The new Vietnamese-English dictionary 2014949124, 9781941345498

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THE NEW VIETNAMESE-ENGLISH DICTIONARY VIỆT-ANH TÂN TỪ ĐIỂN

BY DR. ANDRÉ NGUYÊN VĂN CHÂU Former Professor o f English, Universities o f Hue, Saigon, Dalai Form er D irector o f Minh Due Language Center, M inh Due University Form er Director, Language and Accent Training, A C S and Xerox Corp.

Copyright © 2014 by Erin Go Bragh Publishing c/o Andre Nguyen Van Chau Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: The New Vietnamese English Dictionary Library of Congress Control Number: 2014949124 ISBN: 978-1-941345-49-8

All rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyrights hereon may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, taping or information storgae and retreival systems - without written permission of the publisher.

gR/N QQ Q RAGH V * P u b lish in g www.ErinGoBraghPublishing.com

PREAMBLE This dictionary is under print when the Vietnamese language is at a crossroad. There is a crying demand for the language to further develop its capacity to respond to the need of students, professionals and experts in new sciences and technologies. An Advanced Vietnamese-English Dictionary seems to be the best way to address this issue, because most of the vocabulary of new sciences and technologies is in English or more appropriately in American English. The Vietnamese language is also at a crossroad as professionals and scholars in Vietnam and abroad have to decide what to do with pervasive Sino-Vietnames (Hán-Việt or HV) loanwords accumulated through thousands of years. A new push for replacing Sino-Vietnamese loanwords with plain Vietnamese is laudable and yet may lead to the impossibility of new generations of Vietnamese to read what has been written in the last seven centuries in Sino-Vietnamese. On the other hand, the proponents of this new push are themselves forced to use even more than before new Sino-Vietnamese terms or new Chinese loanwords. The Vietnamese language is also at a crossroad because of the new perception of the importance of local dialects, and the growing respect for these dialects. Local and regional dialects are not only a new source of the Vietnamese language strength and wealth, but also give indications on how Vietnamese words have evolved through time. The addition of thousands or ten thousands of words used in local and regional dialects and their elevation to national acceptance is meeting with some resistance by people who want to unity the Vietnames language. But imposing a local dialect all over the country is not only an arbitrary decision, it is against the natural development of the language. The Vietnamese language is also at a crossroad because the ethnic Vietnamese (người kinh) understand finally that a country with 54 nationalities will have to include in their vocabulary more and more words spoken by large minorities, and even small minorities. These minorities have the right to see the most frequently used words of their languages find acceptance by the rest of the Vietnamese nation. Familiarity with those languages helps in a major way to understand the origins and the evolution of the Vietnamese language. For the first time since its legendary foundation, Vietnam is completely open to the whole world. Overseas Vietnamese, numbered over 4,000,000, as former refugees, or as guest workers, students, tourists and travelers have developed over the last 50 years a deeper understanding of other countries and other cultures around the world. That more and more intimate knowledge of so many countries by millions of Vietnamese generates a flow of ever increasing streams of new concepts that find their expressions in newly coined Vietnamese words. On the other hand, Vietnamese are facing the loss o f so many traditions, the abandonment of the spirit of Vietnamese culture and at some levels the hostility agaisnt traditional values. Vietnamese scholars who can read Sino-Vietnamese and nôm books and documents are seeing their number dwindle and the younger generations are sometimes encouraged not to give much attention to what is old. Vietnamese are certainly right to be forward-looking but they still need to give importance and respect to their cultural heritage. Terminology about the age-old Vietnamese culture abounds. Its preservation is not a sign of hardhearded conservatism but an integral part of the Vietnamese character and conscience. *

This is a descriptive dictionary: no words or phrases that have been used by Vietnamese with great frequency are excluded unless they are extremely offensive. It includes words clearly marked as (Colloq.) or colloquial as well as Slang terms. It cannot claim to be comprehensive as new words are coined every single day, but it attempts to be as comprehensive as possible.

The dictionary attempts to list all the spoken and written words and expressions used by Vietnamese through the ages. The only limitations come from the lack of access to documents and the lack of expertise of the author in some fields of activities. It attempts to show local and ethnic dialectal words and expressions if those have reached an important part of the Vietnamese community at large. It does the same in regards to loanwords and alternative pronunciations of loanwords. Though compiled with the enrichment of the Vietnamese language in mind, the dictionary has been faithful in its role to promote the cultures of Vietnamese living in Vietnam and those living abroad. It promotes the understanding of Vietnamese culture past and present. It is an advanced dictionary with as targeted users Vietnamese at home and abroad, English, American and foreign students, especially college students, scholars and professionals, and for all those who want to have an in-depth knowledge of the English and Vietnamese languages and the correspondances between the two. It seeks to find its place in libraries, large and small, in locations and communities around the world with a sizable Vietnamese population and everywhere in Vietnam. It attempts to assist those who pursue researches on Vietnamese etymology and comparative studies in languages related with Vietnamese, knowing full-well that Vietnamese has been exposed to so many influences, and is derived from so many family of languages that such researches still have a long way to go before a convincing etymologic dictionary could be compiled. Thanks to the fast expanding knowledge about languages in Southeast Asia, Southern China as well as the languages of the ethnic groups in Vietnam, future dictionaries will ultimately be able to shed light on the root of every single Vietnamese words. Until then, this dictionary is a humble contribution to that vast effort conducted from various angles to achieve that noble goal. In compiling this dictionary we have not relied only on the written words but have gone out of our way to seek through tens of thousands of interviews in order to understand the way Vietnamese people use the spoken words in Vietnam and abroad. We acknowledge with deep gratitude what has already been done by Vietnamese and foreign authors of glossaries and dictionaries and wordlists. We sincerely thank all our friends and all the scholars who have encouraged US to complete this dictionary and given US guidance and advice in the past twenty years. We are deeply impressed by the common people in Vietnam and by overseas Vietnamese who have helped US naming and describing all the things that are parts and parcels of their world. We hope that the users will find in this dictionary, besides the information they look for, as much excitement when using it as we have found in compiling it.

André Nguyên Văn Châu Austin, TX 8/15/2014

It is not customary fo r the authors o f a dictionary to mention his written sources. But we believe that a suggested bibliography would help the users understand better the process that has led US to identify words and phrases that have been used by Vietnamese throughout the ages.

SUGGESTED BIBLIOGRAPHY IN VIETNAMESE QUỒC NGŨ' (QN) Anonymous, Sử Ký Đại Nam Việt (History of the Greater Nam Việt), 4th edition. Imprimerie de la Mission, Tân Định -Saigon, 1930. Bình Nguyên Lộc, Lột trần Việt ngữ (Vietnamese Language Undressed) Nxb. Nguồn Xưa, Saigon, 1972. Bùi Minh Đức, Từ Điển Tiếng Hue (Dictionary of the Hue Dialect), Nxb. Tâm An, Huntington, Beach, CA, 2001 Bùi Phụng, Từ Điên Việt Anh. (Vietnamese-English Dictionary), Nxb. Đại Học Tổng Họp, Hà Nội, 1978. Bùi Phụng, Từ Điển Việt Anh (Vietnamese-English Dictionary), Nxb. Thế Giới, Hà Nội, 2003. Cao Thế Dung, Công Giáo Việt Nam Trong Dòng Sinh Mệnh Dân Tộc (The Vietnamese Catholic Church in the Life of the Nation), Nxb. Dân Chúa, Gretna, LA, 1988. Diên Huong, Thành Ngữ Điển Tích (Phrases and Literary Allusions), Two Volumes, Tác Giả Xuất Bản, Saigon, 1949. Đặng Chấn Liêu, Lê Khả Ke, Phạm Duy Trọng, Từ Điển Việt Anh (Vietnamese- English Dictionary), Nhà XB Văn Hóa, Saigon, 2003. Đặng Huy Vận, Chương Thâu, Những Đề Nghị Cái Cách Cùa Nguyễn Trường Tộ (Nguyễn Trường Tộ Reform Proposals), ( I f 1' C.J, Nxb. Giáo Dục, Hanoi, 1961. Đào Duy Anh, Chữ Nôm (The Nôm Script), Nhà Xuất Bả Khoa Học Xã Hội, Hà Nội, reprinted. Imprimerie Sudestasie, Paris, 1979; the work was printed in Vietnam in 1973 for the first time. Đào Duy Anh, Nguyen Trãi toàn Tập (Complete Works of Nguyễn Trãi), Nxb. Khoa Học Xã Hội, Hanoi, 1976. Đào Đăng Vỹ, Việt Pháp Từ Điền (Vietnamese-French Dictionary), fourth edition, Dainamco, no date (after 1975) a reprint. Đinh Gia Khánh, Bùi Văn Nguyên, Nguyễn Ngọc San, Nguyễn Lập Chi, Nguyễn Sỹ Lam, Hợp Tuyển Thơ Văn Việt Nam (Selected Vietnamese poems and Prose), Nxb Văn Hóa, Hà Nội, 1962. Hà Ọuang Phùng, Tun Hiêu về ngữ pháp tiếng Mường (Research on Mường Phraseology), Thanh Sơn-Phú Thọ Continuing Education Center, 2012. Hàn Lệ Nhân, edit, Ai Lao, Cái Đẹp và Con Người (Laos: Beauty and Human Beings), Phan Đnh Thin Publisher, Paris 1992. Hoàng Xuân Hãn, La Sơn Phu Từ( The Gentleman of La Son [Nguyễn Thiếp]), Minh Tân, Paris, 1952. Hoàng Xuân Hãn, Lý Thường Kiệt (General Lý Thường Kiệt, 1Ith c.), Sông Nhị, Hà Nội, 1919. Hoàng Thanh, Trịnh Phan, TừĐiến Hán Việt Hiện Đại (Modern Sino-Vietnamese Dictionary), Nxb Thế Giới, Hà Nội, 1994. Huỳnh Tịnh Của, Đại Nam Quac Âm Tự Vị (Dictionary of the Vietnamese Language), Imprimerie Rey, Curiol & Cie, 1895, reprint by Khai Trí, 1974. Huỳnh Tịnh Của (Paulus), Sách Quan Chế : Des litres civils et militaires /ranẹais avec leur traduction en Quốc Vgỉ7(Civil and military titles in Freanch and Vietnamese), 1st edition, Ban In Nhà Nước, Saigon, 1888. Khai Trí Tien Đức, Việt nam Tự Điên ( Vietnamese Dictionary by the KTTD Association), Imprimerie Trung Bắc Tân Văn, Hanoi, 1931.

Lê Văn Siêu, Việt Nam Văn Hóa Sử Cương (Brief History of the Vietnamese Culture), Nxb. sống Mới, Fort Smith, AK, 1983. Mai Khôi, Văn Hóa Ấm Thực Việt Nam (Vietnamese Culinary Culture), Nxb. Thanh Niên, Hanoi, 2002. Nguyễn Đúc Cung, Diên Lộc Quận Công Nguyễn Thân, Nxb. Nhật Lệ, Falls Church, VA, 2002. Nguyễn Gia Đệ, Lê Hữu Mục et al., Trần Lục, self-published, Montreal, 1996. Nguyễn Huyền Anh, Việt Nam Danh Nhân Từ Điển (Dictionary of Famous Vietnamese), Văn Hóa Bình Dân, Saigon, 1960. Nguyễn Như Ý, Đại Từ Điển Tiếng Việt (Gret Vietnamese Dictionary), Trung Tâm Ngôn Ngữ và Văn Hóa Việt Nam, 1999. Nguyễn Như Ý, Nguyễn Văn Khang, Nguyễn Xuân Thành. Từ Điển Thành Ngữ Hoa-Việt (Dictionary of SinoVietnamese Phrases), Nhà Xuất Bản Văn Hóa, Hà Nội, 1994. Nguyễn Trần Mô, Nam Hoa Tự Điển (Vietnamese-Chinese Dictionary), nhà in Thụy Ký, Hà Nội, 1940. Nguyễn Trúc Phượng, Văn Học Bình Dân (Folk Literature),Nxb. sống Mới, 1964, reprint, Fort Smith, Arkansas, no date. Nguyễn Văn Mai, Nam Việt Lược Sừ, (Short History of Vietnam), Imprimerie et Librairie J. Việt, Saigon, 1919. J.M. Nguyễn Văn Thích, Sảng Đinh Thi Tập (Collected Poems of Sảng Đình Nguyễn Văn Thích), (ed. Đoàn Khoách), Nxb. Thanh Tịnh, San Diego, CA, 2001. Phạm Khắc Hoè, Từ Triều Đìn Huế Đến Chiến Khu Việt Bắc (From the Court of Hue to the Northernmost War Base), Nxb. Trẻ, TPHCM, 1990. Phan Phát Huồn, Việt Nam Giáo Sử (History of the Catholic Church in Vietnam), 2 vol., Nxb. Cứu Thế Tùng Thư, Saigon, 1962. Phong Châu and Nguyễn Văn Thứ, Phú Việt Nam c ổ và Kim (Vietnamese Fous, Old and New), Nxb. Văn Hóa, Hanoi, 1960. Phong Châu and Nguyễn Văn Thứ, Văn Tế c ố Và Kim (Vietnamese Funeral Orations, Old and New), Nxb. Văn Hóa, Hanoi, 1960. Thái Văn Kiểm, Việ Nam Gấm Hoa (Gorgeous Việt Nam), Nxb. Làng Văn, Saigon, 1966. Thanh Nghị, Việt Nam Tân Tự Điển, (New Vietnamese Dictionary) Nxb. Khai Trí, Saigon, 1967. Thích Mật Thể, Việt Nam, Phật Giáo Sừ Lược, (1947) (Short History of Buddhism), reprint, International Institute of Buddhist Studies, Sepulveda, CA, 1984. Toan Ánh, Nếp Cũ : Hội Hè Đình Đám ( Old Traditions: Festvals and Celebrations in the villages), 2 Vol. Nam Chi Tùng Thư, Saigon, 1966. Toan Ánh, Nếp Cũ: Làng Xóm Việt Nam ( Old Traditions: Villagesand Hamlets in Vietnam) Nxb. Phương Quỳnh, Saigon 1968. Tôn thất Bình, Ke Chuyên Chín Chúa-Mười Ba Vua Triều Nguyễn (Stories of the Nine Princes and Thirteen Kings of the Nguyễn Dynasty, Nxb. Đà Nang, Danang, 1995. Trần Văn Giáp et al., Lược Truyện Các Tác Gia Việt Nam (Vol.l.) (Brief biographies of Vietnamese Authors), NxbSửHọc, Hanoi, 1962. Trần Trọng Kim, Việt Thi (Vietnamese Poetry) Xuân Thu Xuất Bản, Saigon, 1946. Trần Trọng Kim, Phật Giáo (Buddhism), Nxb Tôn Giáo, Hanoi, 2007. Trần Trọng Kim, Nho Giáo (Confucianism), 2 Vol. 4th edition, Nxb. Tân Việt, Saigon, 1971. Trần Trọng Kim, Việt Nam Sừ Lược, 2 Vol. Trung Tâm Học Liệu, Saigin, 1971. Trần Văn Khải, Nghệ Thuật Sân Khẩu Việt Nam (Performing Arts in Viet Nam), Nxh Xuân Thu, Saigon, 1966.

Trần Xuân Ngọc Lan, Chi Nam Ngọc âm giải nghĩa (Standard Definitions of Vietnamese Words), Nxb Khoa Học Hà Nội, 19857 Văn Tân, Nguyễn Văn Đạm, Từ Điển Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese Dictionary), Nxb Khoa Học Xã Hội, Hà Nội, 2nd edition, 1977. Vũ Dung, Vũ Thúy Anh, Vũ Quang Hào, Tự Điển Thành ngữ và Tục ngữ Việt Nam (Dictionary of Vietnamese Idioms and Proverbs), Nhà Xuất Bản Văn Hóa, 2nd edition, Hà Nội, 1995. Vũ Ngọc Phan, Tục Ngữ và Dân Ca Việt Nam (Vietnamese Proverbs and Folk Songs), Nxb. Sử Học, 4th edition, Hanoi, 1961. Vũ Ngự Chiêu, Việt Nam Niên Biếu, Nhân Vật Chỉ ( Vietnam Dateline: Bios of Historical Figues), Nxb. Vãn Hóa, Houston, TX 1993. Vương Hồng Sen, Phong Lim Cũ Mới (Leisurely Life : Old and New), NxbTổng Họp Đồng Nai, TPHCM, 2004.

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS Gia Định Báo (1865-1909), First Vietnamese newspaper, published in Saigon with Petrus TrươngĩMi Ký as editor in chief. Phan Yên Báo (1898-1999) [Phan Yên or Phiên An is an old name of Saigon], with Diệp Văn Cương as publisher, and with Trương Vĩnh Ký and Huỳnh Tịnh Của as editors in chief. Nông Co Min Đàm (1901) (Chatting on Agriculture and Commerce), one of the first newspaper in Vietnam with Paul Canavaggio as publisher and Lương Khắc Ninh, Gilbert Trần Chánh Chiếu and Nguyễn Chánh sắc as editors in chief. Lục Tinh Tin Văn (1907) (Six Provinces News) with Francois -Henri Schneider and Gilbert Trần Chánh Chiếu as publishers. Đông Drang Tạp Chí (1913-1919) (Indochina News) founded by Frajois -Henri Schneider and Nguyễn Văn Vĩnh. Nam Phong Tạp Chí (1917-1934) (Southern Winds or Winds from Vietnam Magazine) with Pham Quỳnh as publisher and editor in chief. An Nam Tạp Chi (1926-1933) (An Nam Magazine) founded by Tản Đà Nguyễn Khắc Hiếu with himself as publisher and editor in chief. Tiếng Dân (1927-1943) (Voice of the People) founded by Huỳnh Thúc Kháng in Huế, with him as publisher and editor in chief. Tiếu Thuyết Thứ Bảy (1934-1950) (Saturday Fiction: Novels and Short Stories) with V ũ Đình Long as publisher. Tri Tân (1941-1945) (Learn New Knowledge) with Dương Tự Quán as publisher and Hoàng Thúc Trâm, Nguyễn Tường Phượng as editors in chief. Vì Chúa (1936-1945) published in Huế, with J.M NguyễN Văn Thích as publisher and editor in chief.

IN NÔM SCRIPTS AND NÔM TRANSLITERATED INTO QUỐC NGỮ Anonymous, Lục Súc Tranh Công (The Six Domestic Animals Brag About their Contribution to the Household) (ly c.j, transliterated and edited by Nguyễn Ngọc Huy anh Trần Minh Xuân, Mekong, San Jose, CA, 1991. Anonymous, Nhị Độ Mai (The Cherry Tree Blossoms Twice) (17th c.) transliterated and edited by Lê Trí Viễn and Hoàng Ngọc Phách, Nxb. Văn Hóa, 1960. Anonymous, Phan Trần (The Romance of Phan Tất Chánh and Phan Kiều Liên) (18lh C), transliterated and edited by Nguyễn Trác et al., Nxb. Văn Hóa, Hanoi, 1961. Anonymous, Thiên Nam Ngữ Lục (History of Vietnam in verse) (17th c.), transliterated into quốc ngữ by Nguyễn Lương Ngọc and Đinh Gia Khánh (2 Vol.), Nxb. Văn Hóa, Hanoi, 1958.

Hoa Bằng, Lý Văn Phức (author of Nhị Thập Tứ Hiếu, the 24 stories of Filial Piety), Nxb. Thăng Long, Hanoi, 1953. Hồng Đức Quốc Ầm Thi Tập (15'h c.) (Collected poems written under the Hồng Đức Period), transliterated into quốc ngừ by Phan Trọng Điềm and Bùi Văn Nguyên, Nxb. Văn Hóa, 1962. Lê Huy Cát, Phạm Đình Toái,, Đại Nam Quốc Sử Diễn Ca (History of Vietnam in Verse) (19lh c.), transliterated by Hoàng Xuân Hãn, 1932. Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Lục Vân Tiên (Story of Lục Vân Tiên) (1911' c.),with notes by Thanh Tâm, Nxb. Tân Việt, Saigon, 1953. Nguyễn Gia Thiều, Cung Oán Ngâm Khúc (Complaints of a Royal Concubine), (18lh c.), transliterated and edited by Tôn Thất Lương, Nxb. Zieleks, 1950. Nguyen công Trứ in Thơ Văn Nguyễn Công Trứ (Poems and Prose of Nguyễn Công Trứ) tran Iiterated and edited by Lê Thước, Hoàng Ngọc Phách and Trương Chính, Nxb. Văn Hóa, Hanoi, 1958. Nguyễn Du, Kim Vân Kiều (The Story of Kim Trọng, Thúy Vân and Thúy Kiều) (19'h c.) edited by Vân Hạc Vâh Hoè, Nxb. Zien Hong, Saigon, 1952 Nguyễn Huy Tự, Hoa Tiên (19th c.) (Flowered Letter) The text was revised by Nguyễn Thiện, edited by Lai Ngọc Cang, Nxb Văn Hóa, Hanoi, 1961. Nguyễn Huy Tự, Truyện Hoa Tiên (19'h c.) (Flowered Letter) transliterated anh edited by Tôn Thất Lương, Nxb. TâN Việt, Saigon, 1950. Trương Đình Tín, Bàng Phiên Ảm Nôm Việt, Nxb Thuận Hóa, TPHCM, 2002. Vũ Hành Kính, Bàng Tra Chữ Nôm Miền Nam, Hội Ngôn Ngữ Học, TPHCM, 1994. SINO VIETNAMESE (HV) AND SINO-VIETNAMESE TRANSLATED INTO QUỐC NGŨ Anonymous, Việt Sử Lược (14,h C.J, translated by Trần Quốc Vượng, Nxb. Văn Sử Địa, Hà Nội, I960. Bửu Cầm, Hán Việt Thành Ngữ, Phủ Quốc Vụ Khanh Đặc Trách Văn Hóa, Saigon, 1971. Đinh Gia Khánh, Từ Điển Việt Hán, Nxb. Giáo Dục, Hanoi, 1993. Đại Nam Nhất Thống Chỉ, by The Imperial History Institute (Nguyen Dynasty) tran slated by Phạm Trọng Điềm, Nxb Thuận Hóa, Saigon, 1998. Đào Duy Anh, Hán ViệT Tự Điển, 1932, reprint, 3rd edition, Trường Thi, Saigon, 1957. Đinh Gia Khánh, Tự Điển Việt Hán, Nxb. Giáo Dục, Hanoi, 1993. Hầu Hàn Giang, Mạch Vĩ Lương, Từ Điên Hán Việt, Viện Ngoại Văn, Beijing, 1994. Lê Hữu Trác (Hải Thượng Lãn Ông), Thượììg Kinh Ký Sự, translated by Vũ Văn Đình, Nxb. Văn Học, Hanoi, 1993. Lê Khả Kế et al„ Tự Điển Trung Việt, Nxb. Khoa Học Xã Hội, Hanoi, 1993. Lê Qúy Đôn, Kiến Văn Tiểu Lục, Bộ Quốc Gia Giáo Dục, Translator, Lê Mạnh Liêu, Saigon, 1963-1965. Lê Qúy Đôn, Vân Đài Loại Ngữ, translated by Trần văn Giáp, Trần văn Khang and Cao Xuân Huy, Nxb Văn Hóa, 1962. Lê Qúy Đôn, Phù Biên Tạp Lục, ( 2 vol.) translated by Lê Xuân Giáo, Bộ Văn Hóa, Saigon, 1972. Lê Qúy Đôn, Đại Việt Thông Sừ, Nxb. Khoa Học Xã Hội, Hà Nội, 1978. Lý Văn Hùng, Hán Việt Tân TựĐiển, Nxb. Đại Nam, Glendale, CA, no date (after 1975), a reprint. Mông Bình Sơn, Ôn c ố Tri Tân (To Review the Past to Understand the Present), Zieleks, Houston, Texas, 1985.

Ngô Thời Chí, Hoàng Lê Nhất Thống Chí (Romanced History of the Unification under the Le Dynasty) (75'* c.) translated by Ngô Tất Tố, Phong Trào Văn Hóa, Saigon, 1969. Nguyễn Phi Khanh, Thơ Văn Nguyễn Phi Khanh (Nguyễn Phi Khanlf s Poetry and Prose) (15th c.) translated by Bùi Văn Nguyên, Đào Phương Bình, Nxb. Văh Học, Hanoi, 1981. Nguyễn Thông, Thơ Văn Nguyễn Thông (Nguyễn Thong’s poetry and prose) (19"' c.) translated by Lê Thước, Phạm Khắc Khoan, Nxb. Văn Hóa, Hanoi, 1962. Nguyễn Trãi, Quân Trung Từ Mệnh Tập (Records of Letters and Speeches During the War) (15th c.), translated by Phạm Duy Tiếp, Nxb. Sử Học, Hanoi, 1961. Nguyễn Trãi, Quốc Ảm Thi Tập (Collected Poems in Nôm Script, 254 poems), the poems are attributed to Nguyễn Trãi and reproduced in various scholarly editions. Nguyễn Trãi, Thơ Chữ Hán Nguyen Trãi, (Nguyễn Trãi Poems in Sino-Vietnamese), Nxb. Văn Hỏa, Hanoi, 1962. Nguyễn Trần Mô, Nam Hoa TựĐiến (Sino-Vietnamese Dictionary), Nhà in Thụy Ký, Hanoi, 1942. Nguyễn Văn Huy, Lê Duy Đài et al., Đại Gia Đình Các Dân Tộc Việt Nam, The Great Family of Ethnic Groups in Vietnam, Nxb Giáo Dục Việt Nam, Hanoi, 1973. Nguyễn Văn Khôn, Hán Việt Từ Điển (Sino-Vietnamese Dictionary), Đại Nam, Saigon, 1960. Nguyễn Văn Siêu, Đại Việt Địa Dư Toàn Biên ( Complete Geographic Studies of the Great Việt),Nxb. Văn Hóa, Hanoi, 1997. Như Ý, Nguyễn Văn Khang, Phan Xuân Thành, Từ Điển Giải Thành Ngữ Gốc Hán (Dictionary of SinoVietnamese expressions) Phạm Đình Hổ, Nguyễn Án, Tang Thương Ngẫu Lục, Translated by Ngô Văn Triện, Nxb Văn Hóa, Hà Nội, 1960. Phan Huy Chú, Lịch Triều Hiến Chương Loại Chí (Regulations Made by the Various Dynasties, Arranged in Categories), 1809, Translated by the Translation Group (3Vol.) Institute of Vietnamese History, Nxb Khoa Học Xã Hội, Hanoi, 1992. Quốc Triều Hình Luật (Imperial Criminal Code) (15"' c.), translated by Viện Sử Học Việt Nam (Institute of Vietnamese History) Nxb Pháp Lý, Hanoi, 1991. Thiều Chĩu, Hán Việt Tự Điển (Sino-Vietnamese Dictionary), Nxb. Đuốc tuệ, Hnoi, 1942. Trần Trọng Kim, Đường Thi ((Tang Dynasty Poetry), Nxb. Đại Nam, (2nd edition), Saigon, 1974. Trần Trung Còn, Tam Thiên Tự (Three Thousand Words), Nxb. Đồng Nai, TPHCM, 1995 [Original may have been compiled by Ngô Thời Nhậm towards the end of the 18lh c.). Ung Bull, Lộc Minh Đìh Thi Th ảo, (Selected poems of ƯngìríBi) Westminster, CA, Nxb. Viện Việt Học, 2008

translated by Nguy

ễn hữu Vinh,

Vũ Văn Kính, Khổng Đức, Ngũ Thiên 7V(Five Thousand Words), Nxb Văn Hóa Thông Tin, TPHCM 1997. FRENCH G. Aubaret, Grammaire Abbamite suivie d ’un vocabulaire /ranẹais anamite et annamite ỷranọais, Paris, Imprimerie imperiale, 1847. Etienne Aymonier and Antoine Cabaton, Dictionnaire Căm-Franẹais, Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1906. Jean Bonnet, Dictionnaire annamite-ýranẹais, Imprimerie nationale, Paris,! 849 ? 1900. L. Cadière, Phonétique annamite (Dialecte du Haut-Annam), Ernest Leoroux, Paris, 1902. Marie Antoine Louis Caspar, Tựvị Annam Pha Lang Sa, Tân Định, Imprimerie de la Mission, 1877. Chéon, A., Notes sur les dialectes Nguon, Sac and Muong, BEFEO, Vol. 1907, pp. 87-99. George Coèdes, Les Peuples de lapéninsule indochinoise,, Dunod, Paris, 1962. G. Dumoutier, Manuel Militaire Franco-Tonkinois, F-H. Schneider, Hanoi, 1888.

Maurice Durant, Médecine sino-vietnamienne (Bibliographie), Bulletin de PEcole ĩranẹaise d’Extreme-Orient, Tome 49 No 2, 1959, pp 671-674. Emile Gaspardone, Bibliographie annamite, BEFEO, Tome XXXIV, Paris 1934. J.F.M Génibrel, Dictừmnaìre Annamite-Frangais, 2nd edition, Imprimerie de la Mission à Tân Định, Saigon, 1898. Paul Gouzien, Manuel Franco-Tonkinois de Conversation, Augustin Challamel, Paris 1897. Pierre Huard, Maurice Durand, Connaissance du Việt Nam, EFEO, Hanoi, 1954. J.M.J. Tự VỊAn-Nam Pha Lang Sa, Dictionnaire annamite-frangais, Tản Định, Imprimerie de la Mission, 1877. Terrien de Lacouperie, Les Langues de la Chine avant les Chinois, Ernest Leroux, Paris, 1888. Legrand de la Liraỷe, Dictionaire élémentaire annamite-frangais, Saigon, Imprimerie impériale, 1868. Georges Minot, Dictionnaire Tày Blanc Frangais, Bulletin de l’Ecole ữanẹaise d’Extreme-Orient, Tome 40 No. 1, pp. 1-237. M. Moura, Vocabulaire Frangais-Cambodgien et Cambodgien Frangais, Challamel Ainé, Paris, 1878. G. Pauthier, Dictionaire ẻtymologique chinois-annamite-latin-frangais, Impr. de FInstitut de France, Paris, 186768 . Henri Roux, Les Tsa Khmu (en collaboration avec Tran Van Chu), BEFEO Vol.27, 1927, pp. 169-222. F.M Savina, Lexique Đày -frangais, BEFEO, Vol. 31, 1931; pp. 103-200. F. M Savina, Dictionnaire Tày- annamite-frangais, Imprimerie d’Extreme-Orient, Hai Phong, Ha Noi, 1910 Gilbert Tirant, Les Oiseaux de la Basse Cochinchine; Bulletin du comité agricole et industriel de la Cochinchine, année 1878. LATIN G. Pauthier, Dcitionnaire étymologique Chinois-Annamite Latin-Frangais, Paris 1867 A.J.L Tabert, Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum, J. Marshnam, Serampore, India, 1838 Alexandre de Rhodes, Dictionarium annamiticum seu tonquinense lusitanum et latinum, Rome, Congregationis de Propaganda Fide, 1651

Sacrae

Alexandre de Rhodes, Catechismus pro iis qui volunt suscipere baptismum in octo dies diuisus; Rome, Sacrae Congregationis de Propaganda Fide, 1651. X. Salomon, Lexique Latin-Annamite - Annamite-Latin des principales plantes existant en Indochine, Saigon, undated. CHINESE DICTIONARIES Shuowen Jiezi (Explaining and Analyzing Characters) 121 AD. Kangxi zidian, (Qing Dynasty); Trung Hoa Thư Cục, Hong Kong, 1987. Dictionaire Frangais-Chinois (Fa Han Zidian) Biãnxiẽ zủ biãn, Shanghai : Shang hai yi wen chu ban she : Xin hua shu dian Shanghai fa xing suo fa xing, 1988. Sidney Lau, A Practical Cantonese-English Dictionary, The Government Printer, Hong Kong, 1977. ENGLISH R. A. Blust, Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, Internet, 2014. Gianfranco Bologna, Birds o f the World; Simon & Schusters, New York, 1980.

Peter Chapman, William Davidson, Margaret Martin, Concise Encyclopedia o f House Plants, Crescent Books, New York, 1987. Annie Chen, The Pilipino-English-Chinese Dictionary, Luminaire Printing and Publishing, Manila, Philippines, 1989. George Coèdes, The Making o f South East Asia, English translation o f Les peuples de la pẻninsule indochinoise by H.M. Wright, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1966. Đặng Mộng Lân, Ngô Quốc Quỳnh, Tự Điển Vật Lý Anh-Việt (English-Vietnamese Dictionary of Physics), (2nd edition) reprint with no Publisher and no date. Alberto Fanfani, Walter Rossi, Guide to Orchids, Simon & Shuster, Pennsylvania State University, 2011. Maria Odulio de Guzman, English-Tagalog Tagalog-English Dictionary, National Books, Manila 1966. Shiu-ying Hu, The Genera o f Orchidaceae in Hong Kong, The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong, 1977. Franklin Huffman, Cambodian System o f Writing and Beginning Reader, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1970. John Ellison Kahn (edit.) Illustrated Reversed Dictionary, The Reader’s Digest Association, Pleasantville, N.Y, 1990. Bernhard Karlgren, The Reconstruction o f Ancient Chinese, Toung Pao, Henri Cordier and Paul Pelliot, VOL XXI, 1922. Hui-Lin Li, Nan-fang ts 'ao-mu chuang, A Fourth Century Flora o f Southeast Asia, The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong, 1979. Waysun Liao, T ’ai Chi Classics, Shambala Classics, Boston & London, 2000. Shao-Wen Ling, Aquaculture in Southeast Asia, A Histotical Overview, University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1977. Nguyễn Đnh Hòa, Vietnamese-English Dictionary, Charles E.Tuttle, Rutland; Vermont & Tokio, Japon, 5th printing, 1967. Rodolph Meyer de Schauensee, The Birds o f China, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1984. W.G. Moore, A Dictionary o f Geography, Penguin Books, Baltimore, MD, 1970. Frances Perry (ed.) Complete Guide o f Plants and Flowers, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1974. Daniel Sosnoski (ed.) Introduction to Japanese Culture, Charles Tuttle, Rutland, Vermont, (2nd edition) 1998. Paul Tingay, Wildest Africa, Saint Martin’s Press, NewYork, 1995. USAID Vietnam,^ Checklist o f Fishes o f Vietnam, Saigon, 1961. Viện Ngôn Ngữ Học, Từ Điển Anh Việt, Nxb Khoa Học Xã Hội, Hà Nội, 1975. Webster’s New World Dictionary and Thesaurus, Wiley Publishing, Cleverland Ohio, 2002. Astrid Witte, Casey Mahaney, Hawaiian R eef Fish, Island Heritage, Honolulu, 2004. Safan Mohammad Zain, Indonesian Etymology Database, Yayasan Dharma, 1950.

ABBREVIATIONS dbbr. Abreviation; viết tat.

(Fr.) French; chữ Pháp.

(Acoust.) Acoustics, âm học.

fsp. Final sentence particle; tiếng đệm cuối câu; trợ

adj. Adjective; Tĩnh Từ.

từ ngữ.

adv. Adverb; Trạng Từ.

(Gast.) Gastropod; Lớp chân bụng.

(Alg.) Algebra; Đại So H ọc.

(gen.) Genus; Chi (Botany).

(Amph.) Amphibians; Loài Lưỡng Thê.

(GD) Guang Dong hoa, Cantonese; chữ Quang

(Anat.) Anatomy; Giải Phẫu Học.

Đông, tiếng Quang Đông.

{Arab.) Arabic; chữ Á rập.

(Geom.) Geometry; Hình Học.

(Arch.) Archaic; từ CO.

(Gram.) Grammar; Văn Phạm.

(Arith.) Arithmetic; số Học.

(Herp) Herpetology; Xà Học.

art. Article; Mạo từ

(HIN.) Hinduism; An độ giáo.

(Arthro. ) Arthropodds; Loài Chân Khớp.

(HV) Sino-Vietnamese; Hán Việt.

(Astrol.) Astrology; Chiêm Tinh Học.

(Ichth.) Ichthyology; Ngư Học.

(Astron.) Astronomy; Thiên Văn Học.

interị. Interjection; Thán Từ.

(Bio.) Biology; Sinh Học.

IPA, International Phonetic Association; Hội Ngữ

(Bot.) Botany; Thào Mộc Học.

Ảm Học Quốc Tế.

(BUD.) Buddhism; Phật giáo.

(IT) Information technology; Công nghệ thông tin.

(C.) Century; thế kỳ.

(JAP) Japanese; chữ Nhật.

(Caod) Caodaism; Hội Thánh Cao Đài.

(Jud.Christ.) Judeo Christian; Do Thái, Thiên Chúa

(Cath.) Catholicism; Công Giáo.

giáo.

(CH) Chinese; chữ Trung Quốc.

(Lat.) Latin; chữ La Tinh.

(CH Hist.) Chinese History; Lịch sừ Trung quốc.

(Linguist.) Linguistics; Ngôn Ngữ Học.

(Chem.) Chemistry; Hóa Học.

(Lit.) Literally; theo sát nghĩa.

classif. Classifier; Loại Từ.

(Mam.) Mammals; Loài Có Vú.

(|Colloq.) Colloquial; Từ Thông Tục.

(Math.) Mathematics; Toán Học.

(Comp.) Computer sciences; Khoa Học Máy Tinh,

(Med.) Medicine; Y Học .

conj. Conjunction; Liên Từ.

(Mid CH) Middle Chinese (6th c . - 18lh c.); tiếng

(Christ.) Christianity; Thiên Chúa Giáo.

Trung quốc Trung đại.

(Crust.) Crustaceans; động vật giáp xác.

(Mid. VN) Middle Vietnamese; tiếng Việ Trung đại

(CVN) Central Vietnam dialects.

(15"' -17"' C).

(Elect.) Electricity.

(Mil.) Military; Quân Sự.

(EN.) English; chữ Anh.

modif. Modifier; Từ Bổ Nghĩa.

(Ent.) Entomology; Côn Trùng Học.

(Moll.) Molluscs; Loài Thân Nhuyễn.

fam. Family; họ.

(Mus.) Music; Ấm Nhạc.

IU Noun; Danh Từ.

(Sci. taxon.) Scientific taxonomy; Phân loại khoa

(Nav.) Navigation; hàng hài.

học.

(Northern CVN) Northern Central Vietnam dialects;

(Southern SVN) Southern Central Vietnam dialects,

tiếng Bắc Trung.

tiếng NamTrung.

IU pi. Plural Noun; Danh Từ sổ nhiều,

(SK) Sanskrit; chữ Phạn.

num. Numeral; sổ từ.

(SP) Spanish; chữ Tây Ban Nha.

(NVN) North Vietnam dialect; tiếng Bắc.

sp. Species, loài.

(Obs.) Obsolete; cô hũ.

(spoon.) Spoonism (Vietnamese characteristic spun);

(Old CH) Old Chinese; tiếng Trung quốc cồ đại (

nói lái.

1200 BC- 5lh c. BC)

(SRVN) Socialist Republic of Vietnam; nước Cộng

(Old VN) Old Vietnamese; tiếng Việt cổ đại (10lh-

Hòa Xã Hội Chu Nghĩa Việt Nam.

14,hC.)

suff. Suffix; hậu tổ.

ononu Onomtopoeia; tượng thanh.

(SVN) South Vietnam dialects; tiếng Nam.

(Opt.) Optics; Quang Học.

(Trig.) Trigonometry; Lượng Giác,

phr. Phrase; Nhóm từ.

vi. Intransitive verb; Nội Động Từ.

(Prim.) Primates; Linh Trương (khi vượn),

(Viet.Hist.) Vietnamese History; Lịch sư Việt Nam.

pron. Pronoun; Đại Danh Từ.

vt. Transitive verb; Ngoại Động Từ.

(Or.Med.) Oriental Medicine; Y Học Ả Đông.

(Zool.) Zoology; Sinh Vật Học.

(Ornith.) Ornithology, cầm Loại Học. (0 VN) Overseas Vietanmese, tiếng Việt Hải Ngoại. (Pharm.) Pharmacology; Dược Học. (Path.) Pathology; Bệnh Lý Học. (Phil.) Philosophy; Triết Học. prep. Preposition; Giới Từ. (Psych.) Psychology; Tâm Lý Học. (Plion.) Phonetics.; Ngữ Ầm học. (Phonol.) Phonology; Ảm Vị Học. (Pliys.) Physics; Lý Học. p.p. Past participle; phân từ quá khứ. pref. Prefix; tiền tố. (Rus.) Russian; tiếng Nga. (RVN) Republic of Vietnam; nước Cộng Hòa Việt Nam.

1

A A, a First letter o f the Vietnamese alphabet; to be pronounced like the 1PA vowel sound [a:]. a 1 vi. To rush to, to rush in; a lại, to rush together to, to come running; a vào, to rush to, to rush in. a: vt To gather; a CỎ, to gather cut grass; a rơm, to gather straw. a3 It. (NVN) 1. Scythe; 2. bamboo stick with a bamboo hook at the tip used to harvest the secondary rice crop in the 5th lunar month (lúa chiêm) or to gather straw; Syn. cái trang,

cái gạc (SVN). a4 n. Symbol o f

are, French unit o f surface or land measurement equal to 100 square meters. A5, n. (Elect.) Symbol o f ampere. a6 inter]. Used at the beginning o f the sentence: Ah! (expressing amazement, joy or sudden realization) A, tôi hiểu rồi, Ah, I understand now; A, mẹ đã về, Ah ! Mom is back; (expressing pain) Ouch/ a cha inter). Ah! Oh well! (expressing surprise) A cha! thẳng này khôn thật!, Oh well, this guy is really smart! a ha, Aha!; a a or a à, No, no ! a7 inter). Used in addressing someone; it had the value o f hello!; hail! or Hi! in the is'1" and 19th c . a anh! Hi, brother; a đức Thánh Giá, Hail Hoi Cross! a8 interj. Used at the end o f a comment: đẹp a, Really beautiful, hein?; háo a, Very good! Fantastic! úy a (expressing fear and surprise) Oh my ! ổi a (expressing pain) Ouch!; really? (used at the end o f a sentence to give irony to a question); giỏi quá a? Too smart, really? a9 (Used repeatedly in lullabies) Uh; huh; it is sung either as a or à. a10 vt. (HV) To flatter, a 11 vi. To be ill, to be seriously ill. a as in là a, a variety o f small bamboo found in Baria, South Vietnam; Thái A, the Thai A sword, precious sword, imperial sword; Thái A đáo trì, the imperial sword held upside down, i.e. the social order is no longer respected. A a rông n. (Jud.Christ.) Aaron, the first High Priest o f Israel, the first man to be called Saint in the Old Testament, a ba1 n. (Heb. abba) Father, a ba2 interj. (Fr. à bas) Down with! a ba giua n. ( Fr. abat-jour) (NVN) Lamp shade; also a-ba-

dua. a ba rua n. (Fr. abat-jour) (CVN) Lamp shade; Syn. a ba dua, a ba giua. a ba toa (Fr. abattoir) n. Butchery, butcher’s house, slaughterhouse. a bàng n. (BUD; HIN.) Buffalo-headed demon in Hindu and Buddhist hell. a bảo n. Tutor o f the Crown Prince; Syn. thiểu bảo. a bê n. (Fr. abbé) (Cath.) Priest, abbot, a bê cê n. Alphabet; adj. barely educated, barely literate; còn học a,b,c, still learning how to spell, still learning how to read; học lực a,b,c, elementary education level. A bra ham n. (Jud. Christ.) Abraham or Abram, a Saint Patriach living around 2000 BCE. A căn đnh n. Argentina (HV); now Argentina; Ac hen ti na; Syn. Cộng Hòa Argentina, Cộng Hòa Ac gen ti na.

a cê tôn n. (Chem.) Acetone; propanone (CH3) 2 CO. a cê ty len n. (Chem.) Acetylene; ethyne C2H2; sometimes written as a-xê-ty-len. Syn. axetylen; a cha inter). Oh mine; mine oh mine! (expressing both surprise and regret). acit n. (Chem.) Acid, (sometimes spelled a x it ). a cit kế n. (Chem.) Acidimeter. a cong n. (NVN) At, sign @, at symbol; ampersat; apetail; commercial at; (Lit. bent a); Syn. a móc (SVN) (Lit. hooked a); (CH, quan a, curled a; hua a, lacy a; Xiao laoshu, little mouse); (Fr. arobase); (Sp. arroba). a công n. ( 17th c .) (HV) Father-in-law; Syn. cha chồng. actisô n. Syn. ạc ti SÔ. actini n (Chem.) Actinium; symbol: Ac; atomic number 89. A déc bai gian n. Azerbaijan; người A-déc-bai-gian, Azerbaijani; Cộng hòa A-déc-bai-gian, Republic of Azerbaijan; Syn. Azerbaijan. A di đà phật n. (SK. Amitabha) (BUD) Amida Buddha, the Buddha o f Mercy; Syn. Vô lượng thọ

Phật; Vô lượng thanh tĩnh Phật. A dong n. (Jud.Christ.) Adam, according to the Old Testament, the first man on earth; Syn. A dam. a dốt (azote) n. form er term fo r Nitrogen. a dua vt. To follow blindly, to flatter and follow blindly, to imitate, to ape. A dam n. (Jud.Christ.) Adam, the first man on earth. Syn. A

dong. a dang vt. To join a gang, to participate in a conspiracy, a đầu n. Slave, maid, female servant, bad woman, wicked woman. A đấu n. (CH.Hist.) A Dou, name o f a Chinese child emperor: a cowardly man. a đi Ơ inter). (Fr. adieu) Farewell ! A đôn phô n. (Christ.) Adolph; Thánh A đôn phô n. Saint Adolph. a đơ manh inter/. (Fr. à demain) Until tomorrow ! a drê na lin n. (Chem.) Adrenalin, adrenaline, epinephrine. A ga ta n. Agatha. (Christ.); Thánh A-ga-ta n. Saint Agatha. a gao n. Agave; mật agao, agave nectar, a gao nữ hoàng (cây) n. (Bot.) Queen Victoria agave, royal agave (Agave victoriae-reginae). a gao sợi (cây) n. (Bot.) Sisal (Agave sisa/ana); Syn. cây dứa

sợi, cây thùa sợi. a gao xanh (cây) n. (Bot.) Blue agave, tequila agave (Agave

tequilana); Syn. a gao làm rượu. a giao n. Glue made o f the hide o f buffalo or black donkey, a hành v t To ape other people. a hành ác nghiệt n. phr. To follow wicked people and do evil. a hoàn n. Maid, maidservant; Syn. con đòi, con Ơ. a hộ vt. To help, to assist. a huờn n. Other spelling o f a hoàn (for those who hold hoàn as a taboo word; also, for CVN and SVN speakers), a hương n. (CH myth.) Immortal lady who pushes the chariot o f the Thunder God. a ka abbr. (also known as) Alias, pseudonym, code name.

2 A ka It. Autmomatic rifle; AK. aussalt rifle 47; (Rus. avtomat Kalashnicova 47). a kê (cây) It. (Bot.) Akee apple; akee (Blighia sapida). a la bóc đa int. (Fr. à Fabordage) Board the ship! Seize the ship! a la cốc adv. (Fr. à la coque) Half-boiled (egg); egg boiled for only three minutes. A la hán It. ( SK. arhal, arhan) (BUD) Arhat, a person who is liberated and has attained nirvana. A la Kông n. A name unfrequently used for the Ba Na ethnic group living in Phu Yen Province and in the Central Highlands o f Vietnam. a la mốt adj. & adv. (Fr, à la mode) fashionable; fashionably; ăn diện a ta mốt lam, to dress up very fashionably. a la póc tơ inter). (Fr., à la porte) Out o f here! Get out! a la XÔ vt. (Fr. à I' assaut) To assault, to attack; a command to attack: “Attack!” . A lay (tre) n. (Bot.) Monastery bamboo (Thyrsostachys

siamensis). A lay (tre) n. (Bot.) Poilane Vietnamese bamboo (

Pseudoxytenanthera poilanei); Syn. le poilane. a lê interj.. (FR. allez!) Go away! come on! a lề lu ya phr. (Heb. hallelujah) Praise to Yaweh) (Jud. Christ.) Alleluia! A lê xù n. Alexis; (Christ.) Thánh A lêxù It. Saint Alexis. A lếch xăng drô n. Alexander. A lịch sơn Đại đế n. Alexander the Great, the Macedonian king who conquered the ancient world (356BC-323 BC). A lịch sơ n Đ ắ c-lộ n. Alexandre de Rhodes (1591-1660), author o f the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651); the first dictionary with Vietnamese written with the Latin alphabet. The dictionary gives some indications on the words and grammer o f Middle Vietnamese (MVN), the Catechismus pro ejus qui volunt suscipere Baptismum (1651) (Catechism for those who want to receive Baptism) is the first book written in quốc ngữ (Vietnamese with the Latin alphabet), a IÔinter). (Fr. alio) Hello! a 1Ô ha interj. Aloha! (Hawaiian) . In Hawaiian language, aloha means affection, love, peace, compassion and mercy; nowadays it usually means Hello! and Goodbye! a lông inter). (Fr. allons) Let’s go; come on! a ma to’ n. (Fr. amateur) Amateur; dlilettante; adj. amateurish; unprofessional, a măng (Fr. amant) It. Lover, a măng tơ (Fr. amante) It. Lover (female); mistress, a men pltr. (Jud. Christ.) Amen (Hebrew, so be it! ); formula used at the end o f Jewish and Christian prayers, a mi It. (Fr. ami) Friend; bông na mi. good friend, mông na mi, my friend; se rami, dear friend, a mi ăng It. (Fr. amiante) Abestos, Mg3Si20 5(OH)4 . a mi chia It. (Fr. amitié) Friendship. a mi đan n. (Fr. amygdales) Tonsils; amygdala; sưng a mi dan, amygdalitis. a mi đông It. (Fr. amidon) Starch; Syn. tinh bột. ami la n. Amylase, enzyme released into the blood by the pancreas and salivary flands. a mip It. (Fr. amibe) (Zoo.) Amoeba ( gen. Amiba); ad). amoebian; bệnh lỵ amip, amoebian dysentery, a móc It. (SVN) At sign @; amperat; apetail; at symbol; Syn.

a cong (NVN).

a mua n. (Ft; amour) Love; mông na mua (Fr. mon amour), my love; my darling. Amur (sông) It. Amur River; Syn. Hac Long Giang ( CH,

Hei long jiang). a mua rét It. (Fr. amourette) Fleeting love; short-term affair; puppy love; crush. a mua r a adj. (FR. amoureux) In love; It. lover, sweetheart, a my dan It. Tonsils, a na ad). (Old, CH) Beautiful; charming, a na mít n. & ad). Annamese (used as an insult nowadays, earlier, meant Vietnamese in general or more restrictively, people o f Central Vietnam); See An Nam. A na pur n a1 It. (Hind.) Annapurna, Goddess o f Harvest, Goddess o f food and the kitchen. A na pur na It. Section o f the Himalaya in north-central Nepal with one peak above 8000 m. and 13 other peaks above 7000 m. A nà It. Ann; Anna; (Christ.) Thánh A-nà, Saint Anne, a ngùy (cây) It. (Bot.) D evil’s dung (Ferula foetida), a medicinal plant. a ni on It. Anion, negatively charged ion. a nốt It. Anode. a pác tai It. (Afrikaner, apartheid, status o f being separated) Apartheid. a pa tit It. Apatite, a group o f phosphate minerals, a poan adv. (Fr. à poil) Naked. Apôlô n. (GR) Apollo. a phiến (a phiện) It. Opium (lacrima papaveris) is the dried latx extracted from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum); Syn. Anh túc., bã a phiến, opium residue, opium dirt, a phiến trắng w.Cocaine. A phòng It. (CH Hist.) Palace built by Qin Shi Huang (Tân Thi Hoàng) (259 BC to 210 BC) in Shaanxi (Thiếnt Tây), China. a phù dung It. Opium; Syn. thâu bạch, a phiến. A Phú Hãn It. (HV) Afghanistan; người A Phú Hãn, Afghan; now, Afghanistan, Áp ga nít xtăng; Cộng Hòa Hoi giáo Afghanistan, Islamic Republic o f Afghanistan, a phụ vt. To flatter, to follow. a qua bông inter). (Fr. à qttoi bon) Quite useless ! I give up ! a qua ma rin It. Aquamarine; beryl; Syn. ngọc xanh biên. a qua ren It. (Fr. aquarelle) It. Watercolor, waterclor painting; aquarelle; (HV, thúy sac họa)', a qua ren is not the equivalent o f tranh thuy mặc, which means watercolor using China ink. A rập It. & ad). Arab, Arabian; người A rập It. Arab; tiếng A rập, Arabic. A rập Thống nhất 11. United Arab Emirates; Tiêu vương quốc A-rập Thống nhất, United Arab Emirates. A rập Xê út n. Saudi Arabia. Arung (tre) It. (Bot.) Sour bamboo, Chinese sour bamboo (

Acidosasa brilletii); Syn. tre arung. a ta brin It. (Pharm.) Atabrine. a thánh mẫu int. (Cath. Old) Hail Holy Mother! atisô It. (Bot.) (Fr. artichaut) Artichoke (Cynara scolvinus). a t ìđ ạ t ma It. (BUD) (Sk. abhidharma; Pali, abhidamma) Abhidhamma, Buddhist scriptures attempting to create a systematic description o f all worldly phenomena. a tòng vt. To follow blindly. a tới w. To rush to. a tràng (cây) It. (Bot.) Long-petal Dichapetalum

(Dichapetalum longipetalum).

r

3 n trô pin n. (Pharm.) Atropine; extract from the nightshade

(cà dược) (Atropa belladonna) or the Jimson’s weed, devil’s snare , datura (cà dược gai) (Datura stramonia) A tu la n. (SK. asnra) (HIND, BUD) Asuras are the lowest of the low in the ranks o f Hindu deities. A-tu-la in Buddhism remains a demi-god with three heads and six arms, a tùng (a tòng) vi. To be an accomplice, an assessory, a partner in crime, a confederate. A tỳ địa ngục n. (BUD) Hell (SK. Avici nakara, no waves hell, no door hell), the lowest level o f Hell, a vào vi. To rush in. a vô ca ilô (cây) It. (Bot.) Avocado (Persea americana);

Syn. cây bơ. a xà lê n. (Sk. ãcăriya ) Teacher, great teacher (BUD), a xê ty len n. Acetylene, a xít n. & atlj. (Chem.) Acid . a xít a min n. Amino acids, a xít béo It. Fatty acid, a xít kế It. (Chem.) Acidimeter. A Xương n. The A Chang ethnic group in Yunnan ( Vân Nani), China. Most o f the A Chang (27,000 people) speak a Burmish language, related to Burmese, à vi. To rush, to dash, to charge. à iitterj. Ah well (expressing sudden realization); ý à, Alas! à này pltr. By the way. à oi n. Lullaby; the beginning o f a lullaby, repeated at intervals. à phải inter}. Oh yes! (expressing sudden agreement), à ra thế inter}. Is that so! (expressing sudden realization), à ra vậy inter). I did not know that it’s like that (expressing belief in the explanation given), à thì đã sao inter}. So what! à thôi inter '}. That’s good, but no more o f that! à uôm I. vt. To lump the good and the bad together; 2. adj. Indecent, shameless; raucous; boisterous, à vào vi. To rush in, to rush to. Á' n.