haec vitam corporis atque animi.

176 qui A: quod BO. BO: sinunt A.

182 sanus BO: firmus A.

A minori.

Corpus animi naturam sequitur.

Ab authoritate sacrae scripturae.

Eccli. 38. Iterum a minoribus ad maiora.

191m Eccli. scripsi: Exod. BO.

204 sinant

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

son, in mind as much as in body? A man who frees the mind from vices cures only that one half. He who heals the body cures both. A physician of the soul will work in vain if he, finding someone unconscious, belabors the afflicted person with fruitless words. A physician, by contrast, will quite often be able to recall the dying to life and thus ensure that there is still a soul to be cured. If the nature of body and mind is indeed conjoined, each always demanding the other’s help, the latter is nevertheless more dependent on the former. Its whole being [180] bears what you might call the body’s impress. Whoever desires to remain healthy in mind, therefore, should be sure to keep healthy in body; then he will be well. Seeing that no one can confer these benefits except with the art of healing, medicine deserves higher praise than any other art. God’s Word pays due homage to physicians and instructs us to honor them with right reverence. Go ahead, boast of your voluminous tomes of canon law! Go, brag about your ancient philosophers, those glorious names! Everything else was discovered little by little through the arts of men; [190] this science was not only created by God, it was also taught by him himself. For unless I am deceived, he declares that all medicine comes from him. Holy Writ confirms this in more than one passage. We acknowledge that we owe everything to the parents who brought us into being, because they gave us life one single time. Yet even so, we owe a greater debt to the physicians (God’s divine power excepted) because they save our life time and time again, whenever it hangs in the balance. If an enemy brandishes his sword menacingly over our necks, we hail as saviors those who drive him off. A physician fights for our life against any number of mortal enemies. [200] How can you possibly be ungrateful for such services? We revere kings with godlike honor because we look up to them as lords over life and death. Notice, however, that they exercise power over our life only for as long as they permit that life to exist. Moreover, that power of theirs can bestow nothing more than bodily life. This art, by contrast, will

119 From the lesser.

The body follows the condition of the soul.

From the authority of Holy Scripture.

Sirach 38.

Again, from the lesser to the greater.

120

210

215

220

225

C6v 230

235

240

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [2

Iam prope rapturi subeuntem limina Ditis Ad vitam domita morte redire iubet. Saepe utriusque hominis vitam sic reddit utranque, Alterius terris, alterius superis. Officium est reliquis, si quid fuit utile, rebus. Spectari pietas hic nisi sola potest. Adde quod eximium quicquid Deus obtulit ulli, Ut maneat medici cura fidelis agit. Tot claras animi, naturae munera, dotes Casibus expositas mille videre licet. Vis memor, ingenium, virtus, concordia mentis Saepe fluunt medico non adhibente manum, Morborum siquidem vis obruit, ut freta ventis Concita fluctivagas saepe tulere rates. Non secus ac radiis caecas sol aureus umbras, Morborum medicus dispulit omne genus. Corpus ut hoc mortale sit immortale quis optet? Ars tamen hoc quadam praestitit ista tenus. Nanque alacrem seros vitam servasse sub annos, Quaedam etiam vitae forma perennis erat. Rhetoras exemplis fuerat par grandibus uti. Nos sonus infanti noster in ore decet. Iure igitur priscis ars laudatissima saeclis Nondum corruptis moribus ista fuit. Tum fuit in precio, tum praemia digna ferebat. Tum sacra, tum magnis regibus apta fuit. Legiferum fecisse cibis discrimina Mosen Quis medica factum sub ratione neget? Orphea quis nescit medicas errasse per herbas Argutaque illis accinuisse lyra? Fons sacer ora rigans vatum, divinus Homerus, Hei quantis medicos laudibus ille vehit! Quantus in herbarum memorandis viribus idem est! Moly sacrum quanto condidit ore suum, Quod non arte sua superare venefica Circe, Non Ithacum possit detinuisse suum!

Exaggeratio superiorum.

Olim in precio fuit medicina.

Ab exemplis hystoricis. Moses. Orpheus. Homerus.

Moly.

212 nisi BO: mihi A. 215 claras BO: praeclarae A. 216 expositas BO: expositos A. 228 sonus BO: color A. 238 vehit BO: canit A. 240 Moly—suum BO: Quanto illud sacrum condidit ore moly A. 241 Circe BO: Circae A.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

bestow life on the body as well as the soul. Subduing death, she commands people on the very threshold of rapacious Dis to return to life. In this way she often restores life to each half of our being, [210] giving the body’s life back to earth, the soul’s back to heaven. In other occupations, being useful is an obligation. Medicine can only be regarded as a labor of love. Besides, when God has endowed someone with exceptional talent, the devoted care of a physician will strive to keep that talent intact. Anybody can see that all those brilliant endowments of mind, those gifts of nature, are exposed to myriad hazards. Memory, intellect, moral character, harmony of soul often slip away unless the physician takes them to hand, because the force of disease overwhelms them, just as storm-tossed seas [220] frequently carry off wave-wandering ships. Just as the golden sun scatters the gloomy darkness with its rays, so the physician dispels every kind of diseases. Who would not wish that this mortal body of ours were immortal? The healing art, however, can bring that state about, at least to a certain extent. After all, staying hale and hearty into a ripe old age is next best to perpetual life. Let orators bring up all the grand examples they want. I can do no more than speak in my own inarticulate voice. Well then, this art deservedly enjoyed the highest esteem in ancient times, [230] when morality was not yet corrupted. In those days it was still prized, it still received the rewards it merited. In those days it was still held sacred, still a pursuit fit for mighty kings. Who would deny that the lawgiver Moses discriminated among foods on medical principles? Who does not know that Orpheus wandered through the medicinal herbs and sang to them on his tuneful lyre? The sacred spring that bedews the lips of bards, divine Homer, oh, with what high praises does he extol the physicians! How eloquently he limns the virtues of herbs! [240] How sublimely he writes of his sacred moly, which the sorceress Circe could not defeat with her art in order to keep the Ithacan from leav-

121

Amplification of the preceding.

In olden days medicine stood in high repute. From historical examples. Moses. Orpheus. Homer.

Moly.

122

245

250

C7r 255

260

265

270

275

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [2

Dona voluptifici nepentheos inclyta sacri Qualia sint illo nemo canente rogat. Paeona, Phylliriden magnum, Phoebique nepotes Heroa quoties tollit ad astra tuba! Ille virum multis medicum quoque praetulit unum, Omnibus instructum posse latere nihil. Plurima Pythagoras inter quae scripta reliquit Plurima, quas vires quaelibet herba ferat. Nimirum exosus carnes, tam cautus in herbis Si fuit, hoc factum quo tueatur habet. Quis vel Aristotelem nescit magnumve Platona Praeclare medicae consuluisse rei? Chrysippum taceo. Theophrasti scripta leguntur. Romanos ingens est numerare labor. Nulla magis magnum Mythridatem gloria rerum Laudibus aeternis quam medicina tulit. Cuius ab ingenio quam nobile pharmacon extet, Saepe minus caute sumpta venena probant. Quos Arabas, quos Chaldaeos, quos dicere Persas, Nomina si libeat barbara multa, queam! Si libet exemplis uti melioribus, ipsum Aspice, qui medicum se docet esse, Deum. Illinit hic oculis commistum pulvere sputum. Hic oleo et vino vulnera foeda lavat. Diversum ille suis abituris iussit in orbem Hospitibus medicas addere saepe manus. Dum vinum iuveni Paulus praescribit amato, Parte aliqua medicus nunquid et ipse fuit? Luminibus captum dum liberat arte medendi, Angelus invenit quod modo nomen habet. O studium caeleste, datam divinitus artem, Divinae illae animae nomina cuius amant! Iudicia heu perversa hominum! Nescire pudendum Creditur infausti vilia damna lucri.

Nepenthes. Aesculapius. Podalirius. Machaon. Pythagoras.

Aristoteles. Plato. Chrysippus. Theophrastus. Mythridates Rex. Theriaca Mythridatica dicitur.

Ab exemplis evangelicis. Ioan. 9.

1. Timo. 5. Thob. 11 et 12. Raphael, i., Dei medicina. Ἐκφώνησις.

243 nepentheos—sacri BO: plus quam divina nepenthes A. 256 Romanos ingens BO: Ingens Romanos A. 257–258 Nulla—Laudibus aeternis BO: Mythridaten res nulla magis, neque regna nec ingens / Gloria linguarum, A. 259m dicitur. scripsi: dicit. BO. 266 lavat B (B in erratis in ex. Argentorensi; et in textu et in erratis in ex. Bambergensi et Guelpherbytano) O: levat AB (B in textu in ex. Argentorensi).

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

ing!64 What marvelous gifts the delightful sacred nepenthe has to offer is no secret to anyone who has heard him sing.65 How often does his heroic trumpet raise Paeon, the great Chiron, and Phoebus’s grandsons to the stars!66 He even valued one physician over many men,67 because nothing escapes a man who is versed in all fields of learning. Pythagoras left numerous works, among them [250] a very large book detailing the properties of every herb. Since he evidently detested meat, he paid close attention to herbs in order to maintain his regimen. Who does not know that both Aristotle and the great Plato admirably championed medical science? I need say nothing of Chrysippus. Theophrastus’s writings continue to be read. To count up the Romans would be an enormous task. The great Mithridates’s claim to undying fame rests far more on his achievements in medicine than on his glorious kingship. In what high regard people still hold the antidote he developed [260] is demonstrated every time someone accidentally takes poison. As for the Arabs, Chaldeans, and Persians, how many foreign names would I be able to list, if I chose to do so! If you prefer to use more authoritative examples, look at God himself, who taught that he himself is a physician. He anointed eyes with a mixture of dust and spittle. He washed ghastly wounds with oil and wine. Sending his disciples out into the world, he instructed them to often lay healing hands on those who received them hospitably. When Paul prescribed wine for a beloved young man, [270] was he not, in some degree, a physician himself? By using the art of medicine to open a blind man’s eyes, the angel earned the name he still bears. O heavenly science, God-given art, whose very name those divine spirits hold dear! Alas for the perversity of human judgment! It is deemed shameful not to know that you have lost a paltry sum of the accursed lucre. The

64 65 66 67

123 Nepenthe. Aesculapius. Podalirius. Machaon. Pythagoras. Aristotle. Plato. Chrysippus. Theophrastus. King Mithridates. Theriaca is called Mithridatic.

From examples in the Gospels. John 9. 1Tim. 5. Tobit 11 and 12. Raphael, that is, God’s medicine. Exclamation.

The magic herb moly saved Ulysses from the sorceress Circe, who had already changed his shipmates into pigs. The legendary drug nepenthe dispelled all sorrow. The Iliad repeatedly speaks of the physicians Paeon and Chiron as well as of Phoebus’s grandsons Podalirius and Machaon. Cf. Eob. Val. 3.13–24. See Hom. Il. 11.514.

124

C7v

280

285

290

295

300

305 C8r

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [2

Scire pudet qua nam possint ratione tueri Lucrum, quo maius fata dedere nihil. Quod si fortis erit, si verus habetur amicus, Fortunam socius qui per utramque manet, Nemo magis fidus medico, qui tempore duro Ipse quoque ut valeas multa pericla subit. Cum fugiunt agnati omnes, hic solus adhaeret, Quamque alii nequeunt, monstrat et addit opem. Heu nimis ingratos, opera qui talis amici Servati oderunt (proh pudor!) artificem! Nam quia desperant sat praemia digna rependi Posse, viri vultus sustinuisse grave est. Si quis ab utilibus precia aestimet, haec quoque rerum Inferior nulli est quaestibus atque lucro. Quanquam maior erat quam qui ratione sileri Ulla divinae debeat artis honor, Pauca tamen referam, nec enim fuit ulla per omnes Cogendis subito fructibus uberior. Praemia si memorem quibus illam pendere reges Sint soliti, nullam dicar habere fidem. Quem tu donaris centum, Ptolemaee, talentis, Antiochum patrem consule, certus eris. Pluris Alexander Critobulum fecit et auxit Divitiis, quales dicere Musa fugit. Portentosa quidem res est, sed vera relatu, Roma quibus medicos quaestibus extulerit. Quinquaginta super sestertia pone ducentis, Annua quae medicis prodiga Roma dedit. At bene si numeres, sex haec tibi milia nummum Plusque ferunt aeris quod vehit unda Tagi. Quid tamen haec priscis iuvet extraxisse latebris? Praesentem faciunt tempora nostra fidem. Nam quot in hoc numero Croesique Midaeque coactis

Bonus medicus amicus fidissimus.

Quaestuosa medicina.

Exempla quaestus medicorum. Ptolemaeus. Alexander.

VI.M.CCL aureorum medici annuum salarium. Plinius. Budaeus.

Hodie quoque opulenti medici.

277 possint BO: possit A. 285 talis AB: tales O. 286 pudor BO: pudore A. 291–292 ratione—Ulla BO: rationibus ullis / Huius A. 293 ulla ABO: illa O in ex. Mannheimensi. 295 memorem BO: referam A. 296 dicar BO: dicat A. 297 Ptolemaee BO: Ptholomeae A. 305 sex haec tibi BO: sexcenta haec A. 306 ferunt … vehit AB (B in erratis) O: ferant … vehat B (in textu). 307 iuvet BO: iuvat A.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

real shame is not knowing how to guard the greatest treasure that the fates have bestowed. Now if we define a stalwart and true friend as a comrade [280] who sticks by you through thick and thin, then no one is more devoted than the physician, for in your time of need he subjects himself to many dangers so that you yourself may be well. When all your children abandon you, he alone will stand by you; and the help that others are unable to give, he provides and demonstrates. Alas that there are people ungrateful in the extreme! Saved by the care of such a friend, they then (oh the shame!) detest the practitioner. For because they despair of being able to recompense him as much as he deserves, they find it hard to support his gaze. If one were to assign value according to utility, I may add that this science is [290] second to none as a source of lucrative income. Although the glory of this divine art is too great to need hushing up for any reason, I will nevertheless relate a few facts. The truth is that of all the arts none has ever proved more fertile in piling up profits in no time at all. Were I to mention the honorariums with which kings are wont to reward physicians, I would be accused of lacking all credibility. As to which physician Ptolemy presented with a hundred talents, ask his father Antiochus; then you’ll know for sure.68 Alexander set even higher store by Critobulus and heaped such riches on him [300] that my Muse shrinks from disclosing the sum.69 It certainly boggles the mind, and yet it is historical fact, with what enormous incomes Rome exalted her doctors. Two hundred and fifty thousand sesterces—that is the annual salary that prodigal Rome offered physicians. If you calculate this correctly, however, that will yield you over six thousand coins of the metal that the Tajo’s stream carries along.70 But why bother unearthing old stories like these? Examples from our own times prove the point at once. After all, how many Croesuses 68

69 70

125

A good doctor is the trustiest friend.

Medicine is lucrative.

Examples of physicians’ income. Ptolemy. Alexander.

6,250 gold pieces the annual salary of a physician. Pliny. Budé. Physicians wealthy in our own day too.

No one knows for certain who healed Antiochus I Soter, because Pliny attributes the cure first to Cleombrotus of Ceos and later to Cleombrotus’s son Erasistratus; see Plin. Nat. 7.123 and 29.5. The Ptolemy mentioned as Antiochus’s son at Plin. Nat. 29.5 is otherwise wholly unknown. See Plin. Nat. 7.124. Coins of gold. The Tajo River is proverbially gold bearing; see Erasmus, Adag. 1.6.75; Otto 1737; Häussler, 118; Eob. Venus 2.175. In his Praise of Medicine, Erasmus points to Plin. Nat. 29.7 as his source for physicians’ incomes in Rome, but does not go into detail. Eobanus not only provides an exact figure but even recalculates it into modern currency. His authority for the recalculation is Guillaume Budé, De asse et partibus eius (Paris, 1514), bk. 2 (fol. 34v). According to Budé, forty sesterces are equivalent to one gold crown. Hence 250,000 sesterces are worth 6,250 gold crowns.

126 310

315

320

325

330 C8v

335

340

345

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [2

Divitiis audent regibus esse pares! Utque ferunt aliae flores sine fructibus artes, Sic haec largiflua praestat utrunque manu. Frigebunt steriles Musae. Sine nomine rhetor Frustra pro sola laude disertus erit. Musicus ut cantu superet Sirenas, egebit. Ingeniosa licet, nuda mathesis erit. Haec et plura, aliquo nisi sint insignia cultu, Urgentem poterunt vix pepulisse famem. Ipsa suos aegre ditabunt iura professos, Ni fuerint summis artis honore pares. Adde quod e sacris raro gravis arca paratur, Vivere nam recte nemo libenter emit. Sola suos facili cultores arte tuetur, Extulit in famam quos medicina semel. Illa brevi magnos explorat tempore quaestus Et solo immensas nomine conflat opes. Quin etiam terris non omnes omnibus artes In precio lucri fertilis instar habent. Sarmaticis rhetor fugiet derisus ab oris. Cognitio est legum limite clausa brevi. Ipse suae redeat patriae divinus Homerus, Ipsum se superet carmine, pauper erit. Heu aevum insipiens, heu barbara saecula! Felix, Cui tales nasci contigit ante dies. Non tamen ista queri fuit hic opus. Omnibus artes Cum pereant aliae gentibus, una manet. Una ubicunque satis praestat medicina lucelli Terrarum, quamvis ad Garamantas eas. I, pete climatibus contraria climata nostris, I, pete caelivagi solis utrunque larem. Invenies quo mox ditescas foenore, vitam Nam petit et medica gens eget omnis ope. Hoc quoque sunt ipsum qui dicant esse pudendum, Immodicos quaestus quod medicina ferat. Verum; sed meritis benefacta rependere nullis,

323 facili—arte BO: docti sint quomodocunque A.

342 petit AB: petet O.

Omnes artes steriles praeter medicina. Poetica. Musica. Mathematica.

Iuris prudentia. Theologia.

Ubique in precio medicina.

Confutatio. Correctio.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

and Midases among them [310] make bold to rival kings in their accumulation of wealth! And while the other arts bear blossoms but no fruit, medicine offers both with bountiful hand. The barren Muses will shiver in the cold. An obscure rhetorician will have nothing to show for his eloquence except praise alone. A musician may outdo the Sirens in song. No matter, he will be destitute. Be it ever so ingenious, mathematics will go naked. Indeed, unless they happen to be especially distinguished in some way, this and many other arts will barely manage to keep pressing hunger at bay. Even law will struggle to enrich its practitioners, [320] save for those who are preeminent in their field. Add to this that brimming coffers rarely await theologians, for nobody willingly puts down money to live aright. Only medicine easily provides for her votaries as soon as she has brought them to prominence. In no time at all she searches out great sources of income and rakes in staggering sums on the strength of reputation alone. Besides, the other arts are not all equally prized throughout the world as lucrative sources of income. The rhetorician will be hooted from the Sarmatian shores.71 [330] Expertise in law is confined within national boundaries. Were the divine Homer to return to his homeland and outdo himself in song, he would be a pauper. Alas, foolish age! Alas, barbarous century! Happy the man fortunate enough to have been born before such a time as ours. Lamenting this state of affairs is not to the point here, however. While other arts perish all over the world, one alone abides. Only medicine provides a comfortable living anywhere on earth, even if you went to the Garamantes. Go, travel to climes opposite to ours; [340] go, travel to each mansion of the heaven-wandering sun.72 Then you’ll find out how to get rich quick, for every nation seeks life and needs medical help. There are people, too, who claim that the very fact that medicine collects extravagant fees is scandalous. Fair enough; but to offer no recompense for services rendered, that is the part of an ungrateful

71 72

127 All the arts unprofitable, except medicine. Poetry. Music. Mathematics. Jurisprudence. Theology.

Medicine prized everywhere.

Refutation. Correction.

That is, the uncultured peoples of eastern Europe have no use for skilled declaimers. To the antipodes and to the far East and West.

128

350

355

D1r 360

365

370

375

380

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [2

Hoc opus ingrati et iusta negantis erat. Hanc Cato damnavit nimium Romanus, at ipsum Conveniens duris moribus illud erat. Sunt quoque qui medicos impune occidere clamant. Quod poterant, virtus non voluisse fuit. Iam miserum est medici praescriptis vivere, ut aiunt. O vocem Furias quae decuisse queat! Scilicet enerves hebetari profuit artus Mille voluptatum desidiaeque modis! Sed quid opus tales verbis convellere causas, Quae sine iudicio pondus habente cadunt? Nanque graves arti poenas hi saepe dederunt Qui tantum probris impetiere decus. Quod si sunt aliqui (sicut sunt multa malorum Milia) qui tantum nomine sunt medici, Ecquid iniquius est hominum quam moribus artem Arguere et laudem criminis esse loco? Nulla est relligio, tam sancta professio nulla est, Quae nullos habeat sustineatque malos. Quis dabit ut qualem votis optare solemus Contingat princeps hic et ubique bonus? Ergone maiestas damnanda est nominis huius, Si sit paucorum crimine facta nocens? Omnibus haud noceat quosdam peccasse fateri. Peccarunt homines, ars sine fraude fuit. Quis non et medicum Musis et Apolline dignum Et plenum numeris omnibus esse volet? Quem si forte neget nostrae fortuna saluti, Huc tamen eniti, possit ut esse, decet. Et poterat, tantum videatur posse, nec huius Molis iners ratio pondere victa cadat. Et multi potuere et ab huius nomine laudis Condecorant nostros milia multa dies. Sed quis erit modus et quem finem nostra videbunt Carmina, si quae sunt scribere plura velim? Et portum video, et longum mare restat eundum.

353m Εἰρωνεία O: Εἰρωνΐα B. BO: paucarum A.

358 Qui BO: Cui A.

359 multa BO: multi A.

Εἰρωνεία.

Sententia.

368 paucorum

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

and unjust person. A Roman to his core, Cato condemned medicine; but that attitude was consistent with his austere character. There are also those who rant that physicians are able to kill with impunity. [350] But refusing to do what is in their power is, in fact, to their credit. Then too, they say, it is sheer misery to live by doctor’s orders. Oh, an assertion that might well suit the Furies! Sure, it will do you a lot of good to debauch your enervated body in a thousand forms of pleasure and sloth! But what need is there to demolish such accusations with words, seeing that they collapse for lack of reasoned judgment? Indeed, those who assail that splendid treasure with insults are oftentimes the very ones who end up paying heavy penalties to the art. Now, even if there are some [360] who are doctors in name only (the number of charlatans, after all, is legion), what could be more unjust than to censure an art for the conduct of its practitioners and turn its praise into a taunt? No religion, no profession is so holy that it does not harbor and support its share of rogues. Who will grant us the kind of prince that we habitually pray for, a man who here and everywhere has our welfare at heart? Are we, then, to condemn the monarchy just because a few have stained it with crime? To concede that some people have committed wrongs is no reason to blame all the others. [370] Men may do wrong; the art is beyond reproach. Who does not want the physician to be worthy of the Muses and Apollo and live up to all expectations? If fortune happens to deny us a healer like that, he must still do his utmost to become one. And he could do so too— he just needs to be convinced of that—and should not let himself be discouraged by the weight of such an ambition. Many have already succeeded in attaining that goal and many thousands adorn our own age with that very achievement. But how am I to keep within bounds and how can my poem come to a conclusion [380] if I wanted to write down the many things that remain to be said? On the one hand, I can see the harbor; on the other,

129

Irony.

Maxim.

130

D1v 385

390

395

400

405

D2r

410

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [2

Sed quia praestiterat, littora prima petam. Si placida antiquis accessit gratia rebus, Epilogus. Hac nihil antiquum novimus arte magis. Si bonus inventis precium dedit artibus author, Artifices fama est hanc reperisse deos. Si venit gravitas ab honoribus ulla peractis, Divinis meruit laudibus illa coli. Si sunt in precio quae magnis digna videntur, Semper apud reges maxima visa fuit. Si quod difficile est pulchrum quoque, pulchrius hac est Cum sit et hac usu grandius arte nihil. Si spectare libet quid possit, quanta facultas, Haec fugientem animam sola tenere potest. Si quid inest rebus quiddam quod saepe necesse est, Nulla sub hanc tantum gloria laudis habet. Si virtus spectanda, quid est vel honestius usquam Quam servare hominem qui periturus erat? Si quis ab utilibus venit favor, omnibus huius, Ut fuit et maior, gratior usus erat. Ex animo talem ergo animum tibi gratulor, Hune, Tam bona qui potuit deligere ista sibi. Perge modo et totis incumbere viribus aude, Unde novus studiis iam tibi surgit honor, Unde tibi faciles texunt nova serta Napeae, Ista quidem vario germine floret humus. Hoc iter ad Musas ego te comitabor euntem. Haec quoque (si nescis) proxima ad astra via est. Haec tibi disparibus cecini dictata Camaenis Dum subita Medicus ludit Apollo cheli. Quae quantum nobis, tantum debebis Erasmo, Qui prior omnibus haec, sed sine lege, dedit. Nos prius eximie culto succidimus horto

383 placida AO: placita B. eximiae A.

385 bonus AB: honus O.

Conclusio ad amicum.

413 Nos BO: Hos A; eximie BO:

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

a long sea passage awaits. But since this is the best course, let me make for the nearest shore. If it is true that all things old acquire a placid charm, we know nothing older than this art. If a godlike inventor lends prestige to the arts he discovered, this one is reputed to have been devised by the artificer gods. If authority accrues from the attainment of honors, this art earned the praise of God. If things prized by the mighty are held in high esteem, [390] medicine has always enjoyed highest favor with kings. If whatever is difficult is also beautiful, nothing can be more beautiful than this art, given that none is more demanding to practice. If we prefer to judge on the basis of ability or exceptional skill, this art is the only one able to stop a fleeing soul in its tracks. If there is anything on earth that we require over and over again, nothing merits that title as much as medicine. If we judge according to moral excellence, what could possibly be more meritorious than saving a person from dying? If utility engenders goodwill, this art [400] has found the greatest favor as the most useful to all. With all my heart, therefore, I congratulate you on that ambition of yours, Hune, that was able to choose for itself so excellent a profession as this. Go on, then, and have the courage to apply yourself with all your strength to those studies that are already bringing you new prestige, already furnishing the gracious nymphs with material to weave new garlands for you, for that soil blooms with buds of every kind. As you tread that path to the Muses, I intend to walk alongside you.73 This road too, as you know, leads directly to the stars. These verses, dictated by the Muses of elegy, I sang for you [410] while Apollo the Physician74 improvised on the lyre. You will owe them as much to me as to Erasmus, who published the work earlier, though not in metrical form. For the most part it is from his exception-

73 74

131

Epilogue.

Concluding words to his friend.

Eobanus plans to continue his medical studies side by side with Martin Hune. Apollo the Physician is the god by whom physicians swear the Hippocratic Oath. The phrase became a cult title in Roman times.

132

415

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [2

Parte bona, quae nunc pauca, sed apta, vides. Addidimus quoque ceu nostro de flore corollas, Quarum lecturos non puduisse queat. Et ne cassa modo passim et sine lege iacerent, Legimus et numeros iussimus esse. Vale. Τέλος

Subscriptio Τέλος add. B, Finis O.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

ally well-tended garden that I first picked the few but fitting flowers you now see. I then added, so to speak, some chaplets of my own that one may read without shame. And to keep the flowers from lying strewn about, unarranged and untied, I gathered them up and bound them together in verse. Farewell. The end

133

3

D2v

CHORUS ILLUSTRIUM MEDICORUM IN MUSEO STURTIADAE PICTUS ERPHURDIAE

APOLLO Arva Ceres, vineta coli monstravit Iacchus. Mercurius citharam, Lemnius arma dedit. Multa alii divum. Medicina inventio nostra est. Omnibus haec maius gloria nomen habet.

IDEM 5

Tela trisulca Iovem, Cererem seges, ebria Bacchum Vina, deos inter nos medicina locat. Illi saepe nocent quas invenere per artes. Quam saepe illae adimunt, ars mea reddit opem.

AESCULAPIUS

10

Quas pater invenit, per me dedit omnibus artes. Creditus hinc vivo corpore numen eram. Abstulit iratus vitam mihi Iuppiter illam Quam reddi toties non tulit arte mea.

PODALIRIUS D3r 15

Saepe meas sensit vires Argiva iuventus Fluminis ad ripas, inclyte Xanthe, tui. Ex patre me Phoebo fecit fortuna nepotem, Nec te diva mei nympha Coroni pudet.

Val. 3. ABO. Ante Choros medicorum et Musarum in A legitur epistula Eobani Hessi ad Georgium Sturtiaden (vide Appendicem 2). Tit. Chorus—Erphurdiae BO: Chorus nobilium medicorum in Musaeo Sturtiano Erphurdiae A. 16 mei AB: mi O (me in ex. Mannheimensi). 75

Eobanus offers Sturtz an alternative version to choose from. Later on he does the same with Galen.

3

CHOIR OF THE ILLUSTRIOUS PHYSICIANS PORTRAYED IN STURTZ’S MUSEUM IN ERFURT

APOLLO Ceres taught agriculture, Bacchus winegrowing. Mercury gave the lyre, Vulcan weapons, and so forth with the other deities. Medicine is my invention. This glory has a greater name than all.

THE SAME75 The three-forked thunderbolts gave Jupiter his place among the gods. Crops did the same for Ceres, intoxicating wines for Bacchus, medicine for me. The other divinities often wreak harm through the arts they invented.76 But the treasure that those arts so often rob, mine restores.

AESCULAPIUS77 The arts that my father invented he gave through me to all humanity. [10] For this reason I was believed a god while still alive. Enraged, Jupiter deprived me of that life which he could not bear to see restored so often with my art.

PODALIRIUS The Argive warriors repeatedly experienced my powers along the banks of your stream, celebrated Xanthus. Destiny made me Phoebus’s grandson on my father’s side. You, divine nymph Coronis, are not ashamed of me either.78 76

77

78

Ceres is included among the harmful divinities because she, as the goddess of cereal grains, is ultimately responsible for the production of beer. Cf. Val. 1.647–652, where beer is characterized as a toxic brew. Aesculapius was the son of Apollo and the nymph Coronis. After Jupiter killed him with a lightning bolt for bringing Hippolytus (among others) back from the dead, Apollo had him raised to the stars as a god. As Aesculapius’s son, Podalirius was the grandson of Apollo and Coronis. He and his brother Machaon are among the physicians praised in Homer’s Iliad. Cf. Eob. Val. 2.245–246.

136

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [3

MACHAON

20

Me quoque qua fratrem Podalirion arte medentem Vidit ad Idaeos Graecia tota lares. Vera loquor, nec me tacuit divinus Homerus Curasse artifici vulnera multa manu.

CHIRON Herbarum vires magnum cognoscere Achillem Et blanda docui concinuisse lyra. Debet et ipse suas nobis Epidaurius artes, Cui sedem Latii Tybridis unda dedit.

HIPPOCRATES 25

Primus ego obscura medicinam nocte sepultam In lucem veris artibus adserui. Nec mihi cuncta parem viderunt arte medendi Secula, quaeque manent quaeque fuere prius.

GALENUS

D3v

30

Dempseris Hippocraten, medicorum primus habebor. Debeo multa illi, debet et ille mihi. Nam quae nota parum reliquis dedit, omnia feci Mille libris claro lucidiora die.

29 Hippocraten AB: Hippocratem O.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

137

MACHAON All Greece saw me too before Troy, practicing the healing art alongside my brother Podalirius. I speak the truth. Indeed, the divine Homer does not omit to relate [20] how I cured many a wound with expert hand.

CHIRON I taught the great Achilles to know the virtues of herbs and sing to the charming lyre. The Epidaurian god, to whom the Tiber’s stream awarded a temple in Rome, likewise owes his arts to me.79

HIPPOCRATES Bringing the true sciences to bear, I was the first to lead medicine into the light of day after it had long lain buried in the dark of night. No age has seen my equal in the art of healing, neither the ones yet to come, nor the ones that passed before.

GALEN Take away Hippocrates, and I would be esteemed the first of physicians. [30] I owe much to him, and he owes much to me. For everything that he passed on to others remained obscure until I, in a thousand books, made it clearer than the light of day.

79

The centaur Chiron, who taught Hercules, Achilles, and Aesculapius, was skilled in medicine and music. The Epidaurian god is Aesculapius. His main temple stood in the city of Epidaurus in Argolis. He had another temple on the Tiber Island in Rome.

138

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [3

IDEM

35

Hippocratem magnum brevis insula, me dedit ingens Terra Asiae. Plus nos scripsimus, ille minus. Ille elementa dedit. Nos inde extruximus arcem Quam servat medici praesul Apollo chori.

PAULUS AEGINETA

40

Nos lege qui magni cupis aurea scripta Galeni Tramite difficili non remorante sequi. Illius aequarunt immensa volumina vires, Omnia sed cursu nos breviore damus.

ASCLEPIADES Rhetor eram, sed me locupletem ex paupere fecit Curandi ratio corpora more novo. Extinctam posito revocavi a funere vitam, Et fortuna meo nomine victa dolet.

D4r

ERASISTRATUS 45

Tabuit illicito Stratonices igne novercae Antiochus, tacito certus amore mori. Arte mea iuveni deprehenso, gratia patris Obtulit uxorem quae modo mater erat.

33 Hippocratem BO: Hippocraten A. 37–40 Hoc epigramma cum titulo legitur in A post v. 64. 45 Stratonices igne BO: Stratonicis amore A. 46 amore BO: in igne A. 47 deprehenso AO: depraehenso B.

Some Rules for Preserving Good Health

139

THE SAME A small island gave birth to the great Hippocrates, the vast landmass of Asia Minor to me. I wrote more, he less. He built the foundations. Upon them I erected the citadel over which Apollo, patron of physicians, keeps watch.

PAUL OF AEGINA Read me if you prefer to pursue the golden writings of the great Galen by a less strenuous path. His immense volumes require an endurance to match, [40] but I offer everything in more compact course.

ASCLEPIADES80 I used to be a rhetorician; but what transformed me from a pauper into a man of means was my system of healing bodies in a novel way. I brought a dead man back from the grave, and fortune grieves, vanquished by my fame.

ERASISTRATUS Antiochus pined away with illicit passion for his stepmother Stratonice and was resolved to die of secret love. After I diagnosed the young man’s disease, the father’s kindness presented him with a wife who, just now, had been his mother.

80

Asclepiades of Prusa in Bithynia (first century BCE) was the first to bring Greek medicine to Rome. Allegedly a rhetorician before becoming a doctor, he devised a new, atomistic theory of disease and many innovative treatments. He gained fame not only for reviving a dead man but also for his wager with fortune that he ought to be denied the title of physician were he ever to fall sick himself. He won that wager in old age, for he died from a fall down the stairs. See Plin. Nat. 7.124 and 26.12–15.

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EROPHILUS

50

Primus venarum docui cognoscere motus Quemlibet aetatis pro ratione suae. Nostra fefellisset nec quemquam musica, si non Plus nimio visum grande fuisset opus.

CRITOBULUS

55

Fama clarus eram Macedum sub rege Philippo, Artis opem fidae cui mea dextra tulit. Nanque oculum dubia percusso forte sagitta Absque nota formam luminis adserui.

PHILIPPUS

D4v 60

Tristis Alexandro suspectum littera fecit Ne biberet nostra pocula mista manu. Ebibit ille prius, tum scriptum porrigit ultro. Tanta me dignum credidit esse fide!

DIOSCORIDES Tempore quo Phariis Antonius ignibus arsit, Praelatus medica pluribus arte fui. Debet adhuc nostris rerum natura libellis, Quod cum tot, pauci non potuere mori.

50 Quemlibet BO: Quoslibet A.

64 cum A: tum BO.

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HEROPHILUS I was the first to teach each person to understand the arterial pulse [50] in relationship to one’s age. My rhythmical analysis would not have let anyone down, had the labor not seemed far too great.

CRITOBULUS I enjoyed splendid fame under King Philip of Macedonia, to whom my hand brought the aid of devoted skill. For when his eye happened to be dangerously wounded by an arrow, I preserved the eye’s appearance without disfigurement.

PHILIP81 A malevolent letter that made me suspect to Alexander warned him not to drink the cup that I had mixed for him. He first drained it and then handed the writing over to me. [60] Such was the trust of which he believed me worthy!

DIOSCORIDES At the very time that Antony was burning with passion for the queen of Egypt, I towered above most in the medical art. Nature is still indebted to my writings, because, in a day when so many were able to die, a select few were not.82

81

82

Philip of Acarnania, personal physician to Alexander the Great. Ignoring warnings of a plot to assassinate him by poisoning, Alexander did not hesitate to drink the potion that Philip had prepared for him. During Rome’s civil wars, many were killed. Without Dioscorides’s books on pharmacology (De materia medica), many others would have suffered the same fate.

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PRODICUS 65

Plus alii penetrabilibus tribuere venenis. Sordidus ingenio debet alipta meo. Me prius insolitum vectigal principe factum est, Unde suae medicis conveherentur opes.

CREON

70

Mille ego cum variis relevarem corpora morbis, Nulla nisi experto cura probata mihi est. Sed nova, cassa fide, ne res authore careret, Fama Agrigentini fecerat Empedoclis.

CRITIAS D5r 75

Cuncta mathematica fieri ratione probavi Inspexique leves semper ephemeridas. Facta meis opibus patriae monumenta reliqui, Quae puto Massyliam nunc quoque posse loqui.

CHARMIS

80

Cuncta ego damnavi medicorum scita priorum, Tam placuit novitas ambitiosa mihi. Frigida brumali sub sydere balnea feci. Ars tamen invenit prodigiosa fidem.

65–96 Haec epigrammata cum titulis adduntur in BO.

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PRODICUS83 Others set greater store by penetrating drugs. The lowly masseur is indebted to my genius. My example created a hitherto unknown source of income from which physicians could gather in their wealth.

CREON84 Even though I relieved innumerable bodies of various kinds of diseases, [70] I would not approve any cure unless I had first tested it myself. But my new, untrusted method did not lack for authority. Of that, the fame of Empedocles of Agrigentum made sure.

CRITIAS85 I recommended that all treatment be based on astrological calculation and always consulted the fleeting ephemerides. To my native city I bequeathed monuments erected with my wealth. Marseille, I understand, can boast them even today.

CHARMIS I condemned all the doctrines of earlier physicians, so much did ostentatious novelty appeal to me. In wintertime I prescribed cold baths. [80] Bizarre though it was, my practice nevertheless found adherents.

83 84 85

According to Plin. Nat. 29.4, Hippocrates’s pupil Prodicus of Selymbria specialized in the art of massage. Creon is an (erroneous) variant form for Acron. A friend of Empedocles, Acron of Agrigentum was revered as founder of the Empiricist school of medicine. Critias is an (erroneous) variant form for Crinas. Crinas of Massalia (Marseille) gained fame for introducing astrology into medical practice. He used his immense wealth to restore the walls and bulwarks of his native city.

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THESSALUS Qui legis Iliaci tot milia scripta Galeni, Ne mirere meum nomen ubique legi. Nam mea si veterum potuisset parcere scriptis Lingua, pepercisset forsan et ista mihi.

AVICENNA 85

Si mihi non nocuit quod Arabs, quod barbarus essem, Ne fierem medicae gloria magna rei, Cur mea barbaries noceat mihi reddita verso Ne legar? Et patria voce disertus eram.

VECTIUS VALENS

D5v

90

Clarus eram medicas quaesita laude per artes Nec minus eloquii munere clarus eram. Regia passa nefas coniux mihi nomina fecit, Quae cuperes, Claudi, clara fuisse minus.

ANTONIUS MUSA

95

Posterior nulli veterum ratione medendi, Omnibus Augusti maior honore fui. Sunt qui me dicant Musas odisse Maronis. Cur igitur falso nomine Musa fui?

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THESSALUS When you read the myriad writings of Galen of Pergamum, do not be surprised that my name crops up at every turn. For had my tongue been able to refrain from censuring the writings of the ancients, his too, perhaps, might have refrained from censuring me.86

AVICENNA If my being an Arab and a foreigner did not keep me from becoming a great ornament of medicine, why should my foreignness keep me from being read in translation? I was equally well-spoken in my native tongue.

VECTIUS VALENS87 I won renown after seeking fame through the medical arts, [90] but was no less renowned for the gift of eloquence. Adultery with the imperial consort made me a name that you, Claudius, might have wished less notorious.

ANTONIUS MUSA Second to none of the ancients in the art of healing, I stood higher in Augustus’s esteem than all others.88 Some claim that I detested Vergil’s Muses. If so, why would I falsely bear the name of Musa?89

86

87

88 89

Thessalus of Cos was Hippocrates’s son. Because he was believed to have edited some of the Hippocratic writings, Galen often makes him a scapegoat for the errors and inconsistencies that he found there. See, for example, Methodus medendi 1.2. A variant form of Vettius Valens. One of the lovers of Claudius’s third wife Valeria Messalina, Vettius was executed by the emperor in CE48. He was as celebrated for his eloquence as he was for his medical skill. See Plin. Nat. 29.8. Musa was personal physician to Caesar Augustus, whom he cured of a serious illness in 23 BCE. In these lines, Eobanus is just playing on the name Musa, not alluding to an actual story. The 1524 edition has an alternative version of the epigram (see p. 26 above), but with the same import: despite rumors to the contrary, the good doctor was never jealous that the surname Musa was eclipsed by Vergil’s Muse.

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PLYNIUS

100

Quicquid in arcanis naturae sensibus unquam Aut fuit aut nunc est aut erit, omne meum est. Talem se nostro debet medicina labori, Qualis naturae prodit ab uberibus.

CORNELIUS CELSUS Dictantes Medici quandoque et Apollinis artes Musas Romano iussimus ore loqui. Nec minus est nobis per pauca volumina famae Quam quos nulla satis bibliotheca capit.

Q. SERENUS

D6r 105

Mista salutiferis celebravi pharmaca Musis. Haec quoque (si nescis) carmina Phoebus amat. Stulte, quid argutis garris non esse poetis Ista velut vetita sacra ferenda manu?

MACER

110

Illustrata meo medicina est carmine, nec vis Herbarum quae me fugerit ulla fuit. Nec puduit scripsisse olim. Nunc poenitet, ex quo Non habet haec aetas quae mea scripta legat. Τέλος

Post 104 legitur hoc epigramma in A: ANTONIUS MUSA / Maximus imperio coluit me Caesar amicum. / Ex medicis igitur primus habendus eram. / Ne fierem, nocuit Musae mihi Musa Maronis. / Quem colimus. Divo charior ille fuit. 105–112 Haec epigrammata cum titulis adduntur in BO. Subscriptio Τέλος add. BO.

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PLINY Whatever was, is now, or someday will be in the secret thoughts of nature, it is all mine. Thanks to my work, medicine [100] appears exactly as she is, straight from nature’s breasts.

CORNELIUS CELSUS Whenever the Muses inspired me to write on the arts of Apollo the Physician, I bade them speak in the Roman tongue. The fame I earned with my few volumes is no less than that of those whom no library is large enough to hold.

QUINTUS SERENUS90 In my song I celebrate medicines prepared by the health-giving Muses. As you know, Phoebus loves such poems too. Fool, why do you jabber that tuneful poets must not lay a forbidden hand, as it were, on those sacred mysteries?

MACER91 Medicine is illumined in my poem. Of the virtues [110] of herbs none escaped me. I am not sorry about writing the book long ago. What I do regret now is that the present age no longer has the chance to read my writings. The end

90

91

Q. Serenus Sammonicus (d. early in the third century CE) wrote a Liber medicinalis in Latin hexameters, still extant, with recipes to treat various ailments. The epigram was first added in the 1531 revision. Aemilius Macer (d. 16 BCE) wrote a now lost poem on the medicinal herbs; see Ov. Tr. 4.10.43–44. This epigram, too, was first added in 1531.

D6v

4

CHORUS MUSARUM IN EODEM

CLIO. I. Sacri prima chori, Musarum praevia Clio, Addo suam rebus temporibusque fidem.

EUTERPE. II. Me chorus Euterpen quia sum iucunda vocarunt Et mea plus aliis fistula dulce canit.

THALIA. III. 5

Quod me ceu viridi spaciantem cernis in horto, Floribus aeternis apta Thalia fui.

MELPOMENE. IIII. Melpomene reliquas supero dulcedine cantus. Sunt qui me tragicis moribus esse putent.

TERPSICHORE. V.

10

Terpsichore citharam pulso ducoque choreas. Hinc me Sirenas progenuisse ferunt.

Val. 4. ABO.

3 sum BO: sim A.

7 cantus BO: vocis A.

4

CHOIR OF THE MUSES IN THE SAME

1. CLIO First in the sacred choir, I, Clio, lead the Muses’ procession. I lend events and epochs their historicity.92

2. EUTERPE Me the choir calls Euterpe because I am delightful and my flute sings more sweetly than the others.93

3. THALIA Because you see me strolling as if in a verdant garden, I, Thalia, am adorned with everblooming flowers.94

4. MELPOMENE I, Melpomene, surpass the others in sweetness of singing. There are those who believe I am a tragedian at heart.95

5. TERPSICHORE I, Terpsichore, strike the lyre and lead the choral dance. [10] That is why they say I gave birth to the Sirens.96

92 93 94 95 96

Clio (“celebrate”) is the Muse of history. Euterpe (“delightful”) is the Muse of instrumental music and song. She is commonly depicted holding a flute. Thalia (“blooming”) is the Muse of comedy. Melpomene (“singer”) is the Muse of tragedy. Terpsichore (“delighting in dance”) is typically depicted with a lyre and a flute. The Muse of choral dancing, she is also the mother of the Sirens.

150

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot [4

ERATO. VI.

D7r

Quamvis casta Erato castis aspiro poetis, In sua vota tamen me vocat omnis amans.

POLYHYMNIA. VII. Aucupor innumeris Polyhymnia cantibus aures, Aeternumque canunt organa nostra melos.

URANIA. VIII. 15

Uranie, coeleste genus, coelestia canto. Esse deos facio qui mea regna colunt.

CALLIOPE. IX. Vox bona, Calliope, Musarum maxima dicor. Singula sunt aliis, omnia tota mihi. Τέλος

Post 18 legitur in A epigramma versibus constans elegiacis quattuor, sub titulo: IN FORIBUS MUSAEI (vide Appendicem 3). Subscriptio Τέλος add. BO.

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6. ERATO Even though I, chaste Erato, inspire chaste poets, every lover still calls on me for help.97

7. POLYHYMNIA I, Polyhymnia, captivate ears with innumerable songs, and my voice sings an everlasting melody.98

8. URANIA I, the heaven-born Urania, sing of the heavens. I make gods of those who cultivate my realms.99

9. CALLIOPE I, the beautiful-voiced Calliope, am called chief of the Muses. The others each hold sway in one sphere, I in them all.100 The end

97 98 99 100

Erato (“lovely”) is the Muse of love poetry. Her name is related to “eros.” Cf. Ov. Fast. 4.195–196. Polyhymnia (“many songs”) is the Muse of sacred song. Urania (“heavenly”) is the Muse of astronomy. As the Muse of epic poetry, Calliope (“beautiful voice”) was queen of the Muses. Cf. Laud. 246, n.; Idyl. 12.49.

APPENDIX 1 Preface to the Praise of Medicine in the first edition (1524)

D4v

EOBANUS HESSUS LECTORI S. Coegeram velut aphorismos quosdam tuendae sanitati idoneos visos. 2 Quos cum aederem, rogatus ab amico medicinae encomion ut adiicerem, parui honesta roganti, dedi hoc amicitiae, triduum perdidi, medicinae laudes carmine (quod vides) utcunque expressi, sed (quod dicitur) “alieno ferox presidio”—tantum abest ut dissimulem ex cuius messe spicilegium fecerim! 3 Et quis non vel gloriosum ducat ab Erasmo ceu cornu Copiae materiam describendae rei petere? 4 Quod si est improbe factum, improvidae festinationi, mi lector, adscribes, quam parum considero dum amico morem gero. Vale.

App. 1. A: om. BO.

APPENDIX 1 Preface to the Praise of Medicine in the first edition (1524)

EOBANUS HESSUS TO THE READER, GREETINGS I had finished putting together some aphorisms that appeared well suited for preserving health. As I was preparing them for publication, a friend asked me to add an encomium of medicine. I heeded his honorable request, dedicated this work to our friendship, lost three days expressing the merits of medicine (as you see) in verse, to the best of my abilities, but (as the adage has it) “fierce under another man’s shield”—so far am I from concealing from whose harvest I gleaned these stray ears! But then, who would not think it glorious to gather all the necessary materials from Erasmus, as from the horn of Plenty? Still, if I have erred in doing so, ascribe it, dear reader, to my improvident haste, which I hold of small account as long as I gratify my friend. Farewell.

APPENDIX 2 Preface to the Choir of the Illustrious Physicians and Choir of the Muses in the first edition (1524)

G1v

MAGNIFICO VIRO, D. GEORGIO STURTIADAE, MEDICINARUM DOCTORI, EOBANUS HESSUS S. Nulli unquam libentius parui, humanissime Sturtiade, quam tibi mandanti ut Musaeum (quod pulcherrimum instituisti) carmine illustrarem, videbam enim hoc agere te ut cum Musis Gratias, hoc est, eruditione humanitatem, coniungeres. 2 Est hoc profecto ut ingenui animi specimen ita certum indicium meminisse te hominem esse Musis et Gratiis natum. 3 Quod haud scio an meliore potueris argumento ostendere quam quo duos nuper pulcherrimos choros Musarum et medicorum ita in unum ceu templum coegisti ut humanae foelicitatis bona pars in tuo Musaeo tantum non spirantibus imaginibus expressa videatur. 4 Obtuli eius rei elogium statim ingressuris, ut intelligerent communem deum Musis et medicis praesidere Apollinem vicioque factum ut qui Musas, id est, humaniora studia, ignorarint, medicinam artium pulcherrimam foeda barbarie commacularint. 5 Sed et huius encomion fecimus et tibi, mi charissime Sturtiade, libenter et hac fiducia morem gessimus, ut et tibi et bonis omnibus laborem, vel potius pietatem nostram, probatum iri non desperemus. 6 Faxit Christus ut et animum istum tuum et Musaeum quamplures imitentur. 7 Bene vale. 8 Erphurdiae, mense Augusto 1524.

App. 2. A: om. BO.

2 indicium scripsi: iudicium A.

APPENDIX 2 Preface to the Choir of the Illustrious Physicians and Choir of the Muses in the first edition (1524)

TO THE HONORABLE MAN, MR. GEORG STURTZ, DOCTOR OF MEDICINE, EOBANUS HESSUS SENDS GREETINGS. In all my life I have never been so eager to accept a commission, most kindly Sturtz, as when you asked me to write a set of verses to embellish your Museum, which you have furnished with utmost taste, for I saw that you are doing so in order to join the Graces with the Muses, that is, humanity with erudition. This, indeed, is not only the hallmark of a noble soul but also proof positive that you are mindful that man is born for the Muses and Graces. I cannot imagine how you could have demonstrated that proposition more effectively than you did just recently, when, as if in a single temple, you brought together two most beautiful choirs of the Muses and the physicians, so that a good part of human happiness appears to find expression in those all but breathing portraits in your Museum. I have supplied an inscription to this effect, greeting all who are about to enter, so that they will recognize that Apollo is the god who presides over the Muses no less than the physicians and that those who willfully ignore the Muses—that is, the more humane studies—defile the most beautiful of arts, medicine, with loathsome barbarity. Yes, and what is more, I have not only made an encomium of this but have also, my dearest Sturtz, gladly heeded your wishes, in the confidence that I need not despair that my work, or rather, labor of love, will find favor with you and all good-minded people. May Christ grant that a great many will imitate that spirit as well as that Museum of yours! Farewell. Erfurt, in the month of August 1524.

APPENDIX 3 Concluding epigram in the first edition (1524)

G4v

IN FORIBUS MUSAEI Haec quicunque subis penetralia, ne inscius erres: Praesidet hiis Phoebus Pieridesque novem. Tam medicus quam te vates invitat Apollo. Liber ab hac, hospes, relligione, subi.

App. 3. A: om. BO.

APPENDIX 3 Concluding epigram in the first edition (1524)

OVER THE DOOR TO THE MUSEUM All you who enter this sanctuary, do not err unawares: Phoebus and the nine Muses preside over this place. It is both as physician and as poet that Apollo invites you. Freed from this scruple, guest, do come in.

APPENDIX 4 Epigram in the first edition (1524) introducing Georg Sturtz’s foldout table of the various types of fevers

IN TABULAM FEBRIUM CLARISSIMI MEDICI, D. GEORGII STURTIADAE Eobanus Hessus lectori

5

Tam cito quod varias doceat cognoscere febres, Hac nullum tabula clarius extat opus. Perlege, nec dubita fructum succrescere lecto Quem nequeat Phrygii solvere gaza Mydae. Provida Sturtiadae dedit hunc tibi cura Georgi Ex variis lectum floribus, instar apis. Nec maius potuit nec debes munera velle Pro tibi tam sanis Febribus ulla dari.

App. 4. A: om. BO.

APPENDIX 4 Epigram in the first edition (1524) introducing Georg Sturtz’s foldout table of the various types of fevers

ON THE TABLE OF THE FEVERS BY THAT MOST DISTINGUISHED PHYSICIAN, MR. GEORG STURTZ Eobanus Hessus to the reader Because it so quickly teaches how to recognize the various types of fevers, this table stands in a class by itself. Read it from start to finish and have no doubt that the reading will yield a fruit beyond the wealth of Phrygian Midas. It is the provident care of Georg Sturtz that offers you this nectar, gathered from various blossoms, much like a bee. One could not possibly ask, nor ought you to wish, to be granted any boon superior to Fevers that are so healthful for you.

Elegiae tres Three Elegies

∵

illustration 5 Title page of Elegiae tres. Nuremberg: Friedrich Peypus, 1526 Stadtbibliothek im Bildungscampus Nürnberg (6 an Phil. 2867.8 o )

illustration 6 Portrait of Philip Melanchthon. Engraving by Albrecht Dürer, with an epigraph contributed by Eobanus (1526) British Museum, London (Museum no.: E,3.33). © The Trustees of the British Museum

Introduction Alarmed at the widespread collapse of education in the aftermath of the Reformation, Martin Luther sent out an urgent appeal in February 1524 To the Councilmen of All Cities in Germany, That They Must Establish and Maintain Christian Schools.1 The first to heed the call was Nuremberg, where the city fathers voted on October 18 to set up a humanistic-evangelical academy, ideally under the aegis of Luther’s closest associate, Philip Melanchthon. The task of luring the famed scholar to Nuremberg fell to the young councilor Hieronymus Baumgartner, who had studied at Wittenberg from 1518 to 1522. Melanchthon responded at the end of the month. Expressing joy at the city’s initiative, he nonetheless modestly but firmly declined the invitation and proposed that the councilors consider Eobanus instead.2 Here matters rested for some time. New impetus came after Nuremberg officially declared itself a Lutheran city the following March. In mid-1525, Baumgartner was once again instructed to put out feelers to Wittenberg. If Melanchthon could not be persuaded to become the school’s director himself, might he, perhaps, be willing to help organize the institution and recruit distinguished faculty? Framed in this way, the city’s overtures yielded success. By early September, Melanchthon had not only signaled his eagerness to assist with the planning but had even enlisted Joachim Camerarius as the school’s rector and Eobanus as teacher of poetry and versification.3 On September 16, therefore, the city invited Melanchthon to Nuremberg, so that the project could get underway as soon as possible.4 Melanchthon arrived in early November, as did Camerarius. Closely collaborating with the city officials, they spent much of the month working out the school’s mission, regulations, and curriculum. The academy, to be housed in the former Benedictine monastery of St. Aegidius, was to offer universitypreparatory courses in dialectic and rhetoric, Latin literature and composi-

1 See Poetic Works, 4:319. 2 See Melanchthon, Ep. 348 and 350, both dated 31 October 1524. For a full discussion, see Heinrich W. Heerwagen, Zur Geschichte der Nürnberger Gelehrtenschulen in dem Zeitraume von 1485 bis 1526, part 1 (Nuremberg, 1860), 17–33, 36–38; part 2 (Nuremberg, 1867), 3–8; Hugo Steiger, Das Melanchthongymnasium in Nürnberg (1526–1926): Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Humanismus (Munich, [1926]), 20–27; Heinz Scheible, Melanchthon: Eine Biographie (Munich, 1997), 45–49. 3 See p. 22 above. 4 Melanchthon, Ep. 420.

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004414662_004

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tion, in particular versification, as well as mathematics, music, and religion. Also to be offered were the biblical languages of Greek and Hebrew. Only students who had already mastered Latin at one of the city’s regular schools would be admitted. Tuition would be free of charge. As the leading scholars at the academy, Camerarius and Eobanus were each to receive an annual salary of 150 guilders. The remaining faculty would be paid one hundred guilders each. The school was inaugurated on 23 May 1526. Addressing an audience that included the city’s elite, Melanchthon delivered the festive oration.5 Eobanus, for his part, declaimed an elegy that he had composed especially for the event. Revised and augmented, it would be published as the second of his Three Elegies in early autumn. Before Melanchthon departed Nuremberg on May 29, Albrecht Dürer sketched his portrait, later turned into a brilliant copper engraving. For the engraving, Dürer relied on their mutual friend Eobanus to supply him with an elegiac distich—perhaps the most celebrated of all such portrait epigraphs: “Viventis potuit Durerius ora Philippi, / Mentem non potuit pingere docta manus” (Dürer was able to depict Philip’s features just as in life. The mind his masterly hand was not able to depict).6 Around the same time, Dürer also created an exquisite silverpoint drawing of Eobanus, signed with his monogram and dated 1526 (Illustration 7). A month or two later he turned this drawing into the small woodcut portrait that was first published, as a single leaf, at Nuremberg in the latter part of August (Illustration 1). Here, too, Eobanus supplied the epigraph:7 Quisquis habes nostra fixos in imagine vultus, Notius hac Hesso noveris esse nihil. Talis enim pulchram Pegnesi Eobanus ad urbem Post septem vitae condita lustra fuit.

5 For a text of the oration “In laudem novae scholae,” see Melanchthons Werke in Auswahl, vol. 3, ed. Richard Nürnberger (Gütersloh, 1969), 63–69. 6 See Illustration 6. For Eobanus’s authorship of the epigraph, see Vredeveld, “Lend a Voice,” 509–567, here at pp. 541–546. 7 For a discussion of the (unsigned and undated) woodcut, see pp. 175–185 below. Eobanus’s authorship of the epigraph is corroborated by strong verbal parallels. For l. 1, cf. Sylv. 2.27.1: “Quisquis habes Mariae fixos in imagine vultus.” For l. 2, cf. Vitanda ebriet. 6.22 (Sylv. 2.2.22): “istis / Temporibus constet notius esse nihil”; Nup., postscript, l. 2; Her. Chr. 4.207 (the latter two imitating Mart. 13.2.8). For l. 3, cf. Epic. 7.95: “Hic ubi Pegnesus pulchram vagus alluit urbem.” For ll. 3–4, cf. Wirt., t.p., under a portrait of Landgrave Philip: “Talis post tria bis lustra Philippus erat.”

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elegiae tres

Whoever of you has your eyes fixed on my likeness, know that to Hessus nothing is more familiar than this. For that is what Eobanus looked like in the beautiful city on the Pegnitz after completing seven lustrums of his life.

Earliest Publications in Nuremberg Eobanus arrived in Nuremberg on May 7—a day or two later than expected because his horse had gone lame in Forchheim.8 Eobanus’s first impression of the city, as he poetically described it afterwards, was one of beauty and magnificence: “I myself, having recently departed from the Gera-dwelling city …, stood marveling at the name and the waters of the Pegnitz, in beauty comparable to the Peneus as it traverses Thessaly’s Vale of Tempe. Gods, what fortresses, what walls did I behold then! How massively constructed are the city buildings! How magnificent are the houses!”9 As he settled into his new life in Nuremberg, Eobanus felt revitalized and eager to resume publishing after a two-year hiatus. Already in the late summer of 1526 he was able to bring out two small books, followed by Three Elegies in October. All three booklets were printed by Friedrich Peypus: Elegy to John Frederick, Duke of Saxony, and Other Poems First to appear was a small bundle of poems from the Erfurt period, gratefully dedicated to Philip Melanchthon.10 After all, as Eobanus acknowledges in the prefatory poem, he would not now be here, on the banks of the Pegnitz, without his friend’s efforts. Each of the pieces in the booklet would eventually be incorporated into one of the major verse collections: the Bucolicorum idyllia of 1528, the Epicedia of 1531, and the Sylvae of 1535/39. The collection opens

8

9 10

For the day of Eobanus’s arrival, see Epp. 1, sig. P5r, letter of 11 May 1526 to Johann Gröningen: “Ego vero urbem hanc ingressus sum die Lunae ante Ascensionem Christi.” Cf. Melanchthon, Ep. 463 (this letter should now be redated to ca. 6 May 1526). Idyl. 16.128–134. Ad illustrissimum Principem Ioannem Fridericum, Ducem Saxoniae, elegia. Epicedia duo .... Idyllion ad Philippum Melanchthonem (Nuremberg: Friedrich Peypus, 1526). For a description, see pp. 313–315 below; for a text of the liminary epigram and dedicatory poem, see Epic., app. 1 and 2 (Dichtungen, 3:174–175). The elegy to John Frederick was reprinted in Salomonis Ecclesiastes (Nuremberg: Johann Petreius, 1532/33), sigs. C8r–D2r, thereafter also as Sylv. 3.1. The two epicedia were reprinted as Epic. 1 and 2. The idyl to Melanchthon was reprinted as Idyl. 14 in 1528/39.

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with a laudatory elegy to John Frederick I of Saxony (1503–1554). Eobanus had presented it to the young duke in 1522, probably already at the Weimar Disputation of January that year. Two epicedia follow, one for Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony, who had died on 5 May 1525, the other for Melanchthon’s close friend Wilhelm Nesen, who had drowned in the Elbe River, not far from Wittenberg, on 6 July 1524. An idyl on the barbaric contempt for letters, written in mid-1524, concludes the booklet. Fittingly, the poem is addressed to Melanchthon. When the bundle came out in late August, Eobanus sent a personally inscribed copy to Hieronymus Baumgartner. Another copy would have gone to the renowned patrician humanist Willibald Pirckheimer (1470–1530), whom Eobanus was eager to impress.11 Guide to Verse Composition Next came A Highly Concise Guide to Verse Composition, Intended for the Pupils of the School Newly Established at Nuremberg, published in the first half of September.12 This is an elementary schoolbook on versification, written in prose and drawn from Priscian, Donatus, and other authorities. An epigram by Joachim Camerarius introduces the work. The booklet was reprinted at Wit-

11

12

For the copy presented to Baumgartner, see Renate Jürgensen, Bibliotheca Norica: Patrizier und Gelehrtenbibliotheken in Nürnberg zwischen Mittelalter und Aufklärung, part 1 (Wiesbaden, 2002), 129. Eobanus habitually sent copies of his Nuremberg publications to Pirckheimer and eventually dedicated Bucolicorum idyllia to him. Scribendorum versuum maxime compendiosa ratio, in schola Nurenbergae nuper instituta pueris proposita (Nuremberg: Friedrich Peypus, 1526). The author’s name “Hessus” is mentioned only in line 4 of Camerarius’s liminary epigram. According to the colophon, the booklet came out “at the autumnal equinox 1526,” that is, around September 13 (see Poetic Works, 4:XV). In fact, it was already out by September 10; see Eobanus’s letter of that date to Johann Gröningen, in Epp. 1, sig. P7r. A week later, Eobanus sent a copy to Pirckheimer, with the inscription: “Domi[no] rebus omnibus clarissimo Bili[baldo] Pyrcaimero Eobanus d.d.” See Walther Ludwig, “Pontani amatores: Joachim Camerarius und Eobanus Hessus in Nürnberg,” in Thomas Baier, ed., Pontano und Catull (Tübingen, 2003), 11–45, here at p. 19, n. 26; repr. in Ludwig, Miscella, 3:194–226, here at p. 203, n. 26. The presentation copy was sent with a letter dated 19 September 1526. See Willibald Pirckheimers Briefwechsel, vol. 6, ed. Helga Scheible (Munich, 2004), no. 1055 (p. 208), where Eobanus asks Pirckheimer to take the admittedly modest little book in good part and accept his friendship: “Hoc rogo, ut quicquid est quod ad te nunc mitto libelli boni consulas meque inter tuos vel postremo loco esse patiare.” (The little book cannot be Elegiae tres, as Scheible surmises, for that booklet did not come out until the latter part of October.) In a postscript, Eobanus expresses hope that Pirckheimer will take time to read, or at least look into, the manuscript of his soon-to-be published Idyllia (1528).

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tenberg in 1531 and 1534, in abbreviated form also at Mühlhausen in 1584.13 A more advanced handbook, promised at sig. A8r, did not materialize.14 Three Elegies Eobanus’s opening trio of publications is rounded out by Three Elegies, published in the latter half of October. The bundle starts off with “A Poem Concerning the Nuremberg School.” This is a verse letter addressed to the town clerk of Joachimsthal, Barthel Bach, a compatriot and friend of Georg Sturtz.15 Eobanus had been introduced to Bach in the early autumn of 1525, via a letter from the latter’s good friend Philipp Eberbach, who taught at the local evangelical Latin school.16 In June 1526, Bach himself sent Eobanus a hearty letter asking about “the novel curriculum at the school recently established” in Nuremberg (Eleg. 1.15–16).17 In his verse response to Bach, Eobanus lauds the city as the new home of the exiled Muses and then outlines the school’s plan of studies and praises its teachers. 13

14

15 16 17

For the third reprint, see Johann Dinckel, ed., Tres libelli, post cognita prima prosodiae elementa, ad pleniorem eiusdem cognitionem et exercitium componendi versus, pueris maximopere utiles et necessarii. I. Ratio examinandorum versuum ad usum et exercitationem puerorum, autore Iacobo Micyllo. II. Scribendorum versuum maxime compendiosa ratio, autore Eobano Hesso. III. Protrepticus studiosorum poetices Iohan. Murmellii (Mühlhausen, 1584). In 1531, Eobanus did reissue Hutten’s poem De arte versificandi for use in his classroom; see Poetic Works, 3:326–327. A quarter of a century later, Michael Lindener (ca. 1520/30– 1562) published Explicatio H. Eobani Hessi, poetae excellentissimi, in Iohan. Murmelii R. tabulas de ratione faciendorum versuum (Nuremberg, 1552), with a six-distich liminary epigram falsely ascribed to Eobanus. In the dedicatory letter (sig. *6r), Lindener asserts that the book is based on Eobanus’s lectures on Johann Murmellius’s Tabulae in artis componendorum versuum rudimenta (1515 and often reprinted), which (or so he claims) he himself attended at some unspecified time and place. Cf. Otto Clemen, “Bibliographisches zu Helius Eobanus Hessus und Biblio-Biographisches zum Verfasser der ‘Katzipori,’” Archiv für Schreib- und Buchwesen 3 (1929): 7–10, here at pp. 8–9, no. 4; repr. in Clemen, Kleine Schriften zur Reformationsgeschichte (1897–1944), ed. Ernst Koch, vol. 5 (Leipzig, 1984), 535–538, here at pp. 536–537. But, as already Karl Schottenloher suspects in his “Der Schwankdichter Michael Lindener als Schriftenfälscher,” Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen 56 (1939): 342–344, Lindener’s book is a fraud. Though he claims to have been a close friend of Eobanus’s, Lindener does not figure in Eobanus’s correspondence. On Lindener’s life and work, see Hans-Joachim Ziegeler in VL 16, 4:133–141. On Bach, see n. 2 at p. 189 below. See Epp. fam., 108, letter of 16 October 1525 to Georg Sturtz. On Philipp Eberbach (d. 1529), see Melanchthon, Ep., 11:381. Bach sent Eobanus another letter in July, together with a portrait (tabula) of Vergil; see Epp. fam., 128–129, where Eobanus passes the information on to Georg Sturtz on 4 August 1526. In the same letter, Eobanus promises to thank Bach for sending him the picture, which he intends to show to Dürer and everybody else.

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The second elegy likewise centers on the Nuremberg academy. Eobanus originally declaimed it at the school’s inauguration on May 23, but now brings it out in revised and augmented form. As in the preceding poem, Eobanus praises Nuremberg for offering the outcast Muses a second homeland. In this enlightened city, he exults, the humanities are once again able to welcome students. Here they will receive a splendid education in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew and in the seven liberal arts. The elegy ends with an appeal to the city’s young people to enroll at the new school. In the final elegy, Eobanus hotly defends himself against “an envier,” whom he refuses to name so as not to make him immortal. The minor tempest was occasioned by the young poet-scholar Vincentius Opsopoeus (d. 1539), who, like Eobanus, was a newcomer in Nuremberg.18 Opsopoeus had noticed a seven-foot hexameter in the just-published idyl to Melanchthon (Idyl. 14.111) and then proceeded to make fun of the mistake—conceivably within earshot of Willibald Pirckheimer, whom Eobanus was striving mightily to befriend. To Eobanus, seeing his kingship in poetry challenged so soon after his arrival in Nuremberg was a provocation that he had to fend off at all costs. The elegy attacks the rival as a spiteful scoundrel who ought to have given Eobanus the courtesy of pointing out the mistake before openly mocking him for it. Our humanist goes on to plead his own case as Germany’s leading poet and minimizes the error as a mere stumble, easily rectified. In a prose postscript, he gives precise information on the mistake, explains how it came about (not through ignorance, but through haste), and provides a correction.19

Printing History The Three Elegies came out at Nuremberg in the latter part of October. The publisher is once again Friedrich Peypus (here Graecized as Arthemisius, because artemisia is “Beifuß” in German): A (1526) [Within an ornamental compartment cut from a single block:] HELII EO= | BANI HESSI POETAE | Elegiæ Tres. | De Schola Norica, ad Barptholomeū Bacchiū | In Auſpicio Scholæ propoſitum Carmen. | In Inuidū quo intentatæ Calumniæ reſpondet. | INVIDIAE. | [2 elegiac distichs] 18 19

On Opsopoeus, see p. 199 below, with n. 17. In the version of Idyl. 6.56 printed in Operum farragines duae (1539), Eobanus tacitly corrects another such error that had gone undetected through three earlier versions.

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Colophon:

APVD INCLYTAM NORIMBER= | gam Imprimebat Fridericus Arthemiſius. | M. D. XXVI. Menſe Octobri. | Collation: 8o: [a]8 [2–4 signed], 8 leaves Contents: 1r title page; 1v blank; 2r–4v first elegy; 4v–5v second elegy; 5v–8r third elegy, with postscript; 8r colophon; 8v blank Catchwords: None Running titles: None Copy text: Nuremberg, Stadtbibliothek Call number: 6 an Phil. 2867.8o

Examined in November 2016, this copy serves as the copy text for the present edition. I have also consulted the copy in Augsburg, Staats- und Stadtbibliothek (LR 630a#Beibd. 4), and in London, BL (11409.b.8), both available in digital facsimile via Google Books. There is a further copy in Paris, Bibliothèque de l’ Institut de France. On 13 November 1526, Eobanus sent a copy to Johann Gröningen in Erfurt. The covering letter explains: “I am sending you the booklet, recently published here, on the school’s plan of studies, just so you’ll see that I have found a disparager here too, and not without cause, perhaps, considering I got that careless in a meter so straightforward that, of all meters, it is by far the easiest for me. Nevertheless, as you see, I curbed the faultfinder pretty ferociously.”20 A contemporary letter to Euricius Cordus alludes to the same matter.21 Eobanus thought well enough of the booklet to reprint it in his collected works: O (1539) OPERVM FARRAGINES DVAE, part 2, sigs. O5r–P4r. For a bibliographical description, see Poetic Works, 2:52–54. For the copies consulted, see pp. 27–28 above. The Farragines was reprinted at Frankfurt am Main in 1549 and 1564.

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21

See Epp. 1, sig. Q1v: “Mitto libellum tibi, nuper hic editum, de ratione scholae, ut videas et hic obtrectatorem me invenisse, nec immerito fortasse, qui sic incautus fuerim in re tam facili quam quae mihi sit omnium longe facilima. Verum, ut vides, satis ferociter repressi calumniatorem.” See Epp. 4, sig. C3v, dated 16 November 1526.

illustration 7 Portrait of Eobanus. Silverpoint drawing by Albrecht Dürer (1526) British Museum, London (Museum no.: SL,5218.21). © The Trustees of the British Museum

illustration 8 Portrait of Eobanus. Woodcut by Dürer, with an epigraph by the poet himself. Second state. [Nuremberg: Friedrich Peypus, May 1527] British Museum, London (Museum no.: 1895,0122 .772). © The Trustees of the British Museum

illustration 9 Epigrams by Johann Alexander Brassicanus on the verso of Dürer’s woodcut of Eobanus [May 1527]. Edges trimmed; text lightly mutilated British Museum, London (Museum no.: 1895,0122 .772). © The Trustees of the British Museum

illustration 10 Portrait of Eobanus. Woodcut by Dürer (third state), with an epicedium and epitaph by Johann Gigas (Zwickau: Wolfgang Meyerpeck, [1540?]) Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington

Excursus: The Woodcut Portrait of Eobanus Research on the woodcut portrait has long since crystalized into a set of canonical conclusions handed down from one generation of catalogers to the next:1 1. Though not signed or dated, the woodcut is modeled on Dürer’s silverpoint drawing (1526), now in the British Museum (see Illustration 7). The artist, therefore, is either Dürer himself or someone close to him, quite possibly the young Barthel Beham (1502–1540).2 2. The woodcut served as a title page.3 As such, the page bears the heading “Helius Eobanus Hessus Poeta.”4 Below the portrait are four lines of Latin verse. Centered below the epigraph is the instruction “VERTE” (turn the page). Cf. Illustration 8. On the verso is the heading “In imaginem Eobani Hessi sui ab Alberto Dürero, huius aetatis Apelle, graphice expressam aliquot epigrammata Ioannis Alexandri Brassicani,” followed by three Latin epigrams.5 See Illustration 9. The leaf is also found with the attached remnants of the following leaf containing four more Latin epigrams.6 3. The woodcut served as a book illustration. As such, it is appended to Eobanus’s Ad illustrissimum Principem Ioannem Fridericum, Ducem Saxoniae. Elegia. Epicedia duo .... Idyllion ad Philippum Melanchthonem (Nuremberg: Friedrich Peypus, [August] 1526).7 There is no heading above 1 See in particular Dodgson, Catalogue, 1:345–346, synthesizing earlier scholarship; Meder, Dürer-Katalog, 239–240, no. 257, with a list of editions and copies; Walter L. Strauss, ed., Albrecht Dürer: Woodcuts and Wood Blocks (New York, 1980), 584–585, no. 206; Schoch et al., Dürer, 535–536, no. A 46; Christine Vogt, Das druckgraphische Bild nach Vorlagen Albrecht Dürers (1471–1528): Zum Phänomen der graphischen Kopie (Reproduktion) zu Lebzeiten Dürers nördlich der Alpen (Munich, 2008), 484–486, no. 265. 2 For the attribution to Barthel Beham, see Schoch et al., Dürer, 536, no. A 46. 3 Hausmann, 90: “von Peipus in Nürnberg im Jahre 1527 … als Titelblatt veröffentlicht” (a title page, because there are epigrams on the verso, under the heading “In imaginem Eobani Hessi sui”). 4 See J.D. Passavant, Le Peintre-graveur, vol. 3 (Leipzig, 1862), 196, no. 218, with barbaric text transcriptions. I know of no copy of the woodcut that bears the heading “Helius Eobanus Hessus poeta.” The phrase does appear in later imitations of the woodcut; see Peter Mortzfeld, ed., Die Porträtsammlung der Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel: Biographische und bibliographische Beschreibungen mit Künstlerregister, vol. 4 (Munich, 1999), 151–152, nos. A 9535, A 9536, A 9540. 5 There are copies in the British Museum, London; Bibliothek Otto Schäfer, Schweinfurt; ÖNB, Vienna. 6 Meder, Dürer-Katalog, 240, no. 257. 7 A copy of the booklet with the attached woodcut portrait and Brassicanus’s epigrams is pre-

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004414662_005

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the portrait. Below the portrait is the already mentioned Latin epigraph, followed by “VERTE.” The verso and following page contain seven Latin epigrams by Johann Alexander Brassicanus. 4. Because some copies of the illustration are said to bear the date “M.D.XXVII,” Eobanus’s booklet must have been reprinted in 1527.8 5. The woodcut appears additionally as a single-leaf print, with the Latin epigraph, but with “enim” in l. 3 printed as “em̅ .” “VERTE” is lacking, because the verso is blank.9 See Illustration 1. 6. The woodcut is last used in a broadside mourning Eobanus’s death on 4 October 1540 (see Illustration 10.) The heading above the portrait reads: “H. Eobano Hesso poetae clarissimo, qui obiit anno Domini XXXX, etatis sue LI, S. R. Ioannes Gigas.” Below the portrait are two columns of Latin verse, 26 lines per column. At the bottom of the first column is the address “Cygneae per Volffgangum Meyerpeck.”10 The verso is blank. Each of these conclusions is inferred solely from observation of the prints themselves, without benefit of epistolary or other outside sources. That is a regrettable lapse of scholarship. For as already Carl Krause indicates in his biography (1879), Eobanus’s letters tell a much different story.11

The Portrait in the Light of Eobanus’s Correspondence Each the acknowledged master in his field, Eobanus and Dürer became acquainted soon after the poet’s arrival in Nuremberg on 7 May 1526 and then forged an enduring bond of friendship.12 The mutual respect is tangible. One senses it not only in the marvelous silverpoint portrait that Dürer drew of

8

9 10

11 12

served in the Kupferstichkabinett, Berlin (Sign. 2418). For a bibliographical description, see pp. 313–315 below. See Dodgson, Catalogue, 1:346, following R. von Retberg, Dürers Kupferstiche und Holzschnitte: Ein kritisches Verzeichnis (Munich, 1871), 103, no. 267. I know of no copy with dated colophon. There is a copy of this state in the Albertina, Vienna (printed on vellum), and in ÖNB, Vienna (see Illustration 1). Dodgson, Catalogue, 1:346; Meder, Dürer-Katalog, 240, no. 257; Schoch et al., Dürer, 535, no. A 46. Jeffrey C. Smith, Nuremberg: A Renaissance City, 1500–1618 (Austin, 1983), 128, no. 33, takes Meyerpeck to be the author of the Latin verses. See Krause, HEH, 2:47–48, with n. 2 on p. 47. In his epicedium commemorating the artist, Eobanus explicitly calls Dürer his friend (Epic. 3.3). In the immediately following “Dream,” he has the deceased address him as “Hessus, recently not least among my friends” and “a true friend to me,” to which Eobanus replies in the same terms; see Epic. 3 A.19, 21, 32.

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Eobanus early on (Illustration 7) but also in the memorable epigraph that Eobanus, for his part, contributed to Dürer’s engraving of Philip Melanchthon (Illustration 6). By mid-summer, certainly, the two men were on such familiar terms that Eobanus felt free to drop by Dürer’s house to show him an image of Vergil that Barthel Bach had sent him from Joachimsthal. On August 4, Eobanus assures Bach’s good friend Georg Sturtz: “I’m writing Bach. For I feel deeply moved by the immortal present he sent me, the picture of Vergil. I’ll show it here to Dürer and everybody else.”13 A few weeks later, on August 24, Eobanus wrote Sturtz again to say that he had indeed shown it to Dürer. To his unending delight, he adds, the artist not only approved of the picture but also declared it a faithful copy of the original, which he himself had seen a long time ago.14 It was at precisely this time of burgeoning friendship that Dürer turned his silverpoint drawing into the familiar single-leaf woodcut. Accompanied by Eobanus’s epigraph, the portrait was published in the latter part of August.15 We gather these details from letters that Eobanus sent out in the following weeks and months to his friends and admirers. Among the first to receive a copy was Johann Gröningen in Erfurt. Though the poet’s covering letter and Gröningen’s reaction to it are now lost, we do possess a follow-up letter from Eobanus, dated 10 September 1526: “You really did make some funny jokes about my portrait. Please, my dear Gröningen, when are you going to stop being so facetious? Or don’t you recognize my stern brow? Do you recognize the rest? So what? That is what I looked like when Apelles portrayed me. You’ll add: ‘This is what his eyes, his hands, his mouth looked like’ [Verg. A. 3.490]. I’ll rejoin: ‘That is what I looked like when I cut down the enemy’s front ranks right under the walls of Praeneste’” [cf. Verg. A. 8.561–562].16 Eobanus’s allusion to the old warrior Evander in Vergil’s Aeneid looks like a reflex of Dürer’s own assessment of his new friend. For as Joachim Camerarius records in his story of the poet’s life (Nar. 31.3): “[Eobanus’s] build was tall and robust, his chest broad, his face rather too

13 14

15 16

Epp. fam., 128–129: “Baccho scribo. Is enim immortali munere me affecit, transmisso Virgilio in tabula depicto, quem hic Durerio ostendam et omnibus.” Epp. fam., 122: “Eius tabulam Virgilii imaginem hic circumfero et nuper Durerio ostendi, qui omnibus suffragiis approbavit, asserens ab archetypo Virgilii, qualem et ipse olim viderit, vere expressam et deliniatam, quae res mihi est longe iucundissima.” As Hausmann, 90, notes, the printer must have been Friedrich Peypus. Epp. 1, sig. P7v: “Bellissime ludis in imaginem nostram. Amabo te, mi Groninge, quando desines tam facetus esse? An tu non agnosces nostrum supercilium? Reliqua agnoscis? Quid igitur? Talis eram cum ille Apelles me pingeret. Tu adscribito: ‘Sic oculos, sic ille manus, sic ora ferabat.’ Ego dicam: ‘Talis eram cum primam aciem Praeneste sub ipsa / stravi.’ ”

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fierce, so that Albrecht Dürer used to say: if he did not know him personally and had only his portrait to look at, he would have guessed it was that of a warrior.” Even as Eobanus was bantering with Gröningen, he was also writing his old friend Adam Krafft (1493–1558), the court preacher in Marburg.17 Together with a couple of recently published booklets, he tells Krafft, he is sending him “my portrait carved here by Dürer, so that you can have Eobanus with you at least in likeness for now, given that you can’t have the real thing, although, as I hope, my writings will portray me better than any Apelles and any artist’s hand.” Eobanus’s boast that he had his portrait carved by none other than the modern Apelles, Dürer, is echoed in the epigram that Euricius Cordus penned after receiving his copy:18 IN IMAGINEM EOBANI HESSI, AD PICTOREM DURERUM Noluit a quovis Magnus pictore, sed illo Pingi19 qui tali primus in arte fuit. Sic summum summus vatem, Durere, magister20 Exprimis. At brevis hoc horula perdet21 opus. Interea nullum, cui cedunt omnia, tempus Eximet22 ingenio quod facit ille suo. ON A PORTRAIT OF EOBANUS HESSUS, TO THE ARTIST DÜRER [Alexander] the Great did not allow himself to be portrayed by any painter whatever, but only by him who was first in that form of art. In the same 17

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19 20 21 22

Epp. fam., 210; Günther Franz, ed., Urkundliche Quellen zur hessischen Reformationsgeschichte, vol. 2: 1525–1547 (Marburg, 1954), 20: “faciem meam a Durerio hic exculptam mitto, ut habeas Eobanum vel pictum interim, dum verum non potes, quamvis, ut spero, melius expriment literae quam ullus Apelles ullaque pictorum manus.” The letter is undated, but can be placed not long after 7 September 1526, because it explicitly alludes to Melanchthon’s letter of that date to Joachim Camerarius (Melanchthon, Ep. 494). The epigram was first published in Epp. fam., 276 (at the end of bk. 11), under the title “Euritius Cordus in imaginem Eobani Hessi”; repr. in Hans Rupprich, ed., Dürer: Schriftlicher Nachlaß, vol. 1 (Berlin, 1956), 296. A somewhat different text (followed here) appears in bk. 13 of Euricius Cordus, Opera poetica omnia, iam primum collecta ac posteritati transmissa [Frankfurt am Main, ca. 1550], sig. n1r. Fingi Epp. fam. Sic vatem summum tu, summe Durere, magister Epp. fam. perdat Epp. fam. Pertimet Epp. fam.

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way, Dürer, you as the supreme master portray the supreme bard. And yet a brief moment will destroy this work of yours. Meanwhile time, to whom all things yield, will not consume what that poet creates with his genius.23 Another humanist who reacted to the portrait in epigrammatic verse was Johann Alexander Brassicanus (1500/01–1539). A law professor and Grecist at the University of Vienna, Brassicanus had introduced himself to Eobanus by way of a letter in August 1526.24 Though eager to accept the offer of friendship, Eobanus did not have a courier to Vienna at the time and could not answer until later that year. When he did so, however, he enclosed a copy of the woodcut portrait by Dürer. After a lengthy delay of his own, occasioned by overwork, Brassicanus replied in ca. early spring 1527. Thanking Eobanus for the portrait, he writes: “I am sending you a very special token of my affection for you, namely some epigrams on your likeness that I wrote on the spur of the moment.” He adds: “I hear that Dürer has also portrayed Erasmus and Philip [Melanchthon]. If you could give me those pictures with your next letter, I would be most grateful to receive them.”25 Overjoyed at the poetic tributes from his Viennese admirer, Eobanus quickly arranged with Peypus to have the woodcut reprinted, this time in a four-page pamphlet, consisting of a single leaf folded in half, with the portrait on p. 1 and Brassicanus’s epigrams on the verso and a following page (pp. 2–3). To make sure that readers would not overlook the epigrams inside the pamphlet, he added the instruction “Verte” directly below the epigraph on p. 1. The pamphlet came out in ca. mid-May 1527. On May 20, Eobanus wrote to Johann Lang in Erfurt: “I am sending you myself—indeed, what better to send?—even though you have long possessed not just my likeness but also my soul within your 23

24

25

Alexander the Great did not allow himself to be painted by anyone except the great Apelles; see Hor. Ep. 2.1.237–239. The king of poets, Eobanus, will likewise only let the modern Apelles portray him. But the portraitist’s art is subject to the whims of fortune. Poetry, however, is immortal. Here Cordus imitates Mart. 7.84: Martial’s portrait will soon perish, but his verse will live forever. On Johann Alexander Brassicanus, see John L. Flood, Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook, vol. 1 (Berlin, 2006), 230–234; Christian Gastgeber in VL 16, 1:341–347, both with further literature but without mention of the portrait epigrams. Eobanus speaks of Brassicanus’s letter of introduction at the end of a brief note to Joachim Camerarius, requesting a liminary epigram for Scribendorum versuum maxime compendiosa ratio, which, he says, will be published before long (it was out by September 10). Epp. fam., 33: “Mitto animi mei symbolum non vulgare, nempe versiculos quosdam in tuam imaginem ex tempore lusos .... Audio Durerum et Erasmum et Philippum expressisse. Quas imagines si cum literis tuis ad me dederis, est quod accipiam gratissime.”

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breast.”26 Further copies went to Georg Sturtz on June 22, in this instance with explicit mention of Brassicanus’s epigrams: “I am likewise sending you copies of my portrait, adorned with epigrams, as you see, by Brassicanus, a man in high favor and influence with King Ferdinand. This Brassicanus often writes me from Vienna in exceedingly familiar terms.”27

Brassicanus’s Epigrams Here is a text of Brassicanus’s epigrams, taken from the well preserved pamphlet now in the Kupferstichkabinett, Berlin.28 Epigrams 1–6 are elegiac distichs. In the final, unattributed epigram, a dactylic hexameter is followed by an iambic trimeter (with free substitution). IN IMAGINEM EOBANI HESSI SUI, AB ALBERTO DÜRERO, HUIUS AETATIS APELLE, GRAPHICE EXPRESSAM, ALIQUOT EPIGRAMMATA IOANNIS ALEXANDRI BRASSICANI

[p. 2]

1

Pieridas duxit Pegnesi Eobanus ad urbem,29 Nempe illa est studiis ancora sacra bonis. Pegneso ergo fluant ter dextera cornua, quando Pegasei periit undique fontis honos. Nomine Pegasei fontis Pegnesus habebit, Ni fallar, Phoebi principis Aonidas.

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ALIUD

5

Quam graphice expressit faciem Dürerius Hessi, Tam ingenium pingit Hessus et ipse suum. 26 27

28

29

Epp. fam., 73: “Mitto tibi meipsum—quid vero possum melius?—tametsi iamdudum habes non imaginem solum meam sed animum in tuo pectore.” Epp. fam., 147: “Mitto item imagines meas tibi, epigrammatis, ut vides, Brassicani, viri magni et potentis apud Regem Ferdinandum, illustratas. Is Brassicanus saepe ad me perquam familiariter scribit e Vienna.” In the Berlin copy, the pamphlet is attached at the end of Eobanus’s Ad illustrissimum Principem Ioannem Fridericum … elegia (Nuremberg, 1526), with the call number Sign. 2418. My thanks go to Dr. Michael Roth at the Kupferstichkabinett for generously sending me photographs of the attachment. Cf. l. 3 of Eobanus’s portrait epigraph, printed on p. 1 of the pamphlet.

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3

ALIUD Pulchrum equidem est hominis vultum depingere, at ipsum Excolere est longe pulchrius ingenium. Ergo isthaec facies dubiam facit undique laudem, Artis et arbitrium pendet utrinque grave. Artificum facile est princeps Dürerius, ille Qui graphica haud summis cedit in arte viris. Tanto itidem praestat studiorum Eobanus honore, Vix illi ut quenquam dixeris esse parem. Iam expendas pictum et pictorem, ac discito paucis Quam sit uterque suo nobilis artifice.

5

10 [p. 3]

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ALIUD Si vultus tacitus sermo est,30 hunc aspice vultum, Atque Hessi vivam noveris effigiem.

5

ALIUD Omnia in hac Hesso praestasset imagine, linguam Addere Dürerus si potuisset item.

6

EIUSDEM IN NOREMBERGAM31 Regum erat hoc olim studiis prodesse beatis Tollere et ingenua pectora docta fide. Nunc laudem hanc solidam sibi vendicat ille senatus Noricus, ingeniis pulchra trophaea parans.

7

ΑΔΗΛΟΝ Qui sculpto vultus expressit ab aere Philippi Interque, Erasme, te libros totum tuos, Idem nunc Hessum tabula depinxit acerna, Nec est minus ligno hic quam illi aere nobilis.

30 31

Alluding to Cic. Pis. 1. Eobanus reprints this epigram on the title page of Ex Idylliis encomia duo (Nuremberg, [ca. early June] 1527). See Illustration 14.

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Omnia dextra potest pictoris gnava Dyreri, Nec materia laudem, sed artis opus, habet. ON THE IMAGE OF HIS DEAR EOBANUS HESSUS, MASTERFULLY PORTRAYED BY ALBRECHT DÜRER, THE APELLES OF THIS AGE, SOME EPIGRAMS BY JOHANN ALEXANDER BRASSICANUS

1

Eobanus escorted the Muses to the city on the Pegnitz, for that town is the sheet anchor32 for good studies. Well then, may thrice fortunate tributaries flow into the Pegnitz, given that the glory of Pegasus’s spring33 has perished everywhere else. With the renown of Pegasus’s spring, the Pegnitz, if I am not deceived, will possess the Aonian sisters under their leader Apollo.

2

ANOTHER Just as masterfully as Dürer portrays Hessus’s face, so Hessus himself paints his own genius.

3

ANOTHER It is a splendid thing to depict a man’s features, but cultivating the mind itself is more splendid by far. That is why this portrait makes one waver which to praise more, and the weighty decision on this artwork hangs in the balance. Dürer is easily the prince of artists, and in his consummate art he does not yield to the supreme masters. In the same way, Eobanus outstrips all others in his glorious learning, so much so that you would say he scarcely has his equal. Now, weigh the portrait sitter against the portraitist, and discover in short order how peerless each of them is as master of his craft.

4

ANOTHER If a portrait is silent speech, look at this portrait and you will know the living image of Hessus.

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Because the sheet anchor is kept in reserve for dire emergencies, it was proverbial for a last resort. The Hippocrene spring on Mount Helicon, sacred to the Muses.

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ANOTHER In this likeness, Dürer would have portrayed Hessus in full, if he could also have lent him a tongue.34

6

BY THE SAME, TO NUREMBERG In days long past, kings took it upon themselves to promote honorable studies and to support learned minds with liberal patronage. Today it is that famed Senate of Nuremberg that claims this merit wholly for itself by holding out glorious trophies for intellects.

7

AUTHOR UNCERTAIN The same artist who engraved Philip’s features in copper and, likewise, a full-length portrait of you, Erasmus, amidst your books,35 has now depicted Hessus in a woodblock print, and yet the last-named looks just as noble in wood as the others in copper. Dürer’s assiduous hand is able to execute portraits of every type. It is not the medium, but the work of art, that merits praise.

Conclusions 1.

The woodcut is by Dürer himself. By August 1526, Dürer had been friends with Eobanus for several months and, indeed, had already portrayed him admiringly with the silverpoint. Thus, when Eobanus proudly tells all the world that it was the modern Apelles who created the woodcut, he must be taken at his word. It will no longer do to deny the portrait to Dürer and instead assign it to one of his associates—certainly not the young Barthel Beham. It should be recalled that Sebald and Barthel Beham had been imprisoned and then banished from Nuremberg in January 1525 on charges of openly uttering godless beliefs. After many appeals, the

34 35

On this commonplace, see Vredeveld, “Lend a Voice,” 509–567. Alluding to two copper engravings, both created in 1526: the one a portrait of Philip Melanchthon, with an epigraph composed by Eobanus (Illustration 6), the other of Erasmus standing at his writing desk. Completing the triptych, Dürer has now also done a woodcut of Eobanus. Brassicanus had asked the poet for copies of Dürer’s engravings; see p. 179 above. He may thus have forwarded this epigram in a later letter.

184

2.

3.

4.

36

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brothers were allowed to return to the city on November 16, but only under strict supervision and the threat of renewed expulsion. In consequence, Barthel did not exercise his craft in Nuremberg throughout 1526. The last straw for him came in early August when the city council once again summoned him on suspicion of blasphemy. He departed Nuremberg, never to return.36 How could he have portrayed Eobanus under such circumstances? What would have drawn him to such a task? In any case, Beham’s name does not occur at all in Eobanus’s correspondence. The woodcut was first issued as a single-leaf print in the latter part of August 1526. In the portrait’s first state, Eobanus’s likeness is printed on the recto, together with his four-line epigraph. The verso is blank. Eobanus enclosed copies of this leaf in letters to his friends in Erfurt, Marburg, Brunswick, Vienna, and no doubt elsewhere too. The woodcut was reissued as a four-page pamphlet in May 1527. In the portrait’s second state, the image and verse epigraph are printed on the first page of a single leaf folded in half. Added below the epigraph is the instruction “Verte,” pointing to seven epigrams on the verso and a following page. The fourth page is blank. These epigrams were written in the late winter or early spring of 1527 by the Viennese humanist Johann Alexander Brassicanus. As he had done with his portrait in 1526, Eobanus enclosed the small pamphlet in letters to his friends. One copy went to Johann Lang on 20 May 1527. Several more were sent to Georg Sturtz in a letter of June 22. The woodcut did not serve as a book illustration. In the copy of Ad illustrissimum Principem Ioannem Fridericum, Ducem Saxoniae. Elegia (Nuremberg, 1526) that is now held in the Kupferstichkabinett, Berlin, Eobanus’s pamphlet could not have been attached to the booklet in August 1526, for it contains epigrams composed in 1527. The folded leaf must have been attached to the Elegia by a later owner. Careful examination of the Berlin copy confirms that the pamphlet was, in fact, never bound with the preceding Elegia, but was attached with glue at a later date. Small binding holes in the pamphlet do not correspond exactly to the binding holes in the preceding Elegia.37 A 1527 reprint of the Elegia, conjectured by art historians, is mere phantom. It does not exist. See Alfred Bauch, “Der Aufenthalt des Malers Sebald Beham während der Jahre 1525–1535,” Repertorium für Kunstwissenschaft 20 (1897), 194–205, here at pp. 195–198; Kurt Löcher, Barthel Beham: Ein Maler aus dem Dürerkreis (Munich, 1999), 9–16. I am much obliged to Hanka Gerhold, Rare Book Conservator at the Kupferstichkabinett,

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5.

38

39

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The woodcut was last used in a broadside mourning the poet’s death on 4 October 1540. In the third state, the woodcut was reissued by the printer Wolfgang Meyerpeck at Zwickau, probably still in 1540.38 The heading above the portrait reads: “H. Eobano Hesso poetae clarissimo, qui obiit anno Domini XXXX, etatis sue LI, S[cholae] R[ector] Ioannes Gigas.”39 Printed in two columns below the woodcut are an epicedium and epitaph, in Latin elegiacs, by Johann Gigas (Heune) of Nordhausen (1514–1581). A fervent admirer and avid imitator of Eobanus, Gigas had been named rector of the Latin school in Joachimsthal on 23 September 1540. for providing the following information (email of 1/11/2018): “das gefaltete Doppelblatt mit dem Portrait ist … am Ende des Buchblocks eingeklebt und ist Teil des jetzigen Buchblocks. Ursprünglich war das Doppelblatt auch einmal geheftet, allerdings gibt es leichte Abweichungen in der Lage der Heftlöcher zu denen der jetzigen Heftung des Büchleins.” See Helmut Claus, Die Zwickauer Drucke des 16. Jahrhunderts. Teil 2: Wolfgang Meyerpeck 1530–1551 (Gotha, 1986), 96, no. 239. The colorized copy of the woodcut in Nuremberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum–Graphische Sammlung (Inventarnummer H 341 Kapsel 18) appears to be an example of the third state, but with the accompanying texts trimmed away. Notice that small sections of the border at the top left are missing, exactly as in the Zwickau broadside. See https://www.graphikportal.org/document/gpo00288280. “To that most celebrated of poets H. Eobanus Hessus, who died in the year of our Lord [15]40, at age 51, the school rector Johann Gigas.” On Gigas’s life and works, see Johanna Loehr in VL 16, 2:591–596.

Helii Eobani Hessi poetae ELEGIAE TRES De schola Norica, ad Barptholomeum Bacchium In auspicio scholae propositum carmen In invidum, quo intentatae calumniae respondet

INVIDIAE Hic oculis opus est iterum tibi, livide, si qua Dentibus occurrat praeda parata tuis. Sed, puto, ni rodas tua pectora, ut ante solebas, Hic, miser, extrema conficiere fame.

THREE ELEGIES by the poet Helius Eobanus Hessus Concerning the Nuremberg school, to Barthel Bach A poem presented at the school’s inauguration Against an envier, in which he responds to a threatened calumny

TO ENVY Here you’ll once again need sharp eyes, envier, if you’re to find a ready prey for your teeth. But, I imagine, unless you gnaw at your own breast, as you’ve been known to do, wretch, here you’ll just starve to death.1

1 The envier is Vincentius Opsopoeus; see p. 199 below, with n. 17. Eobanus likens him to Erysichthon, whom Ceres punished with such insatiable hunger that he was reduced to eating his own flesh; see Ov. Met. 8.738–878. But then, the envier is always his own worst enemy; cf. Eob. In Ed. Leeum 31.5–8, n.; Eleg. 3.35–46.

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AD BARPTHOLOMEUM BACCHIUM, CIVITATIS IOACHIMICARUM VALLIUM AB EPISTOLIS, DE SCHOLA NORICA EOBANI HESSI CARMEN Clare vir et nostro dici dignissime versu, Ingenio foelix, Barptholomee, tuo: Verus amor, sincera fides, et recta voluntas Talem te nobis qualis es esse docent. Qui licet infida distemus sorte locorum, Parte simul nostri nobiliore sumus. Sicut enim speculum reddit simulachra renidens, Sic animi faciem littera testis habet. Littera te nobis primum tua fecit amicum; Me tibi coniunctum littera nostra dedit. Gratulor oblatumque libens amplector amorem, Cuius in hoc nullus pectore finis erit. Nam tua sic pietas et libera facta merentur, Non tantum nostro tempore digna legi. Scribis ut indiciis cupias cognoscere nostris, Nuper ut hic coeptae sit nova forma scholae. Ne teneam cupidas longis ambagibus aures, Accipe complexu plurima facta brevi. Hic, ubi flaventes viridis Pegnesus arenas Aestuat et fluvio Norica rura secat, Lauriger ipse locum Musis delegit Apollo. Quam placidum constat non habuisse prius! Namque ut erant toto superantibus orbe fugatae Hostibus et profugis nemo ferebat opem, Constiterant moestae procul in Pegneside ripa. Ausa loci quaedam quaerere nomen erat. “Norica,” Phoebus ait, “sita sunt hic moenia, per quae Pegnesus placido labitur amne gravis.” Hic, propere audito Pegnesi nomine, Musis Credita laurigeri Peneos unda fuit. Nec mora, littorea contextis fronde coronis, Carmina populifer concinit ista chorus: “Hic domus, hic requies, hic sunt Peneia Tempe. Hospitium nostrae sit locus iste fugae.”

1

TO BARTHEL BACH, TOWN CLERK OF JOACHIMSTHAL,2 A POEM BY EOBANUS HESSUS CONCERNING THE NUREMBERG SCHOOL A man renowned and most worthy of being lauded in my verse, Barthel, blessed with such a disposition as yours: your true love, genuine honesty, and upright goodwill show me the kind of person you are. Though separated by the faithless fortune of geography, we are together in the nobler part of our being. For just as a gleaming mirror casts back a likeness, so a written letter reflects the face of the soul. Your letter first made me your friend; [10] my letter bonds me to you. I rejoice and gladly embrace the love you have offered me, a love that will know no end in my heart. That, in fact, is what your kindness and liberality merit, for they are worth reading about, and not just in our lifetime either. You write that you would like me to explain the novel curriculum at the school recently established here. So as not to keep your eager ears in suspense with long ramblings, let me give you a thumbnail sketch of the many things accomplished thus far. Here, where the green Pegnitz roils the golden sands [20] and with its stream traverses Nuremberg’s fields,3 laurel-wreathed Apollo himself has chosen a dwelling place for the Muses. How obvious it is that they had no peaceful home before now! For when they had been driven into exile all over the world by their victorious enemies and no one would offer the outcasts any help, they sadly halted, far from their native land, on the bank of the Pegnitz River. One of them ventured to ask the name of the place. “These,” Phoebus said, “are the walls of Nuremberg, through which the Pegnitz glides, laden with placid flow.” At this, mishearing the name Pegnitz, the Muses [30] took it to be the stream of the laurel-bearing Peneus. Straightway the choir wove chaplets of river twigs and, wreathed in poplar, broke out into the following song: “Here is our home, here our repose. Here is the Vale of Peneus. Let this place be a refuge in our exile.” 2 Like Georg Sturtz, Barthel Bach was a miner’s son from Geyer in the Ore Mountains and a mine owner himself. By 1522 he was town clerk of Joachimsthal. Bach stood in high esteem with the humanists. In his mining book Bermannus (Basel, 1530), 29, Georg Agricola (1495– 1555) characterizes him as “a man deeply in love with all antiquity and erudition.” Agricola goes on to praise Eobanus as “easily the prince” of all German poets. Eobanus was first introduced to Bach via a letter from the schoolmaster Philipp Eberbach in the early autumn of 1525; see p. 168 above. The following June, Bach himself wrote Eobanus a letter, which Eobanus happily acknowledges on 2 July 1526, via Georg Sturtz; see Epp. fam., 122. The present poem is Eobanus’s personal response. 3 Literally, the “Noric fields.” The metrically friendly and hence frequently used epithet “Noric” is meant to recall the region’s ancient inhabitants, the Norici.

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Audiit ipse loci genius subitoque, “Volentes Quod datis accipimus, nam placet, omen,” ait. Dixit et ingeniis Musarum immisit amorem Quae populi curas huius et urbis agunt. Nunc igitur fatis urbs Norica ducta benignis Hospitio Musas liberiore fovet. Foelicem populum, si quo modo pectore coepit Hoc studiis pergat consuluisse bonis! Pergit et hoc animo tantos instaurat honores, Deserat ut nunquam quod bene coepit opus. Namque nec abiectae hic triviis popularibus artes Musica nec vili pro stipe castra merent. Provida delegit venerandi cura senatus, Tam qui recta sciant quam docuisse queant. Et si non sumo mihi nominis huius honorem, Hic tamen et laudis pars habet ista locum. Et quia multa cupis nec possumus omnia, saltem Dum licet ex multis pauca referre libet. Nam quod ad ingenii cultum vitaeque tenorem Pertineat, possis dicere abesse nihil. Quis neget eximium magnique per omnia fructus, Munera linguarum perdidicisse trium? Demus ut hoc, Rhomana parum est novisse negoci, Quanquam o!—sed libitum sit potiora sequi. Hic licet Argolicos herbis spirantibus hortos Intrare atque avida diripuisse manu. Sed tibi nec fuerit fama haec, Ioachime, pudori! Laus ea, seu nolis, est tua, sive voles, Sicut et Haebreae qui tradunt commoda linguae, Parte bona laudum qua veherentur, erat. Ipse ego, cuius habet Germania scripta legitque Tot modo, sive aliqua est sive ea fama nihil, Ipse ego qui calamo primus rude carmen agresti Teutonicis lusi temporibusque meis, Quem nunc carminibus nymphae Pegnesidos orae Lassantem resonis plectra canora stupent, Gratulor huc fatis me sic volventibus actum, Qua Musae spiret lenior aura meae. Unde loco forsan vestitior exeat olim, Ingenii siquidem vestis egere vides.

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The very genius of the place heard them and spontaneously exclaimed, “I willingly receive the omen you proffer, for it is pleasing.” Having spoken these words, he instilled love of the Muses in the minds of those who have charge of this people and city. And so, guided by the beneficent fates, the city of Nuremberg now [40] fosters the Muses with generous hospitality. O happy community, provided it continue, in the same spirit in which it began, to take thought for good studies! And that is what it is doing. It is restoring them to their old grandeur in the firm resolve never to abandon the work it started so well. For here the liberal arts are not relegated to the elementary schools nor do they serve in the Muses’ soldiery at low pay. The provident care of the venerable Senate has appointed men who are as much experts in their field as they are excellent teachers. Although I do not claim the honor of that name myself, [50] I nonetheless share in the general praise. But since you want much detail and I cannot possibly include everything, I would at least like to give you an idea of the overall picture, now that I have the chance. Well then, as far as the educational system and daily routine are concerned, you might say they leave nothing to be desired. Who will deny that it is a remarkable and in every way valuable accomplishment to acquire mastery of the three languages?4 Granted, becoming fluent in Latin does not require much effort. Oh, if only …! But we had best focus on more heartening matters. At our school, one may enter the gardens of Greece with their redolent herbs [60] and despoil them with avid hand. But that is not a renown, Joachim, that you need be ashamed of!5 That merit is yours, whether you want it or not. The same goes for those who impart the benefits of Hebrew, for they, too, deserve praise in the subject in which they have earned a good part of their reputation.6 I myself, whose writings Germany now possesses and reads in such profusion, whether this reputation counts for something or not; I myself, who first regaled my German contemporaries with roughhewn song to the rustic flute and now astound the nymphs of the Pegnitz valley [70] as I weary the tuneful plectrum with resounding lyrics: I rejoice that the course of fate has brought me here where a gentler breeze wafts on my Muse. Someday perhaps she may go forth from this place in more fitting

4 Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. 5 Joachim Camerarius, who taught Greek. 6 Hebrew was taught by Johann Böschenstein of Esslingen (1472–1540), who had earlier taught in Ingolstadt, Wittenberg, Heidelberg, and elsewhere. He left for Basel in 1527, but returned to Nuremberg in 1529, where he taught school until 1533. On his life, see Melanchthon, Ep., 11:180–181.

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Atque utinam tales habuissem semper amicos In studiis quales obtulit iste locus! Nunc tamen, ut quod opus coepit mea Musa sequatur, Munere nascentis fungor et ipse scholae. Carmina Minciadis meditor divina poetae, Non tantum pueris carmina digna legi. Tum, si fata ferant, victura poemata pango Multa, legenda brevi, sicut et ista legis. Vivere sic igitur dum post mea fata laboro, Dum colo surgentem nomine reque scholam, Rhethoricos alii campos et amoena vireta Lustrantes cupidis florea serta legunt. Quae studiosa sui defert Ciceronis honori Nunc numeris pubes talibus ausa loqui: “Hic tibi! Grammaticae quid enim praecepta moremur? Pulchre est e septem culta secunda soror: Callida difficiles Dialectica solvere nodos Nec minus occultas tendere docta plagas.” Hanc prius insani misere afflixere sophistae, Reddita sed cultu nunc meliore nitet. Quam nunc nostra tibi debet, Rotinge, iuventus, Micale, nec nostrae tu reticende cheli! Sed memor ista pium nobis peperisse Philippum Commoda, dispeream, si tacuisse queam. Hic monstrant vario scrupulosa mathemata flexu Quicquid opus rerum totius orbis habet. Quorum cum studiosa sua sit sponte iuventus Norica, praecipuus debuit esse labor. Ergo seu ratio stellarum incerta vagantum Seu vagus instabilis te movet ordo rotae, Devia multiplicis vis nosse volumina sphaerae, Vis maris et terrae nomina, regna, vias, Dispeream, si te nostram quaesisse palestram Poeniteat, tam sunt omnia certa tibi! Tam vir ad eximias ceu factus contigit artes, Pene Syracusium vicerit arte senem.

96 reticende O: reticendae A.

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attire, for right now you see her divested of inspiration. May I always have the kind of erudite friends that this city has brought me! But now, so that my Muse can proceed with the task she began: I myself hold a position at the newly established school. I teach the divine songs of the Mantuan poet, [80] songs that deserve to be read not just by boys.7 In addition, I am writing many poems that, fate permitting, will be immortal. You will read them before long, just as you are reading this one now. And so, while I labor like this in order to live on after my death, while I devote myself to raising the school’s reputation and quality, others roam the fields and lovely glades of rhetoric and weave flower garlands for their eager pupils.8 The young students offer these chaplets to the honor of their Cicero and then venture to address him in the following verses: “This is for you! For why should we stop at the rules of Grammar? [90] Of the seven sisters, the second is beautifully attired: Dialectic, adept at untying difficult knots, no less cunning in setting hidden traps.” The mad sophists9 used to mistreat her terribly; but restored to herself, she once again looks radiant in her fashionable dress. How deeply are our young people indebted to you now, Michael Roting! You too must not be left unsung by my lyre. But that reminds me: it was the upright Philip to whom we owe these blessings. Hang me if I can ever keep silent about him!10 Here exact mathematics in her various departments reveals [100] the structure of the whole universe. Since the Nuremberg students pursue this discipline by their own inclination, their work is bound to be exceptional. Therefore, whether you are intrigued by the uncertain course of the wandering stars or the roaming circle of the shifting zodiac, if you wish to know about the faraway revolutions of the manifold spheres or learn the names, realms, and ways of sea and land, may I die if you will ever regret having asked about our school—so surely can you expect all this here! We are fortunate to possess a teacher who, as it were, is made for the distinguished sciences, so much so, in fact, [110] that in theoretical knowledge he practically

7

8

9 10

Like Latin teachers all over Germany, Eobanus used Vergil’s eclogues as his textbook. At the Nuremberg academy, the teaching of Vergil’s “Buccolica” was explicitly mandated, along with Cato’s distichs, Erasmus’s Colloquia, Terence, and selections from Plautus; see [Melanchthon?], Ratio, sig. A3r. Rhetoric and dialectic were taught by Michael Roting of Sulzfeld (1494–1588). On his life, see Camerarius, Nar. 21.9, with n. 99 (1:66). By “flower garlands” Eobanus means the flowers of rhetoric. The Scholastic theologians, as seen through Lutheran eyes. See Poetic Works, 4:314. Philip Melanchthon.

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Et nisi in hoc versu non sit tractabile nomen, Illius haud quaquam praeteriturus eram. Nec tibi sanctorum deerunt mysteria vatum, Quicquid et ad Christum littera sacra docet. Quaeris an historiae sit et hic locus? Est quoque, si qua Nomina res Macedum regis habere putas. Fortis Alexandri siquidem nos facta docemus, Forsan et a Quinto Livius alter erit. Vivendi praecepta petis? Cicerone diserto Qui melius posset scribere nemo fuit. (Vivendi praecepta loquor civilia; verum Tu monstras verae, Christe, salutis iter.) Praeterea studia exercet sibi tradita pubes, Pectora quo virtus aemula semper agat. Nunc etenim filo connectunt verba pedestri, Nunc eadem certa conditione ligant. Omnia quis volet? Et si persequar omnia, dicar Plus quam debuerim complacuisse mihi. Sed mihi nec placeam, tibi nec placuisse laborem, Omnia ni scripto sint potiora meo. Quod nisi mens alias fallit praesaga futuri, Haec schola Germanae gloria laudis erit. Hoc superum Rex ipse velit succedere Christus, Semina qui studiis talibus ista dedit. Qui tales animos in Norica pectora misit, Incoeptam meritis augeat ille scholam. Vive, vale, pars nostrae animae, charissime Bacchi, Meque tuos inter quemlibet esse sine.

115 historiae O: historicae A. metrum).

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surpasses the ancient of Syracuse.11 And had his name not been impossible to fit into the present meter, I would not have omitted it for all the world. As for the mysteries of the holy prophets, you’ll not find them neglected either, nor, for that matter, anything that Holy Writ teaches about Christ. Are you wondering if there is a place for history here? There is indeed— assuming you agree that the biography of the king of Macedonia serves the purpose. As I am currently teaching the exploits of the heroic Alexander, the next after Quintus [Curtius] may well be Livy. Are you looking for rules of conduct? [120] There is no better authority than the eloquent Cicero.12 (I am speaking of the precepts of civility; but it is you, Christ, who reveal the way of true salvation.) Moreover, the pupils practice what they have been taught, always spurred on by a noble spirit of competition, for sometimes they weave words with the thread of prose, at other times they bind them in metrical verse. Who would want every last detail? Indeed, if I brought up everything, people would say that I am more pleased with myself than I ought. Still, I would not be so pleased with myself or be striving so hard to please you, [130] were not everything even better than I have described. In any case, if my prophetic spirit does not deceive me, this school is destined to be Germany’s crowning glory. May Christ himself, the King of heaven, wish this enterprise to prosper, for it is he who provided those seeds for liberal studies. May he who instilled that noble resolution in the hearts of the Nurembergers also bless the recently founded school with well-merited success. Live long, farewell, O part of my soul, dearest Bach, and allow me to take a place, however small, among your friends.

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Johann Schöner of Karlstadt (1477–1547) studied at Erfurt (BA, 1498) and was ordained priest in 1500. In the following decades he gained fame for his globes and geographical treatises. After settling in Nuremberg in 1525, Schöner became a Lutheran. At the evangelical academy, he taught the mathematical sciences, including geography, geometry, and astronomy. With typical humanistic hyperbole, Eobanus declares him practically superior to the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse (third century BCE). Cicero’s De officiis (On Moral Duties). The book was to be taught especially as a model for writing and speaking. See [Melanchthon?], Ratio, sig. A4v. Livy and other Roman historians were to be taught for the same purpose.

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IN AUSPICIO SCHOLAE PROPOSITUM CARMEN, RECOGNITUM ET NONNIHIL AUCTUM Ut tibi ceu reducem monstrant haec saecula Christum Illius et clara dogmata luce novant, Sic studiis adimunt reparatum nuper honorem Musarum et totas depopulantur opes. Cernis enim quantis oppressae cladibus artes Quam iaceant, quam vix languida membra trahant. Quod si non pudeat quod res est ipsa fateri, Grandior hac studiis nulla ruina fuit. Tanta quidem multi gemuerunt vulnera, pauci Dignantur medicas applicuisse manus. Nunc tamen ex paucis, Urbs Norica, prima fuisti Quae Musarum animas non paterere mori, Quae velut exulibus patriam repararis, habetque Te duce speratam naufraga puppis humum, Quae tibi quicquid adhuc habuit Germania laudis Adseris et toti quod fuit una tenes. Quaesieris quae causa, subest non vana profecto, Quae tibi versiculis nota duobus erit: Concordi sapiens qua regnat in urbe senatus, Nullius haec verae laudis egere potest. Macti igitur quos laudis amor, quos vera moratur Gloria! Quae cupidis monstret aperta via est. Hic tibi, quisquis amas sacri penetralia regni, Quas petis expositas, hospes, habebis opes. Hic tibi Musarum sacraria tota patescent, Hic tibi tota sacri copia fontis erit. Quid morer involucris? Exclusas omnibus artes Huc velut in patriam se retulisse vides. Sed fuerint nimiae suspectae in carmine laudes, Res tibi quod reliquum est ipsa probabit opus. Quod nisi sponte petis, quod si potes esse monendus, Quid superest praeter condoluisse tibi? Sed nisi te ratio prorsus diversa moretur, Oblata cupies conditione frui,

8 hac A: haec O.

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A POEM PRESENTED AT THE SCHOOL’S INAUGURATION, REVISED AND NOT A LITTLE EXPANDED Even as this present age was showing you the Christ brought back, so to speak, from exile and was reviving his doctrines in a clear new light, it also robbed studies of their newly restored prestige and despoiled all the Muses’ dominions.13 For you see how the arts lie oppressed with enormous disasters, how haltingly they drag their weary limbs along. But if we can repress our sense of shame long enough to face the truth: studies have never suffered a more grievous collapse than this. While many, to be sure, have lamented the terrible wounds, few [10] see fit to apply healing hands. Nevertheless, among these few, Nuremberg, you have now become the first who will not allow the Muses’ spirit to die. You have offered the outcasts a kind of second homeland; and under your guidance their foundering ship has reached the hoped-for harbor. By doing so, you claim for yourself whatever Germany still possesses in the way of renown; and what once belonged to all, you now possess alone. If you ask how this came to be, let me assure you that the reason is not an idle one. The following couplet will sum it up for you: in a harmonious city over which a wise Senate holds sway, [20] that community cannot lack for true renown. Well then, hail to all you students taken with a passion for praise, a thirst for genuine glory! To the ambitious, the path to that goal stands open. Everyone of you visitors who love the sanctuary of that hallowed realm, it is here—here!—that you will find the treasures you seek, all spread out before you. Here the whole shrine of the Muses invites you, all the riches of the holy fountain.14 Why stick with veiled allusions? Here you will see the arts, so to speak, returning to their homeland after being denied asylum everywhere else. However, if enthusiastic praises in verse seem suspect, [30] come study here and verify them for yourself! Now, if you do not come of your own accord, if you have to be prodded, what can we do except feel sorry for you? But unless your mind is completely closed against us, you will want to take advantage of the instruction we offer inasmuch as that door stands

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Ianua quandoquidem patet omnibus ista potestque Quisque agere aetatis pro ratione suae. Hic elementa feres ornandae prima iuventae, Nam meret hic pulchro munere lingua triplex. Rhetoricis nostri vernabunt floribus horti, Nec minima illustris pars erit ista scholae. Divina cupies excellere posse mathesi, Causa nocens voto non erit ulla tuo. Quid memorem cultam, coelestia dona, poesim? Sola haec divini nominis instar habet. Illa voluptates et gaudia blanda iuventae, Haec senio pacem conciliare potest. Nec tibi iam facilis captu dialectica deerit, Musica nec blandum fundere docta melos. Denique quascunque ingenium coluisse per artes Expetis, est praesens copia facta tibi. Nec tibi sumendus labor est aliena petendi. Quae peregre cupias, Norica regna dabunt. Tu modo ne dubita messi submittere falcem, Qui tibi iam pulchro foenore surgit ager, Heu frustra viridis florem trivisse iuventae, Neve vides fructum non peperisse. Vale.

IN INVIDUM LEVISSIMUM ERROREM VICII NOMINE CALUMNIANTEM EOBANI HESSI CARMEN Deflebam querula studiorum voce ruinam Nuper et ingeniis tempora iniqua bonis. Omnibus ex animo poteram lugere videri, Non aliqua versus commoditate trahi. Publica moverunt animo peccata dolorem, Nullaque privati cura laboris erat.

45 iuventae O: inventae A. 3. Tit. nomine A (in ex. Augustensi et Londonensi) O: mine A (in ex. Noribergensi). 1 querula A (in ex. Augustensi et Londonensi) O: quaerula A (in ex. Noribergensi). 6 cura A (in ex. Augustensi et Londonensi) O: curae A (in ex. Noribergensi). 15

Latin, Greek, and Hebrew.

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open to everyone and each of you can study at a level appropriate to your age. Here you will receive the rudiments of an education that does honor to your youth, for here all three languages earn their keep with splendid contributions.15 Our gardens will bloom with the flowers of rhetoric, [40] nor will that be the least illustrious part of our school. If you are looking for a chance to excel in divine mathematics, nothing will stand in the way of your wish. Why mention elegant poetry, that gift of heaven? She alone is the very image of the divine. To the young she furnishes pleasures and sweet joys, to the aged, tranquillity of mind. Neither dialectic, readily grasped nowadays,16 nor music, skilled in pouring forth delightful melodies, will be missing when you arrive. In short, no matter in which arts you seek to cultivate your mind, [50] they are all offered right here. Thus you will not have to endure the trouble of traveling somewhere else. Whatever you may seek abroad, Nuremberg will match. Do not hesitate for a minute to lay the sickle to the harvest. Your field is already yielding a bumper crop! Do not allow the flower of your green youth to be trampled down for naught, alas, with no hope of seeing it bear fruit. Farewell.

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AGAINST AN ENVIER WHO MALICIOUSLY CAVILS AT THE MEREST SLIP OF THE PEN. A POEM BY EOBANUS HESSUS17 Recently I published a lament deploring the collapse of studies and the calamitous times for good scholars.18 Everyone could see that I was grieving from the soul and not merely showing off some deftness in verse. It was the public debacles that cut me to the core. My own personal troubles did not 16 17

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Readily grasped, because no longer taught from the old Scholastic textbooks. Eobanus defends himself against Vincentius Opsopoeus, a young scholar who had mocked him for writing a seven-foot hexameter in a recently published poem (Idyl. 14). After studying in Wittenberg and Leipzig, Opsopoeus had arrived in Nuremberg in the first half of 1526. Here he studied Greek and became friends with Willibald Pirckheimer. In 1528 Opsopoeus was appointed rector of the newly established Latin school in Ansbach. He died in 1539. An accomplished Graecist, Opsopoeus edited and translated numerous ancient Greek works. Among his own poetic works the most celebrated is De arte bibendi (On the Art of Drinking), first published in 1536. See further Camerarius, Nar. 24.6, with n. 109 (1:71); Thomas Wilhelmi in VL 16, 4:664–673. After the tiff with Eobanus in 1526, he got into another quarrel with him and Camerarius in 1527. These episodes aside, Eobanus and he were good drinking companions; see Eob. Sylv. 9.21. Idyl. 14, addressed to Philip Melanchthon and first published with several other poems in late August or early September 1526.

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Testis es, et satis est uno te teste, Melanchthon. Musa dolens uni nostra loquuta tibi est. Excidit incauto nec verba sed ipsa videnti Pondera, quod posses carpere, Livor edax. Quod tamen excuset bonus omnis et esse ferendum Iudicet, haud stimulo confodiente notet, Cuius et haud pudeat versus ratione remota. Nunc secura sui Musa ligabat opus. Atque ita dum nimio lascivit copia fluxu, Versibus e multis longior unus erat. Sic tamen erravit, pede sic deliquit in uno, Ut facile in cursum Musa redire queat. Atque ea confuso si in corpore menda fuisset, Difficilis fuerat restituisse labor. Nunc bona dum properat plus quam formosa videri, In cultu vicium non videt esse suo. Viderat hanc toties luxu praedivite cultam Invidus et cultae quas videt odit opes. Nec mora prostantem limis observat ocellis. Protulit incautum longius illa pedem. Arripit hanc culpaeque ream facit, instat et urget Et laqueum, causa si cadat, ipse parat. Nunc age, censurae campum subeamus apertum; Stemus inoffensi iudicis ante pedes. Invide, quae ratio est, cum tu nihil aedere possis Quod placeat, tantum cur aliena notes? Et bona cum videas doleasque ea multa videndo, Observes tantum si qua mala invenias? Nimirum haec natura tua est, moestissime Livor. Ad vicia exultas, ad bene facta doles, Cumque quod arrodas nihil obtigit, effluis eger Sensibus et tristi pectore vulnus alis. Heu quanto steriles depasceris igne medullas Dum furis et soli carnificina tibi es! Quam miser, ah, quali traiectus pectora taelo, Nutris Idalio saevius igne malum! Oscula et amplexus miseros solantur amantes. Hanc curare luem nulla medela potest.

12 Iudicet A (in ex. Augustensi et Londonensi) O: Indicet A (in ex. Noribergensi).

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enter the picture at all. You are my witness, Melanchthon, the only witness I require. It was to you alone that my sorrowful Muse addressed herself. But not watching my words so much as their [10] burden, I made a slip of the pen that gnawing Envy can carp at. However, the mistake is of the kind that any decent person would pardon and find tolerable, not mark with an obelus.19 Indeed, apart from the metrical error, there is nothing to be ashamed about. Now then, heedless of herself, my Muse was busily weaving her tapestry. And as she was thus pouring out her heart with abandon, one of the many verses turned out too long. But even though the Muse stumbled, even though she slipped in one foot, she nevertheless did so in such a way that she can easily regain her balance. Certainly, if that blemish had marred a body already disfigured, [20] it would have been hard to set straight. As it was, more intent on coming across as upright than as beautiful, she did overlook the flaw in her attire. An envier, who had often seen her decked out in her most gorgeous finery, could not stand seeing her adorned so elegantly. As she stepped out before the public, he immediately scrutinized her with sidelong glances. She carelessly stretched out one foot too far. He arrested her and brought her to trial; he accused and prosecuted her and personally prepared the noose if she should lose in court. Very well, then, let us enter the lists of literary judgment; [30] let us stand before the feet of an impartial judge. Envier, given that you are incapable of publishing anything readable yourself, what on earth makes you censure only other men’s work? And when you see good verses and grieve to find a great many of them, why are you looking to pounce on some bad ones? But of course, that is your nature, miserably wretched Envy. You rejoice at shortcomings, you grieve at achievements. But when there is nothing for you to gnaw on, you get so sick at heart that you take leave of your senses and nurse the wound in your sullen breast. Oh, what a fiery blaze consumes your barren marrow [40] as you rant and rave and are your own sole tormentor! Your heart transfixed with such a horrible shaft, ah, how miserably you cherish a torment crueler than Venus’s flame! Kisses and embraces console unhappy lovers. That pestilence of yours no medicine can cure. Since you consider

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Quae quia sana tibi res et te digna videtur, Dii faciant semper lividus esse queas! Nunc ut coepta sequar: dum carmina nostra videres, Improbe, cur uni displicuere tibi? Cur tibi vulgatos inter tot milia versus Hic oculi, hic tantum cur tibi nasus erat? Cur, quia carpebas unum, non multa ferebas Laudibus? At laudem nos meruisse negas? Hoc age, perge, nega talis! Quis laudis avarus Est adeo ut vocis possit egere tuae? Carmina iamdudum laudant mea, qualibus ipsae Laudatae Aonides vocibus esse volent. Atque, ut gloriolae tribuam hoc te propter inani, Nuper in hoc doctis ordine primus eram. Qui fuerint si forte rogas, hunc vade rogatum Ad quem de studiis nostra querela data est. Vade, roga quam lata patet Germania, cui nam In versu palmam tempora nostra ferant. Glorior invitus, sed enim tu cogis ineptum Me fieri et pleno, quod pudet, ore loqui. Parce tamen causam ingenii, pie lector, agenti, Si potes, et fasso se cecidisse fave. Non ego defendam delatae crimina culpae, Quamvis non aliqua hic culpa, sed error, erat. Illud agam, partes quas adversarius urget, Ostendam vicii quam sine fronte notet. Summa erat, in versum pede plus inveximus uno Quam decuit. Causam vulneris huius habes. Excusata prius male cautae copia Musae Erroris veniam debet habere sui. Nempe merebatur, quoniam sine teste fatetur Nec vicio lapsam quod probet hostis habet. Ipsa quod urgebat causis intenta negoci, Quid mirum properans si labat inter opus? Sic cecidit tamen ut sine labe resurgere possit— Si cadere est certos non habuisse pedes! Atque utinam pauci casu peiore ferantur! Philip Melanchthon, to whom Eobanus addresses Idyl. 14. At Ep. 437, ll. 14–15, letter of 1 January [1526], Melanchthon calls Eobanus the most felicitous poet the Germans have

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this state healthy and appropriate for you, may the gods grant that you may be spiteful forever! Now, to return to my topic: as you were looking through those poems of mine, scoundrel, why were you the only one to take offense at them? Why, amid so many thousands of published verses, [50] did you have eyes and nose for this one alone? Seeing that you carped at a single verse, why didn’t you extol the many others? But you say I do not merit praise? Come, keep saying that, you miscreant! Who is so greedy for fame that he could want your approval? Readers have been lauding my songs for a long time already, in words with which the Muses themselves would desire to be praised. And if I may give credit to a bit of empty glory because of you: it was not so long ago that scholars ranked me first in this sphere. If you happen to ask who they might be, go ask him [60] to whom I addressed my lament about studies.20 Go, ask throughout the length and breadth of Germany who it is to whom our generation accords the palm in poetry. I boast unwillingly. But then, you force me to make a fool of myself and (much to my embarrassment) to toot my own horn. Forgive me all the same if you can, gentle reader, as I present the case for my talent and be so kind as to accept my apology for the lapse. I plead guilty to the charge, even though there is no guilt here, only an error. That will be my defense. I am going to lay out my adversary’s case, [70] how shamelessly he sneers at the mistake. The upshot is that in one metrical foot I inserted more syllables than was right. There you have the cause of this wound. Since I have already apologized for the exuberance of my careless Muse, she ought to receive forgiveness for her error. Of course she deserves this, given that she confesses freely, without calling any witnesses, and is not afflicted with a vice that an enemy could prove. Intent on her theme, she was simply hurrying to bring her poem to a close. What wonder, then, if in her haste she stumbled as she worked? Still, her fall was such that she can rise again without disgrace—[80] if being unsteady on one’s feet can indeed be termed falling! How I wish some peo-

ever known (“Eobanus, quo ex nostris hominibus nemo adhuc felicior poeta fuit”). He may well have repeated the compliment in a letter of ca. mid-September 1526, now lost; cf. Melanchthon, Ep. 494, ll. 79–81 (letter of 7 September 1526), where Melanchthon asks Joachim Camerarius to thank Eobanus for him and promises to write the poet more fully later. See further Walther Ludwig, “Musenkult und Gottesdienst— Evangelischer Humanismus der Reformationszeit,” in Ludwig, ed., Die Musen im Reformationszeitalter (Leipzig, 2001), 9–51, here at p. 41, n. 119; revised in Ludwig, Miscella, 1:249–294, here at p. 282, n. 119.

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Tu quoque cum paucis nomen habere voles. Et tua cum prostent nuce putidiora peresa, Audes de nostris ceu rata censa loqui. Cum nos iudicio plusquam frigente lacessas, Doctorum in numero vis tamen esse, miser. Ut modo conciderim, facilis reparatio damni est, Quod sarcire iterum qui dedit ipse potest. Et super ipse fui et sum nunc quoque. Qui dedit, idem Errori poterat consuluisse suo. Et quot scripta hodie revocantur et altera fiunt! Et via iam multis tutior illa fuit. Adde quod ex omni tam nemo est parte beatus Ut nunquam peccet sed bene semper agat. Qui dormire bonum nonnunquam dixit Homerum, Iudicio stulte dixerit ille tuo. Nec placet hoc tibi longo operi subrepere somnum, Quando oculis Argi solus ubique vides. “At parvum quod tu scribebas est opus,” inquis. Qui scis tu cuius pars sit et unde fluat? Atqui vir bonus es, certe vis esse videri. Erroris pietas admonuisse fuit. Hoc erat officium quod te decuisse putarim, Non ita de immerito noxia verba loqui. Qui facile arreptum quovis de crimine vulgo Traducit, rogo te, qui bonus esse potest? Prodit enim longa invidiae se peste teneri, Dum malus ipse bonis invidet omne bonum. Qui bonus est, quacunque studet ratione mederi, Et vicia ut fuerint maxima, parva vocat. Contra qui malus est, quae per se parva fuerunt, Maxima persuasis ut videantur agit. Ergo vides quam te pingam tibi imagine vera, Conveniat proprie quam color iste tibi. Quod si frontis inest quicquam tibi, si pudor ullus, Non poterit te non poenituisse tui. Nam quem non pudeat tam se genio esse maligno, Nomina quod nequeat se meliora pati? Quod si forte tumes animo confisus et audes Congredere, est luctae strata palestra tuae. Nunc age, responde—si non pudet aedere nomen

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ple would take a worse spill! You too crave to have a name among the select few. And although the verses you’ve published are more rotten than a wormeaten nut, you presume to give something like an expert opinion on mine. You attack me with more than frigid judgment, yet still wish to be accounted a scholar, you wretch. Even supposing I had a tumble, the damage is easily mended, because he who committed it can set it straight again. After all, I survived and am still going strong. If a man commits an error, [90] he can also do something about it. How many writings are being revised these days and even turned into something quite different! That road, indeed, has proved safer for many. Add to this that nobody is so perfect in every respect that he never makes a mistake but does everything right. He who remarked that the good Homer nods off on occasion must have spoken like a fool, in your estimation at least. You too object when drowsiness steals upon that long work, inasmuch as you alone spy out every mistake with Argus eyes. “But the work you wrote is short,” you object. [100] How do you know what it is a part of or where it derives from?21 No matter, you are a man of honor, or, at least, want to come across as one. It was your duty to draw my attention to the mistake. That would have been the courtesy I would have expected of you—not giving insults where none is deserved. How, I ask you, can a man who has effortlessly caught a person in some sort of error be considered honorable if he goes on to expose his victim to public ridicule? For in that case he betrays himself as one possessed with the chronic plague of envy, a spiteful man who begrudges good people whatever good they have. The good man will do his utmost to set us on our feet again, [110] and no matter how great the infraction, he will call it minor. By contrast, the malicious man will do his best to convince people that an intrinsically minor fault is actually the greatest imaginable. There, now you see what an accurate picture I’ve painted of you, how that color suits you to perfection! But if you have any sense of decency left, any shame at all, you can’t help but be stung by remorse. For who would not be embarrassed to be so spiteful at heart that he cannot suffer people superior to himself? On the other hand, if perhaps you puff yourself up in self-assurance and challenge me [120] to fight it out, I am prepared to go to the mat with you. Go ahead, answer me—provided you’re not ashamed to

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Quod mihi adhuc certum est dissimulare tuum. Quod nisi te revocas, nisi desinis esse molestus, Immortale voles nomen habere cave. Hoc tamen interea non falsi munus amici, Quo tua soleris vulnera, carmen habe. 1 Quisquis es, lector, qui in querelam nostram de occasu studiorum ad Philippum Melanchthonem scriptam ac nuper hic invulgatam vel incidisti iam vel casu aliquo in posterum incides, scito ob nimiam festinationem qua opus illud urgebamus, nulla prorsus ignorantia sed sola incuria, nos esse lapsos in hoc versu: “Purae rusticitatis ut exemplo satis ipse reliquit.” 2 Quem sic emendes rogamus: “Purae rusticitatis ut exemplo ipse reliquit.” 3 Haec scilicet erat illa Helena propter quam tantopere nobis erat depugnandum! 4 Sed tu, mi lector, illi culpam hanc adscribito qui initium introduxit.

Postscr. 1 querelam O: quaerelam A.

3 scilicet O: si A.

Subscriptio Τέλος add. O.

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give out your name! For my part, I am still resolved to conceal it. But if you do not come to your senses, if you do not stop being a nuisance, take care you don’t end up with an immortal name. In the meantime, however, accept this gift of a faithful friend and use it to salve your wounds. Whoever you are, reader—whether you have already come across my lament on the collapse of studies, addressed to Philip Melanchthon and recently published here, or will run across it by chance at some later date—rest assured that in the excessive haste with which I pushed that work to completion, assuredly not out of ignorance but only through carelessness, I made a slip in the following verse: “Purae rusticitatis ut exemplo satis ipse reliquit.”22 Please correct it as follows: “Purae rusticitatis ut exemplo ipse reliquit.” Believe it or not, that was the Helen on whose account I had to put up such a big fight!23 But you, my dear reader, assign the blame to him who first instigated the fuss.

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illustration 11 Title page of Venus triumphans, personally inscribed to Hieronymus Baumgartner. Nuremberg: Johann Petreius, 1527 Stadtbibliothek im Bildungscampus Nürnberg (4 an Phil. 2862. 8 o )

Introduction During the seven years that Eobanus spent in Nuremberg, he and Joachim Camerarius were inseparable, both socially and professionally. As Camerarius recalled in 1553: “For as long as we lived together in that city I never thought of taking up or laboring at or publishing any literary project without him, and he for his part never undertook anything without staying in constant touch with me, more because he enjoyed the pleasure of our fellowship than that he needed my assistance, even if he did give me as much credit as his letters and other writings contend.”1 Thus it was only natural that, when Camerarius celebrated his betrothal to the refined patrician’s daughter Anna Truchseß in mid-February 1527,2 Eobanus immediately set himself to compose an epithalamium for the upcoming wedding. Certainly he was delighted with Camerarius’s choice of bride, characterizing her as “a really elegant young woman and deeply in love with him.”3 The couple married on March 7, a few weeks after the engagement. With time short, Eobanus had to work overtime to have his poem ready in time for the wedding.4 As soon as it was done, he sent it to Camerarius with an epigram calling on the groom to rejoice and throw a party to “celebrate Venus and your bride,” for in the nuptial poem his friend will behold himself as a man reborn and immortalized.5 Composed in the form of a play, the epithalamium (Venus 2) opens with a prologue by Mercury. The god explains that he has been sent to Nuremberg to meet Venus, the Muses, and the Graces, who have gathered there to celebrate a very special wedding. Hearing the Muses sing in the distance, Mercury goes to them and then briefly converses with Venus. Hereupon the three Graces call on the Muses to serenade the bridal couple, which they joyfully do, each in a different meter. When they are finished singing, Venus bids them depart, for she will now conduct the newlyweds to the marriage bed. Only the Graces are to assist her there. Before the Muses leave, Venus asks them to dwell in Nuremberg for as long as the Pegnitz still bears water. She herself, we learn, has come

1 Camerarius, Nar. 23.4. 2 For the date, see Melanchthon, Ep. 527, letter of 26 February 1527 to Joachim Camerarius. 3 Epp. fam., 146, letter of 22 June 1527 to Georg Sturtz: “puellam elegantem sane atque ipsius unice amantissimam.” 4 See Melanchthon, Ep. 582, ll. 26–27, letter from Eobanus, dated 31 August 1527: “Ἐπιθαλάμιον illud tumultuaria omnino opera absolutum est.” 5 See Sylv. 5.28.

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004414662_007

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here to celebrate a glorious triumph. An epilogue by Mercury concludes the play. The god urges the spectators to congratulate the happy couple and show their approval of the play by clapping their hands. The triumphal parade to which Venus alludes at the epithalamium’s conclusion forms the subject of two narrative poems, the first by Eobanus, the second by Camerarius, that relate the mythological background of the nuptials. Eobanus’s poem (Venus 1) is addressed to the groom himself, a man as dear to the Muses as he is to Venus. Though already ablaze with amatory fire, the diffident young man cannot bring himself to expound the power of love. Eobanus begs him to peruse the now following verses depicting the triumph of Venus, a parade of all her fettered captives: ancient gods and goddesses, mythical heroes and heroines, Greek and Roman warriors and generals, poets and orators, philosophers and statesmen, personages from the Old Testament, even modern-day priests, bishops, popes, monks, and nuns. Only the virgin Muses are lacking, for they scorn Venus and Cupid. In his conclusion, the poet asks Camerarius to explain why that is so. If he answers that question, Eobanus predicts, he too will be blessed with chaste and placid love. He will be the rare man who can join Venus and the Muses. Camerarius responds to this invitation in a Lament against Venus (Venus 1 R.). Eobanus’s Triumph, he declares, has filled him with delight. But as he watches the captives file past, lo and behold, he sees Eobanus himself among them, clutching his old love poems (the bucolics) and his translation of Theocritus’s idyls. As the friends embrace and converse, Camerarius laments that in that vast assembly he alone has received no solace from Venus, even though he has always revered the goddess and prayed for her help. Eobanus consoles him: he should count himself fortunate not to be smitten by the passion of love. In that respect he is like the maidenly Muses themselves, like the virginal Diana and the chaste Minerva. Camerarius counters that Minerva and Diana, too, have acted in concert with Venus and that even the Muses often sing of love and happily serve as Venus’s handmaids. Accepting these arguments, Eobanus consoles his friend and foretells good fortune in love. The promise is soon fulfilled. As Venus grants Camerarius her favor, Cupid sends a golden arrow into his breast and then also transfixes his sweetheart. Thanking the deities who have heard his prayers, the groom concludes: “Sacred be this place in which I came a bachelor and depart a married man.” While Eobanus’s nuptial poems (Venus 1 and 2) were both ready by early spring, Camerarius’s response was much delayed. The reason seems to have been the young man’s deep-seated reluctance to publish his poetry. As Eobanus explains to Melanchthon: “I had a very hard time persuading Joachim to enter that arena, he is so diffident about bringing out his [verses],” despite their

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excellence.6 Hence it was that the full manuscript did not reach the printer until June 22.7 The booklet came out about a month later. On August 27, Eobanus sent a copy to Georg Sturtz.8 On August 31 he sent another copy to Melanchthon, with the apology that the epithalamium (Venus 2) had been written in haste and hence was not as carefully crafted as he would have liked.9 Though written well after the epithalamium, the narrative poems by Eobanus and Camerarius are nevertheless placed first in the published book, doubtless because they purport to chronicle the events leading up to the wedding. Appended to the wedding poems is a propempticon, or poetic send-off, to Camerarius as he was departing for Spain in late November 1526. The plan was for Camerarius to serve as interpreter to Count Albrecht of Mansfeld (1480–1560), a Luther supporter who hoped to meet with Emperor Charles V in Spain. In December, however, when the travelers had already reached Esslingen, the voyage was unexpectedly called off. Eobanus, meanwhile, had already started writing his propempticon. Not wanting to leave the poem unfinished after Camerarius’s unexpectedly early return, he added seven concluding distichs in ca. midJanuary and then sent the manuscript to his friend.10 For this version, see Epp. 1, sigs. F2r–F3v (covering letter and text); K4r–v (further background). For the published version, Eobanus inserted another distich (ll. 17–18) and made several small improvements.

Printing History The booklet was published by Johann Petreius at Nuremberg in the latter half of August 1527: 6

7

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Melanchthon, Ep. 582, ll. 24–26, letter of 31 August 1527: “Ego Ioachimum in istam palaestram vix potui deducere, ita timidus est in edendis suis, quae multo tamen felicius illi nascuntur domi quam multis aliunde conquiruntur.” On Camerarius’s diffidence regarding his own poetic abilities, see Joachim Camerarius, Eclogae / Die Eklogen, ed. and trans. Lothar Mundt (Tübingen, 2004), XXIV–XXV. See Epp. fam., 146, letter of that date to Georg Sturtz: “Huius nostri charissimi Ioachimi epithalamion per me confectum brevi ad te mittam, hodie enim sub praelum daturus sum.” See also Epp. fam., 77, letter of June 23, in which Eobanus promises Johann Lang that he will be sending the published copy before long. See Epp. fam., 128 and 130, letters to Sturtz, dated 27 and 31 August 1527. Cf. n. 4 above (p. 211). The elegy must have been finished by 20 January 1527, for in a letter of that date to Hieronymus Baumgartner, Eobanus asks to have the verses sent back to him, assuming that Camerarius has returned them in the meantime; see Ernst Weber, ed., Virorum clarorum saeculi XVI et XVII epistolae selectae (Leipzig, 1894), 22.

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A (1527) [Within a compartment consisting of four ornamental blocks, each depicting mythological personages and scenes:11] HELII EOBANI Heʃ | ʃi Venus triumphans, ad | Ioachimū Cam. Qu. | IOACHIMI CAME- | rarij Querela, qua ʃuperi | ori carmini reʃpondet. | IN NVPTIIS IOA- | chimi Cam. Epithalamion, | ʃeu Ludus Muʃarū, per Eob. | Eiuʃdem ad eundē in Hiʃpa | nias abeuntē propemticon. | Ex Schola Norica | Anno M. D. XXVII. | Colophon: Collation: Contents:

Norembergæ per Io. Petreium, | An. M. D. XXVII. | Menʃe Auguʃto. | 8o: a–b8 [$5 signed], c4 [3 signed], 20 leaves a1r title page; a1v epigram to the reader; a2r–a6v Venus triumphans; a7r–b2v Ioachimi Camerarii Qu. querela adversus Venerem; b3r–c2r In nuptiis Ioachimi Camerarii Qu. ludus Musarum, seu epithalamion; c2v– c3v Ad Ioachimum Camerarium in Hispanias abeuntem; c3v colophon; c4 blank Catchwords: Found on each page. Lacking on a1v, a6v, b2v, and c2r Running titles: None Copy text: Nuremberg, Stadtbibliothek Call number: 4 an Phil. 2862. 8o

The copy is personally inscribed to Hieronymus Baumgartner: “Dn. Hieronymo Baumgartnero viro humaniss. Eob. .dd.” I have also seen the copy in Strasbourg, BNU (R 104 213). In that copy, sig. c3 is damaged, with some textual loss; sig. c4 is lacking. The copy in Augsburg, Staatsund Stadtbibliothek (LR 1114#Beibd.) can be consulted online in a digital facsimile via Google Books. The same goes for the copy in Vienna, ÖNB (MF 2506), available also via VD 16, no. E 1558. The copy in Freiburg, UB (D 8590) was available to me in a xeroxed copy. There are further copies in Auxerre, Bibliothèque municipale; Cambridge, MA, Harvard University, Houghton Library; Chicago, Newberry Library; Koblenz, Bibliothek der Stiftung Staatliches Görres-Gymnasium; London, BL; London, British Museum (personally inscribed to Willibald Pirckheimer);12 Manchester, University Library; Paris, BN; Reims, Bibliothèque municipale; Trier, Stadtbibliothek; Uppsala, University Library; Wolfenbüttel, 11

12

The top panel shows Apollo, holding a lyre. To his right is a fully draped Venus, holding what appears to be a tortoise shell lyre. To his left is Mercury, playing a viola da gamba. The left side panel shows the three Parcae with the thread of life; the right panel pictures the three Graces dancing. The bottom panel portrays the nine Muses surrounding the wellspring of Homer, each of them playing a musical instrument. See Graham Jefcoate, William A. Kelly, and Karen Kloth, eds., A Guide to Collections of Books Printed in German-speaking Countries before 1901 (or in German elsewhere), Held by Libraries in Great Britain and Ireland (Hildesheim, 2000), 106.

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HAB (incomplete). The Ratsschulbibliothek in Zwickau possesses a seventeenth century manuscript copy (CCC V. cart. XVII); see Paul O. Kristeller, Iter Italicum, vol. 3 (London, 1983), 442. Modern Edition Karl P. Froebel (F) twice edited the booklet, with a brief introduction, numerous corrections, miscorrections, and alterations to Eobanus’s text, but without critical apparatus or commentary notes: F1 Hel. Eobani Hessi Venus triumphans de qua Joa. Camerarius questus ab Eobano ad thalamum ducitur et in Hispaniam abiens carmine celebratur (Rudolstadt, 1822). F2 Recentiorum poetarum selecta carmina, vol. 4 (Rudolstadt, 1823), 1–86, with occasionally new readings and errors.

Helii Eobani Hessi VENUS TRIUMPHANS Ad Ioachimum Camerarium Quaestorem Ioachimi Camerarii QUERELA, QUA SUPERIORI CARMINI RESPONDET IN NUPTIIS IOACHIMI CAMERARII EPITHALAMION, SEU LUDUS MUSARUM per Eobanum Eiusdem AD EUNDEM IN HISPANIAS ABEUNTEM PROPEMTICON Ex schola Norica anno M.D.XXVII

Helius Eobanus Hessus VENUS TRIUMPHANT To Joachim Camerarius Quaestor Joachim Camerarius A LAMENT, IN WHICH HE RESPONDS TO THE PRECEDING POEM ON THE WEDDING OF JOACHIM CAMERARIUS, AN EPITHALAMIUM, OR PLAY OF THE MUSES by Eobanus By the same TO THE SAME, A GODSPEED AS HE DEPARTS FOR SPAIN From the Nuremberg school in the year 1527

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LECTORI Si nova delectant, haec sunt nova. Seria quaeris, I alio. Nobis Musa iocosa placet. Et quoniam castae sordent hoc tempore Musae, Quaerimus an possit gratior esse Venus.

TO THE READER If new works delight, these are new. If you are looking for something serious, go somewhere else. As for us, we are partial to the jocose Muse. Besides, since the chaste Muses are being treated like dirt nowadays, we are eager to find out whether Venus might not have more appeal.

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EOBANI HESSI VENUS TRIUMPHANS Quae vis indomito vel quis furor adsit Amori, Vix aliqua ratione queas, Ioachime, pacisci Ut vere expedias, et si tibi pulchra sorores Inspirant arcana deae, cui favit Apollo Ingenium laetum et rebus melioribus aptum, Quem neque diva potens puero fallente sagittis Cuncta medullivori plenis ardore veneni Despicit et nullos etiam non torret ad ignes. Quare age, si castos non aspernaris amores Communique putas hominum te lege teneri, Quod facis, et curis liber potes esse remotis, Pauca triumphalem referentia carmina pompam Aspice, quae nobis veteres recolentibus ignes Nuper ab Idalii digressa crepidine saxi Condidit ipsa Venus, ducente Cupidine dextram. Ergo ego dum meditor quae prima exordia sumam Quidve canam, sic ille praeit, sic ipse sequebar: Iam Venus edomitum victore Cupidine mundum Subdidit imperioque premebat cuncta superbo, Astra, deos, elementa, homines volucresque ferasque. Inflata ergo animis se non capientibus, alto Pectore, et insignem spoliis ductura triumphum De tota rerum facie cunctisque creatis, Constitit Idalii sublimi in vertice montis, Cincta Cupidinibus nymphisque, sedilia divae Plurima odoriferis circum texentibus herbis. Tunc sic aligeros victrix affatur Amores: “Ite triumphandum vobis victoribus orbem Me duce lustrantes. Huc sistite quicquid ubique Vivit et huic regno quotacunque tributa pependit.” Illi praecipites similesque volantibus Euris Deseruere deam totumque minacibus orbem Pervolitant alis matrisque ferocia victis Iussa ferunt vinclisque ligant victricia doctos

11 liber F: libet A.

17 Quidve A: Quidque F.

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VENUS TRIUMPHANT, BY EOBANUS HESSUS What power, what passion attends on unbridled Love, that is something you cannot ever bring yourself to explain on any account, Joachim, even though the divine sisters1 inspire you with their lovely mysteries and Apollo has blessed you with a happy genius, suited to better things. The mighty goddess,2 whose son beguiles all the world with his arrows full of the fire of marrow-devouring poison, she does not disdain you either! In fact, she has been roasting you over a pretty hot fire! Well then, if you do not spurn chaste love [10], if you consider yourself subject to the law that governs all, as indeed you do, and are free to set your cares aside, do peruse this brief poem describing a triumphal procession. For just as I was going over some old love poems of mine,3 Venus dropped by, having just left her temple on Mount Idalium. She it is who composed the verses, while Cupid guided her hand. And so, as I was pondering how to start or what to sing, he went ahead and I followed, like this: After Cupid had conquered the world, Venus promptly subdued it and brought it completely under her proud sway: [20] the stars, gods, elements, and people, the birds and wild beasts. And so, swelling with uncontained pride, haughty of mind and eager to lead a magnificent triumphal procession drawn from the whole face of nature and all creation, the goddess stood aloft on the peak of the Idalian mountain, attended by Cupids and nymphs enwreathing the goddess’s sublime throne all round with fragrant herbs. Thereupon the victress addressed the winged Loves thus: “Go, traverse the world under my leadership, for you are going to celebrate a victor’s triumph. Draw up before me whatever anywhere [30] possesses life and pays our realm some tribute, however small.” They, in headlong haste, speeding like the east winds, left the goddess and on menacing wings flew over the whole world, delivered their mother’s fierce commands to the vanquished, shackled the veterans who marched under her victorious banners, and before long drew them all up, an immense

1 The Muses. 2 Venus, the mother of Cupid. 3 The love poems in Eobanus’s Bucolicon of 1509, revised in Bucolicorum idyllia as Idyls 3, 7, and 10.

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Signa sequi iamque ingentem et sine nomine turbam Ante pedes divae sistunt. Mirabile dictu, Non illo superum quisquam sua templa tenebat Tempore. Tum Stygii vacuata est aula tyranni, Indigenis spoliata carebant aequora monstris, Terra suis neglecta animalibus orba relicta est, Non aliquas habuit volucres inglorius aer, Cunctus ad imperium siquidem confluxerat orbis Omnipotentis herae. Stabat iam sceptra perosus Iuppiter et veteres confessus imagine flammas Multiplici et secum reliquos undante trahebat Agmine coelicolas. Mediis Neptunus in undis Arserat. Amisit Stygium sua regia Ditem. Plus penetrabilibus quam quos regit ignibus arsit Phoebus. Adhuc vinctum ridebat adultera Martem Cypris et informem tenuit placata maritum. Nec tibi profuerat, Maia sate, mobilis harpe, Cuncta nec artificis ducentia verbera virgae. Nec sua bis genitum texerunt cornua Bacchum, Quo minus insignem decoraret et ipse triumphum. Quos inter positis quis non rideret euntem Arcubus Alciden, clava, spolioque leonis, Hirta puellari stringentem pectora cultu Oechaliaeque manu ducentem stamen Ioles? Quid tibi nunc prosunt totum tot monstra per orbem Perdomita, o magni proles Iovis, addite divis? Omnia qui vincis, tenerum non vincis Amorem! Venit et agrestum promiscua turba deorum, Capripedes faunique leves satyrique salaces Et culti arboreis sylvani tempora ramis, Panes et exhaustis Silenum turba culullis. Omnia navigeri venerunt numina ponti, Fassa suos propriis inventos fluctibus ignes Quos non ipse queat Nereus extinguere, ut undis Deucalioneis iterum pater obruat orbem.

55 inter positis F: interpositis A.

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and nameless multitude, before the feet of the goddess. Amazing to say, at that very time none of the gods happened to occupy their temples. Just then the palace of the Stygian tyrant was emptied,4 the seas were plundered and deprived of their indigenous monsters, [40] the dry land was abandoned by its animals and left bereaved, the forlorn air no longer had any birds, and all because the entire world had flocked together at the command of its omnipotent mistress. There stood Jupiter, loathing his scepter now and acknowledging the affairs he had enjoyed of old in manifold disguises, and in an undulating column he brought with him the rest of the heaven-dwellers. Neptune burned amidst the waves. The infernal palace was bereft of Stygian Dis. Phoebus burned with flames more penetrating than the ones over which he rules.5 At the sight of the still fettered Mars, adulterous [50] Venus laughed and soothingly hugged her misshapen husband.6 Your nimble scimitar was of no use to you here, son of Maia, neither was the all-guiding wave of your magic wand.7 As for the horns of twice-born Bacchus,8 they did not protect him from having to adorn the memorable triumph himself. Who could fail to laugh at Hercules in that parade? He had laid aside his bow, club, and lion’s skin and was wearing a girl’s chemise, pulled tight over his shaggy chest, and with his hand was drawing the thread spun by Iole of Oechalia.9 What good does it do you now to have vanquished so many monsters all over the world, [60] O offspring of mighty Jove, added to the ranks of the gods? You, who conquer everything, are unable to conquer tender Love! A mixed crowd of rustic gods showed up too: goat-footed deities, flighty fauns, wanton satyrs, also sylvans, their heads wreathed with boughs, Pans, and a swarm of Sileni clutching their drained goblets. All the divinities of the ship-laden sea were there, avowing the fires they had found in their own billows, fires that Nereus himself could not extinguish, even if the Father were to inundate the earth once more with a Deucalionic deluge.

4 The palace of Dis (Pluto) in the underworld. 5 Phoebus finds that the flames of love are hotter than those of his own sun. 6 Venus’s husband, the lame smith god Vulcan, once ensnared Mars and Venus in a cunningly wrought net while they were making love; see Hom. Od. 8.266–366; Ov. Met. 4.171– 189. 7 Maia’s son is Mercury. As a messenger god and guide of the dead, he carries a magic wand (the caduceus). 8 After Semele died, Jupiter took his son Bacchus from the mother’s womb and carried him to term in his thigh. Bacchus is often pictured with a bull’s horns. 9 Iole made Hercules spin wool while dressed in women’s clothes. Cf. Ama. 35.31–36, with n. 32 (1:245).

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Parte alia superum divarum constitit agmen Et dominae Veneris victricia signa ferebat. Nec iam poma duae repetebant aurea nec se Postpositas uni pudor est puduisse fateri, Cum tribus Iliaca Paris arbiter esset in Ida. Qua Ceres incaluit, patria non traxit ab Aethna, Nec flammam de fratre suo sibi Luna paravit. Stabant et Charites formosae et agrestia nymphae Numina, Naiades, Dryades, facilesque Napeae Arboribusque deae agnatae. Quid plura? Subibat Opprobrium tanti divum genus omne triumphi. Ibant et validis evincti colla cathenis Hic demum victi heroes. Quos maximus inter Iam non terribilem cristam quatiebat Achilles. Constitit hunc iuxta populorum rector Atrides, Immemor irarum, et vultu solatur amico Flavicomum Menelaon, adempta coniuge moestum. Nec procul hinc Venerem quondam crudelis in ipsam Tydides magnaeque olim duo fulmina Troiae, Aiaces. Et adhuc sua vulnera flebat Ulysses, Non quae Troia illi, non quae ferus intulit Hector, Pulchra sed in medio quibus illum filia Solis Aequore confectum tenuit. Iam Dardana pubes Ibat et aequabat numero quos Marte supremo Non potuit: Paris, Aeneas, et maximus Hector, Anchises, Capys, Assaracus, Tros, Ilus, et omni Corpore Deiphobus laceratus fraude Lacenae, Quosque referre piget numero. Quis in omnia fando Sufficiat? Minimae nobis quota portio turbae Cognita vix nostras quadam tenus attigit aures. Quid referam duplicis domitorem Thesea monstri, Non tamen heu fortes domuisse Cupidinis arcus? Quid thalamos sperare ausum Plutonis avari

Called on to judge a beauty contest on Mount Ida, Paris of Troy awarded the golden apple to Venus over Juno and Minerva. The goddess Ceres made love to the adolescent Iasion; see Hom. Od. 5.125–128.

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[70] Elsewhere stood a company of heavenly goddesses carrying the victorious banners of Mistress Venus. Of these, two no longer claimed the golden apple nor did they blush to confess their shame at being judged inferior to the one, when Paris was umpire over the three goddesses on Trojan Ida.10 The flame with which Ceres glowed did not originate from her native Etna,11 nor did Luna obtain hers from her brother.12 The beautiful Graces stood there also, as did the rustic deities, the nymphs: naiads, dryads, and the gentle dell maidens and tree goddesses. Why go on? [80] Divinities of every stripe suffered the opprobrium of this great triumph. Their necks bound with stout chains, defeated at last, heroes marched there too. Greatest among them, Achilles shook his no longer terrible crest of plumes. Beside him stood the ruler of peoples, Agamemnon. He had forgotten his wrath and with friendly glance was consoling the blond-haired Menelaus, still distressed at finding his wife carried off.13 Not far from them walked Tydeus’s son, who had once wounded Venus herself,14 and with him, those two thunderbolts of mighty Troy, the Ajaxes. Ulysses was even now lamenting his wounds, [90] not the ones that Troy, not the ones that fierce Hector had inflicted on him, but those by which the fair daughter of the Sun had kept him enthralled in the midst of the sea.15 Next were the Trojan warriors in full complement, far more of them than they had been able to field at war’s end: Paris, Aeneas, and their mightiest hero Hector, Anchises, Capys, Assaracus, Tros, Ilus, and Deiphobus, his whole body mutilated through the Spartan woman’s treachery,16 as well as others too tedious to enumerate. Who could possibly describe everything? Of the lowest classes, the few known to us have barely reached our ears. [100] Why mention Theseus, subduer of the two-formed monster, yet incapable, alas, of subduing Cupid’s powerful bow?17 Why speak of Pirithous, who made bold to hope for the wife

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The moon goddess Luna did not blush for love of her brother Phoebus Apollo, but for love of the handsome Endymion. Cf. Idyl. 10.71–72, n. King Menelaus is still distressed that Paris seduced Helen and took her to Troy. The Trojan warrior Diomedes wounded Venus as she was protecting her son Aeneas; see Hom. Il. 5.334–339. Ulysses stayed with the enchantress Circe for a whole year. The son of King Priam and Hecuba, Deiphobus married Helen after the death of Paris. But when Helen betrayed her new husband, Ulysses and Menelaus brutally killed and mutilated him. See Verg. A. 6.494–529. With Ariadne’s help, Theseus killed the Minotaur, a monstrous creature half man, half bull. Theseus first married Ariadne (whom he abandoned) and then Phaedra.

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Pyrithoum? Quid Agenoridas? Quid Iasona durum In se vertentem quos non bene depulit ignes? Nollet in hoc numero sed se patiatur haberi Magnus Alexander, quantumque vacabit ab armis Militet Idaliae dominae, sive ille Philippum Sive patrem Lybicae cultorem agnoscat arenae. Finiturus eram nisi me Romana volentem Nomina detineant. Quis enim modus aut ubi finis Agminis immensi? Nam sive quis ultima Troiae Cum summis Romae coniungat tempora, nullos Inveniet vacuos genitricis imagine fastos Aeneadum, quia matre dea satus ipse nepotes Imbuit et Venerem docuit coniungere Marti. Nam bella ut taceam Latium conflata per orbem Unius ob thalamum, quantum dedit ille paterni Ingenii specimen cui raptae praeda Sabinae Concessere, sua dignum quoque matre duellum! Stabat enim celebri ducendus et ipse triumpho, Agmine stipatus longo turbaque minorum, Fascibus insignes alii sellaque curuli, Omnes materna redimiti tempora myrto, Longe alios supra soboles insignis Iuli, Qui rem Romanam primus perduxit ad unum, Caesar Acidaliae non tantum cuspidis ictu Verum etiam laesus civilis vulnere dextrae. I nunc, quid dubitas? Victos, Auguste, triumpha Arsacidas, ducende novo mox ipse triumpho. Quis Tyberi nescit, quis diri stupra Neronis? Ut valeant empti preciosis fastibus ignes! Quae te vincla tenent, si nunc potes, abiice, Claudi, Absque tuo gemitu moriatur adultera coniux. Lollia deponat quas non fert improba gemmas.

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Accompanied by Theseus, Pirithous descended to Hades to kidnap Queen Proserpina and make her his bride. King Agenor’s son Cadmus married Harmonia, the daughter of Mars and Venus. Agenor’s descendant Perseus rescued Andromeda from a sea monster and then married her.

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of ravenous Pluto?18 Why of the Agenorides?19 Why of hard-hearted Jason, who turned against himself the fires he proved incapable of dispelling? Alexander the Great had no choice but to be reckoned in that number also; and whenever he takes time off from war he will soldier for the mistress of Idalium, no matter whether he acknowledges Philip as his father or the god who dwells in Libya’s sands.20 I was about to stop here, but the Roman [110] names held me back from that intent. For how can one stay within bounds or where does one draw the line with an immense horde like that? Indeed, if one spans the final days of Troy to the last days of Rome, one will find all the annals filled with the same image: that of Aeneas’s mother21 and his progeny—and no wonder either, seeing that he himself, the son of this divine mother, inspired and taught his descendants to join Venus to Mars. For to pass over the wars in Latium that were kindled for the sake of one man’s bride:22 what splendid proof of the ancestral genius did that leader furnish, the one who seized the Sabine women and abducted them as spoils of war!23 That, too, was a war worthy of his foremother. [120] In fact, he was standing there himself, ready to be led away in the magnificent triumph, thronged about with a host of lesser figures in a long column. Others were distinguished by the fasces and the curule chair. All were crowned with wreaths of myrtle, sacred to the Mother. By far the greatest among them was Julus’s illustrious scion, he who first brought the Roman Empire under the rule of one man, the Caesar who was wounded not only by the sting of the Acidalian arrow but also by the stroke of a compatriot’s hand.24 Go ahead, Augustus! What are you waiting for? Triumph all you want over the conquered Parthians! You are about to be led in an uncommon triumph yourself. [130] Who has not heard of the debaucheries of Tiberius or the ones of dreadful Nero? Away with those fires, bought with costly conceit! Shake off the fetters that hold you fast, if you can accomplish that now, Claudius, and let your adulterous wife die without so much as a groan from you.25 Let the wanton Lollia put aside the jewels she can no longer wear.26 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Alexander the Great was the son of Philip II of Macedonia. After visiting the oracle of Siwa oasis, he proclaimed himself the son of Jupiter Ammon. Venus. After arriving in Italy, the Trojan hero Aeneas fought Turnus for the hand of King Latinus’s daughter Lavinia. The story is told in the second half of Vergil’s Aeneid. Romulus ordered the abduction of the Sabine women as wives for his men. Julius Caesar, assassinated by M. Junius Brutus in 44BCE. Emperor Claudius put his third wife, Messalina, to death for adultery. Lollia Paulina, Caligula’s second wife, possessed a vast collection of jewels and pearls. In the running to marry Emperor Claudius, she was forced to kill herself (or was murdered) at the instigation of her rival Agrippina the Younger.

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Quis ferat, ut possim, cunctorum nomina amantum Dicere qui tenuere armis victricibus orbem, Quos nunc stare vides victos puerilibus armis Ante pedes dominae iam vincla iugumque minantis? Dum loquor, a tergo voces audire gementum Visus eram. Salve aeternum, clarissime vindex Romani eloquii, patriae pater, optime consul, Par superis, Cicero! Quis te deus egit? An istis Non potuit tua maiestas fore libera vinclis? Sed video, illa tuos etiam vis opprimit hostes. Nam quid dissimulas tua furta, nequissime Clodi, Veste puellari? Quales Antonius aestus Dum miser auratis fugit Actia littora velis Exuit et Phariae moritur male redditus aulae? Inde sacri vates et, divum cura, poetae Ibant et querulis fundebant carmina nervis, Carmina Cypriaden nunquam motura superbam: Orpheus et Thamyras, Linus et Musaeus et ille Qui mediis placidos flexit delphinas in undis Quique suis traxisse sequacia saxa Camaenis Dicitur. His Latii non invida turba poetae Adsistunt, sacer ante alios Maro, cuius amores Testatur moriens falsa sub imagine Dido. Sive illum formosa calenti Lydia flamma Seu quaecunque fuit quae tantis ignibus ussit Omnia divino vincentem carmine vatem, Foelix ante alias heroidas. Omnibus illam Praetulero regum Berenicibus et Cleopatris! Ante alios igitur stabat Maro, quemque canebat Idem ille aversam deflesse Lycorida Gallum. Tunc quoque non prudens tenerorum doctor amorum, Ipse suis captus laqueis, tener inde Tibullus, Et formosa suis quem Cynthia coepit ocellis,

147 Actia scripsi: Accia A. 27

Disguised as a woman, P. Clodius Pulcher made his way into a woman-only celebration of the Bona Dea at Julius Caesar’s house in hopes of trysting with Caesar’s wife Pompeia.

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Even if I could make such a list, who would sit through a catalogue of all the lovers who made themselves masters of the world by force of arms and yet, defeated by the weapons of a mere boy, can now be seen standing before the feet of their empress, who already threatens them with fetters and the yoke? As I was speaking, it seemed to me that I heard sighing and groaning behind me. [140] Forever hail, most celebrated champion of Roman eloquence, father of the fatherland, best of consuls, equal of the gods, Cicero! What god drove you here? Is it true, then, that your grandeur could not keep clear of those bonds? But I see, the same force has also overmastered your enemies. For why do you, most depraved Clodius, conceal your stolen love beneath a woman’s dress?27 What passionate ardor was Antony forced to cast off as he wretchedly fled Actium’s shores in his gilded ship, only to die by his own hand back at Cleopatra’s court?28 Next marched the holy bards and poets, beloved of the gods, [150] and poured forth songs to the plaintive lyre, songs that will never move that haughty Cyprian goddess: Orpheus and Thamyras, Linus and Musaeus and he who guided the friendly dolphins amidst the waves,29 also the man who with his Muses, they say, drew stones to follow him.30 Behind them stood, unenvious, a throng of Latin poets, at their head the godlike Vergil, to whose love affairs the dying Dido bears witness, albeit in fictional guise. Whether it was the beautiful Lydia who consumed him with so glowing a flame or whether it was some other girl who inspired such ardor [160] in the poet who surpasses all others in his divine song, she was a heroine fortunate beyond compare.31 I would exalt her over all the royal Berenices and Cleopatras! As I was saying, Vergil stood at the head of the others. By his side was Gallus, whom he had celebrated as weeping for the alienated Lycoris.32 There, too, was that imprudent teacher of the tender loves, caught in his own snares.33 Then came the love poet Tibullus and he whom fair Cynthia bewitched with

28 29 30 31 32 33

After losing the Battle of Actium (31 BCE), Antony returned to Egypt. Committing suicide the following year, he died in Cleopatra’s arms. The musician Arion, whose playing so charmed the dolphins that they saved him from drowning. King Amphion caused the stones for the walls of Thebes to move into place by playing his lyre. Vergil’s own love affairs are assumed to be represented in Aeneas’s love for Queen Dido and in the Lydia who is sung in the Appendix Vergiliana. See Verg. Ecl. 10. The love poet Ovid.

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Cynthia, verus amor quondam tibi, docte Properti, Nunc quoque, cantati quia vivunt semper amores, Quique lyra varios cecinit quos pertulit ignes Pindarica. Neque te, numeris operose Catulle, Transierim, nec enim tibi Lesbia blanda pudori est. Hinc sua necquicquam veteres sapientia Graios Texit et iniectis praetendit pallia vinclis. Quis tibi, magne Plato, crudeli corda sagitta Sauciat? An quicquam divina in pectora flammae Iuris habent Paphiae? Quis simius iste cicutis Pocula mista ferens? Omnes nunc doctus elenchos Nectat Aristoteles! Dissolvet protinus omnes Doctior ille puer flammis qui vincit et arcu. Quid facis heu Veneri, stultissima turba sophorum? Cur, quia damnabas, non haec puerilia vitas Ludibria? I procul hinc! Non hic tua picta valebunt Verba, quibus solis valuisti semper. Ut autem, Ut video, nemo excedit! Stant fortiter omnes, Pallida praegravibus devincti membra catenis. Barbara quinetiam stipantibus agmina turbis Stabant et leges ducis imperiumque manebant, Musicus ante alios cytharaque insignis eburna Davides, iuxta sapiens, at stultus amori, Stirpis Iesseae Solomon decus. Ordine eodem Ibat adhuc frendens effosso lumine Sanson. I nunc, Herculeas aequa, fortissime, laudes. Nempe iaces ut et ille. Suis qui vicit utrunque, Fortior ille fuit, iaculis. “Hinc flecte retroque Musa, redi! Viden? Immensa est ea copia! Finem Non habet iste labor! Quod non potes esse, nec optes.” Sed tenet et frustra nova turba moratur euntem Foemineo plangore. Quis est chorus iste? Puellae, Agnosco, quas durus Amor tam saeva coegit Vincla pati. Formosae heroides, ite, triumpho Laturae decus. En niveos formosa lacertos Plangit et Iliacum de crinibus eruit aurum

175 magne F: magnae A.

183 I A: om. F.

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her eyes—Cynthia, your true love in times long past, learned Propertius, even to this very day, because, celebrated in verse, love lives on forever. [170] They were followed by him who with Pindaric lyre sang of the varied fires he endured.34 I must not fail to mention you also, painstaking poet Catullus. The charming Lesbia was certainly no discredit to you. The ancient Greek philosophers followed next. Far from protecting them, their wisdom merely mantled the chains in which they were clapped. Who wounded your heart, great Plato, with the cruel arrow? Is it true, then, that Venus’s flames exercise some power over godlike minds? Who is that ape, bearing a cup filled with hemlock?35 Now let the learned Aristotle weave all his syllogisms together! Soon enough they will all be unraveled [180] by a boy more versed than he, one who conquers with his flames and bow. What, alas, are you doing with Venus, you most foolish throng of wise men? Given how severely you condemn these puerile sports, why don’t you shun them yourselves? Away with you! Those painted words of yours—all you have ever been good at!—will not do you much good here. But, as I see, not one of them escaped. They all stand fast, their pallid limbs bound with massive shackles. Even a host of Hebrews stood there, densely packed together, and waited for their mistress’s command and bidding, first and foremost the musician [190] David, distinguished by his ivory lyre. Right beside him was the wise, yet love-crazed Solomon, the glory of Jesse’s stem. Still gnashing his teeth at the thought of his gouged-out eyes, Samson marched in the same troop. Go ahead, match Hercules’s exploits, you strongest of men! But of course, you lie prostrate, just like him. He, who conquered both of you with his shafts, was stronger than you. “Turn around and go back, Muse! Don’t you see? This host is immense! There is no end to that labor! Do not seek to be what you cannot be.” She was already leaving, but to no avail. A new throng drew her attention and detained her with their womanly wailing. Who are all those people? They are girls, [200] I recognize that now, the ones whom hard-hearted Amor compelled to endure cruel bonds. Lovely heroines, go and lend your charm to the triumph! Look, the beautiful daughter of Tyndareus is beating her snowwhite arms and tearing the Trojan gold from her locks.36 Next to her is her

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Rome’s greatest lyric poet, Horace. Socrates was snub-nosed and ugly of body; see Erasmus, Adag. 3.3.1, ASD 2.5:160–162, ll. 14–26. Plato’s dialogues show him deeply versed in love. Sentenced to death, he ended his life by drinking hemlock. Helen of Troy.

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Tyndaris. Hermione iuxta soror, hanc Eryphile Consequitur. Quid, Phedra, gemis? Quid, credula Procri, Respicis? Obscuros cur quaeris, Phylli, recessus? Inde aliae subeunt: Phoenissaque Pasiphaeque Laodamiaque Deianyraque Deidamiaque Euadneque Ariadnaque Sapphoque Euridiceque Innumeraeque aliae. Non plures aere guttae Praecipitant, cum saevit hyems Aquilone refusis Imbribus et plenis grassatur nubibus Auster. Area necdum omnes spaciosi immensa theatri Coeperat. Intrabant alii passimque ruebant Ordine confuso, quoniam lex omnibus una est, Frena pati duris et subdere colla lupatis. Quis furor hic? Saevae quae tanta potentia pestis? Omnes una agitat rabies, furor omnibus unus, In Venerem ruere et puero servire tyranno. Namque hic non tantum fatui promiscua vulgi, Verum etiam tonsae stabat bona turba coronae, Cura quibus divum statuas et sacra tueri, Qui coelos aperire et claudere posse feruntur, Cum libet, et scelerum perplexos solvere nodos. Ah miseri, quur non volucris coniecta puelli Vincula solverunt? Quid solvere posse putemus, Quorum tam saevo libertas carcere clausa est? Nam magis hos aliis vincit Venus, improba nam sunt Turba, voluptatum longe pars maxima queis fit Laeta Venus, quibus illecebris pascuntur Amores. Ire coronatos videas vittisque superbos, Insignes triplici quosdam diademate, quosdam Corpora terribili deformes tota cucullo, Nec procul indutae quaedam sacra pepla puellae Annosaeque nurus et abusae aetate sorores. Stabant cuncta suis animalia subdita signis Imperioque ducis respondent omnia divae.

228 hos AF1: hoc F2.

229 fit A: sit F.

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sister Hermione,37 followed by Eriphyle. Why are you groaning, Phaedra? Why, credulous Procris, are you looking back? For what reason are you, Phyllis, looking for a shady nook to withdraw to?38 Other women follow closely on their heels: the Phoenician39 and Pasiphae and Laodamia and Deianira and Euadne and Ariadne and Sappho and Eurydice [210] and countless others. Not more numerous are the drops that fall from the sky during a violent tempest, when the north wind causes the rains to come pelting down and the south wind careers through rain-laden clouds. The immense field where that vast spectacle played out had still not taken in all the captives. Ever more entered and milled about aimlessly, because all were subject to the same law: to submit to the bridle and bend their necks to the cruel curb. What madness is this? How can that savage plague have such irresistible power? The same frenzy drives them all, they all share the same madness: to rush into love and serve the boy tyrant. [220] For it was not just the mixed crowd of the foolish laity that stood there, but also a goodly host of tonsured pates—men who make it their business to watch over the statues and relics of saints, men reputed to have the power to open and shut the heavens as they please and to loose the intricate knots of sin. Ah, the wretches! Why haven’t they loosed the bonds in which the winged boy has cast them? How are we to believe they have power to bind and unbind when their own freedom is locked up in such a cruel prison? The fact is that Venus holds them more securely shackled than the others, for they are a wanton lot. With them Venus has by far the greatest [230] fun. They certainly keep the Loves entertained with their seductive antics. Watch them strut about, those mitered heads, so proud of their fillets! Some are distinguished by the triple diadem, while others wear the dreadful cowl that deforms their whole body.40 Nearby was a group of young women dressed in sacred garments, also elderly ladies and sisters who had misspent their youth.41 All living beings stood under their own banners and all stepped forward at the command of their divine empress.

37 38 39 40 41

Hermione was not Helen’s sister but her daughter by King Menelaus. She is the heroine of Ov. Ep. 8. Phyllis hanged herself when her husband Demophoon failed to return at the promised time. Her story is told in Ov. Ep. 2. Dido, queen of Carthage, whose ill-fated love for Aeneas is recounted in Vergil’s Aeneid and Ovid’s Heroides. Mitered bishops, popes wearing the tiara, and monks dressed in cowls. Nuns.

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Hactenus ausa fuit tali se Musa triumpho Ingerere et casto paucorum nomina versu Dicere quos incestus amor confecit acerbis Vulneribus. Tum retro abiit turbamque reliquit, Ne forte indigno traheretur et ipsa triumpho. Hic est ille suis periens exercitus armis Quem sua devicto victoria tradidit hosti, Quem satis est tanquam digito monstrasse, referri Non poterat, non si plures meditentur Homeri Tercentum Iliadas, non si mihi mille Marones Omnibus innumeras texant Aeneidas annis. Dum tamen ecce ferox alis volat omnia circum Agmina dinumerans et tradita signa Cupido, Solae defuerant contempto numine Musae Ignipotentis herae et victore Cupidinis arcu. Quae cur defuerint, cur non crudelibus istis Paruerint dominis, aut num venisse putemus Postquam coelivagos iterum dea misit Amores Et quibus has verbis sit respondisse putandum, Dic, age, docte novem causis, Iochime, sororum Consulere arcanis. Sic te quoque blanda lacessat Leniter et placidum faveat tibi Cypris amorem, Quod facit, et pariles in mutua pectora flammas Urgeat et thalamo fixos non distrahat ignes Legitimo. Sic semper eas in coepta secundis Auspiciis animique tibi liberrima constent Ocia, ut assuetas Veneri coniungere Musas Possis, venturae solatia certa senectae. Veneris triumphantis finis

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This is how far the Muse ventured to thrust herself into a triumph of this sort and to record in chaste verse the names of some few [240] whom unchaste love racked with grievous wounds. Thereupon she drew back and quitted the multitude, for fear that she herself might be swept along in that shameful procession. Here is that army that perishes by its own weapons, that surrenders to the routed enemy in the very hour of victory, that one needs only point out with the finger, as it were, but cannot possibly record, no, not even if a great many Homers were to sing three hundred Iliads, not even if a thousand Vergils were to weave me innumerable Aeneids until the end of time. But lo, even as fierce Cupid was fluttering around all the columns and [250] tallying up the captured banners, only the Muses were missing, for they scorn the divine power of the Mistress of Fire and Cupid’s victorious bow. Why were they missing? Why did they not obey those cruel masters? Or are we to imagine that they did show up later, after the goddess sent the heaven-wandering Loves out on a second mission? If so, in what words, do you suppose, might they have answered? Do tell us that, Joachim, expert as you are at studying the mysteries of the nine sisters. Then may the blandishing goddess of Cyprus gently assail you also and bless you with placid love, [260] as indeed she is doing already. May she drive equal flames into both your hearts and not scatter the fires fast rooted in the marriage bed. May you have success in everything you undertake and enjoy the freest leisure of mind, so that to Venus you may join the accustomed Muses, that unfailing solace of looming old age. End of Venus Triumphant

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IOACHIMI CAMERARII QUAESTORIS QUERELA ADVERSUS VENEREM, AD EOBANUM HESSUM Tanta triumphato non coepit gaudia mundo Alma parens volucrum, quae nos non curat, Amorum, Quanta tuum nobis dedit oblectamina carmen, Hesse, novenarum decus et tutela sororum. In quo dum pompas oculis, dum fercula lustro Captivosque greges et subdita colla cathenis Et multo armato castrenses milite turmas, Tu quoque praecipue medios conspectus es inter, Vates, imbelles elegos et scripta recente Sicanio dextra portans deducta magistro. Nos etiam denso cognovimus agmine vulgi Deiectosque caput manibusque in pectore iunctis Auxilium divae et iuga dulcia voce precantes, Cum te deserto quo stabas ordine sensi In stolidae plaebis me visum forte caterva, Antiqui memorem socii, accessisse repente Et laetum amplecti et curarum quaerere caussas, Qui mea corda dolor, quae sollicitudo fatiget. “Accipe, Pieridumque sacer Phoebique sacerdos, Pectoris afflicti flammas miserumque dolorem. Cernis quo imperio, qua se Cythereia iactent Regna potestate et qua vi regina, deorum Numine contempto, coelos terrasque fretumque Infernasque premat domino pede Cypria sedes Et leges ferat et mollissima vincula nectat, Vincula de foliis vernarum texta rosarum. Me solum hoc populo in tanto dea respuit, Hesse. Me miserum nec amare iubet cogitve negantem, Quam semper colui, cuius praeconia versus Fecerunt semper tenues, ut qualibus antra Hercyniae resonant et Moeni glauca fluenta. Ergo mihi flos arentis sine amore iuventae Decidet et nullos hominum carpetur in usus? Anne aliquo tenerae flagrabunt igne medullae, Laesa gemet nulla mens suaviter aegra sagitta? Parce mihi heu, dea, parce mihi! Dabo munera supplex

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A LAMENT AGAINST VENUS, BY JOACHIM CAMERARIUS QUAESTOR,42 TO EOBANUS HESSUS Watching the world being paraded in triumph, the gracious mother of the winged Loves—she who has no care for me—did not experience joys as great as the delights that your poem gave me, Hessus, glory and guardian of the nine sisters.43 But as I was taking it all in with my eyes, that grand procession with its displays and herds of captives, the necks bowed under chains and the squadrons of heavily armed soldiers, there you were yourself, bard, cutting a striking figure in their midst and clutching unwarlike elegies and the poem you recently [10] drew from the Sicilian master.44 In the dense train of commoners I recognized myself too, head lowered and hands clasped on the breast, praying aloud to the goddess for her assistance and sweet yoke. Just then, as I noticed, you left the line in which you were standing and by chance caught sight of me in the mass of stolid people. Remembering your old comrade, you came up to me at once, embraced me to my great joy, and asked the cause of my cares, what anguish, what anxiety was eating at my heart. “Allow me, holy priest of the Muses and Phoebus, to tell you [20] of the flames and wretched grief of my afflicted heart. You see what dominion, what power the realms of Cythera boast and how violently the Cyprian queen, defying the gods’ majesty, tramples the heavens and the earth and the sea and the infernal abodes with lordly foot and imposes laws and forges the tenderest of fetters, fetters woven of spring rose petals. In all that enormous populace, I am the only one whom the goddess rebuffs, Hessus. She neither commands poor me to love nor compels me against my will, even though I have always revered her, even though my slender verses [30] have always sung her praises, such that the caves of the Hercynian Forest and the Main’s green waters resound with them.45 Is then the flower of my arid youth to wither without love? Will it not be plucked for the benefit of humankind? Or will my tender marrow come ablaze after all with some fire or other? Will my mind not groan, sweetly sorrowing at an arrow’s wound? Have mercy on me, alas, goddess, have mercy on me! I will humbly offer gifts at your

42 43 44 45

The names Camerarius and Quaestor are both Latinizations of the German surname Kammermeister. The Muses. Idyl. 15 (“Eurytus”), a love poem based on Theocritus’s eleventh idyl, “The Cyclops.” While he was still living in his hometown of Bamberg, near the confluence of the Regnitz and Main.

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Aris, delectas pecudes quas gramina pascunt Pinguia Regnesi lapidosi fluminis unda. Gloria non haec est sane accessura triumpho Sed nec onus fuerit, sit plaebem inter latuisse Et sit amantum inter contemptum vivere coetus. Tu quoque, si quid opis potes, o divine poeta, Affer et auxilio venias divamque vocato Flebilibus numeris. Etiam tua Iuppiter audit Carmina, iam sparsa sibi cognita carmina fama. Illum de terris quoties non segnis in aulam Mercurius superum rediit, scitarier aiunt Ecqua nova Heliaco visantur carmina cultu.” Sic ego. Sic dictis tunc es solatus amicis: “Non ego inexpertos Edonos esse putarim, Diva, tui pueri flammarum, Ericyna, gelati Quamvis non unquam liquantur Apolline montes, Non rupem assiduis Blemyarum solibus atram, Nilus ubi extrema caput occulit orbis in ora. Tu Saturnigenam tota cum gente suorum Coelicolum regem, posito moderamine mundi, In se non dignas cogis transire figuras. Aestuat igne tuo mediis Neptunus in undis. Te colit et saevi Cocytia regia Ditis. Te nymphae Stygiae venerantur. Cuncta deorum Imperio subiecta premis, dea, numina blando. Se tibi se subdunt tigres fulvique leones, Quos tuus unanimes iungit puer improbus, ante Matris agit currusque feros stimulisque lacessit. Parve puer, tibi, parve, cave ne quando furore Percita te excutiat laniataque belua membra Dissipet Idaliis in collibus! Heu mihi, quanta Ista tuae rabies, quanta est audacia mentis! “Ergo, o communis Ioachime ignare pericli, Non etiam ferme communi praedite sensu, In te solo arcus fractos iaculumque retusum Gestat, quem nulli dicunt parsisse, Cupido?

40–41 sit … sit A: sic … sic F (contra metrum). F2.

42 Tu AF1: Te F2.

61 numina AF1: numine

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altars: choice sheep that graze on luxuriant meadows watered by the Regnitz’s rocky stream. This glory will certainly not add to your triumph [40] but will not be a burden either, if only I might hide in the crowd and live among the bands of lovers scorned. You too, divine poet, if you can help in some way, do so and come to my aid and call on the goddess in doleful measures. Even Jupiter hears your songs, songs long since known to him through widespread fame. They say that whenever tireless Mercury returns from earth to the palace of the gods, Jupiter is eager to find out if any new poems of Heliacal elegance46 have appeared.” Such was my plea. Thereupon you consoled me with friendly words, as follows: [50] “There is not one soul, I would think, that is unacquainted with your son’s flames, O goddess of Eryx:47 not the Thracians, even though their icy mountains never melt under Apollo’s heat; not the Blemyan cliff, blackened by incessant suns, where the Nile hides his head at the end of the earth. You compel King Jupiter, together with the whole race of his fellow gods, to leave off governing the world and transform himself into shapes unworthy of him. Neptune burns with your fire amidst his waves. The Cocytian realm of savage Dis, too, worships you. [60] The Stygian nymphs venerate you. You keep all the wills of the gods subject to your enchanting rule, goddess. Tigers and tawny lions submit themselves to you. Your relentless son yokes them as a team. He not only drives the wild beasts before his mother’s chariot but also urges them on with goads. Little boy, little fellow, take care lest some monster, roused to a fury, should mangle your limbs in the Idalian hills! Woe me, how great is that frenzy of yours, how great your audacity of mind! “Well, Joachim, blissfully ignorant of this universal peril, [70] endowed too with uncommon good sense! Does Cupid, then, who supposedly never spares anyone, bear a broken bow and a blunt arrow against you alone? If

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Poems by Helius Eobanus Hessus. Venus had a famous temple in the city of Eryx in Sicily.

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Quin agis ergo bonis dis, foelicissime, grates Thuraque fers laticesque focis? An qualia nescis Sint ea dona? Mihi paucis communia crede, Paucis quis virtus Veneris sua spernere rara Iussa superba dedit. Quin aspicis ut dea vultu Irato stet, crebra minis convitia miscens, Quod non Thespiades faciant mandata puellae Et quod eant toties frustra redeantque ministri. Illae indignantem spernunt spernuntque minantem Et virides colles et flumina pura tuentur Victricisque deae solae aspernantur habenas. Nec tantum Paphiae res est tamen ista dolori Quantum Heliconiadum facto exemploque movetur Dianaeque choris et virginitate Minervae Afficitur minuique dolet sua regna fremitque Non nati, qui tela Iovis Titania temnit, Hic arcusve ferire suas viresve valere. Potandos olim praebent qui se tibi fontes Castalii solito pura magis undique lympha, Sic tibi se fundant. Sic laurus in tua semper Serta virere velit, cui nostri haud cura recessit.” “Atque utinam dictis quibus es solatus amicum Non maiora forent animi fatalia damna! Nam mihi quae ratio nos hoc quoque praeterit ipsos Hic tantum valet ut pulcherrima dicta refutet Nec nos exemplis tangi patiatur ab istis. Docte deum, veniam mihi des, arcana, poeta. Scilicet hic quaedam succurrunt facta Minervae, Sive pudica parum seu non bene virgine digna Et contemptrici Gnidiae contraria divae. Quippe haec sustinuit nudam se in vallibus Idae Iudicis ante oculos inferre cupidine formae. An nihil esse putem caussae quod Persea quodque Fautor Agenoriden sequitur? Nam casta Diana De nihilo non est nocturni carminis auspex. Nec tantum nudam sed turpia crimina nudae Vidit, falsa sua qui gessit cornua fronte

76 quis F: quos A.

81 Illae F: Ille A.

90 Potandos F: Potandis A.

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so, you are the luckiest of men! All right then, give thanks to the benevolent gods and offer incense and water at their altars. Or don’t you know what marvelous gifts those are? Believe me, you possess them in common with a select few, the few to whom extraordinary virtue grants the gift of spurning Venus’s proud commands. Just watch the goddess stand there, shooting angry looks, alternating frequent insults with threats, because the Thespian maidens48 refuse to do her bidding [80] and because her servants keep having to go back and forth, to no purpose. Those maidens scorn her protests and scorn her threats and keep to the green hills and pure streams, for they alone spurn the reins of the victorious goddess. All the same, this is the least of her worries. She is much more troubled by the example those Heliconians49 are setting, much more ruffled by the choirs of Diana and by Minerva’s virginity. Indeed, she grieves that her realms are being diminished and is incensed that her son, who disdains Jove’s Titanian thunderbolts, cannot hit the mark here with his bow or bring his powers to bear. [90] May the Castalian springs, which have long invited you to drink from them everywhere with water preternaturally pure, go on pouring themselves out for you. May the laurel ever seek to thrive for your wreaths, O you, whose solicitude for me has never faltered.” “How I wish that the fateful hurts of my soul did not overpower the words with which you console your friend! For the faculty of reason, which again leaves me in the lurch here, serves in this case only to rebut your most honorable counsels and stops me from being affected by the examples you mention. Forgive me, poet, adept in the mysteries of the gods! [100] Here, I must say, I am reminded of some of Minerva’s actions that are either quite immodest or, at the least, inappropriate for a virgin and at odds with one who disdains the goddess of Cnidus. As a matter of fact, in her lust for beauty, she went so far as to present herself naked before a judge’s eyes in the valleys of Ida.50 Am I to believe that she patronized Perseus and Cadmus for no reason at all?51 The same goes for chaste Diana. Not for nothing is she the patroness of nocturnal song.52 One man saw her nude. As if that were not enough, he also witnessed the nude’s disgraceful crime—that man who ended up bear-

48 49 50 51 52

The Muses. The Muses. Venus competed with Juno and Minerva in a beauty contest on Mount Ida, with Paris of Troy serving as umpire. Camerarius insinuates that Minerva must have been in love with these handsome heroes. Diana was the patroness of nocturnal incantations.

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Decaeptosque cruore canes satiavit herili. O tristem errorem! Tales sunt virginis irae Quae, non saxa gradu properato Latmia linquens, Hospitis incisos aris depascitur artus. Haec tamen illa facit Veneris quae gaudia nescit. Quid patrante etiam fertur quod lumine partus Aspicere et tremulos luci producere foetus? “Vestra Iovis natae foelicia numina magni Sint mihi! Vos divae foelici Cypridos ausu Sceptra recusatis nec quo vocat illa venitis, At non ut merito vobis Amathusia possit Succensere tamen. Non haec truculentia divae Vos tangit. Qui se laedunt, mala saeva minatur. Vos neque despicitis neque vos odistis amorem: Ille tuus natus testis, postrema sororum Sed qua nulla omnes tamen est praestantior inter; Testis et Odrysius, Tydidae victima, Rhesus; Testes innumerique modi quibus usque soletis Alterius matrem et puerum celebrare potentem. Castus amor laudem per vos odiumque meretur Incestus. Geminum quod dilatavit ad axem Vires, munus, ut est, vestrum Venus esse fatetur. Inter vos arcu stat non feriente Cupido Et face seposita ludit pharetramque recinctus Seque puellares patitur contingere palmas. Iam quoque, si Venus accersat, placare videbis Verbis, vim flammae non aspirare recenti. Audiet haec etiam suavissima contio dicta, Quae missi Aonio referent de vertice Amores, Aut hoc aut non dissimili prolata tenore, Ore, Thaleia, tuo sive ore tuo, Polymneia: “‘Non quia nos esse in Veneris ditione negemus, Mollibus o similes pueri ora rubentia pomis, Et notos fontes et flumina nota tenemus,

120 vobis F: nobis A. 53

After a hunt, Actaeon happened to see Diana naked as she bathed. Enraged, the goddess turned him into a stag. He was then killed by his own dogs.

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ing false horns on his forehead [110] and sating his duped hounds with their master’s blood.53 Oh, the tragic error! Such is the wrath of a virgin who, when not leaving Mount Latmus with hurried step,54 feeds on a stranger’s body, dismembered on her altars.55 But this is how a goddess acts who has never known the joys of Venus. How can she also be said to watch over births with a midwife’s eye and bring trembling babies into the world?56 “Daughters of great Jove, may your divinity be propitious to me! You reject the Cyprian goddess’s scepter with happy daring and refuse to come to wherever she calls, [120] but not in such a way that the Amathusian57 could be rightfully indignant with you. The goddess’s well-known ferocity does not touch you. She threatens savage evils on those who rail at her. But you neither despise nor hate love—witness your own son, O last of the sisters in number but superior to all the others in rank;58 also witness Rhesus of Thrace, Diomedes’s victim.59 Witness, too, the innumerable poems with which you are ever wont to celebrate that other mother and her powerful son.60 Through you, chaste love earns praise, [130] unchaste love opprobrium. Venus acknowledges that it is your gift, as indeed it is, that spreads her powers to both hemispheres of the world. Cupid does stand in your midst, but with bow unstrung. And yes, he does sport among you, but with torch laid aside and divested of his quiver, and allows your maidenly hands to caress him. Even at this moment, if Venus summons, you will see him soothe her with words and not blow strength into the new-sparked flame. The assembled multitude will also hear these most charming words, which the Loves will carry back from the Aonian peak, whence they were sent, words presented in this or similar tenor, [140] whether by your voice, Thaleia, or by yours, Polymneia: “‘It is not because we deny being under Venus’s sway that we keep to our familiar springs and familiar streams, O boys, as ruddy-cheeked as ripened

54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Diana spent many nights with the beautiful youth Endymion as he slumbered in a cave on Mount Latmus. The Tauri, who lived in the Crimea, sacrificed shipwrecked strangers to the virgin goddess Diana. See Herodotus 4.103. Diana was identified with Lucina, the goddess who presides over childbirth. Venus, worshiped in Amathus on the island of Cyprus. The mythical musician Orpheus was the son of the ninth Muse Calliope, queen of the Muses. Cf. Val. 4.17, n. King Rhesus of Thrace, killed by Diomedes and Ulysses in a night raid before Troy, was said to be the son of the Muse Euterpe. Venus and her son Cupid.

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Nec sumus in turba pars vix noscenda frequente, Sed quoniam teneras turbae inter adesse puellas E tam confuso pudet agmine, mansimus illa In statione. Minus nihilo tamen esse fatemur Nos Veneris famulas. Utetur cum volet ipsa. Sive deae totum laus sit cantanda per orbem, Solis ad occasus lyra nostra sonabit ab ortu, Seu quaeret tristes de pectore pellere curas, Dextera laetifici percurret pollice chordas. Quid quod et in nostro vestro de nomine coetu Est soror, o rosei ridentes oris Amores? Nunc et in Aonio peragemus vertice festum Ad numerosque fides et fila canora legemus, Tibia nec laetis deerit modulata choreis. Quare ubicunque sumus socias agnoscite partes. Sentiat imperium Paphiaeque potentia sceptra Si quis vel nescit vel non veneratur amorem Flagitiisque suis praetendit quicquid ubique est. Te, dea, da facilem nobis. Tua saeviat ira In simulatores morum vitaeque severae. His melius divae sibi conciliare favorem Pieridas cernes quam si mandata superba Perficerent. Gaudet vero Venus ipsa pudore.’ “Sed frustra, heu frustra nunc commemoravimus ista Et frustra auxilium divae veniamque rogamus.” Tunc iterum es moestum sic, Hesse, affatus amicum: “Non semper pluvio volitant nigra nubila coelo, Nec tristes hyemes semper maria aspera vexant. Ille poli nuper minitans terraeque ruinas Rex superum claro pacem nunc reddit Olympo. Te quoque spes vivum melioris nutriat aurae. Defunctum fato demum sperare vetabo. Et iam, sensit enim, limis nos spectat ocellis Propitiumque aliquid Venus annuit et tibi, vates. Omnia polliceor, Ioachime, in amore secunda. Neve moram timeas. Capit ecce Cupido sagittas Aurata quarum resplendet cuspide ferrum

163 severae F: saeverae A.

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apples, and do not stand, scarce noticed, in the massive crowd. Rather, we remain where we are because we feel abashed at being present among tender girls from such a mingled throng. All the same, we acknowledge that we are the handmaids of Venus. She may make use of us anytime she desires. If the goddess’s praises are to be sung over all the world, [150] our lyre will sound from the sun’s rising to its setting; or if she asks to banish sad cares from the heart, our right hand runs over the strings with gladdening thumb. And what about the fact that one sister in our choir bears your name,61 O smiling Loves of rosy cheek? Now we too are going to celebrate a feast on the Aonian peak. We will gather up the lyres and sonorous strings to make music and ensure that the joyous choirs will not lack the modulated flute. Therefore, know that we are your allies, wherever we may be. Let that man feel the rule and power of the Paphian’s scepter62 [160] who either does not know love or does not revere it and alleges this as an excuse for his disgraceful acts anywhere and everywhere. Be gracious to us, goddess! Let your wrath rage against the hypocrites who feign morality and an austere life. Recognize that the Pierian Muses can win your divinity’s favor far better through these means than if they carried out your proud commands. Venus herself rejoices at unfeigned chastity.’ “But it is in vain, alas, in vain that I tell you these things and in vain that I implore the goddess’s help and favor.” Hereupon you, Hessus, once more addressed your mournful friend, as follows: [170] “Black clouds do not always scud across rainy skies, nor do grim tempests always buffet stormy seas. That king of the gods, who just recently threatened heaven and earth with destruction, now restores calm in a cloudless sky. May the hope of a better breeze nourish you too, as long as you live. Only for the dead will I ever forbid hope. Even now—for she senses your plight—Venus is looking at us with mischievous eyes and granting some kind of favor also to you, bard. I promise you nothing but good fortune in love, Joachim. Stop worrying right now. Look! Cupid is reaching for arrows [180] whose head gleams with a golden tip63 and is aiming them at you. Alas,

61 62 63

Erato. Cf. Val. 4.11–12, n. Venus’s scepter. Cupid’s gold-tipped arrow induces love; cf. Ov. Met. 1.468–471; Eob. Ama. 32.21–22; Venus 2.85, 206–207.

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Intentatque tibi. Heu miserum, quae vulnera, quae te Plaga manet! Sonuit, ni fallor, amorifer arcus. Non fallor! Sonuit, laterisque in parte sinistra Tincta Cupidineis haeserunt spicula succis Inque iecur penitus velox intravit arundo. Ecce autem puer arcum iterum curvatque capitque Taela magis rutilo spectanda prioribus auro Et longe in densam defigit lumina turbam. Iamque alata volat, gemuit iam fixa sagitta, Et stetit in tenera externa de gente puella. Illa in te vultus stupet en coniecta modestos Et conferre gradus cupiens pudibunda moratur. Sed neque cerva potest in sylvis saucia certo Stare loco, quin omne nemus vesana pererret. Haec quoque, quo laesit deus, in te vertet amorem Et iam, vertit enim, te prae omnibus eligit unum. Tu quoque virginibus prae cunctis eligis unam. Tantane vis in amore subest? Non viderat ante Alter et alterius iucundo carpitur igne.” “Vera refers, vates. Sed vos iam parcite, divi, Parcite iam, divi, sic exaudire parati Suppliciter factos questus. Locus hic sacer esto, In quem perveni coelebs, discedo maritus.” Querelae Ioachimi Camerarii finis

195 Haec F: Hanc A.

202 questus F: quaestus A.

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what a deep wound, what a gash awaits you, poor man! If I am not mistaken, the love-awakening bow has twanged. No, I am not mistaken! It has twanged, and the shafts, soaked in Cupid’s potions, are stuck fast in the left side of your breast and a speeding arrow has buried itself in your liver.64 But look, the boy is bending his bow again and picking out arrows even more agleam with ruddy gold than the previous ones and is fixing his eyes far into the dense-packed crowd. And already the winged arrow flies, already it groans as it strikes [190] and stands fixed in a tender maiden who hails from a different region.65 Turning her modest gaze on you, lo! she is spellbound. Even though she cannot wait to meet you, she blushingly stays where she is. But a wounded hind cannot stand rooted to the ground either, but roams madly through the whole forest. This maiden will likewise direct to you the love with which the god has lacerated her. In fact, that is exactly what she is doing! She is choosing you before all others. You likewise choose her alone before all other virgins. Is such great power concealed in love? Neither had ever seen the other before, yet each is consumed by the delightful fire of love for the other.” [200] “You speak the truth, bard. But now show mercy, you gods! Mercy, gods, now that you have heeded the laments that I made on my knees! Sacred be this place in which I came a bachelor and depart a married man.” End of Joachim Camerarius’s Lament

64 65

The liver was believed to be the seat of passionate love. Camerarius was born in Bamberg, while Anna Truchseß hailed from Grünsberg, outside of Nuremberg.

b3r

2

IN NUPTIIS IOACHIMI CAMERARII QUAESTORIS LUDUS MUSARUM, SEU EPITHALAMION, PER EOBANUM HESSUM Τὰ πρόσωπα Mercurius Venus Chorus Gratiarum Musae novem, quae singulae loquuntur carmine vario Res agitur in urbe Norica.

MERCURIUS LOQUITUR.

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Omnia qui celeres divum mandata per auras Exequor, imparibus quatiens talaria pennis, Artificemque manu virgam rego, sive sub umbras Mittere sive opus est umbris arcessere manes, Hac loetum vitamque fero, plumante galero Tempora contectus, qui qua nunc stare videtis Succinctum latus hac Argum confecimus harpe, Argum per varium tot habentem lumina corpus Explicat instabiles quot avis Iunonia pennas, Idem ego, quem superum rex summus Athlantide Maia Progenuit regnique volens in parte locavit Ingenioque dedit linguaque valere diserta Quaerendisque deum per mille pericula rebus Praefecit varias variantem cuncta per artes, Missus in hanc venio ripam Pegnesidos undae, Norica quam pulchro circundant moenia flexu, Conventum Venerem et Musas Charitasque sorores. Ecquis ut inveniam, dum Penea namque relinquunt, Pegnesi hanc celebrem venisse feruntur in urbem, Monstrabit tanto e populo nemo? Aut ego fallor, Aut sonat a laeva nostras concentus ad aures,

17 Charitasque AF2: Charitesque F1.

2

ON THE WEDDING OF JOACHIM CAMERARIUS QUAESTOR, A PLAY OF THE MUSES, OR AN EPITHALAMIUM, BY EOBANUS HESSUS Characters Mercury Venus Choir of the Graces The nine Muses, who each speak in a different meter The action is set in Nuremberg.

MERCURY SPEAKS. I, who through swift winds convey all the commands of the gods, flapping my winged sandals with pinions of unequal length; I, whose hand directs the magic wand that, as required, sends the spirits down to the underworld or summons them back from the shades and with which I bring death as well as life; I, whom you now see standing here, my head covered with a feathered cap, my side girt with the scimitar with which I slew Argus, the Argus whose body had as many eyes on every side as Juno’s peacock spreads out wavering feathers;66 [10] I, the very same whom the supreme king of the gods begot with Maia, daughter of Atlas, and willingly set over a portion of his kingdom and granted power over intellectual life and eloquence and put in charge of the merchant’s wares that must needs be sought through a thousand perils; I, the god who varies all things with tricks of every variety: I have been sent to this bank of the Pegnitz River, which the walls of Nuremberg enfold within their handsome winding, to meet Venus and the Muses and the sister Graces. Where might I find them? For they have left the Peneus and are said to have arrived in this celebrated city on the Pegnitz. [20] Will no one in this populous community show me? Either I am mistaken, or harmonious singing

66

After Mercury killed the hundred-eyed giant Argus, Juno placed his eyes on the peacock’s tail.

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Quali Pierides divae super aethera nuper Concinuere Iovi genialia sacra paranti. Quin potius vocem sequar experiarque videndo.

VENUS 25

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Quis procul divum loquitur? Sub aures Venit, o Musae, sonus undequaque Coelicum spirans. Nihil ille praefert Vocis humanae. Nisi fallit autem Visus, agnosco volucrem deorum Nuncium, cuius procul arma fulgent, Virga, pennatum caput, Argicida Ensis. O Musae Charitesque blandae, Virgines, mecum (quia sic decebat Ire tam castas hymenaea agentes Sacra tam casto iuveni) venite. Ille quas forsan petit, alloquemur. Frater, o magno Iove nate, salve! Causa quae terras nova te coegit Visere et lapsu patrium citato Linquere coelum?

MERCURIUS

45

Qualis eras Phrygia praelata duabus in Ida, Qualis ad Anchisen diceris isse tuum, Talis in hoc coetu cum sis, Venus, hunccine vultum Adsumptum frustra suspicer esse tibi? Inde quid Aonides tecum venere puellae? Iste solet castis semper adesse chorus.

27 Coelicum A: Coelitum F.

42 Anchisen F: Anchisan A.

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is reaching my ears from the left, strains like the ones that the Pierian goddesses67 sang not so long ago high above the sky for Jupiter as he prepared a wedding ceremony. But I had best follow the voices and find out with my own eyes.

VENUS Who of the gods is speaking in the distance? A voice redolent of heaven, O Muses, has come to my ears from somewhere or other. It betrays nothing of a human voice. But if my sight does not deceive me, I recognize the winged [30] messenger of the gods. Why, you can see his insignia gleaming from afar: the wand, the winged head, the Argicide sword. O Muses and charming Graces, you virgins: since it befits such chaste maidens to celebrate the holy nuptials of so chaste a youth, do come with me. Since he may well be looking for us, let us accost him. Brother, O son of great Jove, hail! What reason compels you to visit the earth anew and [40] leave your ancestral heaven in rapid flight?

MERCURY You are as enthralling as when you won out over the other two goddesses on Phrygian Ida,68 just as captivating as when, they say, you approached your beloved Anchises. Seeing that you are so winsome in this company, Venus, am I now to imagine that you are looking your best for no reason at all? Then too, why have the Aonian maidens come with you? That choir makes it a practice to attend only on the chaste.

67 68

The Muses. When Paris of Troy judged her to be more beautiful than either Juno or Minerva.

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VENUS

50

Quin tu dic prius esse quam putemus, Quae nova tam rarae sit tibi causa viae. Tum nostri quoque certiora cultus Nomina praescripta cum ratione scies Cur nostrum latus Aonos puellae Cingant, virginei numina sancta chori.

MERCURIUS

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Pater deorum, nubicoga Iuppiter, Cum sciret urbem Noricam Musis parare hymenea non inutilem Sed et petendum Gratiis, Me virginales misit accitum choros Ab usque terra Phocide Et te, soror genialis, e templo Paphi Tibique adsistentes Gratias. Sed pervagatus quicquid usquam gentium Musis sacratum creditur, Nec te nec illas invenio usquam gentium, Quod has relicta Graecia Rumor fuit petisse rura Norica, Pegnesus amnis quae rigat. Nunc quando vos in hisce moenibus simul Pulchre morantes conspicor, Iovi obsequentes, huc adeste, qua domus Strepit hymnis nuptialibus Facesque fulgent et caterva virginum Hymenea festum concinit.

51 Aonos A: Aones F.

66 Pegnesus AF2: Regnesus F1.

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VENUS Before I tell you what I think, why don’t you explain your own special reason for such a rare voyage as this? Then you will also [50] know the appointed occasion why I am attired like this and why the Aonian maidens, the holy deities of the virgin choir, surround me.

MERCURY Because the father of the gods, the cloudgatherer Jupiter, knew that the city of Nuremberg was preparing a wedding that would not just be of interest to the Muses but would also be visited by the Graces, he dispatched me to summon that virginal choir all the way from the land of Phocis, and you too, congenial sister, from your temple at Paphus, [60] together with your attendants, the Graces. But after roaming throughout all the places that are believed sacred to the Muses, I was unable to find either you or them anywhere. Rumor had it that they had left Greece and were making for the fields of Nuremberg, which the Pegnitz River irrigates. Now that I see you here together, tarrying within these walls in all your beauty, complying with Jove’s wishes, come, gather here, where the house [70] resounds with marriage hymns, where torches gleam and a band of virgins is singing a festive nuptial song.

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CHORUS GRATIARUM

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Adeste, divae Mnemosynes natae Musae, supremi progenies Iovis, Frontes coronatae decoras, Barbiton et cytharam ferentes. Canenda vobis festa hymeneia, Sed tam pudicas qualia condecent. Adeste, iucundae sorores. Festa hymenaea simul canemus. Non ante Musis candidior Venus Festa revinctum fronde Cupidinem Parere iussit, nec minacem Sed placidum levibus sagittis. Auro gravata, fortis, arundine Quid erubescis? Quemve times, puer? Telo feri quos destinatos Legitimo socias cubili. Blanditur, eya, sed ferit interim Ictuque molli pectora sauciat Nuptaeque formosae virique Tela avidas agit in medullas. Spectate, Musae, pectora dulcibus Flammis perustos, quis genialibus Telis adornatus Cupido In thalamum praeit auspicatum. Vos concinentes carmina mutuis Alterna plectris dicite nuptias, Quales nec agnatum deorum Aesoniden celebrasse fertur.

73 Mnemosynes natae scripsi: Mnemosinisatae A, Mnemosyne satae F. … Aesoniden A: agnatus … Aesonides F.

99–100 agnatum

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CHOIR OF THE GRACES Divine Muses, daughters of Mnemosyne, offspring of supreme Jove, come hither, your fair brows wreathed, bearing the lute and lyre. You are to sing festive wedding songs, but of a kind fitting for maidens as chaste as you. Come hither, delightful sisters. [80] Let us sing festive wedding songs together. Never more radiant than the Muses until now, Venus has commanded the festively garlanded Cupid to appear, not with threats but with mildness, with gentle arrows. Why do you blush at the gold-tipped shaft, brave boy? What are you afraid of? Pierce the betrothed couple whom you join in the lawful bed. He smiles on them, ah! But as he does so, he hits the mark [90] and with tender shot wounds their hearts and drives the shafts into the avid marrow of the lovely bride and her groom. Muses, look on those hearts consumed with sweet flames! Arrayed with nuptial arrows, Cupid leads the way into the well-omened chamber. Sing songs in alternation, accompany each other on the lyre, as you acclaim this wedding, the likes of which not even the godlike [100] Jason is said to have celebrated.

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CHORUS MUSARUM

CALLIOPE

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Dicite foelicem faciles hymenea Camaenae Qualemque vix videre meministis antea, Non cum Threycii pulchris in vallibus Hemi Cesto iugali deligastis Orphea, Non cum, Stella, tuas Violantillaeque beatas Vestro favore reddidistis nuptias, Non cum te iuveni civilia bella canenti Ad sacra nostra natam, Polla, iunximus. Eya igitur, gratae tam grata luce sorores Ipsis adeste concinentes Gratiis Formosamque novis conspergite floribus Annam, Tibi futuram mox, Ioachime, coniugem. Fronde maritalem thalamum redimite virenti Daphnes amatae praesidi nobis deo. Inde canora suis aptantes organa nervis, Paeana concinite septies laetissimum: “Foelix illa dies cupidos quae iunxit amantes, Nuptae virique gaudiorum conscia! Vivite legitimi sociati foedere lecti, Ioachime et Anna, cura iusta coelitum. Vobis dextra pii faveat clementia coeli Laetas Thobiae iunioris nuptias.”

CLIO

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Eya, surgite, pronubae! Spectandam, Charites, ducite virginem Ad lectum, genialibus Constratum Paphiae frondibus arboris, Et plenis date dexteris Narcissos, violas, lilia cum rosis, Et conspergite lectulum,

109 gratae A: grate F.

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CHOIR OF THE MUSES

CALLIOPE Gracious Muses, acclaim this happy wedding, the likes of which you scarcely remember witnessing before, not in the beautiful vales of Thracian Haemus when you joined Orpheus in the bonds of matrimony, not when you blessed the nuptials of Stella and Violantilla with your favor,69 not when we united Polla, born for our sacred mysteries, with the young man who sang the civil wars.70 Come then, dear sisters, take part in so dear a day, [110] sing in harmony with the Graces themselves, and strew fresh flowers on the lovely Anna, soon to be Joachim’s wife. Deck the marital chamber with the green laurels of Daphne, beloved of our patron god. Attuning your melodious voices to the strings, sing this jubilant paean seven times over: “Happy that day that unites the eager lovers, the day privy to the joys of bride and groom! Live united in the bond of lawful marriage, [120] Joachim and Anna, rightfully the darlings of the gods. May the kind mercy of heaven graciously bless you with the joyous nuptials of the younger Tobias!”71

CLIO Come, arise, brideswomen! Graces, escort the ravishing virgin to the bed, decked with genial boughs of the Paphian myrtle. With full hands, give narcissuses, violets, lilies, together with roses, and scatter them on the bridal

69 70 71

Statius wrote an epithalamium on the wedding of the Roman poet L. Arruntius Stella and Violentilla; see Stat. Silv. 1.2. The wedding of the Roman poet Lucan and his bride Polla Argentaria, a patroness of such poets as Statius and Martial. See the Old Testament book of Tobit, especially Tob. 8.19. Tobias’s wedding celebration lasted fourteen days, twice as long as normal.

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Foelicem duplici nomine lectulum, Quod rara iuvenem fide, Raris ingenii dotibus, accipit, Formae munere virginem Aequandam Veneri (pace tua, Venus, Quod dixisse feras, precor) Nec castis modice moribus utilem. Foelicem ter et amplius Hac sponsa iuvenem, coniuge virginem! O quae gaudia vos manent, Concordes animis et studiis pares, Annis tam iuvenilibus! Quos Parca ad senium provehet ultimum Laetis laeta negociis. Nunc ite et cupidis legitima fide Indulgete laboribus. Hoc dandum Veneri est, dum licet et iuvat.

MELPOMENE

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Illum dextra Dei fortiter augeat Et plenis cumulet Copia cornibus Quem nos dicere blando Concentu superi iubent. Illam laeta Venus faustiter evehat Et Lucina bonis auspiciis velit Conservare puellam Cuius nos hodie damus Virtuti et meritis tot nova carmina. Heu quantis iuvenem conficit ignibus Tandem casta Venus! Qua face virginem Flagrantem vice blanda Caesto colligit aureo! Digno iuncta viro, virgo! Vir, addite Te dignis thalamis! Coniugis o tuae Num gaudes, Iochime? Gaudes, Anna, decus viri?

135 precor F: praecor A.

162 Iochime A: Joachime F.

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couch, [130] for it is blessed on two accounts: it receives not only a young man of rare faithfulness and rare endowments of mind, but also a maiden comparable to Venus in the gift of beauty (please forgive me, Venus, for saying this!) and most commendable for her chaste morals. Blessed, thrice blessed and more, is the young man with this bride, the maiden with this bridegroom! Oh, what joys await you two, [140] united in hearts and matched in interests, in such years of youth! A happy fate will convey you to a ripe old age and give you a life of happiness. Go now and in wedded troth indulge the labors of desire. This must be left to Venus, while you still may and can.

MELPOMENE May God’s hand bless him richly, may Abundance heap her full horns upon him, this groom whom the gods command us to extol in charming [150] song. May joyous Venus lift this bride to the pinnacle of bliss! May Lucina72 watch over her and keep her safe, this maiden to whose virtue and merits we devote so many new songs today. Ah, with what blazing fires is Venus—chastely, for once—consuming the young man! How she binds the maiden, herself charmingly ablaze, with the golden cestus!73 [160] Virgin, joined to a worthy husband! Husband, wedded to a bride worthy of you! Oh, don’t you rejoice, Joachim, pride and joy of your wife? Don’t you rejoice, Anna, pride and joy of

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The goddess of childbirth. Venus’s magic girdle gave the wearer the power of arousing love.

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Ecquid dulcius hoc esse potest iugo, Quo nec liberius nec quid honestius Naturae moderator Humano generi dedit?

THALIA

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Oscula coniugibus non cedant vestra columbis, Brachia non hederis, Nec bene vivendo superet vos garrula cornix Solave semper avis, Contingant vobis Pythii praedivitis umbrae Et nemora Hesperidum, Vos beet influxu largo Pactolus, inauret Divitis unda Tagi, Villas Luculli vos possideatis et hortos, Dives Adoni, tuos, Vobis laeta sinu fundat Fortuna benigno Totius orbis opes, Pergat ut auspiciis foelicibus hic hymenaeus, Nuptaque virque, tibi. Hoc Musae Charitesque iubent. Hoc Iuppiter ipse Fataque cuncta volunt. Caede bonis avibus charae, Iochime, puellae, Annaque blanda, viro.

EUTERPE

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Huc ades, alma Venus! Iam te decet esse liberalem Notissimarum virium per orbem. Quas casto iuveni, castae simul influas puellae, Ut esse digna prole se parentes Possint et sobolem multa vice procreare longam, Ut fructuosae palmites olivae. Ut soliti teneris succrescere vitibus racemi Augent honorem vineae virentis,

184 Iochime A: Joachime F.

192 soliti F: solitae A.

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your husband? Can there really be anything sweeter than this yoke, the most liberating and honorable gift that the ruler of nature ever gave the human race?

THALIA May your kisses not yield to a pair of doves, nor your embraces to ivy, [170] may you live longer than the garrulous crow or the ever-solitary phoenix, may you bask in the shade of fabulously wealthy Apollo and revel in the groves of the Hesperides,74 may the Pactolus River bless you with munificent income, may the stream of rich Tajo flood you with gold, may you possess the villas of Lucullus and the gardens of wealthy Adonis, may happy Fortune from her bounteous bosom pour all the world’s treasures upon you, [180] so that this marriage may thrive and prosper for you, bride and groom! This is what the Muses and Graces command. This is what Jupiter himself and all the fates desire. With our blessing, yield to the dear maiden, Joachim, and you, charming Anna, to your husband.

EUTERPE Come hither, life-giving Venus! Now it becomes you to be prodigal with the best-known powers on earth. Instill them into the chaste young man as well as into the chaste maiden, so that they can be parents of offspring worthy of themselves [190] and through many generations bring forth a long line of descendants, like cuttings of the fruitful olive tree. Just as grapes clustering on youthful vines heighten the prestige of a verdant vineyard, so may you,

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Sic illis propriae gentis, Venus, augeas honorem, Non absque multa dote Gratiarum, Non sine Fortunae ridentis amabili favore, Non absque nostri numinis lepore. At vos, o cupidi, nostrum decus, ite nunc, amantes, Dum non pudendis ignibus caletis. Mutua miscentes incendia dissipate flammam, Qua grata ducit, qua iubet voluptas. Vestrum hoc officium est. Vos hoc decet inchoare munus. Hoc casta suadet virginum caterva. Non decet aetatis florem sine fructibus relinqui, Exhauriendum frigidae senectae.

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Prome de picta pharetra, Cupido, Auream pulchris manibus sagittam Et per amborum penitus calentes Fige medullas. Mutuis flagrent facibus, nec unquam Frigeant, donec melior favebit Spiritum sanguis, spaciosa longae Semina vitae. Iure foelices, quibus hoc dederunt Fata tam iustis coalere flammis, Inter ut veri bona consenescant Commoda amoris! Non graves illis nocuisse casus Nec leves rerum poterint procellae, Tuta sed laetos vehit in beato Gratia curru. Auream quod si mediocritatem Forsan agnoscant poterintque vani Fastibus vulgi caruisse, vitae est Summa beatae.

214 Iure F: Iurae A.

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Venus, heighten the prestige of that family of theirs, but not without many a gift from the Graces, not without the amiable favor of smiling Fortune, not without the charm of our divinity. But you, O eager lovers, our pride and joy, go now, while you are aglow with fires that are anything but shameful. [200] As you unite your mutual ardor, scatter the flame to wherever delightful pleasure leads, wherever it bids you go. This is your duty. This is the task that it behooves you to embark on. This is what the chaste band of virgins urges you to do. It is not right to leave the flower of youth without fruit, only to be withered by frigid old age.

ERATO With beautiful hands, Cupid, draw from your painted quiver a golden arrow and shoot it straight through the glowing marrow of them both. [210] May they burn with mutual flames, and for as long as youthful blood still fosters the spirit, may the lasting seeds of long life never grow cold. Justly happy the couple on whom the fates have bestowed the gift of mutually sustaining such lawful flames, so that they may grow old together amidst the good bounties of true love! Neither grave misfortunes nor the fleeting storms of life will be able to harm them. [220] Indeed, Grace will keep them safe and carry the joyful pair in her chariot of bliss. But if perchance they acknowledge the golden mean and can eschew the pridefulness of vainglorious people, that

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Ergo te nostri, Iochime, regni Unice charum decus haec voluptas Reddit et nobis superisque cunctis Semper amandum. Teque, divini specimen pudoris, Anna, foelicem faciunt et aetas Et decor formae pudor et mariti Vivida virtus. Ite, desponsi, quia nuptialis Hora vos lectum vocat in iugalem. Ite nec longum retinete dulcis Gaudia ludi. Praeferunt blandi faculas Amores. Gratiae nudos comitantur intro. Ad fores clausas thalami canemus Carmina Musae.

TERPSICHORE

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Vere novo variis pubescit floribus orbis, Quos insalubri decutit frigore tristis hiems. Sic primaeva suis turgescit fructibus aetas, Quos insuavi debilis falce senecta metit. Qui sapis, instabiles dum vernat collige flores. Hiems inanit pristinis floribus omne solum. Utere flore tuo dum flos aetatis in herba est. Iam te occupabit praepeti curva senecta gradu. Quis furor est prima florem consumere in herba, Ne forte possit fructibus luxuriare suis! Vos igitur, nova nupta, novis operate hymenaeis, Ioachime, ne aetatis sinas dona perire tuae. Sicut enim aetatis iam flores indole laeta, Sic quo superbis nunc vigor non erit iste diu. Et tibi tempus erit quo possis dicere, “Amavi.” Nunc ergo, dum praesens adest temporis usus, ama.

226 Iochime A: Joachime F.

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is the sum of a blessed life. This, then, is the joy, Joachim, that makes you the uniquely dear ornament of our realm, a man whom we and all the celestials must love forevermore. [230] And you, Anna, embodiment of divine chastity, you are blessed not only with youth but also with graceful beauty, with modesty and your husband’s vigorous manhood. Go, newlyweds, because the nuptial hour summons you to the conjugal bed. Go and do not put off the pleasures of sweet sport for long. The blandishing Loves carry the torches before you. The Graces accompany the naked Cupids inside. [240] We Muses will sing our songs at the chamber’s close-shut door.

TERPSICHORE In the new spring, the world blooms with many-colored flowers, which sullen winter strikes down with baneful frost. So too, the season of youth swells with its fruits, which frail old age reaps with implacable scythe. If you are wise, gather the brief flowers while spring yet lasts. Winter denudes every field of its erstwhile flowers. Enjoy your bloom for as long as youth’s blossom is still in the green. All too soon, crookbacked old age will catch you with winged step. [250] What madness it is to squander the flower in the bud and perhaps keep it from exulting in its own fruits! Well then, you new bride, you newly-wed Joachim, do not allow the gifts of your youth to perish. For though you flourish now in the happy bloom of youth, that vigor in which you revel right now will not endure for long. The time will come for you, too, when you can say, “I have loved.” Therefore, while the season permits, now is the

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Et tetricos contemne severa fronte Catonas Et quicquid usquam est tristium tanquam aconita fuge. Sic libertatem quam debes velle tenebis, Et te et pudicam coniugem provehet aequa Venus.

URANIA

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Non census nec opes nec veterum splendor imaginum Nec quicquid usquam gentium Mirantur quicunque aut sapiunt aut sapere expetunt Vitam beatam continet, Verum casta domi nec petulans uxor, amans viri, Forma modesta praedita. Caetera si spectes, sunt et enim caetera plurima Quae posse contendunt idem, Esse putes aliquid. Sed tamen est maxima coniugis Adhoc pudicae gloria. Caetera saepe malis sors etiam lubrica contulit. Thori fides est rara dos. Cui tamen illa bono contigerit munere coelitum, Quid ni beatum dixeris? Macte igitur tali coniugio. Quod reliquum est, tibi, Ioachime, praestabunt dei. Ne modo desperes si qua Notis aura reflantibus Cursus retardarit tuos. Ipsa ego, de superis quae venio, spe iubeo bona Manere te dextram Dei.

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Docte novem patria lingua, Ioachime, sorores Compellare simulque Latina Extendisse cheli digitos cantusque movere Qualibus Aonos antra resultent

258 severa F: saevera A.

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time to make love. Pay no heed to the glum, stern-faced Catos and shun all moroseness like so much aconite. [260] Then you will possess the liberty you ought to wish for; then Venus will kindly initiate both you and your virtuous bride.

URANIA It is neither property nor riches, neither the splendor of hoary ancestral images nor any of the things that people either admire or relish or desire to relish that make for a blessed life, but rather a chaste and modest wife at home, who loves her husband and is endowed with respectable beauty. If you look on other goods (for there are many others that make the same claim), [270] you may find them of some value. Nevertheless, the greatest glory is still that of a virtuous wife. Besides, slippery fortune often mixes the other goods with evils. Marital fidelity is an uncommon gift. But if that gift was granted you by the good favor of heaven, why should I not call you blessed? Bravo, then, for such a marriage! What remains, Joachim, the gods will grant you. Do not despair if some blast of contrary winds should detain your journey. [280] I myself, who come from heaven above, command you to be of good hope that God’s right hand will abide with you.

POLYMNIA Expert at addressing the nine sisters in their native tongue,75 Joachim, and equally skilled at running your fingers over the Latin lyre and creating the kind of songs that resound in Helicon’s melodious grottos, songs that

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Musica, quos patriam stupeat Pegnesus ad urbem, Penea vincere iam meditatus, Postquam nos patria profugas in sede recepit Muneribusque adfecit opimis: Nunc age, fortunate novis atque aucte hymenaeis, Esse virum te perge docere. Et quia facta Venus per te est charissima nobis, Nostrarum velut una sororum, Dum colis hanc, sicut debes tam pulchra merentem, Nos etiam coluisse memento, Quae tibi foelicem lyricos hymenaea per hymnos Non tantum in tua saecla dicamus. Foedere legitimo concordes vivite amantes Tempore nuptaque virque perhenni Et date coniugii foelicia pignora vestri. Quos faustos, precor, ite per annos Ut vos posteritas intelligat omnis ab illa Pulchros stirpe dedisse nepotes.

VENUS MUSIS

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Vivite nunc et abite bona cum pace, sorores, O sacer Aonidum, turba pudica, chorus. Caetera quae restant per me nunc intus agentur. Castis virginibus non patet iste locus. Fas tamen est Charitas mecum venisse, quod illis Illo praecipue convenit esse loco. Vos precor hanc urbem, Musae, atque haec rura colatis Dum Pegnese aliquas pulcher habebis aquas. Ipsa quoque, Idalia migrans ab sede, triumphum Hic, nisi de vobis, totius orbis agam.

291 Esse F: Este A.

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astound the Pegnitz when he reaches his native city and with which he intends to outvie the Peneus, now that he has welcomed us exiles into his homeland and presented us with splendid gifts: [290] well then, fortunate and blessed newly-wed, continue to show yourself a man! Because of you, Venus has become most dear to us, practically one of our sisters. All the same, even as you pay tribute to her, as indeed you should to one who deserves such lovely homage, do remember to pay tribute also to us, who sing of your happy wedding in lyrical hymns, and not just for your own generation. Joined in the nuptial bond as husband and wife, live all your days in harmony and love [300] and bring forth gladsome pledges of your marriage. Go through wedded life in perfect bliss, I pray, so that all posterity may recognize that from this stock you have brought forth beautiful descendants.

VENUS TO THE MUSES Farewell now and depart with my blessing, sisters, O holy choir of Aonian goddesses, you maidenly throng. The remainder that still awaits will now be performed by me within. That place is not open to chaste virgins. The Graces, however, have the right to come with me. For them, in fact, it is especially proper to be present there. [310] I beg you, Muses, to dwell in this city and these fields for as long as the beautiful Pegnitz possesses any water at all. I myself, quitting my seat in Idalium, am here to celebrate a triumph, if not over you, over all the world.76

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The triumphal parade described in the booklet’s opening poem. (At Venus 1.24, however, the triumph is represented as taking place on Mount Idalium.)

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MERCURIUS SPECTATORIBUS

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Et vos abite, spectatores. Iam satis Spectata est isthaec fabula. Hoc restat tamen, Omnes bene ut precemini his peractis nuptiis Nuptae viroque gratia quorum datum est Hoc ludicrum, quot adfuistis omnibus, Itemque quot non adfuistis omnibus. Nec vestra tantum hic, sed ratio est habita omnium Qui sunt futuri, nam quod istae virgines, Quas stare nunc videtis ad thalami fores, Semel dicarunt, hoc perire non potest. Has mecum abducere hinc animus nunc est mihi. Quod ut feratis atque animo patiamini Haud quaquam iniquo forsan exoravero, Quando hasce vobis Gratias reliquero In hisce nuptiarum amaenitatibus. Nam virgines et hae licet sint, attamen Miscere sese nuptiarum gaudiis Solent et officiosae in his vagarier Ultro citroque supra et infra lectulum Thori genialis et movere incendia Quae non refusa grandis unda Nerei Restinguat. Has vobis relinquam virgines. Musas remittam cras, ubi peregerint Suum Venus suumque munus Gratiae. Nam se manere velle pulchre dictitant Ad hasce ripas inclytae Pegnesidos Orae. Sed eya, iam domum concedite, Suumque quisque quod facit negocium Meo favore et propitio faxit Iove. Iam nunc valete, et si placuere nuptiae Cantusque blandi virginum trium et novem, Animis manibusque gratulantes plaudite. Finis

320 hic AF1: his F2.

327 vobis AF1: orbis F2.

339 Pegnesidos AF1: Pegnesidas F2.

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MERCURY TO THE SPECTATORS You too, spectators, go home. You have been watching this play long enough. One thing more, however. After this wedding is over, congratulate the bride and groom, for whose sake we have put on this show, everyone of you who witnessed all of it as well as everyone of you who did not witness all of it. [320] The truth is that the audience we have in mind consists not just of you but also of all generations to come. For whatever these maidens, whom you see standing now at the bedroom’s door, have once uttered cannot perish. It is my intention now to lead them away with me. Please let this be and do not, perhaps, hold that against me, considering that I will leave you these Graces to lend their charm to these nuptials. For even though they are virgins too, they nevertheless [330] are used to taking part in the nuptial joys and solicitously flitting back and forth and above and beneath the mattress of the marriage bed and arousing fires that the swelling flood of great Nereus could never extinguish. I am going to leave these virgins with you. The Muses I will send back tomorrow, once Venus and the Graces have performed their task. For in their lovely way they have told me over and over again that they desire to remain here, on the banks of the famed Pegnitz valley. [340] But come now, it is time to go home. Whatever work each of you does, do it with my favor and Jupiter’s blessing. Now then, goodbye, and if you have enjoyed the nuptials and the charming songs of the three and nine virgins, show your approval by clapping your hands. The end

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AD IOACHIMUM CAMERARIUM IN HISPANIAS ABEUNTEM ΠΡΟΠΕΜΠΤΙΚΟΝ EOBANI HESSI Littoris Hesperii populos aditure, propinquis Qua coit Herculei Gadibus unda freti, Vade bonis avibus, quoniam sic ire necesse est, Non levis o animi pars, Ioachime, mei. Non licuit sacras tecum coluisse sorores; Nuper is exigui temporis usus erat. Sed quae nunc rapiunt, eadem te fata reducent, Dii faciant subito, sed meliore, gradu. Nobis interea mora longa videbitur omnis, Tristis et invisos exiget hora dies. Sicut enim Aonidum comes unicus inter Amores Contigeras, nobis te caruisse grave est. Faverat hoc meritis forsan Fortuna, sed ipsum Cur non perpetuum quod dedit esse dedit? Tam pulchre coeptum cur interrupit et ausa est Iniecta cursum detinuisse manu? Dii faciant patrios fines exire parantem Augurio teneat sed bona causa novo. Vade tamen, Tartessiaci pete littus Iberi Et quod oliviferi Betidos unda rigat, Inclyta non tantum veteris loca nomine famae Quam quia praesentes illa dedere deos— Praecipue qui nunc Romanum Carolus orbem Adserit et reges Caesar in arma vocat. Alter at imperium repetit Fernandus avitum. Hei mihi, quas poenas, proditor Hunne, dabis! Regia progenies et sanguinis Aemiliani Optima pars, magni regna tenetis avi. Vade igitur, pete conciliis loca sacra deorum. Caesar ubi est, aliquos quis neget esse deos? Vade per occidui scopulosa volumina Reni Et pete foelici Gallica rura pede.

Venus 3. A, Epp. 1. Tit. Ad Ioachimum—Hessi A: Ioachimo Camerario suo in Hispanias abeunti Eobanus Hessus memoriae gratia προπεμπτικόν Epp. 1. 14 dedit A: tulit Epp. 1. 17–18 Dii—novo. add. A. 22 dedere A: tulere Epp. 1. 26 Hei—quas A: Quas illi Epp. 1. 29 conciliis A: consiliis Epp. 1. 30 aliquos … neget A: quosdam … negat Epp. 1.

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A GODSPEED TO JOACHIM CAMERARIUS AS HE DEPARTS FOR SPAIN, BY EOBANUS HESSUS Now that you are set to travel to the peoples on the Hesperian coast, where the Strait of Hercules77 narrows in the vicinity of Cadiz, depart with God’s blessing, seeing that it is essential for you to make the voyage, O Joachim, no small part of my soul. No longer will I have the chance to cultivate the holy sisters78 together with you, for that was our practice of late, however brief the time. But may the same fates that now snatch you away also bring you back, God willing, with hurried but happier step! To me, meanwhile, all delay will seem long [10] and the hour of sadness will conclude each hateful day. For ever since you came on the scene as the incomparable companion of the Muses and Loves, it has become hard to do without you. Perhaps Fortune granted this partnership as a reward; but if so, why did she not make her gift perpetual? Why did she cut short such a beautiful beginning and dare raise her hand to stop it in its tracks? God grant that as you prepare to leave your homeland, some reason—but a good one!—will force a change of plans and keep you here. Be on your way, all the same. Make for the shore of the Tartessian Ebro [20] and the banks washed by the stream of the olive-bearing Guadalquivir, places celebrated not so much for their ancient fame as for granting us very present gods—especially Emperor Charles, who now defends the Roman Empire and summons kings to arms. But the other, Ferdinand, is returning to his grandfather’s realm. Ah me! What heavy punishment that traitorous Hungarian will suffer!79 Scion of kings and finest part of Maximilian’s blood, you now rule the dominions of your mighty grandfather. Be on your way, therefore. Make for the cities hallowed by the councils of the gods. [30] For who will deny that wherever the emperor may be you will find at least some of the gods? Travel westward across the rock-strewn billows of the Rhine and with joyful step make for the fields of France. When

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The Strait of Gibraltar, where stood the Pillars of Hercules. The Muses. Archduke Ferdinand (1503–1564) ruled the Austrian hereditary lands for his elder brother, Emperor Charles V. He was crowned king of Bohemia and Hungary in 1526 and of Croatia in 1527. In September 1527, Ferdinand’s army crushed John Zápolya (1487– 1540), his rival to the throne of Hungary.

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Littora contigeris Rhodani pulcherrima magni, Perge. Locus faciles non habet iste deos. Protinus Alpinas a leva liqueris arces, Alta Pyrenaei culmina scande iugi. Ulteriora leges, foeliciter omnia, donec Constiteris magni Caesaris ante pedes. Hic mihi, dum supplex Augustum numen adoras, Aut hos aut similes concipe mente sonos: “Salve, animo maior regnis, invicte, paternis, Et quod habes, vere, Carole, nomen habe.” Plura daturus eram occiduum mandata sub axem, Sed fugis et mecum posse manere negas. Vade animo laeto, iuvenum decus, auspice sortis. Sollicitae virtus est tibi causa viae. Vade. Tuum comitentur iter serventque frequentes, Quicquid adhuc Charitum maximus orbis habet. Tu peregrinantes tecum, Ioachime, Camaenas Sic referas nobis sicut abire facis. Finis

33 pulcherrima A: felicia Epp. 1. 45 laeto F: laetae Epp. 1, laete A. nobis reddere, sicut abis Epp. 1.

34 iste A: ille Epp. 1. 43 occiduum A: tepidum Epp. 1. 46 causa Epp. 1: causae A. 50 Sic—facis A: Sic studeas

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you reach the magnificent banks of the mighty Rhône, keep going. The gods in that place are not disposed to be kind.80 As soon as you have left the Alpine peaks to your left, climb the high passes of the Pyrenees. Continue your journey, all of it happily, until you stand before the feet of the mighty emperor. There, as you humbly adore his Imperial Majesty, [40] do me the favor of mentally uttering either these or some such words: “Hail, invincible Charles, greater in spirit than your ancestral realms, and live up to the name that you bear!”81 I was about to give more instructions for your journey deep into the western clime, but you hurry away and tell me that you can tarry with me no longer. Depart in high spirits, ornament of youths, with fortune’s blessing. It is your excellence of character and mind that makes you undertake this worrisome voyage. Be on your way. Whatever Graces the whole wide world still possesses will accompany and protect your journey at every turn. Just make sure that the Muses who travel with you, Joachim, [50] return to us in as fine a fettle as when you cause them to leave. The end

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Because France and the Empire were fighting the second Habsburg-Valois War at the time. Live up to your namesake Charles the Great (Charlemagne).

In hypocrisim vestitus monastici ἐκφώνησις An Outcry against the Hypocrisy of the Monastic Habit

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illustration 12 Title page of In hypocrisim vestitus monastici ἐκφώνησις. [Nuremberg: Johann Petreius, 1527] Stadtbibliothek im Bildungscampus Nürnberg (6 an Phil. 2862. 8 o )

Introduction Though published almost simultaneously with Venus Triumphant, the Outcry against the Hypocrisy of the Monastic Habit was actually written well over a year earlier, in the latter half of May 1526. As Eobanus explains in a letter of 27 August 1527: “I wrote this poem during the time that Philip [Melanchthon] was here, and in fact at his personal request; that is how little new it is, except that it has come out just recently.”1 The booklet’s dedicatory letter adds that the elegy was composed “very much on the spur of the moment” (ded. 1). The same must have been true for the four Psalm paraphrases that conclude the booklet. They too were written in May 1526, likewise at Melanchthon’s request, when the Wittenberg reformer was in Nuremberg to attend the inauguration of the evangelical school.2 The original plan, it appears, was for Eobanus to versify a substantial set of Psalms, to which he would then attach Against the Hypocrisy of the Monastic Habit.3 But after completing just four of the paraphrases, he found the genre too constraining for his freewheeling Muse4 and could not bring himself to write any more, despite Melanchthon’s pleas. In October 1527, Melanchthon even sent Eobanus a copy of his own verse paraphrase of Psalm 109 (110), with the express intent of spurring him on.5 To their mutual friend Michael Meienburg, the mayor of Nordhausen, Melanchthon wrote a few days later, on October 28: “I am sending you a few Psalms versified by Eobanus, a man most warmly attached to you. If they give you delight, that judgment will spur

1 Epp. fam., 78, to Johann Lang: “Carmen id praesente hic Philippo et illo sic volente scripsi, adeo non est novum, nisi quod nuper exiit.” At the start of the poem itself, Eobanus says that he wrote the elegy at the request of Abbot Friedrich Pistorius; but in light of his letter to Lang, this statement can be considered a captatio benevolentiae. 2 See Hypocr., ded. 2; Melanchthon, Ep. 472, ll. 20–21, letter of 1 July 1526; Ep. 476, ll. 16–17, letter of 4 July 1526: “Ab Eobano postules eos Psalmos quos mihi presenti fecerat et mittas huc.” 3 Cf. Hypocr., ded. 1. 4 See the liminary epigram to Eobanus’s Psalmus CXVIII., ex ipsius M. Lutheri scholiis. Praeterea sedecim alii Latino carmine redditi … [Nuremberg: Johann Petreius, 1530], where Eobanus explains that the genre gives him the sensation of being hemmed in by another text: “Si fuit in nostro foelix lascivia versu, / Si qua meis unquam gratia carminibus, / Hiis ea ne confer, quia libera copia venae / Plus habet. Hic in se Musa coacta fuit, / Nec sibi, qui scribunt aliena poemata, possunt / Ludere, nil ausi quam data signa sequi.” See also Epp. fam., 46, letter of 1 September 1530, in which Eobanus tells Jakob Micyllus that the genre makes him feel like a captive in an alien land. 5 Melanchthon, Ep. 610, ll. 63–66, letter of 28 October 1527 to Joachim Camerarius: “I am sending you the Psalm Dixit Dominus to stimulate Eobanus, whom I consider to be truly the king in this genre. Give him my amplest thanks for publishing those Psalms that he made.”

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004414662_009

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our most outstanding poet to write more like them.”6 Around the same time, Justus Jonas added his voice to those urging Eobanus to continue and complete his Psalms: “If I did not know that others beside me are very vigorously exhorting you to this genre of writing, I too would push you to energetically keep at it and finish what you have so happily begun.”7 All the same, it would not be until 1530 that Eobanus, with further encouragement from Luther, finally complemented his original four paraphrases with thirteen new ones.8 A set of all 150 Psalms, some of them completely revised, came out at Marburg in 1537 under the title Psalterium universum. A corrected edition, with added four-line arguments for each of the Psalms, appeared at Schwäbisch Hall in March 1538. A year later Eobanus published a revised third edition at Marburg.9 Having given up on versifying any more Psalms in 1526, yet not wishing to leave his already written elegy and paraphrases unpublished, Eobanus eventually settled on a different course. Rather than attach the elegy to a substantial set of versified Psalms, as originally planned, he instead gave the elegy top billing and appended the four Psalms. He then dedicated the booklet to the ex-monk Friedrich Pistorius (1486/87–1553), from 1520 abbot of the Benedictine monastery of St. Aegidius—the very building that now housed the newly founded evangelical academy. Humanistically educated, an early adherent of the Reformation, Pistorius had handed the abbey over to the city on 12 July 1525, on condition that the monks be employed in suitable positions or trained in some trade or, at the least, be guaranteed the necessities of daily life. As for the abbot himself, the city agreed to pay his annual salary and to let him keep his living quarters in the abbey. He also secured the right to retain the title of abbot for life.10 6 7

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Melanchthon, Ep. 614, ll. 24–25. See Epp. fam., 291; Gustav Kawerau, ed., Der Briefwechsel des Justus Jonas, vol. 1 (1884; Hildesheim, 1964), 117–118, no. 121 (where the letter can be placed in 1527, because of the allusion to Eobanus’s four Psalm paraphrases). Melanchthon had sent Jonas a copy of Eobanus’s Psalm paraphrases on 28 October 1527; see Melanchthon, Ep. 613, l. 73. See below, pp. 282–283. The third edition bears no publication date. On 10 January 1539, however, Eobanus informs Georg Sturtz that his Psalter is now in the press; see Epp. fam., 151. While offering some textual corrections and revisions as well as a verse argument omitted in the second edition, the third edition also contains an astonishingly high number of typographical errors. For an edited text of the work, based on the (incomplete) second edition, see Helius Eobanus Hessus, Psalterium universum, ed. Mechthild Fuchs (Berlin, 2009). Fuchs’s texts, unfortunately, are riddled with errors. Variant readings are often misrepresented or overlooked. The editor describes A on p. 107 but fails to mention that its paraphrases of Psalm 1 and 104 are replaced with different versions in the Psalterium universum. See further Moritz M. Mayer, “Friedrich Pistorius, letzter Abt des Klosters zu St. Egydien in

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Printing History The booklet appeared just once, without printer, place, or name [Nuremberg: Johann Petreius, 1527]. On August 27, Eobanus sent a copy of the newly published booklet to Johann Lang.11 He apparently had no further copies to pass along to his friends, for in a letter of August 31 to Philip Melanchthon he alludes to the Psalm paraphrases only in passing: “I told you about them earlier.” It was not until late October that he was able to send several copies to Wittenberg.12 A (1527) HELII EOBANI HESSI POETAE | In Hypocriʃim ueʃtitus Monaʃtici ἐκφώνησις. | P ʃalmi quatuor ex Dauidicis carmine redditi. | Ad R.P.D. Fridericū Abbatem diui Ae | gidij apud inclytā Nurenbergam. | Ioan. Pregellus Heßi diʃcipulus | Lectori. | [2 distichs] | [printer’s mark of Johann Petreius] | Colophon: Collation: Contents:

None 8o: [A]8 [4 signed], 8 leaves 1r title page; 1v dedicatory letter; 2r–3v In hypocrisim vestitus monastici; 4r–7r four Psalm paraphrases; 7v–8 blank Catchwords: Found on rectos and versos. Lacking on 1v, 4v, and 5r. Running titles: None Copy text: Münster, ULB Call number: Coll. Erh. 339

The Münster copy is available online as a digital facsimile (urn:nbn:de:hbz:6:1– 25078). I have also seen the copy in Nuremberg, Stadtbibliothek (6 an Phil. 2862. 8o), and in Zwickau, Ratsschulbibliothek (1.14.3/8). The copy in Munich, BSB (Exeg. 1358 v#Beibd.3), is available as a digital facsimile via VD 16, no. E 1518,

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Nürnberg,”Der Nürnberger Geschicht-, Kunst- und Alterthumsfreund 1 (1842): 185–208, 212– 214, 223–230. Pistorius was highly respected by Luther and Melanchthon, both of whom dedicated books to him. In 1529, Eobanus also dedicated his In P. Virgilii Maronis Bucolica ac Georgica adnotationes to the abbot. When Pistorius married Anna, daughter of the Nuremberg patrician Georg Schwarz, on 28 June 1532, Eobanus congratulated the groom in an epithalamic verse letter. For a text of that poem, see Johann C. Zeltner, C. D. correctorum in typographiis eruditorum centuria speciminis loco collecta (Nuremberg, 1716), 431–432. Although Eobanus did not publish the verses for Pistorius’s wedding, he reuses them in Epith. 149–166. See Epp. fam., 77–78. Cf. p. 279 above.

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also via Google Books. There are further copies in Paris, Bibliothèque de l’ Institut de France; Tübingen, UB; Wolfenbüttel, HAB. Karl Krause knew of the rare work only via Friedrich W. Strieder, Grundlage zu einer hessischen Gelehrten und Schriftsteller Geschichte: Seit der Reformation bis auf gegenwärtige Zeiten, vol. 3 (Göttingen, 1783), 398. The first to rediscover a copy (in Zwickau) was Otto Clemen. See his “Bibliographisches zu Helius Eobanus Hessus und Biblio-Biographisches zum Verfasser der ‘Katzipori,’” Archiv für Schreib- und Buchwesen 3 (1929): 7–10, here at pp. 7–8, no. 3; repr. in Clemen, Kleine Schriften zur Reformationsgeschichte (1897–1944), vol. 5 (Leipzig, 1984), 535–538, here at pp. 535–536. Partial Reprint Three years after publishing A, Eobanus reissued the four Psalm paraphrases (Hypocr. B 1–4) in a booklet that appeared without indication of place, printer, or date [Nuremberg: Johann Petreius, 1530]: a (1530) PSALMVS | CXVIII. EX IPSIVS M. LVTHERI | ʃcholijs: præterea ʃedecim alij Latino carmine | redditi per Helium Eobanū Heʃʃum. | Eiuʃdem de fructu lectionis P ʃalmorum Elegia. | Epiʃtola M. Lutheri. | Epiʃtola Ph. Melanchthonis. | Iacobi Micylli pʃalmi duo. | LECTORI. | [three elegiac distichs] | E` Schola Norica, Menʃe Februario. | M. D. XXX. | Colophon: Collation: Contents:

None 8o: A–D [$5 signed], 32 leaves A1r title page; A1v blank; A2r–v dedicatory poem to Lazarus Spengler; A3r–A4r De fructu lectionis Psalmorum; A4v–A5r Martin Luther to Eobanus Hessus; A5v–A6r Philip Melanchthon to Eobanus Hessus; A6v–C8r previously unpublished Psalm paraphrases by Eobanus; C8v–D3v four Psalm paraphrases by Eobanus, first published in 1527; D4r–D7v two Psalm paraphrases by Jakob Micyllus; D7v list of errata; D8 blank Catchwords: On rectos and versos. Lacking on A5v, A6r, D1v, D3v Running titles: None Location: Nuremberg, Stadtbibliothek (seen in November 2016) Shelfmark: 6 an Phil. 2867.8o

The copy is personally inscribed to the Nuremberg patrician Hieronymus Baumgartner. The inscription is partially trimmed at the left: “Doctiss. Viro D. Hieronymo B⟨aumgart⟩nero. patrono optime merenti ⟨Eob. d d⟩”. The copy in Jena, Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek (8 Phil.IX,24/5), can be

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consulted online in digital facsimile via VD 16, no. B 3424. The copy in Staatliche Bibliothek Neuburg an der Donau (01/8 P.lat. 13) was available to me as a xerox copy. There are further copies in Augsburg, Staats- und Stadbibliothek; Brandenburg, Domstiftsarchiv und -bibliothek; Budapest, National Széchényi Library; Copenhagen, Det Kongelige Bibliotek; Jena, Thüringer Universitätsund Landesbibliothek (a second copy); Munich, UB; Nuremberg, Stadtbibliothek (a second copy); Wolfenbüttel, HAB. Of the four paraphrases first published in 1527 and then reprinted as a block in 1530, only the versions of Psalms 128 and 133 made it into Eobanus’s Psalterium universum. The other two were discarded: Psalm 1, an experimental paraphrase written in iambics rather than elegiacs; and Psalm 104, in which Eobanus throws off the constraints of the genre and gives his Muse free rein.

Helii Eobani Hessi poetae IN HYPOCRISIM VESTITUS MONASTICI ΕΚΦΩΝΗΣΙΣ PSALMI QUATUOR EX DAVIDICIS CARMINE REDDITI Ad R. P. D. Fridericum, abbatem Divi Aegidii apud inclytam Nurenbergam

IOANNES PREGELLUS, HESSI DISCIPULUS, LECTORI Cuius habes, Hessi, iam tot nova carmina, lector, Hoc quoque de multis, sed breve, carmen habe. Quo non illecebras malesani, ut nuper, amoris, Sed partem vera de pietate canit.

AN OUTCRY AGAINST THE HYPOCRISY OF THE MONASTIC HABIT by the poet Helius Eobanus Hessus FOUR OF THE PSALMS OF DAVID RENDERED IN VERSE To the Reverend Father Mr. Friedrich, abbot of St. Aegidius’s in the famed city of Nuremberg

JOHANN PREGEL, A PUPIL OF HESSUS’S, TO THE READER Reader of Hessus’s, of whose poems you already enjoy so many new ones, among the many do enjoy this poem too, short though it is. In it he does not celebrate the allurements of insane love, as he did just recently,1 but rather the part of true piety.

1 In his just published Venus Triumphant.

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REVERENDO PATRI DOMINO FRIDERICO, ABBATI APUD DIVUM AEGIDIUM NURENBERGAE, PATRONO COLENDO SUO, EOBANUS HESSUS S. Elegidion illud adversus hypocrisim vestitus monastici quod tumultuaria omnino opera, ut scis, ad te scripsi, Reverende Pater, cum in lucem essem aediturus, visum est non appendicem id facere aliorum, ut tu iusseras, ne velut parum sibi fidens alieno auxilio indiguisse videretur, sed ipsum potius, quale quale esset, suis vestitum plumis suoque periculo emittere adeoque horum temporum iudiciis, quae nunquam peiora fuere de literis, exponere, cum vero alia quapiam tum hac quoque ratione, quod videbam te talem talique dignitate ac virtute praeditum virum non oportere muneris alicuius parte sed integro potius munere donari. 2 Itaque cum neque libelli iusti modum expleret breve carmen neque tu tam exiguo munusculo honorandus viderere, Psalmos quatuor, quos anno superiori Philippi nostri iussu in versus contraxeram, vel distraxeram potius, adieci, quo et libellus ipse, quantumvis exiguus, magis tamen a vera pietate pio lectori commendaretur et tuae quoque dignitatis ac professionis habita ratio videretur. 3 Id quicquid est libelli tibi nominatim, ut vides, inscripti si gratum habebis, dignum te iudicabimus cui et alia deinceps et his fortasse meliora inscribantur. 4 Bene vale. 5 Nurenbergae, ex Insula Musarum nostrarum e regione scholae, XIII. Cal. Aug. 1527.

Dedicatio. A.

EOBANUS HESSUS TO THE REVEREND FATHER MR. FRIEDRICH, ABBOT OF ST. AEGIDIUS’S IN NUREMBERG, HIS WORSHIPFUL PATRON, GREETINGS2 When I was getting ready to publish that short elegy against the hypocrisy of the monastic habit that, as you know, Reverend Father, I addressed to you very much on the spur of the moment, it seemed best not to make it an appendage to other works as you had enjoined me, but rather (lest it come across, figuratively speaking, as so lacking in self-confidence that it required outside assistance) to send it into the world just as it is, dressed in its own plumage and at its own risk, and, moreover, to expose it to the judgment of our latter-day critics, who never before have done worse by letters than now. In doing so, I was moved among other things especially by the realization that a man of your caliber, endowed with such dignity and excellence, ought to be presented not with a portion of some work but with a gift complete in itself. Accordingly, because the brief poem did not make up a proper book and because you, moreover, would not be seen as much honored with so puny a gift, I have added four Psalms, which I rendered, or rather, rent, into verse last year at the behest of our dear Philip,3 in the hope that the booklet itself, however small, might nonetheless commend itself more highly to the pious reader by its true piety and at the same time pay due regard to your dignity and profession. If you show your appreciation for this modest little book, which, as you see, I have expressly dedicated to you, I will judge you worthy of having other works inscribed to you hereafter, and perhaps better ones than these. Farewell. Nuremberg, from the Isle of my Muses, across from the school, 20 July 1527.

2 On Abbot Friedrich Pistorius, see p. 280 above. 3 Philip Melanchthon.

IN HYPOCRISIM VESTITUS MONASTICI Ad R. P. D. Fridericum, abbatem S. Aegidii Nurenbergensis, Eobani Hessi carmen

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Exigis abiecti laudes, Friderice, cuculli Carmine per gentes quo meruere legi. Aequa petis, neque nos tibi possumus aequa petenti Carmina nec meritis pauca negare tuis. Nam quia te merito virtus in honore locavit Et dotes animi se capientis habes, Qua decet abiectum tibi pinximus arte cucullum. Tam bona res tali laude vehenda fuit. Sed ne forte morer propensas longius aures, Sic cecinit subitis nostra Thalia modis: Quis furor humanas, ratio quae frivola mentes Luserit, incertum est et ratione caret. Credidit informem superis placuisse cucullum— Heu plus quam decies vana superstitio!— Numina ceu cultu possint coelestia falli Corporis aut animum pallia fluxa tegant. Crediderit sanctos pullo sub tegmine mores Talibus insidiis turba sueta capi. Ergone contulerit color ille vel iste salutem, Traxerit et facilem succida lana Deum? Qui si personas nulla ratione moratur, Dic age, quo possit vestis honore trahi? An, quia pictorem color afficit unus et alter Plus aliis, sine quo laude tabella vacet? Non puto, nam sapiens laudem spectabit et illa Se feret et precii pondere amabit opus. Nunc pictum monachis quis non color inficit orbem? Errabit numerum qui retulisse volet. Et miramur adhuc volucres, tot milia, pictas? Grex avium plumis pluribus iste volat. Ut taceam cuculos monachos aliena vorantes Dum sua furtivis luxibus ora premunt, Ne pingues referam et clamosos nuper anates,

Elegia. A.

AGAINST THE HYPOCRISY OF THE MONASTIC HABIT A poem by Eobanus Hessus to the Reverend Father Mr. Friedrich, abbot of St. Aegidius’s in Nuremberg You have called on me to praise the casting off of the cowl, Friedrich, in a poem that merits reading throughout the world. Your request is reasonable. I can neither turn down your reasonable request nor deny a man of your merit a few verses. For seeing that your excellence of character has deservedly brought you to prominence and you enjoy the gifts of a self-possessed mind, I have used the requisite art to describe to you the casting off of the cowl. That act is so noble that it deserves to be extolled in a praise of this kind. But lest perchance I keep well-disposed ears waiting too long, [10] this is what my Thalia sang in extemporaneous measures: What madness, what specious reasoning has deluded human minds? There really is no accounting for this absurdity. People believed—ah, the immensely silly superstition!—that the hideous cowl was pleasing to God. As if the heavenly Deity could be fooled by the body’s clothing or as if flowing robes could conceal the soul! Caught, as so often, in snares of this kind, the common crowd would naturally have assumed that the dingy habit betokened saintly conduct. Are we to suppose, then, that this or that color confers salvation [20] or that greasy wool can win the favor of God? If he is not moved by respect of persons, come, tell me, how could he be moved by respect of clothing? Or are we to imagine that, just because one or another color affected a painter more than the rest, his picture would lack merit without it? I do not think so. In truth, the discerning critic will look at the work’s overall excellence and go by that and love it for its high quality. What hue does not taint the monk-stained world these days? You would lose count if you wanted to reckon all of them up. And do we still marvel at the myriad fowls of various colors? [30] That crazed flock of birds flits about in plumes of every kind. To say nothing of the cuckoo monks who gorge themselves on other men’s labors while secretly stuffing their beaks with luxuries; to pass over the fat ducks that quacked so much of late; to

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Praetereo fraudes, improbe corve, tuas: Quis nescit passim picas volitare molestas Ut doctis noceant, pessima monstra, viris? Quo feror huc autem? Quia quod non posse canebam Comprehendi numero, cur numerare velim? Sed cito credenti facile est imponere vulgo. Cuncta videns nulla fallitur arte Deus. Relligione homines ficta coepere. Quis autem Insidias pullae credat inesse togae? Candorem species externa ferebat ovinum. Introrsum videas, dixeris esse lupos. Nam quae cura lucri! Quantus fuit ardor habendi! Quam fundum vestis non habet ista vorax! Namque quis ignorat vaga mendicabula passim Mentiri falso nomine pauperiem?— Ut taceam quibus illecebris ea deliciisque Affluat et quantas penula cogat opes. Praecipue qui pauperiem saccumque professi Fratribus implerunt omnia regna suis. Cuncta quis expediat? Nec enim finemve modumve Fallendi tacita fraude cucullus habet. Quo nisi contectus fueris, contemptus abibis, Non habiture fidem quicquid ubique petes. Iamque diu afflictum ratio stetit ista per orbem. Dii faciant nequeat stare, stetisse queat! Praestiterit mores vitae candore probatos Exprimere et fucis imposuisse modum Omnia quam fatuo metiri facta cucullo Et petere a sola veste salutis opem. Devovet in sola vestis levitate tumentes Christus, et hoc nobis ducimus esse pium? Quae nam larvalis mala sit natura cuculli, Quod sapiunt omnes, arrogat omne sibi. Non alio melius latuisse Superbia cultu, Non alio poterat Luxus honore tegi. Hoc se cuncta vorans Asotia texit amictu. Velamenta latens talia Livor habet. Illa tamen populo pestis persuasit in isto Esse piae cultu relligionis opus,

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omit mention of your deceptions, shameless ravens: who is unaware that the vexing magpies, those beastly monsters, fly about everywhere to wreak harm on men of learning?4 But why get carried away? Given that I was singing what cannot be counted up, why would I want to try to count up everything? But imposing on the gullible masses is easy. [40] All-seeing God is not deceived by any trick. With feigned piety they deluded the common people. And yet who could have believed it possible that the drab cloak was a mask for snares? In outward seeming they show the whiteness of sheep. If you could see them inwardly, you would say they are wolves. For how obsessed are they with money! How they lust for possessions! How bottomless is the voracity of that robe! Indeed, who does not know that the mendicants wander about everywhere shamming poverty?—to say nothing of how their garb wallows in sensual allurements and pleasures [50] or what great wealth it amasses. That is especially true for the monastic orders that profess poverty and the beggar’s wallet and fill all realms with their brothers. Who could unfold the whole story? For when it comes to quietly pulling the wool over people’s eyes, the cowl knows no limit or bounds. If you do not wear that garment, you will be hooted away. No one will give you credence, no matter how hard you try. This manner of thinking has stood firm for a long time already all over the wretched world. Would to God it could not stand firm, that it could have collapsed! Demonstrating good morals by purity of life [60] and putting an end to hypocrisy would have been better than measuring all deeds by the foolish cowl and seeking the means of salvation in a single article of clothing. Christ cursed people who swelled with pride at something as trifling as a robe, and we deem such a thing pious? Though the whole world knows how depraved the ghoulish cowl is by nature, it nevertheless arrogates everything to itself. Pride could not be better concealed in any other garb. Debauchery could not lie better hid than under this badge of honor. It is in this garment that all-devouring Dissipation ensconces herself. [70] Such too is the camouflage that Envy hides under. And yet this pestilence has persuaded the common people that a garb like that represents a work of piety, so much so,

4 The cuckoo monks are the Franciscans. Because they are mendicants, they are likened to the European cuckoos, which take advantage of other birds’ labor by occupying their nests; cf. In Ed. Leeum 12.8. I fail to identify the “fat ducks that quacked so much of late”; but ducks are a traditional emblem of deceit (cf. the French canard, meaning both duck and hoax). The ravens are the Augustinian Friars, because of their black robes. The magpies are the Dominicans (Black Friars), because they wear a black mantle over white habits; see, for example, In Ed. Leeum 10.1–2, nn.

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Usque adeo ut, Francisce, tuo velatus amictu Crederet ad superos se reperisse viam. Omne nefas sola vestis pietate remitti Credidit. Heu nimium vana superstitio! Quis furor est ista quemvis in veste sepultum Credere poenarum legibus absolui?— Tanquam non deceat Christi pia sacra professum Qua libeat vestis conditione frui, Dum non immodicos operosa superbia cultus Exigat et quendam possit habere modum, Dum non exemplo noceat moresque pudicos Laedat et in vitam semina mortis agat. Sit nigra, sit viridis, sit rubra, sit alba, sit atra, Certe Christicolam vestis aperta decet. Nam libertatem nobis permisit et auxit, Supplicio cuius libera turba sumus. Mens igitur recti sibi conscia nullius unquam Vestis lege ream se patiatur agi. Desinat humanis vinclis captiva teneri Mens pia quae Christi legibus obsequitur. Finis Sequuntur Psalmi quatuor per Eobanum carmine redditi.

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in fact, that if a man were clad in your habit, Francis,5 he would believe he has found the way to heaven. He is convinced that all his sins are forgiven just by wearing a pious garment. Ah, the laughably vain superstition! What madness is this, to believe that someone who happens to be buried in that garb is immune from the laws of punishment?—as if people who profess Christ’s holy religion [80] are not entitled to dress as they please, provided only that ostentatious pride does not insist on immoderate adornments and can observe due bounds and provided that their clothing does no harm by example or offends against decency and sows the seeds of death in life. At all events, whether it be dark or green or red or white or black, honest attire suits the Christian. For he, who by his death set us free, also granted us a large measure of freedom. A mind conscious of right, therefore, [90] should never allow itself to be accused by the law of dress. A pious soul that obeys the laws of Christ should stop being held captive in the bonds of men. The end There follow four Psalms rendered in verse by Eobanus.

5 Francis of Assisi (1181/82–1226), founder of the Franciscan Order.

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PSALMUS PRIMUS Beatus vir qui non abiit, etc. Beatus ille qui negavit impiis Caussis iniquis congredi Nec acquievit in viis peccantium Nec in cathedra pestili, Quin lege totus ipse divina stetit Immobilis tota die, Nec maior ulla ei voluptas extitit Quam lex et imperium Dei. Hic fructuosae conferetur arbori Ad profluentem consitae, Suos adulta facta quae fructus facit Messemque tempestiviter. Non huius ulla frondium pars defluet Semperque stabit florida. Quae procreabit, evalescent omnia Clementer et prosperrime. Non sic resurget aut virebit impius, Sed ut leves pulvisculi Quos undecunque mollis aura ventilat Peribit a factis suis. Et ergo non consistet ante iudicem, A cuius ira corruet, Nihilque peccatoribus commercii Manere cum iustis potest. Cognovit ille namque iustorum viam Qui novit unus omnia; Et ipse propter se peribit impius, Quod ambulet fallax iter.

19 mollis a (in erratis): quaevis Aa (a in textu), contra metrum.

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THE FIRST PSALM Blessed is the man who has not walked, etc. Blessed is the man who has refused to join the wicked in their ungodly causes and not rejoiced in the ways of sinners or in the chair of pestilence but stood immovable in the law of God all the livelong day and had no higher delight than the law and command of God. He may be likened to a fruitful tree [10] planted by running water, that yields its fruits when full grown and its harvest in due season. None of its leaves will fall, and it will always stand in full blossom. Whatever he brings forth will thrive in forbearance and deep prosperity. Not so the wicked man. He will not rise again or flourish, but like fine dust that the least breeze scatters from every side [20] he will perish by his own deeds. Therefore he will not stand before the judge, by whose anger he will be brought low, nor can sinners maintain dealings with the righteous. For the Lord, who alone knows all things, knows the way of the righteous; but the wicked man will perish on his own account, because he walks the path of deceit.

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PSALMUS CXXXIII. Ecce quam bonum, etc. Quae ligat unanimes foelix concordia fratres, O quales fructus utilitatis habet! Consona fraterno si vita sit omnis amori, Quis verae dubitet dicere pacis opus? Tam sanctam sequitur pacem iucunda voluptas, Quam pius aethereo nectare pascit amor, Non secus ac liquidos stillantia balsama succos In sacra pontificum tempora fusa fluunt, Inde sub extremis ita deflua vestibus haerent, Dulcis ut in toto corpore spiret odor, Sicut et aereus Libani de montibus humor Ubere foecundam rore Siona facit. Talis ubi est interque manet concordia fratres, Ipse bonum praesens influit omne Deus. Nam vitam tribuit meritis coelestibus auctam. Illa est divitiis non redimenda quies. Finis

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PSALMUS CXXVIII. Beati omnes qui timent Dominum, etc. Quem peccare Dei vetuit timor, ille beatus, Illius ut rectas noverit ire vias. Foelix, quem manuum nutrit labor. Omnia cedent, Quisquis es, ex votis accumulata tibi. Larga tibi plenum diffundet Copia cornu; Gratia verarum nulla deerit opum. Aemula certabit gravibus tua vitibus uxor Quae repsere domus per latus omne tuae. Quam multus placidae succrescit palmes olivae, Tu quoque tam multa prole beatus eris. Gaudebis propriae spectans convivia mensae, Delicias mensae, pignora chara, tuae.

B 2. Aa.

Subscriptio Finis A: om. a.

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PSALM 133 Behold how good, etc. When happy harmony binds brothers together as one mind, oh, what fruits of benefit this yields! If our whole life were attuned to brotherly love, who would hesitate to call it a work of genuine peace? Pleasant delight follows on holy peace, just as tender love feeds on ethereal nectar. It is like the clear-dripping balsam poured upon the priest’s sacred head and thence running down to the very hems of his garment, [10] so that the sweet fragrance breathes in all his body. It is like the airy moisture from the mountains of Lebanon that makes Zion fertile with copious dew. Wherever such harmony exists and endures among brothers, God himself is present, showering them with every blessing. For he bestows life crowned with the rewards of heaven. That repose cannot be bought with wealth. The end

B3

PSALM 128 Blessed are all who fear the Lord, etc. Blessed is he whom the fear of God keeps from sinning, so that he may know to walk in God’s right ways. Happy is he who supports himself by the labor of his hands. All will go well with you, whoever you are, according to your desires. Bountiful Abundance will pour out her full horn for you; the grace of true riches will not be lacking. Your wife will rival the laden vines that creep along every side of your house. Just as abundant shoots grow from the peaceful olive, [10] so you too will be blessed with abundant progeny. You will rejoice to see their company at your own table: dear children, your

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Haec bona provenient Domino peccare timenti. Has tam praeclaras semper habebit opes. Hunc Deus aspiciet supera placatus ab arce, Quamque diu poterit vivere, laetus erit. Natorum et longo numerabit ab ordine natos, Pacatamque bona pace habitabit humum. Finis

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PSALMUS CIIII. Benedic, anima mea, Domino. Huc ades, Uranie. Coelestia plectra movemus, Plectra Creatori psallere docta Deo, Non cuivis veterum vana de gente deorum, Sed quo nil maius maximus orbis habet, Quem decet omnis honor, cui laus et gloria soli, Cuius id immensum dextera claudit opus, Omnia qui proprio clarissima lumine reddit, Concordes vario qui secat orbe polos, Qui pluvio nubes super ambulat imbre gravatos Et ventis tanquam curribus invehitur, Cui comites adsunt animae Dominumque salutant Angelicae, atque illis igneus ardor inest. Hic, ubi cunctarum iaceret primordia rerum Et tantum artifici mente crearet opus, Terrarum validis fundavit basibus orbem, Quemque dedit, semper iussit habere locum. Iusserat, illa stetit liquido circumflua coelo. Protinus haec illi ceu nova vestis erat. Haerebant gravidis condensae in nubibus undae, Plurimus et coelo proximus humor erat. Iusserit ille Deus, magni Faber unicus orbis, Vis ea coelestis defluet omnis aquae. Ignea terribili librarit fulmina dextra, Imbre gravis coelo praecipitabit hiems.

Subscriptio Finis A: om. a. B 4. Aa. Tit. Domino. A: Domino, etc. a. Uraniae A. 7 lumine A: lumina a. 18 haec A: hae a.

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table’s joy and delight. These are the blessings that the Lord will provide to him who fears sinning. He will always have riches as splendid as these. The merciful God will watch over him from the height of heaven. All the days of his life he will be happy. He will count a long line of his children’s children and dwell peacefully in the land of peace. The end

B4

PSALM 104 Bless the Lord, O my soul Come hither, Urania. We will ply the heavenly plectrum, the plectrum skilled in making music to God the Creator—no, not to one of that phantom race of ancient gods, but to him who has no equal in the whole wide world. To him be all the honor, to him alone the praise and glory, for he holds this immense creation in his right hand. He illumines all things with the brilliance of his own light. He divides the harmonious heavens with manifold spheres. He walks upon the rain-burdened clouds [10] and rides upon the winds as in a chariot. Him the angelic souls attend as companions and hail as Lord, and his burning fire is within them. Here, where he scattered the primordial seeds of all things and created the universe with a craftsman’s mind, he set the world on solid foundations and commanded that it always keep the place he had assigned it. He gave the command, and it stood enveloped in a limpid sky. Henceforth this would serve as its new garment. The waters clung together, tightly packed in heavy clouds, [20] and masses of moisture hovered next to the sky. If God, the sole Creator of the great universe, gives the command, all this elemental force of water will pour down from heaven. If he brandishes fiery thunderbolts with his terrible right hand, the rain-laden tempest will

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Hic altos vacuum produxit in aera montes. Ille suum iussit vallibus esse locum. Atque haec limitibus compescuit omnia certis, Quos ultra nulli transiliisse licet. Eduxit liquidos fontes e vallibus imis, E quibus inde amnes per cava saxa fluant, Unde sitim relevent volucresque feraeque, nec ulli Munefici desit gratia larga Dei. Garrula quinetiam per saxa cadentibus undis Vocibus obstreperae succinuistis aves. Arida nymbosis de nubibus arva rigantem Esse Deum praegnans facta fatetur humus. Quadrupedum gregibus foenum produxit et herbas, Unde homini pecudum serviat omne genus. Iussit et acceptas terram bene reddere fruges, Unde fugent saevam corpora pasta famem. Haerentem placidis astrinxit vitibus uvam, Unde levent siccam dulcia vina sitim, Tristia quo facili corda exhilarentur Iaccho Inque suo melior corpore sanguis eat. Paciferae sobolem succrescere iussit olivae, Ut renovet mollis corpora fessa liquor. Indidit arboribus vires quibus hae quoque possint Crescere et uberibus se vegetare modis. Omnibus ille dedit latebras animantibus aptas Naturae et certum quod sequerentur iter. Sicut enim vario, volucrum domus, alite sylvae, Sic aliis gaudent proxima regna feris. Montibus involitant damae cervique fugaces. Fossa suis praebent vulpibus antra domos. Putribus immundi iacuere cubilibus ursi. Foetibus alta suis lustra paravit aper. Omnia quid memorem? Nutu illius omnia fiunt Per quem perpetuo talia facta manent. Iussit et instabilem metiri tempora lunam Et certas cursum solis habere vices. Solis ad occasum tenebras induxit, et harum Nomine nox terras officiosa tegit.

47 hae a: haeae A.

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plunge from the sky. He raised the mountains high into the empty air. He commanded the valleys to occupy a place of their own. And all these things he confined within set bounds that none should be allowed to transgress. He sent forth clear springs from the valley floors, [30] out of which streams might flow through hollow canyons and from which birds and beasts might quench their thirst, and none should lack the bountiful grace of a munificent God. Indeed, to the waters tumbling down garrulous cliffs the chirping birds join their voices in song. Made fruitful, the soil avows that there is a God who drenches the arid fields with clouds of rain. For the four-footed herds he brought forth hay and grass, whereby cattle of every kind might be of service to man. He also commanded the earth to repay the sowing with rich crops, [40] whereby bodies, well fed, might chase savage hunger away. He bound the clinging grape to cultivated vines, whereby sweet wines might slake our burning thirst, in order that gloomy hearts might be gladdened by mellow Bacchus and healthy blood might suffuse the body. He commanded fruit to grow from the peaceful olive, in order that its mild oil might restore our weary bodies. Upon trees he bestowed the powers by which they too might grow and invigorate themselves in productive ways. To all animals he gave hiding places suited [50] to their nature and a sure path for them to follow. Just as the forests, home to the birds, delight in all kinds of winged fowl, so the adjoining regions rejoice in other beasts. Does and swift-footed stags fly in the mountains. Dug-out burrows offer homes to their foxes. Slovenly bears sleep in moldering dens. The wild sow readies the deep woods for her offspring. Why mention everything? All these things happen at the command of him through whom all such works endure forever. He commanded the changeable moon to mark the seasons [60] and the sun’s course to have its regular cycles. At sunset he ushered in darkness, and dusk obligingly cloaked

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Quae simul amplexa est terras, sua lustra relinquunt Tuta parum quibus est praeda diurna ferae. Nimirum pascit Deus omnia, et omnis ab illo Est cibus, et quicquid condidit ipse fovet. Liquerit Aurorae rutilantes Lucifer ortus Et vacuam flammis irradiarit humum, Ad sua mortales redeunt opera. Accipit illos Prima laborantes, serior hora refert. Omnipotens Deus, ingentis Faber unice mundi, Quam late in rebus vis operosa tua est! Quam tua multiplicem sapientia condidit orbem! Quam virtus dextrae possidet ista tuae! Quid loquar immensi spaciosa volumina ponti, Quaeque habitant istas caerula monstra domos, Quaeque rudentiferae sulcant vada salsa carinae, Qua draco pestifera fauce marinus hiat? Sed tamen illa tuo constant, Pater, omnia nutu, Illorum ut foveas tempore quodque suo. Omnibus his adaperta feret tua dextra salutem. Auferet haec eadem clausa quod ante dedit. Quem dabis, ille suum renovabit Spiritus orbem, Cui vitam debent cuncta creata suam. Sit tibi, summe Opifex rerum, tibi debita soli Gloria, quae factis est tibi plena tuis. Cuius ad intuitum tremit ictibus anxia tellus; Cuius ad attactum culmina fumus obit. Huic mea, quem laudat, Domino devota iuventa est. Hunc ego cantabo, si volet ipse, senex. Sit modo grata, meae qualem dedit ipse Camoenae Illius in laudes gratia tota fluet. Finis

75 spaciosa scripsi: speciosa Aa.

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the world in gloom. As soon as night holds the earth in its embrace, beasts that would be easy prey by day leave the safety of their lairs. Truly, God nourishes all things, and all food is from him, for whatever he has made he himself sustains. When the bringer of light has left the ruddy rising of dawn and illumines the still-sleeping earth with his flames, mortals return to their labors. An early hour welcomes them [70] to work; a late hour sends them back home. Almighty God, sole Creator of the vast universe, how far-reaching is the power of your works! What a manifold world your wisdom established! How your mighty right hand holds it in possession! Why speak of the broad expanses of the boundless sea and of the dark-green monsters that inhabit those dwellings and of the well-rigged ships that furrow the salty waves, where the marine dragon gapes with pestiferous jaw? And yet, Father, all these abide through your divine will, [80] so that you might feed each in its season. Wide open, your hand offers deliverance to all. Closed tight, it withholds what it granted before. The Spirit whom you will send, he will renew his world, for all creatures owe their life to him. To you and you alone, supreme Craftsman of the world, let the glory be owed, for you make it abound through your deeds. At his gaze, the anxious earth trembles under the shocks; at his touch, smoke envelops the peaks. To this Lord, whom it extols, my youth is devoted. [90] Him I will praise in my old age, if that should be his will. If it be pleasing to him, all the grace of my Muse, such as he himself bestowed, will pour forth in praises of him. The end

Bucolicorum idyllia XVII Seventeen Bucolic Idyls

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illustration 13 Title page of Ad illustrissimum Principem Ioannem Fridericum, Ducem Saxoniae. Elegia. Nuremberg: Friedrich Peypus, 1526 Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna (*44.G.33)

illustration 14 Title page of Ex Idylliis encomia duo. Nuremberg: Johann Petreius, 1527 Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna (*44.G.34)

illustration 15 Title page of Bucolicorum idyllia XII .... His accessere ex recenti aeditione idyllia quinque. Haguenau: Johann Setzer, 1528 Stadtbibliothek im Bildungscampus Nürnberg (3 an Phil. 2862.8 o )

Introduction In August 1528, Eobanus brought out a substantial collection of pastorals under the sprawling title: Twelve Bucolic Idyls, Only Just Now, in the Eighteenth Year after the First Edition, Revised and over Half either Expanded or Split Up and Arranged in a Different Order. To These Are Added Five Idyls of Recent Composition. As the title indicates, the book is a revised and expanded version of the eleven eclogues originally published as Bucolicon in the early autumn of 1509.1

The Bucolicon Two years in the making, the Bucolicon of 1509 is an ambitious work that brings together the three main types of pastoral, as then understood: (1) literal pastoral, exemplified by Theocritus’s first seven idyls representing scenes of bucolic life and love; (2) allegorical pastoral, typified by Vergil’s eclogues, in which the shepherd is a mask for the poet and his friends or patrons; and (3) moral-religious, anti-erotic, misogynistic pastoral, as propounded in the Adolescentia of the Carmelite friar Baptista Mantuanus (1447–1516), famed in his day as the “Christian Vergil.”2 Eobanus was proud of his achievement. He had become the first German to publish an entire cycle of eclogues and the first 1 See Poetic Works, 1:272–381 (text and translation), 453–546 (notes). For a description, see Poetic Works, 1:268–269. 2 See Harry Vredeveld, “Pastoral Inverted: Baptista Mantuanus’ Satiric Eclogues and Their Influence on the Bucolicon and Bucolicorum idyllia of Eobanus Hessus,”Daphnis 14 (1985): 461–496; “A Neo-Latin Satire on Love-Madness: The Third Eclogue of Eobanus Hessus’ Bucolicon of 1509,” in Barbara Becker-Cantarino, ed., Satire in der frühen Neuzeit, special issue, Daphnis 14 (1985): 673–719; “The Bucolicon of Eobanus Hessus: Three Versions of Pastoral,” in Stella P. Revard et al., eds., Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Guelpherbytani (Binghamton, NY, 1988), 375– 382; Eob. Poetic Works, 1:267–268. Cf. Eobanus’s own assessment in Adnot., sig. H7v: “Virgilius … allegorias plerunque miscet, cum contra omnia simpliciter et sine troporum involucris describat Theocritus.” See further Gernot M. Müller, “Poetische Standortsuche und Überbietungsanspruch: Strategien der Gattungskonstitution im Bucolicon des Helius Eobanus Hessus zwischen intertextueller Anspielung und autobiographischer Inszenierung,” in Reinhold F. Glei and Robert Seidel, eds., ‘Parodia’ und Parodie: Aspekte intertextuellen Schreibens in der lateinischen Literatur der Frühen Neuzeit (Tübingen, 2006), 111–170; Trine A. Hass, “Structural Imitation and Genre Conventions in Neo-Latin Bucolic Poetry,” in Astrid Steiner-Weber et al., eds., Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Upsaliensis (Leiden, 2012), 1:177–188, especially pp. 184– 188. For an overview of Neo-Latin pastoral, see David Marsh, “Pastoral,” in BENLW, 1:425–436 (chap. 34). For the genre in Germany, see Simon Lemnius, Bucolica / Fünf Eklogen, ed. and trans. Lothar Mundt (Tübingen, 1996), 15–52.

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004414662_011

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anywhere to fuse in a single work all the major versions of bucolic poetry. He thus had every right to boast of himself in the book’s liminary epigram: If the rustic Muse of the Sicilian poet delights you, if you, my fellow countrymen, take pleasure in the bucolics of the two Vergils, or if any of you German bards are hankering for something else, put up with me as I too take my place in the Latin countryside. I am the first to pasture a Latin flock on German soil, whether that counts for something or not.3 He repeats the boast at the very heart and center of his poem (Buc. 6.6–9): “I’m now the first to bring the audacious, no, reckless, Muses to my homeland and onto the pastures of Germany. Now our forests too will start to resound with songs of their own.” The Bucolicon would remain central to Eobanus’s poetic identity throughout his life. Newly arrived in Prussia in late 1509, he identifies himself as “that herdsman … who with his shepherd’s crook first led a Roman flock to German pastures” (Sylv. duae 1.181–182; Sylv. 1.2.117–118; cf. Sylv. 3.5.2). In February 1512, he presents himself to his readers in Cracow as the bard who led “the Latin Muses back to the meadows … when I was a shepherd content with my rustic crook” (Nup. 8–9). And in the spring of 1513, now a law student at Frankfurt an der Oder, he is the poet “who first regaled my German contemporaries with rough-hewn song to the rustic flute” (Sylv. 1.4.79–80). Eobanus repeats this claim in the self-portrait that concludes the Christian Heroides (1514): “when I was already in my early twenties, my youthful age amused itself in bucolic strains. My rustic eclogue grew to eleven poems in all, and in my own country I was the first to shepherd a flock” (Her. Chr. 24.109–112). In Nuremberg, he uses precisely the same language as in 1512 to introduce himself as the poet “who first regaled my German contemporaries with rough-hewn song to the rustic flute.”4 To Johannes Dantiscus he confides in March 1533 that he pins his hopes of immortal fame on two works: the Idyls and Heroides.5 As late as 1535 he could think back on that glorious time of his youth “when the favoring Muses inspired me with pastoral poems …, when the Vistula stopped its flow to watch me sing the Christian Heroides with beardless voice.”6 3 Eobanus reprints the epigram on the title page of Bucolicorum idyllia (1528), but with l. 2 changed to allude to the ancient Vergil only, not the “two Vergils”; see p. 324 below. 4 Eleg. 1.67–68. 5 Dedicatory letter to Book One of his Sylvae: “ea ex quibus potissimum mihi famam immortalitatis polliceri posse videar.” See Sylvarum libri VI (Haguenau, 1535), sig. AA2v; Sylvarum libri IX, in Operum farragines duae, part 1, sig. z4r. 6 Sylv. 7.18.5–14.

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Turning the Eclogues into Idyls Given the centrality of the bucolics in Eobanus’s oeuvre, it is perfectly understandable that our poet, having already labored to revise his Heroides in 1521– 1523,7 would next set his sights on updating the Bucolicon too. Long out of print, the work was fast slipping into oblivion. Its autobiographical narratives and satiric thrusts were no longer fully intelligible. Moreover, the eclogues were imbued with a sense of morality and Christianity that the pastoralist himself had long since outgrown. Just as importantly, Eobanus had started reading Theocritus’s idyls in the original Greek in late 1519. Before that time he had known only the first seven of them in the verse translation by Martino Filetico.8 In late 1526 he undertook to turn all of Theocritus into Latin verse.9 Work on the revision appears to have started in the latter half of 1523. It must have been completed half a year later, for in the Three Dialogues that he published in late February 1524, Eobanus has friends of his quote from the reworked bucolics, as if they had been avidly studying the just finished manuscript.10 In the revision, two quite lengthy eclogues were split in half to form four poems, each with a freshly added introduction or conclusion. In a nod to Lutheran sensibilities, Eobanus also eliminated the rapturous praise of the Virgin Mary that had concluded the original cycle.11 In this way, the formerly eleven eclogues became twelve idyls in the revised edition. Additionally, the poet rearranged the order in which the pastorals appeared. The upshot of all these changes is that a hallmark of the Bucolicon—Eobanus’s personal growth from a callow youth into a passionate lover and finally into a morally and religiously mature shepherd-poet—largely vanishes out of sight. On the other hand, the passion of erotic love, roundly condemned in the Bucolicon after the manner

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See Poetic Works, 4:268–269. Filetico’s translation was first published without title page, place, printer, or date [Rome: Eucharius Silber, 1482/83]. Reprints appeared at Venice in 1498/1500, at Paris in 1503 and 1510. Eobanus himself owned a copy of the translation, presented to him by Mutianus Rufus. He lent it to Johann Lang in ca. 1520; see Epp. fam., 217. Lang seems not to have returned the copy, for on 6 June 1525 Eobanus asks Lang if he still has it; see Collectio Camerariana, vol. 16 (MS Clm 10366, BSB, Munich), no. 35, letter of 7 June 1525. The work was first published as Theocriti Syracusani idyllia triginta sex, Latino carmine reddita (Haguenau, 1531). It was reprinted well into the nineteenth century. At Dial. 2.55, Bonemilch quotes two and a half verses about the vampire-calumniators in Erfurt (Idyl. 5.96–98) and then confides his source to Stromeyer. At Dial. 3.12, Eusebius adapts a verse from another of the pastorals (Idyl. 4.61). Eobanus did retain the praise of Mary in the amoebean contest of Idyl. 4.

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of Baptista Mantuanus, is now accepted with forbearing indulgence, even as relics of Mantuanesque disapproval continue to cling to these meadows. With few exceptions, the shepherd remains a mask for the poet and his friends or rivals.

Adding New Material After reworking the original eclogue cycle, Eobanus proceeded to add material from time to time. In these new idyls, he eschews pastoral allegory, often even the bucolic setting. In the 1528 edition, the poems are printed in the order of their composition: Idyl 13 (later Idyl. 17). First to be added was the idyl entitled “Erfurt.” In this poem, the city’s guardian nymph Erysiptolis and the river god Gera deplore the collapse of the university and the ruinous state of Erfurt itself, now riven by religious dissension and riots. The laments closely parallel those in Dial. 3, written in early 1524. The university has been brought to its knees by the illiberal ex-monks who are now preaching the gospel. It can rise again, but only if the preachers’ tongues are curbed. When publication of the Bucolicorum idyllia was postponed, Eobanus took advantage of the delay by inserting a discussion of the tumults that took place after 28 April 1524 (ll. 58–80) when an army of peasants marched into the city and destroyed and ransacked everything that projected the authority of the archbishopric of Mainz. Idyl. 14. Addressed to Philip Melanchthon, this idyl, too, focuses on the preachers’ assaults on humanistic learning and the university’s collapse, but foresees a future in which long-exiled Pallas will celebrate a glorious triumph over those ill-educated sloths. The poem must have been written in mid-1524. Idyl. 15 (later Idyl. 13) is an encomium of Landgrave Philip. Already in autumn 1522, Eobanus had composed an elegy hailing Philip’s victorious campaign against Franz von Sickingen. It is likely that he reused some of that material in the present idyl, composed in the latter half of 1524 and expanded in mid-1525. Idyl. 16 (later Idyl. 15). Addressed to Eobanus’s friend and teacher, the Erfurt physician and medical professor Georg Sturtz, the poem is modeled on Theocritus’s “The Cyclops” (no. 11): a lovestruck shepherd cures himself by first singing of his travails and then focusing on the tasks at hand. The idyl goes back to the early months of 1525. Idyl. 17 (later Idyl. 16). An encomium of Nuremberg, written in mid-autumn 1526, this poem is addressed to the city councilor Hieronymus Baumgartner.

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Printing History A First Preview of the Idyls After consulting with Joachim Camerarius12 and then revising and expanding his manuscript in the early months of 1525, Eobanus was eager to send it off to his publisher, the Haguenau printer Johann Setzer. In a letter of March 13, he assures Georg Sturtz that the forthcoming book will certainly include the idyl praising him and the art of medicine (Idyl. 15).13 Writing to Georg Spalatin on April 29 and to Sturtz on May 7, Eobanus is still hopeful of quick publication.14 For reasons unknown, however, he held off sending the manuscript to Setzer all that spring and summer. It is not until 3 September 1525 that he mentions the Idyllia again, telling Jakob Micyllus in Frankfurt that he first wants to hear Melanchthon’s comments.15 The impending move to Nuremberg in May 1526 and the subsequent turmoil in his personal affairs brought further delays. Under the circumstances, then, the best Eobanus could do was to publish his idyl “On the Contempt for Studies in Our Time” (no. 14) in a bundle of poems dedicated to Philip Melanchthon. The booklet’s dedicatory epigram is dated 1 August 1526.16 The collection proper begins with an elegy to John Frederick I of Saxony, written in early 1522. Two epicedia follow, one for Frederick the Wise of Saxony (d. 5 May 1525), the other for the promising young humanist Wilhelm Nesen, who had drowned in the Elbe on 6 July 1524. The booklet concludes with the idyl on the contempt for studies. The poem’s title, as given there, makes clear that the piece is excerpted from Eobanus’s forthcoming Idyls (“ex Idylliis”). Its opening verses pay special tribute to the booklet’s dedicatee Melanchthon. The booklet was published at Nuremberg by Friedrich Peypus in late August or early September 1526:17 12 13

14

15

16 17

Cf. Melanchthon, Ep. 369, ll. 24–26, letter of 3 January 1525 to Joachim Camerarius. See Epp. fam., 115, letter to Georg Sturtz: “Aeglogas meas iam iterum in vulgus emittere cogito, mittam enim Secerio ad nundinas hasce proximas Francophurdianas, quibus hoc saltem accedet, ut et medicina et tuum nomen celebretur.” On 8 April 1525, Mutianus Rufus comments on Eobanus’s plans for the second edition of his bucolics; see Mutian. Ep. 624. For the letter to Spalatin, see Mutian. Ep. 625, Beilage 1, letter of 29 April 1525. For the letter to Sturtz, see Collectio Camerariana, vol. 16 (Clm 10366, BSB, Munich), no. 28, postscript: “In Idyllia mea venisti et celebratus es, spero immortali carmine, paulo post publicando.” See Epp. fam., 41–42, edited in Melanchthon, Ep., no. 417, ll. 7–10: “Cononi brevi ad vos abituro dabo literas ad te et nostrum Secerium. Idyllia mea hodie transmisi Philippo, reditura ad me brevi, tum fortasse ad vos quoque aliquando.” For a text and translation, see Epic., app. 2, in Dichtungen, 3:174–175. In a letter of September 7 to Joachim Camerarius, Melanchthon gratefully acknowledges

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a (1526) [Within an ornamental frame consisting of four blocks:] AD ILLVSTRISSIMVM PRIN= | cipem Ioannem Fridericum Ducem Saxoniæ. | Elegia. | Epicedia duo. | In mortem Diui Friderici principis Electoris Du= | cem [sic] Saxoniæ. | In Guilielmū Neſenum qui in traiectu Albis perijt. | Cur hoc tempore ſtudia literaꝶ tanto contemptu | habeantur. Idyllion ad Philippū Melanchthonem. | Authore Eobano Heſſo. | Lectori. | Qui legis hæc. Si quis tamen hæc legis, eſſe putato | Sicut ab immodico pauca reſecta penu | Vberiore fluet poſthac tibi Copia cornu | Munera quæ timida vix dedit iſta manu.18 | Colophon: Collation: Contents:

Impreſſum Nurenbergæ per Fridericum Pey= | pus, Anno. M.D.XXVI. | 4o: a–c4 [$3 signed], 12 leaves a1r title page, with epigram to the reader; a1v Eoba. Hes. Philippo Melanchthoni suo, dated 1 August 1526; a2r–a4r Ad illustrissimum Principem Ioannem Fridericum, Ducem Saxoniae, elegia … scripta anno M.D.XXII; a4v–b2v In mortem divi Friderici principis electoris epicedion; b2v–c1r In mortem Guilielmi Neseni, qui in traiectu Albis fluvii periit, epicedion; c1r–c4r Ex Idylliis de contemptu literarum ad Philippum Melanchthonem querela; c4r colophon; c4v blank Catchwords: None Running titles: None Location: Chicago, Newberry Library Call number: Case E 5 .F 8758

The copies in Munich, UB (4o P. lat. rec. 911/4), and Berlin, SB (2 in: Ag 523), were available to me in xeroxed form.19 I have also consulted digital facsimiles of the copies in Halle, ULB (Pon Vc 1848, QK), and Vienna, ÖNB (*44.g.33), both of which can be accessed via VD 16, no. E 1445. There are further copies in Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett (with attached four-page pamphlet, published in May 1527; see pp. 180–184 above); Bretten, Bibliothek des Melanchthonhauses; Budapest, National Széchényi Library; Cambridge, MA, Harvard University,

18 19

Eobanus’s tributes to him. See Melanchthon, Ep. 494, ll. 79–81: “Eobano gratias ago amplissimis verbis, quod me suo carmine ornarit, ad quem per ocium et ipse scribam.” The promised letter is not extant. For an edited text and translation of the liminary epigram, see Epic., app. 1, in Dichtungen, 3:174–175. A second copy in Berlin, SB (4″ Xc 8452), now lost, was personally inscribed to Chancellor Johann Feige: “Hessus S. Cancellario suo .d.d.” See Krause, HEH, 2:18, n. 1, with further bibliographical description.

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Houghton Library; Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland; Eichstätt, UB; Jena, Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek; Strasbourg, BNU; Trier, Stadtbibliothek.20 Two Encomia from the Forthcoming Idyls By November 1526, Eobanus appears to have abandoned the plan of having his Idyls printed with Johann Setzer and was expecting the book to come out the following summer in Nuremberg.21 When this hope failed, he settled instead for publishing two more idyls from the forthcoming book, both of them encomia: the first of Philip of Hesse (Idyl. 13), the second of Nuremberg (Idyl. 16). With a liminary epigram by Johann Alexander Brassicanus (1500–1539), a professor at the University of Vienna since 1524 and by now a regular correspondent with Eobanus, the booklet was published at Nuremberg by Johann Petreius in ca. early June 1527:22 b (1527) EX IDYLLIIS | EOBANI HESSI ENCOMIA DVO, | Vrbis Norenbergæ, & | Illuſtr. Philippi Heſſorū Principis. | IO. ALEXANDER BRASSICANVS. | Regum erat hoc olim ſtudijs prodeſſe beatis, | Tollere & ingenua pectora docta fide. | Nunc laudē hanc ſolidā ſibi uendicat ille Senatus | Noricus, ingenijs pulchra trophea parans. | Colophon: Collation: 20

21

22

IO. PETREIVS EXCVDEBAT | ANNO M. D. XXVII. | 4o: [A]6 [4 signed], 6 leaves

An unidentified copy was personally inscribed to Lazarus Spengler, with the epigram: “Accipe parva libens, quia, si hec parva probaris, / Lazare, tam parvis arduiora feres.” The copy was offered for sale in Paris in 1861. See “Catalogue raisonné de livres anciens, rares, curieux qui se trouvent en vente à la librairie de J. Techener (Avril-Mai 1861),” in Bulletin du bibliophile et du bibliothécaire, quinzième série (Paris, 1861), 223, no. 157. See letter of 13 November 1526 to Johann Gröningen in Epp. 1, sig. Q1r: “Urbis situs, pulchritudo, amoenitas, splendor, humanitas demum, omnia sic perplacuere ut nuper ἐγκώμιον scripserim, quod videbis aestate futura, si vivam, una cum Idylliis nostris, quae hic exprimentur.” For this date, cf. Epp. 1, sig. Q2v, letter of 13 June 1527 to Johann Gröningen, where Eobanus says he has already sent Gröningen a copy of the just printed booklet. He presented a further copy to Willibald Pirckheimer; see headnote to Idyl. 16 (p. 776 below). He naturally also gave a copy to Hieronymus Baumgartner, with a covering verse letter, later published as Sylv. 9.2. On 22 June 1527, he asks Georg Sturtz to forward another copy to Euricius Cordus in Brunswick as soon as possible; see Epp. fam., 146. The booklet, he explains, contains one idyl written in Erfurt, the other in Nuremberg. A further copy went to Johann Lang on 23 June 1527; see Epp. fam., 77. Brassicanus’s epigram was first printed, among other epigrams by him, on p. 3 of a pamphlet headed by Dürer’s woodcut portrait of Eobanus (second state, 1527). See pp. 180–183 above (no. 6).

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Contents:

1r title page; 1v–4r Idyllion in laudem Urbis Noricae; 4v–6r Idyllion in laudem Philippi Hessorum Principis; 6r colophon; 6v blank Catchwords: On rectos and versos. Lacking on 4r Running titles: None Location: Erlangen, Universitätsbibliothek Call number: Misc. A 249

I have also consulted a digital facsimile of the copy in Vienna, ÖNB (*44.G.34), accessible via VD 16, no. E 1480, and Google Books. Further copies are located in Nuremberg, Scheurl-Bibliothek; Trier, Stadtbibliothek. First Edition of the Complete Idyls Eobanus seems to have resumed contact with Johann Setzer in the spring of 1527. At any rate, by June 22 he was looking forward to seeing the work printed by Setzer the following autumn.23 But as so often, Eobanus’s prediction proved wildly optimistic. For one, he had a hard time settling on the book’s dedicatee; for another, he insisted on first having the dedicatory letter critiqued by his “Aristarch,” Joachim Camerarius. Hence it was that he did not send the manuscript to Setzer until ca. late August 1527. The dedicatee’s name, still not determined, was to be inserted later.24 Setzer may have started printing the book over the winter, for in a letter of 8 February 1528, Eobanus tells Johann Gröningen that he expects his Idyllia to be published shortly, in time for the Easter book fair in Frankfurt.25 The work finally came out at Haguenau in August 1528—in time for the autumn fair: B (1528) [red:] HELII EO= | BANI HESSI, BVCOLICORVM | IDYLLIA XII. NVPER | [black:] anno demum decimooctauo | à prima æditione reco | gnita, ac dimi | dia plus | parte uel aucta, uel | conciʃa, atq; in ordinem ali= | um redacta. | His acceʃʃere ex recenti æditione | Idyllia Quinque. | [red:] AVTHOR DE SEIPSO. | [black: 3 elegiac distichs] Colophon:

23 24 25

HAGANOAE IOHANNES SECE= | rius excudebat. Anno. M. D. XXVIII. | Menʃe Auguʃto. | [printer’s device] |

See Epp. fam., 146, letter of 22 June 1527 to Georg Sturtz: “Idyllia mea aedentur ad futurum autumnum Haganoae per Secerium, in quibus scis, opinor, quantum tu nomen habeas.” Eobanus sent the manuscript to Setzer with the dedicatory letter, to be sure, but with the dedicatee’s name left blank. See the headnote to Idyl., 1.ded., p. 636 below. Epp. 1, sig. Q5v.

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8o: A–G8 [$5 signed],26 56 leaves A1r title page; A1v blank; A2r–A3v dedicatory letter to Willibald Pirckheimer; A4r–G6v Idyllia; G7r colophon; G7v–G8 blank Catchwords: Found on versos only. Lacking on A3v, B3v, C1v, D5v, E4v Running titles: A2v–A3v: IDYLLIORVM | DEDICATIO; A4v–G6v: IDYLLIA | EOBANI HESSI; E2v–E3r: IDYLLIA | IDYLLIA. Location: Marburg, UB Call number: 095 XVI C 374 z Collation: Contents:

The Marburg copy served as copy text for the edition of the title page and dedicatory letter of A (1.ded.). I have also seen the copy in Bamberg, SB (L.r.r.o 60/1), and Nuremberg, Stadtbibliothek (3 an Phil. 2862.8o). The following copies can be consulted online, in digital facsimile: Munich, BSB (Res/P.o.lat. 1679 b), available via VD 16, no. E 1479; Vienna, ÖNB (244017-D), available at the library’s website and via Google Books; Wrocław, University Library, available at the library’s website. There are further copies in Augsburg, Staats- und Stadtbibliothek; Berlin, SB; Chicago, Newberry Library; Haguenau, Bibliothèque municipale; Hildesheim, Dombibliothek; Karlsruhe, Badische Landesbibliothek; New Haven, Yale University Library; Nuremberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum; Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Institut de France; San Marino, The Huntington Library; Uppsala, University Library; Wolfenbüttel, HAB; Zwickau, Ratsschulbibliothek. Two Extracts from B Idyls 13 and 6 are reprinted from B as complements to Eobanus’s heroic poem saluting Philip of Hesse on his victory over the Austrians at Lauffen (Württemberg) on 13 May 1534. The booklet was published by Melchior Sachse the Elder at Erfurt in September 1534: c (1534) [red:] DE VICTORIA VVIRTEMBER= | genſi: Ad Illuſtrem & Inclytum Heroa Philippū | Heſſorum omniū: ac finitimarū aliquot gentiū: | Principē: gratulatoria Acclamatio Authore | Helio Eobano Heſſo. | [black: woodcut portrait of Landgrave Philip by Hans Brosamer; beneath it the elegiac distich:] Rebus Alexandro ſimilis: virtute Philippo | Talis poſt tria bis luſtra Philippus erat. | Colophon:

26

Erphurdiæ excudebat Melchiar Saxus Anno | M. D. XXXIIII. Menſe Septembri. |

In the other copies I have seen, sig. F1 is missigned E.

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Collation: Contents:

4o: A–D4 [$3 signed], 16 leaves A1r title page; A1v blank; A2r–A2v dedicatory letter to Johann Feige, dated 22 September 1534; A3r–C3r In victoria Wirtembergensi ad ill. et inclytum Philippum Hessorum Principem etc. gratulatoria acclamatio; C3v–D1r Ex Idyliis bucolicorum eiusdem Eobani Hessi in eundem ill. et inclytum Philippum Hessorum Principem encomion; D1v–D3r Eiusdem Eobani Bucolicorum idyllion sextum; D3v–D4r Ornatissimo ac magnifico viro, Domino Ioanni Ficino, Cancellario Hessiae, domino et patrono perpetua fide colendo suo, Eobanus Hessus S. D.; D4r Eximio viro, D. Ioanni Walthero, Iurium doctori, principali consiliario etc., amico singulari suo, Eob. H. S.; colophon; D4v woodcut portrait of Eobanus by Hans Brosamer; above the portrait is the date “Anno aetatis XLV.”; below it is the following distich: “Lustra novem numerans Eobanus tempora vitae / Hessus adhuc firmo robore talis eram.” Catchwords: On rectos and versos. Lacking on A2v. Miscatching “Tu nobis” as “Tu non” on D2v Running titles: None Location: Wolfenbüttel, Herzog August Bibliothek Call number: 48. 2 Poet./1

I have also seen the copy in Munich, UB (4o P. lat. rec. 911/3). In this copy, sig. C3 is missigned B3; the title woodcut and distich have been excised. The copy in Munich, BSB (Res/4 L.eleg.m 224#Beibd. 5) is available online in a digital facsimile via VD 16, no. E 1561. In this copy, too, sig. C3 is missigned B3. The copy in London, BL (11405.e.13), is available in a digital facsimile via Google Books. For an edition and translation of the panegyric, with illustrations, see Dichtungen, 3:501–539. There are further copies at Augsburg, Staats- und Stadtbibliothek; Cambridge, MA, Harvard University, Houghton Library; Dresden, Sächsische Landesbibliothek; Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Library; Gotha, Forschungsbibliothek; The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek; Hamburg, Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek; Jena, Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek; Kassel, UB; Marburg, UB; Oxford, Bodleian Library; Schweinfurt, Bibliothek Otto Schäfer; Strasbourg, BNU; Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek; Trier, Stadtbibliothek; Wolfenbüttel, HAB (two additional copies); Zwickau, Ratsschulbibliothek. Second Edition of the Complete Idyls Upon receiving his author’s copies of the Idyllia, Eobanus was furious with Setzer for having printed the book so wretchedly and wished he had not sent his

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Adnotationes to be published by Setzer also.27 Two years later he was still raging about the printer’s bungling: “Immortal God, what a horrible job he did publishing [my Idyls], so horrible, in fact, that he even left out entire verses, not to mention syllables and words.” Later in the same letter, he sourly adds: “How I wish he [Setzer] would not so horribly pervert whatever he publishes!”28 While the thought of bringing out a corrected edition did cross Eobanus’s mind soon after the book’s publication in 1528 (see p. 22 above), he had far too much on his plate to push the idea forward any time soon. In late August 1537, however, with his Psalterium universum out of the way, he finally had some leisure to ponder his next move.29 Clarity came a few months later. He would bring out a collection of all his major works: the Idyllia, of course, but also his Epicedia, Sylvae, Heroides, Some Rules for Preserving Good Health, and so forth. The volume would ideally be published in Marburg, provided he could find a sensible, reliable printer there.30 But with no such printer to be found, Eobanus sent the manuscript to Peter Braubach, who had taken over Setzer’s press after the latter’s death in 1532 and then moved the business to Schwäbisch Hall in 1536. Divided into two parts, the volume came out in the early spring of 1539:31 O (1539) OPERVM FARRAGINES DVAE, part 1, sigs. a2r–g7r. For a bibliographical description, see Poetic Works, 2:52–54. The 1539 version of the Bucolicorum idyllia is the basis for the present edition, with the copy in Wolfenbüttel, HAB (143 Poetica), serving as copy text.32 The book was reprinted at Frankfurt am Main in 1549 and 1564. 27 28

29

30 31 32

See Epp. fam., 224–225, letter of 31 October 1528 to Veit Dietrich. The 1528 edition is every bit as carelessly printed as Eobanus says it is. See Epp. 2, sig. C1r–v, letter of 23 January 1531 to Euricius Cordus: “existimo et te aliqua mearum nugarum vidisse, cum et Secerius quaedam corruperit verius quam excuderit. Inter quae mea Idyllia, Deum immortalem, quam pravata edidit, sic ut integros etiam versus, nedum syllabas aut dictiones, omiserit .... Utinam autem quicquid edet non depravet tantum!” In Epp. 1, sig. N1v, letter of 29 August 1537 to Joachim Camerarius, Eobanus says that he is planning a new edition of his bucolics, to be published in Marburg with a different dedicatee. Epp. fam., 164, letter of 8 November 1537 to Johann Feige. For this date, see Epp. 1, sig. S5r, letter of 14 April 1539 to Johann Gröningen, a covering letter for a newly printed copy of the Farragines. The Wolfenbüttel copy contains several printing errors that are corrected in other copies of O. For such stop-press corrections, see the critical apparatus. For the other copies consulted, see pp. 27–28 above.

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For the new edition, Eobanus made several notable changes: The dedicatory letter to Willibald Pirckheimer is replaced with one to the Hessian Chancellor Johann Feige. Apart from the dedicatee’s names and personal details, most of the old letter is retained in the 1539 version. Eobanus does append a new section explaining that he was forced to change dedicatees because the (now deceased) Nuremberg patrician had stoutly refused to acknowledge the poet’s homage in the 1528 edition.33 2. Each of the first twelve idyls, mostly allegorical in character, is introduced by an “argument” providing essential background information. Also added are numerous explanatory sidenotes.34 3. The concluding five idyls are rearranged. The strictly chronological arrangement of B has been abandoned. Because Eobanus by this time is back in his homeland of Hesse, he strategically moves the encomium of Landgrave Philip from the middle of the original series (no. 15) to the start of the new series (Idyl. 13), where it would command immediate attention. The idyl addressed to Melanchthon remains as Idyl. 14. It is immediately followed by the adaptation of Theocritus’s “The Cyclops” (Idyl. 15). The last two poems are now a study in contrasts: the encomium of Nuremberg, formerly at the book’s end, occupies the penultimate position in the 1539 edition (Idyl. 16). The idyl on the collapse of the University of Erfurt, which originally stood at the head of the series (no. 13), now concludes the book (Idyl. 17). The new arrangement thus highlights the arc of 1.

33

34

Pirckheimer finally explained his silence in ca. mid-October 1530, but only after Eobanus had pressed him in a letter of 8 October 1530. See Willibald Pirckheimers Briefwechsel, vol. 7, ed. Helga Scheible (Munich, 2009), nos. 1322 and 1323, pp. 412–419. Cf. Krause, HEH, 2:77– 79. Pace Trine A. Hass, “Changing Metatexts and Changing Poetic Ideals,” in Karl A.E. Enenkel, ed., Transformations of the Classics via Early Modern Commentaries (Leiden, 2014), 51, Eobanus’s authorship of the arguments and sidenotes is beyond doubt. For who but Eobanus could have written them? Who else would have inserted them in his collected works? Notice the work’s subtitle in O: “Already for the third time revised by the author … and now for the first time elucidated with arguments and annotations that may serve as commentary.” To buttress her claim that the arguments and sidenotes point to someone other than Eobanus, Hass remarks that these texts speak of the poet in the third person. But avoidance of the first person singular is a conventional form of rhetorical modesty in humanistic texts, including Eobanus’s. See, for example, the sidenote at Eob. Hod. 271: “Musam revocat ad propositum”; title of Eleg. 3, as printed on the booklet’s title page: “In invidum, quo intentatae calumniae respondet”; Sylv. 1.12: “Ad amicum, cur vocetur Helius”; 2.29, “Cur vocetur Rex.” Notice that Eobanus does use the first person singular to voice a personal opinion (“existimo”) at Idyl. 3, arg. 1, and Idyl. 10, arg. 2. He uses the editorial “we” at Idyl. 4, arg. 2 (“diximus”).

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Eobanus’s career at Erfurt: the university’s allure, depicted in vivid colors in the opening bucolics (Idyl. 1–3), collapses in the tragic vision of Idyl. 17. On 3 May 1539 Eobanus sent an unbound copy of the Farragines to his friend Johann Meckbach, personal physician to Landgrave Philip, asking him to present the book to the prince, for it contains not only the panegyric on Philip’s victory at Lauffen in 1534 (De victoria Wirtembergensi) but also the encomium for him (Idyl. 13) and the pastoral eulogy for his father William II (Idyl. 6).35 Around the same time he sent a copy to the dedicatee Johann Feige, with the same request. Receiving no reply from Feige, Eobanus followed up on May 21: he hopes that the Hessian chancellor has found the dedication to his liking and then asks him to commend him to the landgrave, on account of the two idyls in which the prince figures so prominently.36 Partial Reprint of O The 1539 edition of Bucolicorum idyllia was partially reprinted in En habes, lector, bucolicorum autores XXXVIII, quotquot videlicet a Vergilii aetate ad nostra usque tempora eo poematis genere usos sedulo inquirentes nancisci in praesentia licuit … (Basel: Johann Oporinus, 1546), 510–598. In this anthology, compiled by Erasmus’s former secretary Gilbert Cousin (1506–1572), Eobanus’s dedicatory letter, arguments, and sidenotes are omitted; each idyl is introduced as an “ecloga.” Introduced by a letter from the publisher, the volume opens with bucolics by Calpurnius, Nemesianus, and Ausonius and continues with a wide range of Neo-Latin pastoralists, including Giovanni Pontano, Francesco Petrarca, Baptista Mantuanus, Fausto Andrelini, Euricius Cordus, Jacopo Sannazaro, Erasmus of Rotterdam, Marco Girolamo Vida, Janus Secundus, Eobanus Hessus, Giovanni Boccaccio, Joachim Camerarius, Johann Stigel, and Georg Sabinus. Modern Partial Edition of O A partial edition of the idyls as revised in O can be found in Horst Witeschnik, “Die Idyllendichtung des Helius Eobanus Hessus” (PhD thesis, University of Vienna, 1972). Following a brief introduction, the author gives a transcription of the first twelve idyls only, with the introductory arguments but minus the dedicatory letter and marginalia. Added are a German translation, some notes explaining proper names in the text, a paraphrastic analysis, and a (quite incomplete) critical apparatus. 35 36

See Epp. fam., 190. See Epp. fam., 166.

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Editorial Note The present edition is based on the revised and augmented edition as given in O. Where required, I abbreviate and standardize the names in the speech prefixes. The critical apparatus offers the variants of A, but only for the corresponding texts in the first twelve idyls. Printing errors in A that are corrected in the errata list (sig. G4v) are not noted in the apparatus criticus here. For a full text of A, including the work’s dedicatory letter, Buc. 11, and appended poems, see Poetic Works, 1:272–381.

Conspectus Siglorum A Bucolicon (Erfurt: Johann Knappe the Elder, 1509) B Bucolicorum idyllia XII .... His accessere ex recenti aeditione idyllia quinque (Haguenau: Johann Setzer, 1528) O Bucolicorum idyllia XVII, in Operum farragines duae (Schwäbisch Hall: [Peter Braubach,] 1539) a Ad illustrissimum Principem Ioannem Fridericum, Ducem Saxoniae … (Nuremberg: Friedrich Peypus, 1526) b Ex Idylliis encomia duo (Nuremberg: Johann Petreius, 1527) c De victoria VVirtembergensi (Erfurt: Melchior Sachse the Elder, 1534)

TEXT AND TRANSLATION

Title page and dedicatory letter in the first revised edition (Haguenau, 1528) A1r

[B] Helii Eobani Hessi BUCOLICORUM IDYLLIA XII nuper anno demum decimooctavo a prima aeditione recognita ac dimidia plus parte vel aucta vel concisa atque in ordinem alium redacta. His accessere ex recenti aeditione idyllia quinque.

AUTHOR DE SEIPSO

5

Rustica quem Siculi delectat Musa poetae, Cui placet Andinas Tityrus inter oves, Sive quid ulterius, vatum studiose, requiris, Me quoque fer Latii ruris habere locum. Primus Teutonico pavi pecus orbe Latinum, Sive ea fama aliquid, sive ea fama nihil.

Title page and dedicatory letter in the first revised edition (Haguenau, 1528) Helius Eobanus Hessus TWELVE BUCOLIC IDYLS only just now, in the eighteenth year after the first edition, revised and over half either expanded or split up and arranged in a different order. To these are added five idyls of recent composition.

THE AUTHOR ABOUT HIMSELF If the rustic Muse of the Sicilian poet delights you, if Tityrus charms you amidst his Mantuan sheep,1 or if any of you devotees of poetry are hankering for something else, put up with me as I too take my place in the Latin countryside. I am the first to pasture a Latin flock on German soil, whether that counts for something or not.2

1 The ancient pastoralists Theocritus of Syracuse and Vergil of Mantua. 2 While not the first German to try his hand at bucolics, Eobanus could rightly claim to be the first to have written an entire flock of them.

AD CLARISSIMUM VIRUM, D. BILIBALDUM PIRCAIMERUM, PATRICIUM AC CONSULAREM NORIBERGENSEM, ETC., EOBANI HESSI IDYLLIORUM DEDICATIO

A2r

5

10

15 A2v

20

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Cum tua non uno virtus, Bilibalde, feratur Nomine, Pieria vivere digne cheli, Cum tua certatim populi praeconia linguae Laudibus aeternis hic et ubique vehant, Cum (si vera fides populari adhibenda favori est) Multorum laudes unus habere queas— Et merito, cum sis tam multa dote beatus, Non est de meritis fama maligna tuis— Docte (quis hoc nescit?) quantum vel scire necesse est Vel quenquam credi perdidicisse queat, Dignus honorata mihi visus es esse Camoena Quae victura tuum nomen in astra levet. Quam mihi difficilis quoniam natura negabat Nec satis ingenii vena benigna fuit, Officio volui praestare quod arte nequibam. Illius haec instar, huius et illud habet. Ergo mihi Andino cantata idyllia versu Munus amicitiae fer, precor, esse meae. Fer, precor, ista suis dignissima carmina sylvis Tuta patrocinio nominis esse tui. Illa tuae siquidem famae monumenta dicamus In quae Parca nihil iuris habere queat, Accipe florentis lusum, Bilibalde, iuventae, Accipe et aetatis iam gravioris opus. Lusimus illa quidem partim iuvenilibus annis Quae nunc bisseno carmine secta manent. Bis duo lustra, duas messes, mea vita peregit, Quo toga sylvestris tempore sumpta mihi est. Nunc eadem octavi tangit confinia lustri, Istis adiicimus quae nova scripta vides. Haec tamen hoc illis distant, quod grandius audent Nec modo bucolicum concinuisse melos

1.Ded. B. Cf. 2.ded.

14 fuit BO: fiat Scheible.

TO THAT MOST RENOWNED MAN, MR. WILLIBALD PIRCKHEIMER, PATRICIAN AND COUNCILOR OF NUREMBERG, ETC.,3 DEDICATION OF EOBANUS HESSUS’S IDYLS Seeing that your preeminence is celebrated on more than one account, Willibald, worthy as you are of being immortalized by the Muses’ lyre; seeing that the tongues of people here and everywhere vie to exalt you with perpetual praises; seeing that you (if we may give true credence to popular favor) can singly command the praises of the many—and rightly too, because you are blessed with such manifold gifts that fame will speak no ill of your merits; erudite (who does not know this?) in every branch of needful knowledge, [10] learned beyond all belief: you appeared to me deserving of a respected Muse that might raise your name to the eternal stars. Inasmuch as nature has obdurately denied me that ability and the vein of my talent is not generous enough, I have sought to perform by duty what I could not by art. The former must double for the latter, the latter for the former. Come then, take these idyls of mine, sung in Vergilian measures, as a gift of my friendship, I beseech you. Keep these poems, I beseech you— the ones most worthy of their woodlands—[20] safe under the protection of your name. Since I dedicate them to your renown as monuments over which Fate can have no claim, Willibald, accept the trifles of my blossoming youth; accept, too, the work of my now more advanced age. Indeed, it was in my younger years that I playfully wrote much of what is now divided into twelve poems. My life had attained two decades, plus two harvests, when I donned the shepherd’s cloak.4 Now that it touches the confines of the fourth decade, [30] I have added to the earlier ones the new writings you see. The latter, however, differ from the former in that they venture to sing a grander strain, not just bucolic ditties, and having left their woods, to visit cities and

3 On the Nuremberg patrician humanist Willibald Pirckheimer (1470–1530), see n. 110 at Camerarius, Nar. 24.7 (1:71). 4 When he published his Bucolicon in 1509, Eobanus was actually twenty-one years old, not twenty-two as he then believed; cf. Buc. 8.92; 9.9–10/Idyl. 6.9–10; Her. Chr. 24.109–110. He did not realize his error until the early 1530s; see n. 13 at Camerarius, Nar. 5.15 (1:21).

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Egressaeque suis urbes invisere sylvis Tangere et agresti regia tecta pede, Non tamen oblitae caulas liquisse nec ultra Quam deceat populo rustica verba loqui. His plura adiiciam, faveant modo tempora Parcae, Et si nil aliud, certe ego pastor ero. Sic tamen, ut sylvas, ut nunc quoque, saepe perosus, Inveniam reges inter et arma locum. Forsan erunt qui nos legem servasse negabunt Carminis, exemplo nec potuisse trahi. Nulla meas poterit terrere calumnia Musas, Quo minus efficiant quod meditantur opus. Attamen exemplis si res fuit ista tuenda, Aspice quam invidia culpa sit ista minor. Duxit in insuetas Romana palatia sylvas, Itala qui Phrygium vexit in arva ducem. Ipse Syracusia praelatus arundine pastor Reges lanigeras concinit inter oves. Alterius, linquens Arethusia flumina, summum Sicelis Ausonidum pingit arundo ducem. Me quoque conantem paulo maiora poetis Aemula posteritas, quae tulit ista, feret. Sicut enim illorum quondam nova sera sequuta est, Sic mea posteritas me quoque sera manet. Ergo age, digne mea multo meliore Camoena, Accipe bucolico carmina facta pede. Quae si quando leges et quae prior aedidit aetas Et quae posterior, cautus ubique leges Ne prior offendat nimios quod cantat amores Et ne posterior quod nimis alta sapit. Sed quoniam ratio tibi reddita sufficit huius, Nunc etiam alterius causa tuenda venit. Multa meo, fateor, Venus est in carmine, verum Quam ferat aut aetas aut rude carmen amet. Quis non aetati iuvenili indulgeat istis Lusibus et casto forsan amore frui?

45 fuit BO: fiat Scheible. 47 Romana palatia O: Roma palitia B, Roma palilia Scheible (contra metrum et sensum). 52 Sicelis O: Saeclis B. 60 cautus O: cantus B.

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reach the royal palace with rustic step, never forgetting, however, that they have left their sheepfolds and must not speak beyond the rural idiom appropriate for countryfolk. To these poems I hope to add others, should the Fates grant me time; and if nothing else, I will at least be a shepherd. In this way, even while often (as now) loathing the woodlands, [40] I will still find a place among kings and arms. Perhaps there will be those who will claim that I have neglected the rules of the genre and have no precedents to point to. Quibbling criticism will never manage to deter my Muses from composing a work they have in mind. But if the matter at hand must indeed be defended with precedents, look how my supposed fault pales next to that piece of spite! The poet who introduced the palace of Rome into the unfamiliar woodlands is the very one who also brought the Trojan leader to Italy.5 As for the shepherd famed for his Syracusan flute, [50] he himself sang of kings among the woolly sheep.6 Yet another, leaving the Arethusian streams, played the Sicilian reed to depict the supreme leader of Rome.7 As I, too, attempt somewhat more exalted themes, that emulator of poets, posterity, will approve of me exactly as it has approved of those earlier works. For just as their once recent posterity followed them eventually, so my posterity will ultimately await me too. Well then, deserving of a far better Muse than mine, do accept these poems composed in bucolic verse. If ever you read them, the ones published in my youth [60] as well as those written later, read them throughout with due caution lest the earlier ones give offense because they sing of a love too passionate, and the more recent ones because they sound too lofty a note. But since you will be content with my explanation for the latter, I now also come to my justification for the former. In my poem, I acknowledge, Venus does loom large, but in a way that befits youth and is congenial to roughhewn verse. Who would not let young people indulge in those amorous sports and even, perhaps, chaste love? Who would not tolerate such trifles

5 The poet alluded to is Vergil. His pastorals were traditionally interpreted allegorically. In the fifth eclogue, for example, the apotheosis of Daphnis was thought to refer to Julius Caesar; cf. Eob. Idyl. 6, arg. 1. Vergil’s Aeneid tells the story of the Trojan hero Aeneas, who escaped from Troy and founded a new kingdom in Italy. 6 Theocritus’s sixteenth idyl praises Hieron II of Syracuse. The seventeenth idyl is a panegyric of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. 7 In other words: the Roman pastoralist T. Calpurnius Siculus took his inspiration from Theocritus of Syracuse in Sicily. Of his seven eclogues, the first, fourth, and seventh praise Emperor Nero.

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Quis non bucolico ferat has in carmine nugas, Quo nullum vena simpliciore fluit? Non tamen hic aliquem frustra cantamus Alexim. Igne puellari carmina nostra calent. Adde quod inculti non sunt nisi ludicra versus, In quibus est praeter septa bovesque nihil. In quibus ut ludis iuvenilibus omnia constant, Sic Venus est iuvenum mollibus apta iocis. Dixeris, “At quandam iam nunc quoque ludis Iolen, Mollis et in quadam parte puella tibi est.” Da veniam! Non hic nostri cantantur amores. Sunt ea Sicanii carmina vatis opus. Plura etiam his dici poterant, quibus ista fuisset Iudicibus Musis caussa peracta satis. Sed mihi non libuit plus quam licet esse diserto, Caussa quod haec agitur non aliena mihi. Quam si forsan iners urgebit, ut omnia, Livor, Rem non cum pueris sentiet esse sibi. Quod superest, tibi pastores, Bilibalde, dicatos Quaque fide debes adsere quaque potes.

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in bucolic song, [70] than which nothing flows in a simpler vein? All the same, I am not hopelessly serenading some Alexis here.8 My poems are fired with love for girls. Besides, country verses, in which there is nothing beyond sheepfolds and cows, are really little more than amusements. Everything in them consists of youthful flirtations, for Venus is suited to the tender dalliances of youth. You might object: “But even now you sing of a certain Iole, and to some extent you are sweet on that girl!” Pardon me! It is not my love that is sung there. [80] That poem is the work of the Sicilian bard.9 To these arguments I could add many more that would suffice to clinch this case in the Muses’ court. But I have no desire to be more eloquent than I ought, given that I am pleading my own case. If indolent Envy should happen to beset it, as everything else, he will find out that he is not dealing with boys. It remains for you, Willibald, to defend the shepherds dedicated to you, both as loyally as you ought and as faithfully as you can.

8 Unlike Vergil, who sang how Corydon vainly wooed Alexis in Ecl. 2, Eobanus will not celebrate love for boys, only for girls. 9 In Idyl. 15, the shepherd Eurytus sings of his unrequited love for Iole. The poem is modeled on Theocritus’s eleventh idyl, “The Cyclops.”

illustration 16 Portrait of Willibald Pirckheimer. Engraving by Albrecht Dürer (1524) British Museum, London (Museum No.: E,3.34). Photo © The Trustees of the British Museum

illustration 17 Portrait thought to be of Johann Feige of Lichtenau. Oil painting by Lukas Cranach (early 1530s?) The National Gallery, London (Inventory no.: NG1925)

[O] Helii Eobani Hessi BUCOLICORUM IDYLLIA XVII iam tertium ab autore summa diligentia recognita et nunc primum argumentis et annotationibus quae pro commentario esse possint illustrata

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AD CLARISSIMUM VIRUM, D. IOANNEM FICINUM AB LICHTENAVIA, ILLUSTRIS PHILIPPI HESSORUM PRINCIPIS, ETC., A LIBELLIS ET CONSILIIS, SUPREMUM PATRONUM ET AMICUM INCOMPARABILEM SUUM, HELII EOBANI HESSI BUCOLICORUM DEDICATIO

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Cum sit non tantum patrias, Ficine, per urbes Cognita virtutis prodiga fama tuae, Cum tua certatim populi praeconia linguae Laudibus aeternis hic et ubique vehant, Cum (si vera fides populari adhibenda favori est) Multorum laudes unus habere queas— Et merito, cum sis tam multa dote beatus, Non est de meritis fama maligna tuis— Dignus honorata mihi visus es esse Camoena Quae victura tuum nomen in astra levet. Quam mihi difficilis quoniam natura negavit Nec satis ingenii vena benigna fuit, Officio volui praestare quod arte nequibam. Illius haec instar, huius et illud habet. Ergo mihi Andino cantata idyllia versu Munus amicitiae fer, precor, esse meae.

2.Ded. O. Cf. 1.ded. Tit. Ioannem Ficinum—incomparabilem suum O: Bilibaldum Pircaimerum, patricium ac consularem Noribergensem etc. B. 1–2 Cum sit—fama tuae O: Cum tua non uno virtus, Bilibalde, feratur / Nomine, Pieria vivere digne cheli B. Post 8 Docte (quis hoc nescit?) quantum vel scire necesse est / Vel quenquam credi perdidicisse queat, B, om. O. 11 negavit O: negabat B.

Helius Eobanus Hessus SEVENTEEN BUCOLIC IDYLS already for the third time revised by the author with utmost diligence and now for the first time elucidated with arguments and annotations that may serve as commentary

TO THAT MOST RENOWNED MAN, MR. JOHANN FEIGE OF LICHTENAU, SECRETARY AND CHANCELLOR TO THE ILLUSTRIOUS PHILIP, PRINCE OF HESSE, ETC., HIS SUPREME PATRON AND INCOMPARABLE FRIEND,10 DEDICATION OF HELIUS EOBANUS HESSUS’S BUCOLICS Seeing that the prodigal fame of your preeminence, Feige, is known far beyond the towns of your homeland; seeing that the tongues of people here and everywhere vie to exalt you with perpetual praises; seeing that you (if we may give true credence to popular favor) can singly command the praises of the many—and rightly too, because you are blessed with such manifold gifts that fame will speak no ill of your merits—[10] you appeared to me deserving of a respected Muse that might raise your name to the eternal stars. Inasmuch as nature has obdurately denied me that ability and the vein of my talent is not generous enough, I have sought to perform by duty what I could not by art. The former must double for the latter, the latter for the former. Come then, take these idyls of mine, sung in Vergilian measures, as a gift of my friendship, I beseech you. Keep these poems, I beseech you—the ones most worthy of their woodlands—safe under the pro10

Because Willibald Pirckheimer stubbornly refused to acknowledge Eobanus’s gesture of dedicating the 1528 edition to him, the poet replaces him here with the Hessian Chancellor Johann Feige (1482–1543). Feige matriculated at Erfurt in the autumn of 1501 and graduated BA in 1503. Thereafter he studied Roman and canon law. Returning to Hesse in 1504, he became chancery secretary to Landgrave William II. Appointed chancellor in 1514 by Anna, the mother of Landgrave Philip, Feige held that position continuously until late 1542. After the collapse of the University of Erfurt made it advisable to look for new patrons, Eobanus was in regular contact with Feige. The first extant correspondence between them dates from 3 November 1522; see Epp. fam. 4–5. See further Walter Heinemeyer, Johann Feige von Lichtenau: Kanzler des Landgrafen Philipp— Kanzler der Philipps-Universität Marburg (Marburg, 1982); reprinted in Heinemeyer, Philipp der Großmütige und die Reformation in Hessen: Gesammelte Aufsätze zur hessischen Reformationsgeschichte, ed. Hans-Peter Lachmann, Hans Schneider, and Fritz Wolff (Marburg, 1997), 138–153.

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Fer, precor, ista suis dignissima carmina sylvis Tuta patrocinio nominis esse tui. Illa tuae siquidem famae monumenta dicamus In quae Parca nihil iuris habere queat, Accipe florentis lusum, Ficine, Thaliae, Accipe et aetatis iam gravioris opus. Lusimus illa quidem partim iuvenilibus annis Quae nunc bisseno carmine secta manent. Bis duo lustra, duas messes, mea vita peregit, Quo toga sylvestris tempore sumpta mihi est. Nunc eadem decimi tangit confinia lustri, Istis adiicimus quae nova scripta vides. Haec tamen hoc illis distant, quod grandius audent Nec modo bucolicum concinuisse melos Egressaeque suis urbeis invisere sylvis Tangere et agresti regia tecta pede, Non tamen oblitae caulas liquisse nec ultra Quam deceat populo rustica verba loqui. His plura adiiciam, faveant modo tempora Parcae, Et si nil aliud, certe ego pastor ero. Sic tamen, ut sylvas, ut nunc quoque, saepe perosus, Inveniam reges inter et arma locum. Forsan erunt qui nos legem servasse negabunt Carminis, exemplo nec potuisse trahi. Nulla meas poterit terrere calumnia Musas, Quo minus efficiant quod meditantur opus. Attamen exemplis si res fuit ista tuenda, Aspice quam invidia culpa sit ista minor. Duxit in insuetas Romana palatia sylvas, Itala qui Phrygium vexit in arva ducem. Ipse Syracusia praelatus arundine pastor Reges lanigeras concinit inter oves. Alterius, linquens Arethusia flumina, summum Sicelis Ausonium pingit arundo ducem. Me quoque conantem paulo maiora poetis

Anno suae aetatis XXII.

Theocritus. T. Calphurnius.

21 Ficine, Thaliae O: Bilibalde, iuventae B. 27 decimi O: octavi B. 35 tempora B: tempore O. 37 tamen ut B: tamen et O. 39 erunt B: erant O. 45 Romana O: Roma B. 50 Sicelis Ausonium O: Saeclis Ausonidum B.

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tection of your name. Since I dedicate them to your renown as monuments [20] over which Fate can have no claim, Feige, accept the trifles of my blossoming Muse; accept, too, the work of my now more advanced age. Indeed, it was in my younger years that I playfully wrote much of what is now divided into twelve poems. My life had attained two decades, plus two harvests, when I donned the shepherd’s cloak.11 Now that it touches the confines of the fifth decade, I have added to the earlier ones the new writings you see. The latter, however, differ from the former in that they venture to sing a grander strain, [30] not just bucolic ditties, and having left their woods, to visit cities and reach the royal palace with rustic step, never forgetting, however, that they have left their sheepfolds and must not speak beyond the rural idiom appropriate for countryfolk. To these poems I hope to add others, should the Fates grant me time; and if nothing else, I will at least be a shepherd. In this way, even while often (as now) loathing the woodlands, I will still find a place among kings and arms. Perhaps there will be those who will claim that I have neglected the rules [40] of the genre and have no precedents to point to. Quibbling criticism will never manage to deter my Muses from composing a work they have in mind. But if the matter at hand must indeed be defended with precedents, look how my supposed fault pales next to that piece of spite! The poet who introduced the palace of Rome into the unfamiliar woodlands is the very one who also brought the Trojan leader to Italy.12 As for the shepherd famed for his Syracusan flute, he himself sang of kings among the woolly sheep.13 Yet another, leaving the Arethusian streams, played the Sicilian reed to depict the [50] supreme leader of Rome.14 As I, too, attempt somewhat more exalted 11

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At age twenty-two.

Theocritus. T. Calpurnius.

When he published his Bucolicon in 1509, Eobanus was actually twenty-one years old, not twenty-two as he then believed; cf. Buc. 8.92; 9.9–10/Idyl. 6.9–10; Her. Chr. 24.109– 110. He did not realize his error until the early 1530s; see n. 13 at Camerarius, Nar. 5.15 (1:21). Though he corrects the age reference at Her. 3.9.58, he lets it stand (or overlooks it) here and at Idyl. 6.3. The poet alluded to is Vergil. His pastorals were traditionally interpreted allegorically. In the fifth eclogue, for example, the apotheosis of Daphnis was thought to refer to Julius Caesar; cf. Eob. Idyl. 6, arg. 1. Vergil’s Aeneid tells the story of the Trojan hero Aeneas, who escaped from Troy and founded a new kingdom in Italy. Theocritus’s sixteenth idyl praises Hieron II of Syracuse. The seventeenth idyl is a panegyric of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. In other words: the Roman pastoralist T. Calpurnius Siculus took his inspiration from Theocritus of Syracuse in Sicily. Of his seven eclogues, the first, fourth, and seventh praise Emperor Nero.

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Aemula posteritas, quae tulit ista, feret. Sicut enim illorum quondam nova sera sequuta est, Sic mea posteritas me quoque sera manet. Ergo age, digne mea multo meliore Camoena, Accipe bucolico carmina facta pede. Quae si quando leges et quae prior aedidit aetas Et quae posterior, cautus ubique leges Ne prior offendat nimios quod cantat amores Et ne posterior quod nimis alta sapit. Sed quoniam ratio tibi reddita sufficit huius, Nunc etiam alterius causa tuenda venit. Multa meo, fateor, Venus est in carmine, verum Quam ferat aut aetas aut rude carmen amet. Quis non aetati iuvenili indulgeat istis Lusibus et casto forsan amore frui? Quis non bucolico ferat has in carmine nugas, Quo nullum vena simpliciore fluit? Non tamen hic aliquem frustra cantamus Alexim. Igne puellari carmina nostra calent. Adde quod inculti non sunt nisi ludicra versus, In quibus est praeter septa bovesque nihil. In quibus ut ludis iuvenilibus omnia constant, Sic Venus est iuvenum mollibus apta iocis. Dixeris, “At quandam iam nunc quoque ludis Iolen, Mollis et in quadam parte puella tibi est.” Da veniam! Non hic nostri cantantur amores. Sunt ea Sicanii carmina vatis opus. Plura etiam his dici poterant, quibus ista fuisset Iudicibus Musis causa peracta satis. Sed mihi non libuit plus quam licet esse diserto, Causa quod haec agitur non aliena mihi. Quam si forsan edax urgebit, ut omnia, Livor, Rem non cum pueris sentiet esse sibi. Tu, Ficine, tuae gentis decus, ista videbis Si quando a curis ocia liber ages.

58 cautus O: cantus B.

83 edax O: iners B.

Cyclopem Theocriti dicit.

85–112 Tu, Ficine—habere mei. add. O.

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themes, that emulator of poets, posterity, will approve of me just as it has approved of those earlier works. For just as their once recent posterity followed them eventually, so my posterity will ultimately await me too. Well then, deserving of a far better Muse than mine, do accept these poems composed in bucolic verse. If ever you read them, the ones published in my youth as well as those written later, read them throughout with due caution lest the earlier ones give offense because they sing of a love too passionate, [60] and the more recent ones because they sound too lofty a note. But since you will be content with my explanation for the latter, I now also come to my justification for the former. In my poem, I acknowledge, Venus does loom large, but in a way that befits youth and is congenial to rough-hewn verse. Who would not let young people indulge in those amorous sports and even, perhaps, chaste love? Who would not tolerate such trifles in bucolic song, than which nothing flows in a simpler vein? All the same, I am not hopelessly serenading some Alexis here.15 [70] My poems are fired with love for girls. Besides, country verses, in which there is nothing beyond sheepfolds and cows, are really little more than amusements. Everything in them consists of youthful flirtations, for Venus is suited to the tender dalliances of youth. You might object: “But even now you sing of a certain Iole, and to some extent you are sweet on that girl!” Pardon me! It is not my love that is sung there. That poem is the work of the Sicilian bard.16 To these arguments I could add many more that would [80] suffice to clinch this case in the Muses’ court. But I have no desire to be more eloquent than I ought, given that I am pleading my own case. If gnawing Envy should happen to beset it, as everything else, he will find out that he is not dealing with boys. Feige, ornament of your family, you will take a look at these poems if ever you have some time off from the cares of state. Free from the

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He means Theocritus’s “The Cyclops.”

Unlike Vergil, who sang how Corydon vainly wooed Alexis in Ecl. 2, Eobanus will not celebrate love for boys, only for girls. In Idyl. 15, the shepherd Eurytus sings of his unrequited love for Iole. The poem is modeled on Theocritus’s eleventh idyl, “The Cyclops.”

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Liber ab illustris curarum mole Philippi, Quod tibi tam raro vix datur, ista leges. Illius ista legens mirabere utrumque parentem. Ipsius hic cernes dulce genethliacon. Nam patri indidimus laudati nomen Iolae. Mater, ut agnoscas, est Galatea mihi. Sic ego tum magni Guilielmi facta canebam Mille locis, isto tempore pene puer. Ipsius hic etiam agnosces encomia, quem nunc Gaudet habere suum patria nostra ducem. Quae nunc aucta magis feci virtutibus aucto Principe qui laudes temporis huius habet. Quem mea iam talem depinxit Musa Philippum, Qualia Pelidae, Maeoni, facta canis. Sunt tamen haec alio nobis cantata libello. Fistula pastores, non tuba rauca, decet. Qui labor ingrato quoniam fuit ante dicatus, Gratior hoc nobis inveniendus erat. Quem cum te primis sensissem semper ab annis, Fama dari merito debuit ista tibi. Non tamen haec ulli sic sunt inscripta nec unquam Qualia nunc cernis scripta fuere prius. Haec igitur nulli potius, Ficine, dicarim Quam tibi, qui patriae tam decus huius amas. Huic ego cum dederim primi nova tempora veris, Autumni fructus debet habere mei. Quod superest, tibi pastores, Ficine, dicatos Quaque fide debes adsere quaque potes.

113 Ficine O: Bilibalde B.

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burden of administering the affairs of the illustrious Philip—a freedom so rarely granted to you—you will peruse these poems. When you do so, you will be amazed to come across both of his parents. [90] Here you will discern a sweet-sounding birthday poem for the prince himself. For to his eulogized father I gave the name of Iolas. His mother, so you will know, I call Galatea.17 That is how, on myriad occasions, I sang the exploits of the great William at a time when I was still practically a lad. Here you will also recognize an encomium of him whom our fatherland now rejoices to have as its leader.18 Now that this prince, who enjoys the acclaim of the present age, has augmented his achievements, I have augmented my encomium to include them.19 Just recently my Muse depicted this Philip in the same manner [100] as Homer sang the deeds of Achilles. However, those exploits I celebrated in a different booklet.20 It is the oaten flute, not the raucous trumpet of war, that suits shepherds. Because this work was formerly dedicated to an ingrate,21 I was obliged to find a more appreciative patron than he. As I have always, from my earliest years,22 felt you to be such a man, that glory should by rights be given to you. Nevertheless, in their current form these poems have not been dedicated to anyone else; and the work, as you see it now, is quite different from the previous version.23 Accordingly, Feige, I dedicate it to none more gladly [110] than you, as a man who deeply loves the ornament of this fatherland of ours.24 Since I offered the fresh years of my early spring to him, he also deserves to have the fruits of my autumn. It remains for you, Feige, to defend the shepherds dedicated to you, both as loyally as you ought and as faithfully as you can.

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

See Idyl. 6, a pastoral elegy for William II of Hesse, entitled “Eulogy for Iolas.” See Idyl. 13, a panegyric of Philip of Hesse, updated in the 1539 edition with the landgrave’s most recent accomplishments. In Idyl. 13.53–68, inserted in the 1539 edition. In his panegyric poem De victoria Wirtembergensi (Erfurt, 1534). Willibald Pirckheimer. If Feige and Eobanus met already at Erfurt, it must have been in the autumn of 1504, shortly after our poet matriculated there. The 1539 edition differs in significant ways from the version published in 1528. See pp. 320–321 above. Landgrave Philip of Hesse.

ARGUMENTUM PRIMI IDYLLII

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Primum suum a patria discessum describit, quo tempore iuvenis adhuc admodum ad celebre tum Erphurdiense Gymnasium studiorum gratia profectus primum praeceptorem et eundem itineris ducem habuit Ludovichum Christianum Francobergensem, in omni sincera eruditione ac pietate celebrem virum, quem iccirco hoc primo idyllio sub nomine Melisaei secum colloquentem introducit, cum seipsum Camillum vocet, ad utriusque cum naturam tum aetatem ipsorum nominum etymo alludens. 2 Neque illud forte silentio praetereundum, quod haec, quae nunc Idyllia sunt, olim sub primam aeditionem Eclogae Virgiliana imitatione inscribebantur. 3 Nunc posteaquam aetate iam provectiore Theocritum totum Latino carmine convertit, maluit Idyllia, hoc est fere, imagunculas et de variis rebus parva poemata, inscribere, vocabulo Latinis forte auribus insueto, non indigno tamen quod recipiatur. 4 Nec hoc quenquam moveat, quod quidam Graece scribant eidyllion, cum nos i longum pro diphthongo peregrina usurpemus.

HELII EOBANI HESSI BUCOLICORUM IDYLLION PRIMUM Melisaeus, Camillus

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Mel. Alma sinum vario turgentem germine Mater Pandit, opes nobis nostras paritura, Camille. Cam. Quae mater? Quas promit opes? Quo germine turget? Non sic pastores nostri, Melisaee, loquuntur. Mel. Vere novo iam concoepto se prodiga foetu Solvit humus panditque sinum. Surgentia vernant Pascua. Nunc laxis passim viridantia rivis

Idyl. 1, arg. add. O. Idyl. 1. ABO. Marginalia add. O. Tit. Helii—primum BO: Bucolicorum Eobani Hessi aegloga prima A. Personae Melisaeus, Camillus BO: Paniscus, Camillus A. 2–6 Pandit—vernant BO: Ore renidenti pandit paritura, Camille. / Vernat humus, frondent sylvae, viridantia rident A. 7 laxis—viridantia BO: etiam salientibus undique A.

ARGUMENT OF THE FIRST IDYL He describes his first departure from his homeland, at which time he—still very much a lad—was setting out for the then celebrated University of Erfurt to take up studies there. As his first teacher and travel guide he had Ludwig Christiani of Frankenberg, a man distinguished in all genuine learning and piety, whom he accordingly introduces in this first idyl as conversing with him under the name of Melisaeus, while he calls himself Camillus, in each case alluding through the etymology of their names not only to their character but also their age.25 This too, perhaps, should not be passed over in silence, that these poems, which are now Idyls, were formerly, in the first edition, entitled Eclogues in imitation of Vergil. Now, having at a more advanced age translated the whole of Theocritus into Latin verse, he prefers to entitle them Idyls, that is, something like small pictures, or small poems on various themes. While perhaps unfamiliar to Latin ears, the word is nevertheless worth adopting. Nor should anyone be disturbed by the fact that some people write it in the Greek manner as eidyllion, given that we use the long i to represent the alien diphthong.

THE FIRST BUCOLIC IDYL OF HELIUS EOBANUS HESSUS Melisaeus, Camillus Mel. The bountiful Mother is opening her bosom, swelling with all kinds of buds, for she’s about to bear us our riches, Camillus. Cam. What mother? What riches is she bringing forth? With what buds is she swelling? That’s not the way our shepherds talk, Melisaeus. Mel. Prodigal of the fruit she has already conceived, the earth unfetters herself in early spring and opens her bosom. The burgeoning meadows turn green. Now the fresh grass is growing lush every-

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Like Vergil’s first eclogue, Eobanus’s opening idyl deals with the theme of uprooting: how the poet came to leave Frankenberg in Hesse, where he had been attending grammar school, and enroll at the University of Erfurt in the autumn of 1504. Ludwig Christiani of Frankenberg (1480–1553) matriculated at Erfurt in 1499, earning the BA in 1503, the MA in 1505; cf. Camerarius, Nar. 7.1, with n. 18 (1:24). He reappears as a wise adviser at Idyl. 12.64–103. Melisaeus means something like “melic poet.” Camillus means “adolescent.”

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Gramina luxuriant. Nunc omnibus omnia terris Sponte sua veniunt. Patria tu solus in umbra Ocia degenerem teris absumptura iuventam. Cam. Ut, Melisaee, tuae veris nova tempora Musae Gratia depingit, similem sibi nacta colorem! Quid facerem vero? Quaeve his potiora relictis Prata sequar, Musis et Apolline digna bubulco? Mel. Et tu, Pieridum puer enutrite sub umbris, Veris adhuc in flore virens impuberis aevi, Non indigna canis Musis et Apolline, quamvis Nondum capripedem tua fistula Pana lacessat. Cam. Inter Phoebaeos ut ineptit noctua cantus, Sic mea, sic aequat tales mea Musa poetas, Qualis es Aonidum nuper digressus ab undis, Ni mihi vana animum veri delusit imago. Mel. Iam satis haec. Tu perge via, nec desere, coepta. Sed te summa licet mirentur culmina sacrum Cantantem sine teste melos, hic foenore nullo Ludis et heu sterilem quondam experiere Camoenam, Pascua cum sero patriae placuisse dolebis. Desertas inter pecudes inconditaque arva Tam dulces annos, tam florida tempora perdis! Nos alios fines melioraque rura tenemus Pastores quos fertilibus Thuringia pratis Pascit. Fortunate puer, si talibus arvis, Si tali liceat mecum considere terra Et dites habitare casas et plena videre Ubera quae totos implent mulctralia soles! Cam. O Melisaee, tui decus et nova gloria ruris, Daphnes ornari foliis dignissime, nondum Talis eras quando hinc laudatam egressus in oram.

8 Nunc BO: quando A. 10–23 Ocia—coepta BO: Ocia non ullam ducis referentia laudem, / Ut caper aut hircus pingui castratus in arvo. / Laetus adhuc et flore virens vix puberis aevi, / Montibus et sylvis quibus Hessia dives abundat / Digna cothurnatae modularis carmina Musae A. 16 impuberis O: vix puberis B. 19 personae nota Cam. O: om. B. 24 Sed BO: Et A. 35 implent BO: replent A. Post 35 O tibi quam nostrae resonabunt dulcia sylvae / Omnia! Non isto quicquam iucundius aevo. A, om. BO. 36–37 O Melisaee— dignissime BO: O Panisce, tuae quanta est facundia Musae! / Inter Apollineas laurus exercite A.

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where along the unbridled brooks. Now all things all over the world are coming back of their own accord. Only you are still living a life of ease in the shade of your homeland [10] and run the danger of ignobly wasting your youth. Cam. How charmingly, Melisaeus, does your Muse depict the freshness of springtime, in colors matching her own loveliness! But what am I to do? Am I to leave these meadows? Or which ones would be so much better, worthy of the Muses and the herdsman Apollo? Mel. You too, my lad, reared in the shade of the Pierian maidens and still blossoming in the vernal flower of your teen-aged youth, you too sing songs not unworthy of the Muses and Apollo, even if your flute has not yet challenged the goat-footed Pan. Cam. As an owl hoots among the songs of Phoebus’s birds,26 [20] so, yes so, my Muse rivals poets like you! For unless appearances deceive me completely, you’ve just returned from the waters of the Aonian sisters.27 Mel. Enough of this now. Continue on the path you’ve begun. Don’t leave it. But even if the highest hilltops admire you as you sing a sacred tune to yourself, your playing here brings you no profit at all. Alas, one of these days you’ll wake up to find that your Muse has grown sterile and will regret too late that you were so attached to the pastures of your homeland. Surrounded by solitary sheep and unplowed fields, you are wasting your finest years, the very bloom of your youth! [30] We herdsmen inhabit another country with better fields—Thuringia gives us a good living on her fertile meadows. Happy youth, if only you would come with me and settle on fields like that, in such a blessed land, and live in prosperous huts and see full udders that keep brimming the milk pails day in, day out! Cam. O Melisaeus, ornament and new pride of your country, truly worthy of being crowned with Daphne’s sprigs,28 you weren’t such a brilliant poet back then when you departed hence for the land you

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Swans, reputed to sing most beautifully when they are dying. The Muses’ springs on the Helicon. Worthy of being crowned with the laurel wreath.

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Si memini, placidos liquisti invitus amores, Pulchra quibus miserum te perdidit ignibus Aegle. Quales tum lachrymas in te, quam multa notavi Innumerabilibus suspiria ducta querelis, Istius ignarus populantis pectora flammae Nunc quoque, sed quiddam tale esse in amantibus aiunt. Mel. Nemo vir est qui non fuerit puer. Attamen omnes (Quis neget?) a primis pueriliter egimus annis. Atque utinam crescente aevo sapientia saltem Crescat et obrepens veniat cum laude senectus! Cam. Non mihi iam pastor tantum, Melisaee, videris Qui canat in triviis passim, sed qualibus aiunt Orphea carminibus fatum deflesse nefandum Dilectae Eurydices sylvasque et saxa canoris Contraxisse modis. Talem te nostra tulerunt Secula. Nate bonis avibus, tibi dexter Apollo Spirat et Aoniae veniunt ad plectra sorores. Mel. Tu quoque, dumosis licet in convallibus erres Et lacer heu sola totis sub rupe diebus, Carmina per duras longe resonantia cautes Concinis, aeterna dignus quem fronde coronent Pierides. Nec enim credebam in vepribus istis Talia sylvicola quenquam potuisse Camoena, Qualia vel nostrae mirentur carmina Musae. Cam. At tu quando humili verbis illudis amico, Agnosco ingenii vires non ista ferentis Grandia quae vestri pastores mille loquuntur.

39–44 Si memini—aiunt BO: Vix puer undenas poteras numerare capellas. / Saepe ego (nam memini) cum fors compelleret agnos, / “Coge tuos,” dixi, neque tu discernere posses. / Discrevi. Tu flens munuscula pauca dedisti—/ Caseolos, floccos, plumas, coclearia, fundas A. 45 est—fuerit BO: evadit qui non A. 45–46 omnes / (Quis neget?) a BO: omnes, / Ut reor, in A. 48 obrepens BO: ingrediens A. 49 Melisaee BO: Panisce A. 52–53 Dilectae—Talem BO: Euridices. Qualis Thamiras, Amphion, Apollo, / Qualis erat qui magnanimum victrice leonem / Confecit funda, talem A. 54–55 dexter—sorores BO: numina rident A. 61–62 Talia—Musae BO: Orphea vel Thamiram vel clarum Amphiona cantu / Vel qui magnanimum (quisquis fuit ille) leonem / Stravit inexperta quemquam potuisse Camaena / Dicere. Vix nostri pastores tale loquuntur [cf. v. 4 BO] A. 63–65 At tu—loquuntur BO: Haec ego nescio quo didici referente magistro, / Cum puer hunc olim vix possem ferre bacillum. / Cernis, adhuc memori sunt haec mihi scripta papyro A.

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now praise so highly. As I recall, you were loath to abandon the agreeable passion [40] with whose fires the beautiful Aegle bewitched you poor soul. What tears did I note on your cheeks then, how many sighs did I hear you heaving amidst innumerable laments! I myself, even now, am unacquainted with that flame that ravages the heart; but something like this occurs in lovers, they say. Mel. No one reaches manhood without being a boy first. But we all (who will deny it?) have acted childishly while growing up. Let’s hope that wisdom may increase with increasing years and that old age will steal upon us with our reputation intact! Cam. Now you no longer strike me as the average shepherd [50] that sings at every crossroads, Melisaeus, but rather as an Orpheus, who, we’re told, lamented the tragic fate of his beloved Eurydice and with his tuneful melodies drew the forests and rocks together. That is what our own century has produced in you. You must have been born under a happy star, for Apollo breathes kindly upon you and the Aonian sisters are drawn to your plectrum. Mel. Though you roam about in brambly valleys, though your skin, alas, is torn as you sit piping all day long beneath a solitary cliff, you too sing songs that echo from afar over the hard crags, you too deserve to be crowned by the Muses with an evergreen garland. [60] I certainly didn’t expect to encounter anyone in these briers whose sylvan genius could indite songs that even my Muses are forced to admire. Cam. Well, now that you mock your humble friend with compliments like these, I recognize that my talent is too weak to offer such grand things as any number of your shepherds utter. But come now,

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Verum age, quando breves exaltatissimus umbras Sol iacit et valles et frigida lustra capellae Pascentesque tenent rivo loca proxima tauri, Dic age, quam vobis foelicia pascua, quae vos Tam doctos regio pastores educat, unde Et quare patrios tandem remearis ad agros. Dic age. Iam lectas omnis grex ruminat herbas. Mel. Quod petis, auditu dulce est et amabile dictu. Quin prius huic ambo gelidae succedimus umbrae, Ne calor aestivus sitientia labra retardet. Cam. En etiam his dulces saliunt radicibus undae. Hic puri latices, quos plurima quercus inumbrat, Hic mihi grata quies. Alia tu parte sedeto. His tamen incoepto dilabimur. Incipe, vates, Incipe, ut adversae stupeant tua carmina sylvae! Mel. Proxima monticolis Thuringia terminat Hessis Imperium, dives regio florentibus arvis, Laeta iugis nemorum sed multo laetior agro. Illic flava Ceres et pleno Copia cornu Spargunt innumeras millena per horrea messes. Ipse ager obducta latuit prius omnis arista. Tum gravidae plenis turgent in collibus uvae Vinaque nescio quo non inferiora Phalerno Exudant, motura suis fera bella colonis. Sunt etiam gregibus sua pascua dum viret annus Mille per abruptos montes, et summa capellae Transcendunt iuga. Mille boves in vallibus herbas Non ullo foetas carpunt serpente nec ullas

66 exaltatissimus umbras AO: ex altatissimus umbra B. 67 iacit BO: facit A. 68 Pascentesque AO: Pascentes B; rivo—proxima BO: loca sublucentia A. 71 Et AB: Aut O. 73 Quod petis BO: Et placet A. 76 personae nota Cam. A: om. B (sed add. manus in ex. Vratislavensi ad v. 79), Mel. O (sed corr. lector in ex. Pragensi). 77 puri BO: sacri A; quos—quercus [quaerens B] inumbrat BO: hic vivida vaena scaturit, / Hic duo florali sedilia cespite vernant A. 78 Hic mihi AO: His mihi B. 79 His O: Hiis A, Hic B; incoepto AO: incoeptis B; dilabimur BO: divertimur A. 79–80 Incipe, vates—sylvae! BO: Incipe, vates. A. 81 personae nota Mel. (sic corr. manus in ex. Pragensi O): Pa. A, Ca. B (sed corr. manus in ex. Vratislavensi), Cam. O; monticolis BO: montanis A. 84–87 et pleno—Tum BO: Rhodiensibus aemula pratis, / Foelices pingui campos obducit arista, / Et A. 88–89 Vinaque—colonis. add. BO. 93– 96 foetas—tondent BO: carpunt foetas serpente. Videres / Gramineum innumeras pratum tondere bidentes A.

Seventeen Bucolic Idyls

since the noonday sun is casting short shadows, since the goats are keeping to the valleys and cool woods and the grazing bulls to the banks of the brook, do tell me: what about those happy pastures that you spoke of? [70] What region produces such learned shepherds as you? From where and for what reason have you finally returned to your native land? Come, tell me. By now the whole herd is chewing the cud it has gathered. Mel. What you ask for is a delight to hear and a pleasure to tell. But first let’s move into the cool shade over here, both of us, so that the summer heat won’t parch our lips and hinder our singing. Cam. Look! There’s sweet water here too, tumbling through the roots. Here is a pure spring, over which a giant oak casts its shade. I’ll take my ease in this spot. You can sit on the other side. But with this talk we are drifting away from our topic. Begin, poet, [80] begin, so that the woods across from us will stand amazed at your singing! Mel. Not far from here, the dominion of the mountain-dwelling Hessians is bounded by Thuringia. It is a region rich in flourishing farms, abounding in mountain ridges and woods, but far more abounding in arable land. There golden Ceres and Plenty with her full horn scatter countless harvests over thousands of granaries. First the field itself is completely hidden beneath the ears of grain. Then the heavy grapes swell on the laden hillsides and exude wines that are not inferior to any Falernian whatever, potentially stirring up savage wars for the farmers. [90] The herds have their pastures too, as long as the year greens on a thousand steep hills, and goats clamber over the highest ridges. Cattle without number graze placidly in the valleys, for the grass is not teeming with snakes, and never fear an ambush

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Raptorum insidias unquam timuere luporum. Incustoditae per pascua tuta vagantur Lanigerae pecudes et culta novalia tondent. Iamque aliquis summo spectans de vertice pastor Certantes in valle stupet, plena omnia Musis. Hic sua quae patitur solatur vulnera, quali Tityrus extinctum deflevit arundine Daphnim. Ille deum laudes primisque heroas ab annis Concelebrat. Calamis alius, stridentibus alter Corticibus salicum nymphas veneratur agrestes. Formosae Veneres illic et Phyllides errant, Omnis Hamadryadum chorus, omnes Naiades, omnes, Nympharum dominae, Charites, florumque, Napeae, Nec non pastorum faciles, bona numina, divi, Sylvani satyrique leves faunique salaces. In medio Pan ducit Oreadas ipse, moventes Blanda parum cautis lascivo incendia motu. Cam. Quid tamen audaces faciunt in Phyllide fauni? Quae tam blanda movent lascivae incendia nymphae? Absint nequitiae nostris ab ovilibus omnes! Mel. Macte, puer, tali dulcem visure senectam Ingenio, si firmus eris. Nunc coepta sequemur. Urbs vetus in media est regione, Erphurdia nostris Dicta, potens, opulenta, ingens, quam praeter amoenus Et peragit cursum non uno flumine Hieras. Illa vorat duri quicquid peperere labores. Seu pera seu pileolo seu forte galero Seu manicis opus est, donat pro munere merces. Illa etiam, si forte voles, pro vellere nummos Porrigit et rem re mutat. Vorat omnia, reddit Omnia: pro tribulis spinas, pro verbere plagas. Quare age, dum primo vernat tua flore iuventa,

97 spectans de BO: speculans a A. 99–103 Hic—agrestes BO: Ille deos laudat, miseros hic deflet amores, / Et cava multiplici resonant obstacula cantu A. 104 Formosae BO: Mammosae A. 105–110 Omnis—motu BO: Sylvani satyrique leves faunique salaces, / Sylvestres nymphae, Dryades, mollesque Napeae A. 111 Quid—audaces BO: Hem, quid mammosa A. 112 Quae—nymphae? add. BO. 117–118 praeter—Hieras BO: (credere durum est) / Non facile unius tibi terminet orbita visus A. 122 voles O: velis AB. 125 Quare—tua [tibi B] flore iuventa BO: Ergo age, dum viridi succo tua pullulat aetas A.

Seventeen Bucolic Idyls

from ravening wolves. Woolly sheep roam unguarded over the safe pastures and crop the meadowland. And now some shepherd, keeping watch on a hilltop, marvels at the pipers who compete with each other in the valley below. The whole countryside is full of singers. This one solaces his lacerated heart by playing the flute, much as [100] Tityrus bewailed the death of Daphnis. That one extols the gods and the heroes of antiquity. Another sings to the panpipe, a fourth to the strident bark of the willow as he pays homage to the country girls. Lovely Venuses and Phyllises stray about there, the whole band of hamadryads, all the naiads, all the mistresses of the nymphs, the Graces, and those of the flowers, the dell nymphs, also the gracious gods of the shepherds (good deities, they!), sylvans and wanton satyrs and salacious fauns. In their midst Pan himself leads the oreads, who [110] with their lascivious dancing kindle [100] alluring fires in the unwary. Cam. But what are those bold fauns up to with Phyllis? What kind of alluring fires are the lascivious nymphs kindling? Let all depravity stay far away from our sheepfolds! Mel. Bravo, lad, for such an attitude! If you stick to it, you’re sure to enjoy a sweet old age. Now let’s get back to our topic. In the center of the region there is an ancient city we call Erfurt, powerful, affluent, huge, past which the charming Gera takes its course in more than one stream. The town devours everything that hard labor can produce. [120] If you need a bag, a felt cap, or perhaps a wide-brimmed hat or some gloves, it will provide you these wares upon payment. Or if that is what you wanted perhaps, it will also offer you money for fleece or will barter one thing for another. The town devours everything and pays back all things in kind: thorns for thistles, a thrashing for a whipping. Come on then, while your youth still blooms in its first flower,

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Collige si qua tenes parvi congesta peculi. Foelices mecum campos et pinguia rura Quaere. Nocent pecori vepres et tristis acanthus. Cam. Hessia, dives agris densisque uberrima sylvis, Finitimas (ne praefer!) opes ita vincit ut agnum Imbellem furibunda audax in praelia taurus, Ut fluvio parvum superat vagus Aedera Nemphim— Aedera qui fulvas auro despumat harenas. Hic fluviis alacres praeterlabentibus herbae Alludunt. Cernis quam consita littora, quam sit Pingue solum. Viret omnis ager, circumque renident Gramina stagna, lacus, fontes, rivosque salubres. Aspice summa procul frondentis culmina Gosi. Quam nitet et ver aspectu testatur amoenum! Hos agros, has delitias, haec pascua linquam? Mel. Pana per et nymphas et rustica numina iuro, Omnia sordebunt quae nunc mihi pascua laudas, Nostra ubi contigeris deductis rura capellis. Cam. Ergo, meae nuper curae, loca nota, valete. Plus valet his agris doctae facundia linguae. Te quaecunque vocas, Melisaee, in regna sequemur, Seu tu Sauromatas ultra Tanaimque nivalem Ire iubes sive est quicquam quod pascitur ultra. Tu vero infoelix mecum laudata videbis Rura pecus. Laetos fines, i, perge videndum, O cui non licuit patrios errare per agros Amplius et quondam consuetas carpere frondes. Mel. Sol ruit interea. Vocat ad mulctralia vesper. Sume pedum, compelle gregem, pecus omne recense, Ne quis forte absens in vepribus haereat hircus.

Aedera nomen est fluvii satis celebris, Francobergam praeterfluentis. Nemphis parvus in eundem influens rivus, postquam duas lacus fecit. Gosus mons e regione aquilonari Francobergae, olim arbustis totus consitus, nunc in usum agrorum magna ex parte purgatus. Vulgo Gosiberg.

133 fulvas—harenas BO: veteri non est minus aurifer Hermo A. 136–137 ager, circumque— salubres BO: ager. Stant gramina circum / Stagna, lacus, fontes, puteos, rivosque virentes A. 141–143 Mel. Pana—capellis. add. BO. 144 Ergo—nuper BO: Sed linquam. Dulces A. 145–148 Plus—ultra. add. BO. 153 Sol ruit AO: Soluit, ruit B. 154 pecus—recense O: numeraque capellas AB.

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gather up whatever you’ve been able to acquire in the way of small animals and come with me to those blessed fields and fertile farms. Briers and the thorny acanthus are harmful to livestock. Cam. Hesse, rich in fields and covered with dense forests, [130] outclasses the neighboring states (don’t let this get out!) just as a bull outstrips the peaceful lamb when he recklessly charges into furious battle, just as the meandering Eder surpasses the tiny Nemphe with the force of its current—the Eder that skims off sands that are yellow with gold. Here the nimble grass sports with the streams as they glide past. You can see for yourself how overgrown the banks are, how fertile the soil is. Every field is green, and grass smiles all about the ponds, lakes, springs, and wholesome brooks. Look at the highest crest of the tree-covered Goss over there. How radiant it is! By its very appearance it testifies to the beauty of springtime. [140] How can you expect me to leave these fields behind, these delights, these pastures? Mel. By Pan and the nymphs and the rustic deities I swear to you: all these meadows that you now extol to me will seem of no account once you’ve led your goats into our countryside. Cam. Well then, haunts of mine until now, places I know so well, farewell! Stronger than these fields is the eloquence of a well-trained tongue. I’ll follow you to whatever realms you call me, Melisaeus, even if you told me to travel beyond the Sarmatians and the snowy Don, assuming there is pasture land farther on. But you, poor flock, you’ll be coming with me to see that wonderful [150] country. Let’s go and visit those blessed meadows. Alas, I can’t let you roam the fields of our homeland anymore and let you nibble the foliage that you’ve long since gotten used to. Mel. The sun has started to set in the meantime. Evening calls us back to the milk pails. Take your crook, round up the herd, count the whole flock, lest some missing buck should happen to be caught in the briers.

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The Eder is the name of a quite celebrated river that flows past Frankenberg. The Nemphe is a small brook that flows into the same after forming two lakes. The Goss Mountain directly north of Frankenberg, formerly completely covered with trees, is now mostly cleared for agricultural use. In the vernacular, the Gossberg.

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SECUNDI IDYLLII ARGUMENTUM Per Philetam hoc idyllio doctissimus vir Georgius Spalatinus accipiendus est, cui cantilenam tribuit quo et suum author et amici in poetica studia ostendit ardorem, quod uterque id aetatis, nempe admodum iuvenili, in eadem esset omni ratione propensissimus. 2 Est et in ipso nomine ad personam introductam allusio, φιλητής enim amatorem significat. 3 Res agitur non procul Erphurdia in loco qui Vallis Georgiana dicitur, in quo id temporis Spalatinus agebat.

H. EOBANI HESSI BUCOLICORUM IDYLLION SECUNDUM. CANTILENA PHILETAE Carmina cum primum mihi pastoralia divae Pierides canerent et me florente iuventa Iuppiter indueret, tum sic Eobanus in umbra Inter oves charo cecini, iam pastor, amico: 5

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Vallis erat curvo multum secreta recessu, Clausa iugis, vitreo manans laetissima rivo, Musarum domus, arvicolis gratissima Musis. Hac olim domini qui tum nemora illa tenebat Cum servaret oves puer in convalle Philetas, Quod tum floreret iuvenis, quod mollibus annis Ferventi dulces sequeretur pectore Musas, Ad rivum salientis aquae cum saepe veniret, Ludere fragranti sic est auditus in herba:

Idyl. 2, arg. add. O. 2 φιλητής scripsi: φιλήτης O. Idyl. 2. ABO. Marginalia add. O. Tit. H. Eobani—Philetae O: Aegloga secunda A, Idyllion secundum. Cantilena Philetae B. 4 Inter oves BO: Proclivis A. 5 multum BO: paulum A. 6–7 rivo, / Musarum—arvicolis BO: rivo. / Stat domus in medio divi veneranda Georgi, / Tecta vetusta, ipsis requies A. 8 qui—tenebat BO: sacrae qui praefuit aedi A. 9 Philetas BO: Pudicus A. 29

Just as Idyl. 1 is reminiscent of Vergil’s first eclogue, so Idyl. 2 recalls Vergil’s second. After a brief narrative introduction, both pastorals offer a shepherd’s monologue—a passionate declaration of love. But while Vergil’s Corydon is head over heels in love

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ARGUMENT OF THE SECOND IDYL By Philetas in this idyl is meant that most erudite of men, Georg Spalatin. The author attributes the following song to him to demonstrate both his own and his friend’s ardor for poetic studies, because at that time of life—they were still very much adolescents—both were in every way passionately attracted to that pursuit. In the name itself, moreover, there is an allusion to the character introduced, for philētēs means lover. The action takes place not far from Erfurt, in the place called Georgenthal, where Spalatin was working at the time.

THE SECOND BUCOLIC IDYL OF HELIUS EOBANUS HESSUS. PHILETAS’S SONG When the divine Muses first inspired me to pastoral song and Jupiter endowed me with blooming youth, then I, Eobanus, being a shepherd already, sat down in the shade among the sheep to sing the following words to the friend I loved dearly:29 There is an enchanting valley, far off the beaten track in its winding seclusion, enclosed by mountain ridges and watered by a glittering brook: the Muses’ house, most dear to the country-dwelling Muses. It was in this valley that the lad Philetas used to watch over the sheep of the lord who owned those woods at the time.30 [10] And because he was then in the flush and flower of life, because in his tender years he followed the sweet Muses with ardent heart and often came to the tumbling brook, he once was heard singing like this in the redolent greensward:

30

with the handsome lad Alexis, Philetas-Spalatin exults in his chaste love for the Christian Muses. Georg Spalatin (1484–1545) matriculated at Erfurt in 1498. He obtained his BA the following year. In October 1502 he enrolled at Wittenberg (MA early 1503). Having returned to Erfurt in 1504, he continued his legal studies during the winter semester and joined the circle of humanists around Mutianus Rufus. At the latter’s recommendation, he was appointed librarian and teacher of novices at Georgenthal Monastery in 1505. He was ordained priest in July 1508. See further n. 19 at Buc. 2.4 (1:286–287); Höß, Spalatin; Bernstein, Mutianus, 129–152. The poem was originally composed in the summer of 1508, not long after Spalatin took holy orders. Georgenthal Monastery, south of Gotha, where Spalatin taught from 1505 to the autumn of 1508.

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“Musae, noster amor, dulces mea gaudia Musae, Pro Iove quae Christum canitis, quae rura beati Sideris Aeoum longe proiecta sub orbem Incolitis, fatali ubi saevus ab arbore serpens Pastorem iussit vetitum decerpere pomum, Ite, novos, Musae, flores legite, ite, Camoenae. “Vos ego per sylvas, valles, iuga, saxa, cavernas, Per mare, per fluvios, per devia lustra ferarum, Vos ego per pluvias, per agentes nubila ventos, Per duras hiemes laedentesque arva pruinas, Vos ego per tenebras sequerer noctesque profundas! O si aliquis volucres mihi protinus induat alas, Praepetibus pennis ad vos ego saepe venirem, Seu nemus Aonium seu vos Heliconia tempe Incolitis, sacra redimitae tempora lauro, Musae, noster amor, dulces mea gaudia Musae. “Carmina sacrorum sunt immortalia vatum, Immortalis honor. Pereunt aes, purpura, gemmae Quas nigris avidus tollit mercator ab Indis. Nomina me fugiunt urbanae cognita plebi. Iaspida me docuit mater viridemque smaragdon Quaeque gerunt collo suspensa corallia nymphae. Omnia praetereunt; nescitis fata, Camoenae. Vos mea cum dulci captatis pectora flamma, Despicio quicquid curae est mortalibus usquam— Nec mirum, vobis praesentibus omnia sordent, Musae, noster amor, dulces mea gaudia Musae. “Luxuriant Zephyro flores, nova gramina rivis, Vitali pluvia Cereris sata, fontibus horti, Fluminibus salices, procera paludibus alnus,

17 Incolitis BO: Servatis A. 18 iussit vetitum BO: vetitum iussit A. 20–23 saxa—Per duras BO: culmina, montes, / Lustra, rubos, vepres, fluvios, vada, saxa, latebras, / Rura, casas, villas, agros, nemora, antra, cavernas, / Stagna, lacus, rupes, scopulos, mare, tesqua, salebras, / Vos ego per pluvias, ventos, nymbosque repentes, / Frigora dura, nives, glaciem, gelicidia, brumas, / Hirsutasque A. Post 24 Musae, noster amor, dulces mea gaudia Musae. A, om. BO. 25 O si—alas BO: O utinam volucres faceret mihi Daedalus alas! / Aoniam, Cyrrham, Parnassum, Helicona, Cytheron, / Culmina Christicolis etiam venerata poetis A. 27–28 Seu nemus—lauro, add. BO. 29 Musae—Musae BO: Ite, novos, Musae, flores legite, ite, Camaenae A. 33 me—plebi BO: quarum olidis sunt cognita dactilothecis A. 34 smaragdon AO: smaragdum B. 35 collo AB: colla O. 43 Fluminibus BO: Littoribus A.

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“Muses, my dearest love, sweet Muses, my greatest joy—you who sing of Christ instead of Jove, you who dwell in the land that lies under a blessed star far away in the East where the fell serpent bade the shepherd pluck the forbidden fruit from the baneful tree31—go, Muses, gather fresh flowers, go, you Camenae. [20] “I’d follow you through forests, valleys, ridges, rocks, caverns, over the sea, over rivers, through the remote haunts of wild beasts, I’d follow you through rainstorms, through cloud-driving winds, through hard winters and field-scarring rime, I’d follow you through gloom and pitch-black nights! Oh, if someone could fit me with fleet wings right now, I’d fly to you again and again on soaring pinions, whether you dwell in the Aonian grove or in Helicon’s vales, your heads garlanded with the sacred laurel, Muses, my dearest love, sweet Muses, my greatest joy. [30] “The songs of the holy bards are immortal, an everlasting glory. Other treasures pass away—money, purple, the jewels that the covetous merchant brings back from the swarthy Indians. Their names, familiar to city folk, escape me. Mother told me about the jasper and the green emerald and the corals that girls wear as a necklace. All these things pass away; only you, Camenae, are deathless. When you captivate my breast with sweet ardor, I scorn everything that people normally hold dear—and no wonder, for in your presence everything else seems shabby, [40] Muses, my dearest love, sweet Muses, my greatest joy. “Flowers thrive in warm breezes, fresh grass next to brooks, grain crops in life-giving rain, gardens near springs, willows along rivers,

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The Christian Muses dwell in the Earthly Paradise where Adam, at the serpent’s and Eve’s bidding, ate from the forbidden fruit (Genesis 3). Paradise was traditionally believed to lie far away in the East, on a high mountain that rises up to the lunar sphere. See Eob. Buc. 2.16–19, n.; Her. Chr. 23.45–58, n. For the idea that the Christian Muses dwell in Paradise, see also ll. 85–86 below.

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Graminibus vaccae, lascivae fronde capellae. Vos mea cura deae, Musae, mea sola voluptas. “Ite, novos, Musae, flores legite, ite, Camoenae. “Non ita mellitae sapiunt mihi dulce placentae, Non pira, non cerasum, non grati segmina porri, Non oleo perfusa Ceres, non cocta polenta, Non sic hesterno conspersum lacte moretum, Quam vestrum mihi dulce decus, quam vos mihi gratae, Musae, noster amor, dulces mea gaudia Musae. “Sum puer, et viridi succo mea pullulat aetas, Ut nova quae verno turget de palmite vitis. Et mihi forma decens. Nuper, cum pectine crines Comeret hos niveo, dixit mihi sedula mater: ‘Accipe et in speculo te contemplare, Phileta. Vicinum forma superas, nisi fallor, Adonim.’ ‘Vestrum, quicquid id est,’ dixi, ‘mea gaudia, Musae. Hoc decus, iste vigor, vobis mea pullulat aetas.’ “Ite, novos, Musae, flores legite, ite, Camoenae. “Integer ut putri turgescit surculus agro, Sicut senta rosae subter spineta rubentes, Sic ego vester ero donec superesse Philetam Fata volent. Vos acceptum referetis honorem Hunc mihi: stabit enim nivei flos ille pudoris Qui nunc utilibus vobis effloret ab annis, Musae, noster amor, dulces mea gaudia Musae. “Dicite, quae potior, quae maior in orbe voluptas Quam Musas colere et Musarum amplexibus uti, Vivere apud Musas, doctis se tradere Musis? Ite procul, veneres et inanis gaudia formae, Forma, genus, tituli, fastus, laus, gloria, sanguis! Me iuvat in viridi requietum gramine doctam

45 Vos—voluptas BO: Gaudet apis cythiso, sed dulci plus apiastro. / Vos mea cura deae, Musae, mea sola voluptas, / Vita, salus, requies, divae, vos omnia, Musae A. 46 legite, ite AB: legite, ita O (sed corr. lector in ex. Pragensi). 49 oleo—non O: oleata Ceres et nuper AB. 50 conspersum O: perfusum AB. 54 verno BO: veteri A. 57 Phileta BO: Pudice A. 58 nisi fallor BO: ni fallar A; Adonim AO: Amyntam B. 61 novos AO: novo B. 64–65 ego—volent BO: inter pueros et mille Pudicus agrestes / Vester erit A. 66 ille AO: iste B. 67 utilibus … effloret ab BO: fertilibus … protuberat A. 69 voluptas BO: cupido, / Musica qui sacra velatis tempora lauro, A.

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towering alders in marshes, cows on grass, randy goats on leaves. You goddesses are my true love; you Muses are my one delight. “Go, Muses, gather fresh flowers, go, you Camenae. “To me, no honeyed muffins can ever taste so sweet, no pears, no cherries, no, not even the chopped leeks that I like so much, no bread soaked in oil, no roasted barley, [50] no dish of herbs sprinkled with one-day-old milk, as your beauty is sweet to me, as you are dear to me, Muses, my dearest love, sweet Muses, my greatest joy. “I’m just a lad. Still bursting with youth, with my sap running green, I feel like a new bud swelling on the vine shoot in spring. And I am good-looking too. The other day, as she was arranging my hair with a snow-white comb, my sedulous mother told me: ‘Hold this mirror and look at yourself, Philetas. Unless I’m mistaken, you’re much handsomer than our neighbor Adonis.’32 ‘For what it’s worth,’ I cried, ‘this belongs to you, Muses, my greatest joy. [60] These good looks, this energy, this youth of mine, they all sprout for you.’ “Go, Muses, gather fresh flowers, go, you Camenae. “As a vigorous seedling spreads its roots in loamy soil, as red roses bloom under thorny thickets, so I’ll be yours for as long as fate wants Philetas to remain alive. You’ll be grateful to me for this honor I’m rendering you: that flower of snow-white chastity that has been blooming for you throughout my productive years, it will stand intact for you,33 Muses, my dearest love, sweet Muses, my greatest joy. “Tell me, is there a nobler, more exquisite joy in all the world [70] than cultivating the Muses and enjoying the Muses’ embraces, living with the Muses, devoting oneself to the learned Muses? Get out of my sight, meaningless delights and charms of physical beauty, good looks, ancestry, titles, haughtiness, fame, glory, noble blood. What I enjoy is taking my ease on the green grass in learned pursuits—

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The name recalls the beautiful youth with whom Venus fell in love. Spalatin took his vows as priest in July 1508. See Höß, Spalatin, 35–36.

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Ducere segnitiem, tactis ubi laeta lapillis Unda sonat tacitaeque labans admurmurat aurae Laetaque florentes extendit populus umbras. “Ite, novos, Musae, flores legite, ite, Camoenae, Lilia verna, rosas, et odoriferos hiacynthos, Alba ligustra, crocum, violas, et quicquid ubique Natura uberibus florum genus aedit in hortis. Cingite victuros milleno flore poetas, Inter quos utinam quota pars ego nomen haberem! Valle sub hac viridi canerem te, maxime Apollo, Qui Musas inter sanctas in monte quiescis Sydereo vultuque vides haec pascua laeto. “Carmina morte carent vatum. Gaudete, capellae. Rodite frondosas fagos. Sperate, capellae. Cras ego vos liquido totas in fonte lavabo Monte sub aerio solis qui prospicit ortum, Largiter emanans, ubi parvo condita colle Prominet et celebrem reditu Gotha possidet agrum. I, caper. Ite, meae, mecum gaudete, capellae.” Sic bonus ille puer cecinit. Quae carmina pastor Qui tum vicinis latuit Thrasybulus in alnis Omnia concepit, nanque illo doctior alter Non fuit, et suaves incidit in arbore versus. Extat adhuc praegnans in cortice littera. Foelix Cresce arbor; viridi crescetis in arbore, versus. Atque olim spectans aliquis vos, “Crescite,” dicet, “Crescite et in vestri famam supereste poetae.”

Per Thrasybulum doctissimus vir Chunratus Mutianus Rufus intelligitur. Nam et Thrasybulus Germanis Chunratum significat, et ille tum Gothae habitabat, tribus miliaribus nostratibus ab urbe Erphurdia.

77 Laetaque—umbras BO: Lataque fructificans extendit brachia lotos / Aut ramosa levem dilatat populus umbram A. 79–81 Lilia—hortis BO: Samsucos, hederas, amaranthon, smilaca, nardos, / Lilia verna, thimum, colocasia, balsama, stacten, / Et crocon, et calthas, violas laetumque nepenthe A. 82 Cingite—poetas, AO: om. B. 84 maxime Apollo BO: dive Georgi A. 88 fagos AO: fagus B. 89–90 ego—aerio BO: ego, si vivam, liquido vos fonte lavabo / Culmine sub viridi A. 92 Prominet BO: Eminet A. 94–95 Quae—alnis BO: Cum proxima forsan / Pastor Tranquillus subter coryleta latebat A. 97 fuit BO: erat A. 101 famam BO: titulum A.

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especially when a brook babbles joyfully nearby as it runs over pebbles and softly whispers to the quiet breeze and a luxuriant poplar spreads its abundant shadows. “Go, Muses, gather fresh flowers, go, you Camenae. Pick spring lilies, roses, and fragrant hyacinths, [80] white privets, saffron, violets, and every other kind of flower that nature brings forth in her teeming gardens. Crown the ever-living poets with a thousand flowers each. If only I had some small renown in their circle! Then in this green valley I’d sing a song of praise to you, greatest Apollo,34 who rest among the holy Muses on the heavenly mount35 and look upon these pastures with a cheerful face. “The bards’ songs are deathless. Rejoice, goats. Nibble at the leafy beeches. Take heart, my goats. Tomorrow I’m going to dip everyone of you in the clear water of a spring, [90] the one beneath the airy mountain that faces the rising sun. The place is known far and wide, for it is there that Gotha, built on a low hill, rises up and possesses a field celebrated for its yield. Go, billy! Let’s get moving, she-goats, and rejoice with me.” So sang that excellent lad. The shepherd Thrasybulus, who just then was hidden in the nearby alders, committed the whole song to memory, for he was second to none in learning, and carved those sweet-sounding lines on a tree. The words, now swollen, may still be seen in the bark. Grow, blessed tree; grow together with the verdant tree, you verses. [100] And someday, when a passer-by reads you, he’ll exclaim: “Keep growing, keep growing, to the unending fame of your poet!”

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By Thrasybulus is meant that most learned of men, Mutianus Rufus. For Thrasybulus signifies Konrad in German. Too, at that time he lived in Gotha, three German miles from the city of Erfurt.36

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III. IDYLLII ARGUMENTUM Quos per Cygnum et Philaegonem hoc loco intelligat, non existimo superstitiosius inquirendum, quod omnia simpliciter et absque involucro dicantur. 2 Colloquuntur enim hi duo primum quidem de comparatione Baptistae et Virgilii Mantuanorum, quam ineptissime tractarunt quidam eius temporis grammatici. 3 Post amatoria quaedam inserunt et pene supra argumenti naturam philosophantur. 4 Res agitur in Thuringia circa Erphurdiam ad Hieram fluvium.

H. EOBANI HESSI BUCOLICORUM IDYLLION III. Cygnus, Philaegon

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Cyg. Hic ubi seclusas salices vagus ambit Hieras Et virides umbrant alni quae littora circum Crebra repercussis resonat mugitibus echo, Hic ubi foelices ditant sata pinguia pagos Villarumque casas et pastoralia tecta, Hic mihi parta quies maneat. Quid, amice Philaegon, Num tibi et hac mecum placeat considere terra, Inter inurbanas matresque rudesque puellas, Sed similes ipsis vultus et pectora nymphis, Tam dulces curas et inertem ducere vitam? Phil. Cygne, nihil tecum prohibet requiescere, postquam Nuper in hoc redeo piscosi littus Hierae

Idyl. 3, arg. add. O. Idyl. 3. ABO. Marginalia add. O. Tit. H. Eobani—idyllion III. O: Aegloga tertia A, Idyllion tertium B. Personae Cygnus, Philaegon O: Cignus, Philaegon, Narcissus A, Cygnus et Philaegon B. 1 seclusas—Hieras BO: Gerha vagus nutantes alluit herbas A. 6 Quid, amice BO: Quid rere, A. 9 Sed—nymphis, add. BO. 10 Tam BO: Et A. 11–28 Cygne—honori BO: Cygne, nihil tecum prohibet requiescere, quando / Unus amor, studium commune ambobus, et uno / Numine coniunctos facit esse Salutifer orbis, / Numine quo vatum flammantia pectora noster / In sublime rapit coeli terraeque Poaetes, / Numine quo raptus sublimis Tityrus olim / Ardua rurali pulsabat sydera canna, / Numine quo foelix geminum produxit olorem / Mantua, qui Ocneis ubi Mintius errat in agris. / Ille deos veteres, Christum hic, cecinere potentes / Spiritibus dubiamque tulere in carmina palmam A.

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ARGUMENT OF THE THIRD IDYL Inquiring too curiously whom he means by Cygnus and Philaegon is, in my opinion, quite superfluous, because everything is spoken straightforwardly and without a mask. Indeed, the two of them start off by conversing about the relative ranking of the Mantuan poets Baptista37 and Vergil, a question some literary scholars of that time were most foolishly debating. After that they turn to the topic of love and philosophize practically beyond the scope of a summary. The action takes place in Thuringia, in the vicinity of Erfurt by the Gera River.38

THE THIRD BUCOLIC IDYL OF HELIUS EOBANUS HESSUS Cygnus, Philaegon Cyg. Here where the meandering Gera flows around secluded willows and where green alders shade the banks that keep resounding with the repeated echoes of lowing, here where plentiful harvests enrich the fortunate region, the farm cottages no less than the shepherds’ huts, here I want to go on enjoying the leisure I’ve found.39 What do you say, my friend Philaegon, wouldn’t you like to settle down with me in this land, among rustic matrons and unsophisticated girls, but like very nymphs in face and bosom, [10] to pursue such sweet cares and live a life of ease? Phil. Cygnus, nothing stops me from taking a break with you, seeing that I have just returned to this bank of the fish-filled Gera and am

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The Italian poet Baptista Mantuanus (1447–1516), celebrated in his day as the Christian, or modern, Vergil. He was especially famous for his Adolescentia (1498), a cycle of ten moral-allegorical pastorals. Cygnus (swan) is Eobanus himself. For the swan as Eobanus’s emblem, see Camerarius, Nar. 31.7–8, with n. 137 (1:85); Eob. Poetic Works, 4:205. Philaegon (one who loves goats) can be identified as Johann Crotus Rubianus; see the headnote to Buc. 3 (1:467). Crotus reappears as Iarbas at Idyl. 9.86, as Agavus in Idyl. 12, perhaps also as Meleterus in Idyl. 6. For his life and works, see n. 71 at Camerarius, Nar. 17.17 (1:54–55); Gerlinde Huber-Rebenich in VLDH, 1:505–510; Bernstein, Mutianus, 192–202. Cygnus-Eobanus has left his native Hesse and now lives by the Gera River (that is, he is studying at Erfurt). His emphasis on rich harvests (ll. 4–5), leisure (ll. 6 and 10), and love (ll. 8–10) indicates that to his (still naive) way of thinking he has indeed arrived in the promised land that Melisaeus had described to him in Idyl. 1.

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Et veteres socios post tempora longa reviso, Iam dudum exosus rapidi mala pascua Fuldae Quaeque rigat gelidus lapidoso flumine Nessus. Cyg. Pascua sed, memini, patrii laetissima Fuldae Laudibus immodicis mihi tu memorare solebas. Phil. Non sunt ut fuerant nostris iucunda capellis, Laeta satis; sed me Deus huc agit ipse volentem. Cyg. Ergo age, in hoc gelido postquam consedimus antro, Unde pecus patet atque oculis vicinia nostris, Estne aliquis gelida Faustus tibi lectus in umbra? Phil. Vidimus audaci fluidum pede currere Faustum. Cui nihil invideat noster nolitque secundum Tityrus, at patria natum patiatur eadem. Cyg. Atqui pastores quosdam contentio nuper Illa diu tenuit, paribusne in carmina surgant Viribus alteriusne an deferat alter honori. Phil. Ut lentas corylos damnosa securibus ilex, Quantum humiles superat cornus ramosa genistas, Tam meus in versu praecedit Tityrus illum Qui Faustum gelida cecinit resupinus in umbra. Ah, male quorundam trivialis iudicat error! Tu quoque non gravibus quamvis utare Camoenis Et tua non aequet Mantoos Musa poetas, Per tua rura tamen non infoeliciter audes Antiquos revocare modos et carmina pastor Romula Teutonicas passim cantare per oras. Sed quid “inurbanas matresque rudesque puellas” Commemoras, incaute puer? Quid talibus autem Illecebris pares? Non debent talia vates. Sit procul a Musis Venus et puer ille Cupido, Quem semper volucres aiunt portare sagittas.

25 at B: et O. 29–33 Ut lentas—error! Hi versus attribuuntur Cygno in A. 32 Faustum AB (B in ex. Bambergensi et Monachensi) O: fastuum B (in ex. Noribergensi, Marburgensi, et Viennensi). Post 33 addit Cygnus in A: Magnus uterque tamen. Sed maiestate verendus / Ille prior. Summum faciunt haec saecula Faustum. 34 Tu quoque—Camoenis BO: Tu breviore tamen quamvis gradiare cothurno A. 35 aequet … Musa AO: aequent … plectra B. 36 Per tua—audes BO: Hic tamen efferris adeoque beatiter audes A. 40 autem O: ergo A, aurem B.

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now, after such a long interval, looking up my old comrades. For quite some time now I’ve hated the bad pastures of the swift-flowing Fulda and the ones that the icy cold Nesse washes with its stony stream. Cyg. But, I recall, when you used to tell me about the rich green fields of the Fulda, where you made your home, you always exalted them with extravagant praise. Phil. They’re not as delightful for my goats as they used to be, though certainly green enough; but God answered my prayers and brought me here. Cyg. [20] Well then, once we’ve sat down in this cool grotto, from where we can keep an eye on the animals and the vicinity, have you ever read a certain Faustus in the cool shade? Phil. Yes, I have seen the fluent Faustus running with audacious foot. Our Tityrus would not hold that against him.40 Though he will not accept being ranked second, he would nevertheless be happy to acknowledge him as his compatriot. Cyg. And yet there was a debate not long ago that occupied some of the shepherds for quite some time, whether the two of them soared to the same heights of poetry or whether the one should yield to the other in merit. Phil. Just as that menace to axes, the holm oak, rises high above bending hazels, [30] just as the many-branched cornel tree overtops the lowly broom, so does my Tityrus surpass the other poet in verse—the Faustus who sings reclining in the cool shade. Ah, the prevailing judgment, espoused by certain critics, is sadly mistaken! You too, though you don’t write in the grand style and your Muse does not equal the poets of Mantua, you nevertheless venture to bring back ancient verse forms throughout your countryside—quite successfully, I might add—and as a shepherd to sing Latin songs in German lands everywhere. But why did you mention “rustic matrons and unsophisticated girls,” [40] imprudent lad? Why indeed do you give in to such allurements? Bards should not be talking like that. Let Venus and that son of hers keep far away from the Muses! For Cupid, they say, carries winged arrows wherever he goes. He is nimble too. Wher-

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Est alacer, passim pueros volat inter amantes Et ferit incautos et dulcia vulnera nutrit. Sed tantum pueros, nam qui sapit odit amores. Foelix rure suo et parvo contentus agello, Non aliqua laesus Venere, hic si pauper egebit, Dummodo succedat pecus et bona copia lactis, Laetus erit pomisque famem solabitur aegram, Arbuta sylvestresque nuces edet. Illius oci Dulcis amor, secura quies, aeterna voluptas! O igitur mihi cara soror, mihi frigida mater Instruat ardentemque focum tenuemque culinam Et panes et olus lac et cochleare ministret! Ipse ego lactentes agnas et ovilia secter, Foelix pace bona et tranquillo tutus in antro. Cyg. Aut lapis est aut truncus iners qui nescit Amorem. Nemo terdecimum quin arserit attigit annum. Dic ubi vidisti mutatis corpora formis Diversum genus in furias ignemque ruisse. Dic ubi nec nostri generis nec sanguinis infans Aeditur, et gratos tecum linquemus amores. Phil. Dicere quid sit Amor, quam fortis et impiger ales, Non aliquis nostris in papilionibus audet. Hinc tamen errantes prius, hinc, age, Cygne, capellas Reiice, ne fractis intrent sata sepibus. Ito. Lascivum pecus est hircus, lasciva capella. Cyg. Vos sata, vos cythisum, vos gramina laeta, capellae, O foelix pecus, et florentes carpitis herbas. Me me, qui primis custos sum vester ab annis, Torquet inexhausto pulcherrima Chloris amore, Quamvis illa meos miserata utcunque dolores Saepius has mecum vobis pascentibus alnos Viderit. O dulces salvete perhenniter herbae,

46 Sed BO: Et A. 47 parvo AO: patrio B. 48 aliqua BO: ulla A. 49 succedat AO: succedant B; bona copia lactis O: lac quottidianum AB. 53 mihi frigida BO: vel frigida A. 54 culinam BO: popinam A. 56 lactentes BO: lactantes A. 60 vidisti O: legisti AB. 66–67 hinc, age—intrent BO: hinc age, Cygne, capellas, / Ne vicina intrent fractis A. 69 gramina A: gemina B, gremina O (sed corr. lector in ex. Pragensi). 72 Torquet—Chloris BO: Pulchra infinito Foenilia torquet A. 73 utcunque dolores BO: fidelior ignes A.

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367

ever there are young fellows ready to fall in love, he is sure to be fluttering among them. He strikes the unwary and fosters their sweet wounds. But only young lads get caught like that, for the wise hate such amours. Happy the man who, living on a farm of his own and content with a small plot of land, remains unhurt by any passionate love. Be he ever so poor, as long as he has his herd and a good supply of milk, [50] he’ll be merry at heart and assuage the pangs of hunger with fruit; he’ll eat arbute berries and nuts from the forest. Oh, the sweet yearning for that life of leisure, the untroubled peace, the unending delight! If only my dear sister or my aged mother were still tending the blazing hearth and the simple kitchen and serving me bread and vegetables and milk by the spoonful! I myself would look after the suckling lambs and the sheepfolds, happy in my undisturbed peace and safe in my quiet grotto. Cyg. Anyone who doesn’t know Love is either a stone or an inert tree trunk. You simply can’t turn thirteen without getting burned. [60] Tell me now, where did you read that “all living beings, no matter what their form or their species, rush madly into that fire”? Tell me, where is it mentioned that “that boy is not of our kin, not of our flesh and blood”? Then, and only then, will I follow your lead and abandon the pleasures of love.41 Phil. To describe what Love really is, how powerful and tireless the winged boy is, that is something which nobody in our huts dares undertake. But first, Cygnus, go, drive the roving goats away from here, or they’ll break through the fence and get into the grainfield. Get going. That billy is a mischievous beast and so is the nanny. Cyg. You nibble at the grain, the clover, the luxuriant grass, [70] O you goats, you fortunate beasts, and crop the flowering herbs. But I, who have been your herder since childhood, I am racked by boundless love for the gorgeous Chloris, even if often she did take pity on my torments as best she could while we lay together under these alders. You were there yourselves, grazing about. Hail to you forever, entrancing

41

Cygnus defends love with arguments drawn from Vergil: ll. 58–59 and 62–63 allude to Verg. Ecl. 8.39–45, while ll. 60–61 point to Verg. G. 3.242–244.

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85

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Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [3

In quibus illa sedens delapsa in gramina palla Explicuit flavasque comas teretesque papillas. Dicite, foelices, ubi nunc mea cura, capellae? An duro coniuncta viro, iam nupta marito Scilicet interclusa meos dediscet amores? Hei mihi, quam perii! Quam sum mutatus ab illo Alite quem pharetram dixit gestare Philaegon! Phil. Cygne, quid est, donec pecus hinc a sepibus arces, Quod quereris? Totis resonat querimonia sylvis. Cyg. Perfidus ille hircus potum descendit ad amnem, Quem procul haec molli tangit via pendula clivo. Ipse pecus revocatum ad cognita flumina veni. Sed satis est. Profugo convicia fecimus hirco, Quae repetisse grave est. Et me manet improba poenae Conditio, si quid numerato de grege desit. Phil. Qualia, Cygne, tuo convitia feceris hirco, Ipse tuus, ne finge, docent vultusque colorque. Nulla quidem talis sequitur convitia pallor. Cyg. Et vultu et signis nihil est fallacius istis. Irascebar enim nec me pallere notabam, Sed rubui magis et vultus incendia sensi. Phil. Ut rubet ancipiti contusum forcipe plumbum, Ut matutina nova luna rubescit in unda, Sic tu, Cygne, rubes! Talem Venus ipsa colorem Induit, Idalios quos dudum torret ad ignes. Cyg. Improbe Amor, quam te non ulla umbracula celant, Quam te nulla tegunt velamina, nulla premit vis! Inditio satis ipse tuo te prodis, et idem Quo latuisse voles magis, hoc incedis aperto Prodigus ore tui magis et tua furta revelas. Sed quid agam? Curis corpus consumor acerbis, Quique animus fuit ante potens fortisque ferendis Omnibus et duros potuit tolerare labores, Aeger amore iacet lentoque absumitur igni. Quae medicina queat satis hos curare dolores?

76 gramina B: gramine AO. 79 nupta marito BO: nubilis aevi A. 80 meos dediscet amores O: meos lugebit amores A, meum dediscet amorem B. 88–146 Sed satis—flamma. add. BO. 92 docent O: docet B.

Seventeen Bucolic Idyls

meadow! That is where she sat as her cloak slipped down in the grass; that is where she unbound her flaxen locks and her well-rounded breasts. Tell me, fortunate goats, where is my sweetheart now? Did she get married to some hard-hearted man? Supposing she’s his wife now and shut in, [80] will she forget how much I loved her? Alas, how I am pining away! How I’ve been transformed by that winged boy who Philaegon says carries a quiver! Phil. What is the matter, Cygnus? What were you complaining about over there, while you were driving the goats away from the fences? The whole wood echoes with your laments. Cyg. That shifty billy went to get a drink from the stream, a fair distance down this gently sloping path on the hillside. When I reached the river we know so well, I was about to call the beast back. But enough of that! I heaped abuse on the runaway billy, which would be painful to repeat. Besides, I can expect a sound [90] thrashing if any of the flock turned out to be missing when counted. Phil. What sort of abuse you heaped on your billy, that—don’t pretend!—is obvious from your facial expression and color. Surely, a pallor like yours never follows on angry reproaches. Cyg. Nothing is more deceptive than facial expression and other such signs. For the fact is, I was furious and didn’t have the sensation of turning pale at all. Rather I flushed red and felt my cheeks burn. Phil. Just as lead turns red when squeezed by a pair of tongs, just as the new moon reddens in the water at dawn, that, Cygnus, is how you flush red! Yours is the color that Venus herself [100] imparts to those whom she has long scorched at the Idalian fires. Cyg. Relentless Love, how no shadows can conceal you! How no veils can cover you up, no power suppress you! By your own evidence you betray yourself clearly enough, and the more you try to hide the symptoms, the more obviously you give yourself away and reveal your secret. But what am I to do? My body is worn out with bitter cares, and my spirit, which used to be undaunted and capable of facing anything and could endure hard labor, now lies sick with love and is consumed by a lingering fire. [110] What medicine is strong enough to cure these

369

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115

120

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130

13=b5r 135

140

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Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [3

Heu vanae herbarum vires promissaque caecis Carmina vulneribus! Captas ludibria mentes Non magis ista iuvant quam captum lumine fulgor Syderis aut surdum clamosi verbera ponti. Sed crucior! Penitusque leves vis ista medullas Intrat et occulto serpit per viscera lapsu. Phil. Pone modum miseris quibus impetus iste querelis Pascitur et saevo paulatim assuesce dolori Cedere. Dedidicit qui parce indulsit amori. Cyg. Qui parce indulsit, magis arsit. Copia detur, Victus abibit amor. Minuit praesentia amorem. Fortior absentes urit Venus, ista, Philaegon, Cum sit firma parum. Partem de peste levaris Si possis alia misero ratione mederi. Phil. Vera quidem, sed plusquam pastoraliter audes Ista loqui, tetricam consulta decentia barbam. Cyg. Sentio, nec falsa confixus arundine, verum. Quod loquor, experior. Quam vellem posse negare Quae fateor! Quamvis miserum, tamen ista fateri Quadam parte iuvat. Sed ab isto languida motu Vulnera crudescunt. Utinam non illa fuisset Quod fuit aut illam, quo primum tempore vidi, Illo rupissent tetricae mea fila sorores, Quae nunc ingratae producunt tempora vitae! Phil. Quid si iterum redeat seroque revisat amantem Amplexusque ferat communiaque oscula iungat? Cyg. Hoc erat, o superi, quod vos ego saepe rogabam, Vestras muneribus veneratus agrestibus aras! Annuat his votis aliquis deus, omnia fient Candida, nigra prius, fiet rosa tristis acanthus, Flava soporiferae sudabunt mella cicutae. Phil. Illam fata tibi reddent meliora tuamque Esse sinent, quoniam nec iniquis ignibus ardes Nec tua dedecori est florenti forma iuventae. Interea obdura, donec sperata reducant Sydera quod lenta cruciat tua pectora flamma.

113 lumine scripsi: lumina BO. 119 Dedidicit O: Didicit B. 124 possis O: posses B. Quae O: Quod B. 130 isto O: illo B. 134 tempora O: stamina B.

129

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torments? Alas, the virtues of herbs and the guaranteed spells are futile against hidden wounds! To hearts enthralled with love, those shams are of no more use than the sun’s radiance to the blind or the blows of the crashing surf to the deaf. But I suffer torments! That force drives deep into my wasted marrow and creeps stealthily through my innards. Phil. Put an end to the sad laments on which that ardor feeds and gradually resign yourself to the cruel pain. He who indulges love sparingly puts it out of mind. Cyg. [120] He who indulges sparingly burns all the hotter. Given ready access, love departs vanquished. Togetherness diminishes love. When passion cools, Philaegon, absence makes the heart burn fonder. You would relieve a good part of this plague if you could cure me poor wretch in some other way. Phil. You certainly speak the truth, more so than your average shepherd would have the courage to do. A resolution worthy of a philosopher’s beard! Cyg. I feel it is the right thing to do, seeing that I’m not pierced by some make-believe arrow. I speak from experience. I would give anything if I could deny what I just confessed. Though it breaks my heart, this confession nevertheless [130] does me good in a strange way. But with all this agitation, the oozing wounds are breaking open again. If only that girl hadn’t captivated me as she did or that the grim sisters,42 who now prolong my hateful life, had severed my threads the very instant I saw her! Phil. What if she came back again and paid her lover another visit after all this time and hugged you and exchanged kisses with you? Cyg. That, O you gods above, is what I have asked for so often when I honored your altars with rustic offerings! If some god answered my prayers, what once was black would turn [140] white, the thorny acanthus would turn into a rose, and sleep-bringing hemlocks would exude golden honey. Phil. A better fate will restore her to you and let her be yours, given that you do not burn with all-consuming fires and your handsome looks are no discredit to your blossoming youth. In the meantime, bear up, until the hoped-for stars bring back her who torments your breast with lingering flame.

42

The three Fates who spin the thread of life, measure it out, and finally cut it off.

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Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [4

IIII. IDYLLII ARGUMENTUM Introducuntur pastores duo, Tityrus et Battus, quorum nominibus hoc Iustus Ionas, illo Petreius Aperbachus accipiendi sunt, qui ambo eo tempore, quo haec scribebantur, summa amicitia ac familiaritate coniuncti erant iuvenes iuveni Eobano. 2 Quorum alter Ionas magna autoritate et existimatione adhuc superstes, alter Petreius pie nuper est defunctus. 3 Hi Virgiliana imitatione propositis praemiis sub iudice Thrasybulo, per quem ante diximus Chunratum Mutianum Rufum accipiendum esse, decertant, quorum Tityrus virginei partus miracula ac laudes, Battus omnipoten- | tiam et opera Dei admirantur ac celebrant. 4 Res agitur in Thuringia, etc.

b5v

H. EOBANI HESSI BUCOLICORUM IDYLLION IIII. Tityrus, Battus, Thrasybulus

5

Pastores viridi duo convenere sub umbra Pandentis placide frondentia brachia fagi, Tityrus et Battus, pictas ubi plurima ripas Alluit et dulces labens ciet unda susurros. Una aetas ambobus erat, formosus uterque, Carmine uterque potens. Et tum certare parati Sederunt studio intenti calamosque ligabant. Forte supervenit Thrasybulus. Protinus illum Ut pueri videre, prior sic Tityrus inquit:

Idyl. 4, arg. add. O. Idyl. 4. ABO. Marginalia add. O. Tit. H. Eobani—idyllion IIII. O: Aegloga quinta A, Idyllion quartum B. Personae Tityrus, Battus, Thrasybulus BO: Floridus, Vernus, Tranquillus iudex A. 1–3 umbra—Battus BO: ulmo, / Floridus et Vernus A. 4 ciet BO: facit A. 7–8 ligabant—illum BO: ligabant, / Tranquillus senior cum forte supervenit. Illum A. 9 Tityrus BO: Floridus A.

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ARGUMENT OF THE FOURTH IDYL Two shepherds are introduced, Tityrus and Battus. Of these names, the latter should be understood as Justus Jonas,43 the former as Petrejus Eberbach.44 At the time when these verses were written both were young men united to the young Eobanus in closest friendship and intimacy. The one, Jonas, a man of great influence and reputation, is still alive. The other, Petrejus, died a pious death not all that long ago. In imitation of Vergil, these youths compete for a prize that they have staked before the umpire Thrasybulus, by whom, as I mentioned earlier, Konrad Mutianus Rufus is meant.45 Of the two, Tityrus marvels at and celebrates the miracles and praises of the virgin birth, Battus the omnipotence and works of God. The action takes place in Thuringia, etc.

THE FOURTH BUCOLIC IDYL OF H. EOBANUS HESSUS Tityrus, Battus, Thrasybulus Two shepherds met in the green shade of a beech tree that placidly spread out its leafy arms, Tityrus and Battus, where many a wave washes the painted banks and raises sweet whispers as it glides along. The two were equal in age, handsome lads both, both skilled in song. And there they sat, intent on their pastime, ready to compete with each other, and were busy fastening the reeds together. By chance Thrasybulus came by. As soon as the lads saw him, Tityrus called out to him as follows:

43

44

45

When this poem was originally written (probably in the summer of 1508), Justus Jonas (1493–1555) was a precocious fifteen-year-old. A fellow student of Eobanus’s at Erfurt, Jonas had earned the BA in 1507 and would obtain his MA in early 1510. He would go on to become a lawyer, theologian, and Lutheran reformer. See n. 41 at Buc. 5 (1:310–311); Bernstein, Mutianus, 221–230. Petrejus (Peter) Eberbach (ca. 1480–1531/32) was another of Eobanus’s friends at the university. After matriculating in 1497, he received the BA in 1502 and the MA in early 1508. See further Poetic Works, 1:197–198; Gerald Dörner in VLDH, 1:569–576; Bernstein, Mutianus, 184–192. The anonymous satire De generibus ebriosorum, sometimes attributed to him, is in fact by Eobanus himself; see Poetic Works, 3:193–202. On Eobanus’s mentor Mutianus Rufus (1471–1526), see Camerarius, Nar. 12.12–13, with n. 36 (1:37–39); Fidel Rädle in VLDH, 2:377–400; Bernstein, Mutianus.

374 10

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Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [4

Tityr. Huc ades, o Thrasybule. Pecus iam dormit in umbra. Huc ades et nostri iudex certaminis esto, Nam tua per nostras clara est sapientia sylvas. Thras. Audaces pueri, plus quam pueriliter ausi Alternis certare modis, audacia laus est In puero, si non temeraria. Dicite, quales Victor opes referet? Quae pignora ponitis ergo? Ipse ego, quandoquidem mihi stant ad flumina tauri Et pecus omne levi fessum requiescit in umbra, Iudex vester ero et meritis sua praemia solvam. Batt. Hunc tibi lunatum pro pignore ponimus arcum, Tityre, quem duro tenerae de stipite corni Fecimus his manibus tornoque polivimus acri, Distinctum nervis bubulis viscoque tenaci. Aspice deductum circum duo cornua funem. Quam bonus! Herculeis gravius ferit ille sagittis. Hic mihi quot volucres deiecerit arbore ab alta, Saepe etiam ex ipso—dictu res mira—volatu, Praecipites coelo lapsas manibusque prehensas Praebuerit, non est numero comprendere certo. Dextro Phyllirides cornu caelatus, ut ille Spicula cum pharetra puero praemonstrat Achilli. Gnosius ex alio serpentem interficit Alcon, Ut puer illaesus docto sua tela parenti Integer et medio velut e Phlegethonte reportat. Saepius hunc nobis invidit stultus Amyntas. Tityr. Munere si mecum Thrasybulo iudice certes, Vicimus. En ista quae pendet fistula quercu, Illa tuum certe precio supereminet arcum. Non calamis compacta tribus rudibusve cicutis,

10 Thrasybule BO: Tranquille A. 11–12 esto, / Nam … clara est BO: esto. Et … resonat A. 18 Et pecus—umbra add. BO. 19 meritis—solvam O: meritos largibor honores AB. 21 Tityre BO: Floride A; tenerae … corni O: teneri … pomi A, teneri … corni B. 23 nervis BO: venis A. 24 deductum AB: diductum O. 25 ille AB: illa O. 26–29 Hic mihi quot volucres deiecerit [disiecerit B]—comprendere certo BO: Hoc ego quot tulerim non est numerare volucres—/ Cornices, corvos, cuculos, turdos, et anates. / Saepe etiam lepores coepi capreasque fugaces A. 34 Integer—velut e O: Gratus et ex medio veluti AB. 35 Amyntas BO: Adonis A. 36 Munere—iudice BO: Iudice Tranquillo mecum si munere A. 37 quercu O: pinu A, fago B. 38 Illa tuum certe BO: Ut reor, illa tuum A.

Seventeen Bucolic Idyls

375

Tityr. [10] Come over here, Thrasybulus! Your herd is already dozing in the shade. Come here and be the umpire of our singing match, for your wisdom is renowned in our forests. Thras. Daring lads, you’ve dared beyond your years to sing against each other in alternating verse. Daring is a virtue in a lad, so long as it does not become reckless. Very well, then: tell me, what prize is the winner to take? What stakes are you willing to name? Since my bulls are just standing there on the riverbank and the whole herd is wearily resting in the gentle shade, I’ll be your umpire and award the prize you deserve. Batt. [20] As my stake I pledge you this crescent-shaped bow, Tityrus. I made it with my own hands from the hard bole of a young cornel tree, then smoothed it on a sharp-cutting lathe and strung it with ox tendons and sticky glue. Just look at the cord that is wound around the two ends. What a fine piece of work! That bow will hit its target harder than Hercules’s arrows. I couldn’t begin to count the number of birds it has shot down for me as they perched high up in a tree and even quite often—a wondrous thing to tell—as they flew overhead, making them drop headlong out of the sky and letting me grab them with my hands. [30] Embossed on the right end is Philyra’s son, busy showing the boy Achilles how to use a bow and arrow.46 At the other end there’s Alcon of Crete, who has just killed the serpent.47 Unharmed and sound, the boy is carrying the arrows back to his masterful father. Doesn’t he look as if he’s just gone through hell? Like the fool he is, Amyntas has often begrudged me that bow. Tityr. If you’re trying to impress the umpire Thrasybulus by praising your stake over mine, then I’m the clear winner. Look at that flute hanging over there in the oak tree! It certainly is worth far more than your bow. It’s not made of three reeds or a set of hemlock stalks

46 47

The learned centaur Chiron, son of Saturn and the nymph Philyra, mentored Hercules, Achilles, and Aesculapius, among others. Hercules’s comrade Alcon was a master archer. Once, when a snake coiled itself around his sleeping son, he shot the beast without injuring the boy. See Serv. Ecl. 5.11.

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Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [4

Non cera connexa levi, quibus improbus olim Pan deus agrestes docuit resonare poetas, Sed teres e viridi buxo tornata monaulos. Quam tamen ipse vola nequeas includere, quamvis Longa tibi digitum pater internodia fecit. Hanc ego muneribus venalem grandibus emi. Vellera bina dedi raptamque a matre capellam. Hac ubi personui scopulo vocalis ab alto, Floruit omne nemus, fragrabant lilia, flores Fundebat genialis humus, gravis aura quievit, Spirabant Zephyri, ventusque sonantior ibat, Demulcens leni circum mea tempora flatu. Illa tuo quantum caelata fidelius arcu! Cernis ut hic fugiat victorem Marsia Phoebum? Demens qui divos vocat in certamina! Cernis Auriculas Phrygio per tempora surgere regi? Hic etiam exceptum Misenum in littore Triton Obruit. Arrident servantes proxima nymphae. Illam, Batte, tamen tecum deponimus. Ergo Quis prior incipiat, tibi sit, Thrasybule, relictum. Thras. Ludite iam, pueri. Satis est pro pignore dictum. Ludite, ut incipiant motare cacumina sylvae Blandaque formosae saliant ad carmina nymphae. Incipe, Batte, prior: tua carmine dignior aetas. Batt. Dicite, Pierides, certantes dicite Musae. Quis fuit ante chaos et prima exordia rerum? Quis mare, quis terras, quis lucida sydera fecit? Unus in aeternum qui contrahit omnia regnum. Gratia, Pierides, vobis sit gratia, Musae. Tityr. Annuite, Aonides, Musae spirate faventes. Virginis intactae castum referemus amorem Christophorae, sed quae genialis nescia lecti Aedidit arcano conceptum semine Natum.

40 improbus BO: impius A. 42 e O: ex AB. 43 ipse BO: ipsa A; includere BO: concludere A. 50–51 ventusque—Demulcens BO: mollisque Favonius ibat, / Applaudens A. 52 quantum …! BO: nunquid …? A. 57 servantes proxima O: circum cava littora AB. 58 Batte BO: Verne A. 59 Thrasybule BO: Tranquille A. 62 saliant A: salient B, saleant O. 63 Batte BO: Verne A. 65 rerum O: mundi AB. 69 Annuite—faventes BO: Currite, Thespiades, faciles properate Camaenae A.

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[40] joined with light wax—not the crude sort of pipe on which the shameless god Pan once taught country poets to make music, but a recorder of pale-green boxwood, smoothly turned on a lathe. And yet even you couldn’t hold it in the palm of your hand, no matter how long the fingers are that you inherited from your father. I paid a good price for it when it was offered for sale: two fleeces and a kid snatched away from its mother. When I played my best tunes on it, atop a high rock, the whole forest blossomed, the lilies smelled sweetly, the genial earth brought forth a profusion of flowers, the wind gusts subsided, [50] zephyrs blew, and the breeze moved more sonorously, caressing my temples with gentle wafts. How much truer to life are the carvings than on your bow! Do you see how Marsyas here is fleeing from the victorious Phoebus?48 Only a fool would challenge the gods to a contest! Do you see the ass’s ears growing out of the Phrygian king’s head?49 And here’s Triton too. He has just caught Misenus on the shore and is drowning him, as the nymphs stand smiling nearby.50 All the same, Battus, I’m going to stake it with you. Well then, as to who should start first, that, Thrasybulus, is for you to decide. Thras. [60] Get playing now, lads. Enough has been said about the stakes. Play, so the trees start swaying their crowns and lovely nymphs dance to the charming songs. Since you’re the younger one, Battus, it seems fair that you should lead off. Batt. Sing, Pierian maidens, sing, competitive Muses. Who existed before the primeval chaos and the creation of the world? Who made the sea, the lands, and the shining stars? He alone who brought all things together into one eternal realm. Thanks, Pierian maidens, thanks be to you, Muses. Tityr. Grant me your favor, Aonian sisters, inspire me, gracious Muses. [70] Let us sing the chaste love of the untouched Virgin, Mother of Christ. A stranger to the marriage bed, she nonetheless bore a Son conceived from mysterious seed. Rejoice, Aonian sisters, exult, gracious Muses. 48

49 50

The satyr Marsyas arrogantly challenged Apollo to a contest in flute playing. The god defeated him and then flayed him alive for his presumption. See Ov. Met. 6.382–391; Fast. 6.703–708; Eob. Idyl. 8.96. After Apollo won a musical contest over Pan, King Midas criticized the judgment. As punishment Apollo gave him ass’s ears. See Ov. Met. 11.146–179. Aeneas’s trumpeter Misenus was blowing a conch shell and overconfidently challenged the gods to a contest. The sea god Triton caught him, however, and drowned him in the sea. See Verg. A. 6.171–174.

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Gaudete, Aonides, Musae exultate faventes. Batt. Quis movet hanc molem? Tantum quis temperat orbem? Quis rutilum fissis iaculatur nubibus ignem? Unus ab aeterna mundi ratione Creator. Gratia, Pierides, vobis sit gratia, Musae. Tityr. Vidit et incaluit, non vidit et acrius arsit. Nobilis in solo flagravit nomine Virgo, Ut calet a Zephyro pingui flos pulcher in horto. Gaudete, Aonides, Musae exultate faventes. Batt. Quis prohibet ventos? Quis rauca tonitrua torquet? Quis nebulam spargit? Quis nubes denset in arctum? Unus qui rerum solus discrimina novit. Gratia, Pierides, vobis sit gratia, Musae. Tityr. Dum flores in serta legit, dum sola per agros Errat, ab Eoa perflavit Spiritus aura. Quando afflata, novum concepit Virgo tumorem. Gaudete, Aonides, Musae exultate faventes. Batt. Quis novat has segetes? Quis campum pingit arista? Quis foecundat agros? Quis sylvam frondibus ornat? Unus qui propria nescit virtute secundum. Gratia, Pierides, vobis sit gratia, Musae. Tityr. Interea dulci tumuit gestamine venter. Aedidit in terris similem coelestibus ipsis. Virgineum meruit Genetrix servare pudorem. Gaudete, Aonides, Musae exultate faventes.

73 Gaudete—faventes BO: Plaudite, Thespiades, faciles gaudete Camaenae A. Ante 74 Dicite, Pierides, certantes dicite Musae. A, om. BO. 74 temperat BO: terminat A. 76 aeterna AB: aeterno O. Ante 78 Currite, Thespiades, faciles properate Camaenae. A, om. BO. 81 Gaudete—faventes BO: Plaudite, Thespiades, faciles gaudete Camaenae A. Ante 82 Dicite, Pierides, certantes dicite Musae. A, om. BO. 83 denset O: densat AB (sic etiam lector in margine O in ex. Washingtonensi). 84 rerum solus O: solus rerum AB; novit BO: pandit A. Ante 86 Currite, Thespiades, faciles properate Camaenae. A, om. BO. 89 Gaudete— faventes BO: Plaudite, Thespiades, faciles gaudete Camaenae A. Ante 90 Dicite, Pierides, certantes dicite Musae. A, om. BO. 90 novat O: facit AB. Ante 94 Currite, Thespiades, faciles properate Camaenae. A, om. BO. 97 Gaudete—faventes BO: Plaudite, Thespiades, faciles gaudete Camaenae A.

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Batt. Who moves this great structure? Who governs the vast world? Who throws the fiery lightning that cleaves the clouds? He alone who created the world in accordance with everlasting reason. Thanks, Pierian maidens, thanks be to you, Muses. Tityr. She saw and grew hot, saw nothing and burned even hotter. The noble Virgin warmed at the mere mention of his name, [80] as a beautiful flower in a fertile garden is warmed by the zephyr. Rejoice, Aonian sisters, exult, gracious Muses. Batt. Who keeps the winds in check? Who hurls the crashing thunderbolts? Who spreads the fog? Who gathers up the clouds? He alone who knows the bounds of all things. Thanks, Pierian maidens, thanks be to you, Muses. Tityr. While she was picking flowers for a chaplet, while she was strolling alone through the fields, the Spirit breathed upon her in the east wind. After the Breath had come upon her, the Virgin wondrously conceived and became big with child. Rejoice, Aonian sisters, exult, gracious Muses. Batt. [90] Who renews these crops? Who emblazons the plain with wheat? Who makes the fields fertile? Who adorns the forest with leaves? He alone who has no equal in power. Thanks, Pierian maidens, thanks be to you, Muses. Tityr. Meanwhile her womb swelled up with its dear burden. It brought into the world One who was like the celestial beings themselves. His Mother was worthy of keeping her maidenhood. Rejoice, Aonian sisters, exult, gracious Muses.

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Batt. Quis veteres faunos, satyros quis trusit ad umbras? Quis Phoebum et Bacchum? Quis numina cuncta deorum? Unus qui solus Deus est et cuncta gubernat. Gratia, Pierides, vobis sit gratia, Musae. Tityr. O pia coelesti Virgo praelata coronae, Huc ades et nostrum foecunda floribus arvum. Omnia nanque potes Nati pietate, volentis Omnia te propter, miseris quaecunque rogaris. Eia age, sic nunquam te fistula nostra silebit. Batt. O pie Rex, solo qui dirigis omnia nutu, Huc ades et nostri custodi septa peculi, Ne lupus et rapidi turbent armenta latrones. Omnia nanque potes propria virtute facisque Solus, et auxilio tua vis non indiget ullo. Thras. Sit satis. Inclinata dies requiescere suadet. Claudite vocales, pueri, iam claudite cannas. Vicit uterque; ipsi vestrum vicistis utrumque. Vos faciunt et forma pares et carmen et aetas. Arcus, Batte, tibi, tibi fistula, Tityre, caedat, Ut prius, et vestros concordes pascite tauros.

IDYLLII V. ARGUMENTUM Colloquuntur hoc idyllio pastores duo, quorum alteri nomen Phileremo, quasi solitariae vitae cultori dicas, alteri Argo est, ut qui splendidam ac civilem vitam cognitam habeat et solitariae praeferat. 2 Nec refert qui his nominibus olim cum haec scriberentur designati sint, quando minime necesse est omnia sic nominatim explicare, dummodo de rebus constet. 3 Disputant vero de corruptis et

Ante 98 Dicite, Pierides, certantes dicite Musae. A, om. BO. 100 est et BO: est, qui A. Ante 102 Currite, Thespiades, faciles properate Camaenae. A, om. BO. 104–105 Omnia nanque—rogaris. add. BO. 106 Eia—silebit BO: Fistula sic divam nunquam te nostra silebit. / Plaudite, Thespiades, faciles gaudete Camaenae A. 107–111 O pie—ullo. add. BO. 116 Batte BO: Verne A; tibi—Tityre, O: tibi fistula, Floride, A, tibi, Tityre, fistula B. Idyl. 5, arg. add. O.

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Batt. Who thrust the ancient fauns and satyrs down to the shades? Who drove Phoebus and Bacchus and all those heathen gods down to hell?51 [100] He alone who is God alone and rules the whole world. Thanks, Pierian maidens, thanks be to you, Muses. Tityr. O gentle Virgin, exalted with a heavenly crown, come hither and make our meadow fecund with flowers. For you can do everything through the love of your Son, who for your sake grants poor sinners whatever you ask. Come now! Then my flute will never stop singing your praises. Batt. Oh gracious King, you who guide the whole creation with a single nod, come to us and protect our herds’ paddocks, lest the wolf and fierce robbers should harry the cattle. [110] For you can do everything through your own strength, by yourself, and your might has no need of assistance. Thras. Let that be enough. The close of day is urging us to rest. Stop singing and piping now, lads. Each of you has won; each of you has defeated the other. You two are a match in good looks and singing and youth. Let the bow fall to you, Battus, the flute to you, Tityrus, just as it was before. Now go in amity to pasture your bullocks.

ARGUMENT OF THE FIFTH IDYL In this idyl, two shepherds converse. Of them, the one is called Phileremus, which means something like “devotee of the solitary life,” while the other is named Argus, as a man who is well acquainted with the sumptuous life of the city and prefers it to a life of solitude. It is no matter who were meant by these names long ago, when this poem was written, seeing that it is wholly unnecessary to explain all such things in detail, as long as the themes come across clearly.52 At any rate, 51

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The old demons, who had introduced superstitions and false cults into the world, were thrust down into hell after Christ’s birth. For this traditional belief, cf. Her. Chr. 9.83–92, with n. 9 (2:252). Though Eobanus does not identify the speakers here, he does do so in the marginal notes below. Argus is Eobanus himself. The name, which also occurs in Petrarch, Ecl. 2 and Bocc. Ecl. 3, 4, 6, and elsewhere, recalls the ever-vigilant, hundred-eyed guardian of Io. Phileremus (lover of solitude) is Eobanus’s friend Herbord von der Marthen (ca. 1480–1529), who had left Erfurt in the late autumn of 1508 to succeed Georg Spalatin as teacher in Georgenthal. On him, see Eob. Laud. 146–152, with n. 30 (1:155); Bernstein, Mutianus, 174–184.

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viciatis pascuis et quibusdam spectris, quae omnia alter simpliciter et ex vulgari opinione recenset, alter ἀλληγορικῶς accipit et interpretatur. 4 Res agitur in Thuringia, in- | ter Erphurdiam, Isenacum, et Vallem Georgianam.

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H. EOBANI HESSI BUCOLICORUM IDYLLION V. Argus, Phileremus

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Arg. Montibus his mecum quondam, Philereme, solebas Pascere et alternis nostras concentibus aures Mulcere urgentesque animo depellere curas. Quae nunc arva tenent, quod te nemus? Aut ubi tandem Usque adeo solus tecum, Philereme, recedis? Phil. O Arge, infaustos quid adhuc non deseris agros? Noxia quid pecori non linquis pascua?—quando Haec inculta rubi steriles et tristis acanthus Invisaeque tenent vepres loca et omnibus agris Degeneres pro seminibus foelicibus herbae Proveniunt pecorique obducunt pascua nec sunt Quas possint miserae frondes rosisse capellae Nec quisquam in precio labor est, ubi nulla beatos Ocia pastores faciunt, sed semper egentes Spe rapiunt facili suspensaque vota morantur. Gramina serpentes habitant, umbrosa lacertae. Heu, fuge, vicinae ne dum successeris umbrae Nudum forte pedem calcatus mordeat anguis.

3 ἀλληγορικῶς scripsi: ἀλληγορεικῶς O. Idyl. 5. ABO. Marginalia add. O. Tit. H. Eobani— idyllion V. O: Aegloga quarta A, Idyllion quintum B. 1 his B: hiis A, his his O (sed corr. lector in ex. Pragensi et per rasuram in ex Washingtonensi). 2–3 et alternis—animo BO: oves alternaque decantare vicissim / Carmina et urgentes calamo A. 8–13 Haec—labor est BO: Hic steriles tribuli, lolium, zizania, lappae, / Carduus, et spinae surgunt A. 11 Proveniunt O: Nascuntur B; sunt scripsi: sint BO. 16 Gramina BO: Pascua A. 17 vicinae AB: vicine O (sed corr. lector in ex. Washingtonensi). 18 Nudum—mordeat BO: Forte pedem tenerum calcata remordeat A. 53

In A, this poem is fundamentally a satire on the disastrous political, social, and economic conditions in Erfurt in mid-1509. Already hard hit by economic and social crisis,

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the shepherds argue about ruined and tainted pastures and about some specters, which the one recounts naively and in accordance with popular opinion throughout, while the other understands and interprets them allegorically.53 The action takes place in Thuringia, between Erfurt, Eisenach, and Georgenthal.

THE FIFTH BUCOLIC IDYL OF H. EOBANUS HESSUS Argus, Phileremus Arg. Once upon a time you used to pasture the sheep with me in these mountains, Phileremus, and beguile our ears with alternating songs and rid our hearts of pressing cares. Which fields, which forests hold you fast now? Or rather, where in the world have you withdrawn to, Phileremus? Why are you keeping so much to yourself these days? Phil. Oh, Argus, why haven’t you abandoned these ill-starred fields yet? Why don’t you abandon these pastures that are so harmful to the livestock? For the fact is that this uncultivated region is overgrown with barren brambles and thorny acanthus and odious briers, and in all the fields [10] vile weeds spring up instead of desirable herbage and spoil the meadows for the flocks. There is no foliage for the poor goats to nibble on. And hard work is for naught where there is no leisure to make shepherds happy. Quite the opposite! Always in poverty, they are cheated of easy hopes as their wishes remain unfulfilled. The grass is crawling with serpents, the shadows with lizards. Ah, flee while you can! If you walk barefoot in the nearby shade, you could easily step on a snake and get a nasty bite.54

54

cuts in pay, and heavy taxes, the citizens of Erfurt were finally told on 8 June 1509 how desperately the city was mired in debt. Blaming the disaster on the plutocrats who dominated the city council, the townspeople revolted and took control. The troubles did not end until the following spring, when a new council was sworn in. On the “Mad Year” in Erfurt’s history, see Theodor Neubauer, Das tolle Jahr von Erfurt, ed. Martin Waehler (Weimar, 1948); Robert W. Scribner, “Civic Unity and the Reformation in Erfurt,” Past and Present 66 (1975): 29–60, here at pp. 30–38. When Eobanus revised his poem in 1523/24, the upheavals of 1509 had long since faded from memory. In BO, therefore, some of the satirical thrusts are redirected at the evangelical preachers, who had already brought the university to its knees and were now attacking Eobanus himself. For the background, see Poetic Works, 3:429–433. The Arcadian landscape of Idyl. 1.81–96, which Cygnus-Eobanus was still praising in Idyl. 3, has now turned into a pastoral nightmare.

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Arg. Vera refers, nec teste opus est in rebus apertis. Ipse ego, cum pronum sol declinaret ad axem, Sub viridi quercu longum, mirabile dictu, Hac virga colubrum qui sub radice latebat, Ora exertantem et summa me fauce petentem, Vix repuli et toto mulctram cum lacte profudi. Phil. Credo equidem, nec quae memoras mihi mira videntur, Quando etiam haec vulpes lateant per ovilia perque Incustoditas serpat nepa livida caulas. Est pecudum commissa lupis custodia. Cernis, Limina caede tepent, sparguntur sanguine postes Innocuo. Nihil est custode voracius ipso. Arg. Atqui non depascere oves, sed pascere, veri Officium pastoris erat. Sed longior haec est Fabula quam subito quae possit carmine dici, Forsan et invidiam nostris motura Camoenis. Quae nunc arva tenent? Quae te, Philereme, morantur Commoda quae patrio possis praeponere ruri? Phil. Me tenet umbrifero vallis secreta recessu, Ad quartum vestra lapidem, quam servat, ab urbe, Dives lanigeri pastor gregis, inter et altas Sylvarum rupes tuta in statione manentes. Hic ego propter aquas viridi requietus in antro Saepe leves capio somnos. Secura vagantur Per sylvas armenta. Nihil locus insidiarum Ille habet. Haec vita est nostro iucundior aevo. Arg. Ocia quandoquidem laudas, Philereme, fatebor: Ipse ego sylvestresque casas et agrestia tecta Praetulero urbanis opibus vitaeque forensi. Et me cara parens viridi connixa sub umbra Aedidit et molles circum Floralia cunas Dona tulit teneraque sedens lactavit in herba,

Per Phileremum sane intelligebat olim Herebordum Margaritanum, eruditione et nobilitate insignem iuvenem.

De seipso certe haec et vere dicit autor.

19–20 teste—axem BO: ego dicam mendatia. Quando / Hesterna saturas mulgerem luce capellas A. 22 qui—latebat BO: subter radice latentem A. 24 Vix—mulctram BO: Effugi et largo mulctrum A. 31–36 Arg. Atqui—ruri? add. BO. 38 Ad AO: At B. 39–40 Dives—manentes BO: Qui pater Armeni colit enthea signa Georgi A. 44 nostro AB: nostra O.

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Arg. You speak the truth. But there’s no need for a witness in an open-and-shut case. [20] The other day, as the sun was sinking toward the horizon, I was sitting under a green oak, when, strange to say, a long snake lurking in the roots thrust out its head and lunged at me with its fangs bared. I barely managed to drive it back with this stick of mine, but spilled all the milk in the milk pail. Phil. I truly believe you. In fact, your story doesn’t strike me as strange at all, seeing that foxes lurk in the very sheepfolds here and livid scorpions creep through the unguarded cotes. The task of guarding the flock has been entrusted to wolves. Just look about you! The gates reek with gore; the jambs are spattered with [30] innocent blood. In this place nothing is more ravenous than the herdsman himself. Arg. But the duty of a true shepherd is to pasture his sheep, not devour them. But that is another story, too long to be told in extemporaneous verse. In fact, it might well arouse ill will against our Muses. What fields hold you fast now, Phileremus? What do you love about them so much that you can prefer them to your homeland? Phil. The valley where I now live is tucked away in a shady nook, at the fourth milestone from your town, amidst lofty [40] crags that maintain their secure posts in the woods. The wealthy shepherd of a woolly flock resides in that very dale.55 There, taking my ease in a verdant grotto by the water, I often take a refreshing nap. The cattle roam unafraid through the woods. That place is completely free of pitfalls. It is the most pleasant life imaginable in our day and age. Arg. Since you praise the life of leisure, Phileremus, I’ll confess: I myself would much prefer forest huts and farmhouses to the opulence of the city and the hurly-burly of the marketplace. My dear mother not only bore me in the green shade, she also placed the gifts of Flora around my soft cradle [50] and nursed me as she sat in the

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By Phileremus he doubtless once meant Herbord von der Marthen, a young man distinguished for his learning and nobility.

The author surely and truly says these things about himself.

Herbord’s father, the Erfurt patrician and jurist Gerlach von der Marthen (1465–1515), served as vicegerent of the archbishop of Mainz from 1499 to 1504. Driven from Erfurt in 1504, he retired to his estate, the Löwenburg, some four Roman miles (about six km) outside of Erfurt; cf. Epp. 4, sig. F5v (1508).

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Aurifer Hessiacos ubi praeterit Aedera montes. Aedera, dy Eder, fluvius aurifer Nunc tenet infoelix Erphurdia, cuius, ut inquis, verissime. Tot mala destituunt quondam bona pascua, cuius Et lupus et serpens et amantes saxa lacerti Plenaque ventrosus graditur per ovilia bufo. Phil. Plus satis infoelix Erphurdia, perdita postquam Heu male servatos respublica luget honores! Arg. Dum loquimur, tuus in nostram furit ecce iuvencam Taurus et a nostro cornuta fronte repulsus Aestuat ut grato saciari possit amore. Cernis ut ecce iterum concursant duriter ictis Frontibus. O faveas nostro, Pan maxime, tauro! O montana Pales, nostro da cornua tauro! Mulctram, diva Pales, capies, Pan magne, coronam. Vicisti, bone taure! Tua est victoria! Frontem Ergo feres querna redimitam fronde. Placere Sic potes et niveae coniunctior esse iuvencae. Quid tibi de nostro tauro, Philereme, videtur? Phil. Fortior et levibus nihil impedientibus armis Mole sua pressum vicit pecus, ergo corona Dignus. At ille pedum meus inter cornua durum Sentiet, ut forti discat concurrere. Tandem Tu quoque fers meritam, stolidissime taure, coronam. I nunc et pugna pro pulchra, stulte, iuvenca! Arg. Ha, miserum pecus! Optato dum ludis amori, Et Venerem et pugnam perdis. Fers verbera tantum. Phil. Sol coquit arentes campos et corpora fuscat. Umbra iuvat. Gelidae quid non succedimus umbrae? Arg. Gratior hic locus est, tilias ubi frigida leves Aura agit et summa Zephyrus sub rupe remugit. Dum tamen hoc ambo viridi consedimus antro,

51 Aurifer BO: Gemmeus A; praeterit BO: percutit A. 51m fluvius—verissime scripsi: flu. aurifer veriss. O. 54 lacerti O: lacertae AB. 56 Plus satis BO: O certe A. 57 Heu BO: Ah A. 58 ecce AB: esse O. 60 grato BO: dulci A. 61 concursant BO: concurrunt A. 63 nostro—tauro BO: celebrem largire triumphum A. 66 redimitam AO: redimita B. 69–70 Fortior—vicit BO: Pinguis—et hoc mirum!—tuus haec per inania thaurus / Pascua devicit macrum A. 71 meus AO: mens B. 73 stolidissime BO: nequissime A. 75 Ha O: Ah A, Et B; Optato dum ludis BO: Insano dum servis A. 79 tilias AO: tibias B.

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tender grass, there where the gold-bearing Eder flows past the mountains of Hesse.56 Now I’m stuck in Erfurt, that unhappy town. It used to have lots of good pastures; but, as you say, they’ve long since turned nightmarishly bad. Wolves and snakes and stone-loving lizards and potbellied toads wander freely here through the crowded sheepfolds. Phil. All too unhappy Erfurt, ever since the ruined town has, alas, been mourning its badly safeguarded glories!57 Arg. While we’re talking, your bull has been madly courting my heifer. Butted away by my own bull, [60] he’s spoiling for a fight so he can sate his agreeable ardor. Look how they’re charging each other again and knocking their heads together hard. O mighty Pan, favor my bull! O mountain-dwelling Palēs, give my bull courage! You’ll get a pail of milk, divine Palēs, and you, great Pan, a garland. You are the winner, brave bull! The victory is yours! In recognition, you’re going to be crowned with an oak wreath. That way you can please the snowwhite heifer and be even closer to her. What do you think of my bull, Phileremus? Phil. Being stronger and much sleeker and nimbler, [70] he has defeated my overweight beast. Therefore he’s entitled to his wreath. But that animal of mine will get to feel the hard crook between his horns, so that he’ll learn to charge at a powerful rival. There, you blockheaded bull! Now you too bear the crown you deserve.58 Get moving, fool, and fight for the beautiful heifer! Arg. Ah, hapless beast! By dabbling in the love you lusted after, you’ve lost both love and battle. All you get is a beating. Phil. The sun is baking the parched fields and tanning our bodies. The shade looks appealing. Why don’t we move into the cool shadow? Arg. This is a nicer place, here where the cool [80] breeze stirs the smooth lindens and the zephyr moos beneath the towering cliff. But now that we’ve both sat down in this verdant grotto, play something,

The Eder, a gold-bearing river in the truest sense of the word.

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At Nar. 5.7, Camerarius takes these verses literally. However, Eobanus is simply saying that he too is from the country, having been born in the village of Halgehausen, not far from Frankenberg. In A, this sentence laments the riots that ensued after Erfurt’s bankruptcy became public knowledge. In the context of 1523/24, the words deplore the collapse of the University of Erfurt; cf. Idyl. 17.104–107. A crown of welts raised by the beating.

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Lude aliquid, Philereme. Levant et mutua curas Carmina, nam subitis ego respondebo Camoenis. Phil. Magna canam, non quae sapiant trivialiter, Arge, Non quae quisque sua moduletur arundine pastor. Arg. Incipe, nanque tibi praesens aspirat Apollo Assurgitque tuae vicinia tota Camoenae. Phil. Aspicis aerio sublatum vertice montem, Qua levis occidui deflectitur aura Favoni. Horrisonum Latio vicinus nomine dicit Qui Nessum bibit undosum Verarimque propinquum. Isthoc ante duas messes cum saepe venirem, Ignarus nemorum, vidi discurrere larvas Saxa per et montes, tanquam nocturna vagantes Terriculamenta et pueros terrere paventes Quas lamias dicunt. Quibus est exemptile lumen. Quas vigiles aiunt extra sua limina lyncas Esse domi talpas nec quenquam cernere nec se. Arg. O Philereme, quis infaustis maledicere larvis, Quis lamias poterit satis execrare nocentes, Lyncea qui passim circumvertuntque feruntque Lumina, per plateas, per agros, per rura, per urbes, Per fora, per thermas, per denique quicquid ubique est? Omnia scrutantur, pensant, rimantur, et audent Omnia iudicio ceu circumscribere vero. Livor, edax animal, comitatur. Videris, illi Milvinos oculos emissitiosque putaris. Phil. Non tamen urbanas lemures larvasque forenses Me vidisse puto. Verum cum saepe reversus Ad montem pecudes inter sub rupe iacerem, Obscuram vidi picea fuligine flammam

Vulgo der Horselberg, apud Isenacum Thuringiae. Nessum fluvius Isenacum praeterfluens. Veraris dy Vver. Quidam Visurgim putant.

83 Carmina—subitis BO: Carmina. Dispositis A. 86 praesens BO: foelix A. 90m fluvius scripsi: flu. O. 91 undosum [undosum om. B] Verarimque propinquum BO: undosum. Quam scilicet urbem / Isidis a veteri cultu dixere liburnam A. 92 Isthoc BO: Istic A; duas AO: duos B; messes ABO: menses O in ex. Guelpherbytano. 94 Saxa per BO: Per nemora A. 97 lyncas BO: lynces A. 98 talpas—se BO: talpas—animal mirabile certe A. 99 quis infaustis BO: istis quis sat A. 101 circumvertuntque feruntque BO: vertunt per rura, per urbes A. 102 agros—urbes BO: conciliabula quaeque A. 103 per denique—est BO: ganeas, delubra, diaetas A. 104–105 et audent—vero B: ad unguem A, et audent O (v. 105 om. O per haplographiam). 107 Milvinos AO: Milvino B; putaris BO: putares A. 108 lemures larvasque BO: larvas lamiasque A.

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Phileremus. Mutual singing, too, is a good way to relieve cares, for I’ll respond with extemporaneous verses. Phil. I’m going to tackle a great theme—nothing hackneyed, Argus, not the sort of thing your average shepherd sings on his panpipe. Arg. Go ahead, for Apollo is on hand to inspire you, and when you sing, the whole neighborhood gives you a standing ovation. Phil. You see the mountain that rises up over there, its airy summit deflecting the light breeze of the west wind. [90] The neighboring townsfolk, who drink the water of the wavy Nesse and the nearby Werra, call it by the Latin name Horrisonus.59 Two harvests ago I used to come to this mountain quite often. Not yet familiar with the forests there, I was amazed to see demons running to and fro over the rocks and mountains, roaming about like the bogies of the night and the vampires that are said to frighten children out of their wits. They have eyes that can be taken right out of their sockets. Out of doors they’re said to be as watchful as lynxes. At home, though, they’re as blind as a mole and can see neither each other nor themselves.60 Arg. Oh, Phileremus, who can ever revile those villainous demons enough? [100] Who can ever curse those noxious vampires to the extent they deserve? They cast their lynx eyes all around, spying in the streets, fields, farms, cities, markets, bath houses—in short, the whole wide world. Nothing escapes their scrutiny, their meddling, their prying. They even presume to tell everybody what to do, as if their judgment were infallible. Envy, that gnawing beast, is their constant companion. If you could see it, you’d think it had the eyes of a kite or a spy. Phil. All the same, I don’t think I saw city demons and market vampires. In fact, I often went back to the mountain. [110] Lying among the herd at the foot of a cliff, I often saw a flame shooting up, dark with

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In the vernacular, the Hörselberg, near Eisenach in Thuringia. The Nesse is a river that flows past Eisenach. Veraris, the Werra. Some think it is the Weser.

Literally, “horrid-sounding.” The Hörselberg in Thuringia, east of Eisenach, was popularly believed to be the site of hell and purgatory. Here the damned suffer; here the devil and his army of demons and witches make their home. See Heinrich Weigel, Der Sagenkreis der Hörselberge (Bucha bei Jena, 2001). At Dial. 2.55, this passage (ll. 96–98) is quoted to satirize the preachers in Erfurt. In BO, Argus’s response (ll. 99–107) is adjusted to hit at the same target.

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Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [5

Surgere et a summo delapsum vertice sulphur Saepe levis tuguri tenues incendere culmos. Tum vero aerias ingens ploratus ad auras Tollitur et miseris ululatibus insonat aer. Obstupui retroque boves a monte coegi. Ecce sed amissam quaerens in valle iuvencam Adfuit Heliades. Qui mox ubi constitit inquit: “Heu, fuge terribiles lucos, loca foeta venenis Tartareis! Nigri, fama est, hic ianua Ditis Panditur; hic Furiae tristes Acheronta recludunt. Coge pecus, ne, si virosi graminis herbam Attigerit, pingui macrum tibi fiat in arvo.” Haec ubi, quaesitum sylvam pecus ivit in altam. Arg. Nos etiam multos dites lamiasque per urbem Vidimus humanas fracta stipe mandere carnes. Phil. Dum fugio, raptis mecum sine lege modoque Rebus, in effossum cecidit mihi subula fontem. Arg. Frigida nox properat, tauros includere pastos Tempus et errantes inducere ovilibus agnas.

Per Heliaden Hermannum Trebelium Isenacensem poetam intelligit.

VI. IDYLLII ARGUMENTUM Hoc idyllion “Epitaphium,” id est, funebre carmen, “Iolae” inscribitur, qualia apud Theocritum quoque quaedam sunt, ut Bionis et Adonidis, et apud Vergilium Iulii Caesaris sub persona Daphnidis. 2 Hic vero per Iolam laudatissimus princeps Hessorum Guilielmus, huius nostri fortissimi principis Philippi pater, intelligitur, nam et huius

113 Saepe—culmos. add. BO. aether A. 118 ubi BO: ut A. nensi). Idyl. 6, arg. add. O. 61

115 ululatibus O: clamoribus AB; insonat aer BO: intonat 126 mandere AB: mandare O (corr. lector in ex. Washingto-

Heliades (offspring of the sun god Helios) is the Neo-Latin poet Hermann Trebelius of Eisenach (ca. 1475–after 1517/18). He makes another appearance in Idyl. 12, as a poet newly crowned with the laurel wreath, perhaps also in Idyl. 11, as Corydon. Trebelius matriculated at Erfurt in the autumn of 1500, studying Greek privately with Nikolaus Marschalk. Two years later he and his teacher moved to the newly founded University of Wittenberg, where they continued their studies, taught classes themselves, and managed a printing business. When plague broke out in late June and forced the uni-

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pitch-black soot, and sulfur raining down from the summit onto the thatched roof of a rickety hut and setting it on fire. At this, a horrendous howling rose high into the air, and the heavens rang with piteous laments. Stupefied, I drove the cattle back from the mountain. But look, no sooner had I reached the valley than I ran into Heliades, who was looking for a lost heifer.61 He stopped at once and shouted: “Woe, run from these terrible woods, these places teeming with hellish poisons! [120] Here, they say, black Pluto opens the gate to hell; here the grim Furies lay bare the underworld. Round up the cattle, lest they touch a blade of that fetid grass and become lean on the fattening pasture.” After these words, he went off into the deep forest to search for his heifer. Arg. I’ve seen plenty of plutocrats and vampires in the city too, who will devour human flesh for a pittance. Phil. In my rush to get away, I gathered up my belongings haphazardly and at random, but dropped my awl in the well that had been dug there. Arg. Cool night is hurrying near. It’s time to stable the sated bulls [130] and lead the roving lambs to the sheepfolds.

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By Heliades he means the poet Hermann Trebelius of Eisenach.

ARGUMENT OF THE SIXTH IDYL This idyl is entitled “Eulogy,” that is, funeral song, “for Iolas.” Several poems of this type occur in Theocritus too, for example on Bion and Adonis, and in Vergil, on Julius Caesar under the mask of Daphnis. Here, however, Iolas stands for that most celebrated prince of Hesse, William, the father of our present prince, the heroic Philip. As a mat-

versity to close in early July, Trebelius returned to Eisenach, taking his printing equipment along. But the plague, which was raging in Eisenach too, soon took the life of his son Elias (Helias). In August 1506 Trebelius spent some time in Erfurt and Gotha. After leaving his printing equipment with Wolfgang Stürmer (who used it in 1506/07) and becoming friends with Eobanus, he went back to Eisenach as a teacher. However, finding himself bitterly attacked from the pulpit, he was forced to leave town in 1508. In June of that year he was formally crowned poet laureate at Wittenberg; see Idyl. 12 below, with notes. By early August, Trebelius was in Gotha, visiting Mutianus Rufus and Eobanus (see Mutian. Ep. 78), and thence went to study law at Frankfurt an der Oder. See further Michael Kautz in VLDH, 2:1067–1082.

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Philippi genethliacon, hoc est, natalicium carmen, et laus a materno genere inseruntur, cum eo tempore quo haec primum scribebantur, ille admodum adhuc esset puer. 3 Quae omnia diligens lector facilius agnoscet quam hic, ut in argumento, indicari debeant. 4 De personis colloquentibus liberum esto cuique iudicium. 5 Res agitur in Hessia.

H. EOBANI HESSI BUCOLICORUM IDYLLION VI. EPITAPHIUM IOLAE Meleterus, Daphnis

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Mel. Nunquid adhuc ardes formosam, Daphni, Calipso? Dic, precor. An dulces liquisti fortiter ignes? Quos tamen ante duas potuisti linquere messes— Si muros hederae possunt, si flumina pisces! Aut qua nam premeris confectus mole laborum Quidve doles? Tuus hic vultus lugubria praefert. Daph. O Meletere, nihil turpes in fortia flammae Pectora iuris habent. Iamdudum abscessimus istis Deliramentis puerilibus. Et mea tandem Aetas undecimum postquam bis venit ad annum, Displicet omnis amor muliebris et improbus error. Est alius qui corda dolor premit altaque curis

Idyl. 6. ABcO. Marginalia add. O. Tit. H. Eobani—Epitaphium Iolae O: Aegloga nona A, Idyllion sextum. Epitaphion Iolae B, Eiusdem Eobani Bucolicorum idyllion sextum, quo iuvenis olim illustr. Guilielmi, Philippi patris, Hessorum principis, mortem sub nomine Iolae deploravit c. Personae Meleterus, Daphnis BcO: Iucundus, Silvius A. 1–2 adhuc—precor. BcO: adhuc, Sylvi, flavae te cura puellae / Detinet? A. 4 Si muros—pisces BcO: Gallia si Rhodanum potuit, Germania Rhenum A. 5 premeris confectus BcO: langues compressus A. 6 vultus … praefert BcO: moeror … signat A. 7 Meletere BcO: Iucunde A. 11 amor [amor om. O] muliebris et improbus cO: amor mulierum et inutilis AB. 62

The sixth idyl laments the death of William II (1468/69–1509), Landgrave of Lower Hesse since 1493 and of Upper Hesse since 1500. An energetic ruler who strove to consolidate and expand his territories, keep the roads safe from brigands, and reform the monasteries, William contracted syphilis and spent his final years battling the ravages of the disease. Eobanus declines to identify the other two shepherds. Daphnis is easily

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ter of fact, the idyl includes a genethliacon, or birthday poem, for this Philip, as well as a praise for him drawn from his maternal ancestry, for at the time when these verses were first written he was still very much a boy. But all these things will be so readily apparent to the attentive reader that they do not require special pointing out here, in the argument. Concerning the identity of the speakers, everyone is free to judge for himself. The action takes place in Hesse.62

THE SIXTH BUCOLIC IDYL OF H. EOBANUS HESSUS. EULOGY FOR IOLAS Meleterus, Daphnis Mel. Are you still infatuated with the lovely Calypso, Daphnis? Tell me, I beg you. Or have you been man enough to renounce those sweet fires? But those you could have renounced two harvests ago—if ivy could renounce walls, rivers fish! But you really aren’t yourself at all. Tell me, are you burdened with some other trouble? What is distressing you? Your expression betokens some deep sorrow. Daph. O Meleterus, those shameful fires can have no claim on a manly heart. I have long since abandoned those puerile delusions. Ever since I [10] reached the age of twenty-two,63 I find all desire for women disgusting, a wanton frenzy. No, there is another grief that burdens my soul and gnaws at the depths of my heart with biting

63

recognized as Eobanus, partly because of the allusion to his sweetheart Flavia in A (renamed Calypso in BO) and partly because of the age reference in ll. 9–10. This identification is confirmed by a contemporary gloss in the copy of A now in Strasbourg, BNU. As for Meleterus (studious), the glossator of the Strasbourg copy of A points to Crotus Rubianus, though Crotus was not a Hessian like Eobanus. For Crotus’s life and works, see n. 71 at Camerarius, Nar. 17.17 (1:54–55); Gerlinde Huber-Rebenich in VLDH, 1:505–510; Bernstein, Mutianus, 192–202. The eclogue must have been written a few weeks after William’s death on 11 July 1509. As Eobanus notes in the argument, the chief model for this pastoral eulogy is Verg. Ecl. 5, traditionally interpreted as mourning and celebrating Julius Caesar, in the guise of Daphnis. Like Vergil’s fifth eclogue, in which the lament for the dead Daphnis is followed by an apotheosis, the present poem is essentially two-partite. The first part (ll. 20–66) is a lament for Iolas; the second part (ll. 72–120) praises his wife Galatea (Anna of Mecklenburg) and their two children Elizabeth and Philip, who will carry on his legacy. In 1509, Eobanus was in fact twenty-one years of age, not twenty-two. For the error, see n. 13 at Camerarius, Nar. 5.15 (1:21).

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Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [6

Pectora corrodit mordacibus. Heu, ubi cantus Festivique iacent calami? Nunc omnia moerent, Laeta prius. Nunc omnis ager sylvaeque comantes Tristantur, fracto montes plangore resultant. Mel. Qui fletus! Quae fata gemis tam tristia, Daphni? Dic, precor, interea calidus dum cessat arator Et pecus ilicea dum ruminat omne sub umbra. Daph. Flete, meae Musae, tristes lugete Camoenae. Nobilis ante diem fato concessit Iolas. Dicite fatales, crudelia numina, Parcae, Ausurae violare deos, quid tale coegit Perpetrare nefas? Iuvenis cum funus adempti Lanificae sub rupe procul videre sorores, Fleverunt viresque suas odere, paratae Fila humili reparare manu, nisi fata negarent Ulla relabentes animas in corpora reddi. Somnus ut extinctum rapuit Lethaeus Iolam, Ferrea nox omnes visa est descendere in agros. Et lupus et miles praedator ovilia lustrans Debacchatur, agens effuso sanguine praedam. Non passim velut ante boves per tuta vagantur Pascua. Clauduntur caulae, custode tenentur Limina. Certantes lacerant magalia venti. Cernis ut obscuro turbatus flumine Fulda Labitur, increpitans saxa indignantia motu. Hunc iuxta, quando licuit, consuevit Iolas Pascere oves. Illi quoque cum pastoribus ipsis Paruit omne nemus quod vitreus Aedera passim, Fulda rapax, Rhenusque vident et coerula Lani Flumina, Palladiam qui praeterlabitur urbem, Et quod navigeri vada mercibus inclyta Moeni Quodque vident usquam loca nota per Hessida terram. Illum omnis novit mundus, nam saepe superbos

Martiburgum dicit ab schola nuper ibidem instituta; et sunt hi versus quoque nuper adiecti.

15 comantes BcO: patentes A. 17 fata gemis … Daphni BcO: sunt fata haec … Sylvi A. 19 ilicea BcO: illustri A. 25 sub rupe … videre BcO: videre … sub rupe A. 27 nisi BcO: ni A. 34 caulae BcO: stabuli A; tenentur O: tuentur ABc. 35 magalia ABc: mapalia O (contra metrum). 41 Fulda rapax O: Fulda, Lanus ABc. 41–44 et coerula—terram O: Moenusque biformis A, Maenusque vadosus Bc.

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cares. Alas, where have all the songs and lively melodies gone? Everything that was happy before is now in full mourning. Now all the fields and leafy woods are filled with sorrow, and the mountains echo the sounds of broken laments. Mel. What a flood of tears! What a sad tragedy are you lamenting, Daphnis? Tell me, I beg you, while the sweltering plowman is taking his ease and while the entire herd is chewing the cud in the shade of a holm oak. Daph. [20] Weep, my Muses, weep, doleful Camenae! The celebrated Iolas has succumbed to fate before his time. Tell me, cruel goddesses of fate, you Parcae who would venture to assail the gods, what made you perpetrate so heinous a crime? When those threadspinning sisters, watching from afar beneath a cliff, espied the funeral procession of the youth they had killed, they shed bitter tears and cursed their own power. They were even prepared to mend the thread of his life with humble hand, had not Fate prohibited souls from ever slipping back and rejoining the body. As soon as Lethean sleep carried off the dead Iolas, [30] iron night seemed to descend on all the fields. Wolves and marauding soldiers scour the sheepfolds. Running amuck, they spill blood and drive away booty. No longer do the cattle roam at large on safe pastures. The sheepfolds are barred; guards stand watch by the doors.64 Brawling winds batter the shepherds’ huts. Look how the Fulda seethes in turbid torrents and crashes headlong into the indignant rocks.65 It was by this river that Iolas, while he still could, was accustomed to pasture his sheep. Also subject to him, together with its shepherds, [40] was the whole forest that the glittering Eder, the torrential Fulda, and the Rhine see stretching out along their shores, also the green-blue stream of the Lahn as it flows past the Palladian city, as well as the waters of the ship-bearing Main, renowned for its merchandise, and all the other well-known places throughout the land of Hesse. The entire world knew him, for he had often defeated arrogant youths in 64

65

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He means Marburg, on account of the university that was founded there recently; but then these verses too are newly added.

A year before William died, his ambitious second wife Anna of Mecklenburg (1485– 1525) pressured him into revoking his announced plan of entrusting the regency of Hesse to a council of noblemen and, contrary to custom, had him appoint her as regent. Immediately after the landgrave’s death the nobles banded together to resist her claims. The power struggle fostered lawlessness and brought back the robber barons, whom William had kept in check during much of his reign. The shepherds are imagined as speaking beside the Fulda River, not far from Kassel, where the landgraves of Hesse resided since the thirteenth century.

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Vicerat agresti iuvenes certamine. Ab illo Languet Rhenani castrata potentia Nisi. Illum omnes timuere ferae furesque dolosi. Illius ad vocem Poeni stupuere leones, E sylvis fugere lupi. Nec tempore nostro Alter erat pastor sublimi maior Iola. Nunc iacet heu tantum decus. Et iam fortior aetas Te tulit, infoelix puer. Ergone pessima fata Invidere tibi? Iam fortibus utilis annis Longius et plures potuisti vivere messes. Fleverunt te Naiades tristesque Napaeae, Et cava flumineo sonuerunt littora planctu. Tam dilectus eras, tam te grex omnis amavit. Nunc te defunctum tumulo damus, hic ubi tardis Flexibus Hessiacos Lanus tuus alluit agros. Martiburgi enim sepultus ad divam Spargite odoratos, tumulo date, spargite flores. Elizabetam. Narcissos, violas, et odoriferos hiacynthos, Balsama Coriciumque crocum myrrhamque comantem Spargite et in viridi iuxta sic scribite fago: “Gloria sylvarum situs est hic, pastor Iolas, Quo non alter erat foelicior omnibus oris.” Mel. Iam nec amore doles pressus nec mole laborum. Non aliud quodcunque gemis, sed iusta doloris Caussa tui est. Tali magnus deflendus Iolas Nempe fuit calamo. Non sic extinctus Iolas Extinctus mihi sed potius superesse videtur. Daph. Cum fleret niveis coniux complexa lacertis Corpus inane viri, coniux pulcherrima dixit: “Urite subiectam flammis! Comitabor Iolam Mortua ad Elysium. Iacet, heu iacet ille pudoris Primus et egregius nostri violator Iolas.”

48 dolosi AO: rapaces Bc. 50 Nec BcO: Non A. 55 plures BcO: multas A. 56 Naiades O: sylvarumque deae ABc; tristesque Napaeae BcO: collesque fragosi A. 58 tam te—amavit BcO: flevit te quicquid ubique est A. 60 Hessiacos BcO: apricos A; Lanus tuus O: pulcher Lanus ABc. 62 odoriferos O: purpureos ABc. 63 myrrhamque comantem BcO: Cynaraeque [recte: Cyniraeque] puellam A. 66 oris O: arvis ABc. 67 Iam nec BcO: Iam neque A. 68 iusta BcO: recta A. 69 tui est BcO: tui A. 70 Nempe BcO: Namque A. 71 Extinctus ABcO: Extinctas O in ex. Guelpherbytano. 76 Primus—violator BcO: Egregius nostri violator, amatus A.

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rustic conflict. It was he who laid low the once potent might of the Rhenish Nisus.66 All the wild beasts and crafty thieves feared him. At his voice, Punic lions stopped dead in their tracks, [50] wolves fled from the woods. In our day and age no shepherd could match the lofty Iolas. Now that magnificent treasure, alas, has passed away. You had already reached manhood, unfortunate lad, when you were taken from us. Did fate, then, in its unfathomable wickedness begrudge you to us? Already a vigorous man, capable of doing your part, you could easily have lived longer—many more harvests in fact. The sorrowing naiads and dell nymphs wept for you, and the hollow banks rang with the rivers’ lament. So beloved were you, so much did the whole flock adore you. Now that you have died, we are burying you here where [60] your Lahn flows past the Hessian fields in lazy windings.67 Strew sweetsmelling flowers on the ground, place them on the grave. Strew narcissuses, violets, and fragrant hyacinths, balsam and Corycian saffron and flowering myrrh and on a verdant beech tree nearby carve the following words:

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For he was buried at St. Elizabeth’s.

Here lies the glory of our woods, the shepherd Iolas. In all the countryside there was none more blessed than he. Mel. No longer is it love’s trouble or the burden of cares that is breaking your heart. You’re not lamenting some trivial matter anymore. The cause of your heartbreak is just. The great Iolas [70] certainly deserved to be mourned in tones such as these. Eulogized like this, the deceased Iolas no longer seems deceased to me but rather to be still alive. Daph. When his wife68 wept for him and threw her snowy arms round her husband’s lifeless body, that fairest of consorts exclaimed: “Cast me onto the pyre too, cremate me! Let me die, so that I can accompany Iolas to Elysium. Dead, ah, dead is that first and eminent 66

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William’s campaign against the Elector Palatine Philip the Upright (1448–1508) during the War of the Landshut Succession in 1504 netted him prestige and some territorial gains. Eobanus alludes to these exploits also at Buc. B 2.28–30; Hod. 199–201; Wirt. 39– 42. In ancient mythology, Nisus is the mythical king of Megara whose daughter cut off the red lock on which the country’s safety depended; cf. Ama. 35.25. William II was buried in St. Elizabeth’s Church in Marburg. Anna of Mecklenburg, whom William married on 20 October 1500.

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Sic ait et nivea rupit de fronte coronam, Illa puellarum pulcherrima ruricolarum, Quam, Galatea, parens septem compressa trioni Oceano peperit. Formosior omnibus illa est. Mel. Dignus erat qui nympharum frueretur Iolas Connubio. Nunc ille brevi requiescit in urna. Illa domo vidua perturbatos hymenaeos Plorat et, heu, niveos laniat formosa capillos, Digna ducum thalamis, ipso Iove digna marito. Daph. Nobis ille tamen moriens duo pignora liquit, Spem generis, puerumque marem teneramque puellam. Aspice quam patrios referunt ad ovilia vultus, Formosum ille patrem, formosam filia matrem. Mel. Vivite et in patriam, pueri, coalescite sortem. Tu nobis, tu vive, puer. Clarissime sanguis, Ultime nate patris, tu magni tuta parentis Philippi Principis genethliacon. Pascua restitues. O misse faventibus astris, Tecum nata salus nostris promittitur agris. Indolis egregiae et virtutis certa futurae Signa in te, vultuque iubes sperare sereno Optima quaeque, puer, nec enim sine numine quodam Illa nitet facies, Phoebaeae lampadis instar. Claude oculos. Quis tam radios ferat ignipotenteis? Sed neque claude. Aperi potius, da gaudia rebus. Protinus effugient fures ab ovilibus omnes Raptoresque lupique truces et frigidus anguis Atque colorati squalentia terga dracones. Si quis erit forte in nostra basiliscus arena, Occidet, et parvus sed dente nocentior aspis. Omnia securos praestabunt pabula foetus. Spargite humum, nymphae, preciosis floribus in qua

77 rupit de BcO: proiecit A. In margine ad 78 Matrem Philippi intelligit. add. c, om. O. 84 laniat O: lacerat ABc. 85 ducum BcO: deum A; ipso Iove BcO: defuncto A. 86 ille BcO: illa A. 87 puerumque AcO: puerum B. 88 patrios AcO: patrio B. In margine ad 91 Apostrophe ad Philippum. add. c, om. O. 93 faventibus BcO: patentibus A. 94 agris O: arvis ABc. 99 ferat O: feret ABc. 100 rebus BcO: mundo A. 103 terga dracones O: colla dracones, / Scorpius et tetri serpens quaecunque veneni A, colla dracones Bc. 104 forte in BcO: forsan A. 105 nocentior BcO: nocivior A.

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ravisher of my maidenhood, Iolas.” As she spoke these words, she tore the crown from her snow-white brow—she, Galatea, most beautiful of country girls, daughter of the northern [80] Ocean.69 She is lovelier than all others. Mel. Iolas was worthy of enjoying marriage with a nymph. Now he rests in a small urn. She, in her widowed home, grieves for the broken bonds of her marriage and—oh, the pity of it!—tears her snowy hair. The lovely lady is worthy of wedlock with dukes, worthy of Jove himself as her husband. Daph. At his death, however, he left us two children, the hope of his house: a manly son as well as a tender daughter.70 Look how they remind the sheepfolds of their parents’ features! He takes after his handsome father, she after her beautiful mother. Mel. [90] Live and grow strong together, children, for the sake of your homeland. You, lad, live for us. Most illustrious offspring, lastborn son of your father, you are the one who will make the pastures of your great father safe again. O you, sent by the kindly stars, your presence gives our country the promise of deliverance! You have given us sure signs of an excellent disposition and future manliness, and with your radiant looks, boy, you bid us hope for the best in every way. Indeed, that face of yours has a kind of divine aura about it, for it shines as bright as Phoebus’s torch. Close your eyes. Who can bear such fiery rays? [100] But wait, don’t close them. Open them rather, give the world joy. Forthwith all thieves and robbers will flee from the sheepfolds, savage wolves too and cold-blooded snakes and spangled reptiles with scaly backs. Should a basilisk happen to be on our soil, he will die, and so will the small but sharp-fanged adder. Then the lambs will be safe on our pastures everywhere. Nymphs, strew precious flowers on the ground in which that boy will leave the imprints

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Birthday poem for Prince Philip.

The ancient Galatea was the daughter of the sea god Nereus. The modern Galatea is the daughter of the northern Ocean, because her birthplace Mecklenburg lies by the Baltic. The children are Elizabeth (1502–1557), who married Duke John of Saxony in 1515 and became one of the most influential women rulers of the Reformation period, and Philip (1504–1567), the later landgrave.

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Presserit ille puer tenerae vestigia plantae. Vos quoque, pastores genialia tecta periti Thure vaporifero circumlustrate quotannis Et carmen facite et laetantes dicite carmen: “Salve, semidei proles insignis Iolae, Nympharum genus, a magno velut aethere missum, Et nos et pecudes et rus defende paternum.” Daph. Ergo beata illa est foelici pondere mater Quae subiecta videns inter dumeta capellas Altivagas errare ab summi culmine montis Tam clarum viridi est enixa sub arbore foetum. Mel. Foelix ille etiam puer est qui talia suxit Ubera quae magnis moveant suspiria divis. Et nunc Oceano propior sol. Plura canemus Olim cum puerum matremque videbimus ipsam.

VII. IDYLLII ARGUMENTUM Huius carminis argumentum totum, excepta tantum parte prima, est amatorium. 2 Introducuntur colloquentes tres, Menalcas senior primum de fortunis suis et ratione vivendi, deinde duo iuvenes Philotas et Narcissus de amoribus suis conqueruntur. 3 In quorum nominibus—altero ad eius affectus naturam est allusio, altero ad fabulam vel ex Ovidiano carmine notam respectus—vis et natura amoris describitur.

108 Presserit BcO: Foecerit A; tenerae O: niveae ABc. 109 genialia ABO: genitalia c. vaporifero BcO: vaporato A. 113 missum BcO: missus A. 119 qui ABO: quia c. moveant O: faciant ABc. Idyl. 7, arg. add. O.

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of his tender feet. You too, experienced shepherds, go to the house where he was born [110] and purify it each year with fuming frankincense. Make up a birthday song for him and joyfully sing these verses: “Hail, remarkable son of the demigod Iolas, offspring of nymphs, sent down, so to speak, from mighty heaven above, and protect us and the sheep and the land of your father.” Daph. Blessed therefore is that mother who carried such a fortunate child. As she looked down from the hilltop and watched the high-climbing goats straying among the thickets below, she gave birth to her illustrious baby under a green shade tree.71 Mel. Happy too is that boy who sucked from such [120] breasts as would elicit sighs from the great gods themselves. But the sun is now quite near to the Ocean. We’ll sing more later, when we visit the boy and his mother.

ARGUMENT OF THE SEVENTH IDYL With the exception of the first part only, this poem is wholly amatory in content. Three speakers are introduced: first the graybeard Menalcas, who talks about his fortunes and way of life, then the two youths Philotas and Narcissus, who lament about their love affairs. In their names—in the former, there is an allusion to the nature of his passion, in the latter, a reference to the story especially familiar from Ovid’s poem—the power and nature of love is portrayed.

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H. EOBANI HESSI BUCOLICORUM IDYLLION VII. AMOR PHILOTAE ET NARCISSI Philotas, Menalcas, Narcissus

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Phil. Quo, senior, quo vertis iter? Quae causa, Menalca, Tam procul a propriis te cogit ovilibus? Aede. Men. Cernis ab uberibus raptum lactentibus hoedum, Quem porto his humeris venum laturus in urbem? Exemi modici partem gregis, unde repenso Commoda pignoribus miseris alimenta reportem. Phil. Ah miserum, si te tam frivola cogit egestas Ut nisi de gregibus non sint alimenta Menalcae! Men. Unde alias? Vel quae sit honestior inter agrestes Vivendi ratio? Vel quo tibi cura peculi De quo vel nequeas vel nolis esse, Philota? Phil. De grege vivo equidem, sed non ita semper egentem Deprendit fortuna ut opus sit vendere. Verum Congero quod totum possit satis esse per annum, Caseolos butyrumque, boni duo maxima lactis Commoda, quod nullo defit mihi tempore, non cum Aut aestas venit autumnusve aut bruma nivalis. Men. Vos, quibus innumerae tondent virgulta capellae Longaque sectilibus pascunt armenta viretis, Talia forte decent et talia forte potestis. Nos inopes pecorumque et multi ruris egeni Quae curis careant omnes vivemus in horas. Phil. Quid si forte cibum fallax Fortuna negarit? Men. Nos quoque, qui steriles pascit pecus omne per agros. Phil. Vera quidem, sed magna nimis, vel tale volebam Quale sonare solent pullatae saepe cathedrae. Longe alia est ratio, longe maiora volebam Dicere, si posito simul hic adsederis hoedo.

7. ABO. Marginalia add. O. Tit. H. Eobani—Narcissi O: Aegloga tertia A, Idyllion septimum. Amor Philotae et Narcissi B. Personae Philotas—Narcissus BO: Cignus, Philaegon, Narcissus A. 1–53 Quo—fontis, add. BO. 16 defit B: desit O. 17 nivalis O: perurens B. 25 vel O: nil B. 27 Longe alia B: Longa alia O.

Seventeen Bucolic Idyls

THE SEVENTH BUCOLIC IDYL OF H. EOBANUS HESSUS. PHILOTAS’S AND NARCISSUS’S PASSION Philotas, Menalcas, Narcissus Phil. Where, graybeard, where are you headed? What reason, Menalcas, drives you so far from your own sheepfolds? Tell me. Men. Do you see the kid, torn from the milky udders, that I carry on these shoulders to bring to market in the city? I culled it from my modest herd so that with the proceeds I can bring back healthy food for my poor children. Phil. Ah, how wretched, if poverty has reduced you to the sorry state of having to rely on the herd for food, Menalcas! Men. How else? Can there possibly be a more respectable way for country folk [10] to make a living? Why else are you taking care of your animals if you either cannot or will not eat from them, Philotas? Phil. Of course I make my living from the herd, but fortune doesn’t always catch me in such desperate poverty that I am forced to sell. Rather, I stock up enough supplies to last the whole year: cheeses and butter, the two greatest boons of good milk, which I do not lack at any time, not when summer arrives or autumn or snowy winter. Men. For people like you, who have countless goats browsing on shrubs and long herds of cattle grazing in hayfields, [20] such prudence is perhaps fitting and feasible. Poor folks like me, who don’t own cattle and a large farm, will have to live from hour to hour, without a care in the world. Phil. What if treacherous Fortune were perhaps to deny you food? Men. We likewise, when one pastures all the cattle on barren fields. Phil. True enough, but what I tried to express is too grand, or rather, it’s the sort of theme on which black-robed preachers often like to hold forth. Actually I had something far different in mind. I wanted to talk about something far more important—if you’ll put down your kid and sit down here beside me.

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Men. Ergo quid ambages nectis? Quid in ista Menalcam Nolentem trahis et coepto deludis inani? Quin mihi quod dicturus eras ab origine prima Hinc aperis cupidumque animi non fallis amicum. Phil. Accipe daque fidem, nam te sapientior aetas Induit aspersis albentem tempora canis. Quod loquar, haesurum tacito sub corde nec unquam Venturum patulas populi fallacis ad aures. Men. Pone metum neque dissimula, sed pectore toto Prome animum. Feret haec aliquam tibi forte salutem Fabula, nanque animo, ne sanum finge, laboras. Et nisi me fallunt vitae spacia acta prioris Et tua conveniens ludis iuvenilibus aetas, Morbus quo langues amor est, hac febre laboras. Phil. Quandoquidem sentis, nec me tibi vera fateri Nec pudet his multo peiores aedere flammas. Men. Ergo cura eadem pastores conficit omnes? Verum age, solifugae postquam successimus umbrae, Quis tandem ignis habet, quae te nam cura, Philota? Quis te pastor adhuc peioribus ignibus arsit? Phil. Solus eram baculoque gregem connixus acerno Servabam viridis pascentem in margine ripae. Iamque adeo nemus intraram quod cernis opacis Umbrosum arboribus iuxta dumque omnia visu Perlustro notique sequor vestigia fontis, Ecce tibi, haud magnum dictu, miserabile visu, Ad fontem longos noster Narcissus amores Deflebat, niveam quibus ille Philantida nuper Fastibus ardentem misere despexerit et nunc Quam male despectos in se converterit ignes. Dum rogo moeroris caussam, nihil ille, sed amens Centenam loquitur solamque Philantida clamat.

33 nam O: non B. 35 loquar B: loquor O. 39 ne sanum scripsi: nec sanum B, ne lanam O. 42 Morbus O: Morbo B. 52 Umbrosum B: Umbrosis O (sed corr. lector in ex. Washingtonensi). 54–173 Ecce—reliquit A (Buc. 3.82–173) BO. 54 Ecce—visu BO: Ecce sed horrendum visu, miserabile dictu, / Sub rupe aerea fagi viridantis in umbra A. 56 niveam quibus ille [ille om. B]—nuper BO: misero planctu, quibus ille Rubinam A. 57 despexerit AO: contempserit B. 60 solamque—clamat BO: repetita voce Rubinam A.

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Men. Well then, why are you beating around the bush? Why [30] did you drag Menalcas willy-nilly into that discussion and lead him on with a false start? Just tell me what you were intending to say all along and don’t disappoint a friend who is eager to know what is on your mind. Phil. Yes, let’s trust each other like friends. After all, a wiser maturity decks your graying temples with a sprinkling of white hair. What I’m going to relate should stay a secret in your breast and never get out to the wide-open ears of malicious gossips. Men. Have no fear, don’t hold anything back, but bare your soul without reservation. Telling this story will perhaps bring you some solace, for you suffer—don’t pretend you’re well!—from some heartache. [40] But if the days of my early life and your own teenage years, so suited to the dalliances of youth, do not deceive me, the disease you pine from is love. That is the fever you suffer. Phil. Seeing that you’ve divined it, I’m not ashamed to confess the truth to you or tell you about flames much worse than mine. Men. Has the same passion, then, smitten all the shepherds? But come, after we’ve moved into the sun-warding shade, do tell me, I ask, what ardor, what passion has taken hold of you, Philotas? What shepherd burns with fires even worse than yours? Phil. I was alone. Leaning on my maple staff, [50] I was watching over the herd as it grazed along the edge of a verdant riverbank. Before long I entered the grove that you see nearby, shady with its dark trees, and as I ran my eyes over everything and followed the tracks of the well-known brook, lo and behold—pitiful to relate, a heart-breaking sight!—there, beside the spring, there was our Narcissus weeping for his enduring love. He’s filled with remorse for the arrogant way he recently spurned the fair-haired, passionately burning Philantis, and now directs the fires he cruelly spurned against himself. When I asked him for the cause of his sorrow, he offered no reply except [60] to repeat the name Philantis like crazy, calling it out a hundred times at

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Hinc mea Callirhoe subiit mihi. Me quoque tali Fixit Amor iaculo. Nec tu me laeta videbis Amplius arguta meditari carmina buxo Aut teretes calamos aut molles nectere iuncos. Ni detur quod amo, laetam sperare senectam Non erit. Insano, satis est, servimus Amori. Men. Ambo aetate pares, pueri, studioque canendi, Quo vos fata trahunt? Quid te, Narcisse, Philantis, Quid te Callirhoe blando levis ore, Philota, Mortis ad exitium vivum rapit? Ergone tandem Una homini totos occludit foemina sensus? Phil. Quin potius notum mecum descendis ad amnem. Et iam sol medium coeli transcendit et axem Fert medio temone. Gregem ducemus aquatum. Men. Perge. Sequar. Sitit hic etiam quem ducimus hoedum. Phil. Ite, meae pecudes, liquidum potabitis amnem. Me coquit interea sitis altera, qualis ab unda Non queat extingui si totum Nerea potem. Eheu, quam fortes urunt mea pectora flammae! Men. Siste pedem. Nisi me nutantia lumina fallunt, Nec fallunt, sedet, ecce sedet Narcissus in umbra Aeriae platani, noti tibi fontis ad undam. O salve, Narcisse. Quid haec tam sola frequentas Avia convictusque fugis commertia nostri? Narc. Et tu, saepe meos casus miserate Menalca, Aeternum salve, ante alios mihi care Philota. Quis mihi vos casus vel quis deus obtulit, istis Vallibus erranti et crudelia fata gementi? Men. Quae nam fata gemis? Quis te malus abiicit error?

61 Callirhoe BO: spes, mea lux A. 63 arguta … buxo BO: arguto … plectro A. 64 Aut teretes—iuncos add. BO. Post 64 Ni saciatus amor meus hos mihi finiat ignes, A. 65 detur BO: dabitur A. 68 trahunt BO: vocant A; Philantis BO: Rubina A. 69 Quid—levis [lenis B] ore, Philota, BO: Quid te, Cygne, levis blando Foenilia vultu A. 70 rapit BO: trahit A. 71 totos occludit BO: cunctos concludit A. 75 Perge—hoedum. add. BO. 77 coquit O: coquet AB; ab BO: in A. 80–81 Siste—Nec fallunt, sedet BO: Cygne, viden? Sedet A. 82 Aeriae—undam. add. BO. 84 Avia O: Abdita AB. 85–95 Et tu—nostra Menalcas. add. BO.

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least. That reminded me of my own Callirhoë. Love pierced me too with the same kind of arrow. Never again will you see me practicing happy songs to the tuneful boxwood or joining smooth reeds or soft rushes together. If I can’t have the girl I love, I see no hope for a happy old age. Enough said: we are slaves of maddening Love. Men. Both of you lads, equal in age and equally enthusiastic in singing, where is fate drawing you to? Why are you, Narcissus, letting Philantis, why are you, Philotas, letting the fickle Callirhoë charm you with her blandishing words [70] and drag you down into a living death? Is it true, then, that one woman can totally enfetter a man’s senses? Phil. But why don’t you go down with me to the stream we both know so well? By now the sun has climbed to the midpoint of the sky and drives his chariot with level pole. Let’s lead the flock to water. Men. Go ahead. I’ll follow. This kid that I’m leading is thirsty too. Phil. Forward, my beasts! You’ll get to drink from the clear river. Meanwhile, I’m parched with a different thirst, the kind that can’t be slaked with water, even if I drank the whole ocean. Alas, how strong are the flames that scorch my breast! Men. [80] Stop for a minute. Unless my wavering eyes deceive me, and they don’t, look, it’s Narcissus sitting over there in the shade of a towering plane tree, at the edge of the spring you know so well. Hail, Narcissus! Why are you haunting these lonely, out-of-the-way places and shunning the camaraderie of our fellowship? Narc. You too, Menalcas, who often took pity on my misfortunes, hail forevermore, and you, Philotas, dear to me above all others! What chance or what god has brought you to me as I roam in these valleys and bewail my cruel fate? Men. What fate are you bewailing? What fatal madness has cast you down?

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Narc. Nec patitur meminisse dolor, nec vulnera possunt Haec mea curari. Sed novit et ipse Philotas Indigno certum finem statuisse dolori. Phil. Dic tamen, o paribus nobiscum exercite curis. Fert etiam miseris quaedam solatia luctus. Vulnera cognovit iamdudum nostra Menalcas. Narc. Donec eram foelix, nec me formosior alter Pastor erat nec qui mecum contendere vellet Cantando. Mea saepe hilares connubia nymphae Optabant. Ego formosas malesanus amantes Sprevi, Leucippen, Crocalen, nigramque Melissam, Atque alias. Quas una inter formosa Philantis Tota in me, velut in fortem lasciva iuvencum Vacca, ferebatur. Totos insana per agros Errabat, clamans Narcissum, et nomine tantum Quo potuit longum consolabatur amorem. Non illam duri poterant prohibere parentes, Non commissa gregum custodia, sola per omnes Quin sylvas sequeretur. Et hac me saepe sub umbra Cum vidisset, ego in nemora et lustra invia fugi, Et quamvis cuperem, tamen illa ut peius amaret Frivola crudeli feci praeludia flammae. Heu heu, qui nimium formae confidit inani Et se posse miser nunquam non credit amari! Pene sed indigno mulier consumpta furore, Semianimis cum se iam desperaret amari, Ad patrias iterum caulas aversa recessit. Occului tacitum nondum confessus amorem. Et tamen illa mihi visa est res dulcis. Ut essem Formosus, didici vultum componere, crinem Comere, sed plenum nondum intellexerat ignem Mens mea. Iamque magis cupiebam semper amare. Dulce videbatur si quis me pastor amantem Diceret. Interea totum Venus ignea, totum

94 Fert O: Est B. 100 Leucippen—Melissam BO: Faustinam, Catulam, nigramque Fidillam A. 101 Philantis BO: Rubina A. 102 velut—lasciva O: veluti post fortem verna AB. 107 gregum O: gregis AB. 109 lustra invia O: saxa aspera A, saxa invia B. 116 caulas BO: pecudes A. 120 nondum O: non AB.

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Narc. [90] Grief does not permit remembrance, nor can these wounds of mine be cured. But Philotas himself knows how to put a certain end to the undeserved suffering once and for all. Phil. Tell us the story all the same, plagued though you are with cares as grievous as mine. Even to the wretched, lamentation offers a measure of solace. Menalcas has long since known of our wounds. Narc. When I was still happy, no shepherd could match my good looks or wanted to challenge me to a singing match. Lighthearted girls would often desire me as their husband. Fool that I was, I turned those beautiful charmers down—[100] Leucippe, Crocale, and the blackhaired Melissa, among others. But one of them, the comely Philantis, like a heifer lusting after a husky bullock, was completely carried away by me. Mad with ardor, she roamed through the whole countryside shouting for Narcissus, and with the mere mention of this name, which was all she could do, she solaced her enduring love. Neither her strict parents nor the flocks entrusted to her care could stop her from chasing me by herself, no matter where I went in the forests. But whenever she spotted me here in the shade, I would run away into the woods and pathless wilds. [110] And though I desired her too, still, to make her even more madly in love, I cruelly went ahead with this frivolous foreplay of mine. Woe, woe to the wretch who puts too much faith in superficial beauty and thinks that girls will never stop adoring him! When the woman, however, had nearly worn herself out with unrequited passion and, just barely alive by now, despaired of ever being loved in return, she had a change of heart and went back to her father’s sheepfolds again. For a while I kept my amorous feelings to myself, telling no one about them. Even so, that condition seemed to me sweet. To appear handsome, I learned to compose my features and comb my hair. [120] What I had not realized yet, however, was the full force of the fire within me. In fact, all I wanted now was to fall ever deeper in love. It was music to my ears if some shepherd called me a lovebird. Meanwhile fiery Venus had set my whole body, every

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Exurunt corpus flammae. Tum denique vulnus Fassus, opem petii superos ipsamque puellam. Heu heu, quam levibus constantia nulla puellis! Interea illa suos in Amyntam transtulit ignes— Illum qui toties nobis furatus et hoedos Et teretes calamos, timet haec in rura venire. Men. Infoelix puer, o sortem, Narcisse, dolendam! Retia quae tendis miser incidis. Atque ita forsan Iusserit alma Venus, fastum quae vindicat omnem. Quam velles dominae, liceat, servire puellae! Et nunc imperio parere et ferre labores. Quisquis amat iacet et presso fert vincula collo. Phil. Hoc quoque me docuit, iam non mea, credere verum Callirhoe. O utinam verum experiatur et ipsa! Narc. Ipse, Palepaphia percussus arundine, solus Per sylvas et rura queror. Mea saepe videntes Vulnera, fleverunt, sylvestria numina, nymphae, Nymphae Naiades, Dryades, mollesque Napaeae. Ut magnos ipsae pecudes videre dolores, Gramina non carpunt nec dulcia flumina potant. Saepius haec mecum tamen, “O formosa Philantis, Quo fugis?” exclamo. “Mea flamma, revertere! Non est Quem fugias, miserere sed impacienter amantis. Huc ades, o mea lux. Quem tantum nuper amasti, Te vocat ille tuus Narcissus. Scilicet illum Nunc fugis? An potius miserum spe ludis inani?” Dum queror, impediunt lachrymae. Proh lumen et auras, Nil mihi vobiscum! Vitae satis ante peractum est. Hic ego vos inter placida iam morte quiescam, Lanigerae pecudes. Vos ad mea funera, moestae,

125 ipsamque puellam BO: pulchramque Rubinam A. 126 Heu—puellis O: O [Heu B] mulierum ipsis levior constantia ventis AB. 127 Amyntam BO: Adonim A. 131 Atque O: An AB. 134 Et—labores. add. O. 135–137 Quisquis—et ipsa! BO: Quisquis amat, quamvis sit rex, famulatur. Et illud / Ut scirem docuit mea me Foenilia verum. A. 140–141 Vulnera— Napaeae BO: Fleverunt Dryades et inertes vulnera nymphae A. 144 Philantis BO: Rubina A. 145 Quo AB: Quos O. 149 potius miserum O: miserum potius AB; ludis BO: fallis A. 151 Nil—est BO: Quid mihi cum superis? Iuvat ire et perdere vitam. / Tormentum grave durus amor, Venus acre venenum A.

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last part of it, ablaze with the flames of passion. Then, and only then did I bare my lacerated heart, praying to heaven and the girl herself to help me. Alas, that fickle girls have no constancy at all! In the meantime she had transferred her fiery love to Amyntas—the very same one who has stolen kids and smooth reed pipes from us so often that he’s afraid to show his face in this country. Men. [130] Unhappy lad! Oh, what a deplorable fate, Narcissus! You are caught in the net that you stretched out yourself, poor fellow. But perhaps kindly Venus commanded it to happen this way, for she punishes all pride. How you longed for a chance to be enslaved to that lass and make her your mistress! And now you must submit to her whims and do her bidding. Everyone who’s in love lies prostrate and bears heavy fetters around his neck. Phil. Of that truth, Callirhoë—no longer mine!—has convinced me too. Oh, if she would only experience that truth for herself! Narc. Pierced by Love’s arrow, I wander around all alone, lamenting in field and forest. At the sight of my [140] wounds, the woodland deities, the nymphs, often weep for me: naiads, dryads, and gentle dell nymphs. As soon as the flocks saw the depth of my sorrow, they refused to crop the grass or drink the sweet rivers. Many times, however, I cry out to myself: “O fair Philantis, where have you gone? My darling, come back! There’s no reason to avoid me. Instead, take pity on the man who is so madly in love with you. Come here, my sweetheart. The one you loved so much just now, that Narcissus of yours, it’s he who is calling you. Surely you aren’t running away from him? Or rather, are you deceiving the poor wretch with empty hope?” [150] As I lament, tears choke my voice. Alas, sunlight and breezes, I have nothing to do with you! I have already lived long enough. Here I’ll rest among you in peaceful death, you woolly beasts. At my funeral

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Nec salices, caprae, nec, oves, captate myricas. Vos mea, pastores, meritae date membra quieti Floreque signatam cognomine spargite terram Et deflete meos ignes, aevoque futuro Si quis amator erit male, quod legat addite carmen: “Cum miser indigno Narcissus amore periret, Exemplo ne quis contemnat amare reliquit.”

VIII. IDYLLII ARGUMENTUM

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Chunratus Mutianus Rufus ex nobili Mutiorum, vel ut ipse dicebat scribebatque, Mutianorum, familia, patriam habuit Hohemburgum in Hessis, vir Graecis et Latinis literis iuxta eruditus et philosophus insignis, cum revertens ex Italia receptus fuisset in aulam principis Hessorum, cuius tum cancellarius erat ipsius Mutiani frater germanus, offensus illo vitae genere, quo liberius operam studiis philosophiae et humanitatis, ad quae natus erat, dare posset, secessit in Thuringiam et auxilio alterius fratris, qui tum res pontificis Mogunciacensis Erphurdiae administrabat, canonicatum, ut tum ferebant tempora, Gothae adeptus, totum se quieti et studiosae tranquillitati dedit, contentus annuo redditu vix sexaginta aureorum, relicto cognatis et affinibus toto patrimonio, nisi quod liberalitate principum, praecipue electorum Saxoniae, saepe adiutus ac sublevatus est. 2 Hic fuit omnium studiosorum unicus patronus et hospes. 3 Supra fores aedium suarum, quas Gothae habuit satis elegantes, hunc titulum fixit, “Beata tranquillitas,” et paulo post in atrio, “Bonis cuncta pateant.” 4 Huic cum esset Eobanus praeter alios unice familiaris, hoc ipsum carmine celebrat, ad ipsum beatae tranquillitatis encomion scribens. 5 Huius viri vitam moresque lon-

159 indigno AB: indignos O. 160 Exemplo … amare ABO: Exempla … amore O in ex. Guelpherbytano; contemnat BO: contendat A. Idyl. 8, arg. add. O. 72

On Mutianus Rufus (1471–1526), see Camerarius, Nar. 12.12–13, with n. 36 (1:37–39); Fidel Rädle in VLDH, 2:377–400; Bernstein, Mutianus.

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don’t snatch at the willow shoots, mournful goats, or at the tamarisks, sheep. You, herdsmen, lay my limbs to the rest they deserve. To mark the grave, bestrew it with the flowers that bear my name and shed tears for my fires. And if in some future age a lover should feel distressed, add this epitaph for him to read: When the hapless Narcissus pined away for love unrequited, [160] he taught us this lesson: that no one should disdain to love.

ARGUMENT OF THE EIGHTH IDYL Konrad Mutianus Rufus,72 from the noble family of the Muths, or, as he himself used to say and write, the Mutians, a native of Homburg in Hesse, a man as erudite in Greek as he was in Latin letters and a distinguished philosopher to boot, having returned from Italy, received an appointment at the court of the Prince of Hesse, whose chancellor at that time was Mutianus’s full brother.73 Repelled by that sort of life, he moved to Thuringia to devote himself more freely to his studies of philosophy and humanity, for which he was born. With the help of a second brother, who was then administering the affairs of the archbishop of Mainz in Erfurt,74 he obtained a canonry, as was still possible in those days, in Gotha, whereupon he gave himself wholly to a life of serenity and scholarly tranquillity, content with an annual income of barely sixty gold guilders, for he had left his whole patrimony to his relatives and kinsmen, except that he was often aided and supported by the generosity of princes, especially the electors of Saxony. There he was the incomparable patron and host of all students of letters. Above the door of his house, a quite elegant home that he owned in Gotha, he affixed this inscription: “Blessed tranquillity,” and a little further on, in the entrance hall: “To the good let every door stand open.” Because Eobanus, more so than the others, was a special intimate of his, he celebrates him in this poem by addressing to him an encomium of blessed tranquillity. To describe the life 73 74

Mutianus’s younger brother Dr. Johann Muth (1468–1504), chancellor of William II of Hesse until his premature death. Mutianus’s older brother Johann Muth. From 1485 to his death in 1494/95 he was master of the kitchen to the archbishop of Mainz in Erfurt.

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gius describere non fert nunc institutae brevitatis ratio, et vix magno etiam commentario comprehenderentur.

H. EOBANI HESSI BUCOLICORUM IDYLLION VIII. Ad doctissimum virum C. Mutianum Rufum, beatae tranquillitatis encomium

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Quam nihil Andino canimus spectabile versu, Tam primi Latias in Teutona pascua Musas Ducimus et veniam praefati sacra subimus Antra patris Fauni et magni penetralia Panos. O saltem liceat sylvas intrare patentes! Iuglandes si grande, nuces captare colurnas Non veter. Arbusta atque humiles cantare myricas Est animus, non magna sequi, levia ista professo Ludicra. Nunc etiam nostrae sua carmina sylvae Incipient resonare. Ausis ignoscite, Musae Mintiades, nec tu, quo se mea rustica tantum Iactat Musa tuo quantum te, Tityre, Varo, Ne tu difficiles mihi dedignabere montes Et valles habitare sacras lucosque silentes, Rufe, per Aonios colles notissime. Qui nunc Socratico dulcem trutinas examine vitam, Ingredere et mecum sylvis assuesce iugosis. En tibi detectum frondet nemus, omnia pleno Fundit aperta sinu tellus, tibi germinat omnis Arbor. Odoratos nunc primum lilia montes Incipiunt habitare novo vernantia luxu.

Idyl. 8. ABO. Marginalia add. O. Tit. H. Eobani—encomium O: Aegloga sexta. Ad Rufum A, Idyllion octavum. Ad doctissimum virum Mutianum Rufum B. 1–9 Quam nihil—Ludicra BO: Ludimus Ocnaeo si quid spectabile versu, / Quam longo Andinas imitabimur intervallo / Pierides! Modo sit sylvas intrare patenteis. / Iuglandes si grande nuces, captare colurnas / Non veter, arbusta atque humiles cantare myricas. / Nunc tamen audaces nimium nimiumque Camaenas / Primus ego in patrios agros et Teutona ducam / Pascua A. 7 veter AO: vetet B. 11 Mintiades BO: Ausonides A; mea AO: me B. 13 Ne O: Non AB. 16 Socratico BO: Cictiaco A. 19–20 omnis / Arbor BO: arbos / Omnis A.

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and character of this man at greater length runs counter to the rule of brevity adopted here and, indeed, could scarcely be recounted even in a large treatise.

THE EIGHTH BUCOLIC IDYL OF H. EOBANUS HESSUS To that most learned of men, Konrad Mutianus Rufus, an encomium of blessed tranquillity75 Though I sing nothing remarkable in Vergilian verse, I still am the first to lead the Latin Muses onto the pastures of Germany76 and, having asked leave in advance, to approach the sacred grottos of Father Faunus and the shrines of great Pan. Oh, if only I might set foot in the spacious woods! If walnuts are beyond my reach, may I at least not be kept from picking hazelnuts. I am minded to sing of hedgerows and humble tamarisks, not to pursue grand themes, for I offer only these trifling toys. Now our forests too [10] will start resounding with songs of their own. Forgive the audacity, Minciadic Muses!77 You too, in whom my rustic Muse glories just as much as Tityrus did in his friend Varus,78 do not disdain to dwell with me in the strenuous mountains and sacred vales and silent groves, Rufus, renowned on Mount Helicon’s slopes. You, who now weigh your delightful life in the Socratic balance, come with me and get used to living in the hills and woods. Look, the bare forest is putting on its verdure for you. The earth has opened up and is pouring forth everything she has in her full bosom. All the trees are in bud for you. [20] Only now are the spring lilies beginning to flourish as never before in the odorous hills. Now the springs run with cold

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As in the Bucolicon of 1509, Eobanus places this poem at the center of the Bucolicorum idyllia, for it represents the heart of his pastoral ideal: Mutianus Rufus’s dream of blessed tranquillity and leisure for humanistic learning, a life of wisdom untrammeled by passion or the vulgar crowd. Cf. Laud. 263–264; Epic. 4.191–192; Camerarius, Nar. 12.18. While no match for Vergil, Eobanus can nevertheless be proud of being Germany’s first pastoralist. For this claim, see pp. 309–310 above. For the topos of affected modesty, see Curtius, ELLMA, 83–85; Lausberg, § 275.b; Eob. Nup., ded. 12, n. Vergilian Muses, because Vergil was born in Mantua, on the Mincio River. Varus, whom Vergil praises in Ecl. 6.

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Nunc gelidi fontes manant et rupibus altis Frigida milleno labuntur flumina lapsu Per virides ripas et amoena silentia. Postquam Te nostri accipiunt saltus, fugit omnibus omnis Graminibus serpens, fragrant suavissima tempe, Quale apibus dicunt Siculam stipantibus Hyblam. Sub pedibus lascivit humus, tua scilicet ipsae Accipiunt laetis vestigia motibus herbae. Aspice quam niteat toto formosior anno Phoebus et insolito mundum splendore serenet. Hoc erat, hoc, adeo nostros quod saepe per agros Optabam. Hoc mecum nemora omnia et ipsa petebant Saxa salebrosas subter squalentia rupes. Saepe, graves pratis dum pasco virentibus agnas, Quem canerem assiduo resonantem carmine Rufum Quaerebant socii, cum sic ego forte canebam: Dum nemora et sylvae stabunt, dum flumina current, Rufe, meis et si rudibus dicere Camoenis. Ipsa tuas etiam laudes armenta feraeque Sylvestres avidique lupi saevique leones, Tigrides et lynces et in ipsis partubus ursae Auribus accipient stupidis. Dumque omnis ad auras Carmina nostra canet pastor, te montibus altis Aeriae rupes et concava saxa sonabunt. O tantum ne turpe feras haec sordida circum Incolere et dulcem captare sub arbore somnum Umbrifera vivoque sitim restinguere fonte Et cantu mulcere auras. Hic subter opacas Quercus fagineumque nemus pinusque decoras Et virides alnos pulchram sine nomine vitam Ducere et urbanum poteris vitare tribunal. Hic ubi virgineae laurus et frigida surgit Graminibus lactuca piis, ubi tonsile buxum

27 dicunt AO: dicant B; Hyblam BO: Hyblen A. 29 Accipiunt O: Excipiunt AB. 38 current AB: currunt O. Post 38 Dum mare, dum tellus, dum ventus et aura manebunt, A, om. BO. Post 46 Rura, boves inter, florum redolentia regna A, om. BO. 48 restinguere BO: restringere A. 51 alnos BO: ulmos A. 53 ubi A: tibi BO. 54 Graminibus O: Saeminibus AB; ubi AB: tibi O.

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water, and from the high cliffs icy streams tumble down in a thousand rills, along overgrown banks and through the lovely silence. Ever since our glades welcomed you, the snakes have all fled from the pastures everywhere. The valleys are redolent of sweet-scented flowers, just like Mount Hybla in Sicily, which they say is swarming with bees. The ground frolics under your feet. And as you walk on it, the grass joyfully bends and springs back. [30] Look how Phoebus shines more beautifully now than at any other time of the year and brightens the world with uncommon splendor. This is the very thing I have so often prayed to see on our fields. This is what all the woods have been yearning for too, as have the rugged rocks at the foot of craggy cliffs. Often, as I pastured the gravid ewes on the verdant meadows, my comrades wanted to know more about the Rufus whose name resounds in my assiduous song, particularly when I happened to sing something like this: As long as groves and forests stand, as long as rivers run, Rufus, so long will I praise you in my songs, however artless they may be. [40] The very cattle will listen with spellbound ears as I sing your praises; so will the beasts of the forest, the ravenous wolves, savage lions, tigers, and lynxes, and she-bears, even in parturition! And as long as every shepherd sings my songs to the breezes, the sheer cliffs and hollow rocks in the high mountains will echo with your name. Oh, don’t think it beneath you to live in these homely surroundings, to take a pleasant snooze under a shade tree, to slake your thirst at a bubbling spring and caress the air with your singing. Here, under shady [50] oaks and beeches and handsome pines and leafy alders, you could lead an honorable life, out of the public eye, and steer clear of urban politics. Here, where maidenly laurels grow and cold lettuce sprouts its salutary leaves, where clipped boxwoods and cornel shrubs create

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Et nativa humiles texunt topiaria corni, Lecta corona tibi est, castos quae plurima crines Contegat. En divae dicunt bona verba Camoenae: “Vernantes in flore tegi patiare capillos.” Quem tibi non ullae Veneres meditantur honorem. Nulla Dryas, neque Naiades, non mollis Oreas, Nulla tibi assistet Phyllis, non ulla Lycoris, Nam tibi mollicie nihil est invisius ista. Non ita fraxineae invisae serpentibus umbrae, Non sic agna lupos, non sic fugit aera talpa, Ut tu quicquid habet perfectae incommoda vitae. Quicquid Acidalio generosam caumate mentem Inficit extinguitque animos melioribus aptos, Tu fugis ut pulchris aconita latentia gemmis. O vitae tranquilla quies et summa beatae! Sic mihi praeteritos olim Deus exuat annos, Talem sera dies videat me, seu mihi longos Invideant mea fata dies seu frigidus annis Ante diem presso moriatur corpore sanguis. Non mihi post cineres potioris cura sepulchri, Dum modo corporea defunctus mole feratur Spiritus ante Deum. Cedat caro putris in aescam Vermibus, aut volucres pascat per inane volantes Cura eadem. Stultus, qui foeda cadavera in auro Collocat et vanis infundit balsama membris Demens et frustra miseros amplectitur artus. Qui faciunt simulachra virum defunctaque servant Corpora, dii superi, quam delirare videntur! Ergo vel ignotus moriar, vel si qua poetis Gloria debetur dulcis post aedita vitae Munera, sub quacunque licet tellure quiescam. Tu modo, seu magno meditaris iubila Christo Nocturnis inhians sacris citharamque novenis Percurris fidibus resonantem carmina regis

55 texunt BO: faciunt A. 62 Nam BO: Et A. 65 Ut BO: Quam A. 67 melioribus aptos O: maiora volentes A, maioribus aptos B. 75 defunctus BO: iam functus A. 76 Deum BO: deos A. 77 per inane BO: sublime A. 81 defunctaque AO: defunctave B. 85 Munera BO: Tempora A. 86 meditaris BO: testaris A.

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natural topiaries, a splendid garland awaits you, woven to cover your chaste hair. Lo, the divine Muses are uttering words of good omen: “Allow us to wreathe your locks with spring blossoms.” This is not an honor devised by some Venus. [60] No voluptuous dryad, naiad, or oread, no Phyllis or Lycoris will be standing beside you. For to you there is nothing more odious than wantonness like that. Not so anxiously do snakes avoid the shade of the ash tree, not so eagerly do lambs flee the wolf, moles the air above, as you stay clear of every obstacle to a perfect life. Anything that infects a noble mind with the heat of lust and extinguishes intellects suited to higher things you shun like aconite lurking in beautiful goblets encrusted with gems. Oh, the tranquil and sublime peace of a blessed life! [70] May I myself be living like that when God someday strips me of the years gone by! That is the sort of man I should like to be on my dying day, whether fate begrudges me a long life or whether I reach the years where the body is burdened before its time and the blood runs cold. I don’t care for an elaborate tomb after my death, as long as my soul, rid of its corporeal mass, is borne before God. Let the putrid flesh be food for worms, for all I care, or let it become carrion for the birds that fly through the empty air. What folly to lay out hideous corpses in state, all tricked out with gold! What insanity to embalm lifeless bodies [80] and embrace the wretched limbs, to no avail! By the gods above, how raving mad are those who make images of men and preserve the bodies of the dead! Therefore, whether I die as an unknown or as a celebrated poet—if indeed poets deserve some glory after performing the duties of this sweet life—I will rest in peace, no matter where I am buried. Now you, whether you are making a joyful noise to the mighty Christ as you longingly await the nocturnal Sacrament and run your fingers over the nine-stringed lyre and sing the Psalms of the poet-

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Vatis Iessaei, seu divite bibliotheca Confusus, libros mille inter, solis ad ortum Leniter afflantem tua pectora suscipis Eurum, Tu modo—nanque olim tibi nostra fidelius ibunt Carmina liberiusque canam tua nomina, Rufe— Ad rus et montana veni. Maiora volebam Pangere, ni pastorem humilis decuisset arundo, Et rudis averso subiisset Apolline faunus.

IX. IDYLLII ARGUMENTUM Introducuntur duo colloquentes pastores, alter ovium Melinus, quasi dicas ovinus, nam inter alia μῆλον Graecis etiam ovem significat, alter caprarum, nempe Aepolus, quem Latini caprarium vocant. 2 Hi amice | inter se de ovibus et capris disputant, utrae alteris praestent, quisque sui generis gregem laudantes, et ridicula quaedam argumento plane pastorali et nulla ex parte allegorico immiscent.

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Mel. Tertius Oceani iam Lucifer exit ab undis, Altera nox abiit, postquam mihi perditus istis Quaeritur in sylvis aries, ubi plurima densent Umbrosum virgulta nemus. Dic, Aepole, nunquid Forsan aberrantem vidisti? Nam nihil unquam

95 ni BO: in A. 96 subiisset BO: cecinisset A. Idyl. 9, arg. add. O. 1 μῆλον scripsi: μήλον O. Idyl. 9. A (Buc. 7.1–106) BO. Marginalia add. O. Tit. H. Eobani—idyllion IX. O: Aegloga septima A, Idyllion nonum B. Personae Melinus, Aepolus B: Cautus, Caldus A, om. O. 1 Oceani—undis BO: immenso rediit iam Lucifer orbi A. 3 densent O: densant AB. 4–5 Aepole, nunquid / Forsan BO: optime Calde, / Nunquid A. 5 nihil unquam O: neque quicquam A, nihil usquam B.

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king David79 or are standing in your rich library [90] at sunrise, troubled amidst a thousand books as you feel the east wind gently breathing upon your chest80—for someday I’ll sing songs that portray you more faithfully and praise you more freely, Rufus—do come to the fields and mountains! I would have liked to compose something more exalted in your honor, were not the humble reed pipe proper to a shepherd and were I not mindful of that rude faun who so angered Apollo.81

ARGUMENT OF THE NINTH IDYL Two shepherds are introduced conversing. The one who guards sheep is Melinus, which is to say, shepherd, for among other things, mēlon in Greek also means “sheep.” The other one, who guards goats, is of course Aepolus, or as we would say in Latin, caprarius, a goatherd. The two amicably debate among themselves about sheep and goats and which type is superior to the other, each praising his own kind of herd, and mix in some comic notions into the purely pastoral and at no point allegorical argument.

THE NINTH BUCOLIC IDYL OF H. EOBANUS HESSUS Melinus, Aepolus Mel. For the third time now the sun has risen from the ocean waves, two nights have come and gone, since I started looking for the ram that ran off on me in these woods. The underbrush is so dense in this shady forest that you can’t find anything. Tell me, Aepolus, you didn’t happen to see him wandering off someplace, did you? He’s pretty

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As a canon at St. Mary’s in Gotha, Mutianus regularly attended mass and participated in the singing of the Psalms. Because the rising sun symbolizes the risen Lord and the heavenly Jerusalem, the faithful often said their prayers while facing east. In telling himself to stay within pastoral bounds, the poet is reminded of Marsyas who was flayed alive for presuming to challenge Apollo to a musical competition; cf. Idyl. 4.53–54, with n. 48. Marsyas was actually a satyr, not a faun; but the terms were practically synonymous; cf. Ov. Met. 6.392–393.

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Nocius hoc uno. Niger est, caret aure sinistra, Cornua pene oculos tangunt redeuntia torvos. Aep. Ah, pecus infoelix! Non te tua cornua tutum, Non torvi fecere oculi. Meline, fatebor Omnia vera tibi. Vix post ientacula mane Haec avium dulces dum quaero per avia nidos, Ecce situ squalens exesae rupis ad antrum Exceptum pecus ipse lupus iam dente comedit Sanguineo, frendens in me. Nisi forte fuissem A cane defensus, mea mordicus ora petisset. Ne doleas quod fata iubent, quod ferre necesse est. Mel. Hei mihi, nunc tandem evenit quod saepe timebam! Hei, miserande aries! Quod eras audacior aequo, Stulticiae meritas persolvis sanguine poenas. Inter oves puduit viridi te cespite vesci. Tu cythisum tiliasque leves dulcemque ciperum, Stulte, sequebare et semper mihi solus abibas. Ergo nunc avidi rodent tua viscera corvi. Qui nimis est audax, saepe infoeliciter audet. Aep. Est ut ais. Pecoris verum obliviscere adempti. Qua potes, hanc alia iacturam sorte repende Et mecum viridi laetus succede salicto, Hic ubi taurigenae volucres apiaria circum Et varios pleno strident examine flores. Ecce sed, o nymphae, quanto res digna cachinno! Quam saliunt petulanter oves in tramite plano! Mel. Quam rudis es, necdum diuturno exercitus usu! Sed quia te natura ovium fugit, Aepole, dicam. Vicina ruber est delapsus ab arbore cortex,

Post 7 Quorum ope sepe lupis idem occursare solebat. A, om. BO. 9–10 Meline—tibi BO: Tibi vera fatebor, / Caute, decus nemorum A. 11 Haec—avia BO: Dum volucrum varia scrutabar in arbore A. 12 Ecce—antrum add. BO. 17 tandem BO: primum A; timebam BO: verebar A. 19 Stulticiae BO: Nunc peris et A. 20 viridi—vesci BO: viridem te pascere terram A. 21 ciperum BO: cyperon A. 23 avidi BO: rapidi A; rodent O: rodunt AB. 28 volucres—circum BO: stipant nova mella volucres A. 29 varios BO: circum A; strident O: stridant A, stridunt B. 30 Ecce sed, o nymphae [superi B], quanto BO: Aspice, per superos, multo A. 33 Sed—dicam BO: Naturas ovium nescis, cautissime pastor A. 34 delapsus—cortex BO: cortex delapsus ab ulmo A.

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notorious around here, as you know. He’s black all over, his left ear is missing, and his horns curve back so far that they nearly touch his glowering eyes. Aep. Ah, hapless beast! Neither your horns nor your glowering eyes sufficed to keep you out of harm’s way. I’ll tell [10] you the whole truth, Melinus. Just after breakfast this morning, when I was searching out delicious birds’ nests in this wilderness, lo and behold, in the moldy cavern of a hollowed-out rock, a wolf was already devouring the beast he’d caught. Gore dripping from his jaws, he was gnashing his teeth at me. If my dog hadn’t been there to defend me, he’d have gone right for my face and mangled it. Don’t lament a loss that fate has ordained, that you have to endure. Mel. Alas, what I often feared has now finally happened! Ah, wretched ram! Because you were overly reckless, you paid for your folly with your blood, as you deserved. [20] Grazing among the sheep in the green grass was beneath your dignity. Instead, fool, you went looking for clover and easily digestible linden leaves and sweet galingale. You were always disappearing on me, all by yourself. Well, now the greedy ravens will be tearing at your guts! He who is recklessly bold, often is bold at his peril. Aep. You’re quite right. Just forget about that dead ram of yours. As best you can, make up for this loss in some other way. Enjoy yourself and come with me into the shade of the green willows over here where the bullock-born insects82 are whirring in a great swarm around the hives and the many-colored blossoms. [30] But look over there, by the nymphs! Isn’t that the funniest thing you ever saw? The sheep are jumping around like mad on the level path! Mel. What a greenhorn you are, not yet trained by daily experience! But seeing that you haven’t a clue what makes sheep tick, Aepolus, I’ll tell you. Some of the ruddy bark has fallen off the nearby tree—

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According to an old belief, the putrefying blood of a slain bullock can bring forth a swarm of bees. See, for example, Verg. G. 4.281–314, 548–558; Ov. Met. 15.364–367.

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Caussa novi saltus. Nam talia cuncta verentur Et neque vere rosas neque rubra papavera mandunt. Aep. Tale quid in nostris etiam admiranda capellis Ridiculum natura dedit. Nam vincula cruri Feceris e scirpo vel vimine sive genista Sive alio quocunque, per omnes claudicat agros. Quod cum vidisset sceleratus risit Amyntas. Mel. Hoc leve naturae specimen mirabilis aiunt, Id grave. Populeis si sueta canalia virgis Corticibus demptis spargas, tum frondibus albis Intentae meditantur oves gliscente colorem In coitu niveum. Quae tum conceperit, albam Aedit ovem. Sic se magnus didicisse Philaegon Dixit et in parvo monstrabat codice scriptum. Aep. Sic etiam ex alba niger hircus saepe capella Diversam generat prolem variique coloris. Idque ego, dum capio teneri incrementa peculi, Non semel expertus longo sum doctus ab usu. Verum age, confer oves nostris, Meline, capellis. Quod prius effectum voluisti, perge fateri. Mel. Hic neque certandi locus est, nec talia tecum, Aepole, contulerim dubiae certamina palmae, Esse bonos siquidem pacem decet inter amicos, Ni iucunda magis quam sint mordacia dicta. Si libet ergo, iocos, non seria saeva, canemus. Aep. Incipe, flammivomus coelo dum Sirius ardet, Dum iuvat umbra pecus, dum flumina grata capellis. Hic melius rivi praeterlabentis ad undam

37 admiranda BO: Deus ipse A. 39 e BO: ex A. 41 Amyntas BO: Adonis A. 46 tum B: tunc A, cum O. Post 52 in A: Cald. Eheu, Caute, pedem mihi spina offensa momordit! / Aspicis ut soleam cono diffindit acuto. / Affer opem misero! Spinam extrahe dente tenaci, / Si potes, et maneat ne pars in carne videto. / Caut. Tam pauxilla doles, o virgine mollior omni! / Magnanimum decet esse virum nec caedere parvis. / Sed tamen haec omnem peracuta novacula callum / Quae secet attentanda mihi est. En sanguine vulnus / Profluit. Educto nunc liber acumine surge. / Cald. Ergo tibi salvae maneant in rure capellae, / Pignora chara domi, sperataque messis in agro! / Effugi miserum te salvatore dolorem. / [Caut.] Quam levis humanos etiam dolor occupat artus! 53 Verum … nostris, Meline BO: Nunc … foecundis, Calde A. 55 nec BO: neque A. 56–57 Aepole—decet [dedit B] BO: Caute [Calde A], volo. Decet esse bonos pacem A. 59 libet BO: placet A. 60 flammivomus—Sirius O: Calde, placet, coelo dum Procyon A, flammivomus coelo dum Procyon B.

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the cause of those freakish jumps you saw. They are really scared of anything red. That’s the reason they won’t munch roses or red poppies in springtime. Aep. Amazing nature has also given my goats a ridiculous quirk just like that. For if you made a bracelet of bulrush or wicker or broom [40] or anything else and put it on their legs, they’d limp all over the place. When Amyntas saw that, he burst out laughing, miscreant that he is. Mel. Now that is what you might call a lightweight example of nature’s wonders. Here is a heavyweight one. If you peel the bark from poplar rods and place them in the accustomed watering troughs, the sheep will stare at the white boughs. If they happen to be breeding just then, they’ll have the snowy color in mind. Any lamb conceived at that moment will be born white. The great Philaegon83 told me this when he found out about it and showed me the passage in a small book. Aep. Likewise, a black buck mated with a white she-goat often [50] produces kids of different or variegated color. I’ve seen that more than once with my own eyes when obtaining offspring from the young livestock—well-versed as I am through long experience. But go ahead, Melinus, compare your sheep with my goats. Carry on with your observations on the subject. Mel. This isn’t a very good spot for a singing match. Besides, I don’t want to contend with you, Aepolus, to see who’d carry off the palm. After all, there ought to be peace between good friends, unless the words passing between them are rather more witty than caustic. So, if you like, we’ll sing in jest, not in vehement earnest. Aep. [60] Lead off, while flame-vomiting Sirius blazes in the sky, while the sheep are enjoying the shade, while the streams appeal to the goats. Over there is a better place to sing. Let’s sit down by the

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Sub viridi platano in molli residebimus herba. Incipe. Sic faciles habeas, Meline, Camoenas. Mel. Caprarum grex atque ovium mihi mixtus amatur. Sed tamen ante pilos caprarum lana bidentum Nobilis et plures accommoda servit ad usus. Aep. Et mihi sunt ovibus mixtae per pascua caprae. Grex tamen hirta placet, tantoque est gratior illa Quanto est utilius lana lac semper edenti. Mel. Lana homines vestit. Lanam cum divite pauper Gestat emitque libens et murice tingit et ostro. Frigora propellit, corpus tutatur ab aestu. Aep. Lac homines nutrit. Tanto est nutritio maius Vestitu quam vita neci foelicior atrae. Caseolos, butyrum lac dat, duo maxima dona. Mel. Non equidem infitior. Sed habent etiam ubera plena Lactis oves, seroque ad mulctram vespere ductae Omnia distentis implent mulctralia mammis. Aep. Uno sola die capra plus quam quattuor agnae Lactis agit pastuque domum compulsa reportat, Bisque omnes una mulgentur luce capellae. Mel. Ridiculum quod ais, plus tu rideberis ergo. Perge tamen. Faciles etiam risere Camoenae. Aep. Capra polos adiit. Solo est spectabile cornu Sydus Amalthaeum. Docto si credis Iarbae, Iupiter Oleniae suxit deus ubera caprae. Mel. Lucida Phryxaeum pecus inter sydera fulget. Cui fulvum rutilo vellus distinguitur auro. Sic ego me puero didici, vix nanque recordor.

63 in molli residebimus O: molli requiescimus A, in molli requiescimus B. 64 Incipe— Camoenas BO: Incipe, ut inspirent nobis divina Camoenae A. 67 servit ad usus. O: nunquid ad usus? AB. 70 est—edenti BO: fertilius lana lac est comedenti A. 75 atrae A: atra BO. 79 implent BO: complent A. 80 Uno—agnae BO: Sola capella die plusquam ter quinque bidentes A. Ante 83 Ha ha, mentiri nescis, cautissime Caute! A, om. BO. 84 Perge tamen BO: Perge, precor A.

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water of the running brook, in the soft grass under the green plane tree. Go ahead. May the Muses be gracious to you, Melinus! Mel. I like a mixed flock, made up of goats and sheep. Nevertheless, sheep wool is superior to goat hair and lends itself to many more uses. Aep. I too let my sheep graze with the goats on the meadows. Nevertheless, I prefer the shaggy flock, [70] all the more so as milk is invariably far more useful to the eater than wool. Mel. Wool provides people with clothing. Rich and poor wear wool; they gladly purchase it and dye it with purple and crimson. It wards off the cold and protects the body from heat. Aep. Milk gives people nutrition. Nourishment is more important than clothing to the same extent as life brings more joy than black death. Milk gives us cheeses and butter, two of the finest gifts you could ask for. Mel. Sure, I won’t deny it. But sheep also have udders full of milk. And led back to the milking pails at sundown, they fill all of the pails with their distended teats. Aep. [80] A single she-goat, driven home from the pasture, produces more milk per day than four ewes, and all the nannies are milked twice a day. Mel. The more you raise a laugh, the more you’ll get laughed at.84 But go on. The gracious Muses laughed too. Aep. A she-goat rose up to the heavens. With her single horn, Amalthea’s star is a sight to behold. According to the learned Iarbas, the god Jupiter sucked the teats of that Olenian goat.85 Mel. Phrixus’s ram shines among the bright stars. Its yellow fleece is set off with ruddy gold.86 [90] I heard about that as a boy; indeed, I just barely remember.

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In the summer, sheep and goats were milked in the morning and after sundown. Melinus’s laughter is directed at the claim that she-goats give four times more milk than ewes. Amalthea’s goat (or, in another version, the goat Amalthea) suckled the young Jupiter on Mount Ida in Crete. After one of the goat’s horns was accidentally broken off, it was placed among the stars, along with the goat herself (Capella); see Ov. Fast. 5.111–128. The goat is “Olenian,” because the constellation Capella is sometimes identified either with Olenus’s daughter Aega or the Greek town Olenus. Iarbas is Crotus Rubianus. (He also appears in Buc. 8, but is renamed Agavus in Idyl. 12.) Phrixus and his sister Helle escaped from Colchis on a ram with a golden fleece. This ram later became the constellation Aries.

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Aep. Nec rurale sonant nec sunt pastoria, quae nunc Verba iocos inter surgunt. Vix talia pauci Urbani sapiunt et nescio quale Lycaeum. Mel. Vera mones, et nos paremus vera monenti Istaque deserimus. Plura et meliora canemus, Crastina Phoebaeos ubi lux reparaverit ignes.

X. IDYLLII ARGUMENTUM Et hoc amatorium carmen est, quo alter interlo- | quentium amorem suum fatetur et vinci se ab isto affectu non dissimulat, alter detestatur et dissuadet. 2 Cuius autem et quem hic amorem describat et notet, non admodum opus esse ut quaeratur existimo, cum haec insania generalis sit nec ad unum aliquem pertineat.

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H. EOBANI HESSI BUCOLICORUM IDYLLION X. AMOR EURYTI Eurytus, Thyrsis

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Tempus erat, medio iam sol altissimus aestu Ussit agros pepulitque leves pecus omne sub umbras. Pastores duo conveniunt de montibus, actis In vallem gregibus, vicini fontis ad undam, Eurytus et Thyrsis, quorum florentior aevo Eurytus adstantem sic est affatus amicum: Eur. Thyrsi, decus nemorum, quando mihi proximus annis Et forma prior et me maior es arte canendi, Canta aliquid. Longo nostris tua tempore sylvis Fistula conticuit. Nec dulces deflet amores Nec quibus ante duas formosam Chlorida messes Ignibus ardebas contemptae iactat amicae.

91 pastoria BO: trivialia A. 94–96 Vera—ignes. add. BO. Idyl. 10, arg. add. O. Idyl. 10. A (Buc. 7.107–179) BO. Marginalia add. O. Tit. H. Eobani—Euryti O: Aegloga septima A, Idyllion decimum B. Personae Eurytus, Thyrsis BO: Cautus, Caldus A. 1–30 Tempus—amori. add. BO. 1 medio O: media B.

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Aep. The words that popped up just now amidst the jokes don’t sound a bit rustic or pastoral. Few if any townsmen or academics are familiar with allusions like that. Mel. Your advice is sound. I’ll follow your sound advice and break off this debate. We’ll sing more and better songs when tomorrow’s dawn restores Phoebus’s fires.

ARGUMENT OF THE TENTH IDYL This poem, too, is amatory in theme. The one speaker confesses his love and does not conceal the fact that he is overmastered by that passion. The other expresses his abhorrence and tries to talk him out of it. To inquire, however, whose and what kind of love is being described and censured here seems to me superfluous, given that this sort of madness is universal and does not pertain to any one person in particular.

THE TENTH BUCOLIC IDYL OF H. EOBANUS HESSUS. EURYTUS’S PASSION Eurytus, Thyrsis It was that time of day: the sun was already at its zenith, scorching the fields in the noonday heat and driving all the cattle beneath the gentle shade. Two shepherds from the mountains, who had driven their flocks into the valley, met by the water of a nearby spring, Eurytus and Thyrsis. The more youthfully blooming of the two, Eurytus, spoke as follows to the friend standing beside him: Eur. Thyrsis, pride of the woodlands, since you are next to me in age, but more handsome and superior to me in the art of song, sing something. It has been a long time [10] since your flute fell silent in our woods. It neither bewails sweet amours nor brags to your scorned girlfriend about the lovely Chloris, with whose flames you were all afire two harvests ago.

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Thyr. Euryte, nec forma nec sum tibi proximus annis. Artis et ingenii si quid mihi favit Apollo, Hoc ipsi superesse velim castisque Camoenis, Non Veneri. Satis insanitum est mollibus annis. Nunc sapere et meliora sequi provectior aetas Admonet. Ipse potes nugis puerilibus istis Oblectare animum, quando libet, et tua nostros Non ita multo post aetas continget ad annos. Eur. Usque adeone Venus liquit tua pectora, Thyrsi, Quae te plus aliis, memini, et peioribus ussit Ignibus? O quanti est talis curatio morbi! Thyr. Ipse mihi medeor nec pareo talibus ultra Illecebris, quae sic improvida pectora fallunt Ut subiecta solent lentae per stramina flammae Serpere et arreptis incendia spargere tectis. At tu, cui teretes calami, cui carmen et aetas, Lude. Decent annos et mollia carmina molles. Eur. Pan, faveas nostroque adsis, precor, aequus amori. Sic olim tibi dilectam Syringa canemus, Naiada quam canna texit Venus alma palustri, Ut nostros etiam nemus omne intelligat ignes. En venit et nobis Canace venit obvia! Cernis Ut niveae molli sinuentur flamine vestes, Ut virga in manibus varias discriminet agnas, Quas nunc illa domo potum compellit ad undas? O salve, facies mihi dilectissima! Salve, Nympharum decus, ante omnes formosa puellas! Iam dudum cupio tecum mihi mutua dentur Colloquia. Heu, quanto miserum me conficis aestu! Nulla mihi sine te requies datur, omnia curis Plena. Dies votis totos consumimus istis. Longa quiescendas turbant insomnia noctes. Huc ades et nostros, Canace formosa, dolores Aspice! Tum requies nobis erit una sub umbra Faginea, ad fontem latices ubi dulcia vivi Murmura per frondesque cient tremulumque susurrant.

31 Sic—Syringa BO: Ergo rudes merito pueri syringa A. Post 35 Albentesque fluant post lactea terga capilli, A, om. BO. 36 discriminet BO: discriminat A. 37 domo—undas BO: domum poto compellit ab amne A. 42 sine te requies O: requies sine te AB. 48 frondesque cient BO: frondes faciunt A.

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Thyr. Eurytus, neither in looks nor in age am I next to you. If Apollo has blessed me with something of art and talent, I would want to dedicate it to him himself and the chaste Muses, not Venus. In my youthful years there has been quite enough madness already. A more mature age admonishes me now to be sensible and follow a better course. As for you, you can amuse your soul with those puerile trifles to your heart’s content, but [20] it won’t be long before your youth will attain to my years. Eur. Has Venus so wholly left your breast, Thyrsis—she, who set you ablaze, I recall, more than others and with worse fires? Oh, I’d give anything to be cured of such a disease! Thyr. I cured myself. I no longer pay heed to such allurements, which steal on the unwary heart in the same way as smoldering flames are apt to creep through straw bedding and then, leaping up, set the roofs on fire. But you, with your smooth reeds, with your singing and youth, play something. Amorous songs suit your amorous years. Eur. [30] Pan, favor my love, I beseech you, and give it your blessing. Then I’ll sing you a song in praise of your once beloved Syrinx, the naiad whom kindly Venus covered with marsh reeds,87 so that the whole forest can also recognize the fires of my ardor. Look, she’s coming, Canace is coming our way! Don’t you see how her snow-white dress is billowing out in the gentle breeze, how she, a switch in her hand, has been culling the mottled lambs and now drives them from home to drink at the river? Oh hail, my dearest beauty! Hail, enthralling nymph, comeliest of all maidens! [40] I have long been eager for a chance to talk with you. Alas, how my raging love for you is wearing me out with grief! Without you, I can find no rest. My whole life is filled with cares. I spend entire days yearning for you. Lengthy dreams disturb the nights, when I should be resting. Come here, lovely Canace, and see how I suffer! Then we two can rest together under the shade of a beech tree, next to the spring where rippling water raises sweet murmurs through the leaves and burbles in tremulous whispers. Here you’ll enjoy chestnuts

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Hic tibi castaneae sumentur et allia mecum Et pyra quae fortes vicinis montibus Hessi Mittunt et nivei matura coagula lactis. Huc ades, o Canace! Miseri cape munus amantis: Hunc leporem turdosque duos castumque palumbum, Munera quae lustris tibi sum venatus in altis. Uror, ut in stipulas ignis proiectus agrestes Sole sub ardenti campum depascit et omnes Herbarum succos. Sic me dolor ille fatigat Qui mea nescio qua traiecit corda sagitta. O si respiciat Canace mea vulnera sero Ut quondam cum prima malum Venus egit in artus, Dulcisona laetos modularer arundine versus Inter oves, cantu sylvae et nemus omne sonarent. Heu, crudelis Amor, quantum mortalia mutas Pectora! Nulla tibi par est sub sole potestas. Sic me, sic posito vitae melioris honore Cogis et ante diem facis hanc languere iuventam, Florida ceu subitis flaccescunt arva pruinis. Hoc tamen omne tibi patimur sine nomine vulnus, O Canace, maiora pati tormenta parati Te propter. Tu sola mei medicina furoris. Huc olim properans fido dabis oscula amanti, Qualia Luna suo quondam dedit Endymioni, Qualibus Oenone Pariden complexa lacertis Servantem Phrygiae pecudes sub vallibus Idae. Huc olim properans tu nos complexa iuvabis. Flate, leves Euri, spira, genitive Favoni. Ferte meam Canacen, ad nos huc ferte puellam. Lingua stupet, rubor in vultum concessit anhelus, Membra tremunt, saliunt praecordia, namque propinquat Quae mea corda sui clausit sub pectoris antro. Quo fugiam? Quo non abeam? Potiusne manebo An fugiam? Quid, Thyrsi, loquar? Pudor obstat amori.

51 Mittunt et—lactis BO: Mittunt. Illa tuo servamus prandia ventri A. 53 castumque palumbum BO: castamque palumbem A. 56–57 ardenti—succos BO: autumni A. 58 qua AB: quis O; traiecit BO: transegit A. 62 sonarent A: sonaret BO. 74 Phrygiae pecudes O: pecudes Phrygiae AB. 76 Euri BO: Zephyri A; genitive BO: venerande A. 78 rubor AO: ruber B. 82 Thyrsi BO: Caute A.

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and garlic with me, [50] also the pears that the hardy Hessians send from the nearby mountains and ripe curds of snow-white milk. Come here, O Canace! Accept a gift from your hapless lover: this hare and a brace of thrushes and a chaste ringdove, presents I hunted for you deep in the forests. I am ablaze, much as fire, flung into a stubble field under the burning sun, consumes the whole plain and all the herbs’ juices. For that is how this anguish of mine has been wearing me down ever since it transfixed my heart with some unseen arrow. Oh, if Canace could look upon my wounds someday, then, [60] like that time long ago when Venus first drove this ailment into my body, I would again play joyful tunes on the sweet-sounding flute, amidst the sheep, and all the woods and groves would resound with my singing. Woe, cruel Love, how profoundly you transform the human heart! Nothing under the sun can match you in power. You have robbed me of the best season of life—this is how you constrain me and cause my youth to languish before its time, just as flowering fields wither during a cold snap. All the same, I’m going to go on suffering this unspeakable wound, all for you, O Canace, and am prepared to suffer even greater torments [70] for your sake. You are the only one who can cure my passion. Someday you’ll rush up to me, your faithful lover, and shower me with kisses just like the ones that Luna once gave to her sweetheart Endymion, just like those that Oenone gave when she clasped Paris in her arms while he was still herding sheep in the valleys of Phrygian Ida. Someday you’ll hasten to me and enchant me in your embrace. Blow, gentle east winds, breathe, fruitful zephyr. Waft Canace hither, waft my darling to me. My tongue stammers, blood is flushing to my cheeks, my limbs are trembling, my chest is pounding, for she’s approaching, [80] she who keeps my heart enclosed deep within her breast. Where should I run to? Where should I turn to? Would it be better to stay, or should I make a run for it? What should I tell her, Thyrsis? Bashfulness is a great hindrance to love.

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Thyr. Ergo sagittifero dum sic assuescis Amori, Vix tu de gregibus mecum cantare volebas. Mirabar quid nanque modos et nostra perosus Carmina deserta solus sub rupe iaceres, Moestior et solito vultum squalentior usu. Scilicet ergo suam Pani “Syringa canemus, Naiada quam canna texit Venus alma palustri.” Non ita! Nos alio iuvenes ardore fruemur, Quem meus haec olim cecinit per rura Philetas, Exosus Veneremque ipsam natumque potentem. Stulte, quid instabilis tabes in imagine formae? Ut rosa mane rubens quae vespere tacta recumbit, Quam cito bulla perit, tam flos cadit ille iuventae. Desipit omnis amans moriturque in corpore vivo. Caprarum docuit pastor, sic ille monebat. Eur. Ut nequit extingui Neraeis fluctibus Aetna, Sic gravis ille ardor qui me mihi sustulit omnes Contemnit monitus. Nescit Venus improba flecti. Heu, quibus immergor curis, quibus ignibus uror! Thyr. Interea Oceano pluvias sol attrahit undas. Et Lybs et Boreas luctantur et humidus Auster. Tempestas oritur! Pastu discedere tempus.

IDYLLII XI. ARGUMENTUM Per Philondam hoc idyllio Richardum Sbrulium quendam Delmatam, ineptissimis eo tempore poematiis passim per Germaniam ineptientem. 2 Cuius arrogantiam et fastum

83 Ergo—assuescis [praeludis B] Amori BO: Ergo Caldus eras, calido dum servis Amori A. 87 vultum BO: barbam A. 88 suam Pani BO: rudes pueri A. 89 Naiada—palustri add. BO. 91 Philetas BO: Phylaegon A. 92 Exosus AB: Exosum O; ipsam BO: deam A. 93 tabes AO: tales B. 100 improba BO: impia A. 102 pluvias BO: pluvius A. Idyl. 11, arg. add. O. 88 89

See Idyl. 2, where the youthful Philetas (Spalatin) sings of his chaste love of the Muses. Originally written in the late spring of 1509, this idyl lampoons the controversial poet Riccardo Sbruglio (ca. 1480–after 1525). Born at Cividale di Friuli near Udine, northeast of Venice, Sbruglio lived in Venice, Ferrara, and Constance. After Christoph Scheurl recommended him to Frederick the Wise in early 1507, he obtained a teaching position

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Thyr. So then, while you’re getting habituated to arrow-bearing Love like this, that’s why you could scarcely bring yourself to sing with me about the herds. I was wondering why you kept avoiding our music-making and singing, preferring instead to lie by yourself beneath a deserted cliff. A sad sight you’ve been too, with your face even more unkempt than normal. Well, sure, we’ll sing a song to Pan in praise of his “Syrinx, the naiad whom kindly Venus covered with marsh reeds.” [90] No, we won’t! We young men will enjoy a different kind of ardor, the kind that my dear Philetas used to sing about all over this country.88 He detested the very thought of Venus and her powerful son. Fool, why do you pine for a pretty face? Beauty doesn’t last. As a rose blows red in the morning and wilts at the touch of evening, as quickly as a bubble bursts, so falls that bloom of youth. Every lover is demented and dies a living death. That was the goatherd’s message, that was his counsel. Eur. Just as you can’t extinguish Etna with the ocean’s water, so the raging fire that is driving me mad [100] defies all warnings. Pitiless Venus doesn’t know how to relent. Ah, how I’m overwhelmed with cares, how I’m ablaze with fires! Thyr. In the meantime the sun has been building up rain clouds over the ocean. The southwester and the north wind are fighting it out with the humid South. A storm is brewing! It’s time to start leaving the pasture.

ARGUMENT OF THE ELEVENTH IDYL By Philondas in this idyl he means Riccardo Sbruglio, a certain Dalmatian who in utterly inept poems was spouting nonsense all over Germany at the time.89 Unable to put up with the man’s arrogance

at Wittenberg in the spring. His panegyric verses on the elector and on Maximilian (Leipzig, 1507) and his “Extemporaneous Poem” in praise of Rector Scheurl ([Leipzig], 1507) won him admirers, among them Georg Spalatin. But others, including Mutianus Rufus, Hermann von dem Busche, and Ulrich von Hutten, thought little of his talents. See further Eob. Buc. 10, n. 88 (1:350–351); Albert Schirrmeister in VLDH, 2:802–819. It is not known what exactly prompted Eobanus to hurl this lampoon at Sbruglio in 1509. Perhaps the Dalmatian had insulted his national pride with some dismissive remarks about the quality of German Neo-Latin poetry in general. At any rate, in A he is called by the speaking name of Fastus (prideful, arrogant).

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non ferens, seipsum, aut quemvis alium poetam Germanum, sub Corydonis nomine designat.

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In vallem Corydon et eandem forte Philondas Compulerant armenta, boves hic, ille capellas. Ille procul patriae fugiens incommoda terrae Ducebat profugos peregrina in pascua tauros. Hic patrios circum saltus et nota tenebat Flumina non pastas aliena fronde capellas. Et quia pascentes communia saepe subibant Prata, brevi coiit nova consuetudo fuitque Mutua donec erat studiorum innoxia utrique Gloria parque decus. Quod ubi decrevit et auxit Alterius famam, non aequa mente Philondas Illa ferens saxo sic est auditus ab alto: Phil. Qui sylvas et rura colunt, qui culmina et agros Pastores habitant, qui sunt a flumine Rheno Ad Scythicum Tanaim, qui sunt vel ab Alpibus usque Ad mare Balthiacum, qui vel didicere cicutis Vel quodcunque levi diffundere carmen avena, Multiforem buxum aut dulcem sufflare monaulon, Pignoribus positis et si pro munere vitae Certantes, ego tam supero quam cedrus acanthum, Quam rosa septivagum superat Paestana ligustrum, Nam neque praestantes tam barbara rura poetas Praestiterint neque in his Musae regionibus ullae Consideant. Ergo, nostrates, plaudite, quando Audeat hic nemo mecum contendere pastor.

Idyl. 11. ABO. Marginalia add. O. Tit. H. Eobani—idyllion XI. O: Aegloga decima A, Idyllion undecimum B. Personae Philondas, Corydon BO: Fastus, Mannus A. 1–12 In vallem— ab alto: add. BO. 2 armenta B: om. O; ille O: illa B. 14 Rheno BO: Rheni A. 23–24 Praestiterint—Consideant BO: Educunt A. 24–25 quando—mecum BO: Ergo nostrates plaudite Musae. / Nemo audet mecum cantu A.

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and conceit, he designates himself, or any other German poet you please, under the name of Corydon.90

THE ELEVENTH BUCOLIC IDYL OF H. EOBANUS HESSUS Philondas, Corydon Corydon and Philondas happened to be driving their herds into the same valley, the latter his cattle, the former his goats. Fleeing far from the troubles of his homeland, the one was leading his bulls into exile on foreign pastures. The other had tended his goats around the woods of his native land and along familiar rivers and did not raise them on alien foliage. And because they often pastured their animals on common fields, a new friendship quickly sprang up that remained mutual as long as neither eclipsed the other’s [10] renown in studies and both enjoyed equal fame. But as the one man’s reputation grew at the other’s expense, Philondas did not accept that with equanimity, but was heard singing as follows from a high rock: Phil. You who live in the woods and the country, you shepherds who make your home in the hills and meadows, who live from the Rhine River to the Scythian Don, who live from the Alps all the way to the Baltic Sea, you who have learned to play some trivial tune on hemlock stalks or the light reed pipe or to blow on the many-holed boxwood flute or the sweet-sounding recorder, you who name your stakes and compete in singing matches as if your life depended on it: [20] I outdo you as the cedar outtops the acanthus, as Paestum’s rose outclasses the hedge-roaming privet, for this downright barbaric country has no first-rate poets to offer nor do any of the Muses dwell in these regions. Applaud me therefore, my countrymen, because there isn’t a shepherd here who would dare to compete with me.

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Haec ubi personuit scopulo vocalis ab alto Famae damna ferens non aequa mente Philondas, Tum Corydon, nam excitus erat iam voce canentis: Cor. Pulse procul patria, nostrum fugitive sub orbem, Pauperie monstrante viam, pannosus et exul Venisti—quis nescit?—in haec tam laeta receptus Pascua. Grex postquam nostris collectior errat Montibus et nivei cessit tibi copia lactis, Postquam vix libros didicisti inflare colurnos Confusumque brevi murmur blaterare cicuta, Tolleris et fastu turges immanius ipso, Tanquam nemo tibi par sit nec se tibi quisquam Audeat e nostris componere—stulte poeta, Qui tua cum nostris deliramenta Camoenis, Ceu tenebras cum luce, nihil conferre vereris. Hos inter nemorum saltus, haec culmina circum, Lenifluos amnes iuxta fontesque beatos Floribus et multis circumflorentibus herbis, Haec propter dumeta canens, incondita iactas Carmina quae nemo, te praeter, laudet ametque, Nemo miretur, nisi qui te laudet ametque. Tu tamen illa canens laudas, miraris, amasque Inter tot summa pastores laude canentes, Ut quae, cum volucrum sit despectissima, certet Vincere cantando morientes noctua cygnos Unave turpe sonans si tentet aedonas omnes Vincere et in limo placeat sibi rana palustri. Vestras ergo iube Musas gaudere, Philonda, Quod te lucifugam superare in carmine vatem Nostrates pueri iam primo in pulvere possunt. Vade per infaustas iterum in tua pascua rupes. Inter olorinos quid ineptis, noctua, cantus?

26–28 Haec—canentis [loquentis B]: add. BO. 29 Pulse—orbem BO: Advena, longinquas ad nos compulse per oras A. 38 e O: ex AB. 40 Ceu O: Ut AB. 43 circumflorentibus O: circum fragrantibus AB. 44–47 canens, incondita—canens [canis B] laudas, miraris, amasque BO: canis tua carmina solus A. 49 cum O: dum AB. 51–53 Unave—Philonda BO: Ut mille attagines, ut ducentas philomoenas / Aut calamita tenax aut sordida rana Seriphi / Increpet et sonitu certet superare palustri. / Plaudebunt ergo vestrates, Faste, Camoenae A. 54 lucifugam BO: lucifugum A. 55 Nostrates—pulvere BO: Vernantes pueri primo iam pubere A; possunt AO: possint B.

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When Philondas, not accepting the loss of reputation with equanimity, had sung out these words from a high cliff, Corydon responded, for by then the singer’s voice had provoked him: Cor. Driven far from your homeland, seeking refuge in our part of the world [30] while poverty pointed the way, we all know how you came here—as a ragamuffin and exile! That is how we welcomed you to these flourishing pastures. But now that your herd has grown large ranging our hills and you have plenty of snowy milk coming your way, now that you’ve barely learned to blow on a hazelbark flute and eke out some garbled tune on a short hemlock stalk, you assume an air of superiority and swell up tremendously with pride, as if you had no equal around here or as if none of my countrymen would dare to pit himself against you—you fool of a poet, [40] who aren’t a bit afraid to set your blather against our Muses, like night against day. In these forest glades, around these hilltops, beside these gently flowing streams, these springs blessed with many flowers and blooming herbs all around, hard by these thickets: here you brag about your crude songs that nobody but you praises and loves, that nobody admires except those who praise and love you. Nevertheless you go on praising, admiring, and loving your songs amidst so many shepherds renowned for their singing. It’s as if some owl, though the most despicable of birds, [50] were striving to outsing dying swans or as if a single frog tried to defeat all the nightingales with its hoarse croaking and then flattered itself in the swampy mud. Well then, tell your Muses to rejoice, Philondas, seeing that the lads of our country can outsing a light-shunning bard like you any day, even in their first competition. Go back over barren crags to your own pastures. Why do you hoot nonsense, you night owl, in the midst of swan songs?

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Phil. Si tibi tam facilis Venus est in carmine, si te Tam foelici anima ridens afflavit Apollo, Hac mecum, Corydon, si non requieveris umbra, Non eris Aoniae quicquam de sorte coronae. Cor. Ergo si tecum requiero, quid inde, Philonda? Phil. Experiar quid nam potes, improbe, qualia iactes Carmina, qui tantum potuisti spernere vatem. Huc igitur concede. Tenent loca tuta capellae, Grataque iam saturae subeunt umbracula vaccae. Certemus! Caussam certaminis ipse dedisti. Non tibi cum puero certandum impubere, verum Provida cui molles aetas iam finiat annos, Cui nativa genas iam vestiat umbra viriles. Nec facile hanc nobis barbam attrectaveris, audax Sis licet et nulli pastorum robore cedas. Cor. Est aliquid magno barbam attrectare prophetae! Dicere sed volui—lapsa est mihi lingua—“poetae.” Phil. Errat sponte sua quoties vult improba lingua. Non sum adeo ignarus! Tibi scommate rideor isto. Cor. Quis ridere queat rugosi tubera nasi Labraque continuo scabros nudantia dentes? Sic fugat intrantes canis hic sata proxima tauros. Phil. Verba probant animum. Nisi vanus et improbus esses, Crimina difficilis naturae nulla notares. Non facies hominem, sed mens formosa venustat. Cor. Invidia est, facie quae te facit esse canina. Lumina nempe in me torques obliqua, Philonda, Ut cum zelotypus rivalem taurus abhorret, Indicat iram oculis et plagam fronte minatur. Phil. Quis tam mordaces ferat aequa mente cavillos?

59 foelici—afflavit BO: celebri triplex anima perflavit A. 60 Hac—Corydon, BO: Manne, sub hac mecum A. Post 60 Hic quae sparsa patet plus quinis latior ulnis, A, om. BO. 62 Ergo [Ergo ego B]—Philonda BO: Faste, sub hac tecum quid si requiescimus umbra A. 63 quid nam AB: quid enim O. 66 Grataque—vaccae BO: Sepibus et densis clausae stant vepribus agnae A. 67 certaminis ipse BO: certandi, Manne, A. 69 Provida BO: Congrua A; finiat BO: terminet A. 71 attrectaveris O: tractaveris AB. 73 attrectare O: tractare AB. 80 Nisi BO: Ni A. 84 Lumina—Philonda BO: Faste, quid obliquos in me convertis ocellos? A. 87 mordaces AB: merdaces B; ferat BO: feret A.

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Phil. If Venus is really so gracious to you in verse, if smiling Apollo has inspired you with such a happy genius, [60] Corydon, and you still refuse to take your ease with me here in this shady spot, then you’ll never amount to anything in the circle of poets. Cor. Well, if I were to take my ease here with you, what then, Philondas? Phil. I want to find out what you’re good for and what kind of poems you’re bragging about, you whippersnapper, who see fit to scorn a great poet like me. So come over here. The goats are safe where they are, and the already full-fed cows have gone into the welcome shade. Let’s have a singing match! Just remember, you’re the one who picked this quarrel. And you won’t be fighting it out with some beardless lad either, but with a provident adult who has left the years of childhood behind him [70] and whose manly cheeks already sport genuine whiskers. Nor will you find it so easy to tug at my beard, though you’re as brash as any and yield to none of the shepherds in strength. Cor. It’s something all right, to tug at the beard of a great prophet! But pardon that slip of the tongue. I meant to say “poet.” Phil. Your insolent tongue slips on its own, whenever it wants to. I’m not that ignorant! You were poking fun at me with that sneering remark. Cor. Who could poke fun at the protuberance of your wrinkly nose and at the lips that constantly bare your scabrous teeth? That’s exactly how this dog chases the bulls away when they enter the neighboring wheatfields. Phil. [80] Words attest the soul. If you weren’t vain and insolent at heart, you wouldn’t call attention to the defects that nature has saddled me with. What makes a man handsome is not his face, but his beautiful mind. Cor. It’s envy, pure and simple, that has made you look like a dog. You certainly are darting sidelong glances at me, Philondas. You act like a jealous bull recoiling from his rival. Anger flashing from his eyes, he threatens to butt with his forehead. Phil. Who can bear such cutting taunts with composure?

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Cor. Omnia fert sapiens. Nisi stultus et inscius esses, Ridentem simili posses ridere cavillo. Allatrata canis rellatrat, morsa remordet. Phil. Scimus, et hoc versu non multum distat ab isto: Concava carminibus vallis percussa remugit. Cor. Verum nemo negat, sub idem sed consonat illud: Omnia procerae respondent iubila sylvae. Phil. Liniger et sacra dum clamat in aede sacerdos, Sub tota variae resonant testudine voces. Cor. Garrula limosa dum rana palude coaxat, Vociferae magnis resonant clangoribus undae. Phil. Si bona cantaris, reddunt bona carmina sylvae. Si mala per valles cantes, mala redditur echo. Cor. Verum, qui bonus est loquitur bene. Ni malus esses, Non velles conferre bonis mala carmina nec te, Esto etiam magnum, praeferres omnibus unum. Phil. Si bonus es, fronti testem praescribe tabellam, Ut qui te videat qui sis cognoscere possit. Cor. Mille trahit secum recti mens conscia testes. Si nescis, titulo virtus non indiget ullo. Phil. Hora fugit. Cupidae nectis ludibria menti Callidus et multo praecludis seria ludo. Coepta sequi decuit. Nihil hac ambage movemur. Si bonus es, si te verus perflavit Apollo, Profer inaudaces pulchra in certamina Musas. Cor. Ut maiora bonam redimat per vulnera famam, Saucius instaurat quam liquit athleta palaestram. Victus es. Interea ne plus vincare quiesce. Phil. Desinet ante manu plenas mulgere capellas Caseolos pastor venum laturus in urbem, Dulcia mellis apes fugient lita, salsa capellae, Quam tibi tantillo tradam certamine palmam,

88 Nisi BO: Ni A. 89 Ridentem BO: Mordentem A. 91 isto BO: illo A. 93 sub [in B] idem sed BO: sed in idem A. 98 resonant O: reboant A, resonat B. 100 cantes O: clamas A, clames B. 101 Ni malus BO: Si bonus A. 102–103 carmina nec te—unum BO: carmina, Faste A. 106 trahit BO: refert A. 107 Si nescis, O: Nescis adhuc? A, An nescis? B. 114 instaurat—liquit BO: invisam restaurat A. 115 quiesce BO: caveto A. 116 Desinet—manu BO: Antea cessabit A. 118 Dulcia BO: Antea A.

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Cor. A wise man bears all things with equanimity. If you weren’t a dolt and a numskull, you’d be poking fun at the taunter and repaying my raillery in kind. [90] Bark at a bitch, and she’ll bark right back. A bitten one will snap back. Phil. Yes, I know. And this verse isn’t much different from that one: strike a hollow valley with songs and it will bellow them back. Cor. Yes, no one denies that. But this line has much the same import: the towering woods answer all our jubilant cries. Phil. And when a linen-clad priest declaims in a church, the whole vault resounds with various voices. Cor. When a chattering frog croaks in a muddy swamp, the reverberant waves return the favor with gusto. Phil. If you sing well, the woods will reward you with good songs. [100] If you sing poorly in the valleys, the echo will repay you with poor ones. Cor. Quite right. The good man speaks well. If you weren’t a bad man, you wouldn’t compare bad songs with good ones or put yourself, however great you may be, ahead of everyone else. Phil. If you’re that good yourself, put a testimonial sign on your forehead, so the people who see you will know what a fine fellow you are. Cor. A clear conscience is worth a thousand witnesses. Just in case you don’t know this: virtue has no need of a placard. Phil. Time flies. You’re just whetting my appetite, cunningly stringing me along with a sham fight while avoiding the real thing with all this shadowboxing. [110] Let’s get on with it. Beating around the bush like this doesn’t impress me a bit. If you’re really that good, if the true Apollo91 has inspired you, then march out those cowardly Muses of yours and let them fight in honorable battle. Cor. To redeem his good name with even more grievous wounds, a reeling prizefighter steps back into the ring he has left. You’re a beaten man. Meanwhile, to avoid getting beaten to pulp, just shut up. Phil. Sooner will a shepherd stop milking the full goats by hand when he wants to sell cheese in the city, bees will shy away from the sweet honeycombs, goats from salt licks, before I’ll concede the palm

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That is to say, Christ Apollo. Cf. the 1509 version, which speaks of triune Apollo (“triplex Apollo”); also cf. Laud. 395, with n. 67 (1:170).

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Quod neque luctator, salius, pugilve cruentus, Sed pulchro faciles claudent examine Musae. Cor. Nomina quis docuit nostrum tam magna Philondam? Phil. Cum mater mea me primum duxisset in urbem, Vidi luctantes, saltantes, belligerantes, Currentes, discum torquentes. Tempore ab illo Nemo me saltu toto est praestantior agro. Cor. Pastorem curare greges, armenta tueri, Arma palaestriten, nautam tractare rudentes, Sutorem crepidas, sua quemque agere ocia oportet. Florigeros, i, perge, tuum pecus intrat in hortos. I, revoca! Dominus—non est puer—illius horti Incautum occidet, si venerit ipse, iuvencum. Phil. Taurus adest. Vicina boves viridaria pascunt. Si vir es et duris animum qui obsistere rebus Possit habes, versu mecum certabis agresti. Cor. Qui tecum certare volet, quo teste, Philonda? Phil. Debita iuditio stabit victoria recto, O Corydon, quia teste opus est et iudice Phoebo. Cor. Saepe solet vinci, temere qui provocat hostem. Iusta lacessito semper victoria cessit. Ut lupus imbellem timet insatiabilis agnum, Ut leporem canis, ut captum Iovis armiger anguem, Teque tuasque minas metuo. Sed, amice, monendus, Quando immane tumes. Quid, si te ruperis? Olim Rupta perit dum rana bovi par esse laborat, Et nunc Adriacae dum sufflant viscera ranae Et sinuosa vago distendunt brachia ponto, Non contenta undis animalia frivola. Verum Dum terras habitant lauretaque proxima foedant

120 salius AO: saluis B. 121 faciles O: dociles AB. 122 Nomina … tam magna Philondam BO: Urbica … certamina Fastum A. 123 mater—primum BO: primum mater mea me A. 124 luctantes, saltantes BO: saltantes, luctantes A. 125 discum O: lapidem AB. 126 me BO: mihi A. 130 Florigeros O: Florales AB; perge BO: Faste A. 132 si—iuvencum BO: certum est, ubi venerit hircum A. 133 Taurus BO: Hircus A; Vicina AO: Vicino B. 136 teste, Philonda BO: iudice, Faste A. 138 O Corydon—Phoebo. add. BO. 140 Iusta BO: Recta A. 142 armiger BO: aliger A. 143 monendus BO: monendum A. 145 laborat AO: laboret B. 147 distendunt O: dispendunt AB. 148 frivola BO: pessima A. 149 lauretaque—foedant BO: et candida lilia turbant A.

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to you after such a paltry fight. [120] This match won’t be decided by some wrestler, jumper, or bloodied boxer, but by the Muses, who appreciate beauty when they see it. Cor. Who was it that taught our Philondas such big words? Phil. When my mother first took me into town, I saw wrestlers, jumpers, fencers, runners, discus throwers. Since that day, nobody in the whole countryside has been able to beat me at jumping. Cor. A herdsman ought to tend his flocks and watch over his cattle, a soldier should stick to his guns, a sailor to his ropes, a cobbler to his last. Everybody ought to do what he’s good at. [130] Get up! That beast of yours is sneaking into the flower beds. Go, get him back! If the master of this garden comes by—he’s no lad, you know—he’ll kill the improvident bullock. Phil. There, the bull is back. The cows are grazing in the adjoining meadow. If you’re a real man and have the pluck to stand up to a tough duel, you’ll fight it out with me in rustic verse. Cor. Supposing someone wanted to compete with you, who would serve as witness, Philondas? Phil. The winner will be duly determined by the Court of Good Taste, O Corydon, seeing that we need a witness and Apollo’s judgment. Cor. He who recklessly provokes his opponent to battle often ends up the loser. [140] In fairness, the victory has always fallen to the one who was wronged. As the insatiable wolf fears the unwarlike lamb, as the hound fears the hare, as Jupiter’s armorbearer92 fears the snake he has captured, that is how I fear you and your threats. But I must warn you, my friend, because you’re frightfully puffed up. What if you burst?93 Once upon a time there was a frog that tried to be as big as an ox and died in the attempt. And now it’s the frogs of the Adriatic that are puffing themselves up. Not content to stay in their native swamp, the silly brutes are stretching out their crooked limbs from the restless sea. But when they started living on the dry land and were befouling

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Reginaeque avium praecelsa cubilia nidos Insiluisse parant, divis factura pudorem Si se deiiciant coelo, tum Iupiter, autor Fulminis, emisit volucres sua tela ferentes, Quae rostris feriant et curvis unguibus ipsas Abreptas pelago referant undisque reponant. Grandia mox aquilae vibrantes fulmina ranas, Quas non omne prius coepit mare, rursus in unam Antiquamque coegerunt remeare paludem. Nunc miserae solitis ranae pascuntur in undis, Turgida flaccescunt, nunc pinguia viscera marcent. Ut breviter dicam, quando voluere Gigantes Esse breves ranae, coeperunt esse cicadae. Discite, pastores, menti dare frena superbae. Altius erectum gravius cadit. Omne superbum Invisum superis, pietas gratissima coelo. Aspicis annosas convelli turbine pinus, Flexilis ut nullos ventos horrescat arundo. Fulmina non humiles tangunt crepitantia valles; Semper summa petunt et coelo proxima turbant. Te quoque ne supra mortalem efferre labores, Ne grave post tristem doleas cecidisse ruinam. Si bonus es, patiare parem. Tam nemo beatus, Quem nemo aequiparet. Non dat Deus omnia soli. Corde sit ista tibi sententia fixa sub imo. Phil. Saepe sub immundo lucentes pulvere gemmae, Saepe latet fulvum duris sub cotibus aurum. Nunc primum experior quales haec rura poetas Extulerint, quales habitent per inhospita Musae Avia. Ab his certe non est aversus Apollo Vepribus! Huc etiam divae venere sorores, Nympharum dominae, Charites. Quis credere possit? Sydera cuncta prius coelo casura putabam,

150–155 Reginaeque—reponant. BO: Grande ex vicina cecidit Iovis arbore fulmen / Disiecitque feras patriasque retrusit ad undas, A. 156 vibrantes fulmina BO: quassantes lilia A. 159 solitis—undis BO: proprio pascuntur sanguine ranae A. 164 erectum BO: erectam A. 167 horrescat BO: horrescit A. 170 Te … efferre labores BO: Tu …, Faste, feraris A. 174 Corde—imo BO: Hereat ista tuae potior sententia menti A. 175 lucentes AB: lucente O (sed corr. lector in ex. Washingtonensi). 178–181 Extulerint—possit? BO: Hei mihi, quos vates genuit tam barbara tellus! A.

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the nearby laurel groves [150] and preparing to jump into the lofty eyries of the queen of birds94—a potential scandal for the gods if they proceeded to hurl themselves down from the sky—then Jupiter,95 the thrower of the thunderbolt, sent out the birds that bear his weapons, commanding them to strike the frogs with their beaks, seize them in their curved talons, carry them back to the sea, and set them down in the waves. It didn’t take long for the eagles to pounce on them there. Brandishing great thunderbolts, they forced the frogs, for whom the whole sea had been too small before, to return to one single ancient swamp.96 Now the pitiful frogs are back to feeding in the waves, as they used to do. [160] Their once bloated and potbellied bodies have shriveled up and grown flabby. In short, when the little frogs wanted to be Giants,97 they ended up as cicadas. Let this be a lesson to you, shepherds, to curb your overweening pride. The higher the tower, the heavier the fall. All pride is an abomination to God, but brotherly love is well pleasing to heaven. You see how old pine trees are uprooted by a whirlwind, while the pliant reed shrugs off all storms. Crashing thunderbolts don’t touch the valley floors; they always strike the summits and disturb the skyscraping peaks. [170] The same goes for you. Don’t set yourself above the rest of mankind, lest you come a cropper and discover to your grief how hard you have fallen. If you’re a good poet, acknowledge that you’ve met your match. Nobody is so fortunate that he is utterly peerless. God does not shower all his gifts on one single person. Let that maxim be fixed deep in your heart. Phil. Ofttimes sparkling gems lie concealed in filth and dust; ofttimes the yellow gold lies hidden under solid rock. Only now do I find out by experience what fine poets this country produces, what marvelous Muses dwell in these inhospitable wastelands. Apollo has certainly not turned his back on these [180] briers! Even those divine sisters, the Graces, mistresses of the nymphs, have come here. Who could have believed it? I’d have thought it more likely that the stars would all tumble down from the sky, that the sea would catch fire, 94 95 96

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Nerea passurum flammas, quam talia possent Carmina cantari vestris—dii, qualia!—sylvis. Invideo Musas vobis, o rura, Latinas, Barbara! Iam nullo tecum contendere vellem Carmine. Sic iterum patrios inglorius agros Aspiciam. Ite, mei, mecum fugite, ite, iuvenci. Non libate undas, non carpite gramina, donec O dulces mecum patriae veniatis ad agros. Barbara rura, pares non possum ferre, valete. Cor. Iam poteris tumidas imitari, livide, ranas! Aedite ranarum de semine, vade per aestum, Per iuga, per valles, per mille pericula solus. Obvia nuda silex obducat pascua, saevus In media vicina siti sol flumina siccet, Saeviat omne tibi stellati numen Olympi, Ut caussa invideas nobis meliore Latinas Pieridas. I, Bardiaco signande cucullo.

XII. IDYLLII ARGUMENTUM Somnium se per quietem vidisse fingit de corona poetica, ad quam consequendam ea aetate qua haec scribebat cum ab aliis accenderetur, tum ipse per se iuvenili quadam cupiditate ferebatur, verum aetate iam provectior cum et iudicium accessisset videretque id honoris indignis passim et indoctissimis quibusque et sine delectu deferri, indignatus eam rem semper deinceps magnifice contempsit. 2 Seipsum igitur per Polyphemum, per Agavum Io. Crotum Rubianum, quo tum ut nunc quoque amico familiarissime utebatur, per Heliadem Hermannum Trebellium, cuius et idyllio quinto meminit, qui forte eo tempore ab electore principe Saxoniae, Friderico, laurea donatus erat, intelligit. 183 flammas AB: flamma O; possent BO: possint A. 185 Musas vobis BO: vobis Musas A. 187 patrios … agros BO: patrias … urbes A. 188 mei … iuvenci BO: meae … capellae A. Post 188 Ite per umbrosos sub iniquo sydere colles. A, om. BO. 189 non carpite gramina BO: frondes non carpite A. 190 veniatis BO: venietis A. 199 Pieridas BO: Pierides A. Idyl. 12, arg. add. O.

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than that I’d hear such gorgeous songs in these forests of yours. Gods, what beautiful singing! I envy you your Latin Muses, O barbarian fields! Now I’ve lost all desire to compete with you in song. All right then, I’ll have to return to my native country a humiliated man. Go, my bullocks, hurry up. Go! We’re heading back together. Don’t touch the water, don’t crop the grass until [190] you and I reach the oh so sweet fields of home. I can’t stand equals. Barbarian country, farewell. Cor. Now you can copy those puffed-up frogs, you jealous misfit! Son of a frog, go back where you came from—through the heat of day, over hill and dale, all alone in countless dangers. May bare rock cover the pastures along your way, may the pitiless sun dry up the nearby streams in the midst of a drought, may every deity in the starry heavens vent his rage against you, so that you can begrudge us our Latin Muses with even better cause. Go, hide your face in the Illyrian hood of your people.

ARGUMENT OF THE TWELFTH IDYL He imagines that in his sleep he saw a vision about the poet’s crown. At the stage of his life when he wrote this poem he was not only fired up by others to pursue that crown but was also carried away on his own account by a certain youthful ambition. But after attaining to sounder judgment with increasing years and observing that this honor was everywhere being handed out indiscriminately to some of the most incompetent dilettantes, he regarded that matter with indignation and has ever since high-mindedly despised it. By Polyphemus, accordingly, he means himself; by Agavus, Johann Crotus Rubianus, with whom he then, as now, enjoyed the closest friendship; and by Heliades, Hermann Trebelius, whom he also mentions in the fifth idyl and who, as it happened, had at just that time been granted the laurel by the electoral prince of Saxony, Frederick.98 98

The idyl describes Eobanus’s short-lived hopes of being crowned laureate poet in the summer of 1508, not long after his friend Hermann Trebelius was formally laureated by Frederick the Wise of Saxony. Internal evidence indicates that the poem was originally written some seven or eight months later, in February or March 1509. See the headnote to Buc. 8 (1:508–509). On Hermann Trebelius, see n. 61 at Idyl. 5.118 (pp. 390–391 above). Polyphemus (prolific singer) is Eobanus. On Crotus Rubianus, see Camerarius, Nar. 17.17, n. 71 (1:54–55); Gerlinde Huber-Rebenich in VLDH, 1:505–510; Bernstein, Mutianus, 192–202.

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H. EOBANI HESSI BUCOLICORUM IDYLLION XII. Agavus, Polyphemus, Heliades

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Aga. Surgit ab Oceano tenebris Aurora fugatis. Mane fit, et pulsa reserantur pascua nocte. Omne pecus passim patulis immittitur arvis, Et matutinae cantant ad mulctra puellae. Solus adhuc dulci stertis, Polypheme, sub antro Ut somnolenti glires vitulique marini. Non tibi mille avium voces potuere soporem Tam longum excutere aut durorum ruricolarum. Sed vigila! Iam sol extat plus quattuor ulnis Altus ab Oceano et terras supereminet omnes, Et vacuae clausis balant in ovilibus agnae. Poly. Improbe, quam dulci somno me excludis, Agave! Non hoc me levius memini dormire bimestri. Sed tamen, heu, miserae pecudes, iam montibus altis, Ut video, sparsum iubar omnem illuminat orbem. Nulla tamen nostrum lucis pars venit ad antrum. Tam clauso posthac nolim dormire cubili. Aga. Ut primum radiis Phoebus patefecerit orbem, Evigilo et plumis caput exero dulcibus. Ergo Lanigeris ovibus campos, dumeta capellis Orto sole damus. Gaudent in rore iuvenci. Poly. Plenius haec alio repetemus tempore, quando Nunc animum potiora movent, res digna relatu, Quae mihi turbarint exactam insomnia noctem. Dii superi, quam certa fides! Oracula dicas. Sic viva praesens elusit imagine Morpheus. Aga. Dic igitur, dic formiferam, Polypheme, quietem, Quas facies, quae mira novis simulachra figuris Videris. Interea pecus haec viridaria circum

Idyl. 12. ABO. Marginalia add. O. Tit. H. Eobani—idyllion XII. O: Aegloga octava A, Idyllion duodecimum B. Personae Agavus, Polyphemus, Heliades BO: Iarbas, Poliphemus, Heliades A. 1 tenebris—fugatis BO: Titan, venerabile sydus A. Post 2 Colludunt teretes per frigida gramina guttae. A, om. BO. 8 durorum ruricolarum BO: durum vox agricolarum A. 12 Agave BO: Iarba A. 13 bimestri BO: semestri A. 17 dormire cubili BO: requiescere lecto A. 19 exero BO: extraho A. 20 ovibus campos O: campos ovibus AB. 24 turbarint—insomnia BO: praeteritam turbarunt somnia A. 25 dicas O: credas AB.

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THE TWELFTH BUCOLIC IDYL OF H. EOBANUS HESSUS Agavus, Polyphemus, Heliades Aga. Having put the darkness to flight, Aurora rises from the ocean. Day is breaking; and with night dispelled, the pastures stand revealed. Everywhere all the cattle are being let into the open fields. The maids are up too, singing by their milk pails. You’re the only one still snoring, Polyphemus, deep in your agreeable grotto, as sleepy as the dormice and sea calves. Neither the countless birdsongs nor the shouts of the hardy peasants have been able to rouse you out of that long sleep of yours. But wake up! The sun is already over four ells [10] high from the ocean and has risen above all the lands, and the hungry lambs are bleating in the closed sheepfolds. Poly. You cad, Agavus! What a delightful sleep you’ve just ruined! I can’t remember sleeping this well in the past two months. All the same, I feel bad for the poor sheep. Already the sun’s beams are striking the mountaintops, as I see, and illuminating the whole world. Yet not one bit of this light reached down to my grotto. I don’t ever want to sleep in a cocoon like that again. Aga. As soon as Phoebus has unveiled the world with his rays, I wake up and stick my head out of the comfortable blanket. That way [20] I can be sure the woolly sheep are out in the fields and the goats in the thickets by sunrise. The bullocks rejoice in the dew. Poly. We’ll have to get back to that more fully some other time. Right now my mind is preoccupied with more important things, something worth recounting—namely the dream that troubled my sleep during the night just past. Ye gods, how real it all seemed! You’d call it an oracle. Only Morpheus himself could have put on so vivid a show. Aga. Go ahead, then, and tell me about the phantasmagoric dream you had, Polyphemus. What surreal forms and shapes, what marvelous images did you see? Meantime the flock will crop these mead-

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Pascetur, decimam dum sol ascendat in horam, Et nos hanc subter corylum recubabimus, unde Possimus velut e specula pecus omne videre. Poly. Pascite gramen, oves, salices nudate, capellae, Donec monstriferae referantur somnia noctis. Tempus erat, sacros nox caeca reduxerat ignes, Quo gravidos iam summa quies obrepit in artus, Cum sylvae pecudesque tacent pictaeque volucres Totaque Tartareo circundata numine tellus In requiem conversa silet. Me somnus habebat Altior et clauso recubabam solus in antro. Propter aquas super herbosis errare videbar Aggeribus frondesque manu resecare capellis Laetus et arguta modulari dulcia canna Carmina, dum calidi coelo fremit ira Leonis, Cum mihi, nescio quo succenso pectus amore Musarum Phoeboque sacrae Permessidos undae, Culmine ab aerio summoque a vertice Musae Desuper ostentant lauri de fronde coronam Conspicuam ductrixque chori regina verendi Tale fere summa cecinit mihi carmen ab arce: “Qui nunc graminea pecudes in valle coerces, Digne ovium custos, his digne virentibus arvis Quae rigat allabens Hierae vicinior Unster, Huc propera. Servata tuae fer praemia fronti, Praemia perpetuis tecum victura diebus. Huc propera, lauru puer exornande decora. Cinge comas hedera, viridi tege tempora bacca. En ultro porrecta tibi, Polypheme, corona est.” “Accipe,” cum dixisset, ego in sublime ferebar Vi rapida solitoque magis velocior, ac si Umbra levis vel pluma forem, pernicior Euro.

Unster fluvius Thuringiae qui Hieram non ita longe infra Erphurdiam recipit. Vulgo dy Unstrut.

30 ascendat O: ascendit AB. 31 hanc BO: hunc A. 32 specula BO: tumulo A. 33–34 Hi versus attribuuntur Iarbae in A. 33 salices BO: frondes A. 36 summa BO: prima A; obrepit in BO: obnubilat A. 37 pictaeque volucres BO: volucresque canorae A. 40 recubabam solus in O: requievi dulciter A, requievi tutus in B. 41 Propter aquas AB: Propterea O. 50 fere O: procul AB. 53 rigat BO: secat A; Hierae BO: Gerhae A. 55–56 Praemia—decora B: Praemia perpetuis tecum victura diebus. / Huc propera, lauru vates ornande vetusta A, om. per haplographiam O.

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ows around us [30] until the sun rises to the tenth hour and we’ll take our ease under this hazel tree from where, as from a watchtower, we can keep an eye on the whole flock. Poly. Crop the grass, sheep, strip the willows, goats, while I recount the dreams of wonderworking night. It was the time when blind night had brought back the sacred stars, when deepest sleep steals into the heavy limbs, when woods and cattle and painted birds are stilled and the whole earth, enshrouded in Tartarean darkness, has gone to rest and is silent. I was fast asleep, [40] lying by myself in the enfolding grotto. It seemed to me that I was walking along the water’s edge on a grassy riverbank, happily lopping foliage for my goats and playing sweet tunes on the melodious panpipe while the wrath of fiery Leo roared in the sky.99 Suddenly, I felt my heart burn with a hard-to-describe passion for the Muses and Permessis’s fountain,100 sacred to Phoebus. From a peak high up in the air, from the very summit, the Muses showed me a remarkable crown of laurel sprigs. Thereupon the leader and queen of that august choir101 [50] sang something like this to me from her perch on high: “You who now tend the flock in this grassy valley, worthy herder of sheep, worthy of these verdant meadows that the gently flowing Unstrut and the nearby Gera irrigate, hasten hither. Accept the guerdon reserved for your brow, a guerdon that will live with you until the end of time. Hasten hither, lad, for you deserve to be adorned with the glorious laurel. Wreathe your locks with ivy; garland your brow with green bays. Look, Polyphemus, we are offering you this crown of our own accord. Take it.” After she had said this, I was carried aloft [60] with violent force, far more swiftly than I’m used to, as if I were a light shadow or feather,

99 100 101

The sun enters Leo on about July 23. It is now midsummer. The source of the Permessus River on Mount Helicon, sacred to the Muses. The Muse Calliope. See Val. 4.17–18, with n. 100 (p. 151 above).

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The Unstrut is a river in Thuringia that receives the Gera not all that far from Erfurt.

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Iamque adeo prope limen eram venerabilis antri Unde prius nostras pervenit carmen ad aures, Cum mihi forte venit cursu Melisaeus anhelo Obvius et multis circumvenientibus ipsum Qui comitabantur. Passis mea colla lacertis Complexus, “Quo,” dixit, “abis? Iuvenilibus ergo Frena cupidinibus non ponis, et ista sequutus Mollia Musarum ludibria, quaeris honorem Qui tibi praeripiat sero maiora volenti Praemia? Namque leves pueri florentibus annis Quando coronatae coepere insignia frontis, Despiciunt quicunque canunt sine fronde poetas— Tanquam donatae faciant bona carmina lauri!— Et pecus et sylvas et oves et ovilia damnant. Laudantur, celebrantur, et omnia scire putantur, Cum pulchro faciles vernant in flore capilli. In sublime tument et coelum vertice pulsant. Non inter pueros, non amplius inter agrestes Versantur. Quaerunt urbes, primatibus haerent, Praeclaris inhiant titulis; seque omnibus ipsos Cum iam praetulerint, pudor est descendere et inter Pastores versari et famam ambire minorem. Pascere oves iterum dominisque subesse recusant, Ferre iugum grave, servitio sibi quaerere victum. Aut ubi damnosae confisi munere lauri (Ut solet istorum longe pars maxima), nullis Artibus instructi melioribus, omnia solo Musarum sterili strepitu fora et omnia complent Atria. Praeter aquas Heliconis nulla loquuntur Commoda; et indoctis tumefacti pectora nugis, Pauperie extremam misera clausere senectam. Ergo age, siste gradum. Iuvenili obstare furori Est opus et melius vitam instituisse futuram.

Quis hic Melisaeus sit, in argumento primi Idyllii dictum est.

63 pervenit carmen BO: carmen descendit A. 64 Melisaeus BO: Paniscus A. 68 ista BO: illa A. 70 praeripiat BO: proripiat A; volenti BO: petenti A. 72 coronatae … frontis BO: Musarum … forsan A. 76 celebrantur BO: mirantur A. 78 et AB: om. O (sed restituit lector in ex. Monacensi et Washingtonensi). 81 Praeclaris—titulis BO: Praeclaros titulos faciunt A; ipsos O: ipsi AB. Post 83 Praeterea multos invisa coegit egestas. AB, om. O. 84 recusant O: superbis AB. 86–92 Aut ubi—senectam. add. BO. 94 instituisse O: trutinare AB.

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much faster than the east wind. And already I was getting quite close to the threshold of the venerable grotto from where the song had earlier come down to my ears, when Melisaeus happened to cross my path in breathless haste.102 He was surrounded by a great many companions. Throwing his arms round my neck, he exclaimed: “Where do you think you’re going? Can’t you keep that juvenile ambition of yours in check? Don’t you realize, then, that in going after those easy playthings of the Muses you are in fact seeking an honor [70] that will rob you of the chance to go after more significant prizes later on? For when light-minded lads are crowned with a wreath while they’re still in the flower of youth, they look down on all poets who sing without bays—as if poems only bear the cachet of excellence after a man is awarded the laurel!—and renounce the cattle and the woods, the sheep and the sheepfolds. They are praised, feted, and looked up to as all-knowing, though their sleek hair is still decked with lovely spring blossoms. And so, swelling with pride, they touch the sky with their heads. They don’t spend time among the farm boys or peasants any more. [80] No, they run off to the cities, attach themselves to some nobleman, and covet grandiose titles. And when they’ve managed to exalt themselves above all others, they find it shameful and demeaning to live among shepherds and strive for a humbler fame. They refuse to pasture the sheep again and serve a master or bear a heavy yoke and make a living for themselves as a farm hand. Or when they put their trust in the gift of the deleterious laurel (as the overwhelming majority of them tend to do), they don’t see the need for educating themselves in the better arts, but instead fill all the marketplaces and all the great halls with the barren din of their Muses. [90] Beyond Helicon’s springs, they have nothing useful to say; and their minds puffed up with ignorant trifles, they finally end their old age in wretched poverty. Now then, go no further. You must resist this youthful madness of yours and govern your life better in the future.

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Who this Melisaeus might be is explained in the first Idyl.

Melisaeus is Ludwig Christiani of Frankenberg (1480–1553). He is the same shepherd who in Idyl. 1 extols the rich pastures of Erfurt and persuades Camillus-Eobanus to move there.

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Nos te Palladio sudantem in pulvere totis Viribus invictas verae virtutis ad arces Ducemus pinguique caput redimemus oliva, Quam complexa pia defendat populus umbra, Fortis ut Herculeos possis aequare labores. Sub doctis pastoribus haec tum prima probatae Vitae signa refert et libertatis honorem. Hanc superimpositae lauri meliore virescent Germine.” Tantum effatus erat, cum tu mihi somnum Excutis importunus, agens me verbere virga. Haec sunt per longam quae vidi insomnia noctem. Aga. Mira refers et quae videantur claudere quaedam Quae non vulgaris doceat mysteria pastor. Ecce sed Aonia redimitus tempora lauro Advenit Heliades. Tibi quid, Polypheme, videtur? Nunquid Apolliniae quota pars erat iste coronae? Heli. Salvete aeternum, socii, festivaque mecum Gaudia laeticiamque novam celebrate faventes. Nunc calamos inflate leves, dum rura poetam Vestra novum meruere. Sonent nemora omnia cantu. Poly. Quis te, digne puer, tanto dignatus honore Extulit et sacra cinxit tibi fronde capillos? Dic age, dic. Aliquis superumne an pastor agrestis? Heli. Dum lustra amissum quaero per inhospita taurum, Monte sub obscuro ramis ubi plurima sacras Arbor obumbrat aquas, raptum super ardua montis Divae Pierides vatem fecere, quod olim Contigit Ascraeis pascenti in vallibus agnas. Vidi praesentes afflatus numine Musas.

95–99 Nos te—labores BO: Nos te purpureo donabimus ante galero / Qui pueris datur emeritis iam munere primo, / Quorum aetas bis undenos compleverit annos A. 96 verae O: vere B. 100 doctis BO: dominis A; haec BO: hic A. 102 Hanc BO: Hunc A. 104 Excutis— verbere virga [verbere multo B] BO: Horrendum clamans, orto iam sole fugabas A. 105 insomnia BO: somnia A. 107 doceat BO: tractet A. 110 Nunquid—coronae BO: Nunquid Apollineis hic est numerandus in hortis A. 112 Gaudia BO: Carmina A. 113–114 rura … / Vestra BO: vestra … / Rura A. 114 nemora BO: rura A. 119 sacras AB: sacros O. 122 Contigit—agnas BO: Contigit Ascraeo servanti armenta sub antro A.

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As you continue to labor with heart and soul in the arena of Pallas, I will lead you to the impregnable citadel of true excellence and encircle your head with the rich olive, protectively enfolded in the kindly shade of the poplar, so that you may have the strength to match the labors of Hercules.103 [100] Among the wise shepherds, that wreath counts for a first badge of honor, signifying a life of goodness and liberty. If it is overtopped with laurels later, the bays will turn a nobler green.”104 That is as far as he got when you churlishly roused me out of my sleep by poking me with your stick. These are the visions that I saw in the long night that has passed. Aga. You tell an amazing story. I would imagine it contains some hidden meanings that your average shepherd cannot explain. But look, there’s Heliades, his brow crowned with the poet’s bays. What do you think, Polyphemus? [110] Does he really figure that large in the Apollonian circle?105 Heli. Hail for ever, comrades! Sing paeans of joy to help me celebrate the happy news. Now blow on the light reeds until your fields are worthy of the new poet. Let all the woods ring with song. Poly. Who, deserving lad, deemed you deserving of so great an honor? Who exalted you like this and wreathed your hair with sacred leaves? Do tell me, please. Was it one of the gods or a shepherd you met in the fields? Heli. While looking for a lost bull in the inhospitable thickets, at the foot of a dark mountain where many a [120] tree shades the sacred spring with its branches, I was carried aloft to the heights of the mountain. There the divine Muses made me a bard. The same thing happened long ago to a herdsman watching over the sheep in the vales of Ascra.106 Inspired by their divine power, I saw the Muses in person.

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The olive tree is sacred to the goddess of wisdom, Pallas Athene. The poplar is sacred to Hercules. The “first badge of honor” is the BA degree, which Eobanus received in 1506. He went on to earn the master’s laurels (the MA) in February 1509. Among the poets inspired by Apollo. Hesiod was tending his flock near Ascra in Boeotia, at the foot of Mount Helicon, when the Muses made him a poet; see Val., 1.ded. 1, n. 2 (pp. 46–47 above).

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Aga. Praesentem vidisse puto te daemona, namque Quid sunt Pierides nisi blanda insomnia Musae? Poly. Longa deas olim commenta est fabula Musas, Non frustra tamen, et ratio est qua dicere possis Vatibus inspirare suis sacra carmina Musas. Verum praesentis non est res ista negoci. Heli. Nunquid ad hanc etiam aspiras, Polypheme, coronam? Poly. Nescio, sed tamen his alias de rebus agemus. Fuscina non facit unca coquum, monachumve cucullus, Nec laurus vatem. Sua quemque professio monstrat. Aga. Sit satis haec. Vestrum me iudice praestat uterque. Sed tamen esse bonum res est divina poetam Atque adeo nostris non enarrabile pagis. Ite, valete. Suas iam pascite quisque capellas. Finem hic habent ea quae prima aeditio continebat, quae ex undecim eclogis in duodecim idyllia digesta sunt.

125 blanda insomnia BO: delyramina A. 126 Longa BO: Vana A. 127–129 Non—negoci BO: Quas tamen in versus alio traducimus usu, / Quando unum triplici colimus sub numine numen A. 128 suis Rüdiger Niehl (privatim): suos B, suas O; sacra B: sua O. Ante 130 dicit Heliades: Sed tu, purpureo frontem signate galero, A, om. BO. 130 aspiras AO: aspira B. 131 agemus AB: egemus O. 132 Fuscina—unca BO: Non culter facit esse A. 134 Sit satis AO: Satis satis B; haec BO: hoc A. Subscriptio Finem—sunt O: deest A, Finiunt ea quae prior aeditio continebat, quae ex undecim aeglogis in duodecim digesta sunt B.

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Aga. You saw the devil in person, I think. For what else are the Pierian Muses but charming dreams? Poly. The hoary myth about the Muses’ being goddesses was dreamed up a long time ago, but not without reason. Indeed, you could say with some justice that the Muses inspire their bards with sacred songs. But that is beside the point here. Heli. [130] You don’t aspire to this crown too, do you, Polyphemus? Poly. I don’t know. But we’ll deal with that question some other time. The curved fork does not make the cook, nor the cowl the monk, nor the laurel the bard. What matters is how you master your calling. Aga. Let that suffice. In my judgment each of you has proven his worth. All the same, to be a good poet is something divine, far beyond the power of us countryfolk to describe. Be on your way, farewell. Let each of us now pasture his she-goats. Here end the poems contained in the first edition. The originally eleven eclogues have been arranged into twelve idyls.

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HELIUS EOBANUS HESSUS LECTORI S.

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Hactenus agresti iuvenilia carmina plectro Pinximus et sylvas quae decuisse queant. Quae quicunque leges nec passim lecta probabis, Aetati veniam quam decet esse sine. Rustica nam primum quo tempore carmina lusi, Vix ierant vitae bis duo lustra meae. Quae nunc his adiecta vides, ea serior aetas Protulit octavae proxima Olympiadi. Quae nisi commendant tibi se satis ipsa, putato Talia quaeve premas carmina quaeve legas. At tu, qui iuvenem nostri studiose probabas, Spero equidem melius posse probare virum. Quod si temporibus non hoc satis adsequor istis, Fiet posteritas aequior ipsa mihi. Noribergae, M.D.XXVII, mense Augusto

Epigr. ad lectorem. BO. Augusto add. O.

Tit. Helius—Hessus O: Eobanus B.

Subscriptio Noribergae—

HELIUS EOBANUS HESSUS TO THE READER, GREETINGS Thus far I have been plying the rustic plectrum as I embroider songs that go back to my youth and are well suited to the woodlands. If you, whoever reads those poems, do not approve of everything you read there, do grant my youthful age the indulgence it deserves. For at the time when I first amused myself with pastoral songs, I was barely into my twenties.107 As for the poems you now see added to those earlier ones, they are the product of a riper age that is approaching its eighth Olympiad.108 If they do not sufficiently commend themselves to you, at least take a look to see [10] which ones you’ll set aside and which ones you’ll read. I do hope, however, that you, devoted reader, who thought well of me as a youth, will be able to think better of me as a man. But if I am not sufficiently appreciated in these present times, posterity herself will prove kinder to me. Nuremberg, 1527, in the month of August

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Eobanus was actually twenty-one years old when he published the Bucolicon in 1509 but was still under the impression that he was twenty-two. See n. 13 at Camerarius, Nar. 5.15 (1:21). The last five idyls were written from 1524 to 1526, when Eobanus was approaching his forties. (In poetry, an Olympiad is often a period of five years; see Her. Chr. 14.3, n.)

SEQUUNTUR IDYLLIA QUINQUE POSTERIORI AEDITIONE ADIECTA Quorum primum, quod ordine decimumtertium est, continet encomion, hoc est, laudem, illustris et magnanimi herois Philippi, Hessorum principis

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Mintiades Musae, vestri mihi fontis ab ortu In paulo maiora novas date carmina vires. Si vestrum decuit teneras sprevisse myricas Tityron et cecinisse suas in consule sylvas, Me quoque per nostros vix iam sylvestria saltus Digna sed urbanae deceat deducere plebi Carmina. Sic animo calor incidit, hic ubi pulchras Cassellas pulchro celer influit agmine Fulda, Quem nunc ille suis princeps animosior annis Accolit et patria stabilit virtute Philippus Regna per et Rheni per et ostia nota Visurgis— Tam late Hessiaci sunt brachia tensa leonis! Tu nunc sive paras lectas in bella cohortes (Quod nolim, quod olivifera tua dignior aetas Pace fuit) seu compositis te libera rebus Ocia suscipiunt, istis abscede parumper Consiliis et ad has, tantum non ludicra, nugas Ingentem demitte animum curisque resolve. Magna patris magni soboles, generose Philippe, Non indigna leges te carmina, ni mea forsan Sordeat et nullum mereatur Musa favorem. Sed neque sordeat inculto quia rustica vultu Audeat ex ipsis prodire in moenia sylvis.

Tit. generalis. Sequuntur—adiecta O: Posteriori aeditione adiecta B, deest bc. Idyl. 13. bBcO. Tit. Quorum primum—principis O: Eobani Hessi idyllion in laudem Philippi, Hessorum principis b, Idyllion decimumquintum. Encomion in Philippum, Hessorum principem B, Ex Idylliis bucolicorum eiusdem Eobani Hessi. In eundem ill. et inclytum Philippum, Hessorum principem, encomion c. In marg. ad 4 Per Tityrum Virgilium intelligit. add. c, om. O. 17 has bcO: haec B. 109 110

Vergilian Muses, because Vergil was born in Mantua, on the Mincio River. Tityrus is a pastoral name for Vergil because his first eclogue starts with that name; see also the opening verses of Verg. Ecl. 6, where Apollo addresses the poet as Tityrus. Here Eobanus alludes to the opening of Vergil’s fourth eclogue, which sings of the birth of a

THERE FOLLOW FIVE IDYLS ADDED IN THE LATER EDITION The first of these, which is the thirteenth in order, contains an encomium, that is, a praise, of the illustrious and magnanimous hero Philip, prince of Hesse Minciadic Muses,109 from your fountainhead grant me new strength to attempt a somewhat more exalted theme. If it suited your Tityrus to spurn the tender tamarisks and sing of his woods for the benefit of a consul,110 then I too in my own woodlands may fitly weave songs that are scarcely pastoral anymore but instead are suited to townsfolk. Such is the ardor that has touched my soul, here where the swift Fulda in its beautiful course flows into beautiful Kassel, where now resides that prince who is spirited beyond his years, [10] the Philip who with his father’s prowess rules not only over the realms of the Rhine but also over the well-known start of the Weser—that is how far the arms of the Hessian lion stretch out!111 Now you, whether you are training elite cohorts for war (which I do not desire, seeing that your youthful age is more deserving of olivebearing peace) or are enjoying untrammeled leisure in peacetime, withdraw for a little while from those affairs of state and bend your mighty soul down to these trifles, not to say toys, and unburden it of cares. O great offspring of a great father, noble-spirited Philip, [20] you will read verses not unworthy of you, provided my Muse does not perhaps strike you as uncouth and undeserving of favor. But do not look down on her just because she is a country girl who has ventured to emerge from the very woods and show her unadorned face in the

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Child and a new Golden Age. It is addressed to Vergil’s patron, the historian and consul C. Asinius Pollio. Philip the Magnanimous was born in Marburg on 13 November 1504. When his father William II died in 1509, Philip became landgrave of Hesse. He was declared of age in 1518. In 1522/23 he helped put down the uprising of Franz von Sickingen; in 1525 he crushed the rebellious peasants at Frankenhausen. Having introduced the Reformation to Hesse in 1526, he founded the first Protestant university at Marburg the following year. His desire to reconcile Lutherans and Zwinglians led him to organize the Colloquy of Marburg (1529). In 1530 he signed the Augsburg Confession and in 1531 became one of the founders of the Schmalkaldic League. In a lightning campaign, conducted in 1534, he restored Duke Ulrich of Württemberg (1487–1559) to power and thus dramatically expanded the territories ruled by Protestant princes. After his bigamy (1540) became known, he lost much of his influence. Defeated in the Schmalkaldic War (1547), he spent the next five years in prison. He returned to Hesse in 1552 and died at Kassel in 1567.

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Audiit ipse suas cantantem saepe capellas Tityron et Latiam produxit Caesar in aulam. Audiit et tenuem Siculi pastoris avenam Ipse tulitque suas Ptolemaeus dicere laudes. Te quoque ne pudeat, iuvenum fortissime, versu Cantari tenero, donec te serior aetas Praeclaris auctum meritis in carmina mittat Heroa resonanda tuba. Nunc mollibus annis Sic tibi, sic patriae decuit praeludere famae. His et acerba tui deflevimus ante parentis Funera, ut extinctum falso sub nomine Iolam Diximus et patria solum te morte relictum Spem generis gentisque tuae. Sed et ista per omnes Iam dudum vulgata manus trivere legentum. Haec nunc adiicimus postquam te quattuor actis Lustris quinta videt crescentis Olympias aevi Connubiis auctum regalibus. Inde futurum Fata favere velint te digna prole parentem! O foelix aetate bona, quem cuncta benigno Sydera prospiciunt vultu, modo pacis amorem Dii faveant, modo non iterum te abiecta reponat Iustus in arma furor. Satis est iuvenilibus annis Spectatum quam consiliis, quam pectore praestes, Quantus in arma ruas, quanta te mole ruentem Senserit ille tui nuper ferus accola Rheni, Ille tui populator agri, qui iura fidemque Nullius erubuit, donec modo vindice poenas Sanguine persolvit proprio praedamque coactam Exuit et Stygias abiit non solus ad umbras. Sensit et ille tui pars sanguinis, inclitus armis Et florens opibus, quem Vvirtemberga receptum Gaudet habere domus patrem, te vindice tanto

In marg. ad 26 Theocritum intelligit. add. c, om. O. In marg. ad 34 Ut in sequenti Idylio [sic]. add. c, om. O. 48 ferus bBc: serus O (sed corr. lector in ex. Washingtonensi). 50 modo O: te bBc. 53–68 Sensit—dicam: add. O. 112 113 114

Tityrus is Vergil. The emperor is Caesar Augustus. Theocritus’s seventeenth idyl is an encomium of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. See Buc. 9 (Idyl. 6), a pastoral elegy on the death of Philip’s father William II. The poem concludes with a birthday salute to the young Philip.

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city. When Tityrus sang of his she-goats, Caesar himself would often listen to him and invite him to his court in Rome.112 Likewise, Ptolemy heard the slender reed of the Sicilian shepherd and gave him leave to sing his praises.113 You too, most valiant of youths, do not feel shame at being celebrated in tender verse, until greater maturity [30] crowns your fame with brilliant achievements and sends you into songs to be resounded on the heroic trumpet. But as you are still in your adolescent years, it is fitting to offer a prelude like this to you and to the renown of our homeland. In such verses as these I earlier also mourned the untimely death of your father, giving the deceased the fictitious name of Iolas and praising you, left fatherless at his death, as the hope of your house and your people. But that poem has long since been published and is being thumbed by the hands of readers everywhere.114 I am adding the present lines now that you have lived four quinquennia and the fifth Olympiad of your ripening life sees you [40] blessed with regal marriage.115 May the fates grant you to become the father of offspring worthy of you!116 O you, happy in the golden season of life! All the stars look down upon you with kindly gaze, so long as the gods favor you with love of peace, so long as righteous fury does not drive you back to the arms you laid aside. Even in youthful years you made it abundantly clear how you excel in wisdom as much as in valor, how dauntlessly you rush into battle, with what overwhelming force you go on the attack, as indeed that ruthless knight found out at first hand—the one who until recently dwelled by your Rhine, the one who ravaged your territory, who showed no respect for law and loyalty, [50] until he, meeting his avenger, finally paid the price with his own blood and forfeited the booty he had piled up and descended, not unaccompanied, to the Stygian shades.117 He too experienced that at first hand, that family member of yours, renowned in battle and flourishing in wealth, the prince whom the house of Württemberg rejoices to have restored as father; for you avenged him with a display of warcraft that

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Philip married Christina of Saxony (1505–1557) on 11 December 1523, shortly after he turned nineteen. As Eobanus was writing these lines, Philip was in his fifth Olympiad (his early twenties). Philip’s first child Agnes was born on 31 May 1527. The robber knight Franz von Sickingen died of his wounds on 7 May 1523.

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Quantus in arma alius quisquam venisse putatur Magna Teutonidos bello regionis in ora. Sensit et Arctoi reparata potentia Dani Consiliis, dux magne, tuis. Te Saxonis ora Fraternis duce pene armis ruitura quievit. Sensit et ipse iterum sedes cui nuper avitas Reddideras, aequis placatus legibus Ulmae. Salve igitur, proavis a regibus orte Philippe, Qui reges in regna locas, qui mutua pacis Foedera concilias, qui tam bella horrida tollis! Quam potes aut inferre aut vincere, si tibi quisquam Inferat, hanc subiti Thuringa per arva tumultus Virtutem sensere tuam. Sed ne omnia dicam: Multi alii sensere. Sed haec nec pagina tantis Molibus est oneranda, nec audent talia Musae Sylvicolae, quamvis paulo maiora professae. Ergo erit illa dies, qua te, quemcunque per orbem Me superesse volent superi, maiore Camoena Et tua facta canam, nec enim tibi pauca supersunt Facta gerenda, ipsos divum aequatura triumphos. Qui postquam vix iam iuvenis tam multa paterno Adiicis imperio, qualem ventura videbunt Saecula, digne tuis annis, dignissime longa Annorum serie transcendere Nestoris aevum! Tu modo, tu totis amplectere viribus istas Virtutes, quae te magnis heroibus aequent Atque adeo nullam primis patiantur ab annis Deperiisse tui partem nec laudis egenum

72 quemcunque bcO: quaecunque B. 118

119

73 maiore bBc: maiora O.

75 ipsos bcO: ipso B.

Along with the rest of the paragraph, this sentence was added in the 1539 edition. On 13 May 1534, Philip won the Battle of Lauffen, near Heilbronn, and restored the evangelical Duke Ulrich of Württemberg to power. Eobanus celebrates the campaign in De victoria Wirtembergensi (Erfurt, 1534). After a civil war that followed on the death of King Frederick I in 1533, the Protestant Christian III of Denmark (r. 1534–1559) came out triumphant. As the king consolidated his power, Philip supported him both diplomatically and militarily. See Arthur Imhof, “Christian III. von Dänemark, Landgraf Philipp von Hessen und Gustav Wasa: Bemühungen um ein Bündnis zwischen den drei evangelischen Staaten 1537–1544 und die Hintergründe ihres Scheiterns,” Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 62 (1971): 60–62.

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is considered a match for any on the broad fields of Germany.118 To the north of us, the Danish king experienced that too, after he consolidated his power with the help of your counsel, great general.119 [60] Prepared to march to war as practically brothers in arms, the Saxon realm remained at peace thanks to your leadership.120 For the second time now, he too experienced that—the duke to whom you had restored his ancestral estates, for you reconciled him to Ulm with equitable laws.121 Well then, hail, Philip, sprung from kings of old, you who set kings on the throne, you who negotiate peace treaties, you who put an end to such dreadful wars! Yours is a mettlesome spirit that you can either unleash or restrain, were anyone to threaten you, as that spontaneous uprising in Thuringia found out.122 To put it in a nutshell: a great many others have found that out for themselves. But neither ought this page [70] to be burdened with such matters of state nor do my sylvan Muses venture to sing of such things, even if they did promise a somewhat loftier theme. And so the day will come when, no matter where on earth God may wish me to live, I will celebrate you with loftier Muse and recount your deeds, for indeed not a few remain to be performed by you, exploits that will match the very triumphs of the gods. Now that you, though barely a youth, have already added so much to your father’s realm, how highly will future generations esteem you, O you, worthy of your years, most worthy of surpassing Nestor’s life span in a long series of years! [80] Do, do embrace those merits of yours with heart and soul, for they will make you the equal of great heroes and, moreover, permit no part of your being, from childhood onward, to perish or allow it to be devoid of glory, but will place it

120

121

122

In 1531 the Protestant leaders Philip of Hesse and John Frederick I of Saxony formed the Schmalkaldic League, a defensive alliance against a threatened attack by Emperor Charles V. In spring 1536, the landgrave mediated a bitter dispute between Ulrich of Württemberg and the city of Ulm over the principality of Heidenheim. Joachim Camerarius alludes to Philip’s role in a letter to Eobanus on 13 August 1536 (Epp. 2, sig. E6r): “your prince, the peacemaker between ours and the people of Ulm” (“tuus princeps, pacificator inter nostrum et Ulmenses”). Philip’s forces easily won the Battle of Frankenhausen on 15 May 1525 and massacred the Thuringian peasants led by Thomas Münzer. Cf. Tum. 4.118–128.

468

85

90

95

41=f1r 100

105

110

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Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [13

Esse sinent, verum supra convexa locabunt Astra poli. Terrae tractus tua fama per omnes Vivet inextinctumque manebit in omnia nomen Secula. Nam pereunt quaecunque potentia mundus Gaudia dives habet. Semper manet inclyta virtus Gestarumque insignis honos et gloria rerum, Praecipue si facta suis illustria vates Carminibus celebrent lucemque informibus addant. Hi faciunt ut vivat opus quodcunque per orbem Aut laudem meruit famave laborat iniqua. Sic ferus Aeacides, sic erumnosus Ulysses, Sic pius Aeneas, sic Amphitrione creatus, Sic Thebae, sic Troia manent, licet hauserit illas Iamdudum in cineremque redegerit hosticus ignis. Quid reges Macedum? quid, rerum culmina, Romam? Quid gentes alias referam? Si rebus agendum Exemplisque fuit, quo rustica verba? Quid autem Pastorum oblitus reges meditaris, Apollo? Talia conanti decuit te protinus aurem Vellere et admonuisse ovium. Non grandia Musae Facta canunt humiles, nec templa sed arva colentes. Ergo age, magnanimi Guilielmi digna propago, Haec quoque pulchra tuis virtutibus adde, Philippe, Ut dum digna facis Musis et vindice Phoebo, Has illumque colas et ames utrumque colentes. Sic mihi dignus eris quem Musa et Phoebus ab omni Vindicet interitu Famaque loquacibus annis Inserat aeternoque locet tua nomina cedro. Sed facis et te sponte tua melioribus offers Ingeniis, nec enim tam nobilis indole laeta Spiritus ille in te quicquam a virtute paterna Degenerare potest nec honestae laudis amorem Ponere. Perge igitur dignum te laude fateri! Invenies qui laude vehant super astra tuumque Et genus illustrent et Martia facta loquantur.

84 supra BcO: supera ad b; locabunt O: levabunt bBc. 87–88 mundus … dives O: dives … mundus bBc. 96 manent O: manet bBc. 105 magnanimi bBc: om. O. 111 Inserat bO: Inferat Bc. 118 loquantur bBc: loquentur O.

Seventeen Bucolic Idyls

above the stars in the vaulting sky. Your renown will live throughout all the regions of the earth and your name will remain unextinguished until the end of time. For whatever potent joys the world of riches has to offer, they all pass away. Renowned manliness and the signal honor and glory of valorous exploits endure forever, [90] especially if bards celebrate the illustrious deeds in their songs and cast light on the formless. It is they who cause everything in the world that either merits praise or labors under malicious slander to go on living in the memory of men. That is how ferocious Achilles, much-suffering Ulysses, dutiful Aeneas, Amphitryon’s son,123 that is how Thebes and Troy abide, even though enemy fire has long since consumed them and reduced them to ashes. Why bring up the kings of Macedonia? why Rome, pinnacle of the world? why the other peoples? If we are to deal with history [100] and exemplary figures, what of the rustic style? As a matter of fact, why are you forgetting shepherds and thinking about kings, Apollo? When one shepherd attempted such themes, you felt obliged to pluck his ear and remind him of his sheep.124 Humble Muses that dwell not in temples, but in the countryside, do not sing of grand exploits. Well then, worthy offspring of the great-hearted William, add to your merits these beautiful ones too, Philip: that when you perform deeds worthy of the Muses and their champion Phoebus, cherish them as much as him and love those who cherish both. Then I will deem you deserving that the Muses and Phoebus [110] should deliver you from all oblivion and that Fame should insert you into the annals of history and inscribe your name in everlasting cedarwood. But you do this already and offer yourself of your own accord to superior minds, for that noble spirit of yours is blessed with such a happy disposition that it can neither fall short of the standards set by your father nor abandon the love for honorable renown. Well then, continue to declare yourself worthy of praise! Then you will find bards who will exalt you above the stars and glorify you and your family and recount your martial deeds. But you need not go abroad in search of

123 124

Hercules. Alluding to Verg. Ecl. 6.3–5.

469

470

120

f1v 125

Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [13

Nec tibi quaerendi per regna aliena Marones Grande sonaturi, qui te foelicibus aequent Semideis. Aliquos tibi dant tua regna poetas, Si non Virgilios, quales tamen Hessia—terras Inter virginibus plenas non ultima Musis— Ferre potest. Tu perge via, nec desere, coepta, Quod facis, et tanti mensuram nominis imple. Hoc praecedens encomion scriptum est Noribergae M.D.XXVI.

H. EOBANI HESSI IDYLLION XIIII. Ad doctissimum virum Philippum Melanthonem de contemptu studiorum nostri temporis

5

10

15

Musarum Phoebique potens et amice, Melanthon, Cui mea praecipuam debent idyllia famam, Dic age, quae ratio tristes hoc tempore Musas Opprimit et studiis adimit quem debet honorem? An quia bellipotens circumsonat undique Mavors Funestisque replet confusum cladibus orbem? An quia nulla datur librorum copia et omnes Ditia praecipuas includunt scrinia chartas? Haud quaquam, nec enim, quantumvis saeviat armis Orbis et insano concurrant regna tumultu, Illa bonis unquam studiis infligere clades Vulnera tanta potest quantis nunc illa laborant, Quin facile emergant iterum pressaeque resurgant Pierides referantque caput lucemque revisant. Nam neque scripta alio captiva feruntur, ut olim Barbara cum Latium saevirent arma per orbem, Nec quamvis diffusa per omnes bibliothecas Hostica multiplices pascant incendia chartas

121 regna O: rura bBc. 123 Musis bBc: Musas O. Subscriptio Hoc—M.D.XXVI O: Finis bB, om. c. Idyl. 14. aBO. Tit. H. Eobani—temporis O: Ex Idylliis. De contemptu literarum ad Philippum Melanchthonem querela a, Idyllion decimumquartum. De contemptu studiorum. Ad doctissimum virum Philippum Melanchthonem B. 14 referantque aO: referant B.

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Vergils [120] whose grand epics will put you on a par with the blessed demigods. Your own realms offer you several poets who, if not Vergils, are yet such as your Hesse—not least among the lands filled with the virgin Muses—is able to bring forth. Continue on the path you have started, do not desert it, and as you are already doing, fill out the measure of so great a name. This preceding encomium was written at Nuremberg in 1526.125

THE FOURTEENTH IDYL OF H. EOBANUS HESSUS To that most learned of men Philip Melanchthon, on the contempt for studies in our time Masterful friend of the Muses and Phoebus, Melanchthon, to whom my idyls owe a special fame, come, tell me, what is the cause that oppresses the disconsolate Muses in this present age and robs studies of the honor they merit? Is it because the war god Mars clangs about on every side and fills the bewildered world with murderous carnage? Is it because books are in short supply and rich libraries keep all the masterpieces under lock and key? Not at all! For however much the world may rage with wars [10] and kingdoms rush upon each other in mad tumult, that catastrophe could never inflict such gaping wounds on good studies as those from which they now suffer. Indeed, the downtrodden Muses would easily reemerge and rise up again and once more hold their heads high and see the light of day. For writings are no longer carried off as booty, as in days past when barbarian armies rampaged throughout the Roman world. And even if enemies were to set fire to all our libraries and burn wideranging collections, they could not in the least harm the countless

125

First printed at Nuremberg in 1527, together with “An Encomium of the City of Nuremberg” (Idyl. 16), the panegyric of Philip was actually composed at Erfurt in ca. mid-1524. Cf. Epp. fam., 146, letter of 22 June 1527 to Georg Sturtz, referring to the just published booklet: “I am sending you two idyls that I published here recently, the one [Idyl. 16] written here, the other [Idyl. 13] quite some time ago in Erfurt.”

472 42=f2r 20

25

30

35

40

f2v

45

50

Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [14

Vel minimum nocuisse queant tot ubique premendi Arte superstitibus. Qua si prior usa fuisset, Nostra etiam libris frueretur pluribus aetas Quos male nunc petimus votoque optamus inani. Nunc vero, postquam quae de tot milibus extant Copia prostituit, vilescunt optima, sicut Semper abundantes pariunt fastidia mensae, Praecipue postquam quo sunt peiora favorem Maiorem invenere, nec utile creditur esse Quicquid praecipuum est, et eo contemptior omnis Musarum chorus et linguarum gloria, postquam Omnia vulgares implerunt scrinia chartae Et nisi scripta fere vernacula nulla leguntur. Proh superi, potuitne tibi, Germania, maius Dedecus inferri? Potuitne atrocior hostis Grassari finesque tuos incurrere et ultra Perdere, cum satis hac, infoelix, perdita clade Concideris? Neque tu credes nunc vera monenti. Tempus erit quo stulticiae te ignobilis huius Poeniteat pudeatque. Sed hoc, ut caetera, sero Agnosces, cum iam tua frivola facta dolebis. Quam velles habuisse animum nullius egentem Lucis ubi in tenebris mersam te, stulta, videbis! Sed mihi nec ratio fuit istius ulla querelae Suscepta et frustra nebulas contundere plagis. At iacet interea frigetque investis Apollo, Longaque proscriptae peragunt ieiunia Musae. Quae ratio, quae causa subest? Age, docte Melanchthon, Expediam propiusque sequar vestigia tanti Erroris, quo non fuit unquam foedior ullus. Quam fuerat melius vel non movisse prophano Bella sophistarum populo vel mota sub aequa Composuisse bonaque futura in foedera pace Arbitrio victoris, ut in sua barbara victis Regna relegatis studiorum victor in arce Regnaret populus, sicut iam coeperat omni

20 fuisset aO: fuisses B. 36 credes O: credis aB. Proposita aB. 45 proscriptae aO: praescriptae B.

41 ubi O: ut aB.

43 Suscepta O:

Seventeen Bucolic Idyls

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works that everywhere [20] survive thanks to the art of printing. If earlier ages had made use of this art, ours too would have had the benefit of a great many books that we now hunt after in vain and wish for with fruitless longing. But now, after the entire corpus that remains of the many thousands is being offered for sale, the classics have become cheapened, just as endlessly overflowing tables engender disgust. Nowadays, in fact, the more mediocre something is, the more it finds favor, while the extraordinary is held to be useless. The whole choir of the Muses and the glory of the ancient languages are the more despised ever since [30] writings in the vulgar tongue fill all the bookcases and people read practically nothing but vernacular works. Good Lord! Could anyone visit a greater disgrace upon you, Germany? Could an enemy wreak more dreadful havoc and invade your territories and inflict even worse ruination, seeing that you, wretched nation, have already been ruined enough by this calamity? Yet even now you will not believe my warnings to be true. The time will come when you will feel regret and shame at this ignoble folly. But this, like everything else, you refuse to acknowledge until it is too late, when you are already deploring your irresponsible actions. [40] How you’ll wish you had not been so wholly blind of mind when you, foolish people, see yourself plunged into darkness! But I still have not explained why I take up this lament and uselessly batter the air with punches. Yet all the while Apollo has been lying there naked and freezing, and the proscribed Muses keep on starving. What reason, what cause underlies this disaster? Come, learned Melanchthon, I will tell you the whole story and closely follow the tracks of that great delusion, the most loathsome in history. How much better it would have been had we either not waged war on the profane [50] crowd of sophists or, after waging such a war, concluded it by imposing a just and good peace, with an eye to a future treaty, on the victors’ terms!126 Then the vanquished would have been relegated to their barbarian realms and we would have reigned as victors in the citadel of learning, as we were already starting to do in any

126

The “sophists” are the conservative theologians and their allies at the universities who battled Johann Reuchlin and the humanists. See Poetic Works, 3:4–5; 4:314.

474 55

60

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70 43=f3r

75

80

85

90

Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [14

Conditione. Sed in partes ubi turba recepta est Nil praeter patrium sapiens atque istius expers Militiae, confusa retro Victoria cessit, Amissumque decus, partum prius hoste subacto, Ignavi siquidem cum vincere posse docentur, Ipsos victores etiam contemnere discunt. Nos tamen obscuris positis manifesta loquamur. Quis nescit patribus nostris quam nulla bonorum Constiterit ratio studiorum, vilibus autem Omnia plena scholis, ignobilis anxia vitae Tempora perdiderint iuvenumque senumque, nec ulli E nostris curae fuerit meliora sequendi? Verum eadem stabili longo iam tempore ab usu Pestis ut invaluit, sic nuper decidit omni Victa modo, nisi nos uti victricibus armis Non voluissemus. Nam sic rediere Latinae Et Graiae splendore novo sua tempora Musae Lustrantes ut iam doctas spes esset Athenas Huc migraturas et magnae nomina Romae Virgiliosque viderentur magnosque daturae Meonidas, Demosthenas et claros Ciceronas. Iamque fere toto fatis Oriente relicto Venit ad occiduas studiorum gloria partes, Bellipotens ut non tantum Germania verum et Gallia et occiduo summota Britannia ponto Et nostrum quaecunque habitat gens sparsa per aequor Barbariem exuerent et cultae munera linguae Certatim peterent et laetarentur adeptis, Cum subito quo non alius vel inertior hostis Vel crudelior emersit Musisque renatis Eripuit redeuntem animam retroque fugavit: Nuper inaudaces, turba indoctissima, bardi, Audaces vero postquam nihil esse laborem In studiis insumere opus frustraque per ipsas Linguarum ambages duci iuvenesque senesque, Res sacras per scripta dari vernacula vulgo,

61 Nos tamen … loquamur BO: Sed nimios ne forte odiosa methaphora nodos / Implicet … loquemur a. 71 tempora aB: tempore O.

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case. But when we joined forces with the vulgar masses who know nothing but their native tongue and are devoid of that scholarly training, Victory retreated in confusion, and the glory that we had earlier won by subduing the enemy was forfeited. For when the slothful discover that they can be victorious, [60] they learn to despise the victors themselves. Let us drop this riddling language, however, and speak plainly. Who does not know that our forefathers had no idea how to teach good studies? In fact, the whole world used to be filled with worthless schools that tormented young and old alike and squandered a good part of their life on worrisome nonsense. At the same time, none of our countrymen made it their business to reform the system. But just as this plague had long since become ingrained through sheer force of habit, so it died out in recent years, utterly vanquished, except that in the flush of victory [70] we failed to finish it off once and for all. For the Latin and Greek Muses were coming back in such style and were illuminating their times with such dazzling splendor that we already had hopes of seeing the learning of Athens and the fame of mighty Rome migrate hither, giving us great Vergils and Homers and brilliant Demosthenes and Ciceros. In fact, by a stroke of fate the glory of scholarship had by now abandoned nearly all the East and was reaching us in the West,127 so that not only Germany, valiant in war, but also France and Britain, secluded in the western ocean, [80] and every one of the nations that live scattered around our own sea128 cast off their barbarism and emulously sought the gifts of elegant speech and rejoiced at attaining them, when suddenly there emerged an enemy, the most indolent and savage of all, who, at the very moment the Muses were returning to life, laid them low and drove them off: the crowd of ignoramuses, those hitherto timid dullards!129 They plucked up considerably, however, after they persuaded untutored minds that there is no need to apply oneself to studies, that young and old are wasting their time being guided through the tortuous paths of the ancient languages, [90] that the divine service should be offered to

127

128 129

After Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453, Greek scholars fled to Italy in large numbers and inspired a revival of ancient Greek studies, first in Italy and then throughout Europe. The Baltic Sea; cf. Sylv. duae 1.23–24, with n. 3 (2:75). The radical preachers who fulminated against the humanities and attacked higher education.

476

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44=f4r

Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [14

Interea vanum ac fallax opus esse scholarum Persuasere animis rudibus. Tum denique fastu Intumuisse novo videas dum coepta sequuntur Et cursu facili ex animo sentencia cedit. Protinus immodicis resonant clamoribus omnes Per nunc invidiae famulantia templa cathedrae: “Parcite, deceptae per tot iam secula mentes, Perdere communis dulcissima pignora lecti Artibus insanis et amara sorde scholarum, Quandoquidem neque proficiunt neque lucra reportant Ulla sibi quibus aut vobis succurrere possint, Si sic res ferat. Ac ut iam lucrentur et ipsos Persarum reges gazis immanibus aequent, Praecipitant animas et in infima Tartara mergunt, Quae neque divitiis neque maiestate nec ulla Quantumvis magna poterant mercede rependi. Ut multum sapiant, omnis sapientia mundi Exosa est superis. Vanas Deus imputat artes Ingratis et se contemni dedignatur. Quo neque simplicius quicquam nec amantius usquam Purae rusticitatis, ut exemplo ipse reliquit, Qui tales sibi tamque rudes elegit amicos. Quare agite, o animae ludibria plurima passae, Talibus artificum nugis vos, vestra vorantum Commoda, deceptasque aures praecludere tandem Discite. Quin potius vestros si forsan amatis Et natos natasque manu sibi quaerere victum Assuescant facite et connubia mutua discant. Haec Deus instituit. Super haec quae sunt, hominum sunt Instrumenta, doli, fraudes, artesque malorum.” Haec et plura solent isti per rura, per urbes, Per fora, per delubra. Quibus quia plurima falsis Vera ferunt interque serunt, multo ante paratam Invenere fidem, miserae nam talia plebi

91 ac BO: et a. 103 immanibus O: ingentibus aB. 106 poterant mercede BO: possunt ratione a. 111 exemplo BO: exemplo satis a. 115 deceptasque O: deceptas aB. 117 quaerere BO: quaere a.

Seventeen Bucolic Idyls

the people through vernacular writings, that the work carried on in the schools meanwhile is fruitless and fallacious. Then indeed you can see them swelling with singular pride as they pursue their ends and in a facile stream pour out their doctrines. In the churches, which now obey the dictates of envy, the pulpits all ceaselessly resound with intemperate rants like these: “Minds, duped for so many centuries already, stop sending the sweetest pledges of the marriage bed to perdition by exposing them to the insane arts, the bitter filth of the schools, [100] inasmuch as these have no practical value and fail to provide any income with which to support either themselves or you, should that be needed. But even if those studies were lucrative and made your children as immensely rich as the kings of Persia, they ruin souls and plunge them into the abyss of Tartarus—souls that no wealth, no majesty, and no ransom, however large, can ever redeem. Though they may know much, all the world’s wisdom is hateful to heaven. God will call the ingrates to account for their vain arts and scorns to be mocked. [110] No one is more plain, no one more fond of pure simplicity than he, as he showed by his own example when he chose such humble and unschooled disciples for himself. Come then, O you much imposedupon souls, learn at long last to stop your duped ears to the frivolities of cunning schemers who are out to devour you and every good thing you possess. No, if you happen to love your sons and daughters, get them accustomed instead to making a living with their hands and being united in wedlock. That is what God ordained. Whatever goes beyond this is nothing other than [120] the wiles, ruses, stratagems, and artifices of wicked men.” This and much more is what those people keep preaching throughout the countryside, the cities, the markets, the churches. Because they combine and intermingle much truth with their falsehoods, they find credence among the already deeply prepossessed masses—so

477

478 125

130

135

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f4v 150

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Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [14

Persuasisse adeo facile est, de qualibus ipsi Ingenuit natura odium, sed prava et aberrans. Namque nec est studiis maior nec iniquior hostis Quam qui vel nequiit vel discere noluit artes, Ingenuis tantum permissas mentibus olim, Non cuivis, ut nunc, asinorum de grege feci. Qui cum propter inertem animum geniumque malignum Naturamque satis firmae rationis egentem Ipsi victurae possint nihil addere lucis Nec sua vel minimae committere nomina laudi, Invidia ardentes tenebras inducere certant. Atque adeo evincunt ut, postquam mystica nuper Dogmata simplicibus tradi sunt coepta loquelis Sanctaque abusuro mysteria prodita vulgo Iamque doceretur coelo gratissima tantum Rustica simplicitas, popularis flamma favoris, Esse rati tempusque suum praedamque paratam, Invasere bonas artes castumque nitorem Aonidum nebulis obscuravere nefandis, Neve latere queant tanquam mala nomina, passim Expandunt ceu signa sui victricia Martis Indomitique fremunt orbique extrema minantur, Ni sapiat meritumque decus victoribus addat. Taliter inflati, monstra ignavissima, paulo Ante breves ranae, coeperunt esse Gigantes, Ipsum excisuri vel ab irato Iove coelum, Sed lutei strepituque animati pectora vano Si quis in adversos Alcides cornua sumat Expediatque manum, sicut iam dura minantur Istis excidia et miseras fata ultima clades. Quem si forte diem nobis sperare relictum est Et votis optare licet quod pectore toto Quisque bonus petit, haec aequa mala mente feramus. Interea et lucris praesentia damna futuris Solemur veniamque malis pacemque precemur

130 cuivis aB: cuius O (sed corr. lector in ex. Washingtonensi). 141 tempusque aO: tempus B. 146 Indomitique O: Indomitumque aB. 150 excisuri aB: excisuro O. 152 cornua O: robora aB. 153 dura O: dira aB.

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easy it is to persuade the wretched crowd of anything against which nature (the perverse and wayward kind, however) has implanted hatred in them. Certainly there is no enemy of studies more inveterate and more prejudiced than the man who either cannot or will not study the arts—arts that in antiquity were permitted only to free-born minds, [130] not, as now, to any and all the dregs from the herd of asses. Because of their laziness, their malignant character, and their innate lack of sound judgment, those men are incapable of winning lasting renown or making even the slightest name for themselves. In consequence they burn with envy and make every effort to spread their obscurantism abroad. In that they have succeeded all too well, for ever since the mystic dogmas began to be propounded recently in popularizing sermons and holy mysteries were divulged to the masses that are bound to misinterpret such subtleties and they were taught that the one thing most acceptable to heaven is [140] rustic simplicity, the flame of popular favor, they, judging the hour to be ripe and the prey within their grasp, assailed the good arts and shrouded the Muses’ chaste splendor in abominable mists; and for fear that their own bad names, as it were, might remain obscure, they go about everywhere unfurling, so to speak, the victorious banners in this war of theirs and roaring fiercely and threatening the world with dire consequences unless it smartened up by hailing the victors, as they deserved. Puffed up like this, they—those unbelievably lazy monsters, mere frogs just a little while ago—are starting to be Giants [150] who will not rest until they either destroy heaven itself or are annihilated by Jupiter’s wrath.130 But they are a vile lot who nerve themselves with empty war whoops if some Hercules were to stand up to them and challenge them to battle, as is in fact happening. For ultimate doom already threatens them with pitiless destruction and grievous defeat. If perhaps it remains for us to hope for that day and we are at liberty to offer up prayers for what every decent person desires with all his heart, let us bear these misfortunes with patience. Until then we will console ourselves for today’s losses with tomorrow’s gains and beseech heaven to forgive our sins and grant us peace. [160] And

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The Giants of ancient myth attempted to storm the heavens, but were destroyed by Jupiter’s thunderbolts.

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Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [14

A superis. Etenim nisi me praesagia fallunt Apparensque animum veri delusit imago, Iamdudum pulsae victricia Palladis arma Rursus honorato spectabimus ire triumpho Ignavaeque duces captivos militiei Concutere edomitis haerentia vincula collis.

H. EOBANI HESSI IDYLLION XV., QUOD INSCRIBITUR “EURYTUS” Ex Cyclope Theocriti factus, ad clarissimum D. Georgium Sturtiaden, medicum Erphurdiensem

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Cum tua, Sturtiade, medicantes pectora Musae Pierides habitent et te magis omnibus unum Diligat atque suas artes tibi monstret Apollo, Dic age, quo durum possis depellere amorem Antidoto? Spargasne manu? Num cautus inungas Qualia tam durae medeantur pharmaca pesti? An quae Pierides adhibent solatia tantum Virium habent? Nam suave quidem mortalibus illud Inventu haud quaquam facile est. Sed et hoc tibi notum Credidero, Musis medico vehementer amato Cuique suas artes favet haud invitus Apollo. Sic miser insano cum nuper amore periret Eurytus urgentes potuit compescere flammas, Quas neque inutilium captus dulcedine rerum Combiberat levibusque rosis pomisve pyrisve, Sed valida totas vi depascente medullas. Vixdum prima genas illi cum barba notaret, Omnia posthabuit ceu frivola praeter amorem Formosam quo tabescens ardebat Iolen Noctes atque dies. Non illum aurora renascens, Non sol occiduas requietum pronus in undas Vidit ab infixo sub mollia pectora taelo

164 militiei BO: militiai a. Idyl. 15. BO. Tit. H. Eobani—Erphurdiensem O: Idyllion decimumsextum. Eurytus. Ex Cyclope Theocriti factus, ad Sturtiadem medicum B. 8 Nam B: Non O. 15 levibusque O: levibusve B. 17 Vixdum O: Vix, dum B. 19 quo B: qui O; Iolen B: Iolem O.

Seventeen Bucolic Idyls

truly, if the portents do not deceive me and the vision of truth has not beguiled my mind, we will behold the victorious army of longexiled Pallas parading once more in glorious triumph, while the captive leaders of that slothful soldiery rattle the chains fastened to their vanquished necks.

THE FIFTEENTH IDYL OF H. EOBANUS HESSUS, WHICH IS TITLED “EURYTUS” Modeled on Theocritus’s “The Cyclops” and addressed to the renowned Mr. Georg Sturtz, the Erfurt physician131 Given that the healing Muses of Pieria inhabit your breast, Sturtz, and Apollo loves you alone above all others and teaches you his arts, come, tell me, with what antidote could you drive out unrequited love? Would you sprinkle it on by hand? Would you carefully rub it in, that sort of medicine that can cure so harsh a plague? Or do the solaces that the Muses apply possess such marvelous powers? For that charm, in truth, is by no means easy for mortals to find. But this remedy too, [10] I should think, will be well known to you, a physician ardently beloved of the Muses and one on whom Apollo unstintingly bestows his arts. It was in that way that poor Eurytus, when he was perishing with mad passion recently, was able to quench the pressing flames he had imbibed. It was not the allure of frivolous things that enchanted him, not fleeting roses or apples or pears, but rather the unyielding power that consumes all the marrow. The first wisps of a beard just barely marking his cheeks, he dismissed everything as worthless except the love with which he pined and burned for the fair Iole [20] night and day. Neither the reborn dawn nor the sun setting in the western waves saw him delivered from the dart that mighty Venus and Cupid’s vic-

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On Georg Sturtz, see pp. 6–7 above.

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A magna Venere et victore Cupidinis arcu. Sed tamen hoc contra plusquam letale venenum Repperit antidotum, scopulo nam tristis ab alto Pascua prospiciens late subiecta, sub ipsas Talia cantabat resonantia carmina valles: Quo, formosa, fugis? Quid amantem spernis, Iole, Candida caseolo magis, omni mollior agno, Ad matrem vitulo fugiente superbior, uva Durior omphacyna? Quid enim crudelis amantem Ludis et insidias captas rude pectus ad istas? Nam mea cum placidae demisi membra quieti, Huc, formosa, venis; somno fugiente recedis Et fugis haud aliter quam quae conspexerit altis Agna lupum fugiens in montibus ore timendum. Verum ne dubites unde hic amor, aut ego fallor Aut ego te certe quo primum tempore vidi Montibus in nostris dulci cum matre legentem Purpureos flores et odoriferos hiacynthos, Haustis incautum flammis in pectus, amavi Et tua praecedens mea per vestigia duxi Ostendique locos et suaves floribus hortos. Denique ut in viridi residentem gramine fessam Aspexi et tenero delapsam a corpore pallam, Tempore ab hoc pereo, nec tu miserata dolentem Respicis aut saltem spe consolaris inani. Quod faceres utinam! Nam si sit nulla potiri Posse tuo, formosa, sinu concessa facultas, Finge voluntatem. Spe consolamur amantes. At cur me fugias? Quid enim vel forma vel aetas Vel quicquid natura boni congessit in unum Deliquisse potest in me? Mihi pascua florent Mille ovibus, quibus emulsis datur optima lactis Copia, quae nullo defit mihi tempore, non cum Aut aestas venit autumnusve aut bruma nivalis. Nec me carminibus quisquam praestantior uno Pascit in his nemorum lustris aut mollibus herbis,

27 resonantia O: resonantes B.

28 Iole O: Iolae B.

30 uva O: una B.

58 herbis O: arvis B.

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torious bow had driven deep into his tender breast. But nevertheless against this more than lethal poison he found the antidote; for miserably gazing down from a high rock upon the broad expanse of pastures below, he sang the following song that resounded far into the valleys: Why do you avoid me, my beauty? Why do you shun your lover, Iole? You are whiter than cheese, softer than any lamb, [30] friskier than a calf running to its mother, firmer than an unripe grape. Why indeed do you play this cruel game with your lover and lure my inexperienced heart into those snares? For when I have lain down for a restful sleep, my beauty, you come to see me. As soon as sleep vanishes, you slip away and flee, just as a lamb in the highlands flees in terror at the sight of a wolf’s muzzle. But just in case you’re wondering how this love started: unless I’m mistaken, it definitely happened when I first set eyes on you. You had come to our mountains with sweet mother to pick [40] brilliant flowers and fragrant hyacinths. That is when I drew the flames into my unwary breast and fell in love. As you followed on my heels, I led the way and showed you the best spots in the sweet-smelling flower gardens. When I finally looked at you, sitting there all tired out in the green grass, without your cloak, which had slipped off your tender body, ever since then I’ve been pining. But you take no pity on my pain or even try to console me with empty hope. How I wish you would do that! For even if it is impossible for me to win your heart, beautiful girl, [50] at least pretend that you will let me. We lovers find comfort in hope. But why would you avoid me? For where do I fall short either in good looks or youthfulness or any other desirable asset that nature can heap on any one man? The meadows flourish with a thousand sheep of mine. When I milk them, they yield an excellent supply of milk that never runs out on me, not when summer arrives or autumn or snowy winter. In singing, no shepherd can match me in these forest glades or on the soft turf where I’ve learned to while away the sleepless nights by

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In quibus, assidue dum te, mea sola voluptas, Dulce meum lumen, canto, iam fallere noctes Insomnes didici. Sed nunc tibi munera apud me Sunt duo formosi cerva de matre creati Hinulei foetus et onustae ventribus agnae Bis totidem, tres capreoli. Quin utere mecum Huc ad me veniens! Sine curet ovilia mater. Colligat interea gratos soror unica flores, Nam potes hoc melius mecum requiescere in antro. Hic lauri virides, hic sunt graciles cyparissi. Nigrantes umbrant hederae, nec Bacchica vitis Nec gelidum spirantis aquae gratissima desunt Flumina sive sacri per amoena silentia fontes, Queis mihi nec vinum neque nectar dulcius ullum est. Quod si rusticitas tibi displicet haec mea, debes Sylvanis et te meminisse parentibus ortam, Talem tamque deis similem. Ne, dura, superbi. Si pergis tamen et rides mea vulnera, quaeso, Extremum, huc, formosa, veni. Da munus amanti Hoc saltem. Sunt ligna mihi, sunt robora, quercus, Sunt fagi, fomenta futuro protinus igni. Subiice me flammis, ferventibus ure caminis, Ut facis, hanc vitam te propter, et omnia ponam Cara prius, dum crudelis tua dextera perdat Me miserum. Vita mors gratior illa futura est. Hei mihi, quod volucrem me non genuere parentes! O utinam subitas addat mihi Iuppiter alas! Protinus ad te abeam sublimis et oscula ferrem, O, saltem manibus, si nolis caetera tangi, Collectisque sinum, qui me mihi sustulit, istum Floribus implerem violisque rosisque thimoque Et quae mille meis superant in montibus herbis. Lilia praecipue ferrem rubrumque papaver. Nec tibi forte dari possent simul omnia, namque Horum quaedam aestas, quaedam fert bruma nivalis.

71 Flumina sive O: Flumina, sunt B; silentia O: cubilia B. 72 vinum … ullum est O: vinum est … ullum B. 81 vitam O: om. B. 90 herbis O: herbae B. 91 Lilia—ferrem O: Candida lilia praecipue B.

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tirelessly celebrating you, my only joy, [60] my sweet light. But now I have some gifts for you: two handsome fawns, bred from a mother doe, and twice as many heavy-bellied ewes and three roes. Why don’t you come here and enjoy them with me? Let your mother take care of the sheepfold. In the meantime my only sister can gather the pretty flowers. Certainly you can’t do better than resting next to me in this grotto. Here there are green bay trees and slender cypresses. Dark ivy provides shade, and there is no lack of grapevines [70] or delightful streams bubbling with cool water or sacred springs plashing through the lovely silence, springs that taste sweeter to me than any wine or nectar. But if my country ways offend you, you should remember that you too come from woodland parents, however goddess-like you may be. Don’t be too proud, hard-hearted girl. But if you go on and laugh at my sorrows, please, my beauty, return to me one last time. Do your lover at least this favor. I have fire logs here, I have hard oaks and common oaks, I have beeches and the tinder to start a blaze. [80] Cast me into the flames! Burn my life in the fiery furnace, as you’re doing in any case, all for your sake, and I’ll lay aside everything I formerly held dear, until your cruel hand puts me out of my misery. That death will be preferable to life. Alas, that my parents did not bring me forth as a bird! If only Jupiter would give me wings right now! Immediately I’d fly off high through the air and, ah, at least kiss your hands, if you’ll not let me touch anything else, and fill that lap of yours, which throws me into ecstasy, with the flowers I’ve gathered—violets and roses and thyme [90] and the myriad herbs that abound in my mountains. I’d especially bring you lilies and red poppies. Still, it may be that I cannot present you with all of them at the same time, for some of them bloom only in summer, others in snowy winter.

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Nunc tamen, o formosa, veni. Quin surgis, Iole, Ad me profectura domumque oblita reverti, Ipse ego quod facio iamdudum, haec saxa frequentans. Quod superest mecum traducis molliter aevi. Pascere oves vero non dedignabere nostras Nec pudeat niveos mulgere ex ubere lactes Caseolosque manu componere. Sola tamen me Dura parens offendit. Ut autem conqueror illi Vulnera quae patior, semper tacet et nihil unquam Dulce tibi de me loquitur. Sed ut illa vicissim Se maceret dum me sine succo et sanguine toto Corpore defectum videt, hic ego fingere causam Et vero falsum soleo praetendere morbo. Namque, “Aegrum doleo caput et pede labor utroque, Et nihil est,” inquam, “quod me levet.” Illa profecto His male torquetur, namque et male torqueor ipse. Stulte sed o nimium, quid nam furis, Euryte? Quis nam Te deus evertit? Quae mentem turbat Erinnys? Quam fuerat melius calathos contexere et altos Lanigeris ovibus quos rodant sternere ramos. Hanc mulge interea! Quid enim fugientia captas Gaudia? Forte aliam quae sit formosior illa Invenies. Quin pergis. Amarunt me quoque multae Et mecum longa cupierunt nocte puellae Ludere, dulce omnes et suavi voce canentes. Non adeo passim contemnor et ipse aliquis sum. Sic bonus ille canens compescuit Eurytus ignem, Ipse suum curans divino carmine vulnus, Quod non herbarum potuisset viribus ullis Aut empta preciis ingentibus arte levari.

99 niveos O: niveas B. 123 levari B: levare O.

106 praetendere O: praetexere B.

113 quos rodant O: in pabula B.

Seventeen Bucolic Idyls

But now, O my beauty, come here! Why don’t you come to see me, Iole, and then forget to go home again, which is what I myself have been doing for so long already as I haunt these rocks. With me you can live comfortably for the rest of your days. Surely you won’t think it beneath you to pasture our sheep nor should you be ashamed of drawing the snowy milk from the udder [100] and mold small cheeses by hand. The only one who vexes me, however, is my stern mother. In fact, when I complain to her of the wounds I suffer, she always keeps silent and never tells you anything nice about me. But to get back at her and make her sick with worry whenever she sees me all worn out and pining in body, I generally make up some story and cover up the real ailment with a pretended one. For example, I’ll say, “I have a headache, and both my feet hurt, and there is nothing that relieves the pain.” These words truly cause her great distress, but then I am greatly distressed myself. [110] But oh, all too foolish Eurytus, why on earth are you raving like this? What god has deranged you? What Fury has disturbed your mind? How much better to weave baskets and lop high twigs for the woolly sheep to nibble on. Milk this one in the meantime! Really now, why are you catching at elusive pleasures? Perhaps you’ll find another who is more beautiful than she. Get moving. Many girls have fallen in love with me too and dreamt of playing with me the whole night long, every one of them singing sweetly and with a beguiling voice. I am not that despised everywhere and I too am somebody. [120] This is how that excellent Eurytus quenched his ardor by singing and cured his own wound with divine song, a wound he could not have relieved with any powers of herbs or any medical art, bought at enormous expense.

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H. EOBANI HESSI IDYLLION DECIMUMSEXTUM. ENCOMION URBIS NORIBERGAE Ad eruditissimum et magnificum D. Hieronymum Baumgartnerum, eius urbis virum patricium et consularem

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Hic quoque sylvestres paulum secedite Musae, Assuetae salices mecum canere inter opacas. Naiadum chorus omnis Hamadryadesque puellae, Sylvarum dominae, Dryades, florumque, Napaeae, Quaeque vagae summas habitatis Oreades arces, Ite, agedum, nemora et vestri colite avia regni Interea et satyris levibusque assuescite faunis. Nos maiora vocant reduces in carmina Musae, Musae non tantum caulas cantare suetae Verum etiam clarasque domos et culta potentum, Quantumvis timido pede, limina tangere regum, Oblitae sylvarum inopisque per avia vitae. Huc ades ergo, mei pars non iniusta laboris, Qui patrium cultis ducis cognomen ab hortis, Pieridum sacris, Hieronyme, docte sub umbris Ocia civiles non destituentia curas, Quem fautrix gremio fotum Fortuna benigno Extulit et merito Virtus in honore locavit. Huc ades et mecum ruralia verba perosus Ad desueta redi civilis carmina famae, Dum canimus claris praestantem dotibus urbem Urbibus ingenti quascunque in Teutonis ora Sol videt, Europae media in regione locatam, Hic ubi flaventes pulcher Pegnesus arenas Volvit et eximiam piscosis flexibus urbem Per medium secat et fluvio perfundit amoeno.

Idyl. 16. bBO. Tit. H. Eobani Hessi [Hessi om. O]—consularem O: Eobani Hessi idyllion in laudem urbis Noricae. Ad doctissimum virum D. Hieronymum Baumgartnerum b, Idyllion decimumseptimum. Encomion urbis Norimbergae, ad D. Hieronymum Baumgartnerum, virum patricium et consularem B. 13 ergo bB: erga O. 23 locatam bB: locatum O. 132

Hieronymus Baumgartner was born at Nuremberg in 1498. After studying in Ingolstadt and Leipzig, he continued his studies at the University of Wittenberg in 1518–1522. An early supporter of Luther and Melanchthon, he was instrumental in introducing

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THE SIXTEENTH IDYL OF H. EOBANUS HESSUS. AN ENCOMIUM OF THE CITY OF NUREMBERG To the most learned and honorable Mr. Hieronymus Baumgartner, patrician and councilor of that city132 Here too, woodland Muses, step aside for a little while, wont though you are to sing with me among the shady willows.133 You also, the whole band of naiads and maidenly hamadryads, you dryads, mistresses of the woods, and you dell nymphs, mistresses of the flowers, and all you roaming oreads that dwell high up in the mountains, go, troop away and in the meantime inhabit the woods and wilds of your native realm and get used to the satyrs and light-minded fauns. Now that my Muses are restored to life, they are calling me to loftier songs, Muses that have grown accustomed not only to singing of sheepfolds [10] but also to reaching the splendid palaces and elegant thresholds of mighty kings, albeit with timid step, unmindful of the forests and the meager life of the backwoods. Well then, come hither and take your rightful place in this work of mine! As one who derives his family name from well-tended orchards,134 Hieronymus, you are adept at enjoying leisure in the sacred shade of the Pierian sisters, but without shirking your civic responsibilities. Lovingly holding you to her beneficent breast, your patroness Fortune has raised you up, and Virtue has advanced you to the honor you merit. Come hither, and by now loathing the pastoral idiom, return with me [20] to the disused songs of urban praise135 as I celebrate the city that, with its glorious attractions, surpasses all the cities that the sun beholds in Germany’s far-flung realm—a city located in the heart of Europe, here where the beautiful Pegnitz rolls the golden sands and with its fish-rich windings cuts through the center of this extraordinary town and washes it with its delightful stream. Hail river,

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the Reformation in Nuremberg and founding the city’s evangelical academy in 1526. Thereafter he occupied influential posts in the city government and often represented Nuremberg at the imperial diets and on diplomatic missions. He died in 1565. Like Idyl. 13, with which it was first published in 1527, the present idyl is an encomium, not a bucolic. Hence the pastoral Muses are told to amuse themselves in the woods while Eobanus steps back into the world of the city dwellers. The name Baumgartner means tree gardener, orchard keeper. While the urban encomium stretches far back into antiquity, Eobanus himself had not practiced this genre for several decades, the last time being in 1507, when he praised the University of Erfurt and the city itself in De laudibus et praeconiis incliti … Gymnasii litteratorii apud Erphordiam.

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Salve, amnis victure diu, si forte Camoenas Ulla manet nostras venturae gloria famae, Qui rapidus recto Phoebi nascentis ab ortu Norica lenifluo percurris moenia lapsu. Foelix ante alias urbes, Urbs Norica berga, Digna tuae qua voce feram praeconia laudis? Nulla reponendae sat erunt idyllia famae, Et referenda olim memores tua facta sub annos, Fortunam domina siquidem Virtute gubernas, Dives opum, foecunda viris, pulcherrima cultu, Legitimae studiis asperrima militiei, Nobilibus clara ingeniis, quascunque per artes Ire libet. Seu naturae secreta latentis Seu te multiplicis zonas et climata mundi Astrorumve iuvat casus cognoscere et ortus, Nusquam culta magis floret divina mathesis. Seu numeris opus est seu mensi partibus orbis Seu ratione operum, videas certantia mille Ingenia artificum. Parat hic ductura sub altum Aethera, praeruptas, aerata volumina, moles. Ille mathematico certas in pulvere metas Destinat et radio nunquam fallente gubernat. Quid rupti tormenta sonos imitantia coeli, Quid statuas Polycletaea non arte minores, Caetera quid memorem non his accommoda Musis, Arduiora quidem sylvis non ista professis Grandia et heroo tollenda ad sidera cantu? Nunc velut egelida tecum spaciatus in umbra Rure suburbano patrias, Hieronyme, laudes Ipse tibi calamo pingam non semper agresti. Macte animo, nostris iuvenum gratissime Musis, Digne tuis annis, patria dignissime tali!

27 Salve bB: Solve O. 29 recto O: primo bB. Post 30 Ultima cum magno venturus in aequora Rheno bB, om. O. 31 Norica berga scripsi: Norica bergi bB, Norica berge O. 36 cultu bB: culta O. 43 orbis bO: urbis B. 51 his bB: hic O. 54 egelida b: è gelida B, gelida O. 136

Literally, “Noric berg” (Noric mountain), recalling the region’s ancient inhabitants, the Norici. The fanciful etymological linkage goes back to Aen. Silv. Europa 137 and Germa-

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destined to live long, if perchance some glory of future renown awaits my Muses. Rushing directly from the sun’s rising at dawn, [30] you run through Nuremberg’s walls with gently flowing current. Happy above all other cities, City of Nuremberg,136 how shall I sing your praises with the voice you deserve? No idyls will ever be adequate to store up your renown. Your marvels, indeed, are worthy of being handed down to the end of time, because you guide Fortune under the dominion of Virtue. Rich in wealth, teeming with men, magnificent in adornment, relentless in the pursuits of lawful warfare, you are celebrated for illustrious minds in whatever field of study one wishes to pursue. Whether it is the secrets of hidden nature [40] or the zones137 and climes of the manifold world or the settings and risings of the stars that you enjoy investigating, nowhere does the study of divine mathematics flourish more vigorously than here. No matter if it is arithmetic or geography or engineering that you require, here you will see the minds of a thousand masters, each vying with the other. Here, one man designs adamantine fortifications, massive walls that are to rise abruptly into the sky.138 There, another sure-handedly traces cones in the mathematicians’ sand and governs them with unerring rod.139 Need I speak of the cannons that imitate heavenrending thunder [50] or the statues that are not inferior to Polyclitus’s art? Why mention the other achievements that are not in keeping with this poem? They are, in truth, too sublime for woodland songs, which do not profess grandeurs like those, deserving to be exalted to the stars in heroic verse. Now, as if strolling with you in the cool shade on your suburban estate, I am going to picture for you the glories of your native city, Hieronymus, but not always in the pastoral style. Bless your disposition! Of all young men, you are dearest to my Muses, for you are worthy of your youthful years, most worthy of so exceptional a home-

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nia 2.41. Konrad Celtis follows suit at Norimberga 2 (p. 108). Eobanus does so explicitly at Nor. 110–111. Traditionally, the earth has five zones: a hot equatorial zone, two icy polar zones, and two intermediate temperate zones. See, for example, Verg. G. 1.233–238; Ov. Met. 1.45– 51. Eobanus alludes to Albrecht Dürer’s book on fortification, Etliche underricht zu befestigung der Stett, Schloß, und flecken (Nuremberg, October 1527). Cf. Eob. Epic. 3.89–96. In a deliberately archaizing touch, Eobanus depicts the mathematicians of Nuremberg as followers of such ancients as Pythagoras and Archimedes, who traced geometrical figures in sand or in glass dust.

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Quam tibi si patriam contingere fata negassent Esse velis patriam, postquam nunc dotibus istis Innumeris, quibus ante alias sic eminet urbes Ut sol ante alios astrorum prominet ignes, Adiicit ingenuas, cumulat, fovet, erigit, artes. Nam velut exilio pulsis hoc tempore Musis Hospitium dedit et profugis patefecit asylum Primaque tot gentes inter per Teutona regna Luminibus captas animi sua commoda vidit Et bona cognovit sua, quae nec passa perire est, Sed tenuit stabilique locavit in arce retenta. Foelicem populum, qui tam florere beatis Ingeniis voluit! Quam multa pollet opum vi! Hoc erat Attidibus praereptum nomen Athenis Invexisse suis per honestas moenibus artes. Sic aequanda fuit florentis gloria Romae Parte aliqua, quis enim totam petat improbus? Ergo, Nate bonis avibus, patriae gratare potenti! Quae te nunc alacris vernantem in flore iuventae, Florens ipsa, suis dignatur honoribus, auctum Praeter opes etiam fortunatis hymenaeis. Sed quis in eximiis praestanti laudibus urbe Non etiam privatus amet latuisse focosque Exiguos colat et tacitis agat ocia curis Iusticiamque patrum miretur et omnibus aequas— Quis credat?—populi per tot discrimina leges? Fortunata tuis meritis respublica, cuius Iura regit sapiens tranquilla in pace senatus, Sic paci fidens ne munera militiei Negligat et positis ignaviter incubet armis Nec luxu vacuam corrumpi deside plebem Permittat, non illecebris ignava iuventae Ocia inutilibus foveat, non ulla voluptas Praevaleat, non hic turpi locus ebrietati. Nulla hic infames vulgata libido popinas Inficit aut vires melioribus eripit annis,

65 et bB: om. O. b.

66 Primaque O: Solaque bB.

67 animi O: mentis bB.

75 petat BO: petet

Seventeen Bucolic Idyls

land. Had fate denied you the good fortune of that birthplace, [60] you would still have wanted to make her your hometown, especially now that to those numberless gifts through which she stands out before the other cities in the same way as the sun eclipses the other starry fires she is adding the liberal arts, in fact, is enhancing, nurturing, and uplifting them. For when the Muses, so to speak, had been driven into exile, she offered the outcasts a warm welcome and gave them asylum. Among the multitudinous peoples throughout the German realms who are struck with blindness of mind, she was the first to see her own advantages and recognize her own blessings; and instead of allowing these to perish, she has held them close and housed them in a lasting sanctuary. [70] O happy the people that is determined to flourish with such brilliant minds! What a rich treasure house it possesses! That is what it means to have snatched fame from Attic Athens and introduced it to this city through the noble arts. This is the way to match the glory of Rome at her zenith, at least to some degree, for who would be so presumptuous as to demand it all? Well then, born under a lucky star, rejoice at the prowess of your native city! Now that you are in the flower of vigorous youth, she, herself in full flower, considers you worthy of her honors—you, who in addition to wealth are also blessed with a happy marriage.140 [80] But who would not love to live a retired life in a city so distinguished by exceptional achievements, even as a private citizen? Who would not like to have a small home here and lead a peaceful life in quiet employment and marvel at the fairness of the city fathers and at the laws that—believe it or not—are equitable for all people, regardless of social class? Fortunate the republic that can boast your merits, that is governed in tranquil peace by a wise Senate that puts its faith in peace without neglecting military service or laying down arms and indolently leaning on them. It does not allow idlers to be corrupted in lazy selfindulgence. [90] The young are not encouraged to lounge away their free time in useless distractions. Pleasure-seeking does not prevail, nor is there room here for disgraceful drunkenness. Here prostitution does not envenom taverns of ill repute or sap strength in the best

140

Baumgartner married Sibilla Dichtel on 23 January 1526.

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Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [16

Oppressas multa viciorum aspergine. Verum Si qua dies requiem curis civilibus affert, Passim exerceri videas iuvenesque senesque Artibus armorum et veri praeludia belli Martiaque urbanos meditari castra togatos. Hinc aliis studium celeres torquere sagittas Praefixamque levi contingere arundine metam. Agmina componunt alii properata docentque Signa sequi, densant cuneos. Hi cornua ducunt Extenduntque aciem firmantque sequacibus alis. Haec ita si qua tulit ratio, nec semper aguntur. Nec tantum his studiis adolescit Norica pubes, Verum etiam quibus et mores animique vigorem Erudiant, nec enim naturae sponte disertis Aucta deest studio facundae copia linguae. Aspice quenque suo conscriptos ordine patres. Nemo erit ex illis quem linguae dona Latinae Destituant. Quosdam Graia mirere loquentes— Doctus honorata tam regnat in urbe senatus! Legibus hinc firmata suis respublica nullos Fortunae insultus metuit. Sic viribus omnes In casus firmata suis, sibi sola superque Est satis. Hinc quoque privatis accessio rebus, Hinc fovet unanimes stabilis concordia cives. Praetereo sanctos in publica commoda mores Impositos vitaeque datas communis habenas Praescriptoque pudicitiam se fine tenentem, Legitimi vetitam temerare cubilia lecti, Christicolas animos et relligionis amorem Cultaque praecipue divini oracula Verbi. Ipsa tacere volet, nec enim sibi laudibus istis Urbs placet aut ullos istis ex rebus honores Arrogat, ipsa sui testis sibi proxima sensus. Ipse ego Hiericola nuper digressus ab urbe Per nemora Hercinii, iam non incognita, saltus, Nomina Pegnesi stabam miratus et undas Thessala ceu pulchrum peragrantem Penea Tempe.

99 urbanos BO: urbanis b.

116 firmata O: armata bB.

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495

years of life through chronic wallowing in vice. No, if some holiday gives the townsmen a respite from work, you can see young and old everywhere being drilled in military arts and watch peaceful citizens engaging in war games and rehearsing for the encampments of Mars. [100] Some practice shooting swift arrows and hitting the assigned targets with their fleet shafts. Others assemble marching columns, teach them to follow the standards, and organize them into densely packed formations. Still others lead the wings, draw up the battle array, and cover the flanks with cavalry squadrons. Drills like these are carried out at appropriate times, not all the year round. The young men of Nuremberg not only grow up in these exercises, they also train their character and vigor of mind in this way. Certainly, this naturally well-spoken people has no lack of eloquence enhanced by study. [110] Look at any of the conscript fathers in their council! There will not be any among them who lack the gifts of the Latin tongue. You will be amazed to hear some of them speaking Greek—so learned is the Senate that governs in the esteemed city!141 Hence it is that this republic, buttressed by her own laws, does not fear the assaults of fortune. Hence it is that she, buttressed against all dangers by her own armed might, is more than sufficient unto herself. Hence, too, private business flourishes, hence stable concord animates the harmonious citizenry. I pass over the blameless morality imposed for the public good, [120] the curbs put on social life, the modesty that keeps itself within prescribed bounds and forbids violation of the marriage bed, the citizens’ Christian spirit, their love of religion, and especially their reverence for the oracles of God’s Word. The city herself prefers to keep quiet about these merits, for she does not plume herself on them or lay claim to any honors on that account, being her own best witness for the way she feels. I myself, having recently departed from the Gera-dwelling city142 and passed through the—now no longer unfamiliar—woods of the Hercynian Forest, [130] stood marveling at the name and the waters of the Pegnitz, in beauty comparable to the Peneus as it traverses Thessaly’s Vale of Tempe. Gods, what fortresses, what walls did I behold 141

142

This is panegyric hyperbole. Kaspar Nützel (ca. 1471–1529), for one, knew little or no Latin, as Eobanus acknowledges in Epic. 9.39. Of the councilors, only Willibald Pirckheimer and Hieronymus Baumgartner knew Greek. Erfurt, situated on the Gera River. Eobanus left the city on 1 May 1526 and reached Nuremberg on May 7. See p. 166 above.

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Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [16

Dii, quales arces, dii, qualia moenia vidi, Qualibus urbanas extructas molibus aedes, Qualia marmoreis surgentia tecta columnis, Marmore, quale solet producere Norica tellus, Arcibus aeternis haud quaquam vile locandis! Naturae ingenio quodam quo nanque recisum est Tempore molle fuit facile et tractabile ferro. Postquam auras tetigit superas, mirabile dictu, Durescit magis atque magis roburque manendo Concipit et senio superat durante iuventam Pluraque non patrios in secula prorogat annos. Hoc lapide assurgunt civilia tecta per omnes, Aequatis certo regionibus ordine, partes, Supra privatos quam possis credere sumptus Sufficere et tantas potuisse attollere moles. Magnorum dicas aequare palatia regum. Publica quid memorem longis opera aedita ab annis? Quid nova semper adhuc surgentia? Qualibus autem Et quibus aerias, templorum culmina, turres, Murorum impositas fossis ingentibus arces, Horrea, phana, lacus, fontes, tot suscipiendis Hospitibus loca, tot sumptus in publica, egenis, Aegrotis alimenta, domos, medicamina, curas (Et sunt haec alio nobis maiore libello Aedita, quo per cuncta tuas, Urbs Norica, laudes Diximus et meritas tibi iusto in carmine grates), Quid tibi marmoreis coniunctum pontibus amnem Prosequar exemplis? Quibus exequar omnia verbis? Quo ruis, imprudens, sylvarum oblita tuique, Musa? Quid urbanas affectas, rustica, laudes Dicere, vix humilem bene sufflatura monaulon? Haec tibi sunt alia praeconia voce canenda, Tunc ubi grandisono dignum pede nacta cothurnum Liberiore manu sublimia plectra movebis. Nunc pede te decuit proprio consistere mensam

133 molibus bB: moenibus O. 137 quodam bO: quadam B. 149 semper adhuc O: quotidie bB. 152–158 tot suscipiendis—marmoreis O: xenodochia, thermas, / Marmoreis medium bB.

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then! How massively constructed are the city buildings! How magnificent are the houses! They rise on pillars of sandstone, a stone widely produced by the Noric soil and by no means to be despised for constructing everlasting citadels. For through a certain ingenuity of nature, this material is soft and easily worked with steel at the time it is quarried. Once it comes into contact with the air, marvelous to say, [140] it grows harder and harder, and the longer it endures, the more it gains in strength. Indeed, in hardened old age it is superior to its own youth; and removed from its native element it extends its life for a great many centuries. It is with this stone that the houses in all quarters of the city are built up (for administratively it is divided into districts of equal size).143 That private citizens can afford to build dwellings of such magnificence and such enormous size seems hard to believe. You would say their homes rival the palaces of great kings. Why mention the public buildings erected many years ago? Why the new ones that are always going up even now? And with what examples [150] and in what detail should I go on to describe the airy steeples and church roofs, the city walls towering over huge moats, the storehouses, sanctuaries, lakes, fountains, the many hospitals where the poor and sick are provided with food, housing, medicine, and care, all at vast public expense? (I have published an account of these things elsewhere, in a larger booklet, in which I have sung your praises in all respects, Nuremberg, and in a full-scale poem offer you the gratitude you deserve.)144 Why go on in detail and tell you about the river spanned by stone bridges? With what words am I to depict all this? [160] Where are you hurrying off to, imprudent Muse, forgetful of the woods and yourself? Why do you, country girl that you are, aspire to sing the praises of a city when you have barely mastered the humble flute? If you really want to sing an encomium like that, you will need to do it in a different voice, and only then when you adopt a buskined style with appropriately high-sounding measures and ply the lofty plectrum with freer hand. Right now, try not to be more than

143

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The city was divided administratively into eight quarters: four in the Sebald parish and four in the Lorenz parish. See Gerald Strauss, Nuremberg in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1968), 188. In this passage (added in the 1539 version), Eobanus alludes to his Urbs Noriberga illustrata (Nuremberg, 1532).

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Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [16

Limite praescripto nec parvi septa peculi Transiliisse, licet veniam praefata, relictis Me duce vicinam sylvis intraveris urbem. Non tamen usque adeo verbis civilibus usam Efferri decuit. Quin tu quoque laudibus istis Iamdudum vacuas, Hieronyme, subtrahis aures Et meliora vacaturas in carmina servas. Ut tamen haec (si non intempestiva fuerunt) Consuluisse velis aequique bonique rogamus. Carmina deinde tibi meliora canemus et urbi, Postquam haec quae dedimus non displicuisse sciemus. Scriptum Noribergae M.D.XXVI

H. EOBANI HESSI IDYLLION XVII. ERPHURDIA De collapso scholae et reipublicae statu colloquuntur Erysiptolis nympha et Hieras fluvius.

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Ery. Parve, sed Herciniae de quodam vertice rupis Aedite, Thuringum qui flumine proluis agrum Irriguo et rivis sitientes mitibus agros Sole sub ardenti potas ubi copia aquarum Coelestum non ulla datur, qui flumine secto Dividis ipse tuam millenis flexibus urbem, Dic age, Naiadum purissime frater, Hiera, Cur solito frontem demissior inter et alnos Inter et agnatas salices labare, decorum Pene cruentata confusus arundine crinem? Hier. Nympharum decus, o Erysiptoli, numen et urbis Et patriae, tam damna queri quam quaerere tempus Nostra vetat miserum, quo nos praesentibus urgent

Subscriptio Scriptum—M.D.XXVI O: Finis bB. Idyl. 17. BO. Tit. H. Eobani—fluvius. O: Idyllion decimumtertium. Erphurdia. Erysiptolis nympha, Hieras fluvius B. 3 agros O: hortos B. 5 non ulla B: vis nulla O. 145

The speakers are the nymph Erysiptolis (guardian of the city) and the river god Gera. Discussing the collapse of the University of Erfurt in the early 1520s (on which see Poetic Works, 4:267), the two divinities place the blame squarely on the radical exmonks who preach against all schooling and the liberal arts; cf. Idyl. 14. In the central

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you are. Stay within your bounds instead of jumping the sheep fences, even if you did ask leave before quitting the woods under my guidance and entering the nearby city. [170] Nevertheless you should not have gotten so carried away using those urban words. In fact, Hieronymus, you too have long since stopped turning an eager ear to these praises and will lend it to me again when you have time for better songs. I do hope, however, that you will think well and kindly of these verses (assuming they did not arrive at an inopportune time). Hereafter I will sing better songs for you and the city, as soon as I know that the one I offered did not displease. Written at Nuremberg in 1526

THE SEVENTEENTH IDYL OF H. EOBANUS HESSUS. ERFURT The nymph Erysiptolis and the Gera River discuss the ruinous state of the school and the body politic.145 Ery. Small, but sprung from some peak in the Hercynian Mountains, you who wash the Thuringian countryside with irrigating stream and drench the parched fields in kindly channels under the burning sun when the waters of heaven fail to pour down in abundance, you who in divided course cut through your city with myriad windings, come, tell me, purest brother of the naiads, Gera: why do you bend your head lower than usual as you glide among the alders and willows that line the banks, your handsome [10] locks well-nigh disfigured by bloodstained reeds? Gera. Pride of nymphs, O Erysiptolis, deity of our city and homeland: this wretched age, in which the hostile fates buffet us with everpresent disasters, forbids me to lament or even examine my losses.

section of the present idyl (ll. 58–80), the collocutors also react to the tumults that took place in Erfurt after the peasants marched into the city on 28 April 1525. In the following weeks, mobs destroyed everything that belonged to the archbishopric of Mainz. The archiepiscopal palace, churches and consistories, monasteries and convents, ecclesiastical houses, were all looted or demolished. Statues of the saints were smashed. Taxes and tolls were abolished. The salt sellers’ booths on the main market, beneath the steps of the cathedral, were razed to the ground. Eobanus relates these events in letters of May 7 and 10 and June 4 to Georg Sturtz; see Epp. fam., 117–118, 110–112, and 118–119.

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Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [17

Fata inimica malis. Nec te latet unde cruentae Hae mihi contingant maculae nec honoris adempti Ignoras caussam, quando communibus urbem Hanc studiis colimus, cuius nunc fata profusis Defleo tot lachrymis, qui me nunc pene dolores Conficiunt. Hinc pene vides mea flumina sicca Quodque undae superest atrum traxisse colorem. Ery. Frater et Oceano mihi carior amnis, acerbis Nunc lachrymis absiste tuoque e flumine sacrum Attollens caput has mecum considere subter Ipse velis corylos et respondere vicissim, Mutua dum gravibus meditemur carmina curis Si qua levent, nam forte levant et carmina curas, Longaque saepe breves minuerunt damna querelae. Hier. Ad desueta vocas iamdudum munera, nec me Rite senem iuvenili operi committere tentas, Quando nulla meas circum nunc carmina ripas, Ut quondam sonuere, sonant Musaeque retrorsum Concessere omnes inimica a gente fugatae. Quas me posse putas in mutua carmina cannas Sufficere? Heu, nostri non est ea gratia secli. Ery. Et memini et meminisse dolet, quia nulla supersunt Temporibus nostris priscae vestigia laudis— Usque adeo concessit amor probitatis et aequi, Inque locum subiere nefas, dolus, arma, libido, Insidiae, et victae expultrix discordia pacis. Hier. Qua tu nunc id in urbe loqui sis ausa videndum est. Haud equidem tuta est libertas saepe loquendi. Ery. Solane pacis egens ruptas Erphurdia leges Conqueritur metuitque affligi ultricibus armis? An confectae aliae poenis gravioribus urbes Quas nunc fracta videt dubiis Germania fatis? Hier. Quis propiore neget quasdam nutasse ruina Nec cecidisse tamen? Nam quantacunque labarint Clade facultatum, facilis reparatio rerum est,

40 ausa O: ansa B.

48 est B: om. O.

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But you are neither unaware how I received these bloody stains nor unacquainted with the cause that deprived me of honor, given that we both devote ourselves heart and soul to this city, whose fate I now bewail with a flood of tears. These griefs have practically worn me out. That is the reason why you see my stream nearly dry [20] and what is left of the water turned black. Ery. Brother and river, dearer to me than Oceanus, cease from bitter tears. Raising your sacred head out of your stream, sit by me beneath these hazels, if you would, and converse with me, to see if taking turns at singing can rid us of our heavy cares, for songs too may perchance relieve cares, and brief laments often abate a long string of losses. Gera. You call me to a task long disaccustomed. Nor is it right that you should try to set an old man to the work of youth, [30] especially now that songs no longer resound along my banks, as they did in bygone days, and all the Muses have vanished, driven away into exile by a hostile people. How can you expect me to be capable of playing the flute in alternating song? A charming pursuit, but one, alas, utterly lost on this century of ours. Ery. Well I remember! Indeed, the memory is all the more painful seeing that in our times not a trace of the former glory remains— to such an extent has the love of integrity and justice vanished, their place taken by crime, deceit, warring, lust, treachery, and discord, the expeller of vanquished peace. Gera. [40] One has to be careful nowadays in which city you dare speak out like this. Indeed, it is often not safe to speak one’s mind. Ery. Is riot-torn Erfurt the only city to lament the breach of laws and dread the onslaught of avenging arms? Or does Germany, rent by dangerous fates, see other cities consumed right now by even greater disasters? Gera. Who would deny that some of them have been teetering on the brink of ruin but have nonetheless not collapsed? For however much they may reel under the breakdown of authority, the restora-

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Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [17

Famae difficilis. Vereor ne poena malorum Hoc veniat nobis gravior, quo serior. Inter Hoc tamen est, multum deliqueris an minus, ut te Liberet aut vanis aut veris conscia curis Mens agitet pacemve queas bellumve pacisci. Ery. Nostra quidem nullas bellorum Erphurdia causas Aut dedit aut unquam salva ratione datura est. Sed quia se propriis defendere legibus ausa est Et sua iura sequi, potuit peccasse videri. Hier. Cur igitur tot signa iacent convulsa, tot aedes Deiectae aequataeque solo? Cur omnia pulsis Templa sacris occlusa silent?—ceu Christus ab aris Exulet et nullos ultra mereatur honores Qualibus illa coli maiestas debet et olim Adsuevit mentesque pias placata benigno Respexit vultu seseque vocantibus ultro Obtulit infuditque animis pacemque fidemque, Parta piis precibus. Nunc aversatur et odit Degeneres in bella animos pacemque perosos. Ery. Iusta quidem spreta de relligione querela est. Verum non parvo cum sit discrimine maior Quam quae per nostras tractari possit arenas, Pulchrum erat intactam dimittere. Parva professos Non decuit magnis frustra se immittere rebus. Hier. De signis responde igitur tabulisque revulsis Aequatisque solo septis levibusque salinis. Ery. Viderit hoc cui sunt urbis commissa regendae Munera. Nos isti est odiosum insistere curae. Forsitan ille suo se iure tuebitur ordo, Quem non usque adeo stultum puto, frivola vulgi Consilia ut laudet ducatque sequenda per omnes, Ut possunt varii rerum praevertere, casus. Hier. Foelix ante alias et non ignobilis urbes, Si pulchros in flore tuo decerpere fructus, Non etiam velles truncos evellere et ipsas Radicum fibras, Erphurdia! Quam tua nuper Gloria plena fuit, quam floruit inclyta fama,

73 revulsis O: refulsis B.

Seventeen Bucolic Idyls

tion of government is easy, that of reputation hard. I fear that the punishment for these evils [50] will strike us the heavier, the later it arrives. Still, it makes a difference whether you have wronged much or little, whether your conscience frees you from baseless cares or afflicts you with real ones, and whether you can secure peace or war. Ery. Our Erfurt certainly has never given any causes for war, nor will she ever do so for as long as she is of sound mind. But because she was so bold as to defend herself with her own laws and pursue her own rights, she may have given the appearance of transgressing. Gera. Why, then, do so many statues lie smashed to pieces? Why are so many houses demolished and leveled with the ground? Why are all [60] the churches silent, their doors closed, the divine services expelled? It is as if Christ is banished from the altars and no longer merits the kind of honors with which one ought to worship that majesty, as was the practice in days past. Thus conciliated, he would look with kindly countenance upon the devout believers, freely coming to those who called on him and imbuing their minds with the peace and faith obtained by pious prayers. Now he shuns and hates the degenerate minds that seek war and detest peace. Ery. Your lament about the scorning of religion does indeed hit the mark. However, because the topic is by far too large [70] for us to discuss on our sandy banks, it would be best to lay it aside untouched. With our small pretensions, we ought not to inject ourselves needlessly into matters of state. Gera. Well then, answer me regarding the statues and paintings that were torn down and about the enclosures and salt booths that were razed to the ground. Ery. Let those who are entrusted with the task of governing the city see to this. I find it disagreeable to dwell on that business. Perhaps the Senate will use its authority to protect itself. I cannot imagine it will be so foolish as to approve the frivolous demands of the rabble and to think it must follow them at all hazards, [80] considering how quickly the situation can change. Gera. Blessed beyond all other cities and not dishonored, if only you had been content in your heyday to pluck the lovely fruits and not tear out the trunks too and the very fibers of the roots, Erfurt! How ample was your glory just now, how brilliantly your fame flourished

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Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [17

Cum te pacatis pulcherrima rebus agente Ocia certatim te ceu confusa bearent Munera, de toto tibi succrescentibus orbe Divitiis, ut vix unquam cumulatior ullis Gentibus extulerit foecundum Copia cornu! Quam nunc fracta eadem, quam nunc tua gloria marcet! Quam nunc illa tibi defloruit inclyta fama, Postquam, fracta malis, indigna mole laborum Pressa iaces lugesque tuis miserabilis ipsis Hostibus et veteres frustra iam respicis annos! Ery. Desine tam tristi nimis indulgere querelae, Care senex fluviique parens mihi multa ferentis Commoda. Non adeo miseris Erphurdia fatis Concidit ut nullis talem emendare ruinam Auxiliis possit, modo sit non tarda voluntas. Ipsa aderit modo, non aliquo prohibente, facultas. Non cecidit male qui bene surrexit. Sapit autem Quisquis dura suo didicit cavisse periclo. Hier. At iacet interea nihilominus aegraque moeret, Valde incerta sui possitne resurgere et unquam Ah male servatos iterum contingere honores. Ery. Quos male servatos mihi tu depingis honores? Hier. Ut reliquas taceam quibus haec respublica quondam Laudibus eminuit, quanti tu Palladis arces Sedibus evulsas propriis facis? Illane totam Moenibus incumbens clades concusserit urbem? Illane, dii, quantos! hinc deportarit honores? Ery. At Pallas manet ipsa, manent et Palladis arces Sedibus innixae propriis, immobile regnum. Hier. Non ego marmoreis surgentes molibus arces Tectave celsa loquor, sed ab ipsis arcibus artes Demissas coeloque datas mortalibus usu, Unde per humanas Princeps Sapientia mentes Fusa suis regeret confusum legibus orbem Humanumque genus divis componeret ipsis.

101 modo O: iam B.

118 princeps O: principes B.

Seventeen Bucolic Idyls

when you were still in full control and enjoyed the noblest tranquility, when you were still, as it were, showered with gifts that vied to gladden your heart! In those days, riches surged to you from all over the world, so much so, that Plenty has scarcely ever before poured out her bountiful horn to any [90] people in greater abundance. How that same glory of yours is now shattered, how it is now withered! How that once brilliant renown of yours has faded ever since you, worn out with woes, lie crushed under the cruel burden of hardships, weeping and wailing, pitiable even to your enemies, and looking back in vain on the years of old! Ery. Stop indulging too deeply in such a grim lament, dear old man and father of the river that brings me many benefits. True, Erfurt has collapsed under the blows of ill fortune, but not so irrevocably that she cannot repair such a downfall by any [100] means whatever, provided she musters the will to do so promptly. And if nobody hinders her, that opportunity will arrive soon enough. He has not fallen badly who can rise up again. Besides, he is wise who has learned, at his own peril, to steer clear of trouble. Gera. Yet in the meantime the city is lying prostrate just the same, grieving and sick at heart, in terrible doubt whether she will ever be able to rise up again and recover her, ah! badly safeguarded glories. Ery. What badly safeguarded glories are you alluding to? Gera. To say nothing of the other excellences for which this community was once preeminent, how highly do you rank the citadel of Pallas,146 [110] now torn from its own foundations? Did that disaster, which bore down on her walls, not shake the entire city? Did that catastrophe not despoil her of her glories? Gods, what magnificent glories too! Ery. But Pallas herself endures and the citadel of Pallas still stands firm on its own foundations, an immovable kingdom. Gera. I am not speaking about citadels that rise on massive blocks of stone or about soaring buildings, but rather about the arts now cast down from those very citadels, even though granted for the benefit of mortals by heaven, whence, instilled into the minds of men, Queen Wisdom might govern the disordered world according to her laws [120] and join the human race to the gods themselves.

146

The University of Erfurt.

505

506

125

130

135 g5v

140

145

150

155

Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [17

Ery. Tam firmum natura nihil produxit ut esset Semper idem. Fortuna vices et tempora mutat Et nunc summa premit, nunc infima tollit in altum. Floruit haec, fateor, studiorum urbs nuper honore Praeripuitque aliis simili in certamine palmam Quotquot Germani sunt in regionibus orbis. At nunc cassa dolet tantae cognomine laudis, Ipsa suis afflicta malis, sibi noxia soli In poenasque satis quas non aliunde coactas Ipsa sibi inflixit secumque invenit, ut esset In seipsam fatuae furiosa licentia plebis. Nunc vero hoc melius sapiet meliorque resurget Quo gravius cecidit. Maior post sumpta voluptas Damna venire solet, blandi ut post nubila soles. Hier. Vidi ego Palladias cum praeterlaberer arces Mille greges iuvenum qui tum studia ista colebant Has mecum virides ripas et prima legentes Littora certantes secum deducere Musas. Has nunc desertas ubi praeterlabimur arces, Musarum apparent vestigia nulla, nec usquam Ullius ulla chori certamina, nulla voluptas, Carmina nulla sonant, nullae per proxima voces Compita—ni Lycios cultu hoc dignemur agrestes, Multa quod in viridi limo mihi rana coaxet. Ery. Ipsa etiam memini cum me praeeunte decoro Agmine spectandi studio mirata iuventus Certatim rueret totaque ex urbe frequentes Festa coronatis agerent spectacula larvis Et toto canerent resonantia iubila coelo. Hier. Non apud externas tantum bona nomina gentes Huic urbi peperit castae schola plena iuventae, Verum et opes lucrumque decens invexit et auxit Commoda tam privata hominum quam publica rerum. Ergo quid ignoras vel, quod facis ipsaque res est, Dissimulas tua damna? Quibus te scilicet aequum

132 vero O: tamen B. 133 sumpta O: passa B. 134 ut O: om. B. 137 mecum B: meum O (sed corr. lector in ex. Pragensi). 143 ni O: in B. 144 coaxet O: coaxat B. 148 larvis O: divis B.

Seventeen Bucolic Idyls

507

Ery. Nature has never produced anything so steadfast as to remain perpetually the same. Fortune goes through her cycles and seasons and now casts the topmost down, now lifts the bottommost high. Until recently, I acknowledge, this city basked in the renown of studies and had snatched the palm from other rivals in all the regions of Germany. But now, bereft of that great claim to fame, she suffers from her self-inflicted wounds. For in hurting none but herself, she has been her own worst enemy. There is no one else to blame: [130] she has brought this punishment on herself and has to live with the consequences of giving the foolish rabble license to riot against her. Now, however, the harder she fell, the greater her wisdom will be and the stronger her recovery. Joy is apt to be greater after we survive an ordeal, like cheerful sunshine after clouds. Gera. When I used to flow past the citadel of Pallas, I would see countless bands of young people who were pursuing those studies there in those days. They used to stroll with me on these verdant banks, right here by the river’s edge, and would compete at bringing the Muses with them. Now when I flow past this deserted citadel, [140] not a trace of the Muses appears. Nowhere do you hear any choruses competing. No delight, no songs, no voices resound over the crossroads nearby—unless we consider the Lycian peasants worthy of that term, for I do hear many a frog croaking in the green mud.147 Ery. I myself remember walking at the head of a decorous crowd of young people all agog to watch a performance. How eagerly they would pour out of every part of the city to put on festive plays, complete with comic masks! How the whole sky would ring with bravos!148 Gera. [150] When it was still filled with upright young men, the school not only gave this city an excellent reputation among the peoples abroad but also brought her wealth and seemly profits and benefited individuals as much as the community at large. Why, then, do you fail to recognize this? Or rather, as you are in fact doing, why do you turn a blind eye to your losses? Surely it is only right that you

147

148

After Lycian peasants cruelly kept Latona from drinking water from a lake, the goddess turned them into frogs; see Ov. Met. 6.313–381. Here the croaking frogs are an allusion to the enemies of learning at Erfurt, in particular the radical preachers. Eobanus alludes to student productions of ancient Roman comedies, with masked actors. In 1515, for example, his student Michael Nossen organized a performance of Plautus’s Amphitruo. See Poetic Works, 3:59.

508

160

54=g6r 165

170

175

180

185

Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [17

Consultum voluisse fuit, cui cura tuendae Urbis agebatur, nisi falso nomine dicta es. Ery. Vera, pater, memoras, sicut sunt plura nec ulli Quam mihi nota magis. Sed me pudet urbis et huius Nominis ingrati, cuius quia nulla videtur Digna satis nimium iustae excusatio culpae. Quis non auxilii, mecum miseratus, egentem Defleat et tristi doleat cecidisse ruina? Hier. Quam vereor ne sera tuae nec iusta querelae Causa sit! Accisis rebus quae commoda flendo Consequimur? Sed enim prius haec deflesse decebat. Nunc ope, non lachrymis, opus est. Nec noscere promptum Morbi principium nec quod sit dicere tutum est. Ery. Inconcussa suo veri stat pondere Virtus, Dicentem quamvis in mille pericula mittas. Quare age, tam gravium causas expone malorum, Nam potes atque tuae sunt omnia nota senectae. Hier. Prima mali labes et tantae caussa ruinae Fluxit ab indoctis monachorum bardocucullis. Ery. Qua ratione, precor? Nec enim cognoscere promptum est, Complures habeat cum vita monastica doctos. Hier. Semper salva sua est in quovis ordine doctis Gloria, at indocti semper pars maxima regnant. Ery. Qua ratione igitur tantam invexere ruinam (Nam solos memoras) monachorum bardocuculli? Hier. Non tamen usque adeo solos, nam plurima vulgo Turba prophanatis accessit bardocucullis. Ery. Credo equidem, quia quam memoras ea maxima turba est. Sed quia non sapiens, non hoc potuisse putarim. Hier. Invidiam studiis ceu pesti relligionis Fecerunt, postquam mentiri impune recoeptum est. Ery. Qua ratione iterum studiis potuere favorem Detrahere? Indoctis quis credat bardocucullis?

168 quod O: si B. sequenti O.

188 Detrahere—bardocucullis? Totus hic versus repetitur in summa pagina

Seventeen Bucolic Idyls

509

would want to give thought to these matters. You, after all, are responsible for protecting the city, unless you are called by a false name. Ery. You speak the truth, father. Indeed, much more could be said, as I know better than anyone else. But I am ashamed of the city and [160] of this thankless name of mine, seeing that no excuse seems adequate for her all too legitimate guilt. Is there anyone who, like me, does not feel sorry for her? Who would not weep for her in her helplessness or grieve at the tragic collapse she has suffered? Gera. How I fear that your lament not only comes too late but is also ill-founded! What good does it do to weep now, after such a great debacle? For when all is said and done, it would have been better to bewail these things before the fact. What we need right now is aid, not tears. It is no easy matter to recognize the source of this distress, nor is it safe to point out what it is. Ery. Virtue stands unshakeable with her own weight of truth. [170] She will speak out, even if you sent her into myriad dangers. Come then, explain the causes of such grievous disasters. You are certainly able to do so, for all these things are known to your venerable old age. Gera. The prime cause of this catastrophe, this terrible collapse, stems first and foremost from the unlettered monks’ cowls.149 Ery. Tell me, how is that possible? For it is not easy to understand, given that the monastic life can count many men of learning. Gera. In any order there are always men who maintain a glorious reputation for learning. Nevertheless the unlearned are invariably in the vast majority. Ery. Well then, by what means did [180] the monks’ cowls (for they are the only ones you mention) bring on such a calamity? Gera. Actually they were by far not the only ones, for a great mass of the common people sided with the deconsecrated cowls. Ery. That I can well believe, because the multitude you allude to is gigantic. But because it is anything but wise, I would not have thought this possible. Gera. The cowls have been fomenting hatred of studies as the bane of religion, ever since their lies were allowed to go unpunished. Ery. Again, by what means did they succeed in bringing studies into disfavor? Who would believe the unlettered cowls?

149

Eobanus takes aim at the ill-educated ex-monks who became evangelical preachers in Erfurt.

510 g6v 190

195

200

205

210

55=g7r 215

220

Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [17

Hier. Maxima pars hominum veris mendacia praefert, Prava quibus sese sentit natura iuvari. Ery. Sponte igitur studiis inimicum vulgus ab istis Impulsum Furiis contemptas perdidit artes? Hier. Perdidit et reparandarum spem praescidit omnem, Ni faveat dextri clementia provida Fati. Ery. Talia luctantes dispergant omina venti! Votis fautor adest semper Deus aequus honestis. Hier. Saepe tamen spes iniustas Fortuna fefellit, Nec sperare potest bene, quisquis turpiter egit. Ery. Verum nemo negat nisi vanus et ater et excors. Hei tamen, anne aliqua credas ratione renasci Posse triumphato Musas Helicone peremptas? Hier. Sicut ab aequoreis oritur sol aureus undis Laetaque terrigenis infundit lumina rebus, Gloria se cupido studiorum non secus orbi Explicuit, cum pestis atrox invidit et ausa est Exortum toti ceu solem tollere mundo. Ery. Quam brevis illa fuit, quam non sincera voluptas! Sed pudet et durum est istam repetisse querelam Et vana invidia toties onerare malignos. Ergo age, qua possint Musae ratione renasci, Si potes, expedias. Citius reprehenderis actum Quam satis emendes. Mens anxia nostra futuri est. Hier. Certa quidem ratio est quae Musas sola fugatas Restituat, si frena malis iniecta loquendi Libertatem adimant plus quam mendacia, ne sint Quorum privatis aliena calumnia rebus Adstruat et propriis damnosa licentia palpet Credentem viciis populum. Sed sera medendi Haec via ne fuerit vereor, quia serpit et ipsos Obsidet haec etiam pestis deterrima reges Atque adeo involvit, secum rapit, obruit, aufert Omnia quae meruere prius laudemque decusque, Praecipue studia et Musarum nobile regnum. Plura vetant lachrymae confusa in verba cadentes.

195 omina O: omnia B.

215 sint B: sit O.

221 rapit O: trahit B.

Seventeen Bucolic Idyls

Gera. The masses prefer falsehood to the truth, [190] for this only confirms them in their depraved nature. Ery. So then it was the common people, innately hostile to learning, that, goaded by those furies, ruined the arts they despised? Gera. Not only that, but they also cut off all hope of reviving them, unless the provident mercy of kindly Fate takes them under its wing. Ery. May the brawling winds scatter such omens! God always hears the prayers of the righteous. Gera. Yes, but Fortune has often disappointed wrongful hopes, and those who have acted basely cannot expect the best. Ery. That is the truth, and nobody but a lying, malevolent fool will deny it. [200] But alas, do you believe that the slain Muses can somehow be brought back to life, now that Helicon has been conquered? Gera. As the golden sun rises from the ocean waves and pours out his gladsome light on earth-born things, so the glory of humane studies was revealing itself to the eager world. But then that dreadful pestilence looked upon it in envy and brazenly drove the already risen sun, so to speak, out of the whole universe. Ery. How fleeting that pleasure was! How illusory! But it is mortifying and painful to repeat that lament and keep piling impotent abuse on our spiteful foes. [210] Come then, explain, if you can, by what means the Muses might come back to life. You are quicker to condemn what has happened than to offer an adequate remedy. My heart is full of forebodings. Gera. The only sure way to restore the outcast Muses is, in truth, to curb the villains by taking away their freedom to preach their worse than outrageous lies. That will rid us of people whose slandering of others tends to their private advantage and whose ruinous licentiousness flatters the credulous masses with their own vices. But I fear that this remedy comes too late to do any good, inasmuch as that appalling plague is still gaining ground and is now [220] even taking hold of the kings themselves and, what is more, is sweeping away, carrying off, crushing, and destroying everything that formerly commanded praise and honor, in particular studies and the noble realm of the Muses. The tears that fall at my disjointed words prevent me from

511

512 225

230

235

Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [17

Nympha, vale, tantoque volens ne cede dolori. Quae mala nunc quereris forsan meliora sequentur. Me quoque turbato labentem flumine cernes Donec forte aliquam melior fortuna salutem Adferat et studiis reddat quem debet honorem. Ery. Et tu care vale senior fluvioque sereno Labere. Sic placido Salas te misceat Albi, Sic te non proprio venientem flumine Tethys Accipiat totique vagum circumferat orbi, Ut sciat hanc mecum merito cecinisse querelam Cuncta tridentifero circumdata numine tellus. Finis tertiae Idylliorum aeditionis

225 tantoque O: tacitoque B.

234 hanc B: haec O.

Subscriptio Finis—aeditionis add. O.

Seventeen Bucolic Idyls

going on. Nymph, farewell, and do not willingly yield to your anguish, great though it is. The evil times you now lament will perhaps be followed by better ones. You will also continue seeing me flow with turbid stream until perhaps better fortune brings some deliverance and restores studies to the place of honor they deserve. Ery. [230] You too, dear old man, farewell and flow with tranquil stream! May the Saale join you to the placid Elbe; and when you reach her in a streambed not your own, may Tethys welcome you and take you roaming around the entire world, so that every land girdled by the trident-bearing god150 may know that you, together with me, have sung this lament with good cause. End of the third edition of the Idyls

150

The sea god Neptune.

513

Supplementary Notes

∵

Notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot The 1524 Edition (A) Dedicatory Letter (1.Ded.) 2 3

4 6 9 10

14

18

non somnians sed vigilans Petrarch, Familiarum rerum libri 7.3.9, in Francesco Petrarca, Le familiari, ed. Vittorio Rossi, vol. 2 (Florence, 1934), 104. Quamquam—dicturi sint Cf. Ama., ded. 10; Her. Chr., ded. 3.1; Val., 2.ded. 12. quae horum—malignitas The same phrase occurs in Ottmar Luscinius, Ioci ac sales mire festivi (Augsburg, 13 February 1524), sig. D6r, no. 54. arrogantiam … non ferendam Erasmus, Adag. 3.10.37. pridianus—candidatus Eobanus describes himself in identical terms at Dial. 1.29. Faciunt nae—nihil intelligant Ter. An., prologue 17 (where editors now read “Faciuntne”). Ad institutum revertor Cic. de Orat. 2.114. Quorsum haec? Ut videas Cf. Orat. 17.1, n. ceu intempestivum abortum For the image, cf. Plin. Nat., praef. 28; Mant. Ecl., ded.: “tanquam abortivum”; Erasmus, Ep. 49, ll. 35–36: “fetus … tanquam abortivos”; 134, l. 33; Cordus, Epigr., ded., l. 12. Cf. Eob. Val., 2.ded. 4: “hic infelix foetus.” Apollini—praesidenti Cf. Ficino, De vita, prooem. (p. 104, ll. 35–36): “Phoebus idem est medicinae repertor poesisque magister”; Eob. Dial. 1.18, n.; Val., app. 2.4; 3.3. Libellum … qualisqualis est Cf. Her. Chr., ded. 17.1; Luth., ded. 5.

The 1531 Edition (B) Liminary Epigrams Meter: Elegiac distich. 1.1

Qui modo … eram ≈ Ov. Ars 1.618; Met. 2.648; Tr. 3.7.42; Eob. Val. 3.48. Cf. Ov. Am. 1, praef. 1 (a liminary epigram, in which the book addresses the reader).

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004414662_013

518

1.2

1.4 1.6 2.1

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [Lim. mancus Cf. Orat. 18.9, n. totum factus ad unguem Cf. Hor. S. 1.5.32–33; Aus. Ecl. 20.3: “totum … ad unguem”; Eob. Buc. 4.94, n. Deposui cultus Luc. 2.28–29; Sen. Tro. 883. For the image, cf. Eob. Her., ded. 33–46 (especially ll. 33–36), speaking of the revised Heroides. habuisse pudet = Epic. 4.66; Ebn. 28; Eras. 136. domi … relicta fuit Prop. 2.34.55. pene relicta = Ov. Pont. 3.4.62. Fies—mihi Cf. Idyl., lectori 14. Εἰ νέα—δίδομεν νέα Novelty delights; see TPMA, 8:472–473, s.v. “Neu,” nos. 1– 28. Cf. Eob. Venus, lim. 1, n.; also cf. the opening line of Eobanus’s liminary epigram for Erasmus Alberus, Novum dictionarii genus (Frankfurt am Main, 1540): “Quem nova delectant, damus en nova.”

Dedicatory Letter (2.Ded.) 1 2 3

4

5

6 7

12 13 14

Sextus iam annus agitur … postquam For the phrasing, cf. Sylv. duae, ded. 1; Orat. stud. 16.1, n. eruditionis (quantumvis exiguae) Cf. Gen. ebrios. 1.2, n.: “eruditionis (quod tamen sentio quam sit exiguum).” ut emendatis—typographi From Erasmus’s letter of 30 May 1519 to Eobanus, concerning a reprint of the latter’s Hodoeporicon; see Erasmus, Ep. 982, ll. 1–2. semper in crastinum reiicerent Cf. Eobanus’s letter of 22 June 1514 to Georg Spalatin, in Mutian. Ep., 2:370: “Quem cum semper in crastinum reiicerem”; letter of 31 August 1527 to Philip Melanchthon, in Melanchthon, Ep. 582, l. 6: “ego meo more semper omnia in crastinum reiicio.” hic infelix foetus Cf. Val., 1.ded. 10, n. Quem nunc—maturesceret magis Imitating Cordus, Epigr., ded., ll. 12–14: “Hos [libellos] … Iovis exemplo, ut ad maturiorem genesim adolescerent, femori insutos aliquantisper fovissem.” tutiorem esse—festinationem Cf. Erasmus, Adag. 2.1.1: “Festina lente.” inconsultam festinationem Aus. Ep. 5(a), l. 17. in … ius ditionemque A legal expression; see, for example, Liv. 21.61.7; 23.15.9. feci … ex paupere … locupletiorem Cf. Val. 3.41. futuros esse—calumniaturi Cf. Val., 1.ded. 3, n. in alienum falcem mittere A proverbial phrase; see Dial. 1.286, n. humanarum literarum commilitio For the martial image, see Orat. 2.3, n.; Gen. ebrios. 23.5; Orat. stud. 9.2; 11.6–7; 20.1–2; Contemn., ded. 10.

2.Ded.] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes 15 17

21

519

theologiam conspurcasse Cf. Praef. 6.1. crabrones … irritem Otto 453; Erasmus, Adag. 1.1.60; Eob. Dial. 1.327. sibi ipsis noxii Enviers are their own worst enemies; cf. In Ed. Leeum 31.5–8, n. De Ioachimo—Aristarchum adhibui Cf. Camerarius, dedicatory letter to his edition of Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot (Leipzig, 1551), sig. A2v: “Nihil … ille, dum una fuimus, emisit in publicum scriptorum suorum de quo non ante mecum et rationes consiliumque communicasset et multum ac saepe disputasset. Quin etiam Aristarchum ille me interdum appellare solebat librorum suorum.” Cf. further Eobanus’s letter of ca. summer 1530 to Camerarius, in Epp. 1, sig. H7r: “Adverte nunc animum, mi Aristarche, et non solum amicum, sed iustum etiam censorem age”; letter of 15 March 1534 to the same, in Epp. 1, sig. K8v: “Sed quis erit hic Aristarchus mihi te absente?”

1: Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot Meter: Elegiac distich. 1–2

1 2 3–8

3

Musa—fave Cf. Vict. 3–4, n., invoking Christ; Ser. Samm., praef. 1–2, invoking Apollo as the inventor of medicine: “Phoebe, salutiferum quod pangimus adsere carmen / inventumque tuum prompto comitare favore.” For Apollo as the inventor of medicine, see Ov. Met. 1.521–522; Isid. Orig. 4.3.1; Eob. Val. 3.1–8. On the Christian invocation, see Laud. 13, n. repertoris medicarum … rerum Cf. Verg. A. 7.772; Ov. Rem. 76. scribere pauca = Her. Chr. 18.162; Her. 2.2.20; cf. Nor. 818. Pauca—fluent On the ancient-medieval tradition of didactic poetry, see Thomas Haye, Das Lateinische Lehrgedicht im Mittelalter: Analyse einer Gattung (Leiden, 1997), discussing Eobanus’s poem on pp. 381–383. On the genre in early modern Germany, see Wilhelm Kühlmann, Wissen als Poesie: Ein Grundriss zu Formen und Funktionen der frühneuzeitlichen Lehrdichtung im deutschen Kulturraum des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 2016). On the tradition of dietetics in Neo-Latin verse, see Klaus-Dietrich Fischer, “Quo sanam servare queat moderamine vitam”: Lateinische Lehrgedichte zur Gesundheitspflege von 1490–1803 und ihre ärztlichen Verfasser, Habilitationsschrift, Freie Universität Berlin, 1986, with analysis of Eobanus’s medical poem on pp. 59–61 and 114–118; Yasmin Haskell, “Medical Didactic Poetry,” in BENLW, 2:1044–1045. Pauca canam Ov. Ib. 195; Eob. Val. 1.462, 550.

520

5 7–8 7 8 9–10

9 10

11 12 13 16 17

18 19 21–26 21–24

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [1 Apolline nullo = Mart. 2.89.3: “carmina quod scribis Musis et Apolline nullo.” adiuncta prioribus ≈ Ov. Pont. 3.1.83. quae foeda—Barbarie Cf. Haschaert, fol. 5v: “multa ex Schola Salernitana desumpsit, in quibus nil nisi meram barbariem reperies.” foeda situ Luc. 6.516; Eob. Her. Chr. 11.23. mersa profunda ≈ Col. 10.79; Sil. 4.800; Man. 5.190. lucidiora fluent ≈ Luth. 1.40. Adde quod—inest Cf. Her. Chr. 8.5; Val. 2.39–40. For the insight that verse is more readily memorized than prose, see Quint. Inst. 11.2.39; Curio/Krell, Opusc. (1545), sig. *2r: “Multo enim facilius versus, Fabio teste, quam prosam orationem ediscimus.” Adde quod = Buc. B 2.21, n. Dotibus ingenii = Strozzi, Erot. 3.11.132: “Ornatus tantis dotibus ingenii”; cf. Ov. Ars 2.112; Eob. Venus 2.132. gratia maior inest Cf. Hymn. B 13.4, n. Quisquis ad haec = Ov. Ep. 1.59. veri praeludia = Idyl. 16.98. oculo … patiente legas Her. 3.3.51; cf. Her. 3.1.209. fac … legas ≈ Ov. Am. 1.11.16; cf. Ep. 20.152; Ars 1.480. rude carmen = Ov. Tr. 1.7.39; cf. Tr. 1.7.22. Et sunt—mora Cf. Her. Chr. 4.180, n.; Sylv. 3.8.24: “Sunt mihi praecipiti carmina facta mora.” Sturtiadum—Georgi Cf. Sylv. 2.23.11: “Sturtiadum clarissima fama, Georgi”; 7.20.11: “Sturtiadum decus immortale, Georgi”; 7.22.11: “Ingens Sturtiadum decus tuorum”; 8.24.6: “Georgi, Sturtiadum gloria summa domus”; l. 657 below. decus et nova fama Cf. Idyl. 1.36, n.: “tui decus et nova gloria ruris”; Theoc., ded. 85: “At tu, Noricidae decus et bona fama senatus.” Sturtz is nova fama in his family, because he was elected rector of the university in May 1523 and earned his medical doctorate the following December. Huius—eras Cf. Luth., ded. 12. For huius carminis author, see Ov. Fast. 6.709; Eob. Wirt. 505–506; cf. Sarmat. 11, n. prima elementa = Ov. Fast. 3.709; cf. Eob. Eleg. 2.37, n. Has igitur—dabo Cf. Her. Chr. 24.163–168, nn.; ll. 265–266, nn., below. Has igitur—placent For the exordial topos of affected modesty, see Curtius, ELLMA, 83–85; Lausberg, §275.b; cf. Eob. Idyl., 1.ded. 13–14, n. For the idea that patrons should be as pleased with a writer’s well-meant but trifling gift as the gods are with humble offerings presented in all sincerity, cf., for example, Ov. Tr. 2.75–76; Stat. Silv. 1.4.130–131; Strozzi, Erot. 1.1.75–

1] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes

21 22 24 25 27 28 29–30 29 30 31–32 33 34

36 37–80

521

76: “Non aspernantur sincero corde ferenteis / Supplice cum voto munera parva dei”; Eob. Sylv. 7.2.22 (to Georg Sturtz): “Accipe non falsi grato leve munus amici / Pectore. Saepe etiam munera parva iuvant.” primitias … agri Mant. 2. Parthen. 1.237–238: “fertilis agri / Primitias.” ignobilis agri = Mant. 1. Parthen. 1.837: “Assyrii pars non ignobilis agri.” Parvaque … munera = Ov. Fast. 2.534; cf. Eob. Val. 2.14, n. vilia dona = Prop. 2.24.14. Tunc, ubi me = Her. Chr. 1.169. studiis … melioribus = Rec. 210, n. longa … exordia Stat. Theb. 5.36. longa breves Her. Chr. 21.101; Luth. 1.43; Val. 1.495; Idyl. 17.27. meus—equus Cf. Ov. Fast. 2.360. For the image of the race horse, cf. also Eob. Her. Chr. 24.162, n.; l. 360, n., below. quicunque—frui Cf. ll. 105–108, 337, 619 below; Val. 2.181–182. quicunque voles = Ov. Ars 2.701. animoque valere ≈ Mant. Georg., fol. 214r: “membris animoque valentem.” sana conditione frui = l. 106 below; cf. Eleg. 2.34; Hypocr. 80; Calum. 190; Sylv. 5.33.2. primordia … Corporis Lucr. 3.372. certae … salutis = Ama. 35.65: “Principium est certae sanari velle salutis.” Ne male—iter Lightly adapted, this verse is interpolated into the Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum in Curio/Krell, Opusc. (1545), chap. 56, fol. 83v; see p. 38 above. Polliciti—mei Cf. Max. 338, n. Quattuor—senex The following table summarizes Eobanus’s system of quaternaries: Elements Qualities Humors Temperaments Seasons Zodiacal Signs

air hot-moist blood sanguine spring Gemini Libra Aquarius Cardinal Points East Times of Day morning Ages of Man adolescence Planets sun

fire hot-dry yellow bile choleric summer Aries Leo Sagittarius South noon youth Mars

earth cold-dry black bile melancholic autumn Taurus Virgo Capricornus West evening decline moon

water cold-moist phlegm phlegmatic winter Cancer Scorpio Pisces North midnight decrepitude Saturn

522

37–48

37 38

39 40 41–42

42

44

48 49–56

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [1 The arrangement represents an eclectic selection from the tetrads circulating in the West since Hellenistic times. In the absence of a universally accepted system, authors were free to mix and match whatever associations appealed to them. Symptomatic of this fluidity is Eobanus’s own lack of consistency; for at ll. 71–72, n., he blithely exchanges part of his system for that espoused by Konrad Celtis in 1502. For the tetradic systems since Galen, see Erich Schöner, Das Viererschema in der antiken Humoralpathologie (Wiesbaden, 1964), 86–100; also see S.K. Heninger, Jr., The Cosmographical Glass: Renaissance Diagrams of the Universe (San Marino, 1977), 108–110; Melitta W. Adamson, Medieval Dietetics: Food and Drink in Regimen Sanitatis Literature from 800 to 1400 (Frankfurt am Main, 1995), 10–15. Quattuor—dicta vides Rephrasing and expanding Regimen 258–260 (cf. Flos 937–939, where the abbreviations are unmetrically expanded): “Quattuor humores in humano corpore constant: / Sanguis cum colera, fleuma, melancholia. / Terra melanch., aqua fleg., et aer sanguis, coler. ignis,” to which [Arnald.] Commentum adds the following verses, fol. 146r, col. 1 (cf. Flos 940–943): “Humidus est sanguis, calet, est vis aeris illi. / Alget, humet flegma, sic illi vis fit aquosa. / Sicca, calet colera: sic igni fit similata. / Melancolia friget, siccat quasi terra.” corpora nostra = Lucr. 1.122, 1063; 2.876; Juv. 14.16. ut perhibent = Laud. B 5.4, n. aer The second syllable is short, in accordance with medieval and early humanistic usage; cf. Her. Chr. 20.21, n. A classicist to the marrow, Camerarius felt compelled to emend the verse in his edition of 1551 (sig. B1v), as follows: “Cum liquido quae sunt aere, aqua, ignis humus.” inde trahunt Ov. Fast. 6.132. vix cecinisse = Pug. 12. Terra—cholerae Reprinted in Curio, Opusc. (1557), chap. 87, fol. 222r; thence in Flos (de Renzi) 1684–1685 (where “confert” instead of “confertur”); see p. 39 above. cholerae Though Camerarius objected that cholera in ancient usage means jaundice, Eobanus insisted on retaining it in its more recent sense of yellow bile. See Camerarius’s preface in his edition of 1551, sig. A3v. Vis … aquae = Hypocr. B 4.22. friget et humet aquae ≈ Brant, “De corrupto ordine vivendi pereuntibus,” section “Figura caeli MCCCCIII,” in Varia carm., sig. a7r (Texte 195.329): “friget et humet aquis.” Cf. Eob. Val. 1.463. Ordine … repetas ≈ Ov. Met. 7.520. Vena—premit These distichs are reused in a series of tetrastichs on the four temperaments engraved by Raphael Sadler I (after Maarten de Vos) in

1] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes

49–50

49 50

51–52

52 53–54

55–56

55

57 58 59–80

523

1583 and, more distantly a decade or so later, in Pieter de Jode’s engravings on the same theme (likewise after Maarten de Vos). See p. 42 above. Vena—inest Cf. Regimen 267–268 (Flos 951–952), describing the sanguineus: “Largus, amans, hylaris, ridens, rubeique coloris, / Cantans, carnosus, satis audax atque benignus”; Ficino, De vita 1.22 (p. 152, ll. 3–5): “abundantiam sanguinis indicat vel profusior risus audaciaque et confidentia multa vel color rubens venarumque tumor.” Vena tumet Celtis, Am. 3.11.10, in springtime: “Spumeus hinc toto lascivit corpore sanguis, / Et tumet in membris turgida vena suis.” pleno corpore Hor. Ep. 1.7.31; Ov. Rem. 401. corpore sanguis inest = Psalt. 32.10. Eobanus’s phrasing is used in Curio/ Krell, Opusc. (1545), chap. 40, fol. 68r, to rewrite Regimen 125; see p. 38 above. For corpore sanguis at this metrical position, see Ov. Ep. 13.80; Ars 1.540. Nil sapit—madent Based on verses quoted in [Arnald.] Commentum, fol. 147v, col. 1 (cf. Flos 1003–1007): “Flegma supergrediens proprias in corpore leges / Os facit insipidum, fastidia crebra, salivas / … / .... / Precedit fallax fantasmata somnus aquosa.” Nil sapit = Marci Plauti … Amphytrio, ed. Eobanus [Erfurt, 1515], lim. 10; see Poetic Works, 3:70. membra madent Erasmus, Carm. 52.9: “membra … madent Baccho.” Tinnit—agit Based on verses quoted in [Arnald.] Commentum, fol. 147v, col. 1 (cf. Flos 991–996): “Accusat choleram … aspera lingua, / Tinnitus, … / Multa sitis … / .... / Aret, amarescit, incendia somnia fingit.” Anxius—premit Based on verses quoted in [Arnald.] Commentum, fol. 147v, col. 1 (cf. Flos 1014–1016): “Humorum pleno dum fex in corpore regnat, / Nigra cutis, … / Sollicitudo, timor, et tristitia, somnia, tempus ( for somnia tetra).” timet omnia Her. Chr. 5.161. tristia dormit That is, “tristia somnia dormit.” For tristia somnia, see Verg. A. 5.840. For somnia dormit, see Hutten, Epigr. 114.17: “qui somnia dormiebat alta.” In A, the verse is correctly punctuated as “timet omnia: tristia dormit.” In BO, the punctuation is misleadingly printed as “timet omnia tristia, dormit.” Camerarius’s edition (1551) restores the intended punctuation. Quattuor humores = Regimen 258 (Flos 937), quoted at ll. 37–48 above. obliquae signa … rotae = Prop. 4.1.82; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 14.35. obliquae … timenda ≈ Ov. Ep. 4.104. Aestati—senex The correspondences of the elements, qualities, humors, cardinal points, ages of man, and seasons are standard fare in Galenic and Salernitan literature. Cf. Flos (de Renzi) 1753–1756: “Consona sunt aer, san-

524

59 62 63 64

66

69 70

71–72

72 73–80

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [1 guis, pueritia, verque; / Conveniunt ignis, aestas, choleraque, iuventus; / Autumnus, terra, melancholia, senectus; / Decrepitus vel hyems, aqua, flegmaque sociantur.” The just quoted verses go back to the thirteenth century; see Karl Sudhoff, “Zum Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum,” Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin 12 (1920): 152. signa sequentur = Verg. G. 1.439; Sil. 5.89; Eob. Val. 1.61, 63. Bos vector Cf. Sen. Her. F. 9: “vector Europae”; Her. O. 553: “taurus puellae vector”; Mart. 2.14.17. Vere tumet ≈ Verg. G. 2.324. Fusor aquae Anthol. Lat. 615.6, referring to Aquarius. (The epigram in which this phrase occurs was well known in Eobanus’s day as part of the Appendix Vergiliana.) Retrogradus Macr. 1.17.63 explains that the Crab constellation is so called, because “cancer animal retro atque oblique cedit, eademque ratione sol in eo signo obliquum ut solet incipit agere retrogressum.” Cf. TPMA, 7:199– 201, s.v. “Krebs,” nos. 7–23; Walter, Alex. 1.243: “Retrogradum … Cancrum”; Eob. Max. 317; B 10.1; Sylv. 8.24.1: “retrogradi … Cancri.” trux Nepa Poliziano, Silv. 2.454. vendicat artus = Man. 2.189: “mitior autumnus mollis sibi vindicat artus.” Firma dies Replacing the unmetrical “Meridies” (A). laeta iuventa = Hutten, Querel. 1.10.30; Erasmus, Carm. 95.20; cf. Verg. G. 3.63; Eob. Her. Chr. 10.163. Phlegmatis—decrepitos Abruptly abandoning the system as given at ll. 61–65 and 77–79, where black bile is associated with the third age of man while phlegm is linked to the fourth season of life, Eobanus now adopts the associations presented in Dürer’s frontispiece woodcuts for Konrad Celtis’s Quattuor libri amorum (1502), bks. 3 and 4. In these woodcuts, phlegm is linked to the autumn of life, while black bile is associated with the winter of life. For Celtis’s correlations, see Peter Luh, Kaiser Maximilian gewidmet: Die unvollendete Werkausgabe des Conrad Celtis und ihre Holzschnitte (Frankfurt am Main, 2001), 93–103, particularly pp. 98–99. senectam … decrepitos In medieval medical literature, the second half of life is often subdivided into senectus (declining years) and senium (decrepitude). See already Johannicius, Isagoge 18, in Gregor Maurach, “Johannicius, Isagoge ad Techne Galieni,” Sudhoffs Archiv 62 (1978): 148–174, here at p. 155. Boreae … plaga Epp. 4, sig. F7v, verse letter of 25 May 1508 to Gerlach von der Marthen: “Boreae … plagam.” Cf. Hor. Carm. 3.24.38; Luc. 9.418. Ver—senex In the standard late medieval scheme, youth-spring is associated with Jupiter, manhood-summer with Mars, decline-autumn with

1] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes

73 74 76

77 80

81–96

525

Saturn, and decrepitude-winter with the moon. See Raymond Klibansky, Erwin Panofsky, and Fritz Saxl, Saturn and Melancholy: Studies in the History of Natural Philosophy, Religion and Art (London, 1964), 127–128. Eobanus departs from this system by coupling youth-spring with the sun, decline-autumn with the moon, and decrepitude-winter with Saturn. For the correlation decrepitude-Saturn, see Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos 4.206–207. germine pascit Eccles. 110. Quos … Phoebus amat ≈ Mart. 12.11.4. placido … sydere Sylv. 9.26.2. furor arma movet = Mant. Sylv. 3.4.98 (fol. 287r): “Itala consilium, non furor, arma movet”; Eob. Psalt. 6.8: “Dum tuus in cursu est et movet arma furor”; cf. Verg. A. 1.150. For the tag arma movet, see Ov. Am. 1.9.26; Ep. 5.98; Eob. Her. Chr. 17.58. Maturos … senes Hor. Ars 115. frigida Luna Sylv. 1.9.22. falcifer … senex = Magdalius, Ep. 46 (imitating Ov. Fast. 1.234): “furit in tardo falcifer orbe senex”; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 1.176, n. For the image of the grim reaper, cf. also, for example, Venus 2.245: “Quos … falce senecta metit”; Sylv. 3.3.75: “Falce sua mors cuncta metit discrimine nullo.” Quattuor—solet As Placotomus notes (fol. 11v), Eobanus versifies Ficino, De vita 1.2 (under the heading “Quam diligens habenda cura sit cerebri, cordis, stomachi, spiritus”): “Principio quantam cursores crurium, athletae bracchiorum, musici vocis curam habere solent, tantam saltem litterarum studiosos cerebri et cordis iecorisque et stomachi oportet habere .... Praeterea solers quilibet artifex instrumenta sua diligentissime curat .... Soli vero Musarum sacerdotes, soli summi boni veritatisque venatores tam negligentes, pro nefas, tamque infortunati sunt, ut instrumentum illud, quo mundum universum metiri quodammodo et capere possunt, negligere penitus videantur. Instrumentum eiusmodi spiritus ipse est, qui apud medicos vapor quidam sanguinis purus, subtilis, calidus et lucidus definitur. Atque ab ipso cordis calore ex subtiliori sanguine procreatus volat ad cerebrum; ibique animus ipso ad sensus tam interiores quam exteriores exercendos assidue utitur. Quamobrem sanguis spiritui servit, spiritus sensibus, sensus denique rationi. Sanguis autem a virtute naturali, quae in iecore stomachoque viget, efficitur. Tenuissima sanguinis pars fluit in cordis fontem, ubi vitalis viget virtus. Inde creati spiritus cerebri et (ut ita dixerim) Palladis arces ascendunt, in quibus animalis, id est sentiendi movendique vis, dominatur. Itaque talis plurimum ferme contemplatio est, quale sensus ipsius obsequium; talis autem sensus, qualis et spiritus; spiritus vero talis, qualis et sanguis et tres illae vires quas diximus:

526

81 84 85 87

93

96 97–98 97 98 99 100 103 104 105–136

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [1 naturalis scilicet, vitalis et animalis, a quibus, per quas, in quibus spiritus ipsi concipiuntur, nascuntur atque foventur.” hinc etiam = Lucr. 6.167. nostrae … salutis = Ov. Ep. 12.73. Nobilis … spiritus Placotomus glosses (fol. 11r): “Vitalis spiritus.” Eobanus uses the phrase also at Ama. B 2.13, in a different context. vitalibus artus = Luc. 3.643. cerebro velut … in arce Erasmus, Enchiridion, ASD 5.8:136, ll. 580–581: “in cerebro velut in arce civitatis nostrae”; Adag. 2.1.1, ASD 2.3:26, l. 461: “in cerebro velut in arce.” aetherea … in arce Rec. 158, n. Quisquis amas igitur = Mant. c. Am., fol. 178r; cf. Prop. 4.5.77; Ov. Rem. 579; Eob. Laud. 321, n. intendere curis ≈ Ov. Pont. 3.9.29. Talibus ingenium = Ov. Met. 14.26. Custodire—voles Cf. Ficino, De vita 1.7, urging scholars to live a temperate life. medicas … artes = Ov. Ep. 5.145; Sil. 5.351; cf. Eob. Sylv. duae 2.45, n. Si … forte voles Lucr. 2.491, 494; Man. 2.333. vitam vivere = Her. Chr. 16.76. Palladio … pulvere = Idyl. 12.95. For the image, cf. also Orat. 23.4, n.; Hod. 381, n.; Dial. 1.23; Idyl. 11.55. utraque turba = Ov. Ep. 14.118. Hic quoque, ne = Ov. Ars 3.265. quoque, ne dubita = Max. 121, n. Parva … magnum … pondus habent = Maxim. 1.254; cf. Ov. Ep. 15.178. For the underlying proverb, see TPMA, 7:94, s.v. “Klein,” nos. 148–154. Sit tibi—locum For these rules, see Regimen 2–3 (cf. Flos 3–4): “Si vis incolumem, si vis te reddere sanum, / Curas tolle graves, irasci crede prophanum”; 8–9 (Flos 10–11): “Si tibi deficiant medici, medici tibi fiant / Hec tria: mens leta, requies, moderata dieta”; Flos (de Renzi) 14–17: “Triste cor, ira frequens, bene si non sit, labor ingens, / Vitam consumunt haec tria fine brevi: / Haec namque ad mortis cogunt te currere metas. / Spiritus exultans facit ut tua floreat aetas.” [Arnald.] Commentum, fol. 130v, col. 1, explains that grievous cares and such strong emotions as anger and grief cause the body to become dried out, cold, and emaciated, constrict the heart, depress the spirit, dull the mind, impede reason, becloud judgment, and blunt memory. Quoting the familiar proverb “Animus gaudens aetatem floridam facit; spiritus tristis exsiccat ossa” (Vulg. Prov. 17.22), the commentator adds that a cheerful disposition keeps body and mind in fine fettle, maintains youth, and prolongs life.

1] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes 105–108

105–106

105 106 107 109

111–124

111–116

111 113

527

Sit tibi—egent Cf. Ficino, De vita 1.26 (p. 160, ll. 5–9): “Nefas enim est solum animi servum, id est corpus, colere, animum vero, corporis dominum regemque, negligere, praesertim cum Magorum Platonisque sententia sit, corpus totum ab animo ita pendere ut, nisi animus bene valuerit, corpus bene valere non possit”; Eob. Ama. 35.64–66, nn.; Val. 2.127–128, 181– 182. Sit tibi—frui Cf. Dicta Catonis 2.30.1: “Sit tibi praecipue, quod primum est, cura salutis”; TPMA, 4:443–444, s.v. “Gesund,” nos. 65–77. For the thought, cf. Sen. Phaed. 249: “pars sanitatis velle sanari fuit”; Eob. Ama. 35.64– 65: “Sanari cupias vulnera, sanus eris. / Principium est certae sanari velle salutis”; Val. 2.155–156. simplex et recta = Lucr. 5.614. recta voluntas = Eleg. 1.3. sana conditione frui = l. 30, n., above. frustra servare laboras ≈ Ov. Pont. 1.3.89. Omnia—relinque Modeled on Hor. Ep. 1.3.26: “frigida curarum fomenta relinquere.” Eobanus evidently understands Horace’s fomenta not as the hot or cold compresses that physicians prescribe but as kindling or nourishment for cares. Cf. Eob. Sylv. 2.20.15: “Quare age, curarum fomenta, relinque libellos”; 4.4.30–31: “desere, tristium / Fomenta curarum, labores.” Placotomus glosses (fol. 15r): “Occasiones.” Anxia—opus Quoted (after O) and translated in Wilhelm Kühlmann, “Wissen als Poesie: Zu Formen und Funktionen der frühneuzeitlichen Lehrdichtung im deutschen Kulturrarum des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts,” in Joachim Telle, Alchemie und Poesie: Deutsche Alchemikerdichtungen des 15. bis 17. Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 2013), 1:11–12; also in Kühlmann, Wissen als Poesie: Ein Grundriss zu Formen und Funktionen der frühneuzeitlichen Lehrdichtung im deutschen Kulturraum des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 2016), 17–18. Anxia—plagis In Adnot., sig. O2r, Eobanus comments: “ut Hyppocrates ait [Aphorismi 2.6] quibusdam saepe corpus dolere parte aliqua nec dolorem sentiri, his mentem aegrotari, sic animo tranquillo non potest non corpus quoque alacrius et vegetius esse, et econtra, saepenumero ex animi aegritudine corpus quoque adficitur. Plus tamen animi motum corpus sequitur quam corporis animus. Quod non medici solum verum et Platonici docent et nos in libello de conservanda bona valetudine expressimus iis verbis: ‘Anxia mens … [ll. 111–116].’” Anxia mens = Luc. 7.20. rebus agendis = Lucr. 2.290; Hor. Ars 82; Ov. Fast. 1.167; Juv. 14.72. Hinc variae pestes = Bebel, “Elegia hecatosticha … pro institutione vitae

528

115

116

117

118

119–126

119–120

120 121–126

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [1 suae peste grassante Tubingae,” in Carm., sig. N7v. For variae pestes, see Verg. G. 1.181 (of agricultural pests). morborum—figurae Bebel, Triumph. Ven. 6.170: “mittam in terram morborum mille figuras”; Carm., sig. Bb5r: “morborum mille figuras”; cf. Ov. Ep. 10.81; Eob. Nob. 87. Saepe graves = Ov. Fast. 2.71; Eob. Her. Chr. B 1.29; Contemn. B 2.1. graves … labores = Verg. A. 6.56. arce Cf. l. 87, n., above. ab aereis—plagis Plagues were believed to be caused by miasmas—swampy, malarial air that has turned poisonous. See, for example, Vitruv. 1.4.1; Isid. Orig. 4.6.17; Eob. Her. Chr. 22.51–60; Nor. 465–475. aereis … plagis Her. Chr. 23.46, n. pestilis aura = Her. Chr. 23.52, n. Quaere … solatia curis Psalt. 40, arg. 3: “Hinc … suis quaerunt solatia curis.” honesta … solatia Sen. Ep. 78.3: “In remedium cedunt honesta solacia, et quicquid animum erexit, etiam corpori prodest.” somni Placotomus (fol. 15r) explains: sleep is no refuge from distress, because the cares of day will resurface in the dreams of night. loca sola = Eccles. 176, n. Eobanus alludes to Ov. Rem. 579: “Quisquis amas, loca sola nocent: loca sola caveto”; cf. Eob. Ama. 2.3–5: “convictus nanque hominum curas et tristicias levat, miseris solatium prebet. Solitudo moeroris mater est. Et ut scriptum reliquit poaetarum ingeniosissimus: ‘Loca sola nocent: loca sola caveto.’” Utere convivis—melos This passage gained especially wide currency because it is quoted in full in Curio/Krell, Opusc. (1554), fol. 6r, and thence in Curio, Opusc. (1557), fol. 6r, often reprinted. Utere convivis—iuvant Operum flores, sig. I4v, wrongly punctuating l. 119 with a comma after “convivis” rather than “tristibus”; thence in Burton, Anatomy 2.2.6.4 (2:121, ll. 26–31), with consequent mistranslation. Cf. pp. 42–43 above. nugae … et ioca salsa Coluth., ded. 46: “Saepe etiam nugas et ioca salsa probes.” Quem non—melos For the old insight that “music hath charms to soothe a savage breast” (William Congreve), cf. Ficino, De vita 1.10 (p. 134, ll. 49–53, with the endnotes): “Mercurius, Pythagoras, Plato iubent dissonantem animum vel maerentem cithara cantuque tam constanti quam concinno componere simul atque erigere. David autem, poeta sacer, psalterio psalmisque Saulem ab insania liberabat. Ego etiam, si modo infima licet componere summis, quantum adversus atrae bilis amaritudinem dulcedo lyrae cantusque valeat, domi frequenter experior.” See further, for example, Bero-

1] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes

121

122 123

124

125 126

127–128

127 128 129–130

129 131–133

529

aldo, Opuscula (Basel, 1513), fols. 13v–14r, concerning the salutary effects of music on body and soul; Heinrich Bebel, “Laus musicae,” in Opuscula nova (Strasbourg, 1508), sig. N2r: “Musica languentes socordi pectore dulcis / Incitat et motos detinet illa viros. / Exhilarat tristes, afflictos, atque gementes, / Contrahit hec animos atque remittit eos. / Hec mollit curas ....” The topic “Musicke a Remedy” fills an entire chapter in Burton, Anatomy 2.2.6.3 (2:112–116). Quem non blanda = Ov. Met. 6.360. modulamina cantus = Mant. Dionys. 1.5 (fol. 161v): “heroi … modulamina cantus.” aegraque corda = Ov. Tr. 3.2.16. humanas … mentes = Her. Chr. 24.95, n. tanta dulcedine = Juv. 7.84. dulcedine mentes = Mant. 2. Parthen. 2.407; Marul. Hymn. nat. 3.1.81. nobile … opus = Her. Chr. 24.132, n. vocis opus Maxim. 3.46; 4.30; Eob. Theoc. 24.37: “quod ab ore fluebat / Vocis opus.” Tange lyram digitis Cf. Ov. Am. 2.11.32; Ep. 3.118. dolor omnis abibit = Ser. Samm. 413. Dulcisonum—melos Quoted in Burton, Anatomy 2.2.6.3 (2:113, l. 13); cf. ll. 119–120, n., above. tristia corda = Maxim. 5.64; Mant. Votum, fol. 55r; cf. Sil. 1.147; Eob. Hypocr. B 4.43. Ira—venit Cf. Eob. Pod. 301–302: “Sed furor obcaecat quosdam gravis ira, venenum / Unde grave ingeniis corporibusque venit”; Psalt. 37.29–30: “Ira animae mors est. Iram fuge, mitte furorem, / Ne male commotus tu quoque forsan agas.” Ira … procul absit Cic. Off. 1.136. laetale malum Sedul. 1.39. ingeniis corporibusque = l. 198 below; Vitanda ebriet. 5.6, n. Turbat—rapit See Hor. Ep. 1.2.62: “ira furor brevis est”; Otto 874; Häussler, 74, 107, 274. Eobanus’s phrasing is reminiscent of Dantiscus, Carm. 7.17–20 (of drunkenness): “Ingenium turbat … / … / … / Et sensus clara cum ratione rapit.” caeca … caligine = Catul. 64.207. Sicut—artus Placotomus (fol. 15r) quotes Aristotle’s definition of anger in De anima 1.1 (403a31) as “the boiling of the blood around the heart.” Haschaert (fol. 7r–v) points to Galen, De differentiis febrium 1.2: “Ira vero est velut ebullitio quaedam et motus vehemens irascibilis virtutis quae in ipso corpore cordis insidet”; see Galen, Opera (Venice, 1490), vol. 2,

530

132 133 134

135

137–138 137, 138 138 139 140 143–146

143

144 145–146

145 147–148 147

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [1 sig. G8r. Because anger makes the blood boil, it raises the natural heat and gives rise to fevers. ira fremit Mant. Calam. 1.319 (p. 27); Eob. Buc. 8.45/Idyl. 12.44. febribus artus = Nob. 39, n. his etiam deteriora = Salom. 4.22: “In vicia his etiam deteriora ruunt.” deteriora Placotomus (fol. 15r) mentions epilepsy, apoplexy, delirium ( furor), podagra, and sudden death. atram … bilem An excess of black bile was thought to produce rage and madness. Cf. Sen. Ep. 94.17: “bilis nigra curanda est et ipsa furoris causa removenda.” In a commentary note (fol. 15r) Placotomus changes “atram” to “flavam,” because yellow bile is apt to inflame the body. Quid referam—metu For ancient exempla, see Plin. Nat. 7.180; V. Max. 9.12.2–3; 9.12.ext. 5. Quid referam = Her. Chr. 21.118, n. fracta metu [Sen.] Oct. 842; Claud. in Rufin. 1.260. Caetera quid referam = Sil. 16.256. noxia corporibus = Ser. Samm. 56. Immodici—necat The classic text on the pernicious effects of drunkenness is Plin. Nat. 14.137–142. Cf. Eob. Gen. ebrios. 9.1–10; Vitanda ebriet. 6.37– 80. At Adnot., sigs. Q1r–Q4v, Eobanus quotes, among many other authorities on drunkenness, Val. 1.143–150 (after A). Lines 143–146 are included (in slightly altered form, without attribution) in Castore Durante’s popular handbook, Il tesoro della sanità (Rome, 1586), 283, section “Vino.” copia Bacchi = Anthol. Lat. 633.3, traditionally attributed to Vergil: “Ut Venus enervat vires, sic copia Bacchi / Et temptat gressus debilitatque pedes”; Celtis, Am. 2.6.31. quis enumeret = Accl. 2.181. Corporis—Opprimit Eobanus adapts Erasmus, Carm. 2.11, of old age: “Corporis epotet succos animique vigorem / Hebetet.” Cf. Dantiscus, Carm. 7.17– 18 (of drunkenness): “Ingenium turbat, denervat corporis artus, / Absumit vires”; Eob. Gen. ebrios. 22.2; 23.1, n.: “eo non solum corporis vires sed et ingenii vivacitas animique vigor omnis extinguatur”; Vitanda ebriet. 6.39: “Ingenii exhaurit vires animique vigorem”; ll. 209–210 below. Placotomus explains (fols. 16v–17r): “Replet crudis et vitiosis humoribus, nativam autem humiditatem opprimit et bonum sanguinem, debilitato calore insito, degenerare facit.” animique vigorem = Strozzi, Erot. 1.8.111; Eob. Idyl. 16.107; cf. Sil. 16.494. Sed prius—canam In A, Eobanus goes on to allude to his De vitanda ebrietate elegia (Erfurt, 1516). Sed prius—arena For the adynaton, cf. Nemes. Ecl. 1.75. Cf. Eob. Buc. 10.98– 101/Idyl. 11.116–119, n.

1] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes

148 150

151–152

151 153–156

153 154 155

156 157–158

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in sicca … piscis arena Cf. Prop. 2.3.5; Verg. G. 1.389. oblite modi Hod. 491–492. Cum—iuvat The benefits of moderate enjoyment of wine are outlined at ll. 621–641 below. accepta conditione Her. 3.5.20. Mane—frica From Ficino, De vita 1.8 (pp. 128–130, ll. 3–5): “antequam e lecto surgas, perfrica parumper suaviterque palmis corpus totum primo, deinde caput unguibus, sed id paulo levius.” Rubbing the scalp and combing one’s hair are meant to open the pores of one’s head and in this way to release the vapors of the sleep-oppressed brain and enhance the psychic spirits; see [Arnald.] Commentum, fol. 131r (misnumbered 130), col. 1. caput—auras Cf. Magdalius, Erarium, ded., sig. A2r: “caput erecturus ad auras / Aethereas”; Eob. Her. Chr. 20.103. Tum porro—levis Cf. Regimen 10–13 (Flos [de Renzi] 205–208): “Lumina mane, manus surgens gelida lavet aqua. / Hac illac modicum pergat; modicum sua membra / Extendat; crines pectat; dentes fricet. Ista / Confortant cerebrum, confortant cetera membra.” puro de fonte lavatis Cf. Verg. A. 7.489; Prop. 3.1.3. For fonte lavatis, see Eob. Buc. 2.98/Idyl. 2.89, n. purior unda = Luth. 1.60, n. Tum compone—crines From Ficino, De vita 1.8 (p. 130, l. 11): “eburneo pectine diligenter et moderate pectes caput.” Haschaert (fols. 15v–16r) explains that ivory not only makes for a durable, strong, and classy white comb but also strengthens the heart and brain. compone … crines The reading “comato … crines” in ABO is metrically and grammatically impossible because cōmato mixes up the intransitive verb “cŏmare” with the transitive “cōmere.” Additionally, the naturally long final syllable of comato is scanned as short. Two emendations have been put forward: “Comito deinde … crines” in the Paris edition of 1533; and “Tunc ornato … crines” in Camerarius’s edition (Leipzig, 1551). For the phrasing as emended in the present edition, cf. Verg. G. 4.417: “compositis … crinibus”; Ov. Rem. 679: “Nec compone comas”; Prop. 1.15.5: “hesternos … componere crinis”; Stat. Ach. 1.348: “sparsos … componere crinis.” vagos … crines Prud. c. Symm. 2.1086. eburno pectine Ama. 33.2, n. (referring to a plectrum). pectine, crines = Ov. Met. 4.311; Calp. Ecl. 4.69. non medicina levis Cf. Prop. 1.10.18. Dum licet—leviter From Ficino, De vita 1.9 (pp. 130–132, ll. 2–4): “ne pituita nimis augeatur, exercitatione quotidie stomacho ferme vacuo bis utendum, nunquam tamen laboriosa.” Cf. Eob. Dial. 1.15–16, n.

532

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [1

157

sine pondere = Her. Chr. 4.99, n. Placotomus glosses (fol. 19r): “Vacuo, ieiuno.” modice et leviter Cf. l. 166 below. Prandia—cibo From Regimen 22–23 (Flos 26–27): “Tu numquam comedas, stomachum nisi noveris ante / Purgatum vacuumque cibo quem sumpseris ante.” amor … edendi = Verg. A. 8.184; cf. Lucr. 4.869. Peius—cibus From [Arnald.] Commentum, fol. 132r, col. 1: “nihil est deterius in humano corpore quam intromittere cibum super alium qui non est digestus, sed digeri incipit. Nam superassumptus cibus prioris digestionem inchoatam impedit.” humano in corpore = Pontano, Parthen. 2.2.19. Vina—esurias Cf. Ficino, De vita 1.11 (p. 136, ll. 2–7): “Bis cibus quotidie sumendus est, et modicus atque levis, cinnamomo, mace, nuce muscata moderate conditus. Semper tamen siccus cibus pondere alimenta mollia potumque exsuperet, nisi forte atrae bilis siccitatem admodum vereamur. Famem (si commode fieri potest) cibus, sitim potus expectet. Aviditas utriusque supersit mensae; fastidium et saturitas procul absint.” Vina sitim … nocent ≈ Anthol. Lat. 633.15–16 (traditionally attributed to Vergil): “Vina sitim sedent … / …: hos fines transiluisse nocet.” For vina sitim, see also Hypocr. B 4.42, n. Vina—decebit Cf. Her. Chr. 16.263. spectare decebit = Man. 2.746; cf. Ov. Am. 2.5.43. Sit bene conditus Placotomus (fol. 22v) prefers to understand this phrase as “well cooked,” “well prepared,” rather than “well seasoned,” because plain foods are healthiest and not everyone tolerates condiments. levis et modicus Cf. l. 158 above. Placotomus (fol. 22v) takes levis to mean “easily concocted” and modicus to refer to the food’s hot nature, not its quantity. fastidia mensae = Ov. Pont. 1.10.7. Sic pota—esurias Cf. Flos (de Renzi) 313: “Non bibe ni sitias, et non comedas saturatus.” Nec propere—cibo Cf. Ficino, De vita 1.11 (pp. 136–138, ll. 28–37), addressing scholars: “Cavendum ne post cibum duabus aut tribus proximis horis vel cogitationi difficili vel lectioni sedulo incumbamus. Necessariae forsan erunt horae vacationis quattuor, si cibus potusve uberior fuerit, aut cibus durior .... Otio maeret stomachus, exercitatione gaudet, nisi dum cibo sit plenus.” studiis intenderis Hor. Ep. 1.2.36. Quod si—vide Cf. Ficino, De vita 1.11 (p. 138, ll. 33–34): “Neque dormien-

158 159–160

159 161–162

161 163–168

163–164

163 166

167 168 169–174

169 171–172

1] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes

171 172 173–174 175–176

175

177–178

178 179–180 179 181–182

185–187 188

189–190

189 190 191–192

192

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dum post cibum meridie, nisi maxima cogat necessitas, atque id quidem non prius quam horas duas vigilaverimus.” Quod si forte tibi = Prop. 2.28.25. fluxerit hora = Campano, Epigr. 7.45.4 (sig. E4v). ni sit—cibo Cf. Dial. 1.405: “statim a prandio deambulare stomacho incommodum est.” Utiliter—equi From Cels. 1.2.6, as Placotomus notes (fol. 26v). Placotomus adds: “Commode vero exercent clara lectio, arma, pila, cursus, ambulatio.” Eobanus adds casting dice and horseback riding. vocalis verbera linguae Placotomus (fol. 26r) explains that this means reading aloud (“clara lectio”) but that singing is closely related. Haschaert (fol. 17v) points to declamation, shouting, and other voice exercises, all of which help clear the chest and lungs of superfluities. For verbera linguae, see Hor. Carm. 3.12.3. Qui bene—gerat From Cels. 1.2.5: “exercitatio … in eo, qui minus laboravit et bene concoxit, amplior; in eo, qui fatigatus est et minus concoxit, remissior.” praescripta … ratione = Venus 2.50; cf. Epic. 3.87. Ut peccat—nocet From Cels. 1.2.8: “Ubi ad cibum ventum est, numquam utilis est nimia satietas, saepe inutilis nimia abstinentia.” mole … iniqua Val. 2.165. Lotus—potes Rephrasing Regimen 14 (cf. Flos 1177): “Lote, cale; sta, paste [or pranse], vel i ....” For l. 182, cf. also Flos (de Renzi) 368: “Post coenam stabis aut passus mille meabis”; Ficino, De vita 1.11 (p. 138, ll. 37–38): “Sumpto cibo statim modice deambulandum, mox vero sedendum.” Meiere—flatum retine From Regimen 6 (cf. Flos 7): “Non mictum retine nec comprime fortiter anum.” Hic est—nihil Cf. Cic. Fam. 9.22.4: “Stoici … crepitus aiunt aeque liberos ac ructus esse oportere.” turpe nihil = Hod., lim. 4. Edicto—imperium See Suet. Cl. 32. Claudius did not actually promulgate that edict but merely contemplated issuing it. The proposed edict mentions “flatum crepitumque ventris,” but not burps. Edicto vetuit = Hor. Ep. 2.1.239. O medici—imperium Imitating Andreas Cricius; see Sarmat., app. 1.16: “O rari principis officium!” Esse—velim Cf. Flos (de Renzi) 321–322: “Coena brevis vel coena levis fit raro molesta; / Magna nocet”; Eob. Sylv. 1.9.27–28: “Non supra charo duo fercula pone sodali, / Sintque ea lauta velim quam preciosa magis.” Lauta quidem Mart. 3.45.3.

534

193–194

193 194 195–200 195 196 198 199 200 201 202

203–204 203

204 205–206

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [1 fercula multa Sylv. 8.12.5: “Nulla gula est nobis quae fercula multa requirat.” A coena—tuo Cf. Ficino, De vita 1.7 (p. 124, ll. 34–35), warning scholars against the “monster” of habitually staying awake long after dinner: “Tertium denique monstrum est ad multam noctem, praesertim post coenam, frequentius vigilare, unde etiam post ortum solis dormire cogaris”; and later in the chapter (p. 126, ll. 79–82): “Maxime vero nocet, si post coenam lucubrantes diu eiusmodi studiis attentius incumbamus, pluribus enim tunc ad concoquendum cibum spiritibus multoque calore stomachus indiget.” A coena—horam Cf. Ficino, De vita 1.11 (p. 138, ll. 34–35): “Nocte tamen sumpta coena, hora (ut videtur) una vigiliae sufficit.” nox vigilata Ov. Ars 1.735; Fast. 4.167. Occiduo—sequi Ficino, De vita 1.7 (pp. 124–128, ll. 34–119), gives seven reasons why “dies vigiliae, nox somno tributa est.” Occiduo … sole Ov. Met. 1.63; Fast. 5.558. cubilia strata Lucr. 5.1417; cf. Ov. Fast. 2.337. de plumis = Sylv. 7.8.4; cf. Ama. 35.76, n.: “in plumis.” ingeniis corporibusque = l. 128 above; Vitanda ebriet. 5.6, n. Tempora … nocturna, diurna Cf. Ov. Fast. 3.878; Tr. 3.12.4. data iussa = Her. 1.1.16. tempore messis = Juvenc. 2.808; 3.9; cf. Verg. G. 4.231. luce colorat humum Cf. Hymn. 14; Sylv. 1.9.2: “nitida totam luce colorat humum.” colorat humum = Pontano, Eridanus 1.36.64: “viridem flore colorat humum”; Strozzi, Erot. 1.2.10: “vario pictam flore colorat humum.” Ipsa—erunt Cf. Flos (de Renzi) 231: “Ad minus horarum septem fac sit tibi somnus.” Ipsa parens rerum = Sylv. 3.3.44; cf. Erasmus, De pueris, ASD 1.2:23, ll. 15–16: “cuius semina quaedam nobis ipsa rerum parens insevit.” tres et quattuor Cf. Mart. 3.38.11. tempora noctis erunt = Ov. Rem. 400; cf. Fast. 6.384. Dormiture—cibum For this standard piece of medical advice, see, for example, Arnald. Reg. sanitatis 7 (fol. 68r, col. 1): “Dormire autem supra dextrum latus iuvat ut cibus descendat ad fundum stomachi, deinde longiori tempore super sinistrum latus, plus confert digestioni omni alio decubitu. In hoc enim decubitu epar amplexatur cibum sicut gallina pullos, et sic cibus perfectius in stomacho digeritur; sed in fine somni iterum iacendum est supra dextrum ut facilius cibus transeat ex stomacho ad epar et superfluitates digestionis prime facilius descendant ad intestina.” Arnald offers the same advice in his Regimen sanitatis ad regem Aragonum 5; see Arnaldi

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207–212

207 209–218

209

210

212 214 215 216 217 218

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de Villanova opera medica omnia, vol. 10.1, ed. Luis García-Ballester and Michael R. McVaugh (Barcelona, 1996), 434–435. Quaeritis—petulans Cf. Cels. 1.1.4: “Concubitus vero neque nimis concupiscendus neque nimis pertimescendus est. Rarus corpus excitat, frequens solvit”; Flos (de Renzi) 268: “Prolongat vitam coitus moderamine factus.” At Adnot., sig. R2r, Eobanus comments: “medici omnes praecipiunt Veneris nimium usum non secus ac deterrimam et praesens exitium afferentem pestem fugiendum esse, iuxta ac vini.” He then quotes Val. 1.207– 214 (according to A, but changing “Quae neque” to “Quae nec” at l. 212). Lines 211–212 are included (via the Paris edition of 1533) in A. Cornelii Celsi de tuenda sanitate volumen, elegis Latinis expressum, ed. Johann F. Closs (Tübingen, 1785), note on p. 8. parere vocanti = Claud. Bell. Get. 549. Multa Venus—inimica Venus Chiefly from Ficino, De vita 1.7 (pp. 122– 124, ll. 13–25), inveighing against sexual intercourse as the chief danger to a scholar’s health: “Primum quidem monstrum est Venereus coitus, praesertim si vel paulum vires excesserit; subito namque exhaurit spiritus praesertim subtiliores, cerebrumque debilitat, labefactat stomachum atque praecordia. Quo malo nihil ingenio adversius esse potest. Cur nam Hippocrates coitum comitiali morbo similem iudicavit, nisi quia mentem, quae sacra est, percutit; … ut non iniuria prisci Musas atque Minervam virgines esse voluerint. Huc Platonicum illud spectat: cum Venus Musis minitaretur, nisi sacra Venerea colerent, se contra illas suum filium armaturam, responderunt Musae: ‘Marti, O Venus, Marti talia minitare; tuus enim inter nos Cupido non volat.’” Eobanus uses this passage also at Ama. 25.2–7 and Sylv. duae 2.131–166. Multa Venus—exhaurit Cf. Col. 7.12.11: “Venus … carpit et corpus et vires animosque degenerat”; Anthol. Lat. 633.3 (traditionally attributed to Vergil): “Venus enervat vires”; Eob. Idyl. 16.93–94. For multa Venus, see Idyl., 1.ded. 65 (2.ded. 63); Sylv. 5.20.34: “in venis multa calere Venus.” vires exhaurit Vitanda ebriet. 6.39. Cf. ll. 145–146, n., above. consumit corpora Sil. 13.472. mille modis = Ov. Ars 1.756; Eob. Eccles. 68; cf. Luth. 5.34, n.; Val. 2.114, 354, n. casta … nec … petulans Venus 2.266. sanus eris = Ov. Rem. 794; Eob. Ama. 35.64; Sylv. 5.43.8. Cf. Val. 2.182, n. Venus improba Laud. 239, n. Musa pudica Erasmus, Carm. 30.1. casta Minerva Ov. Am. 1.7.18. Artibus ingenuis = Laud. 411, n.

536

219–220 220 221 222

223–262

223

224 227 228 229 230 231–244 231 233–234

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [1 inimica Venus = Strozzi, Erot. 1.8.120: “Sunt quibus indulsit non inimica Venus.” cuncta … parvo … libello Claudere Cf. Nor. 756–757: “non omnia parvo / Ornamenta domus referam sed pauca libello.” nemo dinumerare queat Cf. Vulg. Apoc. 7.9: “quam dinumerare nemo poterat.” Accipe consilium quo ≈ Ov. Rem. 292. quo non—ullum Cf. Verg. G. 2.127; A. 12.245. Naturam dicere crede tibi Cf. Mart. 9.41.9: “ipsam crede tibi naturam dicere rerum”; Eob. Wirt., app. 1.20: “Haec quoque verba aliquem dicere crede tibi.” Sanus es—sibi Both Placotomus (fol. 35r) and Haschaert (fol. 21r) notice that Eobanus versifies and expands Cels. 1.1.1–2, 4: “Sanus homo, qui et bene valet et suae spontis est, nullis obligare se legibus debet ac neque medico neque iatroalipta egere. Hunc oportet varium habere vitae genus: modo ruri esse, modo in urbe, saepiusque in agro; navigare, venari, quiescere interdum, sed frequentius se exercere; siquidem ignavia corpus hebetat, labor firmat, illa maturam senectutem, hic longam adulescentiam reddit. Prodest etiam interdum balineo, interdum aquis frigidis uti; modo ungui, modo id ipsum negligere; nullum genus cibi fugere, quo populus utatur; interdum in convictu esse, interdum ab eo se retrahere; modo plus iusto, modo non amplius adsumere; bis die potius quam semel cibum capere, et semper quam plurimum, dummodo hunc concoquat .... Haec firmis servanda sunt, cavendumque ne in secunda valetudine adversae praesidia consumantur.” Lines 223–262 are reprinted (via the Paris edition of 1533) in A. Cornelii Celsi de tuenda sanitate volumen, elegis Latinis expressum, ed. Johann F. Closs (Tübingen, 1785), note on pp. 5–6. Sanus es = l. 259 below. confectus corpora morbis Cf. Celtis, Am. 1.14.67: “Sanaque tabificis affecit corpora morbis.” iussa aliena Verg. A. 10.866. vitae … tenorem Ov. Ep. 17.14; Eob. Eleg. 1.53; Sylv. 4.21.2. -que tibi similem = Ov. Pont. 2.8.31. tractare negocia = Walter, Alex. 1.217; Gunther, Lig. 1.336; 2.21; 8.193. graves casus Her. Chr. 16.14, 20; Venus 2.218. Mille—dari For the praise of country life, cf. Buc. 3.41–51/Idyl. 3.47–57, n. Mille … species Ov. Rem. 526. Mille voluptatum = Val. 2.354. Nunc timidum—avem Cf. Ov. Ep. 19.13. Fishing and bird liming are frequently mentioned together. See, for example, Tib. 2.6.23; Ov. Rem. 207–210; Met. 15.473–474.

1] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes 233

234 235–236 235 235–236 236 237

238 239–242 239–240 239 239–240 240–242 240 241–242

242

243 245

246 248

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longa—arundine Cf. Ilias 16.543: “longa rimetur arundine pisces”; Ov. Met. 8.337. captabis—piscem Tib. 2.6.23; Ov. Ars 2.77; Met. 8.217. Nunc udo—avem Cf. Verg. G. 1.139; Ov. Met. 15.474. aeriam … avem ≈ Ov. Ars 1.26. Nunc errare—subis Cf. Buc. 9.114–115/Idyl. 6.116–117, n. spectabis ab alto ≈ Luc. 7.447; Sil. 4.667. ab alto Vertice Verg. A. 7.674; V. Fl. 1.700; cf. Verg. A. 2.307–308. frigida … antra Ov. Met. 15.349. antra subis Sylv. duae 2.114, n. Nusquam commodius … vivere Erasmus, Adag. 3.1.13, ASD 2.5:48, l. 658: “Nusquam … vivitur commodius, nusquam liberius”; 3.3.38, ASD 2.5:208, ll. 52–53: “Nusquam commodius, nusquam liberius, nusquam lautius homini vivere contingit quam domi.” rure beato = Hor. Ep. 1.10.14. decere deos = Ov. Ep. 16.180. Felices—Midae Modeled on Hor. Epod. 2, as Placotomus notes (fol. 35v). Cf. Eob. Nor. 1307–1312. Felices—Contigit Cf. Epic. 6.51: “Foelices animas, quibus obtigit ista voluptas”; Psalt. 84.15: “Foelices nimium, quibus obtigit ista voluptas.” Felices, quos = Stat. Theb. 3.148. illa voluptas = Sylv. duae 2.241, n. voluptas Contigit Ov. Met. 3.321. Hoc optem—Midae Cf. Buc. 4.35–36/Idyl. 5.46–47; Nor. 1307–1312. vivere posse modo = Cordus, Epigr. 3.6.2: “Quo … hic speras vivere posse modo”; cf. Ov. Ars 2.454; Tr. 3.1.24; 4.8.30. Croesos … Midae Cf. Hod. B 1.86, n.; Val. 2.309; Sylv. 7.14.11–12. For the plural form Croesos, see Mart. 11.5.4; Erasmus, Carm. 2.125; Adag. 1.6.74, ASD 2.2:100, l. 674, quoting Jerome. asini … sceptra Midae Cf. Nob. 320. ditia sceptra Midae Cf. Strozzi, Erot. 1.4.36: “Hoc si contigerit …, / Despiciam magni ditia regna Midae.” For ditia sceptra, see Eob. Eccles. 87. placidae indulsisse quieti Cf. Theoc. 18.14 (Epith. 179): “Ergone te placidae sic indulsisse quieti / … iuvat?” Cf. further Sil. 8.168; Mart. Sp. 4.1. Perdit—vires Placotomus (fol. 35v) aptly compares Ov. Pont. 1.5.5–6. validas … vires = Lucr. 5.379, 1217; Verg. A. 6.833; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 12.247, n.; ll. 261–262 below. vecors ignavia = Salom. 7.81. Confirmat—labor Cf. Ov. Pont. 1.4.22. aevi florem Her. Chr. 17.25, n.

538 249 249–250 251 258 259 261 261–262 262 263 264 265 265–266

267–280

267 268 270

273 275

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [1 Interdum … interdum = [Tib.] 3.10.13. frigida … Balnea Val. 3.79. cibis … vulgaribus Col. 10, praef. 2. Ius libertatis = Verino, Epigr. 7.17.22. Sanus es = l. 223 above. destituunt … vires Ov. Pont. 3.9.18. corpora vires = Contemn. B 2.3. vires … validae l. 245, n., above. quamlibet aegra = Ov. Ars 3.642. quae sit natura = Lucr. 1.112; Man. 4.176; Sil. 4.91. Versibus imparibus Cf. Hor. Ars 75; Eob. Her. Chr. A 1.2, n. noster Apollo = Buc. B 2.6, n. Non tamen omnigenum = Calum. 141; cf. Her. Chr. 24.29. futurae Praemetium messis Cf. the heading to Val. 1 in A: “ex variis medicorum ceu messibus … decerptum praemetium.” Also cf. Ama. B 3.2; Sylv. duae, ded. 4: “velut praemetio”; Sylv. 1, ded. (conclusion): “velut praemetium futurae messis.” For the image, cf. l. 21, n., above. Sicut—cibos From Ficino, De vita 2.2 (p. 168, ll. 1–6), as Placotomus notes (fol. 38r): “Vita quidem tanquam lumen in naturali calore consistit, caloris vero pabulum est humor aerius atque pinguis quasi oleum. Sive igitur humor eiusmodi forte deficiat, sive prorsus excedat vel inquinetur, calor statim debilitatur et tandem debilitatus extinguitur. Si humoris defectu calor debilitatur et perditur, mors resolutione contingit; si potius obruitur humoris excessu vel vitio, vita suffocatione perit.” Ficino continues discussing the radical moisture in De vita 2.3–4. For the image of the burning oil lamp, see Peter H. Niebyl, “Old Age, Fever, and the Lamp Metaphor,” Journal of the History of Medicine 26 (1971): 351–368. On the concept of the radical moisture, see Thomas S. Hall, “Life, Death and the Radical Moisture: A Study of Thematic Pattern in Medieval Medical Theory,” Clio Medica 6 (1971): 3–23; Michael McVaugh, “The ‘Humidum Radicale’ in Thirteenthcentury Medicine,” Traditio 30 (1974): 259–283. Sicut edax ignis = Ilias 17.863; cf. Nob. 333, n. stuppa calens Prud. Cath. 5.20: “ceram teretem stuppa calens bibit.” -exiguo tempore = Prop. 1.12.12; Ov. Am. 2.2.40; Fast. 4.836; Tr. 2.34. tempore tota perit = Psalt. 144.12: “Vita hominis … / … minimo tempore tota perit.” Cf. Andrel. Livia 1.3.12: “… brevi tempore forma perit.” Quae si deficiant ≈ Prop. 2.10.5. quod agat non invenit = Ov. Met. 10.372 (in older eds.). efflat in auras = Ilias 5.793: “animam nigrantes efflat in auras”; cf. Mant. Georg., fol. 218v: “animam … efflavit in auras.”

1] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes 279 283 285–288

287 289–320

289 291

293 294 295

297–298 298 299–302 299 301 301–302 301 302

539

qui … circuit aer Mant. Blasius 2.36 (fol. 194r): “Tartara, terra, fretum, quique aequora circuit aer.” Utque … incipiam = Celtis, Am. 1.14.18. Bruta—agunt Cf. Paul. Aeg. 1.85: “In universum vero silvestria animalia cicuribus alimentum praebent aridius minusque superfluitatibus redundans.” fortia corpora = Verg. A. 1.101; 8.539; 12.328. Quis neget—minor Chiefly from Paul. Aeg. 1.84: “Ex quadrupedibus, suillae carnes omnium aliorum eduliorum valentissimi sunt generis, quippe quae et sapore et odore familiarem quandam proprietatem ad humana corpora referunt, ut a nonnullis qui imprudentes carnes humanas degustaverunt deprehaensum est. Alimentum vero quod ex ipsis contrahitur et glutinosum est et haud facile dissipatur. Ovilla caro superfluitatibus redundat malique succi est. Caprae nutrimentum praebent acre et mali succi, pessimum vero hirci, quippe quod non solum mali succi est verumetiam coctioni resistit. Bubula caro atram bilem parit. Lepores crassi succi sunt, sed in hoc a bobus et ovibus vincuntur. Cervi duram coctuque difficilem praebent alimoniam.” Quis neget = Her. Chr. 12.243, n.; Nob. 206; Hod. 460; Val. 2.107. Erepti—hoedi Cf. Ficino, De vita 2.6 (p. 180, l. 44): “Haedos non sperno lactentes”; Eob. Idyl. 7.3, n. For lactentes hoedi, see also Mant. Ecl. 8.170. pavidis … matribus Verg. A. 2.489, 766; 8.592. matribus hoedi = Pontano, Ecl. 4.181: “cum matribus haedi”; Mutian. Ep. 149.18, in an “Ecloga pastoralis” (1509) addressed to Eobanus: “dulces cum matribus hoedi.” Attamen est ratio = Her. 3.7.53; cf. Her. Chr. 14.55, n. palmam tribuisse Erasmus, Adag. 1.3.4. hominum carnibus l. 304 below. rerum experientia doctrix Cf. Plin. Nat. 26.11 (after speaking of Erasistratus and Herophilus): “usu efficacissimo rerum omnium magistro.” See further Otto 1839; TPMA, 12:63, s.v. “Üben,” nos. 1–7. Saepe—fames Cf. Tum. 5.17–18. dira fames Verg. A. 3.256; Ov. Met. 8.845; 11.371; Eob. Nor. 731; Her. 2.1.97. Ne quid—fuit See Cels., prooem. 23–26. Ne quid inexpertum … relinqueret Verg. A. 4.415. divinum … munus = Val. 2.93. paucorum crimine … Facta … carnificina Cf. Val. 2.368. paucorum crimine = Claud. in Eutr. 2.594. crimine Placotomus glosses (fol. 39v): “Crudelitate.” nefas dictu = Ov. Pont. 1.9.3.

540

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [1

303 304 305

velut e spacio Adnot., sig. P1r: “poeta velut e spacio digressionem … fecit.” hominum … carnis l. 294 above. Lanigerarum ovium = Theoc. 8.10; 32.163; cf. Buc. 8.21/Idyl. 12.20, n.; Idyl., 1.ded. 50 (2.ded. 48), n. Hircus olens Sylv. duae 2.229–230, n. crimen habent = Her. Chr. 18.100, n.; Eccles. 292. semper edat Val. 1.567. qui bilem—atram Placotomus explains (fol. 40r): “Qui non curat sive metuit atram bilem.” Quo—erit Cf. ll. 321–322 below. Viscera … vetulae … vaccae Cf. l. 576 below. Placotomus (fol. 40r) notes that viscera vaccae applies pars pro toto to all beef. Cf. Verg. A. 6.253; 8.180; etc.; l. 297 above. Me lepus … capit As both Placotomus (fol. 40r–v) and Haschaert (fol. 25v) remark, Eobanus alludes to Mart. 13.92.2. He does so also at l. 379 below. caecis … antris = Walter, Alex. 5.343; Mutius, Triumph., sig. c2r: “Aeternum caecis tenebrarum linquitur antris.” data praeda Verg. A. 9.485; Eob. Her. Chr. 3.115. cuniculus antris = Mart. 13.60.1. Me tener—neget I know of no authority for this statement, first added in B. Eobanus is clearly speaking from personal experience, for at Sylv. 5.15.1– 2 (written at Nuremberg in the late 1520s) he promises Camerarius that the goose he plans to serve for dinner will be tenderer than that of any squirrel: “Anser … / Carne molliora omnibus [s]cyuris.” lingua Latina = Buc. B 2.36, n. Laudatur—magis Cf. Regimen 80 (Flos 81): “Sunt nutritivae multum carnes vitulinae.” ab ubere matris Rapta Verg. A. 7.484; cf. G. 3.187; Eob. Idyl. 7.3, n. Summatim—movet Versifying the conclusion of Paul. Aeg. 1.84, as both Placotomus (fol. 41v) and Haschaert (fol. 26v) indicate: “In summa vero recentiora omnia veteribus humidiora, molliora, et coctu faciliora sunt, similiter castrata iis quibus integri adhuc testiculi sunt atque corpulenta gracilibus.” caetera turba = Her. Chr. 16.206, n. Vidi ego—cibum In Eobanus’s day, the nomadic Tartars were known to eat horse flesh. See Joachim Vadianus’s commentary on Pomponius Mela, Libri de situ orbis tres (Vienna, 1518), bk. 3, fol. 99r: “his equina carne non est cibus gratior. Certa fides, si equum utcunque recenter mortuum indicaveris … cadaver extrahunt suoque in carnario eviscerant carnibusque partim assis partim elixis hiantem exaturant voluptatem.”

306 307

308 309

311–312 313

315–316

316 319 319–320 321–324

324 325–328

1] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes 325 326 327 329–330 329 330 331 332 333

334

335–338

335–336 336 337 338 339 340

341 343–358

541

in Arctois … oris Dantiscus, Carm. 12.2.67, referring (as here) to Poland. avidis dentibus Luth. 3.88, n. fero—morsu Cf. Ov. Met. 4.113. Quas ego—boves Cf. Sylv. duae 1.101–104, nn.; Nor. 506–511. immania monstra = Ov. Fast. 5.35; cf. Verg. A. 3.583. semiferasque boves Cf. Ov. Ars 2.24. Dii melius = Prop. 4.6.65; Ov. Am. 2.7.19; Ep. 3.125; et al. Qui nihil—habet Cf. Her. Chr. 18.152. caelo meliore sati Cf. Ov. Met. 4.478; Celtis, Od. 2.2.3: “sub caelo meliore nati.” meliora sequemur ≈ Verg. A. 3.188; Eob. Idyl. 14.66. Corporis atque animi … opes = Sylv. 9.18.16: “Corporis atque animi nacte decenter opes.” Cf. Lucr. 2.946; 3.334, 372; 4.944; Eob. Val. 2.177, 206. tueamur opes ≈ Ov. Ep. 16.32. Quae quibus—habet For the proverbial thought that health is the greatest treasure, cf. Vulg. Eccli. 30.15–16; Erasmus, Adag. 3.1.90; TPMA, 4:440–441, s.v. “Gesund,” nos. 8–41; Eob. Val. 2.31–36, 277–278 (versifying Erasmus). aurea … Copia Hor. Ep. 1.12.28–29. divitis … Midae = Mart. 6.86.4. Tam—corpore Cf. ll. 29–30, n., above; l. 619 below; Val. 2.33. animoque et corpore = Hor. Ep. 1.6.14. maximus orbis habet = Sylv. duae 1.10, n. medicas … per artes = Val. 3.89; cf. Ov. Met. 2.618; Eob. Sylv. duae 2.45. Si modo—elementa tibi Cf. Eobanus’s liminary epigram for Heinrich Schreyber, Algorismus de integris. Regula de tri cum exemplis … (Erfurt, 1523), l. 4: “Si non displiceant haec elementa tibi”; also cf. his liminary epigram for Philip Melanchthon, Syntaxis iam recens nata et edita … (Haguenau, 1526), l. 6: “Nunquam displiceant haec elementa tibi.” Si … non sordent Cf. Buc., ded. 38, n. famem pulsurus Tib. 2.1.38; Ov. Met. 14.216; Eob. Val. 2.318. Auribus—minus From Paul. Aeg. 1.85: “Aures rostraque cartilaginosa sunt et haud facile concoquuntur. Lingua laxa, exanguis, et exigui alimenti est. Glandulae suaves sunt atque laxae, praecipue mammarum, sed maxime suillae, dum videlicet lacte replentur ac ne minoris quidem alimenti sunt quam carnes. Renes testiculique mali succi sunt et coctu difficiles. Atqui gallorum saginatorum testes et suaves sunt et probum alimentum corpori praebent. Contra taurorum, hircorum, et arietum coctu difficiles et mali succi sunt. Cerebrum pituitosum, crassi succi, tardi transitus, coctu difficile, stomacho alienum atque nauseosum est. Ubi vero probe concoctum est, satis alimenti praebet. Spinalis medulla pinguis est et suavior cerebro,

542

346 348 349 353 353–354 354 355 358

359 360

361–404

361 362 363 364

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [1 sed in reliquis ei similis. Cor iecurque crassi succi sunt, coctu difficilia et tardi meatus, atqui suillum hepar caeteris melius est. Lienis mali succi est et atram bilem parit. Pulmo ut utrisque laxior est, ita coctu facilior, sed pituitosus est et minus alit. Ventriculus, uterus, intestina dura sunt, vix concoquuntur, atque pituitam gignunt.” Sive … sive sit illa = Campano, Epigr. 2.8.2 (sig. B2v): “Sive puella mea est sive sit illa dea.” Exangues Placotomus explains (fol. 43r): “Renes dura et solida carne constant. Ideo difficulter concoquuntur.” pituita molesta est = Hor. Ep. 1.1.108. Cor, iecur, atque = Mant. Mort. 115 (fol. 120v): “Cor, iecur, atque caput.” ferentis Commoda = Idyl. 17.97–98. bile gravant = l. 546 below. Concoctu—pulmo est Cf. Regimen 148: “Digeritur facile pulmo”; rephrased in Curio/Krell, Opusc. (1545), chap. 48, fol. 75r, using Eobanus’s wording. pulverulenta For the sense of “seasoned,” cf. Sylv. 9.4.34: “Fercula nec multo pulverulenta croco.” Placotomus (fol. 44r) adds that the preferred spice is ginger. maiora professi ≈ Idyl. 13.71; cf. Idyl. 17.71. Noster—equus Cf. Prop. 4.1.70; Poliziano, Eleg. 8.24: “meus hoc tantum pulvere sudet equus”; Andrel. Livia 3.6.64: “Dum meus ingenti pulvere sudet equus”; Eob. Sylv. 2.8.20: “Et tuus in medio pulvere sudat equus”; l. 28, n., above. Plumigerarum—colunt Largely from Paul. Aeg. 1.82: “Imbecillius alimentum praebent aves quam quadrupedes, praesertim quam sues, sed concoctu facilius, maxime perdix, attagena, columbinus, pullus, gallinae, phasianae. At ex turdis, merulis, parvis passeribus … solidius alimentum est, idque magis ex turture, palumbo, anate, sed multo durius et coctu difficilius atque fibris fere refertum quod ex pavone accipitur. Anseris vero … caro omnibus quas diximus plures relinquit superfluitates, difficilius concoquitur, demptis alis, quae succi bonitate ceteris avibus haud inferiores sunt. Grues fibris plenum durumque alimentum praebent .... Item quae in aridis locis montibusque degunt, palustribus et facilius concoquuntur et superfluitatibus minus redundant.” ratio est diversa Man. 4.316; cf. Eob. Hod. 16; Eleg. 2.33. peius alunt = Sylv. 7.18.24: “Musica namque urbes ocia peius alunt.” tenerique columbi ≈ Pers. 3.16; cf. Mart. 13.66.1. Et quae—habet Cf. Mart. 13.72; Erasmus, Adag. 3.6.44, ASD 2.6:366, ll. 429– 430; Eob. Sylv. 1.9.31: “Scythico volucrem de Phaside missam.” For the phrasing, cf. Her. Chr. 22.34, n.

1] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes 365 366 367

371

372 373 375

377

379

543

hominum manibus = Verg. A. 3.606. galle propheta Roosters announce the break of day (Ov. Fast. 2.767), foretell victories (Plin. Nat. 10.49), and predict the weather (Platina 5.10). quas prisca—mensis Cf. Hor. Epod. 2.54; Mart. 13.61 (quoted by Haschaert, fol. 30v); Plin. Nat. 10.133. suis celebravit … mensis Cf. [Tib.] 3.7.144; also Sil. 11.271. fringilla … frigore gaudens Cf. Paul. Fest., p. 90M: “fringilla avis dicta, quod frigore cantet et vigeat.” Not discussed as a food by Paul of Aegina (or by his source, Galen), chaffinches are mentioned in Mart. 9.54.7–8, together with sparrows. frigore gaudens Mart. 13.16.1. galeata caput Cf. Plin. Nat. 11.121: “galerita [avis]”; Mant. Ecl. 7.4: “Bardocucullatus caput ut campestris alauda.” improbe passer Sparrows were proverbially libidinous; see Otto 1352; Erasmus, Adag., prolegomena xiii, ASD 2.1:76, l. 619: “passere salacior.” vernabit … ales Cf. Her. Chr. 4.161, n. Daulias ales Ov. Ep. 15.154; [Sen.] Her. O. 192; Epic. Drusi 106. Nightingales are “Daulian” because Philomela (or Procne) of Daulis was turned into one. They were considered a delicacy in ancient Rome; cf. Hor. S. 2.3.245. Stercoreos … epopas Cf. Isid. Orig. 12.7.66: “Upupam Graeci appellant eo quod stercora humana consideret et foetenti pascatur fimo; avis spurcissima, cristis extantibus galeata, semper in sepulcris et humano stercore commorans.” epopas For this Greek accusative plural, see Filetico, Theoc. 5.137: “Nec fas est epopas cygnis obstare canoris.” Vulg. Lev. 11.13–19 calls hoopoes and vultures an abomination. diras … Celenos Verg. A. 3.211, 713. Bischoff (fol. 32r) translates: “die fressigen Gayer” (voracious vultures). For the accusative plural form Celenos, see Thomas More, Utopia, in The Complete Works of St. Thomas More, ed. Edward Surtz and J.H. Hexter, vol. 4 (New Haven, 1965), 52, l. 31. Inter—prima est Alluding to Mart. 13.92, as printed in the contemporary eds.: “Inter aves turdus …, / Inter quadrupedes gloria prima lepus.” Cf. Walther 12587a; Eob. Epp. fam., 266, letter of mid-July 1524 to Joachim Camerarius. In the same letter, Camerarius wonders what exactly Eobanus understands by turdus. Eobanus answers a week or two later (Epp. 4, sigs. B6v–B7r): “Risi cum nostro Sturtiade cum viderem ignorare te—dissimulare tamen credo—cuiusmodi animalia essent turdus et murena. In vestris montibus turdus habitat, speciosa avicula, sed magis sapiens, granis iuniperi vescitur. Annemontani ‘Zymer’ vocant.”

544 381–384

384 385 386

387

389 390 391

395–396

396 397–398

398 399

401 404

407

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [1 Plus tamen—tenent Cf. Platina 5.8: “In Germania hieme turdi, maxime aestate in nostris montanis locis, autumno in plano et collibus inveniuntur; hieme praeterea loca maritima et iuniperis ac myrtis abundantia … frequentant .... Turdi … hieme praesertim bene ac multum alunt.” loca … tenent ≈ Ov. Fast. 6.304. Quid moror in parvis = Ov. Ars 2.535. Mensarum gloria Cf. Luc. 4.376. Plus … quam bonitatis habet ≈ Salom. 2.116: “Plus nimio vani quam bonitatis habent.” Cf. Locher, Stult. 64, fol. 76r (Hartl, 1.2:178, no. 66, arg. 4): “Nil bonitatis habent”; Erasmus, Carm. 94.32: “nil bonitatis habent.” Intulit—audax See Varr. R. 3.6.6; Plin. Nat. 10.45: “Pavonem cibi gratia Romae primus occidit orator Hortensius aditiali cena sacerdotii”; Macr. 3.13.1. oneret mensas ≈ Verg. G. 4.378; cf. G. 4.133; A. 1.706. diffarcta A later variant of differta. The word replaces sagina in A (where it is wrongly scanned with a long first syllable, as at Eccles. 204). implet Placotomus (fol. 45v) explains that in medical usage this term means nutrit. inutilis humor = Verg. G. 1.88. Parvum—coquo Cf. Platina 5.3: “Non multum ab eis differunt anates; quae pectore tantum, ut Martialis [13.52.1–2] affirmat, et cervice valet; ‘cetera redde coquo.’” Dixerit … aliquis = Catul. 67.37; Ov. Pont. 2.2.29. Munda—aves See Plin. Nat. 10.60: “Cornelius Nepos, qui Divi Augusti principatu obiit, cum scriberet turdos paulo ante coeptos saginari, addidit ciconias magis placere quam grues, cum haec nunc ales inter primas expetatur, illam nemo velit attigisse.” Palamedeae … aves Cf. Mart. 13.75.2; Eob. Sylv. 4.17.17: “Alites prisci Palamedis”; In Ed. Leeum 18.4. Qui primus = Lucr. 3.2; Hor. S. 1.6.83; Ov. Am. 2.3.3; Ep. 13.94; Eob. Luth. 1.51; Nor. 227. For the topos of cursing the inventor, see Nob. 119–120, n.; ll. 647– 648 below. eadem ratio est Her. Chr. 20.3, n. imponere mensis = Ov. Fast. 2.473; cf. Met. 1.230. fluvios—colunt Cf. Verg. G. 3.430; Claud. Carm. minora 52.43: “qui fluvios, qui stagna colunt.” pigra … stagna Cf. Ov. Pont. 4.10.61; Stat. Theb. 9.452. glandiferas quercus Lucr. 5.939; Ov. Met. 12.328. Acorns are traditionally the staple food of primitive humanity. See Eob. Buc. 3.43–45/Idyl. 3.49–51, n. Cf. ll. 441–442 below.

1] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes 408 409 410 411–444

412 415

419 426

432

545

temporis huius = Her. Chr. 24.170, n. autumni … divitis Theoc. 7.194; Ilias 5.9; 16.512; 22.36. Copia—beat Cf. Erasmus, Adag. 1.6.2; Eob. Idyl. 1.84, n. Ergo tot—velim From Paul. Aeg. 1.81: “Ficus et uvae inter omnes fructus autumnales praecipuum honorem obtinent, utpote quorum succus et minore vicio participat et magis alit .... Mora vehementer humectant mediocriterque refrigerant atque in prima mensa assumpta ventrem molliunt, haudquaquam stomacho aliena, sed parum alunt. Ex cerasiis, dulciora quidem alvum citant, at stomacho noxia sunt. Acerba vero ut stomachum magis solantur, ita minus molliunt alvum. Atque eadem ratio tum in uvis et moris tum in aliis multis observatur. In totum vero astringentia, sive edantur sive bibantur ante alium cibum, alvum cohibent .... Nux pini boni crassique succi est atque esui apta, sed non facile concoquitur. Persica mali succi sunt acescuntque et facile corrumpuntur, ideoque in primis sunt exhibenda ut et protinus deiiciantur neque propter moram in ventriculo corrumpantur .... Pomorum suavia quidem reliquis sunt calidiora et facile transmittuntur, praecipue si vel assentur vel elixentur. Acida autem ut frigidiora sunt, ita humores in ventriculo magis incidunt. At austera, stomacho quidem, robur afferunt et ventrem cohibent, sed maxime Cydonia. Eiusdem potestatis sunt pira maiora atque matura, sed plus alimenti praebent. Mala Punica refrigerant aluntque parum. Mespila sorbaque magis astringunt, ideoque fluenti alvo idonea sunt .... Nux iuglans avellanis minus alimenti praebet, sed stomacho magis convenit .... Amygdalae incidendi attenuandique vim habent, unde et viscera et thoracem purgant, maxime vero amarae .... Damascena ante cibum sumpta, sive cruda sive ex mulso cocta, alvum solvunt .... Glandes frumentaceis haud minus alunt, sed concoctu difficiles et crassi succi sunt atque tarde transmittuntur. Castaneae omni ex parte glandibus sunt meliores.” Prima locum = Ov. Tr. 1.6.33. Alba—Thysbe Cf. Platina 1.19, of mulberries: “primo albescunt, deinde rubescunt, postremo nigerrima fiunt quasi Thisbes puellae Aegyptiacae cruore respersa”; Eob. Ama. 35.22, n. Noxia—poma Cf. Cels. 2.25.1: “Aliena vero stomacho sunt … omnia praedulcia.” Ne noceant—cibo Taking “cibo” with “noceant” rather than “pulsa,” Placotomus (fols. 48v–49r) explains that peaches will corrupt other ingested food. But Eobanus’s point is that the juices of the peach are bad for you and quickly spoil in the stomach. For that reason, they should be eaten as a first course, to allow other food to push it out of the stomach. roboris inde venit = l. 562 below.

546

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [1

433 436 438

frigore laedunt ≈ Verg. Ecl. 10.48; Ov. Pont. 3.9.25. valuisse minus Placotomus explains (fol. 50r): “Difficilius concoquuntur.” Pauperibus—opem Modeled on Campano, Epigr. 4.1.106 (sig. C6r): “Pauperibus medicam ferre solebat opem.” For medicam opem at this metrical position, see Ov. Pont. 1.3.6. Barbara—Damascus Cf. Col. 10.405 (quoted at Eob. Adnot., sig. P1r): “pomis quae barbara Persis / Miserat”; Ser. Samm. 517: “Pruna … quae mittit clara Damascus”; Eob. Theoc. 7.197: “Prunorum Syriae quae mittunt rura Damasci”; Nor. 1278–1280. longinquis … misit Mart. 3.1.1. victus Dodona ≈ Verg. G. 1.149. Setigeri … suis Lucr. 5.970; 6.974; Verg. A. 7.17; 11.198; 12.170. Castaneas—fagi Combining Verg. Ecl. 1.81 (“castaneae molles”) and Ecl. 1.1 (“patulae … sub tegmine fagi”). vario … pastu Placotomus (fol. 51r) explains the phrase differently: “Ex quibus varia edulia conficiuntur.” audaci … manu = Ov. Ep. 11.40; Eob. Her. Chr. 23.58; Her., ded. 68. Laxior—soluit From Paul. Aeg. 1.79: “Ex leguminibus, lens quidem mali succi est et atram bilem parit .... Fabae lenes sunt et inflant .... Pisum molle quidem est atque non adeo inflat. Cicera inflant, abstergunt, genitale semen augent, Venerem stimulant, calculum terunt .... Lupina sunt coctu difficilia, haud facile transmittuntur, et succum crudum pariunt. Foenum Graecum ante cibum assumptum et calefacit et alvum solvit.” in exiguo corpore Stat. Theb. 1.417. leni … flatu = Buc. 5.48/Idyl. 4.51. corpora flatu = Prud. c. Symm. 2.815. Pisa—nigram Paul of Aegina does not mention that peas form black bile. Nomine … grata tuo Ov. Fast. 3.624. genitalia semina = Verg. G. 2.324; Col. 10.106. semina membris = Lucr. 4.1261. Immundos … canes Hor. Ep. 1.2.26. Saepe aliquem = Ov. Pont. 1.6.35. vulgi postulat usus = Nor. 829; cf. Ov. Met. 13.215; Eob. Vict. 188; Nor. 907. nomina pauca = Her. Chr. 17.76, n. pauca canam l. 3, n., above. Hortorum—potes Largely from Paul. Aeg. 1.74, but with the vegetables arranged in somewhat different order: “Lactuca manifeste refrigerat et humectat atque iccirco somnum quoque allicit. Ut vero ex oleribus ipsa maxime nutriendi vim habet, ita optimi succi sanguinem facit. Intubus refrigerandi humectandique vim obtinet, at lactuca inferiorem. Malva

439

441 442 443 445 446 447–460

448 449 450 452 453 458 459 461 462 463–486

1] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes

463 464

466 467

469

471

472

473–474

475–478

475 477

547

refrigerat quidem, sed obscure, magis vero humectat atque ob viscositatem alvum ducit. Beta abstergendo alvum movet, unde si crebro edatur, stomachum vellicat atque iecur et lienem obstruit. Brassica, bis quidem cocta comestaque, ventrem cohibet. Si vero semel neque admodum coquatur atque ex oleo et garo aut sale edatur, ducit potius alvum .... Brassica … lac quoque et genitale semen producit. Blitum et atriplex humore quidem abundant, sed exiguum alimentum praebent .... Eruca calida est et genitale semen producit, unde et libidinem excitat .... Nasturcium, ocymum, sinapi calida sunt et acria et praecipue nasturcium; sunt vero coctu difficilia, stomacho inepta, et mali succi. Urtica tenuibus constat partibus, alvum ducit, atque exiguum alimentum praebet.” Hortorum … decus Ov. Fast. 1.415. lactuca … friget et humet Cf. Buc. 6.54–55/Idyl. 8.53–54, n.; Val. 1.44. Saepe—solet Cf. Diosc. Mat. med. 2.136 (trans. Virgilio 2.122, fol. 132r): “[Lactuca] somnum conciliat.” For the phrasing, cf. also Verg. Ecl. 1.55; Eob. Buc. 4.31/Idyl. 5.42. leves somnos Hor. Carm. 2.16.15; Epod. 2.28; Sen. Phaed. 511–512; Stat. Theb. 1.585. sanguinis inde venit = l. 630 below; cf. ll. 588 and 600. Cruda—iuvabit From Arnald. Reg. sanitatis 14 (fol. 71r, col. 2): “Bleta [i.e., beta] declinat ad frigiditatem et humiditatem .... Et nullo modo debet comedi cruda, sed cocta .... Stomachum debilitat et intestina.” ventris onus = Mart. 13.29.2; cf. Mart. 1.37.1. bis cocta Placotomus explains (fol. 52v): “Dicitur autem bis cocta … quando priore aqua effusa alia affunditur et deinceps coquitur cibus.” succo—olivae ≈ Ser. Samm. 952: “sucos conspargere pinguis olivae [or olivi]”; cf. Ov. Met. 10.176, as printed in contemporary eds.: “succo pinguis olivae.” Lac … multum seminis See Paul. Aeg. 1.74: “Brassica … lac quoque et genitale semen producit.” The reading sanguinis (ABO) is clearly an error for seminis, as Placotomus points out (fol. 52v). Placotomus goes on to note that whatever increases milk also increases the production of semen. Ignavum—deiiciat Placotomus (fol. 53r) quotes Plin. Nat. 20.252: “Blitum iners videtur ac sine sapore aut acrimonia ulla .... Stomacho inutile est. Ventrem adeo turbat ut choleram faciat aliquis.” Herba—thori Cf. Moretum 84: “Venerem revocans eruca morantem,” quoted by Haschaert (fol. 39v) and thence by Bischoff (fol. 42v); also cf. Col. 10.109. Herba salax Ov. Ars 2.422; Mart. 10.48.10; cf. Ov. Rem. 799; Col. 10.372. levi flamma = Mart. 13.33.2.

548

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [1

478

tedia … thori = Her. Chr. 13.116; cf. Ov. Met. 7.572. tedia longa Ov. Met. 14.158; Eob. Laud. 403; Nor. 38. Miscueris—manu Cf. Ov. Ars 2.415–417. On satyrion as an aphrodisiac, see Plin. Nat. 26.96–99. dictam—herbam Cf. Isid. Orig. 17.9.43. levi … manu = Ov. Pont. 3.1.96. castas … puellas Catul. 62.23; Prop. 1.1.5; 1.11.29; Ov. Met. 2.711. Iste furor Replacing “Ingenium” in the original draft. See Epp. fam., 266, undated letter from Joachim Camerarius (ca. mid-July 1524), quoting from Eobanus’s manuscript: “O vero te salacem et improbum! ‘Ingenium nulla dissimulatur ope.’” nulla … ope = Ov. Pont. 1.3.22. nigra … nasturtia According to Plin. Nat. 20.127, there are two varieties: the garden cress and the darker cress (probably water cress). Offendunt—stimulant From Diosc. Mat. med. 2.155 (trans. Virgilio 2.141, fol. 140r): “stomacho nocet … et Venerem stimulat.” si libet, esse potes = Her. Chr. 7.118 (different). Frigidus—puta Cf. Arnald. Reg. sanitatis 14 (fol. 71r-v): “atriplices sunt aquosiores et ratione huius … ardorem colerae mitigant .... Nullo modo comedatur cruda. Sola enim lactuca et portulaca comedatur cruda aut cocta.” virus inesse puta = Pontano, Eridanus 1.31.10; Eob. Val. 1.538; cf. Her. Chr. 17.132, n. Nunc age, quae … commeminisse iuvet Cf. Tum. 3.1–3. radicibus herbae = Verg. A. 3.650; cf. Luc. 6.113. Usibus humanis Ov. Fast. 3.666; Eob. Val. 2.21; Nor. 1196. commeminisse iuvet = Pug. 6, n.; cf. l. 504, n., below. Commoda … alimenta = Idyl. 7.6. multivoris Psalt. 14, arg. 4: “qui numina tantum / Multivori ventris luxuriosa colunt.” Placotomus glosses (fol. 54v): “Edacibus.” praebent—colonis Pontano, Meteor. 1598: “praebere novis alimenta colonis.” Nam quia—movet From Platina 7.22: “Rapum … a Democrito tanquam humano corpori contrarium damnatur; ex eo enim putat inflationes stomachi excitari .... Contra Diocles itemque Dionysius propter eius virtutes etiam necessarium existimant; cum enim calidum sit et humidum multum alere et obesare putatur, genituram augere.” Cf. Plin. Nat. 20.18–19; Diosc. Mat. med. 2.110 (trans. Virgilio 2.101, fol. 121r); Eob. Dial. 1.141–146. Veneris … bella Tib. 1.10.53. For the image, cf. Ov. Am. 2.10.29. Longa—solent Mostly from Paul. Aeg. 1.76: “Bulbi astringunt, abstergunt, appetentiam excitant, stomacho robur addunt, et viscosos ex thorace hu-

479–480 479 480 481 482

483 484 486 487–488

488 489–490 489 490 491

493–494

494 495–502

1] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes

495

496

499 502

503 504 505

506

507–510 510 511–516

549

mores educunt. Quod si bis coquantur, plus quidem alimenti praestant .... Praeterea si crebro quis eis utatur, genitale semen augent et Venerem impendio excitant, flatus quoque faciunt et tormina. At ex garo et oleo sumpti, suavissimi sunt et boni alimenti atque coctu faciles. Pastinacae, dauci … rapis minus alunt, sunt vero calidae odorataeque .... Abutentibus vero et coctu difficiles sunt et viciatos humores pariunt pro communi radicum ratione. Agrestis pastinaca a nonnullis daucus appellatur.” Longa … fastidia Verg. Ecl. 4.61. Longa breves = l. 27, n., above. stomachi pellunt fastidia l. 633 below. Veneri mortua membra Cf. Mart. 13.34.1 (a condition relieved by the aphrodisiacal onions); Ov. Am. 3.7.65. For mortua membra at this metrical position, see Maxim. 1.232; Eob. Epic. 5.106 (in both cases, of a corpse). membra novant ≈ Ov. Ep. 4.90. omnia praestant ≈ Lucr. 3.214; Eob. Val. 2.59. At vitio—solent Galen, De virtute alimentorum 2.67, recommends that wild carrots (dauci) be thoroughly cooked. non satis esse = Her. Chr. 10.30. grave olentia = Verg. G. 4.270; cf. A. 6.201. quae meminisse iuvet = V. Fl. 1.249; cf. Eob. Pug. 5, n.; l. 490, n., above. Hoc—vocarunt Cf. Diosc. Mat. med. 2.152 (trans. Virgilio 2.138, fol. 137v): “Scorodon … Romani allium dicunt .... Duplex allii genus: sativum sive hortense.” σκορόδωνα An incorrect (but metrically necessitated) form for σκόροδον (or plural σκόροδα). Both Camerarius and Placotomus retain the form. Hoc—probat Cf. Arnald. Reg. sanitatis 15 (fol. 71v, col. 2): “Allia sunt tyriaca [theriaca] rusticorum”; Regimen 41–42 (Flos 53–54). Placotomus comments (fols. 55v–56r): “[Allium] rusticis semper in promptu est et contra venena efficax odoreque arcet venenata animalia, ut et ex illo disticho Virgilii patet [Ecl. 2.10–11]: ‘Thestilis et rapido fessis messoribus aestu / Allia serpillumque herbas contundit olentes.’ Causam Aemilius Macer [Macer Floridus, De viribus herbarum 1332–1334] sequentibus versibus exponit: ‘Haec ideo miscere cibis messoribus est mos, / Ut si forte sopor fessos depresserit illos, / Vermibus a nocuis tuti requiescere possint.’” rustica turba = Ov. Met. 6.348; Mart. 4.66.10. turba probat = Ov. Pont. 3.2.38. Nanque—fugat From Plin. Nat. 20.50. dira aconita Aus. Technopaegnion 10.11. Praeterea—siti Cf. Diosc. Mat. med. 2.152 (trans. Virgilio 2.138, fol. 137v): “omne allium … calefacit in cibo, … stomachum siccat, siticulosum est, …

550

513 516 517–520

517

519 521–524

521 522 523

524 525 526 527–530

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [1 et claritati oculorum officit.” For calfacit, see also Paul. Aeg. 1.76 (quoted below). For garlic as an aphrodisiac, see Plin. Nat. 20.57; cf. Eob. Buc. 7.126/Idyl. 10.49, n. nescire pudendum = Hutten, Triumph. 272; Eob. Val. 2.275. sicca … siti ≈ Her. Chr. 16.266, n.; Hypocr. B 4.42. ora siti Luc. 9.500. Vilia—voles Cf. Paul. Aeg. 1.76: “Cepa, alium, porrus, … eo quod acri sunt potentia, corpus calfaciunt atque crassos in ipso humores attenuant et incidunt et bis quidem cocta paulum, incocta vero nihil alimenti praestant.” For ll. 519–520, cf. Arnald. Reg. sanitatis 15 (fol. 71v, col. 2): “si comedatur [cepa] cruda, generat in stomacho malos humores, putrescibiles et corruptibiles, et generat somnia mala et dolorem capitis, unde nimius usus disponit ad maniam, et perturbat intellectum et memoriam.” Vilia … prandia Sylv. 8.10.5. mordaces … cepae Ilias 11.870: “cepis mordacibus”; cf. Prud. Perist. 10.260: “acerbum caepe, mordax allium.” Plura malis coctae … medentur See Plin. Nat. 20.39–43; Diosc. Mat. med. 2.151. Plura is an adverbial accusative. Officiunt—movent From Diosc. Mat. med. 2.149 (trans. Virgilio 2.135, fol. 136r): “gravia et tumultuosa facit insomnia, urinam cit, bonam facit alvum, extenuat, oculorum claritati officit .... Venerem stimulat porrum.” segmina porri = Buc. 2.55/Idyl. 2.48. mole premunt ≈ Her. 2.2.88. surgunt insomnia Mant. Somn., fol. 209v: “Turbida imaginibus surgunt insomnia diris.” plena tumultu = Luc. 9.1007. Venerem … movent Nemes. Ecl. 3.56. Praeteriturus eram = Hod. 413, n.; l. 617 below; Eleg. 1.112. qualibus aiunt = Nup. 129; Buc. 1.39/Idyl. 1.50; Hod. 498; Nor. 378. inter nomen habere = Strozzi, Erot. 1.8.200; Eob. Nob. 268; Sylv. 6.8.20; cf. Ov. Pont. 4.13.22; Eob. Sylv. duae 1.156, n. Ille replet—probent From Diosc. Mat. med. 2.112 (trans. Virgilio 2.103, fol. 121v): “raphano etiam colligendi flatus vis et natura est .... Bonam itidem facit alvum, sed oportet a cibo eam sumere, sic magis digestioni conferentem. Praesumpta enim cibum in stomacho supra se suspendit. Praesumpta itidem vomitionibus accomodata est, sensus exacuit.” Cf. Paul. Aeg. 1.76: “Radicula … ante alios cibos ex oleo et garo ducendae alvi gratia sumenda est, post cibum autem nequaquam”; Arnald. Reg. sanitatis 15 (fol. 71v, col. 2): “Quidam autem comedunt radicem et raphanum post alios cibos ad confortandum digestionem …, dicunt enim sapientes quod

1] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes

528 529

531–534 531 534 535–542

535

537 538 542 543–548

546

551

si comedatur post alium cibum iuvat ad descensum eius et ventrem laxat et si comedatur ante alium cibum impellit ipsum ad superiora et vomitum inducit.” noli sumere, crimen habet Cf. l. 638 below. crimen habet = Her. Chr. 7.130, n. sensus … acutos = Locher, Stult. 16, fol. 27v (Hartl, 1.2:76, no. 16.32): “vini moderatior usus / Nil nocet; interdum sensus conservat acutos.” reddit acutos ≈ Regimen 66, 185, 240 (Flos 69, 381, 682): “lumina reddit acuta.” Fabula—ferunt See Plin. Nat. 19.86. Fabula narratur = Hor. S. 1.1.70; Ov. Ars 2.561. Apolline Delphos = Hor. Carm. 1.7.3. fuisse ferunt = In Ed. Leeum 22.10, n. Si quis—voret From Paul. Aeg. 1.77, under the heading “De tuberibus”: “Tuberum succus etsi nullam notatu dignam qualitatem prae se ferat, frigidus tamen est crassusque. Fungi et frigidi sunt et pituitosi et mali succi. Ex his boleti innocentiores sunt et manifestae qualitatis expertes, si recte coquantur .... Ab aliis vero fungis abstinere oportet, quippe cum multi ex ipsis laetiferi sint, ac ipsi quoque boleti, nisi percocti edantur, praesens periculum sepenumero minantur.” Unlike his source, Eobanus does not give this section a separate heading. Si quis amat = Ov. Rem. 13. vernae—terrae Cf. Plin. Nat. 19.37: “tenerrima [tubera] … verno esse”; Juv. 5.116–117. tubera terrae = Juv. 14.7. Krause, HEH, 1:394, n. 3, observes that BO rephrases the verse to correct tuberes (a type of exotic fruit) in A. Lauta … fercula = Sylv. 2.13.13; 3.23.3. fercula coenae = Calp. Ecl. 4.167; Aus. Mosella 102. virus inesse puta = l. 488, n., above. milia multa = Her. Chr. 6.76, n. Humida—digeritur From Paul. Aeg. 1.80, under the heading “De temporariis fructibus”: “Cucurbita refrigerat humectatque atque alvum movet, sed paulum alimenti praebet. Pepon in totum et mali succi est et frigidus humidusque ac vomitionem movet. Quod si non concoquatur, choleram inducit. Eius semen urinam ciet, calculos renum conterit, et in totum vehementer abstergit .... Cucumis minus quidem pepone refrigerat humectatque, sed vehementius urinam ciet et vix concoquitur. Quod etsi consequitur, mali tamen succi est.” As at ll. 535–542 above, Eobanus does not give this section a heading of its own. bile gravant = l. 354 above.

552

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [1

549 550

eadem natura = Ov. Met. 4.750. pauca … canam l. 3, n., above. pauca, sed apta = Ov. Am. 2.2.2; Eob. Val. 2.414; cf. Ov. Fast. 2.514. Nobile—modis From Paul. Aeg. 1.78: “Ex eis quae frumentacea appellantur, chondrus mensis convenit et viscosum humorem parit .... Melior vero est succus ipsius si totus uti ptisana probe coquatur. Alica in reliquis quidem chondro haud absimilis est, sed magis alvum supprimit. Triticum elixum quidem coctu difficile est et inflat. Ubi vero concoctum est, valentissimam praebet alimoniam. At in panem redactum, inflandi vim et coctionis difficultatem deponit, ut pote fermento saleque participans. Siligineus panis … omni alio magis alit. Mox similaceus .... Sordidus autem, id est furfureus, minus quidem alit, sed magis per ventrem descendit .... Hordea refrigerandi abstergendique vim obtinent, cum vero ad modum ptisanae coquuntur, humectant. Fricta vero, ut in polentis fit, desiccant. Polenta, per estatem ante balneum ex aqua potui data, siti medetur. Hordeaceus panis imbecillior est et exigui alimenti.” quisquis amas = Ama. 36.5; Eleg. 2.23; cf. Prop. 4.5.77; Ov. Rem. 579; Eob. Laud. 321, n. noveris esse = Pontano, Tum. 2.56.6; Eob. Her. Chr. 16.216; Luth. 7.68; Sylv. 3.1.80; 3.5.8. Robur … maius habent Ov. Pont. 4.8.50. molli … siligine Juv. 5.70. similae dotes Mart. 13.10.1. nostra culina = Pontano, Eridanus 1.40.24: “quicquid nostra culina coquit.” Servitiis—coenas Cf. Her. Chr., ded. 4.3. His est … ianua laxa Cf. Ov. Am. 3.1.46. roboris inde venit = l. 432 above. siccis faucibus Verg. G. 4.427–428; A. 2.358; 9.64. brevibus—modis = Mant. Epigr. 74.6 (fol. 112v): “brevibus subiicienda modis”; Eob. Sylv. duae 2.96; cf. Ov. Fast. 4.552. Semper edat Val. 1.307. fatuos—pisces Modeled on Mart. 13.13.1: “fatuae, fabrorum prandia, betae.” Cui placet = Hor. Ep. 1.14.11; Eob. Idyl. (B), lim. 2. ne forte recusem ≈ Verg. Ecl. 3.29. sapidi—lupi Cf. Paul. Aeg. 1.90: “particulatim capito quidem si in pelago deguerit, modice suavis est, sanguinem vero praebet et tenuiorem et imbecilliorem. Huic haud absimilis lupus est”; Plin. Nat. 9.61. squamea terga Verg. G. 3.426; A. 2.218–219; Man. 1.433. Me iuvet—bovis Cf. Platina 10.4. vetulae—bovis Cf. l. 309, n., above.

551–566

553 554 556 557 558 559 560 562 564 566 567 568 571 574

575–576 576

1] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes 577 579

580 581–584

581 582 583 585 586–588

587 588

589–596

589 591–592

553

Praeterea—mulli Cf. Paul. Aeg. 1.90: “mullus … coctu facilis, mensis idoneus, praedulcis, pinguedinis expers.” Nec—profundo Alluding to Mart. 13.80.1: “Quae natat in Siculo grandis murena profundo”; cf. Plin. Nat. 9.169; Platina 10.5. In a letter of mid-July 1524, Joachim Camerarius wonders which species Eobanus has in mind with murena; see n. at l. 379 above. Elsholtz, 215, identifies it as a kind if medium-sized salmon (“Lachs-Moräne”). Omne quod est usquam = Her. Chr. 2.114, n. flumina nostra = Ov. Am. 3.6.64. Praefertur—habet From Paul. Aeg. 1.90: “pisces … qui saxatiles vocantur ceteris sunt meliores, quippe coctu faciles sunt, boni succi, atque modice humectant, nisi dura fuerit eis caro. Non saxatilium autem, in pelago degentes multo discrimine differunt ab iis qui in limo nutriuntur aut qua flumina irruunt, sed omnium pessimi qui vel in stagnis vel paludibus aluntur.” Cf. Eob. Nor. 377–382. genus omnibus unum = Verg. A. 10.201; cf. Eob. Idyl. 11.103, n. limosi … lacus Verg. A. 2.135; Sil. 13.563. fluvialibus undis = Verg. A. 9.70; Ov. Met. 1.82. Qualescunque—venenum est Cf. Flos (de Renzi) 685: “pinguis piscis febres alit et caro pinguis.” Omnibus—boni Cf. Paul. Aeg. 1.90: “Constat omnes pisces frigidiori humidiorique temperatura esse”; Platina 10.1: “Pisces … omnes, qualescumque sint, durae ob eorum frigiditatem et viscositatem concoctionis habentur. Sanguinem praeterea frigidum ac phlegmaticum generant, unde variae et graves oriuntur aegritutudines. Nervos molliunt et ad paralysim praeparunt, sitim excitant.” tenues … medullas = Ov. Met. 14.431. Sanguinis—boni Cf. Sylv. 2.20.2: “Tota luce domi festa qui desidet, illi / Anne aliquid vivi sanguinis esse putas?”; also cf. l. 466, n., above. Sanguinis … aliquid = Lucr. 1.883. quis putet esse = Mart. 8.47.2; 12.21.2. Vesceris—garo From Paul. Aeg. 1.83: “Gallinarum phasianarumque ova omnium optima sunt. Anserum vero … inutilia. Multo autem praestantiora sunt recentia veteribus, atque ut magis alunt trementia, ita sorbilia melius descendunt .... Reliqua omnia coctu difficilia sunt et vix transmittuntur, exceptis suffocatis, quae quidem cruda ex garo, vino, et oleo diluta in diplomate modice inspissantur, sic enim et boni succi et coctu facilia redduntur. Fricta autem in sartagine omnium pessima sunt.” adhuc a matre Juv. 7.196. At quae—anas Cf. [Arnald.] Commentum, fol. 133r–v: “Et sicut ova prae-

554

591

594

596 597–600

600 601

604

605 607 607–608 608 609 611

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [1 dicta, scilicet gallinarum, perdicum, et fasianorum, sunt convenientia in regimine sanitatis, ita ova anatum, anserum … minus convenientia sunt in regimine sanitatis vel simpliciter evitanda.” Cf. also Arnald. Reg. sanitatis 22 (fol. 73v, col. 2): “Ova autem anserum … et anatis sunt evitanda aut saltem non sunt ita convenientia in sanitatis regimine.” Tarpaei custos Iovis … anser The phrase comes from a jocular epigram by Gianantonio Campano on the Roman printer Ulrich Han (Gallus), opening line. See “Vita Campani,” in Campano, Tractatus V, Orationes XV, Epistolarum IX libri, Vita Pii, Historia Brachii, Epigrammatum VIII libri (Rome, 1495), fol. 7r: “Anser, Tarpei custos Iovis.” Han used the epigram as a colophon in a number of his books. Tarpaei … Iovis Ov. Fast. 6.34; Juv. 12.6; Sil. 12.743. custos Iovis Ov. Fast. 5.45. sorpta Both Placotomus (fol. 61v) and Haschaert (fol. 50v) explain that sorbilia means lightly cooked (not raw). Cf. Platina 2.20: “non nimium incocta (sorbilia enim debent esse ova).” mista Falerna garo = Mart. 7.27.8. Caseolos—venit Cf. Paul. Aeg. 1.89: “Caseus omnis acris est, sitim excitans, coctu difficilis, mali succi, calculum gignens. Innocentior vero est quae recens est, laxus, mollis, suavis, et modico sale conditus. Qui vero aliter afficitur, pessimus est.” inde … sanguinis … venit l. 466, n., above. Lacte—ferino See Plin. Nat. 6.190: “at ex Africae parte Medimni, dein Nomades, cynocephalorum lacte viventes”; 7.31, referring to the Nomads of Ethiopia: “animalium quae cynocephalos vocamus lacte vivit, quorum armenta pascit maribus interemptis praeterquam subolis causa.” Lacte … ferino = Ov. Fast. 3.53; cf. Verg. A. 11.571; Ov. Tr. 3.11.3. Nomadum genteis Mart. 12.29.6. Quosque—videt Cf. Sylv. 8.20.34: “Borussos / Et loca quae propior Parrhasis Ursa videt”; Her. Chr. 17.164, n. Quosque … Parrhasis Ursa ≈ Ov. Ep. 18.152. Hinc—Suedi Cf. Her. Chr. 17.171; Tum. 3.68; Eras. 77. quam lata patet … Germania Eleg. 3.61; cf. Contemn. B 2.87, n. nivei … lactis Idyl. 10.51, n. lactis Munera l. 612 below, n. Saxonis ora = Hutten, Epigr. 99.26; Eob. Sylv. 2.4.18; 8.23.20; cf. Idyl. 13.59. habitant—Hessi = Sylv. 2.4.23: “duri mediis habitant in montibus Hessi”; cf. Buc. 7.127/Idyl. 10.50, n. Quid … referam = Ov. Met. 13.255. Vestphala rura Hutten, Querel. 2.10.159.

1] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes 612 613–615

613 614 616 617 619–642

619 620 621 623

624 628 629–630

555

munere lactis ali = Her. Chr. 20.50, n. Corpora—virtus From Diosc. Mat. med. 2.70 (trans. Virgilio 2.62, fol. 100r): “habet communiter omne lac saporis et succi bonitatem. Idem egregie nutrit .... Probatur candidum aequaliter crassum”; Platina 2.16: “lac bene nutrire, multum sanguinis generare … inter omnes medicos constat.” Corpora praecipue = Verg. G. 3.51. sanguinis esse = Ov. Ep. 14.82; Pont. 2.11.18. dicere … vetat = Luth. 3.40; cf. Ebn. 74. Praeteriturus eram = l. 525, n., above. Corpore—gravant From Paul. Aeg. 1.95: “Qui sanitati studet, quanta sit vini potentia ignorare non debet. Itaque in universum omne quidem vinum nutrit, idque magis si rubidum crassumque est, sed hoc minus boni succi est. Dulce vero quamvis nutriat, stomacho tamen alienum est. Acerbum stomacho quidem gratum, sed non facile transmittitur ac minus alit, idque multo minus si fuerit album. Fulvo nullum aliud melius est. Vetus vinum recenti calidius sicciusque est, atque in summa vini potentia haec est. In totum vero vinum calorem nostrum excitat, unde et coctio melior et sanguis utilior fit. Cibum ut pote facile penetrans in omnes partes deducit, ob quam causam attenuatis quoque vi morbi bonum habitum restituit, cibi appetentiam erigit, pituitam extenuat, bilem per urinas expurgat, colorem emendat, animum hilariorem iucundumque reddit, corporis robur auget. Atque hae sunt vini modice epoti commoditates. Immodice vero ingestum contraria efficit … quapropter cavenda est immoderata vini potatio, quamvis, si ex longis temporum intervallis liberaliter bibatur, commoditate non careat, quandoquidem urinas abunde movet ac sudores profundit. At mox assumpto mulso ipsum evomere satius est, ut ne parvae quidem noxae vestigium reliquat.” Corpore … animoque valere l. 337, n., above. quicunque—valere = l. 29, n., above. Scire operae precium est = Icones, “Sirenes ex XII. Odys.,” sig. B6r; cf. Epic. 5.42; also cf. Epic. 3 C.3.3. Omne merum Tib. 1.5.38. Dulce nocet stomacho Cf. Ov. Am. 2.19.26. alimenta ministret = Mant. Blasius 1.156 (fol. 181v); Pontano, Hort. 1.96; cf. Man. 5.124: “alimenta ministrant”; Dicta Catonis 1.2.2: “diuturna quies vitiis alimenta ministrat.” quisquis acerba = Hutten, Italia 222. Difficiles—solent Cf. Regimen 135 (Flos 177), where solvit means “loosens the bowels”: “mustum cito solvit et inflat.” Omnia—venit All the contemporary eds. and reprints of Eobanus’s text

556

630 631 633

636

637–638 637 638 639

641 644 645–646

645 646 647–652

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [1 read “colorem” rather than the intended “calorem,” for which see Paul. Aeg. 1.95: “In totum vero vinum calorem nostrum excitat, unde et coctio melior et sanguis utilior fit.” While Placotomus’s edition retains “cognatum … colorem” in l. 629, his commentary paraphrases the text as if it reads “cognatum … calorem”; see fol. 64v: “Vinum … calorem … nativum auget”; cf. fol. 17v: “Vinum modice sumptum auget calorem nativum et bonum sanguinem gignit.” To my knowledge, the correction to “calorem” is first made in Elsholtz, 308. sanguinis inde venit = l. 466, n., above. partes—omnes Cf. Verg. A. 1.194; 4.630; Eob. Sylv. duae 1.9. Languentis—stomachi Placotomus (fol. 64v) points to Paul’s advice in Vulg. 1. Tim. 5.23; cf. Eob. Val. 2.269. For languentis stomachi, see Cels. 3.19.1; Regimen 108 (Flos 144): “Languenti stomacho caseus addit opem.” pellit—fastidia l. 495 above. Exhilarat mentes Cf. Vulg. Psa. 103.15, quoted in Eob. Dial. 1.167, as follows: “ut … vinum laetificet cor hominis, ut exhilaret faciem in oleo et cor hominis confirmet.” robora firma Verg. A. 2.481–482 (oak). Talia—nocent Cf. Gen. ebrios. 9.1–42. commoda praestant ≈ Nor. 529; Salom. 4.55. noli sumere, sumpta nocent Cf. l. 528 above. Utque—iuvabit For this recommendation, see Gen. ebrios. 11.10, n.; see further Klaus-Dietrich Fischer, “‘Wer niemals einen Rausch gehabt …’: Ein Brief des Arztes Mnesitheos und ein Kommentar von Magister Bona Fortuna,”Dynamis 23 (2003): 341–361. The phrasing is modeled on Ov. Ars 1.597. rarae … mensae = Juv. 8.104. pocula mensae = Catul. 64.45; Verg. A. 11.738. punctum … feres Cf. Hor. Ars 343; Erasmus, Adag. 1.5.60. Nec mihi—merum Cf. the drinkers’ song quoted in Curio, Opusc. (1557), chap. 27, fol. 107r; thence in Flos (de Renzi) 379–380: “Vina bibant homines, animantia caetera fontes. / Absit ab humano pectore potus aquae.” Clitorio … de fonte Ov. Met. 15.322. largum … merum ≈ Ov. Fast. 3.656. fundat … merum Tib. 1.10.48; Prop. 3.17.38; Ov. Ars 2.695–696. Qui docuit—iacit From Diosc. Mat. med. 2.87 (trans. Virgilio 2.78, fol. 113v): “Ex hordeo fit zythus. Urinam potus pellit. Renes tamen laedit et nervos. Cerebri membranis praecipue noxius. Inflationes idem excitat malosque in corpore humores. Quin etiam elephantiasim facit.” Eobanus follows Dioscorides also at Gen. ebrios. 16.1 and 18.3, n. Placotomus (fol. 66r) protests that Eobanus’s cautions apply only to the ancient zythum, not to

1] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes

647–648 647

649 650 651 652 653–654 653 654

655

656 657 660

557

modern beer, which he holds to be highly beneficial to health. Haschaert follows suit in his commentary (fols. 55v–57r), as does Bischoff, fol. 56v, explicitly citing Haschaert as his authority. For the dispute and its follow-up in 1623, see Reinhard Düchting, “Helius Eobanus Hessus Baccho debacchatus,” in Andreas Bihrer and Elisabeth Stein, eds., Nova de veteribus: Mittelund neulateinische Studien für Paul Gerhard Schmidt (Munich, 2004), 848– 859. Qui docuit—Ceres For the topos of cursing the inventor, see Nob. 119–120, n.; l. 399 above. crasso … succo Cf. Sylv. duae 1.119, n., where crassa modifies Ceres. At Gen. ebrios. 18.3, beer is “crassus ille et … noxius humor.” Placotomus (fol. 66r) takes the phrase to mean water. Pelusiaci … pocula zythi = Col. 10.116. caput esse potest = Ov. Tr. 1.2.72. noxius humor Gen. ebrios. 18.3 (see above). semina foeda = Psalt. 97.28: “semina foeda mali.” Plura—freti For the nautical imagery, cf. Laud. 477–478, n.; Val. 2.381–382. Plura quidem = Hor. S. 1.10.51; Ov. Met. 13.160, 493; Tr. 1.1.123; Pont. 3.1.153. immensi … freti ≈ Ov. Ib. 292. terruit unda = Psalt. 18.14: “gravis infernae terruit unda Stygis”; cf. V. Fl. 2.588. unda freti = Ov. Fast. 3.568; Mart. 5.1.4; Eob. Venus 3.2. Haec quoque quam = Ov. Am. 2.5.55; Ars 1.274; Fast. 3.661 (in all these instances, quam is a relative pronoun). iuveniliter ausum ≈ Nup. 15. Plus—ferat Envy disparages the living; see Prop. 3.1.21; Ov. Am. 1.15.39; Tr. 4.10.123–124; Pont. 3.4.73–74; Eob. Epic. 1.25; 7.16. Sturtiadum—Georgi = Sylv. 2.23.11; cf. l. 17, n., above. potuit pondera ferre Mart. 7.53.11–12; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 20.106, n.

2: Medicinae laus As Eobanus acknowledges, the encomium is drawn from Erasmus’s Declamatio in laudem artis medicae, published at Louvain in 1518 and reprinted at Basel that same year. For a critical edition of that declamation, based on the revised edition printed at Basel in 1529, see ASD 1.4:145–186 (ed. J. Domański). For an English version, likewise based on the 1529 revision, see CWE 29:31–50 (trans. Brian McGregor). Both Domański and McGregor offer a thorough introduction and commentary, from which I have profited.

558

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [2

On the praises of medicine as a rhetorical genre in the Renaissance period, see Nancy G. Siraisi, “Oratory and Rhetoric in Renaissance Medicine,” Journal of the History of Ideas 65 (2004): 191–211. For a close analysis of Eobanus’s Medicinae laus, see Sacré, 41–82. At pp. 47–48, Sacré makes the compelling point that in 1524 “the mere choice of an Erasmian work as a subject of poetry amounted to taking a stance” for Erasmian humanism and against the zealots, who were then fulminating against medical science. As such, the poem is a natural followup to Eobanus’s defense of medicine in the first of his Dialogi tres (Erfurt, 1524). See Poetic Works, 4:448–483. Meter: Elegiac distich. 1 4 5–7 5 6 7

10 11–22

12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20

nostrorum—sodalis = Her. Chr. B 1.67, referring to Veit Werler. Et novus—venis Modeled on Ov. Ars 1.36. petis—Obsequor For the exordial topos, see p. 18, n. 52, above. nomina laudis = Laud. 303, n. divinae … artis honor = l. 292 below; cf. Laud. 176, n. Obsequor—petenti Cf. Calum. 3: “Obsequor, et merito. Quis enim tam recta monenti / Non etiam iustas pareat ante preces?” For tam iusta petenti, see Eras. 21; cf. Ov. Met. 14.787; Claud. Stil. 2.97. carminis esse = Ov. Tr. 2.70; Pont. 4.13.4. Si qua—data est Cf. Erasmus, Encom. med., ll. 28–37: “Iam primum enim … reliquae artes, quoniam nulla non magnam aliquam vitae commoditatem attulit, summo quidem in precio fuere; verum medicinae quondam tam admirabilis fuit humano generi inventio, tam dulcis experientia, ut eius autores aut plane pro diis habiti sint, velut Apollo et huius filius Aesculapius, imo (quod ait Plinius) ‘singula quosdam inventa deorum numero addiderunt,’ aut certe divinis honoribus digni sint existimati, velut Asclepiades, quem Illyrici numinis instar receptum Herculi in honoribus aequarunt. Non equidem probo quod fecit antiquitas; affectum sane ac iudicium laudo, quippe quae recte et senserit et declararit, docto fidoque medico nullum satis dignum praemium persolvi posse.” talis habenda fuit = Epic. 3.156. mirata, vetustas = Luc. 3.406; Prud. c. Symm. 1.99. Artibus humanis = Man. 4.237. munera parva = Ov. Ars 2.256; [Tib.] 3.1.24; cf. Eob. Val. 1.22, n. fictilibus … divis Cf. Prop. 4.1.5. muneris—Dei ≈ Epic. 7.12, n.; cf. Ov. Am. 2.13.22; Met. 14.125; l. 76 below. Maior ut … honor = Her. Chr. 13.150. iura fidemque = Verg. A. 2.541; Luc. 8.450; Eob. Idyl. 13.49; cf. Sarmat. 106. maximus—habet = Sylv. duae 1.10, n.

2] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes 21 23–26

23 25 27–38

27–28 27 30 31–36 31

33 36

37–38 37 38 39–40

559

Ut taceam = Her. Chr. 16.55, n. humanis—artes Nor. 1196; cf. Val. 1.490, n. Nanque—habet Quoted (without attribution) in Giovanni Stefano, Opera universa, cum medicinae ac philosophiae tum cultioris literaturae studiosis apprime utilia … (Venice, 1653), dedicatory letter, sig. a6v. Cf. Erasmus, Encom. med., ll. 67–69: “Etenim si dare vitam proprium Dei munus est, certe datam tueri iamque fugientem retinere Deo proximum fateamur oportet.” ratione mederi = Eleg. 3.109; Idyl. 3.124; Nor. 1330; Sylv. 8.20.31. fugientem—vitam = Strozzi, Erot. 2.12.21: “nulla fugientem sistere vitam / Henrici admotis ars medicaminibus.” Cf. Sil. 15.630. Plus satis—potest Cf. Erasmus, Encom. med., ll. 16–27: “Cuius quidem ea vel praecipua laus est, primum quod nullis omnino praeconiis indiget, ipsa abunde per se vel utilitate vel necessitate commendata mortalibus; deinde quod toties iam a tam praeclaris ingeniis praedicata, semper tamen novam laudum suarum materiam ingeniis etiam parum foecundis ex sese suppeditat, ut nihil necesse sit eam vulgato more invidiosis illis contentionibus non sine caeterarum disciplinarum contumelia depraedicare. Quin illud magis metuendum, ne domesticas illius dotes, ne germanam ac nativam amplitudinem, ne maiestatem humana conditione maiorem mortalis oratio non assequatur. Tantum abest ut vel aliena contumelia vel asciticiis rhetorum fucis aut amplificationum praestigiis sit attollenda. Mediocrium est formarum deformiorum comparatione aut cultus lenociniis commendari. Res per se vereque praeclaras satis est vel nudas oculis ostendisse.” munere—eget Cf. Sylv. 3.1.52: “nihil eximiae munere laudis eget.” munere laudis = Poliziano, Silv. 3.111; cf. Verg. A. 8.273. iussit habere Deus = Accl. 1.116; cf. Prop. 3.23.4; Ov. Fast. 2.118; Tr. 5.1.58. Multa—potest Health is the greatest treasure; see Val. 1.335–338, n. Multa … fateor = Mant. Nat. Am., fol. 178v: “Multa potest (fateor) Virtus”; Eob. Idyl., 1.ded. 65 (2.ded. 63). commoda vitae = Lucr. 3.2; Ov. Pont. 1.8.29. nisi tu—constes Cf. Val. 1.337, n. Largiri … potest = Sylv. 1.1.178: “Largiri imperium cui volet illa potest.” regum nullius arca = Sylv. 9.4.38: “Sed si sorte sua vivet contentus, habebit / Commoda quae regum nullius arca dabit.” Atque ut—potest Cf. Erasmus, Encom. med., ll. 5–6: “Neque enim rem prope divinam nostra facile assequetur infantia.” maiestate verenda = Nor. 1095; cf. Buc. 3.26, n. Laudari … ore = Ov. Tr. 1.9.30. humano … ore = Pontano, Laud. 8.16. Quod quia—erit Cf. Her. Chr. 8.5, n.

560 39 40 41–70

42

47

49 50

53 55 57 58

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [2 Quod quia non potuit = Ov. Met. 12.358. sermone pedestri = Hor. Ars 95. gratia maior erit = Ov. Pont. 2.2.112. Nunc age—potest Cf. Erasmus, Encom. med., ll. 38–65: “Etenim si quis secum reputet, quam multiplex in corporibus humanis diversitas, quanta ex aetatibus, sexu, regionibus, coelo, educatione, studiis, usu varietas, quam infinita in tot milibus herbarum (ne quid interim dicam de caeteris remediis), quae alibi aliae nascuntur, discrimina; tum quot sint morborum genera, quae trecenta nominatim fuisse prodita scribit Plinius, exceptis generum partibus, quarum omnium quam nullus sit numerus, facile perpendet qui tantum norit quot formas in se febris vocabulum complectatur, ut ex uno caetera aestimentur, exceptis his qui quotidie novi accrescunt, neque secus accrescunt quam si de composito cum arte nostra bellum suscepisse videantur .... Sed, ut dicere coeperam, has omnes rerum varietates studio persequi, obscuritates ingenio assequi, difficultates industria pervincere, ac penetratis terrae fibris, excussis undique totius naturae arcanis, ex omnibus herbis, fruticibus, arboribus, animantibus, gemmis, ex ipsis denique venenis, cunctis humanae vitae malis efficacia quaerere remedia atque horum oportunum usum ex tot autoribus, tot disciplinis, imo et ab ipsis syderibus petere: haec, inquam, tam abdita rimari cura, tam ardua viribus animi adipisci, tam multa memoria complecti, tam necessaria ad salutem universi mortalium generis in commune proferre, nonne prorsus homine maius ac plane divinum quiddam fuisse videtur?” Naturae varias … vices ≈ Celtis, Am. 4.1.36: “Naturam varias prendit habere vices”; cf. Eob. Vict. 78, n. emeditare A rare verb, also used at Her. Chr. 11.28. ira … caeli Ov. Met. 14.471. ira premit Ov. Tr. 1.5.78; Eob. Eccles. 331. clementia caeli = Luc. 8.366; Eob. Venus 2.121. omnibus una = Pug. 93, n. Est opus … ope Mant. 1. Parthen. 1.8: “opus nunc est ope numinis”; Eob. Idyl. 17.167. medica … ope = Ov. Am. 2.9.8; ll. 86 and 342 below. dicere promptum est = Ov. Met. 14.841; Eob. Nor. 1104. arte magistra = Verg. A. 8.442; 12.427; Eob. Nor. 671, 1045. mensum … orbem Idyl. 16.43, n. certis rationibus = Walter, Alex. 8.84; Eob. Sylv. 6.6.41. artifici … manu = Luth. 1.20, n. composuisse manu = Ov. Ars 1.160.

2] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes 59 60 61–64

61 62 66 68 69

71–120

561

labor omnia = Verg. G. 1.145. omnia praestat = Lucr. 3.214; cf. Eob. Val. 1.499. occultum—potest Cf. Ov. Tr. 5.8.2; Eob. Her. Chr. 1.22. Multa—facit The contrast between the ivory-tower philosophers and the hands-on physicians does not appear as such in Erasmus’s text. Eobanus makes the same argument in Dial. 1.21–23. decreta sophorum Erasmus, Carm. 2.225. sola—valent Cf. Maxim. 1.204: “O sola fortes garrulitate senes”; Eob. Contemn. B 2.64; Epic. 6.90. cursus vertere Verg. A. 3.146. Quicquid—habet = Her. Chr. 2.24, n. Omnia quis referat = Sylv. duae 1.179; Eccles. 129. data nomina = Ov. Fast. 5.1; V. Fl. 4.347. nomina rebus = Ov. Met. 5.524; Luc. 6.773: “da nomina rebus”; Mart. 11.43.11. Iam si—habet Cf. Erasmus, Encom. med., ll. 67–104: “Non me iacto, sed artem ipsam effero. Etenim si dare vitam proprium Dei munus est, certe datam tueri iamque fugientem retinere Deo proximum fateamur oportet. Quanquam ne prius quidem illud, quod nos soli Deo proprium esse volumus, medicorum arti detraxit antiquitas, ut credula ita gratissima. Nam Aesculapii quidem ope Tyndaridam, et post eum complures, ab Orco in lucem redisse credidit. Asclepiades hominem exanimatum, elatum, comploratumque ab rogo domum vivum reduxisse legitur .... Neque vero laboraverim, si sint apud quos haec fide careant. Certe (quod agimus) admirationem artis tanto magis implent, quanto magis supra fidem veri sunt, et immensum esse fateri cogunt id quod vero supersit. Quanquam, quantum ad eum attinet qui vitae redditur, quid refert utrum anima denuo in artus relictos divinitus reponatur an penitus in corpore sepulta morbique victoris oppressa viribus arte curaque medici suscitetur atque eliciatur iamque certo migratura retineatur? An non pene paria sunt, mortuum restituere et mox moriturum servare? Atqui permultos nominatim recenset Plinius libro historiae mundanae septimo, qui iam elati partim in ipso rogo, partim post dies complusculos revixerint. Miraculum est, quod paucis dedit casus; et non magis mirandum, quod quotidie multis largitur ars nostra? Etiamsi hanc Deo Optimo Maximo debemus, cui nihil non debemus, ne quis haec a me putet arrogantius dicta quam verius. Complurium morborum ea vis est, ut certa mors sint, nisi praesens adsit medicus, veluti stupor is qui mulieribus potissimum solet accidere, veluti syncopis profunda, paralysis, apoplexia. Neque desunt ulli vel saeculo vel genti sua in hanc rem exempla. Hic qui mortem ingruentem arte sua depellit, qui vitam subito oppressam revocat, nonne ceu numen quoddam dextrum ac

562

71 72 73

76 79

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [2 propicium semper habendus est? Quot censes homines ante diem sepultos fuisse, priusquam medicorum solertia morborum vires et remediorum naturas deprehenderat? Quot hodie mortalium milia vivunt valentque, qui ne nati quidem essent, nisi eadem haec ars et tot nascendi discriminibus remedia et obstetricandi rationem repperisset? Adeo statim in ipso vitae limine et pariens simul et nascens salutarem medicorum opem miserabili voce implorat. Horum arti vitam debet et qui nondum vitam accepit, dum per eam prohibentur aborsus, dum mulieri seminis recipiendi retinendique vis confertur, dum pariendi facultas datur. Quodsi vere dictum est illud Deus est iuvare mortalem, profecto mea sententia aut nusquam locum habebit illud nobile Graecorum adagium ἄνθρωπος ἀνθρώπου δαιμόνιον, aut in medico fido proboque locum habebit, qui non iuvat modo, verum etiam servat.” si fas est vera fateri Cf. Ov. Pont. 3.1.79. immortali … Deo = Her. Chr. 4.66, n. Deus—aufert Cf. Hor. Ep. 1.18.111–112, as printed in the older eds.: “Sed satis est orare Iovem qui donat et aufert, / Det vitam, det opes”; Eob. Psalt. 107, arg. 3: “Qui … donat et aufert.” neget … nihil A double negative, where a single negative is meant. muneris esse = l. 16, n., above. Tyndaridam—anguis From Erasmus, Encom. med., ll. 71–72: “Aesculapii quidem ope Tyndaridam … ab Orco in lucem redisse credidit [antiquitas].” The (to modern eyes) strange form Tyndaridam (instead of Tyndariden or Tyndareum) comes from Plin. Nat. 29.3, as printed in Erasmus’s day: “ictum fulmine Aesculapium fabulata, quoniam Tyndaridam revocavisset ad vitam.” Tyndaridam … revocatum The reading “Tyndarida … revocatam” in ABO probably originated from a misreading (or misunderstanding) of Eobanus’s manuscript of A, which would have had either “Tyndaridā … revocatum” or “Tyndaridam … revocatum.” Cf. Sacré, 56, n. 35: “The parallel with Erasmus … makes clear that Tyndareus is meant; one would have expected the form Tyndarea, Tyndaridam, Tyndariden; Tyndarida looks like the accusative of the feminine noun Tyndaris, meaning Helen; that is probably why one finds … ‘revocatam.’” The double error in A was not caught in BO. While Camerarius overlooks “Tyndarida” in his edition of 1551, he does restore the reading “revocatum.” in lucem revocatum Prud. c. Symm. 1.91: “extinctas … / in lucem revocasse animas.” Epidaurius anguis = Sid. Carm. 22.79; Mant. Calam. 1.295 (p. 26); cf. Hor. S. 1.3.27.

2] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes 80 81 82 83 85 86 87 89 90 92 93 94 96 97 98 99–100

99 100 101, 102 101 102 103 104

563

Iactet—senex See Plin. Nat. 7.124: “summa [sc. fama] autem Asclepiadi Prusiensi …; relato e funere homine et conservato”; 26.15. a vero procul Ov. Tr. 5.6.27. mira videri = Verg. A. 10.267. licuit transiliisse Hypocr. B 4.28; Epic. 2.32. For the form transiliisse, common in Middle and Renaissance Latin, see also Idyl. 16.168. reddere vitam = Ov. Ib. 403. Quid tamen hoc refert si = Ov. Ep. 16.213; Met. 13.268. medica … ope = l. 50, n., above. ne moreretur = Her. Chr. 15.76; Epic. 1.42; Ebn. 114. supremo … funere = Marul. Epigr. 1.48.55: “Optima pars vitae supremo ex funere pendet”; cf. Ov. Met. 3.137; Sil. 10.520. ars provida Cf. l. 140, n., below. sine arte fuit = Ov. Ars 1.106. quod dedit ille = Tib. 1.10.6. divinum … munus = Val. 1.301. omnia munus = Ov. Met. 5.343. salutis opem = Andrel. Livia 3.5.42; Eob. Her. Chr. 14.6, n.; Hypocr. 62. Exitium praesens Verg. A. 12.760–761. corpora nervis = Celtis, Germania 101. in venas … agit Mant. c. Poet. 24 (quoted at Eob. Orat. 8.11). Quale ubi—modis These are the typical symptoms of epilepsy: foaming at the mouth, suffocation, difficulty breathing, falling, and cramping. Cf., for example, Lucr. 3.487–505; 6.791–793; Cels. 3.23.1. As described in A, the symptoms point to apoplexia (as in Erasmus). However, medieval and Renaissance physicians did not always distinguish clearly between apoplexy and other such falling sicknesses; some physicians even called epilepsy a “minor apoplexy.” See Owsei Temkin, The Falling Sickness: A History of Epilepsy from the Greeks to the Beginnings of Modern Neurology (Baltimore, 1971), 101, 127. At Vitanda ebriet. 6.65–66, Eobanus mentions epilepsy and apoplexia in the same distich. ubi spumifero ≈ Celtis, Germania 220: “Ast ubi spumiferi fontes contexerit Histri.” gravibus … modis = Sylv. 6.10.24: “non gravibus verba soluta modis.” Qualia multa = Verg. A. 7.200. mutantes—casus ≈ Hutten, Epigr. 87.7: “mutantia tempora casus.” corpora nostra = Her. Chr. 12.174, n. omnibus idem = Nob. 25, n. opifex Instead of opifer, for metrical reasons. renuente Deo = Tib. 1.5.20; Ov. Met. 8.325; Mart. 2.14.14.

564

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [2

107 108 109

Quis neget = Val. 1.289, n. medica … manu Verg. A. 12.402. Stygias innarunt … paludes Verg. A. 6.369; cf. Ov. Met. 1.737; Eob. Vict. 322, n. medicae … artis = Tib. 2.3.14; Ov. Tr. 5.6.12. vitalibus auris = Her. Chr. 18.25, n. nasci contigit = l. 334 below; cf. Ov. Met. 10.334. nascendi discrimina mille Cf. V. Fl. 1.714–715: “discrimina leti / mille.” Mille modis = Ov. Met. 5.596; cf. Eob. Val. 1.210, n. Quae modo nascentes ≈ Ov. Rem. 115. limine vitae = Luc. 2.106; Stat. Theb. 5.260; Silv. 2.1.38. certa—facit ≈ Her. Chr. 19.142. ratione caret = Maxim. 1.144. Iam taceo—dabit Cf. Erasmus, Encom. med., ll. 107–114: “Cuius praesidiis nunquam ulli non est opus. Nam reliquis quidem artibus nec semper nec omnes egemus; huius utilitate mortalium omnis vita constat. Nam fac abesse morbos, fac omnibus prosperam adesse valetudinem; tamen hanc qui poterimus tueri, nisi medicus ciborum salutarium ac noxiorum discrimen, nisi totius victus, quam Graeci diaetam vocant, rationem doceat? Grave mortalibus est onus senecta, quam non magis licet effugere quam mortem ipsam. Atque ea medicorum opera multis contingit tum serius tum multo etiam levior.” For ll. 123–130, see Encom. med., ll. 116–123: “Neque vero corporis tantum, quae vilior hominis pars est, curam gerit, imo totius hominis curam agit .... Siquidem propter arctissimam amborum inter se cognationem et copulam, ut animi vitia redundant in corpus, ita vicissim corporis morbi animae vigorem aut impediunt, aut etiam extinguunt.” opus est opera Pl. Mil. 766; Poen. 547; Ter. An. 738; Ph. 563. corporis … vicium Ov. Ars 3.262; Fast. 4.148. corporis aegri = Juvenc. 1.192; Aus. Ephem. 3.37. animi vicium = Lucr. 4.386; Juv. 8.140. contagia morbos ≈ Her. Chr. 17.7, n. vicinis … locis = Strozzi, Erot. 6.10.186: “Nec sors vicinis parcit iniqua locis.” Sic animo—solet For the thought, cf. Eob. Val. 1.105–108, n. ultima … Limina = Nor. 780–781; cf. Man. 1.583. monstret opem ≈ Ov. Rem. 252. esse videtur = Lucr. 1.692, 698, 750; 3.555, 777. Infirmo … gradu = Cordus, Epigr. 1.14.4: “infans / Infirmo quadrupes nesciat ire gradu”; cf. Priap. 12.5. curva—gradu = Andel. Livia 1.3.20: “Non intellecto curva senecta gradu”;

110 111 112 113 114 115 116 118 121–140

123 123–124 123 124 125 126 127–128 131–132 134 137 138

2] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes

139 140

141–144 142 145–180

145

565

Celtis, Am. 4.3.32; Strozzi, Erot. 1.3.60; Erasmus, Carm. 95.56; Eob. Venus 2.249; cf. [Tib.] 3.5.16; Ov. Ars 2.670. magis … iucundior A rare double comparative, as Sacré notes (p. 72). For this colloquial construction, see also Buc. 8.61/Idyl. 12.60. provida cura = Ov. Fast. 2.60; Eob., liminary epigram to Heinrich Schreyber, Algorismus de integris. Regula de tri cum exemplis … (Erfurt, 1523), l. 4: “Mensuras, numeros, res, instrumenta, tabellas / Contulit Henrici provida cura tibi”; Sylv. 9.9.4: “Quam bene puberibus iuvenem deducit ab annis / Ad Musas docti provida cura Vidae”; cf. Val., app. 4.5; Eleg. 1.47, n.; also cf. l. 89 above. Desiit—tuis Examples added by Eobanus. Colchidos herba = Eleg. Maec. 1.112, in the context of rejuvenation. Et ne—notam Cf. Erasmus, Encom. med., ll. 116–144: “Neque vero corporis tantum, quae vilior hominis pars est, curam gerit, imo totius hominis curam agit, etiamsi theologus ab animo, medicus a corpore sumat initium .... Quis aeque pertinax suasor abstinentiae, sobrietatis, moderandae irae, fugiendae tristitiae, vitandae crapulae, amoris abiiciendi, temperandae veneris, atque medicus? Quis efficacius suadet aegroto ut, si vivere velit et salutarem experiri medici opem, prius animum a vitiorum colluvie repurget? Idem quoties vel diaetetica ratione vel ope pharmaceutica bilem atram minuit, labantes cordis vires reficit, cerebri spiritus fulcit, mentis organa purgat, ingenium emendat, memoriae domicilium sarcit, totumque animi habitum commutat in melius, nonne per exteriorem, ut vocant, hominem et interiorem servat? Qui phreneticum, lethargicum, maniacum, syderatum, lymphatum restituit, nonne totum restituit hominem? Theologus efficit ut homines a vitiis resipiscant; at medicus efficit ut sit qui possit resipiscere. Frustra ille medicus sit animae, si iam fugerit anima, cui paratur antidotus. Cum impium hominem subito corripuit paralysis, apoplexia aut alia quaedam praesentanea pestis, quae vitam prius adimat quam vacet de castiganda cogitare vita, hunc qui restituit, alioquin infeliciter in suis sceleribus sepeliendum, nonne quodammodo tum corpus tum animum ab inferis revocat? In eum certe locum reponit hominem, ut ei in manu iam sit, si velit, aeternam mortem fugere. Quid suadebit lethargico theologus, qui suadentem non audiat? Quid movebit phreneticum, nisi medicus prius atram bilem repurgarit? Pietas caeteraeque virtutes, quibus Christiana constat felicitas, ab animo potissimum pendent, haud inficior; caeterum quoniam is corpori illigatus corporeis organis velit nolit utitur, fit ut bona pars bonae mentis a corporis habitu pendeat.” vana … gaudia Hor. Ep. 2.1.188. fugientis gaudia formae Cf. Buc. 2.80/Idyl. 2.72, n.; Her. Chr. 7.109, n.

566

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [2

147

qui sacra colunt Locher, Stult. 99, fol. 117r (Hartl, 1.2:266, no. 103.10): “Qui Christi falso pectore sacra colunt.” inde nihil = Ov. Am. 1.4.68; Ars 3.90; Eob. Eccles. 290; Contemn. B 2.92. frivola dicta refellam = Her. Chr. 4.245, n. moderatur … irae Hor. Ep. 1.2.59. Nemo magis = Juv. 4.119; 13.192. morbos animi Dial. 2.29. For the ancient idea that the soul has its diseases, just like the body, see, for example, Plato, Soph. 228e; Tim. 86b–d; Cic. Tusc. 3.4.7–9; 4.10.23; Fin. 1.59; Sen. Ep. 75.11. Si volet Cf. Val. 1.105–106, n. sentiat aeger opem Cf. Ov. Rem. 16; Pont. 3.4.8; 4.11.18. Languida … pectora Mant. Mort. 177 (fol. 121v); Celtis, Am. 3.1.23. pectora bile = Locher, Stult. 61, fol. 73v (Hartl, 1.2:172, no. 64.66): “pectora bile dolent.” hominem totum = Lucr. 3.164, 546. mole … iniqua Val. 1.179. lymphaticus error = Ser. Samm. 506: “Elleboro bene purgatur lymphaticus error.” Cf. Plin. Nat. 25.60: “[helleborum] medetur … insanientibus, lymphatis.” lucis egentem = V. Fl. 4.427; Stat. Silv. 5.2.16 (different); cf. Theb. 6.717. labantem … animum Verg. A. 4.22. Corporis atque animi = Val. 1.334, n. Corpus—sequitur The sidenote contradicts the argument in the main text. postulat alter opem = Pug. 76. Omnis ab illo = l. 191 below; Hypocr. B 4.65; Psalt. 37.9. Qui volet—erit Cf. Val. 1.29–30, n.; 1.105–108, n. bene constanterque ≈ Catul. 91.3 (in some contemporary eds.). sanus erit = Ov. Rem. 504, 546; cf. Eob. Val. 1.214, n. praestitit arte = Anthol. Lat. 637.12 (traditionally attributed to Vergil). arte medendi = Ov. Ars 2.735; Met. 7.526; Eob. Val. 3.27; Nor. 950; Sylv. 3.3.53. Vox divina—decet Cf. Erasmus, Encom. med., ll. 169–199: “Quin et divinae litterae iubent medico suum haberi honorem, non tantum ob utilitatem verumetiam ob necessitatem, ut in caeteros benemeritos ingratitudo sit, si quis non agnoscat beneficium, in medicum impietas, quippe qui tanquam beneficii divini adiutor id arte sua tuetur, quod optimum nobis et charissimum largitus est Deus, videlicet vitam. Parentibus nihil non debemus, quod per hos vitae munus accepisse quodammodo videmur; plus mea sententia debetur medico, cui toties debemus quod parentibus semel duntaxat debemus, si tamen illis debemus. Pietatem debemus ei qui hostem a cervicibus depulit; et medico non magis debemus, qui pro nobis servandis

148 149 153 154 155

156 158

164 165 167

173 175–176 177 177m 178 179 181–182 181 182 183 185–228

2] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes

187 188 189 190–191

191 192 193 195 196 197

567

cum tot capitalibus vitae hostibus quotidie depugnat? Reges ceu deos suspicimus, quia vitae necisque ius habere creduntur; qui tamen ut possint occidere, certe vitam non aliter dare possunt nisi quatenus non eripiunt, quemadmodum servare dicuntur latrones si quem non iugulent, nec aliam tamen vitam dare possunt quam corporis. At quanto propius ad divinam benignitatem accedit medici beneficium, hominem iam inferis destinatum arte, ingenio, cura, fideque sua, velut ex ipsis mortis faucibus retrahentis! Aliis in rebus profuisse sit officium; caeterum in certo corporis animique periculo servasse plus quam pietas est. Adde his quod quicquid in homine magnum est, eruditio, virtus, naturae dotes aut si quid aliud, id omne medicorum arti acceptum feramus oportet, quatenus id servat, sine quo ne reliqua quidem queant subsistere. Si omnia propter hominem, et hominem ipsum servat medicus, nimirum omnium nomine gratia debetur medico. Si non vivit qui vivit morbis obnoxius, et vitam salubrem aut reddit aut tuetur medicus, an non convenit hunc ceu vitae parentem agnoscere? Si res exoptanda est immortalitas, hanc medicorum industria quoad licet meditatur, quae vitam in longum prorogat. Quid enim hic notissima referam exempla, Pythagoram, Chrysippum, Platonem, Catonem Censorium, Antonium Castorem, cumque his innumerabiles, quorum plerique medicinae observatione vitam ab omni morbo liberam neque fatiscente ingenii vigore neque concussa memoriae soliditate neque fractis aut labefactatis sensibus, ultra centesimum annum prorogarunt? An non istuc est immortalitatis, quam speramus hic, iam nunc imaginem quandam exhibere?” For ll. 185–192, cf. also Eob. Dial. 1.155–168, 202–251, alluding to the biblical foundation of the medical profession. sanctarum—legum Cf. Epic. 2.15. For sanctarum legum, see Hor. S. 2.1.81. spaciosa volumina = Sarmat. 71, n. nomina tanta, sophos ≈ Her. Chr. 9.22, n. Omnia sunt hominum = Lucr. 5.867; Ov. Pont. 4.3.35. Ut creat—ab illo Cf. Vulg. Eccli. 38.1–4; Eob. Dial. 1.237–238. The marginal note “Exod.” in BO is either a careless copying error or a printer’s misreading for “Eccli.” in Eobanus’s manuscript. omnis ab illo = l. 179, n., above. pagina sancta = Her. Chr. 4.198, n. qui nos genuere Cf. Ov. Met. 4.322. numine divum = Catul. 64.134; Verg. A. 2.336, 777; 5.56; Eob. Her. Chr. 17.197, n. vitam … ancipitem Sid. Carm. 7.294. Ense minax = Stat. Theb. 8.399. imminet hostis = Verg. A. 10.26.

568

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [2

200 201 205 206 207

meritis—esse ≈ Contemn. B 2.144; cf. Verg. A. 1.74. veneramur honore ≈ Sil. 4.700. Adde quod = Buc. B 2.21, n. corporis atque animi = Val. 1.334, n. subeuntem limina = Mant. Ecl. 1.148. limina Ditis = Mant. Calam. 1.853 (p. 41); Georg., fol. 204v; cf. Eob. Vict. 365– 366, n. Ad vitam—iubet Cf. Ama. 35.116; Her. Chr. 9.99. Adde quod = Buc. B 2.21, n. cura fidelis = Ov. Ep. 1.104. claras animi … dotes Mant. 1. Parthen. 1.154. naturae munera Man. 4.201; Juv. 10.358–359. Casibus—mille Petrarch, Rem. 2.111.4: “mille casibus expositum”; Eob. Nor., ded. 19: “intelligerem huiuscemodi ingeniorum monumenta mille casibus exposita esse.” Casibus expositas ≈ Petrarch, Africa 7.417: “Casibus expositum scio me.” concordia mentis = Arator 1.649. medico … adhibente manum Cf. Verg. G. 3.455. Morborum … vis Lucr. 6.1098. freta ventis = [Tib.] 3.7.194; Ov. Ep. 18.7. Non secus ac = Verg. G. 3.346; A. 8.243; and elsewhere; Eob. Laud. 106; Her. Chr. 11.123; Hod. 53; Hypocr. B 2.7; and often. caecas … umbras = Cic. Arat. 411; cf. V. Fl. 7.403. sol aureus = Verg. G. 1.232; 4.51; Eob. Her. Chr. 3.133, n.; Idyl. 17.202. aureus umbras = V. Fl. 8.128. Morborum … omne genus Juv. 10.219. seros … sub annos = Petrarch, Africa 8.201; Eob. Ilias 2.154: “Fama nocens seros si manserit ista sub annos”; cf. Ov. Fast. 5.63; Tr. 4.10.73; Eob. Luth. 2.3. forma—erat ≈ Strozzi, Erot. 2.14.32: “Et tua post obitum forma perennis erit.” exemplis … grandibus uti = Ov. Tr. 1.3.25. sonus … noster in ore Cf. Prop. 4.1.58. infanti … ore = Ov. Fast. 4.208. in ore decet = Ov. Ep. 4.78. Iure—probant Cf. Erasmus, Encom. med., ll. 245–274: “Optimo igitur iure priscis saeculis, cum nondum sordidi quaestus et spurcae voluptates viciassent omnia, medendi ars inter omnes una divinis ac summatibus viris, opulentissimis regibus, clarissimis senatoribus praecipue cordi fuit, nec alia mortalium generi gratior. Siquidem Moses ille magnus non alia ratione quam artis medicae cibos suos distinxisse creditur. Orpheus Graecorum

208 213 214 215 216

217 218 219 221

222 225 226 227 228

229–260

2] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes

229 231 232 233 235

236 237

569

vetustissimus de viribus herbarum nonnulla prodidisse legitur. Homerus ipse, citra controversiam unicus ingeniorum fons, plurimus est et in herbarum commemoratione et in laude medicorum. Is et moly nobis depinxit, herbarum omnium teste Plinio laudatissimam, efficacem adversus veneficia; cuius inventionem Mercurio tribuit, hac Ulyssem suum adversus Circes pocula praemuniens. Idem nepenthes indicat in conviviis adhibendum, quod moerorem tristiciamque discutiat. Porro Machaonem, Paeonem, Chironem, Podalirium ut hac arte praestantes saepicule non sine honore commemorat, quorum arte non solum heroibus verum ipsis etiam diis subventum esse fingit, illud videlicet subindicans, summis etiam principibus medicorum praesidiis opus esse, atque horum vitam medicis in manu esse, qui in caeteros omnes ius vitae ac necis habere videntur. Quid quod idem poeta libro Iliados undecimo huius artis professionem longe pulcherrimo nobilitavit elogio, cum ait unum medicum pluris habendum quam caeterorum hominum permultos? Rursum alibi medicum ita notat, ut dicat eum eruditum in omnibus, palam testans, id quod res est, hanc artem non una aut altera disciplina, sed omnium artium cognitione circuloque, tum praeter exactum ingenium multo etiam rerum usu constare. Pythagoras ille Samius, cui divinitatem quandam tribuebat antiquitas, de naturis herbarum nobile volumen reliquisse legitur. Atque ut Platonem, Aristotelem, Theophrastum, Chrysippum, Catonem Censorium, Varronem praeteream, quibus studio fuit hanc artem suis vel studiis vel negociis admiscere, Mithridatem Ponti regem non perinde regnum alioqui locupletissimum, non tam unius et viginti linguarum miraculum, quam rei medicae peritia nobilitavit vereque magnum virum declaravit, qui artis huius commentationes et exemplaria effectusque in arcanis reliquit, ut autor est Plinius.” Iure igitur = Catul. 62.16; Lucr. 2.1139; Ov. Fast. 6.293; Tr. 2.37; et al.; Eob. Her. Chr. 2.23. Tum fuit in precio = Lucr. 5.1273. praemia digna ferebat Her. Chr. 17.208, n. magnis regibus = Luth. 4.28; Sylv. 1.1.10. Legiferum … Mosen Cf. Prud. Perist. 2.363. Orphea—herbas Cf. Plin. Nat. 25.12. medicas … herbas = Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 62. errasse per herbas ≈ Ov. Met. 15.14. Arguta … lyra = Psalt. 43.14: “Arguta resonans carmina multa lyra”; cf. Strozzi, Erot. 4.6.12: “argutae … fila lyrae.” Fons—vatum Cf. Ov. Am. 3.9.25–26. Fons sacer = Ov. Am. 3.1.3; Ep. 15.158; Ars 3.688.

570

239–244 239 240 242 244 245 246

248 250 251–252 252 255 256 257–260 257 258 259 261–262 262 263–278

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [2 divinus Homerus = Thomas More, Carm. 51.1, in The Complete Works of St. Thomas More, vol. 3.2, ed. Clarence H. Miller et al. (New Haven, 1984), 128; Eob. Val. 2.331; Nor. 1266; cf. Hod. 2–3; Val. 3.19. Quantus—rogat Cf. Plin. Nat. 25.11–12. herbarum … viribus = Idyl. 15.122; cf. Ov. Met. 14.69; Eob. Val. 3.21, n. quanto … ore = Ov. Pont. 4.10.76. condidit ore = Tum. 5.114. Ithacum Ulysses. See, for example, Prop. 1.15.9; Verg. A. 2.104; Ov. Met. 13.98, 103. nemo … rogat Her. Chr. 16.138, n. Phoebique nepotes = Ilias 2.980: “Phoebique nepotes, / … praestantes arte medendi, / … Podalirius atque Machaon.” Heroa—tuba Cf. Idyl. 13.31; 16.53. On tuba, see Nob. 138, n.; Idyl., 2.ded. 102. Eobanus’s verse is borrowed in Smetius, Medic., 44, ll. 326–328, speaking of Homer: “Heroa quoties cum fratre Machaona vates / Qui canit Iliaco bellantem littore Achillem / Tollit ad astra tuba?” Smetius versifies large portions of Erasmus’s Encomium medicinae, occasionally (as here) with assistance from Eobanus; cf. Eob. Val. 3.45–48, n. tollit ad astra ≈ Strozzi, Erot. 4.23.38: “Ingenium, quod tu tollis ad astra meum”; cf. Verg. Ecl. 5.51; Hor. S. 2.7.29; Eob. Her. Chr. 15.32, n. Omnibus—nihil Cf. Her. 3.2.110. posse latere = Ov. Pont. 2.3.92; Eob. Her. Chr. 18.14; Luth. 1.54; 2.34. quaelibet herba = Ov. Ep. 4.98. Nimirum—habet Not in Erasmus, but added by Eobanus. Cf. Val. 1.570, with n. 53 (p. 101). quo tueatur habet = Ov. Fast. 1.32; Eob. Buc. B 8.2; In Ed. Leeum 37.2; Sylv. 1.4.36. Theophrasti—leguntur Cf. Ov. Pont. 1.1.23. est numerare labor Nup. 191, n.; Nob. 342, n. Nulla—probant See Plin. Nat. 23.149; 25.5–7; 29.24. Nulla … gloria rerum Verg. A. 4.232, 272. Laudibus aeternis = Idyl., 1.ded. 4 (2.ded. 4); Theoc., ded. 46; Nor. 143; Psalt. 56.28; 113.2. Cuius ab ingenio = Arator 1.361; Pontano, Laud. 13.12; Strozzi, Erot. 4.6.2. Quos—queam Not in Erasmus, but added by Eobanus. Nomina … barbara Aus. Ep. 17.24; Eob. Hod. 302, n. Si libet—nihil Cf. Erasmus, Encom. med., ll. 279–300: “Quid quod Christus ipse, disciplinarum omnium et autor et princeps, sese non iureconsultum, non rhetorem, non philosophum, sed medicum professus est, dum de se loquens negat opus esse medico iis qui bene habeant, dum Sama-

2] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes

263 265 266

267–268 267 268

269 270 271–272 271

272 275

571

ritanus vulneribus oleum ac vinum infundit, dum sputum terrae mixtum illinit oculis caeci? Quid quod idem hac potissimum commendatione, cum adhuc orbi esset ignotus, sese paulatim in animos atque affectus hominum insinuavit, non auro, non imperiis, sed morborum remediis? Quod ille nutu fecit, nempe Deus, hoc medicus, pro virili sua, cura imitatur. Neque deest his quoque divina vis, nimirum medendi viribus in hunc usum rebus a Deo inditis. Nec alio viatico magis instruxit apostolos, mandans ut hoc protinus officio sibi devincirent hospitem, medentes, inquit, morbis illorum et ungentes oleo. Paulus ille magnus, dum Timotheo suo modicum vini praescribit usum ad fulciendam stomachi imbecillitatem, nonne palam medici partibus utitur? Sed quid hoc mirum in Apostolo, cum Raphael angelus, Thobiae caecitati medicans, hinc nomen etiam invenerit apud arcanarum rerum studiosos? O coelestem vereque sacram disciplinam, cuius cognomento divinae illae mentes insigniuntur! Inter mortales alii alias artes vel discunt, vel profitentur; hanc unam oportebat ab omnibus disci, quae nulli non est necessaria. Sed O heu perversissima hominum iudicia! Nemo nescire sustinet, quis nummus legitimus sit, quis adulterinus, ne quid fallatur in re vilissima; nec scire studio est, quibus modis id quod habet optimum tueatur. In nomismate non credit alienis oculis, in negocio vitae ac sanitatis clausis quod dicitur oculis sequitur alienum iudicium.” libet exemplis uti = Consol. 141: “Nec libet exemplis uti.” Illinit—sputum See Vulg. Joan. 9.6. Hic oleo—lavat See Vulg. Luc. 10.34. vulnera … lavat = Ov. Ars 3.744. vulnera foeda = Pod. 362. Diversum—manus See Vulg. Matt. 10.8; Marc. 6.13; Luc. 9.1–2. Diversum … in orbem Ov. Tr. 4.2.69; Pont. 1.5.67. Cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 17.221, n. medicas … manus = [Tib.] 3.10.4; cf. Verg. G. 3.455; Eob. Val. 2.108, n.; Eleg. 2.10. addere … manus = Ov. Am. 3.8.48. vinum—amato See Vulg. 1. Tim. 5.23. iuveni … amato Ov. Am. 1.13.43. Parte aliqua = Ov. Met. 9.590. Luminibus—habet See Vulg. Tob. 6.5–9; 11.13–15; 12.14–15. Luminibus captum = Campano, Epigr. 2.14.5 (sig. B3v); cf. Eob. Idyl. 3.113; 16.67. arte medendi = Ov. Ars 2.735; Met. 7.526; Eob. Nor. 950; Sylv. 3.3.53. quod modo nomen habet = Brant, Var. carm., sig. a7v (Texte 195.373); cf. Eob. Sylv. duae 1.24, n. Nescire pudendum = Val. 1.513, n.

572

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [2

278

Lucrum—nihil For this proverbial thought, see Val. 1.335–338, n. fata dedere = Tib. 1.4.36; Ov. Tr. 4.10.52. Quod si—grave est Cf. Erasmus, Encom. med., ll. 306–322: “Semper apud efferas etiam ac barbaras nationes sanctum ac venerabile fuit amicitiae nomen, atque is egregius habetur amicus qui se fortunae utriusque comitem sociumque praebeat, quod vulgus amicorum, velut hirundines aestate, rebus secundis adsunt, rebus adversis, quemadmodum illae ingruente bruma, devolant. At quanto syncerior amicus medicus! Qui … in periculis, in his casibus in quibus uxor ac liberi saepe deserunt hominem, velut in phrenesi, in phthiriasi, in peste, solus medicus constanter adest, et adest non inutili officio quemadmodum plerique caeterorum, sed adest opitulaturus, adest pro capite periclitantis cum morbo dimicans, nonnunquam suo quoque periculo. Et O plus quam ingratos qui, talis amici officio servati, iam depulso periculo medicum odisse possunt, ac non potius parentis vice colunt ac venerantur! Vulgarem amicum, qui subinde salutat obvium, ad coenam rogant; qui latus claudit, officio pensant; et talem amicum ubi desierint egere aversantur? Et ob hoc ipsum aversantur, quod intelligant illius officio nullam meritis parem gratiam rependi posse.” Fortunam … utramque = Hutten, Querel. 2.10.266: “Fortunamque gravi penset utramque animo”; cf. Boeth. Consol. 1.m4.3. Nemo magis = Juv. 4.119; 13.192; Eob. Epic. 9.73, 74. tempore duro = Ov. Tr. 3.4.1; 5.6.5 (in contemporary eds.). multa pericla subit = Celtis, Am. 3.10.82. proh pudor = Nob. 270, n. Nam quia desperant = Contemn. B 1.25. praemia digna rependi = Stat. Theb. 9.50. Si quis—erat Cf. Erasmus, Encom. med., ll. 343–366: “Iam vero si qui sint, qui rerum precia malint utilitate quaestuque metiri (licet haec ars divinior est, quam ut huiusmodi rationibus sit aestimanda), ne hac quidem parte cuiquam aliarum cedit artium. Neque enim ulla magis fuit frugifera et ad rem subito parandam aeque praesentanea. Erasistratus … a rege Ptolemaeo, Critobulus ab Alexandro Magno praemiis ingentibus ac vix credendis donati leguntur. Quanquam quod tandem praemium non exiguum videatur repensum servatori capitis, pro cuius unius salute tot hominum milia depugnabant? Quid ego nunc commemorem Cassios, Carpitanos, Aruncios, Albutios, quibus Romae tum apud principem tum apud populum immodicum quaestum fuisse refert Plinius? Quanquam quid nos haec ex priscis aetatibus repetimus, quasi non hodie cuique complures succurrant, quos haec ars ad Croesi opes evexerit? Rhetorica aut poetica non alit

279–288

280 281 282 286 287 289–346

2] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes

292 293 296 298 299–300 304 306 307 308

309 310 311 313

315 316 317 318

573

nisi insignem; musicus ni praecellat, esurit; iureconsulto tenuis proventus est, ni sit eximius. Sola medicina quomodocunque doctum alit ac tuetur. Innumeris disciplinis, infinita rerum cognitione constat res medica, et tamen frequenter unum aut alterum remedium alit idiotam. Tantum abest, ut haec ars sterilitatis damnari possit. Adde quod caeterarum artium non ubique paratus est quaestus. Rhetor frigebit apud Sarmatas, iuris Caesarei peritus apud Britannos. Medicum, quoquo terrarum sese contulerit, suus comitatur honos, suum sequitur viaticum .... Sed hoc ipsum indignatur Plinius, aut certe apud hunc alii, quaestum esse medicinae professionem. Maior est, fateor, haec facultas, quam ut quaestui lucroque serviat, sordidarum id est artium. Sed nimis ingratum est, eam solam sua fraudare gratia, cui nulla par gratia rependitur.” divinae … artis honor = l. 6 above. Pauca … referam = Ov. Met. 15.308. Pauca tamen = Her. Chr. 16.95, n. nullam—fidem = Sylv. 9.4.4. certus eris = Ov. Pont. 2.7.28. Pluris—fugit Cf. Val. 3.53–56. fecit et auxit Divitiis = Nob. 339–340; cf. Ov. Tr. 2.45. prodiga Roma Juv. 7.138. aeris—Tagi Cf. Ov. Met. 2.251. unda Tagi = Mart. 10.17.4. Quid tamen haec … iuvet Ov. Met. 13.964–965. Praesentem faciunt … fidem = Epic. 3.96; cf. Ov. Am. 2.8.18; Met. 6.566; Eob. Her. Chr. 20.140. tempora nostra = Ov. Tr. 2.484; Eob. Max. 202; Eleg. 3.62, n.; Accl. 1.248; et al. in hoc numero = Venus 1.105. Croesique Midaeque Hod. B 1.86, n.; Val. 1.241–242; Nor. 1311–1312. Divitiis—pares Cf. Eccles. 103–104. regibus esse pares ≈ Sylv. 1.1.18. flores sine fructibus Venus 2.204. Frigebunt … Musae Cf. Idyl. 14.44: “friget … investis Apollo”; Sylv. 4.2.7: “Esurit interea Phoebus frigentque Camoenae.” steriles Musae Andrel. Ecl. 7.33; Celtis, Od. 3.11.1; Eob. Sylv. duae 2.147; Sylv. 4.2, tit.; cf. Idyl. 1.26. cantu superet Ov. Ars 3.399. Ingeniosa … mathesis Mant. c. Poet. 135: “est ingeniosa mathesis.” Haec et plura = Ov. Met. 14.198; Epic. Drusi 165; Eob. Idyl. 14.121; Sylv. 3.5.43; cf. Vict. 285. pepulisse famem Val. 1.341, n.

574

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [2

320

fuerint … artis honore Epic. 3.18. summis … pares = Epic. 3 B.8 Adde quod = Buc. B 2.21, n. gravis arca Mart. 3.41.2; 10.15.4. Vivere … recte = Hor. Ep. 1.8.4. immensas … opes = Nux 112. non omnes—artes = Mant. 2. Parthen. 2.326: “Nemo est omnis homo, non omnes omnibus artes”; for omnibus artes, cf. l. 335, n., below. instar habent = Ov. Ars 3.490; Priap. 40.4. Sarmaticis … oris Ov. Tr. 5.1.13. limite … brevi Ov. Rem. 326. limite clausa = Her. Chr. 16.256. Ipse—manet Drawing on his own experience since 1521, Eobanus laments the prevailing contempt for the humanities. divinus Homerus = l. 237, n., above. pauper erit = Mart. 7.10.4. Felix—dies Cf. Sil. 13.796. nasci contigit = l. 112, n., above. Non tamen ista = Prop. 1.14.7; 2.25.37; Pers. 4.41. Omnibus—manet Cf. Epp. fam., 216, verse letter to Thomas Venatorius (1528): “Cum aliae pereant annis ab edacibus artes, / Sola manet semper nescia Musa mori.” Omnibus artes = Ov. Met. 1.524; Eob. Val. 2.327, n.; 3.9; Eleg. 2.27. una manet = Maxim. 5.152; Celtis, Am. 3.9.40. contraria … nostris Verg. A. 7.293. caelivagi—larem = Her. Chr. 21.74, n. medica … ope = l. 50, n., above. Hanc Cato—decus Cf. Erasmus, Encom. med., ll. 371–387: “Catoni non placuit [ars medicinae], non quod rem damnaret, sed quod ambitiosam Graecorum professionem non ferret homo mere Romanus .... Existimabat homo durus ad purgandum hominis corpus sufficere brassicam et crebros vomitus .... Solis, inquiunt, medicis summa occidendi impunitas est. At hoc nomine magis suspiciendi boni medici, quibus cum in manu sit non solum impune verum etiam mercede occidere, tamen servare malunt. Quod possunt, facultatis est; quod nolunt, probitatis. Decantatur iam passim inter pocula temulentorum adagium: Qui medice vivit, misere vivit. Quasi vero felicitas sit distendi crapula, rumpi venere, turgescere cervisia, sepeliri somno. Sed istos sycophantas quid opus est oratione refellere, cum ipsi petulantiae suae satis magnas poenas dant arti, mox podagra contorti, paralysi stupidi, desipiscentes ante tempus, caecutientes ante senectutem,

321 322 326 327 328 329 330 331–336 331 332 333–334 334 335 335–336

335 336 339 340 342 347–358

2] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes

347–348 348 349 352 354 355 358 359–382

359–360 360 362 363–364

363 365

575

iamque prius vituperatae medicinae exemplo Stesichori seram canunt palinodiam miseri?” Hanc Cato—erat See Plin. Nat. 29.14. Conveniens … moribus = Ov. Pont. 3.2.110. duris moribus Prop. 2.5.7. occidere clamant ≈ Hor. S. 2.3.198. quae decuisse queat ≈ Idyl., lectori 2, n. Mille … modis = Epic. 7.30; cf. Val. 1.210, n. Mille voluptatum = Val. 1.231. Sed quid opus = Luc. 7.720; Pers. 1.107; Calp. Ecl. 6.27. verbis convellere = Ov. Ep. 17.111. tantum … decus Buc. 9.49/Idyl. 6.52, n. Quod si—petam Cf. Erasmus, Encom. med., ll. 394–410: “Quod si maxime sunt (ut sunt in hoc ordine) qui se pro medicis gerunt, cum nihil minus sint quam medici; si sunt qui pro remediis venena ministrant; si sunt qui ob quaestum aut ambitionem aegrotis male consulunt: quid iniquius est quam hominum vitia in artis calumniam detorquere? Sunt et inter sacerdotes adulteri, inter monachos homicidae ac piratae; sed quid hoc ad religionem per se optimam? Nulla tam sancta professio est, quae non alat sceleratos aliquot. Votis quidem omnibus optandum, omnes principes eiusmodi esse, cuiusmodi decet esse qui censeantur hoc digni nomine. Nec tamen ideo damnandus est principatus, quod nonnulli sub eo titulo praedones reique publicae hostes agant. Optarim et ipse medicos omnes vere medicos esse .... Optarim ab omnibus eam praestari sanctimoniam, quam Hippocrates sacramento verbis solennibus concepto a professoribus exigit. Neque tamen huc non enitendum est nobis, si id a plerisque negligi conspicimus. Sed quoniam huius argumenti tanta est ubertas, viri praestantissimi, ut difficillimum sit in eo dicendi finem invenire, ne non praestem quod initio sum pollicitus, tempestivum arbitror universas eius laudes summatim complecti.” sunt multa—Milia = Nor. 443–444. tantum nomine = Her. Chr. 8.136. criminis esse = Ov. Am. 2.7.28. Nulla—malos Adapted in Andreas Ritz, ed., Florilegium adagiorum et sententiarum Latino-Germanicum … (Basel, 1728), 982: “Tam sanctus status et tam sancta professio nulla, / Quin habeat quosdam sustineatque malos”; see Walther, Prov. 43605a. Nulla est relligio = Hutten, Epigr. 29.1. Quis dabit ut = Her. Chr. 7.132, n. votis optare Verg. A. 4.158–159; 10.279; Eob. Idyl. 14.156.

576

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [2

366 367

hic et ubique = Buc. B 2.4, n.; Accl. 1.250; Sylv. 1.1.34; 8.1.6. nominis huius = Ov. Fast. 6.139; Met. 2.36; Mart. 4.11.5; Eob. Epic. 6.57; Nor. 391, 882; Her., ded. 103. paucorum—nocens Cf. Val. 1.301–302, n. crimine facta nocens = Sylv. duae 1.148, n. peccasse fateri ≈ Ov. Am. 3.14.37. Peccarunt—fuit Cf. Plin. Nat. 29.21: “non sint artis ista, sed hominum.” Musis—dignum = Hutten, Querel. 2.8.19; cf. Mart. 2.89.3; Eob. Idyl. 1.17; 13.107. Quem si forte = Aetna 402; Eob. Idyl. 14.155. nostrae—saluti Pug. 101, n. possit ut esse = Ov. Pont. 1.10.18; Eob. Her. Chr. 2.128. Molis … pondere Ov. Fast. 1.568. pondere victa = Prop. 3.2.24; Eob. Her. Chr. 8.116. nomine laudis = Strabo, Hortulus 341: “Haec tantum meruit generali nomine laudis”; Eob. Buc. B 2.49. milia multa = Her. Chr. 6.76, n. Sed quis—velim Cf. Nob. 241–242. Sed quis erit modus = Verg. A. 4.98. scribere plura = Ov. Ep. 14.131; Tr. 3.3.85. Et portum—petam For the nautical imagery, cf. Laud. 477–478, n.; Val. 1.653–654. littora … petam Prop. 2.30.20; Verg. A. 1.157–158; 2.256, 399–400; 3.657; et al. littora prima = Sylv. duae 1.130, n. Si placida—humus Cf. Erasmus, Encom. med., ll. 411–428: “Etenim si permultas res sola commendat antiquitas, hanc artem primam omnium repperit necessitas. Si scientiam autores illustrant, huius inventio semper diis attributa est. Si quid autoritatis addit honos, non alia tam passim ac tam diu divinos honores meruit. Si magni fiunt quae summis viris probantur, haec summos reges, haec primates non solum delectavit verum etiam illustravit. Si difficilia quae sunt, ea sunt et pulchra, nihil hac operosius, quae tot disciplinis, tantarum rerum pervestigatione usuque constat. Si dignitate rem aestimamus, quid excellentius quam ad Dei benignitatem proxime accedere? Si facultate, quid potentius aut efficacius quam totum hominem certo exitio periturum sibi posse restituere? Si necessitate, quid aeque necessarium atque id, sine quo nec vivere nec nasci licet? Si virtute, quid honestius quam servare genus humanum? Si utilitate, nullius usus neque maior est neque latius patet. Si compendio, aut haec in primis frugifera sit oportet, aut ingratissimi mortales. Vobis igitur magnopere gratulor, eximii

368 369 370 371 373 374 376 377 378 379–380 379 380 381–382 382

383–406

2] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes

383 389 391 394 396 397

400 401 403 404 405

406

407

408 409–410 409

577

viri, quibus contigit in hoc pulcherrimo genere professionis excellere. Vos adhortor, optimi iuvenes, hanc toto pectore complectimini, in hanc nervis omnibus incumbite, quae vobis decus, gloriam, autoritatem, opes est conciliatura; per quam vos vicissim amicis, patriae, atque adeo mortalium generi non mediocrem utilitatem estis allaturi.” accessit gratia Stat. Theb. 6.623; Eob. Her. Chr. 15.147, n. gratia rebus = Ov. Pont. 2.2.47; 4.1.23. digna videntur = Juvenc. 4.88; Eob. Nor. 53; Sylv. 4.2.31; cf. Eleg. 3.45. Si quod—hac est See Erasmus, Adag. 2.1.12; cf. Eob. Dial. 2.189. fugientem animam Verg. G. 4.526; Ov. Met. 10.188; 12.425. sola tenere potest ≈ Ov. Ep. 16.94. gloria laudis = Eleg. 1.132, n.; cf. Mart. Sp. 32.11. Si virtus spectanda = first line of an epitaph for the Bamberg patrician Johann Seiler (d. 1530), in Epp. 1, sig. K5v: “Si virtus spectanda foret post fata superstes.” Cf. Ebn. 113. gratior usus Verg. G. 3.211. Ex animo … tibi gratulor Luth. 5.53, n. Perge modo et = Verg. A. 1.401. totis—viribus Cf. Verg. A. 12.528; Ov. Ars 2.731; Met. 10.658; Pont. 3.1.39. surgit honor = Ov. Fast. 5.228. tibi—serta Cf. Pontano, Am. 3.4.5: “tibi formosae texunt nova serta puellae”; cf. Stat. Silv. 2.1.192. faciles … Napeae = Pontano, Urania 3.508; Cordus, Ecl. 5.128; cf. Verg. G. 4.535; Eob. Hymn. 106; Venus 1.78. vario—humus Cf. Epp. 1, sig. R8v (spring 1534?): “Plena sinu vario germine turget humus.” For vario germine, see also Buc. 1.1/Idyl. 1.1, n. germine … humus = Her. Chr. 4.156, n. Hoc iter ad Musas ≈ Aldo Manuzio, epigram in Rudimenta grammatices Latinae linguae (Venice, [1502]), sig. a2r, commending the book: “Hac iter ad Musas perbreve carpe, puer”; Philip Melanchthon, Institutiones Graecae grammaticae … (Haguenau, 1518), sig. a1v, under the heading “Ioannes Setzerius”: “Hac iter ad Musas, hic Graeca Latinaque disces.” Cf. Prop. 2.13.40. ego te—euntem = Mant. Dionys. 2.383 (fol. 182r): “per Gallos ego te comitabor euntem”; cf. Verg. A. 6.863; Ov. Met. 4.484; Pont. 2.2.81. Haec—nescis = Val. 3.106; cf. Ov. Fast. 5.229; Eob. Her. Chr. 12.98, n. ad astra via = Her. Chr. 15.174, n.; 23.78. Haec … cecini … Dum Verg. G. 4.559–560; cf. Eob. Buc. 11.106. Haec tibi … cecini = Ama. 36.5. disparibus … Camaenis Cf. Ov. Pont. 2.5.1; 3.4.86; Eob. Her. Chr. 3.54, n. dictata Camaenis Her. Chr. 9.31, n.

578

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [2

410

Medicus … Apollo A cult title of Apollo. In A, the phrase occurs at or near the end of each of the four sections of the book; see Val. 1, variant after l. 660; Val. 3.101; Val., app. 3.3. Apollo cheli = Buc. B 2.6, n.; Sylv. 5.46.4; 7.27.14. Quae quantum—dedit It appears that Eobanus originally addressed Hune as follows: “Dicere neu pudeat versu quae magnus Erasmus / Valde pari scripsit cum Cicerone stylo. / Si tamen illius per te magis inclyta fiunt / Scripta, peto veniam: vincit hoc illud opus.” See Epp. fam., 266, letter of mid-July 1524, where Joachim Camerarius criticizes the lines as ambiguous: “Ἀμφιβολία non placet. Sed nihil aliud in mentem venit.” Eobanus thereupon revised the verses. quantum … tantum debebis Mart. 14.195.1–2. culto … horto Idyl. 16.14, n. quae nunc—vides = Sylv. 6.14.34. pauca, sed apta = Val. 1.550, n. de flore corollas = Pontano, Tum. 1.37.7; Eridanus 2.31.45; cf. Copa 13. non puduisse = Tib. 2.3.30. sine lege iacerent Ov. Ep. 15.73. iussimus esse = Her. Chr. 21.160; Her., ded. 36.

411–412

411 413 414 415 416 417 418

3: Chorus illustrium medicorum The epigrams on the physicians are briefly discussed in Vivian Nutton, “Hellenism Postponed: Some Aspects of Renaissance Medicine, 1490–1530,” Sudhoffs Archiv 81 (1997): 158–170, here at pp. 168–169; also in Nutton, “Biographical Accounts of Galen, 1340–1660,” in Thomas Rütten, ed., Geschichte der Medizingeschichtsschreibung: Historiographie unter dem Diktat literarischer Gattungen von der Antike bis zur Aufklärung (Remscheid, 2009), 201–232, here at pp. 202–205. For a much later set of epigrams on images of the famous physicians, likewise written by a candidate of medicine, see Pietro Berigardo, Hippocratis aphorismi rhythmici (Utini, 1645), concluding section titled “Epigrammata in imagines horti medici Pisani,” sigs. C1r–C8v. (I owe this information to Klaus-Dietrich Fischer, who helpfully also provided a xerox copy.) Meter: Elegiac distich. 2

Mercurius citharam = Celtis, Am. 2.10.73: “Mercurius citharam, faveat tibi carmina Phoebus.” Cf. Eob. Sylv. 5.9.1: “Mercurium citharae, Neptunum flumina possunt, / Iovem decere fulmina.”

3] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes 3 4 5 5–6

7 9 11–12 11 13 14 16 17 18 19 20 21

22 23 24 25–26

25

27–28

579

Medicina—nostra est Cf. Ov. Met. 1.521; Eob. Val., 1.ded. 14, n. gloria nomen habet = Her. Chr. 6.46, n. Tela trisulca Iovem ≈ Ov. Am. 2.5.52. ebria … Vina Eobanus first uses this phrase in his “Protrepticus famulorum,” l. 20: “Lex etiam famulis ebria vina vetat.” See Palladii de insitione carmen. Παραινεσεσ [sic] duae de famuli legibus … [Erfurt, 1509?], ed. Johann Möller (Mylius) of Würzburg, sig. B2r. He uses the phrase again at Psalt. 69.39: “Ebria quique olidis depotant vina tabernis.” nocent … artes Verg. G. 3.549. omnibus artes = Val. 2.335, n. Abstulit—mea For the story, see Verg. A. 7.765–773; Ov. Fast. 6.737–760; Plin. Nat. 29.3; Eob. Val. 2.79, n. mihi Iuppiter = Verg. A. 5.17; Ov. Met. 2.744; 4.640; Eob. Idyl. 15.85. Argiva iuventus = Verg. A. 7.672. Fluminis ad ripas = Luc. 2.484. nympha Coroni Ov. Fast. 1.291. Me quoque qua fratrem = Ov. Ep. 10.77. Podalirion—medentem ≈ Ov. Ars 2.735. Graecia tota lares = Ama. 35.74, n. Vera loquor = Her. Chr. 6.193, n. divinus Homerus = Val. 2.237, n. artifici … manu = Luth. 1.20, n. vulnera multa = Ov. Am. 1.2.44; Ars 1.262; Pont. 4.7.50. Herbarum vires … cognoscere Cf. Verg. A. 12.396. Herbarum vires = Dicta Catonis 2, praef. 3; Celtis, Am. 2.7.1; cf. Ov. Met. 14.69; Eob. Dial. 1.171; Val. 2.239, n.; 3.109–110; Idyl. 3.111. magnum … Achillem Verg. A. 11.438; Eob. Nup. 117, n. concinuisse lyra = Ov. Am. 3.9.24. ipse … Epidaurius = Ov. Pont. 1.3.21. Tybridis unda = Ov. Fast. 1.242. Primus—adserui From Plin. Nat. 29.4, on the history of medicine: “Sequentia eius … in nocte densissima latuere usque ad Peloponnesiacum bellum. Tunc eam revocavit in lucem Hippocrates.” Primus ego = Verg. G. 3.10; A. 11.364; Prop. 3.1.3; Ov. Am. 2.11.43. obscura … nocte = Stat. Theb. 11.140. nocte sepultam ≈ Avit. Carm. 2.290: “infernali iam dudum nocte sepultis”; Locher, Stult. 3, fol. 13v (Hartl, 1.2:56, no. 3.17): “inferna nocte sepultus”; cf. Eob. Sylv. duae 1.50, n. Nec—prius Cf. Orat. 17.5.6, n.: “Salve, cui similem neque pristina viderat aetas / Nec fortasse parem saecla futura dabunt.”

580 27 28

29–36

31 32

33

37–40

37–38

37 38

39 40 41

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [3 arte medendi = Val. 2.183, n. quaeque manent—prius Psalt. 139.14: “tu cuncta creasti, / Quaeque fuere prius quaeque futura manent”; cf. Paul. Nol. Carm. 6.117: “Quaeque fuere prius, quae sunt quae deinde sequentur.” Dempseris—chori Reprinted (according to O) among the ancient tributes to Hippocrates (“Incerti auctoris”) in Magni Hippocratis Coi opera omnia, Graece et Latine, ed. Jan A. vander Linden, vol. 1 (Leiden, 1665), 991; thence in Hippocratis opera omnia ex Jani Cornarii versione …, vol. 1 (Venice, 1737), sig. f2v; Hippocratis opera minus certa, ed. Albrecht von Haller, vol. 3 (Lausanne, 1770), 362–363; Artis medicae principes, Hippocrates, Aretaeus, Alexander, Aurelianus, Celsus, Rhazeus, ed. Albrecht von Haller, vol. 4 (Lausanne, 1771; 1784), 362–363. omnia feci = Ov. Met. 9.541. claro lucidiora die = Jakob Wimpfeling, verse letter to Robert Gaguin, in Wimpfeling, Briefwechsel, ed. Otto Herding and Dieter Mertens, vol. 1 (Munich, 1990), 196: “Multa sub arcanis quae iam sunt tecta latebris, / mox aderunt claro lucidiora die”; Georg Sibutus, Friderici et Ioannis illustrissimorum Saxoniae principum torniamenta … heroica celebritate decantata (Wittenberg, 1511), sig. A3v: “Omnia sunt claro lucidiora die.” claro … die Sylv. duae 2.114, n. Hippocratem—insula Cf. Petrarch, Rem. 2.4.8: “Chous Egei maris brevis insula et poetam non ignobilem Philitem tulit et medicorum patrem et sculptorum ac pictorum principes, Hippocratem scilicet et Phidiam et Apellem.” Nos—damus Reused, without attribution, as the liminary epigram to Pauli Aeginetae, medici clarissimi, libri septem …, edited and (partially) translated by Alban Thorer (Basel, 1538), under the heading “Paulus Aegineta de se.” On the title page verso, the editor goes on to adapt Eobanus’s liminary poem to Val., as printed in B; the heading reads: “Interpretatio de seipsa.” Nos—sequi Cf. Sylv. 9.9.5–6, the liminary poem for Eobanus’s school edition of Vida’s De arte poetica (1531): “Hunc lege qui magni cupis aurea scripta Maronis / Tramite difficili non remorante sequi.” scripta Galeni = l. 81 below. Tramite difficili = Mant. Trophaeum Francisci Gonzagae, bk. 5, in Opera, vol. 3, fol. 179v. non remorante = Ov. Fast. 6.772. immensa volumina = Verg. A. 5.408 (different). cursu … breviore Gunther, Lig. 2.316; Mant. Ecl. 8.191; Eob. Laud. 479. locupletem—fecit Cf. Val., 2.ded. 7.

3] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes 43 45–48

45 46

48 49–52 49 50 51–52

52 53–56 54 55 57 58 59 61–64

61 63 65–68 69–72

581

posito … funere Psalt. 49.20: “Interitu pereunt sapiens et stultus eodem, / Nec refert posito funere praestet uter.” Tabuit—erat For the story, see V. Max. 5.7.ext. 1. Some of Eobanus’s phrasing reappears in Smetius, Medic., 42, ll. 225–230: “Mente sagax tandem labente Erasistratus aevo / Vitali ex venae pulsu vultusque colore / Torqueri infando deprendit amore novercae / Antiochum tacitisque animum tabescere flammis. / Unde mali causam miserante parente Seleuco, / Quae modo mater erat, nato conceditur uxor.” Tabuit … igne Cf. Ov. Met. 4.259. tacito … amore Celtis, Am. 2.5.37, 81; Eob. Buc. 3.132, n. certus … mori Her. Chr. 12.127, n. amore mori = Prop. 2.1.47; Ov. Am. 2.7.10; Ars 1.372. quae—erat Cf. Ov. Ep. 20.218; Eob. Val. (B), lim. 1.1, n. Primus—opus From Plin. Nat. 11.219; 29.6. cognoscere motus = Vict. 86, n. aetatis pro ratione suae = Eleg. 2.36. si non … grande fuisset opus Tifernate, Carm., sig. C1v: “Non Hector tantus, tantus non esset Achilles, / Si non Meonii grande fuisset opus.” Cf. also Ov. Pont. 3.4.84. Plus nimio visum = Her. Chr. 11.102. Fama—adserui From Plin. Nat. 7.124. Artis opem … tulit Ov. Tr. 5.6.12. percusso … sagitta = Ov. Met. 6.266. Tristis … littera = Ov. Am. 2.18.33; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 8.50, n. pocula mista manu = Mart. 8.39.4. porrigit ultro ≈ Ov. Met. 3.458; cf. Eob. Buc. 8.59/Idyl. 12.58. Tempore—mori From the Suda, s.v. “Dioskorides” (Adler number: Δ 1206). Eobanus could have read the text on the title page of Ioannis Baptistae Egnatii Veneti in Dioscoridem ab Hermolao Barbaro tralatum annotamenta .... Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei de medicinali materia ab eodem Barbaro Latinitate primum donati libri quinque … (Venice, 1516): “Ex Sudae collectaneis: ‘Dioscorides Anazarbensis medicus … fuit … sub Cleopatra et Antonio in Aegypto. Scripsit libros quatuor et viginti valde celebres ad medicinae usum.’” Tempore quo = Her. Chr. 11.82, n. ignibus arsit = Ov. Met. 8.514; Eob. Venus 1.48; Idyl. 7.48. nostris … libellis = Ov. Am. 2.17.33; 3.12.7; Pont. 4.12.1. rerum natura = Lucr. 1.629; 2.1117; 3.931; 6.646; Ov. Met. 15.6; Tr. 5.10.9. Plus alii—opes From Plin. Nat. 29.4. Mille—Empedoclis See Plin. Nat. 29.5, where the contemporary eds. all

582

69 71 72 73–76

74 75

76 77–80 79 81 86 88 89 91

93–96 93

95 96 98 101–104

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [3 read “a Creonte” for “Acronte.” See Vivian Nutton, “Hellenism Postponed: Some Aspects of Renaissance Medicine, 1490–1530,” Sudhoffs Archiv 81 (1997): 158–170, here at p. 169, n. 50. corpora morbis = Val. 1.223, n. cassa fide Sylv. 8.24.28: “Non est hic aliqua fabula cassa fide.” Agrigentini … Empedoclis Lucr. 1.716: “Acragantinus … Empedocles.” Cuncta—loqui See Plin. Nat. 29.9, where some older eds. have “Critias” for “Crinas.” In the edition printed at Haguenau in 1518 (fol. 227v), for example, “Critias” is printed in the margin, while the main text reads “Crinas.” Cf. Ermolao Barbaro, Castigationes in Plinium omnium quae adhuc excusae fuerunt castigatissimae (Rome, 1493), sig. D1v, commenting on Plin. Nat. 29.9: “Sunt qui non Crinas sed Critias legendum putent.” ephemeridas = Prop. 3.23.20 (of ledgers); Celtis, Am. 3.10.60: “ille genethliacam praedicit fata per artem / et manibus densas tractat ἐφημερίδας.” patriae monumenta = Sylv. 6.14.37: “Is quaesita suis patriae monumenta libellis / Aedidit.” monumenta reliqui ≈ Verg. A. 6.512. posse loqui = Sylv. duae 2.38, n. Cuncta—fidem From Plin. Nat. 29.10. Frigida … balnea Val. 1.249–250. brumali … sydere Ov. Pont. 2.4.25. scripta Galeni = l. 37 above. gloria magna = Prop. 2.12.22; Ov. Ep. 15.94. patria voce Mant. 2. Parthen. 3.770: “‘polyandrion’ Hellas / Voce vocat patria.” medicas … per artes = Val. 1.339, n. Regia … coniux Vict. 247, n. passa nefas Ov. Met. 10.352. nomina fecit = Verg. G. 1.137; Ov. Fast. 5.149. Posterior—fui See Plin. Nat. 19.128; 29.6; Suet. Aug. 59; 81.1. Posterior nulli veterum Cf. Nup. 41, n.; Luth. 6.23. nulli veterum = Verg. A. 12.27. ratione medendi = Aus. Parent. 1.13. Sunt qui me dicant Mart. 14.194.1 (of Lucan): “Sunt quidam qui me dicant non esse poetam.” falso nomine = Ov. Tr. 3.13.28; Eob. Eccles. 262; cf. Idyl. 13.34, n. omne meum est = Ov. Met. 13.821; Fast. 1.120. Dictantes—capit After Pierre Pithou included these verses as an anonymous ancient piece in his Epigrammata et poematia vetera (Paris, 1590), bk. 2, p. 58, the epigram became a fixture in the Anthologia Latina, as edited

3] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes

101–102 101 102 103 104 106 107–108 107 108

112

583

by Pieter Burman (1759), Heinrich Meyer (1835), Alexander Riese (1869), and Emil Baehrens (1883). See my note, “The Authorship of Anthologia Latina 899,” Classical Philology 80 (1985): 45–46. In A. Cornelii Celsi quae supersunt, ed. Friedrich Marx (1915; Hildesheim, 2002), 422, the epigram is reprinted (with some nn.) under the heading “Spurium” and assigned to a humanist of the fifteenth or sixteenth century. It is still regarded as ancient in Giovanni B. Pighi, ed., Lyra Romana: Lyricorum carminum Latinorum reliquiae (Como, [1946]), 125. Dictantes … Musas Cf. Her. Chr. 9.31, n.; 10.113; Ebn. 1; Sylv. 6.10.93–95. Medici … Apollinis Cf. Val. 2.410, n. Apollinis artes = Celtis, Od. 3.16.15. Romano … ore loqui = Psalt. A 1.54: “Romano me pudet ore loqui.” Cf. Nob. 286, n. Nec minus est = Ov. Am. 3.9.15. Quam—capit As noted by Friedrich Marx, the verse is modeled after Mart. 14.190.2. Haec quoque … Phoebus amat Ov. Met. 1.553. Haec—nescis = Val. 2.408, n. Stulte—manu Eobanus argues against those who deny poets the right to treat medical science in verse. Cf. Val., 2.ded. 12–16. Stulte, quid = Ama. 35.95, n. argutis … poetis ≈ Hor. Ep. 2.2.90. vetita … manu Cf. Hutten, Querel. 2.10.234, praising Johann Reuchlin as Germany’s first comic dramatist: “Primum ausus vetitas explicuisse manus.” habet—aetas = Her. Chr. 15.143.

4: Chorus Musarum The Muses are listed in the canonical order established in Hes. Th. 75–80. Meter: Elegiac distich. 1 3–4 3

4

Sacri … chori Ov. Fast. 2.156; Eob. Sylv. duae 2.162. Me—canit Euterpe became associated with the flute in the imperial age; see Hor. Carm. 1.1.32–33. chorus … vocarunt In Aureolorum emblematum liber (Strasbourg, 1587), sig. K3v, Nikolaus Reusner removes the grammatical incongruity by emending to “chorus … vocavit.” fistula dulce canit = Dicta Catonis 1.27.1.

584 6

7

8 9 10 11 12

13 14 16 17

notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes [4 Floribus aeternis = Prud. Amart. 857. apta Thalia = Velius, Epigrammaton liber, in Poemata, sig. u4v: “turbis apta Thalia mea est”; Eob. Epic. 2.2. supero dulcedine ≈ Cordus, Ecl. 2.52: “Quos non fagineae superent dulcedine glandes.” dulcedine cantus = Andrel. Ecl. 10.94. Sunt qui … putent Ov. Am. 3.9.18. moribus esse putent ≈ Prop. 2.29.32; Ov. Pont. 3.2.110. duco … choreas Ov. Met. 8.582, 746; 14.520; Fast. 3.537. progenuisse ferunt = Mant. Sylv. 3.7.20 (fol. 292v): “Aeneam progenuisse ferunt.” casta … castis Her. Chr. 8.85. In sua—amans Cf. Ov. Ars 2.16; Eob. Sylv. duae 2.161. In sua vota … vocat Avianus, Fabulae 32.6; Mant. Blasius 1.576 (fol. 189r): “In sua vota vocant Hecaten et Oreades omnes”; cf. Ov. Am. 1.13.46; Ars 3.674. omnis amans = Ama. B 2.52, n. cantibus aures = Ov. Met. 5.334; Sil. 11.290. canunt—nostra Cf. Psalt. 144.24: “Cantabunt laudes organa nostra tuas.” Esse deos—colunt Cf. Nob. 325–326, n. Vox—dicor Cf. Antonio Codro Urceo, “Ad Calliopem,” in his Orationes …, Epistolae, Silvae, Satyrae, Eglogae, Epigrammata (Bologna, 1502), sig. 2G5r: “Calliope, Aonidum bona vox et prima sororum”; Eob. Epith. 23–24, of Calliope: “Has [sc. Musas] inter quae prima fuit, quam nomina dextrae / Vocis habere ferunt.” The name Calliope is commonly rendered as bona vox in medieval-Renaissance writings. For Calliope as “Queen of the Muses,” see Laud. 246, n. Vox bona = Her. Chr. 14.150. Musarum maxima dicor ≈ Cordus, Epith., sig. A2r: “Musarum maxima dixit.”

Appendix 1 1 2 3

aphorismos—idoneos With this phrase, Eobanus places himself in the tradition of Hippocrates’s famed Aphorisms. Cf. p. 22 above, with n. 67. triduum perdidi Cf. Dial., ded. 4: “in hoc fere octiduum perdidi.” alieno ferox presidio Erasmus, Adag. 3.8.25. cornu Copiae Erasmus, Adag. 1.6.2; Eob. Idyl. 1.84, n.

App. 2] notes to Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes

585

Appendix 2 1 2 3

4

Nulli unquam libentius Ov. Met. 3.386. Est … ingenui animi specimen Sylv. 9.4.9: “Ingenui est animi specimen.” Musis et Gratiis natum Erasmus, Ep. 271, ll. 12–13; 1342, ll. 338–339. tantum non spirantibus imaginibus Humanists typically praise portraits for being so true to the life as to be all but breathing. See Vredeveld, “Lend a Voice,” 509–567, here at pp. 557–558. communem deum—Apollinem See Val., 1.ded. 14, n.

Appendix 3 Meter: Elegiac distich. 1

3

Haec quicunque = Aus. Epicedion in patrem 63: “Haec quicumque leges”; cf. Dicta Catonis 3, praef. 1. ne inscius erres Cf. a poet quoted in Macr. 3.18.12: “mollusca haec nux est, ne quis forte inscius erret.” medicus … Apollo Cf. Val. 2.410, n.

Appendix 4 Meter: Elegiac distich. 2 3 4 5

6

nullum … clarius extat opus = Ov. Ars 3.338. Perlege, nec dubita = Accl. 1.25; cf. Campano, Epigr. 2.1.2 (sig. B1v): “Perlege, ne dubita.” Phrygii … Mydae = Pug. B 1.20. Provida … cura Val. 2.140, n. dedit—Georgi Cf. Psalt. A 1.51: “Hunc dedit expositum docti tibi cura Lutheri.” variis … floribus Ov. Am. 3.5.9; Verg. A. 6.708; Eob. Her. Chr. 9.103; Venus 2.242; Nor. 321. instar apis = Her. Chr. 17.124, n.

Notes to Elegiae tres Liminary Poem Shortly after handing his manuscript to the publisher, Eobanus sent a text of the liminary epigram to Joachim Camerarius for his approval and comment, adding that he neither asks nor expects his friend to join him in attacking the envier, given that disputes of this kind go against his own grain too. See Epp. 1, sigs. K3v–K4r. Camerarius seems to have offered no objection, for the epigram was published unchanged. Meter: Elegiac distich. 1 2 3 4

Hic oculis = Hor. S. 1.5.30; Verg. A. 5.522; Ov. Met. 3.710. praeda parata = Ov. Ep. 8.82; Eob. Tum. 7.54; Psalt. 63.26; cf. Idyl. 14.141, n. ut ante solebas ≈ Ov. Met. 2.448; Fast. 2.221. extrema … fame = Tum. 5.18. conficiere fame ≈ Ov. Ib. 424.

Elegia 1 During his Nuremberg years, Eobanus made a point of advertising the Nuremberg academy to the outside world. Besides Eleg. 1 and 2, see Idyl. 16.59–75; Nor. 1313–1365. At Adnot., sigs. L6v–L7r, he veers off into the following digression: Hoc silentio transire non possum nec debeo, quod magnificus ac sapientissimus senatus Nurenbergensis, accitis a Vvittenberga Philippo Melanchthone, cuius auspiciis ea res tantum ordiretur, Ioachimo Camerario Graecarum ac Latinarum literarum, Micalo Rotingo rhetoricae ac theologiae, Iohanne Schonero a Bamberga rerum mathematicarum, Ioanne Boschenstenio Hebraicarum literarum, me quoque ab Erphurdia—utinam tanta laude non fraudanda!—poeticae disciplinae, professoribus, hoc biennio scholam eam instituit cuius fructus et utilitas non ad suos tantum cives verum et ad longe dissitos homines sit aliquando perventura, ut in hac urbe politicarum rerum disciplina ex omnibus Germaniae civitatibus unicam laudem ac praecipuam gloriam iamdudum omnium mortalium consensu obtinente etiam non defuturae eruditionis fundamenta iacta videantur.

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004414662_014

1] notes to Elegiae tres

587

He also highlights the academy on the title page of Venus: “Ex schola Norica, anno M.D.XXVII”; of Adnot.: “E schola Norica”; and of Psalmus CXVIII.: “E schola Norica, mense Februario M.D.XXX.” Meter: Elegiac distich. 1–15 1

2 3

4 6 7–8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17–18 17 18 19 20

Clare vir—Scribis ut Cf. Sylv. 1.4.1–11, starting a verse letter to a friend who had introduced himself to the poet in an epigram. Clare vir et … dignissime Cf. Coluth., ded. 1 (addressing the Erfurt physician Ambrosius Karlau): “Clare vir et digne ambrosidos cognomine plantae.” dici—versu = Sylv. 9.1.55. Ingenio foelix Poliziano, Silv. 4.773. Verus—fides = Campano, Epigr. 3.6.5 (sig. C2v): “Verus amor, sincera fides, non fictus amicus.” recta voluntas = Val. 1.105. Talem te nobis = Sylv. 6.2.46. esse docent = Her., ded. 74. Parte … nostri nobiliore Cf. Ov. Met. 9.269; 15.875; Mart. 10.2.8; Eob. Epic. 1.96; 3.153; 7.71. Sicut—habet Letters are a mirror of the soul; see Hod. B 1.63, n. animi faciem Cf. Ov. Met. 5.568; Eob. Her. Chr. 2.85, n. littera testis habet = Her. Chr. 8.26, n. Littera—amicum Modeled on Hor. S. 2.5.33 (also used at Eob. Sylv. 6.4.59). littera nostra = Her. Chr. 3.54, n. Gratulor—amorem = Sylv. 1.4.7. libens amplector Sen. Her. F. 1319. nullus … finis erit Claud. Carm. minora 22.2. Nam—pietas = Epith. 161: “Nam tua sic pietas Hesso de vate meretur”; cf. Sylv. 1.4.18: “nam tua sic de te littera testis habet”; Max. 11. tempore—legi = Sylv. 7.27.2: “aeterno tempore digna legi.” digna legi = Ov. Tr. 2.242; Eob. Vict., app. 2.16; l. 80 below. Scribis ut = Her. Chr. 2.89, n. Ne teneam—Accipe Cf. Her. Chr. 21.15; cf. further Hor. Ep. 1.7.82–83; Eob. Accl. 2.25; Her. 1.1.21–22. cupidas … aures = Campano, Epigr. 1.7.7 (sig. A2v). complexu … brevi = Pod. 384: “Proxima complexu contrahet ora brevi.” Hic—arenas Cf. Her. Chr. 24.129, n.; Idyl. 16.24; Epic. 1.107; 7.95. For Pegnesus arenas, see also Nor. 1365; Sylv. 6.10.53. Norica rura = Celtis, Am. 2.12.26; Eob. Sylv. 1.5.10; 2.6.8; cf. Claud. Bell. Get. 365; Eob. Venus 2.65.

588

21 23 24 25 27–28 27 28 31

33 34

35 37 39 41

43 45 46

47

49 50

notes to Elegiae tres [1 rura secat ≈ Celtis, Am. 3.9.46. Lauriger … Apollo Cf. Ov. Ars 3.389. Namque ut erant = Her. Chr. 3.93. orbe fugatae = Bebel, Triumph. Ven. 6.155: “spacioso ex orbe fugatae.” profugis—opem Cf. Her., ded. 2; Idyl. 16.64–65. ferebat opem = Her. Chr. 4.168, n. Constiterant moestae = Epic. 8.49 (of the Muses). in Pegneside ripa = Sylv. 5.47.3. Norica—gravis Cf. Idyl. 16.30. Norica … moenia = Venus 2.16; Idyl. 16.30; Nor. 332, 561; cf. Celtis, Am. 2.12.20. placido … amne Gunther, Lig. 7.3; Poliziano, Silv. 3.211. labitur amne Ov. Met. 11.51. Nec mora = Pug. 85, n. contextis—coronis Cf. Poliziano, Silv. 3.591: “de Pierio contextam flore coronam”; Eob. Buc. 8.49/Idyl. 12.48, n. Hic—requies Cf. Verg. A. 7.122. Peneia Tempe = Verg. G. 4.317; Eob. Nor. 395. Hospitium nostrae … fugae Cf. Ov. Tr. 3.12.54. sit locus iste = Campano, Epigr. 4.1.256 (sig. D1r): “Campani … sit locus iste mei.” Audiit ipse = Idyl. 13.24. Musarum—amorem Cf. Lucr. 1.924–925; Sen. Her. O. 554. Nunc … urbs Norica = Eleg. 2.11; cf. Venus 2.54; Idyl. 16.156, n.; Accl. 1.69, 93; Epic. 9.76, 81; Nor., lim. 3; Nor. 124; Ebn. 131. Foelicem populum = Idyl. 16.70 (referring to Nuremberg); Psalt. 33.27, 29; 144.45; cf. Hod. 252. pectore coepit = Verg. A. 1.521. tantos … honores = Stat. Theb. 11.683. instaurat honores = Verg. A. 5.94. triviis Buc. 11.72, n. Musica … castra = Sylv. 2.11.15: “Musica deseruit, plebeia castra sequutus.” pro stipe—merent = Max. 62. Provida—senatus Cf. Verino, Epigr. 5.10.27: “provida magnanimi previdit cura senatus”; Eob. Nor. 42–43, 1336, 1347–1348. For provida cura, see also Val. 2.140, n. nominis—honorem = Hor. S. 1.4.44. Hic … pars habet ista locum = Sylv. 1.4.8: “Hic quoque virtutis pars habet ista locum”; cf. Ov. Ars 3.804.

1] notes to Elegiae tres 51 52 53 54 55 56 58 60 62 65–66 66 67–68 67

69 70 72 75 79

80

589

nec possumus omnia Cf. Verg. Ecl. 8.63. licet—referre Cf. Verg. A. 3.377–379; Ov. Fast. 2.104; Eob. Her. Chr. 15.144, n.; Dial. 2.153; Tum. 7.4. ingenii cultum = Contemn. B 1.35, n. possis dicere abesse Ov. Pont. 3.3.74. Quis neget = Contemn. B 1.31, n. Munera linguarum = Sylv. 9.17.15. Quanquam o!—sed = Verg. A. 5.195; Eob. Tum. 4.191; Sylv. 5.29.51; 6.7.13. avida … manu = Nux 116; Eob. Her. 2.4.64; Epic. 4.206; Calum. 112. diripuisse manu = Sylv. 1.1.156. Laus—voles Cf. Sylv. 6.7.25: “Nam tu sive probas seu nolis esse quod audis, / Non poterit fieri fama maligna tibi.” cuius—modo Cf. Hymn., lim. 1.1; Hypocr., lim. 1. sive aliqua—nihil Cf. Buc., lim. 6. Ipse—meis = Sylv. 1.4.79–80. For Eobanus’s claim to being Germany’s first pastoral poet, see pp. 309–310 above. Ipse … calamo … agresti Idyl. 16.56; cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.10. Ipse ego qui = Sylv. 8.1.9: “Ipse ego qui Martis cecini tua facta Suevi.” rude carmen = Ov. Tr. 1.7.39; cf. Idyl., 1.ded. 66, n. nymphae—orae Sylv. 6.10.63: “nymphas quas littus habet Pegnesidos orae.” For Pegnesidos orae, see also Venus 2.339–340; Nor. 456; Sylv. 8.25.7. Lassantem … plectra Ama. 36.1. plectra canora = Andrel. Livia 4.3.10; Celtis, Am. 2.5.14; 3.9.58. lenior aura = Ov. Ep. 19.72. Atque utinam = Buc. 1.36, n. semper amicos = Ov. Tr. 5.9.21. Carmina—poetae In Epp. 1, sig. P6r (dated 27 May 1526), Eobanus tells Johann Gröningen: “Ego Virgilium doceo et versus facere.” He makes a similar comment in a letter of 19 November 1526 to Euricius Cordus; see Epp. 4, sig. C5v. Carmina … divina Catul. 64.322; Verg. Ecl. 6.67; Juv. 3.207. Carmina … meditor = Buc. 11.107; cf. Buc. 3.92, n. Minciadis … poetae Cf. Juvenc., praef. 10: “Minciadae … Maronis”; Eob. Idyl. 8.10–11; 13.1. divina poetae ≈ Buc. 8.128/Idyl. 12.135, n. Non tantum pueris = l. 1 of Eobanus’s liminary poem to Antonius Corvinus, Expositio Decalogi, Symboli apostolici, Sacramentorum, et Dominicae precationis, ad captum puerilem in dialogos redacta (Marburg, 1537): “Non tantum pueris, quamvis puerilia possis / Dicere, Corvini prodita scripta vides.”

590

81

82 83

84 85 86 87–88 88 91 92 94 96

97 99–108 99–100 100 101 102 104 105 106 107 110 111 112 113–114

notes to Elegiae tres [1 carmina digna legi = Brant, Varia carm., sig. d5v; Eob. Sylv. 1.8.2. digna legi = l. 14, n., above. si fata ferant = Sil. 14.629. victura poemata = Hutten, Exhortatio 767; Eob. Sylv. 1.10.7; 4.2.27. poemata pango = Hor. Ars 416. sicut et ista = Eccles. 264. Vivere … post … fata Walter, Alex. 6.335; Dantiscus, Carm. 7.2: “Vivere si cupies post tua fata diu”; Pontano, Tum. 1.26.7: “Vivit … celebris post fata.” post mea fata Ov. Am. 3.15.20; Celtis, Am. 3.3.42. nomine reque = Sylv. 2.29.14; Psalt. 83.36; cf. Petrarch, Ep. 2.10.74: “Nomine reque bonum”; Eob. Her. Chr. 17.95. et amoena vireta = Verg. A. 6.638; cf. Eob. Wirt. 466. florea serta = Her. Chr. 23.104, n. studiosa … pubes Pug. 41, n. ausa loqui = Ov. Fast. 3.206. solvere nodos = Walter, Alex. 2.79; Mant. 1. Parthen. 1.557; Eob. Venus 1.224. tendere … plagas = Ov. Fast. 6.110: “nodosas … tendere … plagas.” Reddita … cultu … meliore Sylv. 5.31.14: “Fac redeant, cultu sed meliore.” nec nostrae … reticende cheli Cf. l. 4 of an undated verse letter to Antonius Corvinus (1540), in Epp. fam., 244: “nostrae in reliquum non reticende lyrae.” nobis peperisse = Eccles. 117. Hic—tibi Cf. Idyl. 16.39–45, n. Hic—habet Cf. Sylv. 6.1.25–26: “ingenio callere mathemata miro / Et quicquid sophiae totius orbis habet.” opus … totius orbis Her. Chr. 21.232. studiosa … iuventus Rec. 203, n. praecipuus … labor Stat. Silv. 3.1.123. instabilis … rotae = Dantiscus, Carm. 1.3.394, referring to Fortuna. multiplicis … volumina sphaerae = Sylv. 7.34.9; cf. Vict. 341, n.; Hypocr. B 4.73; Busch. Lips. 398: “super octavae flammata volumina sphaerae.” maris et terrae = Hor. Carm. 1.28.1; Prop. 2.27.6; 4.1.88; Verg. A. 3.528; Ov. Ib. 65; Eob. Hod. 2. Dispeream, si te = Verg. Cat. 4.3. Syracusium … arte senem Cf. Claud. Carm. minora 51.6; Eob. Sylv. 7.34.2: “Syracusium … senem.” versu non … tractabile Cf. Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.841: “nostro minus est tractabile versu.” praeteriturus eram = Hod. 413, n.; Val. 1.525, 617. Nec tibi—docet Cf. Epic. 7.57–58.

1] notes to Elegiae tres 113 114

115 116 117 122 124 125

126 127 129 131

132

133 135 136 137–138 137

591

sanctorum … vatum = Vict. 277; cf. Buc. 11.19, n. mysteria vatum Epic. 7.57: “sacra magnorum mysteria … vatum.” Quicquid—docet Cf. Verino, Epigr. 6.7.20: “quicquid et arcanum pagina sacra docet.” littera sacra = Sylv. 6.6.26: “Si meruit certam littera sacra fidem.” historiae The dubious reading in A (“historicae”) is paralleled at Orat. Sylv. 5: “res ipsa ad historicae filum contexta.” habere putas = Sylv. 1.6.2; 1.11.22; 5.48.2; cf. Nob. 114, n.; Vitanda ebriet. 5.12, n. Fortis Alexandri = Hor. Ep. 2.1.241. verae … salutis iter Cf. Her. 3.6.100: “verae per pietatis iter”; Psalt. 65.10: “pande salutis iter.” virtus aemula Hor. Epod. 16.5; Luc. 1.120; V. Fl. 5.86; Sil. 1.510. filo—pedestri Cf. Nor. 48; Sylv. 2.11.3 (3.10.7): “filo nevisse pedestri.” For the old image of literary composition as weaving, see Her. Chr. A 2.10–11, n.; Eleg. 3.14. For filo connectunt, see Col. 10.227 (Poliziano, Silv. 1.81): “gracili conectere carmina filo.” certa conditione = Ov. Fast. 4.320; Eob. Her. 1.5.150. si persequar omnia = Ov. Pont. 1.8.3. placuisse laborem = Ov. Ep. 15.77; Eob. Her. Chr. 4.83. Quod—futuri Cf. Luc. 6.414–415; Eob. Idyl. 1.22, n.; Her. 2.7.53; Sylv. 3.7.9: “hominum mens … praesaga futuri.” For praesaga futuri, see also Ov. Met. 11.457. Haec … gloria laudis erit = Psalt. 64.28: “Haec his perpetuae gloria laudis erit.” gloria laudis = Val. 2.396; cf. Mart. Sp. 32.11. superum Rex Venus 1 R.173, n.; 2.10; Psalt. 50.1. tales animos = Ov. Pont. 3.2.38. meritis augeat = Psalt. 61, lim. 2: “Ut regem meritis augeat atque fide.” Vive … Meque—esse sine = Sylv. 7.27.37–38. Vive, vale = Hor. Ep. 1.6.67; Eob. Epic. 3.165; Sylv. 1.7.45; 5.26.9. pars—charissime Sylv. 8.11.15: “pars animae, Caspar charissime, nostrae”; cf. Ov. Met. 8.406; Pont. 1.8.2; Eob. Theoc. 4.57: “animae pars maxima nostrae.”

592

notes to Elegiae tres [2

Elegia 2 Meter: Elegiac distich. 1 2 3 4

5 6

10 11 13 14 15

17 18 19 20

21 21–22 22 23 24

reducem … Christum ≈ Vict., app. 1.15, 25. saecula Christum = Her. Chr. 24.63. clara … luce Lucr. 5.12, 779; Verg. A. 1.588; Eob. Vict. 202. studiis—honorem Cf. Hod. 377, n.; Contemn. B 1.7–8; Eras. 57–58; Sylv. 9.26.11: “amissum studiis reparamus honorem.” totas—opes = Coluth., lim. 2. totas … opes = Mart. 11.5.12; Eob. Ama. B 2.42. depopulantur opes = Campano, Epigr. 1.9.106 (sig. A3v); Mant. Sylv. 3.6.6 (fol. 291r); cf. Eob. Contemn. B 2.50, n. quantis … cladibus = Tum. 2.24; cf. Luc. 2.16. vix—trahant Cf. Mant. Calam. 1.243 (p. 25): “Membra … vix aegra trahens”; 1. Parthen. 1.279–280: “vix aegra trahentes / membra”; Eob. Her. Chr. 14.46; Dial. 2.162, n. (of the schools in Germany): “languidas voces trahunt.” languida membra = Ov. Ep. 21.156; Pont. 3.3.8; cf. Eob. Rec. 109, n. medicas—manus = [Tib.] 3.10.4; cf. Eob. Val. 2.268, n. Nunc … Urbs Norica = Eleg. 1.39, n. Quae velut—repararis For the image, cf. Idyl. 16.64–65, n. Quae velut exulibus ≈ Her. Chr. 1.26. naufraga puppis = Ov. Ep. 2.16; Tr. 2.18; Pont. 4.14.22; Eob. Nob. 334. puppis humum Stat. Theb. 2.195. quicquid … Germania laudis Cf. Ermolao Barbaro, epitaph for Rudolph Agricola quoted in Erasmus, Adag. 1.4.39, ASD 2.1:440, ll. 800–801: “hoc vivo meruit Germania, laudis / Quicquid habet Latium, Graecia quicquid habet.” vana profecto = Her. Chr. 9.119. tibi versiculis—erit = Sylv. 9.25.20. Concordi—in urbe Cf. Idyl. 16.86, 113, 118–124, n. For sapiens senatus, see also Luth. 3.79; for regnat in urbe, see Ov. Am. 1.8.42. Nullius—potest Cf. Stat. Silv. 5.1.53; Eob. Sylv. 3.1.52: “nihil eximiae munere laudis eget.” laudis egere = Luth. 2.2; cf. Hod. 369, n. Macti igitur ≈ Buc., ded. 29; Venus 2.276; cf. Contemn., ded. 8. laudis amor … Gloria Verg. A. 5.394; Ov. Tr. 5.12.37–38. aperta via est = Tib. 1.10.4. Hic tibi—amas ≈ Ama. 36.5; cf. Val. 1.553, n. expositas … habebis opes Cf. Ov. Ars 1.408.

2] notes to Elegiae tres

26 27 29 30 32 33

34 36 37 38 39

40 41 42 43 44

45 46 49 50 52 53 54

593

hospes, habebis = Priap. 30.4. habebis opes = Mart. 5.42.8. sacri … fontis erit ≈ Her. Chr. 24.104, n. copia fontis erit = Strozzi, Erot. 2.1.48: “nec semper copia fontis erit.” omnibus artes = Val. 2.335, n. in carmine laudes = Sylv. 7.9.15; cf. Rec. 77, n. probabit opus = Andrel. Livia 3.6.22. superest praeter Ov. Ep. 19.16. Sed nisi—moretur Cf. l. 3 of Eobanus’s epigram commending Thomas Venatorius’s book Pro baptismo et fide parvulorum, adversus Anabaptistas defensio … (Nuremberg, 1527), sig. d2r: “Quod nisi me ratio vero diversa fefellit.” ratio … diversa Val. 1.361, n. conditione frui = Val. 1.30, n. aetatis pro ratione suae = Val. 3.50. elementa … iuventae Cf. Ov. Met. 9.719. elementa … prima Hor. S. 1.26; Ov. Fast. 3.179, 709; Eob. Val. 1.19. pulchro munere = Sylv. 3.7.30; cf. Poliziano, Silv. 3.329: “munere pulchro.” Rhetoricis—horti Cf. Sylv. 7.26.51–52: “rhetorumque pulchris / Pictos floribus hortulos.” floribus horti = Verg. G. 4.109; Eob. Epic. 4.175; Nor. 321; cf. Idyl. 15.43, n. pars erit ista Mant. Ecl. 7.161: “pars erit ista laboris.” Divina … mathesi Idyl. 16.42. Causa nocens = Ov. Met. 7.526; Eob. Her. Chr. 13.46. non erit ulla tuo Cf. Prop. 4.11.50; Eob. Her. Chr. 9.140. Quid memorem = Laud. 235, n. coelestia dona = Man. 5.21; cf. Verg. G. 4.1; Ov. Met. 13.289; Eob. Nor. 1359. nominis instar habet = Sylv. 9.4.12: “sancti nominis instar habet”; cf. Sylv. 6.4.30: “magni nominis instar habent.” For instar habet, see Ov. Ep. 2.30; Ars 1.676. voluptates et gaudia Mant. 2. Parthen. 2.203. gaudia blanda = Celtis, Am. 4.13.25; cf. Verg. A. 5.827–828. conciliare potest = Ov. Ep. 20.24. quascunque … per artes Idyl. 16.38, n. coluisse per artes = Ov. Ars 2.121. copia facta = Prop. 2.20.24. peregre cupias ≈ Hutten, Querel. 2.7.48: “Nil peregre cupiens.” Tu—dubita = Prop. 2.20.14; Eob. Eccles. 409; cf. Max. 121, n. foenore surgit ager = Cordus, Epigr. 3.85.14; cf. Tib. 2.6.22; Ov. Rem. 174; Fast. 1.694; Pont. 1.5.26.

594 55

notes to Elegiae tres [2 Heu frustra = Sil. 1.416. viridis florem … iuventae Erasmus, Carm. 13.5: “viridis primaevo in flore iuventae”; Eob. Her. 1.6.189–190. For the epithet viridis, see Buc. 1.103, n. For viridis iuventa, see, for example, Verg. A. 5.295; Ov. Ars 3.557; Pont. 4.12.29. florem … iuventae = Her. Chr. 7.111, n.

Elegia 3 Meter: Elegiac distich. 2

3 4

6 7 8 10 13 14 15 16 17–18 17 19 20

21 25

ingeniis … iniqua bonis = Hutten, Querel. 1.3.18: “ingeniis pestis iniqua bonis.” tempora iniqua = Pontano, Eridanus 2.32.18: “O sors, o fati tempora iniqua mei.” Omnibus ex animo = Ebn. 44: “Omnibus ex animo fidus et aequus erat.” aliqua … commoditate = Hutten, Querel. 2.3.4: “Huttenum Musis sacroque labore / Tandem aliqua fungi commoditate videt.” commoditate trahi = Epic. 9.28. privati … laboris Marul. Hymn. nat. 2.3.43. cura laboris Luc. 7.209; Eob. Laud. 139. Testis es = Her. Chr. 16.22, 135; Nob. 168; Tum. 5.64. Musa … loquuta tibi est Sylv. 2.4.10: “Quod mea pauxillum Musa loquuta tibi est.” Livor edax Laud. 579, n. ratione remota = Man. 2.785. secura sui Hutten, Epigr. 119.4. ligabat For poetry as weaving, see Her. Chr. A 2.10–11, n.; Eleg. 1.125. copia fluxu = Sylv. 6.3.61: “Quae prius undanti manabat copia fluxu.” e multis … unus erat ≈ Ov. Ars 3.422. Sic—queat Cf. Eccles. 41–42, n.; l. 79 below. pede … in uno Hor. S. 1.4.10. in corpore—fuisset Cf. Ov. Am. 1.5.18. Difficilis … labor = Ov. Ars 2.538. restituisse labor = Sylv. 5.36.10: “gravis est [Camoenas] pulsas restituisse labor.” bona … plus quam formosa videri Cf. Sylv. duae 2.17. formosa videri = Prop. 2.18.29; Ov. Met. 4.319; 9.462; Eob. Sylv. 3.5.25. Nec mora = Pug. 85, n. limis … ocellis = Ov. Am. 3.1.33.

3] notes to Elegiae tres 27 29 31–32 35–46

35 38

39 40 41 42

43–44 43 44 45 46

47 48 49 53 55–56 60 61 62

595

instat et urget = Verg. A. 10.433. censurae campum … apertum = Buc. B 1.3, n. nihil … Quod placeat Lucr. 3.945. Nimirum—queas The envier is his own worst enemy; he burns in a fire of his own making, just like Mount Etna. See Alan. Parab. 1.2: “Nil aliud nisi se valet ardens Ethna cremare; / Sic se, non alios, invidus igne coquit”; Locher, Stult. 50, fol. 61v (Hartl, 1.2:148, no. 53.29); Eob. Her. Chr. 21.111–116; B 1.25–34; In Ed. Leeum 31.5–8, n.; cf. Eleg., lim. 3–4. moestissime Livor = Her. Chr. B 1.57. tristi pectore = Hutten, Querel. 1.5.50. vulnus alis ≈ Ov. Fast. 3.682; cf. Verg. A. 4.2; Ov. Tr. 5.2.13–14; Eob. Buc. 3.39, n. depasceris—medullas ≈ Theoc. 7.132: “Ardentes tacito depascitur igne medullas”; cf. Idyl. 15.16. For igne medullas, see also Her. Chr. B 1.27, n. soli—tibi es ≈ Luth. 5.62, referring to Envy; cf. In Ed. Leeum 21.14, n. traiectus—taelo = In Ed. Leeum 28.3, n. Nutris … malum Sen. Phaed. 134. Idalio … igne Idyl. 3.100; Sylv. 5.21.10: “Ignibus Idaliis.” saevius igne = Ov. Ars 3.504. igne malum = Sylv. duae 2.26. Oscula—potest For the thought, cf. Her. Chr. B 1.29–30. Oscula et amplexus = Her. Chr. 5.35, n. miseros … amantes = Tib. 1.8.71; cf. Eob. Buc. 7.129, n. Hanc curare—potest = Gen. ebrios. 20.7 (printed as prose). digna videtur = Juv. 6.161; cf. Eob. Val. 2.389, n. Dii—queas Cf. Sylv. duae 2.46; Hypocr. 58; Sylv. 1.5.62: “Dii faciant dextro sydere semper eas.” lividus esse = Hutten, Querel. 2.1.32. coepta sequar = Sylv. 3.11.14; cf. Buc. 1.93, n. uni—tibi Cf. Dicta Catonis 2.7: “quod tibi displicet uni.” inter tot milia = Luc. 4.470, 513. laudis avarus = Epic., app. 5.55: “nec eges nec es huius laudis avarus”; cf. Hor. Ep. 2.1.179. qualibus—volent Cf. Hod. 479–480, n. nostra querela = Her. Chr. 3.162, n. quam—Germania Val. 1.607, n. palmam … ferant Erasmus, Adag. 1.3.4. tempora—ferant = Mant. Sylv. 4.15.18 (fol. 316r): “Quod precor in lucem tempora nostra ferant”; cf. Eob. Sylv. 6.5.72 (7.16.16; 9.11.4; Psalt. 55, arg. 4): “tempora nostra ferunt”; Val. 2.308, n.

596 64

65 67 70 73

74 75 78 79 80

81 82 85–86

86 87 89 93

95–97 98

101 103 104

notes to Elegiae tres [3 pleno … ore loqui Cf. Eobanus, at the end of Mutian. Ep. 556 (April 1516): “Dii boni, quam pleno te ore laudat!”; Psalt. 20.11: “Quam paries pleno memorabimus ore salutem”; 65.6: “querulas pleno fundimus ore preces.” pie lector Sylv. 4.13.37. crimina culpae = Sabell. In natal. 11, sig. c1r; Celtis, Am. 1.9.29; Eob. Psalt. 51.11: “agnosco patratae crimina culpae.” sine fronte notet ≈ Salom. 7.32: “Vir malus est, alios qui sine fronte notat.” male cautae ≈ Strozzi, Erot. 2.15.19: “male cautas novimus arteis.” Cf. Eob. Her. 1.5.129. copia Musae = Calum. 199: “Maior ut accedat revocatae copia Musae.” Erroris veniam ≈ Ov. Pont. 2.3.92. debet habere = Ov. Fast. 3.398; 4.588; Eob. Idyl., 2.ded. 112. sine teste = Sylv. duae 2.44, n. Quid mirum … si Lucr. 5.1238; Ov. Ep. 15.85; Eob. Nor. 1153. Sic—possit Cf. Eccles. 41–42, n.; ll. 17–18 above. sine labe resurgere Sedul. 3.206. non habuisse pedes = Campano, Epigr. 2.13.16 (sig. B3v); Eob. Sylv. 6.11.24; 7.1.36. pedes Notice the play on words. Atque utinam = Buc. 1.36, n. Tu quoque cum = Ov. Ep. 17.51; Fast. 1.12. paucis nomen habere = Ov. Fast. 3.66. Cum nos—miser Repeated from Sylv. 1.10.35–36 (as yet unpublished), where the verses are aimed at Johannes Dantiscus: “Et cum me versu plus quam frigente lacessas, / In numero vatum vis tamen esse, miser.” Doctorum—esse Cf. Ov. Pont. 3.3.108. Ut modo conciderim = Her. Chr. 8.15. facilis reparatio … est = Idyl. 17.48. Et super ipse fui = Ilias 22.409. Adde quod = Buc. B 2.21, n. ex omni—beatus Hutten, Nemo 43, in Opera, 3:112; cf. Eob. Buc. B 11.20, n. ex omni … parte = Ov. Met. 4.367. Qui dormire—somnum Alluding to Hor. Ars 359–360. oculis Argi The hundred-eyed giant Argus was proverbial for watchfulness; see Otto 162. solus ubique = Locher, Stult. 93, fol. 108r (Hartl, 1.2:242, no. 97.14): “Obstat enim sibi met solus ubique piger.” vir bonus … vis esse videri Dicta Catonis 1.25.2. Hoc erat officium = Her. Chr. 16.201. noxia verba = Mant. c. Poet. 98.

3] notes to Elegiae tres 106 107

597

qui bonus esse potest Cf. Mart. 12.80.2; Eob. Her. Chr. 21.106. invidiae … peste Cf. Luth. 7.3–4, n. peste teneri = Verg. A. 4.90; Eob. Eccles. 269. 109 Qui bonus est = Locher, Stult. 81, fol. 95v (Hartl, 1.2:216, no. 85.72); Eob. Her. Chr. 21.107; cf. Buc. 10.84/Idyl. 11.101. ratione mederi = Val. 2.23, n. 112 ut videantur agit = Erasmus, Carm. 94.34: “Haec bona cum non sint, ut videantur agit.” 113 Ergo vides quam Juv. 12.126. 114 Conveniat … color iste Mart. 8.48.6. 115 si … inest … tibi, si pudor ullus Ov. Tr. 3.13.5. 116 Non—tui Cf. Max. 160; Psalt. 37.18: “Sic te non poterit poenituisse tui.” poenituisse tui = Ov. Tr. 4.9.4. 118 Nomina … meliora Her. Chr. 6.123. 120 strata palestra = Her. Chr. 23.102. 121 Nunc age, responde = Orat., lim. 3, n. pudet aedere nomen = Ov. Met. 9.531; cf. Eob. Hod. 42. 121–122 nomen … dissimulare tuum Cf. Ov. Tr. 4.9.32. 123 Quod … nisi desinis esse molestus Cf. Marul. Epigr. 3.7.14: “Quod ni desinis esse iam molestus”; Eob. Her. Chr. B 1.43. 124 Immortale … nomen Sil. 13.721–722. nomen habere = Sylv. duae 1.156, n. 125 Hoc tamen interea = Stat. Theb. 10.441. non falsi—amici Sylv. 7.2.21: “Accipe non falsi … munus amici.” For munus amici, see Mart. 8.28.1. 126 carmen habe = Her. Chr. 7.154; Orat., lim. 6; Hypocr., lim. 2. postscr. 1 Quisquis es, lector Her. Chr. 24.143. ob nimiam festinationem—esse lapsos Cf. Her. Chr., ded. 8.6: “condonet hanc properationi nostrae, non inscitiae, veniam.” For other examples of hasty writing, see n. at Idyl. 6.56.

Notes to Venus triumphans Title Page Ex schola Norica The phrase is part of Eobanus’s campaign to advertise the Nuremberg academy. See headnote to Eleg. 1 (pp. 586–587 above).

Liminary Epigram The epigram can be safely attributed to the book’s principal author, Eobanus. Meter: Elegiac distich. 1

2 3

Si nova—sunt nova Cf. Val. (BO), lim. 2.1, n. nova delectant = Campano, Epigr. 1.2.11 (sig. A2r): “Et nova delectant animos”; cf. Cordus, Epigr. 2.97.2: “Quae nova delectent, iste libellus habet.” Seria quaeris Hor. S. 1.1.27. I alio = Cordus, Epigr. 2.83.3. Musa iocosa = Ov. Tr. 2.354; Mart. 2.22.2. quoniam … sordent Verg. Ecl. 2.44. sordent—Musae = Epic. 1.23; cf. Epic., app. 3.3: “quia non placeant hoc tempore Musae.” For hoc tempore Musae, see also Sylv. 6.3.19; 6.9.7; cf. Idyl. 14.3; 16.64, n. The model is Juv. 7.2 (also used in Eob. Her., ded. 1).

1: Venus triumphans The poem’s central conceit goes back to Ovid, Am. 1.2.19–48, where Cupid— every inch the Roman general—stands in his chariot at the head of an immense column of captives as the populace cheers the conquering hero and Venus looks down in pride from Olympus. Having fallen in love, Ovid is doomed to march in the parade himself. The image is elaborated in a now lost ancient poem in which Jupiter and the other gods are led in chains before the chariot of the triumphant Cupid. See Lact. Inst. 1.11.1–2: “Non insulse quidam poeta triumphum Cupidinis scripsit, quo in libro non modo potentissimum deorum Cupidinem sed etiam victorem facit. Enumeratis enim amoribus singulorum, quibus in potestatem Cupidinis dicionemque venissent, instruit pompam, in qua Iuppiter cum ceteris diis ante currum triumphantis ducitur catenatus.” In Neo-Latin poetry, the conceit is resurrected in Gregorio Tifernate’s “Triumphus

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004414662_015

1] notes to Venus triumphans

599

Cupidinis,” originally published in an anthology printed at Venice in 1472 and then reprinted in Tifernate’s Opuscula (Venice, 1498, 1501; Strasbourg, 1509).1 Like Ovid, the love-struck poet is compelled to march in the triumph of Cupid: 25

30

35

40

Non mare, non hostes, non illum vulnera terrent, Praecipitem sed agit caecus ad omne furor. Sic pompam domito dux invictissimus orbe Ducit et ex omni parte triumphat Amor. Captivae longo precedunt ordine gentes, Procedunt reges, gaudet et ipsa Venus. Sed mihi non parvum solamen, magna deorum Ducitur in pompa semideumque cohors, Quos omnes crudelis Amor sua sub iuga misit Quique omnes vinctas exhibuere manus. Uritur efflictim populorum victor Achilles, Sole oriente simul, sole cadente gemens. Uritur Alcides, prope demens factus et excors, Nil tamen in terris Hercule maius erat. Arcum leva manus telum sed dextra tenebat, Stabat et a tergo praepetis ala dei. Non erat armatum quod contra staret inermis, Nec ponenda levi spes erat ulla fuga.

The first German to revive the conceit is Heinrich Bebel. In bk. 1, ll. 53–86, of his Triumphus Veneris (1509), the poet explicitly recalls Cupid’s triumph as described by Lactantius. In Bebel’s telling, the captives include not only the heathen gods and goddesses, starting with Jupiter, but also the heroes and heroines of Greek myth and the biblical kings David and Solomon. The rest of Bebel’s Triumph of Venus is not a triumphal parade, however. It is a moralallegorical satire in which Venus’s huge army overwhelms the minuscule forces of Virtue. See Triumphus Veneris: Ein allegorisches Epos von Heinrich Bebel, ed. and trans. Marcel Angres (Münster, 2003), with a discussion of Lactantius’s influence on pp. 16–18. Eobanus’s poem takes up the conceit via Ovid, Lactantius, Tifernate, and Bebel, but with this difference: it is Venus, not Cupid, who celebrates the triumph.

1 See Tifernate, Carm., sigs. A7r–A8v. Eobanus knew this poem already during his student years at Erfurt. At Ama. 29.1–8, he even quotes four distichs from it.

600

notes to Venus triumphans [1

Meter: Dactylic hexameter. 1 4 5

6

8 9

10

11

12

13 14 16

18 19 20 21 21–22

Quae vis—Amori Cf. Ama. 35.1. quis … adsit Amori Cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.68. cui favit Apollo Idyl. 15.11; cf. Nemes. Ecl. 1.5; Eob. Idyl. 10.14. For faveo with an accusative object, see Her. Chr. 18.83, n. Ingenium … rebus melioribus aptum Cf. Idyl. 8.67; Sylv. 2.5.13: “animum rebus natum melioribus.” Ingenium laetum Aus. Parent. 24.1. diva potens puero Cf. Hor. Carm. 1.3.1: “diva potens Cypri”; Ov. Met. 9.315; Eob. Val. 1, variant (A) after l. 2: “Diva potens numeris”; Sylv. 3.7.10 (Fortuna): “nullo lumine diva potens.” fallente sagittis ≈ Verg. A. 9.572 and 10.754 (different). torret ad ignes = Idyl. 3.100. Quare age, si = Luth. 7.79, n. castos … amores = Mant. 1. Parthen. 1.642; Celtis, Am. 1.14.42; Eob. Laud. 230, n. aspernaris amores = Celtis, Am. 1.9.7: “nostros nunc aspernaris amores.” Communi … lege Man. 2.340. hominum … lege Pers. 5.98; Nemes. Ecl. 1.50. lege teneri = Prud. Psych. 343; cf. Verg. A. 12.819; Ov. Met. 10.203. Quod facis, et = Idyl. 13.125; cf. Hod. 214, n. curis liber = Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.975; cf. Mart. 3.20.14; Eob. Idyl., 2.ded. 86. Pauca … carmina = Verg. Cat. 9.13. triumphalem … pompam Hymn. 2, n. referentia carmina = Strozzi, Serm. 4.77: “amicorum referentia carmina nomen.” veteres … ignes Prop. 3.17.9. crepidine saxi = Verg. A. 10.653; V. Fl. 4.44. ego dum meditor = Locher, Stult. 58, fol. 69v; Eob. Psalt. 32.17. dum meditor—sumam Cf. Nor. 157; Buc. 5.62/Idyl. 4.65. The model is Verg. A. 4.284. edomitum … mundum Ov. Fast. 4.256; Eob. Tum. 7.165. imperio … superbo Verg. A. 8.481–482. imperio … premebat Verg. A. 1.54. homines—ferasque = Ov. Met. 7.185. animis—capientibus Salom. 6.43: “animo se non capiente.” Cf. Verg. A. 7.466; Eob. Hypocr. 6; Tum. 4.108; Nor. 1208–1209; Her., ded. 96. alto Pectore = Verg. A. 6.599–600; Sil. 1.685–686.

1] notes to Venus triumphans 22

24 26 27 28 29 30 31–34 32 33 34 34–35 35 36 37 38 40 41 42 44–45 46–47

46

47 48

601

insignem … triumphum = Poliziano, Silv. 4.255; Andrel. Livia 3.7.21; Eob. Venus 1.54; cf. Nup. 109, n. insignem spoliis ≈ Verg. A. 6.855. ductura triumphum ≈ Luc. 10.65. sublimi in vertice = Avit. Carm. 1.82; Juvenc. 3.543; cf. Verg. A. 9.682. in vertice montis = Verg. A. 11.526. odoriferis … herbis ≈ Walter, Alex. 2.310; Eob. Laud. 107; Theoc. 18.70; Epith. 230. aligeros … affatur Amores ≈ Verg. A. 1.663. vobis victoribus orbem ≈ Sarmat. 77; cf. Petrarch, Africa 7.477: “… Victoribus orbem.” quicquid ubique = Hor. S. 1.2.60; Verg. A. 1.601; Eob. Idyl. 2.80. tributa pependit = Bebel, Triumph. Ven. 1.133: “mihi iure tributa pependit / quicquid alit tellus.” Illi praecipites … Iussa ferunt Cf. Pontano, Urania 1.970–971: “Illi praecipites liquidum circum aethera lapsi / Iussa obeunt.” totumque … orbem = Ov. Met. 4.624; 6.699; 12.63; Eob. Sylv. duae 2.139. matrisque ferocia ≈ Ov. Ep. 3.133. vinclisque ligant = Theoc. 20.7 (of sleep). victricia … Signa Luc. 1.347; Sil. 6.599; 12.288; 14.179; et al.; Eob. Her. Chr. 19.117; Vict. 390; Sarmat. 93; Idyl. 14.145; Tum. 2.85; Wirt. 269; l. 71, n., below. sine nomine turbam = Man. 5.737. Mirabile dictu = Laud. 192, n. superum quisquam Bebel, Triumph. Ven. 1.63. templa tenebat ≈ Lucr. 5.948. Stygii … tyranni = Poliziano, Silv. 4.295; cf. Claud. Rapt. Pros. 2.264. aula tyranni Marul. Epigr. 3.36.12: “nigra … / Aula tyranni.” animalibus orba Ov. Met. 1.72. volucres … aer = Ov. Met. 1.75. Cunctus … orbis = Verg. A. 1.233. imagine … Multiplici = Tum. 1.6–7. Mediis—Arserat Cf. Mant. 3. Parthen. 109 (fol. 104v): “In mediis Neptunus aquis incendia sensit”; Campano, Epigr. 1.22.31–32 (sig. A6r): “Nereus … / in media nostris ignibus arsit aqua”; Eob. Venus 1 R.58. Mediis … in undis = Catul. 64.167; Verg. A. 6.339; 10.305; Ov. Ars 2.9; et al.; l. 153 below. Neptunus in undis = Ov. Ib. 273. Stygium … Ditem Locher, Stult. 47, fol. 58v (Hartl, 1.2:140, no. 50.28): “Stygii … Ditis.” ignibus arsit = Val. 3.61, n.

602 51 52 53

54 56 58 59

59–60 60

61

62

63 64 66 67 67–68 68–69 70 71

74

notes to Venus triumphans [1 Nec tibi profuerat = Epic. 7.29. Maia sate ≈ Stat. Theb. 2.1; cf. Eob. Venus 2.10–11. artificis … virgae Venus 2.3 (with n. at ll. 3–4). verbera virgae ≈ Ov. Met. 14.300; Eob. Idyl. 12.104. sua … cornua Bacchum Sylv. 5.9.3: “Virgineae Phoebum lauri, sua cornua Bacchum [decet].” bis genitum … Bacchum ≈ Ov. Met. 3.317. insignem … triumphum l. 22, n., above. clava—leonis = Boiardo, Pastoralia 10.50; cf. Ov. Met. 9.113–114; Fast. 2.325; 5.393. Oechaliae … Ioles Her. Chr. 9.115. Quid tibi nunc prosunt Ov. Met. 4.192–193; Epic. Drusi 41; Luc. 4.799. totum … per orbem = Verg. Ecl. 8.9; A. 1.457; Ov. Pont. 2.5.17; Eob. Laud. 96, n. monstra—Perdomita ≈ Petrarch, Africa 3.382–383: “Alcides … fera monstra per orbem / Perdomuit.” magni proles Iovis = V. Fl. 3.667; Ilias Lat. 10. proles—divis Ironically alluding to Verg. A. 8.301. Hercules was made a god after immolating himself on Mount Oeta. Omnia—Amorem Cf. Ov. Ep. 9.25–26 (of Hercules). Omnia qui vincis = Hutten, Panegyr. 131. tenerum … Amorem ≈ Tib. 1.3.57; 2.6.1; Ov. Am. 2.18.19; Ars 1.7. agrestum … deorum Ov. Fast. 3.315. promiscua turba Luth. 2.53. turba deorum = [Tib.] 3.10.25; Juv. 13.46. Capripedes—salaces Cf. Petrarch, Africa 3.225: “Faunique leves Satirique sequentes”; Eob. Buc. 1.88/Idyl. 1.108, nn. arboreis … ramis = Gunther, Lig. 10.496. tempora ramis = Verg. A. 5.71; 8.286. numina ponti = Ov. Met. 5.369, 370; Tr. 1.4.25. fluctibus ignes = Sil. 5.74. ignes—extinguere Cf. Buc. 7.173–175/Idyl. 10.98–100, n. undis—orbem Cf. Ov. Met. 7.356. Parte alia = Rec. 180, n. dominae Veneris Prop. 3.3.31; Ov. Ars 1.148. Veneris—signa = Bebel, Triumph. Ven., praef. 1: “Veneris victricia signa per orbem / … canemus.” For victricia signa, see ll. 34–35, n., above. Cum—in Ida Cf. Mant. Ecl. 7.27: “Cum Paris Iliaca tria numina vidit in Ida”; Andrel. Livia 1.9.61: “Venus Iliaca … in Ida”; 2.3.25: “in Phrygia stabat Paris arbiter Ida”; Eob. Sylv. 1.7.7: “Nulla Venus Phrygia formosior esset in Ida.”

1] notes to Venus triumphans 77 77–78

78

81 82 84 85–86 85 86 87 88 88–89 90 91–92 91 92 93 94 95–96

97 97–98 98–99 99 100 101

603

Charites formosae Velius, “Martis et Veneris adulterium,” in Poemata, sig. G3r: “Formosae Charites.” agrestia—Napeae Cf. Idyl. 7.140–141, nn. agrestia … Numina = Petrarch, Ep. 1.3.28–29: “Nymphas Faunosque, agrestia priscis / Numina.” Numina, Naiades = Ov. Met. 14.328. facilesque Napeae = Trebelius, Epigr., sig. D2v, verse letter to Eobanus (1508): “nemorumque deae facilesque Napeae”; Strozzi, Erot. 4.1.49; cf. Eob. Hymn. 106, n. Ibant … colla cathenis ≈ Ov. Ars 1.215. evincti colla cathenis Cf. Sil. 9.634; 11.117. Hic demum victi Stat. Theb. 9.505. Quos maximus inter = Vict. 240, n.; cf. Ov. Pont. 4.10.57. populorum rector Ov. Met. 7.481. vultu—Menelaon Cf. Ilias 4.238–239: “Talia dicentem verbis solatur amicis / Flavicomus Menelaus.” vultu … amico = Ov. Met. 3.457. Flavicomum Menelaon Cf. Theoc. 18.3: “flavicomi Menelai”; 19.102: “flavicomum Menelaum.” Nec procul hinc = Verg. A. 1.469; 6.440; 8.635; Ov. Met. 11.32; 15.55; Pont. 2.10.27. magnae … Troiae = Stat. Ach. 2.32; Eob. Nup. 173. duo—Aiaces Cf. Verg. A. 6.842–843; cf. Eob. Luth. 6.25. non quae ferus intulit = Tum. 4.134. ferus intulit Hector = Ilias 13.188; cf. Eob. Pug. 26, n. in medio … Aequore Luc. 8.184. filia Solis = Ov. Met. 9.736; 14.33. Dardana pubes = Verg. A. 7.219. Marte supremo = Mant. Somn., fol. 211v: “Vulnera quae accepi, pugnans in Marte supremo.” maximus Hector = Ilias Lat. 577, 620, 636, 832; cf. Verg. A. 5.371. omni—Lacenae Cf. Verg. A. 6.494–495; Aus. Epit. 13.1–2: “Proditus ad poenam sceleratae fraude Lacaenae / et deformato corpore Deiphobus.” omni Corpore = Lucr. 1.430–431; Sil. 13.163–164. Quosque—numero Cf. Her. Chr. 1.72, n.; Max. 191, n. Quis—Sufficiat Cf. Verg. A. 2.361–362. quota portio turbae … vix Cf. Contemn. B 2.137, n. attigit aures = V. Fl. 2.452; Poliziano, Silv. 4.77. Quid referam = Her. Chr. 21.118, n. Cupidinis arcus = Ov. Am. 1.11.11; Rem. 139; cf. Eob. Ama. 27.6.1; l. 252, n., below.

604

notes to Venus triumphans [1

102

thalamos sperare ausum Sil. 2.179. Plutonis avari = Theoc. 15.25; Ilias 7.454; 11.623; 14.606; cf. Vict. 190, n.: “Diti … avaro.” depulit ignes = Verg. A. 9.78. in hoc numero = Val. 2.309. Magnus Alexander = Aus. Urb. 24; Eob. Tum. 2.45; Theoc. 17.30. Lybicae … arenae = Nob. 245, n. Finiturus eram = Ov. Ars 1.755; Eob. Val. 1, variant after l. 652 in A. Quis enim modus = Verg. Ecl. 2.68. genitricis … Aeneadum Lucr. 1.1; Ov. Tr. 2.261, 262. matre dea satus ipse Ilias 1.408; for matre dea, see Verg. A. 1.382; Ov. Met. 12.504. Latium … per orbem = Idyl. 14.16; cf. Luc. 8.345. Unius ob thalamum Cf. Hutten, Exhortatio 669: “Unius ob raptum nuptae”; Eob. Tum. 2.30: “Unius ob formam.” For unius ob, see also Verg. A. 1.41, 251. Ingenii specimen = Sylv. 6.7.16; cf. Aus. Caes. 63. raptae … Sabinae Prop. 4.4.57; Verg. A. 8.635. celebri … triumpho = Hutten, Epigr. 151.5. Agmine … longo = Nup. 145, n. Agmine stipatus = Walter, Alex. 6.433. turba … minorum Sil. 9.299. Fascibus insignes = Claud. Carm. minora 25.59. materna—myrto Cf. Verg. G. 1.28; A. 5.72; Bebel, Triumph. Ven. 2.33 (Strozzi, Erot. 3.1.13): “redimitus tempora myrto.” rem Romanam = Verg. A. 6.857. cuspidis ictu = Ov. Met. 12.74; cf. Verg. A. 7.756. civilis—dextrae ≈ Luc. 1.32. diri … Neronis Aus. Caes. 22; Poliziano, Silv. 4.502: “dirumque Neronem.” adultera coniux = Ov. Am. 3.4.37; Eob. Nup. 193, n. Quis ferat = Eccles. 123, n. armis victricibus = Gunther, Lig. 4.510; Eob. Nup. 33; cf. Idyl. 14.69, n.; 14.162, n. victricibus orbem = Max. 153. Ante pedes dominae = Ov. Ep. 9.82. Dum loquor = Her. Chr. 2.73, n. Salve aeternum = Verg. A. 11.97; cf. Eob. Buc. 8.104/Idyl. 12.111; Idyl. 7.86. vindex Romani eloquii Cf. Prud. c. Symm. 1.633: “Romani decus eloquii”; Strozzi, Erot. 1.8.136: “Gloria Romani Tullius eloquii”; Eob. Orat. 4.6, n.: “Latinae eloquentiae vindex.”

104 105 106 108 109 110 113–114 114 116 117

118 120 121

122 123 125 126 127 130 133 135 136

138 139 140 140–141

1] notes to Venus triumphans 141 142 145–146 147 149 150

151 152–155

153 154 155 156 157 158 159

160

161 163–164 164 165 166 167 168

605

patriae pater, optime = Ov. Fast. 2.637. For Cicero’s title of “pater patriae,” see Plin. Nat. 7.117; Eob. Orat. 17.4. Par superis = Poliziano, Silv. 3.460. Quis … deus egit Verg. A. 10.72–73. dissimulas … Veste Ov. Ars 1.690. Actia littora Prop. 2.34.61; Verg. A. 3.280. littora velis = Ov. Ars 1.255 (in some mss. and early eds.). sacri—poetae Cf. Ov. Am. 3.9.17; Eob. Laud. 213. querulis … nervis Cf. Ov. Am. 2.4.27; Met. 5.339. fundebant carmina = Pug. 11. carmina nervis = Prop. 3.3.35; Ov. Ep. 15.13; Met. 1.518; 5.340; 10.16; 11.5. Cypriaden A neologism, also used at Epic. 3.63 (“Cypriadi”). Orpheus—Dicitur Cf. Mant. Fed. Spagn. 90 (fol. 140v): “Non Thamyras, non Amphion, non Thracius Orpheus, / Non Linus, et magno veniens Museus ab Orpheo”; Eob. Buc. 1.40–41, 50. mediis … in undis l. 46, n., above. sequacia saxa Sid. Carm. 16.3; cf. Ov. Met. 11.2. invida turba Her. Chr. 7.34, n. turba poetae = Ov. Tr. 5.3.47; Eob. Hod. B 1.83. sacer … Maro Mart. 8.55.3. moriens … Dido Ov. Rem. 57. falsa sub imagine = Ov. Ep. 17.45. calenti … flamma Sylv. duae 2.247. Seu quaecunque = Sedul. 1.239; Eob. Her. Chr. 21.93; Sylv. 6.10.69; cf. Verg. Ecl. 10.38. quaecunque fuit = Ov. Tr. 3.14.35. divino … carmine = Catul. 64.321; cf. Verg. Ecl. 6.67; Eob. Idyl. 15.121. vincentem carmine = Pontano, Urania 2.1260: “vincentem carmine cygnos.” carmine vatem = Pontano, Urania 3.1202; Eob. Buc. 10.36/Idyl. 11.54; cf. Buc. 11.34, n. Foelix ante alias = In Ed. Leeum 42.21, n.; Idyl. 16.31; 17.81; cf. Verg. A. 3.321. quemque—Gallum Cf. Ama. B 2.66, nn. Lycorida Gallum ≈ Ov. Tr. 2.445. tenerorum doctor amorum Cf. Ov. Tr. 3.3.73; 4.10.1. suis captus laqueis Cf. Buc. 3.146/Idyl. 7.131, n. formosa—ocellis = Pontano, Eridanus 1.40.43, alluding to Prop. 1.1.1; cf. Eob. Ama. B 2.61. Cynthia … docte Properti Epic. 6.11.

606

notes to Venus triumphans [1

169

semper amores = Bocc. Ecl. 1.19: “fac quoque semper amores / effugias”; Strozzi, Erot. 4.17.7: “leveis … scribam semper amores.” lyra … Pindarica Ov. Pont. 4.16.28. quos pertulit ignes ≈ Claud. III. Cons. Hon., praef. 11. Neque te … Transierim Cf. Verg. G. 2.101–102. Lesbia blanda Pontano, Tum. 1.14.14. necquicquam For this form, see Sylv. duae 2.71, n. corda sagitta = Campano, Epigr. 1.20.25 (sig. A5v); Eob. Buc. 7.134/Idyl. 10.58; Sylv. duae 2.83, n.; cf. Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1.228. in pectora—habent Buc. 9.8/Idyl. 6.8, n.; cf. Ov. Tr. 3.7.48; Poliziano, Eleg. 7.191–192: “in te / Quicquam iuris habent.” pectora flammae = Ov. Met. 7.803; Eob. Buc. 3.107/Idyl. 7.79; Idyl. 1.43; cf. Laud. 294, n. simius iste Hor. S. 1.10.18. Pocula mista [Tib.] 3.5.34; Ov. Tr. 5.3.50; Eob. Val. 3.58, n. Omnes—Aristoteles Cf. Rec. 206–207. elenchos Nectat Cf. Erasmus, Carm. 2.94: “necto syllogismos”; Antibarbari, ASD 1.1:99, l. 9. protinus omnes = Rec. 149, n. turba sophorum = Nob. 295, n. I procul hinc Ov. Ars 3.505; Met. 2.464. fortiter omnes = Wirt. 92. Pallida … membra Ov. Ep. 21.16. For pallor as a symptom of lovesickness, see Eob. Laud. 237, n. membra catenis = Gunther, Lig. 9.548; cf. Catul. 64.296. Barbara … agmina = Ov. Met. 6.423. agmina turbis ≈ Ov. Ep. 12.155. leges … imperiumque Mant. c. Am., fol. 176r; Sylv. 4.1.16 (fol. 297r); Hutten, Querel. 1.5.56. Musicus ante alios … Davides Cf. Her. Chr. 1.81, n.: “Nobilis ante alios … David”; Vict. 288. cytharaque—eburna = Ilias 24.80; cf. Verg. G. 3.7; Ov. Met. 7.103. cythara … eburna = Pontano, Meteor. 1093: “cithara ac testudine eburna”; cf. Eob. Hod. 432, n. Stirpis … decus Erasmus, Carm. 39.1; Eob. Laud. 465. Stirpis Iesseae = Vict. 294, n. Ordine eodem = Lucr. 4.68. effosso lumine Verg. A. 3.663. Herculeas … laudes ≈ Ov. Met. 12.539; cf. Verg. A. 8.287–288. Nempe iaces = Guil. 11; Epic. 5.5, 9; cf. Ov. Am. 2.6.20.

170–171 170 171–172 172 173 175 176–177 176 177 178 178–179

179 181 183 185 186

187 188 189–190 189

191

192 193 194

1] notes to Venus triumphans 195 196 197 199 200–201 200 200–201

202 202–203 203

206 210 210–211 212 213 215 216

217

218 218–219 218 219 220

607

Fortior ille fuit = Ov. Fast. 5.202. Musa, redi = Luth. 5.51. Quod non—optes Cf. TPMA, 10:382–383, s.v. “Sein,” nos. 49–62. Foemineo plangore Verg. A. 2.487–488. quas durus—Vincla pati Cf. Ama. 35.16. durus Amor = Buc. 3.164, n. saeva … Vincla Ov. Ars 2.291; Juv. 13.186. coegit Vincla pati Ov. Met. 6.553; Andrel. Ecl. 7.71–72: “mercenaria cogor / Vincla pati.” niveos … lacertos = Claud. Cons. Olyb. et Prob. 87; cf. Eob. Buc. 9.69/Idyl. 6.72, n. lacertos Plangit Ov. Met. 9.637. crinibus … aurum = Strozzi, Erot. 5.3.31: “Et tremulum mittit quod crinibus inserat aurum”; Eob. Accl. 1.213: “e crinibus emicat aurum.” Cf. Ov. Ep. 15.75; 21.89. Obscuros … recessus Stat. Theb. 1.509. Innumeraeque aliae = Mutius, Triumph., sig. c6r; Bebel, Triumph. Ven. 1.287. Non plures—hyems Largely reused from Vict. 210–211, nn. plenis … nubibus Mant. Calam. 3.539 (p. 84): “plenis de nubibus imbres.” nubibus Auster = Ov. Fast. 2.71 (in some mss. and early eds.). spaciosi … theatri = Dantiscus, Carm. 1.3.301. Ordine confuso Her. Chr. 8.21; Vict. 362. omnibus una est = Verg. G. 4.212. Frena pati … lupatis ≈ Mant. 2. Parthen. 2.190: “Persimilis pullo, qui, dum inconsueta recusat / Frena pati, rodit morsu indignante lupatum.” For frena pati, see Ov. Ars 1.472; Sil. 3.387. duris … lupatis = Ov. Am. 1.2.15; cf. Verg. G. 3.208. subdere colla Tib. 1.2.90; Eob. Her. Chr. 9.156. Quis furor … quae tanta = Luc. 1.8; cf. Eob. Ama. 35.15, n. Quis furor hic = Luc. 1.681; Sil. 15.33. quae tanta potentia = Vict. 96, n. Omnes—unus Cf. Verg. G. 4.184. furor—ruere Cf. Verg. G. 3.242–244, partially quoted at Eob. Buc. 3.54– 55/Idyl. 3.60–61. furor omnibus = Stat. Theb. 5.148; 9.25. In Venerem ruere Man. 3.655; Celtis, Am. 2.9.48; Bebel, Triumph. Ven. 5.309. servire tyranno = Her. Chr. 17.19, n. fatui … vulgi Prud. c. Symm. 1.146; Eob. Pug. 83; Accl. 1.247; Sylv. 6.1.11; Theoc. 15.7.

608 220–221

221 222 223 224 225 226 227 229 230

232 237 240 240–241 243 245 245–248 247 249 250 251 252 253–254 253 255 257–258

notes to Venus triumphans [1 promiscua vulgi … turba Ilias 13.635–636: “promiscua vulgi / Turba”; cf. Mant. 1. Parthen. 3.30: “promiscua vulgi / congeries.” For promiscua vulgi, see also Eob. Eccles. 255. tonsae … coronae Ama. B 2.34, n., where (as here) the priests stand accused of illicit affairs. Eobanus expatiates on the theme at Sylv. duae 2.191–210. sacra tueri = Ov. Pont. 4.8.81. coelos aperire Her. 1.5.93. perplexos … nodos Cf. Rec. 206. solvere nodos = Eleg. 1.91, n. Ah miseri = Tib. 2.1.79; Stat. Silv. 4.6.8. volucris … puelli ≈ Sylv. duae 2.133 (Cupid). posse putemus = Catul. 97.11; Eob. Tum. 1.29. carcere clausa Her. Chr. 10.120, n. longe pars maxima = Idyl. 12.87; cf. Verg. A. 11.214; Ov. Met. 2.672. Laeta Venus = Mart. 6.21.2; cf. Hor. Carm. 3.21.21. quibus illecebris = Hypocr. 49. pascuntur Amores = Maxim. 3.69. triplici … diademate Hutten, In incendium Lutherianum exclamatio 21 (Opera, 3:453): “triplici diademate vertex / Cingitur.” Imperioque ducis = Marul. Epigr. 2.17.4. respondent omnia = Verg. Ecl. 10.8. incestus amor Hor. Carm. 3.6.23; Claud. in Rufin. 1.221; Eob. Her. Chr. 4.147. acerbis Vulneribus Ov. Met. 5.62; 12.388; Stat. Theb. 9.8–9. Hic est ille = Claud. VI. Cons. Hon. 587. exercitus armis = Verg. A. 12.123; Stat. Theb. 10.540. tanquam digito monstrasse For this proverbial expression, see Orat. stud. 17.1, n.; Erasmus, Adag. 1.10.43. referri—annis Modeled on Verg. G. 2.42–44; A. 6.625–627. Cf. Eob. Hod. 465–467; Wirt. 401–404. non si mihi mille Stat. Silv. 5.4.11. omnia circum = Vict. 145, n. tradita signa Ov. Rem. 4; Eob. Eccles. 316. contempto numine = Strozzi, Erot. 2.4.11. numine Musae = Epic. 1.69. et victore—arcu = Idyl. 15.23; Theoc. 11.28; cf. l. 101, n., above. crudelibus … Paruerint dominis ≈ Claud. in Eutrop. 2.479–480. crudelibus istis = Hutten, Querel. 1.2.25. coelivagos Her. Chr. 9.76, n. docte novem—arcanis Cf. Venus 2.283.

1] notes to Venus triumphans 257 259

260 262 262–263 263–264 265

609

Iochime For this (metrically necessitated) form, see also Venus 2.162, 184, 226. et placidum … amorem = Pontano, Urania 1.175: “Uritur et placidum cantando nutrit amorem”; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 15.149. faveat tibi = Celtis, Am. 2.10.73: “faveat tibi carmina Phoebus.” For faveo with an accusative object, see Eob. Her. Chr. 18.83, n. mutua pectora Poliziano, Eleg. 6.34; Celtis, Am. 3.4.42; Od. 1.18.10. pectora flammas = Ov. Met. 6.466; Eob. Laud. 294, n. Sic semper eas Ov. Tr. 1.9.66; Eob. Her. Chr. 9.154. secundis Auspiciis Hor. Carm. 4.14.16. liberrima … Ocia Hor. Ep. 1.7.36. venturae … senectae = Her. Chr. 24.165, n. certa senectae = Pontano, Urania 2.1234: “Hora mihi finisque … certa senectae”; Eridanus 2.12.5: “dos est haec certa senectae.”

1 R.: Joachim Camerarius, Querela adversus Venerem The work is Camerarius’s first foray into Latin narrative verse. Meter: Dactylic hexameter. 1 2

4

5 6 7 8 9

triumphato … mundo = Mant. 3. Parthen. 313 (fol. 108r). gaudia mundo Buc. 9.97, n. Alma parens volucrum … Amorum Cf. Ov. Ep. 16.203; Fast. 4.1; Stat. Silv. 1.5.33; Velius, Liber sylvarum 1.1, in Poemata, sig. b2r: “parens volucrum praedulcis Amorum, / Alma Venus.” Alma parens = Verg. A. 2.591; 10.252. Hesse—sororum Cf. Camerarius’s verse letter to Eobanus, written in ca. December 1535 (not 1536, as printed), opening line: “Eobane, novem decus immortale sororum.” See Epp. 1, sig. Z2v. decus … sororum Mart. 4.14.1. decus et tutela = Ov. Met. 12.612; Fast. 1.415. dum … oculis … lustro Prud. Perist. 11.17. Captivosque greges = Tum. 2.125. subdita—cathenis Cf. Tib. 1.2.90; Prud. Amart. 469. armato … milite Verg. A. 2.20; 11.516. milite turmas = Max. 85, n. Tu quoque praecipue = Hermann Trebelius, l. 57 of an elegy printed at the end of Hutten, Querel. 2 (Opera, 3:82). imbelles elegos Ov. Am. 3.15.19.

610 11 12 13 15 17 19 22–23 23 23–24 24 25 26 27 29 29–30 30–31 31 32–33 33 34 35 36–37 36 37 37–38 38 42 42–43 42 44 49 53–54

notes to Venus triumphans [1 R. denso … agmine = [Tib.] 3.7.186; Ov. Ep. 16.185; Eob. Her. Chr. 21.95. agmine vulgi = Gunther, Lig. 8.94; cf. Luc. 2.201; Stat. Theb. 5.43. manibusque … iunctis = Campano, Epigr. 8.29.9 (sig. F3r). Auxilium divae l. 168 below. voce precantes ≈ Luc. 6.527. stolidae plaebis = Gunther, Lig. 3.347. plaebis … caterva Juvenc. 2.735. quaerere caussas = Verg. A. 2.105. Pieridumque—sacerdos Cf. Ov. Am. 3.8.23. deorum Numine = Ov. Fast. 3.705–706. Numine contempto Venus 1.251, n. terrasque fretumque Infernasque … sedes Cf. Ov. Met. 12.39–40. Infernas … sedes Vict. 96–97, n. vincula nectat Verg. Ecl. 6.23; 8.78; Ov. Ars 2.46. foliis … rosarum Prud. Psych. 326; Bebel, Triumph. Ven. 1.186. vernarum … rosarum Ov. Fast. 5.194; Sen. Thy. 947. populo in tanto = Mant. 6. Parthen. 440 (fol. 137v); cf. Catul. 81.1. praeconia versus = Campano, Epigr. 3.11.27 (sig. C3r): “nostros vincunt praeconia versus.” versus … tenues Erasmus, Carm. 35.3; Cordus, Epigr. 2.82.5. qualibus—resonant Cf. Venus 2.285. glauca fluenta = Aus. Mosella 349. flos … iuventae Decidet Cf. Her. Chr. 16.270, n. hominum … in usus = Rutil. Nam. 1.407; Mant. 2. Parthen. 3.143. tenerae … medullae = Ov. Am. 3.10.27. igne medullae = Laud. 203; Her. Chr. 4.95; cf. Ov. Ep. 4.15. gemet … mens … aegra Celtis, Am. 1.8.47; Eob. Her. Chr. 21.46. Dabo … Aris Ov. Am. 2.13.23. munera supplex = Verg. G. 4.534. pecudes … gramina pascunt = Boiardo, Pastoralia 2.27. gramina—Pinguia Cf. Andrel. Ecl. 1.2–3: “pinguia carpant / Gramina.” fluminis unda = Sil. 17.639; Eob. Her. Chr. 22.61. Tu quoque, si quid = Her. Chr. 17.129; cf. Prop. 2.13.39; Ov. Am. 3.9.63; Ep. 16.375. si quid opis potes … Affer Ter. Ph. 553. divine poeta = Verg. Ecl. 5.45; 10.17; Eob. Laud. 217. Flebilibus numeris = Ov. Fast. 2.109. Sic ego. Sic = Ov. Fast. 5.193; Mart. 6.10.11. Sic dictis … solatus amicis Sil. 8.210; cf. Verg. A. 5.770; Eob. Vict. 315. Non rupem—in ora Camerarius adapts Theoc. 7.114; cf. Eobanus’s transla-

1 R.] notes to Venus triumphans

53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60–61 61 62 63 65 66 68 69 70 71 74 75 76–77 77 88 93 94 95 97 99 100 102 103 104 106 108 109–110 109 112

611

tion at Theoc. 7.152–153: “Rupe sub infausta Blemiarum fronte carentum, / Qua vagus in calidas Nilus se condit arenas.” assiduis … solibus = Poliziano, Epigr. 6.3; Eob. Her. Chr. 15.87. Nilus—ora Cf. Ov. Met. 2.254–255. gente suorum = Ov. Met. 14.463. Coelicolum regem = Erasmus, Carm. 24.3; cf. Verg. A. 3.21. transire figuras = Ov. Met. 8.730. Aestuat—undis Cf. Venus 1.46–47, n. saevi … regia Ditis Strozzi, Erot. 4.1.29. Cuncta deorum … numina Idyl. 4.99, nn. Imperio … blando Aus. Praefationes 3.10. Imperio subiecta = Andrel. Ecl. 4.124. tigres … –que leones Ov. Ars 2.183; Met. 15.86. puer improbus = Verg. Ecl. 8.49. Parve puer = Poliziano, Silv. 3.333; cf. Verg. Ecl. 4.60, 62. laniataque … membra Pontano, Urania 1.96; 3.698. audacia mentis = Gunther, Lig. 1.699; cf. Ov. Tr. 3.9.17. communis … pericli = Luth. 5.11. communi … sensu Hor. S. 1.3.66. arcus fractos Ov. Am. 3.9.8. Thura … laticesque = Pontano, Tum. 2.25.5 (offered as gifts at the grave). paucis communia = Poliziano, Epigr. 36.3; Strozzi, Erot. 6.3.26. spernere … dedit Hor. Carm. 2.16.39–40. Iussa superba Verg. A. 10.445; 12.877. tela Iovis = Luc. 7.197; V. Fl. 1.663. nostri—recessit Modeled on Verg. A. 2.595. Atque utinam = Buc. 1.36, n. fatalia damna = Sil. 4.708. dicta refutet = Verg. A. 12.41. deum … arcana Sil. 7.494. facta Minervae = Ov. Tr. 3.9.7. Gnidiae … divae Cf. Mart. 13.66.2. in vallibus Idae = Ov. Am. 1.14.11. cupidine formae = Ov. Met. 4.346. casta Diana Pug. 70, n. turpia crimina = Ov. Ars 3.379. falsa—herili Cf. Ov. Met. 3.139–140. falsa—fronte Cf. Ov. Fast. 5.606. cornua fronte = Culex 16. saxa … Latmia Catul. 66.5; Ov. Ep. 18.62.

612 113 114 115 115–116 117 122 129 130 132 138 139 141 143 145 148 149 150 151 152 155 156 157 159

161 162 164 166 168 170–173 170

notes to Venus triumphans [1 R. depascitur artus = Verg. A. 2.215. Veneris—nescit ≈ Petr. 132.15.5: “Veneris quis gaudia nescit?” patrante … lumine Cf. Pers. 1.18. lumine—Aspicere Cf. Mant. 1. Parthen. 3.131: “prospexit teneros clementi lumine partus.” Iovis … magni Verg. A. 3.104; Ov. Ep. 14.95; Ars 2.540; Met. 2.677–678; 6.94; et al. saeva minatur = Luc. 9.237; Stat. Theb. 6.527. Castus amor = Prud. Apoth. 396; Eob. Laud. 240, n. Geminum … axem = Claud. in Rufin. 2.152; cf. Luc. 7.422. arcu … feriente Cupido Cf. Cordus, Epith., sig. B1v: “feriente Cupidinis arcu.” Aonio … vertice = Stat. Silv. 5.1.113; Eob. Hod. 24; l. 155 below; cf. Verg. G. 3.11. Aut hoc—dissimili Cf. Ov. Ep. 2.146; Eob. Her. Chr. 20.16. Veneris ditione = Cordus, Ecl. 3.44. flumina nota Verg. Ecl. 1.51. teneras … puellas ≈ Tib. 2.1.61; Ov. Ep. 19.7; Ars 2.745. Veneris famulas ≈ Ov. Am. 2.7.21. totum … per orbem = Her. Chr. 12.109, n. Solis ad occasus … ab ortu = Pontano, Meteor. 1118: “solis ad occasus ut spicula solis ab ortu / mittat”; cf. Ov. Pont. 1.4.30. tristes—curas Pontano, Parthen. 2.12.7: “Vino pelluntur tristes de pectore curae.” percurret—chordas ≈ Ov. Am. 2.4.27. Aonio … vertice = l. 138 above. fila … legemus Verg. A. 10.815 (different). fila canora Claud. Rapt. Pros. 2, praef. 14. laetis … choreis = Juvenc. 2.366. Sentiat imperium Ov. Rem. 478. potentia sceptra = Locher, Stult. 53, fol. 64v (Hartl, 1.2:152, no. 56.29); cf. Ov. Ep. 17.61. quicquid ubique est = Verg. A. 1.601. saeviat ira = Ov. Met. 14.193: “mea saeviat ira.” sibi conciliare favorem = Walter, Alex. 6.534. Gaudet … Venus … pudore Cf. Catul. 55.20; Ov. Ep. 16.291. auxilium divae l. 13 above. veniamque rogamus ≈ Verg. A. 11.101. Non semper—Olympo Cf. Hor. Carm. 2.9.1–8. nigra nubila Her. Chr. 7.46. nubila coelo = Hor. Carm. 1.7.15; Verg. A. 3.586; 12.367; Ov. Am. 1.8.9; Met. 5.286.

1 R.] notes to Venus triumphans 171 172 173 175 176 179 180 183 184 187 190 191 192 193 194 198 200 201 202

613

maria aspera = Verg. A. 6.351; Sil. 17.434. minitans—ruinas Cf. Lucr. 6.572. Rex superum = Ov. Met. 1.251; 10.155; cf. Eob. Eleg. 1.133, n. claro … Olympo Verg. A. 4.268. sperare vetabo ≈ Sil. 12.65. sensit enim = Verg. A. 4.105; Ov. Met. 9.242; 10.424; Fast. 1.659. limis … spectat ocellis Cf. Ov. Am. 3.1.33; Eob. Eleg. 3.25. Neve moram timeas = Ov. Pont. 3.3.85. Aurata … cuspide Ciris 32. cuspide ferrum = Sil. 4.453. in parte sinistra = Verg. A. 9.468. Tincta … spicula succis Cf. Ov. Pont. 4.10.31. rutilo … auro = Claud. Cons. Stil. 3.230. tenera … puella = Eleg. Maec. 1.71; Mart. 3.65.1. externa de gente Verg. A. 7.367. vultus … modestos Ov. Met. 4.682–683. Et conferre gradus ≈ Verg. A. 6.488; Sil. 12.382. cerva … saucia Mant. 2. Parthen. 2.96–97. Stare loco = Verg. G. 3.84. vis in amore Verg. A. 10.614. Vera refers = Ov. Met. 5.271; Mant. Ecl. 7.51. iam parcite, divi ≈ Stat. Theb. 11.576. Parcite iam = Prop. 2.29.19. sacer esto = Hor. S. 2.3.181.

2: Ludus Musarum, seu epithalamium Evidently intended to be performed at Camerarius’s wedding, this verse playlet is modeled on Erasmus’s “Epithalamium Petri Aegidii,” a colloquy in prose and verse first published at Basel in 1524. See Erasmus, Colloquia, ASD 1.3:411– 416; trans. in CWE 39:520–530; the verses (with commentary) also in CWE 85:356–361, no. 132 (text and translation); 86:717–718 (notes); ASD 1.7:440–442, no. 132. The Muses and Graces are appropriate to the occasion in Erasmus’s and Eobanus’s epithalamia, because the bridegrooms, Pieter Gillis (1486–1533) and Joachim Camerarius, are both humanists of note. The work is Eobanus’s second published epithalamium, the first being Encomium nuptiale (1512). A third epithalamium, likewise in dialogue form, came out in 1539: Epithalamion, seu ludus gratulatorius, in nuptiis et receptione insigniorum Doctoratus iurium … D. Iusti Studaei. In ca. early autumn 1518,

614

notes to Venus triumphans [2

Eobanus promised Herbord von der Marthen to write one for his upcoming wedding; see Sylv. 2.6.41–44: “Nos tibi per Musas hymenaeia sacra canemus. / Carmine vivetis, nuptaque virque, meo. / Inde nec ipse tuo Peleus certabit honori, / Te nec erit pulchro carmine Stella prior.” Nothing is ever heard of that epithalamium again, however. In 1532 Eobanus did send epithalamic verses to Abbot Friedrich Pistorius, but did not publish them; see p. 281, n. 10, above. Eobanus’s poem was imitated by Johann Stigel in an epithalamium for Georg Sabinus and Anna Melanchthon, who were married on 16 November 1536. See De nuptiis Georgii Sabini et Annae carmen heroicum Melchioris Acontii. Epithalamion Sabini et ad eundem propempticon, autore Ioanne Stigelio (Wittenberg, 1537), sigs. B1v–C3r; repr. in Georg Sabinus, Poemata (Strasbourg, 1538), sigs. N4r–O3r. Cf. Walther Ludwig, “Musenkult und Gottesdienst,” in Ludwig, ed., Die Musen im Reformationszeitalter (Leipzig, 2001), 9–51, here at pp. 32–33; repr. in Ludwig, Miscella, 1:249–294, here at p. 274. The epithalamium is written in a variety of meters, for which see below. 1–24 1 1–2 3–4 4 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

16 18 20–21

Omnia—videndo Meter: Dactylic hexameter. celeres—auras Cf. Verg. A. 4.226, 270, 357; Eob. Rec. 154–155. mandata … Exequor Ov. Met. 14.602. Artificemque—manes Cf. Verg. A. 4.242–243; Stat. Theb. 1.306–308. Cf. also Eob. Venus 1.52. arcessere manes Verg. A. 6.119. lumina corpus = Culex 255. Explicat—pennas Cf. Ov. Am. 2.6.55; Ars 1.627; Med. 33–34. superum rex Eleg. 1.133, n. Athlantide Maia = Ov. Met. 2.685. regnique—locavit Cf. Verg. A. 4.374; 12.145. lingua … diserta = Her. Chr. 11.129; cf. Buc. B 8.4, n. per mille—rebus ≈ Andrel. Livia 3.10.51: “per mille pericula rerum”; cf. Eob. Buc. 10.169/Idyl. 11.194, n. varias … per artes Man. 3.27; Stat. Silv. 1.3.55. Missus in hanc venio = Ov. Tr. 3.1.1. in hanc—undae Cf. ll. 339–340 below. ripam—undae ≈ Nor. 933; cf. Epic. 3.127; Sylv. 6.7.7: “Ad vada … Pegnesidos undae.” Norica—flexu Cf. Nor. 561; for Norica moenia, see Eleg. 1.27, n. Pēnĕa Instead of “Pēnēum” (“Peneion”), which does not fit the meter here. Cf. l. 287 below; Idyl. 16.131. Aut ego fallor, Aut = Ov. Met. 1.607–608; Eob. Idyl. 15.37–38.

2] notes to Venus triumphans 21 22 23 25–40 25–26 28 29–30 30 31 32 34–35 38 41–46 41

42 43 44 45 46 47–52 48 50 51

52

615

nostras … ad aures = Prop. 2.32.23; Ov. Met. 5.256; Fast. 3.661. Pierides divae Buc. 2.1–2/Idyl. 2.1–2, n. super aethera = Verg. A. 1.379; Ov. Fast. 3.347; Luc. 1.678. sacra paranti ≈ Ov. Ep. 21.155. Quis—coelum Meter: Sapphic hendecasyllables, concluding with an adonic. Sub aures Venit … sonus Cf. Ov. Met. 14.749–750. Vocis humanae Ov. Am. 2.6.37; Eob. Her. Chr. 10.156. deorum Nuncium = Hor. Carm. 1.10.5–6. procul arma fulgent Sil. 11.486. Argicida Marul. Hymn. nat. 2.8.62. Musae—blandae Erasmus, Carm. 70.5; cf. Eob. Hod. 455, n.; l. 182, below. hymenaea—Sacra Cf. Sylv. 5.22.15: “sacra hymenaea canebas”; Theoc. 20.147, 190; Epith. 168. Causa quae … te coegit Idyl. 7.1–2; cf. Sen. Phaed. 871; Thy. 429; Eob. Epic. 6.85. Qualis—chorus Meter: Elegiac distich. Qualis—in Ida Cf. Strozzi, Erot. 3.4.95–96: “formae, qualem praelata duabus / Valle sub Idea mater Amoris habet.” Phrygia … in Ida = Sylv. 1.7.7; cf. Verg. A. 9.80; Sil. 7.437; Eob. Buc. B 2.41, n.; Nup. 89. Qualis—tuum ≈ Sylv. 1.8.20: “Qualis ad Anchisen dicitur isse suum.” Talis in hoc coetu Epith. 225: “Talis in hoc iuvenum coetu.” suspicer esse tibi ≈ Mart. 3.95.12; cf. Ov. Fast. 3.448; Eob. Her. Chr. 4.18, n. Aonides—puellae Cf. Pontano, Lyra 12.5: “Dum canis, tecum Aonides puellae / concinunt”; Eob. Epic. 8.45. solet … semper adesse Celtis, Am. 3.5.10: “laetis semper adesse solet”; cf. Ov. Tr. 3.4.74; Mart. 4.54.4. Quin—chori Meter: A Phalaecian hendecasyllable, followed by a dactylic pentameter. Quae—viae Cf. Ov. Ep. 16.28; Met. 2.33; Pont. 3.3.27; Eob. Sylv. 2.9.4: “Tam subitae facta est quae tibi caussa viae”; Venus 3.46. praescripta … ratione Val. 1.178; cf. Epic. 3.87. Aonos puellae Velius, “Genethliacon D. Erasmi Roterodami,” in Poemata, sig. i1v: “Exultantibus Aonos puellis.” Cf. Eob. Sylv. 4.31.7: “Blandae, virgines Aonos, Camoenae.” A son of Neptune, Aon is a Boeotian hero. Here, as at l. 285 below, he stands for Mount Helicon in Boeotia. Cf. Pontano, Lyra 3.14: “Aon est vester mihi collis e quo / forsan et rivi scateant et ipsa / Thespias unda”; Tum. 1.20.9. virginei … chori = Dantiscus, Carm. 1.3.466.

616

53–72 53

54 61 65 71 72 73–100 73 74 76 77 79 80 82 84 88 91 92 93–94 97–98 101–122 101

103 104 105 107

notes to Venus triumphans [2 numina sancta = Dantiscus, Carm. 1.3.86; 14.30; Pontano, Am. 1.5.12; Strozzi, Erot. 2.8.70; cf. Lucr. 2.434; 6.70; [Tib.] 3.19.15; Verg. A. 3.543. Pater—concinit Meter: Iambic strophe. Pater deorum Sil. 3.181; 12.643–644. nubicoga Iuppiter Translating the formulaic νεφεληγερέτα Ζεύς. See, for example, Hes. Op. 53, translated as “nubicoga Iupiter” in Hesiodi Ascraei duo libri Georgicon, Ἔργα καὶ ἡμέραι, id est, Opera et dies …, ed. and trans. Ottmar Luscinius (Strasbourg, 1515), sig. a4r. urbem Noricam Eleg. 1.39, n. quicquid usquam gentium l. 263 below. rura Norica Eleg. 1.20, n. caterva virginum l. 203 below. Hymenea festum l. 80, n. below. Adeste—fertur Meter: Alcaic strophe. Mnemosynes natae Cf. Aus. Ep. 13.64: “Mnemosynes natas.” supremi progenies Iovis = Marul. Hymn. nat. 2.1.1. Barbiton et cytharam Celtis, Od. 1.24.4. Festa hymenaeia Cf. l. 80, n. below. Adeste … sorores Ov. Met. 3.713; Erasmus, Carm. 4.138; ll. 109–110 below. Festa hymenaea Mant. Georg., fol. 206v; Sylv. 1.3.118 (fol. 247r); ll. 72 and 77 above. Festa … fronde Luth. 1.8, n. revinctum fronde Verg. A. 4.459. levibus sagittis Sen. Oed. 482; Her. O. 545; Eob. Nor. 447. Legitimo … cubili Epith. 63; cf. l. 119, n., below. Nuptaeque … virique Ov. Fast. 2.437; cf. ll. 118 and 317 below. avidas … medullas Verg. G. 3.271. dulcibus Flammis Mant. 1. Parthen. 3.417–418; Eob. Her. Chr. 17.47; cf. Buc. 2.42/Idyl. 2.37, n. carmina … Alterna Buc. 4.2–3, n.; cf. Calp. Ecl. 6.2. Dicite—nuptias Meter: Second Pythiambic strophe. As queen of the Muses (Laud. 246, n.), Calliope opens the “Chorus Musarum.” foelicem … hymenea l. 296 below; Theoc. 36.48: “foelices … hymenaeos.” faciles … Camaenae = Filetico, Theoc. 1 (refrain): “faciles huc ite Camoenae”; cf. Eob. Laud. 65, n.; Idyl. 9.64, n.; 9.84, n. in vallibus Hemi = Verg. G. 2.488 (in contemporary eds.): “gelidis in vallibus Haemi”; Erasmus, Carm. 6.7; Eob. Epic. 2.101. Cesto iugali Stat. Theb. 5.62–63. Stella … Violantillaeque Cf. Stat. Silv. 1.2.25. civilia bella = Luc. 2.62, 231, 286, et al.; Eob. Tum. 6.29.

2] notes to Venus triumphans 108 109 109–110 111 113 115 117 117–118 117

118 119 121 122

123–146 126 127–128 128 130 132 133–135 133 136 137–143 141 144 147–167 148 149–150 151

617

Ad sacra … natam Ov. Met. 2.223. luce sorores = Catul. 64.325; Man. 5.141. sorores … adeste l. 79, n., above. novis … floribus Hor. Carm. 4.1.32. Fronde … virenti Petrarch, Africa 9.110–111; Bocc. Ecl. 12.70; Hutten, Triumph. 1045–1046. suis … organa nervis = Sedul. 3.256. Foelix illa dies = Ciris 27; Man. 5.568; Aetna 637. dies … conscia Vict. 441, n. cupidos—amantes Cf. Ov. Rem. 611; Celtis, Am. 3.14.7: “cupidos disiungis amantes”; l. 198 below. iunxit amantes = Pontano, Urania 3.351. Nuptae virique l. 91, n., above. legitimi … foedere lecti ≈ Nup. 79, n.; cf. Celtis, Am. 2.8.87: “legitimi fastidit gaudia lecti”; l. 88, n., above; l. 298 below. clementia coeli = Luc. 8.366; Eob. Val. 2.47. Thobiae—nuptias = Epith. 150. Cf. Eobanus’s letter to Johann Lang (ca. 1521–1523), on the occasion of a wedding in Erfurt: “optare … Thobiae Iunioris nuptias”; see Collectio Camerariana, vol. 16 (MS Clm 10366, BSB, Munich), no. 17. Eya—iuvat Meter: Second Asclepiad. Paphiae—arboris Cf. Ov. Ars 3.181: “Paphias myrtos.” plenis—rosis Cf. Verg. A. 6.883–884 (at a funeral); Stat. Silv. 1.2.22–23 (at a wedding). Narcissos, violas Buc. 9.59/Idyl. 6.62, n. Foelicem … lectulum Mart. 10.38.7 (the wedding bed). ingenii dotibus Val. 1.10, n. Formae—precor Cf. Ov. Am. 3.2.60. Formae munere Stat. Silv. 5.1.51; Eob. Accl. 1.215; Epith. 127–128: “Formae munere, dotibus iuventae, / Praeclara indole pectoris beati.” castis … moribus Erasmus, “Epithalamium Petri Aegidii,” in Colloquia, ASD 1.3:416, l. 163; Eob. In Ed. Leeum 23.1, n. Foelicem—negociis Cf. Hor. Carm. 1.13.17–20. Annis … iuvenilibus Ov. Met. 8.20; Eob. Rec. 120, n.; Idyl., 1.ded. 25 (2.ded. 23). legitima fide Ov. Fast. 2.662. Illum—dedit Meter: Fourth Asclepiad. plenis … Copia cornibus Cf. Idyl. 1.84, n. blando Concentu Marul. Epigr. 1.42.31. faustiter A medieval adverb, also used at Laud. 520.

618

notes to Venus triumphans [2

152

bonis auspiciis Erasmus, “Epithalamium Petri Aegidii,” in Colloquia, ASD 1.3:415, l. 139: “Auspiciis adsint numina dextra bonis”; cf. Adag. 1.1.75; l. 180 below. conficit ignibus Contemn. B 3.30. casta Venus Mart. 2.34.4; 6.45.2, 3; 10.33.4; Eob. Her. Chr. 17.92. Iochime Venus 1.257, n. Ecquid—potest Cf. Sylv. 2.13.4 (8.13.4): “si quid dulcius esse potest”; Psalt. 137.22: “si … te quicquam dulcius esse potest.” Humano generi dedit Juv. 15.132. Oscula—viro Meter: First Archilochian strophe. Oscula—hederis Cf. Nup. 314–315, n. The tightly clinging ivy traditionally symbolizes wedded love. vivendo—cornix Modeled on Aus. Ecl. 22.3; cf. Erasmus, “Epithalamium Petri Aegidii,” in Colloquia, ASD 1.3:415, ll. 141–142: “Contingat illis … Corniculae vivacitas.” Solave semper avis Cf. Ov. Am. 2.6.54; Lact. Phoenix 31: “avis … unica Phoenix.” Contingant—umbrae Eobanus quotes the verse in a letter to Camerarius (ca. early September 1527); see Epp. 1., sig. G4r: “Vale cum tua aurea coniuge et somnia multos aureos torques. An vero oblitus es quod nos praediximus, ‘Contingant vobis Pythii praedivitis umbrae’?” Vos beet—Tagi Cf. Sarmat. 44, n.; Hor. Ep. 1.12.8–9; Mart. 10.17.4; Eob. Val. 2.306, n. In antiquity, the Pactolus and Tajo were proverbially rich in gold. See Nup. 152, n. (Pactolus); n. 70 at Val. 2.306 (Tajo). Vobis—opes Cf. Stat. Silv. 2.6.67–68; Eob. Epp. fam., 145, letter of 22 June 1527 to Georg Sturtz: “Quem tibi blanda sinu foveat Fortuna benigno, / Cui Bona perpetuas Copia fundat opes.” laeta … Fortuna Hor. Carm. 3.29.49; Verg. A. 11.42–43. sinu … benigno Stat. Silv. 4.8.13–14. auspiciis foelicibus Mant. Calam. 3.813 (p. 91); Eob. Sylv. 2.8.5; cf. l. 152, n., above. Nuptaque virque = Ov. Ep. 6.164; Eob. Nup. 331; Sylv. 2.6.42; cf. Nup. 325; l. 299 below. Musae Charitesque = Hod. 455; Sylv. 8.20.7; cf. l. 32, n., above. Caede bonis avibus Cf. Laud. 575, n. charae … puellae = Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.765; Strozzi, Erot. 1.8.37. Iochime Venus 1.257, n. Huc ades—senectae Meter: Fourth Archilochian strophe. alma Venus Buc. 3.147/Idyl. 7.132, n. influas A transitive verb, as at Mant. 3. Parthen. 33 (fol. 103r): “umbram / Caligantem abigens menti lucem influit almam”; Eob. Hypocr. B 2.14.

156 157 162 164 167 168–185 168–169 170

171 172

174–175

178–179

178 180 181 182 184

186–205 186 188

2] notes to Venus triumphans 189–190 190–193 192 195 196 198 200 201 203 204 205 206–241 206 208–209 211–212 213 214–215 215 216–217 218 219 222 223–224 224–225 226 230 231–232 233 235 240–241 241

619

esse—Possint Cf. Sylv. 4.1.46: “Parens ut esse prole te digna queas”; Idyl. 13.40–41, n. Possint—virentis Cf. Vulg. Psa. 127.3, paraphrased at Eob. Hypocr. B 3.7–10. teneris … vitibus Mart. 4.13.5. multa dote Idyl., 1.ded. 7 (2.ded. 7). dote Gratiarum Epith. 121. Fortunae ridentis Ov. Tr. 1.5.27. cupidi … amantes l. 117, n., above. nostrum decus Contemn. B 3.2, n. miscentes incendia Verg. A. 2.329. grata … voluptas Ov. Ars 1.347. virginum caterva l. 71 above. aetatis florem Her. Chr. 16.270, n.; l. 248, n., below. florem sine fructibus Val. 2.311. frigidae senectae Pontano, Hendec. 1.4.3; 1.17.29; cf. Eob. Buc. 6.73–74/Idyl. 8.72–73, nn. Prome—Musae Meter: Sapphic strophe. picta pharetra Verg. Cat. 14.10; Ov. Ep. 21.173; Met. 2.421. penitus calentes … medullas = Pontano, Parthen. 1.7.31–32: “ne voret tristis penitus calentes / flamma medullas.” donec—sanguis Cf. Verg. A. 5.415; Eob. Hypocr. B 4.44, n. Semina vitae Culex 135. foelices—Fata Cf. Cordus, Ecl. 1.120–121: “foelices, quibus hoc sua vivere tempus / fata dabunt.” coalere The third syllable is lengthened for metrical reasons. bona … Commoda Marul. Epigr. 2.32.35: “nostri bona commoda saecli”; Pontano, Ecl. 1.4.87: “bona commoda ruris.” graves … casus Her. Chr. 16.14, n. rerum … procellae Petrarch, Africa 9.452; Eob. Tum. 5.55; Sylv. 1.4.45. Auream … mediocritatem Hor. Carm. 2.10.5. vani … vulgi Aus. Ecl. 20.4. vitae—beatae Cf. Buc. 6.70/Idyl. 8.69, n. Iochime Venus 1.257, n. specimen pudoris Rec. 157; Consol. 33: “legitimi specimen … pudoris.” et aetas—formae Cf. Sylv. 4.16.25: “forma et aetas et iuvenis decor.” Vivida virtus Verg. A. 5.754; 11.386; Eob. Nor. 89; Sylv. 3.2.79. lectum … iugalem Ov. Ep. 2.57; Verg. A. 4.496. Ad fores—Musae Cf. Ov. Ars 2.703–704; Eob. Nup. 341–343, n.; ll. 306–307, 322 below. Carmina Musae Buc. 1.11.

620 242–261 242

243

245

246–249 246 248

249 250

252 254 255 256 257 258

259

260 261 262–281

notes to Venus triumphans [2 Vere—Venus Meter: Second Archilochean strophe. Vere novo = Verg. G. 1.43; Ov. Met. 15.202; Eob. Idyl. 1.5. variis pubescit floribus Cf. Ov. Tr. 3.12.7. variis … floribus = Ov. Am. 3.5.9; Eob. Nor. 321; cf. Val., app. 4.6, n. pubescit … orbis Vict. 8; Sylv. 4.4.3. Quos—hiems Cf. Hor. Epod. 11.5–6; Verg. G. 2.404; Sen. Med. 715–716; Eob. Hod. 65–66. frigore tristis hiems Verg. G. 4.135; Eob. Her. Chr. 18.44, n. debilis … senecta Phaed. 4.2.10. falce … metit Ov. Ep. 6.84; Ars 2.322; Eob. Sylv. 3.3.75: “Falce sua mors cuncta metit discrimine nullo.” Qui sapis—gradu For the carpe diem theme, see Hor. Carm. 1.11.8 and, for example, Aus. De rosis nascentibus 49. collige flores = Pontano, Hort. 1.335; 2.13. dum flos aetatis = Theoc. 31.209; cf. Sylv. 5.46.8: “Dum tener aetatis flos viret iste tuae”; l. 204, n., above. in herba est = Ov. Ep. 17.263; Pers. 6.26. praepeti … gradu Stat. Ach. 2.113. curva—gradu = Val. 2.138, n. Quis furor … florem consumere Sil. 15.33–34. Quis furor est = Tib. 1.10.33; 3.9.7; Ov. Am. 3.14.7; Ars 3.172; Eob. Ama. 35.15; Hypocr. 77. prima … herba Wirt., app. 2.15: “Prima virescentis defloruit herba iuventae.” novis—hymenaeis Cf. Verg. A. 3.136; l. 290 below. flores—laeta = Sylv. 3.1.85: “Tu qui vere tuo tam flores indole laeta”; cf. Idyl. 13.113; Eras. 11. non erit iste diu Eccles. 26. tibi tempus erit = Epic. 7.86. temporis usus Arator 1.782; Eob. Venus 3.6, n. tetricos … Catonas Andrel. Livia 1.5.29: “tetrici … Catones”; Mant. Ecl. 2.134: “tetricos … Catones”; Eob. Ama. A 2.4, n. severa fronte Ov. Tr. 2.241; Sil. 11.73. fronte Catonas = Hod. 450, n. Et quicquid usquam est Prud. Perist. 10.325; cf. Hor. Carm. 2.13.9; Eob. Hymn. 115, n. tanquam aconita fuge Cf. Ama., ded. 7; Buc. 6.69/Idyl. 8.68, n. debes velle Her. Chr. 9.127; 10.20; Sylv. 2.13.19; 8.4.7; 8.13.19. pudicam coniugem Hor. Carm. 3.5.41; Ov. Pont. 4.11.7–8; ll. 270–271 below. Non census—Dei Meter: A greater Asclepiad followed by an iambic dimeter.

2] notes to Venus triumphans 263 265 266 267 270–271 272 274–275 274 276 278 282–303 282 284 285 286 288

290 291 292 296 298

299 300

301 302

621

quicquid usquam gentium l. 61 above. Vitam beatam Buc. 6.70/Idyl. 8.69, n. casta domi … uxor Prop. 3.12.37. casta … nec petulans Val. 1.212. Forma … praedita Lucr. 2.336, 723, 895. coniugis … pudicae l. 261, n., above. sors … lubrica Walter, Alex. 7.480; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 24.8, n. Cui—dixeris Cf. Salom. 5.61–62: “Talis ager cui contigerit, num iure beatum / Dixeris?” munere coelitum Marul. Epigr. 4.17.34; Eob. Sylv. 4.8.1. Macte igitur Buc., ded. 29; Contemn., ded. 8. tali coniugio Verg. A. 4.48. Ne modo desperes Hutten, Epigr. 101.6. Docte—nepotes Meter: Alcmanic strophe. Docte—sorores Cf. Venus 1.257. patria lingua Prop. 4.2.48; Ov. Tr. 4.4.5. cantusque movere ≈ Verg. A. 7.641; 10.163. Qualibus—resultent Cf. Venus 1 R.30–31. Aonos Cf. l. 51, n., above. patriam … ad urbem = Verg. A. 11.127. patria … sede Her. Chr. 16.87, n. profugas Idyl. 16.64–65, n. sede recepit ≈ Ov. Am. 2.6.57; Met. 3.504; Pont. 3.5.53. novis … aucte hymenaeis Catul. 66.11; cf. Eob. Venus 2.252; Idyl. 13.40, n.; 16.78–79. virum … perge docere Ama. 35.82; Luth. 4.34. quia facta … per te est Eccles. 61; cf. Her. Chr. 21.65; Epic. 4.204. charissima nobis = Ov. Tr. 3.3.27. foelicem … hymenaea l. 101, n., above. Foedere—amantes Cf. l. 119, n., above. Foedere legitimo = Nup. 313; cf. Nup. 79, n. concordes vivite = Calp. Ecl. 2.99; cf. Eob. Contemn. B 2.143, n. vivite amantes = Theoc. 28.92. Tempore … perhenni Celtis, Epod. 7.21. nuptaque virque l. 181, n., above. coniugii … pignora = Salom. 4.37: “coniugii, carissima pignora, fructus.” foelicia pignora = Hutten, Panegyr. 357: “pueros, foelicia pignora matrum.” ite per annos Stat. Silv. 2.2.145. posteritas … omnis Man. 2.9; Eob. Sylv. 6.5.40.

622 304–313 305 306 307 308 309 311

314–345 317 321–323 322 333

333–335 339–340 345

notes to Venus triumphans [2 Vivite—agam Meter: Elegiac distich. sacer Aonidum … chorus Pontano, Parthen. 2.10.7. turba pudica = Sabell. In natal. 13, sig. c4r. Caetera quae restant = Her. Chr. 1.203, n. Castis—locus Cf. Ov. Pont. 1.1.8. For the motif, cf. ll. 240–241, n., above. Fas tamen est = V. Fl. 3.309. Illo praecipue = Ov. Ars 3.237; Eob. Vict., app. 1.19, 21. convenit esse = Mart. 7.10.10. Dum—aquas Cf. Ov. Ib. 136; Eob. Epic. 1.28; Calum. 202: “Quamdiu adhuc aliquas Albis habebit aquas”; Sylv. 6.2.62: “Musica adhuc aliquas Phocis habebit aquas.” Pegnese … pulcher Idyl. 16.24. Et vos—plaudite Meter: Iambic trimeter. Nuptae viroque Cf. l. 91, n., above. nam quod—potest For the commonplace that poetry is immortal, see Rec. B 1.9–13, n. ad thalami fores Ov. Ars 2.704; Eob. Venus 2.240–241. Thori genialis Sen. Med. 1. movere incendia Ov. Ars 2.301; Eob. Idyl. 1.109–110; Theoc. 1.130: “Frivola … blando moveant incendia saltu.” incendia—Restinguat Cf. Buc. 7.173–175/Idyl. 10.98–100, n. Ad hasce—Orae Cf. l. 15 above. Pegnesidos Orae Eleg. 1.69, n. plaudite The standard ending of an ancient Roman play.

3: Ad Ioachimum Camerarium in Hispanias abeuntem For the background to this propempticon, or send-off poem, see p. 213 above. For the genre, see headnote to Luth. 4 (4:604); Sylv. 1.5. The poem was reprinted (from Epp. 1, sigs. F2v–F3v) in Nikolaus and Jeremias Reusner, eds., Hodoeporicorum, sive itinerum, totius fere orbis libri VII … (Basel, 1580; 1592), bk. 1, pp. 80–81, under the title “Helii Eobani Hessi iter Ioachimi Camerarii Gallicum et Hispanicum.” Meter: Elegiac distich. 1 2

Littoris Hesperii Vict. 212, n. coit … unda Ov. Tr. 2.196, where the phrase refers to congealing. Herculei … freti Sil. 1.199. unda freti = Val. 1.654, n.

3] notes to Venus triumphans 3 4 6 7 8 9 10

11

13

16 17

18 19

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 27–28

623

Vade bonis avibus = Luth. 4.61, n. ire necesse est = Hor. S. 2.6.26. Non levis—mei Cf. Laud. B 4.4, n.; Sylv. duae 1.16, n. exigui temporis usus = Prosper. Epigr. 102.14. For exigui temporis, see also Andrel. Livia 1.3.22; for temporis usus, see Eob. Venus 2.257, n. fata reducent ≈ V. Fl. 1.323. Dii faciant = Sylv. duae 2.46, n.; l. 17 below. subito … gradu Petrarch, Africa 5.273–274; 7.411. Nobis—omnis Cf. Ov. Ep. 19.3; Met. 6.501; 11.451. For the thought, cf. also Eob. Her. Chr. A 4.19–20, n. Tristis … hora Boeth. Consol. 1.m1.18. invisos … dies Ilias Lat. 15. hora dies = Ov. Pont. 2.10.38. Aonidum—Amores = Sylv. 6.3.13 (of Joachim Camerarius); cf. Pontano, Urania 1.20: “comes Aonidum”; Eob. Sylv. 5.38.1: “Musarum comes unice”; 9.17.26: “Unicus Aonidum … comes.” Faverat … Fortuna Boeth. Consol. 1.m1.17. For faveo with an accusative object, see Eob. Her. Chr. 18.83, n. forsan Fortuna = Pug. 101. Iniecta … manu Ov. Fast. 4.90; Pont. 1.6.42. Dii faciant = Sylv. duae 2.46, n.; l. 8 above. patrios fines Gunther, Lig. 4.347: “patrios invisere fines”; 5.29: “patriosque relinquere fines”; Andrel. Ecl. 1.10: “patrios fines … / Linquis.” exire parantem = Ov. Met. 10.711. bona causa = Ov. Am. 2.5.8; Tr. 1.9.46. Vade tamen = Her. Chr. 1.165; Sylv. 1.5.23. Tartessiaci … Iberi Sid. Carm. 5.286. littus Iberi = Accl. 1.45. veteris … famae = Aetna 572; cf. Eob. Hod. 116, n.; 178; In Ed. Leeum 42.11. nomine famae = Luc. 6.257, 604; Sil. 11.140. praesentes … deos = Hutten. Querel. 2.10.124; Eob. Her. Chr. 19.20, n.; Sylv. 1.5.40. Romanum Carolus orbem = Tum. 3.17. Caesar in arma = Luc. 2.439. in arma vocat Verg. A. 7.694; 9.22. imperium … avitum ≈ Strozzi, Erot. 6.3.9: “imperii occurrit sublimis aviti / Maiestas.” Hei—dabis Cf. Luth. 4.10, n. Regia progenies et = Ov. Met. 11.754; Sil. 8.405. sanguinis … pars Her. Chr. 17.227; Guil. 41; Idyl. 13.53, n.

624 27 28 29

30

31

32 33 34 35 36 37 38

39 40 41

42 43

notes to Venus triumphans [3 sanguinis Aemiliani = Tum. 5.29. Optima pars = Her. Chr. B 1.3, n. Vade … loca sacra = Sylv. 1.5.51: “Vade, caput mundi, Romam, loca sacra, saluta.” For loca sacra, see Ov. Ep. 21.96. Vade igitur = Andrel. Ecl. 2.10; Campano, Epigr. 1.6.29 (sig. A2v); Strozzi, Erot. 1.1.7. conciliis … deorum Verg. G. 1.24–25; Ov. Met. 14.812; Eob. Vict. 267–268; Praef. 6.5. Caesar—deos Cf. Accl. 1.40, at the imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530, attended by Charles V. Caesar ubi est Hutten, Italia 240; B 2.4, 14. aliquos … esse deos = Ov. Fast. 6.366. quis neget esse = Prop. 4.2.24; Eob. Her. Chr. 6.118. neget esse deos = Hutten, Ad Crotum Rubianum de statu Romano epigrammata ex urbe missa 13.2 (Opera 3:282): “aliquem Gallos qui neget esse deos.” Vade per = Ov. Rem. 152; Eob. Buc. 10.38/Idyl. 11.56; In Ed. Leeum 39.9, n.; Tum. 5.83. scopulosa—Reni = Hod. B 1.87; cf. Hod. 155. foelici … pede = Ov. Fast. 1.514; Eob. Max. 100. Gallica rura = Rutil. Nam. 1.20; cf. Luc. 1.394; 2.429. Littora contigeris ≈ Hod. 205, n. Locus—deos Cf. Her. Chr. 12.162, n.; Sylv. 1.5.32: “deos faciles non habet iste locus.” For habet iste deos, cf. Ov. Ep. 4.12 (quoted at Eob. Ama. 8.5). Alpinas … arces = Man. 4.659; Eob. Max. 35. Alta … culmina Luc. 8.818–819; Juv. 14.88–89; Eob. Nor. 751–752. culmina … iugi = Her. Chr. 5.16. foeliciter omnia = Campano, Epigr. 8.26.11 (sig. F2v). Constiteris—pedes Cf. Mart. Sp. 33.3–4; also cf. Luc. 2.509; Eob. Accl., lim. 4: “magni Caesaris ante thronum”; Epic. 7.44. magni Caesaris = Eleg. Maec. 2.6; Eob. Epic. 6.14. supplex—adoras = Max. 17, n. Aut hos aut similes = Andrel. Ecl. 12.249. concipe mente Sen. Her. F. 311. animo maior regnis … paternis In 1512, Eobanus offered the same compliment to Sigismund I, king of Poland; see Sylv. 1.1.6: “animo regnis latior ipse tuis.” regnis … paternis = Verg. A. 3.121; Sil. 16.130. nomen habe = Ov. Ep. 13.66; Ib. 60. occiduum … axem Andrel. Livia 2.1.66; Eob. Nor. 271.

3] notes to Venus triumphans 44 45 46

47 47–48 48 50

625

Sed fugis et = Tum. 7.179. posse manere negas = Eccles. 32; cf. Luth. 6.18, n. Vade animo laeto Cf. Luth. 4.57. iuvenum decus = Her. Chr. 17.231; Hod. 139. Sollicitae … viae Sylv. duae 2.98, n. virtus—viae Cf. Her. Chr. 20.72. tibi causa viae = Venus 2.48, n. Vade—serventque Cf. Luth. 4.1–2. Tuum—habet Cf. Campano, Epigr. 7.35.3–4 (sig. E4r): “Esse deos tecum video, Papiensis, et una / Ire tuum Charites ut comitentur iter.” maximus orbis habet = Sylv. duae 1.10, n. Sic—facis Cf. Sylv. duae 2.4; Sylv. 1.5.64.

Notes to In hypocrisim vestitus monastici ἐκφώνησις Liminary Epigram Meter: Elegiac distich. 1–2 1 2

3

Cuius—habe Cf. Hymn., lim. 1.1–2, n.; Eleg. 1.65–66. For tot nova carmina, see also Venus 2.155. carmina, lector = Ov. Ars 2.283. Hoc quoque de multis = Salom. 6.2; cf. Her. Chr. 15.144. breve, carmen habe ≈ Poliziano, Eleg. 7.282: “breve carmen habet”; cf. Ov. Met. 9.793; 14.442. malesani … amoris Celtis, Am., ded. 37: “malesani amoris impotentiam et dementiam”; Pontano, Parthen. 1.18.42; Urania 3.663.

Dedicatory Letter 1

2

3

tumultuaria … opera Eobanus uses the same phrase in Epp. 2, sig. C1r, letter of 31 August 1527 to Philip Melanchthon, referring to Venus 2: “ἐπιθαλάμιον illud tumultuaria omnino opera absolutum est”; Icones, ded., sig. A2r: “a meque tantum non tumultuaria opera versum.” alieno auxilio indiguisse Cf. Erasmus, Adag. 3.8.37. exiguo munusculo Erasmus, Carm. 41, tit.: “laudes … exiguo munusculo pensarat.” in versus contraxeram Dial. 1.333. dignitatis ac professionis Cf. Erasmus, Querela Pacis, ASD 4.2:82, l. 510: “dignitatis et professionis suae obliti.” Id quicquid—inscribantur Cf. Poliziano, Silv. 4, ded.: “Deinceps autem plura melioraque forsitan accipies, modo hunc primum quasi gustum non asperneris”; Eob. Guil., ded. 6, n.; cf. also Adnot., ded., sig. A3v, addressed to Abbot Pistorius: “tibi quicquid est hoc libelli nominatim inscribere.” Id quicquid est libelli tibi Cf. Catul. 1.8; Erasmus, Adag. 2.2.40, ASD 2.3:156, l. 596: “Hoc quicquid est libelli.”

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notes to In hypocrisim vestitus monastici

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In hypocrisim vestitus monastici Meter: Elegiac distich. 1–2

1 3 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 14

15 17 18 20 21 22 23 25 27 28 29

Exigis—legi For the exordial topos, see p. 18, n. 52, above. Eobanus wrote the poem at Melanchthon’s request; see p. 279 above. However, Melanchthon probably went on to suggest that Eobanus dedicate it to the ex-monk Friedrich Pistorius, whose former abbey was now housing the new evangelical academy. abiecti … cuculli l. 7 below. Aequa petis Ov. Met. 7.174. tibi … aequa petenti Cf. Eras. 21: “tibi tam … iusta petenti.” merito—locavit = Idyl. 16.18. Et dotes animi = Campano, Epigr. 1.21.20 (sig. A5v). animi se capientis Venus 1.21, n. Qua decet … arte Psalt. 105.44. abiectum … cucullum l. 1 above. Sed ne—aures Cf. Sylv. 1.1.43: “Sed ne forte morer regalem ambagibus aurem.” nostra Thalia = Buc., ded. 32, n. Quis furor … mentes = Prud. Psych. 351; cf. Eob. Ama. 35.15, n. humanas … mentes = Her. Chr. 24.95, n. est et ratione caret = Locher, Stult. 37, fol. 48v: “Expers consilii est et ratione caret.” Heu—superstitio Cf. l. 76 below. plus quam decies = Mart. 1.26.10. vana superstitio = l. 76 below; cf. Verg. A. 8.187; Eob. Nor. 891. Numina … coelestia [Tib.] 3.4.53; Ov. Ep. 20.181; Fast. 6.251; Pont. 3.6.21. sanctos … mores = Contemn. B 2.127, n.; Idyl. 16.119; Sylv. 2.1.127. Talibus insidiis = Verg. A. 2.195. facilem … Deum = Her. Chr. 12.162, n. succida lana Juv. 5.24–25. personas—moratur See, for example, Vulg. Gal. 2.6. Dic age, quo = Idyl. 15.4; Epic. 5.14; cf. Buc. 1.60/Idyl. 1.69, n. unus et alter = Nup. 157, n. Non puto, nam = Eras. 139; Sylv. 9.1.31. inficit orbem = Ov. Met. 15.191. numerum … retulisse Verg. Ecl. 6.85. Et miramur adhuc = Hutten, Italia B 9.5. volucres … pictas Verg. G. 3.243; A. 4.525; Eob. Idyl. 12.37. tot milia = Verg. A. 9.132; Sil. 1.340; Eob. Luth. 4.43.

628 30 36 37 38 39

40 41 42 43–44 44 45

46 47 48 49

50 53 54 55 56 58 59

60

notes to In hypocrisim vestitus monastici Grex avium plumis ≈ Hor. Ep. 1.3.19. pessima monstra = Theoc. 31.18. Quo feror = Ov. Fast. 4.573; Eob. Laud. 153. Comprehendi numero Her. Chr. 16.91, n. numerare velim = Nob. 242; Nor. 829. facile est imponere Juv. 4.103. imponere vulgo = Bebel, Triumph. Ven. 2.130, referring to the mendicants. Cuncta—Deus Cf. Her. Chr. 4.195–196, n. Cuncta videns = Verg. A. 8.19. Relligione … ficta Eccles. 156, n. pullae … togae Her. Chr. 12.82, n. credat inesse = Her. Chr. 19.54; cf. Ov. Pont. 3.6.40. Candorem—lupos Cf. Vulg. Matt. 7.15; TPMA, 10:2–5, s.v. “Schaf,” nos. 1– 62. dixeris esse = Mart. 1.92.13; 2.77.4; Eob. Max. 288. esse lupos = Luth. 1.52. ardor habendi = Paul. Nol. Carm. 28.291; Locher, Stult. 17, fol. 28r (Hartl, 1.2:78, no. 17.3); 89, arg., fol. 103v (Hartl, 1.2:236, no. 93, arg. 1); 90, fol. 104v; 106, fol. 125r (Hartl, 1.2:294, no. 110a.5); Mant. Dionys. 1.229 (fol. 165v). non habet ista = Accl. 1.168; Epic. 2.38; cf Luth. 7.62, n. vaga mendicabula Eccles. 197. falso nomine = Ov. Tr. 3.13.28; Eob. Eccles. 262; cf. Idyl. 13.34, n. Ut taceam quibus = Eccles. 119. quibus—deliciisque Cf. Cordus, Ecl. 6.133, speaking of the clerics: “quantis delitiis, quibus illecebrisque fruantur.” quibus illecebris = Venus 1.230. cogat opes Boeth. Consol. 3.m3.2. Cuncta quis expediat ≈ Sedul. 1.101. finemve modumve = Tum. 2.179. tacita fraude = Ama. 35.56, n. contemptus abibis ≈ Calp. Ecl. 3.18. Non habiture fidem = Sarmat. 104; cf. Ov. Tr. 1.5.50. quicquid ubique = Her. Chr. 1.78, n. Dii—queat Cf. Sylv. duae 3.46, n. mores … probatos Locher, Stult. 106, fol. 126r (Hartl. 1.2:298, no. 110a.89); Eob. Rec. 83–84. vitae candore probatos ≈ Psalt. 101.17: “Simplicis ingenuo vitae candore probatus.” imposuisse modum = Contemn. B 2.124, n.

notes to In hypocrisim vestitus monastici 61

62 63–64 64 69 72 73–74

73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 82 83 84 88 89 92

629

fatuo … cucullo Locher, “Viri prudentis descriptio,” in Stult., fol. 129r (Hartl, 1.2:310, no. 112.49): “Stultigeras … tunicas fatuosque cucullos.” metiri facta = Max. 201; cf. Her. 2.2.104. petere … salutis opem Psalt. 105.2: “Qui petitis verae cunque salutis opem”; cf. Her. Chr. 14.6, n. Devovet—Christus Cf. Vulg. Matt. 7.15. ducimus esse = Luth. 3.66; Eccles. 356. Asotia Gen. ebrios. 2.1, n. piae … relligionis = Sylv. duae 2.192; cf. Sedul. 5.183. relligionis opus = Andrel. Livia 3.6.62; Eob. Laud. 346, n. Usque—viam Erasmus repeatedly criticizes this practice as superstitious. See, for example, Enchiridion, ASD 5.8:196, ll. 447–448; Colloquia, ASD 1.3:546, ll. 328–330; 547, ll. 365–366. Cf. ll. 77–78 below. velatus amictu = Prop. 3.15.3; Ov. Met. 10.1; Fast. 3.363; Eob. Her. Chr. 2.57. ad superos … viam Her. Chr. 9.111; Sylv. 1.11.28. reperisse viam Verg. A. 5.807; Eob. Her. Chr. 4.177. Omne nefas = Ov. Met. 1.129; Fast. 2.35. Heu—superstitio Cf. l. 14, n., above. Quis furor est = Venus 2.250, n. poenarum legibus Vict. 171. Tanquam—professum Cf. Eccles. 171, n. conditione frui = Val. 1.30, n. habere modum = Prop. 2.15.30; 3.19.4. mores … pudicos Laud. 434, n. et in—agat Modeled on Mant. c. Poet. 24 (quoted at Eob. Orat. 8.11): “et in venas semina mortis agit.” libera turba sumus = Her. 2.1.8; Psalt. 96, arg. 4: “per Christum libera turba sumus”; 124.16. Mens … recti sibi conscia Verg. A. 1.604; cf. Eob. Buc. 10.88/Idyl. 11.106, n. legibus obsequitur ≈ Cic. Tusc. 1.101, translating Simonides.

B1 Meter: Iambic strophe (an iambic trimeter alternating with an iambic dimeter). This meter is chosen here to make a connection to Hor. Epod. 2, the opening line of which reads: “Beatus ille qui procul negotiis.” Paulinus Nolanus makes precisely the same connection in his verse paraphrase of Psalm 1, written wholly in stichic iambic trimeters. See Paul. Nol. Carm. 7, first printed in Pon. Paulini Episcopi Nolani … epistolae et poemata luculenta … (Paris, 1516), fol. 309r–v. In

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notes to In hypocrisim vestitus monastici [B 1

the opening line of Paulinus’s version, the allusion to Horace is unmistakable: “Beatus ille qui procul vitam suam / Ab inpiorum segregarit coetibus.” With its iambics, the present version does not conform to the elegiacs of the Psalterium universum of 1537/38. In that work, therefore, the poem is replaced with a different paraphrase. 1 19 28

Beatus ille qui = Hor. Epod. 2.1; Paul. Nol. Carm. 7.1 (see above). mollis aura Poliziano, Eleg. 5.4; Marul. Epigr. 1.4.2; Pontano, Eridanus 1.31.11. aura ventilat Ov. Am. 1.7.54. fallax iter Contemn. B 2.100.

B2 Psalm 132 in the Vulgate (133 in Luther’s Bible). The paraphrase is reprinted unchanged in Psalterium universum. Meter: Elegiac distich. 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10

11 12 13 14 15

Quae—fratres Cf. Laud. 585, n.; l. 13 below. unanimes … fratres = Verg. A. 7.335 (in mss. and early eds.). foelix concordia = Prop. 3.6.41; Ov. Met. 8.303. concordia fratres = Poliziano, Epigr. 27.1; l. 13 below. utilitatis habet = Ov. Tr. 4.1.38. Consona … vita Eccles. 139. fraterno … amori Luc. 3.286; Eob. Tum. 2.167; Sylv. 7.1.60. pacis opus = Ov. Met. 5.112. sanctam … pacem Mant. Dionys. 1.90 (fol. 163r); Celtis, Od. 3.8.55–56. iucunda voluptas = Lucr. 2.3; Prop. 1.10.3. Quam—amor ≈ Vict., app. 2.14, n. Non secus ac liquidos ≈ Verg. A. 10.272; Ov. Met. 8.162. liquidos … succos Calp. Ecl. 5.114. tempora fusa = Andrel. Livia 3.8.6. ut in toto corpore Prop. 2.29.37. in toto corpore = Mant. Mort. 178 (fol. 121v); Dantiscus, Carm. 1.3.14; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 12.82, n. montibus humor = Verg. G. 1.43. Ubere foecundam ≈ Prud. c. Symm. 2.952: “Ubere fecundo.” concordia fratres = l. 1, n., above. influit A transitive verb, as at Venus 2.188, n. meritis … auctam Laud. 124; Nup. 60, n.; Idyl. 13.30.

B 3] notes to In hypocrisim vestitus monastici

631

B3 Psalm 127 in the Vulgate (128 in Luther’s Bible). Reprinted unchanged in Psalterium universum. Meter: Elegiac distich. 1 1–2 2 3 5 7 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17

vetuit timor, ille = Strozzi, Erot. 3.11.71: “Non me nocturnis vetuit timor ille tenebris.” ille beatus, Illius Cf. Nob. 129–130, n. rectas … ire vias Cf. Vulg. Sap. 10.10: “deduxit per vias rectas.” noverit ire vias ≈ Prop. 2.25.38. Foelix, quem = Ov. Am. 2.10.29. Omnia cedent = Psalt. 10.17: “Illi quae faciet foeliciter omnia cedent.” plenum—cornu Cf. Erasmus, Adag. 1.6.2; Eob. Idyl. 1.84, n. Aemula … vitibus uxor For the image, cf. Venus 2.192. placidae … olivae Verg. G. 2.425, in some contemporary eds. (for “placitae … olivae”). prole beatus eris ≈ Celtis, Am. 2.4.20; cf. Eob. Buc., ded. 36, n. convivia mensae = [Tib.] 3.6.59; Ov. Met. 1.165; Ib. 429. pignora chara = Her. Chr. 4.50, n. habebit opes = Ov. Ep. 16.188; Ars 1.408; 2.652. supera … ab arce = Poliziano, Silv. 1.69; Erasmus, Carm. 24.3. laetus erit = Ov. Fast. 2.856. et longo … ordine = Verg. A. 11.79; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 10.139, n.

B4 Psalm 103 in the Vulgate (104 in Luther’s Bible). Like Eobanus’s iambic paraphrase of Psalm 1, this version is an experiment, not in meter this time, but in its freedom of paraphrase. Eobanus completely revised the poem for his Psalterium universum. Meter: Elegiac distich. 1

2 3

Huc ades, Uranie = Psalt. 89.3. For the Christian Urania, see Vict., app. 2.13, n. plectra movemus = Sylv. 2.12.13; cf. Nup. 18, n. Creatori … Deo = Her. Chr. 4.192. psallere docta Hor. Carm. 4.13.7. de gente deorum = Ov. Fast. 1.707.

632 4 5

6 8 9 11–12 11 12 13

14 15 16 17

19

20 21 22

23

24 25

notes to In hypocrisim vestitus monastici [B 4 quo nil … maximus orbis habet Cf. Hutten, Italia 144, n. Quem—soli Cf. l. 85 below; Psalt. 29.7: “cui gloria soli est”; 66.51: “Gloria, summe, tibi, tibi laus, Deus optime, soli”; Psalt. 89.121: “Sit, Pater o rerum, tibi laus, tibi gloria soli”; 115.3: “Omnis nanque tibi debetur gloria soli.” Cuius—opus = Her. Chr. 1.16, n. vario … orbe Man. 1.514. pluvio … imbre Ov. Fast. 6.282. nubes … imbre gravatos Cf. Salom. 11.21: “pluvias et nubes imbre gravatas.” comites … animae … Angelicae Luth. 4.1–2. Dominumque salutant = Juvenc. 4.647; cf. Eob. Vict. 241. igneus ardor Claud. Carm. minora 9.7; Sedul. 3.38, 279. ardor inest = Ov. Ep. 21.44. cunctarum … primordia rerum Cf. Lucr. 2.333; for primordia rerum, see Lucr. 1.210, 483, 570, and often. cunctarum … rerum = Ov. Fast. 4.787; Pont. 3.4.51. iaceret primordia = Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.341: “novae iaceret primordia gentis”; cf. Ov. Am. 2.14.11. Et tantum—opus ≈ Her. Chr. 4.32, n. Terrarum … orbem = Verg. Cat. 3.3; Eob. Psalt. 93.5. iussit habere locum = Epic. 7.46. liquido … coelo = Stat. Theb. 4.7; cf. Ov. Met. 1.23. The corresponding biblical text (Vulg. Psa. 103.6) speaks of the “abyss” (the sea). Eobanus alters the wording in Psalterium universum. gravidis … nubibus = Psalt. 78.71: “Coelestem gravidis panem de nubibus actum.” in nubibus undae = Psalt. 148.13. coelo proximus = Her. Chr. 12.222; cf. Her. Chr. 16.292, n. proximus humor Ov. Met. 3.411. ille Deus—orbis Cf. Vict. 50–51, n.; cf. l. 71 below. Vis … aquae = Val. 1.44. coelestis … aquae Cf. Her. Chr. 4.160, n. defluet omnis = Psalt. 37.8: “iniquorum defluet omnis honor.” Ignea … fulmina Mant. 3. Parthen. 17 (fol. 103r); Eob. Psalt. 105.68. terribili—dextra Combining Ov. Met. 2.61 and 2.311. librarit—dextra Sil. 12.623–624. Imbre gravis Prud. Cath. 3.79; Eob. Psalt. 18.36: “pluvio … imbre graves.” coelo praecipitabit Verg. A. 2.8–9. altos … montes Stat. Ach. 1.789. vacuum … aera Hor. Carm. 1.3.34; Verg. G. 3.109; Ov. Ib. 585.

B 4] notes to In hypocrisim vestitus monastici

27 28 29 30 31 32

38 40 41 42

43 44

45 46

48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

633

produxit in aera = Ov. Met. 8.214; V. Fl. 7.376. aera montes = Stat. Ach. 1.427. limitibus … omnia certis = Ov. Met. 1.69. transiliisse licet Val. 2.82, n. liquidos fontes = Claud. Cons. Olyb. et Prob. 223; Carm. minora 45.1. vallibus imis = Verg. A. 3.110; Stat. Theb. 2.551. cava saxa Verg. A. 3.566; Ov. Am. 3.6.45. sitim relevent Ov. Met. 6.354. volucresque feraeque Ov. Fast. 3.193; Luc. 3.223; Stat. Theb. 7.404. Munefici … Dei = Psalt. 112.10. For the form muneficus, see also Epic. 1.62; Nor. 921, 1010. gratia larga = Psalt. 3.26; cf. Psalt. 24.11. pecudum … omne genus Verg. G. 3.480; Calp. Ecl. 2.10. saevam … famem Luc. 4.94; [Sen.] Oct. 833. vitibus uvam = Tib. 1.5.27. levent … vina sitim Sylv. 7.19.10: “Unda sitim nobis, non mera vina, levant”; cf. Anthol. Lat. 633.15: “Vina sitim sedent”; Mant. Ecl. 9.24: “Vina sitim minuunt”; Eob. Val. 1.163. siccam … sitim = Her. Chr. 16.266, n.; Val. 1.516. dulcia vina = Eccles. 174, n. Tristia … corda Val. 1.126, n. Inque suo … corpore Ov. Ars 3.626. melior … sanguis Verg. A. 5.415; Stat. Theb. 4.540; Eob. Venus 2.211–212. corpore sanguis eat = Ov. Ep. 13.80. Paciferae … olivae = Verg. A. 8.116. mollis … liquor = Pontano, Eridanus 1.18.4: “Assyrio mollis stillat ab ore liquor.” corpora fessa = [Tib.] 3.10.10. se vegetare modis ≈ Sylv. 7.28.16: “Non uno poterit se vegetare modo.” Omnibus … animantibus = V. Fl. 7.227. certum … iter = Psalt. 66.14; cf. Claud. Cons. Stil. 2.437. sequerentur iter = Contemn. B 2.100. volucrum domus Verg. A. 8.235. proxima regna = Nob. 50, n. damae cervique fugaces = Verg. G. 3.539. praebent … antra domos Cf. Juv. 6.3. cubilibus ursi ≈ Stat. Ach. 2.123. alta … lustra Campano, Epigr. 4.6.24 (sig. D1v): “lustra per alta”; Eob. Buc. 7.131/Idyl. 10.54, n. Omnia quid memorem = Sylv. 7.9.25; cf. Hod. 195, n.; Laud. 235, n.

634

60

61 65

69 70 71

73

74 75

76 77 78 79 84 85–86 85 87

89–90 91 92

notes to In hypocrisim vestitus monastici [B 4 Nutu—fiunt Cf. Lucr. 5.1187; Eob. Her. Chr. 10.61, n.; l. 79 below. omnia fiunt = Ov. Ep. 15.133; Met. 15.244. certas … habere vices Guil. 2, n. habere vices = Locher, Stult. 42, fol. 53v (Hartl, 1.2:132, no. 43.10); Celtis, Am. 4.1.36; Strozzi, Erot. 3.4.60. Solis ad occasum = Verg. G. 3.336. tenebras induxit Ov. Met. 2.395; 15.652; Eob. Idyl. 14.135. pascit Deus omnia Mant. 5. Parthen. 56 (fol. 123v): “locuples Deus omnia pascit. / Ipse homines alit atque feras.” omnis ab illo = Val. 2.179, n. Ad sua—opera = Sylv. 1.9.5. serior hora = Ov. Ep. 11.22; 19.14. Deus—mundi Cf. l. 21, n., above. ingentis … mundi Luc. 8.290; Eob. Her. Chr. 1.13. Faber unice mundi = Eccles. 335, n. multiplicem … orbem Cf. Vict. 341; Eleg. 1.105, n. sapientia—orbem ≈ Psalt. 136.11: “Cuius coelestes sapientia condidit orbes.” Cf. Mant. 1. Parthen. 1.561: “condidit orbem.” virtus dextrae … tuae = Psalt. 139.28. Quid loquar = Laud. 56, n. immensi … ponti = Psalt. 77.51: “immensi … vada cerula ponti.” spaciosa—ponti = Theoc. 16.166; cf. Dial. 2.181, n. caerula monstra = Psalt. 96.32. sulcant—carinae ≈ Verg. A. 5.158; Sil. 17.155. pestifera fauce Verg. A. 7.570, of the underworld. omnia nutu = Her. Chr. 10.62, n.; cf. l. 57, n., above. cuncta creata = Ven. Fort. Carm. 3.9.38; Eob. Her. Chr. 4.126. Sit tibi—Gloria Cf. l. 5, n., above. tibi—rerum = Psalt. 144.23; cf. Nob. 25, n.; Psalt. 115.1; 123.1. tibi debita soli = Wirt. 9; Psalt. 79.61; 118.79. Cuius—tellus Cf. Ven. Fort. Carm. 9.2.76: “Cuius ad intuitum sidera, terra tremunt.” tremit ictibus = Verg. A. 5.198. Huic—senex Partially from Her. Chr., lim. 3–4. Sit modo grata Culex 230. Illius in laudes = Hutten, Querel. 1.7.74.

Notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII Liminary Epigram in B The epigram is a revised version of the liminary epigram in A, for which see Poetic Works, 1:272–273. In l. 2, the 1528 version removes the by now dated allusion to “the two Vergils” (Vergil and the “Christian Vergil,” Baptista Mantuanus). In l. 3, “vatum studiose” replaces “vates Germane” (A), as if to suggest that the intended audience is no longer just German, but Europe-wide. Meter: Elegiac distich. 1

2

3 4

5

6

Rustica … Musa Verg. Ecl. 3.84; Claud. Cons. Stil. 1.181; Eob. Buc. 6.10–11/Idyl. 8.11–12. quem … delectat Musa Erasmus, Carm. 30.1–2: “siquem pia, si pudica Musa / Delectat.” Siculi … poetae Hor. Ars 463. Musa poetae = Pers. 1.68; Eob. Her. Chr. 24.133. Cui placet = Hor. Ep. 1.14.11; Eob. Val. 1.568. Andinas—oves = Sylv. 1.5.38: “Hic sedet Andinas Tityrus inter oves”; cf. Epic. 6.2. inter oves = Tib. 1.10.10. vatum studiose = Ov. Tr. 3.14.7. Me—locum Cf. Her. Chr. 5.146. Me quoque fer = Sylv. 6.10.70: “Me quoque fer partem carminis esse tui”; 8.25.23: “Me quoque fer grata tibi carmina voce canentem.” habere locum = Ov. Fast. 1.518; 4.28; Eob. Sylv. duae 1.178. Primus Teutonico ≈ Celtis, Am. 4.13.55: “Primus Teutonicas conspexi finibus oras / Quattuor”; Eob. Epp. 4, sig. F3v (1508): “Primus Teutonicis … notus in oris.” For Eobanus’s claim to being Germany’s first pastoralist, see n. at Buc., lim. 5 (1:453); pp. 309–310 above. Teutonico—Latinum Cf. Buc. B 11.22; Wirt., app. 1.5–6; Epp. 3, sig. C7v (in a letter of 9 July 1536, referring to his Theocritus translation): “Nos Latio Siculum pavimus orbe pecus.” Sive ea—nihil Cf. Eleg. 1.66. For the verse structure, cf. Her. Chr. 17.274, n.

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004414662_017

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notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [1.Ded.

Dedicatory Letter in B (1.Ded.) When Eobanus sent his Idyllia to the publisher in August 1527, he still had not settled on the dedicatee and hence left the name blank for the time being. For weeks on end he debated the question with himself and his friends, in particular Joachim Camerarius and Philip Melanchthon. Should he inscribe the book to Willibald Pirckheimer? to Melanchthon? to Camerarius? to the Nuremberg city council? to Lady Posterity? to no one at all? See Epp. 1, sigs. G6r–v, H3r-v, H6r–v. On 31 August 1527, he offered to dedicate the work to Melanchthon, as we learn from Melanchthon, Ep. 582. When Melanchthon declined in a now lost letter, Eobanus eventually chose Pirckheimer, despite the patrician’s studied aloofness to him. The dedicatory letter is reprinted in Viri illustris Bilibaldi Pirckheimeri … opera politica, historica, philologica, et epistolica, ed. Melchior Goldast (Frankfurt am Main, 1610; repr. 1665, 1667; Hildesheim, 1969; Vienna, 2014), 45–46; thence in Vitae clarissimorum historicorum … ex bibliotheca et recensione Christ. Gottlieb Buderi (Jena, 1740), 236–238. On his title page (1610), Goldast states that all the texts in the volume derive “ex bibliotheca Pirckheimerana.” His copy text for the present poem, then, must have been the one personally inscribed by Eobanus himself. To this text Goldast not only made several corrections (as in O), but also some willful changes and new errors. For a recent (if rather faulty) edition, see Willibald Pirckheimers Briefwechsel, vol. 7, ed. Helga Scheible (Munich, 2009), 119–122, no. 1186. Meter: Elegiac distich. 1–12 2

3

4 5

7

8

Cum—levet Eobanus hews to the pattern of Buc. B 2.1–18, nn. Pieria … cheli = Dantiscus, Carm. 14.34; Eob. Sylv. 1.11.2; 5.46.4; cf. Sen. Her. O. 1033. vivere digne = Mart. 8.77.2. Cum—linguae Cf. Luth. 7.21, n. praeconia linguae = Locher, Stult. 6, fol. 17r: “dabat … praeconia linguae”; Eob. Buc. B 2.9; Epic. 1.29; cf. Luc. 1.472. Laudibus aeternis = Val. 2.258, n. si vera fides Luc. 7.192; cf. Luc. 9.204. populari … favori Liv. 22.26.4; Sen. Dial. 3.18.2; Ep. 29.11; Eob. Idyl. 14.140; cf. Laud. 274–275, n. Et merito = Laud. 483, n. multa dote Venus 2.195. dote beatus ≈ Sylv. duae, lim. 1. Non—tuis Cf. Ov. Ep. 16.146; Tr. 4.10.126.

1.Ded.] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

12 13–14

13

14 17 18 19

20 21 22 23–28 25

27 29

30 31–54

637

meritis … tuis = Ov. Tr. 1.6.30; Pont. 4.1.4. nomen—levet Cf. Verg. A. 7.99, 272; Eob. Her. Chr. 24.28, n.; Ebn. 172. Quam—fuit A manuscript note in the Washington copy of O comments that these are expressions of affected modesty. For the topos, see Curtius, ELLMA, 83–85; and, for example, Eob. Laud., ded. 8, n. (“ineptias”); Nup., ded. 12, n.; Val. 1.21–24, n.; Idyl. 13.17; Eras. 12.3–16; Sylv. 6.5.11–14: “Namque nec ignoras quia vena beatior olim / Fluxerit haec, quae nunc arida facta mihi est. / Nec tu dissimulas quia candidiora fuerunt / Quae mihi primaevi tempora veris erant”; 7.18.5–16. Quam—negabat Cf. Ov. Ep. 15.31. For difficilis natura, see also Eob. Buc. 10.64/Idyl. 11.81; cf. Nup. 88, n.: “facilis … Natura.” natura negabat = Ov. Met. 15.63. ingenii vena benigna Hor. Carm. 2.18.9–10; Erasmus, Adag. 2.6.76. Andino … versu = Idyl. 8.1. For the epithet, see Laud. 458, n. Munus amicitiae = Ov. Tr. 4.5.24. fer, precor, esse = Her. Chr. 24.32, n. Fer, precor = Ov. Met. 9.775; 15.40; Fast. 5.249. dignissima … sylvis Her. Chr. 6.11, 197. The term sylva typically points to a pastoral world. See, for example, Verg. Ecl. 1.5; 2.5, 60, 62; 3.57; 4.3; Eob. Laud. 280, n. carmina sylvis = Celtis, Am. 2.9.137; cf. Eob. Idyl. 1.80, n. patrocinio—tui Cf. Nup., ded. 15, n.; Dial., ded. 4, n. nominis esse tui = Ov. Tr. 2.62. famae monumenta Hod. 116. In quae—queat Cf. Laud. B 1.10, n. For nihil iuris habere, see Ov. Tr. 3.7.48; Eob. Idyl. 6.7–8. Accipe—mihi est Cf. Idyl., Lectori 1–8. Lusimus—annis Cf. Verg. G. 4.565; Eob. Her. Chr. 24.109–110, n.; Her., ded. 31–32; Idyl., Lectori 5–6. Lusimus … annis = Dantiscus, Carm. 8.3: “Lusimus haec teneris nondum matura sub annis”; cf. Ov. Fast. 4.9. iuvenilibus annis = Rec. 120, n. duo lustra … peregit Her. Chr. 16.127. messes For the time expression, see Laud. 1, n. tangit confinia lustri ≈ Ianus Pannonius, “Panegyricus praeceptori Guarino Veronensi,” l. 879, in Sylva panegyrica ad Guarinum Veronensem … (Basel, 1518), 37: “iam bis decimi tangens confinia lustra”; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 16.131, n.; Sylv. 7.9.3: “Iam senior decimi spectans confinia lustri.” nova scripta = Her. Chr. 12.22; Vict., app. 2.10. Haec—feret Eobanus defends the unbucolic character of several of the last

638

31 32 33–35 33 34 36

37

39

40 42 43 44 46

47–50 47 48 49 50 51–52 52 53

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [1.Ded. five idyls, where he follows the lead of Theocritus, Vergil, and Calpurnius. Cf. Idyl. 13.1–7; 16.1–20. grandius Cf. l. 53, n., below; Idyl. 16.53 (“Grandia”); 16.164 (“grandisono”). concinuisse melos = Psalt. 137.14. Egressaeque—liquisse Cf. Idyl. 16.9–12. Egressae … sylvis Verg. A. 1.1b, in similar context; Ov. Met. 3.388. urbes invisere Verg. G. 1.25. regia tecta pede = Guarino, Carm. 3, sig. g6v: “tetigi fausto regia tecta pede.” For regia tecta at this metrical position, see also Ov. Fast. 6.580. populo … loqui = Her. Chr. 11.146. rustica verba = Tib. 2.1.52; cf. Eob. Idyl. 13.100. verba loqui = Prop. 2.22.44 (in contemporary eds.); Ov. Fast. 5.458; Tr. 5.5.6. His plura adiiciam Her. Chr. 24.166, n. faveant modo … Parcae Cf. Ov. Met. 4.702. tempora Parcae = Verg. A. 9.107. sylvas … perosus Cf. Mant. Ecl. 5.4: “quasi pastores et rura perosus”; Eob. Idyl. 10.85–86; 16.19. ut nunc quoque = Ov. Tr. 5.12.33. Inveniam … locum Epic. Drusi 294. reges—arma = Luth. 6.104, n. exemplo … trahi Hor. Carm. 3.5.15. nec potuisse trahi Cf. Her. Chr. 10.90; 22.60; Epic. 3.162; 9.20. Nulla—Musas Cf. Ilias, ded. 149: “Nec metuo invidiam nec me ulla calumnia terret.” quod meditantur opus ≈ Sylv. 7.11.8: “quod meditemur opus.” Aspice quam = Prop. 1.17.6; Ov. Ep. 15.98; Fast. 1.104; Eob. Buc. 6.29/Idyl. 8.30; 9.85/Idyl. 6.88; Her. Chr. B 1.35; Hod. B 1.5. invidia culpa Ov. Tr. 5.8.24. Duxit—oves Cf. Idyl. 13.24–27. Romana palatia = Verg. G. 1.499; Mant. 1. Parthen. 1.240; Ecl. 5.119. palatia sylvas ≈ Andrel. Ecl. 2.76: “pete neglectis augusta palatia silvis.” Phrygium … ducem = Vita Suetonii, vulgo Donatiana 38.2, referring (as here) to Vergil’s Aeneid: “Phrygium quae cecinere ducem.” Syracusia … arundine Cf. Verg. Ecl. 6.1. arundine pastor = Andrel. Livia 1.2.17; Eob. Buc. 4.74/Idyl. 5.85. lanigeras … oves = Campano, Epigr. 1.23.24 (sig. B1r); cf. Eob. Val. 1.305, n. concinit inter oves = Epic. 6.2; cf. Her. Chr. 7.2. Alterius—ducem Cf. Idyl. 13.24–27. Ausonidum … ducem Cf. Ov. Tr. 2.171. paulo maiora = Verg. Ecl. 4.1; cf. Eob. Idyl. 13.2, 71.

1.Ded.] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 54 56 57

58 59 61 64 65

66 67–68

68 70 71

72 73 75 78 79

639

Aemula posteritas = Epic. 3.16. Sic mea—manet Cf. Idyl., Lectori 13–14, n. posteritas … sera Ov. Pont. 1.4.24; 4.8.48; Eob. Epic. 1.26. Ergo age = Verg. A. 2.707; Ov. Ars 1.343; et al.; Eob. Buc. 1.103; 8.88/Idyl. 12.93; Her. Chr. 11.109; 22.157; Idyl. 3.20. multo meliore = Ov. Am. 2.5.55. Accipe—pede Cf. Wirt., app. 1.4. carmina facta = Vict., ded. 12, n. prior aedidit aetas = Ov. Met. 9.225 (different). nimios … amores Ov. Met. 10.577; Luc. 2.325. cantat amores = Ov. Ep. 15.155; cf. Ep. 16.257; Rem. 379. causa tuenda = Ov. Pont. 2.2.54. Multa … Venus Val. 1.209, n. Multa … fateor = Val. 2.31, n. meo … est in carmine Ov. Tr. 2.250. Venus—carmine = Buc. 10.40/Idyl. 11.58. rude carmen = Ov. Tr. 1.7.22 (different); cf. Tr. 1.7.39; Eob. Eleg. 1.67; Sylv. 1.4.79. Quis—frui Adapted in Operum flores, sig. I2r, as: “Quis non aetati tenerae permittat honestis / Lusibus et casto forsan amore frui?” The heading reads: “Iuvenibus interdum quid indulgendum.” indulgeat … frui For indulgeo with an infinitive, see Stat. Theb. 1.500; 9.317. casto … amore Laud. 240, n. amore frui = Her. Chr. 3.120, n. vena—fluit Cf. Ov. Pont. 4.2.20; Eob. Luth. 3.72. Non—Alexim Cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.1; Erasmus, Carm. 6.51, contrasting the eclogues of Fausto Andrelini to those of Vergil: “Nusquam hic formosum Corydon ardebit Alexin”; Johann Gallinarius (Henner), liminary epigram to Baptista Mantuanus, Bucolica, seu Adolescentia, in decem aeglogas divisa (Strasbourg, 1502), l. 3: “Non hic lascivum Corydonis laudat Alexim.” carmina nostra = Ov. Ars 3.792; Fast. 2.568; Tr. 3.1.82; 4.1.102; Pont. 3.6.6; 4.14.42. Adde quod = Buc. B 2.21, n. ludicra versus Cf. Hor. Ep. 1.1.10. ludis iuvenilibus Idyl. 7.41. omnia constant = Nob. 257, n. quadam parte = Hod. B 7.14; Sylv. 2.10.22. puella tibi est = [Tib.] 3.10.16. Da veniam = Her. Chr. 2.14, n. cantantur amores ≈ Calp. Ecl. 6.73; Nemes. Ecl. 4.3.

640 80 82 83 85 86 87 88

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [1.Ded. carmina vatis = Her. Chr. 2.36, n. vatis opus = Ov. Fast. 6.484. caussa peracta = Ov. Ep. 21.152; Pont. 4.5.46; Eob. Her. Chr. 8.42. Sed—diserto Cf. Nor. 806. licet esse diserto = Ov. Tr. 3.11.21. Quam—Livor Cf. Luth. 5.55, n. iners … Livor Epic. 4.196; Sylv. 6.6.17; cf. Ov. Pont. 3.3.101. Rem—sibi Cf. Buc. 10.51/Idyl. 11.68, n. Quod superest = Her. Chr. 6.147, n. Quaque fide—potes = Coluth., ded. 74; cf. Vict., ded. 31–32; Luth. 6.1–2.

Dedicatory Letter in O (2.Ded.) Meter: Elegiac distich. 1–84 1 2 83 85–98 85–86 85 86 87–88 87 94 96

97 98 99 101

Cum—sibi Adapted from Idyl., 1.ded. 1–86, nn. patrias … per urbes Her. Chr. 5.23, n. prodiga fama = Contemn. B 2.82. edax … Livor Laud. 579, n. Tu—habet Cf. Wirt., app. 1.1–10, 23–30, in a verse letter to Feige, originally written in 1532 (see Epp. fam., 61–62). Tu—ages Cf. Laud., ded. 9, n. tuae gentis decus = Laus Pis. 212; Eob. Sylv. 6.6.27; cf. Hod. 485, n.; Her., ded. 4. a curis … liber Her. 2.4.33; cf. Venus 1.11, n. Liber—leges Cf. Wirt., ded. 33–34. Liber ab = Ov. Fast. 5.707. curarum mole = Juvenc. 2.786; Eob. Sylv. 1.1.5; Accl. 1.7; cf. Nup. 235. Mille locis = Ov. Met. 15.792; Tr. 2.62. pene puer = Ov. Pont. 4.12.20; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 24.43, n. Gaudet—ducem Cf. Idyl. 13.54–55. Gaudet habere = Luc. 2.440. patria nostra = Sylv. duae 1.114, n. virtutibus aucto Aus. Parent. 30.3; Eob. Nob. 53. temporis—habet = Eras. 92; cf. Her. Chr. 24.170, n. depinxit Musa = Locher, Stult. 100, fol. 119r: “qualem depinxit Musa Maronis.” Sunt—libello For other cross-references in Eobanus’s works, see, for example, Val. 1, variant after l. 148, pointing to De vitanda ebrietate elegia (1516);

2.Ded.] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

102

105 108 111 112 113–114

641

Idyl. 16.155–156, alluding to Urbs Noriberga (1532); Nor. 1360, alluding to Idyl. 14 and 17. cantata libello = Celtis, Am. 4.5.27; cf. Dirae 26; Mart. 9.49.1. Fistula—decet Included in Neander, Ethice, vol. 2, fol. 85v. Cf. Eob. Idyl. 8.8–9, 95; 13.103–104; 16.51–53, 160–171. In contemporary theory, pastoral poetry belongs to the “humble style” of literature. For that reason, pastoralists normally eschew themes more proper to epic and tragedy (“grand style”). See Fred J. Nichols, “The Development of Neo-Latin Theory of the Pastoral in the Sixteenth Century,” HL 18 (1969): 95–114, especially pp. 98– 102. tuba For the image, see Nob. 138, n. primis … ab annis = Buc. 3.65/Idyl. 3.71, n. semper ab annis = Ov. Tr. 4.4.27; Pont. 2.3.73. Qualia nunc cernis Cf. Her. Chr. 4.179. primi … tempora veris Ov. Fast. 2.150; cf. Met. 1.116; Eob. Idyl. 1.11. debet habere = Eleg. 3.74, n. Quod—potes Adapted from Idyl., 1.ded. 87–88, nn.

Idyllion 1 The idyl (from the 1546 Basel reprint) is translated into German hexameters in Harry C. Schnur, ed. and trans., Die Hirtenflöte: Bukolische Dichtungen von Vergil bis Geßner (Leipzig, 1978), 173–178. Meter: Dactylic hexameter. arg. 1

arg. 3

1–9

Melisaei The name originates in humanistic Italian pastoral. Giovanni Pontano uses it to represent himself in Ecl. 2, a lament on the death of his wife. Camillum Cf. Serv. G. 1.101: “camillus adulescens est”; Macr. 3.8.7. Idyllia, hoc est—parva poemata In ancient usage, idyl means a short poem; see Plin. Ep. 4.14.9; Eob. Adnot., sig. H7v: “Idyllia, id est, parva poemata”; Theoc., ed. Joachim Camerarius (Basel: Andreas Cratander, 1531), t.p.: “Theocriti Idyllia, hoc est, parva poemata, XXXVI.” The sense of little picture is a later development. Alma—veniunt Besides its evident function of delighting the reader, the evocation of spring serves as the lead-in to Melisaeus’s argument that Camillus should take advantage of the springtime of his life. Hence the verses should not be taken too literally, as if Christiani were persuading Eobanus to leave Frankenberg already in the spring of 1504 rather than in the summer. Indeed, at l. 75 Eobanus suggests that it is summer

642

1–2

1

3–4

3 4

5–6 5 5–6 6–7 7–8 8–9 8 9 10 11 13 14

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [1 already (“calor aestivus”). At l. 139, however, we are again reminded that it is springtime. For other evocations of spring in Eobanus’s works, see Ruf. 1–28 and Sylv. 4.4.1–20 (in both cases introducing an exhortation to make good use of the springtime of life); Buc. 6.17–30/Idyl. 8.18–31; Her. Chr. 3.137–145, Hymn. 85–128, and Vict., ded. 1–10 (the renewal of nature at Easter). Alma—paritura For the description of Mother Nature in the spring, cf. Lucr. 1.250–251; Verg. G. 2.324–331; Ov. Met. 15.91–92; [Sen.] Oct. 404–405: “tellus laeta fecundos sinus / pandebat ultro”; Col. 10.157: “alma sinum tellus iam pandet”; Anthol. Lat. 567.1 (traditionally attributed to Vergil): “Vere sinum tellus aperit”; Mutian. Ep. 66 (1:90), written in the spring of 1508: “Omniparens mater nostra diva tellus laxavit sinum”; Eob. Vict., ded. 1–2; Epp. 1, sig. R8v (1534?): “Plena sinu vario germine turget humus.” Alma … Mater Lucr. 2.992–993 (Mother Earth); Ov. Fast. 4.1 (Venus). vario … germine = Ruf. 35: “Aspicis ut vario viret omnis germine campus”; Theoc. 27.60: “Spirabant vario fragrantes germine flores”; cf. Val. 2.406. Quae mater—loquuntur Cf. Mant. Ecl. 8.88–91: “Candide, mira canis nullis pastoribus unquam / cognita. Quid Tethys? Quid fulgens Cassiopaea? / Aeolus aequoreis ventos quis frenat in antris? / Qui sunt Solis equi?” promit opes Sarmat. 54. Non sic—loquuntur Cf. Vita Suetonii, vulgo Donatiana 43: “Dic mihi, Damoeta: ‘cuium pecus’ anne Latinum? / Non, verum Aegonis nostri; sic rure loquuntur.” Vere novo—sinum Cf. Verg. G. 1.43. concoepto … foetu Claud. Carm. minora 27.23. prodiga … humus Cf. Ov. Met. 15.81: “prodiga … tellus.” Surgentia—Pascua Modeled on Claud. Carm. minora 26.19–20. viridantia … Gramina = Stat. Theb. 5.526–527; cf. Culex 50. rivis Gramina Verg. Ecl. 10.29. omnibus—veniunt Cf. Verg. Ecl. 4.39 (in the coming Golden Age). The repeated nunc recalls the description of spring at Verg. Ecl. 3.56–57. omnibus omnia = Lucr. 1.172; 2.337; et al.; cf. Eob. Buc. 6.24/Idyl. 8.25, n. Sponte sua veniunt = Verg. G. 2.11; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 1.194, n. Patria—umbra Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.4. Ocia—iuventam Cf. Stat. Silv. 3.5.61. veris nova tempora Idyl., 2.ded. 111, n. tempora Musae = Idyl. 14.71. Quid facerem = Her. Chr. 16.213, n. Musis—digna Val. 2.371, n. Apolline … bubulco As the erstwhile herdsman for King Admetus in Thes-

1] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

15

16

17

17–18

18 19

21

22

23

24 25 26 28 29

643

saly, Apollo Nomios is the protector of sheep and cattle; see Serv. Ecl. 5.35; cf. Macr. 1.17.43. Pieridum—umbris Cf. Marul. Epigr. 2.32.69: “Pierio quamvis nutritus in antro”; Eob. Her. Chr. 15.193, n.: “enutritus in antro”; Her., ded. 87: “Musarum puer enutritus in umbra”; Idyl. 16.15. flore—aevi Cf. Sil. 1.60–61; Eob. Sylv. 2.8.23: “in flore virens aevi”; Ilias 8.694: “Ut pueros qui flore virent impuberis aevi.” For flore aevi, see Sil. 15.34; Eob. Laud. 147. impuberis aevi = Hod. 147; cf. Nemes. Ecl. 2.81. Non indigna … Musis et Apolline Cf. Val. 2.371, n.; l. 14 above. Non indigna = Sil. 3.586; 10.479; Eob. Idyl. 13.20; cf. Ov. Ars 1.681. Musis et Apolline = Mart. 2.89.3. quamvis—lacessat The inventor of the syrinx (panpipe), Pan was also the instrument’s acknowledged master. Cf. Verg. Ecl. 4.58–59; Eob. Theoc. 19.70– 71: “Pani, qui forsan et ipse / Carminibus certare tuis vereatur.” capripedem … Pana Prop. 3.17.34. Inter—cantus Cf. Idyl. 11.49–50, n.; 11.57; Otto 496. Phoebaeos … cantus Cf. Ov. Met. 11.155: “Apollineos … cantus.” noctua cantus = Verg. G. 1.403. Aonidum—undis Melisaeus has sipped from the Muses’ fountain Aganippe on Mount Helicon and become a true poet. Cf. Verg. G. 3.10–11; Eob. Hod. 237–238. nuper digressus ab = Idyl. 16.128. Ni mihi—imago Cf. Eobanus’s letter of ca. 1529 to Cyriacus Hilgner (Hilkener), edited in C.G. Brandis, “Miscellanea Erfurtensia,” no. 1: “Ein Brief des Eobanus Hessus,” Jahrbücher der Königlichen Akademie gemeinnütziger Wissenschaften zu Erfurt, n.s. 33 (1907): 271–274, here at p. 274, where the poet writes: “et nisi vana animum veri delusit imago.” This verse is reused at Sylv. 9.3.15; cf. Eleg. 1.131, n.; Idyl. 14.160–161, n.; Her., ded. 135; Ebn. 141–142. For veri imago, see also Contemn. B 1.59, n. animum … delusit Verg. A. 6.344. delusit imago = Mant. 1. Parthen. 1.166. Iam satis = Nup. 366, n. Tu perge—coepta = Idyl. 13.124; cf. Sylv. 2.9.16: “Qua nunc coepisti currere perge via”; Dial. 2.223, n.; Nemes. Ecl. 1.81. summa … culmina = Verg. Ecl. 1.82; cf. A. 2.695; l. 138 below. sine teste Sylv. duae 2.44, n. sterilem … Camoenam Cf. Val. 2.313, n. inter pecudes Verg. A. 3.656; Eob. Buc. 4.99/Idyl. 5.110; cf. Idyl. 7.152–153. dulces annos … tempora = Erasmus, Carm. 2.75: “O dulces anni, o feli-

644

30–35 30

32 33 34 34–35

35 36

37–38 38 39

40 42 43 44 45–48 45–46

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [1 cia tempora vitae.” For dulces annos, see, for example, Ov. Met. 7.752; Stat. Theb. 4.354. florida tempora Her. Chr. 18.111; Epic. 3 A.6: “Florida … tempora veris”; cf. Catul. 68.16; Erasmus, Carm. 2.34: “floridam iuventam.” tempora perdis = Mant. 3. Parthen. 344 (fol. 108v); Eob. Her. Chr. 4.65, n.; cf. Ov. Fast. 1.143; Mant. Ecl. 1.37; 6.136. Nos—soles This praise of Thuringia returns at Idyl. 3.4–7, with occasionally identical wording. Nos—tenemus Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.3. alios fines = Verg. A. 11.324. melioraque rura Cf. Mant. Ecl. 9.232: “coge pecus melioraque pascua quaere.” rura tenemus ≈ Ov. Met. 3.2; Eob. Rec. 75. Fortunate puer Verg. Ecl. 5.49. tali—terra Cf. Verg. A. 1.572; 4.349; Eob. Buc. 3.7/Idyl. 3.7. mecum considere = Ov. Met. 1.679; Eob. Idyl. 17.23. Et dites—casas et Cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.29; Eob. Buc. 6.13/Idyl. 8.14. dites—soles Cf. Mant. Ecl. 5.6–7: “Vos quibus est res ampla domi, quibus ubera vaccae / plena ferunt, quibus alba greges mulctraria complent”; Eob. Buc. 7.89–91/Idyl. 9.77–79; Idyl. 7.18–19. plena … Ubera Ov. Rem. 180; Met. 15.117; Fast. 4.769; Tr. 1.8.44. totos … soles = Mart. 10.12.7. implent mulctralia Verg. G. 3.177; Eob. Idyl. 9.79. decus et nova gloria ruris = Petrarch, Ep. 1.13.60: “decus et nova gloria gentis”; cf. Verg. A. 11.154–155; Eob. Her. Chr. 12.168, n. gloria ruris Verg. G. 1.168; Eob. Buc. B 7.16, n. nondum—quando Cf. Ov. Ep. 5.9. Talis eras = Ov. Am. 1.10.7; Mart. 12.84.3. Si memini = Hor. S. 2.8.21; Prop. 2.1.49; Mart. 1.19.1. placidos liquisti … amores Cf. Idyl. 6.2. placidos … amores = Bocc. Ecl. 5.1. Pulchra … Aegle Cf. Verg. Ecl. 6.21. miserum te perdidit Verg. G. 4.494. suspiria ducta = Her. Chr. 21.121; cf. Ov. Met. 10.402. populantis … flammae Ov. Met. 2.319. pectora flammae = Venus 1.176, n. Nunc quoque, sed = Stat. Ach. 1.47; cf. Verg. G. 3.476; A. 5.812; 6.816. omnes—senectus Cf. Idyl. 10.16–18. omnes—annis Based on Mant. Ecl. 1.118 (referring to passionate love): “semel insanivimus omnes.” The saying quickly became proverbial; see

1] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

46

47–48

47 48

50

51–53 51

52–53 53–54

54

55

645

Wilfred P. Mustard, The Eclogues of Baptista Mantuanus (Baltimore, 1911), 40–48. Eobanus quotes it at Ama. B 2.69 and paraphrases it at Idyl. 10.16. Eobanus’s verse became proverbial in its own right, being cited as “A primis et nos pueriliter egimus annis”; see Walther 65. Quis neget = Her. Chr. 12.243, n. primis … annis = Buc. 3.65/Idyl. 3.71, n. egimus annis ≈ Ov. Met. 8.708. Atque utinam—Crescat For the underlying thought that advancing age brings wisdom, cf. Vulg. Luc. 2.52; Ter. Ad. 832: “aetate sapimus rectius”; Erasmus, Adag. 3.9.57. For the phrasing, cf. Eob. Laud. 31, n.: “crescunt crescentibus annis.” Atque utinam = Verg. Ecl. 10.35; A. 1.575; Prop. 1.9.8; et al.; Eob. Her. Chr. 9.53; 11.37; and often. et obrepens—senectus Cf. Mant. Somn., fol. 209r: “et ad fragilem veniat cum laude senectam.” obrepens … senectus Juv. 9.129. cum laude senectus = Pontano, Urania 2.542: “Tum vero felix multa cum laude senectus / Continget.” Qui canat in triviis That is, Melisaeus is no run-of-the-mill poet. Cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.26–27; Calp. Ecl. 1.28–29; Nemes. Ecl. 4.3; Mant. Ecl. 5.176: “trivialibus cicutis”; Eob. Buc. 4.73 (with n. to ll. 73–75)/Idyl. 5.84 (with n. to ll. 84–86); Buc. 7.104/Idyl. 9.91–92; 8.99–100/Idyl. 12.106–107. in triviis = Aus. Epigr. 76.1; Eob. Buc. 11.72, n., in a different sense; Nor. 52 (crossroads). qualibus aiunt = Hod. 498, n. Orphea—modis Cf. Mant. Ecl. 9.216: “Orphea qui traxit sylvas et saxa canendo”; Eob. Her. 19.29, n. Orphĕă For the scansion, see Verg. Ecl. 6.30; Ov. Pont. 3.3.41; Mant. Ecl. 9.215, 216; Eob. Epic. 2.100. fatum deflesse Ov. Met. 7.388, 698. canoris … modis Verg. A. 7.700–701; Juv. 7.18–19. Talem te—Secula Cf. Verg. A. 1.605–606; Ov. Tr. 4.10.125; Stat. Silv. 1.1.81– 82; Eob. Her. Chr. 24.141; Nob. 243–244; Sylv. 6.2.41–42: “qualem te nostra tulerunt / Secula.” Nate bonis avibus Idyl. 16.76; cf. Accl. 1.149: “Orte bonis avibus”; also cf. Laud. 575, n. tibi dexter Apollo = Ama. B 2.75, n. Aoniae … sorores = Ov. Tr. 4.10.39. veniunt ad plectra sorores ≈ Mant. Praesid. 69 (fol. 169v): “veniant ad plectra sorores”; cf. Eob. Sylv. 2.12.15: “Cuius blanda novem saltant ad plectra

646

56 56–57 56 57

58–59 58

59–60 59

62 64 66 66–69 66–67

67–68 67 68 69 70

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [1 sorores.” Because plectra implies a stringed instrument like the lyre or lute, the image is fundamentally unpastoral. Eobanus uses the image also at Buc. 3.92 (replaced with “buxo” at Idyl. 7.63) and 11.107. Tu quoque = Verg. A. 7.1; 10.324; 11.173; Eob. Idyl. 5.73. dumosis—lacer Cf. Ama. 8.7: “per hos densissimos vepres infoelix erro, lacer et informis.” convallibus erres Cf. Ov. Met. 13.821; Stat. Theb. 5.523; Eob. Her. Chr. 14.119. sola … sub rupe Verg. Ecl. 10.14; Catul. 64.154; cf. Eob. Buc. 7.162/Idyl. 10.86. Shepherds enjoy singing in the cool shade beneath a cliff. For the motif, see Verg. Ecl. 1.56; G. 4.508; Calp. Ecl. 4.16; Eob. Buc. 4.66–69/Idyl. 5.77– 80. totis … diebus = Mart. 1.19.3; 2.5.1; et al. Carmina—Concinis Cf. Idyl. 15.26–27. Carmina … Concinis Calp. Ecl. 4.55–56. Carmina per … resonantia cautes ≈ Culex 147. duras … cautes = Ov. Met. 4.672; Stat. Theb. 8.233; cf. Eob. Buc. 10.153/Idyl. 11.176, n. longe resonantia Verg. G. 1.358. aeterna—Pierides Cf. Her., ded. 17–18: “Dignus eras cui perpetua de fronde coronam / Inciperent nostrae nectere Pierides.” aeterna … fronde Mant. Calam. 3.78 (p. 72); cf. Lucr. 1.118: “perenni fronde coronam”; Ov. Tr. 3.1.45; Eob. Buc. 8.49/Idyl. 12.48, n. fronde coronent ≈ Verg. A. 4.506; Hor. Ep. 1.18.64; cf. Eob. Buc. 11.85. mirentur carmina ≈ Aetna 643. carmina Musae = Nemes. Ecl. 1.70; Eob. Buc. 1.11; Hod. 466, n.; cf. Idyl. 12.128. ingenii vires = Hod. 504; Nor. 44; cf. Ov. Pont. 3.3.34. Verum age, quando ≈ Verg. A. 11.587. quando … Dic Cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.55; Mant. Ecl. 10.13: “Dicite, quandoquidem tepidos admovit ad ignes / nos hyberna dies”; cf. also Ecl. 1.1–2. breves—iacit For this paraphrase of noontime, cf. Ov. Met. 3.50 and 14.53– 54; also cf. Ars 3.723; Met. 3.144; Calp. Ecl. 4.169; Eob. Her. Chr. 6.35–36; Sylv. 1.9.9–10: “medium cum sol ascenderit orbem / Et brevis ex omni facta erit umbra loco.” frigida—tauri Cf. Idyl. 4.17–18, n. lustra capellae ≈ Calp. Ecl. 5.14. tenent … loca proxima Verg. A. 6.434; cf. Ov. Met. 4.436; Eob. Buc. 10.48/Idyl. 11.65; Idyl. 5.9. Dic age = Verg. A. 6.343; Ciris 234; Ov. Am. 3.5.31; et al.; Eob. Buc. 1.63/Idyl. 1.72; 8.110/Idyl. 12.117, n.; Idyl. 17.7. doctos … pastores Idyl. 12.100.

1] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 71 72

73 74–79

74

75 76

77 78

80

81–96 81 81–82 82–83 82

647

patrios … remearis ad agros Mant. Dionys. 1.543 (fol. 171r): “patrios remeavit ad agros”; cf. Verg. A. 11.793. For patrios agros, see also l. 151, n., below. Dic—herbas Cf. Mant. Ecl. 1.1–2: “gelida quando pecus omne sub umbra / ruminat, antiquos paulum recitemus amores”; Pontano, Ecl. 3.54–55: “cum ruminat omnis / Grex.” Cf. further Verg. Ecl. 6.54; Ov. Am. 3.5.17; Eob. Buc. 9.19/Idyl. 6.19, n. lectas … herbas = Ov. Fast. 5.401; cf. Ov. Met. 14.347. omnis grex Pontano, Ecl. 3.54–55; Eob. Idyl. 6.58. Quod petis = Hor. Ep. 2.2.64; Ov. Ars 1.356; Ep. 17.261; Met. 3.433; et al. Quin—vates For the “motif of bucolic repose” (Curtius, ELLMA, 191), with its invitation to take one’s ease in the shade of a tree next to a babbling brook or spring, cf. Theoc. 1.21–23; 5.31–34; Verg. Ecl. 1.1–5; 3.55–59; 5.1– 7; 7.9–13; Calp. Ecl. 1.6–12; 2.4–6; 5.2; 6.65–68; Nemes. Ecl. 1.30–34; Eob. Buc. 4.66–71/Idyl. 5.77–82; 5.1–10/Idyl. 4.1–10; 7.27–29/Idyl. 9.27–29; 7.74–75/ Idyl. 9.60–64; 8.30–33/Idyl. 12.29–32. For the idealized landscape, see Ama. 1.1, n. Quin—umbrae Cf. Calp. Ecl. 1.6; Eob. Buc. 4.67/Idyl. 5.78. For succedimus umbrae, see also Verg. G. 3.418, 464; Calp. Ecl. 1.6, 19; Eob. Buc. 4.13/Idyl. 5.17; 4.67/Idyl. 5.78; Dial. 3.11; Idyl. 7.46. gelidae … umbrae ≈ Lucr. 5.641; Mant. Ecl. 9.68; cf. Mant. Ecl. 1.1; 5.2; 9.19; Verg. A. 11.210; Eob. Laud. 163; Buc., ded. 5; Buc. 3.24/Idyl. 3.32; Idyl. 3.22. sitientia labra = Pontano, Urania 3.1081: “sitientia labra relambens.” his dulces—undae Cf. Ama. 1.1, n.: “ad fontem … ex patulae fagi radicibus limpide scaturientem.” dulces saliunt … undae Cf. Verg. Ecl. 5.47; G. 2.243; Ov. Rem. 632; Eob. Buc. 2.13/Idyl. 2.12, n. plurima quercus Mart. 4.1.6 (different). Hic mihi—quies Cf. Mart. 11.26.1; Eob. Buc. 3.6/Idyl. 3.6, n. For grata quies, see also Hor. Ep. 1.17.6; Ov. Ars 3.695; Met. 14.52. Alia … parte = Verg. A. 4.153; Stat. Theb. 6.177. Incipe—sylvae Cf. Buc. 5.58/Idyl. 4.61. carmina sylvae = Buc. 6.8/Idyl. 8.9; 10.82/Idyl. 11.99; cf. Idyl., 1.ded. 19 (2.ded. 17), n. Proxima—tondent The praise of Thuringia echoes Vergil’s praise of Italy in G. 2.136–154. monticolis … Hessis Hutten, Querel. 1.7.12: “monticola Hessus.” terminat … Imperium Cf. Verg. A. 1.287; Eob. Her. Chr. 2.25, n. dives—nemorum Cf. l. 129, n., below. florentibus arvis = Sedul. 1.90; cf. Ov. Met. 2.791.

648 83 84

85 87 88 89

90 91 91–92 92–96

92–93 94 95–96 96

97–98

97

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [1 Laeta … sed … laetior Cf. Ov. Met. 14.337: “rara … sed rarior.” iugis nemorum Verg. A. 11.544–545. flava Ceres = Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.867; cf. Verg. G. 1.96; Tib. 1.1.15; Ov. Am. 3.10.3. pleno Copia cornu = Walter, Alex. 4.426; cf. Hor. Saec. 59–60; Ep. 1.12.29; Boeth. Consol. 2.m2.6; Erasmus, Adag. 1.6.2; Eob. Val. 1.410; app. 1.3; Venus 2.148; Hypocr. B 3.5; Nor. 402; Sylv. 4.13.15–16; also cf. Idyl. 17.90, n. horrea messes = Hymn. 180, n. gravidae … uvae Claud. Cons. Stil. 2.466; Boeth. Consol. 1.m2.21. in collibus uvae Verg. Ecl. 9.49; Tib. 1.4.19; cf. Stat. Silv. 2.2.103. Vina … non inferiora = Sylv. duae 1.121; cf. Verg. A. 6.170. motura … bella colonis Claud. Bell. Gild. 1.474. fera bella = Ov. Am. 2.6.25; Ep. 3.123; 13.59; and often; cf. Eob. Pug. 60, n.; Hymn. 158. dum viret annus Eras. 8: “Dum viret et varias parturit annus opes.” For annus in this sense, see Verg. Ecl. 3.57; Hor. Carm. 3.23.8; Epod. 2.29. abruptos montes Sen. Her. O. 1167. summa—iuga Cf. Ov. Ep. 16.55: “amantis saxa capellae”; Rem. 179. For summa iuga, see, for example, Culex 46; Ov. Ep. 4.42. Mille boves—tondent A Golden Age landscape, where the flocks are not threatened by snakes and wolves. Cf. Verg. Ecl. 4.22–25; 5.60–61; G. 3.537– 538; Hor. Epod. 16.51–52; Calp. Ecl. 1.37–42; Eob. Idyl. 5.42–44. herbas … foetas … serpente Cf. Buc. 4.107/Idyl. 5.119, n.: “loca foeta venenis.” herbas … carpunt Verg. G. 3.465; Tib. 2.5.55; Eob. Buc. 3.64/Idyl. 3.70. Raptorum … luporum Verg. A. 2.355–356; Ov. Met. 10.540; Eob. Buc. B 11.11. Raptorum insidias Hod. B 7.45. Incustoditae—tondent Cf. Ov. Fast. 1.545–546; Eob. Idyl. 6.33–34 (in a reversal of the Golden Age landscape). Lanigerae pecudes et = Lucr. 2.661; cf. Ov. Met. 13.781; Eob. Idyl. 7.153. et culta novalia = Mant. Calam. 1.1023 (p. 45); cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.70. tondent A standard poetic image; see, for example, Lucr. 2.317, 661; Verg. Ecl. 10.7; G. 1.15; A. 3.538; Eob. Idyl. 7.18. Iamque—stupet The shepherd’s favorite post is a hilltop or cliff from where he can easily survey his flock. Cf. Verg. A. 2.307–308; Sil. 6.324; 7.366; 16.10; Eob. Buc. 5.44/Idyl. 4.47; 8.32–33/Idyl. 12.31–32; 9.114–115/Idyl. 6.116– 117; Buc. 11.87–88; Idyl. 11.26. Iamque aliquis = Her. Chr. 3.9; 21.97. summo … de vertice Verg. A. 2.682; cf. Ov. Met. 12.433; Eob. Laud. 133, n.; Buc. 8.48/Idyl. 12.47. de vertice pastor = Verg. A. 2.308.

1] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 98 99

100

101 102–103 103 104

105–108

106 107 107–108

107 108–109 108 109 109–110 113

114 115

116 118

649

plena omnia = Juv. 2.4; Eob. Nup. 338; Sylv. 6.2.13. Hic sua—vulnera For the consolatory power of song, cf. Verg. G. 1.293; 4.464; Hor. Carm. 4.11.35–36; Ov. Tr. 4.10.112; Nemes. Ecl. 4.19; Eob. Idyl. 5.82– 83; 15.7–13; 17.25–27. solatur vulnera = Claud. Epith. 46. Tityrus—Daphnim Alluding to Vergil’s fifth eclogue; cf. Epic. 6.1–2. Tityrus is a traditional name for Vergil, because his first eclogue starts off with that name; cf. Idyl. 3.24–25, n. extinctum … Daphnim Verg. Ecl. 5.20. primis … heroas ab annis Her. Chr. 13.65, n.; cf. Buc. 3.65/Idyl. 3.71, n. stridentibus … Corticibus Cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.27; Nemes. Ecl. 3.11. nymphas—agrestes ≈ Verg. A. 3.34. Phyllides The final syllable is short (as in the Greek nominative plural). Phyllis is a stock name in bucolic poetry since Verg. Ecl. 3.76; see also Eob. Buc. 6.62/Idyl. 8.61. Omnis—salaces Cf. Ov. Met. 1.192–193; Eob. Ruf. 17–20: “Dryades mollesque Napee / Monticolaeque deae, / Sylvanus, satyri, monstrosaque numina fauni, / Semihominesque ferae”; Eob. Idyl. 16.3–4. Cf. also Lucr. 4.580–589 and, for example, Ov. Fast. 1.397; Nemes. Ecl. 3.25. Nympharum—Charites = Idyl. 11.181. pastorum—divi Cf. Verg. G. 1.10; Calp. Ecl. 1.91. bona numina—salaces Cf. Ov. Met. 1.192–193; Celtis, Ludus 27–28: “mihi numina ruris / Silvanus Satyrique leves Faunique salaces”; Eob. Venus 1.62– 63, n. bona numina = Ov. Ep. 20.215. Sylvani—Oreadas ipse Cf. Lucr. 4.580–589. satyrique leves Ov. Ars 1.542; cf. Eob. Idyl. 16.7. In medio = Verg. Ecl. 3.40; G. 3.16; A. 5.110; and often. moventes … incendia Venus 2.333, n. Absint—omnes For the thought, cf. Sylv. 1.7.44: “Nequitia a versu debet abesse meo”; Ama. B 2.44, n. nostris—omnes ≈ Mant. Ecl. 4.175: “leves prohibete puellas, / pellanturque procul vestris ab ovilibus omnes”; cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.8; Eob. Buc. 9.98/Idyl. 6.101. Macte, puer Verg. A. 9.641. Nunc coepta sequemur = Nor. 91, 813; cf. Petrarch, Africa 4.45: “sed grata magis nunc cepta sequamur”; Eob. Buc. 10.92/Idyl. 11.110; Eleg. 3.47, n.; Idyl. 14.93. in media … regione Lucr. 5.534; Ov. Fast. 6.273; Eob. Idyl. 16.23, n. Hieras For this form, see Luth. 1.41, n.

650

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [1

119

duri … labores = Stat. Ach. 2.153; cf. Eob. Idyl. 3.108, n. peperere labores = Enn. var. 7; Claud. in Rufin. 2.51. donat—merces Cf. Bocc. Ecl. 1.49: “reddant pro munere munus”; 4.104: “statuet pro munere munus.” Illa etiam, si = Verg. A. 11.653. si forte voles = Man. 2.333. pro tribulis spinas Cf. Vulg. Gen. 3.18: “spinas et tribulos.” Quare—iuventa Cf. Buc. 2.60, 67/Idyl. 2.53, 60; Ruf. 43: “Dum vigor est …, dum pullulat aetas”; Her. Chr. 10.163; Contemn. B 4.7–8; Sylv. 7.9.1, recalling the present verse: “Ille ego qui primo vernans in flore iuventae / Deserui patriae dulcia rura meae.” Quare age = Her. Chr. 20.143, n.; Idyl. 17.171. vernat tua flore iuventa Cf. Her. Chr. 10.29, n. parvi—peculi Cf. Andrel. Ecl. 9.37: “tam grandis congesti summa peculi.” As the adjective “parvi” shows, “peculi” is here used in the medieval sense of flock, small farm animals. Cf. Petrarch, Ecl. 6.165: “Cura gregis, rurisque labor, studium peculi”; Bocc. Ecl. 2.13 (a shepherd abandons his flock and pursues his beloved): “nec cura potest retinere peculi”; 4.114: “nunc cura peculi / nulla tibi”; 8.19: “quantum septis augere peculi”; 12.179: “grandis cura peculi”; Eob. Buc. 7.51/Idyl. 9.51; Idyl. 4.108; 7.10; 16.167; Theoc. 32.202: “cuique ipse greges armentaque tota / Auxit et eximii dedit incrementa peculi.” Foelices—Quaere Cf. Hor. Epod. 16.41–42. Foelices … campos Ov. Fast. 5.197; V. Fl. 1.445. pinguia rura = Mant. 2. Parthen. 1.390; cf. Juvenc. 3.460. Nocent pecori Hor. Epod. 16.61; Ov. Rem. 614. vepres—acanthus Cf. Idyl. 5.8–9; for tristis acanthus, see also Idyl. 3.140. Hessia—Nemphim For the pattern of comparison, cf. Buc. 3.21–24/Idyl. 3.29–32, n. Hessia—sylvis Eobanus imitates the structure of Verg. A. 1.14: “ostia, dives opum studiisque asperrima belli.” For the thought, cf. Eob. Epic. 4.56: “nemorum sylvis Hessia dives”; Wirt. 441: “sylvae et fluvii, quibus Hessia dives abundat.” dives agris … –que = Stat. Theb. 5.305: “insula dives agris opibusque”; cf. Hor. S. 1.2.13; Ars 421. densisque—sylvis For the idiom, cf. Ov. Met. 4.89; Tr. 4.10.3; Mant. Ecl. 10.30: “vitreis uberrimus undis.” densis … sylvis = Ov. Met. 15.488. agnum Imbellem Buc. 10.122/Idyl. 11.141; Her. Chr. 22.105; cf. Sil. 2.685; Eob. Rec. 42.

121 122 124 125

126

127–128 127 128 129–132 129

130–131

1] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 131 132

133

136

137 138–139 138 139 140 141

143 144 145

146–148

146 147

651

furibunda—taurus Cf. Ov. Met. 13.871. in praelia taurus = Verg. A. 10.455; 12.103. Ut—Nemphim Cf. Mant. Ecl. 9.218: “[hic alios] exuperat, quantum Tyberim Padus, Abdua Macram.” vagus Aedera = Epic. 4.171; cf. Buc. 3.1/Idyl. 3.1; 11.5; Her. Chr. 24.128. Vagus is a conventional epithet of rivers. Aedera qui—harenas Cf. Idyl. 5.51; Epic. 4.81; Wirt. 36, 439, 475: “Aedera … aureus”; Irenicus 7.9 (fol. 166v): “Aiunt et in aurifero fluvio aliquibus Edera dicto, in partibus Hassiae, maxime tempore hyemali aurorum crustas reperiri.” fulvas … harenas = Ov. Met. 11.499; cf. Verg. G. 3.110; Ov. Met. 2.865; 11.355. despumat harenas ≈ Nup. 151, n. Pingue solum = Verg. G. 1.64; A. 4.202. Viret omnis ager Ruf. 6: “Nunc viret omnis ager”; cf. Rec. 5, n.; Buc. 9.15/Idyl. 6.15. circumque renident = Nor. 1248. stagna, lacus, fontes = Petrarch, Ecl. 2.93; cf. Ov. Met. 1.38; Eob. Buc. 2.24; Idyl. 16.152. Aspice—amoenum For this description, cf. Rec. 182–183. summa procul … culmina = Verg. Ecl. 1.82; cf. l. 24 above. ver … amoenum Sylv. 4.4.1. Hos—linquam Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.3. Pana—iuro Cf. Ov. Tr. 2.53; Calp. Ecl. 6.57: “silvestria numina iuro”; Filetico, Theoc. 5.17: “Sic ego per nymphas, silvestria numina, iuro”; Mant. Ecl. 4.171: “per rustica numina iuro”; 5.182: “per Superos, per Olympica numina iuro.” For the tag numina iuro, see also Ciris 245; Ov. Ep. 13.159; Met. 9.371. Pana per et nymphas = Theoc. 36.38. et nymphas—numina Cf. Ov. Met. 2.16; Fast. 6.323. deductis rura capellis Cf. Ov. Met. 1.676–677. loca nota = Rec. 89, n. doctae facundia linguae = Mant. In obitu Petri Nebularii threnos 23, in Opera, vol. 1, fol. 135r; cf. Hutten, Querel. 1.6.29: “doctae … facundia linguae”; Eob. Laud. 115, n. doctae … linguae = Ov. Pont. 1.2.117. Te quaecunque—ultra For the hyperbole, cf. Laud. 209, n.; Sylv. 8.20.23–24, addressed to Johannes Dantiscus: “Ultra Sauromatas, ultra Tanaeia regna / Te sequar et Scythico rura perusta gelu.” Te quaecunque—sequemur Cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.49; Calp. Ecl. 1.13. quaecunque vocas = V. Fl. 1.175. Tanaimque nivalem = Verg. G. 4.517.

652 149–152

149–150 151

152 153 154

155

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [1 Tu vero—frondes Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.74–78; Mant. Ecl. 9.54–55: “Heu pecus infelix, quod lacte et prole solebas / affluere, in nostris licuit dum pascere campis.” infoelix … pecus Verg. Ecl. 3.3; Mant. Ecl. 8.112; 9.54, 184; Eob. Buc. 7.9/Idyl. 9.8; cf. Buc. 3.64/Idyl. 3.70. patrios … agros = Mant. Dionys. 1.543 (fol. 171r): “patrios remeavit ad agros”; Eob. Idyl. 11.187; cf. Hor. Carm. 1.1.11–12; Ov. Met. 14.476; Eob. Buc. 1.62/Idyl. 1.71, n.; 6.7; Her. Chr. 10.134. errare per agros Buc. 3.118–119/Idyl. 4.86–87, n. consuetas … frondes Cf. Idyl. 11.6. carpere frondes = Calp. Ecl. 2.45; cf. Eob. Buc. 8.34; 10.164. Sol ruit interea = Verg. A. 3.508. Many bucolic poems close with the end of day. See Curtius, ELLMA, 90–91; Eob. Buc. 4, 5, 9/Idyl. 4, 5, 6; Buc. 11. Sume pedum Verg. Ecl. 5.88 (as a gift); cf. Mant. Ecl. 9.20 and 10.45: “Pone pedum.” compelle gregem ≈ Calp. Ecl. 5.57; cf. Eob. Buc. 7.113–114/Idyl. 10.36–37. pecus omne recense Herders count their animals to make sure that none has strayed away. Cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.34; 6.85; G. 4.436; Tib. 1.5.25; Ov. Met. 13.824; Calp. Ecl. 3.64; Eob. Buc. 1.29; B 6.5; Idyl. 3.90; Theoc. 8.20: “Solis ad occasum numero pecus omne recensent.” pecus omne = Verg. G. 2.371; 3.445; Mant. Ecl. 1.1; Eob. Buc., ded. 5; cf. Buc. 8.4, 33/Idyl. 12.3, 32; Buc. 9.19/Idyl. 6.19; Buc. 11.96; Idyl. 4.18; 7.24; 10.2. Ne quis—hircus For the motif, cf. Vulg. Gen. 22.13: “arietem inter vepres herentem cornibus”; Mant. Calam. 3.897 (p. 93), referring to Gen. 22.13: “caprum … qui cornibus altis / Vepribus haerebat.”

Idyllion 2 The idyl is loosely paraphrased (in rhyming couplets) in W. Leonard Grant, NeoLatin Literature and the Pastoral (Chapel Hill, [1965]), 166–169. Meter: Dactylic hexameter. arg. 2 1–2

1

φιλητής … amatorem significat Philetas (Philitas) is also the name of an Alexandrian poet whom Theocritus praises in Id. 7.40. Carmina—canerent Cf. Laud. 281–282; Buc. 11.4; Her. Chr. 24.105; Sylv. 7.18.9–10: “Carmina cum faciles mihi pastoralia Musae / Et facili canerent pascua laeta pede.” Carmina … pastoralia = Nemes. Ecl. 4.15–16. Carmina cum primum = Ov. Tr. 4.10.57.

2] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 1–2 2–3 2 4 5

6 7 8–9 8 10 11 12

13 14

15 16

17–18 19

653

divae Pierides = Ciris 93–94; Eob. Buc. 8.114/Idyl. 12.121; Venus 2.22. me florente—indueret Cf. Calp. Ecl. 2.89–90; Eob. Laud. 509. florente iuventa = Hor. Ars 115; Eleg. Maec. 1.7; Sil. 16.455; cf. Eob. Idyl. 3.144. charo … amico Mart. 4.10.3; 10.44.7. Vallis erat … secreta recessu = Sylv. 5.22.7; cf. Verg. A. 11.522; Eob. Buc. 4.27/Idyl. 5.37; Her. Chr. 4.57; 16.259; Nor. 115. Vallis erat = Ov. Met. 3.155. vitreo For the epithet, see Pug. B 1.8, n. Musarum domus Sil. 8.593. gratissima Musis ≈ Idyl. 16.57. domini … servaret oves Cf. Bocc. Ecl. 8.7: “domini servare greges.” nemora … tenebat Verg. A. 8.314. mollibus annis = Ov. Ep. 1.111; Eob. Idyl. 10.16; 13.31; cf. Ov. Ars 1.10; Tr. 3.4.43; Eob. Buc. 10.52/Idyl. 11.69; Idyl. 10.29. Ferventi … pectore Hutten, Querel. 2.6.27. dulces … Musas Buc. 2.15/Idyl. 2.14, n. Ad rivum—veniret Cf. Nor. 621: “Ad fontem salientis aquae cum saepe venirem.” Ad rivum—aquae ≈ Mant. Sylv. 2.3.47 (fol. 269r): “Ad rivi salientis aquas”; cf. Lucr. 2.30; Verg. Ecl. 5.47; 8.87; Vulg. Joan. 4.14: “fons aquae salientis”; Eob. Buc. 1.67/Idyl. 1.76, n. cum saepe veniret Cf. Verg. Ecl. 5.88; Eob. Buc. 2.33/Idyl. 2.26; Buc. 4.82, 98/Idyl. 5.92, 109. sic est auditus = Idyl. 11.12. n. Musae—Musae The line becomes a refrain—a common feature in pastoral poetry. See, for example, Theoc. 1 and 2; Verg. Ecl. 8; Nemes. Ecl. 4; Bocc. Ecl. 6; Eob. Buc. 2.20/Idyl. 2.19, n.; Buc. 5/Idyl. 4. The verse is made up of Vergilian elements. For Musae, noster amor, cf. Verg. Ecl. 7.21: “Nymphae, noster amor” (where nymphae = Musae); Eob. Her. Chr. 1.29, n. For dulces mea gaudia Musae, cf. Verg. G. 2.475: “dulces ante omnia Musae.” dulces—Musae = Epith. 18; cf. l. 11 above. Pro Iove … Christum Her. Chr., ded. 9.3; Her. Chr. 9.64. Aeoum … orbem = Luc. 8.289; cf. Ov. Fast. 3.466; 5.557; Pont. 4.9.112. longe—orbem Cf. Ov. Tr. 5.1.13; Eob. Sylv. 1.1.157: “gelidam longe proiecta sub Arcton.” ab arbore—pomum Cf. Ov. Met. 5.536; Pont. 3.5.19; Avit. Carm. 1.316: “vetitum praesumpserit arbore pomum.” Ite—Camoenae The refrain echoes the one in Filetico, Theoc. 1: “Ite, meae

654

20–24 21 22 23 24 25–26 25 26

27 28 30–31 30 31 31–32

32 33 34

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [2 Musae, faciles huc ite Camoenae.” Also cf. Eob. Buc. 5.61/Idyl. 4.64; 9.20/ Idyl. 6.20. Ite … ite = Verg. Ecl. 1.74; 7.44; 10.77; cf. Eob. Buc. 10.162/Idyl. 11.188. novos … flores Lucr. 1.928; 4.3; Stat. Silv. 3.1.66–67. flores legite Verg. Ecl. 3.92; Ov. Met. 4.315; 5.554. The flowers are to be woven into garlands for immortal poets; see ll. 78–83 below. Vos ego—profundas Cf. Hor. Carm. 3.4.29–36; Eob. Laud. 208–210 (with n. at l. 209). per devia lustra = Ov. Met. 3.146, 370. lustra ferarum = Verg. G. 2.471; Sil. 3.438. agentes—ventos Cf. Verg. G. 1.352, 421. duras hiemes Verg. G. 4.239; Ov. Tr. 3.10.44. arva pruinas ≈ Buc. 7.143/Idyl. 10.67, n. tenebras—profundas Cf. Vict. 319. noctesque profundas ≈ Verg. A. 4.26; 6.462. O si—venirem Cf. Her. Chr. 10.131–136, n.; Idyl. 15.85–86. O si—alas Cf. Ov. Ep. 18.49. volucres … alas Ov. Ib. 290. Praepetibus pennis = Verg. A. 6.15 (of Daedalus’s wings); cf. Eob. Hod. 14. saepe venirem = Buc. 4.82/Idyl. 5.92; Nor. 621; cf. l. 12, n., above. nemus—tempe Cf. Nor. 6–7. Heliconia tempe = Ov. Am. 1.1.15. sacra—lauro ≈ Verg. A. 3.81; cf. Eob. Laud. 568, n.; Idyl. 12.108. Carmina—honor For the commonplace that poetry is immortal, see Rec. B 1.9–13, n. sacrorum … vatum Laud. 257, n. Immortalis honor ≈ Petrarch, Ep. 2.10.257 (Mant. Calam. 3.17 [p. 70]): “Immortalis honos.” gemmae—Indis Cf. Tifernate, Carm., sig. C1v: “Haec [carmina] ego non auro, non cunctis comparo gemmis / Quas mercatores ex oriente vehunt.” The wealth of India was proverbial; see Eob. Ama. 32.66, n. Quas—Indis Cf. Hor. Ep. 1.1.45; Ov. Ars 1.53; Eob. Her. Chr. 15.95. urbanae … plebi Idyl. 13.6; Nor. 614. me docuit mater Because shepherds are untutored folk, their occasionally more than pastoral knowledge has to be accounted for. Cf. Adnot., sig. I8r, commenting on Verg. Ecl. 3, 40: “Meminisse autem convenit raro fieri ut rusticis et pastoribus sermo tribuatur de philosophis aut alioqui magnis rebus quas illi non intelligant. Itaque, ut decorum personarum servetur, fieri haec fere semper cum quadam excusatione.” For the motif, cf. Mant.

2] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

35 36 37

38–39 38 39

41–45 41 41–44 42 43 44

45 47 48 49 50 51 53

54

655

Ecl. 5.101: “haec me iam pridem memini didicisse sub Umbro”; 7.154–155: “Sic docuit rediens aliquando ex urbe sacerdos / Ianus et in magno dixit sibi codice lectum.” For other examples, see Mant. Ecl. 6.58–59, 155–162; 7.10; 8.88–98; 9.200; Eob. Buc. 1.54–56; 7.47–48, 99–103/Idyl. 9.47, 86–87; Buc. 10.104–108/Idyl. 11.122–126. viridemque smaragdon ≈ Tib. 2.4.27. collo—corallia Cf. Ov. Ep. 9.57: “suspensa monilia collo.” Omnia—Camoenae Included in Neander, Ethice, vol. 2, fol. 85v. Omnia praetereunt = Paul. Nol. Carm. 16.3. Vos—flamma Cf. Buc. 8.46–47/Idyl. 12.45–46, n. dulci … pectora flamma = Anthol. Lat. 446.3; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 17.47; Her. 3.6.93. For dulci flamma, see also Venus 2.93–94, n.; for pectora flamma, see also Laud. 294, n. Despicio—sordent Cf. Her. Chr. 24.95–96, where Eobanus describes his excitement at learning that there are still living poets. mortalibus usquam = Verg. A. 2.142; Sil. 11.3. Nec mirum = Lucr. 2.338; 6.130; Catul. 62.14; Prop. 1.13.29; Eob. Her. Chr. 17.191. omnia sordent = Stat. Silv. 5.5.51. Luxuriant—Musae For the series of pastoral analogies, cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.63– 65; 5.32–34; 7.65–68. nova gramina rivis Rec. 8, n. gramina rivis … fronde capellae Cf. Verg. Ecl. 10.29–30. Vitali pluvia Nor. 1301. Fluminibus—alnus Modeled on Verg. G. 2.110. procera … alnus Verg. Ecl. 6.63. lascivae … capellae Verg. Ecl. 2.64; Filetico, Theoc. 3.3: “Tityre, lascivas virgultis pasce capellas”; Eob. Buc. 3.62/Idyl. 3.68. fronde capellae = Verg. Ecl. 10.30; cf. Eob. Idyl. 11.6. mea sola voluptas = Ov. Ep. 19.17; Eob. Idyl. 15.59; cf. Verg. A. 3.660; 8.581. mellitae … placentae Hor. Ep. 1.10.11. segmina porri = Val. 1.521. oleo—Ceres Cf. Vulg. Num. 11.8: “panis oleati.” cocta polenta Cf. Mant. Ecl. 6.5: “polenta coquit.” hesterno—lacte Cf. Stat. Theb. 1.508: “lacte novo perfusus.” dulce decus Ama. 32.81, n. Sum puer, et = Locher, Stult. 5, fol. 15r; cf. Eobanus in Mutian. Ep. 417, l. 34 (August 1506): “Sum puer, at.” viridi—aetas ≈ Buc. 1.103, n.; cf. l. 60 below. Ut nova—vitis Cf. Verg. Ecl. 7.48; Ov. Fast. 1.152; Stat. Silv. 5.1.48.

656 55–58 55 55–56 56

57 58

59 60 63 65 66

67 68–71 69 70 71

72 74–77 74 74–75 75–76 76

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [2 Et mihi—Adonim For the motif, cf. Theoc. 6.34–38; Verg. Ecl. 2.25–27; Ov. Met. 13.840–841; Calp. Ecl. 2.88–89; Nemes. Ecl. 2.74–81. mihi forma decens = Boiardo, Pastoralia 1.78; Eob. Accl. 1.209; cf. Ov. Am. 3.1.9. pectine—Comeret Calp. Ecl. 4.69; Eob. Val. 1.155, n.; cf. Ov. Met. 4.311. dixit—mater Cf. Filetico, Theoc. 4.9: “Et me dicebat mater mea credula quondam / Pollucem superare deum, quod fortior essem.” sedula mater = Walter, Alex. 4.409; Pontano, Ecl. 1.50; Am. 1.1.25; cf. Phaed. 4.5.13. Accipe et … te contemplare Cf. Max. 77. Vicinum Verg. Ecl. 3.53; Calp. Ecl. 6.83, 91; Nemes. Ecl. 1.9. forma superas … Adonim For the motif, cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.26–27; Calp. Ecl. 3.61–62; Nemes. Ecl. 2.78–79; Eob. Buc. 3.111–112/Idyl. 7.96–97. For forma superas, see Ov. Fast. 5.85. nisi fallor Verg. A. 5.49. quicquid id est Nup. 15, n. mea—aetas = l. 53, n., above. Sicut—rubentes Cf. Otto 1552; Häussler, 63–64, 79, 116, 286. referetis honorem ≈ Stat. Theb. 12.819. stabit—pudoris Cf. Her. Chr. 8.67. nivei flos … pudoris Cf. Nup. 244; Her. Chr. 13.97. For nivei pudoris, see Ama. 35.91, n.; for flos pudoris, see Buc. 11.22, n. utilibus … annis = Ebn. 29; cf. Tum. 3.125; Her. 1.6.139. Musae—tradere Musis Quoted in Faber, Thesaurus, 531, s.v. “Musa.” maior … voluptas = Juv. 11.168; Eob. Idyl. 17.133. Musarum amplexibus Dial. 1.19; cf. Laud. 164–165, 306. amplexibus uti = Celtis, Am. 2.8.43. Vivere apud Musas Sylv. 6.2.40: “Queis nisi apud Musas vivere poena fuit.” doctis … Musis Ov. Ars 3.411–412. inanis … formae Buc. 3.127/Idyl. 7.112; Her. Chr. 17.71, 83. gaudia formae = Ov. Met. 14.653; Stat. Ach. 1.167; Eob. Val. 2.145. in viridi—umbras For the locus amoenus, see Ama. 1.1, n. in viridi … gramine Ov. Am. 1.14.22. doctam … segnitiem Cf. Stat. Silv. 1.3.108–109: “docta … / otia.” See further Eob. Ama. A 1.2, n. tactis—aurae Cf. Ov. Met. 11.603–604; Eob. Buc. 7.124–125/Idyl. 10.47– 48. Unda sonat = Ov. Met. 8.139. lăbans Wrongly for “lābens.” Eobanus confounds the forms elsewhere

2] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

77 79–80 79

80 81 82

83

84 85–86 85 86 87 87–89

89

90

657

too. At Her. Chr. 20.15 he writes “genu lābente” (instead of the expected, but here metrically impossible, “genu lăbante”); at Her. Chr. 16.31 (AB) he has “genu lābante” (changed to “genu lābente” in O). admurmurat aurae ≈ Stat. Silv. 5.1.153. populus umbras = Nemes. Ecl. 4.23; cf. Verg. A. 8.276; Ov. Met. 10.555. Lilia—violas For the flower catalogue, cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.45–50; Ov. Fast. 4.437– 442; Eob. Buc. 9.59–60/Idyl. 6.62–63, n.; Idyl. 15.89–91. Lilia verna Mant. c. Poet. 106; Eob. Sylv. 6.9.2; cf. Buc. 6.19–20/Idyl. 8.20–21, n.; 11.42. et odoriferos hiacynthos = Idyl. 6.62; 15.40. Alba ligustra = Verg. Ecl. 2.18; cf. Ov. Met. 13.789. quicquid ubique = Venus 1.29, n. florum genus = Her. Chr. 23.71. Cingite—poetas For the motif, cf. Lucr. 1.928–930 (4.3–5); Prop. 3.1.19–20; Eob. Laud. 165–166; Buc. 6.54–59/Idyl. 8.53–57; cf. further Buc. 8.55–59/Idyl. 12.54–58. Cingite … flore Ov. Fast. 3.254. Inter—haberem Cf. Prop. 2.34.94: “hos [poetas] inter si me ponere Fama volet.” Inter quos utinam Cf. Hor. S. 2.2.92. quota pars = Mart. 5.65.7; Eob. Idyl. 12.110; cf. Ov. Am. 2.12.10; Ep. 12.89; Met. 7.522; et al.; Eob. Her. Chr. 1.96, n.; 4.234; 11.4; also cf. Her. Chr. 11.24, n.: “quota … portio.” nomen haberem ≈ Prop. 2.26.7; Ov. Met. 11.760. Valle … viridi Sylv. duae 2.136, 146; Epith. 19. maxime Apollo Christ Apollo. See Laud. 13, n. Qui—Sydereo Cf. ll. 15–18 above. monte quiescis ≈ Luc. 8.695. vultu … vides … laeto Ov. Ib. 409. Carmina morte carent = Laud. B 5.4, n. Gaudete—lavabo Imitating Filetico, Theoc. 5.142–146: “gaudete, capellae, / … / … / Foelicem sperate diem vitamque, capellae. / Cras ego vos omnes Sybaritis fonte lavabo”; cf. Eob. Theoc. 5.178–179: “nunc ergo meae sperate capellae. / Cras ego vos omnes Sybaritidos amne lavabo.” liquido … fonte lavabo Cf. Theoc. 16.104: “liquido … fonte lavare”; 36.8: “liquido … in fonte lavaro.” For liquido fonte, see Verg. Ecl. 2.59; G. 2.200; 3.529; 4.18, 376; Ov. Met. 10.122. totas—lavabo Cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.97. For fonte lavabo, see also Verg. A. 7.489; Ov. Ep. 21.177; Calp. Ecl. 4.134; Eob. Her. Chr. 6.121, n.; Val. 1.153. Monte sub aerio = Verg. A. 6.234; Eob. Her. Chr. 5.81.

658 91 93 94 95 96 96–97

97

98 98–101 99 100

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [2 parvo condita colle Sylv. 1.2.114. condita colle = Petrarch, Ecl. 5.33. Ite—capellae Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.74; 7.44; Eob. Buc. 10.162/Idyl. 11.188. Sic—cecinit Cf. Idyl. 15.120. carmina pastor = Idyl. 3.37; cf. Verg. Ecl. 6.67. vicinis—alnis That is, ensconced in his beata tranquillitas in Gotha. Thrasybulus Translating the name Konrad (“Kühn Rat,” “bold counsel”). Omnia concepit The motif appears also in Mant. Ecl. 8, especially at ll. 153– 155. illo doctior—fuit Thrasybulus is praised for his wisdom also at Idyl. 4.12. For the idiom, cf. Hor. S. 1.5.42; Verg. A. 1.544–545; 6.164; 7.649–650; 9.179– 180, 772; Eob. Buc. 3.111/Idyl. 7.96; Buc. 9.48, 63/Idyl. 6.51, 66; Her. Chr. 2.15; 16.52, 135–136; 21.198. suaves … versus Bucolic verses are conventionally sweet. Cf., for example, Verg. Ecl. 5.45–47; Calp. Ecl. 2.6; 4.9, 55, 61, 150, 160; 7.19–22; Eob. Buc. 1.24– 25. incidit in arbore Carving names, verses, even entire poems into the bark of trees is a favorite pastime in the bucolic world. See, for instance, Verg. Ecl. 5.13–14; 10.53–54; Calp. Ecl. 1.20–25; 3.43–44, 89; Nemes. Ecl. 1.28–29; Eob. Buc. 9.61–63/Idyl. 6.64–66. in arbore versus = Calp. Ecl. 3.89; l. 99 below. Extat—littera Cf. Calp. Ecl. 1.22–23; Nemes. Ecl. 1.29. For extat littera, see Ov. Ib. 3–4. Foelix—poetae Cf. Verg. Ecl. 10.53–54; Ov. Ep. 5.25–27; Bocc. Ecl. 6.136–137: “Crescent ea nomina quantum / ipsa quidem fagus crescet.” in arbore, versus = Calp. Ecl. 3.89; l. 97 above. Atque—dicet Cf. Ov. Am. 2.10.37; 3.15.11–13: “atque aliquis spectans … / moenia … / … dicet”; Ars 3.341; Eob. Her. Chr. 13.35; Her., ded. 105–106; Epic. 3.149–150; Sylv. 9.2.27–28: “Atque aliquis spectans Ebnerum in carmine nostro / Dicet.”

Idyllion 3 Meter: Dactylic hexameter. 1–6 1–3 1

Hic … Hic … Hic For the anaphora, cf. Verg. Ecl. 10.42–43. Hic—echo For the idealized landscape, see Ama. 1.1, n.; Idyl. 1.74–79; cf. especially Verg. Ecl. 7.12–13. Hic—Hieras Cf. Buc. 9.56–57/Idyl. 6.59–60, n. For the form Hieras, see Luth. 1.41, n.

3] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 1–2 1 2 2–3 2 3

4–10 4

5 6 7 10

11–19

11

659

salices … alni Verg. G. 2.110. vagus ambit = Pontano, Urania 5.537: “vagus ambit Araxes.” For the epithet vagus, see Eob. Buc. 1.110/Idyl. 1.132, n. virides … alni Verg. Ecl. 10.74. quae littora—echo Cf. Sylv. 4.17.26–28: “tauros videas … / Lata mugitu resonare circum / Pascua rauco.” littora circum = Lucr. 4.220; Verg. A. 3.75; 6.329. Crebra—echo Cf. Anthol. Lat. 227.13: “sonat pecudum mugitibus Echo”; Eob. Her. Chr. 4.166. resonat … echo = Andrel. Livia 1.9.115 (A): “resonat sub montibus Echo.” Hic—vitam The description is reminiscent of the one given by Melisaeus in Idyl. 1.81–110. foelices—pagos Cf. Epp. 4, sig. F7v (1508): “multiplici ditantur messe coloni”; Hod. 165: “ditant vineta colonos”; Nor. 85: “multa ditavit messe colonos”; Wirt. 459–460: “plena messe colonos / Ditat.” casas—tecta = Calp. Ecl. 2.60; Mant. Ecl. 3.6; cf. Eob. Buc. 4.35/Idyl. 5.46, n. Hic mihi parta quies = Her. Chr. 14.91; cf. Verg. A. 3.495; 7.598; Eob. Buc. 1.70/Idyl. 1.78, n. Num—terra Cygnus echoes Melisaeus’s words at Idyl. 1.32–35. considere terra = Verg. A. 4.349; V. Fl. 4.511. dulces curas Stat. Silv. 2.1.71; Eob. Buc. 1.119. inertem … vitam Tib. 1.1.5, where the phrase stands in opposition to the vita activa of the rich man and the soldier. For Tibullus, the vita iners is an ideal: a life of simplicity, tranquillity, contentment, and love. To the moralist, of course, idleness is not an ideal at all, but rather the mother of wantonness. Cf., for instance, [Sen.] Oct. 562–563: “amor … iuventa gignitur, luxu, otio / nutritur”; Mant. c. Am., fol. 177v: “[amans] inertia laudat / Ocia”; 2. Parthen. 2.247: “lasciva … inertia”; Eob. Nor. 630: “inertia pectora amantum.” See further Ov. Rem. 135–150. Cygnus’s dream of easy living is noticeably at odds with Philetas’s ideal of docta segnities in Idyl. 2.74–75. ducere vitam = Verg. A. 2.641; 4.340. Cygne, nihil—volentem First added in B, these biographical allusions tend to corroborate the identification of Philaegon as Crotus Rubianus. Crotus lived in Fulda from 1510 to 1516. After earning his doctorate in theology at Bologna, he returned to Erfurt in the autumn of 1520 to visit his old friends and was promptly elected university rector; see Poetic Works, 4:204. nihil—requiescere Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.79; 7.10; Nemes. Ecl. 4.46; Eob. Buc. 10.42/ Idyl. 11.60, n.

660 12 13 14 15 16 17

20–21 20

22 23 24–25

26–33

27 29–32

29 30

31 32

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [3 piscosi For the epithet, see Her. Chr. 5.79, n.; Idyl. 16.25. socios … reviso = Verg. A. 2.795. post tempora—reviso Cf. Ov. Ep. 16.91; Pont. 3.3.81; Met. 4.40. rapidi … Fuldae Sylv. 2.4.28. gelidus Like rapidus in the preceding line, a stock epithet of rivers. Pascua … laetissima Nor. 99–100. memini = Calp. Ecl. 3.11; 4.105; Mant. Ecl. 9.68. Laudibus immodicis = Mart. Sp. 1.6; Eob. Her., ded. 20. mihi—solebas Cf. Calp. Ecl. 3.62; Nemes. Ecl. 2.79. memorare solebas ≈ Mant. Ecl. 6.212. in hoc—nostris For the motif, cf. Buc. 1.65–71/Idyl. 1.74–79, n.; cf. especially Buc. 8.32–33/Idyl. 12.31–32. gelido … antro Verg. G. 4.509 (in the contemporary eds.); Ov. Fast. 3.305; Tr. 5.1.61. postquam—antro = Bocc. Ecl. 3.66; cf. Verg. Ecl. 5.19: “successimus antro”; Calp. Ecl. 1.8–9; 6.65; Eob. Buc. 4.70/Idyl. 5.81. Estne—umbra Alluding to Mant. Ecl. 1.1. gelida … umbra Idyl. 1.74, n. audaci … pede Campano, Epigr. 3.1.20 (sig. C1v); Eob. Her. Chr. 22.72. pede currere = Hor. S. 1.10.1. noster … Tityrus Mant. Ecl. 2.8–9; 3.173–174; cf. l. 31 below: “meus … Tityrus.” Tityrus in Vergil’s first eclogue is traditionally identified as Vergil himself; cf. Eob. Idyl. 1.100. Atqui—error Alludes to the discussion among early sixteenth-century scholars on the relative merits of Vergil and Baptista Mantuanus, known in his day as “the Christian Vergil.” Cf. The Eclogues of Baptista Mantuanus, ed. Wilfred P. Mustard (Baltimore, 1911), 30–34; Battista Spagnoli Mantovano, Adolescentia, ed. and trans. Andrea Severi (Bologna, 2010), 391–427. By 1528 the debate had long since been settled in favor of the ancient Vergil and was now merely a historical curiosity. carmina surgant = Stat. Theb. 10.445. Ut lentas—umbra For this pattern of comparison, cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.24–25; 5.16–18; Bocc. Ecl. 1.32–34; 5.70–72; Mant. Ecl. 9.217–219; Eob. Buc. 1.107– 110/Idyl. 1.129–132; 10.8–9/Idyl. 11.20–21. securibus ilex = Verg. A. 6.180. Quantum—superat = Andrel. Ecl. 12.291: “Quantum humiles superat pinus praecelsa myricas, / Tantum alios claris reges supereminet actis.” humiles … genistas Verg. G. 2.434; Mant. Ecl. 9.94. meus … Tityrus Cf. ll. 24–25, n., above. gelida … in umbra = Calp. Ecl. 3.16. Eobanus, however, is thinking here in

3] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

35

36 37 38

39 40

40–41 41–42 42

42–46

43

661

particular of the famous opening verse of Mantuanus’s eclogues, Ecl. 1.1: “Fauste, … gelida quando pecus omne sub umbra / ruminat.” For gelida umbra, see also Eob. Idyl. 1.74, n. resupinus in umbra = Filetico, Theoc. 1.2: “Et tu dulce sonas grata resupinus in umbra”; also Filetico, Theoc. 3.38 and 7.89; cf. Verg. A. 3.624. Mantoos Instead of the classical Mantuanos. The adjective is derived from Manto, the mother of Ocnus who founded Mantua. See Mant. Ecl. 6.105; 2. Parthen. 3.485; Poliziano, Silv. 2.4. Eobanus uses the form also at Nob. 138; Max. 87. infoeliciter audes ≈ Mant. 2. Parthen. 2.682: “Nec tentare deum genus infeliciter aude”; Eob. Idyl. 9.24. Antiquos—modos Cf. Petrarch, Ep. 3.1.79: “Antiquos renovare modos.” carmina pastor = Idyl. 2.94, n.; cf. Verg. Ecl. 6.67. Romula Teutonicas ≈ Tum. 7.114: “Romula Teutonico milite tecta petit”; cf. Buc., lim. 5; Sylv. duae 1.182; Nob. 279; Idyl. (B), lim. 5; Idyl. 8.2. Teutonicas … oras = Celtis, Am. 4.13.55; 4.14.143. inurbanas—puellas = l. 8 above. incaute See Ama. 12.11, n. puer At the time described here, Eobanus was just sixteen or seventeen years old. The term puer is repeatedly used in Eobanus’s pastorals to characterize the adolescent who is still enchanted with erotic, passionate love. Cf. also Ama. 35.13, 53, 57, 63; B 2.11, 21, 23, 63, 75; Sylv. duae 2.125–130, 208; Sylv. 1.6.35–36. talibus … Illecebris = Idyl. 10.24–25. Non debent—Cupido For the thought, see Ama. B 2.44, n. Sit procul—Cupido Cf. Ama. 25.8–9. Sit procul a = Marul. Epigr. 1.62.15: “Sit procul a nobis obscoena licentia scripti”; cf. also Ov. Ep. 4.75; 15.176; Ars 2.107. Venus—Cupido Cf. Her. Chr. 17.101. For puer ille at this metrical position, see Ov. Am. 1.1.25 (Cupid). For Cupid as puer, see Eob. Ama. 32.37, n. puer—amores Cf. Prop. 2.12.1–12, with an allegorization of Cupid’s traits. “The childlike appearance symbolizes the ‘senseless’ behaviour of lovers, the wings indicate the volatile instability of amorous emotions, and the arrows the incurable wounds inflicted upon the human soul by love”; see Erwin Panofsky, Studies in Iconology (New York, 1967), 104. Quem … aiunt portare = Verg. A. 4.598. volucres … sagittas = Aus. Precationes variae 1.11; Prud. c. Symm. 1.363; cf. Verg. A. 5.242; 11.858; 12.415; Ov. Met. 9.102. portare sagittas = Priap. 9.7: “num pudet auratas Phoebum portare sagittas?”

662 44 45–46 45

46

47–57

47

49–51

49 50

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [3 Est alacer = Bocc. Ecl. 14.204. volat Hor. Carm. 1.2.34: “volat … Cupido”; Ov. Ars 3.4: “volat … puer.” ferit—amores Cf. Ama. 35.9–14. ferit incautos Rec. 37 (referring to the plague). dulcia vulnera Cf. Apul. Met. 4.31: “tuae sagittae dulcia vulnera”; Eob. Her. Chr. 17.85; 18.125. vulnera nutrit = Sedul. 4.77: “sua vulnera nutrit / Qui tegit”; cf. Verg. A. 4.2; and, for instance, Ov. Ars 3.579; Ov. Met. 1.496. Sed tantum—amores Cf. Aen. Silv. Carm. 117.13 (“In effigiem Amoris”): “qui sapit evitat malesana Cupidinis arma, / et tantum pueros intrat ineptus amor.” qui sapit odit amores For the obverse, see Ama. 20.10, n.; Buc. 7.171/Idyl. 10.96, n. Foelix—antro The simple life of contentment and tranquillity, untroubled by passion or involvement in public affairs, is an ancient ideal often taken up in the Renaissance. It was championed especially by Eobanus’s mentor, Mutianus Rufus; see Buc. 6/Idyl. 8. The theme is typically associated with the praise of country life and embellished with reminiscences of the Golden Age. Cf. Verg. G. 2.458–474, 493–540; Hor. Epod. 2; also Tib. 1.1.1–5; Poliziano, Silv. 2.17–24; Andrel. Ecl. 5.6–52; Eob. Buc. 4.34–40/Idyl. 5.45–51; Val. 1.231–242; Nor. 1307–1312; Sylv. 5.29.39–50; 9.4.23–40. Foelix rure suo For the ideal, cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.46–58; also cf. Hor. Carm. 2.16.37; S. 2.6.1–5. For rure suo, see Ov. Fast. 6.671. parvo contentus agello Cf. Andrel. Ecl. 7.31: “O ego vixissem patrio contentus agello”; Poliziano, Silv. 2.23: “ac modico contentus acervo”; Bebel, “De miseria humanae conditionis,” in Carm., sig. l5v: “modicis contentus agellis”; Eob. Pod. 203: “pauper modico … contentus agello”; Her. Chr. 22.31. See also Otto 1926; Walther 8957: “Felix, qui didicit contentus vivere parco”; Tib. 1.1.25; Mart. 10.96.5–6; Mant. Ecl. 5.117–119. Eobanus subscribed to the ideal himself; see his letter to Georg Spalatin of 12 April 1512, in Mutian. Ep., 2:368: “Parvo contentus ero, modo detur ad litteratiores literas reditus.” Dummodo—edet Milk, fruit, and acorns were the staple foods of simpler times; cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.80–81; Ov. Met. 1.103–106 (in the Golden Age); 15.96– 98. For arbuta, see Lucr. 5.941, 965; cf. Verg. G. 1.148; 2.520; Ov. Met. 1.104. For nuces (especially acorns), see, for example, Tib. 2.1.38; 2.3.69; Verg. G. 1.8, 159; Ov. Am. 3.10.9; Fast. 1.676; 4.399; Eob. Buc. 6.4/Idyl. 8.6; Contemn. B 4.5; Val. 1.407. copia lactis = Verg. Ecl. 1.81; G. 3.308; Eob. Buc. 10.17/Idyl. 11.33; cf. Idyl. 15.54– 55. famem solabitur Verg. G. 1.159; Calp. Ecl. 4.32.

3] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 51–52

52

53–57 53

54

56 57

58

59

663

oci … amor Cf. Verg. Ecl. 5.61. For the ideal (here only implied) of leisure for literary pursuits, cf. Eob. Buc. 2.82–83/Idyl. 2.74–75, n. This ideal contrasts with Cygnus’s hedonistic attitude in l. 10 above. Dulcis amor = Vict. 118: “Dulcis amor patriae”; cf. Catul. 66.6; 68.24, 96; Verg. Ecl. 3.109–110; G. 3.291–292; A. 6.455; Ov. Fast. 5.653; Eob. Buc. 4.49; Her. Chr. 15.93; 20.150. amor … voluptas = Prud. Apoth. 396: “castus amor, pulchra species, sincera voluptas.” secura—voluptas = Mant. Somn., fol. 218v, of heaven. Cf. Culex 89 (of shepherd life): “dulcis … requies et pura voluptas”; Poliziano, Silv. 4.145: “Musa quies hominum divumque aeterna voluptas”; Mant. Mort., fol. 121v (of heaven): “Hic aeterna quies, hic est aeterna voluptas.” secura quies Verg. G. 2.467. O igitur—antro Cf. Hor. Epod. 2.39–46; Tib. 1.1.5–6. cara soror Ov. Met. 9.368. frigida mater = Her. Chr. 12.277. She is frigida, because she has reached the winter of old age. Cf. Verg. A. 5.395–396; Sedul. 1.109: “Frigidus annoso moriens in corpore sanguis”; Eob. Buc. 6.73/Idyl. 8.72, n.; Her. Chr. 14.162; Val. 1.79–80, 267–274. Instruat—culinam Cf. Sylv. 9.4.32: “[uxor] coquat ad tenuem prandia parca focum.” For instruat focum, see Juv. 5.97; for ardentem focum, see Tib. 2.1.22. Ipse—secter Cf. Tib. 1.10.41. lactentes agnas Cf. Ov. Pont. 4.8.41. pace bona = Max. 111. tranquillo … antro Petrarch, Ecl. 1.1. tutus in antro = Idyl. 12.40 (in B only). Aut—Amorem Included in Neander, Ethice, vol. 2, fol. 85v. Cf. Aen. Silv. Hist., praef., 75, ll. 4–5: “Qui nunquam sensit amoris ignem aut lapis est aut bestia”; Cic. Amic. 48; Strozzi, Erot. 3.12.33: “Aut lapis aut ferrum est, quem numquam gaudia tangunt.” lapis est = Tib. 1.10.59; cf. Otto 911; Häussler, 58, 74, 107–108, 176, 239. truncus iners = Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.155: “iacuit ceu truncus iners”; cf. Ov. Am. 3.7.15 (in an obscene sense): “truncus iners iacui”; Otto 1695; Häussler, 80, 118, 215. qui nescit Amorem Cf. [Tib.] 3.4.73: “nescis quid sit amor”; Ov. Met. 4.330; l. 64, n., below. terdecimum Following Servius, Eobanus understands “alter ab undecimo … annus” in Verg. Ecl. 8.39 to mean “thirteenth year.” Modern commentators generally take it to mean “twelfth.”

664

60

62–63 63

64

65 66–67

66 66–67 68

69–72

69

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [3 attigit annum = Cordus, Ecl. 4.24. Dic ubi = Ov. Met. 8.861; Luc. 9.123; Mart. 4.66.17; et al.; Eob. Her. Chr. 6.81; 17.63; l. 62 below mutatis corpora formis Cf. Laud. 381, n. Dic—Aeditur An allusion to Verg. Ecl. 8.43–45: Amor is hard-hearted because he was born amidst rocks and crags. gratos … amores [Sen.] Oct. 763; cf. Eob. Idyl. 5.60, n. tecum linquemus amores The implication is that Philaegon too, in his younger days, was bewitched by love’s spell. But that is human nature, as Fortunatus in Mant. Ecl. 1.118 ruefully admits: “Id commune malum: semel insanivimus omnes.” Cf. Eob. Buc. 1.34–35/Idyl. 1.45–46, n. Dicere quid sit Amor Sylv. duae 2.28. quid sit Amor = Verg. Ecl. 8.43; [Tib.] 3.4.73; cf. Eob. Ama. B 2.22, n. fortis et impiger = Walter, Alex. 8.3: “fortis et impiger ille / Terrarum domitor”; Eob. Psalt. 19.31: “quam fortis et impiger heros.” On the omnipotence of Amor, see Ama. 8.3–6, n. impiger ales ≈ Stat. Theb. 1.292 (Mercury) and Sil. 4.510: “impiger alis.” For impiger applied to Cupid, see Ov. Met. 1.467; cf. l. 44 above, where he is alacer. For ales referring to Cupid, see Prop. 2.30.31; Sen. Phaed. 301; l. 82 below. in papilionibus Vulg. 2. Reg. 11.11 (of tents). Hinc—Ito The motif of interrupting a pastoral conversation with a reference to the herdsman’s real business of tending the flock goes back to Theoc. 4.44–49. The motif is also found in Mantuanus’s moral-satiric eclogues; see Ecl. 1.175–176; 4.87–88; 6.41–42: “Ante tamen paulum pecus et praesepia vise. / Vade, redi; calor est post frigora dulcior. Ito!”; cf. Eob. Buc. 10.112–113/Idyl. 11.130–131. errantes … capellas = Sylv. 2.4.33. capellas Reiice Verg. Ecl. 3.96. Lascivum pecus = Mart. 13.39.1 (a kid); cf. Calp. Ecl. 5.23 (she-goats). Goats were proverbially randy. Here, however, the dominant (literal) sense points to their frolicsome nature; cf. next note. lasciva capella = Verg. Ecl. 2.64: “florentem cytisum sequitur lasciva capella”; cf. Eob. Buc. 2.49/Idyl. 2.44, n. Vos sata—amore Cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.64–65. For ll. 69–70, cf. also Verg. Ecl. 1.77– 78; Filetico, Theoc. 5.128: “hic viridem carpunt cythisumque capellae”; Eob. Buc. 7.21–22/Idyl. 9.21–22. gramina—capellae = Boiardo, Pastoralia 9.23; cf. Ciris 300: “gramina nota capellas.” gramina laeta = Filetico, Theoc. 4.17; cf. Verg. G. 2.525.

3] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 69–70 70 71

72 73

73–75

73 74 75–76 76–77

76 77

665

capellae—pecus Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.74. florentes … herbas Verg. Ecl. 9.19; G. 3.126; Ov. Fast. 3.253. carpitis herbas Buc. 1.80–81/Idyl. 1.92–93, n. primis … ab annis = Verg. A. 8.517; Ov. Tr. 4.4.27; Mant. Ecl. 3.167; Eob. Her. Chr. 11.9; 18.55, 99; 24.75; Eob. Idyl., 2.ded. 105; cf. Mant. Ecl. 1.11 (as Faustus begins his tale of love): “Hic ego, dum sequerer primis armenta sub annis”; Eob. Laud. 557, n.; Buc. 1.35/Idyl. 1.46; Idyl. 1.101. custos Verg. Ecl. 3.5; 5.44; 10.36; G. 1.17. Torquet … amore Tib. 1.4.81; Ov. Ars 1.176; 2.124; Eob. Laud. 236. Quamvis—dolores Modeled on Mant. Ecl. 1.54: “quanvis illa meo miserata faveret amori.” Cf. Eob. Theoc. 3.58: “Respiciat si forte meos miserata dolores”; Idyl. 15.46. illa meos—Viderit Eobanus conflates two models: Bocc. Ecl. 1.35–36 (the girl, smitten with another man, has forgotten her old flame; the hapless lover now recalls their affair under the same beech trees that once witnessed the trysts): “Hec [nympha] facilem placidis quondam me cepit in annis / has inter fagos”; and Mant. Ecl. 1.6–8 (where the love recalled is deemed honestus, because it led to marriage): “Hic locus, haec eadem sub qua requiescimus arbor / scit quibus ingemui curis, quibus ignibus arsi / ante duos vel … quattuor annos.” miserata … dolores Prop. 1.16.25. Saepius has mecum ≈ Idyl. 7.144. O dulces—quibus illa Cf. Lydia 9–10: “O fortunati [agri] …, / in quibus illa pedis nivei vestigia ponet.” delapsa—papillas Cf. Catul. 64.65–66; 66.81; Celtis, Am. 4.13.15–22: “Ergo age, solve animos roseisque recinge corollis, / Barbara, flaventes, Cimbrica, laeta comas! / … / … / Nunc disiunge pedes herboso caespite torpens / Concerpens flores, Barbara, odoriferos. / Abice, quaeso, tuam niveo de corpore pallam / Subque umbris densis corpore nuda sede!” delapsa—palla Cf. Idyl. 15.45 (a motif not derived from Eobanus’s model, Theoc. 11): “delapsam a corpore pallam.” Explicuit … papillas The motif, familiar to the erotic elegy, also occurs in Pontano, Ecl. 1.8: “Hic mihi tu teneras nudasti prima papillas”; 1.34–38; 4.68. Explicuit … comas Claud. in Rufin. 1, praef. 8, referring to trees: “explicuere comas.” For the erotic implications of a girl’s unbinding her locks, see, for instance, Ov. Ars 3.141–154, 783–784. Cf. also Eob. Buc. 7.112, n. Virgins and matrons, by contrast, are admonished not to let their hair flow freely over their shoulders, but to keep it bound up; cf. Sylv. 3.5.21–22. flavasque—papillas Cf. Bebel, “Carmen in pestem,” in Carm., sig. m5v:

666

78

79

80

81–82 81 82

83–84 83 84

85

86

87

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [3 “Flavaque caesaries nec non teretesque papillae.” Also cf. Bebel, “Elegia de praemeditatione senectutis et mortis” 5, in Gustav Bebermeyer, Tübinger Dichterhumanisten: Bebel, Frischlin, Flayder (1927; Hildesheim, 1967), 24: “teretesque papillas”; Eob. Her. Chr. 4.225, n. flavas … comas Tib. 1.5.44; 2.1.48; Hor. Carm. 1.5.4. comas … papillas = Poliziano, Silv. 2.219: “resoluta comas nudata papillas.” mea cura, capellae = Filetico, Theoc. 5.1: “Effugite audentes nimium, mea cura, capellae”; Eob. Theoc. 5.159: “Aegilon et cytisum carpunt, mea cura, capellae.” duro … viro Ov. Am. 3.4.1; Ep. 7.84; Rem. 554; et al. coniuncta viro = Lucr. 5.1012; Verg. Ecl. 8.32. nupta marito = Catul. 64.374; Ov. Ep. 5.107; 13.139; Pont. 2.8.43. interclusa Her husband would keep her guarded and stop her from continuing her dalliances. For this motif, cf., for example, Prop. 2.6.37–40; Ov. Am. 2.19; 3.4; Juv. 6.346–348. meos … amores = Tib. 1.3.81; Prop. 1.16.19. Hei mihi—Alite Cf. Verg. A. 2.274; Ov. Met. 14.15; Eob. Buc. 7.139–140/Idyl. 10.63–64, n. For alite, see l. 64, n., above. Hei mihi, quam = Sylv. 1.188, n. quam perii Cf. Verg. Ecl. 8.41; Ciris 430; Ov. Ep. 12.33. pharetram … gestare Verg. A. 1.336; Stat. Silv. 5.1.130. Philaegon did not mention the quiver explicitly (l. 43), but it certainly is a conventional attribute of Cupid. Cygne—quereris Cf. Petrarch, Ecl. 1.6: “Silvi, quid quereris?” pecus hinc—arces ≈ Verg. G. 4.168; A. 1.435. Totis—sylvis Cf. Mant. 6. Parthen. 428 (fol. 137r): “totis resonat querimonia tectis”; cf. also Verg. Ecl. 1.5; Prop. 1.18.31; Mant. Ecl. 3.184: “audita est totis querimonia campis.” Perfidus ille = Ov. Ars 1.536; 3.489; cf. Verg. Ecl. 8.91. potum—amnem Cf. Buc. 7.114/Idyl. 10.37, n. descendit ad amnem Cf. Stat. Theb. 11.195; Juv. 6.522; Eob. Buc. 3.101/Idyl. 7.72. Quem—molli Cf. Verg. G. 3.464. molli … clivo = Verg. Ecl. 9.8; G. 3.293. via pendula clivo Cf. Prud. Cath. 9.50 (of Christ’s walking on the water): “mobilis liquor profundi pendulam praestat viam”; Gunther, Lig. 8.413: “difficili … loca pendula clivo.” cognita flumina Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.51; Eob. Buc. 3.101/Idyl. 7.72: “notum … amnem.”

3] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 88 89–90

90 91–93 91 92 93 94 97–100 97 100 101–105

101 103–105 106

107–110 108

109 110–112

110 111–116

667

Sed satis est = Hod. 491, n. convicia fecimus Ov. Ep. 21.79; Met. 14.710; l. 91 below. Et me—desit For the motif—punishment for losing an animal from the flock—cf. Theoc. 8.15–16; Verg. Ecl. 3.32–34. me manet—Conditio Cf. Vict. 42–44. numerato … grege For the motif, cf. Buc 1.125/Idyl. 1.154, n. Qualia—pallor Passionate love cannot be concealed, for it can be read from the face. Cf. ll. 101–105, n., below; Mant. Ecl. 1.122–129. convitia feceris l. 88, n., above. ne finge = Verg. A. 4.338; cf. Eob. Idyl. 7.39. pallor Pallor is a conventional symptom of lovesickness. See Laud. 237, n. Et vultu—istis Cf. Mant. Ecl. 3.131: “Signa … vultus fallacia”; Celtis, Am. 4.7.23: “toto nihil est fallacius orbe.” Ut rubet—ignes For the ironic comparisons, cf. Mant. Ecl. 5.146–147; Eob. Idyl. 11.141–143, n.; Her. 3.5.35–36. forcipe plumbum Cf. Verg. G. 4.175 (A. 12.404): “forcipe ferrum.” Idalios … ignes Eleg. 3.42; Sylv. 5.21.10: “Ignibus Idaliis.” torret ad ignes = Venus 1.8. Improbe—revelas Modeled on Ov. Ep. 12.37–38 and 16.7–8. For the proverbial insight that love cannot be concealed, see TPMA, 7:406–408, s.v. “Liebe,” nos. 1–50. Improbe Amor = Verg. A. 4.412. idem—magis Cf. Ov. Met. 4.64. Sed quid agam = Mart. 14.1.9; Claud. in Eutrop. 1.396; Carm. minora 41.7. Curis … consumor acerbis Cf. Eccles. 17. For curis acerbis, see Mant. 1. Parthen. 1.786–787. Curis corpus consumor Notice the alliteration. Quique—dolores Cf. Buc. 7.139–143/Idyl. 10.63–67, n. duros … tolerare labores = Prosper, Epigr. 100.5; cf. Cic. Div. 2.63: “duros … tolerate labores”; Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.119 (Andrel. Livia 1.3.87): “duros tolerare labores.” Cf. Eob. Buc. 1.97/Idyl. 1.119, n.: “duri … labores.” For the tag tolerare labores, see also Ov. Met. 9.289; 15.121; Luc. 9.881. lentoque—igni Cf. Tib. 1.4.81; Hor. Carm. 1.13.8; 3.19.28; Ov. Ars 3.573; l. 146 below. Quae—vulneribus Love is a wound that defies medical skill. See, for example, Tib. 2.3.13–14; Prop. 2.1.57–58; Ov. Ep. 5.149; Met. 1.523; Mant. Ecl. 3.138; Eob. Idyl. 7.90–91; 15.121–123. For the related commonplace that love is a disease, see Idyl. 7.42. n. curare dolores Cf. Filetico, Theoc. 1.139: “infandos pueri sanare dolores.” Heu—lapsu Expanding on Verg. A. 4.65–67.

668 111 111–112

112

113 114 115–116 116 117

118 118–119 119 120–121 120 121

122 124 125–126 126

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [3 herbarum vires Val. 3.21, n. promissaque … Carmina Poliziano, Silv. 1.143: “promissaque carmina poscunt.” caecis … vulneribus Lucr. 4.1120; Ov. Ep. 4.20; Pers. 4.44. Carmina Even magic spells cannot prevail against love. Cf. Mant. Ecl. 3.139– 140. Captas … mentes Ov. Met. 4.62 (of Pyramus and Thisbe). captum lumine Val. 2.271, n. lumine fulgor Her. Chr. 3.78, n. verbera For the image, cf. Her. Chr. 9.34, n. medullas Intrat Verg. A. 8.389–390. Intrat—lapsu = Ama. 35.11, n. Pone modum … querelis Sylv. 4.14.53: “Ergo querelis pone modum tuis”; cf. Petrarch, Africa 5.683: “Pone modum lacrimis metamque impone querelis”; Eob. Ebn. 131. Pone modum = Stat. Theb. 2.406; 10.334. miseris … querelis Nob. 61, n. impetus iste Ov. Pont. 2.6.36. saevo … dolori Verg. A. 1.25; 12.945; Ov. Ars 2.235. dolori Cedere Her. Chr. 20.105; Idyl. 17.225. Dedidicit Cf. Ov. Rem. 211, 297, 503. indulsit amori ≈ V. Fl. 2.356; cf. Ov. Met. 9.595–596. Copia—amor For this cure for love, see Ov. Rem. 531–542, esp. ll. 539–542; cf. Prop. 2.33.43–44. Copia detur = Ov. Met. 6.545; 12.265; 13.863. Victus abibit Verg. G. 3.225. abibit amor Ov. Ep. 17.204; Rem. 64. Minuit praesentia = Claud. Bell. Gild. 1.385. Fortior—Venus Absence makes the heart grow fonder. Cf. Prop. 2.33.43; Eob. Sylv. duae 1.5–6. ratione mederi = Val. 2.23, n. Vera—barbam Cf. Idyl. 7.25–26. tetricam—barbam Cf. Andrel. Ecl. 12.105–106: “Ista decent longa decoctam aetate senectam / Consilia.” tetricam … barbam The epithet tetricus is often associated with dour moralists, particularly Cato; see Venus 2.258, n. Erasmus associates it with (Stoic) philosophers; see Moria, ASD 4.3:84, ll. 240–241: “tetricos istos et vel philosophiae studiis … addictos”; Adag. 3.4.19, ASD 2.5:249, l. 200: “fastuosum et vultu tetrico philosophum agentem.” For barba as the philosopher’s beard, see Erasmus, Adag. 1.2.95.

3] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 128 129–130

131 131–133 132 133

134

136

137

138 139

139–140 139 140 141 142–143 142 143

669

Quod loquor = Ov. Met. 14.172; cf. Eob. Idyl. 7.35. posse negare ≈ Verg. Ecl. 3.24; G. 2.234. ista fateri … iuvat Sharing one’s pain helps unburden the heart. Cf. Ov. Tr. 5.1.59–64; Bocc. Ecl. 1.27: “Leviat mentes recitasse dolores”; Eob. Her. Chr. 16.95; Idyl. 7.37–39, 93–94, n.; 17.26–27. Vulnera crudescunt For the image, cf. Ov. Rem. 623, 729–730; Erasmus, Adag. 1.6.80. Utinam—sorores Cf. Ov. Ep. 12.3–6; Eob. Her. Chr. 11.9–12. quo primum—vidi = Idyl. 15.38; Theoc. 11.40; Sylv. 1.11.41; cf. Verg. G. 1.61; Ov. Rem. 86. rupissent—sorores Cf. Andrel. Livia 1.1.27: “Ut fera dent misero tetricae mihi fila sorores”; Dantiscus, Carm. 5.1.9: “lanificae rupissent fila sorores.” For tetricae sorores, see also Eob. Epic. 8.15; cf. Mart. 4.73.6; 7.96.4. ingratae—vitae Cf. Mant. Ad Ioannem Sabadinum Argenteum pro filii morte paramythia, in Opera, vol. 1, fol. 152v: “Poenitet ingratae producere tempora vitae”; 1. Parthen. 1.713: “fessae producere tempora vitae”; Pontano, Parthen. 2.1.59: “longae producere tempora vitae.” For the tag tempora vitae, see, for example, Verg. Cat. 4.1; Ov. Met. 3.469; Pont. 3.2.29. Amplexusque—iungat Cf. Ov. Ep. 18.101; Met. 9.560. Amplexus … ferat Ov. Met. 8.177. oscula iungat = Ov. Met. 2.357; 9.458; cf. Ep. 18.101; 20.141; Met. 2.430; 6.626; 10.362. Hoc erat—rogabam Cf. Verg. A. 12.259; Eob. Buc. 6.31–32/Idyl. 8.32–33. Hoc erat … quod = Prop. 2.24.17; Verg. A. 2.664; Ov. Met. 11.694. quod … saepe rogabam ≈ Verg. Ecl. 5.88. muneribus … agrestibus Celtis, Am. 2.9.73. Annuat … votis Ov. Pont. 2.8.51; Eob. Her. Chr. 5.64. Annuat his ≈ Verg. A. 12.841. aliquis deus = Nemes. Ecl. 4.60. omnia—acanthus Cf. Calp. Ecl. 3.51–54; Nemes. Ecl. 2.44–48. omnia … nigra prius Cf. Idyl. 6.14–15; 15.81–82. omnia fient ≈ Ov. Met. 9.753. Candida, nigra = Dirae 99. tristis acanthus = Idyl. 1.128; 5.8. Flava … mella Sylv. duae 1.86, n. sudabunt mella Verg. Ecl. 4.30; Nemes. Ecl. 1.76–77. fata … Esse sinent Verg. A. 6.869–870. fata … meliora Verg. A. 6.546; Ov. Pont. 4.9.9; Eob. Rec. 229; Her. Chr. 9.166. quoniam—ardes Cf. Ov. Ep. 15.163–164. For the tag ignibus ardes, cf. Ov. Ep. 12.33; Met. 8.514; Mant. Ecl. 1.7; Eob. Val. 3.61, n.; Idyl. 7.48.

670

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [3

144 145 146

florenti … iuventae Idyl. 2.2, n. obdura = Hor. S. 2.5.39; Ov. Am. 3.11.7; Ars 2.178; Tr. 5.11.7. lenta—flamma Cf. Sylv. 3.6.8 (5.23.4; 8.17.6): “crucias lenta pectora nostra mora?” lenta … flamma Epic. Drusi 253–254; Eob. Idyl. 10.26; cf. l. 109, n., above. pectora flamma ≈ Laud. 294, n.; Venus 1.176, n.

Idyllion 4 This idyl is an amoebean contest, a type of pastoral in which two herdsmen compete for a prize by singing in responsive stanzas. The genre goes back to Theoc. 5. Eobanus’s immediate models, however, are Vergil’s third and seventh eclogues. Later examples include Calp. Ecl. 2; Bocc. Ecl. 13; Boiardo, Pastoralia 3; Gerald. Ecl. 5 (on the miracles of Christ). Praise of the Virgin Mary recurs in Eobanus’s writings; see the headnote to Hod. B 7 (4:563). In the present, postReformation version of the poem, Eobanus subtly modulates his praise of Mary to conform with Lutheran belief. Though no longer diva (Buc. 5.109), the Virgin does receive added praise as an intercessor for sinners (Idyl. 4.104–105, n.). Too, the amoebean contest no longer ends with a prayer to Mary, as in A, but with a prayer to God (ll. 107–111). Moreover, the concluding prayer is one line longer than the one to Mary, as if to make clear that the Virgin is not co-equal with the Almighty. The names Tityrus and Battus are familiar from ancient pastoral. For the former, see Theoc. 3.2–4; 7.72; Verg. Ecl. 1; and so forth; for the latter, see Theoc. 4.41, 56; also see Ov. Met. 2.688. Meter: Dactylic hexameter. 1–19

1–4 1 2

3 3–4

Pastores—solvam The model is Verg. Ecl. 7.1–19; for ll. 1–6, cf. also Calp. Ecl. 2.1–7. For the “motif of bucolic repose,” see Eob. Buc. 1.65–71/Idyl. 1.74–79, n. Pastores—susurros Cf. Idyl. 10.1–4. Pastores—umbra Cf. Verg. Ecl. 5.1–3. viridi … umbra = Vict. 415, n. Pandentis … brachia fagi Cf. Theoc. 12.16: “ramos fagi pandentis in umbram”; Verg. Ecl. 1.1; A. 6.282. The beech is the pastoral tree par excellence since Verg. Ecl. 1.1. See also Eob. Buc. 2.97/Idyl. 2.88; 3.83; 6.51/Idyl. 8.50; 7.124/Idyl. 10.47; 9.61/Idyl. 6.64; cf. Ama. 1.1. pictas … ripas Cf. Prop. 1.2.13. ubi plurima—susurros Cf. Mant. Sylv. 2.3.45–48 (fol. 269r): “ubi mollibus

4] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

3 3–4 4

5–6 5 6 7

8

9 10

11

12

13–15

13

671

auris / Mota ciet lenem quercus frondosa susurrum / …, ubi plurima garrit / Ales.” ubi plurima = Verg. A. 12.690; Stat. Theb. 10.59; Eob. Buc. 7.3/Idyl. 9.3; 8.112/Idyl. 12.119. plurima … unda = Verg. G. 4.419–420. dulces—susurros Cf. Verg. G. 1.109–110; Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.736–737: “nitidis e fontibus undae / volvebant dulces cursu crepitante susurros”; Eob. Ruf. 55: “Qua dulci veniens admurmuret unda susurro.” Una—parati Cf. Buc. 3.96/Idyl. 7.67, n. Una—erat ≈ Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.806: “Una aetas ambobus erit.” formosus uterque = Ov. Met. 9.713; Fast. 2.395. certare parati = Verg. A. 5.108; Mant. Ecl. 10.3. studio intenti Her. Chr. 11.83, n. calamosque ligabant After cutting the reeds of their panpipes to the right length, shepherds fasten them together with wax. See Verg. Ecl. 2.32; 3.25– 26; Tib. 2.5.32; Ov. Met. 1.711–712; Calp. Ecl. 3.26; 4.19–20; Nemes. Ecl. 1.58. Forte—Thrasybulus For the motif of the umpire who happens to come by, see Verg. Ecl. 3.50; 7.8–10; Calp. Ecl. 6.28. Protinus illum = Verg. A. 9.337. Ut … videre = Verg. A. 8.107. prior sic … inquit Cf. Verg. A. 1.321; V. Fl. 8.36. Huc ades, o = Verg. Ecl. 2.45; 7.9 (addressed to the umpire); 9.39; Ov. Am. 2.12.16; Eob. Buc. 3.159/Idyl. 7.147; cf. l. 11, n., below. Pecus—umbra In the noontime heat, the herd seeks relief in the shade or by a stream. For the motif, cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.8; G. 3.327–334; Calp. Ecl. 5.56–59; Eob. Buc. 1.57–59/Idyl. 1.66–68; 7.72–73/Idyl. 9.60–61; 10.48–49/Idyl. 11.65– 66; Idyl. 10.1–2. dormit in umbra = Buc. 11.86. Huc ades et = Tib. 1.7.49; 3.10.1; Ov. Am. 1.6.54; 3.2.46; et al.; Eob. Buc. 5.108/Idyl. 4.103; 7.122/Idyl. 10.45; Idyl. 4.108; cf. l. 10, n., above. iudex certaminis = Bocc. Ecl. 13.70: “Sed quis erit … iudex certaminis huius?”; cf. Calp. Ecl. 2.9. tua per—sylvas While the motif of praising the umpire is foreign to idyllic pastoral, it does recur in the allegorical variety. See in particular Mant. Ecl. 10.6–12 (praise of the umpire Bembus). Audaces—temeraria Cf. Ov. Met. 10.544–545: “in audaces non est audacia tuta. / parce meo, iuvenis, temerarius esse periclo.” For the thought, cf. Eob. Buc. 10.120/Idyl. 11.139, n.; Her. Chr. 5.164; Hod. 72–73. Audaces pueri ≈ Stat. Theb. 12.127. pueriliter ausi ≈ Psalt., ded. 43.

672 14

16

17

18

19

20

22

23 25

26 27

28 29

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [4 Alternis—modis Cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.59; 7.18; Cat. 9.19; Stat. Silv. 1.2.248; Calp. Ecl. 2.25; 4.79; 6.2; Eob. Buc. 3.112–113/Idyl. 7.97–98, n.; 4.2–3/Idyl. 5.2–3; 10.12/Idyl. 11.25; 10.160–161/Idyl. 11.186. Alternis … modis = Arator, Epistola ad Vigilium 21. audacia laus est Prop. 2.10.5–6. Quae—ergo Cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.31; Eob. Buc. 5.18, 57/Idyl. 4.20, 60; Buc. 10.7/Idyl. 11.19. For the practice of putting up stakes and praising one’s own contribution, see Theoc. 5.21–30; 8.11–24; Verg. Ecl. 3.29–48; Calp. Ecl. 2.7–8; 6.32–57. Ipse ego … flumina ≈ Verg. A. 8.57. quandoquidem = Verg. Ecl. 3.55 (the umpire speaks): “Dicite, quandoquidem in molli consedimus herba”; Mant. Ecl. 10.13 (the umpire speaks): “Dicite, quandoquidem tepidos admovit ad ignes / nos hyberna dies.” stant—tauri = Theoc. 1.103. Et pecus—umbra Cf. Idyl. 6.19, n. pecus omne Idyl. 1.154, n. levi … in umbra Ov. Met. 5.336. fessum—umbra Cf. Copa 31. meritis—solvam Cf. Stat. Silv. 3.1.170; Juvenc. 4.303. meritis sua praemia = Hutten, Panegyr. 261: “starent meritis sua praemia factis.” Hunc tibi = Lucr. 6.225; Verg. A. 8.514; Ov. Met. 13.855. lunatum … arcum ≈ Mant. Georgius, fol. 202v: “lunato … arcu”; cf. Ov. Am. 1.1.23: “lunavit … arcum.” Fecimus his manibus Cf. Theoc. 8.25 (praising his stake in an amoebean contest): “Fecimus illam [fistulam] / Iam pridem his manibus”; also cf. Calp. Ecl. 3.76. torno Verg. Ecl. 3.38 (in similar context); G. 2.449. Distinctum—bubulis Cf. Ov. Pont. 1.2.19. visco … tenaci Andrel. Livia 4.12.11: “ales visco laqueata tenaci.” Herculeis … sagittis ≈ V. Fl. 1.393; 5.136; Stat. Theb. 10.261. Hercules’s arrows always hit their mark; see Sen. Her. O. 1650–1659. ferit ille = Verg. Ecl. 9.25. Hic mihi = Verg. Ecl. 1.44; A. 2.735; 8.65. arbore ab alta = Mant. Georg., fol. 218r; cf. Verg. A. 7.108; Ov. Met. 15.404. Saepe etiam = Verg. G. 1.84, 322, 365; 3.132, 409; 4.42, 203; Calp. Ecl. 3.77. res mira = Nor. 680; cf. Ov. Met. 13.893; Juv. 8.198; Mart. 7.71.6; Eob. Buc. 11.46; Sylv. duae 1.83; Her. Chr. B 1.33. Praecipites—lapsas Verg. G. 1.366. manibusque prehensas Prud. Cath. 4.61; cf. Verg. A. 2.592. non est—certo Cf. Her. Chr. 16.91, n.

4] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 30–31 30 31 35

36 37 39

40 40–41

41

42

44 45–46 45 46 47–51

47

48

673

Phyllirides—Achilli Cf. Ov. Ars 1.11. caelatus For the motif, cf. Theoc. 1.28–56; Verg. Ecl. 3.37, 45–46; Eob. Buc. 5.49–54/Idyl. 4.52–57. Spicula … pharetra = Ov. Ars 3.516. nobis invidit = Ov. Pont. 2.8.59. invidit—Amyntas Cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.39. The rapscallion Amyntas reappears at Eob. Idyl. 7.127 and 9.41. mecum—certes Cf. Verg. Ecl. 4.58; cf. also Ecl. 2.57 (different). iudice certes = Hor. S. 2.1.49. pendet—quercu Cf. Verg. Ecl. 7.24; Tib. 2.5.29–30; Nemes. Ecl. 1.14; 3.5. calamis—cicutis Cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.36–37; Ov. Met. 13.784. For cicutis (reeds made from the stem of hemlock), see also Lucr. 5.1383; Verg. Ecl. 5.85; Calp. Ecl. 7.12; Eob. Buc. 10.4, 19/Idyl. 11.16, 35. calamis—tribus Cf. Mant. Blasius 1.587 (fol. 189v): “octo / Fistula disparibus calamis compacta.” cera connexa See l. 7, n., above. quibus improbus—poetas Pan was the inventor and first teacher of the syrinx (panpipe); see Ov. Met. 1.689–712; Verg. Ecl. 2.32–33. He is improbus because he attempted to rape the nymph Syrinx. However, she was transformed into reeds before he could carry out his plan. Pan deus = Verg. Ecl. 10.26; G. 3.392. agrestes—poetas Cf. Lucr. 5.1383. docuit resonare Verg. Ecl. 1.5. buxo tornata Cf. Verg. G. 2.449. For buxus in the sense of boxwood flute, see Verg. A. 9.619; Ov. Met. 4.30; 12.158; et al.; Eob. Buc. 10.6/Idyl. 11.18, n.; Idyl. 7.63. Longa—fecit Cf. Calp. Ecl. 1.26; also cf. Ov. Met. 11.793. Hanc—capellam Cf. Theoc. 1.57–58 (the beautifully carved bowl was bought with a goat and a large cheese). Hanc ego = Verg. A. 9.287. raptamque—capellam Cf. Verg. A. 7.484; cf. Eob. Idyl. 7.3, n. Hac—flatu As soon as Tityrus plays his flute, all nature blooms and listens intently. Cf. Calp. Ecl. 2.10–20; 4.60–67, of the flute that once belonged to Tityrus (Vergil). Hac—alto ≈ Idyl. 11.26; cf. Petr. 122.177: “Haec ubi personuit”; Eob. Buc. 1.83– 84/Idyl. 1.97–98, n. scopulo … ab alto = Idyl. 15.25; cf. Ov. Tr. 3.9.29. Floruit omne nemus Cf. Verg. Ecl. 7.59; Eob. Rec. 5, n. omne nemus = Verg. A. 5.149; 8.305; Ov. Met. 3.44; Eob. Buc. 9.40/Idyl. 6.40; cf. Buc. 7.109/Idyl. 10.33, n.; Sylv. duae 1.102, n.

674 48–49 49–50 50 51 53

54 56 57 58 59 60 61–63 61

62

63

64–111

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [4 flores—humus Cf. Verg. Ecl. 9.41; Eob. Ilias 14.462: “florum genus omne … / Fundebat genialis humus.” gravis—ibat For the motif, cf. Theoc. 2.38; Verg. Ecl. 9.57–58; Hor. Carm. 1.12.9–10; Calp. Ecl. 2.16. Spirabant Zephyri = Pontano, Eridanus 2.22.3; cf. Verg. A. 4.562. leni … flatu = Val. 1.449. circum mea tempora = Ov. Am. 2.12.1. Cernis ut hic = Mant. Ecl. 2.170. Cf. Verg. A. 10.20; and, for example, Ov. Tr. 5.14.37; Eob. Buc. 4.50/Idyl. 5.61; 9.36/Idyl. 6.36; Ruf. 97; Her. Chr. 14.163. Demens—certamina Cf. Verg. A. 6.172, of Misenus. Hic etiam = Verg. A. 9.742. Misenum in littore = Verg. A. 6.162, 212. Arrident … nymphae Cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.9; Hor. Carm. 2.8.13–14. tecum deponimus Verg. Ecl. 3.32. Quis prior incipiat Cf. l. 63, n., below. Ludite iam—dictum Cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.111; 6.24; also cf. l. 113 below. Ludite, ut—Incipe Cf. Verg. Ecl. 6.27–28. Ludite, ut—sylvae Quoted in Dial. 3.12, with “Ludite” changed to “Incipe.” Cf. Idyl. 1.80. incipiant … sylvae Verg. Ecl. 6.39; Eob. Buc. 6.8–9/Idyl. 8.9–10. cacumina sylvae = Ov. Met. 1.346; Fast. 2.439; 3.329. Blandaque—nymphae Cf. Sylv. 2.12.15, referring to Vergil: “Cuius blanda novem saltant ad plectra sorores.” Blanda … carmina Stat. Theb. 8.58. formosae—nymphae Cf. Pontano, Urania 1.172: “Formosae ludunt ubi festa ad carmina nymphae”; also cf. Ecl. 1.72: “stupuere ad carmina nymphae”; 1.5.67: “plaudunt ad carmina nymphae”; Hort. 1.217: “ludunt ad carmina nymphae.” saliant … nymphae Sylv. 5.37.3. Incipe … prior = Verg. Ecl. 5.10: “Incipe, Mopse, prior”; cf. Ecl. 3.58; Calp. Ecl. 2.27; 4.81; l. 59 above. tua … dignior aetas = Verg. A. 9.212; Eob. Idyl. 13.14. Dicite—ullo The two shepherds sing a total of eleven strophes (as opposed to ten in A). Like Komatas in Theoc. 5, Battus opens and ends the competition. In consequence, God is praised in six strophes, Mary in five. In A, all the stanzas consist of five verses each. In BO, only the two opening stanzas and the concluding stanza to God are of that length, while the other stanzas are four lines long. For the refrain, see Buc. 2.15/Idyl. 2.14, n.

4] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 64

65–67

65

66

67 70–71

70

71 72

74

75

675

Dicite—Musae Cf. Theoc. 19.12 (refrain): “Dicite, Sicelides, lugentes dicite Musae.” Dicite, Pierides … dicite = Filetico, Theoc. 1.64 (the opening line of Thyrsis’s song): “Dicite, Pierides, pastorum dicite cantus”; cf. Verg. Ecl. 8.63; [Tib.] 3.1.5; Ov. Ars 2.1; Fast. 2.269; 6.799. Pierides … Musae = Bebel, “Elegia extemporalis in mortem … Hartmanni de Eptingen,” in his Liber hymnorum in metra noviter redactorum [Tübingen, 1501], sig. g4v: “Plangite, Pyerides, nunc mecum plangite, Muse”; Eob. Idyl. 12.125; cf. Rec. 74, n.; Idyl. 15.1–2; Theoc. 10.35: “Musae Pierides, … cantate.” certantes … Musae Cf. Idyl. 17.138; Theoc. 1.13–14: “si pro pignore Musae / Certantes mereantur ovem.” Quis fuit—regnum Cf. Mant. 2. Parthen. 3.38–40: “Quis fuit ante Iovem [cf. l. 65], qui lucida volveret astra [cf. l. 66], / Qui regeret coeli cursum, qui clauderet undas / Littore, qui laeto vestiret gramine campos [cf. ll. 90–91]?” ante chaos Prud. Amart. 44 (of Christ): “Ante chaos genitus.” prima exordia = Verg. A. 4.284. exordia rerum = Lucr. 2.333; 3.31; 4.114. Quis mare—fecit ≈ Prud. Apoth. 153; cf. Eob. Hod. 43. Quis … quis lucida sydera = Mant. Mort., fol. 119v: “Quis regit hos orbes? Quis lucida sydera torquet?” For lucida sydera, see also Eob. Buc. 7.101/Idyl. 9.88, n. contrahit omnia = Luc. 9.776. Virginis … Christophorae Cf. Her. Chr. 6.187, n.: “Christiferae … puellae.” The epithet Christophora is a Graecism for Christifer, formed after Christopher (Christ-bearer). Virginis intactae = Hrotsv. Maria 536; Theoph. 196; cf. Catul. 62.45. castum … amorem Laud. 240, n. referemus amorem ≈ Ov. Met. 4.170. genialis—lecti For the paraphrase, cf. Her. Chr. 7.152, n. For genialis lecti, see, for example, Hor. Ep. 1.1.87; Eob. Nup. 79. arcano … semine Paul. Nol. Carm. 18.187; Eob. Her. Chr. 2.104; 22.18. conceptum semine ≈ Col. 10.144: “concepto semine partum”; Mant. 1. Parthen. 1.308 (the Virgin): “concepto semine Mater”; cf. Ov. Met. 10.328. semine Natum ≈ Lucr. 2.733; Cic. Div. 1.20. Quis—molem Cf. Her. Chr. 18.116. For moles in the sense of moles mundi, see Lucr. 5.96; 6.567. quis temperat orbem ≈ Ov. Met. 1.770. rutilum … ignem Verg. G. 1.454; A. 8.430; Ov. Ep. 3.64; Met. 4.403; 11.436 (lightning bolts).

676

76 78 79

80

82–83 82

83

84 86–87

86 86–87

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [4 fissis … nubibus For the image, cf. Lucr. 6.203; Verg. A. 3.199; Stat. Theb. 12.709–710; Eob. Her. Chr. 13.100. iaculatur nubibus ignem ≈ Verg. A. 1.42; Stat. Theb. 7.158. aeterna mundi ratione ≈ Man. 1.64; cf. Boeth. Consol. 3.m9.1. Vidit et incaluit = Ov. Met. 2.574; 3.371; Fast. 2.307; cf. Met. 2.641; Eob. Her. Chr. 6.125. Nobilis … Virgo Hor. Carm. 3.11.35–36; Prud. Cath. 11.53. flagravit For the image, cf. Brant, Var. carm., sig. A8r (Texte 103.87–88), comparing Mary to the burning bush (Vulg. Exod. 3.2): “Flagrat et intactum permansit ab igne rubetum? / Urit amor matrem nec tamen igne perit.” See further Salzer, 12–14 (Mary as burning bush). nomine Virgo = Ov. Pont. 3.2.81. Ut calet—horto Cf. Her. Chr. 1.154. The Virgin Mary is traditionally compared to a flower in an enclosed garden. The image goes back to the Mariological interpretation of Vulg. Cant. 2.1–2; 4.14 (flower) and Cant. 4.12 (enclosed garden). See further Salzer, 14–15, 145–150 (Mary as flower); 15–16, 281–284 (Mary as garden). See also Eob. Buc. 11.31–33. pingui … horto Verg. G. 4.118. Quis prohibet—arctum Cf. Vulg. Job 26.8–9. Quis prohibet—torquet Cf. Mant. Ecl. 3.12: “Nescio quis ventos tempestatesque gubernat.” ventos … rauca tonitrua = Nor. 286. Quis rauca—torquet ≈ Ilias 1.864: “Iuppiter omnipotens, qui rauca tonitrua torquet.” For rauca tonitrua at this metrical position, see Stat. Theb. 2.40. For tonitrua torquet, cf. Verg. A. 4.208; Ov. Pont. 3.6.27. Quis nebulam spargit? Aug. Enarrationes in Psa., 147.2 (CCSL 40): “quis nebulam spargit, nisi Deus?”; cf. Vulg. Psa. 147.16: “qui dat nivem sicut lanam, nebulam sicut cinerem spargit”; Hor. Carm. 3.15.6. Quis nubes—arctum ≈ Ilias 14.455, of Jupiter: “qui nubes densat in arctum.” For nubes denset, cf. Verg. G. 1.419. A manuscript note in the Washington copy of O changes “denset” to “densat” (as in AB), even though denset is well attested. Unus qui = Verg. A. 6.846; Ov. Ars 2.646. rerum … discrimina = Luc. 4.104. Dum—Errat Cf. Her. Chr. 4.105–106, of Catherine of Alexandria. Both Catherine and Mary become the bride of Christ and weave their own bridal garland. flores in serta legit Mant. 4. Parthen. 34 (fol. 116r). sola—Errat Cf. Verg. G. 3.249; Ov. Ars 2.473; Met. 7.534–535; Eob. Buc. 1.122; 3.118–119, n.

4] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 87–88

87

88

90

91 92 94

96

98–99 98 99

100

677

ab Eoa—tumorem The image recalls the familiar verses edited in AH 54:351, no. 221.3: “Auster lenis te perflavit / Et perflando fecundavit.” See also AH 54:346, no. 219.7; 54:415, no. 273.7. perflavit—aura Cf. Her. Chr. 4.157 (in a paradisiacal landscape). The image is based on Vulg. Luc. 1.35: “Spiritus sanctus superveniet in te.” Spiritus aura = Man. 1.818; cf. Ov. Met. 8.524; 12.517. afflata Cf. Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.666–667: “Virginis aures / aliger afflavit caelesti nuntius ore”; Eob. Buc. 8.116/Idyl. 12.123, n. tumorem = Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.878, referring to Christ in the womb: “nec celare tumorem / cura fuit: numquam fecundi pondera ventris / dissimulavit.” has segetes = Verg. Ecl. 1.71. campum … arista Verg. Ecl. 4.28. campum pingit Cf. Ven. Fort. Carm. 3.9.11: “mollia purpureum pingunt violaria campum”; Eob. Epic. 6.41: “Aurea foelicem pingunt violaria campum”; cf. further Lucr. 5.1396; Ov. Fast. 4.430; Eob. Her. 3.8.80: “florigeram gratia pingat humum.” frondibus ornat ≈ Ov. Met. 6.163: “sua tempora frondibus ornant.” propria … virtute = Wirt. 38; cf. l. 110 below. virtute secundum = Verg. A. 5.258; cf. Eob. Rec. 156, n. Interea dulci ≈ Verg. G. 2.523. dulci—venter Cf. Mart. 14.151; Eob. Her. Chr. 13.129. tumuit … venter Ov. Met. 10.505. Virgineum—pudorem Cf. Ov. Met. 13.480: “castique decus servare pudoris”; Mant. 2. Parthen. 2.685–686: “servare pudorem / Virgineum.” For virgineum pudorem, see Tib. 1.4.14; Stat. Theb. 12.205; Ach. 1.765; Eob. Her. Chr. 4.131; 13.97. Quis veteres—deorum Cf. Her. Chr. 9.85–90, with nn. 10 and 11 (2:253). veteres faunos Verg. A. 7.254. trusit ad umbras Cf. Verg. A. 7.773. numina … deorum = Ov. Ep. 2.43. numina cuncta = Andrel. Livia 1.8.43. cuncta deorum = Ov. Met. 1.83. Unus—gubernat Taken from the “Orphic Hymn” in Eusebius, De evangelica praeparatione 13.12.5, as translated by George of Trebizond. Eobanus could have read the hymn in Marsilio Ficino, Epistolae (1495; Nuremberg, 1497), bk. 11, fols. 222v–223r, under the heading “Orphei versus de Deo”: “Unus perfectus Deus est qui cuncta creavit.” The verse is also quoted in Nikolaus Marschalk, ed., Enchiridion poetarum clarissimorum (Erfurt, 1502), bk. 1, sig. A5r (“Ex Orpheo”): “Unus perfectus Deus est qui cuncta

678

102

104–105

104 105 106 107 108 108–109 108 109 110–111 110 112–117

112

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [4 creavit”; cf. Brant, Var. carm., sig. d2r (Texte 147.35): “Unus enim solus Deus et Rex cuncta gubernans.” qui … cuncta gubernat = Man. 4.892; Celtis, Am. 4.14.55; cf. Mant. Ecl. 6.192: “qui cuncta gubernant.” pia … Virgo Ov. Pont. 3.2.81. The phrase is often applied to Mary; see Salzer, 361; Eob. Buc. 11.50; Hod. B 7.11. coronae See Vulg. Apoc. 12.1, traditionally interpreted to refer to Mary’s crown. See further Eob. Buc. 11.91–92, n. Omnia—rogaris In these lines, first added in B, Eobanus regards Mary as intercessor for sinners, just as he had done in pre-Reformation times; cf. Hod. 309–312, where Saint Anna shares that role with her daughter Mary. For Mary as intercessor, see Salzer, 570–574, 580–581, 594–596; Eob. Hod. B 7. For early Protestant views, see Bridget Heal, The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Early Modern Germany: Protestant and Catholic Piety, 1500–1648 (Cambridge, 2007), 53–63. Omnia nanque potes Verg. A. 6.117; l. 110 below. Nati pietate = Verg. A. 3.480. quaecunque rogaris ≈ Pontano, Parthen. 2.2.33. fistula—silebit Cf. Nemes. Ecl. 1.80. solo—nutu Cf. Mant. 1. Parthen. 1.38: “Dei solo, qui temperat omnia, nutu”; Eob. Her. Chr. 10.61, n. Huc ades et = l. 11, n., above. nostri—latrones Cf. Buc. 11.97–98, n. septa peculi = Idyl. 16.167; cf. Idyl. 1.126, n. Ne lupus—latrones Cf. Buc. 9.31–32/Idyl. 6.31–32, n. Omnia—ullo Cf. Her. Chr. 1.33, n.; Her. 2.1.43. Omnia nanque potes = l. 104, n., above. propria virtute l. 92, n., above. Sit satis—tauros The umpire stops the match and declares both competitors winners. For the motif and wording, cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.108–111 and Calp. Ecl. 2.98–100; cf. also Bocc. Ecl. 13.147–150: “Iurgia pastorum non est compescere parvum. / Et tu dignus eras vitula, tu dignus et hyrco. / Sat dictum, pueri: duras componite lites. / Ibo ego nunc agnis tonsurus forfice lanam”; Eob. Buc. 8.127–130/Idyl. 12.134–137. Sit satis—suadet Cf. Mant. Ecl. 10.187–188 (the umpire ends the debate): “Parcite. Iam satis est lis intellecta diesque / inclinata cadit, iam post iuga summa ruit sol.” For the motif (the poem ends with the close of day), see Eob. Buc. 1.124/Idyl. 1.153, n. Sit satis = Ama. 36.2, n. suadet Cf. Verg. A. 2.9: “suadentque cadentia sidera somnos”; Nemes. Ecl. 2.89–90.

4] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 113 114

115 117

679

Claudite—cannas ≈ Epith. 245: “Claudite vocales, nymphae, iam claudite cantus”; cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.111; 6.55–56; also cf. l. 60 above. Vicit—utrumque Cf. Hier. Ep. 77.10: “Vicit uterque, et uterque superatus est. Ambo se victos et victores fatentur.” For the motif at the end of a singing competition, cf. Filetico, Theoc. 6.46: “Devicit neuter. Neuter superatus abivit”; Gerald. Ecl. 5.148: “Victores ambo.” Vos—aetas Cf. Buc. 3.96/Idyl. 7.67, n.; 5.4–5/Idyl. 4.5–6. carmen et aetas = Idyl. 10.28. concordes = Calp. Ecl. 2.99 (cf. n. at ll. 112–117 above). pascite tauros ≈ Verg. Ecl. 3.86; cf. Eob. Buc. 8.130/Idyl. 12.137.

Idyllion 5 Meter: Dactylic hexameter. arg. 3 1–3 1 2 2–3 3

4

5 6 7–11 7 8 9

omnia … simpliciter … recenset Cf. Adnot., sig. H7v: “omnia simpliciter et sine troporum involucris describat Theocritus.” Montibus—curas Cf. Mant. Ecl. 5.1–2: “Candide, nobiscum pecudes aliquando solebas / pascere et his gelidis calamos inflare sub umbris.” Montibus his = Verg. Ecl. 7.56; Ov. Fast. 1.517; 5.652. mecum quondam … solebas = Her. Chr. 16.237; cf. Ov. Fast. 3.613; Trist. 3.14.3. alternis … concentibus Cf. Buc. 5.13/Idyl. 4.14, n. concentibus—Mulcere Andrel. Ecl. 10.35: “mulces … concentibus aures”; cf. Ov. Met. 10.301; Fast. 1.155; Eob. Buc. 6.50/Idyl. 8.49, n. urgentes … curas V. Fl. 8.24. animo—curas ≈ Prud. c. Symm. 2.124: “terrenas animo depellite curas”; cf. Verg. G. 4.531; Tib. 1.5.37; Bocc. Ecl. 2.97: “graves animis … depellere curas.” Quae—quod te Cf. l. 35 below. tenent … te Cf. Tib. 1.3.3: “me tenet … Phaeacia”; Hor. Carm. 1.7.19–21; Ov. Ep. 16.295; Tr. 3.4.47–48; Pont. 1.3.65; 1.6.1–2; Eob. Buc. 4.27/Idyl. 5.37; 4.41/Idyl. 5.52, n.; Her. Chr. 19.3. Usque adeo solus = Luc. 3.118. quid … deseris agros = Luc. 7.821. quid adhuc non = Sylv. duae 2.227; cf. Ama. 32.38. quando—pascua Cf. Verg. Ecl. 5.36–39 (the landscape degenerates after Daphnis’s death). Noxia … pecori Mant. Ecl. 10.142–143. et tristis acanthus = Idyl. 1.128, n. omnibus agris = Verg. A. 11.198.

680 10–11 12 14 15 16–27 16–18 16 17

18 19

20 21–22 21 22–23

22 23 25

27 28

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [5 herbae … obducunt pascua Cf. Verg. G. 2.411; Eob. Buc. 10.170/Idyl. 11.195. miserae … capellae = Dirae 91. frondes … capellae = Buc. 8.34. sed semper egentes Idyl. 7.12. vota morantur = Ov. Ep. 18.5; cf. Ep. 7.21; 19.95; Met. 8.71. Gramina—caulas Cf. Mant. Ecl. 9.130–152, describing the weed-choked fields of Rome, where snakes, foxes, and wolves roam in search of prey. Gramina—anguis Cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.93. serpentes … lacertae Cf. l. 54 below. serpentes habitant = Petrarch, Ep. 3.19.8. Heu, fuge = Verg. A. 2.289; 3.44; l. 119 below. vicinae … successeris umbrae Cf. Calp. Ecl. 1.6, 19; Eob. Buc. 1.65/Idyl. 1.74, n. calcatus … anguis Cf. Ov. Met. 10.23–24; 13.804. Vera refers = Ov. Met. 5.271; Mant. Ecl. 7.51. nec teste—apertis Cf. Quint. Inst. 5.12.8. teste opus est = Idyl. 11.138, n. in rebus apertis = Lucr. 4.54. Ipse ego, cum = Ov. Am. 2.14.21. sol—axem Sylv. 6.7.35: “Iam quater Austrinum sol declinavit ad axem.” longum … colubrum Verg. G. 2.320. mirabile dictu = Laud. 192, n. colubrum—petentem For the wording, cf. Verg. A. 3.424–425. For the motif, cf. Mant. Ecl. 10.138–140: “Ecce caput tollit coluber linguaque trisulca / sibilat, inflantur fauces, nepa livida [cf. l. 27 below] tendit / bracchia, ventrosus profert vestigia buffo [cf. l. 55 below].” colubrum … latebat Ov. Met. 11.775. Ora exertantem et = Verg. A. 3.425. Credo equidem, nec = Verg. A. 4.12; Eob. Her. Chr. 14.127. For credo equidem at the hexameter opening, see also Verg. A. 6.848; Stat. Theb. 12.77; Eob. Her. Chr. 4.199; Idyl. 17.183. mira videntur ≈ Verg. A. 10.267. Incustoditas … caulas Cf. Ov. Tr. 1.6.10. nepa livida = Mant. Ecl. 10.139 (see n. at ll. 22–23 above). Est—custodia Cf. Ter. Eu. 832: “scelesta, ovem lupo commisisti.” The expression was proverbial; see Otto 983; Häussler, 178–179; Erasmus, Adag. 1.4.10; TPMA, 13:168–170, s.v. “Wolf,” nos. 78–124. pecudum commissa … custodia Cf. Buc. 3.122/Idyl. 7.107; for pecudum custodia, see Verg. G. 4.327 (in contemporary eds., including Eob. Adnot., sig. H2v); Juvenc. 1.158.

5] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 29 29–30 29 30 31–32 33 34 35 36 37

38 39 40

41–43 41

42

42–43 43 44 45–47

681

caede tepent Verg. A. 8.196; Ov. Met. 4.163. sanguine … Innocuo Her. Chr. 16.113, n. sanguine postes = Sil. 13.208. voracius ipso ≈ Ov. Met. 8.839. non depascere—pastoris erat Proverbial; see TPMA, 10:10–11, s.v. “Schaf,” nos. 159–170; cf. Eob. Nob. 102, n.; Luth. 6.85–86; Eccles. 109–112. carmine dici = Nor. 384, 527; cf. Verg. G. 1.350; 2.95; A. 6.644; et al. invidiam … motura Marul. Epigr. 1.48.62. nostris … Camoenis = Laud. 588; cf. Buc. 10.23/Idyl. 11.39, n. Quae nunc—Quae te Cf. l. 4, n., above. patrio … ruri Ov. Fast. 3.780. Me—recessu Cf. Sylv. 6.13.13: “Me iuvat umbrifero viridantia prata recessu / Visere.” Me tenet = Tib. 1.3.3; Ov. Met. 14.379; Tr. 3.4.48; cf. l. 4, n., above. vallis secreta recessu Cf. Buc. 2.5/Idyl. 2.5, n.; Epp. 4, sig. F5v (1508), referring to the Von der Marthen estate, four Roman miles outside Erfurt: “Arcem in secessu …, quam quartus ab urbe / Thuringa Latio signatus more lapillus / Dividit.” Ad quartum—urbe Cf. Ov. Fast. 2.682; Mart. 1.12.4; 10.79.1; Camerarius, Nar. 24.16. lanigeri—gregis Cf. Calp. Ecl. 2.2: “Idas lanigeri dominus gregis.” tuta—manentes Cf. Theoc. 15.88: “sese tuta in statione tenentes”; 13.97: “adventum longa in statione manentes.” tuta … statione = Ov. Ep. 7.89. in statione manentes ≈ Ov. Met. 1.627. Hic ego—armenta For this image of pastoral tranquillity, cf. Tib. 1.10.9–10 (in the Golden Age); Eob. Idyl. 1.92–96, n. ego … viridi … in antro = Verg. Ecl. 1.75; cf. A. 8.630; Calp. Ecl. 4.95; l. 81 below. propter aquas = Laud. 323, n. requietus in antro Cf. Culex 113. Saepe—somnos Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.55; Eob. Val. 1.464. For leves somnos, see Hor. Carm. 2.16.15; Epod. 2.28; Verg. A. 5.838; Ov. Fast. 4.332. For capio somnos, see Ov. Fast. 4.530; cf. Eob. Buc. 6.48/Idyl. 8.47, n. Secura vagantur … armenta Cf. Stat. Theb. 10.824; Eob. Idyl. 1.95–96, n. Nihil … insidiarum Mant. Ecl. 7.94. nostro … aevo Ov. Ars 1.241; Met. 15.868; Pont. 1.8.21. iucundior aevo ≈ Buc. 1.25. Ocia—forensi Eobanus praises country life also at Buc. 3.41–51/Idyl. 3.47– 57, n.

682 46 47 48–51 48 49–50 50

51 52

53 54 55 56 57 58 58–74

59 60 61 63

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [5 sylvestresque—tecta Cf. Buc. 3.5/Idyl. 3.5, n.; Ov. Fast. 4.803–804: “tectis agrestibus … / et … casae.” Praetulero—forensi Reused at Nor. 1308. Et me—montes Cf. Epic. 4.171: “Me … nascentem primum vagus Aedera vidit”; Her. Chr. 24.49–62. me cara parens = Her. Chr. 10.133; cf. Rec. 152, n. viridi … umbra Vict. 415, n.; Idyl. 4.1. Floralia … Dona Cf. Her. Chr. 4.64. Dona tulit = Verg. A. 9.407. teneraque … in herba = Ov. Met. 3.23. sedens … in herba Cf. Buc. 3.69–70/Idyl. 3.75–76. Aurifer … Aedera Wirt. 36, 439, 475; cf. Idyl. 1.133, n. Hessiacos … montes Laud. 278, n. Nunc tenet … Erphurdia Cf. Brant, Var. carm., sig. bc4v (Texte 35.9): “Nunc tenet australis domus”; Eob. Her. 1.5.3: “Nam tenet … Tyatira”; l. 4, n., above. infoelix Erphurdia = l. 56 below; cf. Rec. 13. mala … pascua Idyl. 3.14 (referring to Fulda). bona pascua = [Tib.] 3.9.1. serpens … lacerti Cf. l. 16 above. amantes saxa = Ov. Ep. 16.55 (of goats). Plena … per ovilia Verg. A. 9.339; cf. Eob. Rec. 41. ventrosus … bufo = Mant. Ecl. 10.140 (see n. at ll. 22–23 above). infoelix Erphurdia = l. 52, n., above. male servatos … honores = Idyl. 17.106, 107 (referring to the University of Erfurt). Dum loquimur Hor. Carm. 1.11.7. tuus in—iuvenca For the motif—two bulls fight over a heifer—cf. Verg. G. 3.219–241; Ov. Am. 2.12.25–26; Nemes. Ecl. 4.34. Cf. further Verg. A. 12.101– 106, 715–722; Ov. Met. 9.46–49; Eob. Buc. 10.68/Idyl. 11.85. cornuta fronte Alan. Parab. 2.20: “taurus / … qui cornuta fronte ferire potest.” grato … amore [Sen.] Oct. 569; Sil. 13.118; cf. Eob. Idyl. 3.63, n. possit amore ≈ Verg. A. 4.85. Cernis ut ecce = Calp. Ecl. 1.4; cf. Eob. Idyl. 4.53, n. ecce iterum Rec. 149, n. O montana Pales = Nemes. Ecl. 2.55. The tutelary deity of flocks and herds, Pales is “montana” because so much pasturing occurs in the hills and mountains. cornua tauro = Poliziano, Silv. 4.13.

5] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 64

65 66 67

68 70 71–72 71 72 73 74

75 76 77–82 77

78 79 79–80

80 81–83

683

Mulctram Milk was the standard offering to Pales; see Tib. 1.1.36; Ov. Fast. 4.746; Nemes. Ecl. 1.68. capies … coronam Ov. Fast. 2.105. In antiquity, it was custom to adorn images of the gods with garlands. Tua est victoria = Luth. 4.17. redimitam fronde ≈ Bocc. Ecl. 6.61: “populea redimitus fronde.” niveae … iuvencae = Ov. Am. 3.13.13; cf. [Tib.] 3.4.67; Ov. Am. 2.12.25. Ancient literary descriptions often characterize the most beautiful cattle as snowy white. tibi … videtur = Lucr. 4.406; Prop. 1.8.3; Hor. S. 1.4.90. Mole sua pressum ≈ Her. Chr. 15.124. pedum—Sentiet For the motif, cf. Theoc. 4.49. inter cornua = Verg. A. 4.61; 5.479; 6.245; Ov. Met. 7.594; 15.133. ut forti—concurrere Cf. Ov. Met. 9.46; Stat. Theb. 4.397. Tu quoque = Idyl. 1.56, n. I nunc et = Prop. 2.29.22; Hor. Ep. 2.2.76; Ov. Ep. 3.26; et al.; Eob. Her. Chr. 1.163, n.; 13.116; 17.157–158; 23.90. pugna pro pulchra The alliteration is expressive of the anger in Phileremus’s voice. Ha, miserum pecus Cf. Buc. 7.9/Idyl. 9.8, n.; also cf. Buc. 1.120–121/Idyl. 1.149–150, n. Fers—tantum Cf. Mant. Ecl. 1.115: “fert verbera tergo”; also cf. Ov. Am. 1.2.13. Sol—Philereme For the “motif of bucolic repose,” see Buc. 1.65–70/Idyl. 1.74–79, n. Sol—campos Cf. Verg. G. 1.65–66. arentes campos Mant. Ecl. 2.45–46 (in the editio princeps): “solis rapidi violentia campos / sciderat arrentes.” corpora fuscat Cf. Ov. Ars 1.513; Mant. Ecl. 1.75–76: “quia sole perusta / fusca fit.” Umbra iuvat Ov. Rem. 406. Gelidae—umbrae Cf. Buc. 1.65/Idyl. 1.74, nn. Gratior … locus Nor. 1242. hic locus est = Verg. A. 6.390; Eob. Sylv. 6.2.19. tilias—agit Cf. Ov. Am. 2.16.36; Ep. 14.40; Eob. Nor. 406–407: “tilias hic frigida leves / Aura movet.” For tilias lēves, see Verg. G. 2.449. frigida … Aura Lucr. 3.290; Prop. 1.16.24; Ov. Am. 2.16.36: “frigidaque arboreas mulceat aura comas”; Ep. 14.40. summa … rupe = Mart. 13.98.1; cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.56; G. 4.508, where Orpheus sings “rupe sub aeria”; also cf. Eob. Buc. 1.46/Idyl. 1.57, n. Dum—Camoenis Cf. Idyl. 17.23–27, n.

684 81 82–83

83 84–86

84 84–85

85

86–87 86 87 88

89

90

91

91m

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [5 viridi … antro l. 41, n., above. consedimus antro = Idyl. 3.20, n. Levant—Carmina Cf. Nemes. Ecl. 4.19: “levant et carmina curas.” mutua … Carmina = Sylv. 5.36.1–2; cf. Idyl. 17.25, 33; Theoc. 6.7: “Instructi pariles in mutua carmina avenas”; 19.59: “Mutua flebilibus diffundunt carmina linguis.” subitis … Camoenis Nup. 367; Hod. 507. Magna—Apollo Cf. Calp. Ecl. 4.5–10. For ll. 73–74, cf. also Ov. Met. 15.146– 147; Mant. Ecl. 8.87: “Candide, mira canis nullis pastoribus umquam / cognita”; Eob. Buc. 1.39/Idyl. 1.50, n.; 8.99–100/Idyl. 12.106–107. Magna canam = Ov. Ars 2.536; Mant. Ecl. 7.10. canam … moduletur arundine Singing and flute playing are often mentioned together in pastoral poetry. See, for instance, Verg. Ecl. 5.2, 48; Calp. Ecl. 1.93; 6.10–11; Eob. Buc. 7.137/Idyl. 10.61. moduletur arundine ≈ Culex 100; Ov. Rem. 181; Met. 11.154; Eob. Buc. 7.137/ Idyl. 10.61; cf. Verg. Ecl. 10.51; Eob. Buc. 1.11, n. arundine pastor = Idyl., 1.ded. 49 (2.ded. 47), n. tibi—Camoenae Cf. Idyl. 1.54–55. tibi—Apollo Cf. Buc. 10.40–41/Idyl. 11.58–59; Nup. 353, n. vicinia tota = Ov. Met. 2.688; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 3.135. aerio … vertice montem ≈ Sylv. duae 2.135. aerio … vertice = Tib. 1.7.15 (in some mss.); Sil. 1.128. vertice montem ≈ Catul. 68.57: “aerii … vertice montis”; Verg. A. 5.35; 11.526. levis—aura Cf. Ama. 35.83. The epithet occidui indicates that the mountain is to the west of the shepherds. For levis aura at this metrical position, see Ov. Met. 1.529; cf. Ep. 5.53; Ars 3.100; et al.; Eob. Her. Chr. 6.112. aura Favoni = Lucr. 1.11; Claud. Cons. Olyb. et Prob. 272. Horrisonum Cf. Irenicus 7.24 (fol. 171v): “Memoratur mons in Turingiae partibus, haud procul ab Isenacho, quem ideo Horrisonum Eobanus dixit, Teutonice Hirselberg, ubi sylvanos satyrosque inhabitare fama divulgavit.” Latio—dicit Cf. Her. Chr. 6.38. For the tag nomine dicit, see Verg. G. 4.356; Eob. Sylv. duae 1.189. Latio … nomine Sil. 16.306. bibit With the name of a river as direct object, bibit (or a synonym) is a conventional paraphrase for dwelling in a certain place. See, for instance, Verg. Ecl. 1.62; 10.65; A. 7.715; Hor. Carm. 3.10.1; 4.15.21; Ov. Ep. 12.10; Tr. 5.3.24; Eob. Nup. 166–167. Veraris—Visurgim putant That is, some trace the source of the Weser (Visurgis) to the Werra, rather than the conjunction of the Werra and Fulda.

5] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 92

94 94–95 95–107

95 97 98 101–102

685

ante duas messes Buc. 9.3/Idyl. 6.3; Idyl. 10.11. For the time expression, see Laud. 1, n. cum saepe venirem ≈ Buc. 2.13/Idyl. 2.12, n. Saxa per et montes Cf. Verg. G. 3.276. nocturna … Terriculamenta Cf. Ov. Fast. 5.421: “nocturna Lemuria” (malevolent souls of the dead that flit about by night). pueros—putaris The lamiae of ancient folklore were witches or vampires who, when at home, store their eyes in a jar, but put them back in their sockets when they go outside. See Plutarch, De curiositate 2 (515F–516A). As in ll. 99–107 below, Plutarch likens them to malicious meddlers who can see everybody else’s faults, but are blind to their own. Eobanus’s immediate source is the introductory paragraph of Angelo Poliziano, Praelectio in Priora Aristotelis analytica, titulus Lamia (1492): “Lamiam igitur hanc Plutarchus ille Cheroneus … habere ait oculos exemptiles, hoc est quos sibi eximat detrahatque cum libuit rursusque cum libuit resumat atque affigat, quemadmodum senes ocularia specilla solent, quibus hebescenti per aetatem visui opitulantur; nam et cum quid inspectare avent, insertant quasi forfici nasum, et cum satis inspectarunt, recondunt in theca .... Sed enim Lamia haec quoties domo egreditur, oculos sibi suos affigit vagaturque per fora, per plateas, per quadrivia, per angiportus, per delubra, per thermas, per ganeas, per conciliabula omnia circumspectatque singula, scrutatur, indagat, nihil tam bene obtexeris ut eam lateat. Milvinos esse credas oculos ei aut etiam emissicios sicuti Plautinae aniculae. Nulla eos praeterit quamlibet individua minuties, nulla eos evadit quamlibet remotissima latebra. Domum vero ut revenit, in ipso statim limine demit illos sibi oculos abicitque in loculos. Ita semper domi caeca, semper foris oculata .... Vidistisne, obsecro, unquam Lamias istas, viri Florentini, quae se et sua nesciunt, alios et aliena speculantur? Negatis? Atqui tamen sunt in urbibus frequentes etiamque in vestra, verum personatae incedunt: homines credas, Lamiae sunt.” See Angelo Poliziano, Lamia: Praelectio in Priora Aristotelis Analytica, ed. Ari Wesseling (Leiden, 1986), 3–4, with the commentary on pp. 22–26. Eobanus alludes to this passage also at Praef. 2.3. terrere paventes For the hexameter close, cf. Ov. Met. 2.398 and 13.230. vigiles … lyncas Lynxes were reputedly the most sharpsighted of all quadrupeds; see Plin. Nat. 28.122; Eob. In Ed. Leeum 30.8. nec quenquam—nec se Cf. Her. Chr. 19.146, n. Lyncea … Lumina Petrarch, Ecl. 2.107–108, referring to Argus: “lumina centum / Lincea”; Mant. 2. Parthen. 3.95, of Aristotle: “Lyncea in aethereos attollens lumina tractus”; Brant, Var. carm., sig. g7v (Texte 175.3). De-

686

101

102–103

103 104–105 105 106 107 110

111–112 111 111–112 112 114–121 114–115 114

116

117–118

117 119

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [5 rived from lynx, the adjective is a medievalism. Cf. the classical “Lyncēus” (Ov. Fast. 5.709), referring to the proverbially keen-sighted Argonaut. qui The masculine form (rather than the expected “quae”) indicates that Argus alludes to the radical preachers in Erfurt, who maliciously peer into everybody’s private life. per plateas—thermas Cf. Her. Chr. 22.56, n. per rura—Per fora, per = Idyl. 14.121–122, referring to the radical preachers; cf. Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3.326. quicquid ubique est = Verg. A. 1.601. et audent—vero Another dig at the evangelical preachers at Erfurt. Omnia iudicio = Eccles. 48. Livor, edax animal Cf. Laud. 579, n.: “Livor edax”; Her. Chr. B 1.65. Milvinos oculos Apul. Met. 6.27. oculos emissitios Pl. Aul. 41. pecudes inter = Calp. Ecl. 4.44; cf. Eob. Buc. 1.16, n. sub rupe iacerem Verg. Ecl. 10.14; Eob. Buc. 7.162/Idyl. 10.86; cf. Buc. 1.46/ Idyl. 1.57, n. Obscuram—sulphur Cf. Verg. G. 2.308–309; A. 3.571–574; Sil. 14.57. Obscuram … flammam Cf. Verg. A. 4.384: “atris ignibus”; 8.198–199; 11.186; Hor. Carm. 4.12.26; Epod. 5.82. flammam Surgere Ov. Ep. 13.114. summo … vertice = Laud. 133, n. Tum vero—recludunt Cf. Stat. Theb. 2.50–54 (of the entrance to the underworld). Tum vero—aer Cf. Verg. A. 11.745 (12.462); 11.832–833; Eob. Vict. 141 (in hell). Tum vero = Verg. Ecl. 6.27; G. 3.505; A. 1.485; and often; Eob. Her. Chr. 12.155. aerias … ad auras = Ov. Met. 14.127. Obstupui retroque ≈ Verg. A. 2.378. For obstupui at the hexameter opening, see Verg. A. 2.560, 774; 3.48, 298; Ov. Ep. 16.67; Eob. Her. Chr. 2.63; 4.187; 12.131; cf. Her. Chr. 9.39; 14.87. Ecce—inquit Cf. Verg. Ecl. 7.6–8. For the motif of searching for a lost animal, see also Calp. Ecl. 3.1–2; Mant. Ecl. 2.53–56; Eob. Buc. 7.1–4/Idyl. 9.1–4; 8.111/Idyl. 12.118, where Heliades is looking for a runaway bull. Ecce sed = Laud. 178, n. in valle iuvencam ≈ Sil. 4.310. Heu, fuge = l. 17, n., above. loca foeta = Vict. 133: “putri loca foeta mephiti”; cf. Verg. A. 1.51; Ov. Met. 14.103. For loca foeta venenis, cf. Eob. Buc. 1.80–81/Idyl. 1.92–93.

5] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 119–120 120–121 120

121 122 122–123 123

124

125

126

127

129–130

129 130

687

venenis Tartareis V. Fl. 7.632; 8.83. Nigri—Panditur Cf. Prop. 4.11.2; Verg. A. 6.127; Ov. Fast. 4.449. Nigri … ianua Ditis Man. 2.951; cf. Ov. Met. 4.438. In ancient Roman belief, Dis was the lord of the underworld. To maintain the play on words in l. 125, I render the name as “Pluto” (the Greek equivalent of Dis). Furiae tristes Claud. Rapt. Pros. 2.219. Acheronta recludunt Cf. Stat. Theb. 5.156; cf. also Verg. A. 8.244–245. Coge pecus Verg. Ecl. 3.20. graminis—Attigerit Verg. Ecl. 5.26. For the tag graminis herbam, cf. Ov. Met. 10.87; Eob. Sylv. duae 1.85. pingui—arvo Verg. Ecl. 3.100, which Eobanus read as follows: “Eheu, quam pingui macer est mihi taurus in arvo”; see Adnot., sig. B1r; cf. Eob. Buc. 1.8: “pingui … in arvo.” Haec ubi = Verg. A. 1.81 (et al.): “Haec ubi dicta”; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3.137 (likewise with ellipsis of the verb): “Haec ubi, digreditur templis.” sylvam … in altam Ov. Am. 3.9.23; 3.10.35; Ep. 11.89; et al. dites A play on words: dites are the filthy rich (plutocrats); but Dis (Pluto) is the god of the underworld (and hence of the treasures buried in the earth). Vidimus—carnes Cf. Verg. A. 3.626–627; Mant. Ecl. 2.122: “[sunt qui] humanos absumant dentibus artus.” fracta stipe Cf. Ov. Fast. 4.350; Pont. 1.1.40; Eob. Sylv. 3.21.14: “exigua pro stipe.” sine lege modoque = Locher, Stult. 13, fol. 24v (Hartl, 1.2:68, no. 13.13): “Quisquis amat, ratione caret; sine lege modoque / Discurrit”; Stult. 16, fol. 27v (Hartl, 1.2:76, no. 16.16); Eob. Theoc. 15.70: “Agmen … formicarum sine lege modoque / Immensum.” Frigida—agnas Cf. Nemes. Ecl. 2.88–90: “Sic … canebant / frigidus e silvis donec descendere suasit / Hesperus et stabulis pastos inducere tauros”; Mant. Ecl. 3.192–194; Eob. Buc. 11.109–111, nn. For the concluding motif, cf. Buc. 1.124/Idyl. 1.153, n. Frigida nox Hor. Carm. 3.7.6–7; Man. 2.421; Eob. Nup. 334–335. tauros … pastos Verg. Ecl. 7.39. errantes … agnas = Buc. 11.1; cf. Calp. Ecl. 5.15. ovilibus agnas ≈ Buc. 8.12/Idyl. 12.11.

688

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [6

Idyllion 6 The “Eulogy for Iolas” stands in the tradition of pastoral laments that begins with Theoc. 1 and continues with Verg. Ecl. 5, Nemes. Ecl. 1, and Petrarch, Ecl. 2. On the genre, see Ellen Z. Lambert, Placing Sorrow: A Study of the Pastoral Elegy Convention from Theocritus to Milton (Chapel Hill, 1976). Bion’s “Lament for Adonis” and Pseudo-Moschus’s “Lament for Bion” were unknown to Eobanus in 1509, when he wrote the present poem. Meter: Dactylic hexameter. arg. 1

arg. 2 1–11 1

2 3

4 5 6 7–8

Epitaphium … Iolae Cf. Hier. Ep. 108, titled “Epitaphium Paulae”; Eob. Theoc. 19, with the title “Epitaphium Bionis”; Theoc. 23, with the title “Epitaphion Adonidis.” apud Vergilium—Daphnidis The deceased Daphnis in Vergil’s fifth eclogue is traditionally identified as Julius Caesar; see Serv. Ecl. 5.20; Eob. Adnot., sig. K4r–v. Interestingly, Eobanus changes his own pastoral name from Silvius in A to Daphnis in BcO, presumably to connect his own lament to Vergil’s. Daphnis is an archetype of the youthful shepherd-singer. As such, he forms the theme of Theocritus’s first idyl and is repeatedly mentioned in later idyls as well. See further Klaus Garber, Martin Opitz— Paul Fleming—Simon Dach: Drei Dichter des 17. Jahrhunderts in Bibliotheken Mittel- und Osteuropas (Cologne, 2013), 48–63. Iolam For the name Iolas (Iollas) in pastoral, see Verg. Ecl. 2.57; 3.76; Calp. Ecl. 3 (as a speaker); 4.59; 6.91; Nemes. Ecl. 4.4, 72. Nunquid—error Cf. Idyl. 10.9–27. ardes formosam … Calipso Cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.1; 5.86; Eob. Idyl. 10.11–12; 15.19. Calipso The name recalls the nymph who fell in love with Ulysses and held him on the island of Ogygia for seven years. For the accusative form, see Ov. Pont. 4.10.13. Dic, precor = Ov. Pont. 3.3.53; V. Fl. 7.275; Mart. 6.10.9; l. 18 below. dulces—ignes Cf. Idyl. 1.39. ante duas … messes = Idyl. 10.11; cf. Buc. 4.82/Idyl. 5.92. For the time expression, see Laud. 1, n. potuisti linquere = Verg. A. 9.482; Prop. 3.12.1. flumina pisces = Boiardo, Pastoralia 2.31; Eob. Vict. 16; Epic. 2.55; cf. Aus. Mosella 242. mole laborum = Buc. 9.64 (l. 67 below); Vict. 266; Idyl. 17.93. Quidve doles ≈ Verg. A. 1.9. vultus … praefert Sen. Oed. 509: “vultus flebiles praefert notas.” nihil … iuris habent Idyl., 1.ded. 22, n.

6] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 7 7–8 10 11

12 12–13 14–16

14 14–15 14 15–16 15 16 17

18

19

20

689

turpes … flammae Ama. 35.115, n. fortia … Pectora = Verg. A. 8.150–151. Aetas—annum Cf. Verg. Ecl. 8.39; Marul. Epigr. 1.42.3: “Nam simulac decimum … venit ad annum”; Eob. Her. Chr. 24.119. omnis amor = Ov. Rem. 95. amor muliebris Bebel, Prov. 160; Eob. Theoc. 8.67. improbus error Cf. Verg. Ecl. 8.41 (Ciris 430), of passionate love: “malus … error.” Cf. Eob. Laud. 236, n.: “non … amor, sed … error.” alius … dolor Sen. Phaed. 99. alta … Pectora = V. Fl. 5.594–595; cf. Stat. Silv. 1.4.48–49. curis—mordacibus Cf. Luc. 2.681. Nunc omnia—resultant Nature mourns the death of Iolas as it once mourned the death of Daphnis; cf. Theoc. 1.71–75; 7.74–75; Verg. Ecl. 5.27– 28. For the pathetic fallacy, cf. also Verg. Ecl. 10.13–15; Stat. Theb. 5.333–334; Nemes. Ecl. 1.72–74; Eob. Buc. 9.53–55/Idyl. 6.56–57; Her. Chr. 3.45–56; Epic. 3.47, 123–130; 4.35–56, 77–100; 6.105–108; Ebn. 79–84. Nunc omnia moerent Cf. Ama. 32.59, n.: “nunc omnia rident.” omnia—prius Cf. Idyl. 3.139–140; 15.81–82: “omnia ponam / Cara prius.” omnia moerent = Mant. Calam. 1.256 (p. 25). Nunc omnis—Tristantur A reversal of the idyllic state of nature as depicted in Verg. Ecl. 3.56–57; Eob. Ruf. 5–8. omnis—comantes Cf. Rec. 5, n. ager—comantes ≈ Mant. c. Poet. 133: “agri sylvaeque comantes.” montes—resultant Cf. Verg. A. 5.150; Eob. Nor. 594: “valles plangore resultant.” Qui fletus Stat. Theb. 8.163. fata … tam tristia Sen. Phoen. 244; cf. Ov. Am. 3.9.2; Met. 10.163; et al.; Eob. Rec. 49; Laud. B 3.20, n.; Her. Chr. 12.144, n.; 16.117; 20.36. fata gemis Ama. 35.93, n.; Idyl. 7.88, 89. Dic, precor = l. 2, n., above. interea calidus ≈ Verg. A. 9.422. cessat arator Tifernate, Carm., sig. C3v (on New Year’s Day): “curis hodie solutis / Cessat arator.” pecus—umbra Cf. Mant. Ecl. 1.1–2: “quando pecus omne sub umbra / ruminat”; 9.19: “dum grex in gelida procumbens ruminat umbra”; Eob. Buc., ded. 5, n.; Buc. 1.63/Idyl. 1.72, n.; Idyl. 4.18, n. Flete—Camoenae Cf. Filetico, Theoc. 1.64 (refrain): “Ite, meae Musae, faciles huc ite Camoenae”; Eob. Buc. 2.20/Idyl. 2.19, n.; Hutten, Querel. 2.7.1: “Flete meae maestae et lachrimas confundite Musae.” Flete … lugete Pontano, Eridanus 1.12.7: “Flete, piae, lugete, piae Phaetontides.”

690

21

22

23

24–28

25

26 27 28 29

30

31–32

31

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [6 tristes—Camoenae Cf. Epic. 3.61: “tristes narrate Camoenae.” For tristes Camoenae, see Juv. 7.2. ante diem fato Hod. 120; cf. Rec. 139, n. fato concessit = Epp. fam., 86, a verse letter of ca. March 1519 to Johann Drach: “fato concessit Erasmus”; cf. Plin. Pan. 11.3: “fato concessit.” Dicite—Parcae = Eras. 135; cf. Her. Chr. 16.225; Ebn. 27: “Dicite crudeles, infamia numina, Parcae”. crudelia—Parcae = Epic. 1.81; cf. Boiardo, Pastoralia 10.8: “Crudelia numina, nymphae”; Poliziano, Silv. 3.84–85: “crudelia divum / Numina, crudeles Parcas.” For the hexameter close, cf. Verg. Ecl. 4.47 (Ciris 125): “numine Parcae”; Stat. Theb. 8.191; Eob. Epic. 2.71: “mala numina, Parcae.” Ausurae—deos Cf. Buc. B 3.6, n., on the death of William II of Hesse. For violare deos, cf. Verg. A. 12.797; Ov. Met. 4.613. quid tale = Verg. A. 11.417. Iuvenis—reddi The Fates repent of their deed. The motif reappears in Epic. 4.63–72 (at the death of Mutianus Rufus), a passage starting with the verse, “Lanificae corpus videre exangue sorores.” Lanificae … sorores = Dantiscus, Carm. 12.2.83; Eob. Epic. 4.63; cf. Mart. 4.54.5; 6.58.7; Juv. 12.64–66; Eob. Vict. 161. rupe procul Verg. Ecl. 1.76. vires … suas odere Petr. 120.84; cf. Eob. Tum. 5.96. humili … manu Ov. Ars 2.254. nisi fata negarent Cf. Ov. Met. 10.634; Sil. 1.107; 6.115–116. relabentes—reddi Cf. Verg. A. 6.719–721. Somnus … Lethaeus Verg. G. 1.78; Hor. Epod. 14.3. Sleep is a conventional euphemism for death; see, for example, Verg. A. 10.746; 12.310; Hor. Carm. 3.11.38. ut extinctum … Iolam = Idyl. 13.34 (recalling the present eclogue); cf. l. 70 below; Verg. Ecl. 5.20. Ferrea—agros For the motif, cf. Verg. G. 1.466–468 (at the death of Julius Caesar); Petrarch, Ecl. 2.7–9 (in a pastoral elegy): “tum fusca nitentem / obduxit Phebum nubes, precepsque repente / ante expectatum nox affuit.” Ferrea nox Epic. 1.35, of death; cf. Verg. A. 10.745–746; 12.309–310. Et lupus—praedam Cf. Mant. Ecl. 3.23–24: “latro insidias intentat ovili / atque lupus milesque lupo furacior omni”; Andrel. Ecl. 2.4–6: “Ne forsan miles nostri populator agelli / Tristia damna ferat; nihil est a milite tutum / Prodiga cui desit consumpti copia nummi”; Eob. Buc. 11.97–98; Idyl. 4.108– 109. Et lupus et miles Cf. Mant. Ecl. 3.24: “atque lupus milesque.”

6] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

32

33–34 33 33–34 34 35

36–37

36

37 39 40

41

41–42 42

42m 43

691

praedator ovilia ≈ Calp. Ecl. 1.40. ovilia lustrans ≈ Calp. Ecl. 5.28 (different). agens … praedam Ov. Tr. 5.10.20. effuso sanguine Verg. A. 7.788; Eob. Her. Chr. 4.216, n.; cf. Her. Chr. 12. 122, n. sanguine praedam = Ov. Tr. 1.11.29; Sil. 4.124. Non passim—Pascua Cf. Idyl. 1.95–96, n. passim—vagantur Verg. A. 6.886; Ov. Met. 12.54. tuta … Pascua = ll. 92–93 below. custode tenentur = Luc. 1.26: “nulloque domus custode tenentur”; cf. Verg. A. 1.564. Certantes—venti For the motif—storms at the death of a shepherd—cf. Petrarch, Ecl. 2.9–11. The image of the brawling winds is ancient; see Lucr. 6.98: “pugnantibus ventis”; Verg. G. 1.318; A. 1.53; 4.442–443; Ov. Tr. 1.2.27– 30; V. Fl. 4.270: “ventis certantibus.” See further Eob. Buc. 7.178/Idyl. 10.103; Her. Chr. 9.13; 15.169; Idyl. 17.195. Cernis—motu The motif is developed at length in Epic. 4.77–90: at the death of Mutianus Rufus all the rivers and streams of Hesse pour forth their sorrow. Cernis ut = Idyl. 4.53, n. obscuro For the epithet, see Ov. Fast. 4.758. turbatus flumine = Stat. Theb. 9.286. saxa indignantia Her. 1.5.75. Pascere oves = Buc. 4.2; 8.86/Idyl. 12.84; 11.7; Idyl. 15.98. pastoribus ipsis = Mant. Ecl. 10.142. omne nemus = Buc. 5.45/Idyl. 4.48, n. vitreus Aedera Cf. Rec. 177; Her. Chr. 24.56; Sylv. 2.4.24. For the epithet, see Pug. B 1.8, n. Fulda—Rhenusque Mutian. Ep. 79, l. 19 (in an undated epigram to Eobanus, ca. 23 August 1506): “Vulda, Lanus, Rhenus,” quoted in Eobanus’s response (Mutian. Ep. 417, l. 13). rapax For the epithet, see Lucr. 1.17; 5.341; Verg. G. 3.142; Ov. Met. 8.551; Fast. 2.205; Eob. Her. Chr. 16.167. coerula … Flumina = Aus. Mosella 477–478. Palladiam … urbem Celtis, Am. 4.1.42 (Athens); Erasmus, Carm. 53.30; cf. Eob. Idyl. 17.109; Epic. 1.65. qui praeterlabitur = Mant. Ecl. 2.3; cf. Eob. Rec. 177, n. Martiburgum This Latinization of the city’s name draws a (pseudo-etymological) connection to the war god Mars; see Her. 5.79–80, n. mercibus inclyta = Sylv. duae 1.135.

692 44 45 46 47 48 49

50 50–51 50 52

52–55 52 53 53–54 54 55

56–57

56

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [6 Quodque vident = Ov. Fast. 2.224. per Hessida terram = Epic. 4.77; cf. Wirt. 104. saepe superbos = Verg. G. 3.217. Vicerat—certamine Cf. Ov. Ep. 16.361. agresti … certamine Verg. A. 7.523; cf. G. 2.531. castrata The image is criticized as unseemly in Cic. de Orat. 3.164 and Quint. Inst. 8.6.15. Illum omnes … ferae = Theoc. 1.108: “Illum omnes flevere ferae.” ad vocem = Verg. A. 7.519; Ov. Met. 7.844. Poeni … leones Verg. Ecl. 5.27: “tuum Poenos etiam gemuisse leones / interitum”; Ciris 135; Ov. Tr. 4.6.5. fugere lupi = Luc. 6.627. Nec … Alter erat … maior Ov. Fast. 1.541–542; cf. Verg. A. 1.544–545. For the idiom, cf. Eob. Buc. 2.105–106/Idyl. 2.96–97, n. Nec tempore nostro Cf. Ov. Tr. 5.6.5. Nunc iacet = Lucr. 5.1275; Prop. 1.16.33; Ov. Ep. 5.106; Eob. Sylv. duae 2.169; Epic. 1.71. tantum decus = Mant. c. Am. 113 (fol. 177v); cf. Eob. Nup. 174; Val. 2.358; Tum. 5.32; Epic. 3 A.2. Et iam—messes For the lament that fate has snatched the deceased away in his prime, cf. Epic. 2.25–30; 5.207–214; Ebn. 23–26; Eras. 27–34. iam fortior aetas = Tum. 3.124; cf. Ov. Ep. 1.107; Luc. 10.134; Stat. Theb. 4.253; et al. infoelix puer Buc. 3.145/Idyl. 7.130, n. pessima—tibi For the commonplace, see Buc. 6.73/Idyl. 8.72, n. fortibus utilis annis ≈ Ov. Am. 2.3.7; cf. Met. 11.222. utilis annis = Ov. Tr. 4.8.21; Mart. 11.81.3. Longius et = Verg. A. 1.262. potuisti vivere = Epic. 2.25; 4.207. messes For this time expression, see Laud. 1, n. Fleverunt—planctu Streams and nymphs weep for the deceased. For the motif, cf. Verg. Ecl. 5.20–21; Ov. Met. 3.505–507 (at Narcissus’s death); 11.47– 49 (at the death of Orpheus); 13.689–690; Mant. Ecl. 3.180–182 (followed by an exhortation to the shepherds to bestrew the grave with fragrant herbs); Eob. Epic. 3.127–130; 4.77–80. Fleverunt—Napaeae Cf. Idyl. 7.141, n. Naiades With this word, Eobanus corrects a seven-foot hexameter in previous versions of the poem. For other instances of hasty writing, see Eleg. 3, nn.; Nor. 892, 1254; cf. also the metrically deficient line at Nor. 1177.

6] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 57

58 59

59–66

59–60

61

62–63

62

63 64 65–66 65

66 67 68–69 70–71 70

693

cava … littora Pontano, Ecl. 1.2.76; 1.3.13; Eob. Buc. 5.54. sonuerunt—planctu Sen. Tro. 107; cf. Mant. Calam. 2.511 (p. 66): “sonuerunt marmora planctu”; Pontano, Parthen. 2.11.3: “deserta gravi resonant … litora planctu”; Eob. Ilias 16.375: “resonabant littora planctu.” grex omnis Buc. 1.63/Idyl. 1.72, n. Nunc—damus Cf. Sil. 13.714–715. Nunc te = Verg. Ecl. 7.35; G. 2.2. tumulo damus Tib. 2.4.48; Ov. Met. 2.326; l. 61 below. hic ubi—oris Cf. Rec. 134–146; Buc. 3.168–173/Idyl. 7.153–160, nn.; Epic. 1.107–112; 7.95–102. The model for ll. 61–63 is Verg. Ecl. 5.40–44 (followed by a two-line epitaph for Daphnis); cf. also A. 6.883–885. hic ubi—agros Cf. Verg. G. 3.14–15; Mant. Ecl. 2.37–38: “nitidis ubi Mintius undis / alluit herbosos fugiens perniciter agros”; Eob. Buc. 3.1/Idyl. 3.1; Her. Chr. 5.79. Spargite odoratos … flores = Strozzi, Erot. 3.3.17. tumulo date ≈ l. 59, n., above. spargite flores ≈ Hor. Ep. 1.5.14. Narcissos—comantem For the flower catalogue, cf. Buc. 2.88–90/Idyl. 2.79–80, n.; Mant. Calam. 1.611 (p. 35): “Lilia, narcissos, violas, flentes hyacinthos, / Purpureisque crocum foliis.” Narcissos, violas Venus 2.128. violas, et … hiacynthos = Man. 5.257; Eob. Nup. 51; cf. Verg. A. 11.69. et odoriferos hiacynthos = Idyl. 2.79; 15.40; Theoc. 11.42. Coriciumque crocum = Laud. 112, n. in viridi—fago Cf. Verg. Ecl. 5.13. For the motif, cf. Eob. Buc. 2.106/Idyl. 2.97, n. The beech is the pastoral tree par excellence; see Idyl. 4.2, n. Gloria—oris Like Mopsus’s lament in Verg. Ecl. 5.20–44, Daphnis’s ends with an epitaph. Gloria sylvarum Stat. Silv. 5.1.151; cf. Eob. Buc. 7.11/Idyl. 10.7, n.: “decus nemorum.” situs est hic A standard formula in epitaphs. See, for example, [Tib.] 3.2.29; Luc. 8.793; Mart. 12.52.3. pastor Iolas = Gerald. Ecl. 4.2 (referring to Jesus). Quo—foelicior Cf. Verg. A. 9.772; Eob. Buc. 2.105–106/Idyl. 2.96–97, n. omnibus oris = Claud. Cons. Stil. 2.122. amore—laborum Cf. ll. 1–6 above, especially ll. 5–6, with nn. iusta—tui Juv. 9.90–91. Non sic—videtur Poetry immortalizes those whom it celebrates. For this commonplace, see Laud. 61–64, n. extinctus Iolas Cf. l. 29, n., above.

694 72

72–73 73

74–75

74 77

78 79–80

79

80 82

83–84

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [6 niveis … complexa lacertis Mant. 2. Parthen. 2.153: “niveis complexa lacertis”; cf. Ov. Fast. 6.497; Eob. Buc. 7.149/Idyl. 10.73. For niveis lacertis at this metrical position, see Verg. A. 8.387; Sil. 14.496; cf. Ov. Am. 2.16.29; Eob. Venus 1.202, n. complexa … Corpus inane viri Cf. Verg. Ecl. 5.22–23; Ov. Met. 13.488. Corpus inane viri = Ilias 18.197; 23.165; cf. Prop. 3.18.32; Ov. Am. 3.9.6; Ep. 15.116; et al. coniux pulcherrima = Mant. Dionys. 2, fol. 179r; cf. Verg. A. 10.611; Ov. Ep. 3.71–72. Urite—Elysium She hopes to follow the example of Euadne, who threw herself on the funeral pyre of her husband Capaneus, and of Laodamia, who wanted to accompany her husband Protesilaus into the underworld. Cf. Ov. Ars 3.17–22. Urite subiectam flammis Cf. Verg. A. 2.37. Sic ait et = Laud. 290, n. nivea … fronte = Ov. Met. 10.138; Sil. 7.446. de fronte coronam = Ov. Met. 8.178. puellarum pulcherrima = Theoc. 15.97. Quam—peperit Cf. Eusebius, De evangelica praeparatione 3.4 (trans. George of Trebizond), quoting Porphyry: “Quem mater peperit compressa ab Apolline, magnum / Illum Aesculapium”; included in Nikolaus Marschalk, ed., Enchiridion poetarum clarissimorum (Erfurt, 1502), bk. 1, sig. C5r (“Porphyrius de oraculis Apollinis”); cf. Ov. Ib. 212: “quem peperit magno lucida Maia Iovi.” Galatea This name is not in apposition to “parens” (l. 79) but to “Illa” (l. 78). Cf. the marginal note in the 1534-version of the present eclogue, published as an appendix to De victoria Wirtembergensi: “Matrem Phil. intelligit”; Idyl., 2.ded. 92. septem … trioni = Verg. G. 3.381; cf. Ov. Met. 2.528. compressa = Prop. 2.30.35; Celtis, Am. 3.3.11: “Ursa per Arcadium quondam compressa Tonantem.” Formosior—illa est = Ov. Ep. 18.73; Eob. Nup. 92. Nunc—urna The formula “small grave, great fame” is ancient. See, for example, Ov. Met. 12.615–616. brevi—urna = Guarino, Carm., sig. l7v; cf. Ov. Am. 3.9.40, 67; Met. 4.166; Eob. Rec. 133, n.; epitaph for Konrad Celtis, quoted in Mutian. Ep. 78; Epic. 1.111; 5.9, 35; 8.77; Ebn. 181; Eras. 155. Illa—Plorat Cf. Her. Chr. 13.29, revised in Her. 2.3.29, as follows: “Ipsa domo vidua perturbatos hymenaeos / … feram”; Mant. Ecl. 1.31: “plorans infelices hymenaeos.”

6] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 83 84

85

86 87

88

89 91 92 92–93 93

95 95–96 96

97

695

Illa domo vidua ≈ Ov. Ep. 9.35; Eob. Her. Chr. 16.259; cf. Ov. Fast. 1.36; Eob. Her. Chr. 20.94; 21.26, 89. niveos laniat … capillos Cf. Ov. Met. 13.534; Eob. Her. Chr. 5.95, n. For niveos capillos meaning blond hair, see Boiardo, Pastoralia 8.62; cf. Eob. Laud. 165, n.; Buc. 7.112, n. Digna … thalamis [Sen.] Oct. 544. ipso Iove digna = Juv. 14.206; cf. Ov. Ep. 14.99; 16.274; Met. 1.589. digna marito = Mant. 2. Parthen. 3.737: “tu Caesare digna marito”; Eob. Epp. 4, sig. F5r (1508): “tanto mulier … digna marito.” Nobis … moriens … liquit Cf. Ov. Met. 3.590; Eob. Hod. 220, n.; Epic. 1.97. Spem generis = Stat. Theb. 2.165 (different); Eob. Idyl. 13.36, quoting from the present eclogue. puerum … marem Ilias 19.142. teneram … puellam Prop. 2.25.41; Ov. Am. 2.1.33; 2.14.37; Ep. 14.87; et al.; Eob. Her. Chr. 12.259. Aspice quam = Idyl., 1.ded. 46, n. quam—vultus Cf. Lucr. 4.1219, 1224; Verg. A. 4.329; Ov. Ep. 13.152; Sen. Tro. 647–648. patrios … vultus = Laud. 85, n. filia matrem = Rec. 32, n. Tu … tu = Verg. A. 7.41. Clarissime sanguis = Luth. 4.21; Accl. 2.165; Wirt. 435; Sylv. 3.2.7. magni … parentis V. Fl. 4.186; Stat. Theb. 2.715; Sil. 2.477. tuta … Pascua = ll. 33–34 above. misse—astris Cf. l. 113, n., below. Eobanus associates Philip with the heaven-sent Child in Verg. Ecl. 4 who will inaugurate a new Golden Age. See in particular Verg. Ecl. 4.6–7. Praising a new or future ruler for restoring the Golden Age is a commonplace in panegyrics. See, for example, Calp. Ecl. 1.42–45; Andrel. Ecl. 4.124–129; Erasmus, Carm. 4.51–54. faventibus astris = Nup. 249, n. Indolis egregiae = Mant. 2. Parthen. 2.197; Celtis, Am. 4.15.23: “Indolis egregiae iuvenis”; Eob. Sylv. 3.3.19. virtutis—Signa Cf. Tifernate, Carm., sig. D2r: “tanta … virtutis signa futurae”; Eob. Her. Chr. 13.141. vultu … sereno Lucr. 3.293; Catul. 55.8; Hor. Carm. 1.37.26; Verg. A. 2.285– 286; Ov. Tr. 1.5.27; Eob. Buc. 11.52, n. iubes sperare Verg. G. 4.325. Optima quaeque = Verg. G. 3.66; cf. Eob. Epic. 2.80; Sylv. 3.3.30. nec enim—numine = Stat. Silv. 1.4.23.

696 98

99 100 101 102 103 104–105 104 105 106 107 107–108 108 109 110

111 112–114 112

113

114

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [6 nitet facies = Avit. Carm. 1.228: “terrae … / blanda nitet facies.” Phoebaeae—instar = Verg. A. 3.637. For the comparison of the ruler with the sun, see, for example, Hor. Carm. 4.5.5–8; Erasmus, Carm. 4.51–56; Panegyricus ad Philippum, ASD 4.1:29, ll. 106–109; 50, ll. 758–760; cf. Adag. 1.3.1, ASD 2.1:308, ll. 132–133. Claude oculos = Mant. Ecl. 2.83. da gaudia = Ov. Ars 2.459; Stat. Silv. 4.1.20. ab ovilibus omnes = Buc. 1.91/Idyl. 1.113, n. Raptoresque lupique Cf. Ov. Met. 10.540. frigidus anguis Verg. Ecl. 3.93; 8.71. Atque—dracones Cf. Verg. G. 4.13. Si quis—aspis Cf. Vulg. Psa. 90.13. nostra … arena Idyl. 17.70. basiliscus arena = Luc. 9.726. Occidet, et = Verg. Ecl. 4.24: “occidet et serpens”; Stat. Theb. 12.819. securos praestabunt Juv. 8.170–171. pabula foetus ≈ Verg. Ecl. 1.49. Spargite humum … floribus Cf. Verg. Ecl. 5.40; 9.19–20. in qua—plantae Cf. Lydia 10. tenerae … plantae Her. Chr. 8.91, n. vestigia plantae = Ov. Fast. 4.463; Man. 1.657; 4.631; Sil. 9.390; 15.505. Vos … pastores = Buc. 3.168/Idyl. 7.155. genialia tecta Campano, Epigr. 8.6.5 (sig. F1r). Thure vaporifero Cf. Nemes. Ecl. 4.63. circumlustrate quotannis Cf. Tib. 1.1.35. For circumlustrate, see Lucr. 5.1437. quotannis = Verg. Ecl. 5.67, 79; Mant. Ecl. 3.186: “atque sacerdotum cantus ac thura quotannis / ducite et aeternam requiem cantate poetae.” Et carmen—carmen Cf. Verg. Ecl. 5.42. dicite carmen ≈ Verg. Ecl. 6.5; Prop. 1.9.9; cf. Eob. Ama. 32.31. Salve—paternum Cf. Verg. A. 8.301–302. Salve—Iolae Cf. Wirt. 528 (to Philip of Hesse): “Salve, semideum sanguis, generose Philippe”; cf. also Luth. 4.23: “Carole, semideum sate stirpe ab utroque parente”; Accl. 1.28: “Carole, semideum regibus orte genus”; 1.99: “semideum sanguis clarissime regum.” a magno—missum Cf. Verg. Ecl. 4.7; A. 4.574; Calp. Ecl. 4.137–138; Otto 287; Häussler, 53, 70, 97, 142, 233, 264; Mant. 1. Parthen. 1.493: “summo genus aethere missum”; 2.797; Eob. Her. Chr. 16.81; l. 93 above. magno … aethere = Stat. Theb. 7.77; cf. Verg. A. 10.356. pecudes … defende Cf. Buc. 11.97. rus … paternum Ov. Am. 2.16.38; Tr. 4.8.10; Eob. Vict. 288.

6] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 115 116–117 116 117 119–120 120 121

122

697

Ergo—mater Cf. Laud. B 3.11, n. Quae—montis Cf. Calp. Ecl. 5.5. For the pastoral scene, cf. also Verg. Ecl. 1.74–76; Eob. Val. 1.235–236. dumeta capellas ≈ Buc. 8.21/Idyl. 12.20, n. Altivagas Vict. 394, n. summi culmine montis V. Fl. 4.260; cf. Verg. A. 4.186; Sil. 12.622. suxit Ubera Cf. Vulg. Luc. 11.27: “beatus venter qui te portavit et ubera quae suxisti”; Eob. Buc. 7.100/Idyl. 9.87. magnis … divis Verg. A. 12.296; Ov. Met. 6.526; Tr. 3.3.31. Et nunc—sol Cf. Buc. 1.124/Idyl. 1.153, n.; Ilias 7.657: “ibat / Iam sol Oceano propior.” Oceano propior = Verg. G. 2.122. Plura canemus For this conclusion, cf. Idyl. 9.95, n. puerum matremque Mant. 1. Parthen. 3.333.

Idyllion 7 Meter: Dactylic hexameter. arg. 2

1 1–2 2 3

3–4 4

6

Menalcas The name recurs in pastoral. See Theoc. 8; 9; Verg. Ecl. 2.15; 3; 9.10, 16; 10.20. Philotas Cf. φιλότης (love). Narcissus Eobanus’s lovelorn shepherd is modeled on the mythical Narcissus, whose story is told in Ov. Met. 3.344–510. Quo—iter Cf. Verg. Ecl. 9.1; Stat. Theb. 12.149. For vertis iter, see Verg. A. 5.23; Ov. Met. 2.730; Pont. 4.4.20; 4.6.46; Ib. 616. Quae causa … te cogit Venus 2.38, n. Tam procul a … cogit Hod. 399; cf. Hod. 482. procul a … ovilibus Cf. Mant. Ecl. 4.175: “procul … ab ovilibus.” ab uberibus—hoedum Cf. Val. 1.291. ab uberibus raptum Cf. Verg. A. 6.428; 7.484; Ov. Fast. 4.459; Eob. Buc. 5.43/Idyl. 4.46; Val. 1.319–320, n.; Accl. 2.113. uberibus … lactentibus Cf. Lucr. 5.885; Ov. Met. 6.342; 7.321. hoedum—humeris Cf. Vulg. Luc. 15.5; Calp. Ecl. 5.41. his humeris = Verg. A. 6.111. venum—urbem = Idyl. 11.117. For the motif, cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.19–21, 33–35; 9.6, 62; Mant. Ecl. 6.156–157. Commoda … alimenta Val. 1.491. miseris alimenta = Ov. Tr. 5.8.13.

698 7 9 10 12 13 14

15–17 15–16 17 18–19

18

19 22 23 24

25–26 27 29 30 31 32 33 34

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [7 miserum, si te = Ov. Tr. 4.3.49. cogit egestas = Luc. 3.132; Mart. 11.87.3. inter agrestes = Buc. 8.80/Idyl. 12.79. cura peculi = Verg. Ecl. 1.33; cf. Eob. Idyl. 1.126, n. vivo equidem Verg. A. 3.315. sed … semper egentem Idyl. 5.14. Deprendit fortuna ≈ Stat. Theb. 1.510. quod—annum ≈ Eobanus’s translation of Hes. Op. 44, in Adnot., sig. N1r (commenting on Verg. G. 1.121–122): “Quantum vel totum posset satis esse per annum.” totum … per annum Calp. Ecl. 2.70. Caseolos—nivalis Imitating Theoc. 11.34–37; translated at Theoc. 11.55–58; adapted at Verg. Ecl. 2.21–22 and Eob. Idyl. 15.53–56. Caseolos—Commoda Cf. Buc. 7.88/Idyl. 9.76, n. bruma nivalis = Aus. Precationes variae 2.12; Eob. Idyl. 15.56, 93. Vos—viretis Cf. Mant. Ecl. 5.6–7: “Vos quibus est res ampla domi, quibus ubera vaccae / plena ferunt, quibus alba greges mulctraria complent”; Eob. Buc. 1.22–23/Idyl. 1.34–35; 7.89–91/Idyl. 9.77–79. innumerae—capellae Cf. Theoc. 9.23: “Alta mihi innumerae rodunt dumeta capellae”; cf. further Verg. Ecl. 10.7; G. 1.15; Eob. Idyl. 1.96, n. tondent For the image, see Idyl. 1.96, n. pascunt armenta = Buc. 11.84, n.; Theoc. 36.84: “Quas numerosa tibi pascunt armenta per herbas?”; Psalt. 8.33. vivemus in horas Cf. Erasmus, Adag. 1.8.62: “in diem vivere.” fallax Fortuna Sen. Ag. 57. Fortuna negarit ≈ Verg. A. 10.435. Nos quoque, qui = Ebn. 151. steriles … agros = Verg. G. 1.84; A. 3.141; cf. Eob. Buc. 11.59, n. pecus—agros = Mant. Calam. 1.158 (p. 23); cf. Eob. Idyl. 10.2, n.; 12.32, n. Vera—cathedrae Cf. Idyl. 3.125–126. Longe alia est ratio = Vitanda ebriet. 1.5; Sylv. 8.12.15. maiora volebam = Idyl. 8.94; cf. Idyl. 12.70. ambages nectis Cf. Stat. Theb. 1.495. Nolentem trahis Sen. Ep. 107.11.5, quoting Cicero. ab origine prima = Lucr. 3.331; 5.678; Ov. Pont. 4.8.17. fallis amicum = Sylv. 3.6.7; 8.17.5. Accipe daque fidem = Verg. A. 8.150. sapientior aetas = Ov. Ars 1.65. aspersis … tempora canis Cf. Ov. Met. 8.568; 15.211. albentem—canis ≈ Ov. Met. 3.516.

7] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 35 36 37–42

37

38–39 38 39 40

41

42

43 44 46

48

49

50 51 51–52

699

Quod loquar ≈ Idyl. 3.128, n. tacito sub corde = Stat. Theb. 9.824. Venturum … populi … ad aures Cf. Verg. A. 2.119. patulas … aures ≈ Hor. Ep. 1.18.70. Pone—laboras Cf. Mant. Ecl. 1.128–130: “‘Dic,’ inquit, ‘dic, Fauste, quid hoc quod pectore volvis? / Infelix puer, haec facies testatur amorem. / Dic mihi, ne pudeat curas aperire parenti.’” Pone metum = Hutten, Italia B 3.1, n. pectore toto = Verg. A. 1.717; 9.276; Ov. Met. 1.495; Eob. Idyl. 14.156; cf. Her. Chr. 6.142, n. Prome—Fabula Cf. Idyl. 3.129–130, n. Feret—salutem Adapting Verg. A. 1.463; cf. Eob. Idyl. 17.228–229. ne sanum finge Cf. Ov. Rem. 504; Eob. Idyl. 3.92, n. Et nisi me fallunt = Mant. 3. Parthen. 576 (fol. 113r); Eob. Sylv. 5.20.11. vitae … prioris Her. Chr. 11.127, n. vitae spacia Ov. Met. 3.124; 7.173; Tr. 3.4.33. conveniens—aetas Cf. Ov. Am. 1.9.3; Met. 9.553. ludis iuvenilibus Idyl., 1.ded. 75 (2.ded. 73). iuvenilibus aetas = Laud. 518; Epic. 5.75. Morbus … amor For the old concept of passionate love as a disease, see, for example, Catul. 76.25: “taetrum hunc … morbum”; Prop. 2.1.58; Serv. A. 1.659: “et amor morbus”; Petrarch, Rem. 2.86.14: “Morbus est enim amor, et morborum maximus”; Eob. Idyl. 10.23. For the related image that love is an incurable wound, see Idyl. 3.110–112, n. me tibi vera fateri = Ov. Ep. 14.47. Nec pudet … aedere Hod. 42; cf. Ov. Met. 9.531. Verum age = Verg. A. 11.587; 12.832; Eob. Buc. 1.57/Idyl. 1.66; Idyl. 9.53. postquam—umbrae Cf. Buc. 1.65/Idyl. 1.74, nn. successimus umbrae = Calp. Ecl. 1.19. peioribus—arsit Cf. Theoc. 3.69: “flammis peioribus ussit”; Eob. Idyl. 7.44; 10.22–23. ignibus arsit = Val. 3.61, n. Solus eram ≈ Ov. Met. 13.353. baculoque … connixus acerno Cf. Mant. Ecl. 2.79: “baculoque innixus acerno.” viridis … in margine ripae = Erasmus, Carm. 6.1 (combining Verg. Ecl. 7.12 and G. 4.121 with Ov. Met. 1.729). Iam … nemus intraram Sylv. 5.22.5. Iamque adeo = Verg. A. 2.567; 5.268, 864; 8.585; 11.487. nemus … Umbrosum Ov. Met. 7.75; Eob. Idyl. 9.4.

700 52–53 53 54–58 54

55

55–56 58 59–60

59

60

61–62 61 61–62 61 62–64

62–63 63 64

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [7 dumque—Perlustro Cf. Sil. 3.160; Stat. Theb. 5.546–547; Ach. 1.126, 742. noti … fontis l. 82 below; cf. l. 72. sequor vestigia = Calp. Ecl. 2.86; cf. Eob. Idyl. 14.47, n. Ecce tibi—ignes Cf. the scene described in Ama. 1.1–2. Ecce tibi = Verg. A. 3.477. dictu … visu Verg. A. 3.621. miserabile visu = Verg. A. 1.111; Ov. Met. 13.422. Ad fontem Like his Ovidian counterpart, Narcissus is seated beside a spring. Here the motif remains allusion only. longos … amores Cf. l. 105, n., below. amores Deflebat Buc. 1.85; Idyl. 10.10. despectos—ignes Cf. Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 104: “ultrices in se converterat iras.” Dum—clamat The motif comes from Filetico, Theoc. 1.78–93. For l. 59, cf. especially Filetico, Theoc. 1.92: “ille nihil, nimio sed amore perustus / Infoelix iam lugentes properabat ad agros.” moeroris caussam Mart. 2.11.10. nihil ille, sed = Stat. Theb. 9.343; cf. Verg. A. 2.287; Ov. Met. 7.743; 12.232–233; Fast. 2.797; Stat. Theb. 12.367. amens Cf. the proverbial “amens, amans”; see Otto 79; Häussler, 129–130, 232, 260. Centenam—Philantida Cf. Bocc. Ecl. 2.23–24: “‘Pampineam,’ o quotiens nequicquam vocibus usque / in celum totis clamavi vallibus imis”; ll. 104– 105 below. solam … clamat = Andrel. Livia 3.4.71: “solam hic te, Panthea, clamat.” Hinc—iaculo Narcissus’s lament has rekindled Philotas’s love. For “love’s contagion,” cf. Ov. Rem. 609–616. Callirhoe Ov. Met. 9.414 (daughter of the river god Achelous); Pers. 1.134; Calp. Ecl. 3.25. Me … Fixit Amor iaculo Cf. Prop. 2.13.2; Ov. Ars 1.23; Eob. Ama. 32.22; Her. Chr. 17.86. Me quoque = Verg. Ecl. 9.33; G. 3.8. Nec tu—iuncos As they pine away for unrequited love, swains stop singing their ditties tempered to the oaten flute. See Mant. Ecl. 1.18–19; Eob. Buc. 7.159–163; cf. l. 107, n. below. Nec tu me … videbis Amplius Cf. Verg. A. 12.679–680; 12.810. laeta … carmina Verg. G. 2.388; Calp. Ecl. 1.35. arguta … buxo Nup. 296. meditari carmina ≈ Lydia 6; cf. Eob. Buc. 11.107; Idyl. 17.25. teretes calamos Idyl. 7.129; 10.28.

7] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

65

66 67

68 69 70

71

72

73

74

75

701

calamos … nectere Cf. Idyl. 4.7, n. molles—iuncos The weaving of baskets is frequently mentioned in pastoral poetry. See Theoc. 1.52–53; Verg. Ecl. 2.71–72; 10.71; Calp. Ecl. 3.68–69; Nemes. Ecl. 1.1–2; 2.33–34; Mant. Ecl. 1.22. Ni detur quod amo Cf. Mant. Ecl. 3.91: “da quod amo: nostro haec una est medicina dolori.” For the proverbial saying that only the beloved can cure lovesickness, see Otto 101; Häussler, 52, 69, 132, 232; Aen. Silv. Hist., 109, ll. 30–31: “unicum remedium est, si copia sit amati”; 149, l. 23: “nulla re magis curatur ista pestis quam dilecti copia”; Eob. Buc. 7.146/Idyl. 10.70, n. sperare senectam = Sil. 15.54. Insano … Amori = Ama. 35.1; cf. Ama. 33.6, n.; Idyl. 15.12, n. servimus Amori Cf. Buc. 3.148/Idyl. 7.133; 4.64; 7.159. Ambo—canendi Cf. Verg. Ecl. 7.4–5; Calp. Ecl. 2.3–4; Nemes. Ecl. 2.16; Filetico, Theoc. 6, opening lines: “Ambo florentes aetate”; Eob. Buc. 5.4–5, 114/Idyl. 4.5–6, 115; Idyl. 10.7–8; Theoc. 8.3: “Ambo aetate pares tenera, flaventibus ambo / Crinibus, et pulchro docti contendere cantu.” Quo … fata trahunt Verg. A. 5.709. blando … ore Ov. Met. 13.555. levis Cf. l. 126, n., below. Mortis—rapit Cf. Rec. 43–44, n.; Erasmus, Enchiridion, ASD 5.8:270, ll. 706– 708: “libidini, quo malo nullum aliud … plures in exitium trahit.” For love as a living death, see Eob. Ama. 18.9, n. Una … foemina sensus = Prop. 2.1.55. totos … sensus = Ov. Rem. 307. occludit … sensus Cf. Ama. 35.12, n. Quin potius = Lucr. 1.798; 4.127; Verg. A. 4.99. notum … amnem Cf. l. 53 above and l. 82 below. descendis ad amnem ≈ Idyl. 3.85, n. Et iam sol medium = Pontano, Meteor. 1148: “Et iam sol medium clarus peragrabat Olympum.” sol—transcendit Cf. Verg. A. 8.97; Ov. Met. 11.353–354; Avit. Carm. 3.1: “Tempus erat quo sol medium transcenderet axem”; Eob. Her. Chr. 3.133, n. axem Ov. Ep. 4.160; Met. 2.59; and often. medio temone Stat. Theb. 12.751. The sun’s chariot is now at the zenith of its course. Hence its yoke beam is level, pointing neither up nor down. Cf. Ov. Met. 11.257–258, toward sunset: “inclinato … temone”; Eob. Nup. 282, n., near sunset: “prono temone.” Cf. further Ov. Met. 10.447. Gregem—aquatum Cf. Vulg. Gen. 29.8, 11. In this sense, aquatum seems to be unparalleled. Perge. Sequar = Verg. A. 4.114.

702 76

77–78

77 78

79 80

81 82

83 83–84

86

87 88 89

90 90–91 92 93–94

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [7 Ite, meae pecudes Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.74. liquidum … amnem = Pontano, Urania 5.718; Tum. 1.8.23; Eob. Nor. 1246; cf. Ov. Met. 6.400. Me coquit—potem Cf. Buc. 7.173–175/Idyl. 10.98–100, n. For the image of love as unquenchable thirst, cf. especially Ov. Met. 3.415 (Narcissus): “dumque sitim sedare cupit, sitis altera crevit”; also Mant. Ecl. 2.84–85: “Sors tua Narciso similis: Narcisus in undis / dum sedare sitim properat, sitit amplius”; Ov. Rem. 533–534. Me coquit Ov. Ep. 15.12: “me calor Aetnaeo non minor igne coquit.” extingui Ov. Met. 7.569: “nec sitis est extincta prius quam vita bibendo.” Nerea For the metonymy Nereus/sea, cf., for instance, Ov. Met. 1.187; Luc. 2.713. urunt—flammae Cf. Ov. Met. 7.803; Eob. Laud. 294, n.; Venus 1.176, n. urunt … flammae = [Tib.] 3.12.17. Siste pedem Ov. Rem. 80; Eob. Pug. B 1.6. nutantia—fallunt Cf. Ov. Met. 6.66; Prop. 3.14.27; Erasmus, Adag. 3.5.42, ASD 2.5:320, l. 799: “Nunquam corripuit nutantia lumina somnus.” in umbra = Verg. Ecl. 1.4; 5.70; A. 6.340; 9.373. Aeriae platani Culex 124. noti … fontis l. 53 above; cf. l. 72. fontis ad undam = Ov. Met. 10.122; Eob. Idyl. 10.4; Nor. 618; Theoc. 3.5; 6.6; 8.91. O salve = Ov. Met. 12.530. Quid—nostri Like his Ovidian counterpart, Narcissus shuns the company of his fellows and frequents lonely places where he can vent his sorrow in laments to nature. The motif is conventional; see Ama. 2.1–6, n. Aeternum salve = Venus 1.140, n.; cf. Idyl. 12.111. ante—care ≈ Pontano, Am. 3.1.15: “ante alias mihi cara puellas”; cf. Verg. A. 11.537; Eob. Theoc. 3.4: “Chare mihi ante alios, mi Tityre.” Quis—obtulit Cf. Verg. A. 9.211; 12.321; Stat. Silv. 2.6.58; Eob. Nor. 1193–1194. crudelia—gementi ≈ Petrarch, Africa 3.766; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 12.145, n. fata gemis Ama. 35.93, n. Quis te—error Cf. Verg. Ecl. 8.41; also cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.69; 6.47. For error, see Eob. Laud. 236, n.; Buc. 9.11/Idyl. 6.11. Nec—dolor Cf. Hutten, Querel. 1.2.50: “Non patitur durus commeminisse dolor”; cf. further Verg. G. 3.216; Ov. Ep. 10.33; Eob. Her. Chr. 12.72. nec vulnera—curari Love is an incurable wound. For the commonplace, see Idyl. 3.110–112, n. Indigno … dolori Verg. A. 12.411; cf. ll. 114 and 159, n., below. Dic—luctus For the thought, cf. Idyl. 3.129–130, n.; 7.37–39.

7] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 93

94 96–160

96–98 96

97–98

98 98–99 98 99 99–100 100 101–108 102–103 103–108

703

Dic tamen, o = Ov. Pont. 3.5.37. paribus … curis Verg. A. 6.159. nobiscum exercite = Epith. 40: “per Aonias nobiscum exercite rupes.” exercite curis ≈ Verg. A. 5.779; Ov. Met. 15.768. Fert—luctus Cf. Dial. 2.88, n. Donec—reliquit Narcissus’s lament falls into three sections. The first (ll. 96–129) tells how his love started as mere coquetry à la Galatea (Theoc. 6.17), but ended as a fatal passion. At the end of this part Narcissus presents himself as the wronged party and seeks to arouse our indignation against the fickleness of women and the baseness of Philantis’s new lover. The middle section (ll. 138–151) aims to arouse pity—in the listeners as well as in the beloved. In the conclusion (ll. 152–160), Narcissus addresses the flock, his fellow shepherds, and (in the epitaph) lovers like himself. Here he imagines himself dying for love like Vergil’s Gallus (Ecl. 10.9–20) or the Daphnis of Theoc. 1. Donec—Cantando Cf. Mant. Ecl. 2.151–152: “tunc animo, tunc vi, tunc ore valebam / nec mihi sese alius poterat componere pastor.” Donec—alter Cf. Ov. Tr. 3.6.3; Petrarch, Ecl. 10.378: “dives eram in silvis, nec me felicior alter.” Donec eram foelix ≈ Ov. Tr. 1.9.5 (in contemporary eds.): “Donec eris foelix.” nec qui—Cantando Cf. Buc. 10.12, 160–161/Idyl. 11.25, 186–187; Filetico, Theoc. 5.24: “Et mecum si tunc audes contendere tenta”; Eob. Theoc. 8.7: “Num libet alterno mecum contendere cantu.” Narcissus alludes to the shepherds’ pastime of testing their skill in piping and singing against each other. See, for instance, Theoc. 5; Verg. Ecl. 3 and 7; Calp. Ecl. 2; Eob. Buc. 5/Idyl. 4, with n. at l. 14. Cantando = Verg. Ecl. 3.25; 6.71; 9.52. Mea—Optabant Cf. Catul. 62.42; Ov. Met. 3.353 (Narcissus): “multi illum iuvenes, multae cupiere puellae.” hilares … nymphae = Sil. 8.182. connubia nymphae = Stat. Ach. 1.241. malesanus = Ov. Met. 3.474 (Narcissus). amantes Sprevi Tib. 1.8.61; Eob. Idyl. 15.28; cf. Calp. Ecl. 3.25. Crocalen Ov. Met. 3.169. The name enters pastoral poetry in Calp. Ecl. 2. nigram Cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.16; Ov. Ars 2.657–658; Rem. 327. Quas—sequeretur Philantis pursues the shepherd Narcissus, just as Echo pursues the mythical Narcissus. velut—Vacca For the image, cf. Verg. Ecl. 8.85–89. For the comparison girlheifer, see Hor. Carm. 2.5.6; Ov. Am. 3.5.37; Ep. 5.117–124; Calp. Ecl. 3. Totos—sequeretur Cf. Bocc. Ecl. 2.9–24: “me miserum male sanus Amor

704

103–104

104 105 106–107 106 107

107–111 107–108 108 109 110

111 112 113 114

116 117–124

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [7 per devia solum / distrahit et longos cogit sine mente labores / ut subeam victusque sequar vestigia nondum / cognita Pampinee. Dixi ‘sequar’ inscius, imo / perscruter; nec cura potest retinere peculi / quin montes celsos densosque per invia lucos / discurram .... / [l. 23] ‘Pampineam,’ o quotiens nequicquam vocibus usque / in celum totis clamavi vallibus imis.” Totos—Errabat Cf. Ov. Met. 14.422: “latos [or Latios] errat vesana per agros.” For the motif, cf. l. 139, n., below; for the wording, cf. Ov. Met. 7.534– 535: “per agros / errasse”; Tib. 1.3.61; Sen. Phoen. 561–562; Eob. Buc. 1.122/Idyl. 1.151; 3.18; 5.87–88/Idyl. 4.86–87, n. clamans Narcissum Cf. Verg. Ecl. 6.43–44; Mor. 31. nomine tantum = Hor. S. 1.9.3; Juv. 8.31. longum … amorem = Catul. 76.13; Verg. A. 3.487; cf. A. 1.749; Ciris 383; Prop. 1.19.26; Ov. Am. 1.6.5; et al.; Eob. Buc. 3.84/Idyl. 7.55. Non illam—custodia Cf. Ov. Met. 3.437–438 (Narcissus). Non illam … Non ≈ Verg. G. 3.140–141. duri … parentes = Sylv. 9.1.31; cf. Nemes. Ecl. 2.10. Non—custodia Lovesick swains and shepherdesses neglect their pastoral duties; cf. Ov. Met. 2.683–685; 13.763; Bocc. Ecl. 2.13: “nec cura potest retinere peculi”; Mant. Ecl. 2.107; 4.25–26; cf. ll. 62–64, n., above. commissa—custodia Cf. Buc. 4.24/Idyl. 5.28, n.: “pecudum commissa … custodia.” sola per—flammae Cf. Nemes. Ecl. 4.5–10. per omnes … sylvas Ov. Met. 14.418–419. sub umbra = Verg. Ecl. 7.10; G. 4.511; Ov. Met. 4.88; Tr. 3.10.71; Eob. Idyl. 10.46. lustra invia Verg. A. 4.151; Eob. Ama. 8.7. Et quamvis = Verg. G. 1.196; Prop. 1.3.13; 1.15.13. ut peius amaret The trick is recommended in Ov. Am. 2.19.33–36; cf. also Met. 9.724–725. For peius amaret, see Ov. Ep. 4.26; 7.30. crudeli … flammae ≈ Stat. Silv. 5.5.20 (the funeral pyre). Heu heu—inani Cf. Her. Chr. 17.71, 83. For the thought, cf. Prop. 3.24.1; Ov. Ars 1.707. For formae inani, cf. also Eob. Idyl. 2.72. credit amari = Ov. Met. 7.823; cf. Ars 3.673. indigno … furore Cf. l. 92, n., above. consumpta furore Cf. Filetico, Theoc. 1.138: “Dixerat et scaevo consumptus amore quievit”; 3.12: “Aspice quam tenero sim iam consumptus amore”; 3.53: “consumptus amore iacebo”; 6.26: “placido dominae consumptus amore / Alterius.” aversa recessit = Lucr. 5.413; cf. Verg. A. 4.362 (Dido). Occului—flammae Cf. Ov. Met. 4.64.

7] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 117

118–120 119 119–120 120 121 122–123 122 123–124 123 124 125 126

127

128 129 130 131

132

705

tacitum … amorem At this point Narcissus is still unaware of the depth of his passion. For this use of tacitus, cf. Ov. Rem. 105; Verg. A. 4.67; Eob. Ama. B 2.19, n.; Sylv. duae 2.35. confessus amorem = Ov. Met. 14.703. Ut essem—Comere Cf. Ov. Met. 13.764–767 (Polyphemus). didici—componere Cf. Mant. Ecl. 4.228: “discit … vultum componere vitro”; [Tib.] 3.13.9; Ov. Met. 13.767. crinem Comere = Stat. Theb. 9.901–902. intellexerat ignem Ov. Met. 9.457. Mens mea = Tib. 1.2.98; Ov. Ep. 16.73; Eob. Her. Chr. 10.36; 18.156; cf. Ov. Ep. 12.212; Met. 9.520; 13.957; Pont. 4.9.90; Eob. Her. Chr. 2.8. si quis—Diceret Cf. Verg. Ecl. 9.33–34. si quis me = Juv. 14.317. Interea—flammae Cf. Ov. Rem. 105. totum—flammae Cf. Catul. 64.92–93; Sen. Ag. 132. Venus ignea = Maxim. 3.7. Tum denique = Verg. G. 2.369; Ov. Ep. 10.43; Met. 3.629; et al. Fassus, opem petii Cf. Mant. Ecl. 1.134: “rem confessus opem petii.” quam—puellis The fickleness of women was proverbial. See Otto 1153; Häussler, 17, 111, 280; TPMA, 3:339–344, s.v. “Frau,” nos. 10–114. levibus … puellis = Andrel. Livia 4.10.5: “Stultus erit levibus credet quicunque puellis: / Instabilis varium foemina nomen habet.” Amyntam A scamp also mentioned at Idyl. 4.35 and 9.41. transtulit ignes Cf. Ter. Hec. 169–170: “huc transtulit / amorem”; Hor. Epod. 15.23; Ov. Met. 10.83–84. furatus The pastoral world is not immune to thievery. See Theoc. 5.2 (fleece); 5.4 (flute); Verg. Ecl. 3.16–18; Calp. Ecl. 3.74. teretes calamos Idyl. 7.64; 10.28. haec in rura venire Mant. Ecl. 9.2: “haec in rura venis.” Infoelix puer = Verg. A. 1.475; Mant. Ecl. 1.129; cf. Eob. Rec. 119, n.; Buc. 9.50/Idyl. 6.53. Retia—incidis Proverbial; see Otto 917; Häussler, 176, 275; TPMA, 3:151–153, s.v. “Falle,” nos. 1–39; Mant. Ecl. 2.137–138: “incautus, sibi multa tetendit / retia et in foveam cecidit quam fecerat.” Retia … tendis Prop. 2.32.20; Ov. Am. 1.8.69; Ars 1.45; Rem. 202; Met. 8.331. miser incidis Ama. 7.10: “In amorem … miser incidi.” Atque ita = Lucr. 2.227; 4.890; 6.201; Verg. G. 4.409; A. 5.382; et al. alma Venus = Ov. Met. 10.230; 14.478; 15.844; Stat. Silv. 1.2.159; cf. Lucr. 1.2; Verg. A. 1.618; et al.; Eob. Ruf. 38, 39; Buc. 7.108/Idyl. 10.32, 89; Sylv. duae 2.168.

706

133–135

133

134 135

136 138

139

139–143 139 140–141 140

141 142–143 142 143

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [7 fastum—omnem Cf. Hor. Carm. 3.10.9–10. For fastum omnem, see Tib. 1.8.75. Quam—collo The lover is a slave to his mistress. For this commonplace, see, for example, Cic. Parad. 36; Tib. 2.4.1–4; Mant. Ecl. 1.114–116: “Quisquis amat servit: sequitur captivus amantem, / fert domita cervice iugum, fert verbera tergo / dulcia.” servire puellae = Ov. Am. 2.17.1. liceat, servire Verg. A. 4.103. For liceat used parenthetically, see Ov. Met. 8.38; Luc. 1.202. ferre labores = Verg. A. 12.635; Juv. 14.198. Quisquis—collo Included in Neander, Ethice, vol. 2, fol. 85v. Quisquis amat = Laud. 321, n. presso … collo = Ov. Tr. 3.5.15. vincula collo = Verg. A. 2.236; Ov. Met. 1.631; 9.77; 10.381; Tr. 4.1.83. Hoc quoque me = Ov. Pont. 1.5.51. Palepaphia Ciris 88; Eob. Her. 2.1.99 (a temple of Venus): “Templa Palaepaphio … scorto”; Sylv. 2.6.35: “Linque Palaepaphios ignes, Citheraea.” Venus was said to have come ashore at Palaepaphus (Old Paphus) on Cyprus; see Mela 2.102. percussus arundine = Ov. Ep. 9.161; Eob. Nup. 10: “Paphia percussus arundine.” solus See Ama 2.1–6, n. Per sylvas et rura The wounds of passion force the sufferer to wander about ceaselessly. Cf. Verg. A. 4.68–69, 300–303; Ciris 167; Ov. Met. 13.872; Nemes. Ecl. 4.6; Mant. Ecl. 3.143–144; ll. 103–108, n., above. sylvas et rura = Buc. 10.1/Idyl. 11.13; cf. Verg. Ecl. 5.58; Ov. Met. 11.146. Mea—potant Cf. Idyl. 6.56–57, n. saepe videntes = Verg. G. 1.354. fleverunt—Napaeae Cf. Ov. Met. 3.505–507 (at Narcissus’s death); 13.689; Verg. Ecl. 5.20–21 (at Daphnis’s death); Eob. Idyl. 6.56; Venus 1.77–78. sylvestria—nymphae Filetico, Theoc. 5.17: “nymphas, silvestria numina”; cf. Ov. Met. 1.192; Fast. 6.323; Eob. Idyl. 1.141. For sylvestria numina at this metrical position, see also Ov. Fast. 2.279; 3.303; Calp. Ecl. 6.57. Dryades—Napaeae = Ruf. 17; cf. Nemes. Ecl. 2.20; Eob. Idyl. 8.60; 16.4. Ut magnos—potant Cf. Theoc. 1.74–75; Verg. Ecl. 5.25–26 (at Daphnis’s death); Nemes. Ecl. 2.29–30. magnos … dolores Ov. Met. 8.517; Luc. 9.889. Gramina—potant Cf. Mant. Ecl. 1.35: “[iuvenca] gramina non carpit nec fluminis attrahit undam”; Eob. Buc. 10.164/Idyl. 11.189; Theoc. 4.21: “Gramina non carpunt nec pabula nota requirunt.”

7] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

144 144–145 145 146

147

149 150

151–157

151 152 153 154 155–160

155

156

707

Gramina … carpunt Ov. Tr. 4.8.20. dulcia—potant = Mant. Calam. 1.17 (p. 19). flumina potant ≈ Ov. Met. 1.634; Eob. Nor. 419. Saepius haec mecum ≈ Buc. 3.68/Idyl. 3.74. formosa … Quo fugis? Idyl. 15.28. Quo—exclamo … revertere = Ov. Ep. 10.35; cf. Met. 3.383–384, 477 (Narcissus); Eob. Her. Chr. 20.65. Quem fugias = Ov. Met. 1.515; cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.60. miserere … amantis Sen. Phaed. 671. impacienter amantis Cf. Mant. Ecl. 7.65: “nimis impatienter amabat”; Ov. Ep. 19.4; Eob. Her. Chr. 24.25. Huc ades, o = Idyl. 4.10, n. mea lux = Prop. 2.14.29; 2.28.59; 2.29.1; Ov. Am. 1.8.23; Eob. Buc. 3.90; cf. Ama. 14.6. spe ludis inani = Her. Chr. 14.143, n. For spe inani, see Verg. A. 10.627, 648; 11.49; Ov. Met. 7.336; Eob. Idyl. 15.47. Dum queror = Laud. 285, n. impediunt lachrymae Ov. Met. 9.328–329; 13.745; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 5.38. lumen et auras = Verg. A. 6.363; Eob. Theoc. 17.90: “vidisti lumen et auras / Vitales … hausisti.” Nil—ignes Wearied by misfortune and unrequited passion, Narcissus now finds solace in contemplating his own death and funeral and imagining how the herd and his fellow shepherds will mourn him. In this he follows the example of Gallus in Verg. Ecl. 10.31–34. Cf. also Bocc. Ecl. 2.135–155; Mant. Ecl. 3.103–124; Eob. Ama. 32.25–84. Nil mihi vobiscum = Ov. Fast. 2.308; Mart. 11.2.8. placida … morte quiescam Cf. Verg. A. 6.371; 9.445; Eob. Her. Chr. 7.156. Lanigerae pecudes = Idyl. 1.96, n. mea funera = Ov. Pont. 1.9.17; Stat. Theb. 12.383; Ach. 1.631. Nec salices—myricas Cf. Buc. 3.63–64/Idyl. 3.69–70; Buc. 8.34/Idyl. 12.33. Nec salices, caprae … captate Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.77–78; Nemes. Ecl. 1.6–7. Vos—reliquit For these motifs—burial, the strewing of flowers on the grave, epitaph—cf. Verg. Ecl. 5.40–44; Bocc. Ecl. 1.132–135; Mant. Ecl. 3.117– 124, 182–189; Eob. Buc. 9.56–63/Idyl. 6.61–66. Vos … pastores = Buc. 9.107/Idyl. 6.109. date membra quieti ≈ Bocc. Ecl. 2.72; Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.469; Eob. Idyl. 15.33, n. For quies in the sense of eternal rest, see, for example, Lucr. 3.211; Verg. A. 10.745; Prop. 2.28.25. Flore … cognomine The narcissus; cf. Ov. Met. 3.509–510. signatam … terram ≈ Stat. Theb. 6.904. For signatam, see also Verg. A. 3.287; Ov. Met. 2.326; 8.540.

708

157 158

159

160

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [7 spargite terram For the time-honored custom of decking the grave with flowers and herbs see, for instance, Verg. Ecl. 5.40; A. 5.79; 6.883–886. Cf. also Eob. Rec. 135; Buc. 9.58–61/Idyl. 6.61–64; Epic. 1.109: “Spargimus hic frustra tumulum redolentibus herbis”; 8.79–80. Et deflete—ignes Cf. Verg. Ecl. 10.33–34. aevoque futuro ≈ [Tib.] 3.4.47. Si quis—erit Cf. Prop. 3.16.13; Ov. Rem. 13. quod—carmen Cf. Ov. Tr. 3.3.71. addite carmen = Verg. Ecl. 5.42: “tumulo superaddite carmen.” For carmen in the sense of epitaph, see Eob. Rec. 136, n. Cum—periret Cf. Verg. Ecl. 10.10 (in the contemporary eds., including Eobanus’s in Adnot.): “indigno cum Gallus amore periret”; Eob. Idyl. 15.12; Theoc. 1.91: “indigno cum Daphnis amore periret.” For indigno amore, see also Verg. Ecl. 8.18; l. 92, n., above. Cum miser … periret = Epic. 2.137 (in a concluding epitaph): “Cum miser ingrato Nesenus in amne periret.” Exemplo—reliquit Narcissus now offers his interpretation of this tale of woe: love is an overmastering force that we resist at our peril. Cf. Ov. Ep. 4.11: “quidquid Amor iussit, non est contemnere tutum”; Aen. Silv. Hist., 123, ll. 23–24: “Nil peius est quam obstare cupidini nostre”; l. 132 above: “Venus, fastum quae vindicat omnem.” For this view of passion as a natural force that must not be withstood, cf. Verg. Ecl. 10.69: “omnia vincit Amor: et nos cedamus Amori.” Exemplo … reliquit Idyl. 14.111.

Idyllion 8 Reprinted from O in Aegidius Periander, ed., Germania, in qua doctissimorum virorum elogia et iudicia continentur … (Frankfurt am Main, 1567), 117–121. The poem was first edited (from A) by Karl Gillert as Mutian. Ep. 148. In 1529, Mutianus’s former puer and now student at Wittenberg, Johann Marcellus (Märckell) of Königsberg in Franconia (1510–1552), wrote Eobanus to tell him how much he has loved reading Eobanus’s just published Idyllia (1528), especially the eighth idyl addressed to his late master. See Epp. fam., 281–282. Meter: Dactylic hexameter. 1 2

Andino … versu = Idyl., 1.ded. 17 (2.ded. 15), n. Latias … pascua Musas = Nup. 8. Latias in Teutona Cf. Idyl. 3.38, n.: “Romula Teutonicas”; Sylv. 1.11.8: “Teutona qui Latiis fontibus arva rigat.”

8] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 3 3–4

5

6 7–8 8 8–9 9–10 9 9–10 10 10–11 11–12

12 13–15

13 14

15

709

veniam praefati Idyl. 16.168; Nor. 191, 198. sacra—Fauni Cf. Calp. Ecl. 1.8–9: “antra petamus / ista patris Fauni.” For sacra antra, see Stat. Silv. 4.3.117; 5.1.255. For subimus antra, see Eob. Sylv. duae 2.114, n.; Val. 1.236. For patris Fauni, see also Verg. A. 7.102; Calp. Ecl. 2.13. saltem liceat = Locher, Stult. 42, fol. 53v (Hartl, 1.2:132, no. 43.7): “Id saltem liceat.” sylvas—patentes Cf. Sedul. 1.97–98: “silvamque patentem / Ingrediens aliquos nitor contingere ramos”; Eob. Rec. 5, n. Iuglandes … nuces … colurnas Nor. 1276–1277. For colurnas, see Verg. G. 2.396. Arbusta—sequi Cf. Verg. Ecl. 4.2; Eob. Idyl. 13.3–4. Est animus = Verg. A. 11.325; V. Fl. 1.166; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 3.129, n. levia … Ludicra Cf. Verg. A.12.764. For ludicra, see Eob. Idyl., 1.ded. 73 (2.ded. 71), n. Nunc—resonare For the wording, cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.5. nostrae … sylvae Calp. Ecl. 7.2; Eob. Buc. 1.24. carmina sylvae = Idyl. 1.80, n. sylvae Incipient Verg. Ecl. 6.39; Eob. Buc. 5.58/Idyl. 4.61. ignoscite, Musae = Ov. Trist. 5.7.55. Musae Mintiades Idyl. 13.1; cf. Eleg. 1.79, n. quo se … tantum Iactat = Mant. Ecl. 4.246–247: “senex, quo se vetus Umbria tantum / iactat”; cf. Verg. Ecl. 6.73; Eob. Laud. 456–459, n.; Buc., ded. 23. rustica … Musa Buc., lim. 1, n.; Idyl. (B), lim. 1. te, Tityre = Verg. Ecl. 1.38. Here Tityrus is Vergil himself; cf. Eob. Idyl. 1.100, n. Ne tu—notissime Mutianus is invited to enter the world of shepherds and singers; that is, he is exhorted to publish pastoral poetry of his own. Cf. Verg. Ecl. 10.17, addressed to the urbane poet Gallus: “nec te paeniteat pecoris, divine poeta.” As Servius comments, “allegoricos hoc dicit: nec tu erubescas bucolica scribere.” Eobanus exhorts Mutianus to publish his verses also at Laud. 269–284 and Ruf. 73–104. Ne tu—montes Cf. Calp. Ecl. 4.88; Eob. Idyl. 15.98. Et valles—sacras Cf. Buc. 1.22/Idyl. 1.34, n. habitare—silentes Cf. Epp. 4, sig. F7v (25 May 1508): “lucos habitare silentes”; Verg. Ecl. 10.58; G. 1.476; 4.364. Rufe—notissime Cf. Epic. 4.59: “Rufe, per Hessiacos quondam notissime colles.” Aonios colles = Sid. Carm. 22.96; cf. Eob. Hod. 238.

710 16

17 18–31

18–20 18 19

19–20

20–21 22

23

24 25–26 25 26 27 28 29

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [8 dulcem … vitam Lucr. 2.997; 3.66; Catul. 64.157; Verg. A. 6.428; Eob. Buc. 6.85/Idyl. 8.84. trutinas—vitam Cf. Aus. Ecl. 20.9 (Anthol. Lat. 644.9): “iusto trutinae se examine pendit”; Eob. Buc. 8.89; Tum. 2.5: “Indicis excusso trutinare examine librae.” Ingredere et … assuesce = Verg. G. 1.42. sylvis … iugosis = Ov. Ep. 4.85; cf. Am. 1.1.9. En tibi—serenet Cf. Ruf. 99–104: “Vernat humus meliore nemus clangore resultat, / Dum venis, ergo veni. / Adventus rus omne tuos presentit et omni / Se parat arte tibi. / Ut venias te prata rogant et vernus Apollo / Pieridumque chorus.” As soon as Mutianus enters this pastoral landscape, all nature rejoices. Cf. Calp. Ecl. 4.132–136; 4.97–111; Eob. Buc. 11.24–27, n. En tibi—Arbor For this description of springtime, cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.56–57; Eob. Buc. 1.1–6/Idyl. 1.1–9, n. omnia pleno ≈ Lucr. 1.376; 4.162; et al.; Verg. Ecl. 3.60; G. 1.371; 2.4. Fundit … tellus Verg. Ecl. 4.19–20; G. 1.13; 2.460; cf. Ecl. 9.41. aperta sinu Tib. 1.6.18; Prop. 4.4.72; Ov. Ep. 15.122; Fast. 1.408. For the meaning of aperta, cf. Ov. Fast. 4.87. tibi—Arbor Cf. Ov. Met. 13.820; Verg. Ecl. 3.56. germinat … Arbor Calp. Ecl. 4.111; Eob. Her. Chr. 23.77; Nor. 1239. omnis Arbor = Mant. 1. Parthen. 3.68–69; cf. Ov. Met. 13.820. lilia … vernantia Col. 10.270; Eob. Buc. 11.42; cf. Buc. 2.89/Idyl. 2.79, n. gelidi fontes = Verg. Ecl. 10.42; Lydia 17. fontes manant Ov. Met. 9.664–665. rupibus altis = Verg. G. 3.273; Ov. Ep. 7.37; Eob. Vict. 73; Nor. 592; Sylv. 2.29.29. Frigida … flumina Verg. Ecl. 5.25; Hor. Epod. 13.13–14. labuntur flumina = Boiardo, Pastoralia 9.79; Eob. Sylv. 2.4.31. flumina lapsu = Claud. in Rufin. 1.159. Per … amoena silentia Stat. Silv. 2.6.100; Eob. Ruf. 9; Idyl. 15.71, n. virides ripas ≈ Aus. Mosella 141; cf. Verg. Ecl. 7.12; G. 4.121; Ov. Met. 2.371. fugit—serpens For the motif, with its implicit promise of a new Golden Age, see Buc. 1.81/Idyl. 1.93, n. omnibus omnis = Lucr. 1.876; Eob. Nup. 302; cf. Lucr. 4.708; Eob. Buc. 1.5/Idyl. 1.8, n.; Nob. 133. fragrant suavissima Theoc. 15.186: “suavissima fragrans.” Siculam … Hyblam ≈ Ov. Ib. 197; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 17.125. Mount Hybla in Sicily was proverbial for its bees; see Laud. 107, n. Sub pedibus = Verg. G. 1.243; A. 4.491; 6.256; Ov. Met. 14.490. vestigia … herbae ≈ Ov. Ars 3.721.

8] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 30 31 32–33 32 33 34

35 36 38

40–43 40 41

43

43–44 44

45 46 47

711

Aspice quam = Idyl., 1.ded. 46 (2.ded. 44), n. toto—anno Cf. Verg. Ecl. 7.43. splendore serenet = Vegio, Aen. 458: “Titan / … aurato caelum splendore serenet”; cf. Eob. Theoc. 4.68: “[Iupiter] claro coelum splendore serenat.” Hoc erat—Optabam Cf. Verg. A. 12.259; Ov. Met. 11.694; Eob. Idyl. 3.137, n. saepe per agros = Ov. Met. 14.397. nemora omnia Idyl. 12.114, n. Saxa—rupes Cf. Nor. 477. Notice the alliteration. Saxa … squalentia Petr. 120.74. salebrosas … rupes Cf. Her. Chr. 10.173, n. pratis … virentibus Aus. Ep. 24.85. assiduo—carmine Cf. Verg. A. 7.12. resonantem … Rufum Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.5. Dum—current For the assurance of perpetuity, cf., for example, Tib. 1.4.65–66; Verg. Ecl. 5.76–78; A. 1.607–609. For the closely related assurance, “sooner will something unchangeable come to an end than …,” see Eob. Her. Chr. 8.53–54. Dum … sylvae stabunt = Bocc. Ecl. 7.107. nemora et sylvae = Ov. Am. 3.6.84. dum flumina current ≈ Ov. Met. 8.558. Ipsa—stupidis Modeled on Verg. Ecl. 8.1–5. armenta feraeque = Lucr. 2.343, 921; 4.1197; 5.228. avidi … lupi Ov. Tr. 1.1.78; Stat. Theb. 11.30. lupi … leones = Petrarch, Ecl. 6.56. saevique leones = Her. Chr. 19.125; cf. Lucr. 3.306. Auribus … stupidis Laud. 299, n. Auribus accipient Ov. Met. 10.62–63; Tr. 4.1.90; Calp. Ecl. 6.76. omnis ad auras ≈ V. Fl. 3.350. ad auras … canet Verg. Ecl. 1.56. Carmina—canet = Mant. 1. Parthen. 3.305; cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.77; Ov. Met. 10.149; Tr. 5.11.24. montibus altis = Lucr. 4.1020; et al.; Verg. Ecl. 7.66; and often; Eob. Buc. 8.15/Idyl. 12.14; Hod. 186. Aeriae rupes = Sil. 1.371. concava—sonabunt Verg. G. 4.49–50; cf. A. 5.677–678, 866; Ov. Ep. 10.22. O tantum … sordida Verg. Ecl. 2.28. dulcem … somnum = Aus. Ecl. 20.14 (“De viro bono”); cf. Verg. A. 4.185; Ciris 206. captare … somnum Calp. Ecl. 5.64; cf. Eob. Buc. 4.31/Idyl. 5.42, n. sub arbore somnum = Strozzi, Erot. 2.16.1; cf. Verg. G. 2.470.

712 48 49 49–50 50 51

52 53

53–54

54 56–58 56

57

58 59

60

61

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [8 vivoque—fonte Cf. Verg. Ecl. 5.47; Mant. Ecl. 5.84: “plenoque sitim restinguere vitro.” For vivo fonte, see Ov. Met. 3.27; Fast. 2.250. cantu—auras Cf. Verg. A. 7.34; Ov. Fast. 1.155; Eob. Idyl. 5.2–3, n.; Nor. 426– 427. opacas Quercus Cf. Verg. A. 6.208–209; 11.851. fagineumque—decoras Cf. Verg. Ecl. 8.22. For the beech tree in pastoral poetry, see Eob. Idyl. 4.2, n. Et virides = Verg. G. 4.121. sine nomine vitam = Hes. Op. 3 (trans. Niccolò delle Valle): “Dicite cur hominum pars haec sine nomine vitam / Ducat”; cf. Verg. A. 2.558; 6.776; 9.343; et al.; Eob. Buc. 7.144/Idyl. 10.68. urbanum—tribunal Cf. Epic. 4.194 (on Mutianus’s death): “Nulla tibi strepitus cura forensis erat.” virgineae laurus Sylv. 5.9.3; cf. Sabell. In natal. 3, sig. a4r: “virgineas … lauros” (to be placed around the Virgin’s altar); Mant. 1. Parthen. 1.601: “virgine lauro”; Eob. Laud. 568, with n. 84: “puellari … lauro.” frigida … lactuca In ancient and contemporary medical thinking, lettuce belongs to the class of cold-moist plants that induce slumber (cf. l. 47 above). See Val. 1.463–464, nn. The same properties were also believed to cool sexual desire; cf. ll. 62–68 below; Her. Chr. 16.265 (the Virgin Mary eats “cold” herbs from her garden). tonsile buxum Cf. Mart. 3.58.3. Lecta—capillos For the motif, see Buc. 2.91/Idyl. 2.82, n. Lecta corona Prop. 4.10.4. castos … crines Ov. Met. 15.675–676. quae plurima = Verg. G. 1.184; 4.274; A. 4.333; 8.427; et al. divae … Camoenae Ama. 35.111, n. dicunt bona verba Cf. Tib. 2.2.1; Ov. Fast. 1.72; Eob. Her. Chr. 6.135. In antiquity, words of good omen were spoken to introduce a sacred action or ceremony. Vernantes—capillos Cf. Buc. 8.78/Idyl. 12.77, n. patiare capillos = Ov. Ep. 3.79. Quem tibi = Verg. A. 3.340; 6.764. meditantur honorem ≈ Bocc. Ecl. 12.109: “nemorum meditatur honores”; Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.533: “caeli aeternos meditatur honores”; Eob. Her., ded. 25: “Pierides / … aeternos meditantur honores.” Nulla—Oreas Cf. Buc. 1.89/Idyl. 7.141, n. mollis Oreas Trebelius, Epigr., sig. D2v, letter to Eobanus (ca. July 1508): “cum Sylvano mollis Oreas adest.” Phyllis … Lycoris The names are mentioned together in Verg. Ecl. 10.41–42;

8] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

63–68

63 64

65 66

67 68

69

70

71

71–73 71–72

713

Mant. Ecl. 4.176. Phyllis is a stock name in pastoral poetry since Verg. Ecl. 3.76; cf. Eob. Buc. 1.87/Idyl. 1.104. Lycoris, the mistress of the ancient poet Gallus, is mentioned three times in Verg. Ecl. 10. Non ita—gemmis Cf. Mant. Ecl. 4.193–195: “Si fugiunt aquilam fulicae, si retia cervi, / si agna lupum, si damma canem, muliebria cur non / blandimenta fugis tantum tibi noxia, pastor?” Non ita—umbrae According to Plin. Nat. 16.64, snakes avoid the shade of ash trees. Non sic agna lupos … fugit Cf. Hor. Epod. 12.25–26; Ov. Ars 1.118; Met. 1.505– 506; Eob. Buc. 10.122, n.; Idyl. 15.35–36 (translating Theoc. 11.24). fugit aera talpa Cf. Luth. 5.63–64. incommoda vitae = V. Fl. 4.86; Juv. 13.21. Acidalio Verg. A. 1.720 (applied to Venus); see also Mart. 6.13.5; 9.13.3; Eob. Her. Chr. 6.104. The Acidalian spring in Boeotia is associated with Venus because the Graces—daughters of Venus—were wont to bathe there. See Serv. A. 1.720. generosam … mentem Ov. Tr. 3.5.32; Sen. Tro. 1064. caumate Vulg. Iob 30.30. animos—aptos Cf. Venus 1.5, n. Tu fugis—gemmis Cf. Ama., ded. 7, n.: “tanquam … venenum fugiendum.” The image of the poison proffered in gem-studded cups comes from Juv. 10.25–27; cf. Eob. Ama. 35.99–100, n. O vitae—beatae Cf. Pod. 267: “O vitae secura quies, o summa beatae”; also cf. Venus 2.224–225. vitae … beatae Hor. S. 2.4.95; Eob. Buc. 11.101; Epic. 4.191 (referring to Mutianus Rufus): “Ocia ducebas vitae tranquilla beatae, / Nec Venus in partes venerat ulla tuas.” vitae—quies Sen. Her. F. 159–160; cf. Claud. VI. Cons. Hon. 150: “vitae Romana quies”; for tranquilla quies, see also Luc. 1.250; Eob. Nup. 352. Sic … praeteritos … annos = Her. Chr. 14.45. Sic … exuat ≈ Ov. Met. 9.268. mihi—annos Cf. Verg. A. 8.560; Ov. Pont. 1.2.143; Celtis, Am. 1.12.23: “Et mihi praeteritos animus si computet annos”; Eob. Her. Chr. 14.45. exuat annos ≈ Tib. 1.4.35; Eob. Nup. 71; cf. Her. Chr. 16.129; Her. 1.6.71: “Iam me vita senex melioribus exuit annis.” Talem—me Cf. Her. Chr. 9.149. sera dies = Calp. Ecl. 5.120; Mant. 3. Parthen. 27 (fol. 103r): “Postquam sera dies saeclis labentibus aetas / Intulit extremos.” seu mihi—sanguis Cf. Hor. S. 2.1.57–59. longos … dies Vulg. 3. Reg. 3.14; Prov. 28.16; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 3.128, n.

714 72

72–73 72

73 74

75

76–77 77

78 78–79

78 78–79 79 80

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [8 Invideant … fata For the complaint against malicious fate that begrudges us a long life, see, for example, Verg. A. 11.43; Ov. Pont. 2.8.59: “nobis invidit inutile fatum”; Eob. Buc. 9.50–51/Idyl. 6.53–54. frigidus—sanguis Cf. Verg. A. 5.395–396; Juv. 10.217; Sedul. 1.109: “Frigidus annoso moriens in corpore sanguis”; Eob. Her. Chr. 7.122. frigidus annis = Aetna 432; Filetico, Theoc. 4.58: “frigidus annis / Ille senex”; Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.209 (of Joseph). Cf. Eob. Buc. 3.47/Idyl. 3.53, n.: “frigida mater.” Ante diem … moriatur Rec. 139, n.; cf. Laud. 502, n. corpore sanguis = Lucr. 2.194; Ov. Met. 14.754; Fast. 3.331. Non mihi—sepulchri The theme is developed at some length in Brant, NS 85.97–155. post cineres = Prop. 3.1.36; Ov. Pont. 4.16.3; Eob. Ama. 32.82. cura sepulchri = Ov. Fast. 5.657; Stat. Theb. 9.159. corporea … mole Aug. C.D. 11.5; Ep. 120.4; 162.9; and, for example, Marul. Hymn. nat. 1.1.28: “Corpoream iussi molem compage tueri”; Mant. 7. Parthen. 808 (fol. 158v): “Corporeae molis memores.” For the commonplace that the body is a burden for the soul, see, for example, Plato, Phd. 81c; Sen. Ep. 24.17; 65.16; 102.22; Eob. Her. Chr. 21.70. For the related concept of the body as the soul’s prison, see Her. Chr. 14.133, n.; 16.258. Cedat—Vermibus Cf. Rec. 142–143, n. volucres … per inane volantes Psalt. 50.29; cf. Prud. Cath. 10.146; Bocc. Ecl. 9.155. volucres pascat Ov. Ars 3.35–36; Luc. 4.810: “nobile corpus, / Pascit aves … Curio.” Cura eadem = Her. Chr. 5.69. Stultus—Collocat Cf. Locher, Stult. 81, fol. 95v (Hartl, 1.2:216, no. 85.71–72), alluding to [Sen.] De remediis utriusque fortuitorum 5: “Sarcophagum facias quid prodest marmore et auro? / Qui bonus est, coelo tegitur, si non habet urnam”; Luc. 8.859–860: “templis auroque sepultus / Vilior umbra fores.” foeda cadavera = Prud. Dittochaeon 3.3; Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.271; cf. Ov. Met. 7.548. in auro Collocat Cf. Theoc. 17.197: “statuas … collocat auro.” vanis For the sense of “lifeless,” cf. Hor. Carm. 1.24.15 (the ghost of a dead man): “vanae … imagini.” Demens et = Verg. A. 6.172. miseros … artus = Verg. G. 3.483; Eob. Her. Chr. 12.75; cf. Verg. A. 2.215; Ciris 482. amplectitur artus = Ov. Ep. 12.173; Stat. Silv. 5.1.194. For the gesture of embracing the dead, see Verg. A. 11.150; Prop. 2.9.9; Ov. Met. 2.627; and often.

8] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 81 81–82 82 84

84–85 85 86

87 88 89

90

91 92 92–93 94–95 94 95 96

715

simulachra virum = Sil. 13.650 and Petr. 121.118 (both referring to spirits); Eob. Nor. 858: “simulachra virum de marmore sculpta.” defunctaque … Corpora = Ov. Ep. 14.125–126; cf. Verg. G. 4.475; A. 6.306. dii superi = Hor. Ep. 2.1.138; cf. Eob. Ama. 35.80, n. Gloria debetur Phaed. 3, praef. 61; Prud. c. Sym. 2.756; Eob. Her. 1.5.141; Sylv. 9.3.14. dulcis … vitae l. 16, n., above. post … vitae Munera Cf. Calp. Ecl. 4.138–139; Eob. Her. Chr. 14.97, n. tellure quiescam ≈ Sil. 7.297. Tu modo = Verg. Ecl. 4.8; G. 3.73; A. 2.160; et al.; Eob. Buc. 6.93/Idyl. 8.92; Her. Chr. 6.205; 12.279; et al. magno … iubila Christo = Sylv. 1.7.21. For magno Christo at this metrical position, see also Her. Chr. 18.65; cf. Her. Chr. 19.9; 21.183; Sylv. duae 1.37; Hymn. 113; Vict. 295; Hod. 260; also cf. Her. Chr. 6.103: “magnum … Iesum.” For iubila Christo at the hexameter end, see also Vict., app. 1.25; app. 2.23; Epic. 4.193 (to Mutianus Rufus): “Sancta salutifero psallebas iubila Christo.” Nocturnis … sacris Ov. Ars 1.567; Prud. Perist. 2.71. Percurris Cf. Ov. Am. 2.4.27: “habili percurrit pollice chordas.” resonantem carmina ≈ Vict. 335. Vatis Iessaei Bebel, “De laude et utilitate poaetices,” in Carm., sig. q3r: “Iessei … vatis”; Eob., epigram in Thomae Wolphii Iunioris in Psalmum tercium et trigesimum expositio (Erfurt, [Wolfgang Stürmer], 1507), sig. a2v: “Castum est / Quicquid Iessaei carmina vatis habent.” The Psalmist David was the son of Jesse. For the adjective, see also Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.446: “stirpis Iessaeae princeps”; 2.684: “nomina clara / gentis Iessaeae”; c. Poet. 16: “Iessei regia Musa senis”; Eob. Her. Chr. 10.148; Vict. 294. libros mille inter Cf. Sen. Dial. 9.6: “inter tot milia librorum oscitanti”; Mant. Fed. Spagn. 108 (fol. 141r): “Inter mille libros.” solis ad ortum = Cic. Div. 1.20; cf. Verg. G. 3.277; Ov. Ib. 427; Luc. 9.76. Leniter afflantem Culex 155. afflantem … pectora Ov. Rem. 434. Tu modo = l. 86, n., above. olim—Carmina Cf. Sylv. duae 2.243. Maiora—Pangere Cf. Verg. Ecl. 4.1. Maiora volebam = Idyl. 7.27; cf. Idyl. 12.70. pastorem—arundo Cf. Idyl., 2.ded. 102. On the necessity of maintaining pastoral decorum, see also Idyl. 13.99–104; 16.51–53, 160–163. averso … Apolline Prop. 4.1.73; Eob. Idyl. 11.179.

716

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [9

Idyllion 9 The lighthearted debate between a sheepherder and a goatherd about the advantages of each type of flock is modeled on Mant. Ecl. 8.1–71, where two herdsmen spar over the merits of lowland and upland pasturing but eventually decide that their debate is leading nowhere. For ancient examples of an amoebean contest between a shepherd and a goatherd, see Theoc. 5 and Verg. Ecl. 7 (an eclogue that, like the present idyl, opens with the motif of searching for a lost animal). Meter: Dactylic hexameter. arg. 1 1–4 1–2 1

2 3 3–4 4 4–5 6–7 7

8

9 9–10 11

Aepolus Cf. Theoc. 1, 5; Cordus, Ecl. 9. Tertius—nemus For the motif of searching for a lost animal, cf. Buc. 4.105– 106/Idyl. 5.117–118, n. Tertius—postquam Cf. Laud. 1.1–2; Buc. 8.1–2/Idyl. 12.1–2. Tertius … iam Lucifer Cf. Ov. Fast. 2.149–150; Stat. Theb. 12.50; Eob. Vict. 433–434. In verse, Lucifer often has the broader meaning of morning or day, as it does here. Lucifer—undis Cf. Ov. Fast. 6.474; Eob. Her. Chr. 2.56. Altera nox = Stat. Theb. 8.16. nox abiit = Ov. Am. 1.5.6; cf. Fast. 4.721. Quaeritur in sylvis = Petr. 119.14. ubi plurima = Buc. 5.2/Idyl. 4.3, n. plurima—nemus Cf. Theoc. 1.153–154: “quem circum plurima densent / Umbrosum querceta nemus.” Umbrosum … nemus Ov. Met. 7.75; Eob. Idyl. 7.51–52. Dic—vidisti Cf. Calp. Ecl. 3.1–2. Niger—torvos Cf. Mant. Ecl. 4.89–90: “O aries, aries, qui tortis cornibus atrum / daemona praesentas.” Cornua—redeuntia Cf. Ov. Am. 3.13.17; Fast. 5.119; Eob. Sylv. 7.6.3: “Cornua nam lunae toties redeuntia.” oculos … torvos Ama. 14.3, n. Ah, pecus infoelix Cf. Mant. Ecl. 8.112: “Si pecus infelix erit”; 9.54 (9.184): “Heu, pecus infelix”; cf. also Verg. Ecl. 3.3; Eob. Buc. 4.64/Idyl. 5.75, n. Non te tua ≈ Verg. A. 2.429; 9.486; 12.894. torvi … oculi Ama. 14.3, n. fatebor—tibi Cf. Verg. A. 2.77–78; Ov. Ep. 8.97; 14.47; Mant. Ecl. 8.5; Eob. Idyl. 7.43. dulces … nidos Verg. G. 1.414. quaero—nidos For the motif, see Mant. Ecl. 1.23; 3.84; 4.13, 34; 10.117–

9] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

12 14 15 16

18 19

20 21–22 21

22 24

25 26 27–29

27 28

717

118. Cf. Claud. Carm. minora 25.14 (Eobanus’s model in A): “scrutantur nidos avium.” exesae—antrum Cf. Verg. G. 4.44; A. 6.42. Nisi forte fuissem ≈ Sylv. duae 1.131. ora petisset ≈ Lucr. 5.1319. Ne doleas—necesse est Included in Neander, Ethice, vol. 2, fol. 85v. For the proverbial wisdom, cf. Otto 654; Häussler, 43, 56, 161, 271; Walther 9325: “Fer patienter onus, ferri quodcumque necesse est”; Erasmus, Adag. 1.3.14; TPMA, 2:314, s.v. “Dulden, nos. 19–23; Eob. Her. Chr. 7.135, n.; 16.303. quod fata iubent = Luc. 8.520; cf. Ov. Met. 15.584; Eob. Rec. 94, n. quod ferre necesse est = Hermann Trebelius, l. 53 of an elegy printed at the end of Hutten, Querel. 2 (Opera, 3:82): “Ergo feras … quod ferre necesse est.” Cf. Petrarch, Ecl. 2.53 (Hutten, Querel. 1.1.37): “ferre necesse est.” Hei—aries Imitating Verg. A. 6.882 (also used at Eob. Rec. 125). meritas—poenas Cf. Verg. A. 9.422–423; 10.617; Ov. Fast. 4.239; Eob. Tum. 7.31: “Ille tamen meritas persolvit sanguine poenas”; Idyl. 13.50–51. For meritas poenas, see also Pug. 93, n. viridi … cespite Ama. 9.5, n. cythisum … sequebare Verg. Ecl. 2.64. cythisum—ciperum Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.78; Bocc. Ecl. 10.48: “cythisum salicesque novas frondesque recentes.” tiliasque lĕves Verg. G. 1.173; Sen. Oed. 538. solus abibas = Ov. Ars 2.361; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 5.135. Qui nimis—audet Included in Faber, Thesaurus, 93, s.v. “Audax”; Neander, Ethice, vol. 2, fol. 85v; Johann G. Seybold, ed., Viridarium selectissimis paroemiarum et sententiarum Latino-Germanicarum flosculis amoenissimum (Nuremberg, 1677), 493; Walther 24356; Ernst Lautenbach, LateinDeutsch: Zitaten-Lexikon. Quellennachweise (Münster, 2002), 89. Cf. further Ov. Met. 10.544: “non est audacia tuta”; Bebel, Prov. 269: “Audentiores saepius vulnerantur”; TPMA, 12:323, s.v. “Wagen,” no. 150; Eob. Her. Chr. 5.164. infoeliciter audet ≈ Idyl. 3.36, n. Est ut ais = Mant. Ecl. 4.84; cf. Eob. Ama. A 1.1. hanc—repende For the thought, cf. Verg. A. 1.239. mecum—flores For the “motif of bucolic repose,” see Buc. 1.65–71/Idyl. 1.74–79, n. For the locus amoenus see Ama. 1.1, n.; cf. especially Verg. Ecl. 1.53–55 and 7.12–13; Eob. Buc. 7.74–75/Idyl. 9.62–63. mecum … succede salicto Cf. Verg. Ecl. 5.6, 19. taurigenae volucres Cf. Poliziano, Silv. 1.188 (bees): “Taurigenae … aves”; Eob. Laud. 108, n.

718 29

30 31 32

33 34 36

41 42 43–47 43 45–46 47–48 49–50 49 51 52

53 54 56

57 58 59 60–64

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [9 Et varios = Verg. G. 2.521. varios … flores Lydia 13; Ov. Met. 10.123. strident Of bees, Verg. G. 4.310, 556; cf. A. 7.65. res digna cachinno Catul. 56.1–2; cf. Mant. Ecl. 4.77: “o res risu celebranda bimestri”; Prud. c. Symm. 2.403: “digna cachinno.” tramite plano = Petrarch, Africa 9.154. Quam rudis es Cf. Mant. Ecl. 6.113: “sed tu tam rudis es.” diuturno—usu Cf. Andrel. Livia 2.7.55: “longoque exercitus usu”; cf. l. 52, n., below. Sed quia = Verg. G. 2.286; Eob. Idyl. 17.184. Vicina … ab arbore Cf. Buc. 10.131: “ex vicina … arbore.” vere rosas = Andrel. Ecl. 8.21: “Primas vere rosas”; cf. Lucr. 1.174; Verg. G. 4.134. rubra papavera = Filetico, Theoc. 7.157. Amyntas For this rascal, see also Idyl. 4.35; 7.127. Hoc leve = Mant. Ecl. 5.142. naturae specimen Cic. Tusc. 1.32; Plin. 36.97; Prud. Apoth. 635. Populeis—ovem Based on Vulg. Gen. 30.37–41. canalia The neuter form is common in medieval Latin. colorem … niveum Hor. Carm. 2.4.3; Ov. Fast. 2.763; Nemes. Ecl. 4.44. Sic se—scriptum The model is Mant. Ecl. 7.154–155: “Sic docuit … sacerdos / Ianus et in magno dixit sibi codice lectum.” Cf. Eob. Idyl. 2.34, n. Sic etiam—coloris Calp. Ecl. 2.36–39. alba … capella Theoc. 3.50. incrementa peculi = Theoc. 32.202: “eximii dedit incrementa peculi.” For peculi, see Buc. 1.104/Idyl. 1.126, n. longo … usu = Ov. Pont. 3.6.53; cf. Am. 1.8.105; Ars 3.791; Tr. 3.5.9; 3.6.19; Mant. Ecl. 4.190; Eob. Buc. 7.32/Idyl. 9.32, n.; Her. Chr. 16.15; Vict. 119; Salom. 4.13: “Longo me docuit facta experientia ab usu.” Verum age = Idyl. 7.46, n. perge fateri = Sylv. 1.10.37: “Nunc age responde, nunc te mihi perge fateri”; 8.25.19. contulerim … certamina Lucr. 4.843; Verg. A. 10.146–147. dubiae … palmae Juv. 11.181: “dubiam facientia carmina palmam”; Eob. Buc. 3.20: “dubiamque tulere in carmina palmam.” certamina palmae ≈ Buc. 10.101/Idyl. 11.119, n. inter amicos = Hor. S. 1.3.1; Ep. 1.5.24; Ov. Pont. 1.5.1. iucunda magis quam Mant. Mort. 235. seria Buc. 10.91/Idyl. 11.109, n. Incipe—Camoenas Cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.55–59 (after some skirmishing between

9] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

60–61

60 61 62–63 62 63

64 66–67 66 71 72

75

76

77 77–79 77–78 78 79 82 84

719

two herdsmen and just before an amoebean contest). For the “motif of bucolic repose,” see Eob. Buc. 1.65–71/Idyl. 1.74–79, n. For the repetition of incipe, see Verg. Ecl. 5.10–12. Incipe … dum … Dum … dum Cf. Verg. Ecl. 10.6–7; Nemes. Ecl. 1.6–8. For the anaphora, cf. also Eob. Her. Chr. 10.163–164. coelo—capellis Cf. Hor. Carm. 3.29.18–22. coelo—ardet Cf. Pug. 1, nn.; Laud. 566, n. Sirius ardet = Aetna 603. Dum—pecus Cf. Ruf. 106: “Dum iuvat umbra deos.” grata capellis = Bocc. Ecl. 16.13: “vepreta hic grata capellis.” Hic—herba For the locus amoenus, see Ama. 1.1, n. rivi … ad undam Pontano, Eridanus 1.3.9: “rivi crepitantis ad undam.” platano The plane tree is specifically mentioned in a pastoral context also in Calp. Ecl. 4.2; Nemes. Ecl. 2.18; Eob. Idyl. 7.82. in molli—herba Cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.55; Eob. Sylv. duae 1.85. faciles … Camoenas = Sylv. 5.36.9; cf. l. 84, n., below. Sed—usus Cf. Filetico, Theoc. 5.26, on the superiority of wool over goat’s hair: “Quis molli duras pro vellere setas / Tondeat?” bidentum Sheep having two (permanent) front teeth, characteristic of two-year-olds. divite pauper Ama. 5.7, n.: “ex divite pauper.” murice … et ostro In antiquity, garments dyed with costly purple were symbols of status and wealth. Cf. Buc. B 8.6. murice tingit Tib. 2.4.28; Hor. Carm. 2.16.36; Ov. Ars 1.251; et al. neci—atrae The dative of comparison is a rare poetic usage, found especially in later Latin. Eobanus uses it here because the ablative nece does not fit the meter. Caseolos—dona Cf. Idyl. 7.15–16. duo maxima dona Cf. Mant. Ecl. 8.63–64 (of bread and wine): “duo sustentacula vitae / maxima”; 1. Parthen. 3.264: “… tua maxima dona.” Non equidem infitior = Campano, Epigr. 4.1.117 (sig. C6r). ubera—mulctralia Cf. Verg. Ecl. 4.21–22; Mant. Ecl. 5.6–7, also imitated in Eob. Buc. 1.22–23/Idyl. 1.34–35, nn. ubera … Lactis oves Tib. 1.3.46. seroque … vespere = Ov. Met. 4.415. ad mulctram … ductae Cf. Calp. Ecl. 4.25. implent mulctralia Verg. G. 3.177; Eob. Idyl. 1.35. mulgentur—capellae ≈ Buc. 4.16. Faciles … Camoenae = Laud. 65, n.; cf. Venus 2.101, n.; l. 64, n., above. Faciles … risere = Verg. Ecl. 3.9. The sense is twofold: “The Muses laugh at

720

85–89

86 87

88

89 90 93

94 95

96

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [9 your joke”; “the Muses smile on you with favor.” For the latter meaning, cf. Eob. Sylv. 7.18.9–14: “Carmina cum faciles mihi pastoralia Musae / Et facili canerent pascua laeta pede / [2 lines], / Tum mihi ridebant per carmina laeta Camoenae, / Tunc fuit ingenii gratia plena mei.” Capra—auro For a similar display of astronomical-mythological lore, see Mant. Ecl. 8.82–87. Though quite beyond the ken of an average shepherd, the knowledge is carefully accounted for, in Mantuanus’s as well as in Eobanus’s poem; cf. Eob. Idyl. 2.34, n. Docto … Iarbae Cf. Calp. Ecl. 4.59: “doctus Iollas.” Oleniae … ubera caprae = Pontano, Urania 3.720: “Quem tenera Oleniae lactarint hubera Caprae”; cf. Sen. Med. 313; Eob. Her. Chr. 10.69, n. suxit … ubera Buc. 9.117–118/Idyl. 6.119–120. Lucida … sydera = Sen. Oed. 504; cf. Eob. Buc. 5.63/Idyl. 4.66, n. Phryxaeum pecus Cf. Ov. Ep. 6.104; 12.8; Fast. 3.852; Mart. 10.51.1; Eob. Epic. 3 A.5: “Vellera Phryxaeae pecudis iam Phoebus obibat.” inter sydera fulget = Pontano, Urania 4.385; cf. Ov. Met. 2.722. fulvum … vellus Ov. Am. 2.11.4; Ep. 6.14. rutilo … auro = Claud. Cons. Stil. 3.230. Sic—recordor Cf. Mant. Ecl. 5.101: “haec me iam pridem memini didicisse sub Umbro.” Lycaeum This term properly refers to the gymnasium near Athens where Aristotle taught. Here, as often in humanistic writers, it means university. Vera—monenti Cf. Ov. Ars 2.509; Met. 13.775. paremus vera monenti Sylv. 2.20.19; 2.29.45; cf. Idyl. 14.36; Nor. 1327. Plura et meliora canemus For this conclusion, see Her. Chr. 24.165–168, n.; Guil., ded. 6, n.; Theoc. 31.236 (concluding verse): “Carmina dehinc maiore sono meliora canemus.” Plura et meliora Juv. 3.220. meliora canemus = Mant. Epigr. 38.9 (fol. 105r): “Cum dabitur secura quies, meliora canemus”; cf. Eob. Idyl. 16.176. Crastina—ignes Cf. Sylv. 2.13.1 (8.13.1): “Crastina Phoebaeos ubi tertia contrahet ignes”; Ilias 18.365: “Crastina Phoebaeos ubi prima reduxerit ortus.” Crastina … lux Verg. A. 8.170; 10.244. Phoebaeos … ignes = Her. Chr. 3.67, n.

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Idyllion 10 The lovelorn Eurytus (or at least, a namesake) makes another appearance in Idyl. 15. The name Thyrsis recurs in ancient pastoral; see Theoc. 1; Verg. Ecl. 7; Calp. Ecl. 2. Meter: Dactylic hexameter. 1–6

1–2 1 1–2 2

4 5 6 7

7–8 8 9–27 9 10 11 11–12 13

Tempus—amicum The opening lines imitate Theoc. 6.1–5, which Eobanus translates as follows: “Pastores duo, Damoetas et Daphnis, … / Compulerant armenta simul, iuvenilibus ambo / Florentes annis, tenera hic lanugine rufus, / Ille genas primo vestitus flore iuventae. / Iamque dies medias aestiva reduxerat horas. / Consedere alacrem iucundi fontis ad undam, / Instructi pariles in mutua carmina avenas. / Primus ab hoc orsus sic coepit carmine Daphnis.” Also cf. Eob. Buc. 5.1–8/Idyl. 4.1–9. Tempus—umbras Cf. Her. Chr. 11.79, n.; 12.123, n.; Rec. 1, n.; Idyl. 12.35. medio—umbras Cf. Verg. G. 4.401–402; Eob. Buc. 3.102/Idyl. 7.73, n. medio … sol … aestu Ov. Met. 13.811; cf. Verg. G. 1.297, 298. medio … sol altissimus = Ov. Met. 11.353; cf. Met. 1.592; 3.50. sol … Ussit agros Cf. Ov. Met. 6.339. leves … umbras = Rec. 4; cf. Buc. 2.86, n.; Idyl. 4.18, n. pecus—umbras ≈ Mant. Ecl. 1.1; cf. Eob. Buc., ded. 5, n.; Buc. 5.9/Idyl. 4.10, n.; 9.19/Idyl. 6.19; Idyl. 7.24, n. vicini—undam Combining Ov. Met. 4.98 and 10.122; cf. Eob. Idyl. 7.82. florentior aevo Cf. Theoc. 18.8: “natu minor et florentior annis.” sic est—amicum = Ilias 4.332; 5.229, 927; et al.; cf. Verg. A. 6.666; 9.198; 12.138; Ov. Met. 5.255; Fast. 4.585. decus nemorum = Bocc. Ecl. 8.34 (Pontano, Parthen. 2.9.15): “Nympha, decus nemorum”; Eob. Buc. 7.11; cf. Idyl. 6.65. mihi proximus annis Cf. Verg. A. 11.316: “… mihi proximus amni.” proximus—prior Cf. Pontano, Ecl. 1.5.39: “forma prior et prior annis.” arte canendi = Ov. Met. 14.337: “rarior arte canendi.” Longo—tectis Cf. Idyl. 6.1–11. For the motif of declining the invitation to sing, cf. Theoc. 1.12–20; Nemes. Ecl. 1.6–22. Longo … tempore = Verg. A. 3.309. dulces … amores = Catul. 78.3; cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.109–110. deflet amores = Buc. 1.85; cf. Idyl. 7.55–56. ante duas … messes Cf. Idyl. 5.92, n. formosam Chlorida … ardebas Cf. Idyl. 6.1, n. For Chloris, see Hor. Carm. 2.5.18; 3.15.8; Ov. Fast. 5.195. nec forma nec … annis Cf. Ov. Met. 3.455.

722 14

15 16

17 17–18 19 21 22–23 23 24–25 25 26–27 26 26–27 27 28 29

30 31 32

33

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [10 Artis et ingenii = Campano, Epigr. 1.14.2 (sig. A5r): “Artis et ingenii copia facta mihi est”; Eob. Her. Chr. 4.244; Epic. 3 C.2.1 ingenii si quid mihi = Mant. Ecl. 5.28: “Poenitet ingenii (si quid mihi), poenitet artis”; cf. Eob. Laud., ded. 7, n.; Gen. ebrios. 1.2, n. favit Apollo = Venus 1.4, n. superesse velim Verg. A. 9.212. insanitum est Cf. Mant. Ecl. 1.118, referring to youthful passion now outgrown: “semel insanivimus omnes.” mollibus annis = Buc. 2.11/Idyl. 2.10, n. meliora sequi = Andrel. Ecl. 12.18; cf. Verg. A. 3.188; Eob. Val. 1.333; Idyl. 14.66. aetas Admonet Luc. 4.178. Oblectare animum = Lucr. 2.363. Usque adeone = Verg. A. 12.646. peioribus—Ignibus Cf. Theoc. 3.69: “flammis peioribus ussit”; Eob. Idyl. 7.44, 48. curatio morbi = Maxim. 3.55. For passionate love as a disease, see Eob. Idyl. 7.42, n. pareo talibus … Illecebris Idyl. 3.40–41. improvida pectora = Verg. A. 2.200. pectora fallunt ≈ Ov. Tr. 2.213. Ut subiecta—tectis For the image, cf. l. 55, n., below. lentae … flammae Idyl. 3.146, n. flammae Serpere Ov. Rem. 105; cf. Eob. Idyl. 3.116. spargere tectis = Verg. A. 7.77. teretes calami Idyl. 7.64, n. carmen et aetas = Idyl. 4.115. Lude—molles Modeled on Ov. Rem. 24. annos … molles l. 16, n., above. et mollia carmina = Ov. Tr. 2.349. faveas … adsis Ov. Met. 3.613; [Tib.] 3.3.33. aequus amori = Ov. Ep. 1.23. Sic olim tibi Sylv. duae 2.243. canna texit … palustri Cf. Ov. Met. 8.630 (of a dwelling). For canna palustri, see also Ov. Rem. 142; Met. 4.298; Pont. 4.3.47. At Ov. Met. 1.706, Syrinx is said to be transformed into calamos palustres. Venus alma Buc. 3.147/Idyl. 7.132, n. Ut nostros—ignes An allusion to Verg. Ecl. 1.5, “formosam resonare doces Amaryllida silvas,” and Prop. 1.18.31, “resonent mihi ‘Cynthia’ silvae”; cf. Eob. Buc. 7.138/Idyl. 10.62, n. What Tityrus once did for Amaryllis, and Propertius for Cynthia, Eurytus now wants to do for Canace.

10] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

34 35

36 37 39

42–44

42 43 44

45

46–48 46 47 47–48

48

723

nemus omne Verg. Ecl. 6.11; 7.59; G. 2.400–401; A. 5.149; et al.; cf. Eob. Buc. 5.45/Idyl. 4.48, n.; Her. Chr. 19.30, n. intelligat ignes = Ov. Met. 9.457. En venit Calp. Ecl. 4.78; cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.50; Calp. Ecl. 6.28, 91. niveae … vestes Ov. Met. 10.432. molli—vestes Imitating Ov. Met. 2.875 (where Europa is being carried off to Crete). molli … flamine Claud. Carm. minora 30.201. virga in manibus = Epith. 15 (of Mercury). For virga, cf. Bocc. Ecl. 11.13: “virga cogebat … capellas.” potum—undas Cf. Mant. Ecl. 1.97: “potum compellat ad amnem”; Eob. Buc. 3.79/Idyl. 3.85. Nympharum decus = Idyl. 17.11; cf. Pontano, Lyra 16.73: “Aetna, nympharum decus.” ante—puellas Cf. Verg. A. 5.570; 9.293; Celtis, Am. 1.8.1: “cunctas … super formosa puellas.” Nulla—noctes For these symptoms of lovesickness, see Ama. 8.7–9.8; TPMA, 7:433, s.v. “Liebe,” nos. 574–582. It is a commonplace that lovers are preoccupied night and day with the beloved. See, for example, Tib. 2.4.11; Ov. Ep. 7.26; 13.103–104; Eob. Her. Chr. 5.69–70. requies datur = Verg. A. 6.600. Dies … totos consumimus Mant. Calam. 1.816 (p. 40): “totos hac arte dies consumit et annos.” Longa … insomnia V. Fl. 7.6. turbant—noctes = Sylv. duae 2.95; cf. Buc. 8.25/Idyl. 12.24; Idyl. 12.105; Her. Chr. 14.105, n. For the motif, cf. also Verg. A. 4.9. insomnia noctes = Consol. 93: “Et quae multa ferunt monstrosae insomnia noctes”; cf. Mant. Dionys. 3.78 (fol. 189r): “insomnia noctis”; Eob. Idyl. 12.24, 105. Huc ades … Canace formosa Cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.45; 9.39. Huc ades et = Buc. 5.10/Idyl. 4.11, n. nostros … dolores = Prop. 2.15.35; 4.5.73. Tum requies—susurrant For the locus amoenus, see Ama. 1.1, n. una sub umbra Ov. Fast. 2.87; cf. Eob. Idyl. 7.108, n. Faginea See Buc. 3.83/Idyl. 4.2, n. latices—cient Cf. Buc. 2.83–84, n. ubi dulcia … Murmura = Ruf. 47–48: “In nemus ire libet vernis ubi dulcia clangunt / Murmura carminibus”; cf. Mant. 1. Parthen. 1.430–431: “dulcia patri / murmura.” Murmura … cient Verg. G. 1.109–110; Stat. Theb. 6.562.

724

49–54 49

50

51

52

53

54

55

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [10 tremulumque susurrant ≈ Theoc. 7.170. For the adverbial tremulum, see Mart. 14.203.1; Aus. Ep. 21.14: “cumque suis loquitur tremulum coma pinea ventis.” Hic tibi—altis Cf. Cordus, Ecl. 3.117–125, where the lover promises pears, nuts, a young hare, a turtle dove, and other rustic gifts. tibi castaneae = Ov. Met. 13.819 (among the gifts that Polyphemus offers to Galatea). Chestnuts are typically rustic gifts to a beloved; see Verg. Ecl. 2.52; Copa 19; Ov. Ars 2.268; Calp. Ecl. 2.82; Bocc. Ecl. 1.111. allia Garlic was considered an aphrodisiac; see Val. 1.513–514, n. pyra For pears as a lover’s present, see Lucr. 5.965; Poliziano, Silv. 2.375: “cumque piris miserorum munus amantum.” vicinis montibus Hessi Cf. Buc., ded. 3–4, n. vicinis montibus = Paul. Nol. Carm. 26.417. montibus Hessi = Val. 1.609; Sylv. 2.4.23. Cf. Laud. 278, n. et nivei … lactis = Idyl. 11.33; cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.20; Ov. Met. 13.829; Fast. 4.151, 780; Eob. Vict. 252; Val. 1.607; Idyl. 15.99. coagula lactis = Calp. Ecl. 3.69 (as printed in the early eds.); cf. Tib. 2.3.14b; Ov. Fast. 4.545. Huc ades—amantis Cf. Verg. A. 4.429; Ov. Met. 13.839; Eob. Idyl. 15.77–78. Huc ades, o = Buc. 3.159/Idyl. 4.10, n. Miseri … amantis Pl. Bac. 208; Cur. 152; Verg. A. 4.429; Tib. 1.8.61, 71; Prop. 1.16.45; Eob. Ama. B 2.76; Her. Chr. B 1.29. cape munus = Andrel. Livia 3.6.69: “nostri cape munus agelli.” leporem … palumbum Sacred to Venus, rabbits and doves are traditional lover’s gifts. See Ov. Met. 13.832–833; Calp. Ecl. 3.76–77; Nemes. Ecl. 2.67–68; Mant. Ecl. 1.68–69. See further Theoc. 5.96, 133; Verg. Ecl. 3.68–69. turdosque duos For thrushes as a lover’s gift, see Ov. Ars 2.269. castumque palumbum Cf. Her. 1.6.150: “castam … avem.” The dove—especially the turtledove, to which the ringdove is closely related—was reputed to be chaste and loyal to its mate until death. See Her. Chr. 5.54, n. Eobanus uses palumbum (literally, wild wood pigeon) in the sense of columbam (domestic pigeon, dove); for this usage he has the authority of Verg. Ecl. 1.57 (with Servius’s note). quae lustris—altis Theoc. 11.69: “lustris ea sum venatus in altis.” References to hunting recur in Arcadian pastoral; see Verg. Ecl. 2.29, 40–41; 5.60–61; 7.29–30; 10.55–60. lustris … altis Hypocr. B 4.56, n. Uror—agrestes The image is based on the ancient practice of burning the straw left on the fields after harvesting. See, for example, Verg. G. 1.84– 85. Ovid uses it as an image of love in Met. 1.492–496. Cf. Verg. G. 3.99;

10] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

56 57 58

59–62 59 60 61–62 61

62

63–64 63 64

65–67

65

725

Celtis, Am. 1.8.34–39; Eob. Laud. 294–296; Sylv. duae 2.127–129; Sylv. 3.7.23– 25: “Sicut enim stipulae multo iam sole perustae / In flammas totae, si quis adurat, eunt, / Sic tua iam calidam succendit epistola mentem”; ll. 26–27 above. Sole sub ardenti = Rec. 2, n. Herbarum succos = Hutten, Panegyr. 691; cf. Sil. 5.353. ille fatigat = Verg. A. 6.79. traiecit corda = Mant. Georg., fol. 207r: “Nigraque mortifero traiecit corda veneno.” corda sagitta = Sylv. duae 2.83. O si—sonarent Cf. Calp. Ecl. 3.53–54; Nemes. Ecl. 2.47–49. respiciat Nemes. Ecl. 4.20: “Respice me tandem.” mea vulnera = Verg. A. 10.29; Eob. Idyl. 15.76. Ut quondam = Verg. G. 3.99; A. 5.588; Hor. S. 1.2.55; Eob. Nup. 9. Dulcisona—sonarent In his misery, he has stopped singing. For the motif, see Buc. 3.91–92/Idyl. 7.62–64, n.; ll. 83–87 below. laetos—versus Cf. Mant. Calam. 1.1084 (p. 47): “cum laetos modulatur tibia cantus”; Eob. Buc. 1.11, n.; 4.74/Idyl. 5.85, n. Singing and flute playing are often mentioned together; see Buc. 4.73–74/Idyl. 5.84–85, n. modularer arundine ≈ Idyl. 5.85, n. cantu—sonarent Cf. Buc. 7.109; 8.107/Idyl. 12.114; l. 33, n., above. nemus omne = Verg. Ecl. 7.59; G. 2.429; Nemes. Ecl. 1.33; cf. l. 33, n., above. omne sonarent ≈ Verg. Ecl. 6.44. Heu—Pectora Cf. Verg. A. 3.56; 4.412; Ov. Met. 6.472; Eob. Buc. 3.75–76/Idyl. 3.81–82, n. Heu, crudelis Amor = Theoc. 2.65; cf. Verg. Ecl. 10.29; A. 6.24. Nulla—potestas On the omnipotence of Amor, see Ama. 8.3–6, n. sub sole = Lucr. 5.714; Verg. G. 2.512; Luc. 2.584. For the phrase in this sense, see Vulg. Eccl. 1.3, 10, 13–14; and often; cf. Eob. Laud. 382, n.; Buc. 11.96, n.; also cf. Her. Chr. 23.75. Sic me—pruinis The cares of love have robbed of him of his youth and aged him prematurely. Cf. Ama. 35.51–52, n.; Sylv. 4.14.15–19: “Sic, sic perit vernans iuventa, / Ante diem subit heu senectus. / Curae frequentes et labor et dolor / Corpus perurunt, ut nova Sirius / Exhaurit implacatus arva.” Grief makes us grow old before our time; see Her. Chr. 18.111–112, n. Sic … sic posito ≈ Verg. A. 2.644. posito—honore Cf. Ov. Tr. 4.10.93: “pulsis melioribus annis”; Eob. Her. Chr. 16.129. vitae—honore For the wording, cf. Verg. G. 4.326: “vitae mortalis hono-

726

66 67

68 69–70 69 70

71 71–72

73–74 73

74

75 76

77

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [10 rem”; Mant. 1. Parthen. 1.5: “mundi melioris honores”; Eob. Her. Chr. 8.135. For honore in the sense of “best part of [youth],” cf. Ruf. 37–38 (in a carpe diem exhortation): “Hoc in flore sumus. Quem ne perdamus honorem / Nos monet alma Venus.” vitae melioris = Sil. 12.316; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. B 1.3. Cogis Said of Amor also in Verg. A. 4.412. ante diem = Rec. 139, n. flaccescunt … pruinis = Psalt. 37.7: “Gramina ut exiguis flaccescunt usta pruinis.” arva pruinis = Mant. Ecl. 1.135; 8.192; cf. Verg. G. 4.518; Eob. Buc. 2.27/Idyl. 2.23; Hod. 69, n.: “urebant arva pruinae.” Hoc tamen = Verg. A. 10.829. sine nomine = Buc. 6.52/Idyl. 8.51, n. maiora—propter Cf. Her. Chr. 18.53. maiora … tormenta Aetna 555. Te propter = Tib. 1.7.25; Verg. A. 4.320. mei—furoris Cf. Verg. Ecl. 10.60; Mant. Ecl. 3.91: “da quod amo: nostro haec una est medicina dolori”; Eob. Buc. 3.93–95/Idyl. 7.65–66, nn. Huc—properans = l. 75 below. oscula—Endymioni Cf. Ov. Am. 2.5.23–28: “oscula … / [3 lines] / qualia credibile est … / … Venerem Marti saepe tulisse suo”; Eob. Sylv. 1.9.21–22: “Oscula libabunt [Musae], non qualia Cypris Adoni, / Sed quale, Endimeon, frigida Luna tibi.” Qualibus—Idae With his lover Oenone, Paris lived as a shepherd on Mount Ida until he was recognized as the son of King Priam. Pariden This form (instead of “Paridem”) occurs in contemporary eds. of Verg. A. 5.370. complexa lacertis = Buc. 9.69/Idyl. 6.72, n. Servantem—Idae Cf. Ov. Ars 1.28. Phrygiae—Idae = Nup. 115; cf. Claud. Rapt. Pros. 2.267: “Phrygiis in vallibus Idae.” Phrygiae … Idae = Verg. G. 4.41; A. 3.6; cf. Ov. Fast. 4.79; Eob. Buc. B 2.41, n.; Nup. 89; Sylv. 1.7.7. vallibus Idae = Ov. Am. 1.14.11; Ep. 16.53; 17.115; Ars 1.289; Fast. 6.15, 327. Huc olim properans = l. 71 above. genitive Favoni Cf. Lucr. 1.11; Eob. Idyl. 5.89. The warm breezes known as Favonius are traditionally the harbingers of spring, the season of love. For the epithet genitive, cf. Vict., ded. 5: “genitivae … terrae”; Sylv. 7.18.19: “genitivi … veris.” Ferte … ferte = Prop. 1.1.28.

10] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 78–82 78 79

80 81–82

82

83–87 83 84 85–86 85 85–86 85 86

88–89 93

93–95

93 94–95

727

Lingua—amori Cf. Her. Chr. 2.9–10. Lingua—anhelus Cf. Catul. 51.6–9. Lingua stupet Her. 1.6.4. saliunt praecordia Mant. 2. Parthen. 1.195; Erasmus, Carm. 64.81: “Qualibus o mihi nunc saliunt praecordia votis!” propinquat This turn of events—the prayer unexpectedly answered—is reminiscent of Verg. Ecl. 8.108–109, where a series of spells cast on the beloved concludes with his return. Quae—antro For the image, see Ama. 14.6, n. sub pectoris antro Prud. Psych. 774; cf. Psych. 6. Quo—loquar Cf. Pl. Aul. 729: “Nunc mi incertumst, / abeam an maneam an adeam an fugiam”; Bocc. Ecl. 9.152: “quo fugiam? quo tristis eam?”; Mant. Ecl. 9.179: “Quid faciam? Quo me vertam?” Quid … loquar Laud. 56, n. Pudor obstat Ov. Ars 2.720; Rem. 352; Met. 7.145. obstat amori = Ciris 180: “ubi enim rubor, obstat amori”; Stat. Theb. 2.270. Ergo—usu Cf. ll. 61–62, n., above. sagittifero … Amori ≈ Stat. Silv. 3.3.131. Vix tu—volebas A now blind allusion to Idyl. 9.55–56. (Idyls 9 and 10 were originally a single eclogue.) Mirabar—iaceres Cf. Calp. Ecl. 7.7–9; Nemes. Ecl. 4.15–16. Mirabar quid = Verg. Ecl. 1.36. modos et … Carmina Stat. Ach. 1.573. nostra perosus = Ov. Tr. 1.7.21; Luc. 9.860. deserta—iaceres Cf. Verg. Ecl. 10.14; Eob. Buc. 1.46/Idyl. 1.57, n.; 4.99/Idyl. 5.110. deserta … rupe Culex 51. ergo—palustri Ironically quoting ll. 31–32 above. Stulte—formae Cf. Ama. 35.95–96; Her. Chr. 17.73. For tabes, cf. also Idyl. 15.19. Stulte, quid = Ov. Tr. 3.8.11; Mant. Ecl. 2.76. quid instabilis—iuventae The brevity of youthful beauty was proverbial. See Otto 688; Häussler, 40, 163; Eob. Ama. 26.3; Her. Chr. 7.109–110; 17.71– 72. Because the rose (in its pre-modern form) blooms in the morning and wilts in the evening, it became a standard image of fleeting youth. See, for example, Prop. 4.5.61–62; [Aus.] De rosis nascentibus 43–46; Walther 32539c; 32540; Erasmus, Carm. 2.87–88. imagine formae = Verg. A. 6.293; Ov. Met. 3.416; 4.676. Ut rosa—iuventae Cf. Aen. Silv. Ep. 106 (“Amoris illiciti medela”), in Opera quae extant omnia (Basel, 1571), 609: “Forma … uti flos agri decidit. Rosa

728

94 95

96

97

98–100

98 99

100 101

102–104

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [10 mane rubet, sero languescit”; Eob. Sylv. 3.3.21–22 (on the death of Heinrich Eberbach’s baby son Cosmas in ca. 1515): “Tam cito vere novo vix dum rosa nata pruinis / Aut matutino frigore tacta cadit”; Theoc. 36.17: “Quam [cito] rosa sicca perit, tam flos cadit ille iuventae.” vespere tacta Cf. Ov. Met. 3.729: “frondes autumni frigore tactas.” Quam—iuventae Quoted in Faber, Thesaurus, 118, s.v. “Bulla.” Quam cito = Tib. 1.4, 28, 29, 30; Prop. 1.5.26; et al.; Eob. Max. 143. bulla A variation on the proverbial “homo bulla,” for which see Otto 275; Häussler, 141; Erasmus, Adag. 2.3.48; TPMA, 2:19, s.v. “Blase,” nos. 1–10; Eob. Her. Chr. 15.115; Sylv. 1.4.65–66: “[Mens] res humanas pereunti comparat umbrae / Et bullae scopulos percutientis aquae.” flos—iuventae Cf. Her. Chr. 16.270; Theoc. 7.163: “hic tibi … aevi / Flos cadit.” For flos iuventae, see V. Fl. 1.101; Stat. Theb. 7.301; et al.; Eob. Her. Chr. 7.111. flos … ille = Ov. Tr. 5.8.19, referring to youth: “sed flos erat ille caducus.” Desipit—vivo Cf. Buc. 3.96–100 (spoken by Philaegon). For passionate love as a form of insanity, see Ama. 20.10, n. Desipit omnis amans = Her. Chr. 17.83; cf. Ama. B 2.52, n. moriturque—vivo Cf. Aen. Silv. Hist., 97, l. 25 (quoted in the margin of the Strasbourg copy of A): “Semper moritur et nunquam mortuus est qui amat”; Locher, Stult. 45, fol. 56r (Hartl, 1.2:134, no. 47.4): “pars … ingens / Stultorum moritur terreno in corpore semper”; Eob. Ama. 18.9, n. corpore vivo = Lucr. 2.703. Caprarum … pastor The goatherd Philaegon; see Idyl. 3.39–46; cf. n. at l. 96 above. sic ille monebat Her. Chr. 2.31; cf. Verg. A. 7.110; Bocc. Ecl. 4.109: “sic ante monebas”; Eob. Her. 1.3.79: “sic ante monebat.” Ut nequit—monitus Cf. Ov. Ep. 15.12; Met. 13.867–869; Otto 34; Häussler, 21, 52, 258; Mant. Ecl. 2.105–106: “ignes qui nec aquis perimi potuere nec umbris / diminui”; Eob. Ama. 17.3–4 (in a humorous inversion); Buc. 3.105– 106/Idyl. 7.77–78, n.; Venus 1.67–68; 2.333–335. fluctibus Aetna = Mant. Calam. 1.59 (p. 20). Mount Etna was often associated with the fires of love; see Otto 34; Häussler, 21, 52, 258. gravis … ardor Catul. 2.8; Eob. Her. 3.1.86. qui me—sustulit = Idyl. 15.88; cf. Poliziano, Eleg. 5.18: “Dextera quae miserum me mihi subripuit.” Venus improba Laud. 239, n. quibus immergor—uror Cf. Mant. Ecl. 1.7: “quibus ingemui curis, quibus ignibus arsi”; Eob. Laud. 228. For ignibus uror, cf. also Ov. Ars 3.567; Met. 4.194. Interea—tempus Modeled on Mant. Ecl. 2.172–174 (a thunderstorm por-

10] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

102 103

104

729

tends a disastrous end to passionate love): “Cernis ut a summo liventia nubila Baldo / se agglomerent? Oritur grando. Ne forte vagantes / tempestas deprehendat oves, discedere tempus”; cf. also Ecl. 3.192–194. pluvias … undas Cf. Ov. Ars 3.174; Met. 1.82; Fast. 2.219. attrahit undas ≈ Mant. Ecl. 1.35: “attrahit undam.” Et Lybs—Auster Cf. Stat. Theb. 5.705; Silv. 3.3.96; Sil. 16.97. For the motif of the brawling winds, see Eob. Buc. 9.35/Idyl. 6.35, n. humidus Auster = Verg. G. 1.462; cf. G. 3.429; Ov. Met. 1.66; Eob. Her. Chr. 17.185; 18.43. Tempestas oritur = Sil. 6.177. discedere tempus = Prop. 2.5.9.

Idyllion 11 The poem is discussed in Florian Hurka, “Der Heimatdiskurs in der neulateinischen Hirtendichtung von Eobanus Hessus, Euricius Cordus und Joachim Camerarius,” in Sylvie Laigneau-Fontaine, ed., “Petite patrie”: L’image de la région natale chez les écrivains de la Renaissance (Geneva, 2013), 251–264, here at pp. 252–257, 263–264. Hurka rightly sees Sbruglio’s disdain for the German humanists as rooted in longstanding Italian contempt of German barbarism; cf. Gen. ebrios. 12.4, n. He goes on to argue that Eobanus implicitly returns Sbruglio’s contempt by dismissing the Italian Neo-Latinists (or at least, the Sbruglios among them) as the real barbarians, inferior to their German counterparts. This is an overinterpretation. First, Eobanus’s argumentum insists that Sbruglio is being attacked, not as an Italian poet, but as an arrogant poetaster from Venetian Dalmatia. Second, Eobanus had the highest admiration for the modern Italian poets and in fact regarded them as far superior to any of the Germans. See in particular Epp. fam., 65–66 (autumn 1532), where Eobanus urgently asks Johann Meckbach to send him a copy of Girolamo Fracastoro’s Syphilis (Verona, 1530; Rome, Paris, 1531) and then adds: “Scio enim satis quam soleant Itali elaborata omnia in lucem aedere, cum sint nobis et sobriores et diligentiores atque has ob res etiam longe doctiores. Italorum poetarum ingenia vehementer admirari soleo. Sunt enim aut excellentes aut nulli. Nam ut de Pontano taceam, quanti me facere putas Actium Sannazarium, quanti item Hieronymum Vidam? Quem tanti facio, ut anno superiori eius tres de poetica libros hic formis excudi curaverim et publice praelegerim. Gratissimum mihi faceres, si quid Actii quoque possis ad me mittere, nam et Christeida scripsit et Eclogas, quorum dum nihil vidi. Duos Strozas olim summa cum voluptate legi, sed alieno usus libro, hi iam apud nos haberi non pos-

730

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [11

sunt. Pontani omnia habeo. Vidae quoque Rhomae impressa omnia.” To this list one could readily add Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Poliziano, Filippo Beroaldo the Elder, Giannantonio Campano, Antonio Codro Urceo, Baptista Mantuanus, Michele Marullo, and Macario Muzio, all of whom deeply impressed Eobanus. Meter: Dactylic hexameter. arg. 1 arg. 2

1–2

3 4 5–6 5 5–6 6 10–11 11 11–12

12

13 14 15 16 17

Philondam In pastoral, the name first occurs in Theoc. 4.1 and 5.114. In A, Philondas has the speaking name Fastus (arrogant). Corydonis For this common shepherd’s name, see, for example, Theoc. 4; 5.6; Verg. Ecl. 2 (traditionally interpreted as a mask for Vergil); 5.86; 7 (a shepherd who wins a singing match). In A, he is Mannus (either after the reputed ancestor of the German people or after Eobanus’s friend Hermann Trebelius; see Poetic Works, 1:351, n. 88). In vallem—capellas Cf. Verg. Ecl. 7.1–3; Eob. Theoc. 6.1–2, introducing a singing match: “Pastores duo, Damoetas et Daphnis, … / Compulerant armenta simul.” patriae … terrae = Stat. Theb. 11.698; Eob. Laud. 87. in pascua tauros ≈ Stat. Theb. 3.330. Hic—capellas Cf. Buc. 1.122–123/Idyl. 1.151–152. patrios … saltus Sil. 1.396. nota … Flumina Verg. Ecl. 1.51; Eob. Wirt. 470. pastas … capellas Verg. Ecl. 9.23–24; Ov. Met. 3.408. fronde capellas ≈ Verg. Ecl. 10.30; Eob. Buc. 2.49/Idyl. 2.44. auxit … famam Vict. 469. Alterius famam = Gunther, Lig. 5.104; Campano, Epigr. 7.32.8 (sig. E4r); Busch. Lips. 277. non aequa mente … ferens l. 27 below; cf. Buc. 10.70/Idyl. 11.87; Idyl. 14.157. For aequa mente, see Hor. Carm. 2.3.1–2; Ov. Ep. 10.b: “haec aequa mente tulisse velis?”; Ars 2.438; Pont. 4.14.39; Eob. Laud. 580. According to Stoic doctrine, the wise man keeps his equanimity under all circumstances. saxo—alto Cf. Theoc. 11.31: “scopulo sic est auditus ab alto” (paraphrased at Idyl. 15.25–27); cf. Buc. 2.14/Idyl. 2.13; Buc. 5.44/Idyl. 4.47, n.; l. 26 below. saxo … ab alto Ov. Met. 11.340. auditus ab alto = Mant. 1. Parthen. 3.930. sylvas et rura colunt Ov. Met. 11.146; cf. Eob. Buc. 3.152/Idyl. 7.139, n. flumine Rheno ≈ Her. Chr. 17.211; Hod. 155; Sylv. 8.3.31. Scythicum Tanaim ≈ Luc. 9.414. cicutis Buc. 5.36/Idyl. 4.39, n. levi … carmen avena = Theoc. 19.62; cf. Calp. Ecl. 4.63; Nemes. Ecl. 1.63.

11] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 18

19

20–21 20 21

22

25 26 27 28 29

30 31 31–32 32–57

32–33 33

731

Multiforem buxum Ov. Met. 12.158; Mant. Ecl. 1.163; cf. Eob. Buc. 5.39/Idyl. 4.42, n. dulcem—monaulon = Sylv. 7.21.5; cf. Nup. 295 (Luth. 1.3): “sufflare monaulon.” Pignoribus positis See Buc. 5.15/Idyl. 4.16, n. pro munere vitae = Mant. Consol., fol. 129v; Pontano, Tum. 2.7.3; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 14.97, n.; Vict. 62, n. ego—ligustrum For the pattern of comparison, see Buc. 3.21–24/Idyl. 3.29– 32, n. ego tam supero Cf. Ov. Met. 13.368. rosa … Paestana Ov. Pont. 2.4.28; Mart. 4.42.10. Paestum in Lucania was famed for its roses; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 23.66. septivagum For this unusual epithet, cf. Mant. 2. Parthen. 3.773 (of snakes): “sepivagis.” barbara rura ll. 185–186, 191 below; Sylv. 2.23.6 (contrasting Italy, the homeland of humanism, with the Germany of late 1521): “Illic Pierides Musaea per oppida regnant; / Numinibus tantis barbara rura vacant”; Sarmat. 2. rura poetas = l. 177 below; cf. Idyl. 12.113, n. nemo—pastor Cf. Buc. 3.112–113/Idyl. 7.97–98, n. Haec—alto ≈ Buc. 5.44/Idyl. 4.47, n.; cf. l. 12, n., above. Haec ubi personuit = Petr. 122.177. Famae damna Ov. Am. 2.2.50. ferens—mente ll. 10–11, n., above. voce canentis = Ov. Met. 11.20. Pulse … patria Verg. A. 8.333; Ov. Pont. 1.3.71. procul patria = Ov. Tr. 4.8.41. nostrum … orbem Mant. Ecl. 10.27. monstrante viam = Verg. A. 1.382. pannosus et = Mant. Ecl. 2.150. quis nescit = Ov. Am. 1.5.25. tam laeta = Verg. A. 1.605. laeta … Pascua = Vict. 288–289; cf. Ov. Fast. 4.476; Juv. 12.13; Mant. Ecl. 10.148. Grex—cantus The model is Mant. Ecl. 5.171–181, a satire on court poets. Cf. especially Ecl. 5.176–178: “postquam trivialibus ora cicutis / applicuere, sibi applaudunt, sua carmina iactant / insulsi, illepidi, indociles, improvidi, inepti.” Grex … nostris … errat Montibus Cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.21; Eob. Buc. 11.1, n. et nivei … lactis = Idyl. 10.51, n. copia lactis = Idyl. 3.49, n.

732 34–35 34 35 36 38 39 41

43 44–45 45 48 49–52

49–50

50

51–52 52

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [11 vix libros—cicuta For the insult, cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.26–27. For cicuta, see Eob. Buc. 5.36/Idyl. 4.39, n. libros—colurnos Cf. Buc. 8.106/Idyl. 12.113, n. Confusumque … murmur Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.251–252; cf. Sil. 15.138. fastu turges Cf. n. at l. 144 below. stulte poeta Luth. 7.32. nostris … Camoenis = Her. Chr. 24.57; Nor. 1384; Sylv. 6.5.89; cf. Stat. Silv. 4.7.21; and, for example, Eob. Her. Chr. 10.113; Hod. 411, 463; Idyl. 5.34, n. Hos inter = Verg. A. 11.225. nemorum saltus Verg. Ecl. 6.56. haec culmina circum = Theoc. 11.61. circumflorentibus herbis Cf. Verg. Ecl. 9.19; Ov. Fast. 3.253. incondita—Carmina Cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.4–5. laudet ametque Hor. Ep. 1.19.36. laude canentes = Nor. 67; cf. Petrarch, Ecl. 8.92: “te cum laude canentem.” Ut quae—palustri For these derogatory comparisons, cf. Filetico, Theoc. 1.136: “lenta stridens nyctimen in umbra, / Iam cantus philomena tuos imitetur amoenos”; 5.136–137: “Lusciniae dulci raucos contendere turdos, / Nec fas est epopas cygnis obstare canoris”; Verg. Ecl. 8.55; Calp. Ecl. 6.7–8; Otto 496; Häussler, 100, 151, 235, 267; Andrel. Ecl. 10.29–32: “Scilicet incedens puerili inflatus honore / Corvus et argutum crocitans si tentet olorem, / Aufugit explosus totisque irrisus ab agris, / Lucifuga obscuro latitat ceu noctua luco”; l. 57, n., below. Cf. also Eob. Hod. 15; Idyl. 1.19. volucrum … despectissima … noctua In ancient times regarded as a harbinger of death and disaster, the owl in the Middle Ages and Renaissance was despised as the most contemptible and foolish of birds—an emblem of vainglory. Cf. Pug. B 1.11–14; Paul Vandenbroeck, “Bubo significans: Die Eule als Sinnbild von Schlechtigkeit und Torheit, vor allem in der niederländischen und deutschen Bilddarstellung und bei Jheronimus Bosch I,” Jaarboek van het Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten Antwerpen (1985): 19– 135. certet—cantando Cf. Verg. Ecl. 5.9: “certet Phoebum superare canendo”; 3.21: “cantando victus”; Eob. Buc. 11.16–17. morientes … cygnos Cf. Sen. Phaed. 302: “moriente cycno.” For the old belief that dying swans sing a melancholy but marvelously beautiful song, see Otto 497; Häussler, 19, 55, 72, 151, 235, 267; Erasmus, Adag. 1.2.55; Eob. Her. Chr. A 3.60; 23.39–40; Epic. 4.51–53, 137–138. Unave—palustri Cf. Filetico, Theoc. 7.41: “ut crepitans resonanti rana cicadae / Vocibus est impar, sic nunc ego vatibus istis.” in limo … rana Verg. G. 1.378; Eob. Idyl. 17.144; cf. l. 97, n., below. placeat sibi = Ov. Met. 2.58.

11] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 53 54

55 56 57 58–59 58 60

61 63

63–64 64 65–66 65

68

69

70

733

iube … gaudere Prop. 2.24.17. lucifugam Verg. G. 4.243 (at this metrical position); Andrel. Ecl. 10.32 (quoted in n. at ll. 49–52 above). carmine vatem ≈ Buc. 11.34, n. pueri … primo in pulvere possunt Notice the alliteration. iam primo … pulvere Stat. Theb. 5.9. For the image, see Eob. Val. 1.99, n. Vade—rupes The verse prepares for ll. 192–199. Vade per = Venus 3.31, n. Inter—cantus Cf. Idyl. 1.19; ll. 49–52, n., above. noctua, cantus = Verg. G. 1.403. Si tibi—Apollo Cf. Prop. 2.24.5; Eob. Buc. 4.75/Idyl. 5.86, n.; 10.93/Idyl. 11.111, n.; Idyl. 1.54–55. Venus—carmine = Idyl., 1.ded. 65 (2.ded. 63), where Venus means amatory passion. Hac—umbra Cf. Pontano, Hort. 1.1.7: “Hac mecum placida fessae requiescite in umbra”; cf. further Andrel. Ecl. 1.18: “Hac mecum aesculea paulum requiesce sub umbra”; Verg. Ecl. 1.79; 7.10; Culex 157; Eob. Buc. 3.10/Idyl. 3.11, n.; l. 62 below. In pastoral poetry, asking a fellow shepherd to sit down in the shade is tantamount to inviting him to sing together. See, for instance, Theoc. 1.12–14, 21–25; Verg. Ecl. 5.1–3. Aoniae … coronae = Poliziano, Silv. 1.26 (a wreath). Experiar—improbe Cf. Verg. Ecl. 3.28–29. For the taunting improbe, see Calp. Ecl. 6.19, 25. Experiar quid = Stat. Theb. 10.847. iactes Carmina Ov. Met. 11.153; Mant. Ecl. 5.177 (in a satire on court poets): “sua carmina iactant.” potuisti—vatem = In Ed. Leeum 13.3. Huc—vaccae Cf. Buc. 5.9/Idyl. 4.10, nn. Huc … concede = Verg. A. 2.523. Tenent loca Buc. 1.59/Idyl. 1.68, n. loca tuta = Her. Chr. 22.63; cf. Her. Chr. 5.157. Non tibi cum puero = Mant. Ecl. 10.124: “non tibi cum puero res est”; cf. Eob. Idyl., 1.ded. 86 (2.ded. 84). puero … impubere Ov. Fast. 2.239. molles … annos Buc. 2.11/Idyl. 2.10, n. aetas … annos = Her. Chr. 14.45; 18.91. finiat annos ≈ Her. Chr. 18.181. genas … vestiat umbra Cf. Verg. A. 8.160. For umbra in this sense, see Stat. Theb. 4.336; Alan. Parab. 5.3: “Surgentem Drussus festinat radere barbam, / Ne noceat lippe vocibus umbra gene”; also cf. Stat. Silv. 3.4.79.

734 71

72

73–74

73 75 76 77 78 79 80

81 82

83 84 85 86

87

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [11 Nec facile = Ov. Ars 2.438; Pont. 2.3.11. barbam attrectaveris Tugging at a man’s beard was a proverbially insulting gesture. See Otto 239; Häussler, 233; Erasmus, Adag. 2.4.69; TPMA, 1:347, s.v. “Bart,” nos. 49–56. Sis licet = Her. Chr. 4.10; cf. Her. Chr. 23.116. nulli—cedas Cf. Her. Chr. 24.155–156; Camerarius, Nar. 8.1–3, commenting on Eobanus’s athletic physique. Est aliquid—poetae The model is Mant. Ecl. 10.126–127: “Da veniam, Myrmix: ‘amitam’ proferre volenti / nescio quis mihi misit in os malus error ‘amatam.’” Est aliquid = Ov. Ep. 3.131; 4.29; Rem. 480; Met. 12.93; et al.; Eob. Her. Chr. 2.87; 4.39, 154; 5.98, 144; 10.146. sponte sua = Lucr. 4.736; 5.79, 804; Hor. Ep. 1.12.17. improba lingua Pug. B 1.15, n. scommate … isto Mant. Ecl. 6.114: “isto te scommate carpi.” Quis ridere queat Cf. Mart. 7.18.11. scabros … dentes Ov. Met. 8.802 (in contemporary eds.); Suet. Aug. 79.2. nudantia dentes = Lucr. 5.1064. canis For the insult, see Otto 315; Häussler, 145, 264; cf. l. 90 below. Verba—animum Speech is the mirror of the soul. See Otto 1299; Häussler, 195; Erasmus, Adag. 1.6.50: “Qualis vir, talis oratio.” Nisi vanus et = Idyl. 17.199. difficilis naturae Idyl., 1.ded. 13 (2.ded. 11), n. Non facies—venustat Quoted in Faber, Thesaurus, 920, s.v. “Venusto”; also in Neander, Ethice, vol. 2, fol. 86r. Cf. Sen. Ep. 66.4: “scire possemus non deformitate corporis foedari animum, sed pulchritudine animi corpus ornari”; Erasmus, Adag. 3.3.1. mens formosa Her. Chr. 4.193; cf. Sen. Ep. 66.3, arguing that a beautiful soul can spring from an ugly body: “formosus animus”; Erasmus, Adag. 3.3.1, especially ASD 2.5:160–162, speaking of Socrates. Invidia est = Verg. A. 4.350; [Tib.] 3.3.20; Stat. Ach. 1.146. Lumina … obliqua Ov. Met. 2.787; Stat. Theb. 3.377; Eob. Her. Chr. 12.108. Lumina … torques Prop. 1.21.3; Verg. G. 3.433; A. 7.448–449. cum—abhorret For the image—two bulls fighting over a heifer—cf. Buc. 4.47–63/Idyl. 5.58–74, n. Indicat iram oculis Cf. Vulg. Esth. 15.10: “ardentibus oculis furorem pectoris indicasset”; Lucr. 3.288–289; Verg. A. 12.102; Ov. Met. 8.355–356. fronte minatur = Petrarch, Ecl. 7.63; Poliziano, Silv. 2.499; cf. Claud. in Rufin. 2.361. Quis tam = Verg. A. 6.501.

11] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

88–89 88

90

92

93 94 95

96 97

98 99–100 99 101 102 103 104–105

735

ferat aequa mente ll. 11–12, n., above. Omnia—cavillo Cf. Dial. 1.178. Omnia fert sapiens For the Stoic wisdom that we should face adversity and success with equal tranquillity, see, for example, Cic. Tusc. 4.65–66; 5.30; Off. 1.90; Hor. Carm. 3.3.1–8; S. 2.7.83–88; Sen. Ep. 66.6; 78.29; 113.27–31. Omnia fert = Verg. Ecl. 9.51 (different). Allatrata—rellatrat Cf. Hartmann von Aue, Iwein 875–878 (a dog will snarl back at a snarling dog): “ichn wil mich mit dem munde / niht glichen dem hunde / der dâ wider grînen kan, / sô in der ander grînet an.” The expression may still have been proverbial in Eobanus’s day. morsa remordet Cf. Hor. Epod. 6.4; Sen. Dial. 4.34.1: “Pusilli hominis et miseri est repetere mordentem”; Walther 15058: “Mordeo mordentem.” Concava … vallis Ov. Met. 8.334. carminibus—remugit Cf. Verg. Ecl. 6.84; Stat. Theb. 1.346–347; Eob. Buc. 11.88; cf. further Buc. 1.47–48/Idyl. 1.58–59. Verum nemo negat = Idyl. 17.199. Omnia—sylvae Cf. Verg. Ecl. 10.8; Nemes. Ecl. 1.73–74; l. 99, n., below. procerae … sylvae ≈ Ov. Ep. 16.109. Liniger … sacerdos = Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 573. sacra … in aede sacerdos Her. Chr. 15.103. For sacra in aede, see Ov. Met. 14.316; cf. Met. 14.315; Eob. Pug. 29; Laud. 178; Her. Chr. 9.138; 16.153; Nob. 107. For aede sacerdos, see Ov. Fast. 1.587. resonant … voces = Petrarch, Africa 4.307. Garrula—coaxat Cf. Anthol. Lat. 762.64: “Garrula limosis rana coaxat aquis”; Andrel. Ecl. 4.56: “Garrula limoso quid gurgite rana coaxas?”; 12.299: “coaxatrix limosa rana palude”; l. 52, n., above; Idyl. 17.144. Garrula … rana Dirae 74. limosa … palude Sen. Ag. 768; Sil. 4.750. magnis … clangoribus = Verg. A. 3.226. Si bona—echo Proverbial; see TPMA, 12:346, s.v. “Wald,” nos. 38–53; cf. l. 94 above. bona carmina = Buc. 8.75/Idyl. 12.74, n. carmina sylvae = Idyl. 1.80, n. qui bonus—bene Cf. Quint. Inst. 1, proem. 9: “Oratorem autem instituimus illum perfectum, qui esse nisi vir bonus non potest”; Eob. Her. Chr. 21.107. mala carmina = Hor. S. 2.5.74; Mart. 12.40.1. omnibus unum = Lucr. 1.661; 3.285; Verg. A. 3.435; 10.201; Eob. Nob. 31; Val. 1.581; cf. Venus 1.215, 218; Wirt. 31. Si bonus—possit Cf. Euripides, Medea 518–519 (not known to Eobanus directly).

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104

Si bonus es = Mart. 3.38.14; ll. 111 and 172 below. fronti … tabellam Cf. Cic. Planc. 16. Ut qui te videat = Ov. Ars 1.738. qui sis—possit Cf. Verg. Ecl. 4.27. For the tag cognoscere possit, cf. Lucr. 2.462; 3.117; 5.285; 6.113; Ov. Met. 12.620. Mille—testes Included in Neander, Ethice, vol. 2, fol. 86r. The thought is proverbial; see Otto 421; Erasmus, Adag. 1.10.91: “Conscientia mille testes”; TPMA, 4:494, s.v. “Gewissen,” nos. 7–14. Eobanus quotes the adage also at Nup., postscript, and at Epp. 2, sig. B8r, letter of 25 July 1524 to Philip Melanchthon. trahit secum = Ov. Tr. 3.11.72. recti mens conscia Cf. Verg. A. 1.604; Ov. Fast. 4.311; Eob. Her. Chr. 8.99, n.; 13.44; 15.25–26, n.; Hypocr. 89: “Mens … recti sibi conscia.” For mens conscia at this metrical position, see Luc. 7.784 and V. Fl. 3.301. Si nescis = Sarmat. 138, n. titulo—ullo Cf. Epic. 5.43: “teste egeat nullo mens conscia recti.” Hora fugit Ov. Am. 1.11.15; Pers. 5.153; Sil. 15.64. Cupidae … menti Catul. 64.147, 398; Ov. Ep. 6.71. nectis ludibria Cf. Idyl. 7.29: “Ergo quid ambages nectis?” ludibria menti = Salom. 3.25: “Haec Deus humanae immisit ludibria menti.” seria ludo = Verg. Ecl. 7.17; Hor. S. 1.1.27; Ars 226; cf. Eob. Buc. 7.71/Idyl. 9.59. Coepta sequi Buc. 1.93/Idyl. 1.115, n. Si bonus es = l. 104, n., above; l. 172 below. si te—Apollo Cf. Buc. 10.40–42: “si te / Tam celebri triplex anima perflavit Apollo”; ll. 58–59, n., above. inaudaces … Musas Cf. Hod. B 1.11 (Sylv. 9.17.7): “inaudaces … Camoenas.” pulchra … certamina Cf. Sen. Ben. 3.36.3: “pulchro certamini”; Eob. Theoc. 1.6: “Ipse feres foetam pulchro e certamine capram.” Ut maiora—palaestram Cf. Ov. Tr. 2.17; Pont. 1.5.37–38. maiora … vulnera Ov. Pont. 3.7.25–26; Stat. Silv. 2.6.7. bonam … famam Camerarius, Nar. 33.21, n. redimat—famam Cf. Mart. 1.8.5. athleta palaestram ≈ Her. Chr. 18.165. Desinet—palmam For this figure of speech (adynaton), which emphasizes the impossibility of an event by referring to events even more unlikely to happen, see, for example, Verg. Ecl. 1.59–63; Eob. Buc. 10.156–158/Idyl. 11.182–184; Her. Chr. 8.53–55; 15.81–85; 19.49–50, 153–154; Dial. 2.112.1–2; Val. 1.147, n.

105

106

107 108

109 110 111

112

113–114 113

114 116–119

11] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 116 117 118

119 121 122–123

125 127–129 127 128 129

130–131

131 132 133 134 135 137 138 139

737

Desinet ante = Ov. Met. 15.418; Eob. Sylv. 6.10.55: “Desinet ante tuus Rhenum contingere Moenus.” venum—urbem = Idyl. 7.4. For the motif, cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.19–21, 33–35; 9.1–6, 62–65; Mant. Ecl. 6.156–157. apes … capellae Verg. Ecl. 10.30. lita Cf. Verg. G. 4.39. salsa capellae Cf. Boiardo, Pastoralia 5.87: “nec tantum [placent] salsa capellis / Gramina.” certamine palmam = Poliziano, Silv. 4.333, 542; Eob. Idyl. 17.125; Sylv. 1.7.19; cf. Erasmus, Adag. 1.3.4; Eob. Her. Chr. 4.233; Idyl. 9.56. faciles … Musae = Pontano, Urania 3.413; Strozzi, Erot. 1.8.17; cf. Eob. Laud. 65, n. Nomina—urbem The model is Mant. Ecl. 6.155–156, where the one shepherd asks, “Unde urbanarum tibi tanta peritia rerum?” and the other answers, “Haec didici quondam, ductis in moenia capris.” For the need to explain more than pastoral knowledge, see Eob. Idyl. 2.34, n. Tempore ab illo = Paul. Nol. Carm. 18.85; Mant. 2. Parthen. 1.328; Eob. Her. Chr. 13.119; cf. Lucr. 3.114; Ov. Ep. 21.65; Met. 1.314. Pastorem—oportet Cf. Verg. Ecl. 6.4–5; Prop. 2.1.43–46; Hor. Ep. 2.1.114–116; Erasmus, Adag. 1.6.15, ASD 2.2:40, ll. 377–387. curare greges = Mant. Calam. 3.761 (p. 89); Ecl. 5.13. armenta tueri Verg. G. 2.195. nautam—rudentes Cf. Juv. 6.101–102. Sutorem crepidas Proverbial; see Plin. Nat. 35.85; Otto 462; Häussler, 150; Erasmus, Adag. 1.6.16. sua quemque—oportet See Buc. 8.126/Idyl. 12.133. Florigeros—revoca Cf. Mant. Ecl. 1.175–176: “Fauste, viden? Vicina pecus vineta subintrat; / iam, ne forte gravi multa taxemur, eundum est.” For the motif, see further Eob. Buc. 3.60–61/Idyl. 3.66–67, n. Dominus … horti Calp. Ecl. 2.2. venerit ipse = Verg. Ecl. 9.67. boves—pascunt Cf. Buc. 8.30–31/Idyl. 12.29–30. Si vir es = Ov. Fast. 6.594. duris … rebus = Ov. Pont. 2.7.53; Sil. 2.596; cf. Verg. G. 1.146; Ov. Tr. 1.9.23. mecum certabis = Andrel. Livia 1.3.25. Debita—recto Cf. Theoc. 8.32: “Ecquis erit sub quo victoria iudice constet?” stabit victoria Ov. Ars 2.539–540; cf. Eob. Laud. 399, n. teste opus est = Idyl. 5.19; cf. Laud. 507; Her. Chr. 8.69. Saepe—hostem Cf. Buc. 5.12–14/Idyl. 4.13–15, n. Saepe solet vinci Mart. 14.213.1.

738

140 141–142

141

142

143 144–145

144

145

146

147

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [11 Saepe solet = Lucr. 4.606. Many medieval proverbs open with this phrase; see Walther 27283–27307. qui provocat hostem = Luc. 4.275. semper victoria = Ov. Tr. 2.169. victoria cessit Verg. A. 12.183; Stat. Theb. 6.530; Eob. Idyl. 14.57. Ut lupus—anguem Cf. Verg. Ecl. 8.52; Otto 981; Häussler, 178, 239, 277; Eob. Buc. 6.65/Idyl. 8.64, n. For the ironic comparison, cf. Mant. Ecl. 5.146–147: “nostri curant ita carmina reges / ut frondes Aquilo, mare Libs, vineta pruinae”; Eob. Idyl. 3.97–100; Her. 3.5.35–36. lupus … insatiabilis Ov. Ib. 170. imbellem … agnum ≈ Her. Chr. 22.105; cf. Buc. 1.108–109/Idyl. 1.130–131, n. Ut leporem canis Ov. Met. 1.533. captum—anguem For the image, cf. Verg. A. 11.751–756; Hor. Carm. 4.4.11– 12; Ov. Met. 4.362–364, 714–717. Iovis armiger = Verg. A. 5.255; 9.564; cf. Eob. Buc. B 4.2, n.; Nob. 291. Teque tuasque ≈ Verg. A. 2.661; Sil. 6.510; cf. Hor. Carm. 1.26.12. immane—laborat The fable of the frog and the ox is told in Hor. S. 2.3.314– 320; Phaed. 1.24; cf. Otto 1504 and 1558; Häussler, 204, 208, 244; Andrel. Ecl. 10.3–5: “garrulus Idas / Omnia disperdens raucum per compita carmen / Ingenti simulata bovi ceu rana tumebat.” Eobanus alludes to the fable elsewhere too; see n. 33 at Orat. 19.3 (4:113). immane tumes Cf. l. 36 above: “fastu turges immanius”; Idyl. 14.92–93: “fastu / Intumuisse.” For the image, see, for instance, Cic. Tusc. 3.19: “inflatus et tumens animus”; Phaed. 1.3.4: “Tumens inani … superbia.” si te ruperis = Hor. S. 2.3.319. rana bovi par esse = Alan. Parab. 5.2: “Inflando se rana bovi par esse volebat.” esse laborat ≈ Calp. Ecl. 4.64: “si Tityrus esse laboras”; Mart. 12.94.7; Eob. Nob. 273: “nobilis esse laboret.” Et nunc = Prop. 2.21.7 and Verg. A. 4.215 (contemptuously). See further Verg. Ecl. 3.56; 9.57; A. 2.180; 3.491; et al. Adriacae … ranae Hutten, Epigr. 15.1; 37.1. Comparing the Venetians to frogs was popular in Germany when these lines were first written. See, for example, Mutian. Ep. 69, 70, and 160; Hutten, Epigr. 21.1–4; 23.1, 12; 27.1; 35.2, 4; Eob. Buc. B 4 and 5. sinuosa … brachia Sylv. 4.13.3–4: “sinuosa … / Brachia Cancri.” vago … ponto Tib. 2.3.39. distendunt brachia ≈ Ov. Met. 4.491. brachia ponto = Sil. 3.414.

11] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 148 149 150

151 152–158 152 152–153 153 154 155 156 157–158

158 161 161–162 162 163

164

164–165 164

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Non contenta Hutten, Marcus 14, in Opera, 3:296, speaking of Venice: “[Rana] iam non contenta paludes / Et luteas habitare casas.” terras habitant Ov. Met. 1.195; Tr. 5.2.51. Reginae … avium Hutten, Epigr. 82.11: “regina avium”; Erasmus, Adag. 3.3.42, ASD 2.5:129, l. 593: “avium omnium reginam”; cf. Mart. 5.55.1 (Mant. Ecl. 9.121): “volucrum regina”; Eob. Her. Chr. 16.292: “Prima avium.” factura pudorem = Petrarch, Africa 5.26. Si se—paludem Cf. Hutten, Marcus 113–123, in Opera, 3:299. deiiciant coelo Verg. A. 8.427–428. Iupiter, autor = Verg. A. 5.17; Ov. Met. 4.640. autor Fulminis Stat. Theb. 10.800. tela ferentes = Verg. A. 12.465; cf. A. 2.216. curvis unguibus Hor. Epod. 5.93; cf. Eob. Hod. 233–234. referant … reponant Verg. A. 4.392. vibrantes fulmina Ov. Met. 2.308. Quas—paludem Cf. Mutian. Ep. 160 (late spring? 1509). After describing how the Venetian lion will be an easy prey for the imperial eagles, now that it has been crushed by France and the papacy, Mutianus Rufus writes: “Quem mare, quem tellus, quem non capiebat Olympus, / Cum ranis miserum nunc capit una palus.” He then alludes to the fable of the frog and the ox. Antiquam … paludem This derisive reference to Venice occurs also in Max. 75; cf. Max. 227: “sua stagna.” Ut breviter dicam Sen. Phoen. 297. quando—cicadae Cf. Idyl. 14.148–149, referring to the enemies of humanistic learning. coeperunt esse = Juv. 6.372. Discite … menti dare frena superbae = Nob. 17, n. Discite, pastores = Buc. B 7.15. menti—superbae Cf. Buc. 8.68–69/Idyl. 12.67–68. For frena, see, for instance, Hor. Carm. 4.15.10; Juv. 8.88; Eob. Her. Chr. 18.74. Altius—cadit Quoted in Faber, Thesaurus, 821, s.v. “Superbus”; also on p. 170, s.v. “Chria.” The thought was proverbial; see Hor. Carm. 2.10.10–11; Otto 73 (with the addendum on p. XLII); Häussler, 42, 52, 69, 94, 128–129, 259; TPMA, 3:143–146, s.v. “Fall,” nos. 104–161. gravius cadit Bebel, Triumph. Ven. 4.328: “ut gravius caderent”; Eob. Idyl. 17.133. Omne—superis Cf. Idyl. 14.107–108. Omne superbum = Prud. Psych. 285: “frangit Deus omne superbum”; Eob. Psalt. 113, arg. 3: “[Christus] humiles animo relevat, domat omne superbum.”

740

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [11

165

Invisum superis ≈ Ov. Ep. 20.138. pietas—coelo Cf. Verg. A. 8.64; Stat. Silv. 3.3.1; cf. Eob. Idyl. 14.139, n. Aspicis—turbant Cf. Hor. Carm. 2.10.9–12. Aspicis—arundo For the contrast (usually between the rigid oak and the pliant reed), cf., for example, Aesop. 71 (Hausrath); Macr. 7.8.6; Eob. Sylv. 4.14.29–32 (in reverse): “palustrem flectat arundinem / Quantumlibet vis parva Favonii, / Pinus resistit fortiores / Despiciens Cerealis Euros.” annosas … pinus Ov. Met. 12.357. convelli turbine Cf. Verg. G. 2.293–294. Fulmina—turbant Proverbial; see Otto 727; Häussler, 57, 104, 165, 272; Walther 9338 (with further references); TPMA, 1:429, s.v. “Berg,” nos. 33– 34a. Fulmina … summa petunt Ov. Rem. 370; cf. Met. 2.206. Semper summa petunt ≈ Hermann von dem Busche, “De institutione adolescentum ad bonos mores,” quoted in Jakob Wimpfeling, Adolescentia, ed. Otto Herding (Munich, 1965), 270, l. 34: “semper summa petit … virtus”; cf. Ov. Met. 2.206. coelo proxima Sylv. duae 2.111, n.; Her. Chr. 12.222, n. Te quoque = Verg. G. 3.1; A. 6.71; 10.139; 12.542; Prop. 1.7.15; et al. tristem—ruinam Cf. Idyl. 17.163, n. For tristem ruinam, see Verg. A. 1.238; Sil. 15.692. Si bonus—soli Quoted in Faber, Thesaurus, 586, s.v. “Aequiparare.” Si bonus es = ll. 104, n., and 111 above. patiare parem Cf. l. 37 above and l. 191 below. Non dat—soli Proverbial. See Otto 1288; Häussler, 113, 195, 282; Walther 18657a: “Non uni dat cuncta Deus”; cf. Mant. Ecl. 5.59–60: “hoc vult Deus, omnia non dat / omnibus”; Eob. In Ed. Leeum 42.1; Ilias 13.925: “uni non dat deus omnia, verum / Dotibus hos illis, alios his dotibus auget, / Nec ratione pari dispensat cuncta.” Corde … sub imo Verg. A. 10.464–465; Sil. 15.587. Saepe—aurum Included in Neander, Ethice, vol. 2, fol. 86r, as follows: “Saepe latet fulvum duris sub cotibus aurum.” The thought was proverbial; cf. Walther 27317: “Sepe sub incultis reperitur gemma lapillis.” An early owner of the Wrocław copy of B adds in the margin (after Cic. Tusc. 3.23.56): “Sepe sub pallio sordido latet sapientia.” immundo … pulvere = Verg. A. 12.611; cf. Ov. Fast. 4.238. pulvere gemmae … aurum ≈ Mant. 2. Parthen. 1.238–239, where Saint Catherine is said to draw treasures from pagan literature: “quasi collectum de sordibus aurum / Et quasi fulgentes Gangis de pulvere gemmas.”

166–169 166–167

166 168–169

169

170 171 172–173 172 173

174 175–176

175 175–176

11] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 176

177

178 179 180 181

182–184 182 183 184

185 185–186 186–187 187–188 187 188 189 190 191

192–199

192

741

Saepe … duris … cotibus Verg. G. 4.203; cf. Prop. 1.3.4; Eob. Buc. 1.47/Idyl. 1.58, n. fulvum … sub … aurum = Verg. A. 7.279. Nunc—experior Mutian. Ep. 643 (2:339), letter of 4 March 1509 from Eobanus: “Quid hominis sit, nunc primum experior.” rura poetas = l. 22 above; cf. Idyl. 12.113, n. per inhospita = Buc. 8.111/Idyl. 12.118. aversus Apollo = Prop. 4.1.73; cf. Eob. Buc. 6.97/Idyl. 8.96. venere sorores = Her. Chr. 16.207. Nympharum—Charites = Idyl. 1.106. Quis credere possit = Ov. Ep. 18.123; Met. 15.613; Tr. 1.2.81; cf. Eob. Laud. 354, n. Sydera—sylvis For the adynata, cf. ll. 116–119, n., above. Sydera cuncta = Verg. A. 3.515; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 1.17, n. Nerea—flammas Cf. Ov. Tr. 1.8.4; Eob. Her. Chr. 19.49–50. Carmina … dii, qualia Sylv. 6.1.35: “Funebres vidi—dii, qualia carmina!— Musas.” For dii, qualia, see also Hod. 81, 375; Idyl. 16.132; Epic. 3.33; Nor. 163; Wirt. 390; Sylv. 3.13.7. Invideo Musas … Latinas Cf. ll. 198–199 below; Idyl. 14.70–71. Invideo … vobis, … rura Cf. Lydia 1 (8, 20): “Invideo vobis, agri.” rura … Barbara l. 22, n., above; l. 191 below. Iam—Carmine Cf. l. 25, n., above. patrios—Aspiciam Cf. Verg. A. 11.793; Claud. in Rufin. 1.141. patrios … agros = Buc. 1.122/Idyl. 1.151, n. Ite—iuvenci Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.74; 7.44; Eob. Buc. 2.102/Idyl. 2.93, n. Non libate—carpite Cf. Verg. Ecl. 5.25–26 (at Daphnis’s death); Eob. Buc. 3.155, 167/Idyl. 7.143, 154, nn. dulces … patriae … agros Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.3. Barbara rura ll. 22 and 185–186 above pares—ferre Cf. Luc. 1.125–126; Locher, Stult. 66, fol. 78v: “Non vult ferre parem, maiorem ferre recusat”; Walther 9347a: “Ferre parem nequeo, maiorem ferre recuso.” non possum ferre = Juv. 3.60; Tifernate, Carm., sig. A6v (= Campano, Epigr. 7.32.5, sig. E4r): “Odi mendacem [servum], non possum ferre protervum”; Celtis, Am. 3.6.57 (imitating Prop. 2.34.18): “Ursula, rivalem non possum ferre Tonantem.” Iam—cucullo For this conclusion, cf. Mant. Ecl. 5.188–190: “Vade malis avibus, nunquam rediturus, avare! / Et facias subito quicquid tractaveris aurum / more Midae, quando virtus tibi vilior auro.” Cf. l. 56 above. tumidas—ranas Cf. ll. 144–145, nn., above.

742

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [11

193

Aedite—semine Cf. Sylv. 3.2.77: “Aedite magnorum regum de sanguine”; Boeth. Consol. 4.m3.5: “Solis edita semine.” per aestum = Verg. Ecl. 5.46. Per iuga, per valles = Ov. Met. 14.425; Sil. 7.360; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 18.45. per mille pericula = V. Fl. 7.271; Mant. Ecl. 6.169: “per mille pericula vadens”; cf. Luc. 1.299; Juv. 3.8; Eob. Ama. 6.5; Venus 2.13, n. nuda—pascua Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.47–48; Eob. Idyl. 5.11 (of weeds): “pecori … obducunt pascua.” nuda silex Verg. Ecl. 1.15. vicina … flumina Stat. Silv. 1.3.46; Sil. 9.615; 16.196; Eob. Her. Chr. 22.61, n. flumina siccet ≈ Psalt. 74.45: “tu flumina siccas.” omne … numen Ov. Fast. 5.29–30; Mart. 10.92.13. stellati … Olympi = Locher, opening verse of “Carmen de pace illustrium principum Bavariae et comitum Palatinorum Rheni,” in his Poematia (Augsburg, 1513), sig. b2r: “O Deus altitonans, stellati Factor Olympi.” caussa … meliore Ov. Fast. 5.576; Pont. 2.9.15; Eob. Luth. 4.48. invideas … Latinas Pieridas Cf. l. 185, n., above. Bardiaco—cucullo Cf. Eobanus’s letter of 6 January 1515 to Johann Reuchlin, in Reuchlin, Briefwechsel, 3:147, no. 257, l. 81, referring to Jakob van Hoogstraten: “Quid tibi cum doctis, bardo signate cucullo / Hostrate?” For the form “Bardiacus” for “Bardaicus” (“Vardaicus”), see, for example, Jacobus Magdalius Gaudensis, Erarium aureum poetarum ([Cologne], 1501), sig. D2r, where Bardiacus is defined as “sagum ex pilis caprarum.” See further Egidio Forcellini, Lexicon totius Latinitatis, s.v. “Bardaicus.” The term was a synonym for bardocucullus; cf. Capitol. Pertinax 8.3: “cuculli Bardiaci [Bardaici].” signande = Laud. B 4.5.

194

195

196 197

198 198–199 199

Idyllion 12 The story of Eobanus’s short-lived aspirations to the laurel wreath in mid-1508 is recorded in Mutianus Rufus’s correspondence. After their mutual friend Hermann Trebelius had been formally crowned poet laureate by Elector Frederick the Wise in late June 1508,1 Eobanus too began to thirst for the privilege and badgered Mutianus to make appeals to this end at the Saxon court. See

1 For the date of Trebelius’s formal laureation at Wittenberg, see the headnote to Buc. 8 (1:508– 509).

12] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

743

Mutian. Ep. 70 (2 July 1508) and Ep. 72 (4 July 1508). When nothing came of these initiatives, Mutianus had to console his protégé in late July by giving him a garland of wheat spikes. “With this,” he wrote Herbord von der Marthen, “he will be content until the emperor gives him the poet’s [wreath]”; see Mutian. Ep. 77 (1:115). For the practice of laureating poets in the Holy Roman Empire, see Albert Schirrmeister, Triumph des Dichters: Gekrönte Intellektuelle im 16. Jahrhundert (Cologne, 2003), with a discussion of Eobanus’s case on pp. 230– 232; also the introduction to John L. Flood, Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook, vol. 1 (Berlin, 2006). Meter: Dactylic hexameter. arg. 2

1–11 1

2

3 4 5

6

7 7–8 9–10

ut nunc quoque Despite Crotus Rubianus’s return to Catholicism and Luther’s subsequent harsh words against him, Eobanus continues to speak fondly of his old friend. Surgit—agnae Cf. Pers. 3.1–7; Aus. Ephem. 1.1–5. Surgit—fugatis = Ilias 23.133; cf. Verg. A. 4.129; 11.1. Surgit ab Oceano = Anthol. Lat. 590.1 (traditionally attributed to Vergil). tenebris—fugatis = Ov. Met. 2.144. pulsa … nocte Stat. Silv. 1.2.52; cf. Ov. Fast. 6.729–730; Eob. Her. Chr. 12.46, n. reserantur pascua Cf. V. Fl. 1.655: “emicuit reserata dies”; Stat. Theb. 5.479; Boeth. Consol. 1.m3.8. Omne pecus Idyl. 1.154, n. patulis … arvis = Sil. 4.545; cf. Luc. 4.743. Et matutinae = Calp. Ecl. 5.55; cf. Verg. A. 8.456; Calp. Ecl. 3.17. Solus … antro = Bocc. Ecl. 11.167; cf. Petrarch, Ecl. 1.1: “Monice, tranquillo solus tibi conditus antro”; l. 40 below. Solus adhuc = Ov. Pont. 4.14.53. Polypheme … antro = Verg. A. 3.641. sub antro = Verg. A. 3.431; 8.217, 254. somnolenti glires Cf. Mart. 3.58.36; Walther 30035b: “Somnolentior glire.” For the scansion “somnōlenti,” see Mant. Ecl. 3.59. glires—marini = Antonio Codro Urceo, Epigrammata, in his Orationes …, Epistolae, Silvae, Satyrae, Eglogae, Epigrammata (Bologna, 1502), sig. 2H6v: “Dormitis nimium glires vitulique marini.” For vitulique marini, see also Juv. 3.238. mille avium voces = Vict. 405. avium voces = Lucr. 5.1379; Claud. in Eutr. 1.317. soporem … excutere Ov. Met. 11.677–678. Iam sol—Oceano Cf. Cordus, Ecl. 8.104–105: “Iamque exorta dies fuit et sex

744

10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18

19

20 20–21 21 22

23

24 25

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [12 altior ulnis / sol tepidos nonam radios dispersit in horam.” In Cordus’s calculation, the sun has risen six ells in three hours (two ells per hour, from sunrise to the ninth hour). If this calculation holds true for the present passage, it is now the eighth hour and Polyphemus has overslept by two hours. Cf. l. 30 below: the shepherds want to talk until the tenth hour (10 AM); see l. 30, n., below. sol extat … Altus ab Oceano Cf. Ov. Ep. 13.103. terras … omnes = Verg. A. 10.3; Ov. Met. 5.474; Pont. 3.3.61. supereminet omnes = Verg. A. 1.501; 6.856; Ov. Met. 3.182; Tr. 1.2.49. balant—agnae Cf. Calp. Ecl. 2.68; Ov. Met. 13.827. ovilibus agnae ≈ Buc. 4.118/Idyl. 5.130. dulci somno Verg. A. 4.185; Ciris 206. montibus altis = Buc. 6.44/Idyl. 8.44, n. omnem … orbem = Ov. Tr. 3.7.51. lucis pars = Ov. Met. 7.662. clauso … cubili Cf. l. 40, n., below. dormire cubili = Ov. Am. 2.10.17. Ut primum—orbem Cf. Ov. Met. 9.795; Ilias Lat. 650: “Ut nitidum Titan radiis patefecerat orbem.” primum radiis = Ov. Met. 2.171. plumis—dulcibus Cf. Sylv. 6.13.18: “Mollibus … plumis exeruisse caput.” For plumis, see Ama. 35.76, n.; cf. Hod. B 1.102, n. caput exero Ov. Met. 13.838; Fast. 1.300; Luc. 5.598. Lanigeris ovibus = Idyl. 15.113; cf. Verg. A. 3.660; Ov. Fast. 1.334; Eob. Val. 1.305, n. campos—damus ≈ Calp. Ecl. 5.29–30. For dumeta capellis, see also Calp. Ecl. 5.5; Eob. Buc. 9.114/Idyl. 6.116, n. Gaudent—iuvenci Cf. Verg. Ecl. 8.15; G. 3.326; Calp. Ecl. 5.52–55. Plenius—tempore Cf. Epith. 247: “Plenius hos alio repetemus tempore lusus.” alio … tempore = Lucr. 5.1081; V. Fl. 2.361; Sil. 17.387. animum … movent Verg. G. 3.521; Ov. Ep. 12.89; Pont. 1.2.113; Eob. Her. Chr. 7.38. res digna relatu = Mant. Ecl. 7.57 (referring, as here, to a dream vision); cf. Ov. Met. 4.793 (Fast. 3.541; Eob. Wirt. 59): “digna relatu.” turbarint—noctem Cf. Idyl. 10.44, n.; l. 105 below. Dii superi = Ama. 35.80, n. certa fides Prop. 3.8.19; Ov. Fast. 6.609; et al.; Eob. Her. Chr. 6.118; 13.68; Vict. 308. Oracula Cf. Epic. 3 A.45, where Eobanus calls his dream about Dürer an “oraclum.”

12] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 27 28

29–30 30

31–32 31 32 33 34

35–39 35–36 35

36 38

745

Dic igitur = Juv. 7.106. quae mira—figuris Cf. Ama. 9.1; Her. Chr. 5.71. novis … figuris = Stat. Silv. 1.3.56; cf. Ov. Met. 15.169. simulachra figuris = Aus. Cupido cruciatus 99: “nocturnis … simulacra figuris”; Celtis, Am. 1.14.54: “noctivagis simulacra figuris”; 3.4.37: “Dum nos sub variis ludunt simulacra figuris.” Interea—Pascetur Cf. Verg. Ecl. 10.6–7; Nemes. Ecl. 1.6–8; Eob. Buc. 8.34– 35. For the phrasing, cf. also Buc. 10.115/Idyl. 11.133. decimam—horam Cf. Mant. Ecl. 1.121 (referring to the noon hour, according to late medieval usage): “in nonam dum lux attollitur horam.” In the present passage, the time reckoning is the modern one, where the hours begin at midnight, rather than at sunrise, as in the ancient Roman system. For this usage, cf., for example, Eob. Sylv. 7.11.9–10: “Cras, ubi purpureos Aurora reduxerit ortus / Nonaque iam clarum fecerit hora diem”; letter of 13 June 1527 (Epp. 1, sig. Q3r), written at the fifth hour, shortly before sunrise: “Haec scribebam sub Aurorae ortum, mane hora quinta, cum sexta docendum in scola esset mihi.” The shepherds intend to converse until 10 AM (the fourth hour after sunrise), when it is time to drive the flock to water; see Verg. G. 3.327–330; Calp. Ecl. 5.56–57. Et nos—videre For the “motif of bucolic repose,” see Buc. 1.65–71/Idyl. 1.74– 79, n.; cf. in particular Idyl. 3.20–21. Et nos—recubabimus Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.14; 5.3; Eob. Idyl. 17.23–24. velut e specula Cf. Erasmus, Adag. 4.3.95. pecus omne = Buc., ded. 5, n.; Idyl. 1.154, n. Pascite—capellae Cf. Nemes. Ecl. 1.6–7; Eob. Buc. 3.167/Idyl. 7.154, n. monstriferae … somnia noctis = Psalt. 73.55; cf. Theoc. 25.94: “monstrosae somnia noctis.” For the tag somnia noctis, see Petrarch, Africa 2.7; Pontano, Am. 1.5.43; Erasmus, Carm. 2.83. Tempus—silet Cf. Verg. A. 4.522–527; Ov. Met. 7.185–187. Tempus erat … Quo … quies Verg. A. 2.268. Tempus erat = Rec. 1, n. sacros … ignes = Ilias Lat. 34. For ignes in the sense of stars, see, for example, Hor. Carm. 1.12.47; Verg. A. 2.154; Eob. Nor. 17. The stars are sacred because the heavens are home to the gods. nox caeca Lucr. 1.1115–1116; Catul. 68.44; Verg. G. 3.260; A. 2.397; et al.; Eob. Her. Chr. 14.103. reduxerat ignes = Her. Chr. 3.67. gravidos—artus Cf. Verg. A. 5.857; Stat. Silv. 1.4.56–57. Totaque … tellus = Luc. 1.654. Tartareo … numine Cf. Prud. Perist. 13.52: “Tartareae caliginis.”

746

38–39 39 39–40 40

41–58

41

41–42 41 42

43–44 43 43–44 43 43–44 44

45 45–46 45 46

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [12 circundata numine tellus = Idyl. 17.235; cf. Ov. Met. 2.272. tellus … conversa Ov. Met. 1.87–88. Me somnus habebat Ov. Pont. 3.3.7; cf. Verg. A. 3.147; Ov. Met. 7.329. somnus … Altior Walter, Alex. 4.450. clauso … antro = Juv. 4.21; cf. l. 17 above. recubabam … in antro Verg. A. 6.418. solus in antro = Andrel. Ecl. 3.1; cf. l. 5, n., above. Propter—corona est The dream of being crowned poet on Mount Helicon is ancient; see Hes. Th. 22–34; Verg. Ecl. 6.64–73; Prop. 3.3; Petrarch, Ecl. 3; cf. further Eob. Val., 1.ded. 1, with n. 2 (pp. 46–47 above). Propter aquas ≈ Verg. G. 3.14; cf. Eob. Laud. 323, n. That Eobanus is strolling along a brook at the start of his dream is part of the tradition of poetcrownings on Mount Helicon. Thus Gallus in Verg. Ecl. 6.64 walks beside the Permessis; and Propertius (3.3.1–2) dreams that he is lying beside the Hippocrene. Similarly in Petrarch, Ecl. 3.87–88, Stupeus happens to be wandering along a brook when the Muses appear to him and grant him the laurel. Heliades, in ll. 119–120 below, reports that he too was next to a sacred spring when he was enraptured and made poet laureate. herbosis … Aggeribus Ov. Met. 14.445. errare videbar = Enn. Ann. 41; cf. Hor. Carm. 3.4.6–7. frondesque—capellis Leafy twigs were cut and stored to serve as fodder during the winter months; see, for example, Calp. Ecl. 2.44–45; 5.98–115; Serv. Ecl. 1.56. However, this was not normally done in midsummer, but only toward the end of the pasturing season. arguta—Carmina Cf. Idyl. 7.63: “arguta meditari carmina buxo.” arguta … canna Sil. 7.439; cf. Verg. Ecl. 7.24; Calp. Ecl. 7.12. modulari … Carmina Buc. 1.11, n. modulari … canna Calp. Ecl. 4.45. dulcia … Carmina = Culex 146–147; Aus. Ep. 21.64–65; Andrel. Ecl. 2.61– 62. fremit ira Val. 1.132, n. ira Leonis = Maxim. Eleg. 1.271; cf. Ov. Tr. 4.6.5; Luc. 6.487. For the sense, cf. Hor. Carm. 3.29.18–19: “iam Procyon furit / et stella vesani Leonis”; Ov. Met. 2.81. Cum mihi, nescio quo ≈ Ov. Ep. 15.109; cf. Ep. 3.78. succenso—undae Cf. Verg. G. 3.291–292. succenso—amore Cf. Verg. A. 3.298; Eob. Her. Chr. 17.81; Hod. 32–33. For succenso amore, see Verg. A. 7.496; Ov. Ep. 15.167. sacrae—undae ≈ Andrel. Eleg. 2, sig. d5v: “sacri Permessidos unda”; Eob. Nor. 7: “sacrae Permessidos undas”; Ebn. 173: “sacrae Permessidos unda”;

12] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

47

48

49

50 51 52 54–57

54 55 57

58 59

747

cf. Mart. 1.76.11, where older editions read “Permessidos unda”; Eob. Laud. 249, n. Culmine ab aerio = Sylv. 2.26.3; cf. Sylv. duae 2.151 (of Mount Parnassus): “aereo de culmine”; Coluth. 31: “ab aerio Parnassi culmine montis”; also cf. Sylv. duae 2.135. summoque … vertice = Verg. A. 11.526; Ov. Met. 6.204; cf. Eob. Buc. 1.83/Idyl. 1.97, n. vertice Musae ≈ Verg. G. 3.11. Desuper ostentant ≈ Verg. A. 6.678. lauri—coronam ≈ Sylv. 6.5.29: “lauri de fronde coronas”; cf. Lucr. 1.118: “Ennius, … qui primus amoeno / detulit ex Helicone perenni fronde coronam”; Mant. 2. Parthen. 1.14: “de fronde coronam”; Eob. Buc. 1.48/Idyl. 1.59, n.; Eleg. 1.31, n. ductrixque—verendi Cf. Stat. Theb. 4.34–35: “tuque o nemoris regina sonori, / Calliope”; Petrarch, Ecl. 3.120–121 (Calliope crowns him poet): “Regina sonori / Hunc michi prima chori ramum dedit arbore vulsum”; Bocc. Ecl. 14.119–120: “nemoris custos regina canori / Caliopes”; Eob. Laud. 246, n. summa … ab arce Verg. A. 2.41; Ov. Rem. 57. Qui nunc—coerces Cf. Hes. Th. 22–23, where we learn that Hesiod was tending his flock in the valley when the Muses made him a poet. ovium custos = Verg. G. 1.17. Huc propera—bacca Cf. Verg. Ecl. 6.64–71; Petrarch, Ecl. 3.101–104: “‘accipe ramum / hunc prius’ et tenero frondosum pollice ramum / decerpsit cupidoque michi porrexit et, ‘Ibis, / ibis,’ ait, ‘dicesque novem vidisse sorores’”; Eob. Buc. 6.57–59. praemia fronti Cf. Hor. Carm. 1.1.29 (of the poet’s wreath). perpetuis … victura diebus Cf. Laud. 63, n. Cinge—bacca In antiquity the poet’s wreath was made of ivy, sacred to Bacchus, or of laurel, sacred to Apollo; see Laud. 251–252, n. Here bacca stands for lauri baca (Verg. G. 1.306) and hence, the laurel wreath. Cinge comas hedera Cf. Ov. Am. 1.7.36: “cinge comam lauro”; Tr. 1.7.2; l. 109 below. viridi … bacca Hor. Carm. 2.6.15–16. tege tempora = Verg. A. 4.637; cf. Ov. Fast. 2.26. tempora bacca ≈ Ov. Met. 10.116. En ultro Verg. A. 3.155. ultro porrecta Ov. Met. 3.458; Eob. Val. 3.59. Accipe—dixisset Cf. Verg. Ecl. 6.69; Calp. Ecl. 2.34; Eob. Her. Chr. 4.125. in sublime ferebar Cic. N.D. 2.44, 140; Aus. Ephem. 3.38; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 15.37, n.

748 60 61

62

63

64 65 66 66–67 67 67–68 68 70–71 70 71 72 73–74

74 75

77

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [12 solito … velocior Cf. Ov. Met. 14.388. magis velocior For the double comparative, cf. Val. 2.139, n. Umbra levis Buc. 2.86, n. levis … pluma Ama. 35.83, n. pernicior Euro Cf. Rec. 37, n. Iamque—eram Cf. Ov. Ep. 11.71; Eob. Her. Chr. 11.68. Iamque adeo = Lucr. 2.1150; Verg. A. 2.567; and elsewhere. antri For the Muses’ grotto on Mount Helicon, cf. Hor. Carm. 3.4.40; Mart. 12.11.3; Juv. 7.59–60; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 2, praef. 51; Eob. Buc. 8.115; Nob. 10; Sylv. 4.19.8: “ex Heliconis antro.” Unde prius = Lucr. 1.930; 4.5; Verg. G. 1.74. nostras … ad aures = Ov. Ep. 12.137. pervenit … ad aures Rec. 128, n. carmen ad aures = Ov. Pont. 2.4.13. cursu … anhelo = Ov. Met. 11.347; Stat. Theb. 9.222; 10.686; et al. circumvenientibus = Sil. 7.61. Passis … lacertis Her. Chr. 6.13. mea colla lacertis ≈ Ov. Am. 1.4.35; 2.18.9; Ep. 8.93. colla—Complexus Ov. Met. 1.734; cf. Eob. Rec. 130, n.; Buc. 9.69/Idyl. 6.72, n. Quo—abis = Mant. Ecl. 1.90. Iuvenilibus—ponis Cf. Buc. 10.140/Idyl. 11.163, nn. Frena cupidinibus … ponis Strozzi, Erot. 4.21.24: “Ponere non sanis frena cupidinibus.” maiora—Praemia Luc. 5.246–247. maiora volenti ≈ Buc. 6.95/Idyl. 8.94; Idyl. 7.27. pueri—annis Cf. Laud. 322–323, n. coronatae … frontis ≈ Ov. Fast. 5.341. Despiciunt—lauri Cf. Pontano, Parthen. 1.17.15: “Stultus ego, fieri credam qui fronde poetam: / Non laurus vatem, sed sua Musa facit”; ll. 132–133 below. bona carmina = Buc. 10.82/Idyl. 11.99; cf. Ov. Am. 3.9.39. pecus et sylvas = Campano, Epigr. 1.7.15 (sig. A3r), alluding to Vergil: “Qui pecus et sylvas atque arva feracia scripsit.” et oves et ovilia = Mant. Ecl. 7.49. vernant—capilli = Poliziano, Silv., praef. 9 (of garlands): “Crescit fronde torus, vernant in flore capilli.” The phrase is a figurative way of expressing the poets’ youthfulness; cf. Eob. Buc. 6.59/Idyl. 8.58; Sylv. 7.7.3: “Quae puer annorum vernans in flore reliqui”; Theoc. 11.17: “Vernarentque leves iuvenili in fronte capilli”; cf. further Idyl. 16.77: “vernantem in flore

12] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

78

79 80 81–82 82 84 84–85

85 87 89 89–90 90 91 93

94 95

95–96 96

97 98 99 101 103 103–104

749

iuventae”; Sylv. 1.4.15: “vernans in flore iuventa”; 7.9.1: “vernans in flore iuventae.” flore capilli = Ov. Ep. 4.71; cf. Eob. Laud. 165. coelum—pulsant Cf. Hor. Carm. 1.1.36; Ov. Met. 7.61; Mart. 8.36.11; Otto 289; Häussler, 97, 143, 234; Eob. Her. Chr. 6.191; 16.290. vertice pulsant ≈ Ov. Met. 5.84; Ilias Lat. 376. inter agrestes = Idyl. 7.9. primatibus haerent Cf. Tum. 3.77–78: “haerens / Principibus.” seque—praetulerint Cf. Idyl. 11.102–103. pudor est (with following infinitive) = Ov. Met. 14.18; Eob. Epic. 3 B.11; cf. Ama. 35.110, n. Pascere oves = Idyl. 6.39, n. recusant—iugum = Mant. Calam. 2.660–661 (p. 70): “durumque recusant / Ferre iugum.” For the tag ferre iugum, see also Stat. Theb. 10.233; Silv. 1.2.78; 5.3.160; Juv. 6.208. sibi—victum = Idyl. 14.117; cf. Ter. Hau. 447; Eu. 261; Claud. in Eutr. 2.371; Eob. Her. Chr. 16.120. longe pars maxima = Venus 1.229, n. omnia complent = Lucr. 4.1017; 5.1066. complent Atria Ov. Met. 5.153. Praeter—loquuntur Cf. Mart. 1.76.9. indoctis … nugis Praef. 6.11: “tam indoctis et frivolis nugis.” Ergo age = Idyl., 1.ded. 57, n. siste gradum = Ilias Lat. 1063; cf. Verg. A. 6.465; Ov. Ep. 13.102. obstare furori = Verg. A. 4.91. Est opus = Verg. A. 9.149. Nos te = Verg. A. 3.156; Stat. Theb. 7.98. Palladio … pulvere Val. 1.99, n. sudantem in pulvere = Theoc. 2.10; cf. Stat. Ach. 1.17–18; Eob. Val. 1.360. On pulvere, cf. Val. 1.99, n. totis Viribus Ama., ded. 13, n.; Idyl. 13.80. verae virtutis Hor. Ep. 1.1.17; Eob. Hod. 142; Wirt. 95. virtutis ad arces ≈ Mant. Sylv. 4.11.81 (fol. 310v): “summam virtutis ad arcem.” pingui … oliva Verg. Ecl. 5.68; G. 2.85, 425; Ov. Met. 10.176. populus umbra = Verg. A. 8.276; Ov. Met. 10.555. Herculeos … aequare labores = Stat. Silv. 2.1.124. et libertatis honorem ≈ Sil. 10.645; cf. Eob. Eccles. 31. Tantum effatus Verg. G. 4.450; A. 6.547; 10.256, 877. mihi—Excutis Sen. Tro. 457. Polyphemus’s dream vision has evidently

750

104 105

106–107 106 107 108

110 111 112

113

114

115

116 117 118

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [12 occurred in the pre-dawn hours. According to ancient belief, dreams that come after midnight are truthful. See, for example, Hor. S. 1.10.33; Eob. Theoc. 20.4–8: “Tempus erat, iam sydereae pars tertia noctis / Transierat. Prope erat roseis Aurora quadrigis, / Tempore quo mollis gratissima munera somni / Irrepunt vinclisque ligant praedulcibus artus / Veraque per cunctas pascuntur somnia terras”; cf. also Verg. A. 6.893–896. verbere virga ≈ Ov. Met. 14.300; Eob. Venus 1.52. longam … noctem Idyl. 15.117, n. quae vidi—noctem Cf. Theoc. 26.158: “Talia per tacitae quae vidi insomnia noctis.” For vidi somnia, see Ov. Met. 9.475; for insomnia noctem, see l. 24, n., above. Mira—pastor Cf. Buc. 1.38–39/Idyl. 1.49–50, n.; 4.73–74/Idyl. 5.84–86, n. Mira refers = Calp. Ecl. 1.31. mysteria pastor = Guil. 57: “Sacra bonus tractet Verbi mysteria pastor.” Ecce sed = Laud. 178, n. redimitus—lauro = Verg. A. 3.81; [Tib.] 3.4.23; cf. Eob. Laud. 568, n.; Buc. 2.77; Idyl. 2.28. quota pars erat Ov. Am. 2.12.10; cf. Eob. Idyl. 2.83, n. Salvete aeternum Verg. A. 11.97; Eob. Theoc. 1.209–210: “Musae, / Aeternum salvete.” Gaudia—novam Cf. Pug. 18, n. Gaudia laeticiamque = Mant. Nic. Tolentinus 1.630 (fol. 216v). celebrate faventes = Verg. A. 1.735; 8.173. Nunc—leves Cf. Verg. Ecl. 5.2; Eob. Buc. 10.18/Idyl. 11.34. rura poetam = Andrel. Ecl. 10.8; cf. Eob. Idyl. 11.22, 177; 13.121 (as printed in bBc). Sonent—cantu Cf. Buc. 7.138/Idyl. 10.62, n. nemora omnia Pontano, Hort. 1.454; cf. Eob. Idyl. 8.33. omnia cantu = Sil. 13.347. Quis te … puer Mant. Ecl. 2.111: “Miserande puer, quis te deus istas / misit in ambages?” digne puer = Laud. 557. tanto … honore Verg. A. 8.617. dignatus honore = Ov. Met. 3.521; 8.569; Sil. 11.272. cinxit … fronde capillos Cf. Verg. A. 8.274: “cingite fronde comas”; Mart. 4.54.2; l. 58 above. Dic age, dic = Calp. Ecl. 7.19, 78; cf. Eob. Buc. 1.60/Idyl. 1.69, n.; 15.4, n. Aliquis superum = Her. Chr. 1.43; cf. Her. Chr. 17.202; Luth. 2.44. Dum—taurum Cf. Buc. 4.105–106/Idyl. 5.117–118, n., where Heliades is looking for a runaway heifer.

12] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

119–120 119

120 121 122 123 124 125

126–128

127 128

129

131 132–133

751

lustra … per inhospita Sil. 16.103. amissum … taurum ≈ Stat. Theb. 3.52. Monte—aquas Cf. Calp. Ecl. 4.16; Eob. Idyl. 1.77–78. For the trees overshadowing the Muses’ spring, cf. Prop. 3.3.13. Monte sub obscuro = Sylv. 3.3.48 and Epic. 1.86 (both referring to Mount Helicon). ubi plurima = Buc. 5.2/Idyl. 4.3, n. super ardua = Verg. A. 6.515; 7.562; Eob. Her. Chr. 1.73; 9.113. ardua montis = Verg. A. 8.221; 11.513; Ov. Met. 8.692. Divae Pierides Buc. 2.1–2/Idyl. 2.1–2, n. Pierides vatem fecere Cf. Verg. Ecl. 9.32–33; Mart. 8.73.5. Ascraeis—agnas Cf. Ov. Ars 1.27–28, alluding to Hesiod; also cf. Fast. 6.13– 14. afflatus numine Verg. A. 6.50; Mant. 2. Parthen. 3.153–154: “afflata … / Numine”; cf. Eob. Buc. 5.89/Idyl. 4.88, n. daemona This unpastoral word occurs also in Mant. Ecl. 1.50 and 4.90. Quid—Musae Included in Neander, Ethice, vol. 2, fol. 86r. Pierides … Musae Rec. 74, n.; Idyl. 4.64, n. insomnia Musae = Sylv. 5.29.22: “temulentae insomnia Musae.” Longa—Musas Because Christian poets are inspired by the Holy Spirit, they cannot invoke the pagan Muses, except on a symbolic level. Cf. Sylv. 1.10.23–30 (where Eobanus defends himself for invoking Christ instead of Apollo and the Muses in Nup. 1–7): “Sed tamen est ratio cur Phoebum agnoscere possis / Et Musas dicas carminis esse duces—/ Non ut honore Deo, non ut virtutibus aeques, / Non ut adorandum numen habere putes. / Musae, Mercurius, Phoebus, Pan, Liber, Apollo, / Nomina sunt uni contribuenda Deo. / Ludere nominibus licuit semperque licebit. / Credere nequaquam numen habere licet.” See further Laud. 13, n.; Buc. 2.16–19/Idyl. 2.15–18, n.; Buc. 3.13–14, nn.; 11.16–19 (with n. at ll. 16–22). ratio—possis Cf. Her. Chr. 14.55, n. sacra carmina = Sylv. duae 2.217 (Her. Chr. 4.21; Theoc. 17.181): “sacra carmina vatum.” carmina Musas ≈ Idyl. 1.62, n. praesentis—negoci Cf. Eobanus’s letter of 26 June 1519 to Johann Lang, in Epp. fam., 71: “non est praesentis negocii explicare”; Scrib. versuum ratio, sig. A3r: “praesentis non est negocii explicare.” Nescio, sed tamen = Nor., lim. 6. de rebus agemus ≈ Verg. A. 11.445. Fuscina—monstrat Quoted in Faber, Thesaurus, 348, s.v. “Fuscina” (with “unca” changed to “una”); also in Neander, Ethice, vol. 2, fol. 86r.

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132

Fuscina—cucullus Quoted in Faber, Thesaurus, 220, s.v. “Cucullus” (with “unca” changed to “una”); Walther 10138. Cf. Walther 17383: “Non cocus ex cultro longo … probatur”; 17404–17406; TPMA, 7:110, s.v. “Koch,” nos. 1–5. For the proverb, “the cowl does not make the monk,” see Walther 1010–1011; 17778–17779; 17845–17846; TPMA, 7:70–72, s.v. “Kleid,” nos. 108–167. Nec laurus vatem Cf. Pontano, Parthen. 1.17.16 (quoted in n. to ll. 73–74 above). Sua—monstrat Cf. Cic. Tusc. 1.41: “bene enim illo Graecorum proverbio praecipitur: ‘quam quisque norit artem, in hac se exerceat’”; Otto 167; Erasmus, Adag. 1.6.15; Eob. Buc. 10.111/Idyl. 11.129. Sit—capellas Closely paralleled in Buc. 5.111–116/Idyl. 4.112–117, n. Sit satis haec = Mant. Calam. 1.513 (p. 32); cf. Ciris 455; Aus. Parent. 23.19. res est divina Erasmus, Carm. 38.30 (music). divina poetam ≈ Verg. Ecl. 5.45; 10.17; Eob. Eleg. 1.79. nostris—pagis Cf. Calp. Ecl. 4.13. non enarrabile = Verg. A. 8.625; Pers. 5.29. pascite … capellas Verg. Ecl. 9.23.

133

134–137 134 135 136 137

To the Reader Meter: Elegiac distich. 1–8 1–2 1 1–2 2 3 4 5 6 7–8 11

Hactenus—Olympiadi Cf. Idyl., 1.ded. 23–30 (2.ded. 21–28). Hactenus—queant Cf. Buc. 11.1–2, 107, n.; Idyl. 16.56; Epic. 5.49. iuvenilia carmina = Her. Chr. 24.113, n. carmina plectro = Buc. 3.92, n.; Hod. 4. plectro Pinximus Eobanus mixes his images. quae decuisse queant = Psalt. 29.4; cf. Val. 2.352; Theoc., ded. 24: “Carmine pastorem quod decuisse queat.” Quae … lecta probabis Cf. Her. Chr. 24.105; Epic. 1.24. quicunque leges = Aus. Epicedion in patrem 63. quam decet esse = Hutten, Epigr. 93.12; Eob. Sylv. 6.3.52. Rustica … carmina = Calp. Ecl. 4.147. carmina lusi = Her. Chr. 24.113, n. Vix—meae Cf. Her. Chr. 4.42, n. serior—Protulit Cf. Maxim. 4.55–56: “quod serior aetas / intulit.” For serior aetas, see also Tib. 1.4.33; Ov. Am. 2.4.45; Ars 2.667; Tr. 5.9.7; Eob. Idyl. 13.29. At tu, qui = Tib. 1.2.87; 1.5.69. nostri studiose = Ov. Tr. 5.1.1.

Lectori] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 12 13–14

753

Spero equidem = Verg. A. 4.382. Quod si—mihi Cf. Idyl., 1.ded. 53–56 (2.ded. 51–54); Sylv. 6.5.40–41, written in 1529: “Et licet haec aetas nostris sit iniqua Camoenis, / Illis posteritas aequior omnis erit.” For l. 14, cf. also Val., lim. 1.6.

Idyllion 13 The idea for this panegyric originated in the autumn of 1522, shortly after Philip of Hesse concluded his campaign against the robber knight Franz von Sickingen. Sensing an opportunity to win much-needed patronage, Eobanus wrote the Hessian Chancellor Johann Feige on November 3 to share his joy at the landgrave’s successes and to express his eagerness to celebrate them in verse, if Feige approved. On November 22, he followed up by telling the chancellor that he had meanwhile started writing the encomium in elegiac verse and would love to elaborate it, if only Feige would signal his approval and send him detailed information.2 When the Hessians failed to take the bait, Eobanus grudgingly put the encomium back into the drawer. Sometime in 1524, however, he appears to have recast his elegiacs into dactylic hexameters—a meter more fitting for the hero who had finally defeated and mortally wounded Sickingen on 6 May 1523 (see Idyl. 13.47–52). He also inserted allusions to more recent events, notably the prince’s wedding to Christine of Saxony on 11 December 1523 (see Idyl. 13.39–40). Thereafter we occasionally catch glimpses of Eobanus revising the encomium. In ca. mid-1525 he tells Johann Meckbach that he has spent the past few days elaborating and adorning a heroic poem to Landgrave Philip—an Achilles, he jokes, whom his Erfurt friend would call fortunate to have been granted such a Homer: “Ego quod reliquum diei fuit perdidi in concinnando et adornando carmine Philippo Duci nostro, quem tu fortunatum Achillem dices, cui talis Homerus contigerit.”3 A little over a year later, shortly after Melanchthon wrote Joachim Camerarius on 7 September 1526 with news that the Landgrave was founding an evangelical university, Eobanus asks Adam Krafft, now court preacher in Marburg, to confirm the news so that he could add it to the encomium for Philip that he is hoping to publish soon (in his Bucolic Idyls).4

2 For the two letters, see Epp. fam., 4–5, 3–4. 3 Epp. fam., 60 (undated). The letter must have been written before autumn 1525, because Martin Hune is evidently still in Erfurt (he left town in October that year). 4 See Melanchthon, Ep. 494, ll. 72–74; Eob. Epp. fam., 210. In the end Eobanus decided against

754

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [13

The idyl stands in a long tradition of pastoral panegyrics of rulers. Eobanus had already ventured into that territory in Ecl. 9 (Idyl. 6), a eulogy for William II of Hesse. In that poem he could look back to such bucolics as Vergil’s fifth eclogue, which Eobanus interpreted as a lament on the death of Julius Caesar. In the present idyl, however, he expressis verbis eschews the bucolic setting and follows the example of Theocritus’s later Idyls. In the poem’s first half he imitates Theoc. 17, with its praises of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. In its second half, starting at l. 87, he follows Theoc. 16, an idyl in which Theocritus reminds Hieron II of Syracuse that only poets can bestow enduring fame. Riches and power pass away with their possessor. Rulers should therefore honor and reward the poets who immortalize them. Updating his encomium in 1538 for the Operum farragines duae, Eobanus took the opportunity to insert mention of Philip’s most recent accomplishments, notably the restoration of Ulrich of Württemberg in 1534. See ll. 53–57. Meter: Dactylic hexameter. 1–7 1 2 3–4 4 5 6 6–7 7 7–8 8 9 10 11 12

Mintiades—Carmina For this dismissal of pastoral, drawn primarily from Verg. Ecl. 4.1–3, cf. Eob. Idyl., 1.ded. 31–54 (2.ded. 29–52), n.; 16.1–20. Mintiades Musae Idyl. 8.10–11; cf. Eleg. 1.79, n. In … carmina vires Ov. Ep. 15.197; Eob. Accl. 2.5; Eras. 3–4. paulo maiora l. 71, n., below. Si vestrum—Tityron Cf. Buc. 6.3–5/Idyl. 8.5–7. cecinisse—sylvas Cf. Calp. Ecl. 4.77, imitating Verg. Ecl. 4.3. Me quoque per = Verg. A. 1.628. urbanae … plebi = Nor. 614; cf. Idyl. 2.33. deducere … Carmina ≈ Buc. 11.14–15, n. animo—incidit Nor. 1025; cf. Stat. Theb. 1.3; Eob. Nup., ded. 3, n. hic ubi—Fulda Cf. Buc., ded. 9–10. celer … Fulda Hutten, Querel. 1.7.14. suis … animosior annis = Her. Chr. 20.43; cf. Max. 91. patria … virtute = Her. Chr. 19.19, n. virtute Philippus = Wirt. 48. Regna per et = Sarmat. 99. Hessiaci … leonis = Cordus, Funebris threnodia in mortem illustrissimi Hessie principis Guilielmi, Philippi patris (Erfurt, [1515]), sig. B1v; Ecl. 1.123; Eob. Wirt. 159; Sylv. 8.1.25; cf. Hod. 208; Wirt. 41, 339–341.

adding this accomplishment in the encomium itself. He does allude to it at Idyl. 6.42 (O), with sidenote.

13] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 13–16 13

14 15–16 17 18

19

20 20–21 24–27 24–25 24 25 26 27 28 28–29 29 30 31 33–34 34

35 36

755

Tu nunc—suscipiunt Cf. Her. Chr. 19.165–166; Her. 2.1.155–156. lectas … cohortes Nup. 121; Max. 141. in bella cohortes = Pontano, Hort. 2.535; Eob. Vitanda ebriet. 6.85; cf. Sil. 12.484. Quod nolim = Epic. 3 B.18; cf. Her. Chr. 12.271, n. tua dignior aetas Buc. 5.60/Idyl. 4.63, n. libera … Ocia = Ov. Ars 2.729–730. has—nugas For the topos of affected modesty, see Idyl., 1.ded. 13–14 (2.ded. 11–12), n. Ingentem … animum Nup. 112, n. demitte animum = Hutten, Epigr. 101.1, in a different sense: “Ne, iuvenis, demitte animum, ne cede periclo”; Eob. Sylv. 1.6.21: “Sed quod in has animum demittam Phyllidas, erras.” patris … soboles = Mant. Georg., fol. 215r: “Christe, Patris summi soboles.” patris magni Verg. A. 4.238. generose Philippe = Wirt. 528; cf. Wirt. 6. Non indigna = Idyl. 1.17, n. ni mea forsan Sordeat … Musa Cf. Buc., ded. 38, n.; Her. 2.4.1. Audiit—laudes Cf. Idyl., 1.ded. 47–50 (2.ded. 45–48), nn. Audiit—aulam Cf. Calp. Ecl. 4.160–161. Audiit ipse = Eleg. 1.35. Latiam … aulam ≈ Claud. VI. cons. Hon. 22. tenuem … avenam Verg. Ecl. 1.2; cf. Ecl. 6.8. Siculi—avenam Verg. Ecl. 10.51. suas … dicere laudes = Nor. 149; cf. Verg. Ecl. 6.6; Tib. 1.3.31; Hor. Saec. 76; Eob. Idyl. 16.156–157. Te—pudeat = Calp. Ecl. 5.39 (in some contemporary eds.); cf. Ov. Tr. 4.3.61. iuvenum fortissime ≈ Epic. Drusi 301. versu … tenero Hor. Ars 246; Ov. Ars 2.273. te serior aetas = Ov. Tr. 5.9.7. Cf. Eob. Idyl., Lectori 7, n. auctum meritis Laud. 124; Nup. 60, n.; Hypocr. B 2.15. Heroa … tuba Val. 2.246, n. mollibus annis = Buc. 2.11/Idyl. 2.10, n. acerba … Funera Verg. A. 6.429; Sil. 13.387; Juv. 11.44. ut extinctum … Iolam = Buc. 9.29/Idyl. 6.29, n. falso … nomine Ov. Tr. 3.13.28; Eob. Eccles. 262; Val. 3.96; Hypocr. 48; Idyl. 17.157; Nor. 257. solum te = Verg. A. 7.389. morte relictum = Luc. 3.39. Spem generis = Buc. 9.84/Idyl. 6.87, n.

756 37 39 40 40–41 42–43 43 44 45

45–46 47–48 47

48–49 48 49–50 50–51 50–51 52 53–56 53

54 54–55 55 57 58 59 60 61 62

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [13 trivere For this sense, see Hor. Ep. 2.1.92; Mart. 8.3.4; 11.3.4. quinta … Olympias aevi = Epp. 4, sig. F6v, verse letter of 25 May 1508 to Gerlach von der Marthen: “iam quinta tui dum vincit Olympias aevi.” Connubiis—regalibus Tum. 3.127–128; cf. Venus 2.290, n. Inde—parentem Cf. Verg. A. 1.75; Eob. Her. Chr. 20.17, n.; Venus 2.189; Sylv. 4.1.46: “Parens ut esse prole te digna queas.” benigno … vultu = Sil. 16.138–139; cf. Mart. 4.88.9; Eob. Idyl. 17.63–64. pacis amorem = Tum. 1.18. faveant For faveo with an accusative object, see Her. Chr. 18.83, n. Iustus—furor Cf. Gunther, Lig. 2.478: “Venit in arma furor”; Strozzi, Erot. 1.8.188: “impellit iustus in arma dolor.” iuvenilibus annis = Rec. 120, n. Satis est … Spectatum Pl. Poen. 823; cf. Ter. An. 91; Hor. Ep. 1.1.2. Quantus—Senserit Cf. Luth. 4.20, n.; ll. 53 and 56 below; cf. Hutten, Exhortatio 551: “Te Rhodanus tristisque Araris sensere ruentem.” in arma ruas Verg. A. 2.353; 11.886. quanta … mole = Ov. Met. 15.765. mole ruentem = Petrarch, Africa 7.1067: “gravi cum mole ruentem”; cf. Sil. 10.212. Senserit … populator agri Sen. Ag. 832. accola Rheni = Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.189: “gens accola Rheni”; Somn., fol. 219v. iura fidemque … erubuit = Verg. A. 2.541–542; cf. Eob. Val. 2.19; Sarmat. 106. vindice poenas … persolvit Juvenc. 1.498; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 6.105. poenas—persolvit Buc. 7.19/Idyl. 9.19, n. et Stygias—umbras Cf. Luc. 7.612; Mart. 11.84.1; Claud. in Rufin. 2.167. Sensit … Quantus in arma Cf. ll. 47–48, n., above. Sensit et = ll. 58 and 61, n., below. ille—sanguinis Sylv. 1.1.127: “Hoc rogat ille tui pars maxima sanguinis”; Wirt. 119–120; cf. Venus 3.27–28, n. inclitus armis = Verg. A. 6.479. florens opibus = Ilias 5.16. quem—patrem Cf. Idyl., 2.ded. 96. vindice tanto = Man. 5.587. Teutonidos … regionis in ora = Nor. 124; cf. Sylv. duae 1.128, n.; Vict. 52, n. Sensit et = l. 53 above; l. 61, n., below. Saxonis ora Val. 1.608, n. Fraternis … armis Luc. 7.465; Sen. Phoen. 321; V. Fl. 1.747. Sensit et ipse = Verg. A. 5.868; cf. A. 3.669; ll. 53 and 58 above. aequis … legibus Lucr. 5.1149; Claud. Carm. minora 26.77.

13] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 63

64 64–65 65 66–68 67 69 70 70–71 71 72–74 72 73 74 75 77–78 77 78 78–79 79

80

81

82–87 82 84

757

Salve … Philippe = Wirt. 528. Salve igitur = Andrel. Livia 4.4.43. proavis—orte Cf. Mart. 12.3.2; Eob. Her. Chr. 21.62, n. in regna locas Hutten, Exhortatio 719: “Annue, Christe, duci, quem tu haec in regna locasti”; Panegyr. 135: “ut te in regna locarent.” mutua … Foedera = Claud. Epith. 66–67. pacis Foedera Lucr. 5.1155; Luc. 4.205, 365. bella horrida = Verg. A. 6.86; cf. A. 7.41. Quam—tuam Cf. Wirt. 60–62, referring (as here) to the Peasants’ War. subiti … tumultus = Gunther, Lig. 4.77. pagina = Verg. Ecl. 6.12. audent talia Verg. Ecl. 3.16. Musae Sylvicolae Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.2; Eob. Idyl. 1.61; 16.1, n. quamvis—professae See l. 2 above. paulo maiora = Verg. Ecl. 4.1; Eob. Idyl., 1.ded. 53 (2.ded. 51). Ergo—canam Cf. Stat. Theb. 1.32–33. Ergo—qua te = Ov. Ars 1.213; Stat. Silv. 3.2.127. quemcunque per orbem ≈ l. 92 below. Me—superi Cf. Hor. Ep. 1.18.108; Erasmus, Carm. 2.214. maiore Camoena = Vict. 3, n. pauca supersunt = Mant. Blasius 2.444 (fol. 201r); Pontano, Ecl. 3.4. ipsos—triumphos Cf. ll. 81 and 120–121 below; Nor. 464. ventura … Saecula = Nor. 1351–1352; cf. Sil. 8.407. ventura videbunt ≈ Verg. A. 2.125. digne—dignissime Idyl. 16.58. longa—serie Col. 3.10.6; 4.19.2; Erasmus, Ep. 104, ll. 16–17; cf. Eob. Hymn. 33, n. transcendere—aevum Cf. Sen. Tro. 212–213; Mant. Consol. 49 (fol. 125r): “dignum … / … qui Chalcidicae vatis transcenderet aevum.” Nestoris aevum = Erasmus, Carm. 4.67. Nestor was proverbial for longevity. See Eob. Laud. B 5.5, n. Tu modo, tu = Her. Chr. 17.262; Wirt. 432. totis … viribus = Verg. A. 12.528; cf. Eob. Ama., ded. 13, n.; Idyl. 12.95– 96. Virtutes—aequent Cf. l. 75 above and ll. 120–121 below. te magnis—aequent ≈ Mant. Sylv. 2.5.77 (fol. 272v): “te magnis heroibus aequas.” nullam—Secula Cf. Ov. Met. 15.875–879. primis … ab annis = Laud. 557, n. Esse sinent = Verg. A. 6.870; Eob. Idyl. 3.143.

758 84–85 85

86 87–93

87–88 87 87–88 87 88 89

90 91

92

94 95 96 97 98 100 103–104 104

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [13 supra—poli Cf. Prud. c. Symm. 2.868; l. 117, n., below. Terrae—omnes Cf. Petrarch, Ep. 2.8.47: “terras canit hunc sua fama per omnes.” Terrae tractus = Hod. 2. fama per omnes ≈ Verg. A. 5.392. inextinctum … nomen Ov. Tr. 5.14.36. Nam pereunt—iniqua For the commonplace that poetry confers immortality on those it celebrates, see Laud. 61–64, n.; Nor. 1379–1384; cf. Erasmus, Ep. 104, ll. 1–18. Nam pereunt—habet Cf. Buc. 2.35–41/Idyl. 2.30–36. pereunt quaecunque Lucr. 1.262. quaecunque … mundus … dives habet Cf. Ov. Met. 2.95. quaecunque—mundus ≈ Andrel. Livia 1.5.27: “quaecunque potentia mundi.” inclyta virtus = Stat. Theb. 11.412; Eob. Accl. 1.61; Wirt. 519; cf. Laud. 436–437, n. Gestarum … gloria rerum Petrarch, Africa 1.136; Hutten, Quod ab illa antiquitus Germanorum claritudine nondum degeneraverint nostrates 22 (Opera, 3:332); Eob. Orat. 4.6; Sylv. 6.14.1; Ilias 9.782: “heroas / Quos sua gestarum commendat gloria rerum.” honos et gloria = Vegio, Aen. 261: “virtutis honos et gloria sceptri”; Eob. Wirt. 501. Praecipue si = Ov. Ars 2.665; 3.681; Eob. Her. Chr. 10.169. Carminibus celebrent Verg. A. 8.303. lucemque—addant For the image, cf. Cic. Arch. 14: “sed pleni omnes sunt libri, plenae sapientium voces, plena exemplorum vetustas; quae iacerent in tenebris omnia, nisi litterarum lumen accederet.” Hi faciunt ut = Mart. 12.96.6. vivat opus quodcunque … per Mart. 7.69.5. quodcunque per orbem ≈ l. 72 above. ferus Aeacides = Ilias Lat. 74; Stat. Ach. 1.852. erumnosus Ulysses = Aus. Per. Od. 6. Sic pius Aeneas, sic = Marul. Epigr. 2.16.11. Sic Thebae, sic Troia = Sylv. duae 1.173, n. hosticus ignis = Tum. 4.202; cf. Ov. Tr. 3.10.66; Eob. Idyl. 14.18. rerum culmina Claud. in Rufin. 1.21; Prud. c. Symm. 2.636 (Rome). rustica verba Tib. 2.1.52; Eob. Idyl., 1.ded. 36 (2.ded. 34). Non grandia—humiles For the thought, cf. Idyl., 2.ded. 102, n. templa … colentes Nor. 633. arva colentes = Ov. Am. 1.13.15.

13] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 105

107 110–111 111 112 113 114 115 117–118 117

118 119–124 119 120–121 123 124 125

759

magnanimi … propago Busch. Lips. 430: “Magnanimi Alberti suboles et vera propago.” digna propago = Stat. Theb. 5.278. digna … Musis et … Phoebo Cf. Val. 2.371, n.; Idyl. 1.14. Famaque—Inserat Cf. Hor. Carm. 1.1.35; Eob. Her. 1.6.55–56. aeterno … cedro Cf. Laud. 337, n. Sed facis et = Sylv. 5.46.17. indole laeta = Venus 2.254; Eras. 11; Sylv. 3.1.85. virtute paterna = Rec. 108, n. laudis amorem = Sil. 16.530; cf. Hor. Ep. 1.1.36; Verg. A. 5.394; 7.496; Ciris 1. Invenies—loquantur Cf. Verg. Ecl. 6.6–7 (in a context also alluded to at ll. 102–103 above). Invenies qui = Ov. Fast. 3.659; Mart. 11.23.16. laude—astra Cf. Mart. Sp. 1.6; Eob. Sylv. 7.35.11–12: “laude perhenni / Debeat … super astra vehi”; Idyl. 13.84–85; Psalt. 109.78: “tua nomina veris / Alta super coeli laudibus astra feram.” Martia facta Guil. 114, n. Nec tibi—potest Cf. Mart. 8.55.5–6; Eob. Wirt. 510–513, addressing Philip. per regna aliena = Pontano, Meteor. 711 qui te—Semideis Cf. ll. 75, n., and 81 above; Sylv. 5.29.42: “Quis hunc semideis, quibus hunc non regibus aeques?” virginibus … Musis Sylv. duae 2.29, n.; 2.152. Tu perge—coepta = Idyl. 1.23, n. Quod facis, et = Venus 1.11; cf. Hod. 214, n. tanti—imple ≈ Ov. Pont. 1.2.1.

Idyllion 14 The idyl continues in the vein of Dialogi tres (early 1524) and Idyl. 17 (spring 1524). Like Idyl. 17, the present poem dispenses with all pastoral trappings. A connection to the other bucolics occurs only in the opening two verses, which praise Philip Melanchthon as the man “to whom my idyls owe a special fame”. The idyl must have been written sometime in mid-1524, not long after Idyl. 17. A first allusion to both these poems appears in Eobanus’s letter of 3 September 1525 to Jakob Micyllus: “Idyllia mea hodie transmisi Philippo .... Cui non suppeditent copiosam scribendi sylvam haec tempora? Utinam non penitus occidant literarum studia regno barbarorum nunc florente magis quam ullis

760

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [14

unquam Gothicis temporibus!”5 For a discussion of the idyl, see Walther Ludwig, “Eobanus Hessus in Erfurt: Ein Beitrag zum Verhältnis von Humanismus und Protestantismus,” Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch 33 (1998): 155–170, here at pp. 165–168; repr. in Ludwig, Miscella, 1:231–248, here at pp. 243–245. See also Monika Rener, “Unica Musarum morientum vita, Philippe—Philipp Melanchthon im Spiegel der Dichtungen seines Zeitgenossen Helius Eobanus Hessus,” in Barbara Bauer, ed., Melanchthon und die Marburger Professoren (1527– 1627), vol. 2 (Marburg, 1999), 737–756; also her article, “Eine Krise der LateinStudien in der Reformation? Philipp Melanchthon und Helius Eobanus Hessus,” Jahrbuch für Internationale Germanistik 32 (2000): 62–81. On the literary ties between Eobanus and Melanchthon, see Stefan Rhein, “Philipp Melanchthon und Eobanus Hessus: Wittenberger Reformation und Erfurter ‘Poetenburg,’” in Ulman Weiss, ed., Erfurt: Geschichte und Gegenwart (Weimar, 1995), 283–295. Meter: Dactylic hexameter. 1–3 1

2 3–4 3 4 5 5–6 6

7 7–8 10 13

Musarum—Dic age For a quite similar opening, cf. Idyl. 15.1–4. Musarum—amice = Sylv. 2.8.1: “Musarum Phoebique potens et amice, Georgi / Sturtiade”; cf. the original version of that verse, sent in a letter of 1 January and printed at Epp. fam., 94: “Musarum Phoebique potens utriusque, Georgi / Sturtiades”; Ov. Am. 3.8.23. idyllia famam ≈ Idyl. 16.33. quae ratio—Opprimit Cf. Her., ded. 1. hoc tempore Musas ≈ Venus, lim. 3, n. studiis—honorem Cf. Hod. 377, n. bellipotens … Mavors Ilias Lat. 532. circumsonat—orbem Cf. Ov. Met. 1.187; Ilias Lat. 358: “sonat undique Mavors”; cf. further Verg. A. 8.474. replet … cladibus orbem Cf. Sil. 5.676; Mant. Calam. 1.714 (p. 37): “variis implevit cladibus orbem.” confusum cladibus orbem = Tum. 4.1. nulla datur = Verg. A. 3.670; 7.591. librorum copia Laud. 94, n. omnes—chartas Cf. l. 30, n., below. insano … tumultu Sen. Thy. 85–86. facile emergant ≈ Juv. 3.164. emergant iterum Ov. Met. 3.684.

5 See Epp. fam., 41–42; Melanchthon, Ep. 417, ll. 8–12.

14] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 16

18 23–31

23 25

26 26–27 29 30

31 33 34–35 36–39 36 37 40 42–43 43

761

Barbara … arma = Claud. in Eutr. 2.159. Latium … per orbem Venus 1.116; cf. Luc. 8.345. arma per orbem = Sil. 3.501; Eob. Tum. 2.9: “Bellica diversum circumtulit arma per orbem.” Hostica … incendia Cf. Idyl. 13.97, n. Nunc—leguntur The advent of printing spawned laments that the glut of inexpensive classics was ruining good taste and making readers search out new (and by definition, inferior) books, even vernacular ones. See, for example, Brant, NS 103.100–104; Erasmus, Adag. 2.1.1, ASD 2.3:19–20, ll. 313–319; cf. Eob. Sylv. 6.2, esp. ll. 29–38; Nor., ded. 4–11; Günter Hess, Deutsch-Lateinische Narrenzunft: Studien zum Verhältnis von Volkssprache und Latinität in der satirischen Literatur des 16. Jahrhunderts (Munich, 1971), esp. pp. 365–366. de tot milibus extant Cf. Ov. Ib. 3; Eob. Luth., ded. 2.3: “de tot modo milibus extat.” Semper—mensae Cf. Andrel. Ecl. 8.5–6: “fastidit eisdem / Semper onusta cibis et eodem mensa sapore.” Eobanus’s verse is quoted in Faber, Thesaurus, 495, s.v. “Mensa.” It eventually became proverbial; see Walther 27888; Wander, 4:1684. pariunt—mensae = Ercole Strozzi, “Venatio,” in Strozii poetae pater et filius (Venice, 1513 [NS 1514]), fol. 28v: “regales pariunt fastidia mensae.” Cf. Ov. Pont. 1.10.7; Eob. Val. 1.167. Praecipue postquam = Petrarch, Africa 8.705; Gunther, Lig. 9.105. favorem Maiorem invenere Nor., ded. 1. Musarum chorus et = V. Fl. 5.693. linguarum gloria Sylv. 6.2.18: “Gloria linguarum quae stetit ante iacet.” Omnia—chartae Cf. ll. 7–8 above; Sylv. 6.2.33: “Omnia Teutonicis implentur scrinia chartis.” vulgares … chartae Nor. 51: “quaedam vulgaribus aedita chartis / Sordida.” scripta … vernacula l. 90 below. atrocior hostis = Vitanda ebriet. 6.31 (of drunkenness). ultra Perdere = Ov. Met. 1.530–531. Neque tu—dolebis Cf. Epic. 7.85–88; Nor. 1327–1328. vera monenti = Idyl. 9.94, n. Tempus erit quo = Hod. 126, n. stulticiae … ignobilis Tum. 4.10. animum—egentem = Walter, Alex. 10.195; cf. Hor. Ep. 1.17.22; Ov. Tr. 1.5.15. Sed mihi—Suscepta Cf. Guil. 61, n. nebulas—plagis Cf. Otto 28; Erasmus, Adag. 3.6.38.

762 44 45

46–47 47 49 52–53 53 54–55 57 58

62–82 63 64–65 65 66 67 69 70–75 71 72 72–73 73 75

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [14 At iacet interea = Idyl. 17.104. friget … Apollo Cf. Val. 2.313, n. Longaque … ieiunia = Luc. 3.282. proscriptae … Musae For the image, cf. Idyl. 16.64–65, n. ieiunia Musae = Her. Chr. 24.139. Age … Expediam Verg. G. 4.149–150; A. 7.37–40; Eob. Nor. 663–664. Expediam—sequar Cf. Stat. Theb. 1.9. sequar vestigia = Bocc. Ecl. 2.11; cf. Eob. Idyl. 7.53, n. Quam fuerat melius = Her. Chr. 19.13, n. barbara victis Regna ≈ Luc. 9.236–237. victor in arce Ov. Ars 2.540; Rem. 450. omni Conditione = Mant. 2. Parthen. 3.55–56. Victoria cessit = Buc. 10.121/Idyl. 11.140, n. Amissum … decus Sil. 13.750; Eob. Sylv. 7.27.32: “Tu potes abiecti studium revocare laboris, / Tu potes amissum restituisse decus”; 9.26.27: “Iam studia amissum decus et detracta resument / Praemia.” Quis nescit—adeptis Cf. Nob. 281–288, nn. ratio studiorum = Juv. 7.1. anxia—Tempora = Salom. 3.7–8; cf. Ov. Tr. 4.9.5–6; Eob. Laud. 512–513; Vict. 43–44, n. iuvenumque—nec = Petrarch, Ep. 1.14.4; cf. Verg. A. 9.309; Ov. Met. 7.612; l. 89, n., below. meliora sequendi ≈ Verg. A. 3.188; Eob. Val. 1.333. longo iam tempore = Ser. Samm. 28.5; Gunther, Lig. 2.362, 447, 483, et al.; cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.29 (1.67; A. 6.409; Ov. Met. 9.570; et al.): “longo post tempore.” victricibus armis = Paul. Nol. Carm. 13.29; Walter, Alex. 9.326; Eob. Wirt. 64; cf. Venus 1.136, n.; l. 162, n., below. Nam sic—Ciceronas For Eobanus’s pride in the achievements of Renaissance Germany, see Laud. 32–37, n.; Her. Chr. 24.91–92, n. splendore novo = Lucr. 5.290. tempora Musae = Idyl. 1.11. doctas … Athenas = Ov. Ep. 2.83. Athenas—migraturas Cf. Claud. Cons. Mal. Theod. 94; Eob. Nor. 403. nomina Romae = Mant. 3. Parthen. 438 (fol. 110v); Andrel. Livia 2.8.43; Eob. Tum. 5.63; Her. 1.5.173. Meonidas For this plural form, see Brant, Varia carm., sig. l8v (Texte 228.32), predicting a glorious Renaissance in Germany: “invenies mox quoque Maeonidas”; Eob. Sylv. 2.29.40: “Meonidae Virgiliique.” Demosthenas et … Ciceronas Erasmus, Moria, ASD 4.3:168, l. 665: “Demosthenes meros ac Cicerones.”

14] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 76

77 78 79 81

83 85 89 90 91 92 92–93 93 94

95 97 98

100 103 104 106 107–108

109

763

Iamque fere = Verg. A. 3.135; 5.327, 835. toto … Oriente relicto Cf. Ov. Fast. 3.729: “toto … Oriente subacto”; also cf. Met. 10.316; Claud. in Eutrop. 2.131; VI. Cons. Hon. 92. studiorum gloria Idyl. 17.204; Tum., ded. 6. Bellipotens … Germania Gen. ebrios. A 5.7; cf. Her. Chr. 17.217, n. occiduo—ponto = Tum. 5.89; Eras. 115; cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.66. cultae … linguae Mant. Dionys. 1.109 (fol. 163v): “cultae … omnipotentia linguae.” munera linguae = Juvenc. 2.420; Sedul. 2.146; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 19.113, n. Cum subito = Rec. 98, n. quo non alius = Verg. G. 4.372; Ov. Met. 3.615. Eripuit … animam Ov. Met. 6.539–540; Luc. 9.788; Eob. Accl. 2.117. iuvenesque senesque = Rec. 24, n.; Idyl. 16.97; cf. l. 65, n., above. scripta … vernacula l. 31 above. fallax opus = Prop. 4.1.135. animis rudibus Mant. 5. Parthen. 176 (fol. 125v); cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 8.6, n. Tum denique = Buc. 3.139/Idyl. 7.124, n. fastu Intumuisse Petrarch, Africa 3.679; cf. Eob. Buc. 10.125/Idyl. 11.144, n. coepta sequuntur ≈ Buc. 1.93/Idyl. 1.115, n. cursu facili Buc. 11.104, n. animo sentencia = Verg. A. 1.582; 5.748; 9.191. sentencia cedit = Verg. A. 9.220. resonant clamoribus Ov. Ars 3.375; Eob. Her. Chr. 1.93; Eccles. 127. per tot iam secula = Luc. 5.164; Claud. Cons. Stil. 1.328; Eob. Vict. 230; Eccles. 345; Nor. 552; cf. Luth. 3.85. dulcissima—lecti Cf. Ov. Fast. 3.775; Gunther, Lig. 7.376: “dulcia pignora, natos”; Eob. Epith. 186: “da grati pignora lecti”; cf. further Buc. 7.63, n.: “Pignora chara.” lucra reportant = Tifernate, Carm., fol. A8v: “Nulla magistratus … mihi lucra reportant.” Persarum—immanibus The Persian kings were proverbially wealthy; see Otto 1383; Hor. Carm. 3.9.4. Praecipitant—mergunt Cf. Prud. Psych. 90; c. Symm. 1.26. mercede rependi ≈ Man. 1.370. Ut multum—superis Cf. Vulg. 1. Cor. 1.20; 3.19; Sedul. 1.329–330: “prudentia quorum / Stulta iacet, quia vana Deo est sapientia mundi”; Eob. Buc. 10.141–142/Idyl. 11.164–165. Ingratis—dedignatur The verse is entirely spondaic. se contemni dedignatur Cf. Vulg. Gal. 6.7.

764

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [14

110

Quo neque—usquam Cf. Erasmus, Ep. 88, l. 51: “nihil habuit hic orbis simplicius, nihil amantius.” Purae—reliquit In a, this verse has an extra foot: “ut exemplo satis ipse reliquit.” Alluding to the verse’s opening words, a contemporary owner of the Halle copy of a ironically comments in the margin: “Vere pura rusticitas in hoc carmine, quia septem habet pedes.” After being mocked for the error, Eobanus defended himself in Eleg. 3. The mistake, he points out in a postscript there, is a venial one, easily rectified by deleting “satis.” exemplo … reliquit Cf. Buc. 3.173/Idyl. 7.160. elegit amicos = Luc. 8.535. Quare agite, o = Verg. G. 2.35; A. 1.627; 8.273. ludibria … passae Aus. Ephem. 3.22; Eob. Contemn. B 2.119. deceptas … aures Ov. Met. 7.821; Pont. 4.5.12. natos natasque = Ov. Met. 3.134 (where other eds. read “natas natosque”). manu … quaerere victum Mant. 1. Parthen. 3.437. sibi quaerere victum = Buc. 8.87/Idyl. 12.85, n. connubia mutua Andrel. Livia 4.2.93. Super—malorum Cf. Vulg. Matt. 5.37. Instrumenta—artesque For the catalogue of vices, cf. Laud. 431–435, n. Haec et plura = Val. 2.317, n. per rura—delubra Cf. Buc. 4.91–93/Idyl. 5.102–103 (as here, of the radical preachers), nn. fora … delubra = Mant. Georg., fol. 217r. multo ante = Verg. G. 2.259. miserae … plebi Hor. S. 1.8.10. natura … prava Idyl. 17.190. Namque—artes Quoted in Faber, Thesaurus, 49, s.v. “Amusus”; 809, s.v. “Studium”; also quoted in Neander, Ethice, vol. 2, fol. 86r. studiis … hostis Contemn. B 2.117. vel nequiit—artes Cf. Brant, Varia carm., sig. l6r, reprinted in Locher, Stult., fol. 141r (Hartl, 1.2:354, no. XV.39–40): “turbam indoctam, quae cum nil discere possit / Nec voluit.” asinorum de grege Cf. Hor. Ep. 1.4.16; Otto 180. feci Nob. 259, n. rationis egentem = Lucr. 4.502; Verg. A. 8.299. Ipsi—laudi Cf. Nor. 1350–1351. victurae … nihil … lucis Hutten, Querel. 2.7.10: “perituri gaudia mundi / In se victurae lucis habere nihil.” tenebras inducere = Ov. Met. 2.395; cf. Eob. Hypocr. B 4.61. Sancta … mysteria Cf. Laud. 378, n.

111

112 113 115 117

118 119–120 120 121 121–122 122 123 124 126 127–128 127 128

130 132 133–134 133 135 138

14] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 139–140

139 140 141 142 144 145 146 147 148–149 150 151 152

153 154 155 156 156–157 156 157 158–159 158 159 160–161 160 161 162

765

coelo—simplicitas Cf. Erasmus, Antibarbari, ASD 1.1:76, ll. 2–7: “Apostolorum simplicem rusticitatem nobis proponunt .... Rudem pietatem superis esse gratissimam quasi vero aut superos rusticitas nostra quicquam delectet.” coelo gratissima = Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.175; cf. Eob. Buc. 10.142/Idyl. 11.165, n. Rustica simplicitas = Pontano, Eridanus 2.13.11; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 8.102. popularis … favoris Idyl., 1.ded. 5 (2.ded. 5), n. praedamque paratam = Theoc. 13.89; cf. Eleg., lim. 2, n. bonas artes Nob. 285, n. mala nomina = Her. Chr. 19.163, n. signa … victricia Venus 1.34–35, n. orbique—minantur Cf. Sil. 1.464. meritumque decus = Petrarch, Africa 1.69. Taliter—Gigantes Cf. Buc. 10.138–139/Idyl. 11.161–162, n. Croaking frogs are a metaphor for the enemies of humanism also at Idyl. 17.144, n. irato Iove Sen. Her. F. 932. strepitu … vano Verg. G. 3.79. Si quis in adversos ≈ Verg. A. 9.211. Alcides A favorite image for the humanist hero who takes on the monsters of barbarism and obscurantism. See Hymn. B 11.1, n. (Reuchlin); In Ed. Leeum, praef. 5–6, n. (Erasmus); Luth. 1.26 (Luther). cornua sumat ≈ Ov. Ars. 1.239; Tr. 4.9.27; cf. Met. 8.884. Expediatque manum ≈ Verg. A. 12.258. miseras … clades Celtis, Germania 45. fata ultima Laud. B 3.5, n. Quem si forte = Aetna 402; Eob. Val. 2.373. sperare relictum est = Luc. 5.298. votis optare Verg. A. 4.158–159; 10.279; Eob. Val. 2.365. pectore—petit Her. Chr. 3.173–174, n. pectore toto = Idyl. 7.37, n. aequa … mente feramus Idyl. 11.11–12, n. lucris—Solemur Cf. Eccles. 62, n.; Epic. 1.33–34. praesentia damna = Epic. 5.87; cf. Tum. 7.177. veniamque … pacemque precemur Cf. Ov. Am. 1.2.21. nisi … animum veri delusit imago Cf. Idyl. 1.22, n. nisi—fallunt = Calp. Ecl. 3.96; cf. Eob. Her., ded. 135. Apparensque—imago Cf. Ebn. 142: “Apparens falsi ludit imago mali.” victricia … arma = Prud. c. Symm. 1.483; cf. Venus 1.136, n.; l. 69, n., above. Palladis arma = Verg. A. 8.435.

766

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [14

163 164–165

ire triumpho = Mant. 3. Parthen. 607 (fol. 113v). duces—collis Cf. Ov. Pont. 2.1.43–44.

Idyllion 15 The idyl goes back to the early months of 1525. Already on March 13 of that year Eobanus was able to assure Georg Sturtz that it would indeed form part of the forthcoming Bucolicorum idyllia.6 On May 7 he tells his friend that he is hopeful that the poem will soon appear in the Idyllia; see Collectio Camerariana, vol. 16 (MS Clm 10366, BSB, Munich), no. 28, postscript: “In Idyllia mea venisti et celebratus es, spero, immortali carmine, paulo post publicando.” As already indicated at Idyl., 1.ded. 77–80 (2.ded. 75–78), the poem is modeled on Theocritus’s “The Cyclops” (no. 11)—an idyl that Eobanus had turned into Latin verse as early as 1520; see his (undated) letter to Johann Lang in Epp. fam., 217. In adapting his ancient model, Eobanus makes some key changes. Where Theocritus addresses the opening verses to his friend, the physician Nicias, Eobanus opens with a praise of his own friend, the physician Georg Sturtz. In the idyl proper, the grotesque Cyclops Polyphemus becomes the conventional lover Eurytus (a name familiar from Idyl. 10), while the lovely Nereid Galatea is turned into a shepherd girl named Iole. Here is Eobanus’s translation of Theoc. 11, as printed in Theocriti Syracusani idyllia triginta sex, Latino carmine reddita (Haguenau, 1531), sigs. D6r–D8v. Words and passages taken over verbatim into Eobanus’s idyl are printed in italics, with the corresponding line numbers added in brackets. THEOCRITI CYCLOPS. IDYLLION XI.

5

Arte pharetrato factum grave vulnus Amori Si medica curare voles seu pulvere sicco, Nicia, conspergis seu pulvere collinis udo, Haud quaquam prodesse queas nisi pharmaca Musae Quae laesis adhibere solent apponere cures. Iucunda illa quidem mortalibus esse videntur Vulnereque affectis attactu lenia molli. Qua tamen inveniant multi ratione laborant,

[6]

6 See Epp. fam., 115: “Aeglogas meas iam iterum in vulgus emittere cogito .... Quibus hoc saltem accedet, ut et medicina et tuum nomen celebretur.”

767

15] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Et paucis ea nosse datur. Sed enim tua Musae Pectora cum foveant studii coelestis amore Et Phoebi medicas tractes foeliciter artes, Haud ignota tibi Musarum ea dona putarim. His igitur, magno Galateae captus amore, Commodius potuit nobiscum vivere Cyclops, Ille vetus Cyclops, Sicula Polyphemus in ora, Vix dum prima genas illi cum barba notaret Vernarentque leves iuvenili in fronte capilli. Sed nec amor levis ille fuit, quem poma rosaeve Oblectent visaeve levetur imagine formae, Intima laetifico sed pectora saucius ictu, Omnia post habuit ceu frivola. Saepe sine ullo Pascebantur oves virides custode per herbas. Saepe domum sera redeuntes nocte subibant Limina caularum. Miser ille canens Galatheam Fundebat tristes algoso in littore questus Perdius Aurorae primo surgentis ab ortu. Tabuit infixo sub mollia pectora telo A magna Venere et victore Cupidinis arcu. Sed tamen hoc contra plus quam letale venenum Reperit antidotum, Siculae nam Doridos undam Prospiciens, scopulo sic est auditus ab alto: Formosa o Galathea, quid aversaris amantem, Candida caseolo magis, omni mollior agno, In molli vitulo erranti lascivior herba, Tristibus omphacinae succis mihi acerbior uvae? Nam mea cum placidae demisi membra quieti, Huc, formosa, venis. Cum dulcis lumina somnus Deserit, haud aliter quam quae conspexerit altis Agna lupum fugiens in montibus effugis ultro. Verum ego te, o virgo, quo primum tempore vidi Montibus in nostris dulci cum matre legentem Purpureos flores et odoriferos hyacinthos, Haustis incautum flammis in pectus, amavi Et tua praecedens mea per vestigia duxi. Ex illo nequeo requiescere tempore, vultus Inspiciens, formosa, tuos, sed totus amore Tempore ab hoc pereo, nec tu miserata dolentem

[17]

[18]

[22] [23] [24] [25]

[29] [30] [31] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37, 38] [39] [40] [41] [42]

[46]

768

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [15

Respicis aut nostrum curas, proh Iuppiter, ignem. Sed scio cur fugias, cur me, charissima, spernas, Densa supercilio quia frons est plurima longo Idque aurem flexu contingat utramque superbo. Unus inest oculus, supraque capacia nasus Vasta mole iacet mea labra atque imminet ori. Verum talis ego et forma non optimus ista, Mille meas pasco Siculis in montibus agnas, Dulcia quas mulgens nivei bibo pocula lactis. Caseus haud ullo defit mihi tempore, non cum Aut aestas venit autumnusve aut bruma nivalis, Cuius stant calathi semper mihi pondere pressi. Nec me carminibus quisquam prestantior uno Cyclopum qui pascat oves hec culmina circum, In quibus, assidue dum te, mea sola voluptas, Et de me tibi multa cano, te nomine vero Malum dulce vocans, iamdudum fallere noctes Insomnes didici. Sed nunc tibi nutrio cervas Ter tres atque duas, foecundas foetibus omnes, Quattuor ursorum catulos. Quin utere mecum Huc ad me veniens! Nihilo minus ipsa tenebis Quam tibi qui lustris ea sum venatus in altis. Interea glauci feriant sine littora fluctus. Et potes hoc viridi mecum requiescere in antro Et melius vacuam curis traducere noctem. Hic lauri virides, hic sunt graciles cyparissi. Nigrantes umbrant hederae, nec Bacchica vitis Nec gelidum spirantis aquae gratissima desunt Flumina. De summis nemorosae rupibus Aetnae Liquatae iucunda nives mihi pocula praebent. Pro quibus Oceanum quis amet coluisse profundum? Quod si rusticitas tibi displicet haec mea forsan Hirsutumque supercilium, sunt robora nobis, Sunt quercus, fomenta futuro protinus igni, Qui nunc sub cinere irrequietus vivit adusto. Subiice me flammis, crepitantibus ure caminis Hanc animam, hunc oculum, quo, cum tantum unicus extet, Charius esse nihil potuit mihi. Fortiter istuc Perpetiar tantosque volens tolerabo dolores. Hei mihi, quod piscem me non genuere parentes!

[47] [51]

[54] [55] [56] [57] [59] [60] [61] [64] [65]

[67] [68] [69] [70] [71]

[73] [78] [79] [80] [82] [84]

769

15] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

Protinus expassis tranans liquida aequora pinnis Ad te, virgo, abeam dulcissimaque oscula ferrem, Ah, saltem manibus, si nolis caetera tangi, Impleremque sinum foliis et lilia plenis Alba darem manibus rubroque in flore papaver, Quo crepero miseri consuerunt ludere amantes. Nec tibi forte dari possent simul omnia, namque Horum quaedam aestas, quaedam fert bruma nivalis. Nunc tamen, o virgo, liquido dare brachia ponto Condiscam, si forte quis huc advenerit hospes Qui doceat certam tali ratione per artem. Experiar quae nam vobis sit tanta voluptas Aequoreos habitare sinus fluctusque profundos. O utinam maris informes egressa lacunas Retro obliviscare domum, Galathea, reverti, Sicut ego hac in rupe sedens. Quin pascere mecum Ipsa velis potius, mulgere ex ubere lactes Foecundo niveos, et ferre coagula plenis In calathis graviter redolentia, denique molles Caseolos manibus componere. Sola tamen me Dura parens offendit. Ut autem conqueror illi Vulnera quae patior, semper tacet et nihil unquam Dulce tibi de me loquitur. Sed ut illa vicissim Indoleat, dum me sine succo et sanguine toto Corpore defectum videt, hic mendacia texens Atque “Aegrum doleo caput et pede labor utroque,” Hisque ea torquetur, namque et male torqueor ipse. O Cyclops, Cyclops, quae te dementia coepit? Quam fuerat melius calathos contexere et altos Lanigeris ovibus in pabula sternere ramos. Hanc mulge interea! Quid enim fugientia captas Gaudia? Forte aliam quae sit formosior illa Invenies Galathean. Amarunt me quoque multae Et mecum longa cupierunt nocte puellae Ludere, dulce omnes et suavi voce canentes Ridentesque effuse omnes, postquam obsequor illis. Non adeo passim contemnor et ipse aliquis sum.

[86]

Sic bonus ille canens rexit Polyphemus amorem, Ipse suum curans meliore nomine vulnus Quam si divitias atque aurea dona dedisset.

[120] [121]

[87] [88] [91] [92] [93] [94]

[95] [99]

[100] [101] [102] [103] [104] [105] [107] [109] [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] [117] [118] [119]

770

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [15

Meter: Dactylic hexameter. 1–4 1 1–2 2–3 2 4

5

7–13 7 10 11 12

13 13–15 14 16

17 19

20 21

Cum—Dic age For the opening, cf. Idyl. 14.1–3. pectora Musae = Andrel. Livia 4.1.17. Musae Pierides Rec. 74, n.; Idyl. 4.64, n. te magis—Apollo Cf. Verg. A. 12.391–394; ll. 10–11 below. magis—unum ≈ Verg. A. 1.15. Dic age, quo = Hypocr. 22, n. durum … amorem Buc. 3.164, n. possis depellere Verg. A. 9.328. Antidoto For the image, see Sylv. duae 2, with the introductory note at Poetic Works, 2:62–63; cf. l. 25 below. Spargasne manu Cf. Theoc. 11.3–4. An quae—flammas For the curative power of song, cf. Idyl. 1.99, n. quae Pierides—solatia Cf. Idyl. 17.26–27. adhibent solatia = Ov. Met. 9.654. Musis … vehementer amato Theoc. 1.204: “virum Musis vehementer amatum.” Cui … favet … Apollo Venus 1.4, n. suas artes—Apollo Cf. Epith. 78: “Ipse suas artes dabit haud invitus Apollo.” Sic—periret Cf. Buc. 3.172/Idyl. 7.159, n. insano … amore = Verg. A. 2.343; Ov. Ars 2.563; cf. Eob. Buc. 3.95/Idyl. 7.66, n. compescere flammas ≈ Mant. Ecl. 2.109: “compescere flammam”; cf. Ov. Ep. 16.231; Sen. Phaed. 165; l. 120, n., below. flammas … Combiberat Stat. Theb. 10.675. For the image, cf. Verg. A. 1.749; Stat. Ach. 1.303; also cf. l. 41, n., below. captus—rerum = Luc. 10.17. valida … vi Verg. A. 2.50; 5.500; 6.833. totas … medullas = Ov. Met. 14.351. depascente medullas Eleg. 3.39, n. Vixdum—notaret Cf. Sen. Phaed. 648. Formosam … ardebat ≈ Verg. Ecl. 2.1; cf. Ecl. 5.86; Nemes. Ecl. 2.1–2; Eob. Idyl. 6.1; 10.11–12. tabescens Her. Chr. 17.73; cf. Buc. 7.168/Idyl. 10.93. Noctes atque dies = Lucr. 2.12; 3.62; Verg. A. 6.127. aurora renascens = Theoc. 18.49; Epith. 216; Ilias 5.367. sol—undas Cf. Nup. 280, n.; Her. Chr. 14.43, n.; Ilias 1.674: “occiduas sol ibat pronus in undas.” pronus in undas = Luc. 3.40.

15] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 22

23 24

25 26–27 27 28 29 31 31–32 32 33

34 35 35–36 36

37 37–38 38 39

771

infixo sub … pectora Cf. Verg. A. 4.689; 9.699–700. mollia pectora Ov. Ep. 16.126; 17.111; Fast. 4.4. pectora taelo = Ov. Ep. 7.189; Met. 2.504, 605; 13.694; Eob. In Ed. Leeum 28.13, n.; Eleg. 3.41, n. et victore—arcu = Venus 1.252, n. plusquam—venenum Erasmus, Adag. 3.1.1, ASD 2.5:26, l. 58, referring to envy: “venenum plus quam letale.” Venenum is a conventional image for passionate love. See Eob. Buc. 3.164, n. letale venenum = Anthol. Lat. 624.4; Walter, Alex. 10.52. antidotum See l. 5, n., above. scopulo … ab alto = Buc. 5.44/Idyl. 4.47, n. sub ipsas—valles Cf. Buc. 1.47–48/Idyl. 1.58–59; Buc. 10.75/Idyl. 11.92, n. Talia cantabat = Pontano, Urania 2.1027. resonantia carmina = Filetico, Theoc. 4.31: “resonantia carmina canto.” Quo, formosa, fugis Buc. 3.156–157/Idyl. 7.144–145, n. amantem spernis Buc. 3.114–115/Idyl. 7.99–100, n. mollior agno = Juv. 8.15; cf. Mart. 5.37.2; Otto 45. crudelis amantem = Ov. Met. 2.612; 3.477. amantem Ludis Tib. 1.8.71; Verg. A. 1.352. rude pectus = Ov. Ep. 4.23; Met. 9.720. placidae—quieti = Theoc. 26.123; Psalt. 4.39; cf. Bocc. Ecl. 2.72: “placide hec dare membra quieti”; Eob. Buc. 3.168/Idyl. 7.155, n. For placidae quieti, see also Lucr. 1.463; Verg. A. 4.5; 5.836; 9.187; Eob. Vict. 181, n.; Val. 1.243, n. Huc—venis Nemes. Ecl. 4.38; cf. ll. 77 and 94 below. somno—recedis Cf. Her. Chr. 5.99, n. haud aliter quam = Ov. Met. 2.623; 10.595; Tr. 1.3.73. altis … in montibus Verg. Ecl. 7.66; Ov. Met. 1.133. Agna … in montibus Buc., ded. 3, n. Agna lupum fugiens Buc. 6.65/Idyl. 8.64, n. ore timendum Cf. Ov. Ep. 4.104. ne dubites—amor Cf. Verg. Ecl. 10.21. ne dubites = Ov. Met. 14.727; Eob. Her. Chr. 13.71, n. aut ego—Aut ego = Ov. Met. 1.607–608; cf. Eob. Venus 2.20–21. ego te … vidi Her. Chr. 4.107, n. quo primum—vidi = Idyl. 3.132, n. Montibus—legentem Cf. Verg. Ecl. 8.37–38, imitating Theoc. 11.25–28; Ov. Tr. 3.7.3. Like Vergil, Eobanus does not make it clear whose mother is meant. In Theocritus’s idyl, the reference is to Polyphemus’s mother. Montibus in nostris = Verg. Ecl. 5.8. dulci cum matre legentem Cf. Ov. Tr. 3.7.3.

772 40 41

42 43 44 45

46 47 50 51 52 53–58 54–55 56 57

58 59 60 60–61 61 62 64 67

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [15 Purpureos flores = Lydia 67. et odoriferos hiacynthos = Idyl. 2.79; 6.62. Haustis—amavi Cf. Mant. Ecl. 2.103–104: “periit flammasque tuendo / hausit et in pectus coecos absorbuit ignes.” Also cf. Verg. A. 4.661; Ciris 163–164; Ov. Met. 8.325–326; l. 15, n., above. incautum … pectus Ov. Ars 3.745. For incautum, see Eob. Ama. 12.11, n. mea per vestigia duxi Cf. Sil. 15.620; Mant. Ecl. 1.72: “Farra legens ibat mea per vestigia virgo.” For vestigia duxi, cf. also Juv. 14.36. floribus hortos ≈ Verg. G. 4.109; Ov. Pont. 3.4.63; Eob. Eleg. 2.39, n. in … gramine fessam Verg. Ecl. 5.46. in viridi … gramine = Buc. 2.82/Idyl. 2.74, n. tenero … corpore = Verg. G. 2.23; Ov. Met. 4.345. delapsam—pallam For the motif (not from Theocritus), cf. Buc. 3.70/Idyl. 3.76, n. For the tag corpore pallam, see Her. Chr. 9.123, n. Tempore ab hoc = Her. Chr. 12.59, n. pereo Verg. Ecl. 8.41. spe … inani Her. Chr. 14.143, n.; Buc. 3.161/Idyl. 7.149, n. spe consolaris l. 50, n., below. Spe—amantes Cf. Ov. Met. 9.749; Paul. Nol. Carm. 18.112. forma … aetas = Ov. Met. 3.455; Juv. 5.61. quicquid—in unum Cf. Verino, Epigr. 5.12.29: “Quicquid habet natura boni, congessit in ista”; Erasmus, Carm. 56.23; Eob. Epic. 3.97. Mihi—herbis Cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.21–24, imitating Theoc. 11.34–40; Eob. Idyl. 7.15–17. lactis Copia Idyl. 3.49, n. bruma nivalis = Idyl. 7.17, n.; l. 93 below. Nec me carminibus Cf. Verg. Ecl. 4.55. quisquam praestantior = Mant. 2. Parthen. 3.401; Cordus, Ecl. 10.16: “nec erat quisquam praestantior alter.” nemorum lustris Stat. Ach. 1.358. mollibus herbis = Ov. Met. 10.513. dum te—voluptas Verg. A. 8.581; cf. Eob. Buc. 2.51/Idyl. 2.45, n. Dulce meum = Verg. A. 4.318. noctes Insomnes Hor. Carm. 3.7.7–8; Verg. A. 9.166–167; Luc. 4.200; Eob. Ama. 8.9; Gen. ebrios. 8.2. tibi munera = Verg. Ecl. 2.44. de matre creati Verg. A. 7.283; Ilias Lat. 624; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 18.59, n. tres capreoli Cf. Verg. Ecl. 2.40–41. utere mecum = Hor. Ep. 1.6.68. mecum requiescere = Prop. 1.8.33; cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.79; Nemes. Ecl. 4.46.

15] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

68 69 71

73 74 75 77–78 77 78

79–80 79 80 81 81–82 82 83 84

85–86 85 86–87 86 88–89 88 89–91

90

773

requiescere in antro ≈ Culex 113; Eob. Buc. 4.30/Idyl. 5.41. lauri virides Verg. A. 5.246. Nigrantes … hederae Cf. Verg. G. 2.258. Bacchica vitis Cic. Arat. 423. sacri … fontes Verg. Ecl. 1.52; Ov. Met. 2.464; Mart. 4.57.7; Eob. Wirt. 466; Sylv. 7.4.6. per amoena silentia = Stat. Silv. 2.6.100; Eob. Ruf. 9; cf. Buc. 6.23/Idyl. 8.24. rusticitas … mea Ov. Ep. 17.186; Calp. Ecl. 4.14. parentibus ortam Hor. Carm. 3.6.33. Ne … superbi = Hutten, Italia B 8.1, n.: “Ne, Rana, superbi.” Extremum—saltem Cf. Verg. A. 4.429; Eob. Theoc. 28.54: “Nunc tamen extremum hoc misero da munus amanti.” huc—veni l. 34, n., above. robora, quercus In B, the nouns are not separated by a comma, for which cf. Petrarch, Ecl. 10.20: “nodosaque robora quercus”; Hutten, Querel. 1.1.65: “duraeque ad robora quercus”; Eob. Theoc. 5.63: “sunt hic patulae bona robora quercus.” fagi—ferventibus Notice the alliteration. fomenta … igni Her. Chr. 18.119; Sylv. 2.1.74. protinus igni = Lucr. 6.880. Subiice me flammis Cf. Buc. 9.71/Idyl. 6.74, n. Ut facis = Her. Chr. 5.126, n. hanc vitam = Verg. G. 2.538. omnia … Cara prius Cf. Idyl. 3.139–140; 6.14–15. crudelis … dextera Ov. Ep. 10.115. Me miserum = Prop. 2.33.35; 3.23.19; Ov. Am. 1.1.25; 1.4.59; and often. Hei mihi, quod = Prop. 4.1.58; Ov. Am. 2.3.1; Ep. 21.203, 204; Met. 1.523; Tr. 1.1.2. me … genuere parentes Cf. Verg. A. 1.606; 10.597; Eob. Her. Chr. 24.49. O utinam—abeam Cf. Buc. 2.30–33/Idyl. 2.25–26, nn. mihi Iuppiter = Val. 3.11, n. oscula—tangi Cf. Ov. Met. 10.343–344. oscula ferrem = Ov. Met. 7.729. sinum … Floribus implerem Cf. Ov. Met. 5.393–394. qui me—sustulit = Buc. 7.174/Idyl. 10.99, n. Floribus—papaver Like Verg. Ecl. 2.45–50, Eobanus expands the flower catalogue suggested by Theoc. 11.56–57. Cf. Eob. Buc. 2.88–90, n.; Idyl. 2.79– 80, n. meis … montibus Calp. Ecl. 4.127. montibus herbis ≈ Verg. A. 7.758.

774 91 92 93 94 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 104–105 105 108 110–111 111 112 113 114 116

117 118 120

121 122–123 122 123

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [15 rubrum … papaver Buc. 7.36/Idyl. 9.36. tibi forte dari = Ov. Met. 13.331. bruma nivalis = l. 56, n., above. Nunc—veni Cf. l. 34, n., above; cf. Her. Chr. 10.119. saxa frequentans ≈ Pontano, Hort. 2.572: “quae saxa frequentant.” Quod superest … traducis molliter aevi Cf. Hor. Ep. 1.18.97, 108; Ov. Fast. 6.416. Pascere oves = Buc. 4.2/Idyl. 6.39, n. niveos … lactes Idyl. 10.51, n. manu componere Stat. Silv. 5.2.78. Dura parens Pontano, Parthen. 2.2.59: “dura parens, … pater improbus.” Vulnera … patior Ov. Ep. 2.48. toto Corpore = Prop. 2.2.5–6. Cf. Eob. Nob. 72, n. fingere causam ≈ Mant. Ecl. 4.141. Et nihil est … quod Ov. Rem. 410; Met. 6.465. Quis nam … deus Verg. A. 3.338. Quae—Erinnys Cf. Verg. A. 4.595; 12.37. turbat Erinnys = Pontano, Urania 3.1008. Quam fuerat melius = Her. Chr. 19.13, n. Lanigeris ovibus = Idyl. 12.20, n. fugientia captas ≈ Hor. S. 1.1.68; 1.2.108. Invenies = Verg. Ecl. 2.74 (imitating Theoc. 11.76, as Eobanus notes in Adnot., sig. I5v). Amarunt me quoque = Ov. Met. 3.456. longa … nocte puellae Stat. Silv. 5.4.14; cf. Eob. Buc. 8.98/Idyl. 12.105. voce canentes = Aus. Griphus ternarii numeri 23; cf. Ov. Met. 11.20; Eob. Luth. 6.97. Sic bonus—ignem Cf. ll. 12–13, nn., above. Sic bonus—canens Cf. Buc. 2.103/Idyl. 2.94. compescuit … ignem ≈ Ov. Tr. 4.3.65. divino carmine = Verg. Ecl. 6.67; cf. Eob. Venus 1.160, n. Quod—levari Cf. Idyl. 3.110–111, n. non … viribus ullis Verg. A. 6.147. herbarum … viribus = Val. 2.239, n. arte levari ≈ Verg. A. 7.755; cf. Ov. Tr. 3.3.10.

16] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

775

Idyllion 16 The encomium of Nuremberg was written in mid-autumn 1526. For the composition date, cf. Eobanus’s letter of 13 November 1526 to Johann Gröningen, Epp. 1, sig. Q1r: “Urbis situs, pulchritudo, amoenitas, splendor, humanitas demum, omnia sic perplacuere ut nuper ἐγκώμιον scripserim, quod videbis aestate futura, si vivam, una cum Idylliis nostris.” Initially, the poet had high hopes that the city would reward him handsomely for the work; cf. ll. 176–177 below. But already on 13 June 1527, a few weeks after the poem’s first publication in b, he complained to Gröningen that his encomium had earned him much praise, but no money: “Urbis quoque Noricae ἐγκώμιον, si diis placet, hic aedidi, quod et ipsum misi. Sed quid tu cogita, quanto me donarint praemio ob hoc scriptum, magno sane? Nam ego laudari magni muneris loco duco. Non erit tamen hoc exemplum contemptorum studiorum in ea urbe in qua potissimum nunc et vere honorata sunt, etsi scripsit olim Erasmus noster, ‘Laudare norunt nostri principes, numerare non norunt.’7 Sed mihi nuper velut expostulanti Martialis [6.10.12] dixit: ‘Quae nondum data sunt, stulte, negata putas?’ ” See Epp. 1., sigs. Q2v–Q3r. It was not until 1532, after Eobanus brought out his splendid Urbs Noriberga illustrata, that the city offered him an honorarium commensurate with his achievement. Like the encomium of Philip of Hesse (Idyl. 13), with which it was first published in b, Idyl. 16 stands in a long tradition of panegyrics, in this case, of cities. Cf. Nor. 137–153, with examples ranging from Ausonius and Sidonius to Hermann von dem Busche and Konrad Celtis. For the genre of the urban encomium in the context of rhetoric, see Quint. Inst. 3.7.26–27; Curtius, ELLMA, 157–158; Lausberg, §247. For an overview of the genre, with a special focus on verse encomia, see Franciscus P.T. Slits, Het Latijnse stedegedicht: Oorsprong en ontwikkeling tot in de zeventiende eeuw (Amsterdam, 1990), discussing German examples on pp. 236–240; Wilhelm Kühlmann, Robert Seidel, and Hermann Wiegand, eds., Humanistische Lyrik des 16. Jahrhunderts: Lateinisch und deutsch (Frankfurt am Main, 1997), 1121–1125, introducing selections from Eobanus’s Urbs Noriberga; Nikolaus Thurn, “Deutsche Neulateinische Städtelobgedichte: Ein Vergleich ausgewählter Beispiele des 16. Jahrhunderts,” Neulateinisches Jahrbuch 4 (2002): 253–269. The city of Nuremberg enjoyed an especially rich tradition of vernacular and Latin encomia, foremost among them Konrad Celtis’s prose description of Nuremberg, De origine, situ,

7 See Erasmus, Ep. 982, l. 13 (30 May 1519): “nostri principes laudare norunt, numerare non norunt.”

776

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [16

moribus, et institutis Norimbergae libellus (Nuremberg, 1502).8 See Carla Meyer, Die Stadt als Thema: Nürnbergs Entdeckung in Texten um 1500 (Ostfildern, 2009), 245–341, with a brief discussion of the present idyl on p. 319. Eobanus’s own poem is especially indebted to Celtis’s Norimberga. The idyl was reprinted from Pirckheimer’s personal copy of b (1527) in Viri illustris Bilibaldi Pirckheimeri … opera politica, historica, philologica, et epistolica …, ed. Melchior Goldast (Frankfurt am Main, 1610; repr. 1665, 1667; Hildesheim, 1969; Vienna, 2014), 168–170.9 Portions are also reprinted (either from O or one of its Frankfurt reprints) in Stephan Ritter, ed., Cosmographia prosometrica, hoc est, universi terrarum orbis regionum, populorum … descriptio (Marburg, 1619), 345–347, 570–571. Meter: Dactylic hexameter. 1–12 1 2

3–7 4 5 7 8 9–12 10–11 11 12

13

sylvestres—vitae As in the opening verses of Idyl. 13, Eobanus alludes to Verg. Ecl. 4.1–3. sylvestres … Musae Lucr. 4.589; Verg. Ecl. 1.2; cf. Ecl. 6.8; Eob. Idyl. 13.70–71, n. salices … inter opacas Mant. Sylv. 2.4.20–21 (fol. 271r): “Nos inter opacas / Mincius eduxit salices per aquatica rura.” salices mecum … inter Verg. Ecl. 10.40; cf. Eob. Idyl. 17.9. Naiadum—faunis Cf. Buc. 1.88–89/Idyl. 1.105–108, nn. Dryades—Napaeae Cf. Idyl. 7.141, n. summas … arces = Stat. Theb. 11.358; Sil. 13.771. satyris levibusque … faunis Bocc. Ecl. 3.81: “et satyri faunique leves.” reduces … Musae Hod. 526, n. in carmina Musae = Hod. 466, n. Musae non—vitae Cf. Idyl., 1.ded. 31–35 (2.ded. 29–33). domos et … limina Verg. G. 2.511. timido pede Prop. 3.15.25; Ov. Met. 4.100. limina—regum Cf. Verg. G. 2.504; 4.358–359. Oblitae sylvarum l. 160 below. inopisque … vitae = Mant. 1. Parthen. 3.809: “inopisque incommoda vitae.” pars—laboris Cf. Val. 1, variant after l. 652 in A: “pars iusta laboris.”

8 See Albert Werminghoff, ed., Conrad Celtis und sein Buch über Nürnberg (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1921). 9 On the book’s title page, Goldast notes that he has taken all his texts from Pirckheimer’s personal library: “omnia nunc primum edita ex bibliotheca Pirckheimerana.”

16] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 14

15

16 17

18 19

20 22–23

23 24–30 24–26 24 25

26 27–28 27

28 29

777

Qui—hortis Cf. Ov. Fast. 3.733; Eob. Laud. 300–301; Sylv. 6.3.23–24, addressed to Hieronymus Baumgartner: “Tu quoque qui cultis patrium cognomen ab hortis / Ducis.” cultis … hortis = Ov. Met. 5.535; cf. Met. 14.656; Fast. 5.225; Eob. Val. 2.413. Pieridum—umbris Cf. Idyl. 1.15, n. For doctus with an accusative, see Hor. Carm. 3.8.5; 3.9.10; Stat. Theb. 2.692. Pieridum sacris = Ov. Tr. 4.1.28. sacris … umbris Verg. G. 3.334; Luc. 9.240. civiles … curas l. 96 below. fautrix … Fortuna Wirt. 224. gremio … Fortuna benigno Locher, Stult. 23, fol. 34v. gremio fotum Rec. 230, n. merito—locavit = Hypocr. 5. Huc ades et = Buc. 5.10/Idyl. 4.11, n. ruralia—perosus Eobanus expresses the same sentiment at Idyl., 1.ded. 39 (2.ded. 37). verba perosus = Celtis, Am. 2.2.5. carmina famae = Ov. Pont. 2.3.77. in Teutonis—locatam Cf. Celtis, Norimberga, lim. 1, referring to Nuremberg: “In medio Europae mediaque in Teutonis ora”; Cochlaeus 4.1; Eob. Nor. 76–77. Earlier Enea Silvio had located Nuremberg in the heart of Germany; see Aen. Silv. Europa 137: “in medio ferme Germanie sita.” media—locatam Ov. Fast. 6.273; Man. 1.575; cf. Eob. Buc. 1.94/Idyl. 1.116, n. Hic ubi—lapsu Cf. Nor. 329–333. Hic ubi—amoeno Cf. Buc. 9.56–57/Idyl. 6.59–60; Eleg. 1.19–20, nn.; Nor. 70–72. For ll. 24–25, cf. also Her. Chr. 24.129, n. pulcher Pegnesus Venus 2.311. eximiam … urbem Nor. 60; Ebn. 78; Sylv. 2.5.29. piscosis For the epithet, see Her. Chr. 5.79, n.; Idyl. 3.12. On fish in the Pegnitz, see Nor. 376–384. flexibus urbem = Idyl. 17.6; cf. Verg. G. 3.14. fluvio … amoeno = Verg. A. 7.30; 8.31. Salve—famae = Nor. 385–386. Salve, amnis = Aus. Mosella 23; Eob. Hod. 190. si forte Camoenas ≈ Petrarch, Ecl. 1.40: “si forte Camene / Dulce aliquid dictare velint.” gloria famae = Laud. 481, n. Phoebi—ortu = Hermann von dem Busche, Flora 106, in Hans Rupprich, ed., Humanismus und Renaissance in den deutschen Städten und an den Universitäten (1935; Darmstadt, 1964), 143; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 23.45, n.

778 30 31

32

33 34 35 36–37 36

37 38 39 39–45 39 40

41

42

43 45–46 46 47

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [16 Norica—lapsu Cf. Eleg. 1.27–28, nn.; Nor. 332. For lenifluo, see also Buc. 10.26; Nor. 376. Foelix—urbes Idyl. 17.81, referring to Erfurt; cf. Venus 1.161, n. Norica berga Eobanus originally wrote “Norica bergi” (bB), for which cf. Sarmat. 111: “Brunonia bergi.” Finding the form metrically too confining, he later preferred Norica berga (also written as one word); see Epic. 9.18; Nor. 155, 245, 1384. Digna—laudis Cf. Nor. 1348–1349. For the “inexpressibility topos,” see Curtius, ELLMA, 159–162. Digna … praeconia = Luc. 4.813. praeconia laudis = [Tib.] 3.7.177; Eob. Laud. 367, n. idyllia famae ≈ Idyl. 14.2. memores … annos = Stat. Theb. 10.446. Fortunam … Virtute gubernas Cf. Ov. Tr. 5.14.29–30; Stat. Theb. 2.178. Dives opum … studiis asperrima militiei Cf. Verg. A. 1.14. Dives opum = Verg. G. 2.468. foecunda viris = Gunther, Lig. 9.239; cf. Sil. 5.675. pulcherrima cultu = Pontano, Urania 5.864. studiis … militiei Vitanda ebriet. 6.29: “studiorum militiai.” clara ingeniis = Mant. Sylv. 4.3.205 (fol. 302v); Pontano, Urania 1.511. quascunque per artes = Epic. 3 C.4.1; Theoc. 16.25; cf. Eleg. 2.49. Ire libet = Nob. 9, n. Seu naturae—artificum Cf. Laud. 99–102; Eleg. 1.99–108; 2.41–50. naturae—latentis Cf. Prud. Amart. 262. multiplicis … mundi Psalt. 50.33: “multiplicis … machina mundi.” climata mundi = Hrotsv. Theoph. 1; Dionys. 121; cf. Locher, Stult. 50, arg., fol. 61r (Hartl, 1.2:146, no. 53, arg. 3); Eob. Laud. 101, n. casus … et ortus = Sabell. In natal. 4, sig. A5v: “Phoebeos casus scrutemur et ortus.” casus cognoscere = Verg. A. 2.10 and 3.299 (in a different sense). Nusquam—floret Cf. Orat. stud. 18.9: “Nullo in loco magis floret aequitas.” divina mathesis Eleg. 2.41. mensi—orbis Cf. Verg. G. 1.231; Eob. Val. 2.57. For partibus orbis, see also Lucr. 2.1075; Verg. A. 12.708; Ov. Tr. 3.3.3. altum Aethera = Ov. Met. 3.298–299. praeruptas … moles Ov. Ep. 2.132. mathematico … in pulvere Cf. Erasmus, Moria, ASD 4.3:164, ll. 605–606: “mathematicorum in pulvere.” in pulvere metas = Pers. 1.131; Stat. Silv. 5.2.123.

16] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 49 50 51–53 51

52 52–53 53 54 55

56

57

58 59 61–62 62 63 64–65

64 66

779

rupti … sonos … coeli Cf. Sil. 3.196. tormenta—coeli Cf. Verg. A. 6.586; Eob. Nor. 227–228. arte minores = Juv. 6.499. Caetera—cantu Cf. Idyl., 2.ded. 102, n. Caetera quid memorem = Velius, “Germania Italiam alloquitur,” in Poemata, sig. t4v. quid memorem = Hod. 195, n.; l. 148 below. Arduiora quidem = Her. Chr. 10.47. professis Grandia Hor. Ars 27; cf. Ars 14; Eob. Idyl. 17.71: “Parva professos.” heroo—cantu Cf. Val. 2.246, n. ad sidera cantu = Sil. 8.593. egelida … in umbra Cf. Buc. 3.24/Idyl. 3.22, n. spaciatus in umbra ≈ Laud. 163, n. Rure suburbano = Ov. Ars 2.265; cf. Eob. Nor. 1238. The Nuremberg patricians owned gardens and garden houses in the Vorstadt, the suburban area situated between the old and new city walls. See Fritz Schnelbögl, “Topographische Entwicklung im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert,” in Gerhard Pfeiffer, ed., Nürnberg: Geschichte einer europäischen Stadt (Munich, 1971), 88– 92. Cf. Eob. Nor. 1258–1312. patrias … laudes Mart. 6.38.4. Ipse … calamo … agresti = Eleg. 1.67, n. Ipse tibi = Verg. A. 9.626. calamo pingam … agresti Cf. Idyl., Lectori 1–2, with a similar mixed metaphor. Macte animo = Eccles. 33, n. iuvenum gratissime = Ov. Met. 12.367. gratissime Musis ≈ Buc. 2.8/Idyl. 2.7. Digne—tali Cf. Idyl. 13.78. patriam contingere Sedul. 2.105; Eob. Buc. 11.104. fata negassent = Sil. 6.116. ante alias—ignes Cf. Laud. 128, n.; 326, n.; Hod. 519; Nor. 16–18. Cf. Verg. Ecl. 1.24–25 (Rome outstrips all other cities). ante alios astrorum … ignes = Verg. A. 8.590. ingenuas … fovet … artes Epic. 1.67; Ebn. 101; cf. Rec. 87, n. velut exilio—asylum Cf. Laud. 352, n., of Erfurt; Eleg. 1.24; 2.13; Venus 2.288; Theoc., ded. 43: “exulibus faveas hoc tempore Musis”; Sylv. 6.4.17: “exulibus tam sunt haec tempora Musis / Improba”; 6.5.21; 6.7.9–10; 9.3.7. For the image, cf. also Idyl. 14.45: “proscriptae … Musae.” hoc tempore Musis ≈ Venus, lim. 3, n. Teutona regna Celtis, Am. 2.4.16.

780 67 68 70 71 74 75 76 77

78–79 80 82 83–84 84

86 88 89 90–104

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [16 Luminibus—animi Cf. Ov. Fast. 6.204. Luminibus captas ≈ Val. 2.271, n. nec passa perire est Cf. Ov. Pont. 1.6.40. Foelicem populum = Eleg. 1.41, n. opum vi = Verg. A. 9.532; 12.552. gloria Romae = Mant. Ecl. 9.203. petat improbus = Prop. 4.11.25. Nate bonis avibus Buc. 1.44/Idyl. 1.54, n. vernantem—iuventae Sylv. 7.9.1 (Consol. 77): “vernans in flore iuventae”; Idyl. 1.125, n.; cf. Her. Chr. 10.29, n.; Sylv. 1.4.15: “vernans in flore iuventa.” in flore iuventae = Stat. Theb. 7.301; V. Fl. 1.101. auctum … hymenaeis Catul. 66.11; cf. Eob. Venus 2.290, n. eximiis … laudibus Verg. A. 7.496; Eob. Epic. 7.45. praestanti—urbe ≈ Nor. 137; cf. Laud. 326. tacitis … curis = Mant. 1. Parthen. 2.43. ocia curis = Her. Chr. 17.159, n. omnibus aequas … leges Tum. 4.15; cf. Verg. G. 2.286; A. 11.321–322. Quis credat = Hod. 246, n. populi … discrimina Nob. 55. per tot discrimina = Verg. A. 1.204 (different). Iura—senatus Cf. Eleg. 2.19, n. tranquilla … pace Rec. 13, n. et positis … armis = Ov. Met. 12.147. luxu—deside Cf. Nor. 315. non illecebris—alis Based on Celtis, Norimberga 7 (opening section): “Viri in armis expediti et exercitati, quippe qui ut plurimum iuvenes bella sequantur externa; quod ut in habitum consuetudinemque adducant, exercicia bellorum semper habent. Die festo non ingurgitationibus aut ingluvie vacant, vino, somno, epulisque sepulti, sed, ubi mane sacris interfuere cibisque refecti, confestim bombardarii et sagittarii ante urbis portas aut fossas coeunt. Muneribus premiisque iuventutem ad certamen invitantes, quique peritior et ad signum certior fuerit, primum ille munus consequitur, ceteri ex ordine, ut singuli virtute prestiterint, inter se alia munuscula distribuunt; haec sunt annulus aureus aut aliquid argento fabrefactum, arma etiam et framea, cantarus, scutellaque stannea, patera, phiola, lagena et alia, quae supellectilem ditare et ornare possunt. At parte in alia centuriones, qui longo usu bellorum in re militari excellunt, peditatus cohortiumque prefecti, collectam ingenuam et plebeiam, prout sors quemque armaverit, iuventutem sub signis in fossas urbis longe lateque patentes tympanis tubisque sonantibus deducunt, quam illi in cohortes,

16] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

90–91 91 93–94 94 95 96

97 98 99 100 101

102–103 106 107 108 109

110

781

phalangas, alas, praesidia et primipilares sub signis in duasque hostiles acies sub imagine veri, futuri et presentanei praelii distribuunt et signo dato armis se et sagittis primo lacessere, dein confligere hastisque certare, nunc instare et nutare, nunc fugam simulare et missilibus servato ordine et statione, nunc retrocedere mutuoque tandem congressu concurrere viritimque Martem conserere cum adversa acie docent acclamationibusque nominatim quemque hortantes animant et instruunt, gladiatorum etiam gymnasio ob eam rem militarem semper in diebus festis aperto et frequentato.” non … ignava … Ocia Ov. Tr. 1.7.25; cf. Eob. Buc. 3.9/Idyl. 3.10, n. non ulla voluptas = Locher, Stult. 50, fol. 61v (Hartl, 1.2:148, no. 53.15). libido … vires melioribus eripit annis Cf. Val. 1.209, n. vires … eripit Prop. 2.22.28; Ov. Am. 3.6.70. melioribus … annis Laud. 509, n. multa … aspergine Ov. Met. 3.683; Fast. 4.427. viciorum aspergine Cf. Prud. Apoth. 937; Amart. 948. dies … curis civilibus = Mant. Blasius 1.106 (fol. 181r): “quoties ad templa vocabat / Festa dies, aderant curis civilibus omnes / Protinus exclusis.” requiem … affert = Strozzi, Erot. 3.4.65: “malis requiem … affert.” curis civilibus l. 16 above. iuvenesque senesque = Idyl. 14.89, n. Artibus armorum = Petrarch, Ep. 2.12.62; Eob. Nor. 643; Ilias 19.256. veri praeludia Val. 1.11. Martia … castra Max. 210, 272. celeres … sagittas = Ov. Met. 5.367. torquere sagittas = Strozzi, Erot. 2.5.15. levi … arundine Cf. Verg. A. 5.68; 9.178; Luc. 6.196; Eob. Nor. 447: “levibus … sagittis.” contingere … metam Hor. Ars 412. docent … Signa sequi Cf. Venus 1.34–35. Norica pubes = Epic. 3.145; Nor. 110. mores—vigorem Cf. Hor. Ep. 2.1.249: “mores animique virorum.” animique vigorem = Val. 1.145, n. sponte disertis Ov. Ars 1.610; Rem. 310. facundae—linguae Cf. Her. Chr. 4.243, n. For copia linguae, see, for example, Mant. 2. Parthen. 2.2.328: “Rhetoras et quibus est Romanae copia linguae”; Marul. Hymn. nat. 2.8.28: “decorae / Copia linguae.” quenque … suo … ordine Aus. Epigr. 38.4. conscriptos … patres = Tum. 7.135. ordine patres = Sil. 8.471.

782

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [16

113 115

regnat—senatus = Eleg. 2.19, n. Fortunae insultus = Luth. 1.32, n. viribus omnes = Verg. A. 9.531. omnes In casus Verg. A. 9.292; Stat. Theb. 1.1.191–192; Claud. Bell. Gild. 1.318– 319; Eob. Nup. 238–239, n.; Wirt. 319–320; cf. Her. Chr. 1.134; Idyl. 17.79–80, n. superque Est satis Hor. S. 1.2.65–66; cf. Eob. Laud. 398, n.; Contemn. B 1.28, n. privatis … rebus Ov. Tr. 2.95; Eob. Idyl. 17.216. Hinc—Verbi Cf. Laud. 424–439, where these topoi of urban praise are applied to Erfurt. The concord among Nuremberg’s inhabitants is also highlighted at Eleg. 2.19; Nor. 12–13, 437–441. stabilis concordia = Laud. 585. concordia cives = Laud. 429, n. sanctos … mores = Contemn. B 2.127, n.; Hypocr. 17; Sylv. 2.1.127. in publica commoda = Hor. Ep. 2.1.3; cf. Eob. Idyl. 17.153, n. datas … habenas = Ov. Met. 2.151; V. Fl. 1.560; cf. Eob. Laud. 426, n. fine tenentem = Ov. Met. 2.502. Legitimi … lecti = Her. Chr. 13.5, n. temerare cubilia = Andrel. Livia 2.2.7: “non properat temerare cubilia pellex.” cubilia lecti = Ov. Fast. 2.337. et relligionis amorem = Mant. Georg., fol. 210v; Bebel, Triumph. Ven. 3.242; cf. Eob. Nob. 86, n. divini oracula Verbi = Accl. 1.169; Epic. 9.47; Psalt. 92, arg. 1; 119, arg. 3. laudibus istis = Verg. A. 9.252; 10.825; Ov. Ep. 17.127; l. 171 below. rebus honores ≈ Verg. G. 3.290. ipsa sui—proxima Cf. Max. 146. Ipse ego—columnis Eobanus recalls Aen. Silv. Germania 2.42: “Quis venientibus e Franconia inferiori et procul spectantibus eius urbis aspectus, que maiestas, quod decus ab extra visentibus! Quis intus nitor platearum, que domorum munditie!” Hiericola … ab urbe = Sylv. 8.3.1. The epithet updates the form Gericola, introduced at Laud. 20 and 506, by replacing the underlying name Gera with Hieras, first used at Luth. 1.41, n. nuper digressus ab = Idyl. 1.21. Hercinii … saltus = Nor. 565; cf. Vict. 217, n.; Nor. 76. The name recurs in ancient literature; see, for example, Plin. Nat. 4.80; 10.132. That Nuremberg lies in the midst of the Hercynian Forest is first noted in Celtis, Norimberga 2–3; cf. Eob. Nor. 76–83, 560–561 (where Eobanus observes that vast tracts of the forest have long since vanished).

115–116 116–117 117 118–124

118 119 120 121 122

123 124 125 126 127 128–134

128

129

16] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

131

132–147

132

133–134 134–135 134

135 137–142

139 140 140–141 142 143–147

783

iam non incognita Cf. Verg. Cat. 9.1; Eob. Hod. 524. Thessala … Penea Tempe Cf. Stat. Silv. 1.2.215: “Thessala nec talem viderunt Pelea Tempe”; Eob. Eleg. 1.33, n. For the whimsical linkage Pegnitz/Peneus, see also Eleg. 1.27–33; Venus 2.18–19, 286–287. pulchrum—Tempe Cf. Theoc. 1.92: “Pulchrane vos tenuisse putem Peneia Tempe?” Pēnĕa Instead of “Pēnēum” (which does not fit the meter). Cf. Venus 2.18, 287. Dii, quales—regum Largely reused at Nor. 163–179, on which cf. Ingrid Keck, Die Noriberga Illustrata des Helius Eobanus Hessus: Kommentar (Frankfurt am Main, 1999), 100–102. Dii, quales—vidi Cf. Epic. 3.33. dii, qualia Buc. 10.158/Idyl. 11.184, n. moenia Aen. Silv. Germania 2.42 praises Nuremberg’s walls: “quid menibus illustrius?” Celtis describes them at Norimberga 4; cf. Cochlaeus 4.7. Qualibus—columnis Cf. Idyl. 17.115–116. marmoreis … Marmore Poetically, for the Nuremberg sandstone. For this usage, see also l. 158 below; Nor. 338, 571, 854, 857, 1019, 1123. marmoreis—columnis Cf. Hutten, Exhort. 81: “Ductaque marmoreis ingentia tecta columnis.” surgentia—columnis Cf. Mart. 2.14.9: “pendentia tecta columnis.” Norica tellus = Gunther, Lig. 5.225; 7.100. Naturae—annos From Celtis, Norimberga 4: “lapide murorum undique secto et arenulento, quem passim in eius regionis collibus et campestribus locis terra effodiunt, cui peculiaris quedam mollitudo est et, ut coagulatae arenae natura, facile ferro cedens, qui, ubi ad auras expositus est, sole et ventorum flabris velut igne concoctus indurescit, perinde struendis aedibus aliisque edificiis peridoneus.” Cf. Cochlaeus 4.12. For the phrasing, cf. Ov. Met. 15.416–417 (of coral hardening into stone when exposed to air). auras … superas Verg. G. 4.486; A. 5.427; 6.128; Ov. Met. 3.101; 5.641; 10.11. mirabile dictu = Laud. 192, n. Durescit magis atque magis Luc. 9.942; cf. Eob. Hod. 276. robur … Concipit et Verg. A. 11.368–369. patrios … annos Ov. Met. 1.148; Eob. Theoc., ded. 91: “Sic tuus et patrios adolescat Erasmus in annos.” Hoc lapide—regum Cf. Aen. Silv. Germania 2.42: “Quot ibi civium edes invenias regibus dignas! Cuperent tam egregie Scotorum reges quam mediocres Norimberge cives habitare”; Celtis, Norimberga 5: “Parietes omnium ferme aedium, secto lapide …, a fundamento largissimis impensis

784

145 146 147

148–149 148 149–150

149 150

151 152 153 155–156 156–157 156 157

158

159 160–171 160

161–162

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [16 in summitatem erecti elucescunt, ut plane non ad civium, sed ad regis et principis humani generis et imperii domicilium constructi existimentur.” Supra … quam possis credere Theoc. 26.94; cf. Sylv. 6.2.49: “plus nobis quam possis credere gratum est.” tantas—moles Cf. Verg. A. 1.134; 2.185; 11.130. Magnorum … regum Nup. 68, n.; Her. Chr. 17.17, n. palatia regum = Gunther, Lig. 3.226; 8.189; Mant. Calam. 1.221 (p. 24); Brant, Varia carm., sig. bc2v (Texte 195.540). Publica—surgentia Cf. Nor. 186–187, 260–261. quid memorem = l. 51, n., above. longis … ab annis = Nob. 135, n. Qualibus … Et quibus Supply “exemplis.” The obscurity arose when Eobanus inserted ll. 152–158 (“tot suscipiendis—marmoreis”) in O and thus cut off ll. 149–152 from their natural completion in l. 159. Qualibus autem = Hod. 81; Wirt. 341. aerias … turres Hod. 361, n. templorum culmina = Sil. 3.624. culmina, turres = Prop. 3.16.3. fossis ingentibus Verg. A. 9.470. lacus, fontes = Idyl. 1.137, n. Hospitibus loca = Lucr. 6.1275. Et sunt—Aedita Cf. Idyl., 2.ded. 101, n. tuas … laudes Diximus Verg. Ecl. 6.6–7; cf. Eob. Idyl. 13.27, n. tuas—laudes = Nor., lim. 3. Urbs Norica = Accl. 1.69, 93; Nor., lim. 3; cf. Eleg. 1.39, n. Diximus … grates Verg. A. 11.508. et meritas … grates = Ov. Pont. 4.4.39. carmine grates = Poliziano, Epigr. 3.9; Andrel. Ecl. 11.139. marmoreis—amnem Cf. Nor. 337–340. marmoreis See l. 134, n., above. pontibus amnem = Sil. 3.455. exequar—verbis Cf. Ov. Met. 15.419; Eob. Nor. 1024; Wirt. 342. Quo ruis—decuit Cf. n. at Idyl., 2.ded. 102. For ll. 160–163, also cf. Hor. Carm. 3.3.69–72. Quo ruis, imprudens = Prop. 4.1.71; cf. Eob. Laud. 400; Luth. 3.95; 5.51–52, calling the Muse back from an excursus. sylvarum oblita l. 12 above. Quid … affectas … Dicere Marul. Epigr. 3.6.1: “Vane, quid affectas patriam mihi dicere terram?”

16] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 163–165 163

164 165 166 167 167–168 167 168 169 170 171 172

173 174–175 175 176

177

785

Haec—movebis For the thought, cf. Laud. 19–20, n.; Nup. 18, n.; 360–362, n. tibi sunt … voce canenda Sylv. 5.22.16: “tibi sunt iterum voce canenda nova”; cf. Ov. Fast. 4.84. alia … voce canenda Cf. Wirt., ded. 11: “Non alia decuit cantari voce Philippum.” cothurnum Cf. Buc. 1.11, n.; 3.28, n. plectra movebis Nup. 18, n.; Hod. 440, n. pede … proprio … mensam Cf. Hor. Ep. 1.7.98. parvi … peculi Buc. 1.104/Idyl. 1.126, n. septa … Transiliisse Erasmus, Adag. 1.10.93: “Ultra septa transilire”; cf. Eob. Hod. 167–168, n. septa peculi = Idyl. 4.108. veniam praefata Idyl. 8.3; Nor. 191, 198. intraveris urbem ≈ Ov. Met. 15.736; Fast. 6.683; Juv. 10.171. Non—adeo = Strozzi, Erot. 2.1.67; 6.3.37; Eob. Idyl. 17.181; Nor. 432. laudibus istis = l. 125, n., above. vacuas … aures = Ov. Met. 12.56; Mant. Ecl. 5.179; cf. Eob. Sylv. duae 2.12, n. subtrahis aures ≈ Walter, Alex. 10.54: “Ut rerum dominis humanas subtrahat aures.” meliora … carmina = Guil. 113; cf. Stat. Silv. 2.2.116; l. 176, n., below. Ut tamen—rogamus Cf. Ov. Pont. 3.8.24. Consuluisse … aequi … bonique Macr. 1, praef. 12: “aequi bonique consulant.” Carmina … meliora canemus Theoc. 31.236: “Carmina dehinc maiore sono meliora canemus.” For the concluding promise, see also Her. Chr. 24.165– 168, n.; Idyl. 9.95, n.; l. 173, n., above. non displicuisse = Mart. Sp. 35.1. displicuisse sciemus Nob. 80, n.

Idyllion 17 Meter: Dactylic hexameter. tit.

1

Erysiptolis Anciently an epithet of Pallas Athene, the guardian goddess of Athens. See Hymni Homerici 11.1; 28.3; cf. Hom. Il. 6.305. Hieras For this form, see Luth. 1.41, n. Parve, sed ≈ Ov. Am. 2.16.2; Ars 3.206. Herciniae … rupis Vict. 144.

786

3 4 4–5

6 7 9 10

11 12 13–14 14 14–15 17–18 19 20 21–22 22 22–23 23–27 23–24 23 25

26 27

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [17 de … vertice rupis Mant. 2. Parthen. 1.148: “preruptae celso de vertice rupis”; Andrel. Livia 2.1.53: “aerio … de vertice rupis”; cf. Claud. Laud. Stil. 3.240. rivis—agros Cf. Sidon. Carm. 16.80: “cum solis torridus ignis / flexilibus rimis sitientes scriberet agros.” Sole sub ardenti = Rec. 2, n. copia aquarum Coelestum Cf. Hypocr. B 4.22, n.: “Vis ea coelestis … aquae.” For aquarum coelestum, see Hor. Ep. 2.1.135. The reading “vis nulla” (O) appears to be either a printer’s error or a careless revision. flexibus urbem = Idyl. 16.25; cf. Verg. G. 3.14. Dic age = Buc. 1.60/Idyl. 1.69, n. Inter … salices Idyl. 16.2, n.o arundine crinem = Epic. Drusi 223, of the river god Tiber; Claud. VI. Cons. Hon. 162; cf. Eob. Luth. 1.43, n., of the Gera; Nor. 1251, of the Pegnitz. Reeds are a standard attribute of river gods in ancient literature. Besides the examples already cited, see, for example, Verg. A. 8.34. Nympharum decus = Buc. 7.116/Idyl. 10.39; cf. Pontano, Lyra 16.73: “Aetna, nympharum decus.” queri … quaerere For the wordplay, see Her. Chr. 15.132, n. quaerere tempus = Mant. Ecl. 5.35. urgent Fata Verg. A. 2.653; 11.587; Ov. Tr. 5.6.23. Fata inimica Petrarch, Africa 8.748; Marul. Epigr. 1.22.27. cruentae … maculae Strozzi, Erot. 4.8.16. profusis … lachrymis Her. Chr. 8.43, n. vides … flumina sicca Verg. Ecl. 7.56. For flumina sicca, see also Verg. Ecl. 7.56. atrum—colorem Imitating Ov. Met. 2.236. acerbis … lachrymis Epic. 9.77; Psalt. 88.5; Ilias 3.256–257. lachrymis absiste Sil. 6.545. sacrum … caput Verg. G. 4.319 (of a stream). has mecum—querelae Cf. Buc. 4.70–72/Idyl. 5.81–83, n. For the consolatory power of song, cf. also Idyl. 1.99, n.; 3.129–130, n. has mecum—corylos Cf. Idyl. 12.31, n. mecum considere = Ov. Met. 1.679; Eob. Buc. 1.21/Idyl. 1.33. Mutua … carmina Idyl. 5.82–83, n.; l. 33 below. gravibus … curis = Celtis, Am. 1.5.31; Strozzi, Erot. 2.5.9; 5.3.19. meditemur carmina ≈ Buc. 3.92/Idyl. 7.63, n. carmina curis ≈ Verg. Ecl. 2.6; 3.61; Ov. Pont. 1.5.61; l. 26, n., below. levant et carmina curas = Nemes. Ecl. 4.19 (refrain). Longa … breves Val. 1.27, n.

17] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

28 28–29 29 32 33 35–36 35 35–36 35 36 37–39

37 41 42 43 45

48–49 48 49–50 49 53 55 57 58–60 58

787

saepe—querelae Cf. Stat. Theb. 5.500; Petrarch, Africa, 5.533: “longis solatur damna querelis.” Ad desueta … munera Pontano, Meteor. 965: “alacres redeunt desueta ad munera venti”; cf. Eob. Sylv. 1.1.139: “Munera … desueta.” me … committere tentas Mart. 7.24.1. iuvenili operi Ov. Rem. 399; Met. 6.241. inimica … gente = Verg. A. 4.235. in mutua carmina = Theoc. 6.7: “Instructi pariles in mutua carmina avenas”; cf. l. 25, n., above. Et memini—laudis Quoted in Faber, Thesaurus, 492, s.v. “Memini” (with “dolet” changed to “piget”); 932, s.v. “Vestigium.” Et memini—dolet Modeled on Stat. Ach. 2.167. nulla—laudis Cf. Verg. Ecl. 4.31, at the start of the new Golden Age. But Erfurt’s golden age has now passed. nulla supersunt = Stat. Theb. 6.381. Temporibus nostris = Mart. 8.55.1. Usque—pacis The moral collapse is reminiscent of the Iron Age, as humanity degenerates from the Golden Age. See Ov. Met. 1.128–131; cf. Eob. Laud. 431–435, n., of Erfurt’s golden age, in which the vices have been all but banished. concessit—probitatis Cf. Locher, “Hecatostichon in proludium,” in Stult., fol. 9r: “cessit / … probitatis amor.” libertas … loquendi = Bebel, Triumph. Ven. 6.125; cf. Ov. Met. 9.559; Luc. 9.557–558; Juv. 2.111–112; ll. 214–215 below. ruptas … leges Verg. G. 1.510. metuitque—armis Cf. Tum. 2.182: “patiturque affligi hostilibus armis.” ultricibus armis = Vegio, Aen. 279; Hutten, Panegyr. 900. dubiis … fatis = Petrarch, Ep. 1.10.105; Eob. Sylv. 3.4.21, of Erfurt in the autumn of the “Mad Year” 1509: “Dum te tristis habet dubiis, Erphurdia, fatis.” Clade—difficilis Quoted in Faber, Thesaurus, 181, s.v. “Clades.” facilis reparatio … est = Eleg. 3.87. Vereor—serior Cf. Her. Chr. 4.229–230, n.; TPMA, 5:163, s.v. “Gott,” nos. 503– 506. poena malorum = Sedul. 5.133; Eob. Nor. 1317. Mens agitet ≈ Verg. A. 6.727; 9.187. Aut dedit aut = Ov. Met. 8.513. peccasse videri ≈ Claud. Carm. minora 41.11. Cur—silent Cf. ll. 73–74, nn., below. iacent convulsa Aus. Epigr. 37.7.

788 59 59–60 61 63–64 64–65 64 65 66–67 67 68 69 70 71 74 75–76 79–80 80 81 82 83–84 84 84–85 85

88 90 91 92 93

94–95

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [17 aequatae … solo Ov. Fast. 6.643; Stat. Theb. 10.855; l. 74, n., below. omnia … Templa … silent Hutten, Epigr. 18a.7. et nullos … mereatur honores ≈ Nor. 75. benigno—vultu Cf. Her. 1.6.118; Idyl. 13.42–43, n. sese … ultro Obtulit Verg. Ecl. 3.66; A. 2.59–61; 8.611. vocantibus ultro = Stat. Theb. 5.132. pacemque fidemque = Hutten, Epigr. 10.21. aversatur—Degeneres Tum. 2.181: “A se degeneres Deus aversatur et odit”; cf. Sylv. 1.3.91: “aversatur et odit.” Degeneres … animos Verg. A. 4.13. pacemque perosos ≈ Petrarch, Africa 7.448. Iusta … querela est Ov. Ep. 17.13–14; Pont. 4.3.22. parvo … discrimine = Ov. Met. 10.242. Quam quae per = Hor. Ep. 1.10.21. nostras … arenas = Ov. Ep. 12.13. Parva professos Cf. Idyl. 16.52–53, n. Aequatisque solo = Wirt. 57; cf. Tum. 4.155; Wirt. 457; l. 59, n., above. cui sunt—Munera Cf. Contemn. B 2.23–24; ll. 156–157 below. per omnes … casus Luc. 3.718–719; cf. Eob. Idyl. 16.115–116, n. praevertere, casus = Paul. Nol. Carm. 10.326. Foelix—urbes Cf. Idyl. 16.31, n. decerpere fructus = Hor. S. 1.2.79; Eob. Wirt., ded. 31; cf. Ov. Rem. 103. Non etiam—fibras Cf. Cic. Tusc. 3.13: “nos autem audeamus non solum ramos amputare miseriarum, sed omnis radicum fibras evellere.” Radicum fibras ≈ Ov. Met. 14.633. Quam tua—fuit Cf. Orat., lim. 4, addressing the city of Erfurt in 1515: “Plena tua est iterum gloria, plenus honor.” Gloria plena Her. Chr. 8.120, n. inclyta fama = Verg. A. 2.82; Stat. Theb. 1.252; 12.331; l. 92 below; cf. Eob. Nor. 1364. toto … orbe = Ama. 35.7, n. foecundum Copia cornu = Wirt. 294; cf. Idyl. 1.84, n. gloria marcet = Her. Chr. 19.59. inclyta fama = l. 85, n., above. fracta malis = Max. 329, n. indigna mole = Psalt. 105.53. mole laborum = Buc. 9.5/Idyl. 6.5, n. tuis miserabilis—Hostibus Cf. Macr. 4.4.8: “haec enim causa illum hostibus etiam miserabilem fecit”; Petrarch, Rem. 2.55.8: “ipsis etiam … miserandum hostibus”; Eob. Tum. 4.186–187.

17] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 95

96

97 97–98 98 100 101 102–103 102 102–103 104 106

109 110 110–111 113 114 115–116 116 118 119

120 121–123

789

veteres … annos = Sylv. 3.1.73: “veteres duce te revocabimus annos”; Psalt. 143.19: “Tunc veteres repeto longinqui temporis annos”; cf. Ov. Met. 9.421. respicis annos ≈ Her. Chr. 14.45, n. Desine … querelae ≈ Verg. A. 4.360. nimis—querelae Cf. Lucr. 3.933–934: “nimis aegris / luctibus indulges”; Eob. Her. Chr. 15.127; Epic. 2.59; Ebn. 151. Care senex = Mant. Nic. Tolentinus 2.581 (fol. 228v); cf. Eleg. Maec. 2.27. ferentis Commoda = Val. 1.353–354. miseris … fatis Culex 353. tarda voluntas = Gunther, Lig. 6.157: “nec tarda voluntas / Affuit.” non—prohibente Cf. Ov. Am. 2.10.21; Ars 1.139; Rem. 537; Pont. 4.5.15. Non cecidit—periclo Quoted in Faber, Thesaurus, 120, s.v. “Cado.” Non cecidit—surrexit Cf. Eccles. 41, n.; ll. 132–132 below. The thought was proverbial; see TPMA, 3:149, s.v. “Fall,” nos. 216–220. Sapit autem—periclo Another proverb; see TPMA, 9:465–466, s.v. “Schaden,” nos. 74–107. At iacet interea = Idyl. 14.44. Ah male servatos … honores = Buc. 4.46; cf. Idyl. 5.57. contingere honores ≈ Bebel, Triumph. Ven. 2.218: “nec aspirent ullum contingere honorem.” Palladis arces = Verg. A. 11.477; Ov. Met. 2.712; l. 113 below; cf. l. 135, n. For the paraphrase of “university,” see Eob. Rec. 33–34, n. Sedibus—propriis Cf. Verg. A. 2.611–612; Ov. Met. 11.554–555. totam … concusserit urbem Verg. A. 12.594; Marul. Epigr. 2.30.3: “dolor totam concusserat urbem”; cf. Eob. Rec. 19, n. Palladis arces = l. 109, n., above. immobile regnum Vulg. Heb. 12.28. marmoreis—celsa Cf. Idyl. 16.133–134, with n. at ll. 134–135. arces … artes Notice the wordplay. Tectave celsa Verg. A. 7.342–343. humanas … mentes = Her. Chr. 24.95, n. regeret … legibus orbem Man. 1.8; Eob. Tum. 6.68; Her. 2.1.155–156, n.; Psalt. 98.23; cf. Man. 2.817; Eob. Eccles. 337; Nor. 70. confusum—orbem Cf. Tum. 4.1. Humanumque—ipsis Cf. Catul. 68.141; Eob. Nob. 325–326, n. Humanumque genus = Ilias Lat. 112; Claud. Cons. Stil. 3.151. Tam firmum—altum The mutability of all things worldly and the fickleness of Fortuna were proverbial. See TPMA, 2:177–178, s.v. “Dauer,” nos. 1–25; 5:70–76, s.v. “Glück,” nos. 80–184; Eob. Ama. 5.2–6, n.; Sylv. duae 1.165–178,

790

121–122 122–123

124 125 126

127 128 129 131 132–133 133 133–134

133 134 135 136 137 137–138 138 140 141 142

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [17 nn.; Contemn. B 2.1.9–12; Tum. 2.75–76. For ll. 122–123, cf. Boeth. Consol. 1.m5.28–29; 2.2.9. Tam firmum—mutat Quoted in Faber, Thesaurus, 936, s.v. “Vicis.” Fortuna—altum Cf. Ov. Tr. 3.11.67–68; Dantiscus, Carm. 1.3.493–494: “Sic variat Fortuna vices: quem tollit in altum, / Deprimit, et quem nunc presserat, inde levat”; Eob. Sylv. 1.4.37: “Deiicit elatos, deiectos tollit in altum”; Celtis, Am. 3.10.43: “quem sors … tollit in altum.” studiorum … honore Contemn. B 2.55. Praeripuit … palmam Erasmus, Adag. 1.3.4. certamine palmam = Buc. 10.101/Idyl. 11.119, n. Germani … orbis = Nor. 494; cf. Nob. 192, n.; Epic. 2.45; Sylv. 6.2.1. in regionibus orbis = Psalt. 76.1: “Notus Iudaei Deus in regionibus orbis”; cf. Man. 1.191. tantae … laudis = [Tib.] 3.7.177; Ov. Met. 12.625. cognomine laudis Gunther, Lig. 5.3: “summae cognomine laudis onustum.” afflicta malis = Gunther, Lig. 10.294: “Preteritis aflicta malis metuensque futura.” In poenas … satis Ov. Ep. 2.44; Eob. Luth. 5.61, n. licentia plebis Ov. Fast. 5.287. meliorque—cecidit Cf. l. 102, n., above. gravius cecidit Idyl. 11.164, n. Maior—nubila soles Adapted in Faber, Thesaurus, 552, s.v. “Nubilus”: “Maior post passa voluptas / Damna venire solet, blandi post nubila soles.” Maior—venire solet Cf. Alan. Parab. 1.17: “Clarior est solito post maxima nubila Phebus”; Walther 22025 (22030): “Post mortem [or noctem] sperare diem, post nubila solem, / Post lacrimas risum letitiamque potes”; cf. further Otto 531; Bebel, Prov. 358; TPMA, 13:197, s.v. “Wolke,” nos. 23–36. Maior … voluptas = Juv. 11.168; Eob. Idyl. 2.69. blandi … post nubila soles Walther 2072; Wander, 3:1579, s.v. “Regen (Subst.),” no. 70. For blandi soles, see Ov. Fast. 1.157. Palladias … arces Ov. Met. 7.399, where Athens is meant; cf. l. 109, n., above. Mille greges = Ov. Met. 4.635; Eob. Theoc. 16.66, 152: “Mille greges ovium.” virides ripas Buc. 6.23/Idyl. 8.24, n. prima—Littora Cf. Verg. G. 2.44; Eob. Sylv. duae 1.130, n. certantes … Musas Buc. 5.61/Idyl. 4.64. secum—Musas Cf. Verg. G. 3.10–11; Eob. Hod. 236–240. apparent vestigia = Her. Chr. 16.243, n. nulla voluptas = Ov. Pont. 4.2.29; Juv. 11.120. Carmina nulla = Verg. Ecl. 1.77. nulla sonant = Luc. 6.78: “Classica nulla sonant.”

17] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII 144

145–146 146 147 148

149

150

152–153 153 156–157 157 158 159 162 163 164 164–165

791

in viridi—coaxet Cf. Verg. G. 1.378; Eob. Buc. 10.80/Idyl. 11.97, n. For the croaking frogs as a metaphor for the enemies of humanistic learning, see, for example, Erasmus, Ep. 1390, ll. 125–126 (written at Basel in 1523): “isthic esse ranarum chorum quae bonis obstrepant literis”; Eobanus, letter of ca. 1520 in Epp. fam., 102–103: “Quid vero de Carthusianis, vanis ranis malesanis companis?”; In Ed. Leeum 15.1–6; Idyl. 14.148–149. viridi limo Pers. 3.22. decoro Agmine Sylv. 4.30.12–13. spectandi studio Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 127. mirata iuventus = Arator 2.1191; Pontano, Ecl. 1.6.62; cf. Verg. A. 5.555. Certatim—urbe Cf. Catul. 64.392; Verg. A. 4.401, 592. Festa … spectacula Cf. Ov. Met. 3.111: “festis … theatris.” Festa coronatis = Sil. 15.420. coronatis … larvis Cf. Sylv. 6.1.41, praising Willibald Pirckheimer’s epicedion for Albrecht Dürer: “Musa, coronatis spectari digna theatris”; Epic. 3.1, referring (as here) to the lighter Muse: “coronatae lusus … Camoenae.” Et toto … coelo = Man. 2.397. toto … resonantia … coelo Celtis, Am. 1.1.15: “Plectraque … toto resonantia caelo”; cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 9.33. canerent … iubila Hymn., lim. 1.3, n. externas … gentes Verg. A. 7.367; Ov. Am. 3.4.34. bona nomina = Hod. 492. nomina gentes = Sil. 17.609; Eob. Luth. 6.65; Tum. 5.77. opes—rerum The economic benefits of the university for the city of Erfurt are highlighted also at Contemn. B 2.81–96. Commoda … publica Hor. Ep. 2.1.3; Ov. Met. 13.188; Eob. Her. Chr. 17.152; In Ed. Leeum 45.5, n.; Idyl. 16.119; Epic. 1.59. cui cura—agebatur Cf. ll. 75–76, n., above. falso nomine dicta Ov. Tr. 3.13.28; cf. Fast. 5.427; Eob. Sylv. duae 1.189; Idyl. 13.34, n. Vera … memoras = Petrarch, Africa 1.360; 9.200. Quam mihi nota = Ov. Ep. 16.36. pudet urbis = Sil. 13.514. mecum miseratus = Verg. G. 1.41. tristi—ruina Cf. Buc. 10.148/Idyl. 11.171, n. cecidisse ruina = Mant. 1. Parthen. 3.398. Quam vereor ne = Prop. 1.19.21. iusta querelae Causa = Walter, Alex. 1.200–201; Pontano, Eridanus 2.1.1–2; cf. Prop. 4.8.79; Strozzi, Erot. 5.2.37–38.

792

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [17

167

Nunc—opus est Cf. Ov. Pont. 1.6.43. ope … opus est Val. 2.50, n. Nec noscere promptum = Petrarch, Africa 8.186; cf. l. 175, n., below. Morbi principium Locher, Stult. 37, fol. 48v. Inconcussa … Virtus Mant. 2. Parthen. 3.682–683: “Quae pectora virtus / Inconcussa regit?” suo … stat pondere Salom. 1.17: “non mota suo stat pondere tellus.” pondere Virtus = Stat. Silv. 2.3.65; Eob. Hod. 423. in mille—mittas Cf. Verg. A. 9.200, 663. mille pericula = Buc. 10.169/Idyl. 11.194, n. Quare age, tam = Campano, Epigr. 1.7.21 (sig. A3r); cf. Eob. Her. Chr. 20.143, n.; Idyl. 1.125. causas … malorum = Stat. Theb. 12.473; cf. Verg. A. 4.169–170; 11.361. causas expone Lucr. 3.316, 951; Hor. S. 1.7.22; Ov. Met. 4.469; Fast. 3.725. sunt omnia nota = Pontano, Eridanus 1.33.13: “sunt omnia nota videnti.” Prima—ruinae Cf. Vict. 39, n. tantae caussa ruinae Gunther, Lig. 2.462: “tantae communis causa ruinae”; cf. Ov. Tr. 4.10.99; Eob. Tum. 7.105. indoctis … bardocucullis = l. 188 below. Qua ratione, precor = Epic. 5.85; Theoc. 5.34; 22.2.10. Nec enim—est Cf. Ov. Met. 3.96; Fast. 4.717. Semper—regnant Quoted in Faber, Thesaurus, 256, s.v. “Indoctus”; also in Neander, Ethice, 2, fol. 86r. Cf. Eob. Luth. 3.53–54, n. pars maxima = Hod. 50, n. tantam—ruinam = Sylv. 9.17.13: “Artibus eximiis tantam invexere ruinam.” Non tamen usque adeo = Idyl. 16.170, n. nam plurima … Turba Verg. A. 6.667. Credo equidem = Buc. 4.21/Idyl. 5.25, n. maxima turba est = Verg. A. 6.611; Eob. Nor. 949. Sed quia non = Verg. G. 2.286. pesti relligionis Erasmus, Querela Pacis, ASD 4.2:62, l. 25: “omnis pietatis ac religionis … pestis”; cf. Eob. Her. Chr., ded. 11.2: “pestem quandam in religionem seminasse.” Indoctis … bardocucullis = l. 174 above. Maxima pars hominum = Hor. S. 2.3.121; Ov. Pont. 1.2.81. Prava … natura Idyl. 14.126. studiis—vulgus Cf. Eccles. 207: “Gens studiis inimica.” Impulsum Furiis Verg. A. 10.68; V. Fl. 5.42. Talia—venti Cf. Her. Chr. 5.78, n.

168 169

170 171

172 173

174 175 177–178 178 179 181 181–182 183 184 185

188 189 190 191 192 195

17] notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII

196–197 196

197–198 197 198 199 200–201 202 203 204 205 206

207 208 210 211–212 211 214–215 216 217 219–220 223

224 225

793

Talia … omina = Sil. 9.178. luctantes … venti Verg. A. 1.53; Eob. Her. Chr. 9.13; cf. Buc. 9.35/Idyl. 6.35, n. Votis—fefellit Quoted in Faber, Thesaurus, 966, s.v. “Votum.” Votis … honestis Sedul. 4.217; Eob. Pug. 105–106. fautor … Deus Prop. 4.2.34. Deus aequus = Ov. Ep. 1.23. Saepe—egit Quoted in Faber, Thesaurus, 786, s.v. “Spero” (with “egit” changed to “audet”). Fortuna fefellit = Guil. 81, n. sperare … bene Rec. 97, n. Verum nemo negat = Buc. 10.76/Idyl. 11.93. nisi vanus et = Idyl. 11.80. anne aliqua—peremptas Cf. l. 210 below. ab aequoreis … undis = Ov. Fast. 2.149. sol aureus = Her. Chr. 3.133, n. infundit—rebus Sen. Phaed. 154; cf. Celtis, Germania 274: “[sol] infundit lumina terris”; Am. 1.8.40: “Phoebus infundit lumina terris.” Gloria … studiorum Idyl. 14.77; Tum., ded. 6. pestis atrox Epic. 7.25; Nor. 989. Exortum … solem Her. Chr. 8.39; 11.25. ceu solem—mundo Cic. Amic. 47: “Solem enim e mundo tollere videntur ei, qui amicitiam e vita tollunt.” Quam—voluptas Cf. Ov. Ep. 19.65; Met. 7.453; 9.485; Fast. 1.598; Eob. Ama. 35.101, n. pudet et durum est = Mant. De suscepto theologico Magisterio 105, in Opera, vol. 1, fol. 175v: “Et pudet et durum est mihi mendicare.” Ergo age, qua = Sil. 14.10. qua possint—renasci Cf. ll. 200–201 above. Citius—emendes Cf. Tum. 1.68–70: “sunt / Iamdudum reprehensa magis quam finibus ullis / Emendata satis”; Erasmus, Adag. 2.2.84. reprehenderis actum Cf. Ov. Ep. 20.49. loquendi Libertatem l. 41, n., above. privatis … rebus Ov. Tr. 2.95; Eob. Idyl. 16.117. damnosa licentia = Mant. Calam. 3.125 (p. 73). serpit … pestis Sil. 14.613. Musarum … regnum In Ed. Leeum 1.3, n. Musarum nobile = Stat. Theb. 6.355. nobile regnum = Ov. Ep. 17.135. Plura—cadentes Cf. Her. Chr. 22.167, n. ne cede dolori = Her. Chr. 20.105; cf. Idyl. 3.118–119.

794 226 227 228–229 228 229 231 233 234 235

notes to Bucolicorum idyllia XVII [17 Quae mala nunc = Contemn. B 2.52. forsan meliora sequentur Verg. A. 12.153. turbato … flumine Ov. Met. 13.889. flumine cernes ≈ Verg. A. 8.62. aliquam … fortuna salutem Adferat Cf. Verg. A. 1.463; Eob. Idyl. 7.38. melior fortuna = Laud. 504, n. fortuna salutem = Verg. A. 12.637. studiis reddat … honorem Cf. Hod. 377, n.; 417, n.; Contemn. B 2.117. studiis … quem debet honorem = Sylv. 9.17.11. Sic … te misceat Cf. Ov. Pont. 2.10.26; 4.10.45; Eob. Epic. 4.87. Salas A variant of “Sala.” toti … circumferat orbi Cf. Ov. Met. 1.187. hanc … cecinisse querelam = Her. Chr. 14.165, n. circumdata—tellus = Buc. 8.39/Idyl. 12.38; cf. Ov. Met. 2.272.

List of Abbreviations Abbreviations of ancient and patristic works as well as books of the Vulgate follow the ones given in P.G.W. Glare, ed., Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford, 1983); Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary (1879; Oxford, 1966); and Henry G. Liddell and Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, revised by Henry S. Jones (1968; Oxford, 1985). To distinguish Baebi Italici Ilias from Eobanus Hessus’s translation of Homer’s Iliad, the ancient abridgment is referred to as Ilias Lat. As for Anthologia Latina (ed. D.R. Shackleton Bailey, fasc. 1; A. Riese, fasc. 2), it is cited as Anthol. Lat. Unless otherwise stated, book, section, and line numbers for hitherto unedited Italian poets are from the texts presented in the website “Italian Poetry in Latin: 13th–16th centuries” (http:// mizar.unive.it/poetiditalia/public/). Other works cited in abbreviated form are given below.

A

Patristic, Medieval, and Early Modern Authors and Works

Aen. Silv. Carm.

Enee Silvii Piccolominei postea Pii PP. II carmina, ed. Adriaan van Heck (Vatican City, 1994). Aen. Silv. Europa Enee Silvii Piccolominei postea Pii PP. II de Europa, ed. Adriaan van Heck (Vatican City, 2001). Aen. Silv. Germania Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Germania, ed. Maria G. Fadiga (Florence, 2009). Aen. Silv. Hist. Historia de duobus amantibus. In Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (Pius II) and Niklas von Wyle, The Tale of Two Lovers, Eurialus and Lucretia, ed. Eric J. Morrall (Amsterdam, 1988). Alan. Parab. Alan of Lille, Liber Parabolarum. In Les Paraboles Maistre Alain en François, ed. Tony Hunt (London, 2005), 158–178. Andrel. Ecl. Eclogae. In The Eclogues of Faustus Andrelinus and Ioannes Arnolletus, ed. Wilfred P. Mustard (Baltimore, 1918). Andrel. Livia Publi Fausti Andrelini “Amores” sive “Livia,” ed. Godelieve Tournoy-Thoen (Brussels, 1982). Arator Arator, De actibus apostolorum, ed. Arthur P. McKinlay (Vienna, 1951). [Arnald.] Commentum Commentum Arnaldi de Villa nova super Regimen Salernitanum. In Arnald. Opera, fols. 130v–150r. Arnald. Opera Arnald of Villanova, Opera nuperrima revisa, una cum ipsius vita recenter hic apposita. Addita est etiam tractatus de philosophorum lapide intitulatus (Lyons, 1520). © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2020 | doi:10.1163/9789004414662_018

796 Arnald. Reg. sanitatis Aus. Avit. Carm. Bebel, Carm. Bebel, Prov. Bebel, Triumph. Ven. Bischoff

Bocc. Ecl.

Boiardo, Pastoralia Brant, NS Brant, Texte Brant, Var. carm. Burton, Anatomy

Busch. Lips.

Camerarius, Nar. Campano, Epigr.

list of abbreviations Arnald of Villanova, De regimine sanitatis. In Arnald. Opera, fols. 59r–82r. D. Magnus Ausonius. In Decimi Magni Ausonii opera, ed. R.P.H. Green (Oxford, 1999). Alcimus Ecdicius Avitus, Poematum libri VI, ed. Rudolf Peiper (Berlin, 1883), 197–294. Heinrich Bebel, Carmina. In Bebeliana opuscula nova et adolescentiae labores (Strasbourg, 1512), sigs. Bb3r–Dd3r. Heinrich Bebel, Proverbia Germanica, ed. W.H.D. Suringar (Leiden, 1879). Triumphus Veneris: Ein allegorisches Epos von Heinrich Bebel, ed., trans., and annotated by Marcel Angres (Münster, 2003). Johann Bischoff (Episcopius), trans., De conservanda valetudine hominum praecepta salutaria. Heilsame unnd gar sehr nuetzliche Precepta unnd lehren der menschlichen gesundheit wol zu pflegen … Zuvor durch den hochberuempten Poeten Elium Eobanum Hessum auß dem Galeno gezogen und durch Lateinische Verß beschriben. Nun aber ins Teutsch vertirt und durch lustige Rithmos oder Reimen beschriben und in Druck gegeben (Nuremberg, 1576). Giovanni Boccaccio, Buccolicum carmen, ed., trans., and annotated by Giorgio B. Perini. In Tutte le opere di Giovanni Boccaccio, ed. Vittore Branca, vol. 5.2 (Milan, 1994), 689–1090. Matteo Maria Boiardo, Pastoralia, ed., trans., and annoted by Stefano Carrai (Padua, 1996). Sebastian Brant, Narrenschiff, ed. Friedrich Zarncke (1854; Hildesheim, 1961). Sebastian Brant, Kleine Texte, ed. and annotated by Thomas Wilhelmi (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1998). 2 vols. in 3. Sebastian Brant, Varia carmina (Basel, 1498). Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy, ed. Thomas C. Faulkner, Nicolas K. Kiessling, and Rhonda L. Blair, commentary by J.B. Bamborough and Martin Dodsworth (Oxford, 1989– 2000). 6 vols. Hermann von dem Busche, Lipsica. In Joseph Neff, ed., Helius Eobanus Hessus, Noriberga illustrata, und andere Städtegedichte (Berlin, 1896), 73–91. Joachim Camerarius, Narratio de H. Eobano Hesso (Nuremberg, 1553); Eob. Poetic Works, 1:1–91. Giannantonio Campano, Epigrammatum VIII libri. In his Trac-

list of abbreviations

797

tatus V, Orationes XV, Epistolarum IX libri, Vita Pii, Historia Brachii, Epigrammatum VIII libri (Rome, 1495), sigs. A2r–F3v. Poem and line numbers are taken from http://carmina‑latina .com/cariboost_files/CAMP_CAR_TWD.txt. Celtis, Am. Konrad Celtis, Quattuor libri amorum, ed. Felicitas Pindter (Leipzig, 1934). Celtis, Germania De situ et moribus Germanie additiones. In Gernot M. Müller, Die “Germania generalis” des Conrad Celtis: Studien mit Edition, Übersetzung und Kommentar (Tübingen, 2001), 89–109. Celtis, Ludus Ludus Dianae. In Konrad Celtis, Ludi scaenici (Ludus Dianae— Rhapsodia), ed. Felicitas Pindter (Budapest, 1945), 1–6. Celtis, Norimberga De origine, situ, moribus et institutis Norimbergae libellus. In Albert Werminghoff, ed., Conrad Celtis und sein Buch über Nürnberg (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1921). Celtis, Od. Libri odarum quattuor. In Konrad Celtis, Oden / Epoden / Jahrhundertlied, ed. and trans. Eckart Schäfer (Tübingen, 2008). Cochlaeus Johannes Cochlaeus, Brevis Germanie descriptio (1512), ed., trans., and annotated by Karl Langosch (Darmstadt, 1976). Cordus, Ecl. Bucolicum ludicrum .... Secunda aeditio (Leipzig, 1518). In Euricius Cordus, Bucolicon: Kritische und kommentierte Ausgabe, ed. and annotated by Ioanna Paschou (Hamburg, 1997). Cordus, Epigr. Euricius Cordus, Epigrammata (1520), ed. Karl Krause (Berlin, 1892). Cordus, Epith. Euricius Cordus, Epithalamium in nuptias Helii Eobani Hessi et Thrynae Spateranae [Erfurt, 1514/15]. Curio/Krell, Opusc. (1545) Johann Curio and Jakob Krell, eds., De conservanda bona valetudine, opusculum Scholae Salernitanae, ad Regem Angliae versibus conscriptum. Cum Arnoldi Novicomensis … brevissimis et utilissimis enarrationibus. Et haec omnia a barbarie et infinitis, quibus scatebant, mendis tam accurate repurgata ut iam quasi novam faciem induerint citraque offensionem legi possint (Frankfurt am Main, 1545). Curio/Krell, Opusc. (1554) Johann Curio and Jakob Krell, eds., De conservanda bona valetudine, opusculum Scholae Salernitanae, ad Regem Angliae. Cum Arnoldi Novicomensis … enarrationibus utilissimis, denuo recognitis et auctis … (Frankfurt am Main, 1554). Curio, Opusc. (1557) Johann Curio, ed., De conservanda bona valetudine, opusculum Scholae Salernitanae, ad Regem Angliae, Germanicis rhytmis illustratum. Cum Arnoldi Novicomensis … enarrationibus utilissimis, novissime recognitis et auctis (Frankfurt am Main, 1557).

798 Dantiscus, Carm.

list of abbreviations

Ioannis Dantisci poetae laureati carmina, ed. Stanisław Skimina (Cracow, 1950). Diosc. Mat. med. Pedanii Dioscuridis Anazarbei de materia medica libri quinque, ed. Max Wellmann (Berlin, 1907–1914). 3 vols. Latin translations are from Pedacii Dioscoridae Anazarbei de medica materia libri sex, trans. Marcello Virgilio Adriani (Florence, 1523). Elsholtz Johann S. Elsholtz, Diaeteticon, das ist Newes Tisch-Buch oder Unterricht von Erhaltung guter Gesundheit durch eine ordentliche Diät und insonderheit durch rechtmäßigen Gebrauch der Speisen und des Geträncks … (Cölln an der Spree [Berlin], 1682). Eob. Eobanus Hessus. Eob. Dichtungen Helius Eobanus Hessus, Dichtungen, Lateinisch und Deutsch. Dritter Band: Dichtungen der Jahre 1528–1537, ed. and trans. Harry Vredeveld (Bern, 1990). Eob. Poetic Works The Poetic Works of Helius Eobanus Hessus, ed., trans., and annotated by Harry Vredeveld (Tempe, 2004–2008; Leiden, 2012–). Five vols. to date. Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus. Erasmus, Adag. Erasmus, Adagia, ed. M.L. van Poll-van de Lisdonk, M. Mann Phillips, Chr Robinson, et al. In ASD, ordo 2. Erasmus, Carm. Erasmus, Carmina, ed. Harry Vredeveld. In ASD 1.7. Erasmus, Enchiridion Erasmus, Enchiridion militis Christiani, ed. J. Domański and R. Marcel. In ASD 5.8:1–303. Erasmus, Encom. med. Erasmus, Encomium medicinae (Declamatio in laudem artis medicae), ed. J. Domański. In ASD 1.4:145–186. Erasmus, Ep. Opus epistolarum Des. Erasmi Roterodami, ed. P.S. Allen, H.M. Allen, and H.W. Garrod (Oxford, 1906–1957). 11 vols. Erasmus, Moria Desiderius Erasmus, Moriae encomium, id est, Stultitiae laus, ed. Clarence H. Miller. In ASD 4.3. Ficino, De vita Marsilio Ficino, Three Books on Life, ed., trans., and annotated by Carol V. Kaske and John R. Clark (Binghamton, NY, 1989). Filetico, Theoc. Theocritus, Idyls 1–7, trans. Martino Filetico. In Theocriti Bucolica per Phileticum e Graego [sic] traducta .... Hesiodi Ascraei Georgica per Nicolaum de Valle … e Graeco in Latinum conversa .... Hesiodi Theogonia per Boninum Mombritium … e Graeco in Latinum conversa … (n.p., [ca. 1498/1500]). Cited according to the poem and line nos. of Theocritus’s Greek text. Flos Flos medicine (Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum): estudio, edición crítica y traducción, ed. and trans. Virginia de Frutos González (Valladolid, 2010).

list of abbreviations Flos (de Renzi) Fracastoro, Syphilis

Gerald. Ecl. Guarino, Carm.

Gunther, Lig. Haschaert

Hrotsv. Dionys.

Hrotsv. Maria

Hrotsv. Theoph.

Hutten Hutten, Epigr. Hutten, Exhortatio Hutten, Italia

Hutten, Opera

Hutten, Panegyr. Hutten, Querel.

799

Flos medicinae Scholae Salerni, ed. Salvatore de Renzi (Naples, 1859). Girolamo Fracastoro, Syphilidis, sive morbi Gallici, libri tres. In Fracastoro’s Syphilis, ed. Geoffrey Eatough (Liverpool, 1984). Antonio Geraldini, Eclogae. In Das “Carmen Bucolicum” des Antonio Geraldini, ed. and trans. Sigrun Leistritz (Trier, 2004). Battista Guarino, Poema divo Herculi Ferrariensium duci dicatum (Modena, 1496). Collection of epigrams, in four books, followed by “Bucolicum carmen.” Gunther der Dichter, Ligurinus, ed. Erwin Assmann (Hannover, 1987). Pieter Haschaert (Hassardus), Saluberrima bonae valetudinis tuendae praecepta Eobani Hessi, poetae festivissimi, elegiaco carmine ad imitationem Galeni conscripta novisque commentariis a Petro Hassardo Armenteriano, medico et chirurgo, illustrata (Frankfurt am Main, 1568). Hrotsvit of Gandersheim, Passio Sancti Dionisii, egregii martiris. In Hrotsvit, Opera omnia, ed. Walter Berschin (Munich, 2001), 104–113. Hrotsvit of Gandersheim, Historia nativitatis laudabilisque conversationis intactae Dei Genitricis. In Hrotsvit, Opera omnia, ed. Walter Berschin (Munich, 2001), 4–35. Hrotsvit of Gandersheim, Lapsus et conversio Theophili Vicedomni. In Hrotsvit, Opera omnia, ed. Walter Berschin (Munich, 2001), 78–93. Ulrich von Hutten. Ad Caesarem Maximilianum epigrammatum liber unus. In Hutten, Opera, 3:205–268. Ad divum Maximilianum Caesarem Augustum … bello in Venetos euntem exhortatio. In Hutten, Opera, 3:123–158. Epistola Italiae ad divum Maximilianum Caesarem Augustum. In Eob. Poetic Works, 3:370–387, with Hutten’s epigrams (B 2– 10) on pp. 410–419. Ulrichi Hutteni opera quae reperiri potuerunt omnia, ed. Eduard Böcking (1859–1870; Aalen, 1963). 5 vols. and 2 supplementary vols. In exceptionem Moguntinam … Domini Alberti … panegyricus. In Hutten, Opera, 3:353–400. Querelarum libri duo. In Hutten, Opera, 3:19–83.

800 Hutten, Triumph. Irenicus Locher, Stult.

Magdalius, Ep.

Magdalius, Erarium

Mant. Mant. Blasius Mant. Calam. Mant. c. Am. Mant. Consol. Mant. c. Poet.

Mant. Dionys. Mant. Ecl. Mant. Epigr. Mant. Fed. Spagn. Mant. Georg. Mant. Mort. Mant. Nat. Am. Mant. Nic. Tolentinus

list of abbreviations Triumphus Doctoris Reuchlini, sive Ioannis Reuchlin viri clarissimi encomion. In Hutten, Opera, 3:413–447. Franciscus Irenicus, Germaniae exegeseos volumina duodecim (Haguenau, 1518). Jakob Locher Philomusus, Stultifera navis (Basel, 1497). Partially edited in Sebastian Brant, Narrenschiff, ed. Friedrich Zarncke (1854; Hildesheim, 1961), 210–215; Brant, Texte; and Hartl. The chapter nos. cited in the present edition reflect the arrangement in the 1497 edition (not, as in Hartl’s text, the arrangement in Brant’s Narrenschiff ). Jacobus Magdalius Gaudensis, “Epistola Dive Marie Magdalene ad Christum in infirmitate Lazari fratris.” In Eob. Poetic Works, 2:111–117. Jacobus Magdalius Gaudensis, Erarium aureum poetarum, omnibus Latinae linguae, cuiuscunque etiam facultatis fuerint, professoribus accommodum, immo et omnium poetarum sine ipsis commentariis elucidativum (Cologne, 1501). Baptista Mantuanus. Blasius Cappadox. In Mant. Opera, vol. 1, fols. 179r–205r. Libri tres de calamitatibus temporum, ed. Gabriele Wessels (Rome, 1916). Elegia contra Amorem. In Mant. Opera, vol. 1, fols. 175v–178r. Consolatio in morte Collae Asculani. In Mant. Opera, vol. 1, fols. 124r–134r. Contra poetas impudice loquentes. In Mariano Madrid Castro, “Baptistae Mantuani contra poetas impudice loquentes, cum Sebastiani Murrhonis interpraetacione,” HL 45 (1996): 93–133. De Dionysii Areopagitae conversione, vita, et agone. In Mant. Opera, vol. 2, fols. 159r–200v. Eclogae. In Battista Spagnoli Mantovano, Adolescentia, ed., trans., and annotated by Andrea Severi (Bologna, 2010). Epigrammata ad Falconem. In Mant. Opera, vol. 1, fols. 100r– 118r. De morte Federici Spagnoli, fratris sui, carmen, ad Ptolomaeum fratrem. In Mant. Opera, vol. 1, fols. 139r–143r. De vita et agone D. Georgii martyris. In Mant. Opera, vol. 2, fols. 201r–219v. De contemnenda morte. In Mant. Opera, vol. 1, fols. 118v–123v. De natura Amoris ad iuvenes. In Mant. Opera, vol. 1, fol. 178r–v. Nicolaus Tolentinus. In Mant. Opera, vol. 1, fols. 205v–245r.

list of abbreviations Mant. Opera Mant. 1. Parthen.

801

I. Baptistae Mantuani opera omnia (Antwerp, 1576). 3 vols. Parthenice prima, sive Mariana. In La Partenice Mariana di Battista Mantovano, ed., trans., and annotated by Ettore Bolisani (Padua, [1957]). Mant. 2. Parthen. Parthenice secunda (Catharinaria). In Vitae Sanctae Katharinae, Pars secunda, ed. A.P. Orbán (Turnhout, 1992), 351– 435. Mant. 3. Parthen. Parthenice tertia, Margarita. In Mant. Opera, vol. 2, fols. 101r– 114r. Mant. 4. Parthen. Parthenice quarta, Agatha. In Mant. Opera, vol. 2, fols. 114v–121r. Mant. 5. Parthen. Parthenice quinta, Lucia. In Mant. Opera, vol. 2, fols. 121v–128r. Mant. 6. Parthen. Parthenice sexta, Apolonia. In Mant. Opera, vol. 2, fols. 128v– 141v. Mant. 7. Parthen. Parthenice septima, Caecilia. In Mant. Opera, vol. 2, fols. 142r– 158v. Mant. Praesid. De praesidentia oratoris et poetae. In Mant. Opera, vol. 1, fols. 168v–173r. Mant. Somn. Somnium Romanum. In Mant. Opera, vol. 3, fols. 208v–220v. Mant. Sylv. Sylvarum libri IV. In Mant. Opera, vol. 3, fols. 242v–317v. Mant. Votum Ad divam Virginem pro recipienda sospitate post febrem acerrimam votum. In Mant. Opera, vol. 2, fols. 54r–55r. Marul. Epigr. Epigrammaton libri. In Michaelis Marulli carmina, ed. Alessandro Perosa (Zürich, 1951), 1–102. Marul. Hymn. nat. Hymnorum naturalium libri. In Michaelis Marulli carmina, ed. Alessandro Perosa (Zürich, 1951), 103–165. Melanchthon, Ep. Philip Melanchthon, Melanchthons Briefwechsel: Kritische und kommentierte Gesamtausgabe, ed. Heinz Scheible et al. (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1977–). [Melanchthon?], Ratio [Philip Melanchthon?], Ratio scholae Norembergae nuper institutae. An. M.D.XXVI [Nuremberg: Johann Petreius, 1526]. Mutian. Ep. Konrad Mutianus Rufus, Epistolae. In Der Briefwechsel des Conradus Mutianus, ed. Karl Gillert (Halle, 1890). 2 vols. Nar. See Camerarius, Nar. Paul. Aeg. Paul of Aegina, Praecepta salubria, trans. Wilhelm Cop (Paris, 1510). Petrarch Francesco Petrarca. Petrarch, Africa Francesco Petrarca, Africa, ed., trans., and annotated by Bernhard Huss and Gerhard Regn (Mainz, 2007). 2 vols. Petrarch, Ecl. Pétrarque, Bucolicum carmen, ed., trans., and annotated by Marcel François and Paul Bachmann (Paris, 2001).

802 Petrarch, Ep.

Petrarch, Rem.

Placotomus

Platina

Poliziano Poliziano, Eleg.

Poliziano, Epigr.

Poliziano, Silv. Pontano Pontano, Am. Pontano, Carm. Pontano, Eridanus Pontano, Hendec. Pontano, Hort. Pontano, Laud. Pontano, Lyra Pontano, Meteor. Pontano, Parthen. Pontano, Tum.

list of abbreviations Francesco Petrarca, Epistulae Metricae. Briefe in Versen, ed., trans., and annotated by Otto and Eva Schönberger (Würzburg, 2004). De remediis utriusque fortunae. In Pétrarque, Les remèdes aux deux fortunes / De remediis utriusque fortune (1354–1366), ed., trans., and annotated by Christophe Carraud (Grenoble, 2002). 2 vols. Johann Placotomus, De tuenda bona valetudine, libellus Eobani Hessi, commentariis doctissimis illustratus a Ioanne Placotomo, in Academia Regiomontana professore, medico .... Eiusdem, De natura et viribus cerevisiarum et mulsarum opusculum. De causis, praeservatione, et curatione ebrietatis dissertationes (Frankfurt am Main, March 1551). Bartolomeo Platina, On Right Pleasure and Good Health: A Critical Edition and Translation of De Honesta Voluptate et Valetudine, ed., trans., and annotated by Mary E. Milham (Tempe, AZ, 1998). Angelo Ambrogini Poliziano. Elegiae. In Poliziano, Prose volgari inedite e poesie latine e greche edite e inedite, ed. Isidoro del Lungo (1867; Hildesheim, 1976), 227–256. Epigrammata Latina. In Poliziano, Prose volgari inedite e poesie latine e greche edite e inedite, ed. Isidoro del Lungo (1867; Hildesheim, 1976), 109–166. Silvae, ed., trans., and annotated by Charles Fantazzi (Cambridge, MA, 2004). Giovanni Pontano. De amore coniugali. In Pontano, Carm., 123–185. Ioannis Ioviani Pontani carmina: Ecloghe, Elegie, Liriche, ed. Johannes Oeschger (Bari, 1948). Eridanus. In Pontano, Carm., 379–444. Hendecasyllabi. In Pontano, Carm., 277–342. De hortis Hesperidum. In Ioannis Ioviani Pontani carmina, ed. Benedetto Soldati (Florence, 1902), 1:227–261. De laudibus divini. In Pontano, Carm., 259–276. Lyra. In Pontano, Carm., 351–378. Meteororum liber. In I poemi astrologici di Giovanni Pontano: Storia del testo, ed. Mauro de Nichilo (Bari, 1975), 92–137. Parthenopeus sive Amores. In Pontano, Carm., 63–121. De tumulis. In Pontano, Carm., 187–258.

list of abbreviations Pontano, Urania

803

Urania, sive de stellis. In Ioannis Ioviani Pontani carmina, ed. Benedetto Soldati (Florence, 1902), 1:1–177. Prosper, Epigr. Prosper Aquitanus, Liber epigrammatum, ed. Albertus G.A. Horsting (Berlin, 2016). Prud. Aurelius Prudentius Clemens Prud. Amart. Amartigenia. Prud. Apoth. Apotheosis. Prud. Cath. Liber cathemerinon. Prud. c. Symm. Contra orationem Symmachi. Prud. Perist. Liber Peristefanon. Prud. Psych. Psychomachia. Regimen Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum, as found in the early printed editions. In Patricia W. Cummins, “A Salernitan Regimen of Health,” Allegorica 1 (1976): 78–101 (wording adjusted, as needed, to match the text that Eobanus would have consulted). See also Johann C.G. Ackermann, ed., Regimen Sanitatis Salerni, sive Scholae Salernitanae de conservanda bona valetudine praecepta (Stendal, 1790). Reuchlin, Briefwechsel Johannes Reuchlin, Briefwechsel, ed. Matthias Dall’Asta and Gerald Dörner (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1999–2013). 4 vols. Sabell. In natal. Marcantonio Sabellico, In natalem diem divae Virginis Mariae. Cited according to the edition Deventer, 1490. Sedul. Caelius Sedulius, Paschale carmen, ed. J. Huemer (Vienna, 1885), 1–146. Smetius, Medic. Henricus Smetius (de Smet), De antiquitate et praestantia medicinae (1611) In Ueber Alter und Vortrefflichkeit der Medicin, aus dem Lateinischen des Henricus Smetius a Leda, ed. and trans. Gustav Waltz (Heidelberg, 1889). Strabo, Hortulus Walahfrid Strabo, Hortulus / Vom Gartenbau, ed. and trans. Werner Näf and Matthäus Gabathuler (St. Gallen, 1957). Strozzi, Erot. Eroticon libri VI. In Tito Vespasiano Strozzi, Poesie latine tratte dall’Aldina e confrontate coi Codici, ed. Anita della Guardia (Modena, 1916), 1–179. Strozzi, Serm. Sermonum liber. In Tito Vespasiano Strozzi, Œuvres satiriques, ed., trans., and annotated by Béatrice Charlet-Mesdjian (Aixen-Province, 2016), 7–199. Theoc. Theocritus, Idyls. Tifernate, Carm. Gregorio Tifernate, Carmina. In Hoc volumine haec continentur: P. Gregorii Tipherni poetae illustris opuscula. Francisci Octavii poetae elegiae … (1498; Strasbourg, 1509).

804

list of abbreviations

Trebelius, Epigr. Vegio, Aen.

Velius, Poemata Ven. Fort. Carm

Verino, Epigr. Walter, Alex.

B

Eobanus Hessus’s Works

Accl.

Adnot. Ama. Buc. Calum. Coluth. Consol.

Contemn.

Dial.

Hermann Trebelius, Epigrammaton et carminum liber primus [Frankfurt an der Oder, 1509?]. Maffeo Vegio, Aeneidos liber XIII. In Maffeo Vegio, Short Epics, ed. and trans. Michael C.J. Putnam (Cambridge, MA, 2004), 2– 41. Kaspar Ursinus Velius, Poematum libri quinque (Basel, 1522). Venantius Fortunatus, Carmina. In Venanti Honori Clementiani Fortunati, presbyteri Italici, opera poetica, ed. Friedrich Leo (Berlin, 1881). Ugolino Verino, Epigrammatum libri VII, in Epigrammi, ed. Francesco Bausi (Messina, 1998). Walter of Châtillon, Alexandreis, ed. Marvin L. Colker (Padua, 1978).

Divo ac invicto Imp. Caes. Carolo V. Augusto Germaniam ingredienti Urbis Norimbergae gratulatoria acclamatio. Ad eundem de bello contra Turcas suscipiendo adhortatio (Nuremberg, 1530); Eob. Dichtungen, 3:73–101. In P. Virgilii Maronis Bucolica ac Georgica adnotationes (Haguenau, 1529). De amantium infoelicitate, contra Venerem, de Cupidinis impotentia (Erfurt, 1508); Eob. Poetic Works, 1:200–263. Bucolicon (Erfurt, 1509); Eob. Poetic Works, 1:272–381. Descriptio Calumniae, ad doctissimum virum Philippum Melanthonem (Marburg, 1539), sigs. A1r–A5v. Coluthi Lycopolitae Thebani vetusti admodum poetae de raptu Helenes ac iudicio Paridis poema (Erfurt, 1534). Ad optimum virum M. Philippum Nidanum, in morte Barbarae uxoris consolatio. In Descriptio Calumniae, ad doctissimum virum Philippum Melanthonem. Ad optimum virum M. Philippum Nidanum, in morte Barbarae uxoris consolatio (Marburg, 1539), sigs. A6r–B1r. De non contemnendis studiis humanioribus, futuro theologo maxime necessariis, aliquot clarorum virorum ad Eobanum Hessum epistolae (Erfurt, 1523); Eob. Poetic Works, 4:442–533. Dialogi tres: Melaenus, Misologus, Fugitivi (Erfurt, 1524); Eob. Poetic Works, 442–533.

list of abbreviations Ebn. Eccles. Eleg. Epic. Epigraphia Epith.

Eras.

Gen. ebrios. Guil.

Her. Her. Chr. Hod. Hymn. Hypocr.

Icones Idyl.

Idyl., 1.ded. Idyl., 2.ded. Idyl., Lectori

805

In funere clariss. quondam viri, D. Hieronymi Ebneri (Nuremberg, [1532]); Eob. Dichtungen, 3:485–499. Ecclesiae afflictae epistola ad Lutherum (Haguenau, 1523); Eob. Poetic Works, 4:278–305. Elegiae tres (Nuremberg, 1526); Eob. Poetic Works, 5:186–207. Illustrium ac clarorum aliquot virorum memoriae scripta epicedia (Nuremberg, 1531); Eob. Dichtungen, 3:103–181. Epigraphs composed for the Collegium maius, Erfurt. In Eob. Poetic Works, 3:73–80 (introd. to Orat.). Epithalamion, seu ludus gratulatorius, in nuptiis et receptione insigniorum Doctoratus iurium humanissimi et eruditissimi viri, D. Iusti Studaei (Frankfurt am Main, 1539). In funere clariss. et incomparabilis eruditionis viri, D. Erasmi Roterodami, epicedion (Marburg, 1537); Eob. Dichtungen, 3:541– 551. De generibus ebriosorum et ebrietate vitanda [Erfurt, 1515]; Eob. Poetic Works, 3:214–321. Ad illustrissimum Principem Guilielmum, Ducem Brunsvigensem etc., apud hostes captivum consolatio [Erfurt, 1523]; Eob. Poetic Works, 4:378–389. Heroidum libri tres (Haguenau, 1532); Eob. Dichtungen, 3:269– 483. Heroidum Christianarum epistolae (Leipzig, 1514); Eob. Poetic Works, 2:126–435. A profectione ad Des. Erasmum Roterodamum hodoeporicon carmine heroico (Erfurt, [1519]); Eob. Poetic Works, 4:18–77. Hymnus paschalis (Erfurt, 1515); Eob. Poetic Works, 3:26–53. In hypocrisim vestitus monastici ἐκφώνησις. Psalmi quatuor ex Davidicis carmine redditi [Nuremberg, 1527]; Eob. Poetic Works, 5:284–303. Homericae aliquot icones insigniores, Latinis versibus redditae (Nuremberg, 1533). Bucolicorum idyllia XVII. In Operum farragines duae (Schwäbisch Hall, 1539), part 1, fols. 2r–55r; Eob. Poetic Works, 5:334– 513. Dedicatory letter to Idyl. in the 1528 edition (B); Eob. Poetic Works, 5:326–331. Dedicatory letter to Idyl. in the 1539 edition (O); Eob. Poetic Works, 5:334–341. Epigram to the reader, prefacing Idyl. 13–17; Eob. Poetic Works, 5:460–461.

806

list of abbreviations

Ilias

Poetarum omnium seculorum longe principis Homeri Ilias … iam recens Latino carmine reddita (Basel, 1540). In Eduardum Leeum quorundam e sodalitate literaria Erphurdiensi Erasmici nominis studiosorum epigrammata (Erfurt, 1520); Eob. Poetic Works, 4:130–171. De laudibus et praeconiis incliti atque tocius Germaniae celebratiss. Gymnasii litteratorii apud Erphordiam … carmen succisivis horis deductum (Erfurt, 1507); Eob. Poetic Works, 1:140–191. Habes hic, lector: In evangelici Doctoris Martini Lutheri laudem defensionemque elegias IIII. Ad Iodocum Ionam Northusanum cum eodem a Caesare redeuntem elegiam I. Ad Udalricum Huttenum Equitem Germanum ac poetam nobilissimum de causa Lutheriana elegiam I. In Hieronymum Emserum Lutheromastiga conviciatorem invectivam elegiam I (Erfurt, 1521); Eob. Poetic Works, 4:222–263. Responsio Maximiliani Aug. In Quae in hoc libello nova habentur: Epistola Italiae ad divum Maximilianum Caes. Aug. Ulricho Hutteno Equite Germano autore. Responsio Maximiliani Aug. Helio Eobano Hesso autore (Erfurt, 1516); Eob. Poetic Works, 3:388–409. De casu Moguntiacensi qui contigit in conventu principum Frankforti habito, anno 1539. Unpublished poem in MS D 152, fols. 149r–152r, Zürich, Zentralbibliothek. De vera nobilitate et priscis Germanorum moribus [Erfurt, 1515]; Eob. Poetic Works, 3:142–169. Urbs Noriberga illustrata carmine heroico [Nuremberg, 1532]; Eob. Dichtungen, 3:183–267. Encomium nuptiale divo Sigismundo, regi Poloniae (Cracow, 1512); Eob. Poetic Works, 2:12–37. Oratio, sive praelectio, in auspicio Officiorum M. Tullii Ciceronis et M. Accii Plauti comoediarum [Erfurt, 1515]; Eob. Poetic Works, 3:82–125. Oratio in promotione Baccalaureorum pronunciata (early autumn, 1520). In Epp. fam., 248–252. Oratio de studiorum instauratione in inclyta Schola Erphurdiensi, omnium ordinum consessu frequentissimo auditorio ab Eobano Hesso habita anno M.D.XIX mense Septembri (Erfurt, [1520]); Eob. Poetic Works, 4:86–115. Oratio in praelectione Sylvarum, olim Lypsiae habita (January, 1514). In Epp. fam., 246–248; Eob. Poetic Works, 2:63–68 (introd. to Sylv. duae).

In Ed. Leeum

Laud.

Luth.

Max.

Mog.

Nob. Nor. Nup. Orat.

Orat. Bacc. Orat. stud.

Orat. Sylv.

list of abbreviations Pod.

Praef.

Psalmus CXVIII. Psalt.

Pug. Rec. Ruf.

Salom. Sarmat. Scrib. versuum ratio

Sylv. Sylv. duae Theoc. Tum.

807

Ludus de podagra, in quo eius affectionis natura, commoda iuxta ac incommoda recensentur. E vulgari Germanico in Latinum carmen coacta (Mainz, 1537). Praefaciuncula in Enchiridion Christiani militis. In Praefatio in epistolas divi Pauli Apostoli ad Corynthios Erphurdiae ad Christianae philosophiae studiosorum ordinem habita ab eximio viro D. Iodoco Iona Northusiano .... Huic addita est non multum dissimili argumento Eobani Hessi praefaciuncula in Enchiridion Christiani militis (Erfurt, 1520); Eob. Poetic Works, 4:182–197. Psalmus CXVIII., ex ipsius M. Lutheri scholiis, praeterea sedecim alii Latino carmine redditi [Nuremberg, 1530]. Psalterium universum (Schwäbisch Hall, 1538; Marburg 1539); Psalterium universum, ed. Mechthild Fuchs (Berlin, 2009); to be used with caution. De pugna studentum Erphordiensium cum quibusdam coniuratis nebulonibus (Erfurt, 1506); Eob. Poetic Works, 1:122–133. De recessu studentum ex Erphordia tempore pestilenciae [Erfurt, 1506]; Eob. Poetic Works, 1:98–115. Ad Mutianum Rufum elegia vernae alacritatis commendatitia. In Harry Vredeveld, “A Forgotten Poem by Eobanus Hessus to Mutianus Rufus,” in “Der Buchstab tödt—der Geist macht lebendig”: Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Hans-Gert Roloff, ed. James Hardin and Jörg Jungmayr (Bern, 1992), 2:1067–1083. Salomonis Ecclesiastes carmine redditus (Nuremberg, 1532/33). In poetam Sarmatam Germanos ignaviae insimulantem invectiva [Erfurt, 1523]; Eob. Poetic Works, 4:404–415. Scribendorum versuum maxime compendiosa ratio, in schola Nurenbergae nuper instituta, pueris proposita (Nuremberg, 1526). Sylvarum libri IX. In Operum farragines duae (Schwäbisch Hall, 1539), part 1, fols. 179r–340r. Sylvae duae nuper aeditae: Prussia et Amor [Leipzig, 1514]; Eob. Poetic Works, 2:70–99. Theocriti Syracusani idyllia triginta sex, Latino carmine reddita (Haguenau, 1531). De tumultibus horum temporum querela. Priscorum temporum cum nostris collatio. Omnium regnorum Europae mutatio. Bellum servile Germaniae. Haec omnia carmine heroico. Ad Germaniam afflictam consolatio paraenetica, elegia una. Roma capta, elegiae duae (Nuremberg, 1528); Eob. Dichtungen, 3:7–71.

808

list of abbreviations

Val.

Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot. Simplicium ciborum facultates quaedam. Medicinae encomion. Chorus illustrium medicorum. Novem Musae [Nuremberg, 1531]; Eob. Poetic Works, 5:52–159. Dedicatory letter to Val. in the 1524 edition (A); Eob. Poetic Works, 5:46–49. Dedicatory letter to Val. in the 1531/1539 edition (BO); Eob. Poetic Works, 5:54–61. Venus triumphans, ad Ioachimum Camerarium Qu[aestorem]. Ioachimi Camerarii querela, qua superiori carmini respondet. In nuptiis Ioachimi Camerarii epithalamion, seu ludus Musarum, per Eobanum … (Nuremberg, 1527); Eob. Poetic Works, 5:216– 275. Victoria Christi ab inferis carmine heroico (Erfurt, 1517); Eob. Poetic Works, 3:456–491. De vitanda ebrietate elegia, additis super eadem re aliquot epigrammatis (Erfurt, 1516); Eob. Poetic Works, 3:330–343. De victoria Wirtembergensi, ad illustrem et inclytum heroa Philippum, Hessorum omnium ac finitimarum aliquot gentium principem, gratulatoria acclamatio (Erfurt, 1534); Eob. Dichtungen, 3:501–539.

Val., 1.ded. Val., 2.ded. Venus

Vict. Vitanda ebriet. Wirt.

C

Eobanus Hessus’s Correspondence

Epp. fam.

Epp. 1

Epp. 2

Epp. 3

Epp. 4

Helii Eobani Hessi, poetae excellentiss., et amicorum ipsius epistolarum familiarium libri XII, ed. Johann Drach (Marburg, 1543). Narratio de H. Eobano Hesso … composita a Ioachimo Camerario Pabebergensi. Epistolae Eobani Hessi ad Camerarium et alios quosdam, ed. Joachim Camerarius (Nuremberg, 1553). Libellus alter, epistolas complectens Eobani et aliorum quorundam doctissimorum virorum, necnon versus varii generis atque argumenti, ed. Joachim Camerarius (Leipzig, 1557). Tertius libellus epistolarum H. Eobani Hessi et aliorum quorundam virorum autoritate, virtute, sapientia, doctrinaque excellentium, ed. Joachim Camerarius (Leipzig, 1561). Libellus novus, epistolas et alia quaedam monumenta doctorum superioris et huius aetatis complectens, ed. Joachim Camerarius (Leipzig, 1568).

list of abbreviations

D

809

Other Abbreviations

add. AH

app. arg. ASD BENLW Bernstein, Mutianus bk., bks. BL BNU BSB ca. Carm. CCSL cf. chap. col. corr. CWE d. ded. Dodgson, Catalogue

Ecl. ed., eds. Ep., Epp. Epigr. et al. ex. Faber, Thesaurus

addidit, addiderunt, add, added (in) Guido M. Dreves, Clemens Blume, and Henry M. Bannister, eds., Analecta hymnica medii aevi (1886–1922; New York, 1961). 55 vols. appendix, appendices argumentum, argument, summary Desiderius Erasmus, Opera omnia (Amsterdam, 1969–2008; Leiden, 2009–). Philip Ford, Jan Bloemendal, and Charles Fantazzi, eds., Brill’s Encyclopaedia of the Neo-Latin World (Leiden, 2014). 2 vols. Eckhard Bernstein, Mutianus Rufus und sein humanistischer Freundeskreis in Gotha (Cologne, 2014). book, books British Library Bibliothèque Nationale et Universitaire, National and University Library Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Bavarian State Library circa, approximately Carmen, Carmina Corpus Christianorum. Series Latina (Turnhout, 1953–). confer, compare. chapter column correxit, correxerunt, corrected (in) Collected Works of Erasmus (Toronto, 1974–). died (in) dedicatio, dedicatory letter Campbell Dodgson, Catalogue of Early German and Flemish Woodcuts Preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum, vol. 1 (London, 1903). Ecloga edited (by); editor(s); edition(s) Epistula, Epistulae Epigramma, Epigrammata et alii, et alia, and others; et alibi, and elsewhere exemplar, exemplaria; exemplari, exemplaribus, copy, copies (of a book) Basilius Faber, ed., Thesaurus eruditionis scholasticae, sive ratio docendi ac discendi … (1571; Leipzig, 1572).

810 fasc. fl. fol., fols. HAB Hartl

list of abbreviations

fasciculus, fascicle flourished folio, folios Herzog August Bibliothek Nina Hartl, Die “Stultifera Navis.” Jakob Lochers Übertragung von Sebastian Brants “Narrenschiff” (Münster, 2001). 2 vols. Hausmann B. Hausmann, Albrecht Dürer’s Kupferstiche, Radirungen, Holzschnitte und Zeichnungen (Hannover, 1861). Häussler Reinhard Häussler, ed., Nachträge zu A. Otto, Sprichwörter und sprichwörtliche Redensarten der Römer (Darmstadt, 1968). Cited by page number. HL Humanistica Lovaniensia Höß, Spalatin Irmgard Höß, Georg Spalatin, 1484–1545: Ein Leben in der Zeit des Humanismus und der Reformation (Weimar, 1989). Hummel Bernhard F. Hummel, ed., Celebrium virorum cum Norimbergensium tum aliorum quoque epistolae ineditae LX … (Nuremberg, 1777). i.e. id est, that is introd. introduction (to) Kleineidam Erich Kleineidam, Universitas studii Erffordensis: Überblick über die Geschichte der Universität Erfurt (Leipzig, 1981–1992). 4 vols. Krause, HEH Carl Krause, Helius Eobanus Hessus, sein Leben und seine Werke: Ein Beitrag zur Cultur- und Gelehrtengeschichte des 16. Jahrhunderts (1879; Nieuwkoop, 1963). 2 vols. l., ll. line, lines Lausberg Heinrich Lausberg, Handbook of Literary Rhetoric: A Foundation for Literary Study, trans. Matthew T. Bliss, Annemiek Jansen, and David E. Orton; ed. David E. Orton and R. Dean Anderson (Leiden, 1998). lim. liminary epigram, epigram on the title page Ludwig, Miscella Walther Ludwig, Miscella Neolatina: Ausgewählte Aufsätze 1989–2003, ed. Astrid Steiner-Weber (Hildesheim, 2004–2005). 3 vols. m (preceded by a number) in margine, in the margin, in a sidenote; (followed by a number) metrum (in Boeth. Consol.) Meder, Dürer-Katalog Joseph Meder, Dürer-Katalog: Ein Handbuch über Albrecht Dürers Stiche, Radierungen, Holzschnitte … (Vienna, 1932). Misch Christian Misch, “Die Häuser ‘Zur Engelsburg’ und ‘Zum Schwarzen Ross’ in Erfurt. Kritische Auswertung älterer Quel-

list of abbreviations

811

len und jüngster Forschungen zur Bau- und Nutzungsgeschichte,” in Mark Escherich, Christian Misch, and Rainer Müller, eds., Erfurt im Mittelalter: Neue Beiträge aus Archäologie, Bauforschung und Kunstgeschichte (Berlin, 2003), 52–114. ms., mss. manuscript, manuscripts n., nn. note (to); notes (to) n.d. no date Neander, Ethice, vol. 2 Michael Neander, ed., Ethice vetus et sapiens veterum poetarum Latinorum et aliquot recentiorum illustrium descripta et selecta .... Pars altera (Eisleben, 1581). no., nos. number, numbers n.p. no place NS New Style n.s. new series om. omisit, omiserunt, omitted (in) ÖNB Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Austrian National Library Operum flores Helii Eobani Hessi, poetae Germani, operum flores ac sententiae insigniores …, ed. Christoph Aulaeus (Frankfurt am Main, 1551), sigs. A3r–I6v. Otto A. Otto, Die Sprichwörter und sprichwörtlichen Redensarten der Römer (1890; Hildesheim, 1971). Cited by proverb number. par. paragraph postscr. postscriptum, postscript praef. praefatio, preface prooem. prooemium, proem R. Responsum, Answer r. reigned repr. reprinted Sacré Dirk Sacré, “Medicinae laus per Eobanum Hessum ex Erasmo, versu reddita Reassessed,” in Karl A.E. Enenkel, ed., The Reception of Erasmus in the Early Modern Period (Leiden, 2013), 41– 82. Salzer Anselm Salzer, Die Sinnbilder und Beiworte Mariens in der deutschen Literatur und lateinischen Hymnenpoesie des Mittelalters (1886–1894; Darmstadt, 1967). SB Staatsbibliothek, State Library sc. scilicet, namely Schoch et al., Dürer Rainer Schoch, Matthias Mende, Anna Scherbaum, Albrecht Dürer: Das druckgraphische Werk, vol. 3: Buchillustrationen (Munich, 2004).

812 sig., sigs. s.v. tit. TPMA

list of abbreviations

signature, signatures sub verbo, sub voce, under the heading title, heading Thesaurus Proverbiorum Medii Aevi: Lexikon der Sprichwörter des romanisch-germanischen Mittelalters, founded by Samuel Singer, ed. Kuratorium Singer der Schweizerischen Akademie der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften (Berlin, 1995–2002). 13 vols. and 1 supplement vol. trans. translated (by), translator (of) UB Universitätsbibliothek, University Library ULB Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, University and Regional Library v., vv. versus, verse, verses VD 16 Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachbereich erschienenen Drucke des 16. Jahrhunderts. Digital database, available at https://opacplus.bib‑bvb.de/TouchPoint_touchpoint/start.do? SearchProfile=Altbestand&SearchType=2. VL Kurt Ruh et al., eds., Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Verfasserlexikon (Berlin, 1978–2008). 14 vols. VL 16 Wilhelm Kühlmann et al., eds., Frühe Neuzeit in Deutschland, 1520–1620: Literaturwissenschaftliches Verfasserlexikon (Berlin, 2011–2017). 6 vols. VLDH Franz J. Worstbrock, ed., Verfasserlexikon: Deutscher Humanismus 1480–1520 (Berlin, 2005–2014). 3 vols. vol., vols. volume, volumes Vredeveld, “Lend a Voice” Harry Vredeveld, “‘Lend a Voice’: The Humanistic Portrait Epigraph in the Age of Erasmus and Dürer,” Renaissance Quarterly 66 (2013): 509–567. Walther Hans Walther, ed., Proverbia sententiaeque Latinitatis medii aevi / Lateinische Sprichwörter und Sentenzen des Mittelalters (Göttingen, 1963–1969). 6 vols. Cited by proverb number. Wander Karl F.W. Wander, ed., Deutsches Sprichwörter-Lexikon: Ein Hausschatz für das deutsche Volk (Leipzig, 1867–1880). 5 vols.

Index of Medieval and Neo-Latin Words This index lists words that do not occur in Thesaurus Linguae Latinae or Forcellini’s Lexicon totius Latinitatis. Words in the sense indicated here that are also found in dictionaries of later Latin are marked with an asterisk. For proper names and their derivatives, see the Glossarial Index. aestuo (transitive), to roil, churn up Eleg. 1.20. *alipta = iatraliptes Val. 1.226; 3.66. araneolus mus = araneus mus Val. 1.509. *arvicola, ae, dwelling in the countryside Idyl. 2.7.

firma dies = meridies Val. 1.70. fluidus, a, um, fluent, eloquent Idyl. 3.23. formifer, fera, ferum, bringing (strange) shapes and forms, phantasmagoric Idyl. 12.27. *fuscina, fork Idyl. 12.132.

caelivagus, a, um, heaven-wandering Val. 2.340; Venus 1.255. *canonicatus, canonry Idyl. 8, arg. 1. *chalcographus, compositor, printer Val., 2.ded. 2. *cholera, choler, yellow bile (one of the four humors) Val. 1.42, 53m, 54, 59, 70, 487 chondrus, groats of spelt Val. 1.551, 551m. circumflorens, entis, blooming all around Idyl. 11.43. *condeceo, to be fitting ( for) Venus 2.78. consĭdeo, to make one’s home (in) Idyl. 11.24. consularis, councilor Idyl., 1.ded., tit.; 16, tit. contingo ad, to attain to, to reach Idyl. 10.20. *convictus, principles of healthful living Val. 2.136. crudesco, ere = recrudesco Idyl. 3.131. *cuniculinus, a, um, of rabbits Val. 1.313m.

*genitivus, a, um = genitalis Idyl. 10.76. *glans = glandula Val. 1.347; 1.347m.

*daemon, devil Idyl. 12.124. diffarctus, a, um = differtus Val. 1.390. *divus, a, um, saint Hypocr., t.p.; ded., tit.; Idyl. 6.60m. *dux, duke Idyl. 6.85. *elenchus, syllogism Venus 1.178. *encomion, praise, encomium Val., app. 1.2; app. 2.5; Idyl. 16, tit. *ephemeris, astrological almanac Val. 3.74. *faex, feces Val. 1.186. *faustiter, blissfully Venus 2.151. faveo (transitive), to grant Val. 2.48; Venus 1.4, 259; 2.121, 211; 3.13; Idyl., 1.ded. 37; 2.ded. 35; 10.14; 13.41, 44; 15.11.

*honorificentissime, with deepest respect Val., 1.ded. 18. illecebrae, love affairs, sexual escapades Venus 1.230. *inconditus, a, um, unseasoned Val. 1.358. inoffensus, a, um, impartial Eleg. 3.30. *insultus, assault, onslaught Idyl. 16.115. *lacuster, tris, tre, of lakes Val. 1.582m. lenifluus, a, um, gently flowing Idyl. 11.42; 16.30. lucellum, income, living Val. 2.337. medullivorus, a, um, marrow-devouring Venus 1.7. *multivorus, a, um, multivorous, voracious Val. 1.491. nubicoga, cloudgatherer Venus 2.53. *opifex = opifer Val. 2.104. *ordo, monastic order Idyl. 17.177. *peculium, domestic animals, livestock Idyl. 1.126; 4.108; 7.10; 9.51; 16.167. *pharmacon, pharmacum, drug, medicine Val. 1.508; 2.259; 3.105; Idyl. 15.6. piscitium, the eating of fish Val. 1.569. *praeceptiuncula, short precept Val. 1, tit. ante 101. *praeludium, prelude Val. 1.11.

814

index of medieval and neo-latin words

pulverulentus, a, um, spiced, peppered Val. 1.358. pyxis, potion box, potion Val. 2.144.

septivagus, hedge-roaming Idyl. 11.21. solifuga, ae, sun-warding Idyl. 7.46. *typographus, printer Val., 2.ded. 3.

*rellatro, to bark back Idyl. 11.90. *relligio, religious order Val. 2.363. *res sacrae, divine service Idyl. 14.90. rudentifer, a, um, well rigged Hypocr. B 4.77. salina, salt seller’s booth Idyl. 17.74. sciurinus, a, um, of a squirrel Val. 1.315m. *senatus, city council Eleg. 2.19; Idyl. 16.86, 113.

*undequaque, from somewhere or other Venus 2.26. viridaria, meadow Idyl. 11.133; 12.29. *vitta, episcopal miter Venus 1.231. *vocifer, a, um, vociferous, loud Idyl. 11.98.

Glossarial Index All references are to the Latin text. References to proper names that are alluded to in the text, but not explicitly mentioned, are enclosed in square brackets. Eobanus’s name is omitted when it occurs in the titles and headings of his own works. For a key to the abbreviations, see pp. 804– 812 above. Acheron, a river in the underworld; hence, the underworld Idyl. 5.121. Achilles, the greatest Greek hero at Troy Venus 1.83; Idyl. 4.31; magnus Val. 3.21. See also Aeacides. Acidalius, a, um, Acidalian; associated with the love goddess Venus cauma Idyl. 8.66; cuspis Venus 1.126. Actius, a, um, of Actium, a promontory on the western coast of Greece where Octavian defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in a naval battle (31 BCE) littora Venus 1.147. [Adamus], Adam, the first man Idyl. 2.18. Adonis, a handsome youth beloved by Venus, killed by a boar Idyl. 6, arg. 1; dives Venus 2.177. —, a shepherd lad Idyl. 2.58. Adriacus, a, um, Adriatic, of the Adriatic Sea ranae Idyl. 11.146. Aeacides, the Greek hero Achilles ferus Idyl. 13.94. See also Achilles. Aedera or dy Eder, the Eder River, a tributary of the Fulda Idyl. 1.132m, 133; 5.51m; aurifer Idyl. 5.51; vagus Idyl. 1.132; vitreus Idyl. 6.40. Aegidius, the former Benedictine monastery of Saint Aegidius (Giles) in Nuremberg, from 1526 home to the city’s evangelical academy divus Hypocr., t.p.; ded., tit.; sanctus Nurenbergensis Hypocr., tit. Aegineta. See Paulus Aegineta. Aegle, a shepherdess pulchra Idyl. 1.40. Aemilianus, Emperor Maximilian I (r. 1493– 1519) Venus 3.27. Aeneades, the descendants of Aeneas; the Romans Venus 1.114. Aeneas, the Trojan hero, son of Anchises and Venus, mythical ancestor of the Romans Venus 1.94, [114; Idyl., 1.ded. 48; 2.ded. 46]; pius Idyl. 13.95.

Aeneides, epics like Vergil’s Aeneid innumerae Venus 1.248. Aeous, a, um. See Eous. Aepolus, a goatherd Idyl. 9, arg. 1; 9, tit.; 9, passim as speaker; 9.4, 33, 56. Aesculapius, a healing deity (Asclepius), son of Apollo and Coronis, father of the physicians Podalirius and Machaon Val. 2.245m; 3, tit. ante 9; [3.9–12]. See also Epidaurius; Paeon. Aeson, father of the Argonaut Jason, rejuvenated by the sorceress Medea vetulus Val. 2.141. Aesonides, the Argonaut Jason, son of Aeson, husband of Medea Venus 2.100. See also Iason. Aetna or Aethna, Mount Etna on Sicily Idyl. 10.98; patria Venus 1.75. [Agamemnon]. See Atrides. Agavus, a pastoral name for Johann Crotus Rubianus Idyl. 12, arg. 2; 12, tit.; 12, passim as speaker; improbus Idyl. 12.12. See also Crotus Rubianus. Agenorides, a descendant of the Phoenician king Agenor Venus 1.103 (Cadmus and Perseus); 1 R.106 (Cadmus). See also Perseus. Agrigentinus, a, um, of Agrigentum in Sicily Empedocles Val. 3.72. Aiaces, the two Ajaxes, heroes before Troy Venus 1.89. Albis, the Elbe River placidus Idyl. 17.231. Alcides, Hercules, a descendant of Alceus Venus 1.56; quis Idyl. 14.152. See also Hercules. Alcon, Cretan archer, whose arrows never missed the mark Gnosius Idyl. 4.32. Alexander, Alexander the Great (356–323BCE) Val. 2.299, 299m; 3.57, [58–60; Eleg. 1.116]; fortis Eleg. 1.117; magnus Venus 1.106.

816 Alexis, a handsome lad in Vergil’s second eclogue, loved by Corydon aliquis Idyl., 1.ded. 71; 2.ded. 69. Alpes, the Alps Idyl. 11.15. Alpinus, a, um, of the Alps, Alpine arces Venus 3.35. Amalthaeus, a, um, of Amalthea, the goat that suckled the infant Jupiter on Crete, later placed among the stars as Capella sydus Idyl. 9.86. Amathusia, Venus, worshiped at Amathus on Cyprus Venus 1 R.120. See also Venus. Amor, god of love, Cupid Idyl. 3.58, 64, [101–105]; 7.62; crudelis Idyl. 10.63; durus Venus 1.200; improbus Idyl. 3.101; incestus Venus 1.240; indomitus Venus 1.1; insanus Idyl. 7.66; sagittifer Idyl. 10.83; tener Venus 1.61. See also Cupido. Amores, gods of love Venus 1.[28–36], 230; 1 R.138; Venus 3.11; aligeri Venus 1.27; blandi Venus 2.238; coelivagi Venus 1.255; ridentes Venus 1 R.154; volucres Venus 1 R.2. See also Cupidines. [Amphion], king of Thebes, husband of Niobe; he built the walls of Thebes by the power of his music Venus 1.154–155. Amphitrio, the mother of Hercules by Jupiter Idyl. 13.95. Amyntas, a shepherd Idyl. 7.127; sceleratus Idyl. 9.41; stultus Idyl. 4.35. Anchises, the father of Aeneas Venus 1.95; tuus Venus 2.42. Andinus, a, um, of Andes, a village near Mantua, birthplace of Vergil; hence, Vergilian versus Idyl., 1.ded. 17; 2.ded. 15; Idyl. 8.1; oves Idyl. (B), lim. 2. See also Virgilianus. Anglia, England fera Val. 1.606. See also Britannia. Anglicus, a, um, English casei Val. 1.606m. Anna, Anna of Mecklenburg (1485–1525), the widow of Landgrave William II of Hesse [Idyl., 2.ded. 89, 92; Idyl. 6.72–85, 115– 122]. See also Galatea. —, Anna Truchseß of Grünsberg, outside of Nuremberg (d. 1573), who married Joachim Camerarius on 7 March 1527 Venus 1 R.190–199]; 2, [passim], 120, 163,

glossarial index 231; blanda Venus 2.185; formosa Venus 2.111. Antiochus, Antiochus I Soter, Seleucid king of Syria (r. 281–261BCE), son of Seleucus I Nicator Val. 2.298; 3.46, [47]. Antonius, the triumvir Mark Antony (143– 87 BCE), Cleopatra’s lover Val. 3.61; Venus 1.146. Antonius Musa. See Musa, Antonius. Aon, Boeotian hero; hence, Boeotia, Mount Helicon Venus 2.51, 285. Aonides, the Muses Val. 1.215; Venus 2.[51], 305; 3.11; Idyl. 1.21; 4.69, 73, 81, 89, 97; 14.143; ipsae Eleg. 3.56; puellae Venus 2.45. See also Musa. Aonius, a, um, Aonian, of Mount Helicon corona Idyl. 11.61; laurus Idyl. 12.108; nemus Idyl. 2.27; vertex Venus 1 R.138, 155; colles Idyl. 8.15; sorores (Muses) Idyl. 1.55. Aperbacchus, Petreius, the Erfurt humanist Petrejus Eberbach (ca. 1480–1531/32) Idyl. 4, arg. 1. See also Tityrus. Apollineus, a, um, of Apollo corona Idyl. 12.110. Apollo, the sun god, patron of the arts and medicine; the sun Val., 1.ded. 14; Val. 1.[1], 3, 531; 2.371; 3, tit. ante 1; 3.[1– 9], 36; app. 2.4; 3.3; Venus 1.4; 1 R.52; [2.114]; Idyl. 1.14, 17, 54; 10.14; 11.111, 179; 13.101; 15.3, 11; aversus Idyl. 8.96; investis Idyl. 14.44; lauriger Eleg. 1.21; Medicus Val. 2.410; 3.101; noster Val. 1.264; praesens Idyl. 5.86; ridens Idyl. 11.59. See also Christus; Phoebus; Pythius. —, Christ [Val. 1.1]; maximus Idyl. 2.84. Aquilo, the north wind Venus 1.211. See also Boreas. Arabs, an Arab Val. 2.261; 3.85. [Archimedes], the Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse (ca. 287–212BCE) Eleg. 1.110. Arctous, a, um, northern Danus (Christian III of Denmark) Idyl. 13.58; ora Val. 1.325. Arethusius, a, um, of the spring Arethusa at Syracuse, Sicily, where Theocritus was born flumina Idyl., 1.ded. 51; 2.ded. 49.

glossarial index Argicida, ae, Argus-slaying, Argicide ensis Venus 2.31. Argivus, a, um, Greek iuventus Val. 3.13. See also Graecus. Argolicus, a, um, Greek horti Eleg. 1.59. See also Graecus. Argus, the hundred-eyed giant, killed by Mercury Venus 2.7–8. —, a sharp-eyed critic Eleg. 3.98. —, a pastoral name for Eobanus Hessus Idyl. 5, arg. 1; 5, tit.; 5, passim as speaker; 5.6, 84. See also Hessus. Ariadna, daughter of King Minos and Queen Pasiphae, lover of Theseus Venus 1.209. Aries, the Ram, a sign of the zodiac Val. 1.60. [Arion], lyre player from Methymna in Lesbos, saved from drowning by a dolphin Venus 1.152–153. Aristarchus, the textual critic Aristarchus of Samothrace (ca. 217–145 BCE); hence, an exemplary textual critic Val., 2.ded. 21. Aristoteles, the Greek philosopher (384– 322 BCE) Val. 2.253; 2.253m; doctus Venus 1.179. Arsacides, the Parthians victi Venus 1.129. Asclepiades, Greek physician of Prusa in Bythinia (124–60 BCE) Val. 3, tit. ante 41; [3.41–44]. See also Prusiacus. Ascraeus, a, um, of Ascra in Boeotia, birthplace of the poet Hesiod valles Idyl. 12.122. Asia, Asia Minor Val. 3.34. Asotia, Dissipation (personified) Hypocr. 69. Assaracus, king of Phrygia, grandfather of Anchises Venus 1.95. Athenae, Athens, capital of Attica Attides Idyl. 16.72; doctae Idyl. 14.72. Athlantis, idis, daughter of the Titan Atlas Maia Venus 2.10. Atrides, King Agamemnon, brother of Menelaus, leader of the Greek army in the Trojan War Venus 1.84. Attis, idis, in Attica Athenae Idyl. 16.72. Augustus, the emperor Augustus (r. 27 BCE– 14 CE) Val. 3.94; Venus 1.128. See also Caesar. Augustus, a, um, imperial numen Venus 3.39.

817 Aurora, goddess of the dawn; hence, the dawn, the East Hypocr. B 4.67; Idyl. 12.1; renascens Idyl. 15.20. Ausonides, the Romans Idyl., 1.ded. 52. See also Romani. Ausonius, a, um, of Rome dux (Nero) Idyl., 2.ded. 50. See also Romanus. Auster, the rain-bearing south wind; hence, the South Venus 1.212; humidus Idyl. 10.103. Avicenna, the Muslim physician-philosopher Ibn Sina (d. 1037) Val. 3, tit. ante 85; [3.85–88]. Bacchicus, a, um, of the wine god Bacchus vitis Idyl. 15.69. Bacchius, Barptholomeus, Barthel Bach, by 1522 the town clerk of Joachimsthal Eleg., t.p.; 1, tit.; [1, passim]; charissimus Eleg. 1.137; ingenio foelix tuo Eleg. 1.2. Bacchus, god of wine; hence also, wine Val. 1.[149–150], 618, [620], 648; 3.5; Idyl. 4.99; alter Val., 2.ded. 5; bis genitus Venus 1.53; immodicus Val. 1.143; oblitus modi Val. 1.148. See also Iacchus. Baetis. See Betis. Balthiacum Mare, the Baltic Sea Idyl. 11.16; [14.80]. Baptista, the Italian poet Baptista Mantuanus (1447–1516), known as the “Christian Vergil” Idyl. 3, arg. 2; [3.22–35]. See also Faustus. Bardiacus, a, um, Illyrian cucullus Idyl. 11.199. Barptholomeus Bacchius. See Bacchius. Battus, a pastoral name for Justus Jonas Idyl. 4, arg. 1, 3; 4, tit.; 4, passim as speaker; 4.3, 58, 63, 116. See also Jonas. Baumgartnerus, Hieronymus, the Nuremberg patrician and councilor Hieronymus Baumgartner (1498–1565) Idyl. 16, tit., [passim], 15, 55, 172. Berenices, women like Queen Berenice II of Egypt (d. 221BCE) Venus 1.162. [Bertold von Henneberg-Römhild], archbishop and prince elector of Mainz from 1484 to 1504 Idyl. 8, arg 1. Betis, the Guadalquivir River in Spain olivifer Venus 3.20. Bilibaldus Pircaimerus. See Pircaimerus.

818 Bion, Greek bucolic poet, born near Smyrna (ca. 100 BCE) Idyl. 6, arg. 1. Blemyae, the Blemmyae, a legendary Ethiopian people Venus 1 R.53. Boreas the north wind; hence, the North Val. 1.72; Idyl. 10.103. See also Aquilo. Bos, Taurus, a sign of the zodiac Val. 1.62. Britannia, Britain occiduo submota ponto Idyl. 14.79. See also Anglia. Budaeus, the eminent French scholar Guillaume Budé (1468–1540) Val. 2.303m. [Cadmus]. See Agenorides. Caesar, Caesar Augustus (r. 27 BCE–14 CE) Idyl. 13.25. See also Augustus. —, a Holy Roman emperor (Charles V) Venus 3.24, 30; magnus Venus 3.38. See also Carolus. Caesar, Iulius, Julius Caesar (100–44 BCE) Venus 1.[124–125], 126; Idyl. 6, arg. 1. Calipso, a shepherdess formosa Idyl. 6.1. Calliope, the Muse of epic poetry, queen of the Muses Val. 4, tit. ante 17; 4.17, [18]; Venus 2, tit. ante 101; [Idyl. 12.49–59]. See also Musa. Callirrhoe, a shepherdess levis Idyl. 7.69; iam non mea Idyl. 7.137; mea Idyl. 7.61. Calphurnius, T., the pastoral poet T. Calpurnius Siculus, a contemporary of the emperor Nero Idyl., [1.ded. 51–52]; 2.ded. [49–50], 49m. Camaena. See Camoena. Camerarius Quaestor, Ioachimus or Iochimus, the German humanist Joachim Camerarius of Bamberg (1500–1574) Val., 1.ded. 16; Eleg. 1.61; Venus, t.p.; Venus 1.2, [3–13], 257, [258–265]; Venus 1 R., tit.; Venus 1 R., [passim], 69, 178, postscr.; Venus 2, tit., [passim], 112, 120, 162, 184, 226, 253, 277, 282; 3, tit., [passim], 4, 49; meus Val., 2.ded. 21. Camillus, a pastoral name for Eobanus Hessus Idyl. 1, arg. 1; 1, tit.; 1, passim as speaker; 1.2. See also Hessus. Camoena or Camaena, a Muse; hence also, verse, poetry Idyl. 2.19, 36, 46, 61, 78; honorata Idyl., 1.ded. 11; 2.ded. 9; maior Idyl. 13.73; mea Hypocr. B 4.91; Idyl., 1.ded. 57; 2.ded. 55; sterilis Idyl. 1.26;

glossarial index sylvicola Idyl. 1.61; tua Idyl. 5.87; castae Idyl. 10.15; dispares Val. 2.409; divae Idyl. 8.57; faciles Venus 2.101; Idyl. 9.64, 84; meae Idyl. 8.39; non graves Idyl. 3.34; nostrae Idyl. 5.34; 11.39; 16.27; peregrinantes tecum Venus 3.49; suae Venus 1.154; subitae Idyl. 5.83; tristes Idyl. 6.20. See also Musa. Canace, a shepherdess Idyl. 10.34, [35–80], 52, 59, 69; formosa Idyl. 10.45; mea Idyl. 10.77. Caper, Capricorn, a sign of the zodiac Val. 1.62. Capys, father of Anchises and grandfather of Aeneas Venus 1.95. Carolus, Emperor Charles V (r. 1519–1556) Venus 3.23, 42. See also Caesar. Cassellae, Kassel, capital city of Hesse pulchrae Idyl. 13.8. Castalius, a, um, Castalian, of the Castalian spring on Mount Parnassus fontes Venus 1 R.91. Cato, Cato the Elder, censor in 184BCE nimium Romanus Val. 2.347. —, men of rigid morality, like Cato the Elder and his great-grandson Cato of Utica tetrici Venus 2.258. Catullus, the Roman poet C. Valerius Catullus (ca. 84–ca. 54BCE) numeris operosus Venus 1.171. Celenus, the Harpies dirae Val. 1.377. Celsus, Cornelius, Roman medical encyclopedist of the first century CE Val. 3, tit. ante 101, [101–104]. Ceres, goddess of grain crops; hence also, grain, bread Val. 1.647; 3.1, 5; Venus 1.75; Idyl. 2.42; flava Idyl. 1.84; ipsa Val. 1.648; oleo perfusa Idyl. 2.49. Chaldaei, the Chaldeans Val. 2.261. Charites, the three Graces Venus 2.17, 124, 182, 308; 3.48; Idyl. 11.181; blandae Venus 2.32; formosae Venus 1.77; omnes Idyl. 1.106. See also Gratia. Charmis, Greek physician from Massilia (ca. 50CE) Val. 3, tit. ante 77; [3.77–80]. Chiron, the centaur Chiron, skilled in medicine Val. 3, tit. ante 21; [3.21–24]. See also Phyllirides.

glossarial index Chloris, a shepherdess formosa Idyl. 10.11; pulcherrima Idyl. 3.72. [Christianus], Christian III of Denmark (r. 1534–1559) Idyl. 13.58–59. Christianus Francobergensis, Ludovichus, Ludwig Christiani of Frankenberg (1480– 1553), Eobanus Hessus’s first teacher at Erfurt Idyl. 1, arg. 1. See also Melisaeus. Christicola, a Christian Hypocr. 86. Christicola, ae, Christian animi Idyl. 16.123. Christophorus, a, um, Christ-bearing Virgo (Mary) Idyl. 4.71. Christus, Christ, Jesus Christ Val., app. 2.6; Eleg. 1.114, 122, 133; Hypocr. 64, 79, [87–88], 92; Idyl. 2.15; [4.104]; 17.60, [61–67]; magnus Idyl. 8.86; redux Eleg. 2.1. See also Apollo; Deus. Chrysippus, Stoic philosopher of Soli (third century BCE), famed for his contributions to logic Val. 2.255, 255m. Chunratus Mutianus Rufus. See Mutianus Rufus. Cicero, the Roman orator and statesman (106– 43 BCE) Val. 1.452; Venus 1.[140–141], 142; disertus Eleg. 1.119. —, an orator like Cicero suus (Michael Roting) Eleg. 1.87; clari Idyl. 14.75. Circe, the sorceress Circe, who turned Ulysses’s companions into swine [Venus 1.91]; venefica Val. 2.241. Claudius, Roman emperor (r. 41–54) Val. 1.190, 539; 3.92; Venus 1.132. Cleopatra, Egyptian queen (r. 51–30 BCE) [Val. 3.61]. —, women like Queen Cleopatra Venus 1.162. Clio, the Muse of history Val. 4, tit. ante 1; 4.1, [2]; Venus 2, tit. ante 123. See also Musa. Clitorius fons, a spring near the city of Clitor in northern Arcadia; those who drink of it thenceforth forswear wine Val. 1.645. Clodius, P. Clodius Pulcher (ca. 92–52 BCE), who exiled Cicero in 58 nequissimus Venus 1.145. Cnidius. See Gnidius. Cocytius, a, um, of the Cocytus River in the underworld; hence, infernal regna Venus 1 R.59.

819 Colchis, the Colchian sorceress Medea, who rejuvenated Jason’s father Aeson Val. 2.142. Copia, goddess of Plenty Val., app. 1.4; Venus 2.148; Idyl. 1.84; 17.90; amica Val. 1.646; larga Hypocr. B 3.5; tota Val. 1.410. Cordus, Euricius, the German humanist and physician (1486–1535) noster Val., 1.ded. 16. Coricius, a, um, of Corycus in Cilicia crocum Idyl. 6.63. Coronis, mother of Aesculapius, grandmother of Podalirius Val. 3.16. Corycius. See Coricius. Corydon, a pastoral name for Eobanus Hessus (or some other German poet) Idyl. 11, arg. 2; 11, tit.; 11, passim as speaker; 11.1, 28, 60, 138. See also Hessus. [Cos], island in the Aegean Sea, birthplace of Hippocrates Val. 3.33. Creon, the physician Acron of Agrigentum in Sicily ( fifth century BCE) Val. 2, tit. ante 69, [69–72]. Crinas. See Critias. Critias, the physician Crinas of Massilia (Marseille) in the first century CE Val. 3, tit. ante 73; [3.73–76]. Critobulus, a physician to King Philip of Macedonia and Alexander the Great Val. 2.299; 3, tit. ante 53; [53–56]. Crocale, a shepherdess Idyl. 7.100. Croesi, men as wealthy as Croesus Val. 2.309; ducenti Val. 1.241. Crotus Rubianus, Ioannes, German humanist and theologian, a native of Dornheim (ca. 1480–ca. 1545) Idyl. 12, arg. 2. See also Agavus; Iarbas; Philaegon. Cupidines, Cupids Venus 1.25. See also Amores. Cupidineus, a, um, of Cupid succi Venus 1 R.184. Cupido, god of love, son of Venus Venus 1, [passim], 15, 101, 252; 1 R., [passim], 72, 132, 179; 2.206; Idyl. 3.42, [43–45, 62– 63, 81–82; 10.92]; adornatus genialibus telis Venus 2.95; ferox Venus 1.250; festa fronde revinctus Venus 2.82; victor Venus 1.18; Idyl. 15.23. See also Amor. Curtius, Quintus C. See Quintus.

820 Cyclops, “The Cyclops,” Theocritus’s eleventh idyl Idyl., 2.ded. 77m; 15, tit. Cydon, the city of Cydonia on the island of Crete alta Val. 1.430. Cydonia [mala], quinces Val. 1.430, 430m. Cygnus, a pastoral name (“swan”) for Eobanus Hessus Idyl. 3, arg. 1; 3, tit.; 3, passim as speaker; 3.11, 66, 83, 91, 99. See also Hessus. Cynici, Cynic philosophers Val. 1.457. Cynthia, mistress of Propertius Venus 1.168; formosa Venus 1.167. Cypria, the goddess of love, Venus Venus 1 R.24. See also Venus. Cyprias, the goddess of love, Venus superba Venus 1.151. See also Venus. Cypris, the goddess of love, Venus adultera Venus 1.50; blanda Venus 1.259; diva Venus 1 R.118. See also Venus. Cythereius, a, um, of the island of Cythera, sacred to Venus; of Venus regna Venus 1 R.21. See also Venus. Cytheris, the goddess of love, Venus diva Val. 2.144. See also Venus. Damascenus, a, um, of Damascus pruna Val. 1.439m. Damascus, capital city of Syria barbara Val. 1.439. Danus, a Dane Arctous (Christian III of Denmark) Idyl. 13.58. Daphne, the daughter of Peneus, changed into a laurel tree as she was being pursued by Apollo Venus 2.114; Idyl. 1.37. Daphnis, a deceased shepherd commemorated in Vergil’s fifth eclogue, identified with Julius Caesar Idyl. 6, arg. 1; extinctus Idyl. 1.100. —, a pastoral name for Eobanus Hessus Idyl. 6, tit.; 6, passim as speaker; 6.1, 17. See also Hessus. Dardanus, a, um, Trojan pubes Venus 1.92. Daulias, adis, Daulian, of Daulis in Phocis ales (a nightingale) Val. 1.375. Davides, the Psalmist David [Idyl. 8.88–89]; cythara insignis Venus 1.190. Davidicus, a, um, of King David Psalmi Hypocr., tit.

glossarial index Deianyra, Deianira, wife of Hercules Venus 1.208. Deidamia, wife of Achilles Venus 1.208. Deiphobus, the son of Priam, who married Helen after the death of Paris Venus 1.96. Delmata, a Dalmatian quidam (Sbrulius) Idyl. 11, arg. 1. Delphi, the people of Delphi Val. 1.531. Demosthenes, orators like Demosthenes (384– 322 BCE) magni Idyl. 14.75. Desiderius Erasmus. See Erasmus Roterodamus. Deucalioneus, a, um, of Deucalion, who survived the great flood undae Venus 1.69. Deus, God Val., 2.ded. 20; Val. 2.16, 30, 73, 213, 264, [265–268]; Venus 2.147, [166], 281; Hypocr. 20; B 1.8; B 3, [passim], 1, 15; B 4, [passim], 2, 36, 65; Idyl. 4, arg. 3; 4, [passim], 100; 8.70, 76; 11.173; 14.108, 119; 17.196; cuncta videns Hypocr. 40; ille Hypocr. B 3.21; immortalis Val. 2.72; ipse Val. 2.104, 190; Hypocr. B 2.14; Idyl. 3.19; muneficus Hypocr. B 4.32; omnipotens Hypocr. B 4.71. See also Christus; Spiritus. Dialectica, Dialectic, Logic (personified) Eleg. [1.90], 91–92, [93–95]. Diana, virgin goddess of the hunt and the moon Venus 1 R.86; casta Venus 1 R.106. Dido, Queen of Carthage, Aeneas’s lover moriens Venus 1.157. See also Phoenissa. Dioscorides, Greek physician and pharmacist of the first century CE Val. 3, tit. ante 61; [3.61–64]. Dis, ruler of the underworld; hence also, the underworld itself Val. 2.207; niger Idyl. 5.120; saevus Venus 1 R.59; Stygius Venus 1.47. See also Pluto. —, plutocrats multi Idyl. 5.125. Dodona, a city in Epirus, famed for its sacred oaks sacra Val. 1.441. Dryas, a dryad, tree nymph Venus 1.78; Idyl. 7.141; 16.4; nulla Idyl. 8.60. Eder. See Aedera. Edoni, Thracians Venus 1 R.50. Elizabeta, St. Elizabeth’s in Marburg Idyl. 6.60m.

diva

glossarial index —, Elizabeth of Hesse (1502–1557), daughter of William II of Hesse, sister of Philip the Magnanimous [Idyl. 6.86–90]. Elysium, abode of the blessed after death; heaven Idyl. 6.75. Empedocles, the natural philosopher Empedocles of Agrigentum in Sicily (ca. 500– 430 BCE) Agrigentinus Val. 3.72. Endymion, a handsome youth loved by the moon goddess suus Idyl. 10.72. Eobanus Hessus. See Hessus. Eous or Aeous, a, um, eastern aura Idyl. 4.87; orbis Idyl. 2.16. Epidaurius, the healing god Aesculapius, worshiped at Epidaurus ipse Val. 3.23. See also Aesculapius. Epidaurius anguis, the snake worshiped as a symbol of Aesculapius at Epidaurus Val. 2.79. Epyrus, Epirus, a region of northwestern Greece with the sacred oaks of Dodona Val. 1.380. Erasistratus, ancient Greek physician (ca. 250 BCE) Val. 1.299m; [2.297]; 3, tit. ante 45; [45–48]. Erasmus Roterodamus, Desiderius, Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466–1536) Val. 2, tit.; 2.411; app. 1.4. Erato, the Muse of love poetry Val. 4, tit. ante 11; Venus 2, tit. ante 206; casta Val. 4.11. See also Musa. Erfurdia. See Erphurdia. Erfurdianus. See Erphurdianus. Erfurdiensis, e. See Erphurdiensis. Ericyna, the goddess of Eryx, Venus diva Venus 1 R.51. See also Venus. Erinnys, one of the Furies Idyl. 15.111. See also Furiae. Eriphyle. See Eryphile. Erophilus, the physician Herophilus of Chalcedonia in Asia Minor (ca. 300 BCE) Val. 1.299m; 3, tit. ante 49; [3.49– 52]. Erphurdia, the city of Erfurt Val., 1.ded. 20; Val. 3, tit.; app. 2.7; Idyl. 1.116, [117– 124]; 2, arg. 3; 2.94m; 3, arg. 4; [3, passim]; 5, arg. 4; [5, passim]; 8, arg. 1; 12.53m; [16.128]; 17, tit.; 17, [passim], 84, 98; infoelix Idyl. 5.52; nostra Idyl.

821 17.54; pacis egens Idyl. 17.42; plus satis infoelix Idyl. 5.56. Erphurdianus, a, um, of Erfurt Georgius Sturtiades Val., 2.ded., tit. Erphurdiensis, e, of Erfurt Gymnasium Idyl. 1, arg. 1; medicus (Georg Sturtz) Idyl. 15, tit. Eryphile, Eriphyle, the treacherous wife of King Amphiaraus Venus 1.204. Erysiptolis, protectress of the city of Erfurt Idyl. 17, tit.; 17, passim as speaker; 17.11. Euadne, the wife of Capaneus, who threw herself onto her husband’s pyre Venus 1.209. Euridice. See Eurydice. Europa, the continent of Europe Idyl. 16.23. Eurus, the east wind; hence also, the East Idyl. 8.91; 12.61; leves Idyl. 10.76; volantes Venus 1.31. Eurydice or Euridice, the wife of Orpheus Venus 1.209; dilecta Idyl. 1.52. Eurytus, a lovestruck shepherd Idyl. 10, tit.; 10, passim as speaker; 10.5–6, 13; 15, tit.; [15, passim]; bonus ille Idyl. 15.120; miser Idyl. 15.13; stultus Idyl. 15.110. Euterpe, the Muse of instrumental music and song Val. 4, tit. ante 3; 4.3; Venus 2, tit. ante 186. See also Musa. Falernum or Phalernum, Falernian wine; hence, a fine wine Val. 1.596; Idyl. 1.88. Fama, Fame (personified) Idyl. 13.110; vivis invida Val. 1.656. Fatum, Fate; hence also, fate, death Val. 2.278; Eleg. 1.39, 71, 81; Venus 1 R.175; 2.215; 3.7; Idyl. 2.36, 65; 6.21, 27; 7.68; 9.16; 13.41; 14.76; 16.59; 17.17; dextrum Idyl. 17.194; nefandum Idyl. 1.51; benigna Eleg. 1.39; crudelia Idyl. 7.88; cuncta Venus 2.183; dubia Idyl. 17.45; inimica Idyl. 17.14; mea Eleg. 1.83; Idyl. 8.72; meliora Idyl. 3.142; misera Idyl. 17.98; pessima Idyl. 6.53; quae nam Idyl. 7.89; tam tristia Idyl. 6.17; ultima Idyl. 14.154. See also Parca. Faunus, a woodland deity, identified with Pan Idyl. 8.4.

822 Faustus, a shepherd in the first eclogue of Baptista Mantuanus’s Adolescentia, identified with Mantuanus himself aliquis Idyl. 3.22; fluidus Idyl. 3.23; ille Idyl. 3.32. See also Baptista. Favonius, the west wind, associated with springtime genitivus Idyl. 10.76; occiduus Idyl. 5.89. See also Zephyrus. Fernandus, Archduke Ferdinand (1503–1564), brother of Charles V, king of Bohemia and Hungary from 1526, Holy Roman emperor from 1558 Venus 3.25. Ficinus ab Lichtenavia, Ioannes, Johann Feige of Lichtenau (1482–1543), chancellor of Hesse from 1514 Idyl., 2.ded., tit.; 2.ded. 1, [2–20], 21, 85, [86–108], 109, 113, [114]. Floralius, a, um, of Flora, the goddess of flowers dona Idyl. 5.49. Fortuna, the blind goddess of Fortune, Lady Luck; fortune Val. 2.373; 3.15, 44; Venus 3.13, [14–16]; Idyl. 7.13; 16.35, 115; 17.122, 197; fallax Idyl. 7.23; fautrix Idyl. 16.17; laeta Venus 2.178; liberior Val. 2.32; melior Idyl. 17.228; ridens Venus 2.196; utraque Val. 2.280. Franciscus, Saint Francis of Assisi (1181/82– 1226) Hypocr. 73. Francoberga, Frankenberg in Hesse, where Eobanus attended grammar school from 1501 to 1504 Idyl. 1.132m, 138m. Francobergensis. See Christianus Francobergensis. Fridericus, Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony (r. 1486–1525) Idyl. 12, arg. 2. —, Friedrich Pistorius (1486/87–1553), since 1520 abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Saint Aegidius in Nuremberg Hypocr., t.p.; ded., tit.; ded., passim; Hypocr., tit., 1, [3–7]. Frisii. See Phrysii. Fulda, the Fulda River in Hesse Idyl. 6.36; celer Idyl. 13.8; patrius Idyl. 3.16; rapax Idyl. 6.41; rapidus Idyl. 3.14. Furiae, the Furies Val. 2.352; istae Idyl. 17.192; tristes Idyl. 5.121. See also Erinnys. Fusor aquae, Aquarius, a sign of the zodiac Val. 1.64.

glossarial index Gades, the city of Cádiz on the southwest coast of Spain Venus 3.2. Galatea, a pastoral name for Anna of Mecklenburg (1485–1525), the widow of Landgrave William II Idyl., 2.ded. 92; 6.79. See also Anna. Galenus, the Greek physician Galen of Pergamum (ca. 129–ca. 216CE) Val. 3, tit. ante 29; [3.29–40]; Iliacus Val. 3.81; magnus Val. 3.37. Gallia, France [Venus 3.32]; Idyl. 14.79. Gallicus, a, um, of France rura Venus 3.32. Gallus, the Roman poet and general C. Cornelius Gallus (69/68–26BCE) Venus 1.164. Garamantes, a desert-dwelling people in southwestern Libya Val. 2.338. Gemini, the Twins, a sign of the zodiac Val. 1.64. Georgius Spalatinus. See Spalatinus. Georgius Sturtiades. See Sturtiades. Gera. See Hieras. [Gerlach von der Marthen]. See Marthen, Gerlach von der. Germani, the Germans Val. 1.607m; Idyl. 2.94m. See also Teutonici. Germania, Germany Val. 1.607; Eleg. 1.65; 2.15; 3.61; Idyl. 11, arg. 1; [11, passim; 13.57; 17.126]; 14.32; [16.66]; [app. 5]; bellipotens Idyl. 14.78; fracta dubiis fatis Idyl. 17.45. Germanus, a, um, German, of Germany laus Eleg. 1.132; orbis Idyl. 17.126; poeta Idyl. 11, arg. 2. See also Teutonicus; Teutonis; Teutonus. Gigantes, the Giants, sons of Heaven and Earth, who stormed the heavens, but were struck by Jupiter’s lightning bolts and buried under Mount Etna Idyl. 11.161; 14.149. Gnidius, a, um, of Cnidus, a town in Asia Minor with a celebrated statue of Venus by Praxiteles diva (Venus) Venus 1 R.102. Gnosius, a, um, of Gnosus, the ancient capital of Crete Alcon Idyl. 4.32. Gosus or Gosiberg, the Gossberg, a hill north of Frankenberg (Hesse) Idyl. 1.138m; frondens Idyl. 1.138.

glossarial index Gotha, city in Thuringia, where Mutianus Rufus lived Idyl. 2.94m; 8, arg. 1, 3; parvo condita colle Idyl. 2.92. Graece, in the Greek language Idyl. 1, arg. 4. Graeci, the Greeks Val. 1.505; Idyl. 9, arg. 1. See also Graii. Graecia, Greece tota Val. 3.18; Venus 2.64. Graecus, a, um, Greek foenum Val. 1.459, 459m; literae Idyl. 8, arg. 1. See also Argivus; Argolicus; Graius. Graia, Greek (language) [Venus 2.282]; Idyl. 16.112. Graii, the Greeks veteres Venus 1.173. See also Graeci. Graius, a, um, Greek Musae Idyl. 14.71. See also Graecus. Grammataeus, Henricus the mathematician Heinrich Schreyber of Erfurt (ca. 1492– 1525/26) Val. (A), t.p.; noster Val., 1.ded. 11. Grammatica, Grammar (personified) Eleg. 1.89. Gratia, goddess of grace (Charis) Val., app. 2.1–2; Venus 2, dramatis personae; 2, passim, 56, tit. ante 73, 195, 221, 239, 260, 337; bene iuvantes Val., 2.ded. 20; haece Venus 2.327; ipsae Venus 2.110. See also Charites. Guilielmus, William II (1469–1509), landgrave of Hesse, father of Philip I Idyl., [2.ded. 89–91]; 6, arg. 2; [6, passim]; [8, arg. 1; 13.19, 33–34]; magnanimus Idyl. 13.105; magnus Idyl., 2.ded. 93. See also Iolas. Haebreus, a, um, Hebrew lingua Eleg. 1.63. Haemus. See Hemus. Hamadryades, hamadryads, nymphs of the woods Idyl. 1.105; 16.3. Harpyiae, the Harpies, monstrous vultures with women’s faces; hence, vultures Val. 1.377m. Hebraeus. See Haebreus. Hector, the greatest Trojan hero ferus Venus 1.90; maximus Venus 1.94. Helena, Helen of Troy [Venus 1.86]. See also Lacena; Tyndaris. —, a casus belli like Helen of Troy illa Eleg. 3, postscr. 3.

823 Heliacus, a, um, of Helius Eobanus Hessus cultus Venus 1 R.48. See also Hessiacus. Heliades, a pastoral name (“son of Helius,” i.e., of Apollo) for the laureated poet Hermann Trebelius Idyl. 5.118, 118m; 12, arg. 2; 12, tit.; 12, passim as speaker; 12.109. See also Trebelius. Helicon, mountain in Boeotia, sacred to Apollo and the Muses Idyl. 12.90; 17.201. Heliconiades, the Heliconians, the Muses Venus 1 R.85. See also Musa. Heliconius, a, um, of Mount Helicon tempe Idyl. 2.27. Helius Eobanus Hessus. See Hessus. Helvetii, the Swiss clausi aeternis rupibus Val. 1.610. Hemus, mountain range in Thrace Threycius Venus 2.103. Hercinius, a, um, Hercynian rupes Idyl. 17.1; saltus Idyl. 16.129. See also Hercynia. [Hercules], the mythical Greek hero, famous for his Twelve Labors Venus 1.55– 61, [193–194]; Idyl. 13.95. See also Alcides. Herculeus, a, um, Herculean, of Hercules fretum Venus 3.2; labores Idyl. 12.99; laudes Venus 1.193; sagittae Idyl. 4.25. Hercynia, the Hercynian Forest Venus 1 R.31. See also Hercinius. Hercynius. See Hercinius. Herebordus Margaritanus. See Margaritanus, Herebordus. Hermannus Trebelius. See Trebelius. Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen Venus 1.204. Herophilus. See Erophilus. Hesiodus, the Greek poet Hesiod of Ascra (ca. 700BCE) Val., 1.ded. 1; [Idyl. 12.122]; memor accepti beneficii Val., 1.ded. 7. Hesperides, nymphs of evening, who guarded the golden apples in the western Ocean Venus 2.173. Hesperius, Hesperian, western littus Venus 3.1. Hessi, Hesse; the Hessians; Hesse Idyl. 2.ded., tit.; 6, arg. 2; 8, arg. 1; 13, tit.; alacres Val. 1.609; fortes Idyl. 10.50; monticolae Idyl. 1.81.

824 Hessia, Hesse [Idyl., 2.ded. 1, 110; Idyl. 1, arg. 1]; Idyl. 1, [passim], 129; 6, arg. 5; [6, passim]; 13, [passim], 122. See also Hessus. Hessiacus, a, um, of Hesse, Hessian agri Idyl. 6.60; leo Idyl. 13.12; montes Idyl. 5.51. —, of Eobanus Hessus chelis Val. 2.2. See also Heliacus. Hessis, idis, of Hesse terra Idyl. 6.44. Hessus, Eobanus, Helius Eobanus Hessus (1488–1540) [Eleg. 1.65–84; 3, passim]; Venus 1R, tit.; Venus 1 R., [passim], 4, 27, 169; Hypocr., lim. 1; Idyl. 2.3; 4, arg. 1; 8, arg. 4; alter (Hunus) Val., 1.ded. 16. See also Argus; Camillus; Corydon; Cygnus; Daphnis; Polyphemus. Hieras, the Gera River flowing through Erfurt Idyl. 1.118; 3, arg. 4; 12.53, 53m; piscosus Idyl. 3.12; vagus Idyl. 3.1. —, the river god Gera Idyl. 17, tit.; 17, passim as speaker; 17.7. Hiericola, ae, on the Gera River urbs (Erfurt) Idyl. 16.128. Hieronymus Baumgartnerus. See Baumgartnerus. Hippocrates, Greek physician of Cos (ca. 460–ca. 375 BCE) Val. 3, tit. ante 25; 3.[25–28], 29, [30–35]; magnus Val. 3.33. Hispaniae, Spain Venus, t.p.; Venus 3, tit. Hohemburgum, the town of Homberg in Hesse Idyl. 8, arg. 1. Homerus, Homer, the poet of the Iliad and Odyssey Val. 2.237m, [238–247]; bonus Eleg. 3.95; divinus Val. 2.237, 331; 3.19. See also Maeonius. —, poets like Homer plures Venus 1.246. See also Meonides. [Horatius], the Roman poet Horace (65–8 BCE) Eleg. 3.95–96. Horrisonus or Horselberg, the Hörselberg, a mountain to the east of Eisenach Idyl. 5.90, 90m, [110–121]. Hortensius, the Roman orator Q. Hortensius Hortalus (114–50 BCE), notorious for his extravagant banquets audax Val. 1.387.

glossarial index Hunnus, a Hun, Hungarian Venus 3.26. Hunus, Martinus, Martin Hune of Gittelde, a faculty member at Erfurt, candidate of medicine together with Eobanus Hessus Val. (A), t.p.; Val., 1.ded. 16; Val. 2.[1], 2, [3–9], 401, 401m, [402–409; app. 1.2, 5]. Hybla, a mountain on Sicily, famed for its flowering herbs and bees Sicula Idyl. 8.27. Iacchus, the wine god Bacchus Val. 3.1; facilis Hypocr. B 4.43. See also Bacchus. Iarbas, a learned shepherd, identified with Crotus Rubianus doctus Idyl. 9.86. See also Crotus Rubianus. Iason, the Argonaut Jason, husband of the sorceress Medea durus Venus 1.103. See also Iasonides. Iberus, the Ebro River in Spain Tartessiacus Venus 3.19. Ida, mountain range in Phrygia, not far from Troy Venus 1 R.103; Iliaca Venus 1.74; Phrygia Venus 2.41; Idyl. 10.74. Idaeus, a, um, Trojan lares Val. 3.18. Idalius, a, um, of Idalium, a mountain city in Cyprus, sacred to Venus domina (Venus) Venus 1.107; ignis Eleg. 3.42; mons Venus 1.24; saxum Venus 1.14; colles Venus 1 R.67; ignes Idyl. 3.100; sedes Venus 2.312. Iessaeus or Iesseus, a, um, of Jesse, father of King David Venus 1.191; vates (David) Idyl. 8.89. [Iesus], Jesus Christ. See Christus. Iliacus, a, um, Phrygian, of Troy aurum Venus 1.203; Ida Venus 1.74. —, of Pergamum Galenus Val. 3.81. Iliades, epics like Homer’s Iliad tercentum Venus 1.247. Ilus, son of Tros, founder of Ilium (Troy) Venus 1.95. Indi, the Indians nigri Idyl. 2.32. Invidia, Envy (personified) Eleg., lim., tit.; Idyl. 14.96. See also Livor. Ioachimicae valles, the city of Joachimsthal (Bohemia), now Jáchymov Eleg. 1, tit. Ioachimus or Iochimus Camerarius. See Camerarius Quaestor.

glossarial index Iolas, a pastoral name for William II (1469– 1509), landgrave of Hesse Idyl. 6, arg. 1– 2; 6, tit.; 6, [passim], 38, 65, 70, 74, 76, 81, 112; extinctus Idyl. 6.29; 13.34; laudatus Idyl., 2.ded. 91; magnus Idyl. 6.69; nobilis Idyl. 6.21; sublimis Idyl. 6.51. See also Guilielmus. Iole, daughter of Eurytus, king of Oechalia, carried off by Hercules Oechalia Venus 1.58. —, a lovely shepherdess Idyl. 15, [passim], 28, 94; quaedam Idyl., 1.ded. 77; 2.ded. 75; formosa Idyl. 15.19. Ionas, Iustus, the humanist jurist and theologian Justus Jonas of Nordhausen (1493– 1555) Idyl., arg. 4.1–2. See also Battus. Ionia, region in Asia Minor prisca Val. 1.367. Iovis, Jupiter, chief god of the Romans, identified with Zeus Val. 3.5; Venus 1 R.88; 2.23, 69; Idyl. 2.15; 11.142; ipse Idyl. 6.85; iratus Idyl. 14.150; magnus Venus 1.60; 1 R.117; 2.37; propitius Venus 2.342; supremus Venus 2.74; Tarpaeus Val. 1.591. See also Iupiter. Isenacum, the city of Eisenach in Thuringia Idyl. 5, arg. 4; 5.90m, 91m. Italia, Italy Idyl. 8, arg. 1. Italus, a, um, of Italy arva Idyl., 1.ded. 48; 2.ded. 46. Ithacus, the Ithacan (Ulysses) suus Val. 2.242. See also Ulysses. Iulus, son of Aeneas, legendary ancestor of Julius Caesar Venus 1.124. [Iuno], the wife of Jupiter Venus 1.72–74; 2.41. Iunonius, a, um, sacred to Juno avis (peacock) Venus 2.9. Iupiter or Iuppiter, Jupiter, chief god of the Romans, identified with Zeus Venus 1.44, [69]; 1 R.44, [45–48; 2.10]; Idyl. 2.3; 9.87; 11.152; 15.85; ipse Venus 2.182; iratus Val. 3.11; nubicoga Venus 2.53. See also Iovis; Saturnigena. —, Jupiter Ammon [Venus 1.108]. Lacena, Helen of Troy Venus 1.96. See also Helena. Laethaeus. See Lethaeus.

825 Lanus, the Lahn River that flows through Marburg Idyl. 6.41; tuus Idyl. 6.60. Lanx, Libra, a sign of the zodiac vaga Val. 1.64. Laodamia, the wife of Protesilaus Venus 1.208. Latini, speakers of Latin Idyl. 9, arg. 1. Latinus, a, um, Latin carmen Idyl. 1, arg. 3; lingua Val. 1.316; Venus 2.283; Idyl. 16.111; pecus Idyl. (B), lim. 5; aures Idyl. 1, arg. 3; literae Idyl. 8, arg. 1; Musae Idyl. 11.185; 14.70; Pierides Idyl. 11.198. Latius, a, um, Latin, Roman aula Idyl. 13.25; nomen Idyl. 5.90; orbis Venus 1.116; Idyl. 14.16; rus Idyl. (B), lim. 4; Tybris Val. 3.24; Musae Idyl. 8.2; poetae Venus 1.155. Latmius, a, um, of Mount Latmus in Caria, where the moon goddess visited the sleeping Endymion saxa Venus 1 R.112. [Lavinia], daughter of King Latinus, second wife of Aeneas Venus 1.117. Lemnius, Vulcan, the blacksmith god, whose cult center was in Lemnos Val. 3.2. See also Vulcanus. Leo, a sign of the zodiac Val. 1.60; calidus Idyl. 12.44. Lesbia, mistress of the Roman poet Catullus blanda Venus 1.172. Lethaeus, a, um, of Lethe, the river of forgetfulness in the underworld somnus Idyl. 6.29. Leucippe, a shepherdess Idyl. 7.100. Libanus, Mount Lebanon Hypocr. B 2.11. Libs. See Lybs. Libycus, a, um. See Lybicus. Lichtenavia. See Ficinus ab Lichtenavia. Linus, mythical musician, son of Apollo Venus 1.152. Livius, the great Roman historian Livy (59 BCE–17CE) Eleg. 1.118. Livor, Envy (personified) Hypocr. 70; Idyl. 5.106; edax Eleg. 3.10; Idyl. 2.ded. 83; iners Idyl., 1.ded. 85; moestissimus Eleg. 3.35. See also Invidia. Lollia, Lollia Paulina (d. 49CE), third wife of Caligula improba Venus 1.134. [Lucanus], the Roman poet Lucan (39–65CE) Venus 2.107.

826 Lucifer, the light-bringer, sun Hypocr. B 4.67; Idyl. 9.1. See also Phoebus. Lucina, goddess of childbirth Venus 2.152. Lucullus, the proverbially wealthy Roman general Lucius Licinius Lucullus (ca. 118– 57/56 BCE) Venus 2.176. Luna, the moon goddess, twin sister of the sun god Apollo Venus 1.76; Idyl. 10.72. Luxus, Debauchery (personified) Hypocr. 68. Lybicus, a, um, of Libya, North African arena Venus 1.108. Lybs, the southwest wind Idyl. 10.103. Lycaeum, the gymnasium near Athens where Aristotle taught; hence, a university nescio quale Idyl. 9.93. Lycius, a, um, of Lycia agrestes ( frogs) Idyl. 17.143. Lycoris, mistress of the Roman poet Gaius Cornelius Gallus aversa Venus 1.164. —, a mistress non ulla Idyl. 8.61. Lydia, a girl celebrated by Vergil formosa Venus 1.158. Macedae, the Macedonians; Macedonia Val. 3.53; Eleg. 1.116; Idyl. 13.98. Macer, Aemilius Macer of Verona (d. 16 BCE), who wrote a poem on medicinal herbs Val. 3, tit. ante 109; [3.109–112]. Machaon, Greek physician before Troy, son of Aesculapius, brother of Podalirius Val. 2.245m; 3, tit. ante 17, [17– 20]. Maeonides. See Meonides. Maeonius, Homer Idyl., 2.ded. 100. See also Homerus. Magebucchus, Ioannes, Johann Magenbuch, municipal physician of Nuremberg from 1524 until his death in 1546 Val., 2.ded. 19. Maia, mother of Mercury Venus 1.51; Athlantis Venus 2.10. Mantous, a, um, of Mantua poetae (Vergil and Baptista Mantuanus) Idyl. 3.35. Mantuani, Mantuans duo (Vergil and Baptista Mantuanus) Idyl. 3, arg. 2. [Mantuanus, Baptista]. See Baptista. Margaritanus, Herebordus, the humanist and

glossarial index jurist Herbord von der Marthen (ca. 1480– 1529) Idyl. 5.37m. See also Phileremus. [Maria], the Virgin Mary Idyl. 4, arg. 3; 4, passim. Maro. See Virgilius Maro. Marones, poets like Vergil grande sonaturi Idyl. 13.119; mille Venus 1.247. See also Virgilius Maro. Mars, the god of war; hence also, war, battle Venus 1.93, 115; adhuc vinctus Venus 1.49; suus Idyl. 14.145. See also Mavors. —, the planet Mars Val. 1.75. Marsia, Marsyas, a satyr who challenged Apollo to a contest in flute playing, but was flayed alive Idyl. 4.53; [8.96]. [Marthen, Gerlach von der], Erfurt patrician and jurist (1465–1515), vicegerent of the archbishop of Mainz (1499–1504) Idyl. 5.39. [Martialis], the Roman epigrammatist Martial (late first century CE) Val. 1.396, 539– 540. Martiburgum, the city of Marburg Idyl. 6.[42], 42m, 60m. Martius, a, um, of the war god Mars; hence, martial castra Idyl. 16.99; facta Idyl. 13.118. Massylia, Marseilles Val. 3.76. Mavors, the god of war bellipotens Idyl. 14.5. See also Mars. [Medea]. See Colchis. Melanchthon or Melanthon, Philippus, the Wittenberg humanist and reformer (1497– 1560) Val., 1.ded. 16; Eleg. 3.7, [59–60]; 3, postscr. 1; Idyl. 14, tit.; 14, [passim], 1; doctus Idyl. 14.46; noster Hypocr., ded. 2; pius Eleg. 1.97. Meleterus, a shepherd Idyl. 6, tit.; 6, passim as speaker; 6.7. Melinus, a sheepherder Idyl. 9, arg. 1; 9, tit.; 9, passim as speaker; 9.9, 53, 64. Melisaeus, a pastoral name (“singer”) for Ludwig Christiani of Frankenberg Idyl. 1, arg. 1; 1, tit.; 1, passim as speaker; 1.4, 11, 36, 49, 146; 12.64, 64m. See also Christianus Francobergensis. Melissa, a shepherdess nigra Idyl. 7.100.

glossarial index Melpomene, the Muse of tragedy Val. 4, tit. ante 7; 4.7, [8]; Venus 2, tit. ante 147. See also Musa. Menalcas, an older shepherd Idyl. 7, arg. 2; 7, tit.; 7, passim as speaker; 7.1, 8, 29, 85, 95. Menelaus, king of Sparta, brother of Agamemnon and husband of Helen flavicomus Venus 1.86. Meonides, poets like Homer magni Idyl. 14.75. See also Homerus. Mercurius, Mercury, son of Jupiter and Maia, messenger of the gods, patron of eloquence, inventor of the lyre Val. 3.2; Venus [1.51]; 1 R.47; 2, dramatis personae; 2, passim as speaker. [Messalina], Valeria Messalina (d. 48 CE), third wife of Emperor Claudius Val. 3.91; Venus 1.133. Midas or Mydas, a mythical king of Phrygia, proverbial for his riches and stupidity; he was given ass’s ears because he had no ear for Apollo’s music Val. 1.242; app. 4.4; [Idyl. 4.55]; dives Val. 1.336. —, men as wealthy as King Midas Val. 2.309. Minciades or Mintiades, ae, born by the Mincio River; hence, Vergilian poeta (Vergil) Eleg. 1.79; Musae Idyl. 8.11; 13.1. See also Virgilianus. Minerva, goddess of wisdom, patron of the arts and sciences Val. 1.217; Venus [1.72– 74]; 1 R.86, 100; 2.41. See also Pallas. [Minotaurus], a man-eating monster, imprisoned in the labyrinth on Crete, killed by Theseus Venus 1.100. Misenus, Aeneas’s trumpeter Idyl. 4.56. Mnemosyne, mother of the Muses Venus 2.73. Moenus, The Main River Venus 1 R.31; naviger Idyl. 6.43. Mogunciacensis, e, of Mainz pontifex (Archbishop Bertold von HennebergRömhild) Idyl. 8, arg. 1. Morpheus, god of dreams praesens Idyl. 12.26. Moses, the lawgiver of the Jews Val. 2.233m; legifer Val. 2.233.

827 Musa, a Muse Val., 1.ded. 8, 14; Val. 1.1, 400; 2.300, 371, 407; 3.95, 102; 4, tit.; 4.1, 17; app. 2.1–4; Eleg. 1.21, [22–26], 29, [32], 37, 40; 2.4, 12, 25; 3.[15–17], 18, [21–22]; Venus, t.p.; Venus 1.[3–4], 196, 238, 251, [257], 264; [1R.4, 79–93, 117–166]; 2, tit.; 2, [passim], 17, 26, 32, 55, 62, 74, 81, 93, tit. ante 101, 182, 241, 310, 336; [3.5]; Idyl., 1.ded. 82; 2.ded. 80; Idyl. 1.14, 17, [55], 98; 2, [passim], 7, 14, 19, 29, 40, 45–46, 52, 59, 61, 68, 70–71, 78; 3.42; 4.68, 77, 85, 93, 101; 11.178; 12.46, 47, 69, 89, 125–126, 128; 13.107, 109; 14.1, 29; 15.10; 16.9, [16.160–171]; 17.140, 210, 223; imprudens Idyl. 16.161; inops Val. 1.23; iocosa Venus, lim. 2; male cauta Eleg. 3.73; mea Val. 1.408; Eleg. 1.72, 77; Idyl., 2.ded. 99; Idyl. 1.20; 13.21; mea rustica Idyl. 8.12; nostra dolens Eleg. 3.8; pudica Val. 1.216; rustica Idyl. (B), lim. 1; secura sui Eleg. 3.14; tua Idyl. 1.11; 3.35; arvicolae Idyl. 2.7; castae Venus, lim. 3; certantes Idyl. 4.64; 17.138; doctae Idyl. 2.71; dulces Idyl. 2.11, 14, 29, 40, 52, 68; faciles Idyl. 11.121; faventes Idyl. 4.69, 73, 81, 89, 97; fugatae Idyl. 17.213; Graiae Idyl. 14.71; hae Idyl. 16.51; humiles Idyl. 13.103; inaudaces Idyl. 11.112; Latiae Idyl. 8.2; Latinae Idyl. 11.185; 14.71; meae Idyl., 1.ded. 43; 2.ded. 41; Idyl. 6.20; medicantes Idyl. 15.1; Mintiades Idyl. 8.10; 13.1; nostrae Hypocr., ded. 5; Idyl. 1.62; 16.57; novem Val., t.p.; Venus 2, dramatis personae; omnes Idyl. 17.31; peremptae Idyl. 17.201; Pierides Idyl. 12.125; 15.1; praesentes Idyl. 12.123; propitiae Val., 2.ded. 20; proscriptae Idyl. 14.45; pulsae Idyl. 16.64; reduces Idyl. 16.8; renatae Idyl. 14.84; salutiferae Val. 3.105; sanctae Idyl. 2.85; steriles Val. 2.313; sylvestres Idyl. 16.1; sylvicolae Idyl. 13.70; tristes Idyl. 14.3; ullae Idyl. 11.23; vestrae Idyl. 11.53; virgines Idyl. 13.123. See also Aonides; Calliope; Camoena; Clio; Erato; Euterpe; Heliconiades; Melpomene; Pieris; Polyhymnia; Terpsichore; Thalia; Thespiades puellae; Urania.

828 Musa, Antonius, personal physician of Caesar Augustus, whom he cured of a serious illness in 23 BCE Val. 3, tit. ante 93; 3.[93– 95], 96. Musaeum or Museum, Georg Sturtz’s beautifully decorated study, dedicated to Apollo and the Muses Val., 1.ded. 13–14; Val. 3, tit.; [4, tit.]; app. 2.1; app. 3, tit.; iste tuum Val., app. 2.6; Sturtianum Val. (A), t.p.; tuum Val., 1.ded. 13; app. 2.3. Musaeus, legendary Greek poet and singer Venus 1.152. Musicus, a, um, of the Muses antra Venus 2.286; castra Eleg. 1.46. [Muth, Johann], elder brother of Mutianus Rufus, from 1485 to his death in 1494/95 master of the kitchen for the archbishop of Mainz in the domain of Erfurt Idyl. 8, arg. 1. —, Mutianus Rufus’s younger brother (1468– 1504), chancellor of Landgrave William II of Hesse Idyl. 8, arg. 1. Mutiani or Mutii, the Muth family, to which Mutianus Rufus belonged Idyl. 8, arg. 1. Mutianus Rufus, Chunratus, the celebrated humanist, native of Homberg, canon in Gotha (1470/71–1526) Idyl. 2.94m; 4, arg. 3; 8, arg. 1, [2–5]; 8, tit.; 8, [passim], 36, 39, 93; notissimus per Aonios colles Idyl. 8.15. See also Thrasybulus. Mydas. See Midas. Mythridates, Mithridates VI, the Great (120– 63 BCE), king of Pontus Val. 2.257, 257m, [259]. Mythridaticus, a, um, of Mithridates the Great theriaca Val. 2.259m. Naias, a river nymph, naiad Venus 1.78; Idyl. 6.56; 7.141; 8.60; 10.32, 89; 16.3; 17.7; omnes Idyl. 1.105. Napaeae or Napeae, nymphs of wooded valleys Idyl. 1.106; 16.4; faciles Val. 2.405; Venus 1.78; molles Idyl. 7.141; tristes Idyl. 6.56. Narcissus, a lovelorn shepherd Idyl. 7, arg. 2; 7, tit.; 7, passim as speaker; 7.68, 81, 83, 104, 130; ille tuus Idyl. 7.148; miser Idyl. 7.159; noster Idyl. 7.55.

glossarial index Natura, Nature (personified) Val. 1.197, [198– 204], 222; 2.215; 3.97, 100; Idyl. 2.81; 14,126; 15.52; 16.137; 17.121; admiranda Idyl. 9.38; difficilis Idyl., 1.ded. 13; 2.ded. 11; Idyl. 11.81; mirabilis Idyl. 9.42; praeses Val. 1.188. Nemphis, the Nemphe River, a tributary of the Eder Idyl. 1.132m; parvus Idyl. 1.132. Nepa, Scorpio, a sign of the zodiac trux Val. 1.66. Neptunus, the sea god Neptune Venus 1.46; 1 R.58; [Idyl. 17.235]. Neraeus, a, um, of the sea god Nereus; hence, of the sea fluctus Idyl. 10.98. Nereus, the sea god Nereus; hence also, the sea Idyl. 11.183; grandis Venus 2.334; ipse Venus 1.68; totus Idyl. 7.78. Nero, the Roman emperor Nero (r. 54–68CE) [Idyl., 1.ded. 52; 2.ded. 50]; dirus Venus 1.130. Nessus, the Nesse River, near Eisenach Idyl. 5.91m; gelidus Idyl. 3.15; undosus Idyl. 5.91. Nestor, wise old man who advised the Greeks before Troy, proverbial for his longevity Idyl. 13.79. Nilus, the Nile River Venus 1 R.54. Nisus, a pastoral name for Philip the Upright (1448–1508), elector Palatine from 1467 Rhenanus Idyl. 6.47. Nomades, the Numidians, a nomadic people in North Africa Val. 1.601. Noriberga, Norica berga, Nuremberga, or Nurenberga, the city of Nuremberg, the name of which was explained as stemming from the ancient Norici Val., 2.ded. 4, 24; [Eleg.1–3, passim; Venus 2, passim]; Hypocr., t.p.; ded., tit.; ded. 5; Idyl., lectori, postscr.; Idyl. 13, postscr.; 16, tit.; 16, [passim], 31; 16, postscr. Noribergensis, e, of Nuremberg patricius ac consularis Idyl., 1.ded., tit. Norica berga. See Noriberga. Noricus, a, um, Noric, of Noricum; hence (by a pseudo-etymology) of Nuremberg iuventus Eleg. 1.102; pubes Idyl. 16.106; schola Eleg., t.p.; Eleg. 1, tit.; Venus, t.p.; tellus Idyl. 16.135; urbs Eleg. 1.39; 2.11; Idyl. 16.156; Venus 2, post tit.; 2.54; moe-

glossarial index nia Eleg. 1.27; Venus 2.16; Idyl. 16.30; pectora Eleg. 1.135; regna Eleg. 2.52; rura Eleg. 1.20; Venus 2.65. Notus, the stormy south wind Venus 2.278. Nuremberga; Nurenberga. See Noriberga. Nurenbergensis, e, in Nuremberg S. Aegidius Hypocr., tit. Oceanus, the Ocean Idyl. 6.80, 121; 9.1; 10.102; 12.1, 10; 17.21. Odrysius, a, um, of Thrace Rhesus Venus 1 R.126. Oechalius, a, um, of Oechalia Iole Venus 1.58. Oenone, a Phrygian nymph, loved by Paris Idyl. 10.73. Olenius, a, um, Olenian, Aetolian capra (the goat Amalthea) Idyl. 9.87. Olympias, an Olympiad; poetically, a period of five years octava Idyl., lectori 8; quinta Idyl. 13.39. Olympus, the sky clarus Venus 1 R.173; stellatus Idyl. 11.197. [Opsopoeus, Vincentius], a humanist scholar and poet (d. 1539), who mocked Eobanus for writing a seven-foot hexameter Eleg. 3, tit.; 3, passim. Oreas, mountain nymph, oread Idyl. 1.109; mollis Idyl. 8.60; vagae Idyl. 16.5. Oriens, the East Idyl. 14.76. Orpheus, legendary Thracian singer, husband of Eurydice Val. 2.235, 235m; Venus 1.152; 2.104; Idyl. 1.51. Ovidianus, a, um, by the Roman poet Ovid carmen (Metamorphoses) Idyl. 7, arg. 3. [Ovidius], the Roman poet Ovid (43 BCE– 17/18 CE) Venus 1.165–166. Pactolus, goldbearing river in Lydia Venus 2.174. Paean, a festive hymn laetissimus Venus 2.116. Paeon, god of healing, identified with Aesculapius Val. 2.245. See also Aesculapius. Paestanus, a, um, of Paestum in Lucania, famed for its twice-blooming roses rosa Idyl. 11.21.

829 Palamedeus, a, um, of Palamedes, who invented several letters of the Greek alphabet by observing the flight of cranes aves (cranes) Val. 1.398. Palepaphius, a, um, of Palaepaphus (Old Paphus) on Cyprus, where Venus rose from the sea; hence, of Venus or her son Cupid arundo Idyl. 7.138. Pales, guardian deity of flocks and cattle diva Idyl. 5.64; montana Idyl. 5.63. Palladius, a, um, of Pallas Athene, Palladian pulvis Val. 1.99; Idyl. 12.95; urbs (Marburg) Idyl. 6.42; arces (University of Erfurt) Idyl. 17.135. Pallas, Pallas Athene, goddess of wisdom Idyl. 17.109, 113; pulsa Idyl. 14.162. See also Minerva. Pan, god of the woodlands and shepherds, half man, half goat Idyl. 1.141; 10.30, 88; capripes Idyl. 1.18; improbus Idyl. 4.41; ipse Idyl. 1.109; magnus Idyl. 5.64; 8.4; maximus Idyl. 5.62. Panes, woodland deities Venus 1.65. Paphia, the Paphian goddess, Venus Venus 1 R.84, 159. See also Venus. Paphius, a, um, of Paphus, a city on Cyprus sacred to Venus; hence, Paphian, of Venus arbor (myrtle) Venus 2.126; flammae Venus 1.177. Paphus, a city on Cyprus, sacred to Venus Venus 2.59. Parca, one of the goddesses of Fate who spin, measure, and cut off the thread of life Venus 2.142; Idyl., 1.ded. 22, 37; 2.ded. 20, 35; Idyl. [3.133–134; 6.22– 28]; fatales Idyl. 6.22. See also Fatum. Paris, Paris of Troy, lover of Oenone, umpire of a beauty contest among three goddesses on Mount Ida Venus 1.74, 94; Idyl. 10.73. Parrhasis Ursa, the constellation Ursa Maior Val. 1.604. Pasiphae, wife of Minos, mother of the Minotaur Venus 1.207. Paulus, the apostle Paul Val. 2.269, [270]. Paulus Aegineta, the Alexandrian Greek physician Paul of Aegina (seventh century CE) Val. 3, tit. ante 37; [3.37–40].

830 Pegnesis, idos, of the Pegnitz River ora Eleg. 1.69; Venus 2.339; ripa Eleg. 1.25; unda Venus 2.15. Pegnesus, the Pegnitz River that flows through Nuremberg Eleg. 1.28–29; Venus 2.19, 66, 286; Idyl. 16.[25–30], 130; pulcher Venus 2.311; Idyl. 16.24; viridis Eleg. 1.19. Pelides, Achilles, the son of Peleus Idyl., 2.ded. 100. Pelusiacus, a, um, of the city of Pelusium in Egypt zythum Val. 1.649. Peneius, a, um, belonging to the Peneus River Tempe Eleg. 1.33. Peneus, river that flows through the Vale of Tempe in Thessaly Venus 2.18, 287; lauriger Eleg. 1.30; pulcher Idyl. 16.131. Permessis, source of the Permessus River on Mount Helicon, sacred to the Muses Idyl. 12.46. Persae, the Persians Val. 2.261; Idyl. 14.103. Perseus, mythical Greek hero, brother of Cadmus Venus 1 R.105. See also Agenorides. Persica [mala], peaches Val. 1.425, 425m. Petreius Aperbacchus. See Aperbacchus. Phaedra. See Phedra. Phalernum. See Falernum. Phaon, an old ferryman of Lesbos, rejuvenated by Venus after he took her across the straits of Chios without charge Val. 2.143. Pharius, a, um, of Egypt, Egyptian aula Venus 1.148; ignes Val. 3.61. Phasiades, Phasian birds, pheasants Val. 1.590. Phasis, a river in Colchis that flows into the Black Sea Scythicus Val. 1.364. Phedra, wife of Theseus, stepmother of Hippolytus Venus 1.205. Philaegon, a pastoral name (“one who loves goats”) for Crotus Rubianus Idyl. 3, arg. 1; 3, tit.; 3, passim as speaker; 3.6, 82, 122; magnus Idyl. 9.47. See also Crotus Rubianus. Philantis, a lovelorn shepherdess Idyl. 7.60, 68; formosa Idyl. 7.101, 144; nivea Idyl. 7.56. Phileremus, a pastoral name (“one who loves solitude”) for Herbord von der Marthen Idyl. 5, arg. 1; 5, tit.; 5, passim as

glossarial index speaker; 5.1, 5, 35, 37m, 45, 68, 82, 99. See also Margaritanus, Herebordus. Philetas, a pastoral name for Georg Spalatin Idyl. 2, arg. 1; 2, tit.; 2.9, 57, 64; [10.91– 92, 97]; meus Idyl. 10.91. See also Spalatinus. Philippus, Philip II, king of Macedonia (359– 336 BCE), father of Alexander the Great Val. 3.53; Venus 1.107. —, Philip of Acarnania, personal physician of Alexander the Great Val. 3, tit. ante 57; [3.57–60]. —, Philip the Magnanimous (1504–1567), landgrave of Hesse from 1509 Idyl., 2.ded. [89–90, 95–98], 99, [110–112]; Idyl. 6, arg. 2; 6.[86–122], 92m; 13, tit.; 13, [passim], 10, 63, 106; generosus Idyl. 13.19; illustris Idyl., 2.ded., tit.; 2.ded. 87. —, Philip Melanchthon. See Melanchthon. Phillyrides. See Phyllirides. Philondas, a pastoral name for the humanist poet Riccardo Sbruglio Idyl. 11, arg. 1; 11, tit.; 11, passim as speaker; 11.1, 11, 27, 53, 62, 84, 136; noster Idyl. 11.122. See also Sbrulius. Philotas, a lovestruck shepherd Idyl. 7, arg. 2; 7, tit.; 7, passim as speaker; 7.11, 47, 69; ipse Idyl. 7.91; mihi carus Idyl. 7.86. Phlegeton, river of fire in the underworld; hence, the underworld itself Idyl. 4.34. Phocis, idos, of Phocis, a region in central Greece with Mount Parnassus terra Venus 2.58. Phoebaeus or Phoebeus, a, um, of Phoebus Apollo; of the sun lampas Idyl. 6.98; cantus Idyl. 1.19; cygni Val. 1.399; ignes Idyl. 9.96. Phoebus, the sun god, identified with Apollo; the sun Val. 1.74, 201, 400; 2.4, 245; 3.15, 106; app. 3.2; Eleg. 1.27; Venus 1.49, [76]; 1 R.19; Idyl. 4.53, 99; 8.31; 11.138; 12.18, 46; 13.109; 14.1; nascens Idyl. 16.29; vindex Idyl. 13.107. See also Apollo; Lucifer; Sol. Phoenissa, Dido, queen of Carthage and Aeneas’s lover Venus 1.207. See also Dido. Phrygius, a, um, Phrygian, Trojan dux (Aeneas) Idyl., 1.ded. 48; 2.ded. 46;

glossarial index Ida Venus 2.41; Idyl. 10.74; Mydas Val., app. 4.4; rex (Midas) Idyl. 4.55. Phrysii, the Frisians Val. 1.611. Phryxaeum pecus, the constellation Aries (Ram) with the Golden Fleece; the sun enters Aries at the spring equinox Idyl. 9.88. Phyllirides, the wise centaur Chiron, son of Saturn and the Oceanid Philyra; skilled in medicine, music, and the other arts, he mentored Achilles and other Greek heroes Idyl. 4.30; magnus Val. 2.245. See also Chiron. Phyllis, a Thracian princess who hanged herself when her husband Demophon did not return to her as promised Venus 1.206. —, a shepherdess Idyl. 1.111; nulla Idyl. 8.61; formosae Idyl. 1.104. Pieris, a Muse Venus 1 R.19; Idyl. 1.15, 60; 4.64, 68, 77, 85, 93, 101; 15.7; 16.15; divae Venus 1 R.165; 2.22; Idyl. 2.2; 12.121; Latinae Idyl. 11.199; novem Val., app. 3.2; pressae Idyl. 14.14. See also Musa. Pieris, idis, Pierian, Thessalian Musae Idyl. 12.125; 15.2. Pierius, a, um, of the Muses chelis Idyl., 1.ded. 2. Pindaricus, a, um, Pindaric, of Pindar lyra Venus 1.171. Pircaimerus, Bilibaldus, the Nuremberg patrician humanist Willibald Pirckheimer (1470–1530) Idyl., 1.ded., tit.; 1.ded. 1, [2– 22], 23, [24], 87; [2.ded. 103–104]. Pirithous. See Pyrithous. Piscis, Pisces, a sign of the zodiac iners Val. 1.66. Plato, the Greek philosopher (ca. 429–347 BCE) Val. 2.253m; magnus Val. 2.253; Venus 1.175. Plinius or Plynius, the Roman encyclopedist Pliny the Elder (23/24 BCE–79 CE) Val. 2.303m; 3, tit. ante 97; [97–100]. Pluto ruler of the underworld, husband of Proserpina avarus Venus 1.102. See also Dis. Podalirius, Greek physician before Troy, son of Aesculapius, brother of Machaon Val. 2.245m; 3, tit. ante 13; [3.13–16], 17.

831 Poenus, a, um, Punic, African leones Idyl. 6.49. Polla, wife of the Roman poet Lucan Venus 2.108. [Pollio], C. Asinius Pollio (76BCE–4CE), a friend and patron of the young Vergil Idyl. 13.4. Polycletaeus, a, um, of the sculptor Polyclitus of Argos (second half of the fifth century BCE) ars Idyl. 16.50. Polyhymnia, Polymneia, or Polymnia, the Muse of sacred song Val. 3, tit. ante 13; 4.13; Venus 1 R.140; 2, tit. ante 282. See also Musa. Polyphemus, a pastoral name (“abounding in songs”) for Eobanus Hessus Idyl. 12, arg. 2; 12, tit.; 12, passim as speaker; 12.5, 27, 58, 109, 130. See also Hessus. Pregellus, Ioannes, a pupil of Eobanus Hessus in Nuremberg Hypocr., lim., tit. Procris, wife of the Attic hero Cephalus credula Venus 1.205. Prodicus, the physician Prodicus of Selymbria, a pupil of Hippocrates, who specialized in the art of massage Val. 3, tit. ante 65; [3.65–68]. Propertius, the Roman poet (ca. 47–ca. 15BCE) [Venus 1.167]; doctus Venus 1.168. [Proserpina], wife of Pluto, queen of the underworld Venus 1.102. Prusiacus, a, um, of Prusa in Bythinia senex (Asclepiades) Val. 2.80. See also Asclepiades. Ptolemaeus, Ptolemy II Philadelphus (r. 285– 246 BCE), patron of Theocritus ipse Idyl. 13.27. —, a son of Antiochus I Soter Val. 2.297, 297m. Punica [mala], pomegranates Val. 1.433, 433m. Pyrenaeus, a, um, of the Pyrenees iugum Venus 3.36. Pyrithous, Jupiter’s son Pirithous, who tried to kidnap Proserpina from the underworld Venus 1.103. Pythagoras, Greek philosoper (ca. 580– 500 BCE) Val. 2.249, 249m, [251–252]. Pythius, Apollo praedives Venus 2.172. See also Apollo.

832 Quintus, Q. Curtius Rufus ( first century CE?), Roman historian, author of a history of Alexander the Great Eleg. 1.118. Raphael, the archangel Val. 2.271m, [271– 272]. Regnesus, the Regnitz River that flows through Joachim Camerarius’s hometown of Bamberg Venus 1 R.38. Renus. See Rhenus. Retrogradus, the Crab (Cancer), a sign of the zodiac Val. 1.66. Rhenanus, a, um, Rhenish Nisus (Elector Palatine Philip the Upright) Idyl. 6.47. Rhenus or Renus, the Rhine Idyl. 6.41; 11.14; 13.11; occiduus Venus 3.31; tuus Idyl. 13.48. Rhesus, Thracian king, killed by Diomedes and Ulysses, son of the Muse Euterpe Odrysius Venus 1 R.126. Rhodanus, the Rhone River magnus Venus 3.33. Rhomanus. See Romanus. Richardus Sbrulius. See Sbrulius. Roma, the city of Rome Val. 2.302; Venus 1.112; Idyl. 13.98; florens Idyl. 16.74; magna Idyl. 14.73; prodiga Val. 2.304. Romani, the Romans Val. 2.256; [Venus 1.109–134]. See also Ausonides. Romanus or Rhomanus, a, um, Roman Cato Val. 2.347; eloquium Venus 1.141; orbis Venus 3.23; os Val. 3.102; res Venus 1.125; [munera linguae] Eleg. 1.57; nomina Venus 1.109; palatia Idyl., 1.ded. 47; 2.ded. 45. See also Ausonius; Romulus. [Romulus], legendary founder and first king of Rome Venus 1.117–121. Romulus, a, um, Roman carmina Idyl. 3.38. See also Romanus. Rotingus, Micalus, Michael Roting of Sulzfeld (1494–1588), teacher of dialectic and rhetoric at the evangelical academy in Nuremberg Eleg. 1.[87], 95–96. Rubianus, Crotus. See Crotus Rubianus. Rufus. See Mutianus Rufus. Sabinae, the Sabine women abducted as wives by the men of Rome raptae Venus 1.118.

glossarial index Sagitta. See Tensa sagitta. Salas, the Saale River, a tributary of the Elbe Idyl. 17.231. Saxonia, Saxony Idyl. 8, arg. 1. Sanson, the Jewish hero Samson, who was betrayed by his lover Delilah Venus 1.192, [193–194]. Sapientia, Wisdom (personified) princeps Idyl. 17.118. Sappho, Greek poetess of Mytilene on Lesbos (ca. 600BCE), lover of Phaon Venus 1.209. Sarmata, a Sarmatian, Pole horrens nive Val. 1.603. See also Sauromatae. Sarmaticus, a, um, Polish orae Val. 2.329. Saturnigena, Jupiter, the son of Saturn Venus 1 R.55. See also Iupiter. [Saturnus], the planet Saturn Val. 1.80. Sauromatae, the Sarmatians in eastern Europe Idyl. 1.147. —, the Poles Val. 1.328. See also Sarmata. Saxonia, Saxony Idyl. 8, arg. 1; 12, arg. 2. Saxonis, idos, Saxon ora Val. 1.608; Idyl. 13.59. Sbrulius, Richardus, the humanist poet Riccardo Sbruglio of Cividale di Friuli (ca. 1480–after 1525) Idyl. 11, arg. 1, [2]. See also Philondas. [Schöner, Johann], Johann Schöner of Karlstadt (1477–1547), from 1526 teacher of geography, geometry, and astronomy at the evangelical academy in Nuremberg Eleg. 1.109–112. [Schreyber, Heinrich]. See Grammataeus. Scythicus, a, um, Scythian Phasis Val. 1.364; Tanais Idyl. 11.15. [Seleucus I Nicator], father of Antiochos I Soter Val. 3.47. Serenus, Quintus, Q. Serenus Sammonicus, author of a medical poem (d. 212CE) Val. 3, tit. ante 105; [3.105–108]. Sicanius, a, um, Sicilian vates (Theocritus) Venus 1 R.10; Idyl., 1.ded. 80; 2.ded. 78. Sicelis, idis, Sicilian arundo Idyl., 1.ded. 52; 2.ded. 50. Siculus, a, um, Sicilian, in Sicily Hybla Idyl. 8.27; pastor (Theocritus) Idyl. 13.26; poeta (Theocritus) Idyl. (B), lim. 1; profundum Val. 1.579.

glossarial index Sileni, woodland deities Venus 1.65. Sion, Mount Zion in Jerusalem Hypocr. B 2.12. Sirenes, the Sirens, who lured sailors to their death with their enchanting voices Val. 2.315; 4.10. Sirius, the greater dog star flammivomus Idyl. 9.60. [Socrates], the Greek philosopher (ca. 470– 399 BCE) Venus 1.177–178. Socraticus, a, um, Socratic examen Idyl. 8.16. Sol, the sun god Venus 1.91. See also Phoebus. Solomon, King Solomon (ca. 965–926 BCE), son of David Venus 1.191. Spalatinus, Georgius, the German humanist and reformer Georg Spalatin (1484–1545) Idyl. 2, arg. 1, 3. See also Philetas. Spiritus, the Holy Spirit Idyl. 4.87; ille Hypocr. B 4.83. See also Deus. Stella, the bridegroom of Violentilla, for whom Statius wrote an epithalamium Venus 2.105. Stratonice, wife of Seleucus I Nicator, stepmother and later wife of Antiochus I Soter Val. 3.45. Sturtiades, the Sturtz family, to which Georg Sturtz belonged Val. 1.17, 657. Sturtiades, Georgius, the physician Georg Sturtz of Annaberg (1490–1548), Eobanus’s teacher and patron in Erfurt Val. (A), t.p.; Val., 1.ded., tit.; 1.ded. 2, [passim]; 2.ded. tit.; [2.ded., passim]; Val. 1.17, [18–23], 657, [659–660]; 3, tit.; app. 2, tit.; [app. 2, passim]; app. 4, tit.; app. 4.5; Idyl. 15.1; charissimus Val., app. 2.5; clarissimus Idyl. 15, tit.; humanissimus Val., 1.ded. 9; app. 2.1; meus Val., 2.ded. 7; optimus Val., 2.ded. 1. Stygius, a, um, of the Styx River in the underworld, Stygian Dis Venus 1.47; tyrannus (Dis) Venus 1.38; nymphae Venus 1 R.60; paludes Val. 2.109; umbrae Idyl. 13.52. Suedi, the Swedes littorei Val. 1.605. Suedicus, a, um, Swedish casei Val. 1.605m. Superbia, Pride (personified) Hypocr. 67.

833 [Syggingen, Franciscus de], the German knight and robber baron Franz von Sickingen (1481–1523) Idyl. 13.48–52. Syracusius, a, um, of Syracuse on the island of Sicily pastor (Theocritus) Idyl., 1.ded. 49; 2.ded. 47; senex (Archimedes) Eleg. 1.110. Syrinx, a nymph beloved of Pan, turned into reed dilecta Idyl. 10.31; sua Idyl. 10.88. Tagus, a goldbearing river in Spain (now Tajo) Val. 2.306; dives Venus 2.175. Tanais, the Don River nivalis Idyl. 1.147; Scythicus Idyl. 11.15. Tarpaeus, a, um, Capitoline Iovis Val. 1.591. Tartara, Tartarus, hell infima Idyl. 14.104. Tartareus, a, um, of Tartarus, infernal numen Idyl. 12.38; venena Idyl. 5.120. Tartarus, a Tatar (Tartar), a member of a Turkic people in eastern Europe impexus Val. 1.325. Tartessiacus, a, um, Spanish Iberus Venus 3.19. Tempe, the lovely Vale of Tempe in Thessaly Peneia Eleg. 1.33; Thessala Idyl. 16.132. Tensa sagitta, Sagittarius, a sign of the zodiac Val. 1.60. Terpsichore, the Muse of choral dancing, mother of the Sirens Val. 4, tit. ante 9; 4.9, [10]; Venus 2, tit. ante 242. See also Musa. Tethys, wife of Oceanus; hence, the ocean Idyl. 17.232. Teuton, Germany Idyl. 16.22. See also Germania. Teutonici, the Germans Eleg. 1.68. See also Germani. Teutonicus, a, um, German, of Germany orbis Idyl. (B), lim. 5; orae Idyl. 3.38. See also Germanus. Teutonis, idos, German, of Germany regio Idyl. 13.57. See also Germanus. Teutonus, a, um, German, of Germany pascua Idyl. 8.2; regna Idyl. 16.66. See also Germanus. Thalia or Thaleia, the Muse of comedy Val. 4, tit. ante 5; 4.[5], 6; Venus 1 R.140; 2, tit. ante 168. See also Musa.

834 —, a Muse florens Idyl., 2.ded. 21; nostra Hypocr. 10. See also Musa. Thamyras, legendary Thracian singer Venus 1.152. Thebae, Thebes, the capital of Boeotia Idyl. 13.96. Theocritus, Greek bucolic poet of Syracuse (ca. 300–260 BCE) Val., 2.ded. 4; [Venus 1 R.10; Idyl. (B), lim. 1]; Idyl., [1.ded. 49, 80]; 2.ded. [47], 47m, 77m, [78]; Idyl. 6, arg. 1; [13.26]; 15, tit.; totus Idyl. 1, arg. 3. Theophrastus, Greek philosopher and natural scientist (ca. 371–ca. 287 BCE) Val. 2.255, 255m. Therentianus, a, um, of the Roman comic poet Terence (ca. 195–159 BCE) illud Val., 1.ded. 4. Theseus, legendary king of Athens who slew the Minotaur, husband of Ariadne and later of Phaedra Venus 1.100. Thespiades puellae, the Muses Venus 1 R.79. See also Musa. Thessalus, Thessalus of Cos, a son of Hippocrates (late fifth century BCE) Val. 3, tit. ante 81; [3.81–84]. Thessalus, a, um, Thessalian, in Thessaly Tempe Idyl. 16.131. Thisbe. See Thysbe. Thobias, Tobit, the pious father of Tobias, cured of blindness by the Archangel Raphael [Val. 2.271] —, Tobias, the son of Tobit; his wedding feast lasted two weeks iunior Venus 2.122. Thrasybulus, a pastoral name for Konrad Mutianus Rufus Idyl. 2.94m, 95; 4, arg. 3; 4, tit.; 4, passim as speaker; 4.8, 10, 36, 59. See also Mutianus. Threycius, a, um, Thracian, in Thrace Hemus Venus 2.103. Thuringia, region in central Germany Idyl. 1.31, 81, [62–128]; 2, arg. 4; 4, arg. 4; 5, arg. 4; 5, 90m; 8, arg. 1; 12.53m; [17.2]. Thuringus, a, um, Thuringian ager Idyl. 17.2; arva Idyl. 13.67. Thyrsis, a shepherd Idyl. 10, tit.; 10, passim as speaker; 10.5, 7, 21, 82. Thysbe, Pyramus’s lover Thisbe, changed into a mulberry tree Val. 1.415. Tiberius. See Tyberius.

glossarial index Tibullus, the Roman poet Albius Tibullus (ca. 50–19BCE) tener Venus 1.166. [Timotheus], Timothy, the addressee of two letters in the New Testament Val. 2.269. Titanius, a, um, Titanian; having to do with the Titans whom Jupiter hurled into the underworld tela Venus 1 R.88. Tityrus, Vergil as a pastoral poet Idyl. (B), lim. 2; Idyl. 1.100; 8.12; 13.25; meus Idyl. 3.31; noster Idyl. 3.25; vester Idyl. 13.4. See also Virgilius Maro. —, a pastoral name for Petrejus Eberbach Idyl. 4, arg. 1, 3; 4, tit.; 4, passim as speaker; 4.3, 9, 21, 116. See also Aperbacchus. Tobias. See Thobias. Trebelius (Trebellius) Isenacensis, Hermannus, the humanist poet Hermann Trebelius (Surwynt) of Eisenach (ca. 1475–after 1514), formally laureated in late June 1508 Idyl. 5.118m; 12, arg. 2. See also Heliades. Triton, sea god who blows a conch shell Idyl. 4.56. Troia, the city of Troy [Val. 3.18]; Venus 1.90, 111; Idyl. 13.96; magna Venus 1.88. Tros, ancestor of Aeneas Venus 1.95. Tyberius, the Roman emperor Tiberius (r. 14– 37 BCE) Venus 1.130. Tybris, the Tiber River Latius Val. 3.24. Tydides, Diomedes, king of Argos, who wounded Venus during the siege of Troy Venus 1 R.126; crudelis in Venerem ipsam Venus 1.88. Tyndarides, Tyndareus, king of Sparta, restored to life by Aesculapius Val. 2.79. Tyndaris, Helen of Troy formosa Venus 1.204. See also Helena. Ulma, the city of Ulm Idyl. 13.62. [Ulrichus], Duke Ulrich of Württemberg (1487– 1550), restored to power by Philip of Hesse in 1534 Idyl. 13.53–57. Ulysses, Greek hero, whose exploits are recounted in the Iliad and Odyssey Venus 1.89; erumnosus Idyl. 13.94. See also Ithacus. Unster or dy Unstrut, the Unstrut River, a tributary of the Saale Idyl. 12.53, 53m.

glossarial index Urania or Uranie, the Muse of astronomy Val. 4, tit. ante 15; 4.15, [16]; Venus 2, tit. ante 262. See also Musa. —, the heavenly Muse Hypocr. B 4.1. Urbs Norica berga. See Noriberga. Ursa, the constellation Ursa Maior in the northern sky Parrhasis Val. 1.604. Valles Ioachimicae. See Ioachimicae valles. Vallis Georgiana, Georgenthal, a Cistercian abbey south of Gotha Idyl. 2, arg. 3; [2.5– 9]; 5, arg. 4. Varus, P. Alfenus Varus, consul suffectus in 39 BCE, a friend and patron of the young Vergil tuus Idyl. 8.12. Vectius Valens, the Roman physician Vettius Valens, executed in 48 CE; lover of Claudius’s wife Messalina Val. 3, tit. ante 89; [3.89–92]. [Venetia], Venice Idyl. 11.146–162. Venus, goddess of love; hence also, sexual intercourse, passionate love Val. 1.207, 207m, 214, 218, 454, [475], 484, 494, 496, 514, 524; 2.154; Venus, lim. 4; Venus 1, [passim], 18, 71, 115, 135, 181, 219, 228, 230, 264; Venus 1 R., tit.; 1 R., [passim], 76, 114, 131, 135, 141, 148, 177; 2, dramatis personae; 2, passim as speaker; 2.17, 43, 81, 134, 146, 194, [282], 292, 337; Idyl., 1.ded. 76; 2.ded. 74; Idyl. 3.42, 122; 5.76; 10.16, 21, 60; 11.58; aequa Venus 2.261; aliqua Idyl. 3.48; alma Venus 2.186; Idyl. 7.132; 10.32, 89; ignea Idyl. 7.123; improba Val. 1.215; Idyl. 10.100; ipsa Venus 1.15, 87; 1 R.166; Idyl. 3.99; 10.92; laeta Venus 2.151; magna Idyl. 15.23; multa Val. 1.209; Idyl., 1.ded. 65; 2.ded. 63; rara Val. 1.211; tandem casta Venus 2.157; triumphans Venus, t.p.; Venus 1, tit.; Venus 1, postscr. See also Amathusia; Cypria; Cyprias; Cypris; Cythereia; Cytheris; Ericyna; Paphia.

835 —, girls as lovely as Venus formosae Idyl. 1.104; non ullae Idyl. 8.59. Veraris or dy Vver, the Werra, a tributary of the Weser Idyl. 5.91m; propinquus Idyl. 5.91. Verbum, the Word of God divinum Idyl. 16.124. Vergilius. See Virgilius. Vestphalus, a, um, of Westphalia rura Val. 1.611. Victoria, Victory (personified) Idyl. 14.57. Violantilla, bride of Stella, for whose wedding Statius wrote an epithalamium Venus 2.105. Virgilianus, a, um, of Vergil imitatio Idyl. 1, arg. 2; 4, arg. 3. See also Andinus; Minciades. Virgilius or Vergilius Maro, the Roman poet Vergil (70–19BCE) Val. 3.95; [Eleg. 1.79]; Venus 1.[156–162], 163; Idyl., [1.ded. 47– 48; 2.ded. 45–46]; 3, arg. 2; [3.24–35]; 6, arg. 1; [13.102–103]; sacer Venus 1.156. See also Tityrus. —, poets like Vergil Idyl. 13.122; 14.74. See also Marones. Virgo, a sign of the zodiac candida Val. 1.62. Virtus, Virtue (personified) Idyl. 16.18, 35; 17.169; vera Idyl. 12.96. Visurgis, the Weser River Idyl. 5.91m; 13.11. [Vulcanus], the blacksmith god Vulcan, husband of Venus Venus 1.50. See also Lemnius. Vvirtemberga, the duchy of Württemberg Idyl. 13.54. Xanthus, a river near Troy inclytus Val. 3.14. Zephyrus, the warm west wind, harbinger of spring Idyl. 2.41; 4.50, 80; 5.80. See also Favonius.

General Index This index combines names and subjects. All references are to the page numbers. References to the literary texts presented in this volume are to the English translation. For names in the Latin texts, consult the Glossarial Index. Abundance (goddess). See Plenty Achelous 700 Achilles 137n, 225, 341, 375n46, 469 an Achilles (Eobanus) 753 Acron. See Creon Actaeon 241–243 Actium, Battle of 229 Adam 357n adder 399 See also snake Admetus, King 642 Adonis (mythical) 261, 391, 688 (shepherd) 359 Adriatic, frogs of the 445 adynaton; adynata 530, 736, 741 Aega 427n85 Aegle 347 Aemilius, Georg 32 Aeneas 225–227, 229n31, 233n39, 329n5, 337n12, 377n50, 469 Aepolus 421–429 Aesculapius 113n60, 123, 135, 137n, 375n46 Aeson 117 Aesop 21n60, 445n93 Agamemnon 225 Aganippe 643 Agavus (Crotus) 363n38, 449–459 Agenor, King 226n19 Agenorides (Cadmus and Perseus) 227 ages of man 10, 17, 65n, 67, 111, 521, 523 Agnes of Hesse 465n116 Agricola, Georg 189n2 Agricola, Rudolph 592 Ajaxes, the 225 Albert of Prussia 31n Albrecht of Mansfeld, Count 213 Alcon of Crete 375 Alexander the Great 125, 141, 178, 179n23, 195, 227 Alexis (shepherd) 331, 339, 355n29 Alps 275, 437

Amalthea 427 Amor. See Cupid Amphion, King 229n30 Amphitryon, son of (Hercules) 469 Amyntas 375, 411, 425, 673 analogies, pastoral 655 Anchises 225, 251 Andrelini, Fausto 321, 639 Andromeda 226n19 angel; angels 123, 299 anger 65, 71, 117, 526, 529–530 Annaberg 6 Anna of Mecklenburg 335n, 393n62, 395n64, 397n68, 401n See also Galatea Ansbach 199n17 Antiochus I Soter 125, 139 Antony, Mark 141, 229 Aon 615 Aonian maidens or sisters (Muses) 182, 251, 253, 269, 345, 347, 377–379 Aonian peak 243, 245 See also Helicon Apelles (ancient) 178, 179n23 (Dürer) 177, 178, 179n23, 182, 183 aphrodisiac 95n49, 548–550, 724 Apollo; Phoebus; Phoebus Apollo 11, 17, 33, 63, 89, 97, 129, 135nn77–78, 147, 157, 189, 214n11, 221, 223, 225n12, 261, 345, 347, 381, 389, 421, 431, 441, 445, 447, 453, 457n105, 462n110, 469, 471, 481 greatest (Christ Apollo) 361 laurel-wreathed 189 lucrative 17 my 81 triune 443n true (Christ Apollo) 443 herdsman (Nomios) 345, 642–643 inventor of medicine 4, 519 leader and champion of the Muses 4, 182, 469

837

general index patron of Eobanus 4 patron of physicians 139 patron of the Muses and physicians 4, 21, 49, 155 Physician 18, 131, 147, 578 physician and poet 157 sun god 223, 239, 399, 417, 429, 451 epigrams on 135 grandsons of (Machaon and Podalirius) 123, 135 invocation to 751 priest of (Eobanus) 237 soldiery of 109 laurel sacred to 747 swans sacred to 89, 345 flays Marsyas 377, 421n lies naked and freezing 473 punishes Midas 79n, 377 See also Christ Arab; Arabs 123, 145 Archigenes 4 Archimedes 195n11, 491n139 Argus (Eobanus) 381–391 (mythical) 205, 249, 596, 685 Ariadne 225n17, 233 Arion 229n29 Aristotle 28, 123, 231, 529, 685, 720 Arnald of Villanova 11, 37, 39 medical commentary attributed to 11, 17 Arthemisius. See Peypus arts. See liberal arts Asclepiades of Prusa 113n61, 139 Ascra, vales of 457 ash tree, shade of 419, 713 Asia Minor 139 Assaracus 225 astrology 8–10, 143 astronomy 193, 195n11, 491 Muse of (Urania) 151n Athens 475, 493, 720, 785 Atlas, daughter of (Maia) 249 Augsburg Confession 463n111 Augustinian Friars 291n Augustus, Caesar 7, 26, 145, 227, 464n112, 465 Aulaeus, Christoph 34, 37n89, 43 Aurora 451

Ausonius 321, 775 Avicenna 12, 145 Bacchus (god) 79n, 105, 107, 135, 223, 381 a second 55 ivy sacred to 747 (wine) 73, 301 Bach, Barthel 168, 177, 187, 189, 195 Baltic Sea 399n69, 437, 475n128 Bamberg 237n45, 247n65 barbarian; barbarians; barbarism 11, 16, 37, 63, 85, 127, 155, 167, 437, 449, 471–479, 729, 765 basilisk 399 Battus ( Jonas) 373–381, 670 Baumgartner, Hieronymus 22, 23n70, 26, 164, 167, 210, 214, 282, 312, 315n22, 488n, 489–499, 777 Bebel, Heinrich 599 beech tree 91, 361, 373, 397, 417, 431, 485, 665, 670, 693, 712 Beham, Barthel 175, 183–184 Beham, Sebald 183–184 Berenices (plural) 229 Berigardo, Pietro 578 Beroaldo the Elder, Filippo 730 Bible; Holy Writ; Word of God 119, 195, 495 as translated by Luther 630–631 See also Gospels; Old Testament Biereye, Johannes 19 Bion 391, 688 Bischoff (Episcopius), Johann 29, 543, 547, 557 Blemyan cliff 239 Boccaccio, Giovanni 321, 730 Bohemia 273n79 Bohlenstube. See Holzstube Böschenstein, Johann 191 Brassicanus, Johann Alexander 173–176, 179–184, 315 Braubach, Peter 319 Bretschneider. See Placotomus Britain 475 Brosamer, Hans 2, 317–318 Bruitsma, Reinier 40–42 Brutus, M. Junius 227n24 bucolic repose, motif of 647, 670, 683, 717, 719, 745

838 Budé, Guillaume 125 Burton, Robert 42–43, 528–529 Busche, Hermann von dem 435n, 775 Cadiz 273 Cadmus 226n19, 241 Caesar, Julius 227, 228n, 329n5, 337n12, 391, 393n62, 688, 690, 754 Caesar Augustus. See Augustus Caligula 227n26 Callimachus 46n2 Calliope 151, 243n58, 257, 453n101, 584, 616, 747 Callirhoë (shepherdess) 407, 411 Callisto 103n56 Calpurnius Siculus, T. 321, 329n7, 337, 638 Calypso (shepherdess) 393 Camenae 357–361, 395 See also Muses Camerarius Quaestor (Kammermeister), Joachim 5–7, 12, 18, 20, 22, 40, 49, 167, 191, 199n17, 203n, 239, 245, 313, 387n56, 467n121, 522, 543, 553, 562, 578, 586, 636, 753 a literary Proteus 5 an Aristarch 59, 316 eclogues by 321 epithalamium for 211–213, 217, 249–271, 613 heads the evangelical school in Nuremberg 22, 164–165 sets out for Spain 213, 217, 273–275 marries Anna Truchsess 211 lectures on Homer 27 reluctant to publish his poetry 212, 213n6 edits Eobanus’s dietetic poem 30 propempticon for 213, 217, 273–275, 622 Venus Triumphant addressed to 217–235 Lament against Venus 212–213, 217, 237– 247, 609 Camillus (Eobanus) 343–353, 455n, 641 Campano, Giannantonio 730 Canace (shepherdess) 431–433, 722 Capella (constellation) 427n85 Capitoline Hill 103n55 Capys 225 cardinal points 9, 65n, 67, 521, 523 Castalian springs 241

general index catalogue of flowers 657, 693, 773 of lovers 229 of vices 764 Catherine of Alexandria 676 Cato, distichs of 193n7 Cato the Elder 129, 668; (plural) 267 Catullus 231 Celaenos (plural) 87 Celsus, A. Cornelius 11, 16, 147 Celtis, Konrad 491n136, 522 Norimberga 775–776 Quattuor libri amorum 524 Ceres 107, 135, 187n, 224n11, 225, 349 cestus, golden 259 Chaldeans 123 Charles V, Emperor 7n24, 213, 273–275, 467n120, 624 Charles the Great (Charlemagne) 275n81 Charmis 143 Chios Strait 117n63 Chiron 16, 123, 137, 375n46 Chloris 367, 429 Choerilus 7 Christ 155, 195, 197, 291, 293, 357, 377, 381, 419, 503, 519, 666, 670, 675–677, 751 Christ Apollo 15–16, 63n14, 361n34, 443n, 657 See also Apollo; God Christian III of Denmark 466n119, 467 Christiani, Ludwig 343, 455n, 641 Christina of Saxony 465n115 Chronos 67n21 Chrysippus 123 Cicero, M. Tullius 19, 89n37, 93, 195, 229, 605; (plural) 475 their 193 De officiis 195n12 Circe 121, 123n64, 225n15 Claudius, Emperor 75, 99, 145, 227, 533 Clemen, Otto 282 Cleombrotus of Ceos 125n Cleopatra 141, 229; (plural) 229 Clio 149, 257 Clitor, spring at 105 Clodius Pulcher, P. 228n, 229 Codro Urceo, Antonio 730 commonplace. See topos

general index comparison 696, 703 derogatory 732 ironic 667, 738 argument from 109, 113, 115 dative of 719 pattern of 650, 660, 731 complexions. See temperaments concoction 75 Constantinople, fall of 475n127 contentment, life of 659, 662 Cop, Guillaume 12 Cordus, Euricius 7–8, 19, 21, 49, 178–179, 321, 744 Coronis 135 Corydon (Eobanus or Trebelius) 390n, 437–449 (in Vergil’s eclogues) 331n8, 339n15, 354n country life, praise of 77–79, 536, 662, 681 Cousin, Gilbert 321 cowl (monk’s); cowls 233, 289–293, 459, 509, 752 See also ex-monk; monk Cracow 310 Creon (Acron) 143 Crete 67n19, 723 Crimea 243n55 Critias (Crinas) 143 Critobulus 125, 141 Croatia 273n79 Crocale 409 Croesuses 79, 125 Crotus Rubianus, Johann 363n38, 393n62, 425n, 449, 659, 743 See also Agavus; Iarbas; Meleterus; Philaegon Culmann, Leonhard 33–34 Cupid; Amor; Love 212, 221–235, 239, 243– 247, 255, 263, 365–369, 407, 433, 608, 661, 664, 666, 725–726; (plural) 221, 233–237, 243, 245, 265, 273 arrow-bearing 435 unbridled 221 arrow of 411 bow of 225, 231, 235, 239–243, 247, 481– 483 traits of, allegorized 661 triumph of 598–599 Curio, Johann 37–43 Curtius, Quintus 195

839 Cydonia 91 Cygnus (Eobanus) 363–371, 383n54, 659, 663 Cynics 93 Cynthia (Propertius’s mistress) 229–231, 722 Cyprus 243n57, 706 goddess of (Venus) 235 Cythera goddess of (Venus) 117 realms of 237 Dalmatia 729 Damascus 91 Dantiscus, Johannes 310, 596, 651 Daphne 257, 345 Daphnis (archetypal shepherd) 688–689, 693, 703 (Eobanus) 392–393n62, 393–401, 688, 693 ( Julius Caesar) 329n5, 337n12, 391, 393n62, 688 death of 351, 679, 706, 741 David (king) 231, 285, 421, 599, 715 debauchery 129, 227; (personified) 291 decorum, pastoral 421n81, 654, 715 Deianira 233 Deiphobus 225 De Jode, Pieter 42, 523 dell nymphs 225, 351, 397, 411, 489 Delphi 97 demons 381, 389 Demophoon 233n38 Demosthenes (plural) 475 despondency 71, 117 devil 389n59, 459 dialectic 164, 193n8, 199; (personified) 193 Diana 212, 241–243 Dichtel, Sibilla 493n Dido, Queen 229, 233n39 dietetics 10–12, 29, 117, 519 Diksmuide 41 Diogenes 93n47 Diomedes 225n14, 243 Dioscorides 16, 141 Dis 121, 223, 239, 687 See also Pluto disease; diseases 9, 40, 71, 77, 79, 97, 105, 109–115, 121, 139n, 143

840 of love 139, 405, 431, 667, 699, 722 of the mind 117–119, 566 Dissipation (personified) 291 Dodona, oak grove of 91 Dominicans 291 Donatus 167 Don River 353, 437 dream; dreams 5, 46–47n2, 47, 65–67, 97, 176n12, 431, 451–459, 528, 744, 746, 749– 750 drunkenness 73, 105, 493, 530 dryad; dryads 225, 411, 419, 489 Dürer, Albrecht 168n17, 744, 791 modern Apelles 177, 178, 179n23, 182, 183 prince of artists 182 friendship of, with Eobanus 165, 176– 178, 183 portraits by of Eobanus v, 165, 171–185, 315n22 of Erasmus 179 of Melanchthon 163, 165, 177, 179 of Pirckheimer 332 woodcuts by, for Celtis’s Quattuor libri amorum 524 Etliche underricht zu befestigung der Stett, Schloss, und flecken 491n138 eagle; eagles imperial 447n94, 739 Jupiter’s armorbearer 445–447 Eberbach, Petrejus 7n26, 13n43, 373 See also Tityrus Eberbach, Philipp 168, 189n2 Ebro River 273 Echo 703 Eder River 353, 387, 395 Eisenach 383, 389–391 Elbe River 167, 313, 513 elements, the four 9–10, 17, 64–65n16, 65, 221, 521, 523 Elizabeth of Hesse 393n, 399n70 Elsholtz, Johann S. 36, 553, 556 Elysium 397 Empedocles 143 Endymion 225n12, 243n54, 433 Engelsburg, Haus zur 3, 6–7, 19–20 England 103 Ennius 46n2

general index envier; enviers 169, 187, 199–201, 519, 586, 595 envy; jealousy 107, 205, 441, 449, 477, 479, 511; (personified) 187, 201, 291, 331, 339, 389, 557 Eobanus Hessus. See Hessus Epidaurus 113, 137n epilepsy 115, 530, 563 Epirus, oaks of 87, 91n44 Episcopius. See Bischoff Erasistratus 83, 125n68, 139, 539 Erasmus of Rotterdam 12, 18, 19, 24, 153, 321, 629, 668 portrayed by Dürer 179, 183 Adagia 101n53, 125n70, 231n35, 517–519, 526, 537, 539, 541–543, 545, 556, 577, 584, 592, 595, 608, 618, 626, 631, 637, 645, 648, 668–669, 680, 696, 698, 702, 717, 728, 732, 734, 736–737, 739, 745, 752, 761, 771, 785, 790, 793 See also proverb Colloquia 193n7 Declamatio in laudem artis medicae 19, 109, 125n70, 131–133, 153, 557 Epithalamium Petri Aegidii 613 Erato 151, 245n61, 263 Erfurt 3–6, 18, 21–22, 24, 49, 135, 155, 166, 312, 355, 361, 363, 383, 385n, 413, 453, 495, 499–509, 681, 791 praised 351, 455n, 489n, 782 satirized 382–383n53, 383–391 Augustinian church in 7n26 Eobanus’s lectorship funded by 3, 21 golden age of 787 “Mad Year” in 383n53, 787 radical preachers in 109n, 389n60, 498n, 509–511, 686 riots and tumults in 312, 387n57, 499– 513 Senate of 503 vampires in 311n10, 389–391 See also University of Erfurt Eriphyle 233 Erysichthon 187n Erysiptolis 312, 498–499n, 499–513 Eryx, goddess of (Venus) 239 Esslingen 213 Ethiopia, Nomads of 554 Etna, Mount 225, 435, 595, 728

general index Euadne 233, 694 Europa (princess) 67n19 Europe 475n127 eastern 127n71 Nuremberg in the heart of 489 Eurydice 233, 347 Eurytus (shepherd) 331n9, 339n16, 429–435, 481–487, 721–722, 766 Euterpe 149, 243n59, 261, 583 Evander 177 exercise 10, 73–75, 533 ex-monk; ex-monks 280, 312, 509n, 498n, 627 See also cowl; monk Faber, Thomas 34 Fabricius, Georg 33 Fabricius, Johann A. 33 Fame (personified) 107, 469 Fastus 435n, 730 Fate or fate; the Fates 125, 191, 193, 259–263, 273, 327, 329, 337, 359, 371n, 395, 397, 407, 419, 423, 465, 475, 493, 499, 501, 511, 690, 692, 714 See also Parcae faun; fauns 223, 351, 381, 421, 489 Faunus 415 Faustus (Mantuanus) 365 Feige, Johann 3n2, 27, 314n19, 321, 335n, 753 dedicatory letter to 318, 320, 335–341 portrait of, by Cranach 333 Ferdinand, Archduke 180, 273 fever; fevers harsh 83 sudden 71 caused by anger 530 of love 405 table of the 12, 14, 20, 26, 45, 49, 159 Ficino, Marsilio Three Books on Life 9, 11, 16 Fiera, Battista 28, 31 figure of speech. See image Filetico, Martino 311 Firmicus, Julius 8 Flavia 393n62 Flora, gifts of 385 flute 149, 245, 345, 351, 375–377, 381, 429, 433, 501, 583, 673 boxwood 437, 673 hazelbark 439

841 humble 497 oaten 341, 700 rustic 191, 310 Syracusan 329, 337 food and drink 10, 12, 16, 25, 35, 53, 63, 73– 77, 81–107 beer 30, 32, 107, 135n76, 556–557 cereal foods 99–101, 135n76 eggs 103 fish 101 fowls 87–89 fruit of trees 89–91 gourds 99 legumes 93 meat 81–87, 101, 123 milk foods 103 roots 95–97 truffles; mushrooms 99 vegetables 93–95, 367, 546 wine 73, 99, 103, 105, 123, 135, 301, 349, 531 Fortune; Fortuna; fortune 111, 129, 139, 261– 263, 267, 273, 275, 403, 489, 491, 511, 513 assaults of 495 blows of 505 cycles and seasons of 507 fickleness of 789 whims of 179n23 Fracastoro, Girolamo 43n103, 729 France 273–275, 447n96, 475, 739 Franciscans, the 291n Francis of Assisi, Saint 293 Frankenberg 343, 353, 387n56, 455n, 641 Frankenhausen, Battle of 463n11, 467n122 Frankfurt am Main, book fair in 15, 316 Frederick I, king of Denmark 466n119 Frederick the Wise 167, 313, 434–435n89, 449, 742 Frisians 103 Froebel, Karl P. 215 frog; frogs 439, 443–449, 507 fable of the 445n93, 738–739 represent the enemies of learning 479, 507, 765, 791 represent the Venetians 445n93, 738 Frontinus 21n60 Fuchs, Jakob 22 Fuchs, Mechthild 280n9 Fulda 659

842 Fulda River 365, 395, 463, 684 Fury; the Furies 129, 391, 487 Galatea (Anna of Mecklenburg) 341, 393n62, 399 (mythical) 399n69, 703, 766 Galen 9, 10n33, 12, 21, 33, 134n, 137–139, 145 Gallus, C. Cornelius 229, 703, 707, 709, 713, 746 Garamantes 127 Gauls 103n55 genre; genres amoebean contest 670, 716, 719 didactic poetry 519 dietetics in Neo-Latin verse 519 encomium 12, 53, 153, 155, 312, 315, 320, 321, 341, 413, 415, 463, 464n113, 471, 489, 497, 557–558, 753–754, 775 epicedium 166–167, 174, 176n12, 185, 313– 314 epitaph 174, 185, 413, 693, 703, 707 epithalamium 211–213, 217, 249, 257n69, 281, 613–614 fable 445n93, 738, 739 genethliacon; birthday poem 341, 393, 399, 401, 464n114 panegyric 3, 318, 321, 329n6, 337n13, 341n18, 341n20, 435n, 471n, 695, 753– 754, 775 pastoral 309–310, 329, 337, 355, 363n37, 641, 653, 671, 724 pastoral eulogy or lament 321, 391–393, 464n114, 688, 754 praises of medicine 558 propempticon 213, 273, 622 Psalm paraphrase 22, 279–283 regimens of health 11 urban encomium 489, 775–776 geography 195n11, 491 geometry 195n11, 491 Georgenthal 355, 381n52, 383 Gera River 7n7, 351, 363, 453, 782; (personified) 312, 498n, 499–513 Germany 103, 191, 195, 197, 203, 310, 325, 365, 415, 435, 467, 473, 475, 489, 493, 501, 507 Geyer 6, 189n2 Giants 447, 479 Gigas (Heune), Johann 174, 185 Gillis, Pieter 613

general index God 15, 111–115, 119–123, 131, 259, 267, 273, 289, 291, 295–303, 365, 373, 419, 447, 467, 477, 511, 670, 674 praise of 377–381 See also Christ; Spirit Goldast, Melchior 636, 776 Golden Age 648, 662, 681, 787 new 463n110, 642, 695, 710, 787 golden mean 263 Gospels 123 See also Bible Gossberg; Goss Mountain 353 Gotha 361, 413, 658 St. Mary’s in 421n79 Grace; Graces 8, 20, 59, 155, 211, 214n11, 225, 249–253, 257, 261–265, 269, 271, 275, 351, 447, 613, 713 choir of the 249, 255 Graz 18, 27 Greece 137, 191, 253 Greek (language) 23, 37, 83, 93n47, 97, 199n17, 267n, 311, 343, 390n, 413, 421, 495 taught in Nuremberg 165, 169, 191, 198n, 199 Gröningen, Johann 170, 177–178, 315n22, 316, 775 Grünsberg 247n65 Grynaeus, Alajos 35 Guadalquivir River 273 Günther, Simon 36 Habsburg-Valois War, the second 275n80 Hades. See underworld Haemus 257 Haguenau 313, 316 Halgehausen 387n56 hamadryads 351, 489 Harmonia 226n19 Harpies 87 Haschaert (Hassardus), Pieter 29–30, 557 Häussler, Reinhard, Nachträge zu A. Otto 125n70, 529, 656, 663, 680, 696, 700, 701, 705, 717, 727, 728, 732, 734, 737–740, 749 See also proverb Haus zum schwarzen Ross 19 Haus zur Engelsburg. See Engelsburg Hebrew (language) 165, 169, 191, 198n, 199

general index Hebrews 231 Hector 225 Hecuba 225n16 Heidenheim, principality of 467n121 Helen of Troy 113n60, 207n23, 225n13, 231, 233n37; ( figurative) 207 Heliades (Trebelius) 47n, 390n61, 391, 449– 459, 686, 746, 750 Helicon, Mount 46n2, 182n33, 197n14, 267, 345n27, 357, 415, 453n100, 455–457, 511, 615, 643, 746, 748, 751 See also Aonian peak hell 381, 389n59, 391 See also underworld Helle 427n86 Helmbold, Ludwig 38n92 Henninger, Johann S. 32 Hercules 137n, 223n9, 231, 375n46, 469, 602 some 479 arrows of 375, 672 labors of 231, 457 Pillars of 273n77 poplar sacred to 457n103 Strait of 273 Hercynian Forest 237, 495, 782 Hercynian Mountains 499 Hermione 233 Herophilus 83, 141, 539 Hesiod 5, 46n2, 47, 457, 747 Hesperides 261 Hesse 320, 335n, 363n39, 387, 393, 395, 463n111, 471, 691 praised 353 Hessian; Hessians 103, 349, 393n62, 433, 753 Hessus, Helius Eobanus built like a warrior 177–178 an erudite Vergil 7 a veritable Proteus 4–5 first German to write a cycle of eclogues 309–310 Germany’s leading poet 169, 202– 203n20, 203 Camerarius’s Lament against Venus addressed to 237–247 portrait of, by Brosamer 317–318 portraits of, by Dürer v, 165–166, 171–185 swan the emblem of 363n38 See also Argus; Camillus; Corydon; Cygnus; Daphnis; Polyphemus

843 Life on the brink of penury 3 writes panegyric verses 3 studies law 3–4 studies medicine 4–12 becomes friends with Sturtz 7–8 dedicates books to Sturtz 8 defends medicine 9, 15, 18, 109n, 558 praises medicine 18–19, 49, 109–131, 153 lives in the Engelsburg 3, 7n26, 19n55 owns a small house in Erfurt 7–8n26 asks Sturtz to fund his medical studies 21 loses his city-paid lectorship 21 accepts a teaching post in Nuremberg 22, 164–165 arrives in Nuremberg 166 resumes publication in Nuremberg 166–169 lauds and advertises the Nuremberg academy 168–169, 189–199, 586– 587, 598 teaches poetry and versification 164, 167, 195 becomes friends with Dürer 165, 176–178 writes portrait epigraphs v, 163, 165– 166, 172, 177, 183n35, 184 defends himself for committing a metrical error 169–170, 187, 199–207 versifies Psalms 279–280, 282–283, 287, 295–303 admires the Italian Neo-Latin poets 729–730 continues his medical studies 21–22 abandons his medical studies 26–27 plans to versify the Hippocratic Aphorisms 22, 27 Friends and rivals See Bach; Baumgartner; Brassicanus; Camerarius; Christiani; Cordus; Crotus; Dürer; Eberbach (Petrejus); Erasmus; Feige; Gröningen; Hune; Jonas; Lang; Luther; Magenbuch; Marthen; Meckbach; Melanchthon; Mutianus; Opsopoeus; Pirckheimer; Sbruglio; Sturtz; Trebelius

844 Works Ad ill. Principem Ioannem Fridericum 3, 166–167, 175, 180n28, 184, 306, 313–314 Adnotationes 281n10, 319 Bonae valetudinis conservandae praecepta background to 8–13, 47–49 dedicated to Sturtz 8, 45–49 printing history of 12–15 prose prefaces in 153–155 concluding epigram in 157 title page of 50 analysis of 11–21 reprints of 28–29 verse translation of 29–30 commentary on, by Haschaert 29 Bonae valetudinis conservandae rationes aliquot 51–151 background to 21–23, 55–61 dedicated to Sturtz 55–61 printing history of 23–24, 26–28 analysis of 24–26 reprints of 30–33 commentary on, by Placotomus 30–32 later fortunes of 24, 28–43 Bucolicon 221n3, 309–310, 461n107 Bucolicorum idyllia 166, 167n11, 205n, 207, 212, 221n3, 308, 310, 325–513 background to 22, 311–312, 318– 319 printing history of 313–321 original title page and dedication of 325–331 revised title page and dedication of 335–341 De generibus ebriosorum 28, 373n44 De laudibus et praeconiis 489n135 De non contemnendis studiis humanioribus epistolae 8 De victoria Wirtembergensi 317–318, 321, 341, 466n118, 694 Dialogi tres 9–10, 18, 109n, 311, 558, 759 Elegiae tres 162, 187–207 background to 164–169 printing history of 169–170 Encomium nuptiale 613

general index Epicedia 166–167, 176n12, 313–314, 319 Epithalamion, seu ludus gratulatorius 613 Ex Idylliis encomia duo 181n31, 307, 315–316 Heroidum Christianarum epistolae 310–311 Heroidum libri tres 22, 310–311, 319, 518 Hodoeporicon 518 Homeri Ilias 27 In hypocrisim vestitus monastici 278, 285–303 background to 279–280 printing history of 281–283 Operum farragines duae 27–28, 30, 169n19, 170, 319–322 Psalterium universum 22, 280, 283, 319, 630–632 Scribendorum versuum maxime compendiosa ratio 167–168 Sylvae 8, 22, 166, 319 Theocriti Syracusani idyllia triginta sex 55, 212, 237, 311, 343 Urbs Noriberga 497, 641, 775–776 Venus triumphans 210–275, 279, 285n background to 211–213 printing history of 213–215 Hieron II of Syracuse 329n6, 337n13, 754 Hippocrates 10, 137–139, 143n83, 145n86, 580, 584 Aphorisms 22, 27 Hippocratic Oath 131n74 Hippocrene 182n33, 197n14, 746 Hippolytus 135n77 history 195, 469 Muse of (Clio) 149n92 Holy Roman Empire 273, 275n80, 447n96, 743 Holy Writ. See Bible Holzstube (Bohlenstube) 19–20 Homburg 413 Homer 121, 127, 137, 205, 214n11, 341, 753; (plural) 235, 475 lectures on, by Camerarius 27 translation of 27 Iliad 135n78; (plural) 235 Horace 47n3, 231n34, 630 Hörselberg (Horrisonus) 389

general index Hortensius Hortalus, Q. 89 humane studies collapse of 164, 182, 197, 199, 505–513 contempt for 155, 471–481, 574 enemies of 479, 507n147, 765, 791 evangelical hostility to 475n129, 312, 383n53, 475–477, 498n, 507–511 rebirth of 182, 197, 475, 511 bear blossoms but no fruit 127 See also liberal arts humors, the four 13n43, 14, 17, 45, 49, 65–67, 521, 523 black bile 10, 65, 67, 71, 73n26, 83, 85, 93, 117, 521, 524, 530, 546 blood 10, 65, 67, 93, 101–105, 521 phlegm 10, 65, 67, 85, 87, 101, 521, 524 yellow bile (choler) 10, 65–67, 95, 521, 522, 530 epigrams on 42, 522–523 Hune, Martin 9–10, 18, 22, 27, 45, 49, 109, 131, 578, 753n3 Hungary 273n79 Hutten, Ulrich von 168n14, 435n Hybla, Mount 417, 710 hyperbole 195n11, 495n141, 651 hypocrisy; hypocrites 245, 285–293 Iarbas (Crotus) 363n38, 427 Iasion 224n11 Ida, Mount 224n10, 225, 241, 251, 427n85, 433, 726 Idalium, Mount; Idalian mountain 221, 227, 269 Ilus 225 image; images ( figure of speech) antidote 770 arena 526 asylum 592, 779 brawling winds 691 burning bush 676 castration 692 cuckoos 291n dress (cultus) 518 ducks 291n east wind 677 first fruits 538 flower in an enclosed garden 676 frogs 738, 765, 791 heart’s grotto 727

845 heifer 703 Hercules 765 imbibing flames 770 light 758 magpies 291n martial 518 mixed 752, 779 nautical 557, 576 oil lamp 81, 538 plectrum 646 poison; venom 713, 771 premature stillborn 517 proscription 762 Proteus 5 pulvis 526, 733 race horse 521 ravens 291n reaper 525 rose 727 straw fire 724 swelling up 738 thirst 702 tondere 648, 698 triumph 598 trumpet 641 verbera 668 vines 631 wars of Venus 548 weaving 591 wounds 669, 699 India, wealth of 654 Indians 357 innate heat 69n22, 81, 105 insult; insults 129, 205, 241, 435n, 732, 734 invocation 15–16, 25 Christian 15, 519 to Christ 519 to Urania 15–16, 63n14, 299 Io 381n52 Iolas (William II of Hesse) 341, 391–401, 465, 689 Iole (shepherdess) 331, 339, 481–487, 766 Iole of Oechalia 223 Ionia 87 Italy 329, 337, 475n127 homeland of humanism 731 praise of 647 studies in 6, 8, 18, 21, 413

846 Jason (Argonaut) 117n62, 227, 255 Jerusalem, the heavenly 421n80 Jesse 231, 715 Joachimsthal 15, 18, 21, 168, 177, 185, 189 John Frederick I of Saxony 467 elegy for 3, 166–167, 313 John of Saxony 399n70 joke; jest 4, 43, 47, 71, 177, 425, 429, 720, 753 Jonas, Justus 280, 373 See also Battus Jove. See Jupiter Julus 227 Juno 103n56, 224n10, 241n50, 249, 251n68 Jupiter; Jove (god) 55n, 103n56, 135, 223, 239, 245, 251, 253, 261, 271, 355, 357, 399, 427, 485, 598–599, 676 Capitoline 103 cloudgatherer 253 armorbearer of (eagle) 445 daughters of (Muses) 243, 255 offspring of (Hercules) 223 oracle of 87n36, 91n44 son of (Mercury) 251 thunderbolts of 135, 241, 447, 479 (planet) associated with youth and spring 524 Jupiter Ammon 227 jurisprudence. See law justice 109, 501 Kassel 463 Knaust, Heinrich 34–35 Kovachich, József Miklos 32 Krafft, Adam 178, 753 Krause, Carl (Karl) 176, 282, 551 Krell, Jakob 37–40, 43n103 Kronos 67n21 Kundtmann, Sylvester 36 Lactantius 599 Lahn River 395, 397 landscape Arcadian 383n54 degenerated 679 Golden Age 648 idealized 647, 658

general index paradisiacal 677 pastoral 710 Lang, Johann 179, 184, 213n7, 281, 311n8, 315n22 Laodamia 233, 694 Latin (language) 83, 93n46, 165, 169, 191, 198n, 421, 495, 563, 718, 719 Latium 227 Latmus, Mount 243 Latona 507n147 Lauffen, Battle of 317, 321, 466n118 laureation 34, 47n1, 345n, 390–391n, 437n, 449, 453–459, 742–743, 746 Lavinia 227n22 law; jurisprudence 3–4, 6, 109, 119, 127 Lebanon 297 Leipzig. See University of Leipzig Lesbia 231 Leucippe 409 liberal arts 55, 57, 169, 191–195, 197–199, 493, 498n Venus the enemy of 77 See also humane studies Libya 227 Lindener, Michael 168n14 Linus 229 Livy 195 Loersfelt, Johann 13 Lollia Paulina 227 Love. See Cupid love, passionate; lovesickness 139, 141, 212, 221–271, 311–312, 329–331, 339, 347, 354–355n, 367–371, 393, 401–413, 429–435, 481–487, 598–599, 667–668, 701–708 disease 699, 722 fire 724, 728 insanity 728 living death 701 poison 713, 771 thirst 702 cares of 725 cure for 668, 701 symptoms of 606, 667, 723 Löwenburg 385n Lucan 257 Lucina 243n56, 259 Lucullus 261 Luna 225, 433

general index Luther, Martin 164, 280, 281n10, 282, 630– 632, 743 To the Councilmen of All Cities in Germany 164 Lycian peasants ( frogs) 507 Lycoris (Gallus’s lover) 229, 712–713 (mistress) 419 Lydia 229 Macedonia 141, 195, 227n20, 469 Macer, Aemilius 147 Machaon 16, 123, 135n78, 137 macrocosm; microcosm 64n quaternions of the 16–17, 25 Maecenas, C. 47n3 a new (Sturtz) 7 Magenbuch, Johann 26, 59 Maia 223, 249 Main River 237, 395 Mainz archbishop of 385, 413 archbishopric of 312, 499n Manlius, Arnold 41 Mannus (Trebelius) 437n, 730 Mantua 661 poets of (Vergil and Mantuanus) 365 Vergil of 325n1, 415n77, 462n109 Mantuanus, Baptista 309, 312, 321, 363, 365n, 661, 664, 720, 730 a Christian Vergil 309, 363n37, 635, 660 compared with Vergil 363–365 Adolescentia 309, 363n37 See also Faustus Marburg 178, 184, 395, 401n, 463n111, 753 Colloquy of 463n111 St. Elizabeth’s in 397 See also University of Marburg Maro. See Vergil Mars (god) 223, 226n19, 227, 471, 495, 691 (planet) 67, 521, 524 Marschalk, Nikolaus 390n Marseille 143 Marsyas 377, 421n81 Marthen, Herbord von der 381n52, 385, 614, 743. See also Phileremus Marthen, von der 681 Martial 87n36, 179n23, 257n70

847 Marullo, Michele 730 Marx, Friedrich 583 Mary, the Virgin 15n48, 678, 712 bride of Christ 676 burning bush 676 flower in enclosed garden 676 intercessor 670, 678 Virgin Muse 15 praise of 311, 377–381, 670, 674 mathematics 127, 165, 193, 195n11, 199, 491 Maximilian I, Emperor 7n24, 273, 435n, 447n95 Mechelen 40 Meckbach, Johann 321, 729, 753 Medea 117n62 medicine; medical science 3–27, 49, 59, 63–107, 135–147, 155 Greek 113n61, 139n medieval 10n33, 524 lucrative 3–4, 125–127 defense of 9, 15, 558 god of (Aesculapius) 113n60 inventor of (Apollo) 4, 15–16, 25, 63, 135, 519 praise of 12, 18–19, 25, 45, 49, 53, 109–133, 153, 313, 558 Megara 397n66 Meienburg, Michael 279 Melanchthon, Anna 614 Melanchthon, Philip 22, 49, 167, 193, 201, 212, 213, 281, 282, 313, 488n, 627, 636, 753 idyl addressed to 167, 169, 199n18, 201, 202n, 207, 312–313, 320, 471–481, 759 poem collection dedicated to 166, 313 portrait of, by Dürer 163, 165, 177, 179, 183 helps organize the evangelical academy in Nuremberg 22, 164–165 praises Eobanus as Germany’s best poet 202–203n, 203 urges Eobanus to versify the Psalms 279–280, 287 Meleterus (Crotus?) 393–401, 363n38 Melinus 421–429 Melisaeus (Christiani) 343–353, 363n39, 455, 641, 643, 645, 659 Melissa 409 Melpomene 149, 259–260

848 Menalcas 401–411, 697 Menelaus 225, 233n37 Mercury 135, 211–212, 214n11, 223n7, 239, 249–253, 271 attributes of 223, 249, 251 Messalina, Valeria 145n87, 227n25 meter; meters Alcaic strophe 616 Alcmanic strophe 621 dactylic hexameter 180, 600, 609, 614, 641, 652, 658, 670, 679, 688, 697, 708, 716, 721, 730, 743, 753–754, 760, 770, 776, 785 elegiac distich 3, 16, 42, 63n15, 165, 169, 180, 185, 282, 283, 316–317, 517, 519, 558, 578, 583, 585–587, 592, 594, 598, 615, 622, 626, 627, 630–631, 635, 636, 640, 752, 753 First Archilochian strophe 618 Fourth Archilochian strophe 618 Fourth Asclepiad 617 greater Asclepiad followed by an iambic dimeter 620 iambic strophe 616, 629 iambic trimeter 180, 622, 629 leonine hexameters 40 Phalaecian hendecasyllable, followed by a dactylic pentameter 615 Sapphic hendecasyllables, concluding with an adonic 615 Sapphic strophe 619 Second Archilochian strophe 620 Second Asclepiad 617 Second Pythiambic strophe 616 Meyerpeck, Wolfgang 176, 185 miasmas 528 microcosm. See macrocosm Micyllus, Jakob 282, 313 Midas 79, 85, 159, 377; (plural) 127 Mincio River 415n77, 462n109 Minerva 77, 212, 224n10, 241, 251n68 See also Pallas Athene Minotaur 225n17 Misenus 377, 674 Mithridates 123 mithridaticum 4, 123 Mizauld, Antoine 35 Mnemosyne 255 Monheim, Johann 34

general index monk; monks 212, 233, 280, 289–293, 509 cowl does not make the 459, 752 fish the meal of 101 See also cowl; ex-monk Moreau, René 38n94 Morpheus 451 Moses 121 Münzer, Thomas 467n122 Murmellius, Johann 168n14 Musa, Antonius 26, 145 Musaeus 229 Muse; Muses 32–33, 46–47n2, 59, 63, 77, 89, 129, 131, 147–151, 155, 182, 189–191, 197, 201, 203, 211–212, 221n1, 229, 231, 235, 237–275, 310, 327, 329–331, 335– 339, 345, 347, 355–361, 365, 377–381, 419, 427, 434n88, 437, 439, 443–449, 453, 455–459, 467–475, 479, 481, 489, 493, 497, 501, 507, 511, 583, 584, 613, 616, 719–720, 746–748, 751, 784 barren 127 chaste 219, 431 Christian 15, 355, 357n exiled; outcast 168–169, 189, 197, 493, 501, 511 jocose 219 Latin 310, 415, 449 Latin and Greek 475 Minciadic 415, 463 my (our) 89, 125, 191, 193, 201, 303, 329, 337, 341, 345, 347, 385, 395, 415, 439, 463, 467, 489, 491 rustic 310, 325, 415 the nine 12, 20, 53, 157, 214n11 Vergil’s 26, 145, 415n77, 462n109 daughter of the inventor of medicine 15–16, 25, 63 Isle of my 287 leader of the (Apollo) 4, 49, 155 Nest of the 12, 19–20 portraits of the 12, 20–21, 149–151, 155 See also Calliope; Camenae; Clio; Erato; Euterpe; Melpomene; Pieria; Pierian maidens; Polyhymnia; Terpsichore; Thalia; Urania music 127, 165, 199 health benefits of 71, 528–529 Muse of (Euterpe) 149n93

general index Muth, Johann 413nn73–74 Muths, the; Mutians 413 Mutianus Rufus 311n8, 313n13, 361, 373, 391n, 413–421, 435n, 662, 708–710, 739, 742–743 Eobanus’s mentor 3–4, 373n45 circle of humanists around 355n29 See also Thrasybulus Muzio, Macario 730 naiad; naiads 225, 351, 397, 411, 419, 431, 435, 489, 499 Narcissus (mythical) 401, 697, 700, 702 (shepherd) 401–413, 697, 700, 702–703, 705, 707, 708 naturals, the seven 10 Nature; nature 67, 75, 141, 147, 361, 425, 483, 507, 689 wayward 479 Mother 77, 642 cycles of 111 gifts of 121 ingenuity of 497 law of 77 powers of 113, 115 ruler of 261 secrets of 10, 111, 147, 491 Nemesianus 321 Nemphe 353 Neptune 223, 239, 513, 615 Nereus 223, 271, 399n69, 702 Nero, Emperor 227, 329n7, 337n14 Nesen, Wilhelm 18n53, 167, 313 Nesse River 365, 389 Nestor 467, 757 Nicias 766 Nile 239 Nisus (mythical) 397n66 (shepherd) Rhenish 397 Nomads 554 non-naturals, the six 10, 40 Noric berg (Noric mountain) 490n Norici 189n3, 490n Nossen, Michael 507n148 Numidians 103 Nuremberg 22–24, 55, 61, 165–166, 169, 183– 184, 189, 199, 211, 213, 249, 253, 279, 281,

849 285, 287, 310, 313, 315, 327, 461, 471, 489, 491, 495, 499, 540, 782, 783 located in the heart of Europe 489, 777 located in the heart of Germany 777 sheet anchor for good studies 182 city council (Senate) of 183–184, 191, 197, 493, 495, 636 encomium of 312, 320, 489–499, 775 evangelical academy in 22, 164–165, 168–169, 187–199, 217, 279, 489n132, 586 first impression of 166, 495–496 Lorenz and Sebald parish in 497n143 monastery of St. Aegidius in 164, 280, 285–289 becomes a Lutheran city 164 welcomes the outcast Muses 168–169, 191, 197, 493 Nützel, Kaspar 495n141 nymph; nymphs 131, 135, 191, 221, 225, 351, 353, 363, 377, 399, 401, 411, 423, 431, 447, 499, 513, 692 guardian 312, 498n145, 499 Stygian 239 See also dell nymphs Ocean 399, 401 Oceanus 501 Oeta, Mount 602 Old Testament 212 See also Bible Olenian goat 427 Olenus 427n85 Olympiad 461, 465 Olympus 598 Opsopoeus, Vincentius 169, 187n, 199n17 Ordronaux, John 39 oread; oreads 351, 419, 489 Ore Mountains 6, 21, 189n2 Orléans. See University of Orléans Orpheus 121, 229, 243n58, 257, 347 Otto, A., Sprichwörter der Römer 125n70, 519, 529, 539, 543, 596, 643, 656, 662, 663, 680, 696, 700, 701, 705, 717, 727, 728, 732, 734, 736–740, 749, 752, 761, 763, 764, 771, 790 See also proverb Otto Cremonensis 40 Ovid 229n33, 401, 598–599 owl 345, 439, 732

850 Pactolus 261, 618 Paeon 123 Paestum, roses of 437, 731 Palaepaphus 706 Palamedes, birds of (cranes) 89 Pales 387, 682, 683 Pallas Athene 505 long-exiled 312, 481 arena of 69, 457 citadel of 505, 507 epithet of 785 olive tree sacred to 457n103 See also Minerva Pan 345, 351, 353, 377, 387, 415, 431, 435; (plural) 223 inventor and master of the syrinx 643, 673 papacy, the 447n96, 739 Paphus 253 Paradise, earthly 357n31, 361 Parcae 214n11, 395 See also Fate Paris of Troy 207n23, 224n10, 225, 241n50, 251n68, 433, 726 Parnassus, Mount 747 Parrhasia 103n56 Parrhasian Bear 103 Parthians, the 227 Pasch, Johannes 33 Pasiphae 233 passion; the passions 10, 415n75, 662 pastoral analogies 655 patron; patronage 3, 5, 8, 22–23, 59, 183, 287, 335, 341, 413, 520, 753 Paul, Saint 123 Paulinus Nolanus 629–630 Paul of Aegina 12, 16, 139 Peasants’ War 312, 463n111, 467n122, 499n, 757 Pegasus’s spring (Hippocrene) 182 Pegnitz River 166, 182, 189, 191, 211, 249, 253, 269, 271, 489–491, 777 associated with the Peneus 166, 189, 269, 495, 783 Pelusian ale (zythum) 107 Pelusium 107n Peneus River 166, 189, 249, 269, 495 Permessis (Permessus) River 453, 746 Perseus 226n19, 241

general index Persia, kings of 477, 763 Persians 123 Persius 46n2 Petrarca (Petrarch), Francesco 321, 730 Petreius, Johann 23, 213, 281–282, 315 Peypus (Arthemisius), Friedrich 166, 169, 177n15, 179, 313 Phaedra 225n17, 233 Phaon 117 Phasis River 87 Philaegon (Crotus) 363–371, 425, 659, 664 Philantis 405–411, 703 Phileremus (Herbord von der Marthen) 381–391 Philetas (Alexandrian poet) 652 (Spalatin) 355, 359, 434n8, 435, 659 Philip of Acarnania 141 Philip of Hesse 321, 335, 341, 391–393, 399, 401n, 695 birthday poem for 341, 393, 399–401, 464n114 encomium of 3, 312, 315, 317, 320, 321, 341, 463–471, 753–754, 775 portrait of 165n7, 317 Philip II of Macedonia 141, 227n20 Philip the Upright 397n66 Philondas (Sbruglio) 435–449, 730 philosopher; philosophers 37, 371, 413, 668 ancient 119, 212, 231 Cynic 93n47 Stoic 668 contrasted with physicians 111, 561 philosophy 413 natural 10 schools of 111 Philotas 401–409 Philyra, son of (Chiron) 375 Phocis 253 Phoebus. See Apollo Phrixus 427 Phyllis 233, 351, 419; (plural) 351 physician; physicians 4–10, 16–18, 26, 47– 49, 81, 87, 155, 157, 481, 563 epigrams on the 12, 20–21, 25–26, 32–33, 53, 135–147, 155, 578 contrasted with philosophers 111–113, 561 praised 109–131

general index physiology 40, 81 Pieria, Muses of 481 Pierian Maid (Mary) 16 Pierian maidens (Muses) 251, 345, 377–381, 489 Pillars of Hercules 273n77 Pindaric lyre 231 Pirckheimer, Willibald 167, 169, 199n17, 214, 315n22, 320, 495n141, 776, 791 dedicatory letter to 317, 320, 327–331, 636 portrait of, by Dürer 332 fails to acknowledge Eobanus’s dedicatory letter 320, 335n, 341 Pirithous 225, 226n18 Pistorius, Abbot Friedrich 279n1, 280, 280– 281n10, 285–289, 614 Pithou, Pierre 582 Placotomus (Bretschneider), Johann 25n, 29–32, 35, 41, 73n25, 87n33, 101n53, 525–530, 532, 533, 536–540, 542, 544– 549, 554, 556, 557 plague; plagues; pestilence 13n43, 71, 113, 390–391n caused by miasmas 71, 528 ( figurative) envy 201, 205, 291 passionate love 233, 371, 481 radical preachers 511 scholastic education 475 Planer, Johannes A. 33 planetary hours 13n43, 14, 45 planets 9–10, 17, 67, 521 aspects of the 8 Platina, Bartolomeo 16 Plato 123, 231 Plautus 193n7, 507n148 Plenty; Abundance 105 horn of 89, 153, 259, 297, 349, 505 Pliny the Elder 125, 147 Pluto 223, 227, 391, 687 See also Dis podagra 530 Podalirius 16, 123, 135, 137 Poles, the 103 Poliziano, Angelo 730 Polla Argentaria 257 Pollio, C. Asinius 463n110 Polybius 21n60

851 Polybus 28 Polyclitus 491 Polyhymnia; Polymneia; Polymnia 151, 243, 267 Polyphemus (Eobanus) 47n2, 449–459, 744, 749 (mythical) 724, 766, 771 Pompeia 228n Pontano, Giovanni 321, 641, 729 popes 212, 233 portrait; portraits all but breathing 21, 155, 585 silent speech 182–183 of Eobanus v, 165, 171–173, 175–185, 315n22, 318 of Erasmus 183 of Feige 333 of illustrious physicians 12, 20–21, 135– 147, 155 of Martial 179n23 of Melanchthon 163, 165, 177, 179, 183 of Philip of Hesse 165n7, 317 of Pirckheimer 332 of Sturtz 2 of the Muses 12, 20–21, 149–151, 155 of Vergil 168n17 portrait epigraph v, 163, 165–166, 172, 175– 177, 179, 180n9, 183n35, 184 posterity 49, 269, 329, 339; (personified) 461, 636 powers (animal, natural, vital) 69 Praeneste 177 Prague. See University of Prague preachers, radical evangelical 15, 109n, 312, 383n53, 389n60, 475n129, 477–479, 498n, 507n147, 509n, 686 Pregel, Johann 285 Priam, King 225n16, 726 printing advent of 761 art of 473 Priscian 167 Procris 233 Prodicus of Selymbria 143 Propertius 231, 722, 746 Proserpina 226n18

852 Proteus 4 (Camerarius) 5 (Eobanus) 4–5, 23 proverb; proverbial 125n70, 182n32, 518, 526, 541, 543, 572, 596, 608, 618, 644, 645, 654, 664, 667, 680, 681, 686, 700, 701, 705, 710, 717, 727, 728, 734–740, 752, 757, 761, 763, 789 See also Erasmus (Adagia); Häussler; Otto; Thesaurus Proverbiorum Medii Aevi; Walther Prusa, old man of (Asclepiades) 113, 139n Prussia 310 Ptolemy (son of Antiochus) 125 Ptolemy II Philadelphus 329n6, 337n13, 464n113, 465, 754 Pyramus 91n41 Pyrenees 275 Pythagoras of Samos 101, 123, 491n139 qualities, the primary 9–10, 17, 65, 67, 521, 523 quaternions; quaternaries 9–10, 16–17, 25, 521–525 See also tetradic systems Quintus. See Curtius radical moisture 81, 538 radical preachers. See preachers Raphael (archangel) 123 Redlich, Paul R. 33 Reformation, Lutheran 197n13, 463n111, 489n132 aftermath of the 164 refrain 653, 674 Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum 11, 16, 17, 34, 37–40, 43, 63n15, 521 interpolations into, from Eobanus 38– 42 regimens of health 11n33 Regnitz River 237n45, 239 Renaissance, achievements of the 475, 762 Renzi, Salvatore de 38–39 Reuchlin, Johann 473n, 583, 765 Reusner, Nikolaus 33, 35, 583 Rhesus of Thrace 243 rhetoric 164, 193, 558, 775 flowers of 193n8, 199 rhetorician 127, 139

general index Rhine River 273, 395, 437, 463, 465 Rhône River 275 Ries, Adam 7 Roman; Romans (ancient) 123, 129, 227 Roman Empire (ancient) 227, 471 Rome (ancient) 113n61, 125, 137, 139n, 141n82, 227, 329, 337, 465, 469, 475, 493, 543, 779 (modern) 680 Romulus 227n23 rose; roses 237, 257, 359, 361, 371, 425, 481, 485 image of fleeting youth 435, 727 of Paestum 437, 731 Roting, Michael 193 Saale River 513 Sabine women 227 Sabinus, Georg 321, 614 Sachse the Elder, Melchior 317 Sadler I, Raphael 42, 522 Samson 231 Sannazaro, Jacopo 321, 729 Sappho 233 Sarmatians 85, 353 Sarmatian shores 127 satire; satires 28, 311, 373n44, 382–383n53, 389, 599, 664, 731, 733 Saturn (Sickle-bearer) (god) 67n21, 375n46 (planet) 67, 521, 525 satyr; satyrs 95, 223, 351, 377n48, 381, 421n81, 489 Saxons, the 103 Saxony 467 electors of 413 Sbruglio, Riccardo 434–435n89, 435, 729 See also Philondas Scandinavia 103n56 Scheurl, Christoph 434–435n89 Schmalkaldic League 463n111, 467n120 Schmalkaldic War 463n111 Scholastic theologians 193n9 Schöner, Johann 195n11 Schottenloher, Karl 168n14 Schreyber (Grammateus), Heinrich 13–15, 26, 28, 45, 49, 541, 565 Schwäbisch Hall 319

853

general index Schwarz, Anna 281n10 Schwarz, Georg 281n10 science; sciences 193 mathematical 195n11 medical 119, 123, 125, 558, 583 natural 10 true 137 Scythia 87 seasons, the four 9, 65n, 67, 265, 301, 303, 521, 523 Secundus, Janus 321 Seiler, Johann 577 Semele 55n, 223n8 Serenus Sammonicus, Q. 16, 147 serpent 375, 383 the fell (Satan) 357 of Epidaurus 113 See also snake Setzer, Johann 313, 315–316, 318–319 Seydel, Moritz 5 Sicily 417, 710 Sickingen, Franz von 3, 312, 463n111, 465n117, 753 Sickle-bearer. See Saturn Sileni 223 Sinno, Andrea 39 Sirens 127, 149 Sirius 425 Siwa oasis 227n20 snake; snakes 97, 113n60, 349, 375n47, 383– 387, 399, 417, 419, 445, 648, 680, 713 See also adder; serpent Socrates 231n35, 734 Socratic balance 415 Solomon 231, 599 sophist; sophists 193, 473 Spain 213, 217, 273 Spalatin, Georg 313, 355, 359n33, 381n52, 434n88, 435n See also Philetas Spangenberg, Johann 4 Spengler, Lazarus 282, 315n20 spice; spices 73n26, 83, 87, 542 Spirit, the; Holy Spirit 303, 379, 751 See also God spirits (bodily) 10, 25, 69, 77, 117, 531 spring; springtime description of 343–345, 641–642, 710 in medical theory 67, 521, 524–525

of life 265, 341, 641–642 Statius 257nn69–70 Stella, L. Arruntius 257 Stigel, Johann 321, 614 Strabo, Walahfrid 28, 31, 32 Strait of Hercules 273 Stratonice 139 Strozzi, Ercole and Tito 729 Stürmer, Wolfgang 391n Sturtz, Andreas 6 Sturtz, Georg 168, 177, 180, 184, 189n2, 213, 312, 313, 315n22, 481, 520 patron and mentor 5–8, 21–22, 47–49 dedications to 7, 8, 12, 16, 24, 45–49, 55– 63 Museum of 12, 19–21, 45, 49, 135, 155, 157 portrait of, by Brosamer 2 life of 6–8 buys and remodels the Engelsburg 6–7, 19–21 directs Eobanus’s medical studies 5–6, 8–12 gives the impetus to Eobanus’s dietetic poem 8–9, 47, 59, 63, 107 “Table of the Fevers” 12, 14, 20, 26, 45, 49, 159 Sulpizio da Veroli, Giovanni 31 Sun; sun god 225, 390n superstition; superstitions 289, 293, 381n51 swan; swans emblem 363n38 of Phoebus 89 songs of 345n26, 439, 732 Swedes 103 sylvans 223, 351 Sylvius, Zacharias 38n94, 39n96 Syracusan flute 329, 337 Syracuse, ancient of (Archimedes) 195 Syrinx 431, 435, 673, 722 Tajo River 125, 261, 618 Tartar; Tartars 85, 540 Tartarus 477 See also underworld Tauri, the 243n55 Tempe, Vale of 166, 495 temperaments (complexions), the four 17, 65–67, 111, 521 tetrastichs on 42, 522–523

9,

854 Terence 5, 47, 193n7 Terpsichore 149, 265 Tethys 513 tetradic systems (in medical theory) 64– 65n, 65–67, 521–522 See also quaternians Thalia; Thaleia 149, 261, 243, 289 Thamyras 229 Thebes 229n30, 469 Theocritus 237, 309–311, 325, 329, 337, 391, 464n113, 465, 638, 652, 688, 754 translation of, into Latin verse 55, 212, 311, 343, 635, 766–769 “The Cyclops” 237n44, 312, 320, 331, 339, 481, 766, 771 theologians 117 conservative 473n Scholastic 193n9 theology 59, 127 Theophrastus 123 Thesaurus Proverbiorum Medii Aevi 518, 524, 526, 527, 539, 541, 607, 628, 667, 680, 681, 705, 717, 723, 728, 734–736, 739, 740, 752, 787, 789, 790 See also proverb Theseus 225, 226n18 Thessalus 145 Thessaly 166, 495 Thisbe 91 Thrace 243 Thracians 239 Thrasybulus (Mutianus) 361, 373–381 Thuringia 345, 363, 373, 383, 389, 413, 453, 499 praised 349–351, 644, 647 uprising in 467 Thyrsis 429–435, 721 Tiberius, Emperor 227 Tiber River 137 Tibullus 229, 659 Tifernate, Gregorio 598–599 Tityrus (Petrejus Eberbach) 373–381, 673 (Vergil) 325, 351, 365, 415, 462n110, 463, 464n112, 465, 649, 660, 673, 709, 722 Tobias, the younger 257 Tobit 123 topos; commonplace 183n34, 692, 695, 723, 782

general index affected (rhetorical) modesty 16n, 320n34, 415n76, 520, 637, 755 captation of good will 109, 279n1 cursing the inventor 544, 557 exordial 18n52, 520, 558, 627 inexpressibility 778 body a burden for the soul 714 love a disease 667 love an incurable wound 702 lover a slave to his mistress 706 poetry is immortal and makes immortal 179n23, 622, 654, 693, 758 tranquillity 659, 662 blessed 413, 415, 658 pastoral 681 scholarly 413 of mind 199, 735 Treaty of Cambrai 447n96 Trebelius, Hermann 390–391n, 391, 437n, 449, 730, 742 See also Heliades Triton 377 triumph; triumphal parade 212, 221–235, 237, 239, 269, 312, 481, 598–599 Trojan War 207n23 Tros 225 Troy 137, 225, 227, 243n59, 329n5, 337n12, 469 Truchsess, Anna 211, 247n65, 257–261, 265 Turnus 227n22 Tydeus, son of (Diomedes) 225n14 Tyndareus 113, 231, 562 Ulm 467 Ulrich of Württemberg 463n111, 465–467, 754 Ulysses 121–123, 123n64, 225, 243n59, 469, 688 underworld; Hades 223, 226n, 249, 391, 634, 686, 687, 694 See also Dis; hell; Tartarus University of Erfurt 3, 6, 34, 37, 343, 489n135, 505, 520, 659, 682 collapse of the 3, 18, 312, 320–321, 335n, 383n53, 387n57, 498n145, 505–507 Collegium maius in the 18 economic benefits of the 791 Roman comedies acted at the 505n148 University of Leipzig 5

general index

855

University of Marburg 395, 463n111, 753 University of Orléans 6 University of Prague 21 University of Vienna 179, 315 University of Wittenberg 6, 8, 164, 390– 391n, 488n Unstrut River 453 Urania (Christian) 15–16, 63n14, 299, 631 (mythical) 151, 267 Ursa Major 103n56

See also debauchery; drunkenness; envy; hypocrisy Victory (personified) 475 Vida, Marco Girolamo 321, 729 Vienna 179–180, 184 See also University of Vienna Violantilla 257 Virtue (personified) 489, 491, 509, 599 Vistula River 310 Vos, Maarten de 42, 522–523 Vulcan 135, 223

Valens, Vectius (Vettius) 145 vampires 311n10, 389–391, 685 Van den Berghe (Montanus), Robert 41–42 Varus 415 Vegetius 21n60 Venetians, the 445n93, 738 Venice 445–447, 739 Venus 77, 97, 117n63, 211–212, 214n11, 219– 245, 249–271, 329, 331, 339, 359n32, 365, 369, 409, 411, 419, 431–435, 441, 481, 598–599, 706, 713; (plural) 351 daughters of (the Graces) 713 flame of 201 lament against 237–247 rabbits and doves sacred to 724 triumph of 217–235, 599 wars of 95 Vergil; Maro 26, 145, 229, 325, 331n8, 339n15, 367n, 373, 391, 415nn76–78, 462n109, 463n110, 638, 639, 647, 703, 730; (plural) 235, 471, 475 an erudite (Eobanus) 7 Christian or modern (Mantuanus) 309– 310, 363, 635, 660 love affairs of 229n31 portrait of 168n17, 177 compared with Baptista Mantuanus 363–365, 635, 660 Aeneids (plural) 235 Appendix Vergiliana 229n31, 524 eclogues 91n45, 193, 309–310, 329n5, 337n12, 343, 354n, 393n62, 462n110, 649, 670, 688, 754 See also Tityrus vernacular, the 353, 389, 473, 477, 761, 775 vice; vices 59, 117, 119, 511, 787 catalogue of the 493–495, 764

Walther, Hans, Proverbia sententiaeque Latinitatis medii aevi 543, 575, 645, 662, 717, 727, 735, 738, 740, 741, 743, 752, 761, 790 See also proverb War of the Landshut Succession 397n66 Weimar Disputation 167 Werra River 389, 684 Weser 389, 463, 684 Westphalians 103 William of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 3 William II of Hesse 335n, 392n, 395n64, 397nn66–68, 413, 463n111, 469, 690 eulogy for 321, 341, 391, 392–393n62, 464n114, 754 exploits of 341 See also Iolas wine; wines 73, 99, 105, 123, 135, 301, 485 Falernian 103, 349 benefits of 105, 531 harms of 73, 105 wisdom 231, 347, 375, 415n75, 465, 507, 658; (personified) 505 proverbial 717 Stoic 735 of God 303 of the world 477 goddess of 457n103 comes with advancing age 645 witches 389n59, 685 Witeschnik, Horst 321 Wittenberg. See University of Wittenberg wolf, wolves 291, 351, 381, 385, 387, 395–399, 417, 419, 423, 445, 483, 648, 680 Word of God. See Bible Wouters, Jan 41 Württemberg, house of 465

856 Xanthus River 135 Zápolya, John 273n79 Zion, Mount 297 zodiac circle of the 193 signs of the 8, 9, 13n43, 14, 67n17, 521 Aquarius 67, 521, 524 Aries 67, 427n86, 521 Cancer 67, 521, 524 Capricornus 67, 521

general index Gemini 67, 521 Leo 67, 453, 521 Libra 67, 521 Pisces 67, 521 Sagittarius 67, 521 Scorpio 67, 521 Taurus 67, 521 Virgo 67, 521 trigons of the 65n zythum 107n, 556