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English Pages 240 [241] Year 2019
The Need
for
Enemies
ALSO BY
F.
G.
BAILEY
Caste and the Economic Frontier, 1957 Tribe, Caste,
Politics
and
and Nation, i960
Social Change, 1963
Stratagems and Spoils, 1969 Gifts
and Poison
(ed.),
Debate and Compromise
1971
(ed.),
1973
Morality and Expediency, 1977
The Tactical Uses of Passion, 1983
Humbuggery and Manipulation, 1988 The Prevalence of Deceit, 1991
The Kingdom of Individuals, 1993 The WHtch-Hunt, 1994 The Civility of Indifference, 1996
F.
G.
BAILEY
The Need for
Enemies A Bestiary of Political Forms
CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHACA AND LONDON
Copyright
©
1998 by Cornell University
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts
must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850.
thereof,
published 1998 by Cornell University Press. Paperbacks, 1998.
First
First printing, Cornell
Printed in the United States of America.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bailey,
The need
for
enemies
:
F.
G. (Frederick George)
a bestiary of political p.
forms
/
G. Bailey.
F.
cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8014-3470-X 1.
(cloth
:
alk. paper).
—ISBN 0-8014-8474-X
—India—-Orissa Orissa (India)— aspects — India —Orissa. Rhetoric —
Political culture
government.
3.
(Political science)
2.
Political
5.
Enemies (Persons) JQ620.O759B35
6.
Political
(pbk.
:
alk.
Politics 4.
paper)
and
Opposition
psychologv.
I.
Title.
1998
320'.954T309045-ash,
fn.i
freedom fight See Congress movement
221
INDEX Freedom movement.
See Congress
193. See also
163, 182,
3, 117; defections from, 39, 51, 52; founding of, 39, 69; joins coalition, 38-44, 169; and Oriya nationalism, 38; royals
in, 64-69 Gandhi, Indira, 7
fn.4, 95;
emergency
rule of, 71, 167 fn.8, 170, 204, 207
Gandhi, Manubhen, 187 fn.8 Gandhi, Mohandas K., xiv, 8 fn.5, 16
(INA), 135,
dustries
Jharkhand, 39-44, 58, 101, 169, 199
Kennedy, John, 9 fn.6 Koraput district, 31, 124, 156, 189, 208
Krushak (peasant) movement,
126,
132
108-11, 144, 148-49, 212;
and anarchism, statist
Army
Chandra Industry, 18, 31, 43, 94, 107, 155, 160. See also Businessmen; Cottage in-
Swaraj
Ganatantra Parishad,
fn.2, 106,
Indian National
143-44. See also Bose, Subhas
movement Freedom, 2-5, 71-72, 80-90,
values
celebrations
127, 165; anti-
of, 40, 174;
for, 62, 75;
birthday
declining
political influence of, 40, 155, 159,
and democracy, 155 fn.2, 158, 166-7, !74' 1 95' leadership style of, 182-98; philosophy of, 92, 188-98;
Language. See Oriya language Leadership, x, xii, 66, 71, 122-23; techniques of, 6, 14, 24, 27, j^, 178, 182-98, 204, 209
Assembly
of Orissa, 2-3,
197;
Legislative
popular appeal
40-46, 49-52 Lewis, W. Arthur, 13 fn. Liberalism, 5, 88, 188
of, 171, 184,
187
quoted, ix, 188, 197; religios187 fn.10, 190-93; C. Bose, 128-9, *35; selfpresentation of, 75, 171, 182-98; on socialism, 91; and untouchables, 189-90. See also Animosity; fn.8;
Local government,
1
3, 58,
153-54
ity of, 27, 110,
and
S.
Mahtab, Harekrushna; Mass tics; Sarvodaya; Satyagraha;
poli-
Swaraj; Tapas; True belief
Gandhi-Irwin pact, 128
Ganjam
district, 31, 45,
162-63
Gluckman, Max, 9 Government, 25, 48-49, 60-64, 70-72, 105, 116-18, 161-70, 185, 203; as raj,
48, 80-81; as sircar, 80-81. See
Local government; Orissa government; Satyagraha; Swaraj; Union government Gramdan, 156, 158, 171-72 also Agitation;
Madison, James, xi, 45, 203, 211 Mahtab, Harekrushna, 1, 29, 126, 159, 170; and Chaudhuri, 152-53, 165, 170; and correspondence with Nehru, 166, 168; disenchantment of, 168, 209; and need for enemies, 168-69, 196-98; in freedom fight, 127-29, 139; on Gandhi, 160-61, 166-69, 1 7 1 182-89; political views of, 115, 159-173, 182-89; pragma'
159-75; and prajamandals, 140, 145-46, 160; quoted, 33, 159,
tism
of,
162, 166, 167, 181, 182, 196; and ra160-61; and religion, 110; and
jas,
responsibility, 159, 161-64;
and
Sarvodaya, 158, 165-68, 195-96; on socialism, 170; on Vinoba Bhave,
Grenell, Peter, 123 fn.2
166, 181 fn.5 Marxists, 14-15, 25, 141, 167 fn.8, 199
Harijan, 130. See also Scheduled
Mass
castes;
Untouchables
Hartal, 132, 203
Hunter, W. W.,
2, 32,
34 fn.16, 72-74,
78-79
politics, x, 6, 30, 96;
Midnapore Imperial legacy,
3, 9, 14, 28,
84-85,
203 Independents, 39, 49-50, 64, 114-15
and
Chaudhuri, 154; and Gandhi, 139 fn.11, 167, 171, 184, 188-95; an d pragmatism, 209-10 Mayurbhanj state, 35-36 Miller,
district,
31-32, 130
David, 200 fn.18
MLA (Member Legislative Assembly), 39, 46, 94-97,107, 113
Ill
NDEX Moderation, 141, 178-79, 198-204, 211-12 Morality. See True belief Morris-Jones, W. H. 165-66
129, 131, 143;
and
violence, 142,
167, 180 Raj. See
Government
Rajas. See Paternalism
Narayan, Jayaprakash, 129, 143, 159, 167 fn.8, 204 National movement. See Congress
movement Nehru, Jawaharlal, 17, 38, 125; correspondence with Mahtab, 166, 168; on Gandhi, 183-84, 187, 189-94; quoted, 183-84, 190-91, 194-95; socialism
of, 92, 135, 155 Nilgiri state, 140, 161-62
Non-cooperation Movement, 29, 166 Non-violence. See Satyagraha
Rationality, 12-14, a 6, 26, 90, 171;
Bhubaneswar as a metaphor for, 45-46; and mysticism, 109-11; and nonrationality, 170-73. See also Expected utility; Pragmatism; Principal-agent theory Religion, xii, 5, 69 120, 127, 199, 207; and Gandhi, 75, 189-91; and politicians, iio-in, 200 fn.18; and rajas, 69-70, 75, 78. See also True belief Reserved seats, 49-59, 89, 95, 116 Responsibility, 8, 205, 210; of bureaucrats, 73, 83-85; of
Paternalism O'Malley, L. S. S., 33 fn.13, 34, fn.16 Orissa government, 16-21, 39-45, 161 Oriya language, 31-34, 38, 199 Oriya nationalism, 28, 31-37, 45, 180, 199, 205, 210 Oriya Union Movement, 28, 34, Officials. Set' Bureaucrats;
130-33;
and
nationalist
movement, and
government,
48,
and Mahtab,
159, 161-64; ar*d 64-67, 72-74; and Sarvodaya, 158; and Satyagraha, 192 Revolution, 211-12; and paternalism, 61;
rajas, 35,
61, 70, 79; revolutionary politics after 1947, 159, 165
Rudolph, Lloyd I., and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, 111
35, 129-34. See also Saraikella
Kharsawan
Sambalpur
district,
30-31, 45, 133,
163 Patel, Vallabhai, 29, 35, 133, 144-46,
155, i8ofn.4
Paternalism,
6,
in,
48-90; attitudes to au86-87; ar>d officials,
80-85; and rajas, 64-80; gion, 69-70, 75, 78
and
reli-
Petitions, 62-64, 7°> 81 Political culture, xiv, 7, Political morale,
xii,
Sarvodaya,
I55;
and Chaudhuri,
174-75; described, 150-51; in freedom fight, 188-91; in Koraput, 155-59; an(i Mahtab, 158, 165-68, 195-96; and Orissa politics, 157-58
Satyagraha, 125
184-86
177-82, 183, 189,
197
Populism, 3-4, 48, 154 Pradhan, Atul Chandra, 33 Pragmatism, xiii, 8, 150-74, 178, 202, 204-12; defined, 204-6; in Orissa
Assembly, 39. See also Mahtab, Harekrushna Prajamandal, 132, 140-46, 160-63, 201 Principal-agent theory, 66, 84, 208 Puri district, 28, 32, 37-38, 78, 98, 128, i
states,
35-36, 122, 130, 132-34, 201, 203-4
thority in, 60-64; defined, 49-50;
freedoms
and Kharsawan
Saraikella
62-63
Quit India movement, 106, 114, 125,
cheapening
fn.4, 129, 131, 184;
of, 167;
by individuals,
125, 129; significance of, 192-98;
theory
of,
Scheduled Scheduled
172-73
castes, 49-52, 56, 58, 89 tribes, 49, 50, 53, 144, 154.
See also Adibasis
Expected See Government
Self-interest. See Sircar.
utility
Social democracy, 127, 159 Social work, 3, 29, 36, 43, 58, 100, 102;
Mahtab's attitude toward, 166-67;
and
politics, 150, 156-59, 165-66.
Sec also
Socialism,
Sarvodaya 5,
12-15, 89, 9 1 10 5' 10 9> /
and agrarian reform, 152-54; Congress movement, 135;
in
22 3
INDEX Gandhi's notions of, 91; Mahtab on, 170. See also Congress Socialist Party Socialists (PSP), 3, 39, 43, 127, 150, 166, 200
States Reorganization
Commission,
politicians, xiv, 50, 96, 105, 121,
209; in government, 20, 61, 159; and rajas, 66, 168; and Sarvodaya, 158; in the people, 3-4, 168
Union government, 35-37, 154 Untouchables, 50-52, 116, 130; and Gandhi, 189-90. See also Scheduled
36, 134 Swaraj, ix, 125, 149, 158, 183 Swarajist Congressmen, 161, 181
castes
Utkal Samrnilani. See Oriya Union Tagore, Rabindranath, 177, 187 Talcher state, 136-148, 160-61, 193 Tapas, 111, 187 fn.10
Thucydides, 178 Toye, Hugh, 185 Traders. See Businessmen Tributary states, 35-38, 67, 132-33, 161. See also Paternalism; Praja-
mandal; entries for individual states True belief, xi-xiii, 8, 176-79, 205-12; defined,
5; in
Orissa, 199-204;
and
Sarvodaya, 155; and Satyagraha, 192-98. See also Compromise; Ethic Trust, x; and bureaucrats, 85; in
Movement xi, xiii, 36-38, 128-29, 135-36, 144-45, 148, 161-63, 181 fn.5, 197-98; in Corcyra, 178. See also Quit India movement, Satya-
Violence,
graha Weber, Max, xiii fn.l, 205, 210
fn.l,
172
fn.9,
Women in politics, 12, ^,
176
120, 128,
150
Zemindars,
68, 98, 124, 150-53, 163