The Origin of the Recessive Accent in Greek 9781607245599, 1607245590

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T h e Origin of the Recessive Accent in Greek

A n a l e c t a Gorgiana

327 Series Editor George Kiraz

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T h e Origin of the Recessive Accent in Greek

Maurice Bloomfield

gorgia? press 2009

Gorgias Press LLC, 180 Centennial Ave., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com Copyright © 2009 by Gorgias Press LLC Originally published in All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC. 2009

1

ISBN 978-1-60724-559-9

ISSN 1935-6854

Extract from The American Journal of Philology, vol. 9 (1888).

Printed in the LTnited States of America

AMERICAN

JOURNAL VOL. I X , I.

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PHILOLOGY WHOLE

NO. 33.

I.—THE O R I G I N O F T H E R E C E S S I V E ACCENT IN G R E E K . Jacob Wackernagel, in KZ. X X I I I 457 fg., made the important discovery that the so-called ' recessive' accent in the finite forms of the Greek verb represents a substitute for an older IndoEuropean fact in sentence-accentuation, to wit, that the finite verb in principal clauses was treated as an enclitic. This enclisis was extended in Greek to the finite verb in both principal and subordinate clauses, but was, on the other hand, restricted by a law according to which an enclitic word may not contain more than two syllables and three moras. Therefore only two syllables at the end are allowed to be barytone: tfiepofiw for enclitic *|iev; p.ev for *(j>epa>fiev. Elsewhere only two moras were left barytone: (pepopeda for -c. *epopeda ; for *0epo> ; olda (i. e. *fm8a) for -L- *olda. In words containing altogether but two moras, one was left barytone: XtVer, augmentless aorist for *Xnrey ; /3rj (i. e. */3ee), augmentless aorist for ^ */35. Monosyllabic forms of one mora are accented, so that no mora is left toneless: /Say, 8av, augmentless aorists for ^ */3aj/, etc. W e may refrain at present from any attempt at justifying the derivation of these ' recessively' accented verbal types from the assumed enclisis : we shall return to that question in the end. It is enough to state that these accentual types are one and all derivable from the enclitic theory, and that they represent every conceivable manifestation of the ' recessive' mode of accentuation, providing only it is remembered that words of more than three

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syllables are treated in the same way as words of three syllables : 8odt] Soph. O . C. 480: 6ils II. 23. 254; SS> O d . 20. 296: Bois O d . 15. 369; 6as H e r . 3. 71, 9. 46, (Jmo-^dis

II. 7. 1 4 4 ; T-Xi} II. 5. 3 8 5 :

r\is Soph. O. C. 1076 ; *8p5 in ¿n68pa> A r . Pax, 234: (ajro-)8pis Od. 17. 5 1 6 ; W ' I was,' II". 2. 96, Soph. Tr. 414, etc. (see Veitch, Greek Verbs Irregular and Defective, 1879, p. 225), ?,s ' he was,' Doric e. g. IA. 342. 3, Lesbian, Theocr. 30. 16, Tegeatic, (Gelbke in Curtius' Studien II 40; G. Meyer, Griech. Gramm. 2 p. 432), ' h e was,' II. 5. 9, Soph. Tr. 9, Thuc. 2. 3, etc. (Veitch, ibid.) : &v Horn. Hymns 19. 32, Soph. A g . 767, etc., (is Doric, Lesbic ( K Z . X X V I I 393). W e may add the circum-

'I shall endeavor to show below (p. 18) that the equations /3ud= Vedic gam, and ¡3ag z= Vedic gas, as also Zf/v — Vedic dyam, are probably correct for accent as well as the sounds. 2iJ ' I was,' Aesch. A g . 1637, Soph. O. C. 973, etc. (Veitch, p. 225), is A t t i c contraction of the old perfect-form ¿¡a I Sk. asa = I. E. esm. T h e subjunctive A t t i c a is also a contract form from E p i c l a .

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fleeted monosyllables : Th ' he said,' II. 6. 390, 22. 77, Od. 3. 337, 22. 292, Theocr. 22. 75, Plato Rep. 327 ; ?jv, ' I said,' PI. R e p . 328, Luc. Philop. 23. H e r e also perhaps belongs k»ì) ' he scraped,' II. 11. 639 : see Veitch, 379; G. Meyer 2 , p. 47. T h e accent of the v augmentless imperfect xpn > Pind. F r . 100, Soph. El. 529, 579, etc. (Veitch, p. 707), can be considered significant only in so far as it may perhaps reflect the accent of fy (xpn plus ¿¡v) ; cf. G. Meyer p. 430, note 2. F u r t h e r instances of long monosyllabic oxytone participles are : ktus in Kara-krus II. 22. 323, Aesch. Sept. 965, Eur. I . T . 715;

(Ò7To-~)o$(ls H i p p o c r . 5. 176;

*(Ò7ro-)fpas in anovpas, II.

i . 356, etc. ; (cnro-)ts II. 6. 29I ; (ày^i-)/3Xó)i G. M e y e r 2 , P- 459N o one can fail to admit that the difference between the oxytone accentuation of these long monosyllabic participles and the perispomenon of the finite forms is fundamental : that in fact the accent of the participles is etymological, and that of the finite forms is recessive. As firjp1 is to /3is, so are \ines II. 10. 406 : Xìttóu/ II. 9. 194;

olòe : fìScós- ; Tvinovdt : ttcttovBòis, etc.

N o w t h e circumflex of

vavs, fiiis, fiovs, (ias, as well as the circumflex of Aeolic Zeis, n-rag, etc., differs from the acute of Ztvs in the same way : it is recessive. T h e same difference is to be found in a considerable number of nominatives, consisting of a long monosyllable, for which no etymology, or only a partial one has been found. 2 T h e following are oxytone, and have presumably preserved the old accentuation of this type. In a number of cases there is a conflict of authorities, which is indicated under the word discussed : nrjv ' month,' Doric ¡x^s, Ionic pels3 : I. E . stems méns-, més-, Vedic mas (? mdng-catil,

G r a s s m . ) ; L a t . méns-is,

G o t h , mena, L i t h .

menu,

Old Irish mi, Old Bulg. mesecl. xda>v ' earth ' : Vedic stem ksam-, Zend zem-, Lat. hum-us,

Lith.

seme,

Old Bulg.

semlja.

xqv ' goose ': Doric-¡¿.v: S k . hansa, L a t . anser, O H G . g a n s , Lith. zasìs,

Old Bulg.

gasi.

xnp ' h e d g e h o g ' ( H e s y c h . ) : Lat. her ; cf. Cu. Etym. 6 , p. 1

200.

Pyv is not Vedic gam, etc., but fiéiv for *jiriv— Vedic -t- gdm, etc. It affords me sincere pleasure to acknowledge that I have been aided very materially and most intelligently in making the following collection of monosyllabic nouns by a member of my seminary for Greek grammar, Mr. Henry Clarke, A. M., formerly Fellow and now Fellow by Courtesy of the Johns Hopkins University. 8 iU£(f is wrongly perispomenon in Stob. Eel. 1 , 2 7 , p. 556; see Chandler § 566. 2

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ottXijp ' spleen ': Ved. plihan-, Zd. spereza-, Lat. lien, Old Bulg. slesena. 6f]p 'wild beast,' Lakon. a-rjp, Aeol. fajp: L a t . f e r u s . fis, plur. Ives, fyi ' strength ': Lat. vis. 6à>s, 6a>6s, stem 6a>F- 'jackal ' from root 6(F, S k . dhàv ' to run.' p\hKós, ' slack,' ' silly '; cf. ¿^XaKew and the Sk. roots mia ' to wither,' mlech ' to babble.' Cf. Am. Journ. Phil., Vol. V I , p. 48. ; cf. Lat .far, Juris. (TfjirjKvs, Doric o-^ag, crcfniKÓs : Lat. vespa, O H G . wefsa, Lith. vapsà (?). s • nós. ìmì> Aapiéav : Sk. pad, Old Norse fdetr. T h e accent of irovs is in no wise significant for the accentuation of long monosyllables in general, as this form of the nominative is certainly secondary ; see K Z . X X V 14. T h e writing ttovs occurs and is supported in some measure by the grammarians : see Lobeck Paralip. 93, Chandler 566 (p. 163). For Doric nS>s see below, p. 15. 7tpoi£, irpoiKÓs ' gift,' Ionic 7rpot£ acc. to Etym. Mag. 495, 32. T h e word is reported as perispomenon by Herodian, but apparently this is incorrect : see Gottling, p. 242, Chandler 566 (p. 163). &pa\j, • av6pa>iros (Hesychius). Probably a compound = v(S)p-ó>\jA ; cf. the Vedic stem nr- 'man.' Cf. also vw\j? ( — àaBevfjs r f j oyfret (Hesych.) ; Lob. Par., p. 118. a"£, aly&s ' goat.' There is some authority for the circumflex in Attic ; see Lob. Par. 99 ; Chandler 566. ¿X£ = «uAag ' furrow.' i>Xf is reported in Orion and Arcadius ; see Lob. Par. 111, Gòtti. 242, Chandler 566 (p. 163). 7ttó>£ ' crouching with fear '; cf. 7nwo-&> ; ttt5>£ is reported by a grammarian, Gotti. 243. t|, acc. Iko, also i f , nom. plur. tires ' a grub which destroys vines '; Lob. Par. pp. 103. 104; 101. 1 1 5 ; Curtius Etym. 6 461. pis (late piv), gen. pxvós, 'nose,' and Sis (late &iv), gen. 6t.vós ' heap,' are universally reported as oxytone, 1 but there is good 1

Cf. also pek, pttvó; and dele,tevóf,Lob. Par. p. 91.

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authority for both Air and Xif ' lion' ( C u . s 366), kts and kIs ' w o o d worm ' (cf. S k . kita ?). T h e authorities are cited and discussed Gottl. 241, L o b . Par. 92, C h a n d l e r 566 (p. 162), Misteli, Z u r griechischen betonung, p. 116. £ ' caterpillar,' cf. rpmya ; Sais, dijs ( L o b . Par. p. 82), Sands ' feast': Saico ' to d i v i d e ' ; ^pjjy, D o r . (ppav, ' breast, m i n d ' ; 6elp ' l o u s e ' ; p^u (late) ' l a m b , ' cf. Curtius, E t y m . 6 p . 3 4 5 ; Xps ' skin '; payos, and later pmyds ' berry ';' k^ ' seagull,' cf. Cu.* p. 567 ; 8IJ£ ' w o o d - w o r m '; dpiijf, 6p-iirus ' w o o d - w o r m '; pvyos ' ruffling, r i p p l e ' ; Kkav ' s p r o u t ' ; Kxds, ktcvos ' c o m b '; ' f l a t t e r e r ' ; Spas, 8pa6s ' s l a v e ' : 5apd-a; yu\jr, yviro'r ' v u l t u r e ' ; ypvf, ypZ-rros ' griffin'; (Tr^ ' sore,' cf. oTpra; a-rjs, (as t h o u g h from o-eui) later gen. ' P'W' ' b r u s h w o o d '; npa>£ ' d e w - d r o p '; irig, wuyos-, late form of nvyrj ' buttocks '; -yXijc, late form for yXijvi; ' pupil '; Kr/p, Ktjpos, ' f a t e ' : Kcipco; (^¿r, ( D o r i c n\iv), Cu. 5 281 ; bhv, H y p e r - D o r i c bhv ' long, for a l o n g w h i l e ' ; X«i (eVi alcrXpovpyias, H e s y c h . ) ; ai ' O that, w o u l d t h a t ' ; ol, interjection of p a i n ; interjection of pleasure and p a i n ; Boeotian TOW, TOV ' thou,' are o x y t o n e ; n-oi is the A r g i v e form for wpoTi, irpos; pa, poetic for pd&iov (cf. L o b . Par. 1 1 9 ) , is probably contracted from a dissyllabic f o r m : see Osthoff, Perfect, p. 447, note ; for ßpd see ibid.; jp.

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Neuter nouns consisting of a long monosyllable are regularly perispomenon. 1 In addition to ovs, Monosyllabic accusatives singular, long in quantity, are perispomenon : ziji/, Doric Aav — Vedic dyarn; Dor. [is>v — Vedic gam (fioiv is a n a l o g i c a l a f t e r n o m . ¡Hovs); ypavv, vaiv, Xiv, kiv, Kkctv, 6evv ( D o r i c , a c c . of 8evs — dak).

Spiv, a-vv, vv, pvv,

The corresponding plurals are also circumflected: Dor. /35>s (Theocr. 8 , 4 7 ) = Vedic gus, Zend gao. The primary character of Attic ¡3ovs is doubtful (G. Meyer 2 , 3 6 2 ) . Further mis, ypais, s, A&iff, Aas, ftviov (? Chandler, p. 1 6 2 , note i), epa|, Ionic Bprfi£, Homer and the tragedians 6prj£ (contracted ?), Tpat£. For'HX see Lob. Par. pp. 7 0 , 1 x 6 ; nSv (?) ib. 7 1 . The remaining ones are of the first declension: Tpas, Bus-, Xvas, nas, Qas, A as, Aprjs; $X5 (Herod. 4 , 1 7 8 : our editions read •iXd). For npar (npavror) the acute is also reported: Chandler 5 6 6 (p. 1 6 3 ) . The following particles consisting of a long monosyllable are perispomena: vvv'now': Sk. nu (and nu), Zend nu, Old Bulg. nyne; Ionic, Aeolic, Boeotian and Doric &v, Attic oSv ' then'; aS ' again': Lat. aut, autern; rj ' truly ' (cf. ij above); &, vocative participle (cf. £, WTWG, 8PS>^, XW: etc., is universally accepted, and accords with the remaining facts of the A e o l i a n system of accentuation ; see A h r e n s , Dial. A e o l . , p. 1 1 ; A n t o n F ü h r e r , U e b e r d e n lesbischen D i a l e k t , p. viii. T h e r e is, h o w e v e r , a report of C h o e r o b o s c u s , s o m e w h a t doubtful as to its m e a n i n g and scope, to the effect that the A e o l i a n s treated monosyllables as o x y t o n e s , and there are also special reports to the effect that individual l o n g m o n o s y l l a b l e s in A e o l i c received the acute. Cf. a b o v e sub vocc. pijv and ßAjjp, and C h a n d l e r §567. I see no g o o d reason to doubt the universally accepted perispasis of l o n g monosyllables in this dialect. T h e D o r i a n s are reported to h a v e accented y\av£ and a-Kmp in distinction from A t t i c yXaC£ and aKwp ; see Göttling, p. 243 ; A h r e n s , p. 27 ; Johannes Schmidt, K Z . X X V 14 ; R . Meister, Zur G r i e c h ischen D i a l e k t o l o g i e , p. 3 ; Hanssen, Philologischer A n z e i g e r , X I I I , p. 580. T h e temptation to see in this an instance of vacillation between e t y m o l o g i c a l and recessive accentuation must be resisted. R . Meister (ibid.) believes that D o r i c Y\AV£ and A-KMP h a v e ' den alterthümlichen accent (i. e. no doubt what w e here call e t y m o l o g i c a l accent) g e g e n ü b e r der im aeolischen dialekt regelmässig, im ionisch-attischen hier und da eingetretenen perispomenierung bewahrt.' W e must consider, h o w e v e r , that the D o r i c dialect exhibits m a n y cases of suspended perispasis, as in M-¿>KCS, -RRRAKAS, NOISES, (F)A>TES, 'AXKFIAV for AXX/jay (fr. 'AXk/jcW), IRAV for IRÄV, in the aorist infinitives ARUA-M, \VA-AI, BDPAT and APVVAT, and that in g e n e r a l there is to be o b s e r v e d something like a ' p r o c e s s i v e ' reaction against the ' r e c e s s i v e ' tendency, the latter b e i n g probably Pan-Hellenic, 1

Also written RAV. Cf. also RÄV • AV. 'ATTMÜC (Hesych.), G. Meyer 2 , p. 382.

2

C f . 7TÜ • IRAV. WEV. TTDDEV, ÄOPIZIS, H e s y c h .

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but certainly A t t i c - I o n i c and especially A e o l i c . T h i s is exhibited in Cases like avdpcoiroi, yvvaÍKai, yvvaiKts, opvldes, iarácrav, ¿\á¡3ov, in the accentuation of navrmv (Gottl. 246), and (f>p¿Tr¡p for A t t i c v — S k . padam we m a y s u p p o s e an I. E . pedorn with ' d r a w l e d ' or ' s l u r r i n g ' tone (see the footnote on p. 17), from the testimony of KWWV = Lith. szunü — I. E .kunam (despite günäm, A t h a r v a - V e d a I I I 9, 4). A c c o r d i n g l y it seems to m e not unlikely that the perispasis of l o n g monosyllabic accusatives s g . and pi. m a y be founded upon this I. E . ' d r a w l e d ' (' s l u r r i n g ' ) tone, a l t h o u g h the nature of the case is such that w e m a y p e r h a p s never be in the position to p r o v e it. If w e s u r v e y the list g i v e n a b o v e : s g . zi)v, D o r i c Aäv;

D o r i c ߣ>v, A t t i c ßoZv, ypavv, vavv, hpvv,

(TVV, VV, PVV, XIk, KIV, KXCIV, 6evv; p i . D o r i c ßäs, A t t i c ßoiis, vavs, = I. E . diem, (leaving the accent aside). A t t i c ßoiv, pi. ßois; iiavv, p l u r . vavs ; ypavv, p i . ypavs, a r e s e c o n d a r y

formations:

ßovv,

vavv a n d ypavv a f t e r t h e p a t t e r n o f t h e n o m i n a t i v e s s g . ßovs, vavs, a n d

ypavs; the acc. plural ßovs, vavs, and ypavs in their turn after the pattern o f t h e a c c . s g . ßovv, vavv, a n d ypavv.

T h e a c c u s a t i v e s pvv s g . , pCs p i .

are also secondary issue of the nom. pvs, inasmuch as the stem is pvs — I. E . mils-;

t h e p r o p e r a c c u s a t i v e s a r e *p.va f o r *pvv, ßS>s, w h e r e I believe that both form and accent are original. I venture the following reconstruction : zijv = V e d i c dyam= I. E . die(u)m; ßäv = V e d i c ^ ä w = I. E . 3o(u)m ; ßäs = V e d i c gas —I. E . ld(u)s; i. e. I suppose that a slurring or d r a w l e d m o d e of summit accentuation accompanied the utterance of these monosyllables. Direct unequivocal p r o o f of this There is in the Rig-Veda no single case of an acc. sg. in -am. The form occurs late, Oppian. K y n . 4. 405, but can certainly make no claim towards direct identification with Sk. bhrüvam despite the formal equality. 1

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assumption is impossible, as ' d r a w l e d ' tone and udätta have the same designation in the V e d a (see the footnote on p. 17), but the m o r p h o l o g y of the forms renders it likely e n o u g h . T h i s is the only instance in w h i c h the circumflex m a y be even a p p r o x i m a t e l y p r o v e d original in the case of l o n g monosyllables, and even if w e consider it not impossible that it m a y y e t be p r o v e d proethnic in other monosyllabic words, 1 it is nevertheless quite incredible that t y p e s in e v e r y other respect so perfectly parallel to Zeis = dyäüs as vavs-nätls, and ßovs-gäüs, should h a v e differed in this singular manner in their original accentuation. I h a v e t h o u g h t of the a n a l o g y of contract forms. S o '¡¡p ( g e n . ijpoi) is the lyric form for Zap ( A l c m a n 24) ; A t t i c oh = ois for 8PiS = L a t . ovis — S k . avis; A t t i c fyßoh = cf>8ois, ' cake, pill'; ßs>£ — ßoa|, ' a kind of fish arijp, OTijrds — s and o-otfios. I fail to see how the assumption can be avoided, that certain accentual types, namely the ' recessive' ones, have propagated themselves in Aeolic without reference to the function of the forms involved. Nor will it do to assume that the difference between acute and circumflex became indistinguishable at a period so early that the Homeric difference between Zcw and vavs may be accounted as nonsignificant. Deutschmann, in his treatise D e poesis Graecorum rhythmicae primordiis, Malmedy, 1883, p. 3, assumes this state of things for the first century A . D., but his assumption is fitly refuted by Hanssen in the Phil. Anz. X I I I , p. 422. A s late as Babrius the difference between acute and circumflex must have existed, for he categorizes words like Kdfiva> and tovto together, and differentiates icdfiva and /iiirip'>c f- Hanssen, Rheinisches Museum X X X V I I I , p. 239 fg. He could not have put the accentuation of Kafiva> and tovto upon the same level without recognizing that the fundamental difference between acute and circumflex is rather a topical than a qualitative one. The acute accent on a long syllable means in reality that the second mora has the acute, the first one being grave; ^rijp = /i«tjj/j ; the circumflex on a long syllable means the accentuation of the first mora; toZto = tovto. Hanssen, Phil. Anz. X I I I , p. 422, without offering anything new, well describes

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the ordinary (not ' drawled') circumflex as follows: ' There is in fact in Greek but one (grammatical) accent, the acute ; but this can Jill but one mora. Short syllables therefore admit of but one kind of accentuation: their vowel carries the acute ; syllables with a short vowel, long by position, also admit of only one kind of accentuation : their vowel bears the acute, they also have the tone on the first mora; syllables containing a long vowel (or a diphthong) admit of a twofold method of accentuation; the acute may stand on the first mora of the vowel (circumflex), or the acute may stand on the second mora of the vowel (acute on a long syllable). T h e designation of accent is deficient in marking an acute upon a short vowel and an acute upon the second mora of a long vowel by the same sign, and it is an unlucky circumstance that a special name and a special mark was not constructed for the acute on a long syllable, but for the circumflex. In reality the words SXs and nois, which carry the same accent-mark, are not accented alike, and they are not both accented differently from ovs, but S\s and oJs are accented alike on the first mora, while nois is accented on the second mora. The difference between acute and circumflex in all probability was given up along with the differentiation of short and long vowels, at a time when the difference in the pronunciation of o and v : san ascribed to their dissyllabic character. 1 T h e perfect active participle appears again on page 105 (\e\omàs, Tr«j>fvyms, irevpov in such a sentence as peyiarov (popeopiedu drjtravpov left out of account in fixing the accent of opeop.eda if this accent is not determined by the character of (popeo/xeda as a word, but b y the number of unaccented syllables preceding and following ? W h e e l e r ' s own words on p. 7 can be brought up against him : ' In der Phonetik des Satzes sind aber die vier letzten Silben in S k . titiksamahai ebenso sehr enclitisch wie die Verbform in vt'gvd ekasya vinildas titik&ate, R V . II 13. 3 ; die zwei letzten Silben in rfxpopeda sowol wie die zwei letzten in dem Lautcomplex avQpaTromva.' If this is merely a question of sentence-phonetics, in which the individuality of the word, which is maintained particularly b y its word accent, is given up, we must consider any g r o u p of unaccented syllables in the same light, and the development of the secondary accent on the unaccented syllables of ¡Uiyiarov opeop.e8a drjopeop.eda, and a third one on the syllable TOV of PIYIA-ROV in addition to the

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accents actually written. Cf. also the statement on p. 119 : ' Die Eintheilung des Satzes in Wörter ist immer mehr oder weniger künstlich. Dieselbe müsste sich in jedem verschiedenen Satz je nach dem Character des betreffenden Wortes und seinen Gebrauch in dem betreffenden Satze verschieden gestalten.' Further, he who puts the grave syllables in a single word upon the same level as the enclitic syllables in a combination of an orthotone word plus an enclitic, *äv£mdeTos like avßpamoinva, ought to point out some reason why both of the accents in the latter type are retained ('avdpam-ovnva), while one is given up in the former (avemderos). In the nexus of the sentence there is no more reason for one than the other. And if one were to assume that the first accent of avBpamovriva is due to an analogical restoration after the single word Svdpamov, in other words that the falling aside of one accent in the early types *