The Need for Enemies: A Bestiary of Political Forms 9781501733284

Citation preview

The Need

for

Enemies

ALSO BY

F.

G.

BAILEY

Caste and the Economic Frontier, 1957 Tribe, Caste,

Politics

and

and Nation, i960

Social Change, 1963

Stratagems and Spoils, 1969 Gifts

and Poison

(ed.),

Debate and Compromise

1971

(ed.),

1973

Morality and Expediency, 1977

The Tactical Uses of Passion, 1983

Humbuggery and Manipulation, 1988 The Prevalence of Deceit, 1991

The Kingdom of Individuals, 1993 The WHtch-Hunt, 1994 The Civility of Indifference, 1996

F.

G.

BAILEY

The Need for

Enemies A Bestiary of Political Forms

CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHACA AND LONDON

Copyright

©

1998 by Cornell University

All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts

must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850.

thereof,

published 1998 by Cornell University Press. Paperbacks, 1998.

First

First printing, Cornell

Printed in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bailey,

The need

for

enemies

:

F.

G. (Frederick George)

a bestiary of political p.

forms

/

G. Bailey.

F.

cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8014-3470-X 1.

(cloth

:

alk. paper).

—ISBN 0-8014-8474-X

—India—-Orissa Orissa (India)— aspects — India —Orissa. Rhetoric —

Political culture

government.

3.

(Political science)

2.

Political

5.

Enemies (Persons) JQ620.O759B35

6.

Political

(pbk.

:

alk.

Politics 4.

paper)

and

Opposition

psychologv.

I.

Title.

1998

320'.954T309045-ash,

fn.i

freedom fight See Congress movement

221

INDEX Freedom movement.

See Congress

193. See also

163, 182,

3, 117; defections from, 39, 51, 52; founding of, 39, 69; joins coalition, 38-44, 169; and Oriya nationalism, 38; royals

in, 64-69 Gandhi, Indira, 7

fn.4, 95;

emergency

rule of, 71, 167 fn.8, 170, 204, 207

Gandhi, Manubhen, 187 fn.8 Gandhi, Mohandas K., xiv, 8 fn.5, 16

(INA), 135,

dustries

Jharkhand, 39-44, 58, 101, 169, 199

Kennedy, John, 9 fn.6 Koraput district, 31, 124, 156, 189, 208

Krushak (peasant) movement,

126,

132

108-11, 144, 148-49, 212;

and anarchism, statist

Army

Chandra Industry, 18, 31, 43, 94, 107, 155, 160. See also Businessmen; Cottage in-

Swaraj

Ganatantra Parishad,

fn.2, 106,

Indian National

143-44. See also Bose, Subhas

movement Freedom, 2-5, 71-72, 80-90,

values

celebrations

127, 165; anti-

of, 40, 174;

for, 62, 75;

birthday

declining

political influence of, 40, 155, 159,

and democracy, 155 fn.2, 158, 166-7, !74' 1 95' leadership style of, 182-98; philosophy of, 92, 188-98;

Language. See Oriya language Leadership, x, xii, 66, 71, 122-23; techniques of, 6, 14, 24, 27, j^, 178, 182-98, 204, 209

Assembly

of Orissa, 2-3,

197;

Legislative

popular appeal

40-46, 49-52 Lewis, W. Arthur, 13 fn. Liberalism, 5, 88, 188

of, 171, 184,

187

quoted, ix, 188, 197; religios187 fn.10, 190-93; C. Bose, 128-9, *35; selfpresentation of, 75, 171, 182-98; on socialism, 91; and untouchables, 189-90. See also Animosity; fn.8;

Local government,

1

3, 58,

153-54

ity of, 27, 110,

and

S.

Mahtab, Harekrushna; Mass tics; Sarvodaya; Satyagraha;

poli-

Swaraj; Tapas; True belief

Gandhi-Irwin pact, 128

Ganjam

district, 31, 45,

162-63

Gluckman, Max, 9 Government, 25, 48-49, 60-64, 70-72, 105, 116-18, 161-70, 185, 203; as raj,

48, 80-81; as sircar, 80-81. See

Local government; Orissa government; Satyagraha; Swaraj; Union government Gramdan, 156, 158, 171-72 also Agitation;

Madison, James, xi, 45, 203, 211 Mahtab, Harekrushna, 1, 29, 126, 159, 170; and Chaudhuri, 152-53, 165, 170; and correspondence with Nehru, 166, 168; disenchantment of, 168, 209; and need for enemies, 168-69, 196-98; in freedom fight, 127-29, 139; on Gandhi, 160-61, 166-69, 1 7 1 182-89; political views of, 115, 159-173, 182-89; pragma'

159-75; and prajamandals, 140, 145-46, 160; quoted, 33, 159,

tism

of,

162, 166, 167, 181, 182, 196; and ra160-61; and religion, 110; and

jas,

responsibility, 159, 161-64;

and

Sarvodaya, 158, 165-68, 195-96; on socialism, 170; on Vinoba Bhave,

Grenell, Peter, 123 fn.2

166, 181 fn.5 Marxists, 14-15, 25, 141, 167 fn.8, 199

Harijan, 130. See also Scheduled

Mass

castes;

Untouchables

Hartal, 132, 203

Hunter, W. W.,

2, 32,

34 fn.16, 72-74,

78-79

politics, x, 6, 30, 96;

Midnapore Imperial legacy,

3, 9, 14, 28,

84-85,

203 Independents, 39, 49-50, 64, 114-15

and

Chaudhuri, 154; and Gandhi, 139 fn.11, 167, 171, 184, 188-95; an d pragmatism, 209-10 Mayurbhanj state, 35-36 Miller,

district,

31-32, 130

David, 200 fn.18

MLA (Member Legislative Assembly), 39, 46, 94-97,107, 113

Ill

NDEX Moderation, 141, 178-79, 198-204, 211-12 Morality. See True belief Morris-Jones, W. H. 165-66

129, 131, 143;

and

violence, 142,

167, 180 Raj. See

Government

Rajas. See Paternalism

Narayan, Jayaprakash, 129, 143, 159, 167 fn.8, 204 National movement. See Congress

movement Nehru, Jawaharlal, 17, 38, 125; correspondence with Mahtab, 166, 168; on Gandhi, 183-84, 187, 189-94; quoted, 183-84, 190-91, 194-95; socialism

of, 92, 135, 155 Nilgiri state, 140, 161-62

Non-cooperation Movement, 29, 166 Non-violence. See Satyagraha

Rationality, 12-14, a 6, 26, 90, 171;

Bhubaneswar as a metaphor for, 45-46; and mysticism, 109-11; and nonrationality, 170-73. See also Expected utility; Pragmatism; Principal-agent theory Religion, xii, 5, 69 120, 127, 199, 207; and Gandhi, 75, 189-91; and politicians, iio-in, 200 fn.18; and rajas, 69-70, 75, 78. See also True belief Reserved seats, 49-59, 89, 95, 116 Responsibility, 8, 205, 210; of bureaucrats, 73, 83-85; of

Paternalism O'Malley, L. S. S., 33 fn.13, 34, fn.16 Orissa government, 16-21, 39-45, 161 Oriya language, 31-34, 38, 199 Oriya nationalism, 28, 31-37, 45, 180, 199, 205, 210 Oriya Union Movement, 28, 34, Officials. Set' Bureaucrats;

130-33;

and

nationalist

movement, and

government,

48,

and Mahtab,

159, 161-64; ar*d 64-67, 72-74; and Sarvodaya, 158; and Satyagraha, 192 Revolution, 211-12; and paternalism, 61;

rajas, 35,

61, 70, 79; revolutionary politics after 1947, 159, 165

Rudolph, Lloyd I., and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, 111

35, 129-34. See also Saraikella

Kharsawan

Sambalpur

district,

30-31, 45, 133,

163 Patel, Vallabhai, 29, 35, 133, 144-46,

155, i8ofn.4

Paternalism,

6,

in,

48-90; attitudes to au86-87; ar>d officials,

80-85; and rajas, 64-80; gion, 69-70, 75, 78

and

reli-

Petitions, 62-64, 7°> 81 Political culture, xiv, 7, Political morale,

xii,

Sarvodaya,

I55;

and Chaudhuri,

174-75; described, 150-51; in freedom fight, 188-91; in Koraput, 155-59; an(i Mahtab, 158, 165-68, 195-96; and Orissa politics, 157-58

Satyagraha, 125

184-86

177-82, 183, 189,

197

Populism, 3-4, 48, 154 Pradhan, Atul Chandra, 33 Pragmatism, xiii, 8, 150-74, 178, 202, 204-12; defined, 204-6; in Orissa

Assembly, 39. See also Mahtab, Harekrushna Prajamandal, 132, 140-46, 160-63, 201 Principal-agent theory, 66, 84, 208 Puri district, 28, 32, 37-38, 78, 98, 128, i

states,

35-36, 122, 130, 132-34, 201, 203-4

thority in, 60-64; defined, 49-50;

freedoms

and Kharsawan

Saraikella

62-63

Quit India movement, 106, 114, 125,

cheapening

fn.4, 129, 131, 184;

of, 167;

by individuals,

125, 129; significance of, 192-98;

theory

of,

Scheduled Scheduled

172-73

castes, 49-52, 56, 58, 89 tribes, 49, 50, 53, 144, 154.

See also Adibasis

Expected See Government

Self-interest. See Sircar.

utility

Social democracy, 127, 159 Social work, 3, 29, 36, 43, 58, 100, 102;

Mahtab's attitude toward, 166-67;

and

politics, 150, 156-59, 165-66.

Sec also

Socialism,

Sarvodaya 5,

12-15, 89, 9 1 10 5' 10 9> /

and agrarian reform, 152-54; Congress movement, 135;

in

22 3

INDEX Gandhi's notions of, 91; Mahtab on, 170. See also Congress Socialist Party Socialists (PSP), 3, 39, 43, 127, 150, 166, 200

States Reorganization

Commission,

politicians, xiv, 50, 96, 105, 121,

209; in government, 20, 61, 159; and rajas, 66, 168; and Sarvodaya, 158; in the people, 3-4, 168

Union government, 35-37, 154 Untouchables, 50-52, 116, 130; and Gandhi, 189-90. See also Scheduled

36, 134 Swaraj, ix, 125, 149, 158, 183 Swarajist Congressmen, 161, 181

castes

Utkal Samrnilani. See Oriya Union Tagore, Rabindranath, 177, 187 Talcher state, 136-148, 160-61, 193 Tapas, 111, 187 fn.10

Thucydides, 178 Toye, Hugh, 185 Traders. See Businessmen Tributary states, 35-38, 67, 132-33, 161. See also Paternalism; Praja-

mandal; entries for individual states True belief, xi-xiii, 8, 176-79, 205-12; defined,

5; in

Orissa, 199-204;

and

Sarvodaya, 155; and Satyagraha, 192-98. See also Compromise; Ethic Trust, x; and bureaucrats, 85; in

Movement xi, xiii, 36-38, 128-29, 135-36, 144-45, 148, 161-63, 181 fn.5, 197-98; in Corcyra, 178. See also Quit India movement, Satya-

Violence,

graha Weber, Max, xiii fn.l, 205, 210

fn.l,

172

fn.9,

Women in politics, 12, ^,

176

120, 128,

150

Zemindars,

68, 98, 124, 150-53, 163