The Palestinian Version of the Holy Scriptures 9781463226343

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The Palestinian Version of the Holy Scriptures

Analecta Gorgiana

528 Series Editor George Anton Kiraz

Analecta Gorgiana is a collection of long essays and short monographs which are consistently cited by modern scholars but previously difficult to find because of their original appearance in obscure publications. Carefully selected by a team of scholars based on their relevance to modern scholarship, these essays can now be fully utilized by scholars and proudly owned by libraries.

The Palestinian Version of the Holy Scriptures

Edited and Translated by

George Henry Gwilliam In Collaboration With

Ernest Nathaniel Bennett

2012

Gorgias Press LLC, 954 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com G&C Kiraz is an imprint of Gorgias Press LLC Copyright © 2012 by Gorgias Press LLC Originally published in 1893 All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC. 2012

ISBN 978-1-61719-186-2

ISSN 1935-6854

Reprinted from the 1893 Oxford edition.

Printed in the United States of America

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION : —

PAGEA

Description of the fragments, §§ i , § 3. T h e probable date, § 4. T h e this edition, § 6. T h e relation of the in the O. T . fragment, § 7 ( 1 ) ; in the 2 TIMOTHY

I . 1 1 - 1 8 IN T H E P E S H I T T O ,

2. T h e handwriting, dialect, § 5. Plan of version to the original N. T . fragments, § 7 (2)

THE H A R C L E A N , AND T H E

PALESTINIAN

XIV

L I S T OF A L L T H E KNOWN R E M A I N S THE GREEK LIST

N O T E S ON T H E ADDITIONAL THE

OF T H E P A L E S T I N I A N V E R S I O N

R E A D I N G S IN T H E N E W

OF P A L E S T I N I A N

v-xiii

AND OTHER

SYRIAC

TEXT

TESTAMENT

WORDS

OF T H E

AND

FRAGMENTS FORMS

FRAGMENTS

.

XVI

.

XX

.

.

XXIV

.

.

XXVII

NOTES

S Y R I A C T E X T OF T H E ENGLISH TRANSLATION

XL BODLEIAN . .

FRAGMENTS . . .

WITH . .

AN 1-23

[II. S-]

P L A T E I,

Numbers

PLATE

II,

PLATE

III,

I V . 46, 4 7 ; 4 9 — V .

1 Thessalonians 2 Timothy

IV.

I. 1 0 - 1 7 .

10-15.

2.

»rfflin f»,

*ua Ç" p M • -ftSw*» • ^

s

^^Mî* ijv»k "V" '

k^^rn^ g

s u vinsÄa, W Ä » r l .'f

wyvtmyrw

L

¡i>>

vw

ra»*«

«V

v^w titt

jr«f

,

INTRODUCTION

i. Early in the year 1891, five parchment leaves were sent to the Bodleian Library from E g y p t , where they had been procured by the late Rev. Greville J. Chester 1 . T h e leaves are palimpsests, four, being rewritten on both sides, the fifth on one side only. T h e upper writing is in an ancient cursive Hebrew hand, and is assigned by Dr. Neubauer to the beginning of the twelfth century of our era. It consists of certain portions of the Mishnah, and as these will be described in the Appendix to Dr. Neubauer's Catalogue of Hebrew MSS. in the Bodleian Library, a further account of them is unnecessary here. Three of the portions are shown in our collotypes. T h e Hebrew of these fragments is, relatively, of little value, but the mode of its transmission is interesting; for, as I am informed b y Dr. Neubauer, whose name is sufficient guarantee for the truth of the statement, it is very rare indeed to find portions of the Mishnah copied upon the writings of Christian scribes. On the other hand, the original contents of these palimpsests are interesting and valuable, both to the theologian and the grammarian. T h e leaf, which is half palimpsest, contains some verses from the Book of Numbers, and these certainly appear to belong to the version known as the Palestinian Syriac Old Testament, of which some fragments are preserved in the British Museum, and in the Imperial Library, St. Petersburg. The four New Testament leaves contain several verses from Colossians, 1 Thessalonians, 2 Timothy, and Titus, written in the same dialect 2 as 1 MS. Syr. c. 4 Bibl. Bodl. Readers, who are unable to consult the originals, will find in our collotypes not only reproductions of parts of the text, but very good representations of the present appearance of the fragments. 2 Called the Christian (or Syrian)—Palestinian; see Traité de Grammaire Syriaque (Duval), Introduction, pp. vii, viii, x.

INTRODUCTION.

vi

the fragments just named, and the Evangeliarium Hierosolymitanum in the Vatican Library. T h e y confirm the inference from the recentlydiscovered Sinaitic l e a f 1 , that the Pauline Epistles were also included in the Palestinian Version. 2. T h e collotypes, which we have prefixed, show the present sizes of the pages. The four New Testament leaves are i a x 8J inches. T h e small leaf has lost about five lines of the Syriac writing. It must have been originally about seven inches square; it is now 5 f x 7. T h e handwriting of the four leaves is a very fine specimen of that particular script, and the acquisition of these fragments is a distinct gain to the palaeographer. T h e y will occupy a place of their own amongst the treasures of the Bodleian L i b r a r y ; for, as \ve shall presently show, there is good reason for regarding these four leaves as some of the oldest extant specimens of the particular hand which they exhibit. T h e writing is certainly one of the most beautiful examples of the style with which we are acquainted, and bears evident indications of great antiquity, whatever may be the actual date of the Syriac MS. from which the leaves were at some time abstracted. It will be seen that the four leaves are inscribed in double columns. Each column contains 22 lines. T h e letters are seldom cramped, and occasionally a word is a good deal extended to fill up the line 2 . It is clear that these leaves, which are connected in subject, formed parts of one codex. T h e odd leaf belonged to another manuscript. It also has two columns, and, in its present state, shows 15 lines; perhaps originally there were five more 3 . T h e writing is smaller, and, in my opinion, later 4 ; but it is well executed. This leaf was turned upside down by the Jewish scribe, so that the first line of his work is at the bottom of the page. T h e other leaves were turned half round, and some of the pages were written across from the top line of the Syriac, some from the bottom line. T h e photograph shows the palimpsest side of the odd leaf. This leaf is the most legible of the five, even 1

See pp. xvi, xvii. It contains a few verses of Galatians. Examples in the collotypes are:—crowded lines, P l a t e I I , col. 1, 11. 2, 6 ; extended words, col. 2, 1. 14, Plate I I I , col. 2, 11. 12, 13. 3 H o w many lines there were, it is impossible to say, until we know whether t h e lacunae represent as much as the Hebrew contains, or whether there were longer, or shorter, readings. 4 But see p. 10, second paragraph. 2

INTRODUCTION.

on its p a l i m p s e s t side.

vii

I n t h e other four, while the upper h a n d has

well retained its original b l a c k n e s s , the first hand, in some p l a c e s , has almost

faded

a w a y , in o t h e r s has c h a n g e d to a y e l l o w i s h

brown

T h e p h o t o g r a p h , on the w h o l e , has served t o b r i n g into greater clearness the under w r i t i n g ;

but the

loss of colour deprives the reader of an

a d v a n t a g e , w h i c h t h e m a n u s c r i p t itself affords, for distinguishing b e t w e e n the h a n d s w h e r e t h e y cross.

T h e r e are no indications of a

S y r i a c hand, unless t h e g l o s s on fol. 4 r has been a d d e d

second

later;

but

I d o not t h i n k that its h a n d can be u n h e s i t a t i n g l y ascribed to another era.

T h e letters are s m a l l e r ;

b u t so also are the characters of the

Titles, Subscriptions, a n d R u b r i c s — s e e pp. 10 and 3. T h e distinctive in

the

fragments,

are represented

by

14.

characteristics of the Palestinian

and two

are

shown

letters,

is e s p e c i a l l y used for t h e G r e e k

in

our

collotypes.

& and its inversion .2.

Ph

occur

and

The

in such a f o r m as

T h a t form h o w e v e r |is derived ( T k e s .

Syr. 3 1 1 4 ) from -nticrai, a l t h o u g h it is c o n j u g a t e d like a S y r i a c verb. the s a m e p l a t e (1. 14) w e h a v e b e 2k. and

am

P

latter

IT, as in the proper n a m e Qo

Paulus ; b u t it also occurs for t h e S y r i a c 2k Kushaiatum COJLZQ, C o l l o t y p e III,; col. 1, 1. 12.

script2

On

a l t h o u g h the first letter must

O n fol. i r a , 1. 19, I w a s at first inclined to read QaAcv-S^icai, still

doubtful,

for

the

letters

are

very

faint a n d

obscure.

'Ie/joTroXts w o u l d require - 2 , b u t a dialectic s o f t e n i n g into ph a f t e r r is conceivable. by o o a a o i j .

W e m a y c o m p a r e fol. 4 v b , 1. 13, w h e r e

TVTTOS

is e x p r e s s e d

A g a i n on P l a t e I, col. 2 , 1 . 1 2 , will be found "m2k : vssini'a,

w h e r e t h e second word, o u g h t t o begin with 4 = 2k, and there is a stop between the p and t h e r.

I t m a y be t h o u g h t t h a t 2k and £ h a v e some-

times been confused t h r o u g h carelessness: bpt, as far as can b e j u d g e d from these small portions, our M S S . were 1 ; carefully transcribed, contrasting

in this respect v e r y f a v o u r a b l y w i t h A d l e r ' s Evangeliariam

;

so t h a t p e r h a p s the m o s t reasonable supposition is, t h a t t h e special character -2. w a s o n l y e m p l o y e d in cases where, as in oaSjsa, it was desirable to e m p h a s i z e t h e h a r d sound of the p, or, as in o j c U i i A r ^ ( ' A p x i w o s ) , t o indicate the d o u b l i n g of t h e letter, or, as in o o a l o - S , to 1 Cf. Dr. Wright's remarks about Cod. Add. B. M. 14,450, fol. 14, in Catalogue of the Syriac MSS. in the British Museum, Part III, p. xxxii. note, and the page, Plate XVIII. a Duval, op. cit. | 11.

INTRODUCTION.

viii

show that the Greek name was spelt with Ft and not < í > T h e in the proper name, Plate III, col. 2, 1. 12, is not a special character: the appendage belongs to the Hebrew 2 . D is always written 1, without the point, but R is i . Other letters are occasionally provided with diacritical points, as Plate II, col. 2, 1. 13, and the final letter of ri'-s.ajw, Plate I, col. 2, 1. 3. Probably a pr. m. points were much used to distinguish the forms, and (") seems to have been regularly written upon the plurals; but in the present state of the pages these points are not always legible. There are only a few instances of the single stop (.), but an example of its use will be found on Plate III, col. 1, 1. 4. On the other hand the double (:) is legible in several places, and appears to be of frequent occurrence ; at 2 Tim. i. 18, it is used as a final stop. •: and :• are used on fol. 1 v a, 11. 9, 10, as ornaments to the lines. The former is found at Titus ii. 3 and 8 as a subordinate stop. In the facsimile in Miniscalchi Erizzo the figures •: and , in red, are frequent as stops: in one place there are four points, •:•. 4. It is impossible to assign an exact date to these fragments, and difficult even to say to what century they belong. At present there fere not materials available for dating Palestinian MSS., such as those which abound in the case of the works of the Edessene and Nestorian scribes 3 . We have however some indications of the history of the Palestinian hand. Our starting-point is Adler's Vatican Evangeliarium, which is dated 1030 A.D.4 Of undoubtedly later date are such debased hands as that of Add. 1 4 , 6 6 4 , fol. 3 4 a, and possibly that of fol. 2 6 b s . And it is equally clear that the old writing on fol. 1 4 of Add. 1 4 , 4 5 0 is 1 Dr. Land (Anécdota Syriaca, vol. i v. p. 214) writes of the London and St. Petersburg Palestinian fragments:—' Ex eo quod 3 literamomnesPalestiniinvertunt,qua Graecoriimnexprimant, apparet, earn aspiratain fuisse praeter voces a Graecis sumptas et (in Psalmis certe Londinensibus) eas in quibus 3 olim producebatur seu duplicator ;" and gives as examples such Syriac forms as o i / , ., with inverted S . 2

3 See the note on the place. See Studia Bíblica, III, p. £0, n. 2. It was written in Antioch 'in the year 1341 of Alexander the Greek;' see colophon quoted in Versiones Syriacae (Adler), p. 139, and Evangeliarium Hierosolymitanum (Miniscalchi Erizzo), p. £76. Dr. Wright, op. cit. p. xxxii. note §, accepted the date, and I do not know that there is any reason for questioning the statement of the colophon. 5 See Plates XIX, XX, in Wright's Catalogue; also the interesting series of seven facsimiles annexed to Professor Land's Anécdota Syriaca, vol. iv. 4

INTRODUCTION.

ix

older than that of Adler's M S . O f this leaf Dr. Wright said, «I can only hazard a conjecture that it belongs to the eighth or ninth century V These indications, though slight, are consistent, and point to a distinct decadence in the script from the eighth century, attendant, no doubt, on the decadence of the sect to which the dialect and the characters belonged. Now if our facsimiles be compared with fol. 14 of A d d . 14,450, the oldest specimen in the British Museum, it will be recognised that our four leaves are at least not inferior to it in beauty of execution, as well as in freedom from what Wright calls the almost hideous exaggeration and distortion of every peculiarity, with which the latest hands abound. T h e writing is bold and firm, and not inelegant, and certainly seems to belong to the best period of the style 2 . It will not, I think, be unreasonable to suppose that it is at least as old as the palimpsest leaf of A d d . 14,450, and I am somewhat disposed to believe that it is a little older. In any case, it can hardly be assigned to a later date than the eighth century. T h e single leaf, which is written in the smaller characters of another hand, is also very ancient; but I am inclined to think that it belonged to a M S . which was written a little later than that to which the four leaves belonged. A f t e r I had arrived independently at these conclusions, I received an interesting confirmation of my opinion. Copies of the three collotypes were submitted to the Rev. George Margoliouth 8 , whose position 1 Op. cit. Part III, p. xxxii. Fol. 26 b, I adduce with hesitation, because Wright was disposed to ' assign it to the tenth or eleventh century.' The reader should compare Plate X I X with the facsimile in Miniscalchi Erizzo. Mr. G. Margoliouth has called my attention to an ambiguity in Wright's statements about fol. 14 of Add. 14,450. Op. cit. I, p. 55, he remarks that the fol. is ' perhaps of not much later date than the rest of the volume.' Shortly before he had said that the writing of the MS. 'is a fine regular Estrangela of the seventh century.' If with these statements his opinion on p. xxxii of Catalogue Part I I I be compared, it will be seen that he exhibits an uncertainty about the date. But Mr. Margoliouth adds, ' I t certainly appears to me that the underlying text of fol. 14 is not later than the seventh century (at any rate not much later), especially considering that the text written over it cannot, I think, be placed very late either.' 2 Land, by a comparison of individual letters, especially the eoO>ci°im>>¡> U e ^

W

^

Vi

:W»

^aoo) 1 . . H 1 ) J»¿o o«^. ^c-0o l l a l l i ^DOOSIA ulS-* üOQjkf j^o

Jlo^o J-Jf* ])0W W o».2> tot\.A,nnU?? .).vi -on? UaXioo |m»*X*.O J.Vl.'PlN} VO l^s^Jk.0 Jl^Vi. JJM^^JSOJ •4,/ Lo^i JI D? .ju/ U! W ^ JIo 5 \j¡ .m°isio .is i vi.oí *. l-jl .m v o ouSCLJ )>¿ocu Oo»\ Ik-VulN.»» JLbo» Is.*/uOOl Ü.VXI«! lfe.yi7.Njw Ibo Jjo: iJ^fiuk. i. i vi? ^ • N en Oot U " "O jlci lvi..o>-a IsibOO ]10.1 VI.c»=> ...< v% IO oj^LJj^aX .-«.as*. ).»..»vi--I; U^kO^ • )... «vi ^.cla^; i jlí^a*. -oí « ; Vi N; O ©i .•)?« fej^ Li^i.? yCo^.s t»±¿o : J?c» O) yOCia-te? y0(JO! yOotXo »1 vi cuaSoi? iBa.\ot . °> .yOoUJ» yOoMfe—i? .'UfioliJ 15 "^Is—i ..fin « loj^a^oilo Oik .. ~i ). vi ..> wo ..m ».I ^ o i a o l^d \ ,>teo>ciixi*='ii), the figure between a and w showing two shades of colour, as though a continuation of the a had been crossed by the upper writing. This distinction is almost lost in the photograph, and the figure appears in exaggerated blackness. I considered at first that there was an appendage to the >3, or a modification of the t>, intended to indicate the sound of 4> in connection with the vowel which the translator read after it. We might compare the modifications of 7T and of Greek vowels, mentioned by Duval, § 2 5 b. But, in spite of the two colours, and the elongation of the last stroke, I am willing to concur in the suggestion of Mr. G. Margoliouth, that this stroke is part of a n at the end of the crossing line, the last word of which would then make with the first of the line following, the phrase nii?:u DND1D. The word "u is rather cramped for want of space, but the final stroke of the last letter is extended. The phrase "i ''£3 occurs in the middle of the line above. The form j u c O ^ ^ ^ s would stand for Phigil6s, but the first vowel may perhaps represent the v in 4>uy, Land {op. cil. p. 214) quotes as occurring several times for vo-is in the Fragmenta Theologica Petropolitana. The Greek vowels were either confused by our translator (cf. Col. iv. 12) or represented inconsistently. In the next two names, he uses the same vowel letter ( - ) for rj.

On X or XX, cf. note on: 1 Thess. i. 1 .

" 'VjT The 01 seems to represent 'Ep/wyeVijs, rather than 'Epp. On the forms of Phigelus and Hermogenes in the MSS., cf. Tisch. in loc. This form of the adjective is frequent in Hier., see Thes. Syr. 128. 16. •• •«] With u in the first syllable, Palest. w ^ o ] With ribbui, and apparently always. Cf. Tit. ii. 2,1. 13 and note. jjs^] We read »; the point is faintly legible in the word written across. The form will be the Aph. of iu>—Itjipa. "npriS refigeravit se, Buxtorf 2153. 17. Josoj] As in the subscription to Colossians. The form is usually ujco» e 3

xxxvi

NOTES

ON

THE

VERSES

or (P&pi), see Schaaf s. v., and Bernstein's Lexicon, p. 471. Ours corresponds rather to Roma, and is perhaps a Latinism. 18 (also 16). The Heb. form. Hier. (Thes. Syr. s.v.) has for the v e r b ^ i o , but ^¡s-i gives a noun, which Lagarde at Mark xv. 45 writes (joioo, but at Mat. vii. 1 1 , in the plural, ^ i o & s . 1. 5. We had ^ • a * . ) p. 17, 1. 1 6 ; here the MS. appears to have ZTi scriptio defectiva. 1. 1 1 . A clear instance (for here there is no upper writing) that the participle was not usually distinguished by a point; see note on 1. 13, ver. 12. : ] This stop is here, and apparently in some other places, final, and not subordinate. ii. 1. I S ] Cf. 1 Thess. iv. 1 1 . Here cf. above.- Scrip.pi. is perhaps in place of dagesh forte, for Buxtorf(798) gives NTiDn, but that word apparently always follows the other meaning reproach, yj, see p. 19, 1. 10. 2. ; ~ in the sense of iradere is specially, though not exclusively, Hier., and is the Heb. "1DD. In Hier. we have the common form JoSS. Stoddard (in Thes. Syr. 235) gives the modern form which is like the Palest, form as read here and 1 Thess. iv. 14. sac;] The Hier. «JLsso» or cf. Thes. Syr. 840, Miniscalchi Erizzo s.v. It represents the reading Uavoi rather than fiuraro/. ^oa.Xl Palest, form. 3. «.«M] The root in Hier., as in ordinary Syriac, means pati; cf. (Col. iv. 13) a Palest, form, as it seems, for U » passio. JI— (Thes. Syr. 1389) usually means to be compassionate, a meaning hardly suitable here. The three words are, no doubt, an attempt to render crvyKaKojra8rio°>«.] Palest, in form; Pesh. ;2L«J. 5. I / ] Palest., representing the affkelv. Chald. p"it2 (Buxt. 921) does not quite give the meaning; JSJ^ is doubtful, Thes. Syr, 1527, but adj. JJJJ^ occurs with the meanings of nolilis and strenuus. 6. •»/] Hier. and Chald., Thes. Syr. 381, Levy i. 68. " ^ a j ] oportet, as Mat. xxv. 27, John iv. 24, Hier. In both places Lagarde also edits "^.su ; emendation therefore (see Thes. Syr. 2416) seems unnecessary. u)bCLo] John i. 27 Lagarde edits 'A Dip, ad Hier. dialecti consuetudinem,' Miniscalchi Erizzo s. v.

IN

THE

FRAGMENTS.

xxxvii

J^i^s] pi. emph. of the Hier. and Chald. NTS. 7. >ol in Syriac is stupere, Cast. 955; here the word has the meaning of the Heb. 1'n and represents the »0«. tjvso/] For the form compare n l ? 2 Tim. i. 11. There is no stop legible after this word; we supply one, otherwise the would depend on what precedes, as though the reading were Ae'yu the preceding («) seems superfluous, but we have ^ s John iii. 3 Hier.—cf. the compounds in Duval 296; in line 11 is followed by a particle, ^ao might be the Greek ¡iiv, rfv, as so often in Harcl., but there is nothing in the original to countenance this. 12. J j a ^ i ] Apparently Palest.-, other forms, and the verbal root, occur in Syr. and Chald. THE GLOSS. Although in smaller characters, this is written in a good and ancient hand, and is not necessarily later than the text. It ascribes the words to Epimenides alone, whereas in Harcl. we read oow-joiiQ^sij J-sOj-Q •:• J J C O J O , a divination of Epimenides the Cretan diviner, and of Callimachus the Cyrenian. ti With mat. lect, like K20X**., etc.; see 2 Tim. ii. 1 n. y a m s ] Palest., cf. the Chald. DDip; the Syrians spell with Harclean gloss.

as in the

1. 6. */] If the reading be certain, it is a mistake for ^ s . ' V a a s semper is frequent in Hier., cf. Thes. Syr. 2800. J e w ] A Palest, plural form, the (••), which we have supplied, being illegible; or it is the singular, used as a collective. 13. Zo] The Chald. D'B'P, so (ver. 14) cus = NI2S>ip; cf. Heb. DB>p, parallel with n m Pro v. xxii. 21. In Syr. the D is changed to L, and the usual form is jisJ». OP. ^ a a \ ] See note on ver. 11 and Num. v. 3. The restoration can hardly be doubtful. The adverb occurs at 1 Cor. xv. 52 Pesh. as a translation of ¿v ¿.ripa. Perhaps the translator intended something similar here—reprove in a moment, eagerly; either mistaking the diroro/ias, or having another reading. 14. iaa] The reading appears certain; the form must be part. pass, (but in a middle sense) of Pael or Afhel. In the latter, and in Peal, the word often occurs

xxxviii

NOTES

ON

THE

VERSES

as injicere. Bernstein (Lexicon, p. 486) cites from Assemani part. Peil 'de fluminibus quae se injiciunt.' It is a strong rendering of TrpoaexOVT(s- Pesh. has Ethpe. ^0.50>!sj Do, 'et ne adjiciant se,' but var. led. yosojfcsJ, 'attendant;' see Schaaf Lex. pp. 1 1 8 , 551. 1. 22. Pesh. has the curious reading ^100?, who hate the truth. In our text the last part of the word ST? is illegible, but the third letter is almost certainly e», and not so, which the Pesh. reading requires; therefore we restore ^a9ooo». Aph. often has the meaning avertere, Thes. Syr. 1038 ; our form may be a pass., or intrans. participle, representing the airov. In Hier. (Mat. xvii. 17, Luke ix. 41) we have ^Smja for Bieo-tpappevrj—in the former place Lagarde points ySatio. 15. ojaru» (11. 4, 9) a pass, part., cf. Num. v. 3. 1. 5. Here apparently with w in the second syllable, cf. 2 Tim. ii. 1. 1. 8. This seems to be Palest, for Chald. and Syr. ^Ji.». There being only one letter between and 0», we read a contracted form; cf. ^ » o p o for ^ 2 Tim. ii. 2, jloj) (ut vid.) i Thess. iv. 3, t! Num. iv. 49, and j ^ f o r 16. In the first word of 1. 12, id, ^ are distinct, and there is room in the lacuna for ; we therefore read which in Hier. is usually Peal, but Aphel occurs in John i. 36. The translator misunderstood ei'S¿vat, or had in his copy ififif or ISeaBa 1. Col. iv. 17 » f i x stands for j3Aore. 1. 19. ma in this sense Palest, and Chald., cf. Luke xvi. 1 5 Hier. 1. 21. \ o / Hier. The word is followed by a small lacuna, with a trace of an initial We therefore read jLvuS«» as Pesh. ii. 2. 5 5 ] The reading seems certain, / is mat. lect.\ with j (e.g. i. 13) the shorter form occurs. Cf.fern. « ¡ 0 0 in Hier., Thes. Syr. 986. 3. in like manner] Literally so and thus; the formula is Hier., and ^o in the sense of so, is specially, though not exclusively, Hier. I. 9. The adjective, in the sing., and with j, clearly agrees with raiment. They read Upmpevu. II. 1 1 , 15. Stioo] In each case with, as it seems, a Palest, fem. pi. termination. For inserted I, cf. yjoo^ (3rd//. m.) 1. 1 sup., (1st pi. suf) p. 17, 1. 6, u l c o (2nd pi. fem. imperat.) ii. 2 n.; also 1. 16 inf., J. in Aph.fut. 1. 12. An obscure line, (i) JJ is required as the first word, (ii) the first and last two letters of the second word are legible, and we restore y S» v> in agreement with the reading, p. 23, 1. 2—the Shaphel as in Pesh. Eshtaphal forms occur in Hier. 1. 13. The second word, in the present state of the MS., appears to terminate in a y but probably is not to be so read, for is in the sing. The adjective has ribbui, as fol. 1 r a, 1. 15, etc., and perhaps was so pointed, by a fancy

IN

THE

FRAGMENTS.

of the Palest, scribes, to distinguish it from the adverb u ^ s valde. does not occur in our fragments.

xxxix The latter

4. J..»] Aph. Palest, form; in Pesh., etc., Pa, is used in this sense. j l U ^ j , with I inserted, Palest., cf. note on 1. n , and the Chald. pi. Knwi>D, Levy i. 303. We add riblui, which is legible in k - X j ver. 6. I. 19, et inf., ^oc» masc. suf. forfern., apparently Palest. Cf. Col. iv. 16 and note. II. 20, 21, and (4 v b) 1. 3, the restorations are obvious. yo»* as in Hier. 1. 22. An instance of the , which is so frequently found (see Lagarde) in the Vatican Evangelistarium. The same stop occurs below, 4 v b, 1. 22. 5, 1. 1. The first three letters of the first word are clear, and the meaning must be such as we have expressed, although there is no exact parallel in the references in Thes. Syr. or Buxiorf. The phrase represents oiKovpyovs rather than OLKOVpOVS.

1. 4. U ] There is apparently a dot above the > (cf. note on ^ 1 Thess. i. 2) although the letter is, of course, d. Perhaps the dot indicates Ethpa., see Thes. Syr. 659, the verb only occurring in this and in the Pa.-, but probably it is a mistake. 1 . 9. The first letter is distinct. Pesh. has U X S ) J L D O I . 7. »-»frS. Hier.; cf. Col. iv. 12 n.—de, propter (Thes. Syr. s. v.) as if navTaw; see p. xxi. The Greek fie, and common in Hier. We have had before the ordinary form e.g. cap. ii. 1. J^J The Heb. D"ij: in this sense very common in Hier., very rare in other Syriac; see Thes. Syr. s. v. 1. 13. q^] The Greek TVTSOS. In other Syriac {Thes. Syr. s. v.) the form is JjaSa,}. The third letter is somewhat obscure, but is almost certainly s , although n- requires £. U a X o / ] As ver. 1. 1. 15. . s i i ))J Cf. 2 Tim. i. 10, p. 16; here to represent ¿6oplav, as there (apparently) for atj)6apaiav, but the preceding line has perished. The verb ()s> or A S j ) perhaps had in Palest, a neuter meaning, spoiled, destroyed. Cf. i»s* laxare, also the Heb. nS"l, in the phrase DVH Jud. xix. 9. 1. 19. A lacuna of about two letters, but not enough for the termination J I. The restoration is supported by Pesh. ¿¿I. WAS HO, and this verb occurs in Hier., but not the form 1. 20. y?« as well as ^.»ot is quoted from Hier.\ the Chald. pin. 1. 22. We restore in agreement with the of Pesh.

ADDITIONAL

NOTES.

The sign of the plural. In the note on i Thess. i. 2 (p. xxxii) we remarked that the plural form seems regularly to have been written with ribhui in our fragments. Clear examples may be seen on Plate II, col. 2 , 1 . 1 , and especially 1. 13. T h e same plate shows the plural form yootL with (") in col. i , 1. 18, and col. 2, 1. 6, but' the points are not legible in col. x, 1. 13, or col. 2, 1. 3. Again, such distinctly plural forms as ^JJ)S> and i w c i - j may be seen in the middle of the plate with the ("), while other examples abound in the fragments. W e may conclude that it was the custom to make a free, and often superfluous, use of these points; which is the more remarkable because, as we have seen (e. g. 2 Tim. i. 18, p. xxxvi), the diacritical point, which is frequently desirable to distinguish the participle from the preterite, was usually neglected by the scribe. If we compare Plate X V I I I of the Brit. Mus. Cat. of Syr. MSS. with the transcript in Lagarde (p. 3 1 1 ) of the same passage (Mat. xxvi. 56-64) we see this custom with respect to the plurals prevailing both in the older leaf and in the eleventh-century Roman MS. On the other hand the later Brit. Mus. texts do not exhibit such a free use of the ribbui, according to the facsimiles on Plates X I X and X X ; the former being from a MS. which Wright assigned to the tenth or eleventh century, the latter from a codex at least a century younger. 1 Thess. iv. 6. This word will strike the reader as the most curious in our text; but when we have acquired a wider knowledge of the Palestinian dialect than the remains, which are now available, afford, it may be found that many words, borrowed from the Arabic and elsewhere, were in common use for the most ordinary expressions. T o confirm my own conclusion about the reading, I asked Professor D. S. Margoliouth to make an independent examination of the place, which he very kindly did, and has written to me as follows:— ' I have strained a good deal over the Syriac word, and think

* « the right reading of

it. I presume the natural Syriac for itpoehrafiiv would be ^ J ^ o /

¡ " ; now it certainly is the

case that in Arabic the verb

means something very like

; the Arabic lexicons give

J , J j j as its equivalent. "Payment in advance" in Arabic is UJ_»j £ j j J I . form (Pa"el) means " t o send before," praemittere.

The verb in the second

If therefore the reading of the radical letters

be right, it is difficult to avoid the conjecture that this is a dialectic variety for

ADDITIONAL

NOTES.

xli

Dr. Payne Smith, taking the same view, w r i t e s : — ' T h e Arabic

< is to anticipate in time, prevent.

But it seems strange that the trans-

lator should have gone out of his way when so common a phrase as ^»¿¿o/ hand.

Modern Syriac, which often goes to the Arabic, gives us no help, as

" was at his is to dislocate

a joint, evidently a sense taken from o ^ »• to draw out (a sword), but also a joint.*

According to Miniscalchi Erizzo, a X * . only occurs in Hier. once (John xviii. 10) and is used in the sense of extrahere. ^Mf -»T (Plate II, col. I, I. 6) i Thess. iv. 10. Although the reading of the text of our M S . can hardly be anything but the pres. part., it is possible that the original reading was The omission of a in a word of this form, is an error from which even the most careful scribe is not always exempt. T h e Syriac would then exactly represent ri/xcTo-Au, either because the translator had that word in his Greek, or because he misunderstood ^iKori/ieiirdm; and ^ . » l i « . would not be unsuitable to the context—that ye be held in abundant honour (through your integrity) being peaceable and laborious. ^cuj-sa (Plate II, col. 2,1. 7) 1 Thess. iv. 13. T h e form is not distinct, the second syllable being suggestive of and occurs in Pesh., although here it has a different phrase, ^onS. But there can be no doubt that we must read the Hier. form, which we have adopted, the Heb. pIX. Several examples are cited in Thes. Syr. s. v. •sit {Plate III,

col. x, I. 1) 2 Tim. i. 10.

According to Dr. Land this form is a noun in Theologica Petropolitana, fr. 50. It occurs in the phrase a i l JJj ^ A a , and in the vocabulary in Anecd. Syr. iv. he writes ' inquisitio (?).' But if we allow a possible error in the gender, it may be a verb (3rd fem. fut.) as it is in our text. MS. fol. 3 r . On the top of the page (see Plate III) is an. obscure word, probably the heading j o o j l S T . j Tt/10deos. MS. fol. 4 v. On the top of this page we find, in an early hand, the following f o r m : — X

X

*

i. e. ' Epistle.' This is a confirmation of the view we have taken (see p. xix) that our fragments belonged to a complete copy of St. Paul's Epistles, and not to a Service Book.

TITUS II. 5-8.

23

MS. 4 v b

dering the affairs of their houses, good, in subjection

to

husbands,

that

the

God

may

word not

of be

And

N^Y

their or^crAf^l

rC&A.tso

blasphemed.

of

those

young

like

manner be be-

seeching

men

that

be prudent. of

ver. 6

who

are

count

^ ^

in

they On ac-

>Qcn

moreover, present thyself a type of good works,

in

which

may

doctrine not

be

corrupted, which is in

l

.a^i K!

everything ^Tad^Jl

^cv^o ver. 7

\ c i j i ii

QoCV&CV^

:

n ^ A - * i5

p^^OAiOjiCTxai

faith in the sure word which is not despised; in who

order

that

he

in

op-

[may

be

riseth

position ashamed ]

when

ver. 8

20

•: hn

TITUS II. 2-5.

22 MS. 4 v a

let them be gentle, wise, firm in

JvClCQa

faith, K$lCLl£>XaCT2Z3

in love, in patience. The aged women in

otV&tti.acitiauSaa 5

like manner let them

ver. 3

be in raiment which becometh

bxaSkCi

rC'&iim'V&ia

godliness.

Not calumniators, not devoted wine.

to

•I r ^ i Q c n A K i l X 10

much

But let them •j.^n »

be good teachers, that ^cn

they make the young

be

loving

their husbands, they

be

loving

» e J ^ U ^ X s y

women prudent, that they

\

^QjbAjjr^Lai

15 ver. 4

to that : ^Qcn i\ S

to

their children, prudent, holy, and may be or-

20

¡273 *

H g

l \ ] ver.

s

TITUS /. 15—7/. a.

21 the truth. Everything

rdXo^

MS. 4 r b o i < ^ L C U 3 ver. 15

is pure to the pure ; ^n 1 \ c r a X

but to those who are defiled and do not believe there is nothing whatever pure, but also their mind is defiled and their con-

SkOr^ r d X p ^

o f ^ i

^C\cr> 1 s i J S O [•a]Kf rn «73

science; and they are professing that they

10 ^CliCm

ver. 16

are seeing God, and in their works they

•^curiA-inc&ra a

are denying Him, and are hateful, and not obedient, and to eveiy good work reprobate. But do thou speak that which becometh the

sound

Their

^ K f m^oo

e r a s 15

^ i f l f l i J L ^ C O tS^XG ¿icvAQ ^ p ^ * e^tVifiaSi ii. 1

doctrine.

aged

men

%Qcn>»K > ..T >,.• n ver.2

TITUS

/. 11-14.

20 MS. 4 r a

on account of polluted gain.

Saith one, he

a prophet of them, M pa the sons of gw 3 « that

2- 3.

3" 5. S « K'rita are in all their "I 5 time liars, evil beasts, 2, « w g; idle bellies. This

•r* so S

" I witness is true, therefore

sharply

proving they in may

be

them,

may the

that

be

firm

faith,

and

not

be

words

of

away the

Jews, and unto commandments sons turn

of

of

the

men,

who

away

T - i r ^ T - w O r ^ver.

5 J p.

• ^ c n i r ^ \cv2k3

from

|

K&aicraj&a r^.^iTn

i

: ^Til ^

r C ' i o n ver. 13 : >CT3 11

^ J Q a A S Q >C\CT3

15 cv.li»au c o n r ^ l o ver. 14 rsfiodajii 20

[^j^&lcnJSsi

^

w

r^cCLyf

^jQotA

12

a

r ^ T f l

throw-

ing themselves unto

re-

Gen

a TIMOTHY

19

II. 3-7. „ MS. 3

may

teach

X-bb. JL. C L M ver. 3

good warrior

of Jesus

b

others.

Bear up against evil, as the

V

viycra

the Christ.

r^&xXxrs orxuc!^

N o man who warreth,

CPCY— m

warreth and involveth

ti 5

o K ^ »J 1 T

himself in the business

Aft V . ^ l

ver. 4

T-if^*

of the world : that he may please him who

:

xo

enrolled him; and if

cra-Zadrv-^p^i

a man strive he is not

ticvajcj.

crowned fully

except

he

do

ver. s

lawstrive. 15

T h e husbandman w h o laboureth, it behoves that

he

first

of

fruits should be eating. which have

Consider I said;

ver. o

the jPwLsaja

that

r^CT2_J 20

myself to

cra\ l a i

ver. 7

thee c 2

3 TIMOTHY

I. 17—II. 3.

18

to Roma, he sought me

diligently

found me.

and

May the

•mAT r < b

Lord grant him that he may find mercy with

Him

in

that

day; and every way

ver. 18

^somt Qcna Xc\Aa

n*vr»i 5 or3^icv\ o f ^ g c u

that he ministered to me at Ephesus thou knowest well.

Thou U. I

therefore, my son, be strong in the grace, that which is in our Lord Jesus the Christ;

^r^Tfm.Mi oocvm*

« A ^ n i

and those things which thou hast heard from me, by the hand of many witnesses, these

»i.VSQ iClfia.'Sa ^ A c n

deliver to faithful men, those who shall be fit;

that

they

also

« ^ c n u i ^jACTS

a TIMOTHY I. 14-17.

17

MS. 3 r b

the Christ.

The good

r^a-uaSk

deposit keep in the Holy Spirit, this One who dwelleth in the midst of us. knowest there

Thou

this, have

that turned

themselves from me

: r

s 1

other

HermOgenls.

May the Lord grant mercies to the house of

K'ictj

Onis£phoros,

many

times

freshed

my

for

he

re-

Spirit,

aa^hi ^Acn

ri'icn Xcv^h,

* fnKlrn 10 «^Qcal^

t u i

: OocA > \ > ° k r^J^cijjo : oauA^CLSaian

not

but when

cnk^A

16

.coaiciSkfiaxlr^T

[ii. sO

20

ashamed; he

came

,16 ver.

and of my chain he was

5

ver. 13

of whom one

is Phtgllos and the

ver. 14

KljjOia

all those who are in Asia;

jljsb

-ML

r i l r f h \ i f i

r d X r i ' ver. 17

TIMOTHY /. 10-13.

16

MS. 3 r a

be abolished, in the gospel; that for which I

am

appointed

a

^u^Qjkfi} \a-t_2k

and a

c o l

jjlAlQ

herald and an apostle,

rCS

ver. 12

teacher.

For the sake of this

r^LlrC'

6

cause, I also endure these things, but I am not ashamed;

for I

know in whom I have believed, and I am persuaded

that

He

is able to keep my deposit to that day. Let thee

there

be

the

with

pattern

r&r?

: ^Acn

^icras r d i r ^ ^ T a 10 on g *73 r £ A r < b •\ \ * a c m »3C11.B& of^SQCU QCTA 15 v r s ^ a x . rC'crj&i ver. 13 K'ASqi rfbxccsm

of the sound words, those

which

thou

hast heard from me

CV.i.^L> a a r a 20

in faith and in love which

is

in

Jesus

,M I P ooc\ . m

t "11

15 We

i THESSALONMNS IV. 13-15. do

not

brethren,

MS. 2 v b ver. 13

wish,

that

ye

should not be [?] taking heart on account of those who sleep, that ye be not sorrowing like all

that

which

also the rest are, those

r^&uixX.

^Qr^i

^LlAl

^ t \ c p 10

who have not hope; ver. 14

for if we believe that Jesus died and rose, so

also

will

God

Qpcv m » i yO-JSQ ^

a o r ^ [ r < ] A ^ c n i5

those who have fallen asleep in Jesus himself bring with Him. For this we. say to you in, the word of the

Lord,

that

we

1

KVraW OaQftin

CV^SOn

,1 acta : m vy v cva&tlsaa

«^¿X

ver .

i THESSALONIANS to

. K l u o f ji*?a.=3

But we beseech

of you, brethren, that

14 MS. 2 v a Xct^X

all the brethren

who are in Makedonia.

IV. n , 12.

«^cur^i y % s i

r^-kjjr^

^cv^iso

ye be the more increasing [? giving honour] and

^CvXsO « ^ 0 0 3 ^ 1 5

abounding, and

that ye be quiet and

• >>L ^ Q c n n i o v
\cT3 u o A a i a

¿ i c A 15 :in\f

not at all in need.

Lesson

the

second;

Kephalion of Inclination.

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 •: iA» d :• a 20 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

i THE S SAL ONI ANS IV. 7-10.

!3

MS. 2 rb

to you and testified. P^Vn

For God did not call you

unto

filthiness,

but

unto

holiness.

one

therefore,

That

K l X ver. 7

or^iiOX.in\ ¿sn

r^Ar^s

^ a r i * r c ' a a a ver. 8

whosoever oppresseth, of man he is not an

r < 1 s..

ocn

oppressor, but of God, cnhn-jk

who hath put his Holy Spirit

within

you.

r ^ k b T a

love of the brethren,

f < [ j a j J L X t o ] 15

should write to you.

are

„aoifv^ntfi

yourselves

taught

that y e

ver. 9

dvA

y e do not need that I

ye

cnjjQil

:

Concerning, however,

For

«13 c t x - * I 10

of

God

should

love

one another.

For be-

hold y e are doing it

• ^ ^ l a

ft^UJ^l

20 ver. ro

crA

.^oAnV

12 MS. ara « ^ y r 1CU3 t < c v A i V i iv. 3

i THESSALONIANS

of God, your sancti-

IV. 3-6.

fication, that ye keep aloof from fornication, ver. 4

and that every man should know, of you, his

Kf-Xn [ r ^ ] o r x * i

own vessel, in honour

c r a J i f ^ o l cvadn*

to

be

keeping

and in holiness; not

: JL-TJX3Q i n

*n ver. fi

in passion of desire, according to all that which

the

Gentiles

r V l C V — * j à f M 10

do, those who know not

God ;

that

no

^Acn

K* I 1*1*731

man be transgressing and [oppressing] his

ver. • X—it"^ r^LTX-a 15

brother in the matter,

f ^ f j L V J O 1*1 N *73

because that He, our

r^i-i s n

Lord, shall take vengeance

on

account

TaCUaji^i Xik.

» o w ^ l con

of all these things,

30

according to all that

K l s a X c Y â . vrv^cn

which we before said

X.1

i THESSALONIANS

I* to

the

in God the

t^xlUolcb^l K'orAr^a

Father,

the Christ. with

ooev m i>

Grace you

from

vb

1 \

and in our Lord Jesus

peace,

• iMS. I

congregation

of the Thesalonikaije

he

/. 1-3.

o ^ u c k l ^ f CVi f %

and God,

^icvnr^ r t f o r A r ^

our Father, and from f

our Lord Jesus the Christ. thanks

We to

ver. 2

give

God,

at

every time, for

the

sake of you all; and we have

made

the

memorials

of

you,

ceasing

your

r^crAr^X

-i s. Q

•^v.iAojSk

ver. 3

^H^l^JSO > \

remem-

bering the work

Xo^a

« ^ c n ^ V j i 15

in our prayers; without

Ooftfla» 10

cnxacJsX

T.

ora&v*

of

faith, and the

labour of [your] love

[^Qj&iacuii B2

COLOSSIANS

IV. 18. i THESSALONIANS

I. i.

10 MS. i va

Remember y e even

my

May

grace

them, •^cn^Li

bonds.

: >iClfioClKl\ be

with

>ctx>

r^UttuJ

you.

Ended

is

the

Epistle

which is to the Kolosaije.

pC^i^rC Avsalx. rdtfijcvicva

Now it was written from Roma,

and

was

sent

with Ticlkos, and with

•: o o c i y u ^ . :•

[On]is!mos.

.[jori 1 ] >Jk.o ii

Epistle of the Thesal6nikaije, The First. Paulos and and

Silvanos

TimOtheOs

KUHICVIOOAM pc'icv^fV . o

r